Wikiversity enwikiversity https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Wikiversity:Main_Page MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.6 first-letter Media Special Talk User User talk Wikiversity Wikiversity talk File File talk MediaWiki MediaWiki talk Template Template talk Help Help talk Category Category talk School School talk Portal Portal talk Topic Topic talk Collection Collection talk Draft Draft talk TimedText TimedText talk Module Module talk 4 28 2691441 2691173 2024-12-11T17:13:11Z Ottawahitech 2369270 /* Android app for Wikiversity */ Reply warning: autocomplete may take over anytime 2691441 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Wikiversity:Colloquium/Header}} <!-- MESSAGES GO BELOW --> == Reminder! Vote closing soon to fill vacancies of the first U4C == <section begin="announcement-content" /> :''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2024 Special Election/Announcement – reminder to vote|You can find this message translated into additional languages on Meta-wiki.]] [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-{{urlencode:Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2024 Special Election/Announcement – reminder to vote}}&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}]'' Dear all, The voting period for the Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee (U4C) is closing soon. It is open through 10 August 2024. Read the information on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Election/2024_Special_Election#Voting|the voting page on Meta-wiki to learn more about voting and voter eligibility]]. If you are eligible to vote and have not voted in this special election, it is important that you vote now. '''Why should you vote?''' The U4C is a global group dedicated to providing an equitable and consistent implementation of the UCoC. Community input into the committee membership is critical to the success of the UCoC. Please share this message with members of your community so they can participate as well. In cooperation with the U4C,<section end="announcement-content" /> -- [[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User talk:Keegan (WMF)|talk]]) 15:30, 6 August 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Keegan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=27183190 --> == User group for Wikiversians == Was there ever a discussion about the possibility of establishing a user group in the sense of an affiliated organization that would defend the interests of professors and scientists on Wikiversity and possibly actively develop some projects? [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 20:21, 8 August 2024 (UTC) :Not that I'm aware of. -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - <small>[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]</small> 23:20, 8 August 2024 (UTC) :It's a pleasure to talk to a scientist on Wikiversity. I am a historian of technics and I would like to publish the following biography either on Wikiversity or on Wikipedia: :https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:Rbmn/Arthur_Constantin_KREBS_(1850-1935):_Military_engineer,_Automotive_industrialist,_Great_projects_manager :What would be your advice? [[User:Rbmn|Rbmn]] ([[User talk:Rbmn|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Rbmn|contribs]]) 15:44, 6 October 2024 (UTC) ::The content appears to be largely biographical/encyclopedic, so I think it is likely best suited to Wikipedia. Consider improving/incorporating this content into the existing page: [[w:Arthur Constantin Krebs]]. -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - <small>[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]</small> 00:05, 7 October 2024 (UTC) ::Please do not link to the Wikiversity [[wv:userspace|Userspace]] in Wikipedia articles. You will want to wait until you have a page in the [[wv:mainspace|Wikiversity mainspace]]. You'll also want to use the <code>{{[[:w:Template:Wikiversity|Wikiversity]]}}</code> template (on Wikipedia) rather than embedding a photo with a link. [[User:Tule-hog|Tule-hog]] ([[User talk:Tule-hog|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Tule-hog|contribs]]) 02:21, 7 October 2024 (UTC) :I haven't heard anything about this topic. [[User:RockTransport|RockTransport]] ([[User talk:RockTransport|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/RockTransport|contribs]]) 21:06, 8 December 2024 (UTC) == Rich's ''Illustrated Companion'' at Wikiversity: Right place? == Hello! I am creating a Wiki-version of a classical glossary (''Illustrated Companion to the Latin Dictionary, and Greek Lexicon'' by Anthony Rich, 1849), which explains the meaning of Latin headwords, primarily those "representing visible objects connected with the arts, manufactures, and every-day life of the Greeks and Romans." The aim is to help understand what a (classical) Latin text is actually about, instead of merely translating it. I already transcribed the entire text and scanned the images (about 1900) from an original 1849-edition. I am currently working on uploading the images to ''Mediawiki Commons'', which probably will take some time. In the meantime I want to prepare the other aspects of the project (more than 3000 articles, already with many internal links). The important thing: this is ''not'' a ''might exist''-project. {{Color|red|My question: Is ''Wikiversity'' the proper place for it?}} Although I created an exact rendition of the original text, ''Wikisource'' is not applicable, because the project has a broader scope (adding content to the articles, e. g. links to online editions for quotations, adding images, but also adding entirely new articles). Neither is ''Wikibooks'', because this is not a textbook and may otherwise breach its scope. For more about the project see [[w:User:CalRis25/Temp-RICH-Prospectus|my user-page]] at en.wikipedia. {{Color|Red|So, is Wikiversity the right place for it?}} [[User:CalRis25|CalRis25]] ([[User talk:CalRis25|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/CalRis25|contribs]]) 09:15, 17 August 2024 (UTC) :Thanks for asking. To be clear, it ''is'' acceptable to make [[:s:en:Category:Wikisource annotations|annotated editions]] of texts at Wikisource and Wikibooks does host at least one [[:b:en:Annotations of The Complete Peanuts|annotated guide to a copyright-protected work]]. So if what you're looking to do is to include inline annotations to a public domain text, you certainly can put that on Wikisource. If you have a textbook or guidebook that is a companion, that would go at Wikibooks. If you have some other kind of learning resources (like maintaining a list of relevant links, organizing a book reading group, etc.), that could go here. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''vf</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 09:26, 17 August 2024 (UTC) ::Thank you for your quick answer. Actually, ''Wikibooks'' was my first thought. However, this project is not merely an annotated edition. Although at first it ''will'' be a faithful copy of the original text, I want the project to be "open", i. e. adding articles should be possible. And the project should enable to do a lot more than mere inline annotation. See section [[w:User:CalRis25/Temp-RICH-Prospectus#Improving_RICH|Improving Rich]] in the project description a my user-page (en.Wikipedia). No ''Mediawiki''-project (Wikisource, Wikibooks, Wikipedia, Wiktionary) seemed to be a sufficiently applicable "fit" for the project, so I thought of Wikiversity as a last resort, because it is supposed to be home to all sorts of "learning resources". [[User:CalRis25|CalRis25]] ([[User talk:CalRis25|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/CalRis25|contribs]]) 09:57, 17 August 2024 (UTC) :::The scope of Wikiversity ''is'' pretty catch-all and would allow for a pretty flexible place to host most learning resources that don't fit elsewhere. :::Also, as nitpick, "MediaWiki" is the software that is the basis of these wikis (wikis being collections of interlinked documents that can be edited) and "Wikimedia Foundation" is the non-profit who owns the trademarks and hosts these projects like Wiktionary and Wikivoyage. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''vf</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 10:06, 17 August 2024 (UTC) ::::Hello Justin, thank you for the reply. '''I think that settles it. I will create this project at ''Wikiversity''.''' Just for additional clarification, why I do so. Let's imagine a full transcription of the original 1849-edition of the ''Illustrated Companion'' by Anthony Rich and call it ''RICH-1849''. We shall call my project, for brevity sake, RICH-2K. And now, let's have a look at the article about the Roman toga (a piece of attire). In ''RICH-1849'' we can can call it ''RICH-1849/Toga'', and it contains ''exactly'' the content of the 1849-book. Now, let's look at the article ''RICH-2K/Toga''. At the beginning its only content would be the article ''RICH-1849/Toga''. Does that make ''RICH-2K/Toga'' and ''RICH-1849/Toga'' the same? Not at all, because in truth ''RICH-2K/Toga'' is a "container" which initially contains only the article ''RICH-1849/Toga'' but later on may include more stuff: images, external links, article text which builds on or extends ''RICH-1849/Toga'' and information from other sources of information (Wikipedia, specialized books). By the way, this added article information would not be a mere copy of the text at en.Wikipedia, because the information needs to looked at through the eyes of someone reading the original text (more citations with direct links to these etc.). [[User:CalRis25|CalRis25]] ([[User talk:CalRis25|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/CalRis25|contribs]]) 11:39, 17 August 2024 (UTC) == Coming soon: A new sub-referencing feature – try it! == <section begin="Sub-referencing"/> [[File:Sub-referencing reuse visual.png|{{#ifeq:{{#dir}}|ltr|right|left}}|400px]] Hello. For many years, community members have requested an easy way to re-use references with different details. Now, a MediaWiki solution is coming: The new sub-referencing feature will work for wikitext and Visual Editor and will enhance the existing reference system. You can continue to use different ways of referencing, but you will probably encounter sub-references in articles written by other users. More information on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing|the project page]]. '''We want your feedback''' to make sure this feature works well for you: * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing#Test|Please try]] the current state of development on beta wiki and [[m:Talk:WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing|let us know what you think]]. * [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing/Sign-up|Sign up here]] to get updates and/or invites to participate in user research activities. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Deutschland|Wikimedia Deutschland]]’s [[m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes|Technical Wishes]] team is planning to bring this feature to Wikimedia wikis later this year. We will reach out to creators/maintainers of tools and templates related to references beforehand. Please help us spread the message. --[[m:User:Johannes Richter (WMDE)|Johannes Richter (WMDE)]] ([[m:User talk:Johannes Richter (WMDE)|talk]]) 10:36, 19 August 2024 (UTC) <section end="Sub-referencing"/> <!-- Message sent by User:Johannes Richter (WMDE)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Johannes_Richter_(WMDE)/Sub-referencing/massmessage_list&oldid=27309345 --> == New [[Template:Form]] == Hi! Today I was bold and created [[Template:Form]] (which calls [[Module:WikiForm]] and [[MediaWiki:Gadget-WikiForm.js]]). The template allows to create user-friendly forms that can create pages or add content to existing pages. My motivation and first use case was [[Wikidebate/New|this form]] to create new [[wikidebates]], but I suspect the template can be useful elsewhere on Wikiversity. Let me know if you notice any issues or have any requests or concerns. Kind regards, [[User:Sophivorus|Sophivorus]] ([[User talk:Sophivorus|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Sophivorus|contribs]]) 15:21, 21 August 2024 (UTC) == Sign up for the language community meeting on August 30th, 15:00 UTC == Hi all, The next language community meeting is scheduled in a few weeks—on August 30th at 15:00 UTC. If you're interested in joining, you can [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Language_and_Product_Localization/Community_meetings#30_August_2024 sign up on this wiki page]. This participant-driven meeting will focus on sharing language-specific updates related to various projects, discussing technical issues related to language wikis, and working together to find possible solutions. For example, in the last meeting, topics included the Language Converter, the state of language research, updates on the Incubator conversations, and technical challenges around external links not working with special characters on Bengali sites. Do you have any ideas for topics to share technical updates or discuss challenges? Please add agenda items to the document [https://etherpad.wikimedia.org/p/language-community-meeting-aug-2024 here] and reach out to ssethi(__AT__)wikimedia.org. We look forward to your participation! [[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 23:20, 22 August 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:SSethi (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=27183190 --> == Template consolidation: User talk page block notice == Wondering if someone who likes templates could have a go at consolidating or helping decide between use of: * [[Template:Block]] * [[Template:Blocked]] Unless I'm missing something, it seems like we don't need both? -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - <small>[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]</small> 07:16, 23 August 2024 (UTC) : I tried to figure out a Wikidata item with most links to projects. I found this: [[Wikidata:Q6379131]], which is Template:Uw-block. There is even a corresponding Wikiversity template, [[Template:Uw-block1]] (not used anywhere). : My impression is that of the three templates, we only need one. --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 14:43, 13 September 2024 (UTC) == Announcing the Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee == <section begin="announcement-content" /> :''[https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/board-elections@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/OKCCN2CANIH2K7DXJOL2GPVDFWL27R7C/ Original message at wikimedia-l]. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2024 Special Election/Announcement - results|You can find this message translated into additional languages on Meta-wiki.]] [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-{{urlencode:Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2024 Special Election/Announcement - results}}&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}]'' Hello all, The scrutineers have finished reviewing the vote and the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Elections Committee|Elections Committee]] have certified the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2024 Special Election/Results|results]] for the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2024 Special Election|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee (U4C) special election]]. I am pleased to announce the following individual as regional members of the U4C, who will fulfill a term until 15 June 2026: * North America (USA and Canada) ** Ajraddatz The following seats were not filled during this special election: * Latin America and Caribbean * Central and East Europe (CEE) * Sub-Saharan Africa * South Asia * The four remaining Community-At-Large seats Thank you again to everyone who participated in this process and much appreciation to the candidates for your leadership and dedication to the Wikimedia movement and community. Over the next few weeks, the U4C will begin meeting and planning the 2024-25 year in supporting the implementation and review of the UCoC and Enforcement Guidelines. You can follow their work on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee|Meta-Wiki]]. On behalf of the U4C and the Elections Committee,<section end="announcement-content" /> [[m:User:RamzyM (WMF)|RamzyM (WMF)]] 14:07, 2 September 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:RamzyM (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=27183190 --> == Re: The Vector 2022 skin as the default in two weeks? == [[File:Vector 2022 video-en.webm|thumb|A two minute-long video about Vector 2022]] Hello everyone, I'm reaching out on behalf of the [[mediawikiwiki:Reading/Web|Wikimedia Foundation Web team]] responsible for the MediaWiki skins. I'd like to revisit the topic of making Vector 2022 the default here on English Wikiversity. I [[Wikiversity:Colloquium/archives/September 2022#The Vector 2022 skin as the default in two weeks?|did post a message about this almost two years ago]] (where you can find all the details about the skin), but we didn't finalize it back then. What happened in the meantime? We built [[mw:Reading/Web/Accessibility for reading|dark mode and different options for font sizes]], and made Vector 2022 the default on most wikis, including all other Wikiversities. With the not-so-new V22 skin being the default, existing and coming features, like dark mode and [[mw:Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts|temporary accounts]] respectively, will become available for logged-out users here. So, if no large concerns are raised, we will deploy Vector 2022 here in two weeks, in the week of September 16. Do let me know if you have any questions. Thank you! [[User:SGrabarczuk (WMF)|SGrabarczuk (WMF)]] ([[User talk:SGrabarczuk (WMF)|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/SGrabarczuk (WMF)|contribs]]) 21:48, 2 September 2024 (UTC) :Sounds good, Szymon - we look forward to the upcoming change of skin {{smile}} Sincerely, James -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - <small>[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]</small> 07:35, 13 September 2024 (UTC) * I for one oppose a switch to Vector 2022. I do not find it preferable. Here is a staggering evidence of user refusal of Vector 2022 once it was deployed: [[W:en:Wikipedia:Requests for comment/Rollback of Vector 2022]], Junuary 2023. 355 voters supported rollback to Vector 2010 whereas 64 opposed, yielding 84.7% support, as clear a supermajority as one may wish. These people opposing Vector 2022 feel the same way as I do. --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 10:48, 13 September 2024 (UTC) *:Hey @[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]]. Thanks for your comment. I'm open to discussion about problems with our software, and I hope we can maintain a respectful tone. *:I understand that there are users who prefer Vector legacy or other skins, just as there are people who still stick to Monobook. Such people are active across many wikis. They can keep Vector legacy, although non-default skins don't have the support the default ones do. We are rolling out for technical reasons, as I mentioned above, with benefit to not logged-in users. *:Regarding the rollback RfC on Wikipedia, two neutral users stated that there was no consensus for rollback, RfC is not a vote, and the numbers were different (355:226:24). I believe this all is pretty easy to verify. *:So to sum up, Vector 2022 needs to become the default, tons and tons of comments were made about the skin and related stuff, and we have taken many ideas into account, and it's totally OK if you stick to Vector legacy. *:Thanks! [[User:SGrabarczuk (WMF)|SGrabarczuk (WMF)]] ([[User talk:SGrabarczuk (WMF)|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/SGrabarczuk (WMF)|contribs]]) 19:30, 16 September 2024 (UTC) *:: Today, I visited Wikiversity and found it switched to Vector 2022. I changed my preference settings to Vector 2010. From what I understand, non-registered visitors are now defaulted to Vector 2022 despite its unpopularity in [[W:en:Wikipedia:Requests for comment/Rollback of Vector 2022]]. I have not seen any evidence that users prefer Vector 2022, and given the evidence in the linked RfC, I tentatively conclude that the decision to switch has made the site experience worse for the majority of users. The logic of "you can switch" surely applies to Vector 2022 as well: those who prefer it can switch to it. --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 05:08, 17 September 2024 (UTC) == Have your say: Vote for the 2024 Board of Trustees! == <section begin="announcement-content" /> Hello all, The voting period for the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2024|2024 Board of Trustees election]] is now open. There are twelve (12) candidates running for four (4) seats on the Board. Learn more about the candidates by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2024/Candidates|reading their statements]] and their [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Foundation_elections/2024/Questions_for_candidates|answers to community questions]]. When you are ready, go to the [[Special:SecurePoll/vote/400|SecurePoll]] voting page to vote. '''The vote is open from September 3rd at 00:00 UTC to September 17th at 23:59 UTC'''. To check your voter eligibility, please visit the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Foundation_elections/2024/Voter_eligibility_guidelines|voter eligibility page]]. Best regards, The Elections Committee and Board Selection Working Group<section end="announcement-content" /> [[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 12:15, 3 September 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:RamzyM (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=27183190 --> == Separate page for hyperbola. == Good morning, I notice that a search for "hyperbola" redirects to "Conic sections". At present there is a separate page for "ellipse". Therefore a separate page for "hyperbola" seems to be justified. Could this redirection be changed so that search for "hyperbola" goes to a separate page for "hyperbola"? Many thanks, [[User:ThaniosAkro|ThaniosAkro]] ([[User talk:ThaniosAkro|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/ThaniosAkro|contribs]]) 12:04, 15 September 2024 (UTC) :It is true that ellipses are covered at [[Conic sections]] (along with hyperbolas, parabolas, etc.) and there is a separate page for [[ellipse]]s that elaborates. We certainly ''could'' have a page about [[hyperbola]]s that is separate, but no one has written sufficient content to spin it off yet. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''vf</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 12:17, 15 September 2024 (UTC) == I hereby request for your Unblocking IP address and just reviewed and received a reverted rec == Hi there. {{unsigned|Ishmael Raphasha}} :No one has any clue what you're talking about. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''vf</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 16:53, 18 September 2024 (UTC) == RICH-2K: New project with some initial questions == Hello! I'm creating a new learning resource on ''Wikiversity''. The respective project is based on my transcription of a classical dictionary from 1849 by Anthony Rich. For more information about the project see its [[User:CalRis25/RICH: Description|description page]] (see also that page for why not ''Wikisource'' or ''Wikibooks''). The project's scope is fairly big: 3205 article-pages plus 304 REDIRECT-pages. The images (scanned by myself from an original copy) have been uploaded to ''Commons''. I have some initial technical questions (more of these and more detailed ones will follow): * '''Upload''': Due to the large number of pages it is not realistic to create these manually. Is it possible to bulk-upload these in some way (the Wikitext of the pages is created using a Python-script with one file per article/page)? Is it possible to upload these to a test-environment first where any problems (hopefully none) can be identified and dealt with more easily than on the production-version of ''Wikiversity''? * '''(Technical) Structure''': I am planning to set up this project at ''<nowiki>https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/RICH-2K</nowiki>'' as the main page and anything else as subpages: ''RICH-2K/Subpage_1 ... RICH-2K/Subpage_n''. However, these subpages fall into two categories: 1. Article-pages (content) and 2. Meta/Administrative pages. This project requires search capability restricted to the ''RICH-2K''-namespace. The ''Mediawiki''-software seems to supply a ''Search''-input field with the possibility to restrict the search to some namespace. I would like, however, to restrict the search further to the first group of pages, namely the articles. Is that possible, perhaps by use of (hidden) categories? * '''External links''': This project will need many external links, and yes, I have read the relevant ''Wikiversity''-pages, but this specific project needs them. The ''Recommended Editions''-page (used for recommended online editions, to which to link when citing texts) alone probably will require several hundred external links. However, only relatively few [[w:Second-level domain|second-level domains]] will be involved, and most of these should be trustworthy (Perseus Digital library, digital collections of universities etc., in some cases, however, also ''Archive.org''). Perhaps there is a list of web-sites, for which external links are generally allowed? And who is allowed to create external links on ''Wikiversity''-pages (I haven't found the relevant policy)? * '''Categories''': This project requires quite a few of its own categories, which belong to two large groups: 1. Categories (2 levels) of the ''Classed Index'' (about 170 categories), a thematic index of some (but not all) of the articles. 2. Administrative categories. Is there a recommended way to distinguish between different classes of categories within a project (category name or other method)? What about naming conventions for project-specific categories? I am looking forward to your input. If you think that it's preferable we can move the discussions to the [[User_talk:CalRis25/RICH:_Description|Talk-page]] of the project's description. Thank you in advance. [[User:CalRis25|CalRis25]] ([[User talk:CalRis25|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/CalRis25|contribs]]) 05:29, 20 September 2024 (UTC) :*Admins have access to [[Special:Import]] and can bulk import XML pages. You can create pages in your sandbox if you'd like and make an indefinite amount of them at pages like [[User:CalRis25/sandbox]]. What can and cannot be hosted in user namespace is very loose, but still has to follow in principle Wikiversity's scope. :*Using subpages is in principle a good way to organize these various resources. Please do not name them after a user name or something obscure. I personally think that "RICH-2K" is a not optimal name. I may recommend something like [[Anthony Rich Dictionary Project]] or [[21st-Century Anthony Rich Dictionary]] or something more obviously intelligible. While we have very few actual policies and guidelines, see [[Wikiversity:Naming conventions]] for a rough consensus of what is probably best practice for naming pages. :*External linking generally does not use an allowed list (a.k.a. whitelist model), but a disallow (a.k.a. blacklist) model. See [[MediaWiki:Spam-blacklist]] and [[Special:BlockedExternalDomains]] (which is currently empty but is another method of listing blocked domains). It's perfectly fine to aggregate external links in learning resources. :*I'm not 100% sure what the distinction is that you're drawing, but you can freely arrange categories underneath a main category that has the same name as your larger project. So, following the suggestions I gave, you could have a category like [[:Category:Anthony Rich Dictionary Project]] and then create any number of subcategories that logically help users navigate all these pages. Please make sure the main category you create is itself categorized under some relevant category(ies). If you need help, please ask. :I think this answers your questions, please let me know if I'm unclear or you have more. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''vf</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 06:11, 20 September 2024 (UTC) ::Hello Justin! ::* '''Upload:''' Creating the project in sandbox pages of my User-namespace defeats the purpose, as this is an ''open'' project. Also that would not solve, as such, the problem of having to manually create thousands of pages. I wonder, does ''Wikiversity'' support creation of pages using its API. ''Mediawiki's'' [[mw:API:Main_page|API-description]] seems to imply that it ought to be possible. If that's the case, I should be able to create a Python-script which automatically creates the pages (of course, a few trial pages first). ::* '''(Technical) Structure''': You may be right, here. RICH-2K is, for now, merely a technical name to make a clear but not too verbose distinction between the original text and the current project. I'll give this more thought. ::* '''External links''': I brought this up mainly because when I first edited my ''Wikiversity''-page, I got a message that I was not allowed to create external links. However, I just now tested creating an external link on my user-page and got no error, so this problem seems to be solved. ::* '''Categories''': I think I know what you mean. I'll create a category structure and maybe ask some specific questions once I am ready to do so. ::Thank you for your quick help. [[User:CalRis25|CalRis25]] ([[User talk:CalRis25|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/CalRis25|contribs]]) 18:51, 20 September 2024 (UTC) :::re: upload, I'm just suggesting your sandbox(es) as you asked about "a test-environment". Anyone can edit someone else's sandboxes, but you typically defer to other users to control what's in their own subpages as a collegial thing. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''vf</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 22:39, 23 September 2024 (UTC) Hello! I have two further questions: # I created a category-structure for the project. Could you (or someone else) have a look at it ([[User:CalRis25/RICH: Categories]]) and answer the questions in the section [[User:CalRis25/RICH:_Categories#Questions|Questions]]? I gave it some thought and believe that this would work fine for the project. # ''Project boxes'' (see [[Help:Tour of project boxes]]): It is unclear to me, whether these belong only on the main page of the project (that makes the most sense to me), or on every single subpage. Thanks in advance for your help. [[User:CalRis25|CalRis25]] ([[User talk:CalRis25|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/CalRis25|contribs]]) 17:51, 24 September 2024 (UTC) :To answer your questions here: :*No, you are not contravening any policies we have. :*A leading "The" is acceptable, but if you want it to sort alphabetically, you will have to use <nowiki>{{DEFAULTSORT:}}</nowiki>. E.g. to get Category:The Best Stuff to sort under "B", insert "<nowiki>{{DEFAULTSORT:Best Stuff, The}}</nowiki>. :*Trailing "etc." is acceptable. :*An accent in a category title is acceptable. :I'll also note that it looks like you have in mind some tracking categories that are redundant. Pages such as [[Special:LonelyPages]] and [[Special:DeadendPages]] already do automatically what you're proposing to do manually. :As for project boxes, it's typically the case that the subjects are only placed on the main resource, but as you may imagine, [[Help:Tour of project boxes/1|status completion ones]] may vary from subpage to subpage. As with most things at Wikiversity, there are very few actual rules, so it's pretty much the wild west, even tho this project has been around for almost 20&nbsp;years. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''vf</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 09:18, 25 September 2024 (UTC) ::Hello Justin, thanks for the DEFAULTSORT-hint for categories beginning with ''The''. I will restrict the project boxes to the main page. As for the the orphaned/dead-end-categories, I prefer these to be project-specific. Once the project is up and running, putting articles "on the map" (making them accessible from other articles and creating links to other articles) is one of the first tasks to be dealt with. I already know which articles are involved and will add these categories to these articles. [[User:CalRis25|CalRis25]] ([[User talk:CalRis25|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/CalRis25|contribs]]) 16:51, 25 September 2024 (UTC) == Your wiki will be in read-only soon == <section begin="server-switch"/><div class="plainlinks"> [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|Read this message in another language]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Tech%2FServer+switch&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}] The [[foundation:|Wikimedia Foundation]] will switch the traffic between its data centers. This will make sure that Wikipedia and the other Wikimedia wikis can stay online even after a disaster. All traffic will switch on '''{{#time:j xg|2024-09-25|en}}'''. The switch will start at '''[https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/{{#time:U|2024-09-25T15:00|en}} {{#time:H:i e|2024-09-25T15:00}}]'''. Unfortunately, because of some limitations in [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:What is MediaWiki?|MediaWiki]], all editing must stop while the switch is made. We apologize for this disruption, and we are working to minimize it in the future. A banner will be displayed on all wikis 30 minutes before this operation happens. This banner will remain visible until the end of the operation. '''You will be able to read, but not edit, all wikis for a short period of time.''' *You will not be able to edit for up to an hour on {{#time:l j xg Y|2024-09-25|en}}. *If you try to edit or save during these times, you will see an error message. We hope that no edits will be lost during these minutes, but we can't guarantee it. If you see the error message, then please wait until everything is back to normal. Then you should be able to save your edit. But, we recommend that you make a copy of your changes first, just in case. ''Other effects'': *Background jobs will be slower and some may be dropped. Red links might not be updated as quickly as normal. If you create an article that is already linked somewhere else, the link will stay red longer than usual. Some long-running scripts will have to be stopped. * We expect the code deployments to happen as any other week. However, some case-by-case code freezes could punctually happen if the operation require them afterwards. * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/GitLab|GitLab]] will be unavailable for about 90 minutes. This project may be postponed if necessary. You can [[wikitech:Switch_Datacenter|read the schedule at wikitech.wikimedia.org]]. Any changes will be announced in the schedule. '''Please share this information with your community.'''</div><section end="server-switch"/> [[User:Trizek_(WMF)|Trizek_(WMF)]], 09:37, 20 September 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Non-Technical_Village_Pumps_distribution_list&oldid=27248326 --> == 'Wikidata item' link is moving. Find out where... == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"><i>Apologies for cross-posting in English. Please consider translating this message.</i>{{tracked|T66315}} Hello everyone, a small change will soon be coming to the user-interface of your Wikimedia project. The [[d:Q16222597|Wikidata item]] [[w:|sitelink]] currently found under the <span style="color: #54595d;"><u>''General''</u></span> section of the '''Tools''' sidebar menu will move into the <span style="color: #54595d;"><u>''In Other Projects''</u></span> section. We would like the Wiki communities feedback so please let us know or ask questions on the [[m:Talk:Wikidata_For_Wikimedia_Projects/Projects/Move_Wikidata_item_link|Discussion page]] before we enable the change which can take place October 4 2024, circa 15:00 UTC+2. More information can be found on [[m:Wikidata_For_Wikimedia_Projects/Projects/Move_Wikidata_item_link|the project page]].<br><br>We welcome your feedback and questions.<br> [[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 18:56, 27 September 2024 (UTC) </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Danny Benjafield (WMDE)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Danny_Benjafield_(WMDE)/MassMessage_Test_List&oldid=27524260 --> ==Download as PDF== [[Phabricator:T376438]]: "Download to PDF" on en.wv is returning error: "{"name":"HTTPError","message":"500","status":500,"detail":"Internal Server Error"}" -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - <small>[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]</small> 22:36, 3 October 2024 (UTC) :I just downloaded this page as a PDF and it worked just fine. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''vf</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 23:04, 3 October 2024 (UTC) == Protected template bug for Pp == It seems that templates derivative of {{tlx|Pp}} (compiled in {{tlx|Protection templates}}) are being sorted into protection categories using the name 'Wikipedia' instead of 'Wikiversity' (e.g., [[:Category:Wikipedia pages with incorrect protection templates]]). From what I can tell, it is not in the publicly accessible source code of any of the templates. The only other impacted pages are modules which call {{tlx|pp}}-derivatives (e.g., [[Module:Navbar/styles.css]]). This does not seem to affect any other pages in [[:Category:Wikiversity protected templates]]. [[User:Tule-hog|Tule-hog]] ([[User talk:Tule-hog|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Tule-hog|contribs]]) 18:59, 4 October 2024 (UTC) :The problem is that "Wikipedia" is [https://en.wikiversity.org/w/index.php?title=Special%3ASearch&limit=500&offset=0&ns828=1&search=Wikipedia&searchToken=9svkpqlxxoquoq7bnkt55ugts mentioned in several modules that were copied over from en.wp]; many of these are legit and many of them need to be replaced with "Wikiversity" ([https://en.wikiversity.org/w/index.php?title=Module%3APp-move-indef&diff=2662815&oldid=1944984 e.g.]) This particular change ''may'' fix all of these issues...? But 1.) it will take time to propagate across the site and 2.) there are still many more "Wikipedia"s that need to be changed, so I'll go thru a few more, but if you want to give me an assist, if you can just check this one week from now and ping me if the problem persists, that would be nice. Sometimes, I make calendar reminders to follow up on these, but I'm not a perfect person. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''vf</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 04:55, 5 October 2024 (UTC) == Invitation to Participate in Wiki Loves Ramadan Community Engagement Survey == Dear all, We are excited to announce the upcoming [[m:Wiki Loves Ramadan|Wiki Loves Ramadan]] event, a global initiative aimed at celebrating Ramadan by enriching Wikipedia and its sister projects with content related to this significant time of year. As we plan to organize this event globally, your insights and experiences are crucial in shaping the best possible participation experience for the community. To ensure that Wiki Loves Ramadan is engaging, inclusive, and impactful, we kindly invite you to participate in our community engagement survey. Your feedback will help us understand the needs of the community, set the event's focus, and guide our strategies for organizing this global event. Survey link: https://forms.gle/f66MuzjcPpwzVymu5 Please take a few minutes to share your thoughts. Your input will make a difference! Thank you for being a part of our journey to make Wiki Loves Ramadan a success. Warm regards, User:ZI Jony 03:19, 6 October 2024 (UTC) Wiki Loves Ramadan Organizing Team <!-- Message sent by User:ZI Jony@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Non-Technical_Village_Pumps_distribution_list&oldid=27510935 --> == 'Edit to my talk page' notification bug? == This may belong at the bug tracker, but does anyone else have an issue disabling ''email'' notifications upon an 'Edit to my talk page' in [[Special:GlobalPreferences]]? Oddly I ''am'' able to disable the global preference on Wikipedia, MediaWiki, etc, but not here. [[User:Tule-hog|Tule-hog]] ([[User talk:Tule-hog|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Tule-hog|contribs]]) 09:23, 7 October 2024 (UTC) :I have not experienced this, but to be clear, do you also have the option to get emails when items on your talk page are edited turned on? —[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''vf</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 09:39, 7 October 2024 (UTC) ::The only (non-grayed out) options I have enabled for email are 'Failed login attempts' and 'Login from an unfamiliar device'. 'Edit to my talk page' re-checks after every save. [[User:Tule-hog|Tule-hog]] ([[User talk:Tule-hog|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Tule-hog|contribs]]) 09:54, 7 October 2024 (UTC) :::That does sound like a [[phab:]] issue, with the caveat that I don't 100% recall how global preferences work and if they override local ones, etc. If you have parsed that and still have this issue, you'll probably need to file a ticket. Maybe someone else has this issue. Wish I could help. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''vf</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 09:57, 7 October 2024 (UTC) ::::[[phab:T376601|Off 'n away]] 🫡 [[User:Tule-hog|Tule-hog]] ([[User talk:Tule-hog|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Tule-hog|contribs]]) 10:35, 7 October 2024 (UTC) == [[Portal:Computer Science]] ➝ [[Portal:Information sciences]] == Seeking consensus to complete the merge into the broader portal. [[User:Tule-hog|Tule-hog]] ([[User talk:Tule-hog|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Tule-hog|contribs]]) 06:28, 8 October 2024 (UTC) :Why should it be merged? Computer Science seems well-enough designed. What is the incentive to collapse it into a broader field of study? —[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''vf</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 07:18, 8 October 2024 (UTC) ::Portals as top level organizations allowing for content to be best centralized. Also note that I did not start the merge, just offering to finish it. Perhaps a {{tlx|prod}} instead? [[User:Tule-hog|Tule-hog]] ([[User talk:Tule-hog|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Tule-hog|contribs]]) 07:20, 8 October 2024 (UTC) :::I have no objections, personally. If it gets done, please use a redirect and should someone want to come along to resurrect it later, it will be easier. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''vf</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 07:21, 8 October 2024 (UTC) : Is computer science really a branch of information sciences? I would not think so, but what do I know. Do we have some external resources/links confirm this idea? [[W:Information science]] currently says: "Information science, documentology[1] or informatology[2][3] is an academic field which is primarily concerned with analysis, collection, classification, manipulation, storage, retrieval, movement, dissemination, and protection of information." --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 14:49, 11 October 2024 (UTC) ::Looking through [https://stackoverflow.com/q/1047014/22673230] [https://businessdegrees.uab.edu/mis-degree-bachelors/resources/computer-information-systems-vs-computer-science/] [https://www.si.umich.edu/student-experience/what-information-science] a few top (not necessarily RS) searches I'm inclined to agree. I am more familiar with the grafted [[:w:Information and computer science|information ''and'' computer science]] which makes an effort to merge the disciplines, but it does not seem like reaching to say that IS is presented as more applications-concerned (certainly with no lack of theoretical abstraction), whereas CS can be more freely associated with any and all 'science related to computers'. It is easy to reason about the connection between the fields, but I think it is clear academia maintains this taxonomy for a good reason. ::With these considerations, I think I will ''stop'' the process of merging in favor of expanding the existing [[School:Library and Information Science]]. ::Let me know if there is not consensus to redirect [[Portal:Information sciences]] to [[School:Library and Information Science]] (with enough expansion it can generalize away from just library sciences). [[User:Tule-hog|Tule-hog]] ([[User talk:Tule-hog|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Tule-hog|contribs]]) 16:16, 11 October 2024 (UTC) ::: I do not see that a merge of a ''portal'' to a ''school'' is a good thing. Do you have a clear idea of the concepts of school and portal and how they relate to each other? --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 16:34, 11 October 2024 (UTC) ::::Found [[:Category:Information sciences]]; there are enough existing resources in there to make my other proposed merge excessive. I will simply continue developing the existing [[Portal:Information sciences]] instead. [[User:Tule-hog|Tule-hog]] ([[User talk:Tule-hog|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Tule-hog|contribs]]) 17:05, 11 October 2024 (UTC) ::::: Frankly, I would ideally see [[Portal:Information sciences]] deleted: I don't see what it does that a category would not do well enough. There does not seem to be any material specific to "Information sciences" (whatever that is) in that portal at all. --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 17:11, 11 October 2024 (UTC) ::::::Tacked a {{tlx|prod}} for an eventual deletion, but I may still try to develop it as proof of concept at some point. [[User:Tule-hog|Tule-hog]] ([[User talk:Tule-hog|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Tule-hog|contribs]]) 17:33, 11 October 2024 (UTC) == [[:Category:Occupational Epidemiology]] == I propose moving the pages in this category (without leaving redirects) to their equivalent under the parent resource [[Occupational Health Risk Surveillance]]. Also due to the number of subpages, it seems <code>|filing=deep</code> would be a justified. (Also [[Special:PrefixIndex/Occupational_Epidemiology|there are quite a few]] untagged subpages.) [[User:Tule-hog|Tule-hog]] ([[User talk:Tule-hog|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Tule-hog|contribs]]) 05:11, 9 October 2024 (UTC) : I above all think that the content should be ''moved out of the mainspace'': I do not see readers learning anything from e.g. [[Occupational Epidemiology/Research tools/Reading of scientific articles for learning epidemiology and biostatstics]] or [[Occupational Epidemiology/Research tools/Ongoing projects/Risk Communication in Seafaring/Writing the article guideline IMRAD]]. Wikiversity can be kind enough to host that material in, say, subspace of [[User:Saltrabook]], but more should not be asked, I think. Let us recall that per [[WV:Deletions]], "Resources may be eligible for proposed deletion when education objectives and learning outcomes are scarce, and objections to deletion are unlikely"; I do not see how learning outcomes can be anything but scarce. --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 15:04, 11 October 2024 (UTC) ::thank you, agree @ [[User:Saltrabook|Saltrabook]] ([[User talk:Saltrabook|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Saltrabook|contribs]]) 21:03, 13 November 2024 (UTC) == Active editors == It is interesting to observe the stats on [https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikiversity.org/contributing/active-editors/normal|line|all|(page_type)~content*non-content|monthly active editors] through the project's history. October is our month! [[User:Tule-hog|Tule-hog]] ([[User talk:Tule-hog|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Tule-hog|contribs]]) 20:44, 8 October 2024 (UTC) :Odd. Maybe related to the school year? —[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''vf</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 02:10, 9 October 2024 (UTC) ::I wonder how many are [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]]'s crowd... the number is in the hundreds though, so that is one chunky cohort —[[User:Tule-hog|Tule-hog]] ([[User talk:Tule-hog|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Tule-hog|contribs]]) 02:16, 9 October 2024 (UTC) :::Yes, [[Motivation and emotion/Book]] involves ~100-150 students editing most intensely during October each year. -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - <small>[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]</small> 02:20, 9 October 2024 (UTC) ::::Neat, that still leaves around ~50-100 other students from other avenues each year since 2021. I also wonder which projects were involved in the COVID enrollment spike. [[User:Tule-hog|Tule-hog]] ([[User talk:Tule-hog|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Tule-hog|contribs]]) 02:26, 9 October 2024 (UTC) :::::Personally I can admit that my editing is much more active during the school season vs. the summer break, so I'm in the same boat as Jtneill's students. —[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] [[User talk:Atcovi|(Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Atcovi|Contribs)]] 21:24, 13 November 2024 (UTC) == Intentionally incorrect resource == There is a [[Special:Diff/2583464|disclaimer inserted onto a resource]] (by not the original author) that: <blockquote>I am merely [making this page false] to show you (The viewer) that Wikipedia and this page 'Wikiversity' is bull sh*t and it will not give you the reliability you need when writing an academic piece of writing.</blockquote> However, that IP has [[Special:Contributions/86.22.73.151|not made any other edits]], so unless they vandalized via a sock, the intent went un-realized and only that portion need be removed. Bumping here in case there is some obvious jumbo in that essay that someone else can catch. [[User:Tule-hog|Tule-hog]] ([[User talk:Tule-hog|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Tule-hog|contribs]]) 16:58, 9 October 2024 (UTC) :Removed that portion, which was obviously vandalism. No perspective on the rest of the essay. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''vf</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 18:38, 9 October 2024 (UTC) == [[:Category:Proposed guidelines]] == Noting for future editors that WV has collapsed all proposals into [[:Category:Proposed policies|proposed policies]]. Seeking consensus to further collapse [[:Category:Wikiversity proposals]] into the former, or to restore [[:Category:Proposed guidelines]]. [[User:Tule-hog|Tule-hog]] ([[User talk:Tule-hog|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Tule-hog|contribs]]) 19:19, 9 October 2024 (UTC) == [[Around Wikiversity in 80 Seconds|Broken 80-second tour]] == Bumping a [[Talk:Around_Wikiversity_in_80_Seconds|comment]] on the ''Wikiversity in 80 seconds'' tour. Appears wikisuite is not working with the Vector 2022 appearance. Also see [[:w:Wikipedia:Miscellany_for_deletion/Wikiversuite_pages|this thread]] on the Wikiversal package - may not be relevant to Wikiversity, but FYC. [[User:Tule-hog|Tule-hog]] ([[User talk:Tule-hog|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Tule-hog|contribs]]) 00:26, 10 October 2024 (UTC) : I would just delete the material; I do not see value in it. If others agree, I would try to articulate why I think it should be deleted (or move to author user space). --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 06:57, 13 October 2024 (UTC) ::Just mark as {{tl|historical}}. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''vf</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 17:39, 13 October 2024 (UTC) ::: This thing was created by [[User:Planotse]]. His creations are now being discussed in Wikibooks for deletion: [[B:Wikibooks:Requests for deletion#Wikiversal generated pages]]. It seems he used some kind of tool that is no longer available (the above mentioned "Wikiversal" package) to create this kind of slideshow-like material (believing the Wikibooks discussion). I do not see value of this in the mainspace, not even as historical (I am okay with userspace, but maybe even that is not the best option?). A look at the source code of [[Around Wikiversity in 80 Seconds/Introduction]] confirms the words of Omphalographer, namely that "the HTML-heavy markup generated by Wikiversal makes them [the pages] unreasonably difficult to edit." ::: I went ahead and marked the page for proposed deletion. --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 09:35, 14 October 2024 (UTC) == Preliminary results of the 2024 Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees elections == <section begin="announcement-content" /> Hello all, Thank you to everyone who participated in the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2024|2024 Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees election]]. Close to 6000 community members from more than 180 wiki projects have voted. The following four candidates were the most voted: # [[User:Kritzolina|Christel Steigenberger]] # [[User:Nadzik|Maciej Artur Nadzikiewicz]] # [[User:Victoria|Victoria Doronina]] # [[User:Laurentius|Lorenzo Losa]] While these candidates have been ranked through the vote, they still need to be appointed to the Board of Trustees. They need to pass a successful background check and meet the qualifications outlined in the Bylaws. New trustees will be appointed at the next Board meeting in December 2024. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Foundation_elections/2024/Results|Learn more about the results on Meta-Wiki.]] Best regards, The Elections Committee and Board Selection Working Group <section end="announcement-content" /> [[User:MPossoupe_(WMF)|MPossoupe_(WMF)]] 08:26, 14 October 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:MPossoupe (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=27183190 --> == Seeking volunteers to join several of the movement’s committees == <section begin="announcement-content" /> Each year, typically from October through December, several of the movement’s committees seek new volunteers. Read more about the committees on their Meta-wiki pages: * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations_Committee|Affiliations Committee (AffCom)]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Ombuds_commission|Ombuds commission (OC)]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation/Legal/Community Resilience and Sustainability/Trust and Safety/Case Review Committee|Case Review Committee (CRC)]] Applications for the committees open on 16 October 2024. Applications for the Affiliations Committee close on 18 November 2024, and applications for the Ombuds commission and the Case Review Committee close on 2 December 2024. Learn how to apply by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Foundation/Legal/Committee_appointments|visiting the appointment page on Meta-wiki]]. Post to the talk page or email [mailto:cst@wikimedia.org cst@wikimedia.org] with any questions you may have. For the Committee Support team, <section end="announcement-content" /> -- [[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User talk:Keegan (WMF)|talk]]) 23:09, 16 October 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Keegan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=27601062 --> == Interactive elements == Can we use interactive elements on Wikiversity? I'd like to add JavaScript to a page. If it's not possible now, where can I suggest this feature? I have a safe integration idea. [[User:Отец Никифор|Отец Никифор]] ([[User talk:Отец Никифор|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Отец Никифор|contribs]]) 12:10, 17 October 2024 (UTC) : This is beyond my technical knowledge, but have you checked out: :* https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Manual:Interface/JavaScript? :* [[Wikipedia:WikiProject JavaScript]] :* [[MediaWiki:Common.js]] :What sort of interactive elements are you thinking about? : Sincerely, James -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - <small>[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]</small> 03:39, 18 October 2024 (UTC) ::I was thinking about adding something like a graph with adjustable controls, where users can interact with it and see how different changes affect the outcome. It seems like this could be a useful feature. There might already be discussions about enhancing Wikiversity or similar platforms—perhaps on a relevant talk page or in a Discord group. Do you know where such discussions might be happening? [[User:Отец Никифор|Отец Никифор]] ([[User talk:Отец Никифор|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Отец Никифор|contribs]]) 19:47, 18 October 2024 (UTC) :::From a quick look, maybe check out: :::* [[mw:Extension:Graph]] :::* [[phab:tag/graphs]] :::-- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - <small>[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]</small> 22:40, 18 October 2024 (UTC) :::: mw:Extension:Graph is currently disabled on Wikipedia etc. wikis, for security reasons, and seems unlikely to be enabled again. --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 09:30, 19 October 2024 (UTC) == An unexplained spurt of Wikiversity page views == The [https://pageviews.wmcloud.org/siteviews/?platform=all-access&source=pageviews&agent=user&start=2024-06-01&end=2024-10-18&sites=en.wikiversity.org|en.wikibooks.org|en.wikiquote.org|en.wikisource.org page view report] shows an unexplained spurt of Wikiversity page views, reaching over 4 times the baseline and then falling back again. Does anyone have any idea what is going on? --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 08:01, 19 October 2024 (UTC) :Interesting. I wonder why only the English wikiquote and wikiversity and not Wikisource or wikibooks? How reliable do you think those stats are? [[User:Ottawahitech|Ottawahitech]] ([[User talk:Ottawahitech|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Ottawahitech|contribs]]) 15:44, 8 December 2024 (UTC) == Center tempate failed on a contributors phone... == See the edit comment here - https://en.wikiversity.org/w/index.php?title=Wikiphilosophers&diff=prev&oldid=2673962. I'm puzzled as this is the first failure of this, I've noted recently. [[User:ShakespeareFan00|ShakespeareFan00]] ([[User talk:ShakespeareFan00|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/ShakespeareFan00|contribs]]) 08:45, 19 October 2024 (UTC) == Essay-like page in user space that makes little sense and seems incoherent == The page [[User:TheoYalur/Illusions]] seems to match the description, at least by my assessment. My understanding is that since the page is only in user space and not in the mainspace, it can stay there even if it has those disqualifying qualities. But if I am wrong and the page belongs deleted, please correct me and let me know. I do not know which policy or guideline, if any, guides the case. --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 12:30, 21 October 2024 (UTC) == 'Wikidata item' link is moving, finally. == Hello everyone, I previously wrote on the 27th September to advise that the ''Wikidata item'' sitelink will change places in the sidebar menu, moving from the '''General''' section into the '''In Other Projects''' section. The scheduled rollout date of 04.10.2024 was delayed due to a necessary request for Mobile/MinervaNeue skin. I am happy to inform that the global rollout can now proceed and will occur later today, 22.10.2024 at 15:00 UTC-2. [[m:Talk:Wikidata_For_Wikimedia_Projects/Projects/Move_Wikidata_item_link|Please let us know]] if you notice any problems or bugs after this change. There should be no need for null-edits or purging cache for the changes to occur. Kind regards, -[[m:User:Danny Benjafield (WMDE)|Danny Benjafield (WMDE)]] 11:28, 22 October 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Danny Benjafield (WMDE)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Danny_Benjafield_(WMDE)/MassMessage_Test_List&oldid=27535421 --> == Final Reminder: Join us in Making Wiki Loves Ramadan Success == Dear all, We’re thrilled to announce the Wiki Loves Ramadan event, a global initiative to celebrate Ramadan by enhancing Wikipedia and its sister projects with valuable content related to this special time of year. As we organize this event globally, we need your valuable input to make it a memorable experience for the community. Last Call to Participate in Our Survey: To ensure that Wiki Loves Ramadan is inclusive and impactful, we kindly request you to complete our community engagement survey. Your feedback will shape the event’s focus and guide our organizing strategies to better meet community needs. * Survey Link: [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSffN4prPtR5DRSq9nH-t1z8hG3jZFBbySrv32YoxV8KbTwxig/viewform?usp=sf_link Complete the Survey] * Deadline: November 10, 2024 Please take a few minutes to share your thoughts. Your input will truly make a difference! '''Volunteer Opportunity''': Join the Wiki Loves Ramadan Team! We’re seeking dedicated volunteers for key team roles essential to the success of this initiative. If you’re interested in volunteer roles, we invite you to apply. * Application Link: [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSfXiox_eEDH4yJ0gxVBgtL7jPe41TINAWYtpNp1JHSk8zhdgw/viewform?usp=sf_link Apply Here] * Application Deadline: October 31, 2024 Explore Open Positions: For a detailed list of roles and their responsibilities, please refer to the position descriptions here: [https://docs.google.com/document/d/1oy0_tilC6kow5GGf6cEuFvdFpekcubCqJlaxkxh-jT4/ Position Descriptions] Thank you for being part of this journey. We look forward to working together to make Wiki Loves Ramadan a success! Warm regards,<br> The Wiki Loves Ramadan Organizing Team 05:11, 29 October 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:ZI Jony@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Non-Technical_Village_Pumps_distribution_list&oldid=27568454 --> == Android app for Wikiversity == Hi, is there an Android app for Wikiversity? How does it work? I have been advised that there is no infrastructure for push notifications for Android apps for sister wikis and I would be interested to know more. Related: [[:phab:T378545]]. Thanks! [[User:Gryllida|Gryllida]] 23:15, 29 October 2024 (UTC) :Thanks for suggesting this - I agree that it would be useful. -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - <small>[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]</small> 00:56, 31 October 2024 (UTC) :@[[User:Gryllida|Gryllida]]: Would you explain your terminology for those of us not in the know. What does ''push notifications'' mean? I use [[notifications]] when I am communicating onwikimediaprojects, but have never heard this term before. [[User:Ottawahitech|Ottawahitech]] ([[User talk:Ottawahitech|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Ottawahitech|contribs]]) 17:13, 11 December 2024 (UTC) à == Import Resource From Wikibooks? == Hello! [[wikibooks:Character_List_for_Baxter&Sagart|Character List for Baxter&Sagart]] and related titles [[wikibooks:Wikibooks:Requests_for_deletion#Character_List_for_Baxter&Sagart|are up for deletion at Wikibooks]] because WB policy does not allow dictionaries like them. However, because they are useful as learning tools, I am wondering if they might have a home here at Wikiversity. Pinging @[[User:Tibetologist|Tibetologist]] here to link them in to this discussion, since they are the affected user. Thank you! —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 18:18, 1 November 2024 (UTC) :Sure, I can do it. That said, as mentioned there, it does seem like something like this is ideally suited for Wiktionary in the Appendix namespace, but I'm not very familiar with CJK characters and languages. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''vf</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 22:23, 3 November 2024 (UTC) ::Oh man, these pages are too big to import and while I've already tried a half-dozen times, it will constantly fail. Strictly speaking, we don't have to use the import feature for licensing purposes. We can just copy and paste the contents and list the usernames or on the talk page. I think that's the solution. {{Ping|Tibetologist}}, are you interested in doing that? If you just copied and pasted these pages and then added [[:Category:Chinese]] and maybe include a couple of links to the pages, that would probably be ideal. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''vf</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 22:31, 3 November 2024 (UTC) == Language translation requests? == Is there anywhere on Wikiversity to request translation, for example, requesting Latin or French translation? I would be asking from the context as a student, so I would be interested in translation explanation as well. [[User:Indexcard88|Indexcard88]] ([[User talk:Indexcard88|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Indexcard88|contribs]]) 04:56, 20 November 2024 (UTC) == Sign up for the language community meeting on November 29th, 16:00 UTC == Hello everyone, The next language community meeting is coming up next week, on November 29th, at 16:00 UTC (Zonestamp! For your timezone <https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1732896000>). If you're interested in joining, you can sign up on this wiki page: <https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Language_and_Product_Localization/Community_meetings#29_November_2024>. This participant-driven meeting will be organized by the Wikimedia Foundation’s Language Product Localization team and the Language Diversity Hub. There will be presentations on topics like developing language keyboards, the creation of the Moore Wikipedia, and the language support track at Wiki Indaba. We will also have members from the Wayuunaiki community joining us to share their experiences with the Incubator and as a new community within our movement. This meeting will have a Spanish interpretation. Looking forward to seeing you at the language community meeting! Cheers, [[User:SSethi (WMF)|Srishti]] 19:55, 21 November 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:SSethi (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=27746256 --> == Events on Wikiversity == Since Wikipedia and Wikivoyage are having their "Asian Month" editathon, I was thinking if we could start up a Wikiversity version of that. This would be an "Asian Month" as well, but it would be about creating resources based on Asia and its culture. [[User:RockTransport|RockTransport]] ([[User talk:RockTransport|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/RockTransport|contribs]]) 17:57, 6 December 2024 (UTC) :Not immediately opposed, but the question is, do we have an active enough community to facilitate this? —[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] [[User talk:Atcovi|(Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Atcovi|Contribs)]] 19:31, 6 December 2024 (UTC) ::I'm not too sure. As long as we get enough traffic, this could happen. [[User:RockTransport|RockTransport]] ([[User talk:RockTransport|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/RockTransport|contribs]]) 08:45, 7 December 2024 (UTC) :::This is to increase traffic on Wikiversity, which is promoted amongst other communities. [[User:RockTransport|RockTransport]] ([[User talk:RockTransport|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/RockTransport|contribs]]) 10:47, 7 December 2024 (UTC) :Hi @[[User:RockTransport|RockTransport]], This is a good idea, but will it also involve users who are not "professors and scientists". Just curious. cheers, [[User:Ottawahitech|Ottawahitech]] ([[User talk:Ottawahitech|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Ottawahitech|contribs]]) 16:30, 9 December 2024 (UTC) ::Yes, considering the fact that Wikiversity is for everyone, and not just for specific users. [[User:RockTransport|RockTransport]] ([[User talk:RockTransport|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/RockTransport|contribs]]) 09:09, 10 December 2024 (UTC) :::because I'm personally not a "professor" or a "scientist" and because '''anyone''' can create resources on Wikiversity. We want to make Wikiversity open for everyone, and not just for certain users. [[User:RockTransport|RockTransport]] ([[User talk:RockTransport|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/RockTransport|contribs]]) 09:10, 10 December 2024 (UTC) == Wikiversity - Newsletters == Hello All, I wanted to create a newsletter on Wikiversity, which would highlight what is going on in certain months and events on Wikiversity; which would bolster engagement by many people. This would be on the website and would have its dedicated 'Newsletter' tab. I hope you acknowledge this idea. [[User:RockTransport|RockTransport]] ([[User talk:RockTransport|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/RockTransport|contribs]]) 21:05, 8 December 2024 (UTC) np6c01b70xwv7d12ohglwm6lbz0fm70 2691443 2691441 2024-12-11T17:23:07Z Ottawahitech 2369270 /* 'Wikidata item' link is moving, finally. */ Reply warning: autocomplete may take over anytime 2691443 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Wikiversity:Colloquium/Header}} <!-- MESSAGES GO BELOW --> == Reminder! Vote closing soon to fill vacancies of the first U4C == <section begin="announcement-content" /> :''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2024 Special Election/Announcement – reminder to vote|You can find this message translated into additional languages on Meta-wiki.]] [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-{{urlencode:Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2024 Special Election/Announcement – reminder to vote}}&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}]'' Dear all, The voting period for the Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee (U4C) is closing soon. It is open through 10 August 2024. Read the information on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Election/2024_Special_Election#Voting|the voting page on Meta-wiki to learn more about voting and voter eligibility]]. If you are eligible to vote and have not voted in this special election, it is important that you vote now. '''Why should you vote?''' The U4C is a global group dedicated to providing an equitable and consistent implementation of the UCoC. Community input into the committee membership is critical to the success of the UCoC. Please share this message with members of your community so they can participate as well. In cooperation with the U4C,<section end="announcement-content" /> -- [[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User talk:Keegan (WMF)|talk]]) 15:30, 6 August 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Keegan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=27183190 --> == User group for Wikiversians == Was there ever a discussion about the possibility of establishing a user group in the sense of an affiliated organization that would defend the interests of professors and scientists on Wikiversity and possibly actively develop some projects? [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 20:21, 8 August 2024 (UTC) :Not that I'm aware of. -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - <small>[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]</small> 23:20, 8 August 2024 (UTC) :It's a pleasure to talk to a scientist on Wikiversity. I am a historian of technics and I would like to publish the following biography either on Wikiversity or on Wikipedia: :https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:Rbmn/Arthur_Constantin_KREBS_(1850-1935):_Military_engineer,_Automotive_industrialist,_Great_projects_manager :What would be your advice? [[User:Rbmn|Rbmn]] ([[User talk:Rbmn|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Rbmn|contribs]]) 15:44, 6 October 2024 (UTC) ::The content appears to be largely biographical/encyclopedic, so I think it is likely best suited to Wikipedia. Consider improving/incorporating this content into the existing page: [[w:Arthur Constantin Krebs]]. -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - <small>[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]</small> 00:05, 7 October 2024 (UTC) ::Please do not link to the Wikiversity [[wv:userspace|Userspace]] in Wikipedia articles. You will want to wait until you have a page in the [[wv:mainspace|Wikiversity mainspace]]. You'll also want to use the <code>{{[[:w:Template:Wikiversity|Wikiversity]]}}</code> template (on Wikipedia) rather than embedding a photo with a link. [[User:Tule-hog|Tule-hog]] ([[User talk:Tule-hog|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Tule-hog|contribs]]) 02:21, 7 October 2024 (UTC) :I haven't heard anything about this topic. [[User:RockTransport|RockTransport]] ([[User talk:RockTransport|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/RockTransport|contribs]]) 21:06, 8 December 2024 (UTC) == Rich's ''Illustrated Companion'' at Wikiversity: Right place? == Hello! I am creating a Wiki-version of a classical glossary (''Illustrated Companion to the Latin Dictionary, and Greek Lexicon'' by Anthony Rich, 1849), which explains the meaning of Latin headwords, primarily those "representing visible objects connected with the arts, manufactures, and every-day life of the Greeks and Romans." The aim is to help understand what a (classical) Latin text is actually about, instead of merely translating it. I already transcribed the entire text and scanned the images (about 1900) from an original 1849-edition. I am currently working on uploading the images to ''Mediawiki Commons'', which probably will take some time. In the meantime I want to prepare the other aspects of the project (more than 3000 articles, already with many internal links). The important thing: this is ''not'' a ''might exist''-project. {{Color|red|My question: Is ''Wikiversity'' the proper place for it?}} Although I created an exact rendition of the original text, ''Wikisource'' is not applicable, because the project has a broader scope (adding content to the articles, e. g. links to online editions for quotations, adding images, but also adding entirely new articles). Neither is ''Wikibooks'', because this is not a textbook and may otherwise breach its scope. For more about the project see [[w:User:CalRis25/Temp-RICH-Prospectus|my user-page]] at en.wikipedia. {{Color|Red|So, is Wikiversity the right place for it?}} [[User:CalRis25|CalRis25]] ([[User talk:CalRis25|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/CalRis25|contribs]]) 09:15, 17 August 2024 (UTC) :Thanks for asking. To be clear, it ''is'' acceptable to make [[:s:en:Category:Wikisource annotations|annotated editions]] of texts at Wikisource and Wikibooks does host at least one [[:b:en:Annotations of The Complete Peanuts|annotated guide to a copyright-protected work]]. So if what you're looking to do is to include inline annotations to a public domain text, you certainly can put that on Wikisource. If you have a textbook or guidebook that is a companion, that would go at Wikibooks. If you have some other kind of learning resources (like maintaining a list of relevant links, organizing a book reading group, etc.), that could go here. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''vf</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 09:26, 17 August 2024 (UTC) ::Thank you for your quick answer. Actually, ''Wikibooks'' was my first thought. However, this project is not merely an annotated edition. Although at first it ''will'' be a faithful copy of the original text, I want the project to be "open", i. e. adding articles should be possible. And the project should enable to do a lot more than mere inline annotation. See section [[w:User:CalRis25/Temp-RICH-Prospectus#Improving_RICH|Improving Rich]] in the project description a my user-page (en.Wikipedia). No ''Mediawiki''-project (Wikisource, Wikibooks, Wikipedia, Wiktionary) seemed to be a sufficiently applicable "fit" for the project, so I thought of Wikiversity as a last resort, because it is supposed to be home to all sorts of "learning resources". [[User:CalRis25|CalRis25]] ([[User talk:CalRis25|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/CalRis25|contribs]]) 09:57, 17 August 2024 (UTC) :::The scope of Wikiversity ''is'' pretty catch-all and would allow for a pretty flexible place to host most learning resources that don't fit elsewhere. :::Also, as nitpick, "MediaWiki" is the software that is the basis of these wikis (wikis being collections of interlinked documents that can be edited) and "Wikimedia Foundation" is the non-profit who owns the trademarks and hosts these projects like Wiktionary and Wikivoyage. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''vf</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 10:06, 17 August 2024 (UTC) ::::Hello Justin, thank you for the reply. '''I think that settles it. I will create this project at ''Wikiversity''.''' Just for additional clarification, why I do so. Let's imagine a full transcription of the original 1849-edition of the ''Illustrated Companion'' by Anthony Rich and call it ''RICH-1849''. We shall call my project, for brevity sake, RICH-2K. And now, let's have a look at the article about the Roman toga (a piece of attire). In ''RICH-1849'' we can can call it ''RICH-1849/Toga'', and it contains ''exactly'' the content of the 1849-book. Now, let's look at the article ''RICH-2K/Toga''. At the beginning its only content would be the article ''RICH-1849/Toga''. Does that make ''RICH-2K/Toga'' and ''RICH-1849/Toga'' the same? Not at all, because in truth ''RICH-2K/Toga'' is a "container" which initially contains only the article ''RICH-1849/Toga'' but later on may include more stuff: images, external links, article text which builds on or extends ''RICH-1849/Toga'' and information from other sources of information (Wikipedia, specialized books). By the way, this added article information would not be a mere copy of the text at en.Wikipedia, because the information needs to looked at through the eyes of someone reading the original text (more citations with direct links to these etc.). [[User:CalRis25|CalRis25]] ([[User talk:CalRis25|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/CalRis25|contribs]]) 11:39, 17 August 2024 (UTC) == Coming soon: A new sub-referencing feature – try it! == <section begin="Sub-referencing"/> [[File:Sub-referencing reuse visual.png|{{#ifeq:{{#dir}}|ltr|right|left}}|400px]] Hello. For many years, community members have requested an easy way to re-use references with different details. Now, a MediaWiki solution is coming: The new sub-referencing feature will work for wikitext and Visual Editor and will enhance the existing reference system. You can continue to use different ways of referencing, but you will probably encounter sub-references in articles written by other users. More information on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing|the project page]]. '''We want your feedback''' to make sure this feature works well for you: * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing#Test|Please try]] the current state of development on beta wiki and [[m:Talk:WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing|let us know what you think]]. * [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing/Sign-up|Sign up here]] to get updates and/or invites to participate in user research activities. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Deutschland|Wikimedia Deutschland]]’s [[m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes|Technical Wishes]] team is planning to bring this feature to Wikimedia wikis later this year. We will reach out to creators/maintainers of tools and templates related to references beforehand. Please help us spread the message. --[[m:User:Johannes Richter (WMDE)|Johannes Richter (WMDE)]] ([[m:User talk:Johannes Richter (WMDE)|talk]]) 10:36, 19 August 2024 (UTC) <section end="Sub-referencing"/> <!-- Message sent by User:Johannes Richter (WMDE)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Johannes_Richter_(WMDE)/Sub-referencing/massmessage_list&oldid=27309345 --> == New [[Template:Form]] == Hi! Today I was bold and created [[Template:Form]] (which calls [[Module:WikiForm]] and [[MediaWiki:Gadget-WikiForm.js]]). The template allows to create user-friendly forms that can create pages or add content to existing pages. My motivation and first use case was [[Wikidebate/New|this form]] to create new [[wikidebates]], but I suspect the template can be useful elsewhere on Wikiversity. Let me know if you notice any issues or have any requests or concerns. Kind regards, [[User:Sophivorus|Sophivorus]] ([[User talk:Sophivorus|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Sophivorus|contribs]]) 15:21, 21 August 2024 (UTC) == Sign up for the language community meeting on August 30th, 15:00 UTC == Hi all, The next language community meeting is scheduled in a few weeks—on August 30th at 15:00 UTC. If you're interested in joining, you can [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Language_and_Product_Localization/Community_meetings#30_August_2024 sign up on this wiki page]. This participant-driven meeting will focus on sharing language-specific updates related to various projects, discussing technical issues related to language wikis, and working together to find possible solutions. For example, in the last meeting, topics included the Language Converter, the state of language research, updates on the Incubator conversations, and technical challenges around external links not working with special characters on Bengali sites. Do you have any ideas for topics to share technical updates or discuss challenges? Please add agenda items to the document [https://etherpad.wikimedia.org/p/language-community-meeting-aug-2024 here] and reach out to ssethi(__AT__)wikimedia.org. We look forward to your participation! [[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 23:20, 22 August 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:SSethi (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=27183190 --> == Template consolidation: User talk page block notice == Wondering if someone who likes templates could have a go at consolidating or helping decide between use of: * [[Template:Block]] * [[Template:Blocked]] Unless I'm missing something, it seems like we don't need both? -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - <small>[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]</small> 07:16, 23 August 2024 (UTC) : I tried to figure out a Wikidata item with most links to projects. I found this: [[Wikidata:Q6379131]], which is Template:Uw-block. There is even a corresponding Wikiversity template, [[Template:Uw-block1]] (not used anywhere). : My impression is that of the three templates, we only need one. --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 14:43, 13 September 2024 (UTC) == Announcing the Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee == <section begin="announcement-content" /> :''[https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/board-elections@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/OKCCN2CANIH2K7DXJOL2GPVDFWL27R7C/ Original message at wikimedia-l]. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2024 Special Election/Announcement - results|You can find this message translated into additional languages on Meta-wiki.]] [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-{{urlencode:Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2024 Special Election/Announcement - results}}&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}]'' Hello all, The scrutineers have finished reviewing the vote and the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Elections Committee|Elections Committee]] have certified the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2024 Special Election/Results|results]] for the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2024 Special Election|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee (U4C) special election]]. I am pleased to announce the following individual as regional members of the U4C, who will fulfill a term until 15 June 2026: * North America (USA and Canada) ** Ajraddatz The following seats were not filled during this special election: * Latin America and Caribbean * Central and East Europe (CEE) * Sub-Saharan Africa * South Asia * The four remaining Community-At-Large seats Thank you again to everyone who participated in this process and much appreciation to the candidates for your leadership and dedication to the Wikimedia movement and community. Over the next few weeks, the U4C will begin meeting and planning the 2024-25 year in supporting the implementation and review of the UCoC and Enforcement Guidelines. You can follow their work on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee|Meta-Wiki]]. On behalf of the U4C and the Elections Committee,<section end="announcement-content" /> [[m:User:RamzyM (WMF)|RamzyM (WMF)]] 14:07, 2 September 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:RamzyM (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=27183190 --> == Re: The Vector 2022 skin as the default in two weeks? == [[File:Vector 2022 video-en.webm|thumb|A two minute-long video about Vector 2022]] Hello everyone, I'm reaching out on behalf of the [[mediawikiwiki:Reading/Web|Wikimedia Foundation Web team]] responsible for the MediaWiki skins. I'd like to revisit the topic of making Vector 2022 the default here on English Wikiversity. I [[Wikiversity:Colloquium/archives/September 2022#The Vector 2022 skin as the default in two weeks?|did post a message about this almost two years ago]] (where you can find all the details about the skin), but we didn't finalize it back then. What happened in the meantime? We built [[mw:Reading/Web/Accessibility for reading|dark mode and different options for font sizes]], and made Vector 2022 the default on most wikis, including all other Wikiversities. With the not-so-new V22 skin being the default, existing and coming features, like dark mode and [[mw:Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts|temporary accounts]] respectively, will become available for logged-out users here. So, if no large concerns are raised, we will deploy Vector 2022 here in two weeks, in the week of September 16. Do let me know if you have any questions. Thank you! [[User:SGrabarczuk (WMF)|SGrabarczuk (WMF)]] ([[User talk:SGrabarczuk (WMF)|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/SGrabarczuk (WMF)|contribs]]) 21:48, 2 September 2024 (UTC) :Sounds good, Szymon - we look forward to the upcoming change of skin {{smile}} Sincerely, James -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - <small>[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]</small> 07:35, 13 September 2024 (UTC) * I for one oppose a switch to Vector 2022. I do not find it preferable. Here is a staggering evidence of user refusal of Vector 2022 once it was deployed: [[W:en:Wikipedia:Requests for comment/Rollback of Vector 2022]], Junuary 2023. 355 voters supported rollback to Vector 2010 whereas 64 opposed, yielding 84.7% support, as clear a supermajority as one may wish. These people opposing Vector 2022 feel the same way as I do. --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 10:48, 13 September 2024 (UTC) *:Hey @[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]]. Thanks for your comment. I'm open to discussion about problems with our software, and I hope we can maintain a respectful tone. *:I understand that there are users who prefer Vector legacy or other skins, just as there are people who still stick to Monobook. Such people are active across many wikis. They can keep Vector legacy, although non-default skins don't have the support the default ones do. We are rolling out for technical reasons, as I mentioned above, with benefit to not logged-in users. *:Regarding the rollback RfC on Wikipedia, two neutral users stated that there was no consensus for rollback, RfC is not a vote, and the numbers were different (355:226:24). I believe this all is pretty easy to verify. *:So to sum up, Vector 2022 needs to become the default, tons and tons of comments were made about the skin and related stuff, and we have taken many ideas into account, and it's totally OK if you stick to Vector legacy. *:Thanks! [[User:SGrabarczuk (WMF)|SGrabarczuk (WMF)]] ([[User talk:SGrabarczuk (WMF)|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/SGrabarczuk (WMF)|contribs]]) 19:30, 16 September 2024 (UTC) *:: Today, I visited Wikiversity and found it switched to Vector 2022. I changed my preference settings to Vector 2010. From what I understand, non-registered visitors are now defaulted to Vector 2022 despite its unpopularity in [[W:en:Wikipedia:Requests for comment/Rollback of Vector 2022]]. I have not seen any evidence that users prefer Vector 2022, and given the evidence in the linked RfC, I tentatively conclude that the decision to switch has made the site experience worse for the majority of users. The logic of "you can switch" surely applies to Vector 2022 as well: those who prefer it can switch to it. --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 05:08, 17 September 2024 (UTC) == Have your say: Vote for the 2024 Board of Trustees! == <section begin="announcement-content" /> Hello all, The voting period for the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2024|2024 Board of Trustees election]] is now open. There are twelve (12) candidates running for four (4) seats on the Board. Learn more about the candidates by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2024/Candidates|reading their statements]] and their [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Foundation_elections/2024/Questions_for_candidates|answers to community questions]]. When you are ready, go to the [[Special:SecurePoll/vote/400|SecurePoll]] voting page to vote. '''The vote is open from September 3rd at 00:00 UTC to September 17th at 23:59 UTC'''. To check your voter eligibility, please visit the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Foundation_elections/2024/Voter_eligibility_guidelines|voter eligibility page]]. Best regards, The Elections Committee and Board Selection Working Group<section end="announcement-content" /> [[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 12:15, 3 September 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:RamzyM (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=27183190 --> == Separate page for hyperbola. == Good morning, I notice that a search for "hyperbola" redirects to "Conic sections". At present there is a separate page for "ellipse". Therefore a separate page for "hyperbola" seems to be justified. Could this redirection be changed so that search for "hyperbola" goes to a separate page for "hyperbola"? Many thanks, [[User:ThaniosAkro|ThaniosAkro]] ([[User talk:ThaniosAkro|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/ThaniosAkro|contribs]]) 12:04, 15 September 2024 (UTC) :It is true that ellipses are covered at [[Conic sections]] (along with hyperbolas, parabolas, etc.) and there is a separate page for [[ellipse]]s that elaborates. We certainly ''could'' have a page about [[hyperbola]]s that is separate, but no one has written sufficient content to spin it off yet. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''vf</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 12:17, 15 September 2024 (UTC) == I hereby request for your Unblocking IP address and just reviewed and received a reverted rec == Hi there. {{unsigned|Ishmael Raphasha}} :No one has any clue what you're talking about. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''vf</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 16:53, 18 September 2024 (UTC) == RICH-2K: New project with some initial questions == Hello! I'm creating a new learning resource on ''Wikiversity''. The respective project is based on my transcription of a classical dictionary from 1849 by Anthony Rich. For more information about the project see its [[User:CalRis25/RICH: Description|description page]] (see also that page for why not ''Wikisource'' or ''Wikibooks''). The project's scope is fairly big: 3205 article-pages plus 304 REDIRECT-pages. The images (scanned by myself from an original copy) have been uploaded to ''Commons''. I have some initial technical questions (more of these and more detailed ones will follow): * '''Upload''': Due to the large number of pages it is not realistic to create these manually. Is it possible to bulk-upload these in some way (the Wikitext of the pages is created using a Python-script with one file per article/page)? Is it possible to upload these to a test-environment first where any problems (hopefully none) can be identified and dealt with more easily than on the production-version of ''Wikiversity''? * '''(Technical) Structure''': I am planning to set up this project at ''<nowiki>https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/RICH-2K</nowiki>'' as the main page and anything else as subpages: ''RICH-2K/Subpage_1 ... RICH-2K/Subpage_n''. However, these subpages fall into two categories: 1. Article-pages (content) and 2. Meta/Administrative pages. This project requires search capability restricted to the ''RICH-2K''-namespace. The ''Mediawiki''-software seems to supply a ''Search''-input field with the possibility to restrict the search to some namespace. I would like, however, to restrict the search further to the first group of pages, namely the articles. Is that possible, perhaps by use of (hidden) categories? * '''External links''': This project will need many external links, and yes, I have read the relevant ''Wikiversity''-pages, but this specific project needs them. The ''Recommended Editions''-page (used for recommended online editions, to which to link when citing texts) alone probably will require several hundred external links. However, only relatively few [[w:Second-level domain|second-level domains]] will be involved, and most of these should be trustworthy (Perseus Digital library, digital collections of universities etc., in some cases, however, also ''Archive.org''). Perhaps there is a list of web-sites, for which external links are generally allowed? And who is allowed to create external links on ''Wikiversity''-pages (I haven't found the relevant policy)? * '''Categories''': This project requires quite a few of its own categories, which belong to two large groups: 1. Categories (2 levels) of the ''Classed Index'' (about 170 categories), a thematic index of some (but not all) of the articles. 2. Administrative categories. Is there a recommended way to distinguish between different classes of categories within a project (category name or other method)? What about naming conventions for project-specific categories? I am looking forward to your input. If you think that it's preferable we can move the discussions to the [[User_talk:CalRis25/RICH:_Description|Talk-page]] of the project's description. Thank you in advance. [[User:CalRis25|CalRis25]] ([[User talk:CalRis25|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/CalRis25|contribs]]) 05:29, 20 September 2024 (UTC) :*Admins have access to [[Special:Import]] and can bulk import XML pages. You can create pages in your sandbox if you'd like and make an indefinite amount of them at pages like [[User:CalRis25/sandbox]]. What can and cannot be hosted in user namespace is very loose, but still has to follow in principle Wikiversity's scope. :*Using subpages is in principle a good way to organize these various resources. Please do not name them after a user name or something obscure. I personally think that "RICH-2K" is a not optimal name. I may recommend something like [[Anthony Rich Dictionary Project]] or [[21st-Century Anthony Rich Dictionary]] or something more obviously intelligible. While we have very few actual policies and guidelines, see [[Wikiversity:Naming conventions]] for a rough consensus of what is probably best practice for naming pages. :*External linking generally does not use an allowed list (a.k.a. whitelist model), but a disallow (a.k.a. blacklist) model. See [[MediaWiki:Spam-blacklist]] and [[Special:BlockedExternalDomains]] (which is currently empty but is another method of listing blocked domains). It's perfectly fine to aggregate external links in learning resources. :*I'm not 100% sure what the distinction is that you're drawing, but you can freely arrange categories underneath a main category that has the same name as your larger project. So, following the suggestions I gave, you could have a category like [[:Category:Anthony Rich Dictionary Project]] and then create any number of subcategories that logically help users navigate all these pages. Please make sure the main category you create is itself categorized under some relevant category(ies). If you need help, please ask. :I think this answers your questions, please let me know if I'm unclear or you have more. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''vf</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 06:11, 20 September 2024 (UTC) ::Hello Justin! ::* '''Upload:''' Creating the project in sandbox pages of my User-namespace defeats the purpose, as this is an ''open'' project. Also that would not solve, as such, the problem of having to manually create thousands of pages. I wonder, does ''Wikiversity'' support creation of pages using its API. ''Mediawiki's'' [[mw:API:Main_page|API-description]] seems to imply that it ought to be possible. If that's the case, I should be able to create a Python-script which automatically creates the pages (of course, a few trial pages first). ::* '''(Technical) Structure''': You may be right, here. RICH-2K is, for now, merely a technical name to make a clear but not too verbose distinction between the original text and the current project. I'll give this more thought. ::* '''External links''': I brought this up mainly because when I first edited my ''Wikiversity''-page, I got a message that I was not allowed to create external links. However, I just now tested creating an external link on my user-page and got no error, so this problem seems to be solved. ::* '''Categories''': I think I know what you mean. I'll create a category structure and maybe ask some specific questions once I am ready to do so. ::Thank you for your quick help. [[User:CalRis25|CalRis25]] ([[User talk:CalRis25|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/CalRis25|contribs]]) 18:51, 20 September 2024 (UTC) :::re: upload, I'm just suggesting your sandbox(es) as you asked about "a test-environment". Anyone can edit someone else's sandboxes, but you typically defer to other users to control what's in their own subpages as a collegial thing. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''vf</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 22:39, 23 September 2024 (UTC) Hello! I have two further questions: # I created a category-structure for the project. Could you (or someone else) have a look at it ([[User:CalRis25/RICH: Categories]]) and answer the questions in the section [[User:CalRis25/RICH:_Categories#Questions|Questions]]? I gave it some thought and believe that this would work fine for the project. # ''Project boxes'' (see [[Help:Tour of project boxes]]): It is unclear to me, whether these belong only on the main page of the project (that makes the most sense to me), or on every single subpage. Thanks in advance for your help. [[User:CalRis25|CalRis25]] ([[User talk:CalRis25|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/CalRis25|contribs]]) 17:51, 24 September 2024 (UTC) :To answer your questions here: :*No, you are not contravening any policies we have. :*A leading "The" is acceptable, but if you want it to sort alphabetically, you will have to use <nowiki>{{DEFAULTSORT:}}</nowiki>. E.g. to get Category:The Best Stuff to sort under "B", insert "<nowiki>{{DEFAULTSORT:Best Stuff, The}}</nowiki>. :*Trailing "etc." is acceptable. :*An accent in a category title is acceptable. :I'll also note that it looks like you have in mind some tracking categories that are redundant. Pages such as [[Special:LonelyPages]] and [[Special:DeadendPages]] already do automatically what you're proposing to do manually. :As for project boxes, it's typically the case that the subjects are only placed on the main resource, but as you may imagine, [[Help:Tour of project boxes/1|status completion ones]] may vary from subpage to subpage. As with most things at Wikiversity, there are very few actual rules, so it's pretty much the wild west, even tho this project has been around for almost 20&nbsp;years. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''vf</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 09:18, 25 September 2024 (UTC) ::Hello Justin, thanks for the DEFAULTSORT-hint for categories beginning with ''The''. I will restrict the project boxes to the main page. As for the the orphaned/dead-end-categories, I prefer these to be project-specific. Once the project is up and running, putting articles "on the map" (making them accessible from other articles and creating links to other articles) is one of the first tasks to be dealt with. I already know which articles are involved and will add these categories to these articles. [[User:CalRis25|CalRis25]] ([[User talk:CalRis25|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/CalRis25|contribs]]) 16:51, 25 September 2024 (UTC) == Your wiki will be in read-only soon == <section begin="server-switch"/><div class="plainlinks"> [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|Read this message in another language]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Tech%2FServer+switch&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}] The [[foundation:|Wikimedia Foundation]] will switch the traffic between its data centers. This will make sure that Wikipedia and the other Wikimedia wikis can stay online even after a disaster. All traffic will switch on '''{{#time:j xg|2024-09-25|en}}'''. The switch will start at '''[https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/{{#time:U|2024-09-25T15:00|en}} {{#time:H:i e|2024-09-25T15:00}}]'''. Unfortunately, because of some limitations in [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:What is MediaWiki?|MediaWiki]], all editing must stop while the switch is made. We apologize for this disruption, and we are working to minimize it in the future. A banner will be displayed on all wikis 30 minutes before this operation happens. This banner will remain visible until the end of the operation. '''You will be able to read, but not edit, all wikis for a short period of time.''' *You will not be able to edit for up to an hour on {{#time:l j xg Y|2024-09-25|en}}. *If you try to edit or save during these times, you will see an error message. We hope that no edits will be lost during these minutes, but we can't guarantee it. If you see the error message, then please wait until everything is back to normal. Then you should be able to save your edit. But, we recommend that you make a copy of your changes first, just in case. ''Other effects'': *Background jobs will be slower and some may be dropped. Red links might not be updated as quickly as normal. If you create an article that is already linked somewhere else, the link will stay red longer than usual. Some long-running scripts will have to be stopped. * We expect the code deployments to happen as any other week. However, some case-by-case code freezes could punctually happen if the operation require them afterwards. * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/GitLab|GitLab]] will be unavailable for about 90 minutes. This project may be postponed if necessary. You can [[wikitech:Switch_Datacenter|read the schedule at wikitech.wikimedia.org]]. Any changes will be announced in the schedule. '''Please share this information with your community.'''</div><section end="server-switch"/> [[User:Trizek_(WMF)|Trizek_(WMF)]], 09:37, 20 September 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Non-Technical_Village_Pumps_distribution_list&oldid=27248326 --> == 'Wikidata item' link is moving. Find out where... == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"><i>Apologies for cross-posting in English. Please consider translating this message.</i>{{tracked|T66315}} Hello everyone, a small change will soon be coming to the user-interface of your Wikimedia project. The [[d:Q16222597|Wikidata item]] [[w:|sitelink]] currently found under the <span style="color: #54595d;"><u>''General''</u></span> section of the '''Tools''' sidebar menu will move into the <span style="color: #54595d;"><u>''In Other Projects''</u></span> section. We would like the Wiki communities feedback so please let us know or ask questions on the [[m:Talk:Wikidata_For_Wikimedia_Projects/Projects/Move_Wikidata_item_link|Discussion page]] before we enable the change which can take place October 4 2024, circa 15:00 UTC+2. More information can be found on [[m:Wikidata_For_Wikimedia_Projects/Projects/Move_Wikidata_item_link|the project page]].<br><br>We welcome your feedback and questions.<br> [[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 18:56, 27 September 2024 (UTC) </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Danny Benjafield (WMDE)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Danny_Benjafield_(WMDE)/MassMessage_Test_List&oldid=27524260 --> ==Download as PDF== [[Phabricator:T376438]]: "Download to PDF" on en.wv is returning error: "{"name":"HTTPError","message":"500","status":500,"detail":"Internal Server Error"}" -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - <small>[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]</small> 22:36, 3 October 2024 (UTC) :I just downloaded this page as a PDF and it worked just fine. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''vf</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 23:04, 3 October 2024 (UTC) == Protected template bug for Pp == It seems that templates derivative of {{tlx|Pp}} (compiled in {{tlx|Protection templates}}) are being sorted into protection categories using the name 'Wikipedia' instead of 'Wikiversity' (e.g., [[:Category:Wikipedia pages with incorrect protection templates]]). From what I can tell, it is not in the publicly accessible source code of any of the templates. The only other impacted pages are modules which call {{tlx|pp}}-derivatives (e.g., [[Module:Navbar/styles.css]]). This does not seem to affect any other pages in [[:Category:Wikiversity protected templates]]. [[User:Tule-hog|Tule-hog]] ([[User talk:Tule-hog|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Tule-hog|contribs]]) 18:59, 4 October 2024 (UTC) :The problem is that "Wikipedia" is [https://en.wikiversity.org/w/index.php?title=Special%3ASearch&limit=500&offset=0&ns828=1&search=Wikipedia&searchToken=9svkpqlxxoquoq7bnkt55ugts mentioned in several modules that were copied over from en.wp]; many of these are legit and many of them need to be replaced with "Wikiversity" ([https://en.wikiversity.org/w/index.php?title=Module%3APp-move-indef&diff=2662815&oldid=1944984 e.g.]) This particular change ''may'' fix all of these issues...? But 1.) it will take time to propagate across the site and 2.) there are still many more "Wikipedia"s that need to be changed, so I'll go thru a few more, but if you want to give me an assist, if you can just check this one week from now and ping me if the problem persists, that would be nice. Sometimes, I make calendar reminders to follow up on these, but I'm not a perfect person. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''vf</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 04:55, 5 October 2024 (UTC) == Invitation to Participate in Wiki Loves Ramadan Community Engagement Survey == Dear all, We are excited to announce the upcoming [[m:Wiki Loves Ramadan|Wiki Loves Ramadan]] event, a global initiative aimed at celebrating Ramadan by enriching Wikipedia and its sister projects with content related to this significant time of year. As we plan to organize this event globally, your insights and experiences are crucial in shaping the best possible participation experience for the community. To ensure that Wiki Loves Ramadan is engaging, inclusive, and impactful, we kindly invite you to participate in our community engagement survey. Your feedback will help us understand the needs of the community, set the event's focus, and guide our strategies for organizing this global event. Survey link: https://forms.gle/f66MuzjcPpwzVymu5 Please take a few minutes to share your thoughts. Your input will make a difference! Thank you for being a part of our journey to make Wiki Loves Ramadan a success. Warm regards, User:ZI Jony 03:19, 6 October 2024 (UTC) Wiki Loves Ramadan Organizing Team <!-- Message sent by User:ZI Jony@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Non-Technical_Village_Pumps_distribution_list&oldid=27510935 --> == 'Edit to my talk page' notification bug? == This may belong at the bug tracker, but does anyone else have an issue disabling ''email'' notifications upon an 'Edit to my talk page' in [[Special:GlobalPreferences]]? Oddly I ''am'' able to disable the global preference on Wikipedia, MediaWiki, etc, but not here. [[User:Tule-hog|Tule-hog]] ([[User talk:Tule-hog|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Tule-hog|contribs]]) 09:23, 7 October 2024 (UTC) :I have not experienced this, but to be clear, do you also have the option to get emails when items on your talk page are edited turned on? —[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''vf</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 09:39, 7 October 2024 (UTC) ::The only (non-grayed out) options I have enabled for email are 'Failed login attempts' and 'Login from an unfamiliar device'. 'Edit to my talk page' re-checks after every save. [[User:Tule-hog|Tule-hog]] ([[User talk:Tule-hog|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Tule-hog|contribs]]) 09:54, 7 October 2024 (UTC) :::That does sound like a [[phab:]] issue, with the caveat that I don't 100% recall how global preferences work and if they override local ones, etc. If you have parsed that and still have this issue, you'll probably need to file a ticket. Maybe someone else has this issue. Wish I could help. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''vf</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 09:57, 7 October 2024 (UTC) ::::[[phab:T376601|Off 'n away]] 🫡 [[User:Tule-hog|Tule-hog]] ([[User talk:Tule-hog|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Tule-hog|contribs]]) 10:35, 7 October 2024 (UTC) == [[Portal:Computer Science]] ➝ [[Portal:Information sciences]] == Seeking consensus to complete the merge into the broader portal. [[User:Tule-hog|Tule-hog]] ([[User talk:Tule-hog|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Tule-hog|contribs]]) 06:28, 8 October 2024 (UTC) :Why should it be merged? Computer Science seems well-enough designed. What is the incentive to collapse it into a broader field of study? —[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''vf</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 07:18, 8 October 2024 (UTC) ::Portals as top level organizations allowing for content to be best centralized. Also note that I did not start the merge, just offering to finish it. Perhaps a {{tlx|prod}} instead? [[User:Tule-hog|Tule-hog]] ([[User talk:Tule-hog|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Tule-hog|contribs]]) 07:20, 8 October 2024 (UTC) :::I have no objections, personally. If it gets done, please use a redirect and should someone want to come along to resurrect it later, it will be easier. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''vf</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 07:21, 8 October 2024 (UTC) : Is computer science really a branch of information sciences? I would not think so, but what do I know. Do we have some external resources/links confirm this idea? [[W:Information science]] currently says: "Information science, documentology[1] or informatology[2][3] is an academic field which is primarily concerned with analysis, collection, classification, manipulation, storage, retrieval, movement, dissemination, and protection of information." --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 14:49, 11 October 2024 (UTC) ::Looking through [https://stackoverflow.com/q/1047014/22673230] [https://businessdegrees.uab.edu/mis-degree-bachelors/resources/computer-information-systems-vs-computer-science/] [https://www.si.umich.edu/student-experience/what-information-science] a few top (not necessarily RS) searches I'm inclined to agree. I am more familiar with the grafted [[:w:Information and computer science|information ''and'' computer science]] which makes an effort to merge the disciplines, but it does not seem like reaching to say that IS is presented as more applications-concerned (certainly with no lack of theoretical abstraction), whereas CS can be more freely associated with any and all 'science related to computers'. It is easy to reason about the connection between the fields, but I think it is clear academia maintains this taxonomy for a good reason. ::With these considerations, I think I will ''stop'' the process of merging in favor of expanding the existing [[School:Library and Information Science]]. ::Let me know if there is not consensus to redirect [[Portal:Information sciences]] to [[School:Library and Information Science]] (with enough expansion it can generalize away from just library sciences). [[User:Tule-hog|Tule-hog]] ([[User talk:Tule-hog|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Tule-hog|contribs]]) 16:16, 11 October 2024 (UTC) ::: I do not see that a merge of a ''portal'' to a ''school'' is a good thing. Do you have a clear idea of the concepts of school and portal and how they relate to each other? --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 16:34, 11 October 2024 (UTC) ::::Found [[:Category:Information sciences]]; there are enough existing resources in there to make my other proposed merge excessive. I will simply continue developing the existing [[Portal:Information sciences]] instead. [[User:Tule-hog|Tule-hog]] ([[User talk:Tule-hog|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Tule-hog|contribs]]) 17:05, 11 October 2024 (UTC) ::::: Frankly, I would ideally see [[Portal:Information sciences]] deleted: I don't see what it does that a category would not do well enough. There does not seem to be any material specific to "Information sciences" (whatever that is) in that portal at all. --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 17:11, 11 October 2024 (UTC) ::::::Tacked a {{tlx|prod}} for an eventual deletion, but I may still try to develop it as proof of concept at some point. [[User:Tule-hog|Tule-hog]] ([[User talk:Tule-hog|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Tule-hog|contribs]]) 17:33, 11 October 2024 (UTC) == [[:Category:Occupational Epidemiology]] == I propose moving the pages in this category (without leaving redirects) to their equivalent under the parent resource [[Occupational Health Risk Surveillance]]. Also due to the number of subpages, it seems <code>|filing=deep</code> would be a justified. (Also [[Special:PrefixIndex/Occupational_Epidemiology|there are quite a few]] untagged subpages.) [[User:Tule-hog|Tule-hog]] ([[User talk:Tule-hog|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Tule-hog|contribs]]) 05:11, 9 October 2024 (UTC) : I above all think that the content should be ''moved out of the mainspace'': I do not see readers learning anything from e.g. [[Occupational Epidemiology/Research tools/Reading of scientific articles for learning epidemiology and biostatstics]] or [[Occupational Epidemiology/Research tools/Ongoing projects/Risk Communication in Seafaring/Writing the article guideline IMRAD]]. Wikiversity can be kind enough to host that material in, say, subspace of [[User:Saltrabook]], but more should not be asked, I think. Let us recall that per [[WV:Deletions]], "Resources may be eligible for proposed deletion when education objectives and learning outcomes are scarce, and objections to deletion are unlikely"; I do not see how learning outcomes can be anything but scarce. --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 15:04, 11 October 2024 (UTC) ::thank you, agree @ [[User:Saltrabook|Saltrabook]] ([[User talk:Saltrabook|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Saltrabook|contribs]]) 21:03, 13 November 2024 (UTC) == Active editors == It is interesting to observe the stats on [https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikiversity.org/contributing/active-editors/normal|line|all|(page_type)~content*non-content|monthly active editors] through the project's history. October is our month! [[User:Tule-hog|Tule-hog]] ([[User talk:Tule-hog|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Tule-hog|contribs]]) 20:44, 8 October 2024 (UTC) :Odd. Maybe related to the school year? —[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''vf</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 02:10, 9 October 2024 (UTC) ::I wonder how many are [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]]'s crowd... the number is in the hundreds though, so that is one chunky cohort —[[User:Tule-hog|Tule-hog]] ([[User talk:Tule-hog|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Tule-hog|contribs]]) 02:16, 9 October 2024 (UTC) :::Yes, [[Motivation and emotion/Book]] involves ~100-150 students editing most intensely during October each year. -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - <small>[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]</small> 02:20, 9 October 2024 (UTC) ::::Neat, that still leaves around ~50-100 other students from other avenues each year since 2021. I also wonder which projects were involved in the COVID enrollment spike. [[User:Tule-hog|Tule-hog]] ([[User talk:Tule-hog|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Tule-hog|contribs]]) 02:26, 9 October 2024 (UTC) :::::Personally I can admit that my editing is much more active during the school season vs. the summer break, so I'm in the same boat as Jtneill's students. —[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] [[User talk:Atcovi|(Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Atcovi|Contribs)]] 21:24, 13 November 2024 (UTC) == Intentionally incorrect resource == There is a [[Special:Diff/2583464|disclaimer inserted onto a resource]] (by not the original author) that: <blockquote>I am merely [making this page false] to show you (The viewer) that Wikipedia and this page 'Wikiversity' is bull sh*t and it will not give you the reliability you need when writing an academic piece of writing.</blockquote> However, that IP has [[Special:Contributions/86.22.73.151|not made any other edits]], so unless they vandalized via a sock, the intent went un-realized and only that portion need be removed. Bumping here in case there is some obvious jumbo in that essay that someone else can catch. [[User:Tule-hog|Tule-hog]] ([[User talk:Tule-hog|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Tule-hog|contribs]]) 16:58, 9 October 2024 (UTC) :Removed that portion, which was obviously vandalism. No perspective on the rest of the essay. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''vf</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 18:38, 9 October 2024 (UTC) == [[:Category:Proposed guidelines]] == Noting for future editors that WV has collapsed all proposals into [[:Category:Proposed policies|proposed policies]]. Seeking consensus to further collapse [[:Category:Wikiversity proposals]] into the former, or to restore [[:Category:Proposed guidelines]]. [[User:Tule-hog|Tule-hog]] ([[User talk:Tule-hog|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Tule-hog|contribs]]) 19:19, 9 October 2024 (UTC) == [[Around Wikiversity in 80 Seconds|Broken 80-second tour]] == Bumping a [[Talk:Around_Wikiversity_in_80_Seconds|comment]] on the ''Wikiversity in 80 seconds'' tour. Appears wikisuite is not working with the Vector 2022 appearance. Also see [[:w:Wikipedia:Miscellany_for_deletion/Wikiversuite_pages|this thread]] on the Wikiversal package - may not be relevant to Wikiversity, but FYC. [[User:Tule-hog|Tule-hog]] ([[User talk:Tule-hog|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Tule-hog|contribs]]) 00:26, 10 October 2024 (UTC) : I would just delete the material; I do not see value in it. If others agree, I would try to articulate why I think it should be deleted (or move to author user space). --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 06:57, 13 October 2024 (UTC) ::Just mark as {{tl|historical}}. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''vf</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 17:39, 13 October 2024 (UTC) ::: This thing was created by [[User:Planotse]]. His creations are now being discussed in Wikibooks for deletion: [[B:Wikibooks:Requests for deletion#Wikiversal generated pages]]. It seems he used some kind of tool that is no longer available (the above mentioned "Wikiversal" package) to create this kind of slideshow-like material (believing the Wikibooks discussion). I do not see value of this in the mainspace, not even as historical (I am okay with userspace, but maybe even that is not the best option?). A look at the source code of [[Around Wikiversity in 80 Seconds/Introduction]] confirms the words of Omphalographer, namely that "the HTML-heavy markup generated by Wikiversal makes them [the pages] unreasonably difficult to edit." ::: I went ahead and marked the page for proposed deletion. --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 09:35, 14 October 2024 (UTC) == Preliminary results of the 2024 Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees elections == <section begin="announcement-content" /> Hello all, Thank you to everyone who participated in the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2024|2024 Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees election]]. Close to 6000 community members from more than 180 wiki projects have voted. The following four candidates were the most voted: # [[User:Kritzolina|Christel Steigenberger]] # [[User:Nadzik|Maciej Artur Nadzikiewicz]] # [[User:Victoria|Victoria Doronina]] # [[User:Laurentius|Lorenzo Losa]] While these candidates have been ranked through the vote, they still need to be appointed to the Board of Trustees. They need to pass a successful background check and meet the qualifications outlined in the Bylaws. New trustees will be appointed at the next Board meeting in December 2024. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Foundation_elections/2024/Results|Learn more about the results on Meta-Wiki.]] Best regards, The Elections Committee and Board Selection Working Group <section end="announcement-content" /> [[User:MPossoupe_(WMF)|MPossoupe_(WMF)]] 08:26, 14 October 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:MPossoupe (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=27183190 --> == Seeking volunteers to join several of the movement’s committees == <section begin="announcement-content" /> Each year, typically from October through December, several of the movement’s committees seek new volunteers. Read more about the committees on their Meta-wiki pages: * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations_Committee|Affiliations Committee (AffCom)]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Ombuds_commission|Ombuds commission (OC)]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation/Legal/Community Resilience and Sustainability/Trust and Safety/Case Review Committee|Case Review Committee (CRC)]] Applications for the committees open on 16 October 2024. Applications for the Affiliations Committee close on 18 November 2024, and applications for the Ombuds commission and the Case Review Committee close on 2 December 2024. Learn how to apply by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Foundation/Legal/Committee_appointments|visiting the appointment page on Meta-wiki]]. Post to the talk page or email [mailto:cst@wikimedia.org cst@wikimedia.org] with any questions you may have. For the Committee Support team, <section end="announcement-content" /> -- [[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User talk:Keegan (WMF)|talk]]) 23:09, 16 October 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Keegan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=27601062 --> == Interactive elements == Can we use interactive elements on Wikiversity? I'd like to add JavaScript to a page. If it's not possible now, where can I suggest this feature? I have a safe integration idea. [[User:Отец Никифор|Отец Никифор]] ([[User talk:Отец Никифор|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Отец Никифор|contribs]]) 12:10, 17 October 2024 (UTC) : This is beyond my technical knowledge, but have you checked out: :* https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Manual:Interface/JavaScript? :* [[Wikipedia:WikiProject JavaScript]] :* [[MediaWiki:Common.js]] :What sort of interactive elements are you thinking about? : Sincerely, James -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - <small>[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]</small> 03:39, 18 October 2024 (UTC) ::I was thinking about adding something like a graph with adjustable controls, where users can interact with it and see how different changes affect the outcome. It seems like this could be a useful feature. There might already be discussions about enhancing Wikiversity or similar platforms—perhaps on a relevant talk page or in a Discord group. Do you know where such discussions might be happening? [[User:Отец Никифор|Отец Никифор]] ([[User talk:Отец Никифор|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Отец Никифор|contribs]]) 19:47, 18 October 2024 (UTC) :::From a quick look, maybe check out: :::* [[mw:Extension:Graph]] :::* [[phab:tag/graphs]] :::-- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - <small>[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]</small> 22:40, 18 October 2024 (UTC) :::: mw:Extension:Graph is currently disabled on Wikipedia etc. wikis, for security reasons, and seems unlikely to be enabled again. --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 09:30, 19 October 2024 (UTC) == An unexplained spurt of Wikiversity page views == The [https://pageviews.wmcloud.org/siteviews/?platform=all-access&source=pageviews&agent=user&start=2024-06-01&end=2024-10-18&sites=en.wikiversity.org|en.wikibooks.org|en.wikiquote.org|en.wikisource.org page view report] shows an unexplained spurt of Wikiversity page views, reaching over 4 times the baseline and then falling back again. Does anyone have any idea what is going on? --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 08:01, 19 October 2024 (UTC) :Interesting. I wonder why only the English wikiquote and wikiversity and not Wikisource or wikibooks? How reliable do you think those stats are? [[User:Ottawahitech|Ottawahitech]] ([[User talk:Ottawahitech|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Ottawahitech|contribs]]) 15:44, 8 December 2024 (UTC) == Center tempate failed on a contributors phone... == See the edit comment here - https://en.wikiversity.org/w/index.php?title=Wikiphilosophers&diff=prev&oldid=2673962. I'm puzzled as this is the first failure of this, I've noted recently. [[User:ShakespeareFan00|ShakespeareFan00]] ([[User talk:ShakespeareFan00|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/ShakespeareFan00|contribs]]) 08:45, 19 October 2024 (UTC) == Essay-like page in user space that makes little sense and seems incoherent == The page [[User:TheoYalur/Illusions]] seems to match the description, at least by my assessment. My understanding is that since the page is only in user space and not in the mainspace, it can stay there even if it has those disqualifying qualities. But if I am wrong and the page belongs deleted, please correct me and let me know. I do not know which policy or guideline, if any, guides the case. --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 12:30, 21 October 2024 (UTC) == 'Wikidata item' link is moving, finally. == Hello everyone, I previously wrote on the 27th September to advise that the ''Wikidata item'' sitelink will change places in the sidebar menu, moving from the '''General''' section into the '''In Other Projects''' section. The scheduled rollout date of 04.10.2024 was delayed due to a necessary request for Mobile/MinervaNeue skin. I am happy to inform that the global rollout can now proceed and will occur later today, 22.10.2024 at 15:00 UTC-2. [[m:Talk:Wikidata_For_Wikimedia_Projects/Projects/Move_Wikidata_item_link|Please let us know]] if you notice any problems or bugs after this change. There should be no need for null-edits or purging cache for the changes to occur. Kind regards, -[[m:User:Danny Benjafield (WMDE)|Danny Benjafield (WMDE)]] 11:28, 22 October 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Danny Benjafield (WMDE)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Danny_Benjafield_(WMDE)/MassMessage_Test_List&oldid=27535421 --> :Hi @[[User:Danny Benjafield (WMDE)|Danny Benjafield (WMDE)]]: I Just noticed your post above, and it is timely. :I have been participating in the English WikiUniversity for a few years, much less often recently. I seems like something in the way the site displays is different, but I cannot put my finger on it. Your posting gave me a clue. Can you please tell me where the link to wikidata items has moved to? [[User:Ottawahitech|Ottawahitech]] ([[User talk:Ottawahitech|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Ottawahitech|contribs]]) 17:23, 11 December 2024 (UTC) == Final Reminder: Join us in Making Wiki Loves Ramadan Success == Dear all, We’re thrilled to announce the Wiki Loves Ramadan event, a global initiative to celebrate Ramadan by enhancing Wikipedia and its sister projects with valuable content related to this special time of year. As we organize this event globally, we need your valuable input to make it a memorable experience for the community. Last Call to Participate in Our Survey: To ensure that Wiki Loves Ramadan is inclusive and impactful, we kindly request you to complete our community engagement survey. Your feedback will shape the event’s focus and guide our organizing strategies to better meet community needs. * Survey Link: [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSffN4prPtR5DRSq9nH-t1z8hG3jZFBbySrv32YoxV8KbTwxig/viewform?usp=sf_link Complete the Survey] * Deadline: November 10, 2024 Please take a few minutes to share your thoughts. Your input will truly make a difference! '''Volunteer Opportunity''': Join the Wiki Loves Ramadan Team! We’re seeking dedicated volunteers for key team roles essential to the success of this initiative. If you’re interested in volunteer roles, we invite you to apply. * Application Link: [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSfXiox_eEDH4yJ0gxVBgtL7jPe41TINAWYtpNp1JHSk8zhdgw/viewform?usp=sf_link Apply Here] * Application Deadline: October 31, 2024 Explore Open Positions: For a detailed list of roles and their responsibilities, please refer to the position descriptions here: [https://docs.google.com/document/d/1oy0_tilC6kow5GGf6cEuFvdFpekcubCqJlaxkxh-jT4/ Position Descriptions] Thank you for being part of this journey. We look forward to working together to make Wiki Loves Ramadan a success! Warm regards,<br> The Wiki Loves Ramadan Organizing Team 05:11, 29 October 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:ZI Jony@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Non-Technical_Village_Pumps_distribution_list&oldid=27568454 --> == Android app for Wikiversity == Hi, is there an Android app for Wikiversity? How does it work? I have been advised that there is no infrastructure for push notifications for Android apps for sister wikis and I would be interested to know more. Related: [[:phab:T378545]]. Thanks! [[User:Gryllida|Gryllida]] 23:15, 29 October 2024 (UTC) :Thanks for suggesting this - I agree that it would be useful. -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - <small>[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]</small> 00:56, 31 October 2024 (UTC) :@[[User:Gryllida|Gryllida]]: Would you explain your terminology for those of us not in the know. What does ''push notifications'' mean? I use [[notifications]] when I am communicating onwikimediaprojects, but have never heard this term before. [[User:Ottawahitech|Ottawahitech]] ([[User talk:Ottawahitech|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Ottawahitech|contribs]]) 17:13, 11 December 2024 (UTC) à == Import Resource From Wikibooks? == Hello! [[wikibooks:Character_List_for_Baxter&Sagart|Character List for Baxter&Sagart]] and related titles [[wikibooks:Wikibooks:Requests_for_deletion#Character_List_for_Baxter&Sagart|are up for deletion at Wikibooks]] because WB policy does not allow dictionaries like them. However, because they are useful as learning tools, I am wondering if they might have a home here at Wikiversity. Pinging @[[User:Tibetologist|Tibetologist]] here to link them in to this discussion, since they are the affected user. Thank you! —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 18:18, 1 November 2024 (UTC) :Sure, I can do it. That said, as mentioned there, it does seem like something like this is ideally suited for Wiktionary in the Appendix namespace, but I'm not very familiar with CJK characters and languages. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''vf</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 22:23, 3 November 2024 (UTC) ::Oh man, these pages are too big to import and while I've already tried a half-dozen times, it will constantly fail. Strictly speaking, we don't have to use the import feature for licensing purposes. We can just copy and paste the contents and list the usernames or on the talk page. I think that's the solution. {{Ping|Tibetologist}}, are you interested in doing that? If you just copied and pasted these pages and then added [[:Category:Chinese]] and maybe include a couple of links to the pages, that would probably be ideal. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''vf</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 22:31, 3 November 2024 (UTC) == Language translation requests? == Is there anywhere on Wikiversity to request translation, for example, requesting Latin or French translation? I would be asking from the context as a student, so I would be interested in translation explanation as well. [[User:Indexcard88|Indexcard88]] ([[User talk:Indexcard88|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Indexcard88|contribs]]) 04:56, 20 November 2024 (UTC) == Sign up for the language community meeting on November 29th, 16:00 UTC == Hello everyone, The next language community meeting is coming up next week, on November 29th, at 16:00 UTC (Zonestamp! For your timezone <https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1732896000>). If you're interested in joining, you can sign up on this wiki page: <https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Language_and_Product_Localization/Community_meetings#29_November_2024>. This participant-driven meeting will be organized by the Wikimedia Foundation’s Language Product Localization team and the Language Diversity Hub. There will be presentations on topics like developing language keyboards, the creation of the Moore Wikipedia, and the language support track at Wiki Indaba. We will also have members from the Wayuunaiki community joining us to share their experiences with the Incubator and as a new community within our movement. This meeting will have a Spanish interpretation. Looking forward to seeing you at the language community meeting! Cheers, [[User:SSethi (WMF)|Srishti]] 19:55, 21 November 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:SSethi (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=27746256 --> == Events on Wikiversity == Since Wikipedia and Wikivoyage are having their "Asian Month" editathon, I was thinking if we could start up a Wikiversity version of that. This would be an "Asian Month" as well, but it would be about creating resources based on Asia and its culture. [[User:RockTransport|RockTransport]] ([[User talk:RockTransport|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/RockTransport|contribs]]) 17:57, 6 December 2024 (UTC) :Not immediately opposed, but the question is, do we have an active enough community to facilitate this? —[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] [[User talk:Atcovi|(Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Atcovi|Contribs)]] 19:31, 6 December 2024 (UTC) ::I'm not too sure. As long as we get enough traffic, this could happen. [[User:RockTransport|RockTransport]] ([[User talk:RockTransport|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/RockTransport|contribs]]) 08:45, 7 December 2024 (UTC) :::This is to increase traffic on Wikiversity, which is promoted amongst other communities. [[User:RockTransport|RockTransport]] ([[User talk:RockTransport|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/RockTransport|contribs]]) 10:47, 7 December 2024 (UTC) :Hi @[[User:RockTransport|RockTransport]], This is a good idea, but will it also involve users who are not "professors and scientists". Just curious. cheers, [[User:Ottawahitech|Ottawahitech]] ([[User talk:Ottawahitech|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Ottawahitech|contribs]]) 16:30, 9 December 2024 (UTC) ::Yes, considering the fact that Wikiversity is for everyone, and not just for specific users. [[User:RockTransport|RockTransport]] ([[User talk:RockTransport|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/RockTransport|contribs]]) 09:09, 10 December 2024 (UTC) :::because I'm personally not a "professor" or a "scientist" and because '''anyone''' can create resources on Wikiversity. We want to make Wikiversity open for everyone, and not just for certain users. [[User:RockTransport|RockTransport]] ([[User talk:RockTransport|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/RockTransport|contribs]]) 09:10, 10 December 2024 (UTC) == Wikiversity - Newsletters == Hello All, I wanted to create a newsletter on Wikiversity, which would highlight what is going on in certain months and events on Wikiversity; which would bolster engagement by many people. This would be on the website and would have its dedicated 'Newsletter' tab. I hope you acknowledge this idea. [[User:RockTransport|RockTransport]] ([[User talk:RockTransport|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/RockTransport|contribs]]) 21:05, 8 December 2024 (UTC) mxrx6pe6z2pjn4qfrxivg315zpuw76o 2691446 2691443 2024-12-11T17:34:02Z Ottawahitech 2369270 /* Wikiversity - Newsletters */ Reply 2691446 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Wikiversity:Colloquium/Header}} <!-- MESSAGES GO BELOW --> == Reminder! Vote closing soon to fill vacancies of the first U4C == <section begin="announcement-content" /> :''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2024 Special Election/Announcement – reminder to vote|You can find this message translated into additional languages on Meta-wiki.]] [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-{{urlencode:Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2024 Special Election/Announcement – reminder to vote}}&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}]'' Dear all, The voting period for the Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee (U4C) is closing soon. It is open through 10 August 2024. Read the information on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Election/2024_Special_Election#Voting|the voting page on Meta-wiki to learn more about voting and voter eligibility]]. If you are eligible to vote and have not voted in this special election, it is important that you vote now. '''Why should you vote?''' The U4C is a global group dedicated to providing an equitable and consistent implementation of the UCoC. Community input into the committee membership is critical to the success of the UCoC. Please share this message with members of your community so they can participate as well. In cooperation with the U4C,<section end="announcement-content" /> -- [[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User talk:Keegan (WMF)|talk]]) 15:30, 6 August 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Keegan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=27183190 --> == User group for Wikiversians == Was there ever a discussion about the possibility of establishing a user group in the sense of an affiliated organization that would defend the interests of professors and scientists on Wikiversity and possibly actively develop some projects? [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 20:21, 8 August 2024 (UTC) :Not that I'm aware of. -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - <small>[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]</small> 23:20, 8 August 2024 (UTC) :It's a pleasure to talk to a scientist on Wikiversity. I am a historian of technics and I would like to publish the following biography either on Wikiversity or on Wikipedia: :https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:Rbmn/Arthur_Constantin_KREBS_(1850-1935):_Military_engineer,_Automotive_industrialist,_Great_projects_manager :What would be your advice? [[User:Rbmn|Rbmn]] ([[User talk:Rbmn|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Rbmn|contribs]]) 15:44, 6 October 2024 (UTC) ::The content appears to be largely biographical/encyclopedic, so I think it is likely best suited to Wikipedia. Consider improving/incorporating this content into the existing page: [[w:Arthur Constantin Krebs]]. -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - <small>[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]</small> 00:05, 7 October 2024 (UTC) ::Please do not link to the Wikiversity [[wv:userspace|Userspace]] in Wikipedia articles. You will want to wait until you have a page in the [[wv:mainspace|Wikiversity mainspace]]. You'll also want to use the <code>{{[[:w:Template:Wikiversity|Wikiversity]]}}</code> template (on Wikipedia) rather than embedding a photo with a link. [[User:Tule-hog|Tule-hog]] ([[User talk:Tule-hog|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Tule-hog|contribs]]) 02:21, 7 October 2024 (UTC) :I haven't heard anything about this topic. [[User:RockTransport|RockTransport]] ([[User talk:RockTransport|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/RockTransport|contribs]]) 21:06, 8 December 2024 (UTC) == Rich's ''Illustrated Companion'' at Wikiversity: Right place? == Hello! I am creating a Wiki-version of a classical glossary (''Illustrated Companion to the Latin Dictionary, and Greek Lexicon'' by Anthony Rich, 1849), which explains the meaning of Latin headwords, primarily those "representing visible objects connected with the arts, manufactures, and every-day life of the Greeks and Romans." The aim is to help understand what a (classical) Latin text is actually about, instead of merely translating it. I already transcribed the entire text and scanned the images (about 1900) from an original 1849-edition. I am currently working on uploading the images to ''Mediawiki Commons'', which probably will take some time. In the meantime I want to prepare the other aspects of the project (more than 3000 articles, already with many internal links). The important thing: this is ''not'' a ''might exist''-project. {{Color|red|My question: Is ''Wikiversity'' the proper place for it?}} Although I created an exact rendition of the original text, ''Wikisource'' is not applicable, because the project has a broader scope (adding content to the articles, e. g. links to online editions for quotations, adding images, but also adding entirely new articles). Neither is ''Wikibooks'', because this is not a textbook and may otherwise breach its scope. For more about the project see [[w:User:CalRis25/Temp-RICH-Prospectus|my user-page]] at en.wikipedia. {{Color|Red|So, is Wikiversity the right place for it?}} [[User:CalRis25|CalRis25]] ([[User talk:CalRis25|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/CalRis25|contribs]]) 09:15, 17 August 2024 (UTC) :Thanks for asking. To be clear, it ''is'' acceptable to make [[:s:en:Category:Wikisource annotations|annotated editions]] of texts at Wikisource and Wikibooks does host at least one [[:b:en:Annotations of The Complete Peanuts|annotated guide to a copyright-protected work]]. So if what you're looking to do is to include inline annotations to a public domain text, you certainly can put that on Wikisource. If you have a textbook or guidebook that is a companion, that would go at Wikibooks. If you have some other kind of learning resources (like maintaining a list of relevant links, organizing a book reading group, etc.), that could go here. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''vf</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 09:26, 17 August 2024 (UTC) ::Thank you for your quick answer. Actually, ''Wikibooks'' was my first thought. However, this project is not merely an annotated edition. Although at first it ''will'' be a faithful copy of the original text, I want the project to be "open", i. e. adding articles should be possible. And the project should enable to do a lot more than mere inline annotation. See section [[w:User:CalRis25/Temp-RICH-Prospectus#Improving_RICH|Improving Rich]] in the project description a my user-page (en.Wikipedia). No ''Mediawiki''-project (Wikisource, Wikibooks, Wikipedia, Wiktionary) seemed to be a sufficiently applicable "fit" for the project, so I thought of Wikiversity as a last resort, because it is supposed to be home to all sorts of "learning resources". [[User:CalRis25|CalRis25]] ([[User talk:CalRis25|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/CalRis25|contribs]]) 09:57, 17 August 2024 (UTC) :::The scope of Wikiversity ''is'' pretty catch-all and would allow for a pretty flexible place to host most learning resources that don't fit elsewhere. :::Also, as nitpick, "MediaWiki" is the software that is the basis of these wikis (wikis being collections of interlinked documents that can be edited) and "Wikimedia Foundation" is the non-profit who owns the trademarks and hosts these projects like Wiktionary and Wikivoyage. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''vf</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 10:06, 17 August 2024 (UTC) ::::Hello Justin, thank you for the reply. '''I think that settles it. I will create this project at ''Wikiversity''.''' Just for additional clarification, why I do so. Let's imagine a full transcription of the original 1849-edition of the ''Illustrated Companion'' by Anthony Rich and call it ''RICH-1849''. We shall call my project, for brevity sake, RICH-2K. And now, let's have a look at the article about the Roman toga (a piece of attire). In ''RICH-1849'' we can can call it ''RICH-1849/Toga'', and it contains ''exactly'' the content of the 1849-book. Now, let's look at the article ''RICH-2K/Toga''. At the beginning its only content would be the article ''RICH-1849/Toga''. Does that make ''RICH-2K/Toga'' and ''RICH-1849/Toga'' the same? Not at all, because in truth ''RICH-2K/Toga'' is a "container" which initially contains only the article ''RICH-1849/Toga'' but later on may include more stuff: images, external links, article text which builds on or extends ''RICH-1849/Toga'' and information from other sources of information (Wikipedia, specialized books). By the way, this added article information would not be a mere copy of the text at en.Wikipedia, because the information needs to looked at through the eyes of someone reading the original text (more citations with direct links to these etc.). [[User:CalRis25|CalRis25]] ([[User talk:CalRis25|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/CalRis25|contribs]]) 11:39, 17 August 2024 (UTC) == Coming soon: A new sub-referencing feature – try it! == <section begin="Sub-referencing"/> [[File:Sub-referencing reuse visual.png|{{#ifeq:{{#dir}}|ltr|right|left}}|400px]] Hello. For many years, community members have requested an easy way to re-use references with different details. Now, a MediaWiki solution is coming: The new sub-referencing feature will work for wikitext and Visual Editor and will enhance the existing reference system. You can continue to use different ways of referencing, but you will probably encounter sub-references in articles written by other users. More information on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing|the project page]]. '''We want your feedback''' to make sure this feature works well for you: * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing#Test|Please try]] the current state of development on beta wiki and [[m:Talk:WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing|let us know what you think]]. * [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing/Sign-up|Sign up here]] to get updates and/or invites to participate in user research activities. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Deutschland|Wikimedia Deutschland]]’s [[m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes|Technical Wishes]] team is planning to bring this feature to Wikimedia wikis later this year. We will reach out to creators/maintainers of tools and templates related to references beforehand. Please help us spread the message. --[[m:User:Johannes Richter (WMDE)|Johannes Richter (WMDE)]] ([[m:User talk:Johannes Richter (WMDE)|talk]]) 10:36, 19 August 2024 (UTC) <section end="Sub-referencing"/> <!-- Message sent by User:Johannes Richter (WMDE)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Johannes_Richter_(WMDE)/Sub-referencing/massmessage_list&oldid=27309345 --> == New [[Template:Form]] == Hi! Today I was bold and created [[Template:Form]] (which calls [[Module:WikiForm]] and [[MediaWiki:Gadget-WikiForm.js]]). The template allows to create user-friendly forms that can create pages or add content to existing pages. My motivation and first use case was [[Wikidebate/New|this form]] to create new [[wikidebates]], but I suspect the template can be useful elsewhere on Wikiversity. Let me know if you notice any issues or have any requests or concerns. Kind regards, [[User:Sophivorus|Sophivorus]] ([[User talk:Sophivorus|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Sophivorus|contribs]]) 15:21, 21 August 2024 (UTC) == Sign up for the language community meeting on August 30th, 15:00 UTC == Hi all, The next language community meeting is scheduled in a few weeks—on August 30th at 15:00 UTC. If you're interested in joining, you can [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Language_and_Product_Localization/Community_meetings#30_August_2024 sign up on this wiki page]. This participant-driven meeting will focus on sharing language-specific updates related to various projects, discussing technical issues related to language wikis, and working together to find possible solutions. For example, in the last meeting, topics included the Language Converter, the state of language research, updates on the Incubator conversations, and technical challenges around external links not working with special characters on Bengali sites. Do you have any ideas for topics to share technical updates or discuss challenges? Please add agenda items to the document [https://etherpad.wikimedia.org/p/language-community-meeting-aug-2024 here] and reach out to ssethi(__AT__)wikimedia.org. We look forward to your participation! [[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 23:20, 22 August 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:SSethi (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=27183190 --> == Template consolidation: User talk page block notice == Wondering if someone who likes templates could have a go at consolidating or helping decide between use of: * [[Template:Block]] * [[Template:Blocked]] Unless I'm missing something, it seems like we don't need both? -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - <small>[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]</small> 07:16, 23 August 2024 (UTC) : I tried to figure out a Wikidata item with most links to projects. I found this: [[Wikidata:Q6379131]], which is Template:Uw-block. There is even a corresponding Wikiversity template, [[Template:Uw-block1]] (not used anywhere). : My impression is that of the three templates, we only need one. --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 14:43, 13 September 2024 (UTC) == Announcing the Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee == <section begin="announcement-content" /> :''[https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/board-elections@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/OKCCN2CANIH2K7DXJOL2GPVDFWL27R7C/ Original message at wikimedia-l]. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2024 Special Election/Announcement - results|You can find this message translated into additional languages on Meta-wiki.]] [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-{{urlencode:Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2024 Special Election/Announcement - results}}&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}]'' Hello all, The scrutineers have finished reviewing the vote and the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Elections Committee|Elections Committee]] have certified the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2024 Special Election/Results|results]] for the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2024 Special Election|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee (U4C) special election]]. I am pleased to announce the following individual as regional members of the U4C, who will fulfill a term until 15 June 2026: * North America (USA and Canada) ** Ajraddatz The following seats were not filled during this special election: * Latin America and Caribbean * Central and East Europe (CEE) * Sub-Saharan Africa * South Asia * The four remaining Community-At-Large seats Thank you again to everyone who participated in this process and much appreciation to the candidates for your leadership and dedication to the Wikimedia movement and community. Over the next few weeks, the U4C will begin meeting and planning the 2024-25 year in supporting the implementation and review of the UCoC and Enforcement Guidelines. You can follow their work on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee|Meta-Wiki]]. On behalf of the U4C and the Elections Committee,<section end="announcement-content" /> [[m:User:RamzyM (WMF)|RamzyM (WMF)]] 14:07, 2 September 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:RamzyM (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=27183190 --> == Re: The Vector 2022 skin as the default in two weeks? == [[File:Vector 2022 video-en.webm|thumb|A two minute-long video about Vector 2022]] Hello everyone, I'm reaching out on behalf of the [[mediawikiwiki:Reading/Web|Wikimedia Foundation Web team]] responsible for the MediaWiki skins. I'd like to revisit the topic of making Vector 2022 the default here on English Wikiversity. I [[Wikiversity:Colloquium/archives/September 2022#The Vector 2022 skin as the default in two weeks?|did post a message about this almost two years ago]] (where you can find all the details about the skin), but we didn't finalize it back then. What happened in the meantime? We built [[mw:Reading/Web/Accessibility for reading|dark mode and different options for font sizes]], and made Vector 2022 the default on most wikis, including all other Wikiversities. With the not-so-new V22 skin being the default, existing and coming features, like dark mode and [[mw:Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts|temporary accounts]] respectively, will become available for logged-out users here. So, if no large concerns are raised, we will deploy Vector 2022 here in two weeks, in the week of September 16. Do let me know if you have any questions. Thank you! [[User:SGrabarczuk (WMF)|SGrabarczuk (WMF)]] ([[User talk:SGrabarczuk (WMF)|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/SGrabarczuk (WMF)|contribs]]) 21:48, 2 September 2024 (UTC) :Sounds good, Szymon - we look forward to the upcoming change of skin {{smile}} Sincerely, James -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - <small>[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]</small> 07:35, 13 September 2024 (UTC) * I for one oppose a switch to Vector 2022. I do not find it preferable. Here is a staggering evidence of user refusal of Vector 2022 once it was deployed: [[W:en:Wikipedia:Requests for comment/Rollback of Vector 2022]], Junuary 2023. 355 voters supported rollback to Vector 2010 whereas 64 opposed, yielding 84.7% support, as clear a supermajority as one may wish. These people opposing Vector 2022 feel the same way as I do. --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 10:48, 13 September 2024 (UTC) *:Hey @[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]]. Thanks for your comment. I'm open to discussion about problems with our software, and I hope we can maintain a respectful tone. *:I understand that there are users who prefer Vector legacy or other skins, just as there are people who still stick to Monobook. Such people are active across many wikis. They can keep Vector legacy, although non-default skins don't have the support the default ones do. We are rolling out for technical reasons, as I mentioned above, with benefit to not logged-in users. *:Regarding the rollback RfC on Wikipedia, two neutral users stated that there was no consensus for rollback, RfC is not a vote, and the numbers were different (355:226:24). I believe this all is pretty easy to verify. *:So to sum up, Vector 2022 needs to become the default, tons and tons of comments were made about the skin and related stuff, and we have taken many ideas into account, and it's totally OK if you stick to Vector legacy. *:Thanks! [[User:SGrabarczuk (WMF)|SGrabarczuk (WMF)]] ([[User talk:SGrabarczuk (WMF)|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/SGrabarczuk (WMF)|contribs]]) 19:30, 16 September 2024 (UTC) *:: Today, I visited Wikiversity and found it switched to Vector 2022. I changed my preference settings to Vector 2010. From what I understand, non-registered visitors are now defaulted to Vector 2022 despite its unpopularity in [[W:en:Wikipedia:Requests for comment/Rollback of Vector 2022]]. I have not seen any evidence that users prefer Vector 2022, and given the evidence in the linked RfC, I tentatively conclude that the decision to switch has made the site experience worse for the majority of users. The logic of "you can switch" surely applies to Vector 2022 as well: those who prefer it can switch to it. --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 05:08, 17 September 2024 (UTC) == Have your say: Vote for the 2024 Board of Trustees! == <section begin="announcement-content" /> Hello all, The voting period for the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2024|2024 Board of Trustees election]] is now open. There are twelve (12) candidates running for four (4) seats on the Board. Learn more about the candidates by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2024/Candidates|reading their statements]] and their [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Foundation_elections/2024/Questions_for_candidates|answers to community questions]]. When you are ready, go to the [[Special:SecurePoll/vote/400|SecurePoll]] voting page to vote. '''The vote is open from September 3rd at 00:00 UTC to September 17th at 23:59 UTC'''. To check your voter eligibility, please visit the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Foundation_elections/2024/Voter_eligibility_guidelines|voter eligibility page]]. Best regards, The Elections Committee and Board Selection Working Group<section end="announcement-content" /> [[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 12:15, 3 September 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:RamzyM (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=27183190 --> == Separate page for hyperbola. == Good morning, I notice that a search for "hyperbola" redirects to "Conic sections". At present there is a separate page for "ellipse". Therefore a separate page for "hyperbola" seems to be justified. Could this redirection be changed so that search for "hyperbola" goes to a separate page for "hyperbola"? Many thanks, [[User:ThaniosAkro|ThaniosAkro]] ([[User talk:ThaniosAkro|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/ThaniosAkro|contribs]]) 12:04, 15 September 2024 (UTC) :It is true that ellipses are covered at [[Conic sections]] (along with hyperbolas, parabolas, etc.) and there is a separate page for [[ellipse]]s that elaborates. We certainly ''could'' have a page about [[hyperbola]]s that is separate, but no one has written sufficient content to spin it off yet. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''vf</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 12:17, 15 September 2024 (UTC) == I hereby request for your Unblocking IP address and just reviewed and received a reverted rec == Hi there. {{unsigned|Ishmael Raphasha}} :No one has any clue what you're talking about. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''vf</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 16:53, 18 September 2024 (UTC) == RICH-2K: New project with some initial questions == Hello! I'm creating a new learning resource on ''Wikiversity''. The respective project is based on my transcription of a classical dictionary from 1849 by Anthony Rich. For more information about the project see its [[User:CalRis25/RICH: Description|description page]] (see also that page for why not ''Wikisource'' or ''Wikibooks''). The project's scope is fairly big: 3205 article-pages plus 304 REDIRECT-pages. The images (scanned by myself from an original copy) have been uploaded to ''Commons''. I have some initial technical questions (more of these and more detailed ones will follow): * '''Upload''': Due to the large number of pages it is not realistic to create these manually. Is it possible to bulk-upload these in some way (the Wikitext of the pages is created using a Python-script with one file per article/page)? Is it possible to upload these to a test-environment first where any problems (hopefully none) can be identified and dealt with more easily than on the production-version of ''Wikiversity''? * '''(Technical) Structure''': I am planning to set up this project at ''<nowiki>https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/RICH-2K</nowiki>'' as the main page and anything else as subpages: ''RICH-2K/Subpage_1 ... RICH-2K/Subpage_n''. However, these subpages fall into two categories: 1. Article-pages (content) and 2. Meta/Administrative pages. This project requires search capability restricted to the ''RICH-2K''-namespace. The ''Mediawiki''-software seems to supply a ''Search''-input field with the possibility to restrict the search to some namespace. I would like, however, to restrict the search further to the first group of pages, namely the articles. Is that possible, perhaps by use of (hidden) categories? * '''External links''': This project will need many external links, and yes, I have read the relevant ''Wikiversity''-pages, but this specific project needs them. The ''Recommended Editions''-page (used for recommended online editions, to which to link when citing texts) alone probably will require several hundred external links. However, only relatively few [[w:Second-level domain|second-level domains]] will be involved, and most of these should be trustworthy (Perseus Digital library, digital collections of universities etc., in some cases, however, also ''Archive.org''). Perhaps there is a list of web-sites, for which external links are generally allowed? And who is allowed to create external links on ''Wikiversity''-pages (I haven't found the relevant policy)? * '''Categories''': This project requires quite a few of its own categories, which belong to two large groups: 1. Categories (2 levels) of the ''Classed Index'' (about 170 categories), a thematic index of some (but not all) of the articles. 2. Administrative categories. Is there a recommended way to distinguish between different classes of categories within a project (category name or other method)? What about naming conventions for project-specific categories? I am looking forward to your input. If you think that it's preferable we can move the discussions to the [[User_talk:CalRis25/RICH:_Description|Talk-page]] of the project's description. Thank you in advance. [[User:CalRis25|CalRis25]] ([[User talk:CalRis25|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/CalRis25|contribs]]) 05:29, 20 September 2024 (UTC) :*Admins have access to [[Special:Import]] and can bulk import XML pages. You can create pages in your sandbox if you'd like and make an indefinite amount of them at pages like [[User:CalRis25/sandbox]]. What can and cannot be hosted in user namespace is very loose, but still has to follow in principle Wikiversity's scope. :*Using subpages is in principle a good way to organize these various resources. Please do not name them after a user name or something obscure. I personally think that "RICH-2K" is a not optimal name. I may recommend something like [[Anthony Rich Dictionary Project]] or [[21st-Century Anthony Rich Dictionary]] or something more obviously intelligible. While we have very few actual policies and guidelines, see [[Wikiversity:Naming conventions]] for a rough consensus of what is probably best practice for naming pages. :*External linking generally does not use an allowed list (a.k.a. whitelist model), but a disallow (a.k.a. blacklist) model. See [[MediaWiki:Spam-blacklist]] and [[Special:BlockedExternalDomains]] (which is currently empty but is another method of listing blocked domains). It's perfectly fine to aggregate external links in learning resources. :*I'm not 100% sure what the distinction is that you're drawing, but you can freely arrange categories underneath a main category that has the same name as your larger project. So, following the suggestions I gave, you could have a category like [[:Category:Anthony Rich Dictionary Project]] and then create any number of subcategories that logically help users navigate all these pages. Please make sure the main category you create is itself categorized under some relevant category(ies). If you need help, please ask. :I think this answers your questions, please let me know if I'm unclear or you have more. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''vf</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 06:11, 20 September 2024 (UTC) ::Hello Justin! ::* '''Upload:''' Creating the project in sandbox pages of my User-namespace defeats the purpose, as this is an ''open'' project. Also that would not solve, as such, the problem of having to manually create thousands of pages. I wonder, does ''Wikiversity'' support creation of pages using its API. ''Mediawiki's'' [[mw:API:Main_page|API-description]] seems to imply that it ought to be possible. If that's the case, I should be able to create a Python-script which automatically creates the pages (of course, a few trial pages first). ::* '''(Technical) Structure''': You may be right, here. RICH-2K is, for now, merely a technical name to make a clear but not too verbose distinction between the original text and the current project. I'll give this more thought. ::* '''External links''': I brought this up mainly because when I first edited my ''Wikiversity''-page, I got a message that I was not allowed to create external links. However, I just now tested creating an external link on my user-page and got no error, so this problem seems to be solved. ::* '''Categories''': I think I know what you mean. I'll create a category structure and maybe ask some specific questions once I am ready to do so. ::Thank you for your quick help. [[User:CalRis25|CalRis25]] ([[User talk:CalRis25|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/CalRis25|contribs]]) 18:51, 20 September 2024 (UTC) :::re: upload, I'm just suggesting your sandbox(es) as you asked about "a test-environment". Anyone can edit someone else's sandboxes, but you typically defer to other users to control what's in their own subpages as a collegial thing. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''vf</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 22:39, 23 September 2024 (UTC) Hello! I have two further questions: # I created a category-structure for the project. Could you (or someone else) have a look at it ([[User:CalRis25/RICH: Categories]]) and answer the questions in the section [[User:CalRis25/RICH:_Categories#Questions|Questions]]? I gave it some thought and believe that this would work fine for the project. # ''Project boxes'' (see [[Help:Tour of project boxes]]): It is unclear to me, whether these belong only on the main page of the project (that makes the most sense to me), or on every single subpage. Thanks in advance for your help. [[User:CalRis25|CalRis25]] ([[User talk:CalRis25|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/CalRis25|contribs]]) 17:51, 24 September 2024 (UTC) :To answer your questions here: :*No, you are not contravening any policies we have. :*A leading "The" is acceptable, but if you want it to sort alphabetically, you will have to use <nowiki>{{DEFAULTSORT:}}</nowiki>. E.g. to get Category:The Best Stuff to sort under "B", insert "<nowiki>{{DEFAULTSORT:Best Stuff, The}}</nowiki>. :*Trailing "etc." is acceptable. :*An accent in a category title is acceptable. :I'll also note that it looks like you have in mind some tracking categories that are redundant. Pages such as [[Special:LonelyPages]] and [[Special:DeadendPages]] already do automatically what you're proposing to do manually. :As for project boxes, it's typically the case that the subjects are only placed on the main resource, but as you may imagine, [[Help:Tour of project boxes/1|status completion ones]] may vary from subpage to subpage. As with most things at Wikiversity, there are very few actual rules, so it's pretty much the wild west, even tho this project has been around for almost 20&nbsp;years. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''vf</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 09:18, 25 September 2024 (UTC) ::Hello Justin, thanks for the DEFAULTSORT-hint for categories beginning with ''The''. I will restrict the project boxes to the main page. As for the the orphaned/dead-end-categories, I prefer these to be project-specific. Once the project is up and running, putting articles "on the map" (making them accessible from other articles and creating links to other articles) is one of the first tasks to be dealt with. I already know which articles are involved and will add these categories to these articles. [[User:CalRis25|CalRis25]] ([[User talk:CalRis25|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/CalRis25|contribs]]) 16:51, 25 September 2024 (UTC) == Your wiki will be in read-only soon == <section begin="server-switch"/><div class="plainlinks"> [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|Read this message in another language]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Tech%2FServer+switch&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}] The [[foundation:|Wikimedia Foundation]] will switch the traffic between its data centers. This will make sure that Wikipedia and the other Wikimedia wikis can stay online even after a disaster. All traffic will switch on '''{{#time:j xg|2024-09-25|en}}'''. The switch will start at '''[https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/{{#time:U|2024-09-25T15:00|en}} {{#time:H:i e|2024-09-25T15:00}}]'''. Unfortunately, because of some limitations in [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:What is MediaWiki?|MediaWiki]], all editing must stop while the switch is made. We apologize for this disruption, and we are working to minimize it in the future. A banner will be displayed on all wikis 30 minutes before this operation happens. This banner will remain visible until the end of the operation. '''You will be able to read, but not edit, all wikis for a short period of time.''' *You will not be able to edit for up to an hour on {{#time:l j xg Y|2024-09-25|en}}. *If you try to edit or save during these times, you will see an error message. We hope that no edits will be lost during these minutes, but we can't guarantee it. If you see the error message, then please wait until everything is back to normal. Then you should be able to save your edit. But, we recommend that you make a copy of your changes first, just in case. ''Other effects'': *Background jobs will be slower and some may be dropped. Red links might not be updated as quickly as normal. If you create an article that is already linked somewhere else, the link will stay red longer than usual. Some long-running scripts will have to be stopped. * We expect the code deployments to happen as any other week. However, some case-by-case code freezes could punctually happen if the operation require them afterwards. * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/GitLab|GitLab]] will be unavailable for about 90 minutes. This project may be postponed if necessary. You can [[wikitech:Switch_Datacenter|read the schedule at wikitech.wikimedia.org]]. Any changes will be announced in the schedule. '''Please share this information with your community.'''</div><section end="server-switch"/> [[User:Trizek_(WMF)|Trizek_(WMF)]], 09:37, 20 September 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Non-Technical_Village_Pumps_distribution_list&oldid=27248326 --> == 'Wikidata item' link is moving. Find out where... == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"><i>Apologies for cross-posting in English. Please consider translating this message.</i>{{tracked|T66315}} Hello everyone, a small change will soon be coming to the user-interface of your Wikimedia project. The [[d:Q16222597|Wikidata item]] [[w:|sitelink]] currently found under the <span style="color: #54595d;"><u>''General''</u></span> section of the '''Tools''' sidebar menu will move into the <span style="color: #54595d;"><u>''In Other Projects''</u></span> section. We would like the Wiki communities feedback so please let us know or ask questions on the [[m:Talk:Wikidata_For_Wikimedia_Projects/Projects/Move_Wikidata_item_link|Discussion page]] before we enable the change which can take place October 4 2024, circa 15:00 UTC+2. More information can be found on [[m:Wikidata_For_Wikimedia_Projects/Projects/Move_Wikidata_item_link|the project page]].<br><br>We welcome your feedback and questions.<br> [[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 18:56, 27 September 2024 (UTC) </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Danny Benjafield (WMDE)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Danny_Benjafield_(WMDE)/MassMessage_Test_List&oldid=27524260 --> ==Download as PDF== [[Phabricator:T376438]]: "Download to PDF" on en.wv is returning error: "{"name":"HTTPError","message":"500","status":500,"detail":"Internal Server Error"}" -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - <small>[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]</small> 22:36, 3 October 2024 (UTC) :I just downloaded this page as a PDF and it worked just fine. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''vf</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 23:04, 3 October 2024 (UTC) == Protected template bug for Pp == It seems that templates derivative of {{tlx|Pp}} (compiled in {{tlx|Protection templates}}) are being sorted into protection categories using the name 'Wikipedia' instead of 'Wikiversity' (e.g., [[:Category:Wikipedia pages with incorrect protection templates]]). From what I can tell, it is not in the publicly accessible source code of any of the templates. The only other impacted pages are modules which call {{tlx|pp}}-derivatives (e.g., [[Module:Navbar/styles.css]]). This does not seem to affect any other pages in [[:Category:Wikiversity protected templates]]. [[User:Tule-hog|Tule-hog]] ([[User talk:Tule-hog|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Tule-hog|contribs]]) 18:59, 4 October 2024 (UTC) :The problem is that "Wikipedia" is [https://en.wikiversity.org/w/index.php?title=Special%3ASearch&limit=500&offset=0&ns828=1&search=Wikipedia&searchToken=9svkpqlxxoquoq7bnkt55ugts mentioned in several modules that were copied over from en.wp]; many of these are legit and many of them need to be replaced with "Wikiversity" ([https://en.wikiversity.org/w/index.php?title=Module%3APp-move-indef&diff=2662815&oldid=1944984 e.g.]) This particular change ''may'' fix all of these issues...? But 1.) it will take time to propagate across the site and 2.) there are still many more "Wikipedia"s that need to be changed, so I'll go thru a few more, but if you want to give me an assist, if you can just check this one week from now and ping me if the problem persists, that would be nice. Sometimes, I make calendar reminders to follow up on these, but I'm not a perfect person. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''vf</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 04:55, 5 October 2024 (UTC) == Invitation to Participate in Wiki Loves Ramadan Community Engagement Survey == Dear all, We are excited to announce the upcoming [[m:Wiki Loves Ramadan|Wiki Loves Ramadan]] event, a global initiative aimed at celebrating Ramadan by enriching Wikipedia and its sister projects with content related to this significant time of year. As we plan to organize this event globally, your insights and experiences are crucial in shaping the best possible participation experience for the community. To ensure that Wiki Loves Ramadan is engaging, inclusive, and impactful, we kindly invite you to participate in our community engagement survey. Your feedback will help us understand the needs of the community, set the event's focus, and guide our strategies for organizing this global event. Survey link: https://forms.gle/f66MuzjcPpwzVymu5 Please take a few minutes to share your thoughts. Your input will make a difference! Thank you for being a part of our journey to make Wiki Loves Ramadan a success. Warm regards, User:ZI Jony 03:19, 6 October 2024 (UTC) Wiki Loves Ramadan Organizing Team <!-- Message sent by User:ZI Jony@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Non-Technical_Village_Pumps_distribution_list&oldid=27510935 --> == 'Edit to my talk page' notification bug? == This may belong at the bug tracker, but does anyone else have an issue disabling ''email'' notifications upon an 'Edit to my talk page' in [[Special:GlobalPreferences]]? Oddly I ''am'' able to disable the global preference on Wikipedia, MediaWiki, etc, but not here. [[User:Tule-hog|Tule-hog]] ([[User talk:Tule-hog|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Tule-hog|contribs]]) 09:23, 7 October 2024 (UTC) :I have not experienced this, but to be clear, do you also have the option to get emails when items on your talk page are edited turned on? —[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''vf</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 09:39, 7 October 2024 (UTC) ::The only (non-grayed out) options I have enabled for email are 'Failed login attempts' and 'Login from an unfamiliar device'. 'Edit to my talk page' re-checks after every save. [[User:Tule-hog|Tule-hog]] ([[User talk:Tule-hog|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Tule-hog|contribs]]) 09:54, 7 October 2024 (UTC) :::That does sound like a [[phab:]] issue, with the caveat that I don't 100% recall how global preferences work and if they override local ones, etc. If you have parsed that and still have this issue, you'll probably need to file a ticket. Maybe someone else has this issue. Wish I could help. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''vf</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 09:57, 7 October 2024 (UTC) ::::[[phab:T376601|Off 'n away]] 🫡 [[User:Tule-hog|Tule-hog]] ([[User talk:Tule-hog|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Tule-hog|contribs]]) 10:35, 7 October 2024 (UTC) == [[Portal:Computer Science]] ➝ [[Portal:Information sciences]] == Seeking consensus to complete the merge into the broader portal. [[User:Tule-hog|Tule-hog]] ([[User talk:Tule-hog|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Tule-hog|contribs]]) 06:28, 8 October 2024 (UTC) :Why should it be merged? Computer Science seems well-enough designed. What is the incentive to collapse it into a broader field of study? —[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''vf</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 07:18, 8 October 2024 (UTC) ::Portals as top level organizations allowing for content to be best centralized. Also note that I did not start the merge, just offering to finish it. Perhaps a {{tlx|prod}} instead? [[User:Tule-hog|Tule-hog]] ([[User talk:Tule-hog|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Tule-hog|contribs]]) 07:20, 8 October 2024 (UTC) :::I have no objections, personally. If it gets done, please use a redirect and should someone want to come along to resurrect it later, it will be easier. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''vf</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 07:21, 8 October 2024 (UTC) : Is computer science really a branch of information sciences? I would not think so, but what do I know. Do we have some external resources/links confirm this idea? [[W:Information science]] currently says: "Information science, documentology[1] or informatology[2][3] is an academic field which is primarily concerned with analysis, collection, classification, manipulation, storage, retrieval, movement, dissemination, and protection of information." --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 14:49, 11 October 2024 (UTC) ::Looking through [https://stackoverflow.com/q/1047014/22673230] [https://businessdegrees.uab.edu/mis-degree-bachelors/resources/computer-information-systems-vs-computer-science/] [https://www.si.umich.edu/student-experience/what-information-science] a few top (not necessarily RS) searches I'm inclined to agree. I am more familiar with the grafted [[:w:Information and computer science|information ''and'' computer science]] which makes an effort to merge the disciplines, but it does not seem like reaching to say that IS is presented as more applications-concerned (certainly with no lack of theoretical abstraction), whereas CS can be more freely associated with any and all 'science related to computers'. It is easy to reason about the connection between the fields, but I think it is clear academia maintains this taxonomy for a good reason. ::With these considerations, I think I will ''stop'' the process of merging in favor of expanding the existing [[School:Library and Information Science]]. ::Let me know if there is not consensus to redirect [[Portal:Information sciences]] to [[School:Library and Information Science]] (with enough expansion it can generalize away from just library sciences). [[User:Tule-hog|Tule-hog]] ([[User talk:Tule-hog|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Tule-hog|contribs]]) 16:16, 11 October 2024 (UTC) ::: I do not see that a merge of a ''portal'' to a ''school'' is a good thing. Do you have a clear idea of the concepts of school and portal and how they relate to each other? --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 16:34, 11 October 2024 (UTC) ::::Found [[:Category:Information sciences]]; there are enough existing resources in there to make my other proposed merge excessive. I will simply continue developing the existing [[Portal:Information sciences]] instead. [[User:Tule-hog|Tule-hog]] ([[User talk:Tule-hog|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Tule-hog|contribs]]) 17:05, 11 October 2024 (UTC) ::::: Frankly, I would ideally see [[Portal:Information sciences]] deleted: I don't see what it does that a category would not do well enough. There does not seem to be any material specific to "Information sciences" (whatever that is) in that portal at all. --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 17:11, 11 October 2024 (UTC) ::::::Tacked a {{tlx|prod}} for an eventual deletion, but I may still try to develop it as proof of concept at some point. [[User:Tule-hog|Tule-hog]] ([[User talk:Tule-hog|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Tule-hog|contribs]]) 17:33, 11 October 2024 (UTC) == [[:Category:Occupational Epidemiology]] == I propose moving the pages in this category (without leaving redirects) to their equivalent under the parent resource [[Occupational Health Risk Surveillance]]. Also due to the number of subpages, it seems <code>|filing=deep</code> would be a justified. (Also [[Special:PrefixIndex/Occupational_Epidemiology|there are quite a few]] untagged subpages.) [[User:Tule-hog|Tule-hog]] ([[User talk:Tule-hog|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Tule-hog|contribs]]) 05:11, 9 October 2024 (UTC) : I above all think that the content should be ''moved out of the mainspace'': I do not see readers learning anything from e.g. [[Occupational Epidemiology/Research tools/Reading of scientific articles for learning epidemiology and biostatstics]] or [[Occupational Epidemiology/Research tools/Ongoing projects/Risk Communication in Seafaring/Writing the article guideline IMRAD]]. Wikiversity can be kind enough to host that material in, say, subspace of [[User:Saltrabook]], but more should not be asked, I think. Let us recall that per [[WV:Deletions]], "Resources may be eligible for proposed deletion when education objectives and learning outcomes are scarce, and objections to deletion are unlikely"; I do not see how learning outcomes can be anything but scarce. --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 15:04, 11 October 2024 (UTC) ::thank you, agree @ [[User:Saltrabook|Saltrabook]] ([[User talk:Saltrabook|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Saltrabook|contribs]]) 21:03, 13 November 2024 (UTC) == Active editors == It is interesting to observe the stats on [https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikiversity.org/contributing/active-editors/normal|line|all|(page_type)~content*non-content|monthly active editors] through the project's history. October is our month! [[User:Tule-hog|Tule-hog]] ([[User talk:Tule-hog|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Tule-hog|contribs]]) 20:44, 8 October 2024 (UTC) :Odd. Maybe related to the school year? —[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''vf</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 02:10, 9 October 2024 (UTC) ::I wonder how many are [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]]'s crowd... the number is in the hundreds though, so that is one chunky cohort —[[User:Tule-hog|Tule-hog]] ([[User talk:Tule-hog|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Tule-hog|contribs]]) 02:16, 9 October 2024 (UTC) :::Yes, [[Motivation and emotion/Book]] involves ~100-150 students editing most intensely during October each year. -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - <small>[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]</small> 02:20, 9 October 2024 (UTC) ::::Neat, that still leaves around ~50-100 other students from other avenues each year since 2021. I also wonder which projects were involved in the COVID enrollment spike. [[User:Tule-hog|Tule-hog]] ([[User talk:Tule-hog|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Tule-hog|contribs]]) 02:26, 9 October 2024 (UTC) :::::Personally I can admit that my editing is much more active during the school season vs. the summer break, so I'm in the same boat as Jtneill's students. —[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] [[User talk:Atcovi|(Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Atcovi|Contribs)]] 21:24, 13 November 2024 (UTC) == Intentionally incorrect resource == There is a [[Special:Diff/2583464|disclaimer inserted onto a resource]] (by not the original author) that: <blockquote>I am merely [making this page false] to show you (The viewer) that Wikipedia and this page 'Wikiversity' is bull sh*t and it will not give you the reliability you need when writing an academic piece of writing.</blockquote> However, that IP has [[Special:Contributions/86.22.73.151|not made any other edits]], so unless they vandalized via a sock, the intent went un-realized and only that portion need be removed. Bumping here in case there is some obvious jumbo in that essay that someone else can catch. [[User:Tule-hog|Tule-hog]] ([[User talk:Tule-hog|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Tule-hog|contribs]]) 16:58, 9 October 2024 (UTC) :Removed that portion, which was obviously vandalism. No perspective on the rest of the essay. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''vf</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 18:38, 9 October 2024 (UTC) == [[:Category:Proposed guidelines]] == Noting for future editors that WV has collapsed all proposals into [[:Category:Proposed policies|proposed policies]]. Seeking consensus to further collapse [[:Category:Wikiversity proposals]] into the former, or to restore [[:Category:Proposed guidelines]]. [[User:Tule-hog|Tule-hog]] ([[User talk:Tule-hog|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Tule-hog|contribs]]) 19:19, 9 October 2024 (UTC) == [[Around Wikiversity in 80 Seconds|Broken 80-second tour]] == Bumping a [[Talk:Around_Wikiversity_in_80_Seconds|comment]] on the ''Wikiversity in 80 seconds'' tour. Appears wikisuite is not working with the Vector 2022 appearance. Also see [[:w:Wikipedia:Miscellany_for_deletion/Wikiversuite_pages|this thread]] on the Wikiversal package - may not be relevant to Wikiversity, but FYC. [[User:Tule-hog|Tule-hog]] ([[User talk:Tule-hog|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Tule-hog|contribs]]) 00:26, 10 October 2024 (UTC) : I would just delete the material; I do not see value in it. If others agree, I would try to articulate why I think it should be deleted (or move to author user space). --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 06:57, 13 October 2024 (UTC) ::Just mark as {{tl|historical}}. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''vf</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 17:39, 13 October 2024 (UTC) ::: This thing was created by [[User:Planotse]]. His creations are now being discussed in Wikibooks for deletion: [[B:Wikibooks:Requests for deletion#Wikiversal generated pages]]. It seems he used some kind of tool that is no longer available (the above mentioned "Wikiversal" package) to create this kind of slideshow-like material (believing the Wikibooks discussion). I do not see value of this in the mainspace, not even as historical (I am okay with userspace, but maybe even that is not the best option?). A look at the source code of [[Around Wikiversity in 80 Seconds/Introduction]] confirms the words of Omphalographer, namely that "the HTML-heavy markup generated by Wikiversal makes them [the pages] unreasonably difficult to edit." ::: I went ahead and marked the page for proposed deletion. --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 09:35, 14 October 2024 (UTC) == Preliminary results of the 2024 Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees elections == <section begin="announcement-content" /> Hello all, Thank you to everyone who participated in the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2024|2024 Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees election]]. Close to 6000 community members from more than 180 wiki projects have voted. The following four candidates were the most voted: # [[User:Kritzolina|Christel Steigenberger]] # [[User:Nadzik|Maciej Artur Nadzikiewicz]] # [[User:Victoria|Victoria Doronina]] # [[User:Laurentius|Lorenzo Losa]] While these candidates have been ranked through the vote, they still need to be appointed to the Board of Trustees. They need to pass a successful background check and meet the qualifications outlined in the Bylaws. New trustees will be appointed at the next Board meeting in December 2024. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Foundation_elections/2024/Results|Learn more about the results on Meta-Wiki.]] Best regards, The Elections Committee and Board Selection Working Group <section end="announcement-content" /> [[User:MPossoupe_(WMF)|MPossoupe_(WMF)]] 08:26, 14 October 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:MPossoupe (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=27183190 --> == Seeking volunteers to join several of the movement’s committees == <section begin="announcement-content" /> Each year, typically from October through December, several of the movement’s committees seek new volunteers. Read more about the committees on their Meta-wiki pages: * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations_Committee|Affiliations Committee (AffCom)]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Ombuds_commission|Ombuds commission (OC)]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation/Legal/Community Resilience and Sustainability/Trust and Safety/Case Review Committee|Case Review Committee (CRC)]] Applications for the committees open on 16 October 2024. Applications for the Affiliations Committee close on 18 November 2024, and applications for the Ombuds commission and the Case Review Committee close on 2 December 2024. Learn how to apply by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Foundation/Legal/Committee_appointments|visiting the appointment page on Meta-wiki]]. Post to the talk page or email [mailto:cst@wikimedia.org cst@wikimedia.org] with any questions you may have. For the Committee Support team, <section end="announcement-content" /> -- [[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User talk:Keegan (WMF)|talk]]) 23:09, 16 October 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Keegan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=27601062 --> == Interactive elements == Can we use interactive elements on Wikiversity? I'd like to add JavaScript to a page. If it's not possible now, where can I suggest this feature? I have a safe integration idea. [[User:Отец Никифор|Отец Никифор]] ([[User talk:Отец Никифор|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Отец Никифор|contribs]]) 12:10, 17 October 2024 (UTC) : This is beyond my technical knowledge, but have you checked out: :* https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Manual:Interface/JavaScript? :* [[Wikipedia:WikiProject JavaScript]] :* [[MediaWiki:Common.js]] :What sort of interactive elements are you thinking about? : Sincerely, James -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - <small>[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]</small> 03:39, 18 October 2024 (UTC) ::I was thinking about adding something like a graph with adjustable controls, where users can interact with it and see how different changes affect the outcome. It seems like this could be a useful feature. There might already be discussions about enhancing Wikiversity or similar platforms—perhaps on a relevant talk page or in a Discord group. Do you know where such discussions might be happening? [[User:Отец Никифор|Отец Никифор]] ([[User talk:Отец Никифор|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Отец Никифор|contribs]]) 19:47, 18 October 2024 (UTC) :::From a quick look, maybe check out: :::* [[mw:Extension:Graph]] :::* [[phab:tag/graphs]] :::-- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - <small>[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]</small> 22:40, 18 October 2024 (UTC) :::: mw:Extension:Graph is currently disabled on Wikipedia etc. wikis, for security reasons, and seems unlikely to be enabled again. --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 09:30, 19 October 2024 (UTC) == An unexplained spurt of Wikiversity page views == The [https://pageviews.wmcloud.org/siteviews/?platform=all-access&source=pageviews&agent=user&start=2024-06-01&end=2024-10-18&sites=en.wikiversity.org|en.wikibooks.org|en.wikiquote.org|en.wikisource.org page view report] shows an unexplained spurt of Wikiversity page views, reaching over 4 times the baseline and then falling back again. Does anyone have any idea what is going on? --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 08:01, 19 October 2024 (UTC) :Interesting. I wonder why only the English wikiquote and wikiversity and not Wikisource or wikibooks? How reliable do you think those stats are? [[User:Ottawahitech|Ottawahitech]] ([[User talk:Ottawahitech|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Ottawahitech|contribs]]) 15:44, 8 December 2024 (UTC) == Center tempate failed on a contributors phone... == See the edit comment here - https://en.wikiversity.org/w/index.php?title=Wikiphilosophers&diff=prev&oldid=2673962. I'm puzzled as this is the first failure of this, I've noted recently. [[User:ShakespeareFan00|ShakespeareFan00]] ([[User talk:ShakespeareFan00|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/ShakespeareFan00|contribs]]) 08:45, 19 October 2024 (UTC) == Essay-like page in user space that makes little sense and seems incoherent == The page [[User:TheoYalur/Illusions]] seems to match the description, at least by my assessment. My understanding is that since the page is only in user space and not in the mainspace, it can stay there even if it has those disqualifying qualities. But if I am wrong and the page belongs deleted, please correct me and let me know. I do not know which policy or guideline, if any, guides the case. --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 12:30, 21 October 2024 (UTC) == 'Wikidata item' link is moving, finally. == Hello everyone, I previously wrote on the 27th September to advise that the ''Wikidata item'' sitelink will change places in the sidebar menu, moving from the '''General''' section into the '''In Other Projects''' section. The scheduled rollout date of 04.10.2024 was delayed due to a necessary request for Mobile/MinervaNeue skin. I am happy to inform that the global rollout can now proceed and will occur later today, 22.10.2024 at 15:00 UTC-2. [[m:Talk:Wikidata_For_Wikimedia_Projects/Projects/Move_Wikidata_item_link|Please let us know]] if you notice any problems or bugs after this change. There should be no need for null-edits or purging cache for the changes to occur. Kind regards, -[[m:User:Danny Benjafield (WMDE)|Danny Benjafield (WMDE)]] 11:28, 22 October 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Danny Benjafield (WMDE)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Danny_Benjafield_(WMDE)/MassMessage_Test_List&oldid=27535421 --> :Hi @[[User:Danny Benjafield (WMDE)|Danny Benjafield (WMDE)]]: I Just noticed your post above, and it is timely. :I have been participating in the English WikiUniversity for a few years, much less often recently. I seems like something in the way the site displays is different, but I cannot put my finger on it. Your posting gave me a clue. Can you please tell me where the link to wikidata items has moved to? [[User:Ottawahitech|Ottawahitech]] ([[User talk:Ottawahitech|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Ottawahitech|contribs]]) 17:23, 11 December 2024 (UTC) == Final Reminder: Join us in Making Wiki Loves Ramadan Success == Dear all, We’re thrilled to announce the Wiki Loves Ramadan event, a global initiative to celebrate Ramadan by enhancing Wikipedia and its sister projects with valuable content related to this special time of year. As we organize this event globally, we need your valuable input to make it a memorable experience for the community. Last Call to Participate in Our Survey: To ensure that Wiki Loves Ramadan is inclusive and impactful, we kindly request you to complete our community engagement survey. Your feedback will shape the event’s focus and guide our organizing strategies to better meet community needs. * Survey Link: [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSffN4prPtR5DRSq9nH-t1z8hG3jZFBbySrv32YoxV8KbTwxig/viewform?usp=sf_link Complete the Survey] * Deadline: November 10, 2024 Please take a few minutes to share your thoughts. Your input will truly make a difference! '''Volunteer Opportunity''': Join the Wiki Loves Ramadan Team! We’re seeking dedicated volunteers for key team roles essential to the success of this initiative. If you’re interested in volunteer roles, we invite you to apply. * Application Link: [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSfXiox_eEDH4yJ0gxVBgtL7jPe41TINAWYtpNp1JHSk8zhdgw/viewform?usp=sf_link Apply Here] * Application Deadline: October 31, 2024 Explore Open Positions: For a detailed list of roles and their responsibilities, please refer to the position descriptions here: [https://docs.google.com/document/d/1oy0_tilC6kow5GGf6cEuFvdFpekcubCqJlaxkxh-jT4/ Position Descriptions] Thank you for being part of this journey. We look forward to working together to make Wiki Loves Ramadan a success! Warm regards,<br> The Wiki Loves Ramadan Organizing Team 05:11, 29 October 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:ZI Jony@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Non-Technical_Village_Pumps_distribution_list&oldid=27568454 --> == Android app for Wikiversity == Hi, is there an Android app for Wikiversity? How does it work? I have been advised that there is no infrastructure for push notifications for Android apps for sister wikis and I would be interested to know more. Related: [[:phab:T378545]]. Thanks! [[User:Gryllida|Gryllida]] 23:15, 29 October 2024 (UTC) :Thanks for suggesting this - I agree that it would be useful. -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - <small>[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]</small> 00:56, 31 October 2024 (UTC) :@[[User:Gryllida|Gryllida]]: Would you explain your terminology for those of us not in the know. What does ''push notifications'' mean? I use [[notifications]] when I am communicating onwikimediaprojects, but have never heard this term before. [[User:Ottawahitech|Ottawahitech]] ([[User talk:Ottawahitech|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Ottawahitech|contribs]]) 17:13, 11 December 2024 (UTC) à == Import Resource From Wikibooks? == Hello! [[wikibooks:Character_List_for_Baxter&Sagart|Character List for Baxter&Sagart]] and related titles [[wikibooks:Wikibooks:Requests_for_deletion#Character_List_for_Baxter&Sagart|are up for deletion at Wikibooks]] because WB policy does not allow dictionaries like them. However, because they are useful as learning tools, I am wondering if they might have a home here at Wikiversity. Pinging @[[User:Tibetologist|Tibetologist]] here to link them in to this discussion, since they are the affected user. Thank you! —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 18:18, 1 November 2024 (UTC) :Sure, I can do it. That said, as mentioned there, it does seem like something like this is ideally suited for Wiktionary in the Appendix namespace, but I'm not very familiar with CJK characters and languages. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''vf</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 22:23, 3 November 2024 (UTC) ::Oh man, these pages are too big to import and while I've already tried a half-dozen times, it will constantly fail. Strictly speaking, we don't have to use the import feature for licensing purposes. We can just copy and paste the contents and list the usernames or on the talk page. I think that's the solution. {{Ping|Tibetologist}}, are you interested in doing that? If you just copied and pasted these pages and then added [[:Category:Chinese]] and maybe include a couple of links to the pages, that would probably be ideal. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''vf</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 22:31, 3 November 2024 (UTC) == Language translation requests? == Is there anywhere on Wikiversity to request translation, for example, requesting Latin or French translation? I would be asking from the context as a student, so I would be interested in translation explanation as well. [[User:Indexcard88|Indexcard88]] ([[User talk:Indexcard88|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Indexcard88|contribs]]) 04:56, 20 November 2024 (UTC) == Sign up for the language community meeting on November 29th, 16:00 UTC == Hello everyone, The next language community meeting is coming up next week, on November 29th, at 16:00 UTC (Zonestamp! For your timezone <https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1732896000>). If you're interested in joining, you can sign up on this wiki page: <https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Language_and_Product_Localization/Community_meetings#29_November_2024>. This participant-driven meeting will be organized by the Wikimedia Foundation’s Language Product Localization team and the Language Diversity Hub. There will be presentations on topics like developing language keyboards, the creation of the Moore Wikipedia, and the language support track at Wiki Indaba. We will also have members from the Wayuunaiki community joining us to share their experiences with the Incubator and as a new community within our movement. This meeting will have a Spanish interpretation. Looking forward to seeing you at the language community meeting! Cheers, [[User:SSethi (WMF)|Srishti]] 19:55, 21 November 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:SSethi (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=27746256 --> == Events on Wikiversity == Since Wikipedia and Wikivoyage are having their "Asian Month" editathon, I was thinking if we could start up a Wikiversity version of that. This would be an "Asian Month" as well, but it would be about creating resources based on Asia and its culture. [[User:RockTransport|RockTransport]] ([[User talk:RockTransport|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/RockTransport|contribs]]) 17:57, 6 December 2024 (UTC) :Not immediately opposed, but the question is, do we have an active enough community to facilitate this? —[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] [[User talk:Atcovi|(Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Atcovi|Contribs)]] 19:31, 6 December 2024 (UTC) ::I'm not too sure. As long as we get enough traffic, this could happen. [[User:RockTransport|RockTransport]] ([[User talk:RockTransport|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/RockTransport|contribs]]) 08:45, 7 December 2024 (UTC) :::This is to increase traffic on Wikiversity, which is promoted amongst other communities. [[User:RockTransport|RockTransport]] ([[User talk:RockTransport|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/RockTransport|contribs]]) 10:47, 7 December 2024 (UTC) :Hi @[[User:RockTransport|RockTransport]], This is a good idea, but will it also involve users who are not "professors and scientists". Just curious. cheers, [[User:Ottawahitech|Ottawahitech]] ([[User talk:Ottawahitech|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Ottawahitech|contribs]]) 16:30, 9 December 2024 (UTC) ::Yes, considering the fact that Wikiversity is for everyone, and not just for specific users. [[User:RockTransport|RockTransport]] ([[User talk:RockTransport|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/RockTransport|contribs]]) 09:09, 10 December 2024 (UTC) :::because I'm personally not a "professor" or a "scientist" and because '''anyone''' can create resources on Wikiversity. We want to make Wikiversity open for everyone, and not just for certain users. [[User:RockTransport|RockTransport]] ([[User talk:RockTransport|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/RockTransport|contribs]]) 09:10, 10 December 2024 (UTC) == Wikiversity - Newsletters == Hello All, I wanted to create a newsletter on Wikiversity, which would highlight what is going on in certain months and events on Wikiversity; which would bolster engagement by many people. This would be on the website and would have its dedicated 'Newsletter' tab. I hope you acknowledge this idea. [[User:RockTransport|RockTransport]] ([[User talk:RockTransport|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/RockTransport|contribs]]) 21:05, 8 December 2024 (UTC) :@[[User:RockTransport|RockTransport]], What sort of things do you plan to include in your newsletter? Will they be different than what is currently in [[Main Page/News]]? Just curious. :I am also wondering about your motive which I think is: to bolster engagement by many people. I am asking because I wonder if others who are currently active here also think this I is desirable? Have you asked them? [[User:Ottawahitech|Ottawahitech]] ([[User talk:Ottawahitech|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Ottawahitech|contribs]]) 17:34, 11 December 2024 (UTC) kfv9vob67bdoas9obqb4yak5hhukzec 2691571 2691446 2024-12-12T06:50:31Z RockTransport 2992610 /* Wikiversity - Newsletters */ Reply 2691571 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Wikiversity:Colloquium/Header}} <!-- MESSAGES GO BELOW --> == Reminder! Vote closing soon to fill vacancies of the first U4C == <section begin="announcement-content" /> :''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2024 Special Election/Announcement – reminder to vote|You can find this message translated into additional languages on Meta-wiki.]] [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-{{urlencode:Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2024 Special Election/Announcement – reminder to vote}}&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}]'' Dear all, The voting period for the Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee (U4C) is closing soon. It is open through 10 August 2024. Read the information on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Election/2024_Special_Election#Voting|the voting page on Meta-wiki to learn more about voting and voter eligibility]]. If you are eligible to vote and have not voted in this special election, it is important that you vote now. '''Why should you vote?''' The U4C is a global group dedicated to providing an equitable and consistent implementation of the UCoC. Community input into the committee membership is critical to the success of the UCoC. Please share this message with members of your community so they can participate as well. In cooperation with the U4C,<section end="announcement-content" /> -- [[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User talk:Keegan (WMF)|talk]]) 15:30, 6 August 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Keegan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=27183190 --> == User group for Wikiversians == Was there ever a discussion about the possibility of establishing a user group in the sense of an affiliated organization that would defend the interests of professors and scientists on Wikiversity and possibly actively develop some projects? [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 20:21, 8 August 2024 (UTC) :Not that I'm aware of. -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - <small>[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]</small> 23:20, 8 August 2024 (UTC) :It's a pleasure to talk to a scientist on Wikiversity. I am a historian of technics and I would like to publish the following biography either on Wikiversity or on Wikipedia: :https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:Rbmn/Arthur_Constantin_KREBS_(1850-1935):_Military_engineer,_Automotive_industrialist,_Great_projects_manager :What would be your advice? [[User:Rbmn|Rbmn]] ([[User talk:Rbmn|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Rbmn|contribs]]) 15:44, 6 October 2024 (UTC) ::The content appears to be largely biographical/encyclopedic, so I think it is likely best suited to Wikipedia. Consider improving/incorporating this content into the existing page: [[w:Arthur Constantin Krebs]]. -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - <small>[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]</small> 00:05, 7 October 2024 (UTC) ::Please do not link to the Wikiversity [[wv:userspace|Userspace]] in Wikipedia articles. You will want to wait until you have a page in the [[wv:mainspace|Wikiversity mainspace]]. You'll also want to use the <code>{{[[:w:Template:Wikiversity|Wikiversity]]}}</code> template (on Wikipedia) rather than embedding a photo with a link. [[User:Tule-hog|Tule-hog]] ([[User talk:Tule-hog|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Tule-hog|contribs]]) 02:21, 7 October 2024 (UTC) :I haven't heard anything about this topic. [[User:RockTransport|RockTransport]] ([[User talk:RockTransport|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/RockTransport|contribs]]) 21:06, 8 December 2024 (UTC) == Rich's ''Illustrated Companion'' at Wikiversity: Right place? == Hello! I am creating a Wiki-version of a classical glossary (''Illustrated Companion to the Latin Dictionary, and Greek Lexicon'' by Anthony Rich, 1849), which explains the meaning of Latin headwords, primarily those "representing visible objects connected with the arts, manufactures, and every-day life of the Greeks and Romans." The aim is to help understand what a (classical) Latin text is actually about, instead of merely translating it. I already transcribed the entire text and scanned the images (about 1900) from an original 1849-edition. I am currently working on uploading the images to ''Mediawiki Commons'', which probably will take some time. In the meantime I want to prepare the other aspects of the project (more than 3000 articles, already with many internal links). The important thing: this is ''not'' a ''might exist''-project. {{Color|red|My question: Is ''Wikiversity'' the proper place for it?}} Although I created an exact rendition of the original text, ''Wikisource'' is not applicable, because the project has a broader scope (adding content to the articles, e. g. links to online editions for quotations, adding images, but also adding entirely new articles). Neither is ''Wikibooks'', because this is not a textbook and may otherwise breach its scope. For more about the project see [[w:User:CalRis25/Temp-RICH-Prospectus|my user-page]] at en.wikipedia. {{Color|Red|So, is Wikiversity the right place for it?}} [[User:CalRis25|CalRis25]] ([[User talk:CalRis25|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/CalRis25|contribs]]) 09:15, 17 August 2024 (UTC) :Thanks for asking. To be clear, it ''is'' acceptable to make [[:s:en:Category:Wikisource annotations|annotated editions]] of texts at Wikisource and Wikibooks does host at least one [[:b:en:Annotations of The Complete Peanuts|annotated guide to a copyright-protected work]]. So if what you're looking to do is to include inline annotations to a public domain text, you certainly can put that on Wikisource. If you have a textbook or guidebook that is a companion, that would go at Wikibooks. If you have some other kind of learning resources (like maintaining a list of relevant links, organizing a book reading group, etc.), that could go here. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''vf</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 09:26, 17 August 2024 (UTC) ::Thank you for your quick answer. Actually, ''Wikibooks'' was my first thought. However, this project is not merely an annotated edition. Although at first it ''will'' be a faithful copy of the original text, I want the project to be "open", i. e. adding articles should be possible. And the project should enable to do a lot more than mere inline annotation. See section [[w:User:CalRis25/Temp-RICH-Prospectus#Improving_RICH|Improving Rich]] in the project description a my user-page (en.Wikipedia). No ''Mediawiki''-project (Wikisource, Wikibooks, Wikipedia, Wiktionary) seemed to be a sufficiently applicable "fit" for the project, so I thought of Wikiversity as a last resort, because it is supposed to be home to all sorts of "learning resources". [[User:CalRis25|CalRis25]] ([[User talk:CalRis25|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/CalRis25|contribs]]) 09:57, 17 August 2024 (UTC) :::The scope of Wikiversity ''is'' pretty catch-all and would allow for a pretty flexible place to host most learning resources that don't fit elsewhere. :::Also, as nitpick, "MediaWiki" is the software that is the basis of these wikis (wikis being collections of interlinked documents that can be edited) and "Wikimedia Foundation" is the non-profit who owns the trademarks and hosts these projects like Wiktionary and Wikivoyage. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''vf</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 10:06, 17 August 2024 (UTC) ::::Hello Justin, thank you for the reply. '''I think that settles it. I will create this project at ''Wikiversity''.''' Just for additional clarification, why I do so. Let's imagine a full transcription of the original 1849-edition of the ''Illustrated Companion'' by Anthony Rich and call it ''RICH-1849''. We shall call my project, for brevity sake, RICH-2K. And now, let's have a look at the article about the Roman toga (a piece of attire). In ''RICH-1849'' we can can call it ''RICH-1849/Toga'', and it contains ''exactly'' the content of the 1849-book. Now, let's look at the article ''RICH-2K/Toga''. At the beginning its only content would be the article ''RICH-1849/Toga''. Does that make ''RICH-2K/Toga'' and ''RICH-1849/Toga'' the same? Not at all, because in truth ''RICH-2K/Toga'' is a "container" which initially contains only the article ''RICH-1849/Toga'' but later on may include more stuff: images, external links, article text which builds on or extends ''RICH-1849/Toga'' and information from other sources of information (Wikipedia, specialized books). By the way, this added article information would not be a mere copy of the text at en.Wikipedia, because the information needs to looked at through the eyes of someone reading the original text (more citations with direct links to these etc.). [[User:CalRis25|CalRis25]] ([[User talk:CalRis25|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/CalRis25|contribs]]) 11:39, 17 August 2024 (UTC) == Coming soon: A new sub-referencing feature – try it! == <section begin="Sub-referencing"/> [[File:Sub-referencing reuse visual.png|{{#ifeq:{{#dir}}|ltr|right|left}}|400px]] Hello. For many years, community members have requested an easy way to re-use references with different details. Now, a MediaWiki solution is coming: The new sub-referencing feature will work for wikitext and Visual Editor and will enhance the existing reference system. You can continue to use different ways of referencing, but you will probably encounter sub-references in articles written by other users. More information on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing|the project page]]. '''We want your feedback''' to make sure this feature works well for you: * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing#Test|Please try]] the current state of development on beta wiki and [[m:Talk:WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing|let us know what you think]]. * [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing/Sign-up|Sign up here]] to get updates and/or invites to participate in user research activities. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Deutschland|Wikimedia Deutschland]]’s [[m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes|Technical Wishes]] team is planning to bring this feature to Wikimedia wikis later this year. We will reach out to creators/maintainers of tools and templates related to references beforehand. Please help us spread the message. --[[m:User:Johannes Richter (WMDE)|Johannes Richter (WMDE)]] ([[m:User talk:Johannes Richter (WMDE)|talk]]) 10:36, 19 August 2024 (UTC) <section end="Sub-referencing"/> <!-- Message sent by User:Johannes Richter (WMDE)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Johannes_Richter_(WMDE)/Sub-referencing/massmessage_list&oldid=27309345 --> == New [[Template:Form]] == Hi! Today I was bold and created [[Template:Form]] (which calls [[Module:WikiForm]] and [[MediaWiki:Gadget-WikiForm.js]]). The template allows to create user-friendly forms that can create pages or add content to existing pages. My motivation and first use case was [[Wikidebate/New|this form]] to create new [[wikidebates]], but I suspect the template can be useful elsewhere on Wikiversity. Let me know if you notice any issues or have any requests or concerns. Kind regards, [[User:Sophivorus|Sophivorus]] ([[User talk:Sophivorus|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Sophivorus|contribs]]) 15:21, 21 August 2024 (UTC) == Sign up for the language community meeting on August 30th, 15:00 UTC == Hi all, The next language community meeting is scheduled in a few weeks—on August 30th at 15:00 UTC. If you're interested in joining, you can [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Language_and_Product_Localization/Community_meetings#30_August_2024 sign up on this wiki page]. This participant-driven meeting will focus on sharing language-specific updates related to various projects, discussing technical issues related to language wikis, and working together to find possible solutions. For example, in the last meeting, topics included the Language Converter, the state of language research, updates on the Incubator conversations, and technical challenges around external links not working with special characters on Bengali sites. Do you have any ideas for topics to share technical updates or discuss challenges? Please add agenda items to the document [https://etherpad.wikimedia.org/p/language-community-meeting-aug-2024 here] and reach out to ssethi(__AT__)wikimedia.org. We look forward to your participation! [[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 23:20, 22 August 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:SSethi (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=27183190 --> == Template consolidation: User talk page block notice == Wondering if someone who likes templates could have a go at consolidating or helping decide between use of: * [[Template:Block]] * [[Template:Blocked]] Unless I'm missing something, it seems like we don't need both? -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - <small>[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]</small> 07:16, 23 August 2024 (UTC) : I tried to figure out a Wikidata item with most links to projects. I found this: [[Wikidata:Q6379131]], which is Template:Uw-block. There is even a corresponding Wikiversity template, [[Template:Uw-block1]] (not used anywhere). : My impression is that of the three templates, we only need one. --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 14:43, 13 September 2024 (UTC) == Announcing the Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee == <section begin="announcement-content" /> :''[https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/board-elections@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/OKCCN2CANIH2K7DXJOL2GPVDFWL27R7C/ Original message at wikimedia-l]. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2024 Special Election/Announcement - results|You can find this message translated into additional languages on Meta-wiki.]] [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-{{urlencode:Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2024 Special Election/Announcement - results}}&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}]'' Hello all, The scrutineers have finished reviewing the vote and the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Elections Committee|Elections Committee]] have certified the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2024 Special Election/Results|results]] for the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2024 Special Election|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee (U4C) special election]]. I am pleased to announce the following individual as regional members of the U4C, who will fulfill a term until 15 June 2026: * North America (USA and Canada) ** Ajraddatz The following seats were not filled during this special election: * Latin America and Caribbean * Central and East Europe (CEE) * Sub-Saharan Africa * South Asia * The four remaining Community-At-Large seats Thank you again to everyone who participated in this process and much appreciation to the candidates for your leadership and dedication to the Wikimedia movement and community. Over the next few weeks, the U4C will begin meeting and planning the 2024-25 year in supporting the implementation and review of the UCoC and Enforcement Guidelines. You can follow their work on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee|Meta-Wiki]]. On behalf of the U4C and the Elections Committee,<section end="announcement-content" /> [[m:User:RamzyM (WMF)|RamzyM (WMF)]] 14:07, 2 September 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:RamzyM (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=27183190 --> == Re: The Vector 2022 skin as the default in two weeks? == [[File:Vector 2022 video-en.webm|thumb|A two minute-long video about Vector 2022]] Hello everyone, I'm reaching out on behalf of the [[mediawikiwiki:Reading/Web|Wikimedia Foundation Web team]] responsible for the MediaWiki skins. I'd like to revisit the topic of making Vector 2022 the default here on English Wikiversity. I [[Wikiversity:Colloquium/archives/September 2022#The Vector 2022 skin as the default in two weeks?|did post a message about this almost two years ago]] (where you can find all the details about the skin), but we didn't finalize it back then. What happened in the meantime? We built [[mw:Reading/Web/Accessibility for reading|dark mode and different options for font sizes]], and made Vector 2022 the default on most wikis, including all other Wikiversities. With the not-so-new V22 skin being the default, existing and coming features, like dark mode and [[mw:Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts|temporary accounts]] respectively, will become available for logged-out users here. So, if no large concerns are raised, we will deploy Vector 2022 here in two weeks, in the week of September 16. Do let me know if you have any questions. Thank you! [[User:SGrabarczuk (WMF)|SGrabarczuk (WMF)]] ([[User talk:SGrabarczuk (WMF)|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/SGrabarczuk (WMF)|contribs]]) 21:48, 2 September 2024 (UTC) :Sounds good, Szymon - we look forward to the upcoming change of skin {{smile}} Sincerely, James -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - <small>[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]</small> 07:35, 13 September 2024 (UTC) * I for one oppose a switch to Vector 2022. I do not find it preferable. Here is a staggering evidence of user refusal of Vector 2022 once it was deployed: [[W:en:Wikipedia:Requests for comment/Rollback of Vector 2022]], Junuary 2023. 355 voters supported rollback to Vector 2010 whereas 64 opposed, yielding 84.7% support, as clear a supermajority as one may wish. These people opposing Vector 2022 feel the same way as I do. --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 10:48, 13 September 2024 (UTC) *:Hey @[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]]. Thanks for your comment. I'm open to discussion about problems with our software, and I hope we can maintain a respectful tone. *:I understand that there are users who prefer Vector legacy or other skins, just as there are people who still stick to Monobook. Such people are active across many wikis. They can keep Vector legacy, although non-default skins don't have the support the default ones do. We are rolling out for technical reasons, as I mentioned above, with benefit to not logged-in users. *:Regarding the rollback RfC on Wikipedia, two neutral users stated that there was no consensus for rollback, RfC is not a vote, and the numbers were different (355:226:24). I believe this all is pretty easy to verify. *:So to sum up, Vector 2022 needs to become the default, tons and tons of comments were made about the skin and related stuff, and we have taken many ideas into account, and it's totally OK if you stick to Vector legacy. *:Thanks! [[User:SGrabarczuk (WMF)|SGrabarczuk (WMF)]] ([[User talk:SGrabarczuk (WMF)|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/SGrabarczuk (WMF)|contribs]]) 19:30, 16 September 2024 (UTC) *:: Today, I visited Wikiversity and found it switched to Vector 2022. I changed my preference settings to Vector 2010. From what I understand, non-registered visitors are now defaulted to Vector 2022 despite its unpopularity in [[W:en:Wikipedia:Requests for comment/Rollback of Vector 2022]]. I have not seen any evidence that users prefer Vector 2022, and given the evidence in the linked RfC, I tentatively conclude that the decision to switch has made the site experience worse for the majority of users. The logic of "you can switch" surely applies to Vector 2022 as well: those who prefer it can switch to it. --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 05:08, 17 September 2024 (UTC) == Have your say: Vote for the 2024 Board of Trustees! == <section begin="announcement-content" /> Hello all, The voting period for the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2024|2024 Board of Trustees election]] is now open. There are twelve (12) candidates running for four (4) seats on the Board. Learn more about the candidates by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2024/Candidates|reading their statements]] and their [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Foundation_elections/2024/Questions_for_candidates|answers to community questions]]. When you are ready, go to the [[Special:SecurePoll/vote/400|SecurePoll]] voting page to vote. '''The vote is open from September 3rd at 00:00 UTC to September 17th at 23:59 UTC'''. To check your voter eligibility, please visit the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Foundation_elections/2024/Voter_eligibility_guidelines|voter eligibility page]]. Best regards, The Elections Committee and Board Selection Working Group<section end="announcement-content" /> [[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 12:15, 3 September 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:RamzyM (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=27183190 --> == Separate page for hyperbola. == Good morning, I notice that a search for "hyperbola" redirects to "Conic sections". At present there is a separate page for "ellipse". Therefore a separate page for "hyperbola" seems to be justified. Could this redirection be changed so that search for "hyperbola" goes to a separate page for "hyperbola"? Many thanks, [[User:ThaniosAkro|ThaniosAkro]] ([[User talk:ThaniosAkro|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/ThaniosAkro|contribs]]) 12:04, 15 September 2024 (UTC) :It is true that ellipses are covered at [[Conic sections]] (along with hyperbolas, parabolas, etc.) and there is a separate page for [[ellipse]]s that elaborates. We certainly ''could'' have a page about [[hyperbola]]s that is separate, but no one has written sufficient content to spin it off yet. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''vf</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 12:17, 15 September 2024 (UTC) == I hereby request for your Unblocking IP address and just reviewed and received a reverted rec == Hi there. {{unsigned|Ishmael Raphasha}} :No one has any clue what you're talking about. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''vf</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 16:53, 18 September 2024 (UTC) == RICH-2K: New project with some initial questions == Hello! I'm creating a new learning resource on ''Wikiversity''. The respective project is based on my transcription of a classical dictionary from 1849 by Anthony Rich. For more information about the project see its [[User:CalRis25/RICH: Description|description page]] (see also that page for why not ''Wikisource'' or ''Wikibooks''). The project's scope is fairly big: 3205 article-pages plus 304 REDIRECT-pages. The images (scanned by myself from an original copy) have been uploaded to ''Commons''. I have some initial technical questions (more of these and more detailed ones will follow): * '''Upload''': Due to the large number of pages it is not realistic to create these manually. Is it possible to bulk-upload these in some way (the Wikitext of the pages is created using a Python-script with one file per article/page)? Is it possible to upload these to a test-environment first where any problems (hopefully none) can be identified and dealt with more easily than on the production-version of ''Wikiversity''? * '''(Technical) Structure''': I am planning to set up this project at ''<nowiki>https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/RICH-2K</nowiki>'' as the main page and anything else as subpages: ''RICH-2K/Subpage_1 ... RICH-2K/Subpage_n''. However, these subpages fall into two categories: 1. Article-pages (content) and 2. Meta/Administrative pages. This project requires search capability restricted to the ''RICH-2K''-namespace. The ''Mediawiki''-software seems to supply a ''Search''-input field with the possibility to restrict the search to some namespace. I would like, however, to restrict the search further to the first group of pages, namely the articles. Is that possible, perhaps by use of (hidden) categories? * '''External links''': This project will need many external links, and yes, I have read the relevant ''Wikiversity''-pages, but this specific project needs them. The ''Recommended Editions''-page (used for recommended online editions, to which to link when citing texts) alone probably will require several hundred external links. However, only relatively few [[w:Second-level domain|second-level domains]] will be involved, and most of these should be trustworthy (Perseus Digital library, digital collections of universities etc., in some cases, however, also ''Archive.org''). Perhaps there is a list of web-sites, for which external links are generally allowed? And who is allowed to create external links on ''Wikiversity''-pages (I haven't found the relevant policy)? * '''Categories''': This project requires quite a few of its own categories, which belong to two large groups: 1. Categories (2 levels) of the ''Classed Index'' (about 170 categories), a thematic index of some (but not all) of the articles. 2. Administrative categories. Is there a recommended way to distinguish between different classes of categories within a project (category name or other method)? What about naming conventions for project-specific categories? I am looking forward to your input. If you think that it's preferable we can move the discussions to the [[User_talk:CalRis25/RICH:_Description|Talk-page]] of the project's description. Thank you in advance. [[User:CalRis25|CalRis25]] ([[User talk:CalRis25|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/CalRis25|contribs]]) 05:29, 20 September 2024 (UTC) :*Admins have access to [[Special:Import]] and can bulk import XML pages. You can create pages in your sandbox if you'd like and make an indefinite amount of them at pages like [[User:CalRis25/sandbox]]. What can and cannot be hosted in user namespace is very loose, but still has to follow in principle Wikiversity's scope. :*Using subpages is in principle a good way to organize these various resources. Please do not name them after a user name or something obscure. I personally think that "RICH-2K" is a not optimal name. I may recommend something like [[Anthony Rich Dictionary Project]] or [[21st-Century Anthony Rich Dictionary]] or something more obviously intelligible. While we have very few actual policies and guidelines, see [[Wikiversity:Naming conventions]] for a rough consensus of what is probably best practice for naming pages. :*External linking generally does not use an allowed list (a.k.a. whitelist model), but a disallow (a.k.a. blacklist) model. See [[MediaWiki:Spam-blacklist]] and [[Special:BlockedExternalDomains]] (which is currently empty but is another method of listing blocked domains). It's perfectly fine to aggregate external links in learning resources. :*I'm not 100% sure what the distinction is that you're drawing, but you can freely arrange categories underneath a main category that has the same name as your larger project. So, following the suggestions I gave, you could have a category like [[:Category:Anthony Rich Dictionary Project]] and then create any number of subcategories that logically help users navigate all these pages. Please make sure the main category you create is itself categorized under some relevant category(ies). If you need help, please ask. :I think this answers your questions, please let me know if I'm unclear or you have more. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''vf</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 06:11, 20 September 2024 (UTC) ::Hello Justin! ::* '''Upload:''' Creating the project in sandbox pages of my User-namespace defeats the purpose, as this is an ''open'' project. Also that would not solve, as such, the problem of having to manually create thousands of pages. I wonder, does ''Wikiversity'' support creation of pages using its API. ''Mediawiki's'' [[mw:API:Main_page|API-description]] seems to imply that it ought to be possible. If that's the case, I should be able to create a Python-script which automatically creates the pages (of course, a few trial pages first). ::* '''(Technical) Structure''': You may be right, here. RICH-2K is, for now, merely a technical name to make a clear but not too verbose distinction between the original text and the current project. I'll give this more thought. ::* '''External links''': I brought this up mainly because when I first edited my ''Wikiversity''-page, I got a message that I was not allowed to create external links. However, I just now tested creating an external link on my user-page and got no error, so this problem seems to be solved. ::* '''Categories''': I think I know what you mean. I'll create a category structure and maybe ask some specific questions once I am ready to do so. ::Thank you for your quick help. [[User:CalRis25|CalRis25]] ([[User talk:CalRis25|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/CalRis25|contribs]]) 18:51, 20 September 2024 (UTC) :::re: upload, I'm just suggesting your sandbox(es) as you asked about "a test-environment". Anyone can edit someone else's sandboxes, but you typically defer to other users to control what's in their own subpages as a collegial thing. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''vf</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 22:39, 23 September 2024 (UTC) Hello! I have two further questions: # I created a category-structure for the project. Could you (or someone else) have a look at it ([[User:CalRis25/RICH: Categories]]) and answer the questions in the section [[User:CalRis25/RICH:_Categories#Questions|Questions]]? I gave it some thought and believe that this would work fine for the project. # ''Project boxes'' (see [[Help:Tour of project boxes]]): It is unclear to me, whether these belong only on the main page of the project (that makes the most sense to me), or on every single subpage. Thanks in advance for your help. [[User:CalRis25|CalRis25]] ([[User talk:CalRis25|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/CalRis25|contribs]]) 17:51, 24 September 2024 (UTC) :To answer your questions here: :*No, you are not contravening any policies we have. :*A leading "The" is acceptable, but if you want it to sort alphabetically, you will have to use <nowiki>{{DEFAULTSORT:}}</nowiki>. E.g. to get Category:The Best Stuff to sort under "B", insert "<nowiki>{{DEFAULTSORT:Best Stuff, The}}</nowiki>. :*Trailing "etc." is acceptable. :*An accent in a category title is acceptable. :I'll also note that it looks like you have in mind some tracking categories that are redundant. Pages such as [[Special:LonelyPages]] and [[Special:DeadendPages]] already do automatically what you're proposing to do manually. :As for project boxes, it's typically the case that the subjects are only placed on the main resource, but as you may imagine, [[Help:Tour of project boxes/1|status completion ones]] may vary from subpage to subpage. As with most things at Wikiversity, there are very few actual rules, so it's pretty much the wild west, even tho this project has been around for almost 20&nbsp;years. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''vf</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 09:18, 25 September 2024 (UTC) ::Hello Justin, thanks for the DEFAULTSORT-hint for categories beginning with ''The''. I will restrict the project boxes to the main page. As for the the orphaned/dead-end-categories, I prefer these to be project-specific. Once the project is up and running, putting articles "on the map" (making them accessible from other articles and creating links to other articles) is one of the first tasks to be dealt with. I already know which articles are involved and will add these categories to these articles. [[User:CalRis25|CalRis25]] ([[User talk:CalRis25|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/CalRis25|contribs]]) 16:51, 25 September 2024 (UTC) == Your wiki will be in read-only soon == <section begin="server-switch"/><div class="plainlinks"> [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|Read this message in another language]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Tech%2FServer+switch&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}] The [[foundation:|Wikimedia Foundation]] will switch the traffic between its data centers. This will make sure that Wikipedia and the other Wikimedia wikis can stay online even after a disaster. All traffic will switch on '''{{#time:j xg|2024-09-25|en}}'''. The switch will start at '''[https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/{{#time:U|2024-09-25T15:00|en}} {{#time:H:i e|2024-09-25T15:00}}]'''. Unfortunately, because of some limitations in [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:What is MediaWiki?|MediaWiki]], all editing must stop while the switch is made. We apologize for this disruption, and we are working to minimize it in the future. A banner will be displayed on all wikis 30 minutes before this operation happens. This banner will remain visible until the end of the operation. '''You will be able to read, but not edit, all wikis for a short period of time.''' *You will not be able to edit for up to an hour on {{#time:l j xg Y|2024-09-25|en}}. *If you try to edit or save during these times, you will see an error message. We hope that no edits will be lost during these minutes, but we can't guarantee it. If you see the error message, then please wait until everything is back to normal. Then you should be able to save your edit. But, we recommend that you make a copy of your changes first, just in case. ''Other effects'': *Background jobs will be slower and some may be dropped. Red links might not be updated as quickly as normal. If you create an article that is already linked somewhere else, the link will stay red longer than usual. Some long-running scripts will have to be stopped. * We expect the code deployments to happen as any other week. However, some case-by-case code freezes could punctually happen if the operation require them afterwards. * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/GitLab|GitLab]] will be unavailable for about 90 minutes. This project may be postponed if necessary. You can [[wikitech:Switch_Datacenter|read the schedule at wikitech.wikimedia.org]]. Any changes will be announced in the schedule. '''Please share this information with your community.'''</div><section end="server-switch"/> [[User:Trizek_(WMF)|Trizek_(WMF)]], 09:37, 20 September 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Non-Technical_Village_Pumps_distribution_list&oldid=27248326 --> == 'Wikidata item' link is moving. Find out where... == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"><i>Apologies for cross-posting in English. Please consider translating this message.</i>{{tracked|T66315}} Hello everyone, a small change will soon be coming to the user-interface of your Wikimedia project. The [[d:Q16222597|Wikidata item]] [[w:|sitelink]] currently found under the <span style="color: #54595d;"><u>''General''</u></span> section of the '''Tools''' sidebar menu will move into the <span style="color: #54595d;"><u>''In Other Projects''</u></span> section. We would like the Wiki communities feedback so please let us know or ask questions on the [[m:Talk:Wikidata_For_Wikimedia_Projects/Projects/Move_Wikidata_item_link|Discussion page]] before we enable the change which can take place October 4 2024, circa 15:00 UTC+2. More information can be found on [[m:Wikidata_For_Wikimedia_Projects/Projects/Move_Wikidata_item_link|the project page]].<br><br>We welcome your feedback and questions.<br> [[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 18:56, 27 September 2024 (UTC) </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Danny Benjafield (WMDE)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Danny_Benjafield_(WMDE)/MassMessage_Test_List&oldid=27524260 --> ==Download as PDF== [[Phabricator:T376438]]: "Download to PDF" on en.wv is returning error: "{"name":"HTTPError","message":"500","status":500,"detail":"Internal Server Error"}" -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - <small>[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]</small> 22:36, 3 October 2024 (UTC) :I just downloaded this page as a PDF and it worked just fine. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''vf</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 23:04, 3 October 2024 (UTC) == Protected template bug for Pp == It seems that templates derivative of {{tlx|Pp}} (compiled in {{tlx|Protection templates}}) are being sorted into protection categories using the name 'Wikipedia' instead of 'Wikiversity' (e.g., [[:Category:Wikipedia pages with incorrect protection templates]]). From what I can tell, it is not in the publicly accessible source code of any of the templates. The only other impacted pages are modules which call {{tlx|pp}}-derivatives (e.g., [[Module:Navbar/styles.css]]). This does not seem to affect any other pages in [[:Category:Wikiversity protected templates]]. [[User:Tule-hog|Tule-hog]] ([[User talk:Tule-hog|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Tule-hog|contribs]]) 18:59, 4 October 2024 (UTC) :The problem is that "Wikipedia" is [https://en.wikiversity.org/w/index.php?title=Special%3ASearch&limit=500&offset=0&ns828=1&search=Wikipedia&searchToken=9svkpqlxxoquoq7bnkt55ugts mentioned in several modules that were copied over from en.wp]; many of these are legit and many of them need to be replaced with "Wikiversity" ([https://en.wikiversity.org/w/index.php?title=Module%3APp-move-indef&diff=2662815&oldid=1944984 e.g.]) This particular change ''may'' fix all of these issues...? But 1.) it will take time to propagate across the site and 2.) there are still many more "Wikipedia"s that need to be changed, so I'll go thru a few more, but if you want to give me an assist, if you can just check this one week from now and ping me if the problem persists, that would be nice. Sometimes, I make calendar reminders to follow up on these, but I'm not a perfect person. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''vf</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 04:55, 5 October 2024 (UTC) == Invitation to Participate in Wiki Loves Ramadan Community Engagement Survey == Dear all, We are excited to announce the upcoming [[m:Wiki Loves Ramadan|Wiki Loves Ramadan]] event, a global initiative aimed at celebrating Ramadan by enriching Wikipedia and its sister projects with content related to this significant time of year. As we plan to organize this event globally, your insights and experiences are crucial in shaping the best possible participation experience for the community. To ensure that Wiki Loves Ramadan is engaging, inclusive, and impactful, we kindly invite you to participate in our community engagement survey. Your feedback will help us understand the needs of the community, set the event's focus, and guide our strategies for organizing this global event. Survey link: https://forms.gle/f66MuzjcPpwzVymu5 Please take a few minutes to share your thoughts. Your input will make a difference! Thank you for being a part of our journey to make Wiki Loves Ramadan a success. Warm regards, User:ZI Jony 03:19, 6 October 2024 (UTC) Wiki Loves Ramadan Organizing Team <!-- Message sent by User:ZI Jony@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Non-Technical_Village_Pumps_distribution_list&oldid=27510935 --> == 'Edit to my talk page' notification bug? == This may belong at the bug tracker, but does anyone else have an issue disabling ''email'' notifications upon an 'Edit to my talk page' in [[Special:GlobalPreferences]]? Oddly I ''am'' able to disable the global preference on Wikipedia, MediaWiki, etc, but not here. [[User:Tule-hog|Tule-hog]] ([[User talk:Tule-hog|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Tule-hog|contribs]]) 09:23, 7 October 2024 (UTC) :I have not experienced this, but to be clear, do you also have the option to get emails when items on your talk page are edited turned on? —[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''vf</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 09:39, 7 October 2024 (UTC) ::The only (non-grayed out) options I have enabled for email are 'Failed login attempts' and 'Login from an unfamiliar device'. 'Edit to my talk page' re-checks after every save. [[User:Tule-hog|Tule-hog]] ([[User talk:Tule-hog|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Tule-hog|contribs]]) 09:54, 7 October 2024 (UTC) :::That does sound like a [[phab:]] issue, with the caveat that I don't 100% recall how global preferences work and if they override local ones, etc. If you have parsed that and still have this issue, you'll probably need to file a ticket. Maybe someone else has this issue. Wish I could help. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''vf</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 09:57, 7 October 2024 (UTC) ::::[[phab:T376601|Off 'n away]] 🫡 [[User:Tule-hog|Tule-hog]] ([[User talk:Tule-hog|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Tule-hog|contribs]]) 10:35, 7 October 2024 (UTC) == [[Portal:Computer Science]] ➝ [[Portal:Information sciences]] == Seeking consensus to complete the merge into the broader portal. [[User:Tule-hog|Tule-hog]] ([[User talk:Tule-hog|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Tule-hog|contribs]]) 06:28, 8 October 2024 (UTC) :Why should it be merged? Computer Science seems well-enough designed. What is the incentive to collapse it into a broader field of study? —[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''vf</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 07:18, 8 October 2024 (UTC) ::Portals as top level organizations allowing for content to be best centralized. Also note that I did not start the merge, just offering to finish it. Perhaps a {{tlx|prod}} instead? [[User:Tule-hog|Tule-hog]] ([[User talk:Tule-hog|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Tule-hog|contribs]]) 07:20, 8 October 2024 (UTC) :::I have no objections, personally. If it gets done, please use a redirect and should someone want to come along to resurrect it later, it will be easier. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''vf</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 07:21, 8 October 2024 (UTC) : Is computer science really a branch of information sciences? I would not think so, but what do I know. Do we have some external resources/links confirm this idea? [[W:Information science]] currently says: "Information science, documentology[1] or informatology[2][3] is an academic field which is primarily concerned with analysis, collection, classification, manipulation, storage, retrieval, movement, dissemination, and protection of information." --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 14:49, 11 October 2024 (UTC) ::Looking through [https://stackoverflow.com/q/1047014/22673230] [https://businessdegrees.uab.edu/mis-degree-bachelors/resources/computer-information-systems-vs-computer-science/] [https://www.si.umich.edu/student-experience/what-information-science] a few top (not necessarily RS) searches I'm inclined to agree. I am more familiar with the grafted [[:w:Information and computer science|information ''and'' computer science]] which makes an effort to merge the disciplines, but it does not seem like reaching to say that IS is presented as more applications-concerned (certainly with no lack of theoretical abstraction), whereas CS can be more freely associated with any and all 'science related to computers'. It is easy to reason about the connection between the fields, but I think it is clear academia maintains this taxonomy for a good reason. ::With these considerations, I think I will ''stop'' the process of merging in favor of expanding the existing [[School:Library and Information Science]]. ::Let me know if there is not consensus to redirect [[Portal:Information sciences]] to [[School:Library and Information Science]] (with enough expansion it can generalize away from just library sciences). [[User:Tule-hog|Tule-hog]] ([[User talk:Tule-hog|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Tule-hog|contribs]]) 16:16, 11 October 2024 (UTC) ::: I do not see that a merge of a ''portal'' to a ''school'' is a good thing. Do you have a clear idea of the concepts of school and portal and how they relate to each other? --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 16:34, 11 October 2024 (UTC) ::::Found [[:Category:Information sciences]]; there are enough existing resources in there to make my other proposed merge excessive. I will simply continue developing the existing [[Portal:Information sciences]] instead. [[User:Tule-hog|Tule-hog]] ([[User talk:Tule-hog|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Tule-hog|contribs]]) 17:05, 11 October 2024 (UTC) ::::: Frankly, I would ideally see [[Portal:Information sciences]] deleted: I don't see what it does that a category would not do well enough. There does not seem to be any material specific to "Information sciences" (whatever that is) in that portal at all. --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 17:11, 11 October 2024 (UTC) ::::::Tacked a {{tlx|prod}} for an eventual deletion, but I may still try to develop it as proof of concept at some point. [[User:Tule-hog|Tule-hog]] ([[User talk:Tule-hog|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Tule-hog|contribs]]) 17:33, 11 October 2024 (UTC) == [[:Category:Occupational Epidemiology]] == I propose moving the pages in this category (without leaving redirects) to their equivalent under the parent resource [[Occupational Health Risk Surveillance]]. Also due to the number of subpages, it seems <code>|filing=deep</code> would be a justified. (Also [[Special:PrefixIndex/Occupational_Epidemiology|there are quite a few]] untagged subpages.) [[User:Tule-hog|Tule-hog]] ([[User talk:Tule-hog|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Tule-hog|contribs]]) 05:11, 9 October 2024 (UTC) : I above all think that the content should be ''moved out of the mainspace'': I do not see readers learning anything from e.g. [[Occupational Epidemiology/Research tools/Reading of scientific articles for learning epidemiology and biostatstics]] or [[Occupational Epidemiology/Research tools/Ongoing projects/Risk Communication in Seafaring/Writing the article guideline IMRAD]]. Wikiversity can be kind enough to host that material in, say, subspace of [[User:Saltrabook]], but more should not be asked, I think. Let us recall that per [[WV:Deletions]], "Resources may be eligible for proposed deletion when education objectives and learning outcomes are scarce, and objections to deletion are unlikely"; I do not see how learning outcomes can be anything but scarce. --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 15:04, 11 October 2024 (UTC) ::thank you, agree @ [[User:Saltrabook|Saltrabook]] ([[User talk:Saltrabook|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Saltrabook|contribs]]) 21:03, 13 November 2024 (UTC) == Active editors == It is interesting to observe the stats on [https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikiversity.org/contributing/active-editors/normal|line|all|(page_type)~content*non-content|monthly active editors] through the project's history. October is our month! [[User:Tule-hog|Tule-hog]] ([[User talk:Tule-hog|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Tule-hog|contribs]]) 20:44, 8 October 2024 (UTC) :Odd. Maybe related to the school year? —[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''vf</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 02:10, 9 October 2024 (UTC) ::I wonder how many are [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]]'s crowd... the number is in the hundreds though, so that is one chunky cohort —[[User:Tule-hog|Tule-hog]] ([[User talk:Tule-hog|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Tule-hog|contribs]]) 02:16, 9 October 2024 (UTC) :::Yes, [[Motivation and emotion/Book]] involves ~100-150 students editing most intensely during October each year. -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - <small>[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]</small> 02:20, 9 October 2024 (UTC) ::::Neat, that still leaves around ~50-100 other students from other avenues each year since 2021. I also wonder which projects were involved in the COVID enrollment spike. [[User:Tule-hog|Tule-hog]] ([[User talk:Tule-hog|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Tule-hog|contribs]]) 02:26, 9 October 2024 (UTC) :::::Personally I can admit that my editing is much more active during the school season vs. the summer break, so I'm in the same boat as Jtneill's students. —[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] [[User talk:Atcovi|(Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Atcovi|Contribs)]] 21:24, 13 November 2024 (UTC) == Intentionally incorrect resource == There is a [[Special:Diff/2583464|disclaimer inserted onto a resource]] (by not the original author) that: <blockquote>I am merely [making this page false] to show you (The viewer) that Wikipedia and this page 'Wikiversity' is bull sh*t and it will not give you the reliability you need when writing an academic piece of writing.</blockquote> However, that IP has [[Special:Contributions/86.22.73.151|not made any other edits]], so unless they vandalized via a sock, the intent went un-realized and only that portion need be removed. Bumping here in case there is some obvious jumbo in that essay that someone else can catch. [[User:Tule-hog|Tule-hog]] ([[User talk:Tule-hog|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Tule-hog|contribs]]) 16:58, 9 October 2024 (UTC) :Removed that portion, which was obviously vandalism. No perspective on the rest of the essay. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''vf</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 18:38, 9 October 2024 (UTC) == [[:Category:Proposed guidelines]] == Noting for future editors that WV has collapsed all proposals into [[:Category:Proposed policies|proposed policies]]. Seeking consensus to further collapse [[:Category:Wikiversity proposals]] into the former, or to restore [[:Category:Proposed guidelines]]. [[User:Tule-hog|Tule-hog]] ([[User talk:Tule-hog|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Tule-hog|contribs]]) 19:19, 9 October 2024 (UTC) == [[Around Wikiversity in 80 Seconds|Broken 80-second tour]] == Bumping a [[Talk:Around_Wikiversity_in_80_Seconds|comment]] on the ''Wikiversity in 80 seconds'' tour. Appears wikisuite is not working with the Vector 2022 appearance. Also see [[:w:Wikipedia:Miscellany_for_deletion/Wikiversuite_pages|this thread]] on the Wikiversal package - may not be relevant to Wikiversity, but FYC. [[User:Tule-hog|Tule-hog]] ([[User talk:Tule-hog|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Tule-hog|contribs]]) 00:26, 10 October 2024 (UTC) : I would just delete the material; I do not see value in it. If others agree, I would try to articulate why I think it should be deleted (or move to author user space). --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 06:57, 13 October 2024 (UTC) ::Just mark as {{tl|historical}}. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''vf</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 17:39, 13 October 2024 (UTC) ::: This thing was created by [[User:Planotse]]. His creations are now being discussed in Wikibooks for deletion: [[B:Wikibooks:Requests for deletion#Wikiversal generated pages]]. It seems he used some kind of tool that is no longer available (the above mentioned "Wikiversal" package) to create this kind of slideshow-like material (believing the Wikibooks discussion). I do not see value of this in the mainspace, not even as historical (I am okay with userspace, but maybe even that is not the best option?). A look at the source code of [[Around Wikiversity in 80 Seconds/Introduction]] confirms the words of Omphalographer, namely that "the HTML-heavy markup generated by Wikiversal makes them [the pages] unreasonably difficult to edit." ::: I went ahead and marked the page for proposed deletion. --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 09:35, 14 October 2024 (UTC) == Preliminary results of the 2024 Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees elections == <section begin="announcement-content" /> Hello all, Thank you to everyone who participated in the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2024|2024 Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees election]]. Close to 6000 community members from more than 180 wiki projects have voted. The following four candidates were the most voted: # [[User:Kritzolina|Christel Steigenberger]] # [[User:Nadzik|Maciej Artur Nadzikiewicz]] # [[User:Victoria|Victoria Doronina]] # [[User:Laurentius|Lorenzo Losa]] While these candidates have been ranked through the vote, they still need to be appointed to the Board of Trustees. They need to pass a successful background check and meet the qualifications outlined in the Bylaws. New trustees will be appointed at the next Board meeting in December 2024. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Foundation_elections/2024/Results|Learn more about the results on Meta-Wiki.]] Best regards, The Elections Committee and Board Selection Working Group <section end="announcement-content" /> [[User:MPossoupe_(WMF)|MPossoupe_(WMF)]] 08:26, 14 October 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:MPossoupe (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=27183190 --> == Seeking volunteers to join several of the movement’s committees == <section begin="announcement-content" /> Each year, typically from October through December, several of the movement’s committees seek new volunteers. Read more about the committees on their Meta-wiki pages: * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations_Committee|Affiliations Committee (AffCom)]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Ombuds_commission|Ombuds commission (OC)]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation/Legal/Community Resilience and Sustainability/Trust and Safety/Case Review Committee|Case Review Committee (CRC)]] Applications for the committees open on 16 October 2024. Applications for the Affiliations Committee close on 18 November 2024, and applications for the Ombuds commission and the Case Review Committee close on 2 December 2024. Learn how to apply by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Foundation/Legal/Committee_appointments|visiting the appointment page on Meta-wiki]]. Post to the talk page or email [mailto:cst@wikimedia.org cst@wikimedia.org] with any questions you may have. For the Committee Support team, <section end="announcement-content" /> -- [[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User talk:Keegan (WMF)|talk]]) 23:09, 16 October 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Keegan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=27601062 --> == Interactive elements == Can we use interactive elements on Wikiversity? I'd like to add JavaScript to a page. If it's not possible now, where can I suggest this feature? I have a safe integration idea. [[User:Отец Никифор|Отец Никифор]] ([[User talk:Отец Никифор|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Отец Никифор|contribs]]) 12:10, 17 October 2024 (UTC) : This is beyond my technical knowledge, but have you checked out: :* https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Manual:Interface/JavaScript? :* [[Wikipedia:WikiProject JavaScript]] :* [[MediaWiki:Common.js]] :What sort of interactive elements are you thinking about? : Sincerely, James -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - <small>[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]</small> 03:39, 18 October 2024 (UTC) ::I was thinking about adding something like a graph with adjustable controls, where users can interact with it and see how different changes affect the outcome. It seems like this could be a useful feature. There might already be discussions about enhancing Wikiversity or similar platforms—perhaps on a relevant talk page or in a Discord group. Do you know where such discussions might be happening? [[User:Отец Никифор|Отец Никифор]] ([[User talk:Отец Никифор|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Отец Никифор|contribs]]) 19:47, 18 October 2024 (UTC) :::From a quick look, maybe check out: :::* [[mw:Extension:Graph]] :::* [[phab:tag/graphs]] :::-- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - <small>[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]</small> 22:40, 18 October 2024 (UTC) :::: mw:Extension:Graph is currently disabled on Wikipedia etc. wikis, for security reasons, and seems unlikely to be enabled again. --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 09:30, 19 October 2024 (UTC) == An unexplained spurt of Wikiversity page views == The [https://pageviews.wmcloud.org/siteviews/?platform=all-access&source=pageviews&agent=user&start=2024-06-01&end=2024-10-18&sites=en.wikiversity.org|en.wikibooks.org|en.wikiquote.org|en.wikisource.org page view report] shows an unexplained spurt of Wikiversity page views, reaching over 4 times the baseline and then falling back again. Does anyone have any idea what is going on? --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 08:01, 19 October 2024 (UTC) :Interesting. I wonder why only the English wikiquote and wikiversity and not Wikisource or wikibooks? How reliable do you think those stats are? [[User:Ottawahitech|Ottawahitech]] ([[User talk:Ottawahitech|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Ottawahitech|contribs]]) 15:44, 8 December 2024 (UTC) == Center tempate failed on a contributors phone... == See the edit comment here - https://en.wikiversity.org/w/index.php?title=Wikiphilosophers&diff=prev&oldid=2673962. I'm puzzled as this is the first failure of this, I've noted recently. [[User:ShakespeareFan00|ShakespeareFan00]] ([[User talk:ShakespeareFan00|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/ShakespeareFan00|contribs]]) 08:45, 19 October 2024 (UTC) == Essay-like page in user space that makes little sense and seems incoherent == The page [[User:TheoYalur/Illusions]] seems to match the description, at least by my assessment. My understanding is that since the page is only in user space and not in the mainspace, it can stay there even if it has those disqualifying qualities. But if I am wrong and the page belongs deleted, please correct me and let me know. I do not know which policy or guideline, if any, guides the case. --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 12:30, 21 October 2024 (UTC) == 'Wikidata item' link is moving, finally. == Hello everyone, I previously wrote on the 27th September to advise that the ''Wikidata item'' sitelink will change places in the sidebar menu, moving from the '''General''' section into the '''In Other Projects''' section. The scheduled rollout date of 04.10.2024 was delayed due to a necessary request for Mobile/MinervaNeue skin. I am happy to inform that the global rollout can now proceed and will occur later today, 22.10.2024 at 15:00 UTC-2. [[m:Talk:Wikidata_For_Wikimedia_Projects/Projects/Move_Wikidata_item_link|Please let us know]] if you notice any problems or bugs after this change. There should be no need for null-edits or purging cache for the changes to occur. Kind regards, -[[m:User:Danny Benjafield (WMDE)|Danny Benjafield (WMDE)]] 11:28, 22 October 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Danny Benjafield (WMDE)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Danny_Benjafield_(WMDE)/MassMessage_Test_List&oldid=27535421 --> :Hi @[[User:Danny Benjafield (WMDE)|Danny Benjafield (WMDE)]]: I Just noticed your post above, and it is timely. :I have been participating in the English WikiUniversity for a few years, much less often recently. I seems like something in the way the site displays is different, but I cannot put my finger on it. Your posting gave me a clue. Can you please tell me where the link to wikidata items has moved to? [[User:Ottawahitech|Ottawahitech]] ([[User talk:Ottawahitech|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Ottawahitech|contribs]]) 17:23, 11 December 2024 (UTC) == Final Reminder: Join us in Making Wiki Loves Ramadan Success == Dear all, We’re thrilled to announce the Wiki Loves Ramadan event, a global initiative to celebrate Ramadan by enhancing Wikipedia and its sister projects with valuable content related to this special time of year. As we organize this event globally, we need your valuable input to make it a memorable experience for the community. Last Call to Participate in Our Survey: To ensure that Wiki Loves Ramadan is inclusive and impactful, we kindly request you to complete our community engagement survey. Your feedback will shape the event’s focus and guide our organizing strategies to better meet community needs. * Survey Link: [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSffN4prPtR5DRSq9nH-t1z8hG3jZFBbySrv32YoxV8KbTwxig/viewform?usp=sf_link Complete the Survey] * Deadline: November 10, 2024 Please take a few minutes to share your thoughts. Your input will truly make a difference! '''Volunteer Opportunity''': Join the Wiki Loves Ramadan Team! We’re seeking dedicated volunteers for key team roles essential to the success of this initiative. If you’re interested in volunteer roles, we invite you to apply. * Application Link: [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSfXiox_eEDH4yJ0gxVBgtL7jPe41TINAWYtpNp1JHSk8zhdgw/viewform?usp=sf_link Apply Here] * Application Deadline: October 31, 2024 Explore Open Positions: For a detailed list of roles and their responsibilities, please refer to the position descriptions here: [https://docs.google.com/document/d/1oy0_tilC6kow5GGf6cEuFvdFpekcubCqJlaxkxh-jT4/ Position Descriptions] Thank you for being part of this journey. We look forward to working together to make Wiki Loves Ramadan a success! Warm regards,<br> The Wiki Loves Ramadan Organizing Team 05:11, 29 October 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:ZI Jony@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Non-Technical_Village_Pumps_distribution_list&oldid=27568454 --> == Android app for Wikiversity == Hi, is there an Android app for Wikiversity? How does it work? I have been advised that there is no infrastructure for push notifications for Android apps for sister wikis and I would be interested to know more. Related: [[:phab:T378545]]. Thanks! [[User:Gryllida|Gryllida]] 23:15, 29 October 2024 (UTC) :Thanks for suggesting this - I agree that it would be useful. -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - <small>[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]</small> 00:56, 31 October 2024 (UTC) :@[[User:Gryllida|Gryllida]]: Would you explain your terminology for those of us not in the know. What does ''push notifications'' mean? I use [[notifications]] when I am communicating onwikimediaprojects, but have never heard this term before. [[User:Ottawahitech|Ottawahitech]] ([[User talk:Ottawahitech|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Ottawahitech|contribs]]) 17:13, 11 December 2024 (UTC) à == Import Resource From Wikibooks? == Hello! [[wikibooks:Character_List_for_Baxter&Sagart|Character List for Baxter&Sagart]] and related titles [[wikibooks:Wikibooks:Requests_for_deletion#Character_List_for_Baxter&Sagart|are up for deletion at Wikibooks]] because WB policy does not allow dictionaries like them. However, because they are useful as learning tools, I am wondering if they might have a home here at Wikiversity. Pinging @[[User:Tibetologist|Tibetologist]] here to link them in to this discussion, since they are the affected user. Thank you! —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 18:18, 1 November 2024 (UTC) :Sure, I can do it. That said, as mentioned there, it does seem like something like this is ideally suited for Wiktionary in the Appendix namespace, but I'm not very familiar with CJK characters and languages. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''vf</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 22:23, 3 November 2024 (UTC) ::Oh man, these pages are too big to import and while I've already tried a half-dozen times, it will constantly fail. Strictly speaking, we don't have to use the import feature for licensing purposes. We can just copy and paste the contents and list the usernames or on the talk page. I think that's the solution. {{Ping|Tibetologist}}, are you interested in doing that? If you just copied and pasted these pages and then added [[:Category:Chinese]] and maybe include a couple of links to the pages, that would probably be ideal. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''vf</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 22:31, 3 November 2024 (UTC) == Language translation requests? == Is there anywhere on Wikiversity to request translation, for example, requesting Latin or French translation? I would be asking from the context as a student, so I would be interested in translation explanation as well. [[User:Indexcard88|Indexcard88]] ([[User talk:Indexcard88|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Indexcard88|contribs]]) 04:56, 20 November 2024 (UTC) == Sign up for the language community meeting on November 29th, 16:00 UTC == Hello everyone, The next language community meeting is coming up next week, on November 29th, at 16:00 UTC (Zonestamp! For your timezone <https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1732896000>). If you're interested in joining, you can sign up on this wiki page: <https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Language_and_Product_Localization/Community_meetings#29_November_2024>. This participant-driven meeting will be organized by the Wikimedia Foundation’s Language Product Localization team and the Language Diversity Hub. There will be presentations on topics like developing language keyboards, the creation of the Moore Wikipedia, and the language support track at Wiki Indaba. We will also have members from the Wayuunaiki community joining us to share their experiences with the Incubator and as a new community within our movement. This meeting will have a Spanish interpretation. Looking forward to seeing you at the language community meeting! Cheers, [[User:SSethi (WMF)|Srishti]] 19:55, 21 November 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:SSethi (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=27746256 --> == Events on Wikiversity == Since Wikipedia and Wikivoyage are having their "Asian Month" editathon, I was thinking if we could start up a Wikiversity version of that. This would be an "Asian Month" as well, but it would be about creating resources based on Asia and its culture. [[User:RockTransport|RockTransport]] ([[User talk:RockTransport|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/RockTransport|contribs]]) 17:57, 6 December 2024 (UTC) :Not immediately opposed, but the question is, do we have an active enough community to facilitate this? —[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] [[User talk:Atcovi|(Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Atcovi|Contribs)]] 19:31, 6 December 2024 (UTC) ::I'm not too sure. As long as we get enough traffic, this could happen. [[User:RockTransport|RockTransport]] ([[User talk:RockTransport|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/RockTransport|contribs]]) 08:45, 7 December 2024 (UTC) :::This is to increase traffic on Wikiversity, which is promoted amongst other communities. [[User:RockTransport|RockTransport]] ([[User talk:RockTransport|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/RockTransport|contribs]]) 10:47, 7 December 2024 (UTC) :Hi @[[User:RockTransport|RockTransport]], This is a good idea, but will it also involve users who are not "professors and scientists". Just curious. cheers, [[User:Ottawahitech|Ottawahitech]] ([[User talk:Ottawahitech|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Ottawahitech|contribs]]) 16:30, 9 December 2024 (UTC) ::Yes, considering the fact that Wikiversity is for everyone, and not just for specific users. [[User:RockTransport|RockTransport]] ([[User talk:RockTransport|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/RockTransport|contribs]]) 09:09, 10 December 2024 (UTC) :::because I'm personally not a "professor" or a "scientist" and because '''anyone''' can create resources on Wikiversity. We want to make Wikiversity open for everyone, and not just for certain users. [[User:RockTransport|RockTransport]] ([[User talk:RockTransport|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/RockTransport|contribs]]) 09:10, 10 December 2024 (UTC) == Wikiversity - Newsletters == Hello All, I wanted to create a newsletter on Wikiversity, which would highlight what is going on in certain months and events on Wikiversity; which would bolster engagement by many people. This would be on the website and would have its dedicated 'Newsletter' tab. I hope you acknowledge this idea. [[User:RockTransport|RockTransport]] ([[User talk:RockTransport|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/RockTransport|contribs]]) 21:05, 8 December 2024 (UTC) :@[[User:RockTransport|RockTransport]], What sort of things do you plan to include in your newsletter? Will they be different than what is currently in [[Main Page/News]]? Just curious. :I am also wondering about your motive which I think is: to bolster engagement by many people. I am asking because I wonder if others who are currently active here also think this I is desirable? Have you asked them? [[User:Ottawahitech|Ottawahitech]] ([[User talk:Ottawahitech|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Ottawahitech|contribs]]) 17:34, 11 December 2024 (UTC) ::Not yet, which was why I was asking this on the colloquium. I plan to include things that many people have created on Wikiversity over the month, as it is a monthly newsletter. It would be somewhere on the website here. It will be more frequent that the ones seen on [[Main Page/News]]. We will include people's resources to essentially promote them. [[User:RockTransport|RockTransport]] ([[User talk:RockTransport|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/RockTransport|contribs]]) 06:50, 12 December 2024 (UTC) k5yhj23zz8gboz9sa57hyg8x30o0kn4 2691596 2691571 2024-12-12T09:24:22Z Danny Benjafield (WMDE) 2970019 /* 'Wikidata item' link is moving, finally. */ Reply 2691596 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Wikiversity:Colloquium/Header}} <!-- MESSAGES GO BELOW --> == Reminder! Vote closing soon to fill vacancies of the first U4C == <section begin="announcement-content" /> :''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2024 Special Election/Announcement – reminder to vote|You can find this message translated into additional languages on Meta-wiki.]] [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-{{urlencode:Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2024 Special Election/Announcement – reminder to vote}}&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}]'' Dear all, The voting period for the Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee (U4C) is closing soon. It is open through 10 August 2024. Read the information on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Election/2024_Special_Election#Voting|the voting page on Meta-wiki to learn more about voting and voter eligibility]]. If you are eligible to vote and have not voted in this special election, it is important that you vote now. '''Why should you vote?''' The U4C is a global group dedicated to providing an equitable and consistent implementation of the UCoC. Community input into the committee membership is critical to the success of the UCoC. Please share this message with members of your community so they can participate as well. In cooperation with the U4C,<section end="announcement-content" /> -- [[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User talk:Keegan (WMF)|talk]]) 15:30, 6 August 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Keegan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=27183190 --> == User group for Wikiversians == Was there ever a discussion about the possibility of establishing a user group in the sense of an affiliated organization that would defend the interests of professors and scientists on Wikiversity and possibly actively develop some projects? [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 20:21, 8 August 2024 (UTC) :Not that I'm aware of. -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - <small>[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]</small> 23:20, 8 August 2024 (UTC) :It's a pleasure to talk to a scientist on Wikiversity. I am a historian of technics and I would like to publish the following biography either on Wikiversity or on Wikipedia: :https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:Rbmn/Arthur_Constantin_KREBS_(1850-1935):_Military_engineer,_Automotive_industrialist,_Great_projects_manager :What would be your advice? [[User:Rbmn|Rbmn]] ([[User talk:Rbmn|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Rbmn|contribs]]) 15:44, 6 October 2024 (UTC) ::The content appears to be largely biographical/encyclopedic, so I think it is likely best suited to Wikipedia. Consider improving/incorporating this content into the existing page: [[w:Arthur Constantin Krebs]]. -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - <small>[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]</small> 00:05, 7 October 2024 (UTC) ::Please do not link to the Wikiversity [[wv:userspace|Userspace]] in Wikipedia articles. You will want to wait until you have a page in the [[wv:mainspace|Wikiversity mainspace]]. You'll also want to use the <code>{{[[:w:Template:Wikiversity|Wikiversity]]}}</code> template (on Wikipedia) rather than embedding a photo with a link. [[User:Tule-hog|Tule-hog]] ([[User talk:Tule-hog|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Tule-hog|contribs]]) 02:21, 7 October 2024 (UTC) :I haven't heard anything about this topic. [[User:RockTransport|RockTransport]] ([[User talk:RockTransport|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/RockTransport|contribs]]) 21:06, 8 December 2024 (UTC) == Rich's ''Illustrated Companion'' at Wikiversity: Right place? == Hello! I am creating a Wiki-version of a classical glossary (''Illustrated Companion to the Latin Dictionary, and Greek Lexicon'' by Anthony Rich, 1849), which explains the meaning of Latin headwords, primarily those "representing visible objects connected with the arts, manufactures, and every-day life of the Greeks and Romans." The aim is to help understand what a (classical) Latin text is actually about, instead of merely translating it. I already transcribed the entire text and scanned the images (about 1900) from an original 1849-edition. I am currently working on uploading the images to ''Mediawiki Commons'', which probably will take some time. In the meantime I want to prepare the other aspects of the project (more than 3000 articles, already with many internal links). The important thing: this is ''not'' a ''might exist''-project. {{Color|red|My question: Is ''Wikiversity'' the proper place for it?}} Although I created an exact rendition of the original text, ''Wikisource'' is not applicable, because the project has a broader scope (adding content to the articles, e. g. links to online editions for quotations, adding images, but also adding entirely new articles). Neither is ''Wikibooks'', because this is not a textbook and may otherwise breach its scope. For more about the project see [[w:User:CalRis25/Temp-RICH-Prospectus|my user-page]] at en.wikipedia. {{Color|Red|So, is Wikiversity the right place for it?}} [[User:CalRis25|CalRis25]] ([[User talk:CalRis25|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/CalRis25|contribs]]) 09:15, 17 August 2024 (UTC) :Thanks for asking. To be clear, it ''is'' acceptable to make [[:s:en:Category:Wikisource annotations|annotated editions]] of texts at Wikisource and Wikibooks does host at least one [[:b:en:Annotations of The Complete Peanuts|annotated guide to a copyright-protected work]]. So if what you're looking to do is to include inline annotations to a public domain text, you certainly can put that on Wikisource. If you have a textbook or guidebook that is a companion, that would go at Wikibooks. If you have some other kind of learning resources (like maintaining a list of relevant links, organizing a book reading group, etc.), that could go here. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''vf</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 09:26, 17 August 2024 (UTC) ::Thank you for your quick answer. Actually, ''Wikibooks'' was my first thought. However, this project is not merely an annotated edition. Although at first it ''will'' be a faithful copy of the original text, I want the project to be "open", i. e. adding articles should be possible. And the project should enable to do a lot more than mere inline annotation. See section [[w:User:CalRis25/Temp-RICH-Prospectus#Improving_RICH|Improving Rich]] in the project description a my user-page (en.Wikipedia). No ''Mediawiki''-project (Wikisource, Wikibooks, Wikipedia, Wiktionary) seemed to be a sufficiently applicable "fit" for the project, so I thought of Wikiversity as a last resort, because it is supposed to be home to all sorts of "learning resources". [[User:CalRis25|CalRis25]] ([[User talk:CalRis25|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/CalRis25|contribs]]) 09:57, 17 August 2024 (UTC) :::The scope of Wikiversity ''is'' pretty catch-all and would allow for a pretty flexible place to host most learning resources that don't fit elsewhere. :::Also, as nitpick, "MediaWiki" is the software that is the basis of these wikis (wikis being collections of interlinked documents that can be edited) and "Wikimedia Foundation" is the non-profit who owns the trademarks and hosts these projects like Wiktionary and Wikivoyage. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''vf</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 10:06, 17 August 2024 (UTC) ::::Hello Justin, thank you for the reply. '''I think that settles it. I will create this project at ''Wikiversity''.''' Just for additional clarification, why I do so. Let's imagine a full transcription of the original 1849-edition of the ''Illustrated Companion'' by Anthony Rich and call it ''RICH-1849''. We shall call my project, for brevity sake, RICH-2K. And now, let's have a look at the article about the Roman toga (a piece of attire). In ''RICH-1849'' we can can call it ''RICH-1849/Toga'', and it contains ''exactly'' the content of the 1849-book. Now, let's look at the article ''RICH-2K/Toga''. At the beginning its only content would be the article ''RICH-1849/Toga''. Does that make ''RICH-2K/Toga'' and ''RICH-1849/Toga'' the same? Not at all, because in truth ''RICH-2K/Toga'' is a "container" which initially contains only the article ''RICH-1849/Toga'' but later on may include more stuff: images, external links, article text which builds on or extends ''RICH-1849/Toga'' and information from other sources of information (Wikipedia, specialized books). By the way, this added article information would not be a mere copy of the text at en.Wikipedia, because the information needs to looked at through the eyes of someone reading the original text (more citations with direct links to these etc.). [[User:CalRis25|CalRis25]] ([[User talk:CalRis25|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/CalRis25|contribs]]) 11:39, 17 August 2024 (UTC) == Coming soon: A new sub-referencing feature – try it! == <section begin="Sub-referencing"/> [[File:Sub-referencing reuse visual.png|{{#ifeq:{{#dir}}|ltr|right|left}}|400px]] Hello. For many years, community members have requested an easy way to re-use references with different details. Now, a MediaWiki solution is coming: The new sub-referencing feature will work for wikitext and Visual Editor and will enhance the existing reference system. You can continue to use different ways of referencing, but you will probably encounter sub-references in articles written by other users. More information on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing|the project page]]. '''We want your feedback''' to make sure this feature works well for you: * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing#Test|Please try]] the current state of development on beta wiki and [[m:Talk:WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing|let us know what you think]]. * [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing/Sign-up|Sign up here]] to get updates and/or invites to participate in user research activities. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Deutschland|Wikimedia Deutschland]]’s [[m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes|Technical Wishes]] team is planning to bring this feature to Wikimedia wikis later this year. We will reach out to creators/maintainers of tools and templates related to references beforehand. Please help us spread the message. --[[m:User:Johannes Richter (WMDE)|Johannes Richter (WMDE)]] ([[m:User talk:Johannes Richter (WMDE)|talk]]) 10:36, 19 August 2024 (UTC) <section end="Sub-referencing"/> <!-- Message sent by User:Johannes Richter (WMDE)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Johannes_Richter_(WMDE)/Sub-referencing/massmessage_list&oldid=27309345 --> == New [[Template:Form]] == Hi! Today I was bold and created [[Template:Form]] (which calls [[Module:WikiForm]] and [[MediaWiki:Gadget-WikiForm.js]]). The template allows to create user-friendly forms that can create pages or add content to existing pages. My motivation and first use case was [[Wikidebate/New|this form]] to create new [[wikidebates]], but I suspect the template can be useful elsewhere on Wikiversity. Let me know if you notice any issues or have any requests or concerns. Kind regards, [[User:Sophivorus|Sophivorus]] ([[User talk:Sophivorus|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Sophivorus|contribs]]) 15:21, 21 August 2024 (UTC) == Sign up for the language community meeting on August 30th, 15:00 UTC == Hi all, The next language community meeting is scheduled in a few weeks—on August 30th at 15:00 UTC. If you're interested in joining, you can [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Language_and_Product_Localization/Community_meetings#30_August_2024 sign up on this wiki page]. This participant-driven meeting will focus on sharing language-specific updates related to various projects, discussing technical issues related to language wikis, and working together to find possible solutions. For example, in the last meeting, topics included the Language Converter, the state of language research, updates on the Incubator conversations, and technical challenges around external links not working with special characters on Bengali sites. Do you have any ideas for topics to share technical updates or discuss challenges? Please add agenda items to the document [https://etherpad.wikimedia.org/p/language-community-meeting-aug-2024 here] and reach out to ssethi(__AT__)wikimedia.org. We look forward to your participation! [[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 23:20, 22 August 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:SSethi (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=27183190 --> == Template consolidation: User talk page block notice == Wondering if someone who likes templates could have a go at consolidating or helping decide between use of: * [[Template:Block]] * [[Template:Blocked]] Unless I'm missing something, it seems like we don't need both? -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - <small>[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]</small> 07:16, 23 August 2024 (UTC) : I tried to figure out a Wikidata item with most links to projects. I found this: [[Wikidata:Q6379131]], which is Template:Uw-block. There is even a corresponding Wikiversity template, [[Template:Uw-block1]] (not used anywhere). : My impression is that of the three templates, we only need one. --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 14:43, 13 September 2024 (UTC) == Announcing the Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee == <section begin="announcement-content" /> :''[https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/board-elections@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/OKCCN2CANIH2K7DXJOL2GPVDFWL27R7C/ Original message at wikimedia-l]. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2024 Special Election/Announcement - results|You can find this message translated into additional languages on Meta-wiki.]] [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-{{urlencode:Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2024 Special Election/Announcement - results}}&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}]'' Hello all, The scrutineers have finished reviewing the vote and the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Elections Committee|Elections Committee]] have certified the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2024 Special Election/Results|results]] for the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2024 Special Election|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee (U4C) special election]]. I am pleased to announce the following individual as regional members of the U4C, who will fulfill a term until 15 June 2026: * North America (USA and Canada) ** Ajraddatz The following seats were not filled during this special election: * Latin America and Caribbean * Central and East Europe (CEE) * Sub-Saharan Africa * South Asia * The four remaining Community-At-Large seats Thank you again to everyone who participated in this process and much appreciation to the candidates for your leadership and dedication to the Wikimedia movement and community. Over the next few weeks, the U4C will begin meeting and planning the 2024-25 year in supporting the implementation and review of the UCoC and Enforcement Guidelines. You can follow their work on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee|Meta-Wiki]]. On behalf of the U4C and the Elections Committee,<section end="announcement-content" /> [[m:User:RamzyM (WMF)|RamzyM (WMF)]] 14:07, 2 September 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:RamzyM (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=27183190 --> == Re: The Vector 2022 skin as the default in two weeks? == [[File:Vector 2022 video-en.webm|thumb|A two minute-long video about Vector 2022]] Hello everyone, I'm reaching out on behalf of the [[mediawikiwiki:Reading/Web|Wikimedia Foundation Web team]] responsible for the MediaWiki skins. I'd like to revisit the topic of making Vector 2022 the default here on English Wikiversity. I [[Wikiversity:Colloquium/archives/September 2022#The Vector 2022 skin as the default in two weeks?|did post a message about this almost two years ago]] (where you can find all the details about the skin), but we didn't finalize it back then. What happened in the meantime? We built [[mw:Reading/Web/Accessibility for reading|dark mode and different options for font sizes]], and made Vector 2022 the default on most wikis, including all other Wikiversities. With the not-so-new V22 skin being the default, existing and coming features, like dark mode and [[mw:Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts|temporary accounts]] respectively, will become available for logged-out users here. So, if no large concerns are raised, we will deploy Vector 2022 here in two weeks, in the week of September 16. Do let me know if you have any questions. Thank you! [[User:SGrabarczuk (WMF)|SGrabarczuk (WMF)]] ([[User talk:SGrabarczuk (WMF)|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/SGrabarczuk (WMF)|contribs]]) 21:48, 2 September 2024 (UTC) :Sounds good, Szymon - we look forward to the upcoming change of skin {{smile}} Sincerely, James -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - <small>[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]</small> 07:35, 13 September 2024 (UTC) * I for one oppose a switch to Vector 2022. I do not find it preferable. Here is a staggering evidence of user refusal of Vector 2022 once it was deployed: [[W:en:Wikipedia:Requests for comment/Rollback of Vector 2022]], Junuary 2023. 355 voters supported rollback to Vector 2010 whereas 64 opposed, yielding 84.7% support, as clear a supermajority as one may wish. These people opposing Vector 2022 feel the same way as I do. --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 10:48, 13 September 2024 (UTC) *:Hey @[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]]. Thanks for your comment. I'm open to discussion about problems with our software, and I hope we can maintain a respectful tone. *:I understand that there are users who prefer Vector legacy or other skins, just as there are people who still stick to Monobook. Such people are active across many wikis. They can keep Vector legacy, although non-default skins don't have the support the default ones do. We are rolling out for technical reasons, as I mentioned above, with benefit to not logged-in users. *:Regarding the rollback RfC on Wikipedia, two neutral users stated that there was no consensus for rollback, RfC is not a vote, and the numbers were different (355:226:24). I believe this all is pretty easy to verify. *:So to sum up, Vector 2022 needs to become the default, tons and tons of comments were made about the skin and related stuff, and we have taken many ideas into account, and it's totally OK if you stick to Vector legacy. *:Thanks! [[User:SGrabarczuk (WMF)|SGrabarczuk (WMF)]] ([[User talk:SGrabarczuk (WMF)|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/SGrabarczuk (WMF)|contribs]]) 19:30, 16 September 2024 (UTC) *:: Today, I visited Wikiversity and found it switched to Vector 2022. I changed my preference settings to Vector 2010. From what I understand, non-registered visitors are now defaulted to Vector 2022 despite its unpopularity in [[W:en:Wikipedia:Requests for comment/Rollback of Vector 2022]]. I have not seen any evidence that users prefer Vector 2022, and given the evidence in the linked RfC, I tentatively conclude that the decision to switch has made the site experience worse for the majority of users. The logic of "you can switch" surely applies to Vector 2022 as well: those who prefer it can switch to it. --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 05:08, 17 September 2024 (UTC) == Have your say: Vote for the 2024 Board of Trustees! == <section begin="announcement-content" /> Hello all, The voting period for the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2024|2024 Board of Trustees election]] is now open. There are twelve (12) candidates running for four (4) seats on the Board. Learn more about the candidates by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2024/Candidates|reading their statements]] and their [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Foundation_elections/2024/Questions_for_candidates|answers to community questions]]. When you are ready, go to the [[Special:SecurePoll/vote/400|SecurePoll]] voting page to vote. '''The vote is open from September 3rd at 00:00 UTC to September 17th at 23:59 UTC'''. To check your voter eligibility, please visit the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Foundation_elections/2024/Voter_eligibility_guidelines|voter eligibility page]]. Best regards, The Elections Committee and Board Selection Working Group<section end="announcement-content" /> [[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 12:15, 3 September 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:RamzyM (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=27183190 --> == Separate page for hyperbola. == Good morning, I notice that a search for "hyperbola" redirects to "Conic sections". At present there is a separate page for "ellipse". Therefore a separate page for "hyperbola" seems to be justified. Could this redirection be changed so that search for "hyperbola" goes to a separate page for "hyperbola"? Many thanks, [[User:ThaniosAkro|ThaniosAkro]] ([[User talk:ThaniosAkro|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/ThaniosAkro|contribs]]) 12:04, 15 September 2024 (UTC) :It is true that ellipses are covered at [[Conic sections]] (along with hyperbolas, parabolas, etc.) and there is a separate page for [[ellipse]]s that elaborates. We certainly ''could'' have a page about [[hyperbola]]s that is separate, but no one has written sufficient content to spin it off yet. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''vf</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 12:17, 15 September 2024 (UTC) == I hereby request for your Unblocking IP address and just reviewed and received a reverted rec == Hi there. {{unsigned|Ishmael Raphasha}} :No one has any clue what you're talking about. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''vf</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 16:53, 18 September 2024 (UTC) == RICH-2K: New project with some initial questions == Hello! I'm creating a new learning resource on ''Wikiversity''. The respective project is based on my transcription of a classical dictionary from 1849 by Anthony Rich. For more information about the project see its [[User:CalRis25/RICH: Description|description page]] (see also that page for why not ''Wikisource'' or ''Wikibooks''). The project's scope is fairly big: 3205 article-pages plus 304 REDIRECT-pages. The images (scanned by myself from an original copy) have been uploaded to ''Commons''. I have some initial technical questions (more of these and more detailed ones will follow): * '''Upload''': Due to the large number of pages it is not realistic to create these manually. Is it possible to bulk-upload these in some way (the Wikitext of the pages is created using a Python-script with one file per article/page)? Is it possible to upload these to a test-environment first where any problems (hopefully none) can be identified and dealt with more easily than on the production-version of ''Wikiversity''? * '''(Technical) Structure''': I am planning to set up this project at ''<nowiki>https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/RICH-2K</nowiki>'' as the main page and anything else as subpages: ''RICH-2K/Subpage_1 ... RICH-2K/Subpage_n''. However, these subpages fall into two categories: 1. Article-pages (content) and 2. Meta/Administrative pages. This project requires search capability restricted to the ''RICH-2K''-namespace. The ''Mediawiki''-software seems to supply a ''Search''-input field with the possibility to restrict the search to some namespace. I would like, however, to restrict the search further to the first group of pages, namely the articles. Is that possible, perhaps by use of (hidden) categories? * '''External links''': This project will need many external links, and yes, I have read the relevant ''Wikiversity''-pages, but this specific project needs them. The ''Recommended Editions''-page (used for recommended online editions, to which to link when citing texts) alone probably will require several hundred external links. However, only relatively few [[w:Second-level domain|second-level domains]] will be involved, and most of these should be trustworthy (Perseus Digital library, digital collections of universities etc., in some cases, however, also ''Archive.org''). Perhaps there is a list of web-sites, for which external links are generally allowed? And who is allowed to create external links on ''Wikiversity''-pages (I haven't found the relevant policy)? * '''Categories''': This project requires quite a few of its own categories, which belong to two large groups: 1. Categories (2 levels) of the ''Classed Index'' (about 170 categories), a thematic index of some (but not all) of the articles. 2. Administrative categories. Is there a recommended way to distinguish between different classes of categories within a project (category name or other method)? What about naming conventions for project-specific categories? I am looking forward to your input. If you think that it's preferable we can move the discussions to the [[User_talk:CalRis25/RICH:_Description|Talk-page]] of the project's description. Thank you in advance. [[User:CalRis25|CalRis25]] ([[User talk:CalRis25|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/CalRis25|contribs]]) 05:29, 20 September 2024 (UTC) :*Admins have access to [[Special:Import]] and can bulk import XML pages. You can create pages in your sandbox if you'd like and make an indefinite amount of them at pages like [[User:CalRis25/sandbox]]. What can and cannot be hosted in user namespace is very loose, but still has to follow in principle Wikiversity's scope. :*Using subpages is in principle a good way to organize these various resources. Please do not name them after a user name or something obscure. I personally think that "RICH-2K" is a not optimal name. I may recommend something like [[Anthony Rich Dictionary Project]] or [[21st-Century Anthony Rich Dictionary]] or something more obviously intelligible. While we have very few actual policies and guidelines, see [[Wikiversity:Naming conventions]] for a rough consensus of what is probably best practice for naming pages. :*External linking generally does not use an allowed list (a.k.a. whitelist model), but a disallow (a.k.a. blacklist) model. See [[MediaWiki:Spam-blacklist]] and [[Special:BlockedExternalDomains]] (which is currently empty but is another method of listing blocked domains). It's perfectly fine to aggregate external links in learning resources. :*I'm not 100% sure what the distinction is that you're drawing, but you can freely arrange categories underneath a main category that has the same name as your larger project. So, following the suggestions I gave, you could have a category like [[:Category:Anthony Rich Dictionary Project]] and then create any number of subcategories that logically help users navigate all these pages. Please make sure the main category you create is itself categorized under some relevant category(ies). If you need help, please ask. :I think this answers your questions, please let me know if I'm unclear or you have more. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''vf</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 06:11, 20 September 2024 (UTC) ::Hello Justin! ::* '''Upload:''' Creating the project in sandbox pages of my User-namespace defeats the purpose, as this is an ''open'' project. Also that would not solve, as such, the problem of having to manually create thousands of pages. I wonder, does ''Wikiversity'' support creation of pages using its API. ''Mediawiki's'' [[mw:API:Main_page|API-description]] seems to imply that it ought to be possible. If that's the case, I should be able to create a Python-script which automatically creates the pages (of course, a few trial pages first). ::* '''(Technical) Structure''': You may be right, here. RICH-2K is, for now, merely a technical name to make a clear but not too verbose distinction between the original text and the current project. I'll give this more thought. ::* '''External links''': I brought this up mainly because when I first edited my ''Wikiversity''-page, I got a message that I was not allowed to create external links. However, I just now tested creating an external link on my user-page and got no error, so this problem seems to be solved. ::* '''Categories''': I think I know what you mean. I'll create a category structure and maybe ask some specific questions once I am ready to do so. ::Thank you for your quick help. [[User:CalRis25|CalRis25]] ([[User talk:CalRis25|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/CalRis25|contribs]]) 18:51, 20 September 2024 (UTC) :::re: upload, I'm just suggesting your sandbox(es) as you asked about "a test-environment". Anyone can edit someone else's sandboxes, but you typically defer to other users to control what's in their own subpages as a collegial thing. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''vf</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 22:39, 23 September 2024 (UTC) Hello! I have two further questions: # I created a category-structure for the project. Could you (or someone else) have a look at it ([[User:CalRis25/RICH: Categories]]) and answer the questions in the section [[User:CalRis25/RICH:_Categories#Questions|Questions]]? I gave it some thought and believe that this would work fine for the project. # ''Project boxes'' (see [[Help:Tour of project boxes]]): It is unclear to me, whether these belong only on the main page of the project (that makes the most sense to me), or on every single subpage. Thanks in advance for your help. [[User:CalRis25|CalRis25]] ([[User talk:CalRis25|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/CalRis25|contribs]]) 17:51, 24 September 2024 (UTC) :To answer your questions here: :*No, you are not contravening any policies we have. :*A leading "The" is acceptable, but if you want it to sort alphabetically, you will have to use <nowiki>{{DEFAULTSORT:}}</nowiki>. E.g. to get Category:The Best Stuff to sort under "B", insert "<nowiki>{{DEFAULTSORT:Best Stuff, The}}</nowiki>. :*Trailing "etc." is acceptable. :*An accent in a category title is acceptable. :I'll also note that it looks like you have in mind some tracking categories that are redundant. Pages such as [[Special:LonelyPages]] and [[Special:DeadendPages]] already do automatically what you're proposing to do manually. :As for project boxes, it's typically the case that the subjects are only placed on the main resource, but as you may imagine, [[Help:Tour of project boxes/1|status completion ones]] may vary from subpage to subpage. As with most things at Wikiversity, there are very few actual rules, so it's pretty much the wild west, even tho this project has been around for almost 20&nbsp;years. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''vf</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 09:18, 25 September 2024 (UTC) ::Hello Justin, thanks for the DEFAULTSORT-hint for categories beginning with ''The''. I will restrict the project boxes to the main page. As for the the orphaned/dead-end-categories, I prefer these to be project-specific. Once the project is up and running, putting articles "on the map" (making them accessible from other articles and creating links to other articles) is one of the first tasks to be dealt with. I already know which articles are involved and will add these categories to these articles. [[User:CalRis25|CalRis25]] ([[User talk:CalRis25|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/CalRis25|contribs]]) 16:51, 25 September 2024 (UTC) == Your wiki will be in read-only soon == <section begin="server-switch"/><div class="plainlinks"> [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|Read this message in another language]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Tech%2FServer+switch&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}] The [[foundation:|Wikimedia Foundation]] will switch the traffic between its data centers. This will make sure that Wikipedia and the other Wikimedia wikis can stay online even after a disaster. All traffic will switch on '''{{#time:j xg|2024-09-25|en}}'''. The switch will start at '''[https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/{{#time:U|2024-09-25T15:00|en}} {{#time:H:i e|2024-09-25T15:00}}]'''. Unfortunately, because of some limitations in [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:What is MediaWiki?|MediaWiki]], all editing must stop while the switch is made. We apologize for this disruption, and we are working to minimize it in the future. A banner will be displayed on all wikis 30 minutes before this operation happens. This banner will remain visible until the end of the operation. '''You will be able to read, but not edit, all wikis for a short period of time.''' *You will not be able to edit for up to an hour on {{#time:l j xg Y|2024-09-25|en}}. *If you try to edit or save during these times, you will see an error message. We hope that no edits will be lost during these minutes, but we can't guarantee it. If you see the error message, then please wait until everything is back to normal. Then you should be able to save your edit. But, we recommend that you make a copy of your changes first, just in case. ''Other effects'': *Background jobs will be slower and some may be dropped. Red links might not be updated as quickly as normal. If you create an article that is already linked somewhere else, the link will stay red longer than usual. Some long-running scripts will have to be stopped. * We expect the code deployments to happen as any other week. However, some case-by-case code freezes could punctually happen if the operation require them afterwards. * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/GitLab|GitLab]] will be unavailable for about 90 minutes. This project may be postponed if necessary. You can [[wikitech:Switch_Datacenter|read the schedule at wikitech.wikimedia.org]]. Any changes will be announced in the schedule. '''Please share this information with your community.'''</div><section end="server-switch"/> [[User:Trizek_(WMF)|Trizek_(WMF)]], 09:37, 20 September 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Non-Technical_Village_Pumps_distribution_list&oldid=27248326 --> == 'Wikidata item' link is moving. Find out where... == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"><i>Apologies for cross-posting in English. Please consider translating this message.</i>{{tracked|T66315}} Hello everyone, a small change will soon be coming to the user-interface of your Wikimedia project. The [[d:Q16222597|Wikidata item]] [[w:|sitelink]] currently found under the <span style="color: #54595d;"><u>''General''</u></span> section of the '''Tools''' sidebar menu will move into the <span style="color: #54595d;"><u>''In Other Projects''</u></span> section. We would like the Wiki communities feedback so please let us know or ask questions on the [[m:Talk:Wikidata_For_Wikimedia_Projects/Projects/Move_Wikidata_item_link|Discussion page]] before we enable the change which can take place October 4 2024, circa 15:00 UTC+2. More information can be found on [[m:Wikidata_For_Wikimedia_Projects/Projects/Move_Wikidata_item_link|the project page]].<br><br>We welcome your feedback and questions.<br> [[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 18:56, 27 September 2024 (UTC) </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Danny Benjafield (WMDE)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Danny_Benjafield_(WMDE)/MassMessage_Test_List&oldid=27524260 --> ==Download as PDF== [[Phabricator:T376438]]: "Download to PDF" on en.wv is returning error: "{"name":"HTTPError","message":"500","status":500,"detail":"Internal Server Error"}" -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - <small>[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]</small> 22:36, 3 October 2024 (UTC) :I just downloaded this page as a PDF and it worked just fine. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''vf</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 23:04, 3 October 2024 (UTC) == Protected template bug for Pp == It seems that templates derivative of {{tlx|Pp}} (compiled in {{tlx|Protection templates}}) are being sorted into protection categories using the name 'Wikipedia' instead of 'Wikiversity' (e.g., [[:Category:Wikipedia pages with incorrect protection templates]]). From what I can tell, it is not in the publicly accessible source code of any of the templates. The only other impacted pages are modules which call {{tlx|pp}}-derivatives (e.g., [[Module:Navbar/styles.css]]). This does not seem to affect any other pages in [[:Category:Wikiversity protected templates]]. [[User:Tule-hog|Tule-hog]] ([[User talk:Tule-hog|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Tule-hog|contribs]]) 18:59, 4 October 2024 (UTC) :The problem is that "Wikipedia" is [https://en.wikiversity.org/w/index.php?title=Special%3ASearch&limit=500&offset=0&ns828=1&search=Wikipedia&searchToken=9svkpqlxxoquoq7bnkt55ugts mentioned in several modules that were copied over from en.wp]; many of these are legit and many of them need to be replaced with "Wikiversity" ([https://en.wikiversity.org/w/index.php?title=Module%3APp-move-indef&diff=2662815&oldid=1944984 e.g.]) This particular change ''may'' fix all of these issues...? But 1.) it will take time to propagate across the site and 2.) there are still many more "Wikipedia"s that need to be changed, so I'll go thru a few more, but if you want to give me an assist, if you can just check this one week from now and ping me if the problem persists, that would be nice. Sometimes, I make calendar reminders to follow up on these, but I'm not a perfect person. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''vf</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 04:55, 5 October 2024 (UTC) == Invitation to Participate in Wiki Loves Ramadan Community Engagement Survey == Dear all, We are excited to announce the upcoming [[m:Wiki Loves Ramadan|Wiki Loves Ramadan]] event, a global initiative aimed at celebrating Ramadan by enriching Wikipedia and its sister projects with content related to this significant time of year. As we plan to organize this event globally, your insights and experiences are crucial in shaping the best possible participation experience for the community. To ensure that Wiki Loves Ramadan is engaging, inclusive, and impactful, we kindly invite you to participate in our community engagement survey. Your feedback will help us understand the needs of the community, set the event's focus, and guide our strategies for organizing this global event. Survey link: https://forms.gle/f66MuzjcPpwzVymu5 Please take a few minutes to share your thoughts. Your input will make a difference! Thank you for being a part of our journey to make Wiki Loves Ramadan a success. Warm regards, User:ZI Jony 03:19, 6 October 2024 (UTC) Wiki Loves Ramadan Organizing Team <!-- Message sent by User:ZI Jony@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Non-Technical_Village_Pumps_distribution_list&oldid=27510935 --> == 'Edit to my talk page' notification bug? == This may belong at the bug tracker, but does anyone else have an issue disabling ''email'' notifications upon an 'Edit to my talk page' in [[Special:GlobalPreferences]]? Oddly I ''am'' able to disable the global preference on Wikipedia, MediaWiki, etc, but not here. [[User:Tule-hog|Tule-hog]] ([[User talk:Tule-hog|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Tule-hog|contribs]]) 09:23, 7 October 2024 (UTC) :I have not experienced this, but to be clear, do you also have the option to get emails when items on your talk page are edited turned on? —[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''vf</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 09:39, 7 October 2024 (UTC) ::The only (non-grayed out) options I have enabled for email are 'Failed login attempts' and 'Login from an unfamiliar device'. 'Edit to my talk page' re-checks after every save. [[User:Tule-hog|Tule-hog]] ([[User talk:Tule-hog|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Tule-hog|contribs]]) 09:54, 7 October 2024 (UTC) :::That does sound like a [[phab:]] issue, with the caveat that I don't 100% recall how global preferences work and if they override local ones, etc. If you have parsed that and still have this issue, you'll probably need to file a ticket. Maybe someone else has this issue. Wish I could help. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''vf</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 09:57, 7 October 2024 (UTC) ::::[[phab:T376601|Off 'n away]] 🫡 [[User:Tule-hog|Tule-hog]] ([[User talk:Tule-hog|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Tule-hog|contribs]]) 10:35, 7 October 2024 (UTC) == [[Portal:Computer Science]] ➝ [[Portal:Information sciences]] == Seeking consensus to complete the merge into the broader portal. [[User:Tule-hog|Tule-hog]] ([[User talk:Tule-hog|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Tule-hog|contribs]]) 06:28, 8 October 2024 (UTC) :Why should it be merged? Computer Science seems well-enough designed. What is the incentive to collapse it into a broader field of study? —[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''vf</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 07:18, 8 October 2024 (UTC) ::Portals as top level organizations allowing for content to be best centralized. Also note that I did not start the merge, just offering to finish it. Perhaps a {{tlx|prod}} instead? [[User:Tule-hog|Tule-hog]] ([[User talk:Tule-hog|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Tule-hog|contribs]]) 07:20, 8 October 2024 (UTC) :::I have no objections, personally. If it gets done, please use a redirect and should someone want to come along to resurrect it later, it will be easier. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''vf</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 07:21, 8 October 2024 (UTC) : Is computer science really a branch of information sciences? I would not think so, but what do I know. Do we have some external resources/links confirm this idea? [[W:Information science]] currently says: "Information science, documentology[1] or informatology[2][3] is an academic field which is primarily concerned with analysis, collection, classification, manipulation, storage, retrieval, movement, dissemination, and protection of information." --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 14:49, 11 October 2024 (UTC) ::Looking through [https://stackoverflow.com/q/1047014/22673230] [https://businessdegrees.uab.edu/mis-degree-bachelors/resources/computer-information-systems-vs-computer-science/] [https://www.si.umich.edu/student-experience/what-information-science] a few top (not necessarily RS) searches I'm inclined to agree. I am more familiar with the grafted [[:w:Information and computer science|information ''and'' computer science]] which makes an effort to merge the disciplines, but it does not seem like reaching to say that IS is presented as more applications-concerned (certainly with no lack of theoretical abstraction), whereas CS can be more freely associated with any and all 'science related to computers'. It is easy to reason about the connection between the fields, but I think it is clear academia maintains this taxonomy for a good reason. ::With these considerations, I think I will ''stop'' the process of merging in favor of expanding the existing [[School:Library and Information Science]]. ::Let me know if there is not consensus to redirect [[Portal:Information sciences]] to [[School:Library and Information Science]] (with enough expansion it can generalize away from just library sciences). [[User:Tule-hog|Tule-hog]] ([[User talk:Tule-hog|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Tule-hog|contribs]]) 16:16, 11 October 2024 (UTC) ::: I do not see that a merge of a ''portal'' to a ''school'' is a good thing. Do you have a clear idea of the concepts of school and portal and how they relate to each other? --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 16:34, 11 October 2024 (UTC) ::::Found [[:Category:Information sciences]]; there are enough existing resources in there to make my other proposed merge excessive. I will simply continue developing the existing [[Portal:Information sciences]] instead. [[User:Tule-hog|Tule-hog]] ([[User talk:Tule-hog|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Tule-hog|contribs]]) 17:05, 11 October 2024 (UTC) ::::: Frankly, I would ideally see [[Portal:Information sciences]] deleted: I don't see what it does that a category would not do well enough. There does not seem to be any material specific to "Information sciences" (whatever that is) in that portal at all. --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 17:11, 11 October 2024 (UTC) ::::::Tacked a {{tlx|prod}} for an eventual deletion, but I may still try to develop it as proof of concept at some point. [[User:Tule-hog|Tule-hog]] ([[User talk:Tule-hog|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Tule-hog|contribs]]) 17:33, 11 October 2024 (UTC) == [[:Category:Occupational Epidemiology]] == I propose moving the pages in this category (without leaving redirects) to their equivalent under the parent resource [[Occupational Health Risk Surveillance]]. Also due to the number of subpages, it seems <code>|filing=deep</code> would be a justified. (Also [[Special:PrefixIndex/Occupational_Epidemiology|there are quite a few]] untagged subpages.) [[User:Tule-hog|Tule-hog]] ([[User talk:Tule-hog|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Tule-hog|contribs]]) 05:11, 9 October 2024 (UTC) : I above all think that the content should be ''moved out of the mainspace'': I do not see readers learning anything from e.g. [[Occupational Epidemiology/Research tools/Reading of scientific articles for learning epidemiology and biostatstics]] or [[Occupational Epidemiology/Research tools/Ongoing projects/Risk Communication in Seafaring/Writing the article guideline IMRAD]]. Wikiversity can be kind enough to host that material in, say, subspace of [[User:Saltrabook]], but more should not be asked, I think. Let us recall that per [[WV:Deletions]], "Resources may be eligible for proposed deletion when education objectives and learning outcomes are scarce, and objections to deletion are unlikely"; I do not see how learning outcomes can be anything but scarce. --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 15:04, 11 October 2024 (UTC) ::thank you, agree @ [[User:Saltrabook|Saltrabook]] ([[User talk:Saltrabook|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Saltrabook|contribs]]) 21:03, 13 November 2024 (UTC) == Active editors == It is interesting to observe the stats on [https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikiversity.org/contributing/active-editors/normal|line|all|(page_type)~content*non-content|monthly active editors] through the project's history. October is our month! [[User:Tule-hog|Tule-hog]] ([[User talk:Tule-hog|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Tule-hog|contribs]]) 20:44, 8 October 2024 (UTC) :Odd. Maybe related to the school year? —[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''vf</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 02:10, 9 October 2024 (UTC) ::I wonder how many are [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]]'s crowd... the number is in the hundreds though, so that is one chunky cohort —[[User:Tule-hog|Tule-hog]] ([[User talk:Tule-hog|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Tule-hog|contribs]]) 02:16, 9 October 2024 (UTC) :::Yes, [[Motivation and emotion/Book]] involves ~100-150 students editing most intensely during October each year. -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - <small>[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]</small> 02:20, 9 October 2024 (UTC) ::::Neat, that still leaves around ~50-100 other students from other avenues each year since 2021. I also wonder which projects were involved in the COVID enrollment spike. [[User:Tule-hog|Tule-hog]] ([[User talk:Tule-hog|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Tule-hog|contribs]]) 02:26, 9 October 2024 (UTC) :::::Personally I can admit that my editing is much more active during the school season vs. the summer break, so I'm in the same boat as Jtneill's students. —[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] [[User talk:Atcovi|(Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Atcovi|Contribs)]] 21:24, 13 November 2024 (UTC) == Intentionally incorrect resource == There is a [[Special:Diff/2583464|disclaimer inserted onto a resource]] (by not the original author) that: <blockquote>I am merely [making this page false] to show you (The viewer) that Wikipedia and this page 'Wikiversity' is bull sh*t and it will not give you the reliability you need when writing an academic piece of writing.</blockquote> However, that IP has [[Special:Contributions/86.22.73.151|not made any other edits]], so unless they vandalized via a sock, the intent went un-realized and only that portion need be removed. Bumping here in case there is some obvious jumbo in that essay that someone else can catch. [[User:Tule-hog|Tule-hog]] ([[User talk:Tule-hog|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Tule-hog|contribs]]) 16:58, 9 October 2024 (UTC) :Removed that portion, which was obviously vandalism. No perspective on the rest of the essay. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''vf</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 18:38, 9 October 2024 (UTC) == [[:Category:Proposed guidelines]] == Noting for future editors that WV has collapsed all proposals into [[:Category:Proposed policies|proposed policies]]. Seeking consensus to further collapse [[:Category:Wikiversity proposals]] into the former, or to restore [[:Category:Proposed guidelines]]. [[User:Tule-hog|Tule-hog]] ([[User talk:Tule-hog|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Tule-hog|contribs]]) 19:19, 9 October 2024 (UTC) == [[Around Wikiversity in 80 Seconds|Broken 80-second tour]] == Bumping a [[Talk:Around_Wikiversity_in_80_Seconds|comment]] on the ''Wikiversity in 80 seconds'' tour. Appears wikisuite is not working with the Vector 2022 appearance. Also see [[:w:Wikipedia:Miscellany_for_deletion/Wikiversuite_pages|this thread]] on the Wikiversal package - may not be relevant to Wikiversity, but FYC. [[User:Tule-hog|Tule-hog]] ([[User talk:Tule-hog|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Tule-hog|contribs]]) 00:26, 10 October 2024 (UTC) : I would just delete the material; I do not see value in it. If others agree, I would try to articulate why I think it should be deleted (or move to author user space). --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 06:57, 13 October 2024 (UTC) ::Just mark as {{tl|historical}}. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''vf</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 17:39, 13 October 2024 (UTC) ::: This thing was created by [[User:Planotse]]. His creations are now being discussed in Wikibooks for deletion: [[B:Wikibooks:Requests for deletion#Wikiversal generated pages]]. It seems he used some kind of tool that is no longer available (the above mentioned "Wikiversal" package) to create this kind of slideshow-like material (believing the Wikibooks discussion). I do not see value of this in the mainspace, not even as historical (I am okay with userspace, but maybe even that is not the best option?). A look at the source code of [[Around Wikiversity in 80 Seconds/Introduction]] confirms the words of Omphalographer, namely that "the HTML-heavy markup generated by Wikiversal makes them [the pages] unreasonably difficult to edit." ::: I went ahead and marked the page for proposed deletion. --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 09:35, 14 October 2024 (UTC) == Preliminary results of the 2024 Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees elections == <section begin="announcement-content" /> Hello all, Thank you to everyone who participated in the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2024|2024 Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees election]]. Close to 6000 community members from more than 180 wiki projects have voted. The following four candidates were the most voted: # [[User:Kritzolina|Christel Steigenberger]] # [[User:Nadzik|Maciej Artur Nadzikiewicz]] # [[User:Victoria|Victoria Doronina]] # [[User:Laurentius|Lorenzo Losa]] While these candidates have been ranked through the vote, they still need to be appointed to the Board of Trustees. They need to pass a successful background check and meet the qualifications outlined in the Bylaws. New trustees will be appointed at the next Board meeting in December 2024. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Foundation_elections/2024/Results|Learn more about the results on Meta-Wiki.]] Best regards, The Elections Committee and Board Selection Working Group <section end="announcement-content" /> [[User:MPossoupe_(WMF)|MPossoupe_(WMF)]] 08:26, 14 October 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:MPossoupe (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=27183190 --> == Seeking volunteers to join several of the movement’s committees == <section begin="announcement-content" /> Each year, typically from October through December, several of the movement’s committees seek new volunteers. Read more about the committees on their Meta-wiki pages: * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations_Committee|Affiliations Committee (AffCom)]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Ombuds_commission|Ombuds commission (OC)]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation/Legal/Community Resilience and Sustainability/Trust and Safety/Case Review Committee|Case Review Committee (CRC)]] Applications for the committees open on 16 October 2024. Applications for the Affiliations Committee close on 18 November 2024, and applications for the Ombuds commission and the Case Review Committee close on 2 December 2024. Learn how to apply by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Foundation/Legal/Committee_appointments|visiting the appointment page on Meta-wiki]]. Post to the talk page or email [mailto:cst@wikimedia.org cst@wikimedia.org] with any questions you may have. For the Committee Support team, <section end="announcement-content" /> -- [[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User talk:Keegan (WMF)|talk]]) 23:09, 16 October 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Keegan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=27601062 --> == Interactive elements == Can we use interactive elements on Wikiversity? I'd like to add JavaScript to a page. If it's not possible now, where can I suggest this feature? I have a safe integration idea. [[User:Отец Никифор|Отец Никифор]] ([[User talk:Отец Никифор|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Отец Никифор|contribs]]) 12:10, 17 October 2024 (UTC) : This is beyond my technical knowledge, but have you checked out: :* https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Manual:Interface/JavaScript? :* [[Wikipedia:WikiProject JavaScript]] :* [[MediaWiki:Common.js]] :What sort of interactive elements are you thinking about? : Sincerely, James -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - <small>[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]</small> 03:39, 18 October 2024 (UTC) ::I was thinking about adding something like a graph with adjustable controls, where users can interact with it and see how different changes affect the outcome. It seems like this could be a useful feature. There might already be discussions about enhancing Wikiversity or similar platforms—perhaps on a relevant talk page or in a Discord group. Do you know where such discussions might be happening? [[User:Отец Никифор|Отец Никифор]] ([[User talk:Отец Никифор|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Отец Никифор|contribs]]) 19:47, 18 October 2024 (UTC) :::From a quick look, maybe check out: :::* [[mw:Extension:Graph]] :::* [[phab:tag/graphs]] :::-- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - <small>[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]</small> 22:40, 18 October 2024 (UTC) :::: mw:Extension:Graph is currently disabled on Wikipedia etc. wikis, for security reasons, and seems unlikely to be enabled again. --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 09:30, 19 October 2024 (UTC) == An unexplained spurt of Wikiversity page views == The [https://pageviews.wmcloud.org/siteviews/?platform=all-access&source=pageviews&agent=user&start=2024-06-01&end=2024-10-18&sites=en.wikiversity.org|en.wikibooks.org|en.wikiquote.org|en.wikisource.org page view report] shows an unexplained spurt of Wikiversity page views, reaching over 4 times the baseline and then falling back again. Does anyone have any idea what is going on? --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 08:01, 19 October 2024 (UTC) :Interesting. I wonder why only the English wikiquote and wikiversity and not Wikisource or wikibooks? How reliable do you think those stats are? [[User:Ottawahitech|Ottawahitech]] ([[User talk:Ottawahitech|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Ottawahitech|contribs]]) 15:44, 8 December 2024 (UTC) == Center tempate failed on a contributors phone... == See the edit comment here - https://en.wikiversity.org/w/index.php?title=Wikiphilosophers&diff=prev&oldid=2673962. I'm puzzled as this is the first failure of this, I've noted recently. [[User:ShakespeareFan00|ShakespeareFan00]] ([[User talk:ShakespeareFan00|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/ShakespeareFan00|contribs]]) 08:45, 19 October 2024 (UTC) == Essay-like page in user space that makes little sense and seems incoherent == The page [[User:TheoYalur/Illusions]] seems to match the description, at least by my assessment. My understanding is that since the page is only in user space and not in the mainspace, it can stay there even if it has those disqualifying qualities. But if I am wrong and the page belongs deleted, please correct me and let me know. I do not know which policy or guideline, if any, guides the case. --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 12:30, 21 October 2024 (UTC) == 'Wikidata item' link is moving, finally. == Hello everyone, I previously wrote on the 27th September to advise that the ''Wikidata item'' sitelink will change places in the sidebar menu, moving from the '''General''' section into the '''In Other Projects''' section. The scheduled rollout date of 04.10.2024 was delayed due to a necessary request for Mobile/MinervaNeue skin. I am happy to inform that the global rollout can now proceed and will occur later today, 22.10.2024 at 15:00 UTC-2. [[m:Talk:Wikidata_For_Wikimedia_Projects/Projects/Move_Wikidata_item_link|Please let us know]] if you notice any problems or bugs after this change. There should be no need for null-edits or purging cache for the changes to occur. Kind regards, -[[m:User:Danny Benjafield (WMDE)|Danny Benjafield (WMDE)]] 11:28, 22 October 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Danny Benjafield (WMDE)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Danny_Benjafield_(WMDE)/MassMessage_Test_List&oldid=27535421 --> :Hi @[[User:Danny Benjafield (WMDE)|Danny Benjafield (WMDE)]]: I Just noticed your post above, and it is timely. :I have been participating in the English WikiUniversity for a few years, much less often recently. I seems like something in the way the site displays is different, but I cannot put my finger on it. Your posting gave me a clue. Can you please tell me where the link to wikidata items has moved to? [[User:Ottawahitech|Ottawahitech]] ([[User talk:Ottawahitech|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Ottawahitech|contribs]]) 17:23, 11 December 2024 (UTC) ::Hello @[[User:Ottawahitech|Ottawahitech]], sure, I would be happy to. The button/sitelink name didn't change, just its position. You should find it in the sidebar-menu under the section '''In other projects''' (where the links to all other Wikimedia Projects are displayed). If you do not see it, please reach out to us on the [[m:Talk:Wikidata_For_Wikimedia_Projects/Projects/Move_Wikidata_item_link|Move Wikidata item - Discussion page]]. Thank you, -[[User:Danny Benjafield (WMDE)|Danny Benjafield (WMDE)]] ([[User talk:Danny Benjafield (WMDE)|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Danny Benjafield (WMDE)|contribs]]) 09:24, 12 December 2024 (UTC) == Final Reminder: Join us in Making Wiki Loves Ramadan Success == Dear all, We’re thrilled to announce the Wiki Loves Ramadan event, a global initiative to celebrate Ramadan by enhancing Wikipedia and its sister projects with valuable content related to this special time of year. As we organize this event globally, we need your valuable input to make it a memorable experience for the community. Last Call to Participate in Our Survey: To ensure that Wiki Loves Ramadan is inclusive and impactful, we kindly request you to complete our community engagement survey. Your feedback will shape the event’s focus and guide our organizing strategies to better meet community needs. * Survey Link: [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSffN4prPtR5DRSq9nH-t1z8hG3jZFBbySrv32YoxV8KbTwxig/viewform?usp=sf_link Complete the Survey] * Deadline: November 10, 2024 Please take a few minutes to share your thoughts. Your input will truly make a difference! '''Volunteer Opportunity''': Join the Wiki Loves Ramadan Team! We’re seeking dedicated volunteers for key team roles essential to the success of this initiative. If you’re interested in volunteer roles, we invite you to apply. * Application Link: [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSfXiox_eEDH4yJ0gxVBgtL7jPe41TINAWYtpNp1JHSk8zhdgw/viewform?usp=sf_link Apply Here] * Application Deadline: October 31, 2024 Explore Open Positions: For a detailed list of roles and their responsibilities, please refer to the position descriptions here: [https://docs.google.com/document/d/1oy0_tilC6kow5GGf6cEuFvdFpekcubCqJlaxkxh-jT4/ Position Descriptions] Thank you for being part of this journey. We look forward to working together to make Wiki Loves Ramadan a success! Warm regards,<br> The Wiki Loves Ramadan Organizing Team 05:11, 29 October 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:ZI Jony@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Non-Technical_Village_Pumps_distribution_list&oldid=27568454 --> == Android app for Wikiversity == Hi, is there an Android app for Wikiversity? How does it work? I have been advised that there is no infrastructure for push notifications for Android apps for sister wikis and I would be interested to know more. Related: [[:phab:T378545]]. Thanks! [[User:Gryllida|Gryllida]] 23:15, 29 October 2024 (UTC) :Thanks for suggesting this - I agree that it would be useful. -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - <small>[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]</small> 00:56, 31 October 2024 (UTC) :@[[User:Gryllida|Gryllida]]: Would you explain your terminology for those of us not in the know. What does ''push notifications'' mean? I use [[notifications]] when I am communicating onwikimediaprojects, but have never heard this term before. [[User:Ottawahitech|Ottawahitech]] ([[User talk:Ottawahitech|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Ottawahitech|contribs]]) 17:13, 11 December 2024 (UTC) à == Import Resource From Wikibooks? == Hello! [[wikibooks:Character_List_for_Baxter&Sagart|Character List for Baxter&Sagart]] and related titles [[wikibooks:Wikibooks:Requests_for_deletion#Character_List_for_Baxter&Sagart|are up for deletion at Wikibooks]] because WB policy does not allow dictionaries like them. However, because they are useful as learning tools, I am wondering if they might have a home here at Wikiversity. Pinging @[[User:Tibetologist|Tibetologist]] here to link them in to this discussion, since they are the affected user. Thank you! —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 18:18, 1 November 2024 (UTC) :Sure, I can do it. That said, as mentioned there, it does seem like something like this is ideally suited for Wiktionary in the Appendix namespace, but I'm not very familiar with CJK characters and languages. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''vf</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 22:23, 3 November 2024 (UTC) ::Oh man, these pages are too big to import and while I've already tried a half-dozen times, it will constantly fail. Strictly speaking, we don't have to use the import feature for licensing purposes. We can just copy and paste the contents and list the usernames or on the talk page. I think that's the solution. {{Ping|Tibetologist}}, are you interested in doing that? If you just copied and pasted these pages and then added [[:Category:Chinese]] and maybe include a couple of links to the pages, that would probably be ideal. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''vf</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 22:31, 3 November 2024 (UTC) == Language translation requests? == Is there anywhere on Wikiversity to request translation, for example, requesting Latin or French translation? I would be asking from the context as a student, so I would be interested in translation explanation as well. [[User:Indexcard88|Indexcard88]] ([[User talk:Indexcard88|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Indexcard88|contribs]]) 04:56, 20 November 2024 (UTC) == Sign up for the language community meeting on November 29th, 16:00 UTC == Hello everyone, The next language community meeting is coming up next week, on November 29th, at 16:00 UTC (Zonestamp! For your timezone <https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1732896000>). If you're interested in joining, you can sign up on this wiki page: <https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Language_and_Product_Localization/Community_meetings#29_November_2024>. This participant-driven meeting will be organized by the Wikimedia Foundation’s Language Product Localization team and the Language Diversity Hub. There will be presentations on topics like developing language keyboards, the creation of the Moore Wikipedia, and the language support track at Wiki Indaba. We will also have members from the Wayuunaiki community joining us to share their experiences with the Incubator and as a new community within our movement. This meeting will have a Spanish interpretation. Looking forward to seeing you at the language community meeting! Cheers, [[User:SSethi (WMF)|Srishti]] 19:55, 21 November 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:SSethi (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=27746256 --> == Events on Wikiversity == Since Wikipedia and Wikivoyage are having their "Asian Month" editathon, I was thinking if we could start up a Wikiversity version of that. This would be an "Asian Month" as well, but it would be about creating resources based on Asia and its culture. [[User:RockTransport|RockTransport]] ([[User talk:RockTransport|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/RockTransport|contribs]]) 17:57, 6 December 2024 (UTC) :Not immediately opposed, but the question is, do we have an active enough community to facilitate this? —[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] [[User talk:Atcovi|(Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Atcovi|Contribs)]] 19:31, 6 December 2024 (UTC) ::I'm not too sure. As long as we get enough traffic, this could happen. [[User:RockTransport|RockTransport]] ([[User talk:RockTransport|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/RockTransport|contribs]]) 08:45, 7 December 2024 (UTC) :::This is to increase traffic on Wikiversity, which is promoted amongst other communities. [[User:RockTransport|RockTransport]] ([[User talk:RockTransport|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/RockTransport|contribs]]) 10:47, 7 December 2024 (UTC) :Hi @[[User:RockTransport|RockTransport]], This is a good idea, but will it also involve users who are not "professors and scientists". Just curious. cheers, [[User:Ottawahitech|Ottawahitech]] ([[User talk:Ottawahitech|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Ottawahitech|contribs]]) 16:30, 9 December 2024 (UTC) ::Yes, considering the fact that Wikiversity is for everyone, and not just for specific users. [[User:RockTransport|RockTransport]] ([[User talk:RockTransport|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/RockTransport|contribs]]) 09:09, 10 December 2024 (UTC) :::because I'm personally not a "professor" or a "scientist" and because '''anyone''' can create resources on Wikiversity. We want to make Wikiversity open for everyone, and not just for certain users. [[User:RockTransport|RockTransport]] ([[User talk:RockTransport|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/RockTransport|contribs]]) 09:10, 10 December 2024 (UTC) == Wikiversity - Newsletters == Hello All, I wanted to create a newsletter on Wikiversity, which would highlight what is going on in certain months and events on Wikiversity; which would bolster engagement by many people. This would be on the website and would have its dedicated 'Newsletter' tab. I hope you acknowledge this idea. [[User:RockTransport|RockTransport]] ([[User talk:RockTransport|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/RockTransport|contribs]]) 21:05, 8 December 2024 (UTC) :@[[User:RockTransport|RockTransport]], What sort of things do you plan to include in your newsletter? Will they be different than what is currently in [[Main Page/News]]? Just curious. :I am also wondering about your motive which I think is: to bolster engagement by many people. I am asking because I wonder if others who are currently active here also think this I is desirable? Have you asked them? [[User:Ottawahitech|Ottawahitech]] ([[User talk:Ottawahitech|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Ottawahitech|contribs]]) 17:34, 11 December 2024 (UTC) ::Not yet, which was why I was asking this on the colloquium. I plan to include things that many people have created on Wikiversity over the month, as it is a monthly newsletter. It would be somewhere on the website here. It will be more frequent that the ones seen on [[Main Page/News]]. We will include people's resources to essentially promote them. [[User:RockTransport|RockTransport]] ([[User talk:RockTransport|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/RockTransport|contribs]]) 06:50, 12 December 2024 (UTC) 6fcmaqrpe0y40j73siys88a2u9ttngb 0 35901 2691410 2571098 2024-12-11T14:32:29Z 152.26.89.206 /* Microsoft Windows */ Added windows 11 wikipedia page link. 2691410 wikitext text/x-wiki <big>Course Navigation</big> {| class="wikitable" ! [[Introduction_to_Computers/Future_Peripherals|'''<< Previous - Future Peripherals''']] ! ! ! ! [[Introduction_to_Computers/Application_software|'''Next - Application software >> ''']] |} {{Introduction to computers/header}} '''System software''' is software designed to operate and control the hardware and to provide a platform for running application software.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://depts.alverno.edu/cil/mod1/software/system.html |archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20110724172944/http://depts.alverno.edu/cil/mod1/software/system.html |archivedate=2011-07-24 |title=What is System Software? |publisher=Alverno.edu |date=2011-07-24 |accessdate=2012-06-24}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://searchsoa.techtarget.com/sDefinition/0,,sid26_gci213024,00.html |title=What is software? - Definition from WhatIs.com |publisher=Searchsoa.techtarget.com |date= |accessdate=2012-06-24}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.wikitoinfo.com/system-software/|title=system software|last=|first=|date=2018-10-02|work=Wikitoinfo|access-date=2018-10-20|archive-url=|archive-date=|language=en-US}}</ref> There are 5 main types of system software: # Boot code # Operating system # User interfaces # Widgets # Utilities ==Boot Code== Boot code is used to create a working environment for the operating system. The term, "boot" is a shortening of the term, "bootstrapping." Boot code consists of the programs parts of the hardware execute when the computer is turned on so that it can be in a working sate. Early computers required a complicated series of commands entered by hand on a switch panel followed by an "execute" command to create the system environment. Modern computers make use of boot code saved on semi-permanent memory (ROM). A very small program, the code examines the system hardware; initializes environment variables such as date, time and device start order; identifies and starts the internal peripheral devices the computer uses, such as hard drives and video processors, and enables the various communication ports and executes the operating system. [[Wikipedia: Booting]] Starting a computer from a powered-off state is called, "cold-booting." If the computer is already running and is being restarted, it already has the environment parameters and settings loaded and will skip the initialization routines and perform a "warm boot" by only restarting the operating system. {{wikipedia|Booting}} {{clear}} ==Operating System== [[File:IBM PC DOS 1.0 screenshot.png|thumb|200px|DOS, an operating system]]An operating system is the master program that a computer uses to execute both user-level programs as well as the environment routines and drivers necessary for the computer to run. Thus, on a standard personal computer, an operating system handles signals from input and output devices, manages memory usage and controls peripherals. Therefore, the operating system is the most important program a computer must run. An operating system has two jobs: to coordinate the computers resources and to service applications. Operating Systems were introduced in the 1950's. [[Wikipedia: Operating system]][http://www.webopedia.com/TERM/o/operating_system.html] MS-DOS, Microsoft Windows, and macOS are some examples of personal computer operating systems. Server-level computers use operating systems such as UNIX and Microsoft Windows Server. LINUX and BSD are versatile enough to be used either in a personal computer or as an operating system in a server, depending on which components are installed. With the large size of most present operating systems, a hard disk is required to store its the necessary files and programs. Should the operating system become inoperable, many offer a "boot disk" option where a simpler version of the operating system with only the necessary drivers and files are stored on removable devices, usually a CD/DVD-ROM, USB flash drive or floppy disk. Booting the computer with the boot disk allows the system to be accessed and repaired. Portable devices, such as cellular phones and personal data assistants use specialized, "embedded" operating systems that enable them to do many tasks once only found in "platform" computers, such as email transactions, document operations and database management. {{clear}} === Examples of Personal Computer/Server Operating Systems === ==== [[Wikipedia:Unix|UNIX]] ==== Unix is an operating system. It was one of the first operating systems to be fully portable, meaning that it is written in a machine-independent programming language known as "C." ==== [[Wikipedia:Linux|LINUX]] ==== Linux is the name of the kernel (the core) that make up many further Operating Systems, but briefly, a few systems that work on Linux are Android, Arch [Linux], Debian, Fedora, Gentoo and Slackware. Being built on Linux makes these operating systems Unix-like and ''mostly'' POSIX-compliant in regards to their low-level system software. ==== PC/Microsoft DOS ==== A command-line operating system, MS/PC DOS helped users in the microcomputer age by providing an operating system that would run on the limited resources of the 8086/8088-based personal computer. [[Wikipedia: Ms-dos|Wikipedia: MS-DOS]] ==== Microsoft Windows ==== Microsoft Windows is credited with enabling the non-technical user to operate a computer without having to learn too many complicated commands and settings, and has been instrumental to the increased popularity of the personal computer. [[Wikipedia:Microsoft Windows#Early versions|MS Windows versions 1.0 and 2.x]] [[Wikipedia:Microsoft Windows#Windows 3.0 and 3.1|MS Windows version 3.x]] [[Wikipedia:Microsoft Windows#Windows 95.2C 98.2C and Me|MS Windows 9x]] [[Wikipedia:Microsoft Windows#Windows NT family|MS Windows NT]] [[Wikipedia:Windows XP|MS Windows XP]] [[Wikipedia:Windows Vista|MS Windows Vista]] [[Wikipedia:Windows 7|MS Windows 7]] [[Wikipedia:Windows 8|MS Windows 8]] [[Wikipedia:Windows 10|MS Windows 10]] [[wikipedia:Microsoft_Windows#Windows_11|MS Windows 11]] === Examples of Embedded Operating Systems === ====[[Wikipedia:Android (operating system)|Android]]==== Android is an embedded operating system intended for use with mobile devices that runs on a modified version of the Linux kernel. ====[[Wikipedia:ios|iOS]]==== iOS is the embedded system for the iPhone. ====[[Wikipedia:Palm OS|Palm OS]]==== The Palm OS was produced by the Japanese company PalmSource, and is the dominant operating system for hand-held devices. Over 30.1 million PalmOS units (including licensees), according to Sept 2003 Palm Inc. financial reports; with over 22 million total USR/3Com/Palm or Palm Solutions Group branded units shipped (over 4 million per year). [http://www.hotpaw.com/rhn/palmfaq.txt] Palm has many security concerns due to it's mobility, such as if lost or stolen palms may have data that can retrieved by others. Also if Palm passwords are interconnected to your PC passwords, anyone has access to personal files on your PC. [[Wikipedia: Palm (PDA)#Security]] ==== [[Wikipedia:Symbian OS|Symbian OS]] ==== Symbian is the operating software which is mostly used by the mobile phones. Symbian is the biggest software producers for smart phones. There are the Symbian codes used by different companies as well , Mika Raento has huge examples of Symbian codes [[http://symbianexample.com/symbian_code_examples_by_mika_raento]] There are different companies that owns Symbian software : examples are Sony Ericsson,Ericsson and Nokia has the highest percentage ( 47.9%) [[Wikipedia: Symbian]] ==== [[Wikipedia:Windows CE|MS Windows CE]] ==== Though most versions of Microsoft Windows were developed for desktop applications, a simpler version was created for hand-held devices called, "Windows CE." ==== [[Wikipedia:Windows Phone | Windows Phone]] ==== {{wikipedia|Operating system}} Though discontinued, the Windows Phone is from the Metro Design Language, and was mostly aimed at the consumer. Like iPhone it's the embedded system for Windows Phone. [[wikipedia:Windows_Phone|Wikipedia: Windows Phone]]{{clear}} == Interfaces == How you work with the computer... Interfaces are the functioning of two "things" with relation to the computer. For example, the way software and hardware interacts, or how either would interact with the user. [[Wikipedia: Interface (computer science)]] === CUI/TUI === [[Image:Bash screenshot.png|thumb|CUI using Linux]] Character User Interface (CUI) or Text User Interface (TUI). Used originally for terminals to interface with a mainframe computer, but now used in virtual terminal software or server interfaces. You type specific commands depending on the shell system (the layer between the kernel and the user) and the command is interpreted on the computer and then run. It was not easy to remember all the commands and the commands could vary between system setups. The interface didn't allow for more exciting possibilities that a Graphical User Interface offers, such as art applications. However, text interfaces worked better in some cases, as they do not use as much computer processing time to show pretty icons and background images. This is the precursor to GUI (graphical user interface). [[Wikipedia:Graphical user interface]] {{clear}} === GUI === [[File:Desktop Ubuntu 20.04.png|thumb|200px|Ubuntu 20.04 GUI]] GUI is an acronym for "graphical user interface". It allows people to interact with a computer and computer-controlled devices using graphical icons, visual indicators or special graphical elements called "widgets". These icons are used in conjunction with text, labels or text navigation. Practically every computer used today operates on a GUI. [[Wikipedia:Graphical user interface]] The history of the graphical user interfaces came from the Xerox 8010 Star Information System in 1981 from PARC. GUI's familiar to most people today include Microsoft Windows and macOS. [[Wikipedia:Graphical user interface]] GUI's are important because they are more intuitive, more accessible, and easier to use than command driven interfaces. Source: [[Wikipedia: Graphical user interface]] {{clear}} === GUI shell === [[Image:Kde35.png|thumb|right|250px|GUI shell Linux]] Graphical user interface (GUI) shells build on top of CUI. The GUI shell communicates visually-based operations in the GUI to/from the computer in a language the computer understands. The GUI instructs the CUI, and the CUI sends messages to the hardware. - [[Wikipedia:Shell_(computing)]] GUI shells are very replaceable and software often allows users to create their own GUI to suit their personal need. The most active user generated GUI can be seen in games where users replace the original image with another GUI overlay to suit their personal style. [[Wikipedia: Graphical user interface]] {{clear}} === [[Wikipedia:DOS Shell|DOS Shell]] === [[Image:dosshell.jpg|frame|dos shell]] This shell was one of the first successful attempts to create a basic graphical user interface (GUI) type file manager in MS-DOS Dos Shell enables the user to type prompts and commands within a user interface. [[Wikipedia: Shell (computing)]] No longer in use, the DOS shell, stands for Microsoft disc operating system. Microsoft set up this 'shell'(program software), to enhance features of their system. Some of these features include: double clicking to open a file on the computer and copying, moving, and renaming files. Some of the benefits of the dos shell is that it did not require long file names to run and it could be used with Microsoft windows. One of the drawbacks to the dos shell was that it could not multitask. For this reason, it was replaced when more efficient programs were created. {{clear}} == widgets == Widgets are an interface that a computer user uses to communicate with the computer and its applications, such as a window or text box. Programmers use widgets to build GUI (graphical user interfaces).[[Wikipedia: GUI widget]] A widget engine is a host software system for running and displaying desktop widgets. Widgets are downloadable interactive virtual tools. They help to show users things such as the latest news, time, or weather, among a variety of other things. [[Wikipedia: Widget engine]] === Files === A file is one of two things: 1) a data file, or a "named collection of data," or 2) a program file, or a program that exists in the secondary storage of a computer. Computer files make it easier for the user to find and save their data.[[Wikipedia: File system]] Computer files are like paper documents that used to be kept in libraries and offices [[Wikipedia: Computer file]]. [[Image:Files.jpg|thumb|200px|Files]] Exporting files turn files into readable format so that it can be use with another program. Importing files gets data from another source and converts it to a compatible format. EXAMPLE: *IMPORTING FILES- You could write a word program and import it to a column of number from your spreadsheet program. *EXPORTING FILES- You could could write a list of names or addresses in a database program and export it to a word program. Example: Certain networks are created to allow users to share files, such as audio, video and pictorial images. Networks like Limewire use a peer-to-peer file sharing method. === Tasks === [[Image:Cray_2_Arts_et_Metiers_dsc03940.jpg|thumb|200px|Multitasking]] A computer may perform many different tasks at the same time. Tasks include storing, printing, and calculating. Multitasking is when a computer operates more than one task at a time with one central processor. A task is a set of instructions (like a plan) that is brought out from memory to execute certain functions. [[Wikipedia: Task (computers)]] In order to allow your computer to multi-task, the processor should have high speed (frequency). This will allow you to run more applications at once without affecting your computer's performance. Nowadays, multicore processors which combine two(dual core) or four(quad core) processors are coming, which have more speed than ones with only one processor. [[http://spot.com/share?cmd=permalink&r=0XCzIG2UEiwocbiEJW0mIWgl1C|podcast]] Task is a real time application which is the study of hardware and software that are subject to real time constraint [[Wikipedia: Task (computers)]] === Security === Security could mean confidentiality, integrity, or availability of electronic information that is processed by or stored on computer systems. "The only truly secure system is one that is powered off, cast in a block of concrete and sealed in a lead-lined room with armed guards - and even then I have my doubts. ” Eugene H. Spafford, director of the Purdue Center for Education and Research in Information Assurance and Security [http://homes.cerias.purdue.edu/~spaf/quotes.html] [[Wikipedia: Computer security]] EXAMPLE: FIREWALL A system that prevents unauthorized access to/from a private network. Can be implemented in both hardware and software, or both. This form of security can be used to prevent unauthorized Internet users from accessing private networks connected to the Internet/inappropriate networks. [[Wikipedia: Internet Firewalls]] ==Utilities== Also known as service programs, utilities perform a variety of functions like disk defragmenting or data compression. When a utility becomes popular, it is usually incorporated into future versions of the operating system. ===Driver=== [[Image:Tandy1000HX tweaked.jpg|thumb|200px|a printer needs a driver]] '''A computer driver is a program that controls a device.''' There are device drivers for printers, displays, graphics cards, CD-ROM readers, diskette drives, and so on. For other devices, you may need to install a new driver when you connect the device to your computer. In DOS systems, drivers are files with a.SYS extension. In Windows environments, drivers often have a.DRV extension. A driver acts like a ''translator'' between the device and programs that use the device. Each device has its own set of specialized commands that only its driver knows. In contrast, most programs access devices by using generic commands. The driver, therefore, accepts generic commands from a program and then translates them into specialized commands for the device.<ref>http://www.webopedia.com/TERM/d/driver.html</ref> ===Backup=== Making copies of data in case the original data is lost or destroyed. The two reasons for backing up your files are; a) disaster recovery - to restore the files to an operational state following a disaster, and b) to restore small numbers of files after they have been corrupted or accidentally deleted. <ref>[[Wikipedia:Backup]]</ref> Do not confuse backups with archives or fault-tolerant systems. Archives are the first copy of data and back ups are a second copy of data. Also back up systems assume that fault will cause data loss and fault-tolerant systems will not assume fault. <ref>[[Wikipedia:Backup]]</ref> A popular backup utility is Norton ghost, where a user can make an image copy of their files in case of a system crash. A common method of backup for isolated systems without high-speed network or backup devices is to maintain the system and applications software installation disks locally, near the system, and backup only user data. In the event of a crash one then reinstalls system and application software from scratch and then restores the user data. When using this method one should not neglect to make off-site backups of the commercial software and user data so that in the event of a local disaster such as fire, flood, or earthquake that crunches the system, rapid recovery is still possible if desirable. A backup allows the user to make a duplicate copy in case the hard-disk drive fails. ===Virus=== A virus is a program that can destroy and corrupt data on a computer. It can come physically through a floppy disk, CD, or USB, but now usually comes virtually through email or pop-up advertisements. Viruses are programs that can copy themselves and create problems in one computer without the user ever knowing or authorizing it. Virus can only be spread when they are taken to an uninfected computer. Viruses are commonly confused with computer worms and Trojan horses. A worm has the capabilities to spread itself to other computers without needing to be transferred as part of a host. Trojan horses are files that appear to be harmless until they are executed. <ref>[[Wikipedia: Computer virus]]</ref> Anti virus software is a computer program that attempts to identify and eliminate computer viruses. There are two different techniques to accomplish this, examining (scanning) data, and identifying suspicious behavior ===Defrag=== The hard drive is divided into [[Wikipedia: Hard drive#Capacity measurements|sectors]] that can hold files. If a file is bigger than a section (which it usually is) it is stored on the next sector. If the next sector is already being used, then it has to store it on a sector farther away, but the address of the new sector is stored so that the computer knows where all the parts of the file are. But if parts of the file are ALL OVER THE PLACE (aka "fragmented") then it takes a long time to find and make changes to it. That's where defragmenting can help. It dutifully finds sectors that are next to each other big enough to hold a file and copies the file there, then deleting it form the fragmented sectors where it used to be. [[Wikipedia:Defrag]] Defragmentation reduces the amount of space or "fragmentation" in a file space. By using compaction, it creates larger regions of free space. The image to the side of the text represents the allocation of the free space as well as the combining of the files in order to defragment the hard drive. [[Image:File_system_fragmentation.png|thumb|200px|defragmenting]] Fragmentation occurs when the operating system cannot or will not allocate enough contiguous space to store a complete file as a unit, but instead puts parts of it in gaps between other files (usually those gaps exist because they formerly held a file that the operating system has subsequently deleted or because the operating system allocated excess space for the file in the first place). Larger files and greater numbers of files also contribute to fragmentation and consequent performance loss. Defragmentation attempts to alleviate these problems. ===Scandisk=== [[Image:Microsoft_Scandisk_(Windows_98).png|thumb|200px|Microsoft Scan Disk]] This is a utility program originally used by DOS and Microsoft Windows that checks and repairs file systems and bad clusters within the system. Previous versions were simple text-based program called CHKDSK. Subsequent versions of the scandisk were still referred to as CHKDSK, but different from the earlier version. The recent versions are now integrated in Disk Properties as "error-checking." <ref>[[Wikipedia:ScanDisk]]</ref> One of the main functions with scandisk is that it can identify and repair physically damaged hard drives by quarantining the damaged area, to avoid files being written in that area, thus avoiding damaged and lost data. ==Application== Applications are referred to as a type of computer software where the computer's capabilities directly reflect that of the task. [[Wikipedia: Application software]] ===Custom=== [[Image:ab38033.jpg|right|200px]] Custom software is under the category of application software. The word custom means that the software is specially made for the individual and/or company needs. This software is created by the programmers and software engineers. Custom software can be very expensive since it is only developed on demand. A very good example of a custom soft ware is the application of it in space crafts, ATM'S, and super market check out machines. Custom software, which can also be called bespoke software, is only created for individual companies to be used for research and other things. It is also a risk for a company to develop custom software since it is very expensive or demands huge sums of money to develop. [[Wikipedia: Custom software]] ===Commercial=== Commercial Software, also known as Proprietary Software or Packaged Software, is software that can be bought and sold. Commercial Software is copyrighted, so you must pay for it in some respect. Examples of this are Microsoft Excel or Adobe Photoshop. Commercial software is generally bought in retails stores in a physical form. However, in some cases you can download the program you desire over the internet for a lesser fee. Commercial software programs uses things such as passwords and user registrations to make sure only paid customers are using the program. Commercial software such as Norton AntiVirus uses thirty day free trials to familiarize the user with the product before they purchase it. [http://www.techterms.com/definition/commercialsoftware] ===Shareware=== Shareware is basically "try before you buy" software. Unlike most software where you have to buy the software before you can actually use it, the concept of Shareware lets you try a program for a short period of time before you buy it. This gives the consumer an opportunity to test out the software and see if it suits their needs or not. This not only helps the consumer get a feel for the product but is also beneficial to the company providing the Shareware Software to market their product. Shareware has the ultimate money-back guarantee - if you don't use the product, you don't pay for it! Examples of shareware software would be a trial version of [[Fracture]]. It is a screensaver software for macOS. In order to use the full version of the software, a ten dollar ($10) registration fee must be paid. [[Image:registerTab.jpg|400px|example of a registration screen]] [http://www.pcshareware.com/whatissh.htm] [http://www.sticksoftware.com/software/Fracture.html] ===Open Source=== Open-Source software is software that you can download the source code of and change privately to suit your own needs. There are restraints on the redistribution of the new software which is made from open source software. ===Free Source=== Free Software that you can download the source code of and modify and redistribute without any restraints making your modifications public as opposed to open source. ===What Free/Open Source Does?=== By making source code available freely it has allowed the rapid development of software as requesting for software is not required and is made available on some online repository for download. One example below is how one group of developers have worked more on free source software than it's own developers. Viro has contributed 1,571 changes to the kernel, which sits at the core of the Linux operating system, over the past three years, according to a new report from the Linux Foundation. That's more than any other individual developer, the report states. In contrast, Torvalds, the kernel's creator and steward, contributed 495 changes. Viro couldn't be reached for comment about the report. During the past three years, the top 10 individual developers have contributed nearly 15 percent of the changes to the kernel, while the top 30 developers have submitted 30 percent, the report states. [http://www.pcworld.com/article/id,143997/article.html?tk=nl_dnxnws] ==References== {{reflist}} [[Category:Introduction to Computers]] <big>Course Navigation</big> {| class="wikitable" ! [[Introduction_to_Computers/Future_Peripherals|'''<< Previous - Future Peripherals''']] ! ! ! ! [[Introduction_to_Computers/Application_software|'''Next - Application software >> ''']] |} k3sz165unhejbbekk6z1rij59mihz32 12 61464 2691429 441849 2024-12-11T16:06:43Z RockTransport 2992610 2691429 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Image:Model Rocketry at Starbase Kelly camp 070810-F-3340B-001.JPG|right|thumb|250px|An activity.]][[Image:Duckduckgoose.gif|right|thumb|250px|A diagram explaining the rules of a children's game.]]An '''activity''' is a [[Help:resource types|type of resource]] which you can add to Wikiversity. '''Activities''' are a broad range of things which usually motivate a learner to do more than just edit the wiki. Wikiversity contributors have created (among other things): [[:Category:Challenges|challenges]], [[:Category:Experiments|experiments]], [[:Category:Games|games]], [[:Category:Labs|labs]], [[:Category:Learning activities|learning activities]], [[:Category:Quizzes|quizzes]] and [[:Category:Simulations|simulations]]. Activities are normally included into larger projects such as courses and lessons, although there are also excellent resources which are simply [[Help:Collection|collections]] of activities. You should feel free to create new kinds of activities not already listed here. Don't forget to tell everyone about your new kind of activity. == Other meanings of "activity" == Some contributors use the word "activity" to refer to formal academic undertakings such as conferences, workshops and expeditions. See [[Help:Event]]. == See also == {{rtlinks|activities|template=activity|verbose=yes}} * [[Wikiversity:Activity creation]] {{rtnav}} [[Category:Help]] [[Category:Learning methods]] [[Category:Activities]] t91g1hajsmxbvrycxh8dvrimlpvucxr 0 64082 2691559 2663780 2024-12-12T02:51:21Z 71.250.69.181 /* Instrumentos */ piano= piano 2691559 wikitext text/x-wiki ==Chapter 2 == ===Activities=== * '''comer''' - to eat * '''beber''' - to drink *'''bailar''' - to dance *'''cantar''' - to sing *'''correr''' - to run *'''escribir cuentos''' - to write stories *'''escuchar música''' - to listen to music *'''estudiar''' - to study *'''esquiar''' - to ski *'''hablar por teléfono''' - to talk on the phone *'''ir a la escuela''' - to go to school *'''hacer la tarea''' - to do homework *'''jugar videojuegos''' - to play videogames *'''leer revistas''' - to read magazines *'''montar en bicicleta''' - to ride a bicycle *'''montar en monopatín / patineta''' - to skateboard *'''nadar''' - to swim *'''pasar tiempo con amigos / amistades''' - to spend time with friends *'''patinar''' - to skate *'''jugar deportes''' - to play sports *'''tocar la guitarra''' - to play the guitar *'''trabajar''' - to work *'''usar la computadora''' - to use the computer *'''mirar la televisión/ver la tele''' - to watch television ===Words to describe something you like or dislike=== *'''A mí''' - (Used for emphasis when talking about what you like.) *'''A mí no''' - (Used for emphasis when talking about what you dislike.) *'''Me gusta...''' - I like to... *'''Me gusta más...''' - I like to...better. *'''Me gusta mucho...''' I like to...a lot. *'''Me gusta poco'''... I like to... very little. *'''A mí también.''' - I do too.... *'''A mí tampoco.''' - I don't either / Me neither. *'''No me gusta...''' - I don't like to do... *'''No me gusta (para) nada...''' - I don't like to...at all. *'''¿Qué te gusta hacer?''' - What do you like to do? *'''¿Qué te gusta hacer más?''' - What do you like to do more? *'''¿Te gusta...?''' - Do you like to...? *'''¿Y a ti?''' - And you? ===Other frequently used words=== *'''ni''' - neither, nor *'''o''' - or *'''y''' - and *'''¡Bueno!''' - good *'''¡Bien!''' - well *'''sí''' - yes *'''no''' - no *'''también''' - also, too *'''tampoco''' - neither {''opposite of'' '''también'''} *'''nunca''' - never *'''a''' '''veces''' - sometimes *'''siempre''' - always *'''no... sino... -''' not... but rather... **'''No me gusta trabajar sino escuchar música.''' I don't like to work but rather listen to music. ====Cultural note==== *Many schools in Latin America don't have a Physical Education class or sports teams, instead many students go to local gyms to join sports teams. ===Cognates/False Cognates=== Cognates are words that have a common etymological origin. False cognates look similar but actually have different meanings. ====Cognates==== *'''popular''' = popular *'''usar''' = to use *'''guitarra''' = guitar *'''instrumento''' = instrument *'''importante''' = important *'''flamenco''' = flamenco *'''tango''' = tango *'''merengue''' = merengue *'''salsa''' = salsa *'''cumbia''' = cumbia *'''famoso''' = famous *'''famosa''' = famous *'''no''' = no *'''piano'''= piano ==== False Cognates==== *'''el pie = the foot''' *'''actual = current''' ===Instrumentos=== *'''acordeón''' - accordian *'''bajo''' - bass *'''clarinete''' - clarinet *'''claves''' - keys *'''güiro''' - güiro *'''maracas''' - maracas *'''oboe''' - oboe *'''saxofón''' - saxophone *'''sintetizador''' - synthesizer *'''tambor''' - drum *'''trombón''' - trombone *'''trompeta''' - trumpet *'''tuba''' - tuba *'''violín''' - violin *'''cymbals''' - platillos ===Cultural Insight (Dances)=== Many famous dances have originated in Spanish-speaking countries. Below are lists of dances and their country of origin: -Flamenco: Spain -Tango: Argentina -Merengue: Dominican Republic -Salsa: Puerto Rico -Cumbia: Colombia ===Country focus (Estados Unidos)=== [[Image:Flag of the United States.svg|150px|right]] The '''United States of America''' (Spanish: Estados Unidos), usually referred to as the United States, the U.S. or America, is a constitutional federal republic comprising fifty states and a federal district, as well as several territories, or insular areas, scattered around the Caribbean and Pacific. The country is situated mostly in central North America, where its forty-eight contiguous states and Washington, D.C., the capital district, lie between the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans, bordered by Canada to the north and Mexico to the south. The state of Alaska is in the northwest of the continent, with Canada to its east and Russia to the west across the Bering Strait, and the state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific. [[Image:LocationUSA.png|200px|right]] At 3.79 million square miles (9.83 million km²) and with more than 300 million people, the United States is the fourth largest country by total area, and third largest by population. The United States is one of the world's most ethnically diverse nations, the product of large-scale immigration from many countries. The U.S. economy is the largest national economy in the world, with a nominal 2006 gross domestic product (GDP) of more than US$13 trillion (over 25% of the world total based on nominal GDP and almost 20% by purchasing power parity). [[Image:SF From Marin Highlands3.jpg|150px|thumb|San Francisco was founded as a Spanish mission, but today is a major city home to over 830,000 people.]] The nation was founded by thirteen colonies of Great Britain located along the Atlantic seaboard. Proclaiming themselves "states," they issued the Declaration of Independence on July 4, 1776. The rebellious states defeated Great Britain in the American Revolutionary War, the first successful colonial war of independence. A federal convention adopted the current United States Constitution on September 17, 1787; its ratification the following year made the states part of a single republic. The Bill of Rights, comprising ten constitutional amendments, was ratified in 1791. [[Image:Castillo de San Marcos Fort Panorama 1.jpg|left|thumb|170px|Castillo de San Marcos, a fort in St.Augustine, Florida, the oldest European settlement in the USA.]] In the nineteenth century, the United States acquired land from France, Spain, the United Kingdom, Mexico, and Russia, and annexed the Republic of Texas and the Republic of Hawaii. Disputes between the agrarian South and industrial North over states' rights and the expansion of the institution of slavery provoked the American Civil War of the 1860s. The North's victory prevented a permanent split of the country and led to the end of slavery in the United States. The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the nation's status as a military power. In 1945, the United States emerged from World War II as the first country with nuclear weapons, a permanent member of the United Nations Security Council, and a founding member of NATO. In the post–Cold War era, the United States is the only remaining superpower—accounting for approximately 50% of global military spending—and a dominant economic, political, and cultural force in the world. The United States is a multicultural nation, home to a wide variety of ethnic groups, traditions, and values. [[Image:LosAngelesSmog.jpg|thumb|200px|Los Angeles, formely a Spanish pueblo, is today a major city home to 4.1 million people and is a major world center in tourism and culture.]] '''Factbox''': *Official languages: none (English is the ''de facto'' language) *Other Languages: Spanish, French, German, Cantonese, Tagalog, Vietnamese, Mandarin, Italian, Korean, 327 other languages *Capital: Washington D.C. *Government: Democratic Republic *Area: 9,629,091 sq km (3,794,066 sq mi) (4th) *Population: 310,101,000 (July 2010) (3rd) *Religion: Christianity 78.5% (Protestant 51.3%, Catholic 23.9%, Mormon 1.7%, other Christian 1.6%), Non-religious 15%, Judaism 2.1%, Buddhism 2%, Islam 1%, Hinduism 0.4%, other 1% (mostly Unitarian Universalism, traditonal beliefs, Sikhism, Jainism, Confucianism, Taoism, etc.) *Human Development: 0.956 (VERY HIGH, 13th) *Independence: July 4, 1776 *Currency: United States Dollar [[Category:Spanish One]] q6de5yizp51gafaqol0nxydnb158mwx 0 64086 2691513 2636979 2024-12-11T21:58:21Z 131.239.11.198 /* Drinks */ 2691513 wikitext text/x-wiki ==Chapter 6 (Food & Drink)(Comidas y bebidas)== ===Breakfast / El desayuno=== *'''desayuno''' - breakfast *'''para el desayuno''' - for breakfast *'''cereales''' - cereal *'''huevos''' - eggs *'''pan''' - bread *'''pan dulce''' - sweet bread *'''tostadas''' - toast *'''mantequilla''' - butter *'''plátano''' - banana *'''salchicha''' - sausage *'''tocino''' - bacon *'''yogur''' - yogurt *'''papas''' - potatoes *'''aguacate''' - avocado *'''queso''' - cheese *'''queso crema''' - cream cheese ===Lunch / El almuerzo=== *'''para el almuerzo''' - for lunch *'''ensalada''' - salad *'''ensalada de frutas''' - fruit salad *'''galletas dulces''' - cookies *'''galletas saladas''' - crackers *'''hamburguesa''' - hamburger *'''jamón''' - ham *'''fresas''' - strawberries *'''manzana''' - apple *'''naranja''' - orange *'''bistec''' - steak *'''papas fritas''' - french fries *'''perro caliente''' - hot dog *'''pizza''' - pizza *'''queso''' - cheese *'''sándwich/emparedado''' - sandwich *'''sándwich de jamón y queso''' - ham and cheese sandwich *'''tarta''' - cake *'''bocadillo''' - sandwich *'''sopa de verduras''' - vegetable soup *'''arroz''' - rice ===Drinks=== *'''bebidas''' - drinks *'''agua''' - water *'''cerveza''' - beer *'''vino''' - wine *'''café''' - coffee *'''jugo de manzana''' - apple juice *'''jugo de naranja''' - orange juice *'''leche''' - milk *'''limonada''' - lemonade *'''refresco''' - soft drink *'''té''' - tea *'''té (frío) helado''' - iced tea *'''ponche de frutas''' - fruit punch *'''chocolate caliente''' - hot chocolate *'''coca cola''' - Coca Cola ===Dining terms=== *'''beber''' - to drink *'''comer''' - to eat *'''comida''' - food, meal *'''compartir''' - to share *'''nunca''' - never *'''siempre''' - always *'''todos los días''' - everyday ===Expressing desire and preference=== *'''Me/te encanta el/la ...''' - I/you love ... (singular) *'''Me/te encantan los/las ...''' - I/you love ... (plural) *'''Me/te gusta el/la ...''' - I/you like ... (singular) *'''Me/te gustan los/las ...''' - I/you like ... (plural) '''Note''': Use the plural forms when you talk about more than one thing, for example, ''Me gustan las papas fritas.'' An example of a singular sentence is, ''Me gusta la manzana.'' === Preferir (to prefer) === ''Preferir'' changes form a little differently than other -ir verbs. In ''preferir'', the second ''e'' changes to ''ie'', except in the ''nosotros(as)'' and ''vosotros(as)'' forms. Below is the conjugation for ''preferir'': * '''prefiero''' - I prefer * '''prefieres''' - you prefer (singular) * '''prefiere''' - he/she prefers * '''preferimos''' - we prefer * '''preferís''' - you prefer (plural) * '''prefieren''' - they prefer '''Note''': Remember? Usted & ustedes conjugate in the 3rd person form. === Querer (to want) === ''Querer'' changes form a little differently than other -er verbs. In ''querer'', the first ''e'' changes to ''ie'', except in the ''nosotros(as)'' and ''vosotros(as)'' forms. Below is the conjugation for ''querer'': * '''quiero''' - I want * '''quieres''' - you want (singular) * '''quiere''' - he/she wants * '''queremos''' - we want * '''queréis''' - you want (plural) * '''quieren''' - they want ===Other terms=== *'''comprender''' - to understand *'''con''' - with *'''¿Cuál?''' - Which?, What? (specific) *'''más o menos''' - more or less *'''por supuesto''' - of course *'''¡Qué asco!''' - How awful! *'''sin''' - without *'''¿Verdad?''' - Right? ===Food items & Vegetables (vegetales)=== *'''azúcar''' - sugar *'''sal''' - salt *'''pimienta''' - pepper *'''ajo''' - garlic *'''cebolla''' - onion *'''lechuga''' - lettuce *'''tomate''' - tomato *'''pepinos''' - cucumbers *'''pimentón/pimientos''' - peppers *'''zanahorias''' - carrots *'''apio''' - celery *'''rábano''' - radish *'''remolachas''' - beets *'''berenjena''' - eggplant *'''calabacín''' - zucchini *'''frijoles''' - beans ===Conjugating -er and -ir verbs=== As with -ar verbs, conjugating -er and -ir verbs requires correct pronoun usage. Below is a list of the conjugation forms for -er and -ir verbs. '''-er''': -yo: -o -tú: -es -usted (Ud.), él, ella: -e -nosotros/nosotras: -emos -vosotros/vosotras: -éis -ustedes (Uds.), ellos, ellas: -en An example of an -er conjugation is comer (to eat): *'''como''' - I eat *'''comes''' - you eat (singular) *'''come''' - he/she eats *'''comemos''' - we eat *'''coméis''' - you eat (plural) *'''comen''' - they eat '''-ir''': -yo: -o -tú: -es -usted (Ud.), él, ella: -e -nosotros/nosotras: -imos -vosotros/vosotras: -ís -ustedes (Uds.), ellos, ellas: -en An example of an -ir conjugation is compartir (to share): *'''comparto''' - I share *'''compartes''' - you share (singular) *'''comparte''' - he/she shares *'''compartimos''' - we share *'''compartís''' - you share (plural) *'''comparten''' - they share '''Note''': The nosotros(as) and vosotros(as) endings are different. Remember that usted and ustedes are conjugated in the 3rd person form. Remember the -ar conjugation? -yo: -o -tú: -as -usted (Ud.), él, ella: -a -nosotros/nosotras: -amos -vosotros/vosotras: -áis -ustedes (Uds.), ellos, ellas: -an *'''tocar''' - to play (an instrument) *'''toco''' - I play (an instrument) *'''tocas''' - you play (an instrument/singular) *'''toca''' - he/she plays (an instrument) *'''tocamos''' - we play (an instrument) *'''tocáis''' - you play (an instrument/plural) *'''tocan''' - they play (an instrument) ===Other words=== *'''churro''' - churro *'''chocolate''' - chocolate *'''crema de cacahuates''' - peanut butter *'''mantequilla de maní''' - peanut butter *'''pan dulce''' - breakfast pastry (referred to pastries served at Spanish-speaking style bakeries) *'''panqueque''' - pancake *'''postre''' - dessert ===Frutas (fruits)=== *'''manzana''' - apples *'''cereza''' - cherry *'''ciruela''' - plum *'''coco''' - coconut *'''durazno''' - peach *'''frambuesa''' - raspberry *'''fresas''' - strawberries *'''arándanos''' - blueberries *'''limón''' - lemon *'''melón''' - melon *'''pera''' - pear *'''sandía''' - watermelon *'''toronja''' - grapefruit *'''naranjas''' - oranges *'''uvas''' - grapes *'''papaya''' - papaya *'''mango''' - mango *'''piña''' - pineapple *'''frutas''' - fruits ===Carnes (meats)=== *'''carne de res''' - beef *'''bistec''' - steak *'''pollo''' - chicken *'''cerdo''' - pork *'''pescado''' - fish *'''cangrejo''' - crab *'''camarones''' - shrimp *'''almeja''' - clam *'''mejillón/mejillones''' - mussel/mussels *'''cordero''' - lamb *'''chivo''' - goat *'''barbacoa''' - BBQ *'''langosta''' - lobster *'''venado''' - venison *'''marisco''' - seafood ===Cultural Insight (Churros y Chocolate)=== [[Image:Chocolate with churros.jpg|thumb|right|Churros served with ''chocolate caliente'', a typical breakfast or snack in Spanish-speaking nations.|150px]] In many Spanish-speaking nations, a type of doughnut called churro is served in streetcarts or restaurants. Churro are typically fried to a crunchy consistency. Their surface is ridged due to being piped from a churrera, a syringe with a star-shaped nozzle. Churros are generally prisms in shape, and may be straight, curled or spirally twisted. Like pretzels, churros are often sold by street vendors who in many cases will fry them freshly on the street stand and sell them hot. In Spanish-speaking countries, they are available in cafes for breakfast, although they may be found throughout the day and night as a snack. Specialized ''churrerías'' can be found as street shops or as towable wagons. Usually, a form of hot chocolate, ''chocolate caliente'' is served with churros, it consists of ground chocolate mixed with hot milk and water and crushed almonds. ===Country Focus (El Salvador)=== [[Image:Flag of El Salvador.svg|150px|right]] '''El Salvador''' (Spanish: El Salvador) is a country in Central America. The area was originally called by the Pipil "Cuzhcatl", in Spanish "Cuzcatlan", which in Nahuatl means "the land of precious things." In the early sixteenth century, the Spanish conquistadors ventured into ports to extend their dominion to the area that would be known as El Salvador. They were firmly resisted by the Pipil and their remaining Mayan-speaking neighbors. Pedro de Alvarado, a lieutenant of Hernán Cortés, led the first effort by Spanish forces in June 1524. [[Image:LocationElSalvador.png|noframe|right|150px]] The economy, based on coffee-growing after the mid-19th century, as the world market for indigo withered away, prospered or suffered as the world coffee price fluctuated. From 1931—the year of the coup in which Gen. Maximiliano Hernández Martínez came to power until he was deposed in 1944 there was brutal suppression of rural resistance. Since 1989 the Nationalist Republican Alliance (ARENA) party, founded by Roberto D'Aubuisson, has won every presidential election. [[Image:Great San Salvador.JPG|thumb|right|150px|Aerial view of San Salvador.]] The country borders the Pacific Ocean between Guatemala and Honduras. With a population of approximately 5.8 million people, it is the most densely populated nation in Central America and is undergoing rapid industrialization. The Roman Catholic Church plays an important role in the Salvadoran culture. '''Factbox''': -Official Language: Spanish -Other Languages: Native American languages -Capital: San Salvador -Government: Democracy -Area: 21,041 sq km (8,124 sq mi) (153rd) [[Image:Ilamatepec cloud covered.JPG|150px|left|thumb|Ilamatepec Volcano, one of the several volcanoes in El Salvador.]] -Population: 6,134,000 (July 2009) (99th) -Religion: Christianity (mostly Catholic) 81.9%, Buddhism 0.1%, other (Non-religious, Animism, Islam, Judaism) 10% -Human Development: 0.747 (106th, MEDIUM) -Independence: September 15, 1821 -Currency: U.S. Dollar [[Category:Spanish One]] [[Category:Food]] [[Category:Drinks]] g76w91mzjpgr9uh9n8pvfymk4gjjtet 4 75745 2691472 2687503 2024-12-11T18:46:25Z 2603:9000:7AF0:5DA0:B940:EF5A:3D27:A8F0 /* Uh Oh! */ new section 2691472 wikitext text/x-wiki {{/Header}}[[cs:Wikiverzita:Nástěnka správců]][[fr:Wikiversité:Requêtes aux bibliothécaires]][[pt:Wikiversidade:Pedidos a administradores]] == Request to move image files to Commons == I got [[User_talk:Guy_vandegrift#Files_on_Commons|'''this request''']] to move files from [[:Category:NowCommons]] and [[:Category:Files from USGS]]. I delete lots of files, but usually let others delete image files because of my ignorance of copyright laws. I also have contributed a lot of files to Commons, but almost all of it is my own work. So I am out of my comfort zone on this. I don't even understand why these files should be moved. {{ping|User:MGA73}} Maybe we can find someone with more expertise on file transfers here on [[Wikiversity:Request custodian action|Request custodian action]].--[[User:Guy vandegrift|Guy vandegrift]] ([[User talk:Guy vandegrift|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Guy vandegrift|contribs]]) 22:47, 7 January 2024 (UTC) In a related vein, due to my inexperience with copyright regulations, perhaps it would be better if someone else processed the following files. All are up for speedy deletion. And all seem like quality images and/or on potentially high quality WV resources. <gallery widths=50> File:Merged fig1.png File:Merged matrix2.png File:Rps all hsa.png File:Selected domfams fix.png File:Service-pnp-fsa-8b32000-8b32000-8b32095r.jpg File:Summary.svg File:Transtree.png File:Untitled-91274a-1024.jpg </gallery> : My request was primary to delete files that was moved to Commons allready. But if anyone have checked files they are of course very welcome to move files to Commons too. Same with [[:Category:Files from Flickr]]. --[[User:MGA73|MGA73]] ([[User talk:MGA73|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MGA73|contribs]]) 16:32, 9 January 2024 (UTC) ::Thanks for the info. My ignorance of copyright law makes me very hesitant to delete image files.--[[User:Guy vandegrift|Guy vandegrift]] ([[User talk:Guy vandegrift|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Guy vandegrift|contribs]]) 19:50, 26 February 2024 (UTC) ::: I noticed [[User:Koavf]] just deleted a file moved to Commons. So perhaps Koavf could have a look at the files in [[:Category:NowCommons]] once there is a little time to spare? :-) --[[User:MGA73|MGA73]] ([[User talk:MGA73|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MGA73|contribs]]) 19:14, 27 February 2024 (UTC) ::::lol@"time to spare", but sure. <3 —[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''vf</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 21:17, 27 February 2024 (UTC) :::::Sometimes dirty tricks work ;-) --[[User:MGA73|MGA73]] ([[User talk:MGA73|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MGA73|contribs]]) 08:00, 28 February 2024 (UTC) == [[Special:Contributions/Hooglimkt]] (again) == {{Archive top|User is blocked so I guess were are {{Done}}. [[User:Guy vandegrift|Guy vandegrift]] ([[User talk:Guy vandegrift|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Guy vandegrift|contribs]]) 19:52, 26 February 2024 (UTC)}} {{ping|Koavf}} After the last report ([[Wikiversity:Request_custodian_action/Archive/25#Special:Contributions/Hooglimkt]]), the user has restarted same types of edits. [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 13:25, 9 January 2024 (UTC) :{{not done}} But what is the action here? He just wrote a bunch of Portuguese stuff on his userpage. What needs to be done? —[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''vf</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 13:30, 9 January 2024 (UTC) :: They are writing non-English advertisements on someone else's userpage, how can this be allowed? [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 13:33, 9 January 2024 (UTC) :: Please compare the reported user and [[Special:CentralAuth/Hoogli]] (user whose userpage is targeted), they don't look like the same user. [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 13:35, 9 January 2024 (UTC) :::Ah, sorry--I got the usernames confused. Yes, that is inappropriate and he's not here for constructive purposes. Sorry. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''vf</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 13:37, 9 January 2024 (UTC){{Archive bottom}} == [[Special:Contributions/NotAReetBot]] == According to [[WV:IU]], this username is not acceptable (implying bot), should this account be blocked? [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 01:28, 10 January 2024 (UTC) : I already sent a welcome and {{tl|uw-username}} (imported from enwiki). [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 01:42, 10 January 2024 (UTC) :I think explicitly saying that you're not a bot is acceptable, but I agree that it's probably not ideal. E.g. someone could have the username "NotAReet" and run a bot under this name. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''vf</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 03:46, 10 January 2024 (UTC) == Call for rewriting [[WV:UNC]] == This agenda is suggested at [[Wikiversity_talk:Username#WV:UNC needs updates]], since this is related to policy documentation, I would like to have the attention of our custodians. [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 02:49, 10 January 2024 (UTC) == [[Special:Contributions/2409:4064:810:DA39:FA73:D928:2C4D:B401]] == Possible vandalism (Massive enwiki copies with MOS issues), seems to be related to the recently reported IP, please consider range block. All targeted pages are semi-protected. Reverted revisions seem to be enwiki copies, please also consider revision deletion if needed. [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 03:38, 20 January 2024 (UTC) : (Note) Currently stale, will report again if they come back. [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 09:04, 28 January 2024 (UTC) == Scope of talk page usage for blocked users == I understand that the scope of talk page usage for blocked users is aimed at unblocking requests and relevant discussions. I would like to ask if Wikiversity has more exceptions accepted by the community. I'm asking this because I recently found [[special:diff/2602322]], and this does not seem to be related to an unblocking request. If unacceptable, custodians may need to remove talk page access from the user. [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 02:53, 30 January 2024 (UTC) == Please review recent edits at [[Wikiversity:Verifiability]] == {{cot|long discussion}} Recently we had many changes to this documentation. Reverting undiscussed changes would be non-controversial, but I'm not sure about the others. What would our custodians think about these edits? [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 15:03, 31 January 2024 (UTC) : Each of my edit has an explanation/rationale in the edit summary. Here a summarization: I above all removed sentences that presented a contradiction within the same page. I also switched the page to policy proposal away from policy since I could not find a discussion establishing the page as a policy and since, given the contradictions before my edits, the page could not have been taken seriously as a policy, that is, a set of rigid rules contrasting to guidelines. I could have discussed the changes somewhere first, but since the changes are well documented in their edit summaries, I hoped they could remain. --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 17:56, 31 January 2024 (UTC) ::For the record, the original version (before recent efforts) can be found at [[Special:Permalink/1375824]]. Regarding my thoughts about these edits, I think we should distinguish between top pages and subpages. If an instructor is inviting students to submit work in subspace, the instructor should have considerable flexibility regarding those subpages.--[[User:Guy vandegrift|Guy vandegrift]] ([[User talk:Guy vandegrift|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Guy vandegrift|contribs]]) 00:03, 1 February 2024 (UTC) ::: While I'm not sure about what type of flexibility is being mentioned, I generally believe that teachers should have enough privileges to complete their projects. If our policies (and related proposals) restrict legitimate educational activities, then we are no longer a place for education. [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 12:54, 1 February 2024 (UTC) :: Thank you very much for the explanation and the summary, but I cannot guarantee that everyone will accept it. Removing contradictions sounds good. If the content was obvious nonsense or conflict with the entire Wikiversity, then your decision (blanking/removal) would be the most reasonable one. In this case, I think there were other options (such as rewriting to resolve contradictions), and that is why I'm calling for a review. For example, at [[special:diff/2602692]], you said that "The obligation to use verifiable and reliable sources lies with the editors wishing to include information on Wikiversity page, not on those seeking to question it or remove it" contradicts the option of scholarly research at Wikiversity. I don't understand how this becomes a contradiction (have you already explained that?). Even if it was a contradiction, I think blanking was not the only one option. We could have restricted the obligation to non-research content (such as educational resources) or downgraded the obligation to a recommendation, and avoid potential conflict with Wikiversity research content. The summary of my question is, "Why have you decided to remove instead of suggesting a rewrite?". [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 13:20, 1 February 2024 (UTC) ::: I see an obvious contradiction, as mentioned in the edit summary: if original research and original user-written essays are allowed, there is no "obligation to use verifiable and reliable sources". ::: As for dropping text vs. rewrite: a rewrite creates an opportunity to introduce new mistakes and non-consensualities, a bad thing. By contrast, removal of problematic sentences removes defects. After removal of problematic sentences, we may focus on whether the text that remained after removal is really accurate and fully fit for purpose, which I do not think to be the case either; more corrective work is required. --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 11:12, 5 February 2024 (UTC) :::: Thank you for additional explanations. If somebody is going to produce their own research where anything similar was never published elsewhere, there would be no other independent secondary sources, so the Wikipedia-like verifiability is no longer reasonable at here. On the other hand, I believe that authors should work hard to avoid errors (calculation errors, uploading wrong images etc., I was talking about this type of verifiablity for research content), if they want to pass Wikijournal peer reviews then they need to do so. In addition, I expect many type of research comes out from previous research history, and I think it is reasonable to expect the Wikipedia-like verifiablity when explaining research background and related history. What would you think about this? I'm not demanding the Wikipedia-like verifiability to research itself, I'm recommending this to things before entering research. [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 01:59, 6 February 2024 (UTC) ::::: As for "If somebody is going to produce their own research where anything similar was never published elsewhere", one may well publish result of research such that something similar ''was'' already published elsewhere; it is still ''original research'' in Wikipedia terminology. ::::: Wikiversity is great for articles that combine original research/element of originality with referenced material. For such articles, there is no duty to reference things but I would see inline referencing as recommended for consideration (not enforced) and adding great further reading/external links as recommended (not enforced). I fully agree that "authors should work hard to avoid errors". As for Wikijournals, that is a separate class of Wikiversity content, with its own rules and processes. --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 07:22, 9 February 2024 (UTC) ::::: About "explaining research background": I know of no duty to explain research background (or is there one?) and therefore, there is no duty to explain the background and then reference it using Wikipedia-style inline referencing. --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 08:13, 9 February 2024 (UTC) {{cob}} Would somebody like to vote between keeping page ''as is'' or returning it to [[Special:Permalink/1375824]]? If so, write "I move that we foobar" as vote yes or no.--[[User:Guy vandegrift|Guy vandegrift]] ([[User talk:Guy vandegrift|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Guy vandegrift|contribs]]) 17:54, 26 February 2024 (UTC) == Can [[User:Ciphiorg/sandbox]] be an acceptable sandbox? == The sandbox was made by using talk page namespace so I moved it into userspace. After the page moved, I noticed that the sandbox was about physical geography but also aimed to promote a single website (physicalgeography.org) and its subpages. I checked the author's enwiki history, all edits were reverted and their enwiki sandbox was deleted per CSD U5. Could this be a xwiki spam case? [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 06:33, 2 February 2024 (UTC) :{{done}} Deleted. He can ask for undeletion if he wants to remove self-promotion/spam links. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''vf</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 06:36, 2 February 2024 (UTC) :: Recent abuse filter logs suggests that the user came back to do something similar. You may need to take action to stop them. [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 05:43, 7 February 2024 (UTC) ::: (Update) Currently stale. [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 09:18, 9 February 2024 (UTC) == Concern about an IP range starting from 165.199.181 == IP editors from this range ([[Special:Contributions/165.199.181.3]], [[Special:Contributions/165.199.181.9]], [[Special:Contributions/165.199.181.15]]) have done a lot of unhelpful actions in our project for months. I think our custodians should consider a range block for a reasonable amount of time. [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 02:06, 6 February 2024 (UTC) : (Note) All IPs in this report are blocked in minimal range. [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 02:11, 7 February 2024 (UTC) == Please consider blacklisting of physicalgeography.org == Dear custodians, I have reported about editors trying to get physicalgeography.org to appear in Wikiversity at [[special:permalink/2603578#Can_User:Ciphiorg/sandbox_be_an_acceptable_sandbox?]], and now we have another editor trying to get the link visible ([[Special:diff/2603646]]). Please consider the blacklisting of this URL. Thank you for your attention. [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 02:11, 7 February 2024 (UTC) == [[Special:Contributions/103.150.214.192]] == Too many test edits at sandbox (RC flooding), possible proxy, already blocked at zhwiki. [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 09:00, 9 February 2024 (UTC) :{{ping|MathXplore}} I blocked for 3 hours and then Googled {RC flooding}. I have no experience with these things. How long should I block for?----[[User:Guy vandegrift|Guy vandegrift]] ([[User talk:Guy vandegrift|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Guy vandegrift|contribs]]) 13:01, 10 February 2024 (UTC) :: When I reported the IP, they were violent, and at least a short-term block (perhaps several hours) may have been needed at that time. Currently, the IP editor is stale, so there may be no significant meaning to block them at this moment. On the other hand, GetIPIntel Prediction is 100% at [https://ipcheck.toolforge.org/index.php?ip=103.150.214.192 IPcheck information], this means that this IP might be a [[:m:No open proxies|proxy]] (and I guess that is why zhwiki blocked this IP, I don't know well about zhwiki proxy block policy), though the other parameters are negative. I think we need someone who knows more about proxies to choose the right range and terms. {{ping|Koavf}} can you take a look at this IP? [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 13:18, 10 February 2024 (UTC) :: (Note) After my reply, another IP ([[Special:Contributions/103.150.214.135]], close to the one above) appeared with similar behavior (targeting sandbox). This IP is blocked at zhwikivoyage as an open proxy (1 year), also blocked at enwiki as a web host. [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 14:15, 10 February 2024 (UTC) :::I am not a range block pro, but doing a little range block hacking, I see that both [[Special:Contributions/103.150.214.192/16]] and [[Special:Contributions/103.150.214.135/16]] contain all of the edits by the above IPs and ''only'' the edits by the above IPs. Both are globally blocked for a couple of months, but 1.) I take violent threats very seriously ({{Ping|MathXplore}}, did you write to legal@? If not, I will.) 2.) the sandbox is one of the only pages you really don't want to have escalated protection on, and 3.) oftentimes, rangeblocking open proxies is not going to harm the project. So, I'm willing to do a 12-month range block. Great work as always. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''vf</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 19:17, 10 February 2024 (UTC) :::: Sorry, I didn't write to legal. I was checking the edit frequencies and their global contributions rather than the context. Please go ahead for the report to legal. Thank you for the reactions and information. [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 06:28, 11 February 2024 (UTC) :::::Hey, no worries MX. You do a ''lot'' across ''many'' wikis. It's a team effort, friend. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''vf</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 07:27, 11 February 2024 (UTC) ::::::Wait--I actually ''looked'' at the diffs and some of them mention some weird violent content, but are not ''threats'', so it doesn't rise to that occasion. Sorry for my ignorance. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''vf</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 07:29, 11 February 2024 (UTC) == [[Special:Contributions/24.224.18.114]] == Vandalism from this IP, a targeted page is now semi-protected. [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 02:22, 16 February 2024 (UTC) : (Note) Currently stale. [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 06:28, 20 February 2024 (UTC) == [[special:permalink/2607000]] == Can this be considered as an academic profile, or should be handled as an advertisement? [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 06:27, 20 February 2024 (UTC) :Tricky. I'm inclined to call it a valid profile ''if'' this user engages in actually editing and particularly in creating resources related to these kind of topics such as SEO, but call it just spam if this person is only here to say "I am so-and-so and I have [x] marketable skills". :/ So I could be persuaded either way, but it's not ''obviously'' spam as of now, as far as I can tell. I totally respect any other custodian or curator deleting it, tho. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''vf</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 06:32, 20 February 2024 (UTC) == [[Portal talk:Astronomy]] == This talk page is currently isolated but has a lot of things in here. Where can we move this page to save it as an archive? [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 13:39, 25 February 2024 (UTC) :I created [[Draft:Archive]] without asking for a consensus. If nobody objects, we can all use it. The only open question in my mind is whether we need to nowikify the pages to avoid having titles appear on various lists and categories. I suggest the title [[Draft:Archive/2024/Portal talk-Astronomy]]. Personally, I am not very adept at undeleting pages, thought with a bit of practice I might find it more natural. With a small cleanup crew that tends to get bogged down in long discussions, it's easier if everybody can look at pages that have been removed in this fashion. Many years ago I remember an editor who annoyed administrators with frivolous requests to undelete for viewing purposes. If you want, I can move [[Portal talk:Astronomy]] right now.--[[User:Guy vandegrift|Guy vandegrift]] ([[User talk:Guy vandegrift|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Guy vandegrift|contribs]]) 14:37, 25 February 2024 (UTC) :: What is wrong with [[Portal talk:Astronomy]] staying where it is? --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 14:41, 25 February 2024 (UTC) :::Sorry! Again I read quickly but without accuracy. I didn't notice that it was a '''Talk''' page. I will archive it right now.[[User:Guy vandegrift|Guy vandegrift]] ([[User talk:Guy vandegrift|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Guy vandegrift|contribs]]) 17:20, 25 February 2024 (UTC) {{Done}}[[User:Guy vandegrift|Guy vandegrift]] ([[User talk:Guy vandegrift|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Guy vandegrift|contribs]]) 18:36, 25 February 2024 (UTC) :::: You "archived" the page but not moved. Where should we move the talk page? That is my question. [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 00:22, 26 February 2024 (UTC) ::: According to [[WV:CSD]], isolated talk pages are subject to deletion. [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 00:21, 26 February 2024 (UTC) ::::I apparently just forgot to delete the talk page. Does anybody object to deleting the talk page and its archive?--[[User:Guy vandegrift|Guy vandegrift]] ([[User talk:Guy vandegrift|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Guy vandegrift|contribs]]) 01:50, 26 February 2024 (UTC) ::::: Why is this being deleted or archived? I guess it is because of [[WV:Deletions]], "Discussion about deleted resources where context is lost and becoming an independent resource is unlikely". But the resource was not deleted, it was moved: from looking at [[Portal:Astronomy]], one can see it was moved to [[Topic:Astronomy]], which is now a redirect to [[Astronomy]]. --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 07:16, 26 February 2024 (UTC) {{done}}[[file:Red question mark.svg|20px]] Taking Dan's lead, I assumed the hanging talk page [[Portal talk:Astronomy]] to have been attached to what is now [[Astronomy]], which already had a talk page. So I made the Archive a subpage with an explanatory note at [[Talk:Astronomy]]. I'm glad this is a hobby and not a serious effort to preserve the history of this ol wiki.--[[User:Guy vandegrift|Guy vandegrift]] ([[User talk:Guy vandegrift|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Guy vandegrift|contribs]]) 19:38, 26 February 2024 (UTC) == Chronological order of [[Wikiversity:Request_custodian_action/Archive/23]] and [[Wikiversity:Request_custodian_action/Archive/24]] == I generally understand that archives are numbered in chronological order but I found an exception to this rule. [[special:permalink/2596291]] says that 23 is "January 2021 - June 2023" and 24 is "December 2021 - December 2022", this is breaking the chronological order. Should we fix this or keep it in the current state? [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 01:19, 26 February 2024 (UTC) :I noticed that while archiving a while back. I think we should leave it alone. One problem is that we have two chronological orders: One is when the request was initiated, and the other is when the request is archived. To make matters worse, many topics get "archived" twice: First when <nowiki>{{Archive top}}..{{Archive bottom}}</nowiki> turns the background blue, and second when the conversation is moved. Also, these conversations are extremely chaotic. Reading them would make good reading for chatbots if and when humans ever decide to start punishing them for transgressions.--[[User:Guy vandegrift|Guy vandegrift]] ([[User talk:Guy vandegrift|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Guy vandegrift|contribs]]) 01:46, 26 February 2024 (UTC) :: OK, thank you for your opinions. [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 01:49, 26 February 2024 (UTC) == Can anybody explain how this turns into a proposed deletion? == I just deleted a lot of pages because I thought the author was confusing the prod template for speedy delete. [https://en.wikiversity.org/w/index.php?title=User:Ramosama/sandbox/Problem_Analysis_-_Provision&action=edit This is the source] for [[User:Ramosama/sandbox/Problem Analysis - Provision]]: {{cot|Click to view the source code that triggers the prod}} <code><nowiki>{{Problem analysis - measure|name=Reusing durables|identifier=reusing_durables |definition= The reuse of durable goods in their original form. |reasons= |parents= |instances= * Design of equipment for reuse of their parts ("cradle to cradle"). * Prolonged storage of reusable goods in warehouses, such as deserted office buildings. * Second-hand warehouses. * Refund for returns of durables. * Facilitation, for example, allowing customers to reuse packaging or containers. |advantages= |disadvantages= }}</nowiki></code> [[User:Guy vandegrift|Guy vandegrift]] ([[User talk:Guy vandegrift|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Guy vandegrift|contribs]]) 17:14, 26 February 2024 (UTC) {{cob}} Thankfully the user has been dormant for almost 4 years. See [[Special:Contributions/Ramosama]].[[User:Guy vandegrift|Guy vandegrift]] ([[User talk:Guy vandegrift|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Guy vandegrift|contribs]]) 17:17, 26 February 2024 (UTC) : I edited "[[:Template:Problem analysis - concept]]" to place its proposed deletion code into the noinclude tag. As a result, [[User:Ramosama/sandbox/Problem Analysis - Provision]]--which uses the template--no longer shows any proposed deletion tag. I hope it added some clarity and has no undesirable consequence. --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 19:42, 26 February 2024 (UTC) ::Good news! I thought it was possible to accidentally make a prod. Thank's Dan.[[User:Guy vandegrift|Guy vandegrift]] ([[User talk:Guy vandegrift|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Guy vandegrift|contribs]]) 19:48, 26 February 2024 (UTC) == Does anybody know how to delete all pages by a single user? == We have a serial page creator. My hunch is that the pages were created in another language, translated using an auto-translator, and placed on en.wikiversity. I am currently trying to create a list from [https://en.wikiversity.org/w/index.php?title=Special%3AContributions&target=Saltrabook&namespace=all&tagfilter=&newOnly=1&start=&end=&limit=50 '''this list''']. If nobody knows how to do this, I will use a list under construction at '''[[Pre-diabetes diagnosis and remission]]'''.[[User:Guy vandegrift|Guy vandegrift]] ([[User talk:Guy vandegrift|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Guy vandegrift|contribs]]) 16:43, 27 February 2024 (UTC) :[[Special:Nuke]] can mass-delete, with some caveats. Oddly, it is only available to bureaucrats here. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''vf</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 16:38, 27 February 2024 (UTC) I don't know the answer. But let me list the pages created in 2024 (there are more from 2023): * [[INVITATIONS TO SEAFARERS AND THE MARITIME MEDICAL CLINICS]] * [[CONTENTS OF THE 16 WEEKS COACHING]] * [[VIDEO PRESENTATION AND INVITATIONS]] * [['''CONTENTS OF THE 16 WEEKS COACHING''']] * [[DRAFT ARTICLE]] * [[Maritime Diabetes-type 2 Intervention study/DRAFT PAHO PROTOCOL/CONTENTS OF THE 16 WEEKS COACHING]] * [[Maritime Diabetes-type 2 Intervention study/DRAFT PAHO PROTOCOL/DRAFT PAHO PROTOCOLO EN ESPAÑOL]] * [[Maritime Diabetes-type 2 Intervention study/DRAFT PAHO PROTOCOL/ESPAÑOL]] --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 16:43, 27 February 2024 (UTC) :{{Done}} I deleted all the maritime health and diabetes pages made in the past several months. If more is needed, let me know. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''vf</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 16:55, 27 February 2024 (UTC) ::Thanks Justin. You might want to change the parameters of my block of Saltrabook. I know little about blocking protocols. I will change my expiration date from one week to indefinite. I didn't know you could pagenuke. We need an active pagenuker on this wiki now that Dave is less active.[[User:Guy vandegrift|Guy vandegrift]] ([[User talk:Guy vandegrift|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Guy vandegrift|contribs]]) 17:07, 27 February 2024 (UTC) :::I have no perspective on an indefinite block, but it may be a good idea until/unless he can explain on his talk page what he's trying to do and where he is getting this information, etc. Note also that he has ''lots'' of pages going back to at least 2019. If we had consensus that [[Special:Nuke]] were available to admins (curators), then we could make the request on [[:phab:]] to change the local settings. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''vf</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 17:58, 27 February 2024 (UTC) ::::Do you know whether Saltrabook can use his talk page? If so, there is no need to change the indefinite block.[[User:Guy vandegrift|Guy vandegrift]] ([[User talk:Guy vandegrift|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Guy vandegrift|contribs]]) 19:19, 27 February 2024 (UTC) ::::: The latest block ([[special:redirect/logid/3389142]]) does not include edits, so I think they can. Generally, most blocked users can edit their own talk pages for unblock requests and related statements (unless revoked). [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 03:48, 28 February 2024 (UTC) :::: Currently, curators cannot restore pages. I think allowing mass-delete without restoration permissions can be risky. Allowing mass-delete to our custodians should be enough. Why have we limited mass-delete to our bureaucrats? Are there any previous discussions in the past? [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 03:50, 28 February 2024 (UTC) :::::No clue. That is very bizarre and atypical. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''vf</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 04:48, 28 February 2024 (UTC) :::::: I think we can ask to hear the community's opinion at [[Wikiversity:Colloquium]]. They may want to speak about what they think about this odd technical settings. [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 03:45, 1 March 2024 (UTC) ::::::: <s>(Note about this matter) I started a new thread over there.</s> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 13:41, 1 March 2024 (UTC) ::::::: (Update) Per suggestion ([[special:diff/2610994]]), I started a proposal at [[Wikiversity_talk:Custodianship#Proposal_to_allow_custodians_to_use_mass-delete]]. [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 07:17, 8 March 2024 (UTC) :: If possible, I suggest clarifying the deletion criteria (RFD? off-wiki request?). I'm sorry if I have missed anything. From my viewpoint, I only requested renaming without redirects, and now I see pages being deleted. Having more explanations would be better, I think. [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 03:53, 28 February 2024 (UTC) :::{{ping|MathXplore}} Sorry, sometimes I act too swiftly. It turns out User:Saltrabook has been creating what looks like interesting pages for a long time, and he has created close to 100 such pages (probably much more.) He doesn't know English very well, so it is obvious that he is auto-translating the pages. I blocked his page creations, and he seems happy working on pages he already created (many of them were almost blank.) Personally, I would be happy if he works on the pages he has already created and left us alone. We get odd ones on WV. I should know; my family thinks I am one.-[[User:Guy vandegrift|Guy vandegrift]] ([[User talk:Guy vandegrift|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Guy vandegrift|contribs]]) 03:37, 1 March 2024 (UTC) :::: Thank you for the explanations. As can be seen in each page history, I'm one of the few editors handling the categorizations of their creations, but I didn't notice that there were auto-translations (has anyone identified which software has been used?), apologies for being late to notice such issues. I think we should clarify how to handle auto-translations via policy/guideline or previous discussions. [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 03:43, 1 March 2024 (UTC) == [[Special:Contributions/Krutrimam]] == Lock evasion of [[User:Premaledu]], please see [[special:permalink/2609661#Offensive_username]]. [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 12:19, 1 March 2024 (UTC) : Already {{done}}, globally locked. [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 13:23, 1 March 2024 (UTC) == Explanation of edit == I was trying to link my pages and I got a notification to explain to a custodian. I hope I'm in the right place for that. [[User:An5189|An5189]] ([[User talk:An5189|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/An5189|contribs]]) 04:42, 4 March 2024 (UTC) :Seems fine to me. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''vf</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 04:49, 4 March 2024 (UTC) ::thanks [[User:An5189|An5189]] ([[User talk:An5189|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/An5189|contribs]]) 04:52, 4 March 2024 (UTC) == create about user page == I was trying to create about User page [[User:An5189|An5189]] ([[User talk:An5189|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/An5189|contribs]]) 05:17, 4 March 2024 (UTC) :I'll create a blank one and you can modify it. Let me know if you have more problems. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''vf</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 06:57, 4 March 2024 (UTC) ::thanks, I will[[User:An5189|An5189]] ([[User talk:An5189|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/An5189|contribs]]) 08:18, 4 March 2024 (UTC) == [[Special:Contributions/39.50.199.52]] == Making bad pages (I already deleted them) and xwiki abuse (also reported at Wikiquote). [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 02:46, 10 March 2024 (UTC) :{{done}} —[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''vf</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 05:49, 10 March 2024 (UTC) == [[Special:Contributions/Precisiongroup]] == Spam-only account with promotional username (account named after company name). [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 06:49, 14 March 2024 (UTC) :{{done}} —[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''vf</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 13:02, 14 March 2024 (UTC) == [[Special:Contributions/Kroodham]] == Lock evasion of [[Special:CentralAuth/Premaledu]]. [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 07:45, 14 March 2024 (UTC) : {{done}}, already locked. [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 08:57, 14 March 2024 (UTC) == [[Special:Contributions/27.55.68.138]] == Vandalism and xwiki abuse. [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 10:07, 19 March 2024 (UTC) :{{done}} Month-long rangeblock. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''vf</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 10:36, 19 March 2024 (UTC) == [[Special:Log/Cbtproxyus]] == The user has repeated user page spam, I already deleted it and set indefinite full protection. [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 05:56, 20 March 2024 (UTC) :{{done}} indef block. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''vf</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 15:42, 22 March 2024 (UTC) == CAPTCHA Problem when creating an Account == I don't know how active Dave is at the moment, so I paste a message to Dave from [[User:Ireicher2]]: {{quote|Hi Dave, Isabel here from Ohlone college. We've talked a couple of times before. Some of my students emailed me to let me know that they cannot create user accounts because of a CAPTCHA problem. I verified the information by attempting to create a new account and I received the same error message. Would you let me know how this can be resolved? Thank you!}} {{ping|Ireicher2}} One thing you might try is having them create Wikipedia or Wikibooks accounts. I believe membership in one automatically creates membership on Wikiversity. Another thing to try is asking students to create the account from their homes. Does anybody else have any ideas????--[[User:Guy vandegrift|Guy vandegrift]] ([[User talk:Guy vandegrift|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Guy vandegrift|contribs]]) 01:49, 22 March 2024 (UTC) : I think [[:w:Wikipedia:Request_an_account/Help_and_troubleshooting]] is related to this issue. It is a different project but shares the same technical basis. [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 01:55, 22 March 2024 (UTC) :See [[meta: Mass account creation]]. I'll try adding Account creators to [[User:Ireicher2]] with an expiration of seven days and see if makes any difference. Yes, the suggestion that students create their accounts from home (or using their cell phones vs. school computers) should help. -- [[User:Dave Braunschweig|Dave Braunschweig]] ([[User talk:Dave Braunschweig|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dave Braunschweig|contribs]]) 03:44, 22 March 2024 (UTC) ::@[[User:Dave Braunschweig|Dave Braunschweig]] @[[User:Guy vandegrift|Guy vandegrift]] Of course. That makes sense. Thank you!<br> [[User:Ireicher2|Ireicher2]] ([[User talk:Ireicher2|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Ireicher2|contribs]]) 04:46, 22 March 2024 (UTC) == I need the custodians & curators to tell a user not to be involved with deletions. == {{Cot|Collapse as resolved}} Here are two examples: #He put a speedy delete on [[special:permalink/2617505]], saying among other things that there is "no clear explanation" of what ''ordinary'' differential equations are". This is a subpage, and the parent page at [[special:permalink/2483117]] gives a rather coherent explanation: "Differential equations serve as mathematical models of physical processes. This course is intended to be an introduction to ordinary differential equations and their solutions. <small>A '''differential equation''' (DE) is an equation relating a function to its derivatives. If the function is of only one variable, we call the equation an '''ordinary differential equation''' (ODE). ...</small><br> There is a movement to raise the standards regarding what should and should not be in namespace, but the the parent page at [[special:permalink/2483117]] has [[Special:PrefixIndex/Differential_equations/|13 subpages.]] If this resource is a problem, it has to be addressed from the top down, not one subpage at a time. As will be shown in the next example, I recently attempted to explain to him that it is inefficient to remove subpages without looking at the entire resource (via the parent page.) #Days prior to the aforementioned effort to delete a subpage of [[Differential equations]], he proposed the deletion of one of some 300 subpages of [[Student Projects]] because it was unsourced. My reason for not deleting that page should have informed him that it would have been inappropriate to delete one subpage of [[Differential equations]], because it turns out that almost all subpages of [[Student Projects]] are unsourced, leaving us with the same issue involving the deletion of pages from the "bottom-up". For evidence that this user had been informed of the need for a "top-down" approach attempting to delete a subpage of [[Differential equations]], see [[special:permalink/2617342#Student_Projects/Major_rivers_in_India]]. This editor is a nice person with a lot of good ideas, but his stubbornness is making it difficult to moderate [[Wikiversity:Requests for Deletion]]--[[User:Guy vandegrift|Guy vandegrift]] ([[User talk:Guy vandegrift|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Guy vandegrift|contribs]]) 14:15, 31 March 2024 (UTC) :I don't want this user blocked, or even banned from participating in discussions about deletion policy. He is not alone in advocating higher standard, and the community might want to do that. But there is a distinction between the nuts and bolts of deletion, and deletion as a policy. I am very conservative about deleting pages. So if the standards get tightened, there will be no need to revert anything I have done. I am asking the custodians/curators to encourage this user to go to [[Wikiversity:What-goes-where_2024#Personal_subpages_(with_visual_editing)|WV:WGW2024]] and create a subpage for sharing his ideas with the community.--[[User:Guy vandegrift|Guy vandegrift]] ([[User talk:Guy vandegrift|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Guy vandegrift|contribs]]) 14:41, 31 March 2024 (UTC) ----- ----- ----- #: 1) The "unsourced" on [[Student Projects/Major rivers in India]] was only one reason; the other reason was that this page has nothing to add what is not in Wikipedia, a rationale previously recognized. 2) [[Student Projects/Major rivers in India]] is not integrated in any way to a [[Student Projects]] "project"; its being a subpage is just an attempt to escape deletion scrutiny. 3) I am not aware of any explanation to me that I should not nominate subpages; such an explanation has my talk page as a proper venue, and I am unaware of any such explanation, neither there or elsewhere. 4) Any disagreement about deletion can be resolved via RFD and via voting-cum-discussion there, as is usual in other projects, e.g. the English Wikipedia and the English Wiktionary; if I am mistaken in a particular nomination, it can be brought to RFD and quickly voted down. Even a single person opposing can prevent a deletion in which I am the sole, mistaken, deletion supporter. 5) I have a pretty good conversion rate between deletion nominations and actual deletions/moving out of mainspace, and therefore, I do not think that my nomination algorithm is too broad and too burdensome on those who have to oppose my nominations for deletions. --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 14:26, 31 March 2024 (UTC) #::All I am asking is that you stay out of active deletions and focus your talent on changing the policy. A great place to do that is at [[WV:WGW2024#Personal_subpages_(with_visual_editing)]] [[User:Guy vandegrift|Guy vandegrift]] ([[User talk:Guy vandegrift|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Guy vandegrift|contribs]]) 14:51, 31 March 2024 (UTC) #::: I invite you to my talk page to make requests concerning change of behavior on my part. --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 14:52, 31 March 2024 (UTC) {{cob}} [[File:Yes check.svg|18px]]'''Resolved''' We have corresponded in our talk pages and the problem has been resolved to my satisfaction.--[[User:Guy vandegrift|Guy vandegrift]] ([[User talk:Guy vandegrift|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Guy vandegrift|contribs]]) 18:15, 31 March 2024 (UTC) == link on page looks possibly explicit to follow? == [[Other Free Learning Resources]] the univeristy of reddit link has a lot of very adult explicit words as links . I did not view other links from this page. Thanks U - X * [http://www.ureddit.com/ University of Reddit] [[Special:Contributions/2001:8003:B120:8900:4D5:4E7A:36B2:58F3|2001:8003:B120:8900:4D5:4E7A:36B2:58F3]] ([[User talk:2001:8003:B120:8900:4D5:4E7A:36B2:58F3|discuss]]) 12:50, 1 April 2024 (UTC) :Thanks, it's now spam, so I removed it. :/ —[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''vf</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 19:09, 1 April 2024 (UTC) == [[Special:contribs/206.110.193.204]] == Vandalism [[User:Seawolf35|Seawolf35]] ([[User talk:Seawolf35|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Seawolf35|contribs]]) 18:57, 16 April 2024 (UTC) :{{done}} —[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''vf</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 19:32, 16 April 2024 (UTC) == Induced stem cells copyright issues == [[Induced stem cells]] got imported to here from enWiki- which is fine, attribution was done correctly and everything- except for the fact that I'm just wrapping up a [[Wikipedia:Contributor copyright investigations/20240516|copyright investigation]]<nowiki> on the original contributor & his alternative account. Due to the fact that this contributor repeated and blatantly infringed on the copyright of multiple sources despite multiple warnings an even a block, I tagged the original page over on enWiki for presumptive deletion. I don't know what Wikiversity's process is for suspected copyright infringements without a clear source, but I figured you guys would want to know about the problems with this page anyways. -- ~~~~</nowiki> [[User:GreenLipstickLesbian|GreenLipstickLesbian]] ([[User talk:GreenLipstickLesbian|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/GreenLipstickLesbian|contribs]]) 20:34, 23 May 2024 (UTC) :Very helpful, thanks. Do you have any relevant links to en.wp about the investigation or where he typically ripped off material? —[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''vf</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 23:48, 23 May 2024 (UTC) ::Okay- everthing I've gathered so far is going to be in this [[wikipedia:Wikipedia:Contributor_copyright_investigations/20240516|investigation page]]. ( tried to link it in the original post, but I failed spectacularly as you can see). They almost exclusively copied from scientific papers/ reviews, and news/blog reports. This user typically copied from the source they cited- or, at least, *a* source they cited. They'd regularly copy a paragraph of text from one source, then a cite a different source for each sentence. If a source was paywalled, they often would cite the source, but copy from a news report/blog report analyzing the source. One of the other investigators found a few instances where they copied another article in Wikipedia without attribution- but that was their rarest type of violation. They occasionally wrote their own material, but it was normally easily identifiable because English is not their first language. ::Sorry for not being more helpful on this article in particular-I saw they(and their alt) were essentially the sole author of this page, cited 300+ sources, made a noise somewhat akin to that of a distressed animal, and decided I was going to take advantage of enWiki's rule allowing us to delete articles written by serial copyright violators without any more evidence. --[[User:GreenLipstickLesbian|GreenLipstickLesbian]] ([[User talk:GreenLipstickLesbian|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/GreenLipstickLesbian|contribs]]) 00:09, 24 May 2024 (UTC) :::That’s plenty to convince me that this should be assumed to be a copy II until proven otherwise. Merci. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''vf</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 00:16, 24 May 2024 (UTC) :::: Thank you for the responses, I think having a short intro, soft redirect to the CCI page, further readings section, and categories would be OK, what would you think about this? [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 01:56, 24 May 2024 (UTC) :::::Sure. Do you want me to undelete and then redelete selected diffs? Or you’ll just create the redirect yourself? —[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''vf</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 02:10, 24 May 2024 (UTC) :::::: I will create a soft redirect afterward. [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 02:29, 24 May 2024 (UTC) ::: Thank you for the information, do you think [[WikiJournal Preprints/Induced stem cells]] needs deletion? It is another page where the same editor has substantial involvement. [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 01:58, 24 May 2024 (UTC) ::::I did a brief check, and I found that [https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.1248252 this source] (cited in the article) appears to have been partially copied. Specifically, the stuff about zebrafish has been copied word for word. It's not a promising sign. If this was on the English Wiki, I would ask for it to be presumptively deleted soley on the basis of the author and that confirmed instance of a copyright violation. I worked on the investigation for several days (and I was the one who asked for it to be opened), and I could confirm over half their writing to be blatant copy-and-paste jobs. [[User:GreenLipstickLesbian|GreenLipstickLesbian]] ([[User talk:GreenLipstickLesbian|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/GreenLipstickLesbian|contribs]]) 03:08, 24 May 2024 (UTC) :::::Thank you for your service, hermana. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''vf</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 03:38, 24 May 2024 (UTC) ::::: Thank you for the information, I have contacted an active Wikijournal contributor to learn about how this preprint should be handled. [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 02:05, 6 June 2024 (UTC) ::::::Thank you to [[User:GreenLipstickLesbian|GreenLipstickLesbian]] for informing us about the copyright violations and reference false attribution in this article, and [[User:Koavf|Koavf]] & [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] in participating in this conversation. Normally we would keep rejected articles in the preprint with the stated reason in the talk page for record purpose. However, since the induced stem cell contains copyright violation and may cause future accidental copyright violation by future text re-users under the assumption that the text is under Creative Commons license, I will request that the preprint be deleted while talk page remains undeleted to note the rationale. [[User:OhanaUnited|<b><span style="color: #0000FF;">OhanaUnited</span></b>]][[User talk:OhanaUnited|<b><span style="color: green;">^{Talk page}</span></b>]] 20:00, 18 June 2024 (UTC) :::::::Good point. In addition to not deleting the talk page, I am redirecting the main page to the talk page and protecting it. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''vf</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 20:07, 18 June 2024 (UTC) ::::::::@[[User:Koavf|Koavf]] Can you also delete [[WikiJournal Preprints/Induced stem cells]], redirecting it to talk page please? [[User:OhanaUnited|<b><span style="color: #0000FF;">OhanaUnited</span></b>]][[User talk:OhanaUnited|<b><span style="color: green;">^{Talk page}</span></b>]] 04:03, 10 July 2024 (UTC) :::::::::{{done}} —[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''vf</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 04:42, 10 July 2024 (UTC) == Creating a section of my own talk page with a link to Wikipedia == I'm trying to set up my own talk page here at Wikiversity with my own example of trying separate the essence and accident of programming, as per <nowiki>[[w:No Silver Bullet|No Silver Bullet]]</nowiki> at Wikipedia, but it's rejected because of the external link (i.e. to Wikipedia). I'm doing this because most example code I see buries the essence in the accident and I wanted to show an example that there are better ways to write code. [[User:Philh-591|Philh-591]] ([[User talk:Philh-591|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Philh-591|contribs]]) 10:33, 9 July 2024 (UTC) :That's very weird: you can't create ''interwiki'' links? And to be clear, you're trying to put said links on your talk page at [[User talk:Philh-591]], not your userpage [[User:Philh-591]]? —[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''vf</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 12:05, 9 July 2024 (UTC) ::Well, your creation of the page with a welcome message has got it past that restriction, although I don't think it was the Wikipedia link. I'd not noticed that there are URL's in my example source referring to public information at the European Central Bank. However, it now insistently applies "nowiki" to what I insert. I guess I don't understand the formatting rules at Wikiversity; I'd assumed it was just like Wikipedia. I'll see if I can understand it more playing in the sandbox. [[User:Philh-591|Philh-591]] ([[User talk:Philh-591|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Philh-591|contribs]]) 13:13, 9 July 2024 (UTC) :::I figured that would fix the problem: sometimes, creating a new page (even your own user or user talk page) has restrictions. I forget the exact limitations per wiki, but they are usually very modest, like make at least five edits across two weeks or something. Re: formatting rules, they should be the same as Wikipedia, so I'm confused as to what you're trying to do again. :/ —[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''vf</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 13:25, 9 July 2024 (UTC) == Won't let me publish "my about" page due to "New User Exceeded New Page Limit" == Unsure how to publish my about me page, is someone able to help me be able to publish it without it being disallowed? [[User:Lucywilson 546|Lucywilson 546]] ([[User talk:Lucywilson 546|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Lucywilson 546|contribs]]) 03:20, 8 August 2024 (UTC) : {{ping|Jtneill}} Can you grant confirmed status for this user? [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 03:41, 8 August 2024 (UTC) :I made a blank page, which you can now edit. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''vf</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 04:31, 8 August 2024 (UTC) : {{ping|MathXplore}} Thankyou, I've confirmed the user. {{ping|Koavf}} Thankyou, a neat, instant solution :). {{ping|Lucywilson 546}} Thanks for letting us know. You should be good to go. Let us know if any other problems. Sincerely, James -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - <small>[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]</small> 10:24, 8 August 2024 (UTC) == Delete revission == Could you delete [https://en.wikiversity.org/w/index.php?title=Wood_finishing&oldid=2651335 this revision], which is revealing my personal information, please? [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 09:54, 9 September 2024 (UTC) : Username is hidden, I have contacted the [[:m:stewards]]. [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 11:38, 9 September 2024 (UTC) : {{done}} [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 12:00, 9 September 2024 (UTC) == Spam filter exception request == I am prevented from creating [[Template:Vandal]] because a previous example in [[Template:Vandal/doc]] used an IP address, which is blocked by a spam filter. I removed that example, but am still blocked from creating that page. I have put the source code in [[Template:Vandal/sandbox]] in the interim. Perhaps allowing just <code>10.0.0.1</code> to avoid other IP spam? [[User:Tule-hog|Tule-hog]] ([[User talk:Tule-hog|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Tule-hog|contribs]]) 04:55, 2 October 2024 (UTC) :{{done}} I created a blank template, which you can now edit. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''vf</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 06:11, 2 October 2024 (UTC) ::{{done}} again: I moved your sandbox to the template. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''vf</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 06:12, 2 October 2024 (UTC) :::It seems I still can't include the IP-user example (see [[Special:PermanentLink/2658932|an old version]] with the offending string) - [[User:Tule-hog|Tule-hog]] ([[User talk:Tule-hog|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Tule-hog|contribs]]) 23:13, 2 October 2024 (UTC) ::::I don't understand the problem. What text are you trying to put where? —[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''vf</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 00:43, 3 October 2024 (UTC) :::::See [https://en.wikiversity.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Vandal/doc&diff=prev&oldid=2658932 this diff] which shows the text and location {{--}} [[User:Tule-hog|Tule-hog]] ([[User talk:Tule-hog|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Tule-hog|contribs]]) 00:48, 3 October 2024 (UTC) ::::::{{done}}. Longer-term issues with including IP addresses may still exist, but this particular edit at least is fixed. Thanks. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''vf</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 00:53, 3 October 2024 (UTC) == [[Special:Log/Tule-hog]] == As seen in the link above, [[User:Tule-hog]] has made various manual imports from WP to WV. Some may be OK, but others may be questionable. Despite various messages on their talk page ([[User talk:Tule-hog]]) from user:Dan Polansky, the user continues manual imports. Should we let this continue, keep talking with the user, or should we stop them? What would be the best option? ({{ping|Jtneill}} As Dan's mentor, your feedback is welcome here, and {{ping|Koavf}} since you previously communicated with the user in [[Special:Diff/2659041]], we would like to hear about your thoughts) [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 06:39, 7 October 2024 (UTC) :{{Ping|Tule-hog}} From what I see on your talk, you are at least not doing this anymore. While copyright-wise, we can of course copy anything from en.wp to here, it is best to use [[Special:Import]] because it preserves edit histories, provides attribution, and can also import dependencies like another modules or templates. Can you explain what your goal is with this copying and what in general you want copied? —[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''vf</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 06:43, 7 October 2024 (UTC) ::I am motivated by updating Wikiversity template/module infrastructure in places where appropriate. Note I do not have the [[WV:Importer|importer]] role. I perform what I've been calling [[User:Tule-hog/Wikiversification|Wikiversification]] on docs and templates themselves, where much of the time the pages I come across are rough imports with raw Wikipedia links without modification, incorrect language for the project, bad category mapping, or are dependent on other undefined modules/templates. ::To be clear, I am ''not'' just going through picking out popular templates/modules and importing them. I approach a maintenance task, and where relevant spend the (not mindless) time to transform them to fit Wikiversity. [[User:Tule-hog|Tule-hog]] ([[User talk:Tule-hog|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Tule-hog|contribs]]) 06:50, 7 October 2024 (UTC) ::: I find "in places where appropriate" too non-specific. I do not see any specific need addressed. I find Colloquium a good forum for a proposal to copy (or import) a large number (how large?) of Wikipedia templates and categories; the approximate volume should be stated as part of the proposal. --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 07:02, 7 October 2024 (UTC) :::I undeleted and userfied to [[User:Tule-hog/Wikiversification]]. If you are thinking of making some large-scale change, then it's probably best to clarify your thoughts there, propose it (succinctly!) at the Colloquium, and then coordinate with a custodian who can import. This is kind of a [[:en:wikt:death by a thousand papercuts|death by a thousand papercuts]] situation: any one change is perfectly fine, but the volume may be systemic, so it's wise to get the community's input. Besides, we could help and many hands make for light lifting. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''vf</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 07:08, 7 October 2024 (UTC) ::(Question due to unfamiliarity with importer mechanism:) Do we also submit requests to ''update'' already imported templates at [[WV:I]], or does that only happen once (and hence update requests should go to [[WV:RCA]])? Thanks, [[User:Tule-hog|Tule-hog]] ([[User talk:Tule-hog|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Tule-hog|contribs]]) 23:25, 7 October 2024 (UTC) :::Unfortunately, if you import a resource from another wiki and the original changes, the updates need to be imported again here manually and since [[WV:I]] is a dedicated space, it's probably best to put requests there. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''vf</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 05:05, 8 October 2024 (UTC) == [[:Category:Wikiversity policies and guidelines]] == Should this category finish being developed? (I could do so if desired.) [[User:Tule-hog|Tule-hog]] ([[User talk:Tule-hog|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Tule-hog|contribs]]) 06:32, 8 October 2024 (UTC) :Similarly with the list detailed at [[:Category:Wikiversity development]] (i.e. finishing up + deleting the list mentioned there) —[[User:Tule-hog|Tule-hog]] ([[User talk:Tule-hog|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Tule-hog|contribs]]) 06:55, 8 October 2024 (UTC) ::{{ping|Koavf}} double checking is alright for [[:Category:Wikiversity development]] as well (started by [[:User: McCormack|McCormack]]) —[[User:Tule-hog|Tule-hog]] ([[User talk:Tule-hog|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Tule-hog|contribs]]) 02:20, 9 October 2024 (UTC) :Can you reword this question? I'm not sure what you're trying to do here. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''vf</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 07:16, 8 October 2024 (UTC) ::The content of the category is "This category is being developed." so I believe it is in an unfinished state (i.e. adapting the categorization schema). [[User:Tule-hog|Tule-hog]] ([[User talk:Tule-hog|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Tule-hog|contribs]]) 07:18, 8 October 2024 (UTC) :::I think if you have some rational way of organizing the pages, that's fine. I don't know what :::[User:CQ]][had in mind when he put that there, but he has basically not edited here in 4.5 years, so go for it. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''vf</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 07:20, 8 October 2024 (UTC) == [[:Category:Rejected policies]] == Should I use the list of tagged pages found in this category to update [[WV:POLICY#Rejected policies]]? Or is [[WV:IAR]] the only truly firmly rejected proposal? [[User:Tule-hog|Tule-hog]] ([[User talk:Tule-hog|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Tule-hog|contribs]]) 22:59, 8 October 2024 (UTC) :The category and that list should have the same items<ins> and at first glance, what is the category is in fact rejected proposals, therefore, the list should be updated.</ins> —[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''vf</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 02:04, 9 October 2024 (UTC) ::Just noting [[Wikiversity_talk:Policies#List_of_official_policies|this thread]] which suggests that another user made that list in the first place using tags, so it may have recursively snuck something in. [[User:Tule-hog|Tule-hog]] ([[User talk:Tule-hog|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Tule-hog|contribs]]) 02:12, 9 October 2024 (UTC) == [[Wikiversity:Research guidelines]] == This page is listed in {{tlx|official policies}}. Should it be updated as adopted on [[WV:POLICY]], and if so, should it be considered a policy or guideline? [[User:Tule-hog|Tule-hog]] ([[User talk:Tule-hog|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Tule-hog|contribs]]) 00:19, 11 October 2024 (UTC) :(Also, should it link to the top-level [[Wikiversity:Research]] instead, which uses (the confusingly named) {{tlx|research policy}} navbox?) [[User:Tule-hog|Tule-hog]] ([[User talk:Tule-hog|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Tule-hog|contribs]]) 00:46, 11 October 2024 (UTC) :Good question. From what I can tell the beta Wikiversity research page is the official policy and the en.wv local version is a copy/fork that hasn't been officially endorsed. :That leaves me wondering whether we want to pursue a local variation as an official policy or potentially remove the local variant and redirect to the beta version. -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - <small>[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]</small> 03:12, 13 October 2024 (UTC) :: What suggests that https://beta.wikiversity.org/wiki/Wikiversity:Research_guidelines is an official policy? And if it is, does the policy match the actual practice? For instance, it says "Original research at Wikiversity is subjected to ''peer review'' in order to allow the Wikiversity research community to strive for verifiability" (italics mine): is that really true outside of Wikijournals? Moreover, the putative policy states in a box: "This page contains summaries of discussions which have taken place in various languages." But this cannot be true since the policy reads like a monologue and a proper summary of discussions cannot be a monologue. A quick skimming of the page raises some red flags. :: Be it as it may, I think keeping a local copy is vital since then we have the option to amend it without thereby requiring an international cross-language input to the changes. Of course, the amends will be unable to change some core features of Wikiversity (no metamorphosis allowed), but some amends should be possible. :: As for the local [[Wikiversity:Research guidelines]], I propose to rank it as ''policy proposal'', given the misgivings. :: In any case, this discussion does not belong to "Request custodian action" but rather to "Colloquium" since the outcome of the discussion can be implemented by anyone, not only custodians, and since input from non-custodians seems welcome. --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 05:28, 13 October 2024 (UTC) :::Agree with retaining local version and treating as ''policy proposal''. :::I've hidden the note about the guidelines being a copy of the beta guidelines (it confused me at least into thinking that beta version was also the policy on en.wv). :::Softened the peer review requirement to being "open" to peer review rather than being "subjected" to peer review. :::Agree that further work e.g., on drafting and potentially making official should be followed through on Colloquium. :::Thanks @[[User:Tule-hog|Tule-hog]] and @[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]]. -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - <small>[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]</small> 06:13, 13 October 2024 (UTC) :: Oh, and I was not paying attention: [[Wikiversity:Research]] states "This page provides guidelines for research in Wikiversity" so there appears to be some redundancy/overlap between [[Wikiversity:Research]] and [[Wikiversity:Research guidelines]]. Confusing. --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 05:56, 13 October 2024 (UTC) == [[Wikiversity:Policies]] ➝ [[Wikiversity:Policies and guidelines]] == This is a proposal to move [[WV:Policies|Policies]] to a name matching the scope of the page, [[WV:Policies and guidelines|Policies and guidelines]]. The more descriptive title will make identifying the location of guidelines easier for newer participants. [[User:Tule-hog|Tule-hog]] ([[User talk:Tule-hog|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Tule-hog|contribs]]) 15:46, 25 October 2024 (UTC) :See [[User_talk:Tule-hog#Wikiversity:Policies|more discussion]]. [[User:Tule-hog|Tule-hog]] ([[User talk:Tule-hog|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Tule-hog|contribs]]) 20:58, 25 October 2024 (UTC) == Please fully protect... == [[Module:Message box/fmbox.css]]. It is used in 29 system messages. [[Special:Contributions/2604:3D08:9476:BE00:DCDC:4B47:21DA:D90E|2604:3D08:9476:BE00:DCDC:4B47:21DA:D90E]] ([[User talk:2604:3D08:9476:BE00:DCDC:4B47:21DA:D90E|discuss]]) 20:32, 25 October 2024 (UTC) :{{done}} —[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''vf</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 06:26, 26 October 2024 (UTC) == Uh Oh! == Hello. Something Went Wrong With Editing. My Dog And Me Is Editing The New Learning Resources. Dog Grooming (Learning Resources). So Help Me. Tanks. [[Special:Contributions/2603:9000:7AF0:5DA0:B940:EF5A:3D27:A8F0|2603:9000:7AF0:5DA0:B940:EF5A:3D27:A8F0]] ([[User talk:2603:9000:7AF0:5DA0:B940:EF5A:3D27:A8F0|discuss]]) 18:46, 11 December 2024 (UTC) o7f6ew6nyc5031ud185zv7x0oagth3e 2691475 2691472 2024-12-11T18:54:33Z Koavf 147 Reverted edits by [[Special:Contributions/2603:9000:7AF0:5DA0:B940:EF5A:3D27:A8F0|2603:9000:7AF0:5DA0:B940:EF5A:3D27:A8F0]] ([[User_talk:2603:9000:7AF0:5DA0:B940:EF5A:3D27:A8F0|talk]]) to last version by [[User:Koavf|Koavf]] using [[Wikiversity:Rollback|rollback]] 2676257 wikitext text/x-wiki {{/Header}}[[cs:Wikiverzita:Nástěnka správců]][[fr:Wikiversité:Requêtes aux bibliothécaires]][[pt:Wikiversidade:Pedidos a administradores]] == Request to move image files to Commons == I got [[User_talk:Guy_vandegrift#Files_on_Commons|'''this request''']] to move files from [[:Category:NowCommons]] and [[:Category:Files from USGS]]. I delete lots of files, but usually let others delete image files because of my ignorance of copyright laws. I also have contributed a lot of files to Commons, but almost all of it is my own work. So I am out of my comfort zone on this. I don't even understand why these files should be moved. {{ping|User:MGA73}} Maybe we can find someone with more expertise on file transfers here on [[Wikiversity:Request custodian action|Request custodian action]].--[[User:Guy vandegrift|Guy vandegrift]] ([[User talk:Guy vandegrift|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Guy vandegrift|contribs]]) 22:47, 7 January 2024 (UTC) In a related vein, due to my inexperience with copyright regulations, perhaps it would be better if someone else processed the following files. All are up for speedy deletion. And all seem like quality images and/or on potentially high quality WV resources. <gallery widths=50> File:Merged fig1.png File:Merged matrix2.png File:Rps all hsa.png File:Selected domfams fix.png File:Service-pnp-fsa-8b32000-8b32000-8b32095r.jpg File:Summary.svg File:Transtree.png File:Untitled-91274a-1024.jpg </gallery> : My request was primary to delete files that was moved to Commons allready. But if anyone have checked files they are of course very welcome to move files to Commons too. Same with [[:Category:Files from Flickr]]. --[[User:MGA73|MGA73]] ([[User talk:MGA73|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MGA73|contribs]]) 16:32, 9 January 2024 (UTC) ::Thanks for the info. My ignorance of copyright law makes me very hesitant to delete image files.--[[User:Guy vandegrift|Guy vandegrift]] ([[User talk:Guy vandegrift|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Guy vandegrift|contribs]]) 19:50, 26 February 2024 (UTC) ::: I noticed [[User:Koavf]] just deleted a file moved to Commons. So perhaps Koavf could have a look at the files in [[:Category:NowCommons]] once there is a little time to spare? :-) --[[User:MGA73|MGA73]] ([[User talk:MGA73|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MGA73|contribs]]) 19:14, 27 February 2024 (UTC) ::::lol@"time to spare", but sure. <3 —[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''vf</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 21:17, 27 February 2024 (UTC) :::::Sometimes dirty tricks work ;-) --[[User:MGA73|MGA73]] ([[User talk:MGA73|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MGA73|contribs]]) 08:00, 28 February 2024 (UTC) == [[Special:Contributions/Hooglimkt]] (again) == {{Archive top|User is blocked so I guess were are {{Done}}. [[User:Guy vandegrift|Guy vandegrift]] ([[User talk:Guy vandegrift|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Guy vandegrift|contribs]]) 19:52, 26 February 2024 (UTC)}} {{ping|Koavf}} After the last report ([[Wikiversity:Request_custodian_action/Archive/25#Special:Contributions/Hooglimkt]]), the user has restarted same types of edits. [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 13:25, 9 January 2024 (UTC) :{{not done}} But what is the action here? He just wrote a bunch of Portuguese stuff on his userpage. What needs to be done? —[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''vf</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 13:30, 9 January 2024 (UTC) :: They are writing non-English advertisements on someone else's userpage, how can this be allowed? [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 13:33, 9 January 2024 (UTC) :: Please compare the reported user and [[Special:CentralAuth/Hoogli]] (user whose userpage is targeted), they don't look like the same user. [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 13:35, 9 January 2024 (UTC) :::Ah, sorry--I got the usernames confused. Yes, that is inappropriate and he's not here for constructive purposes. Sorry. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''vf</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 13:37, 9 January 2024 (UTC){{Archive bottom}} == [[Special:Contributions/NotAReetBot]] == According to [[WV:IU]], this username is not acceptable (implying bot), should this account be blocked? [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 01:28, 10 January 2024 (UTC) : I already sent a welcome and {{tl|uw-username}} (imported from enwiki). [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 01:42, 10 January 2024 (UTC) :I think explicitly saying that you're not a bot is acceptable, but I agree that it's probably not ideal. E.g. someone could have the username "NotAReet" and run a bot under this name. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''vf</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 03:46, 10 January 2024 (UTC) == Call for rewriting [[WV:UNC]] == This agenda is suggested at [[Wikiversity_talk:Username#WV:UNC needs updates]], since this is related to policy documentation, I would like to have the attention of our custodians. [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 02:49, 10 January 2024 (UTC) == [[Special:Contributions/2409:4064:810:DA39:FA73:D928:2C4D:B401]] == Possible vandalism (Massive enwiki copies with MOS issues), seems to be related to the recently reported IP, please consider range block. All targeted pages are semi-protected. Reverted revisions seem to be enwiki copies, please also consider revision deletion if needed. [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 03:38, 20 January 2024 (UTC) : (Note) Currently stale, will report again if they come back. [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 09:04, 28 January 2024 (UTC) == Scope of talk page usage for blocked users == I understand that the scope of talk page usage for blocked users is aimed at unblocking requests and relevant discussions. I would like to ask if Wikiversity has more exceptions accepted by the community. I'm asking this because I recently found [[special:diff/2602322]], and this does not seem to be related to an unblocking request. If unacceptable, custodians may need to remove talk page access from the user. [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 02:53, 30 January 2024 (UTC) == Please review recent edits at [[Wikiversity:Verifiability]] == {{cot|long discussion}} Recently we had many changes to this documentation. Reverting undiscussed changes would be non-controversial, but I'm not sure about the others. What would our custodians think about these edits? [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 15:03, 31 January 2024 (UTC) : Each of my edit has an explanation/rationale in the edit summary. Here a summarization: I above all removed sentences that presented a contradiction within the same page. I also switched the page to policy proposal away from policy since I could not find a discussion establishing the page as a policy and since, given the contradictions before my edits, the page could not have been taken seriously as a policy, that is, a set of rigid rules contrasting to guidelines. I could have discussed the changes somewhere first, but since the changes are well documented in their edit summaries, I hoped they could remain. --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 17:56, 31 January 2024 (UTC) ::For the record, the original version (before recent efforts) can be found at [[Special:Permalink/1375824]]. Regarding my thoughts about these edits, I think we should distinguish between top pages and subpages. If an instructor is inviting students to submit work in subspace, the instructor should have considerable flexibility regarding those subpages.--[[User:Guy vandegrift|Guy vandegrift]] ([[User talk:Guy vandegrift|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Guy vandegrift|contribs]]) 00:03, 1 February 2024 (UTC) ::: While I'm not sure about what type of flexibility is being mentioned, I generally believe that teachers should have enough privileges to complete their projects. If our policies (and related proposals) restrict legitimate educational activities, then we are no longer a place for education. [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 12:54, 1 February 2024 (UTC) :: Thank you very much for the explanation and the summary, but I cannot guarantee that everyone will accept it. Removing contradictions sounds good. If the content was obvious nonsense or conflict with the entire Wikiversity, then your decision (blanking/removal) would be the most reasonable one. In this case, I think there were other options (such as rewriting to resolve contradictions), and that is why I'm calling for a review. For example, at [[special:diff/2602692]], you said that "The obligation to use verifiable and reliable sources lies with the editors wishing to include information on Wikiversity page, not on those seeking to question it or remove it" contradicts the option of scholarly research at Wikiversity. I don't understand how this becomes a contradiction (have you already explained that?). Even if it was a contradiction, I think blanking was not the only one option. We could have restricted the obligation to non-research content (such as educational resources) or downgraded the obligation to a recommendation, and avoid potential conflict with Wikiversity research content. The summary of my question is, "Why have you decided to remove instead of suggesting a rewrite?". [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 13:20, 1 February 2024 (UTC) ::: I see an obvious contradiction, as mentioned in the edit summary: if original research and original user-written essays are allowed, there is no "obligation to use verifiable and reliable sources". ::: As for dropping text vs. rewrite: a rewrite creates an opportunity to introduce new mistakes and non-consensualities, a bad thing. By contrast, removal of problematic sentences removes defects. After removal of problematic sentences, we may focus on whether the text that remained after removal is really accurate and fully fit for purpose, which I do not think to be the case either; more corrective work is required. --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 11:12, 5 February 2024 (UTC) :::: Thank you for additional explanations. If somebody is going to produce their own research where anything similar was never published elsewhere, there would be no other independent secondary sources, so the Wikipedia-like verifiability is no longer reasonable at here. On the other hand, I believe that authors should work hard to avoid errors (calculation errors, uploading wrong images etc., I was talking about this type of verifiablity for research content), if they want to pass Wikijournal peer reviews then they need to do so. In addition, I expect many type of research comes out from previous research history, and I think it is reasonable to expect the Wikipedia-like verifiablity when explaining research background and related history. What would you think about this? I'm not demanding the Wikipedia-like verifiability to research itself, I'm recommending this to things before entering research. [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 01:59, 6 February 2024 (UTC) ::::: As for "If somebody is going to produce their own research where anything similar was never published elsewhere", one may well publish result of research such that something similar ''was'' already published elsewhere; it is still ''original research'' in Wikipedia terminology. ::::: Wikiversity is great for articles that combine original research/element of originality with referenced material. For such articles, there is no duty to reference things but I would see inline referencing as recommended for consideration (not enforced) and adding great further reading/external links as recommended (not enforced). I fully agree that "authors should work hard to avoid errors". As for Wikijournals, that is a separate class of Wikiversity content, with its own rules and processes. --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 07:22, 9 February 2024 (UTC) ::::: About "explaining research background": I know of no duty to explain research background (or is there one?) and therefore, there is no duty to explain the background and then reference it using Wikipedia-style inline referencing. --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 08:13, 9 February 2024 (UTC) {{cob}} Would somebody like to vote between keeping page ''as is'' or returning it to [[Special:Permalink/1375824]]? If so, write "I move that we foobar" as vote yes or no.--[[User:Guy vandegrift|Guy vandegrift]] ([[User talk:Guy vandegrift|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Guy vandegrift|contribs]]) 17:54, 26 February 2024 (UTC) == Can [[User:Ciphiorg/sandbox]] be an acceptable sandbox? == The sandbox was made by using talk page namespace so I moved it into userspace. After the page moved, I noticed that the sandbox was about physical geography but also aimed to promote a single website (physicalgeography.org) and its subpages. I checked the author's enwiki history, all edits were reverted and their enwiki sandbox was deleted per CSD U5. Could this be a xwiki spam case? [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 06:33, 2 February 2024 (UTC) :{{done}} Deleted. He can ask for undeletion if he wants to remove self-promotion/spam links. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''vf</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 06:36, 2 February 2024 (UTC) :: Recent abuse filter logs suggests that the user came back to do something similar. You may need to take action to stop them. [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 05:43, 7 February 2024 (UTC) ::: (Update) Currently stale. [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 09:18, 9 February 2024 (UTC) == Concern about an IP range starting from 165.199.181 == IP editors from this range ([[Special:Contributions/165.199.181.3]], [[Special:Contributions/165.199.181.9]], [[Special:Contributions/165.199.181.15]]) have done a lot of unhelpful actions in our project for months. I think our custodians should consider a range block for a reasonable amount of time. [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 02:06, 6 February 2024 (UTC) : (Note) All IPs in this report are blocked in minimal range. [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 02:11, 7 February 2024 (UTC) == Please consider blacklisting of physicalgeography.org == Dear custodians, I have reported about editors trying to get physicalgeography.org to appear in Wikiversity at [[special:permalink/2603578#Can_User:Ciphiorg/sandbox_be_an_acceptable_sandbox?]], and now we have another editor trying to get the link visible ([[Special:diff/2603646]]). Please consider the blacklisting of this URL. Thank you for your attention. [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 02:11, 7 February 2024 (UTC) == [[Special:Contributions/103.150.214.192]] == Too many test edits at sandbox (RC flooding), possible proxy, already blocked at zhwiki. [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 09:00, 9 February 2024 (UTC) :{{ping|MathXplore}} I blocked for 3 hours and then Googled {RC flooding}. I have no experience with these things. How long should I block for?----[[User:Guy vandegrift|Guy vandegrift]] ([[User talk:Guy vandegrift|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Guy vandegrift|contribs]]) 13:01, 10 February 2024 (UTC) :: When I reported the IP, they were violent, and at least a short-term block (perhaps several hours) may have been needed at that time. Currently, the IP editor is stale, so there may be no significant meaning to block them at this moment. On the other hand, GetIPIntel Prediction is 100% at [https://ipcheck.toolforge.org/index.php?ip=103.150.214.192 IPcheck information], this means that this IP might be a [[:m:No open proxies|proxy]] (and I guess that is why zhwiki blocked this IP, I don't know well about zhwiki proxy block policy), though the other parameters are negative. I think we need someone who knows more about proxies to choose the right range and terms. {{ping|Koavf}} can you take a look at this IP? [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 13:18, 10 February 2024 (UTC) :: (Note) After my reply, another IP ([[Special:Contributions/103.150.214.135]], close to the one above) appeared with similar behavior (targeting sandbox). This IP is blocked at zhwikivoyage as an open proxy (1 year), also blocked at enwiki as a web host. [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 14:15, 10 February 2024 (UTC) :::I am not a range block pro, but doing a little range block hacking, I see that both [[Special:Contributions/103.150.214.192/16]] and [[Special:Contributions/103.150.214.135/16]] contain all of the edits by the above IPs and ''only'' the edits by the above IPs. Both are globally blocked for a couple of months, but 1.) I take violent threats very seriously ({{Ping|MathXplore}}, did you write to legal@? If not, I will.) 2.) the sandbox is one of the only pages you really don't want to have escalated protection on, and 3.) oftentimes, rangeblocking open proxies is not going to harm the project. So, I'm willing to do a 12-month range block. Great work as always. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''vf</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 19:17, 10 February 2024 (UTC) :::: Sorry, I didn't write to legal. I was checking the edit frequencies and their global contributions rather than the context. Please go ahead for the report to legal. Thank you for the reactions and information. [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 06:28, 11 February 2024 (UTC) :::::Hey, no worries MX. You do a ''lot'' across ''many'' wikis. It's a team effort, friend. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''vf</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 07:27, 11 February 2024 (UTC) ::::::Wait--I actually ''looked'' at the diffs and some of them mention some weird violent content, but are not ''threats'', so it doesn't rise to that occasion. Sorry for my ignorance. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''vf</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 07:29, 11 February 2024 (UTC) == [[Special:Contributions/24.224.18.114]] == Vandalism from this IP, a targeted page is now semi-protected. [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 02:22, 16 February 2024 (UTC) : (Note) Currently stale. [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 06:28, 20 February 2024 (UTC) == [[special:permalink/2607000]] == Can this be considered as an academic profile, or should be handled as an advertisement? [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 06:27, 20 February 2024 (UTC) :Tricky. I'm inclined to call it a valid profile ''if'' this user engages in actually editing and particularly in creating resources related to these kind of topics such as SEO, but call it just spam if this person is only here to say "I am so-and-so and I have [x] marketable skills". :/ So I could be persuaded either way, but it's not ''obviously'' spam as of now, as far as I can tell. I totally respect any other custodian or curator deleting it, tho. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''vf</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 06:32, 20 February 2024 (UTC) == [[Portal talk:Astronomy]] == This talk page is currently isolated but has a lot of things in here. Where can we move this page to save it as an archive? [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 13:39, 25 February 2024 (UTC) :I created [[Draft:Archive]] without asking for a consensus. If nobody objects, we can all use it. The only open question in my mind is whether we need to nowikify the pages to avoid having titles appear on various lists and categories. I suggest the title [[Draft:Archive/2024/Portal talk-Astronomy]]. Personally, I am not very adept at undeleting pages, thought with a bit of practice I might find it more natural. With a small cleanup crew that tends to get bogged down in long discussions, it's easier if everybody can look at pages that have been removed in this fashion. Many years ago I remember an editor who annoyed administrators with frivolous requests to undelete for viewing purposes. If you want, I can move [[Portal talk:Astronomy]] right now.--[[User:Guy vandegrift|Guy vandegrift]] ([[User talk:Guy vandegrift|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Guy vandegrift|contribs]]) 14:37, 25 February 2024 (UTC) :: What is wrong with [[Portal talk:Astronomy]] staying where it is? --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 14:41, 25 February 2024 (UTC) :::Sorry! Again I read quickly but without accuracy. I didn't notice that it was a '''Talk''' page. I will archive it right now.[[User:Guy vandegrift|Guy vandegrift]] ([[User talk:Guy vandegrift|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Guy vandegrift|contribs]]) 17:20, 25 February 2024 (UTC) {{Done}}[[User:Guy vandegrift|Guy vandegrift]] ([[User talk:Guy vandegrift|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Guy vandegrift|contribs]]) 18:36, 25 February 2024 (UTC) :::: You "archived" the page but not moved. Where should we move the talk page? That is my question. [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 00:22, 26 February 2024 (UTC) ::: According to [[WV:CSD]], isolated talk pages are subject to deletion. [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 00:21, 26 February 2024 (UTC) ::::I apparently just forgot to delete the talk page. Does anybody object to deleting the talk page and its archive?--[[User:Guy vandegrift|Guy vandegrift]] ([[User talk:Guy vandegrift|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Guy vandegrift|contribs]]) 01:50, 26 February 2024 (UTC) ::::: Why is this being deleted or archived? I guess it is because of [[WV:Deletions]], "Discussion about deleted resources where context is lost and becoming an independent resource is unlikely". But the resource was not deleted, it was moved: from looking at [[Portal:Astronomy]], one can see it was moved to [[Topic:Astronomy]], which is now a redirect to [[Astronomy]]. --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 07:16, 26 February 2024 (UTC) {{done}}[[file:Red question mark.svg|20px]] Taking Dan's lead, I assumed the hanging talk page [[Portal talk:Astronomy]] to have been attached to what is now [[Astronomy]], which already had a talk page. So I made the Archive a subpage with an explanatory note at [[Talk:Astronomy]]. I'm glad this is a hobby and not a serious effort to preserve the history of this ol wiki.--[[User:Guy vandegrift|Guy vandegrift]] ([[User talk:Guy vandegrift|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Guy vandegrift|contribs]]) 19:38, 26 February 2024 (UTC) == Chronological order of [[Wikiversity:Request_custodian_action/Archive/23]] and [[Wikiversity:Request_custodian_action/Archive/24]] == I generally understand that archives are numbered in chronological order but I found an exception to this rule. [[special:permalink/2596291]] says that 23 is "January 2021 - June 2023" and 24 is "December 2021 - December 2022", this is breaking the chronological order. Should we fix this or keep it in the current state? [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 01:19, 26 February 2024 (UTC) :I noticed that while archiving a while back. I think we should leave it alone. One problem is that we have two chronological orders: One is when the request was initiated, and the other is when the request is archived. To make matters worse, many topics get "archived" twice: First when <nowiki>{{Archive top}}..{{Archive bottom}}</nowiki> turns the background blue, and second when the conversation is moved. Also, these conversations are extremely chaotic. Reading them would make good reading for chatbots if and when humans ever decide to start punishing them for transgressions.--[[User:Guy vandegrift|Guy vandegrift]] ([[User talk:Guy vandegrift|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Guy vandegrift|contribs]]) 01:46, 26 February 2024 (UTC) :: OK, thank you for your opinions. [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 01:49, 26 February 2024 (UTC) == Can anybody explain how this turns into a proposed deletion? == I just deleted a lot of pages because I thought the author was confusing the prod template for speedy delete. [https://en.wikiversity.org/w/index.php?title=User:Ramosama/sandbox/Problem_Analysis_-_Provision&action=edit This is the source] for [[User:Ramosama/sandbox/Problem Analysis - Provision]]: {{cot|Click to view the source code that triggers the prod}} <code><nowiki>{{Problem analysis - measure|name=Reusing durables|identifier=reusing_durables |definition= The reuse of durable goods in their original form. |reasons= |parents= |instances= * Design of equipment for reuse of their parts ("cradle to cradle"). * Prolonged storage of reusable goods in warehouses, such as deserted office buildings. * Second-hand warehouses. * Refund for returns of durables. * Facilitation, for example, allowing customers to reuse packaging or containers. |advantages= |disadvantages= }}</nowiki></code> [[User:Guy vandegrift|Guy vandegrift]] ([[User talk:Guy vandegrift|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Guy vandegrift|contribs]]) 17:14, 26 February 2024 (UTC) {{cob}} Thankfully the user has been dormant for almost 4 years. See [[Special:Contributions/Ramosama]].[[User:Guy vandegrift|Guy vandegrift]] ([[User talk:Guy vandegrift|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Guy vandegrift|contribs]]) 17:17, 26 February 2024 (UTC) : I edited "[[:Template:Problem analysis - concept]]" to place its proposed deletion code into the noinclude tag. As a result, [[User:Ramosama/sandbox/Problem Analysis - Provision]]--which uses the template--no longer shows any proposed deletion tag. I hope it added some clarity and has no undesirable consequence. --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 19:42, 26 February 2024 (UTC) ::Good news! I thought it was possible to accidentally make a prod. Thank's Dan.[[User:Guy vandegrift|Guy vandegrift]] ([[User talk:Guy vandegrift|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Guy vandegrift|contribs]]) 19:48, 26 February 2024 (UTC) == Does anybody know how to delete all pages by a single user? == We have a serial page creator. My hunch is that the pages were created in another language, translated using an auto-translator, and placed on en.wikiversity. I am currently trying to create a list from [https://en.wikiversity.org/w/index.php?title=Special%3AContributions&target=Saltrabook&namespace=all&tagfilter=&newOnly=1&start=&end=&limit=50 '''this list''']. If nobody knows how to do this, I will use a list under construction at '''[[Pre-diabetes diagnosis and remission]]'''.[[User:Guy vandegrift|Guy vandegrift]] ([[User talk:Guy vandegrift|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Guy vandegrift|contribs]]) 16:43, 27 February 2024 (UTC) :[[Special:Nuke]] can mass-delete, with some caveats. Oddly, it is only available to bureaucrats here. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''vf</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 16:38, 27 February 2024 (UTC) I don't know the answer. But let me list the pages created in 2024 (there are more from 2023): * [[INVITATIONS TO SEAFARERS AND THE MARITIME MEDICAL CLINICS]] * [[CONTENTS OF THE 16 WEEKS COACHING]] * [[VIDEO PRESENTATION AND INVITATIONS]] * [['''CONTENTS OF THE 16 WEEKS COACHING''']] * [[DRAFT ARTICLE]] * [[Maritime Diabetes-type 2 Intervention study/DRAFT PAHO PROTOCOL/CONTENTS OF THE 16 WEEKS COACHING]] * [[Maritime Diabetes-type 2 Intervention study/DRAFT PAHO PROTOCOL/DRAFT PAHO PROTOCOLO EN ESPAÑOL]] * [[Maritime Diabetes-type 2 Intervention study/DRAFT PAHO PROTOCOL/ESPAÑOL]] --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 16:43, 27 February 2024 (UTC) :{{Done}} I deleted all the maritime health and diabetes pages made in the past several months. If more is needed, let me know. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''vf</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 16:55, 27 February 2024 (UTC) ::Thanks Justin. You might want to change the parameters of my block of Saltrabook. I know little about blocking protocols. I will change my expiration date from one week to indefinite. I didn't know you could pagenuke. We need an active pagenuker on this wiki now that Dave is less active.[[User:Guy vandegrift|Guy vandegrift]] ([[User talk:Guy vandegrift|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Guy vandegrift|contribs]]) 17:07, 27 February 2024 (UTC) :::I have no perspective on an indefinite block, but it may be a good idea until/unless he can explain on his talk page what he's trying to do and where he is getting this information, etc. Note also that he has ''lots'' of pages going back to at least 2019. If we had consensus that [[Special:Nuke]] were available to admins (curators), then we could make the request on [[:phab:]] to change the local settings. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''vf</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 17:58, 27 February 2024 (UTC) ::::Do you know whether Saltrabook can use his talk page? If so, there is no need to change the indefinite block.[[User:Guy vandegrift|Guy vandegrift]] ([[User talk:Guy vandegrift|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Guy vandegrift|contribs]]) 19:19, 27 February 2024 (UTC) ::::: The latest block ([[special:redirect/logid/3389142]]) does not include edits, so I think they can. Generally, most blocked users can edit their own talk pages for unblock requests and related statements (unless revoked). [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 03:48, 28 February 2024 (UTC) :::: Currently, curators cannot restore pages. I think allowing mass-delete without restoration permissions can be risky. Allowing mass-delete to our custodians should be enough. Why have we limited mass-delete to our bureaucrats? Are there any previous discussions in the past? [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 03:50, 28 February 2024 (UTC) :::::No clue. That is very bizarre and atypical. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''vf</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 04:48, 28 February 2024 (UTC) :::::: I think we can ask to hear the community's opinion at [[Wikiversity:Colloquium]]. They may want to speak about what they think about this odd technical settings. [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 03:45, 1 March 2024 (UTC) ::::::: <s>(Note about this matter) I started a new thread over there.</s> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 13:41, 1 March 2024 (UTC) ::::::: (Update) Per suggestion ([[special:diff/2610994]]), I started a proposal at [[Wikiversity_talk:Custodianship#Proposal_to_allow_custodians_to_use_mass-delete]]. [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 07:17, 8 March 2024 (UTC) :: If possible, I suggest clarifying the deletion criteria (RFD? off-wiki request?). I'm sorry if I have missed anything. From my viewpoint, I only requested renaming without redirects, and now I see pages being deleted. Having more explanations would be better, I think. [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 03:53, 28 February 2024 (UTC) :::{{ping|MathXplore}} Sorry, sometimes I act too swiftly. It turns out User:Saltrabook has been creating what looks like interesting pages for a long time, and he has created close to 100 such pages (probably much more.) He doesn't know English very well, so it is obvious that he is auto-translating the pages. I blocked his page creations, and he seems happy working on pages he already created (many of them were almost blank.) Personally, I would be happy if he works on the pages he has already created and left us alone. We get odd ones on WV. I should know; my family thinks I am one.-[[User:Guy vandegrift|Guy vandegrift]] ([[User talk:Guy vandegrift|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Guy vandegrift|contribs]]) 03:37, 1 March 2024 (UTC) :::: Thank you for the explanations. As can be seen in each page history, I'm one of the few editors handling the categorizations of their creations, but I didn't notice that there were auto-translations (has anyone identified which software has been used?), apologies for being late to notice such issues. I think we should clarify how to handle auto-translations via policy/guideline or previous discussions. [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 03:43, 1 March 2024 (UTC) == [[Special:Contributions/Krutrimam]] == Lock evasion of [[User:Premaledu]], please see [[special:permalink/2609661#Offensive_username]]. [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 12:19, 1 March 2024 (UTC) : Already {{done}}, globally locked. [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 13:23, 1 March 2024 (UTC) == Explanation of edit == I was trying to link my pages and I got a notification to explain to a custodian. I hope I'm in the right place for that. [[User:An5189|An5189]] ([[User talk:An5189|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/An5189|contribs]]) 04:42, 4 March 2024 (UTC) :Seems fine to me. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''vf</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 04:49, 4 March 2024 (UTC) ::thanks [[User:An5189|An5189]] ([[User talk:An5189|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/An5189|contribs]]) 04:52, 4 March 2024 (UTC) == create about user page == I was trying to create about User page [[User:An5189|An5189]] ([[User talk:An5189|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/An5189|contribs]]) 05:17, 4 March 2024 (UTC) :I'll create a blank one and you can modify it. Let me know if you have more problems. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''vf</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 06:57, 4 March 2024 (UTC) ::thanks, I will[[User:An5189|An5189]] ([[User talk:An5189|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/An5189|contribs]]) 08:18, 4 March 2024 (UTC) == [[Special:Contributions/39.50.199.52]] == Making bad pages (I already deleted them) and xwiki abuse (also reported at Wikiquote). [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 02:46, 10 March 2024 (UTC) :{{done}} —[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''vf</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 05:49, 10 March 2024 (UTC) == [[Special:Contributions/Precisiongroup]] == Spam-only account with promotional username (account named after company name). [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 06:49, 14 March 2024 (UTC) :{{done}} —[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''vf</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 13:02, 14 March 2024 (UTC) == [[Special:Contributions/Kroodham]] == Lock evasion of [[Special:CentralAuth/Premaledu]]. [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 07:45, 14 March 2024 (UTC) : {{done}}, already locked. [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 08:57, 14 March 2024 (UTC) == [[Special:Contributions/27.55.68.138]] == Vandalism and xwiki abuse. [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 10:07, 19 March 2024 (UTC) :{{done}} Month-long rangeblock. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''vf</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 10:36, 19 March 2024 (UTC) == [[Special:Log/Cbtproxyus]] == The user has repeated user page spam, I already deleted it and set indefinite full protection. [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 05:56, 20 March 2024 (UTC) :{{done}} indef block. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''vf</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 15:42, 22 March 2024 (UTC) == CAPTCHA Problem when creating an Account == I don't know how active Dave is at the moment, so I paste a message to Dave from [[User:Ireicher2]]: {{quote|Hi Dave, Isabel here from Ohlone college. We've talked a couple of times before. Some of my students emailed me to let me know that they cannot create user accounts because of a CAPTCHA problem. I verified the information by attempting to create a new account and I received the same error message. Would you let me know how this can be resolved? Thank you!}} {{ping|Ireicher2}} One thing you might try is having them create Wikipedia or Wikibooks accounts. I believe membership in one automatically creates membership on Wikiversity. Another thing to try is asking students to create the account from their homes. Does anybody else have any ideas????--[[User:Guy vandegrift|Guy vandegrift]] ([[User talk:Guy vandegrift|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Guy vandegrift|contribs]]) 01:49, 22 March 2024 (UTC) : I think [[:w:Wikipedia:Request_an_account/Help_and_troubleshooting]] is related to this issue. It is a different project but shares the same technical basis. [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 01:55, 22 March 2024 (UTC) :See [[meta: Mass account creation]]. I'll try adding Account creators to [[User:Ireicher2]] with an expiration of seven days and see if makes any difference. Yes, the suggestion that students create their accounts from home (or using their cell phones vs. school computers) should help. -- [[User:Dave Braunschweig|Dave Braunschweig]] ([[User talk:Dave Braunschweig|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dave Braunschweig|contribs]]) 03:44, 22 March 2024 (UTC) ::@[[User:Dave Braunschweig|Dave Braunschweig]] @[[User:Guy vandegrift|Guy vandegrift]] Of course. That makes sense. Thank you!<br> [[User:Ireicher2|Ireicher2]] ([[User talk:Ireicher2|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Ireicher2|contribs]]) 04:46, 22 March 2024 (UTC) == I need the custodians & curators to tell a user not to be involved with deletions. == {{Cot|Collapse as resolved}} Here are two examples: #He put a speedy delete on [[special:permalink/2617505]], saying among other things that there is "no clear explanation" of what ''ordinary'' differential equations are". This is a subpage, and the parent page at [[special:permalink/2483117]] gives a rather coherent explanation: "Differential equations serve as mathematical models of physical processes. This course is intended to be an introduction to ordinary differential equations and their solutions. <small>A '''differential equation''' (DE) is an equation relating a function to its derivatives. If the function is of only one variable, we call the equation an '''ordinary differential equation''' (ODE). ...</small><br> There is a movement to raise the standards regarding what should and should not be in namespace, but the the parent page at [[special:permalink/2483117]] has [[Special:PrefixIndex/Differential_equations/|13 subpages.]] If this resource is a problem, it has to be addressed from the top down, not one subpage at a time. As will be shown in the next example, I recently attempted to explain to him that it is inefficient to remove subpages without looking at the entire resource (via the parent page.) #Days prior to the aforementioned effort to delete a subpage of [[Differential equations]], he proposed the deletion of one of some 300 subpages of [[Student Projects]] because it was unsourced. My reason for not deleting that page should have informed him that it would have been inappropriate to delete one subpage of [[Differential equations]], because it turns out that almost all subpages of [[Student Projects]] are unsourced, leaving us with the same issue involving the deletion of pages from the "bottom-up". For evidence that this user had been informed of the need for a "top-down" approach attempting to delete a subpage of [[Differential equations]], see [[special:permalink/2617342#Student_Projects/Major_rivers_in_India]]. This editor is a nice person with a lot of good ideas, but his stubbornness is making it difficult to moderate [[Wikiversity:Requests for Deletion]]--[[User:Guy vandegrift|Guy vandegrift]] ([[User talk:Guy vandegrift|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Guy vandegrift|contribs]]) 14:15, 31 March 2024 (UTC) :I don't want this user blocked, or even banned from participating in discussions about deletion policy. He is not alone in advocating higher standard, and the community might want to do that. But there is a distinction between the nuts and bolts of deletion, and deletion as a policy. I am very conservative about deleting pages. So if the standards get tightened, there will be no need to revert anything I have done. I am asking the custodians/curators to encourage this user to go to [[Wikiversity:What-goes-where_2024#Personal_subpages_(with_visual_editing)|WV:WGW2024]] and create a subpage for sharing his ideas with the community.--[[User:Guy vandegrift|Guy vandegrift]] ([[User talk:Guy vandegrift|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Guy vandegrift|contribs]]) 14:41, 31 March 2024 (UTC) ----- ----- ----- #: 1) The "unsourced" on [[Student Projects/Major rivers in India]] was only one reason; the other reason was that this page has nothing to add what is not in Wikipedia, a rationale previously recognized. 2) [[Student Projects/Major rivers in India]] is not integrated in any way to a [[Student Projects]] "project"; its being a subpage is just an attempt to escape deletion scrutiny. 3) I am not aware of any explanation to me that I should not nominate subpages; such an explanation has my talk page as a proper venue, and I am unaware of any such explanation, neither there or elsewhere. 4) Any disagreement about deletion can be resolved via RFD and via voting-cum-discussion there, as is usual in other projects, e.g. the English Wikipedia and the English Wiktionary; if I am mistaken in a particular nomination, it can be brought to RFD and quickly voted down. Even a single person opposing can prevent a deletion in which I am the sole, mistaken, deletion supporter. 5) I have a pretty good conversion rate between deletion nominations and actual deletions/moving out of mainspace, and therefore, I do not think that my nomination algorithm is too broad and too burdensome on those who have to oppose my nominations for deletions. --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 14:26, 31 March 2024 (UTC) #::All I am asking is that you stay out of active deletions and focus your talent on changing the policy. A great place to do that is at [[WV:WGW2024#Personal_subpages_(with_visual_editing)]] [[User:Guy vandegrift|Guy vandegrift]] ([[User talk:Guy vandegrift|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Guy vandegrift|contribs]]) 14:51, 31 March 2024 (UTC) #::: I invite you to my talk page to make requests concerning change of behavior on my part. --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 14:52, 31 March 2024 (UTC) {{cob}} [[File:Yes check.svg|18px]]'''Resolved''' We have corresponded in our talk pages and the problem has been resolved to my satisfaction.--[[User:Guy vandegrift|Guy vandegrift]] ([[User talk:Guy vandegrift|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Guy vandegrift|contribs]]) 18:15, 31 March 2024 (UTC) == link on page looks possibly explicit to follow? == [[Other Free Learning Resources]] the univeristy of reddit link has a lot of very adult explicit words as links . I did not view other links from this page. Thanks U - X * [http://www.ureddit.com/ University of Reddit] [[Special:Contributions/2001:8003:B120:8900:4D5:4E7A:36B2:58F3|2001:8003:B120:8900:4D5:4E7A:36B2:58F3]] ([[User talk:2001:8003:B120:8900:4D5:4E7A:36B2:58F3|discuss]]) 12:50, 1 April 2024 (UTC) :Thanks, it's now spam, so I removed it. :/ —[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''vf</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 19:09, 1 April 2024 (UTC) == [[Special:contribs/206.110.193.204]] == Vandalism [[User:Seawolf35|Seawolf35]] ([[User talk:Seawolf35|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Seawolf35|contribs]]) 18:57, 16 April 2024 (UTC) :{{done}} —[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''vf</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 19:32, 16 April 2024 (UTC) == Induced stem cells copyright issues == [[Induced stem cells]] got imported to here from enWiki- which is fine, attribution was done correctly and everything- except for the fact that I'm just wrapping up a [[Wikipedia:Contributor copyright investigations/20240516|copyright investigation]]<nowiki> on the original contributor & his alternative account. Due to the fact that this contributor repeated and blatantly infringed on the copyright of multiple sources despite multiple warnings an even a block, I tagged the original page over on enWiki for presumptive deletion. I don't know what Wikiversity's process is for suspected copyright infringements without a clear source, but I figured you guys would want to know about the problems with this page anyways. -- ~~~~</nowiki> [[User:GreenLipstickLesbian|GreenLipstickLesbian]] ([[User talk:GreenLipstickLesbian|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/GreenLipstickLesbian|contribs]]) 20:34, 23 May 2024 (UTC) :Very helpful, thanks. Do you have any relevant links to en.wp about the investigation or where he typically ripped off material? —[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''vf</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 23:48, 23 May 2024 (UTC) ::Okay- everthing I've gathered so far is going to be in this [[wikipedia:Wikipedia:Contributor_copyright_investigations/20240516|investigation page]]. ( tried to link it in the original post, but I failed spectacularly as you can see). They almost exclusively copied from scientific papers/ reviews, and news/blog reports. This user typically copied from the source they cited- or, at least, *a* source they cited. They'd regularly copy a paragraph of text from one source, then a cite a different source for each sentence. If a source was paywalled, they often would cite the source, but copy from a news report/blog report analyzing the source. One of the other investigators found a few instances where they copied another article in Wikipedia without attribution- but that was their rarest type of violation. They occasionally wrote their own material, but it was normally easily identifiable because English is not their first language. ::Sorry for not being more helpful on this article in particular-I saw they(and their alt) were essentially the sole author of this page, cited 300+ sources, made a noise somewhat akin to that of a distressed animal, and decided I was going to take advantage of enWiki's rule allowing us to delete articles written by serial copyright violators without any more evidence. --[[User:GreenLipstickLesbian|GreenLipstickLesbian]] ([[User talk:GreenLipstickLesbian|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/GreenLipstickLesbian|contribs]]) 00:09, 24 May 2024 (UTC) :::That’s plenty to convince me that this should be assumed to be a copy II until proven otherwise. Merci. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''vf</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 00:16, 24 May 2024 (UTC) :::: Thank you for the responses, I think having a short intro, soft redirect to the CCI page, further readings section, and categories would be OK, what would you think about this? [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 01:56, 24 May 2024 (UTC) :::::Sure. Do you want me to undelete and then redelete selected diffs? Or you’ll just create the redirect yourself? —[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''vf</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 02:10, 24 May 2024 (UTC) :::::: I will create a soft redirect afterward. [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 02:29, 24 May 2024 (UTC) ::: Thank you for the information, do you think [[WikiJournal Preprints/Induced stem cells]] needs deletion? It is another page where the same editor has substantial involvement. [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 01:58, 24 May 2024 (UTC) ::::I did a brief check, and I found that [https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.1248252 this source] (cited in the article) appears to have been partially copied. Specifically, the stuff about zebrafish has been copied word for word. It's not a promising sign. If this was on the English Wiki, I would ask for it to be presumptively deleted soley on the basis of the author and that confirmed instance of a copyright violation. I worked on the investigation for several days (and I was the one who asked for it to be opened), and I could confirm over half their writing to be blatant copy-and-paste jobs. [[User:GreenLipstickLesbian|GreenLipstickLesbian]] ([[User talk:GreenLipstickLesbian|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/GreenLipstickLesbian|contribs]]) 03:08, 24 May 2024 (UTC) :::::Thank you for your service, hermana. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''vf</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 03:38, 24 May 2024 (UTC) ::::: Thank you for the information, I have contacted an active Wikijournal contributor to learn about how this preprint should be handled. [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 02:05, 6 June 2024 (UTC) ::::::Thank you to [[User:GreenLipstickLesbian|GreenLipstickLesbian]] for informing us about the copyright violations and reference false attribution in this article, and [[User:Koavf|Koavf]] & [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] in participating in this conversation. Normally we would keep rejected articles in the preprint with the stated reason in the talk page for record purpose. However, since the induced stem cell contains copyright violation and may cause future accidental copyright violation by future text re-users under the assumption that the text is under Creative Commons license, I will request that the preprint be deleted while talk page remains undeleted to note the rationale. [[User:OhanaUnited|<b><span style="color: #0000FF;">OhanaUnited</span></b>]][[User talk:OhanaUnited|<b><span style="color: green;">^{Talk page}</span></b>]] 20:00, 18 June 2024 (UTC) :::::::Good point. In addition to not deleting the talk page, I am redirecting the main page to the talk page and protecting it. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''vf</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 20:07, 18 June 2024 (UTC) ::::::::@[[User:Koavf|Koavf]] Can you also delete [[WikiJournal Preprints/Induced stem cells]], redirecting it to talk page please? [[User:OhanaUnited|<b><span style="color: #0000FF;">OhanaUnited</span></b>]][[User talk:OhanaUnited|<b><span style="color: green;">^{Talk page}</span></b>]] 04:03, 10 July 2024 (UTC) :::::::::{{done}} —[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''vf</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 04:42, 10 July 2024 (UTC) == Creating a section of my own talk page with a link to Wikipedia == I'm trying to set up my own talk page here at Wikiversity with my own example of trying separate the essence and accident of programming, as per <nowiki>[[w:No Silver Bullet|No Silver Bullet]]</nowiki> at Wikipedia, but it's rejected because of the external link (i.e. to Wikipedia). I'm doing this because most example code I see buries the essence in the accident and I wanted to show an example that there are better ways to write code. [[User:Philh-591|Philh-591]] ([[User talk:Philh-591|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Philh-591|contribs]]) 10:33, 9 July 2024 (UTC) :That's very weird: you can't create ''interwiki'' links? And to be clear, you're trying to put said links on your talk page at [[User talk:Philh-591]], not your userpage [[User:Philh-591]]? —[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''vf</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 12:05, 9 July 2024 (UTC) ::Well, your creation of the page with a welcome message has got it past that restriction, although I don't think it was the Wikipedia link. I'd not noticed that there are URL's in my example source referring to public information at the European Central Bank. However, it now insistently applies "nowiki" to what I insert. I guess I don't understand the formatting rules at Wikiversity; I'd assumed it was just like Wikipedia. I'll see if I can understand it more playing in the sandbox. [[User:Philh-591|Philh-591]] ([[User talk:Philh-591|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Philh-591|contribs]]) 13:13, 9 July 2024 (UTC) :::I figured that would fix the problem: sometimes, creating a new page (even your own user or user talk page) has restrictions. I forget the exact limitations per wiki, but they are usually very modest, like make at least five edits across two weeks or something. Re: formatting rules, they should be the same as Wikipedia, so I'm confused as to what you're trying to do again. :/ —[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''vf</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 13:25, 9 July 2024 (UTC) == Won't let me publish "my about" page due to "New User Exceeded New Page Limit" == Unsure how to publish my about me page, is someone able to help me be able to publish it without it being disallowed? [[User:Lucywilson 546|Lucywilson 546]] ([[User talk:Lucywilson 546|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Lucywilson 546|contribs]]) 03:20, 8 August 2024 (UTC) : {{ping|Jtneill}} Can you grant confirmed status for this user? [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 03:41, 8 August 2024 (UTC) :I made a blank page, which you can now edit. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''vf</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 04:31, 8 August 2024 (UTC) : {{ping|MathXplore}} Thankyou, I've confirmed the user. {{ping|Koavf}} Thankyou, a neat, instant solution :). {{ping|Lucywilson 546}} Thanks for letting us know. You should be good to go. Let us know if any other problems. Sincerely, James -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - <small>[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]</small> 10:24, 8 August 2024 (UTC) == Delete revission == Could you delete [https://en.wikiversity.org/w/index.php?title=Wood_finishing&oldid=2651335 this revision], which is revealing my personal information, please? [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 09:54, 9 September 2024 (UTC) : Username is hidden, I have contacted the [[:m:stewards]]. [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 11:38, 9 September 2024 (UTC) : {{done}} [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 12:00, 9 September 2024 (UTC) == Spam filter exception request == I am prevented from creating [[Template:Vandal]] because a previous example in [[Template:Vandal/doc]] used an IP address, which is blocked by a spam filter. I removed that example, but am still blocked from creating that page. I have put the source code in [[Template:Vandal/sandbox]] in the interim. Perhaps allowing just <code>10.0.0.1</code> to avoid other IP spam? [[User:Tule-hog|Tule-hog]] ([[User talk:Tule-hog|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Tule-hog|contribs]]) 04:55, 2 October 2024 (UTC) :{{done}} I created a blank template, which you can now edit. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''vf</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 06:11, 2 October 2024 (UTC) ::{{done}} again: I moved your sandbox to the template. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''vf</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 06:12, 2 October 2024 (UTC) :::It seems I still can't include the IP-user example (see [[Special:PermanentLink/2658932|an old version]] with the offending string) - [[User:Tule-hog|Tule-hog]] ([[User talk:Tule-hog|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Tule-hog|contribs]]) 23:13, 2 October 2024 (UTC) ::::I don't understand the problem. What text are you trying to put where? —[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''vf</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 00:43, 3 October 2024 (UTC) :::::See [https://en.wikiversity.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Vandal/doc&diff=prev&oldid=2658932 this diff] which shows the text and location {{--}} [[User:Tule-hog|Tule-hog]] ([[User talk:Tule-hog|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Tule-hog|contribs]]) 00:48, 3 October 2024 (UTC) ::::::{{done}}. Longer-term issues with including IP addresses may still exist, but this particular edit at least is fixed. Thanks. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''vf</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 00:53, 3 October 2024 (UTC) == [[Special:Log/Tule-hog]] == As seen in the link above, [[User:Tule-hog]] has made various manual imports from WP to WV. Some may be OK, but others may be questionable. Despite various messages on their talk page ([[User talk:Tule-hog]]) from user:Dan Polansky, the user continues manual imports. Should we let this continue, keep talking with the user, or should we stop them? What would be the best option? ({{ping|Jtneill}} As Dan's mentor, your feedback is welcome here, and {{ping|Koavf}} since you previously communicated with the user in [[Special:Diff/2659041]], we would like to hear about your thoughts) [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 06:39, 7 October 2024 (UTC) :{{Ping|Tule-hog}} From what I see on your talk, you are at least not doing this anymore. While copyright-wise, we can of course copy anything from en.wp to here, it is best to use [[Special:Import]] because it preserves edit histories, provides attribution, and can also import dependencies like another modules or templates. Can you explain what your goal is with this copying and what in general you want copied? —[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''vf</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 06:43, 7 October 2024 (UTC) ::I am motivated by updating Wikiversity template/module infrastructure in places where appropriate. Note I do not have the [[WV:Importer|importer]] role. I perform what I've been calling [[User:Tule-hog/Wikiversification|Wikiversification]] on docs and templates themselves, where much of the time the pages I come across are rough imports with raw Wikipedia links without modification, incorrect language for the project, bad category mapping, or are dependent on other undefined modules/templates. ::To be clear, I am ''not'' just going through picking out popular templates/modules and importing them. I approach a maintenance task, and where relevant spend the (not mindless) time to transform them to fit Wikiversity. [[User:Tule-hog|Tule-hog]] ([[User talk:Tule-hog|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Tule-hog|contribs]]) 06:50, 7 October 2024 (UTC) ::: I find "in places where appropriate" too non-specific. I do not see any specific need addressed. I find Colloquium a good forum for a proposal to copy (or import) a large number (how large?) of Wikipedia templates and categories; the approximate volume should be stated as part of the proposal. --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 07:02, 7 October 2024 (UTC) :::I undeleted and userfied to [[User:Tule-hog/Wikiversification]]. If you are thinking of making some large-scale change, then it's probably best to clarify your thoughts there, propose it (succinctly!) at the Colloquium, and then coordinate with a custodian who can import. This is kind of a [[:en:wikt:death by a thousand papercuts|death by a thousand papercuts]] situation: any one change is perfectly fine, but the volume may be systemic, so it's wise to get the community's input. Besides, we could help and many hands make for light lifting. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''vf</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 07:08, 7 October 2024 (UTC) ::(Question due to unfamiliarity with importer mechanism:) Do we also submit requests to ''update'' already imported templates at [[WV:I]], or does that only happen once (and hence update requests should go to [[WV:RCA]])? Thanks, [[User:Tule-hog|Tule-hog]] ([[User talk:Tule-hog|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Tule-hog|contribs]]) 23:25, 7 October 2024 (UTC) :::Unfortunately, if you import a resource from another wiki and the original changes, the updates need to be imported again here manually and since [[WV:I]] is a dedicated space, it's probably best to put requests there. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''vf</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 05:05, 8 October 2024 (UTC) == [[:Category:Wikiversity policies and guidelines]] == Should this category finish being developed? (I could do so if desired.) [[User:Tule-hog|Tule-hog]] ([[User talk:Tule-hog|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Tule-hog|contribs]]) 06:32, 8 October 2024 (UTC) :Similarly with the list detailed at [[:Category:Wikiversity development]] (i.e. finishing up + deleting the list mentioned there) —[[User:Tule-hog|Tule-hog]] ([[User talk:Tule-hog|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Tule-hog|contribs]]) 06:55, 8 October 2024 (UTC) ::{{ping|Koavf}} double checking is alright for [[:Category:Wikiversity development]] as well (started by [[:User: McCormack|McCormack]]) —[[User:Tule-hog|Tule-hog]] ([[User talk:Tule-hog|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Tule-hog|contribs]]) 02:20, 9 October 2024 (UTC) :Can you reword this question? I'm not sure what you're trying to do here. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''vf</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 07:16, 8 October 2024 (UTC) ::The content of the category is "This category is being developed." so I believe it is in an unfinished state (i.e. adapting the categorization schema). [[User:Tule-hog|Tule-hog]] ([[User talk:Tule-hog|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Tule-hog|contribs]]) 07:18, 8 October 2024 (UTC) :::I think if you have some rational way of organizing the pages, that's fine. I don't know what :::[User:CQ]][had in mind when he put that there, but he has basically not edited here in 4.5 years, so go for it. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''vf</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 07:20, 8 October 2024 (UTC) == [[:Category:Rejected policies]] == Should I use the list of tagged pages found in this category to update [[WV:POLICY#Rejected policies]]? Or is [[WV:IAR]] the only truly firmly rejected proposal? [[User:Tule-hog|Tule-hog]] ([[User talk:Tule-hog|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Tule-hog|contribs]]) 22:59, 8 October 2024 (UTC) :The category and that list should have the same items<ins> and at first glance, what is the category is in fact rejected proposals, therefore, the list should be updated.</ins> —[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''vf</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 02:04, 9 October 2024 (UTC) ::Just noting [[Wikiversity_talk:Policies#List_of_official_policies|this thread]] which suggests that another user made that list in the first place using tags, so it may have recursively snuck something in. [[User:Tule-hog|Tule-hog]] ([[User talk:Tule-hog|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Tule-hog|contribs]]) 02:12, 9 October 2024 (UTC) == [[Wikiversity:Research guidelines]] == This page is listed in {{tlx|official policies}}. Should it be updated as adopted on [[WV:POLICY]], and if so, should it be considered a policy or guideline? [[User:Tule-hog|Tule-hog]] ([[User talk:Tule-hog|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Tule-hog|contribs]]) 00:19, 11 October 2024 (UTC) :(Also, should it link to the top-level [[Wikiversity:Research]] instead, which uses (the confusingly named) {{tlx|research policy}} navbox?) [[User:Tule-hog|Tule-hog]] ([[User talk:Tule-hog|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Tule-hog|contribs]]) 00:46, 11 October 2024 (UTC) :Good question. From what I can tell the beta Wikiversity research page is the official policy and the en.wv local version is a copy/fork that hasn't been officially endorsed. :That leaves me wondering whether we want to pursue a local variation as an official policy or potentially remove the local variant and redirect to the beta version. -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - <small>[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]</small> 03:12, 13 October 2024 (UTC) :: What suggests that https://beta.wikiversity.org/wiki/Wikiversity:Research_guidelines is an official policy? And if it is, does the policy match the actual practice? For instance, it says "Original research at Wikiversity is subjected to ''peer review'' in order to allow the Wikiversity research community to strive for verifiability" (italics mine): is that really true outside of Wikijournals? Moreover, the putative policy states in a box: "This page contains summaries of discussions which have taken place in various languages." But this cannot be true since the policy reads like a monologue and a proper summary of discussions cannot be a monologue. A quick skimming of the page raises some red flags. :: Be it as it may, I think keeping a local copy is vital since then we have the option to amend it without thereby requiring an international cross-language input to the changes. Of course, the amends will be unable to change some core features of Wikiversity (no metamorphosis allowed), but some amends should be possible. :: As for the local [[Wikiversity:Research guidelines]], I propose to rank it as ''policy proposal'', given the misgivings. :: In any case, this discussion does not belong to "Request custodian action" but rather to "Colloquium" since the outcome of the discussion can be implemented by anyone, not only custodians, and since input from non-custodians seems welcome. --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 05:28, 13 October 2024 (UTC) :::Agree with retaining local version and treating as ''policy proposal''. :::I've hidden the note about the guidelines being a copy of the beta guidelines (it confused me at least into thinking that beta version was also the policy on en.wv). :::Softened the peer review requirement to being "open" to peer review rather than being "subjected" to peer review. :::Agree that further work e.g., on drafting and potentially making official should be followed through on Colloquium. :::Thanks @[[User:Tule-hog|Tule-hog]] and @[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]]. -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - <small>[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]</small> 06:13, 13 October 2024 (UTC) :: Oh, and I was not paying attention: [[Wikiversity:Research]] states "This page provides guidelines for research in Wikiversity" so there appears to be some redundancy/overlap between [[Wikiversity:Research]] and [[Wikiversity:Research guidelines]]. Confusing. --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 05:56, 13 October 2024 (UTC) == [[Wikiversity:Policies]] ➝ [[Wikiversity:Policies and guidelines]] == This is a proposal to move [[WV:Policies|Policies]] to a name matching the scope of the page, [[WV:Policies and guidelines|Policies and guidelines]]. The more descriptive title will make identifying the location of guidelines easier for newer participants. [[User:Tule-hog|Tule-hog]] ([[User talk:Tule-hog|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Tule-hog|contribs]]) 15:46, 25 October 2024 (UTC) :See [[User_talk:Tule-hog#Wikiversity:Policies|more discussion]]. [[User:Tule-hog|Tule-hog]] ([[User talk:Tule-hog|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Tule-hog|contribs]]) 20:58, 25 October 2024 (UTC) == Please fully protect... == [[Module:Message box/fmbox.css]]. It is used in 29 system messages. [[Special:Contributions/2604:3D08:9476:BE00:DCDC:4B47:21DA:D90E|2604:3D08:9476:BE00:DCDC:4B47:21DA:D90E]] ([[User talk:2604:3D08:9476:BE00:DCDC:4B47:21DA:D90E|discuss]]) 20:32, 25 October 2024 (UTC) :{{done}} —[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''vf</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 06:26, 26 October 2024 (UTC) q15hy76p1atwer2xfkb8cezeg42ebbu 2691476 2691475 2024-12-11T18:55:14Z Koavf 147 Reverted edits by [[Special:Contributions/Koavf|Koavf]] ([[User_talk:Koavf|talk]]) to last version by [[User:2603:9000:7AF0:5DA0:B940:EF5A:3D27:A8F0|2603:9000:7AF0:5DA0:B940:EF5A:3D27:A8F0]] using [[Wikiversity:Rollback|rollback]] 2691472 wikitext text/x-wiki {{/Header}}[[cs:Wikiverzita:Nástěnka správců]][[fr:Wikiversité:Requêtes aux bibliothécaires]][[pt:Wikiversidade:Pedidos a administradores]] == Request to move image files to Commons == I got [[User_talk:Guy_vandegrift#Files_on_Commons|'''this request''']] to move files from [[:Category:NowCommons]] and [[:Category:Files from USGS]]. I delete lots of files, but usually let others delete image files because of my ignorance of copyright laws. I also have contributed a lot of files to Commons, but almost all of it is my own work. So I am out of my comfort zone on this. I don't even understand why these files should be moved. {{ping|User:MGA73}} Maybe we can find someone with more expertise on file transfers here on [[Wikiversity:Request custodian action|Request custodian action]].--[[User:Guy vandegrift|Guy vandegrift]] ([[User talk:Guy vandegrift|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Guy vandegrift|contribs]]) 22:47, 7 January 2024 (UTC) In a related vein, due to my inexperience with copyright regulations, perhaps it would be better if someone else processed the following files. All are up for speedy deletion. And all seem like quality images and/or on potentially high quality WV resources. <gallery widths=50> File:Merged fig1.png File:Merged matrix2.png File:Rps all hsa.png File:Selected domfams fix.png File:Service-pnp-fsa-8b32000-8b32000-8b32095r.jpg File:Summary.svg File:Transtree.png File:Untitled-91274a-1024.jpg </gallery> : My request was primary to delete files that was moved to Commons allready. But if anyone have checked files they are of course very welcome to move files to Commons too. Same with [[:Category:Files from Flickr]]. --[[User:MGA73|MGA73]] ([[User talk:MGA73|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MGA73|contribs]]) 16:32, 9 January 2024 (UTC) ::Thanks for the info. My ignorance of copyright law makes me very hesitant to delete image files.--[[User:Guy vandegrift|Guy vandegrift]] ([[User talk:Guy vandegrift|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Guy vandegrift|contribs]]) 19:50, 26 February 2024 (UTC) ::: I noticed [[User:Koavf]] just deleted a file moved to Commons. So perhaps Koavf could have a look at the files in [[:Category:NowCommons]] once there is a little time to spare? :-) --[[User:MGA73|MGA73]] ([[User talk:MGA73|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MGA73|contribs]]) 19:14, 27 February 2024 (UTC) ::::lol@"time to spare", but sure. <3 —[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''vf</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 21:17, 27 February 2024 (UTC) :::::Sometimes dirty tricks work ;-) --[[User:MGA73|MGA73]] ([[User talk:MGA73|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MGA73|contribs]]) 08:00, 28 February 2024 (UTC) == [[Special:Contributions/Hooglimkt]] (again) == {{Archive top|User is blocked so I guess were are {{Done}}. [[User:Guy vandegrift|Guy vandegrift]] ([[User talk:Guy vandegrift|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Guy vandegrift|contribs]]) 19:52, 26 February 2024 (UTC)}} {{ping|Koavf}} After the last report ([[Wikiversity:Request_custodian_action/Archive/25#Special:Contributions/Hooglimkt]]), the user has restarted same types of edits. [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 13:25, 9 January 2024 (UTC) :{{not done}} But what is the action here? He just wrote a bunch of Portuguese stuff on his userpage. What needs to be done? —[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''vf</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 13:30, 9 January 2024 (UTC) :: They are writing non-English advertisements on someone else's userpage, how can this be allowed? [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 13:33, 9 January 2024 (UTC) :: Please compare the reported user and [[Special:CentralAuth/Hoogli]] (user whose userpage is targeted), they don't look like the same user. [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 13:35, 9 January 2024 (UTC) :::Ah, sorry--I got the usernames confused. Yes, that is inappropriate and he's not here for constructive purposes. Sorry. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''vf</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 13:37, 9 January 2024 (UTC){{Archive bottom}} == [[Special:Contributions/NotAReetBot]] == According to [[WV:IU]], this username is not acceptable (implying bot), should this account be blocked? [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 01:28, 10 January 2024 (UTC) : I already sent a welcome and {{tl|uw-username}} (imported from enwiki). [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 01:42, 10 January 2024 (UTC) :I think explicitly saying that you're not a bot is acceptable, but I agree that it's probably not ideal. E.g. someone could have the username "NotAReet" and run a bot under this name. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''vf</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 03:46, 10 January 2024 (UTC) == Call for rewriting [[WV:UNC]] == This agenda is suggested at [[Wikiversity_talk:Username#WV:UNC needs updates]], since this is related to policy documentation, I would like to have the attention of our custodians. [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 02:49, 10 January 2024 (UTC) == [[Special:Contributions/2409:4064:810:DA39:FA73:D928:2C4D:B401]] == Possible vandalism (Massive enwiki copies with MOS issues), seems to be related to the recently reported IP, please consider range block. All targeted pages are semi-protected. Reverted revisions seem to be enwiki copies, please also consider revision deletion if needed. [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 03:38, 20 January 2024 (UTC) : (Note) Currently stale, will report again if they come back. [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 09:04, 28 January 2024 (UTC) == Scope of talk page usage for blocked users == I understand that the scope of talk page usage for blocked users is aimed at unblocking requests and relevant discussions. I would like to ask if Wikiversity has more exceptions accepted by the community. I'm asking this because I recently found [[special:diff/2602322]], and this does not seem to be related to an unblocking request. If unacceptable, custodians may need to remove talk page access from the user. [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 02:53, 30 January 2024 (UTC) == Please review recent edits at [[Wikiversity:Verifiability]] == {{cot|long discussion}} Recently we had many changes to this documentation. Reverting undiscussed changes would be non-controversial, but I'm not sure about the others. What would our custodians think about these edits? [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 15:03, 31 January 2024 (UTC) : Each of my edit has an explanation/rationale in the edit summary. Here a summarization: I above all removed sentences that presented a contradiction within the same page. I also switched the page to policy proposal away from policy since I could not find a discussion establishing the page as a policy and since, given the contradictions before my edits, the page could not have been taken seriously as a policy, that is, a set of rigid rules contrasting to guidelines. I could have discussed the changes somewhere first, but since the changes are well documented in their edit summaries, I hoped they could remain. --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 17:56, 31 January 2024 (UTC) ::For the record, the original version (before recent efforts) can be found at [[Special:Permalink/1375824]]. Regarding my thoughts about these edits, I think we should distinguish between top pages and subpages. If an instructor is inviting students to submit work in subspace, the instructor should have considerable flexibility regarding those subpages.--[[User:Guy vandegrift|Guy vandegrift]] ([[User talk:Guy vandegrift|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Guy vandegrift|contribs]]) 00:03, 1 February 2024 (UTC) ::: While I'm not sure about what type of flexibility is being mentioned, I generally believe that teachers should have enough privileges to complete their projects. If our policies (and related proposals) restrict legitimate educational activities, then we are no longer a place for education. [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 12:54, 1 February 2024 (UTC) :: Thank you very much for the explanation and the summary, but I cannot guarantee that everyone will accept it. Removing contradictions sounds good. If the content was obvious nonsense or conflict with the entire Wikiversity, then your decision (blanking/removal) would be the most reasonable one. In this case, I think there were other options (such as rewriting to resolve contradictions), and that is why I'm calling for a review. For example, at [[special:diff/2602692]], you said that "The obligation to use verifiable and reliable sources lies with the editors wishing to include information on Wikiversity page, not on those seeking to question it or remove it" contradicts the option of scholarly research at Wikiversity. I don't understand how this becomes a contradiction (have you already explained that?). Even if it was a contradiction, I think blanking was not the only one option. We could have restricted the obligation to non-research content (such as educational resources) or downgraded the obligation to a recommendation, and avoid potential conflict with Wikiversity research content. The summary of my question is, "Why have you decided to remove instead of suggesting a rewrite?". [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 13:20, 1 February 2024 (UTC) ::: I see an obvious contradiction, as mentioned in the edit summary: if original research and original user-written essays are allowed, there is no "obligation to use verifiable and reliable sources". ::: As for dropping text vs. rewrite: a rewrite creates an opportunity to introduce new mistakes and non-consensualities, a bad thing. By contrast, removal of problematic sentences removes defects. After removal of problematic sentences, we may focus on whether the text that remained after removal is really accurate and fully fit for purpose, which I do not think to be the case either; more corrective work is required. --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 11:12, 5 February 2024 (UTC) :::: Thank you for additional explanations. If somebody is going to produce their own research where anything similar was never published elsewhere, there would be no other independent secondary sources, so the Wikipedia-like verifiability is no longer reasonable at here. On the other hand, I believe that authors should work hard to avoid errors (calculation errors, uploading wrong images etc., I was talking about this type of verifiablity for research content), if they want to pass Wikijournal peer reviews then they need to do so. In addition, I expect many type of research comes out from previous research history, and I think it is reasonable to expect the Wikipedia-like verifiablity when explaining research background and related history. What would you think about this? I'm not demanding the Wikipedia-like verifiability to research itself, I'm recommending this to things before entering research. [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 01:59, 6 February 2024 (UTC) ::::: As for "If somebody is going to produce their own research where anything similar was never published elsewhere", one may well publish result of research such that something similar ''was'' already published elsewhere; it is still ''original research'' in Wikipedia terminology. ::::: Wikiversity is great for articles that combine original research/element of originality with referenced material. For such articles, there is no duty to reference things but I would see inline referencing as recommended for consideration (not enforced) and adding great further reading/external links as recommended (not enforced). I fully agree that "authors should work hard to avoid errors". As for Wikijournals, that is a separate class of Wikiversity content, with its own rules and processes. --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 07:22, 9 February 2024 (UTC) ::::: About "explaining research background": I know of no duty to explain research background (or is there one?) and therefore, there is no duty to explain the background and then reference it using Wikipedia-style inline referencing. --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 08:13, 9 February 2024 (UTC) {{cob}} Would somebody like to vote between keeping page ''as is'' or returning it to [[Special:Permalink/1375824]]? If so, write "I move that we foobar" as vote yes or no.--[[User:Guy vandegrift|Guy vandegrift]] ([[User talk:Guy vandegrift|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Guy vandegrift|contribs]]) 17:54, 26 February 2024 (UTC) == Can [[User:Ciphiorg/sandbox]] be an acceptable sandbox? == The sandbox was made by using talk page namespace so I moved it into userspace. After the page moved, I noticed that the sandbox was about physical geography but also aimed to promote a single website (physicalgeography.org) and its subpages. I checked the author's enwiki history, all edits were reverted and their enwiki sandbox was deleted per CSD U5. Could this be a xwiki spam case? [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 06:33, 2 February 2024 (UTC) :{{done}} Deleted. He can ask for undeletion if he wants to remove self-promotion/spam links. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''vf</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 06:36, 2 February 2024 (UTC) :: Recent abuse filter logs suggests that the user came back to do something similar. You may need to take action to stop them. [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 05:43, 7 February 2024 (UTC) ::: (Update) Currently stale. [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 09:18, 9 February 2024 (UTC) == Concern about an IP range starting from 165.199.181 == IP editors from this range ([[Special:Contributions/165.199.181.3]], [[Special:Contributions/165.199.181.9]], [[Special:Contributions/165.199.181.15]]) have done a lot of unhelpful actions in our project for months. I think our custodians should consider a range block for a reasonable amount of time. [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 02:06, 6 February 2024 (UTC) : (Note) All IPs in this report are blocked in minimal range. [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 02:11, 7 February 2024 (UTC) == Please consider blacklisting of physicalgeography.org == Dear custodians, I have reported about editors trying to get physicalgeography.org to appear in Wikiversity at [[special:permalink/2603578#Can_User:Ciphiorg/sandbox_be_an_acceptable_sandbox?]], and now we have another editor trying to get the link visible ([[Special:diff/2603646]]). Please consider the blacklisting of this URL. Thank you for your attention. [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 02:11, 7 February 2024 (UTC) == [[Special:Contributions/103.150.214.192]] == Too many test edits at sandbox (RC flooding), possible proxy, already blocked at zhwiki. [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 09:00, 9 February 2024 (UTC) :{{ping|MathXplore}} I blocked for 3 hours and then Googled {RC flooding}. I have no experience with these things. How long should I block for?----[[User:Guy vandegrift|Guy vandegrift]] ([[User talk:Guy vandegrift|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Guy vandegrift|contribs]]) 13:01, 10 February 2024 (UTC) :: When I reported the IP, they were violent, and at least a short-term block (perhaps several hours) may have been needed at that time. Currently, the IP editor is stale, so there may be no significant meaning to block them at this moment. On the other hand, GetIPIntel Prediction is 100% at [https://ipcheck.toolforge.org/index.php?ip=103.150.214.192 IPcheck information], this means that this IP might be a [[:m:No open proxies|proxy]] (and I guess that is why zhwiki blocked this IP, I don't know well about zhwiki proxy block policy), though the other parameters are negative. I think we need someone who knows more about proxies to choose the right range and terms. {{ping|Koavf}} can you take a look at this IP? [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 13:18, 10 February 2024 (UTC) :: (Note) After my reply, another IP ([[Special:Contributions/103.150.214.135]], close to the one above) appeared with similar behavior (targeting sandbox). This IP is blocked at zhwikivoyage as an open proxy (1 year), also blocked at enwiki as a web host. [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 14:15, 10 February 2024 (UTC) :::I am not a range block pro, but doing a little range block hacking, I see that both [[Special:Contributions/103.150.214.192/16]] and [[Special:Contributions/103.150.214.135/16]] contain all of the edits by the above IPs and ''only'' the edits by the above IPs. Both are globally blocked for a couple of months, but 1.) I take violent threats very seriously ({{Ping|MathXplore}}, did you write to legal@? If not, I will.) 2.) the sandbox is one of the only pages you really don't want to have escalated protection on, and 3.) oftentimes, rangeblocking open proxies is not going to harm the project. So, I'm willing to do a 12-month range block. Great work as always. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''vf</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 19:17, 10 February 2024 (UTC) :::: Sorry, I didn't write to legal. I was checking the edit frequencies and their global contributions rather than the context. Please go ahead for the report to legal. Thank you for the reactions and information. [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 06:28, 11 February 2024 (UTC) :::::Hey, no worries MX. You do a ''lot'' across ''many'' wikis. It's a team effort, friend. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''vf</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 07:27, 11 February 2024 (UTC) ::::::Wait--I actually ''looked'' at the diffs and some of them mention some weird violent content, but are not ''threats'', so it doesn't rise to that occasion. Sorry for my ignorance. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''vf</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 07:29, 11 February 2024 (UTC) == [[Special:Contributions/24.224.18.114]] == Vandalism from this IP, a targeted page is now semi-protected. [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 02:22, 16 February 2024 (UTC) : (Note) Currently stale. [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 06:28, 20 February 2024 (UTC) == [[special:permalink/2607000]] == Can this be considered as an academic profile, or should be handled as an advertisement? [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 06:27, 20 February 2024 (UTC) :Tricky. I'm inclined to call it a valid profile ''if'' this user engages in actually editing and particularly in creating resources related to these kind of topics such as SEO, but call it just spam if this person is only here to say "I am so-and-so and I have [x] marketable skills". :/ So I could be persuaded either way, but it's not ''obviously'' spam as of now, as far as I can tell. I totally respect any other custodian or curator deleting it, tho. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''vf</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 06:32, 20 February 2024 (UTC) == [[Portal talk:Astronomy]] == This talk page is currently isolated but has a lot of things in here. Where can we move this page to save it as an archive? [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 13:39, 25 February 2024 (UTC) :I created [[Draft:Archive]] without asking for a consensus. If nobody objects, we can all use it. The only open question in my mind is whether we need to nowikify the pages to avoid having titles appear on various lists and categories. I suggest the title [[Draft:Archive/2024/Portal talk-Astronomy]]. Personally, I am not very adept at undeleting pages, thought with a bit of practice I might find it more natural. With a small cleanup crew that tends to get bogged down in long discussions, it's easier if everybody can look at pages that have been removed in this fashion. Many years ago I remember an editor who annoyed administrators with frivolous requests to undelete for viewing purposes. If you want, I can move [[Portal talk:Astronomy]] right now.--[[User:Guy vandegrift|Guy vandegrift]] ([[User talk:Guy vandegrift|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Guy vandegrift|contribs]]) 14:37, 25 February 2024 (UTC) :: What is wrong with [[Portal talk:Astronomy]] staying where it is? --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 14:41, 25 February 2024 (UTC) :::Sorry! Again I read quickly but without accuracy. I didn't notice that it was a '''Talk''' page. I will archive it right now.[[User:Guy vandegrift|Guy vandegrift]] ([[User talk:Guy vandegrift|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Guy vandegrift|contribs]]) 17:20, 25 February 2024 (UTC) {{Done}}[[User:Guy vandegrift|Guy vandegrift]] ([[User talk:Guy vandegrift|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Guy vandegrift|contribs]]) 18:36, 25 February 2024 (UTC) :::: You "archived" the page but not moved. Where should we move the talk page? That is my question. [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 00:22, 26 February 2024 (UTC) ::: According to [[WV:CSD]], isolated talk pages are subject to deletion. [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 00:21, 26 February 2024 (UTC) ::::I apparently just forgot to delete the talk page. Does anybody object to deleting the talk page and its archive?--[[User:Guy vandegrift|Guy vandegrift]] ([[User talk:Guy vandegrift|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Guy vandegrift|contribs]]) 01:50, 26 February 2024 (UTC) ::::: Why is this being deleted or archived? I guess it is because of [[WV:Deletions]], "Discussion about deleted resources where context is lost and becoming an independent resource is unlikely". But the resource was not deleted, it was moved: from looking at [[Portal:Astronomy]], one can see it was moved to [[Topic:Astronomy]], which is now a redirect to [[Astronomy]]. --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 07:16, 26 February 2024 (UTC) {{done}}[[file:Red question mark.svg|20px]] Taking Dan's lead, I assumed the hanging talk page [[Portal talk:Astronomy]] to have been attached to what is now [[Astronomy]], which already had a talk page. So I made the Archive a subpage with an explanatory note at [[Talk:Astronomy]]. I'm glad this is a hobby and not a serious effort to preserve the history of this ol wiki.--[[User:Guy vandegrift|Guy vandegrift]] ([[User talk:Guy vandegrift|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Guy vandegrift|contribs]]) 19:38, 26 February 2024 (UTC) == Chronological order of [[Wikiversity:Request_custodian_action/Archive/23]] and [[Wikiversity:Request_custodian_action/Archive/24]] == I generally understand that archives are numbered in chronological order but I found an exception to this rule. [[special:permalink/2596291]] says that 23 is "January 2021 - June 2023" and 24 is "December 2021 - December 2022", this is breaking the chronological order. Should we fix this or keep it in the current state? [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 01:19, 26 February 2024 (UTC) :I noticed that while archiving a while back. I think we should leave it alone. One problem is that we have two chronological orders: One is when the request was initiated, and the other is when the request is archived. To make matters worse, many topics get "archived" twice: First when <nowiki>{{Archive top}}..{{Archive bottom}}</nowiki> turns the background blue, and second when the conversation is moved. Also, these conversations are extremely chaotic. Reading them would make good reading for chatbots if and when humans ever decide to start punishing them for transgressions.--[[User:Guy vandegrift|Guy vandegrift]] ([[User talk:Guy vandegrift|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Guy vandegrift|contribs]]) 01:46, 26 February 2024 (UTC) :: OK, thank you for your opinions. [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 01:49, 26 February 2024 (UTC) == Can anybody explain how this turns into a proposed deletion? == I just deleted a lot of pages because I thought the author was confusing the prod template for speedy delete. [https://en.wikiversity.org/w/index.php?title=User:Ramosama/sandbox/Problem_Analysis_-_Provision&action=edit This is the source] for [[User:Ramosama/sandbox/Problem Analysis - Provision]]: {{cot|Click to view the source code that triggers the prod}} <code><nowiki>{{Problem analysis - measure|name=Reusing durables|identifier=reusing_durables |definition= The reuse of durable goods in their original form. |reasons= |parents= |instances= * Design of equipment for reuse of their parts ("cradle to cradle"). * Prolonged storage of reusable goods in warehouses, such as deserted office buildings. * Second-hand warehouses. * Refund for returns of durables. * Facilitation, for example, allowing customers to reuse packaging or containers. |advantages= |disadvantages= }}</nowiki></code> [[User:Guy vandegrift|Guy vandegrift]] ([[User talk:Guy vandegrift|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Guy vandegrift|contribs]]) 17:14, 26 February 2024 (UTC) {{cob}} Thankfully the user has been dormant for almost 4 years. See [[Special:Contributions/Ramosama]].[[User:Guy vandegrift|Guy vandegrift]] ([[User talk:Guy vandegrift|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Guy vandegrift|contribs]]) 17:17, 26 February 2024 (UTC) : I edited "[[:Template:Problem analysis - concept]]" to place its proposed deletion code into the noinclude tag. As a result, [[User:Ramosama/sandbox/Problem Analysis - Provision]]--which uses the template--no longer shows any proposed deletion tag. I hope it added some clarity and has no undesirable consequence. --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 19:42, 26 February 2024 (UTC) ::Good news! I thought it was possible to accidentally make a prod. Thank's Dan.[[User:Guy vandegrift|Guy vandegrift]] ([[User talk:Guy vandegrift|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Guy vandegrift|contribs]]) 19:48, 26 February 2024 (UTC) == Does anybody know how to delete all pages by a single user? == We have a serial page creator. My hunch is that the pages were created in another language, translated using an auto-translator, and placed on en.wikiversity. I am currently trying to create a list from [https://en.wikiversity.org/w/index.php?title=Special%3AContributions&target=Saltrabook&namespace=all&tagfilter=&newOnly=1&start=&end=&limit=50 '''this list''']. If nobody knows how to do this, I will use a list under construction at '''[[Pre-diabetes diagnosis and remission]]'''.[[User:Guy vandegrift|Guy vandegrift]] ([[User talk:Guy vandegrift|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Guy vandegrift|contribs]]) 16:43, 27 February 2024 (UTC) :[[Special:Nuke]] can mass-delete, with some caveats. Oddly, it is only available to bureaucrats here. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''vf</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 16:38, 27 February 2024 (UTC) I don't know the answer. But let me list the pages created in 2024 (there are more from 2023): * [[INVITATIONS TO SEAFARERS AND THE MARITIME MEDICAL CLINICS]] * [[CONTENTS OF THE 16 WEEKS COACHING]] * [[VIDEO PRESENTATION AND INVITATIONS]] * [['''CONTENTS OF THE 16 WEEKS COACHING''']] * [[DRAFT ARTICLE]] * [[Maritime Diabetes-type 2 Intervention study/DRAFT PAHO PROTOCOL/CONTENTS OF THE 16 WEEKS COACHING]] * [[Maritime Diabetes-type 2 Intervention study/DRAFT PAHO PROTOCOL/DRAFT PAHO PROTOCOLO EN ESPAÑOL]] * [[Maritime Diabetes-type 2 Intervention study/DRAFT PAHO PROTOCOL/ESPAÑOL]] --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 16:43, 27 February 2024 (UTC) :{{Done}} I deleted all the maritime health and diabetes pages made in the past several months. If more is needed, let me know. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''vf</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 16:55, 27 February 2024 (UTC) ::Thanks Justin. You might want to change the parameters of my block of Saltrabook. I know little about blocking protocols. I will change my expiration date from one week to indefinite. I didn't know you could pagenuke. We need an active pagenuker on this wiki now that Dave is less active.[[User:Guy vandegrift|Guy vandegrift]] ([[User talk:Guy vandegrift|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Guy vandegrift|contribs]]) 17:07, 27 February 2024 (UTC) :::I have no perspective on an indefinite block, but it may be a good idea until/unless he can explain on his talk page what he's trying to do and where he is getting this information, etc. Note also that he has ''lots'' of pages going back to at least 2019. If we had consensus that [[Special:Nuke]] were available to admins (curators), then we could make the request on [[:phab:]] to change the local settings. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''vf</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 17:58, 27 February 2024 (UTC) ::::Do you know whether Saltrabook can use his talk page? If so, there is no need to change the indefinite block.[[User:Guy vandegrift|Guy vandegrift]] ([[User talk:Guy vandegrift|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Guy vandegrift|contribs]]) 19:19, 27 February 2024 (UTC) ::::: The latest block ([[special:redirect/logid/3389142]]) does not include edits, so I think they can. Generally, most blocked users can edit their own talk pages for unblock requests and related statements (unless revoked). [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 03:48, 28 February 2024 (UTC) :::: Currently, curators cannot restore pages. I think allowing mass-delete without restoration permissions can be risky. Allowing mass-delete to our custodians should be enough. Why have we limited mass-delete to our bureaucrats? Are there any previous discussions in the past? [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 03:50, 28 February 2024 (UTC) :::::No clue. That is very bizarre and atypical. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''vf</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 04:48, 28 February 2024 (UTC) :::::: I think we can ask to hear the community's opinion at [[Wikiversity:Colloquium]]. They may want to speak about what they think about this odd technical settings. [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 03:45, 1 March 2024 (UTC) ::::::: <s>(Note about this matter) I started a new thread over there.</s> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 13:41, 1 March 2024 (UTC) ::::::: (Update) Per suggestion ([[special:diff/2610994]]), I started a proposal at [[Wikiversity_talk:Custodianship#Proposal_to_allow_custodians_to_use_mass-delete]]. [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 07:17, 8 March 2024 (UTC) :: If possible, I suggest clarifying the deletion criteria (RFD? off-wiki request?). I'm sorry if I have missed anything. From my viewpoint, I only requested renaming without redirects, and now I see pages being deleted. Having more explanations would be better, I think. [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 03:53, 28 February 2024 (UTC) :::{{ping|MathXplore}} Sorry, sometimes I act too swiftly. It turns out User:Saltrabook has been creating what looks like interesting pages for a long time, and he has created close to 100 such pages (probably much more.) He doesn't know English very well, so it is obvious that he is auto-translating the pages. I blocked his page creations, and he seems happy working on pages he already created (many of them were almost blank.) Personally, I would be happy if he works on the pages he has already created and left us alone. We get odd ones on WV. I should know; my family thinks I am one.-[[User:Guy vandegrift|Guy vandegrift]] ([[User talk:Guy vandegrift|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Guy vandegrift|contribs]]) 03:37, 1 March 2024 (UTC) :::: Thank you for the explanations. As can be seen in each page history, I'm one of the few editors handling the categorizations of their creations, but I didn't notice that there were auto-translations (has anyone identified which software has been used?), apologies for being late to notice such issues. I think we should clarify how to handle auto-translations via policy/guideline or previous discussions. [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 03:43, 1 March 2024 (UTC) == [[Special:Contributions/Krutrimam]] == Lock evasion of [[User:Premaledu]], please see [[special:permalink/2609661#Offensive_username]]. [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 12:19, 1 March 2024 (UTC) : Already {{done}}, globally locked. [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 13:23, 1 March 2024 (UTC) == Explanation of edit == I was trying to link my pages and I got a notification to explain to a custodian. I hope I'm in the right place for that. [[User:An5189|An5189]] ([[User talk:An5189|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/An5189|contribs]]) 04:42, 4 March 2024 (UTC) :Seems fine to me. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''vf</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 04:49, 4 March 2024 (UTC) ::thanks [[User:An5189|An5189]] ([[User talk:An5189|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/An5189|contribs]]) 04:52, 4 March 2024 (UTC) == create about user page == I was trying to create about User page [[User:An5189|An5189]] ([[User talk:An5189|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/An5189|contribs]]) 05:17, 4 March 2024 (UTC) :I'll create a blank one and you can modify it. Let me know if you have more problems. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''vf</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 06:57, 4 March 2024 (UTC) ::thanks, I will[[User:An5189|An5189]] ([[User talk:An5189|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/An5189|contribs]]) 08:18, 4 March 2024 (UTC) == [[Special:Contributions/39.50.199.52]] == Making bad pages (I already deleted them) and xwiki abuse (also reported at Wikiquote). [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 02:46, 10 March 2024 (UTC) :{{done}} —[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''vf</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 05:49, 10 March 2024 (UTC) == [[Special:Contributions/Precisiongroup]] == Spam-only account with promotional username (account named after company name). [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 06:49, 14 March 2024 (UTC) :{{done}} —[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''vf</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 13:02, 14 March 2024 (UTC) == [[Special:Contributions/Kroodham]] == Lock evasion of [[Special:CentralAuth/Premaledu]]. [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 07:45, 14 March 2024 (UTC) : {{done}}, already locked. [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 08:57, 14 March 2024 (UTC) == [[Special:Contributions/27.55.68.138]] == Vandalism and xwiki abuse. [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 10:07, 19 March 2024 (UTC) :{{done}} Month-long rangeblock. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''vf</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 10:36, 19 March 2024 (UTC) == [[Special:Log/Cbtproxyus]] == The user has repeated user page spam, I already deleted it and set indefinite full protection. [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 05:56, 20 March 2024 (UTC) :{{done}} indef block. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''vf</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 15:42, 22 March 2024 (UTC) == CAPTCHA Problem when creating an Account == I don't know how active Dave is at the moment, so I paste a message to Dave from [[User:Ireicher2]]: {{quote|Hi Dave, Isabel here from Ohlone college. We've talked a couple of times before. Some of my students emailed me to let me know that they cannot create user accounts because of a CAPTCHA problem. I verified the information by attempting to create a new account and I received the same error message. Would you let me know how this can be resolved? Thank you!}} {{ping|Ireicher2}} One thing you might try is having them create Wikipedia or Wikibooks accounts. I believe membership in one automatically creates membership on Wikiversity. Another thing to try is asking students to create the account from their homes. Does anybody else have any ideas????--[[User:Guy vandegrift|Guy vandegrift]] ([[User talk:Guy vandegrift|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Guy vandegrift|contribs]]) 01:49, 22 March 2024 (UTC) : I think [[:w:Wikipedia:Request_an_account/Help_and_troubleshooting]] is related to this issue. It is a different project but shares the same technical basis. [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 01:55, 22 March 2024 (UTC) :See [[meta: Mass account creation]]. I'll try adding Account creators to [[User:Ireicher2]] with an expiration of seven days and see if makes any difference. Yes, the suggestion that students create their accounts from home (or using their cell phones vs. school computers) should help. -- [[User:Dave Braunschweig|Dave Braunschweig]] ([[User talk:Dave Braunschweig|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dave Braunschweig|contribs]]) 03:44, 22 March 2024 (UTC) ::@[[User:Dave Braunschweig|Dave Braunschweig]] @[[User:Guy vandegrift|Guy vandegrift]] Of course. That makes sense. Thank you!<br> [[User:Ireicher2|Ireicher2]] ([[User talk:Ireicher2|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Ireicher2|contribs]]) 04:46, 22 March 2024 (UTC) == I need the custodians & curators to tell a user not to be involved with deletions. == {{Cot|Collapse as resolved}} Here are two examples: #He put a speedy delete on [[special:permalink/2617505]], saying among other things that there is "no clear explanation" of what ''ordinary'' differential equations are". This is a subpage, and the parent page at [[special:permalink/2483117]] gives a rather coherent explanation: "Differential equations serve as mathematical models of physical processes. This course is intended to be an introduction to ordinary differential equations and their solutions. <small>A '''differential equation''' (DE) is an equation relating a function to its derivatives. If the function is of only one variable, we call the equation an '''ordinary differential equation''' (ODE). ...</small><br> There is a movement to raise the standards regarding what should and should not be in namespace, but the the parent page at [[special:permalink/2483117]] has [[Special:PrefixIndex/Differential_equations/|13 subpages.]] If this resource is a problem, it has to be addressed from the top down, not one subpage at a time. As will be shown in the next example, I recently attempted to explain to him that it is inefficient to remove subpages without looking at the entire resource (via the parent page.) #Days prior to the aforementioned effort to delete a subpage of [[Differential equations]], he proposed the deletion of one of some 300 subpages of [[Student Projects]] because it was unsourced. My reason for not deleting that page should have informed him that it would have been inappropriate to delete one subpage of [[Differential equations]], because it turns out that almost all subpages of [[Student Projects]] are unsourced, leaving us with the same issue involving the deletion of pages from the "bottom-up". For evidence that this user had been informed of the need for a "top-down" approach attempting to delete a subpage of [[Differential equations]], see [[special:permalink/2617342#Student_Projects/Major_rivers_in_India]]. This editor is a nice person with a lot of good ideas, but his stubbornness is making it difficult to moderate [[Wikiversity:Requests for Deletion]]--[[User:Guy vandegrift|Guy vandegrift]] ([[User talk:Guy vandegrift|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Guy vandegrift|contribs]]) 14:15, 31 March 2024 (UTC) :I don't want this user blocked, or even banned from participating in discussions about deletion policy. He is not alone in advocating higher standard, and the community might want to do that. But there is a distinction between the nuts and bolts of deletion, and deletion as a policy. I am very conservative about deleting pages. So if the standards get tightened, there will be no need to revert anything I have done. I am asking the custodians/curators to encourage this user to go to [[Wikiversity:What-goes-where_2024#Personal_subpages_(with_visual_editing)|WV:WGW2024]] and create a subpage for sharing his ideas with the community.--[[User:Guy vandegrift|Guy vandegrift]] ([[User talk:Guy vandegrift|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Guy vandegrift|contribs]]) 14:41, 31 March 2024 (UTC) ----- ----- ----- #: 1) The "unsourced" on [[Student Projects/Major rivers in India]] was only one reason; the other reason was that this page has nothing to add what is not in Wikipedia, a rationale previously recognized. 2) [[Student Projects/Major rivers in India]] is not integrated in any way to a [[Student Projects]] "project"; its being a subpage is just an attempt to escape deletion scrutiny. 3) I am not aware of any explanation to me that I should not nominate subpages; such an explanation has my talk page as a proper venue, and I am unaware of any such explanation, neither there or elsewhere. 4) Any disagreement about deletion can be resolved via RFD and via voting-cum-discussion there, as is usual in other projects, e.g. the English Wikipedia and the English Wiktionary; if I am mistaken in a particular nomination, it can be brought to RFD and quickly voted down. Even a single person opposing can prevent a deletion in which I am the sole, mistaken, deletion supporter. 5) I have a pretty good conversion rate between deletion nominations and actual deletions/moving out of mainspace, and therefore, I do not think that my nomination algorithm is too broad and too burdensome on those who have to oppose my nominations for deletions. --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 14:26, 31 March 2024 (UTC) #::All I am asking is that you stay out of active deletions and focus your talent on changing the policy. A great place to do that is at [[WV:WGW2024#Personal_subpages_(with_visual_editing)]] [[User:Guy vandegrift|Guy vandegrift]] ([[User talk:Guy vandegrift|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Guy vandegrift|contribs]]) 14:51, 31 March 2024 (UTC) #::: I invite you to my talk page to make requests concerning change of behavior on my part. --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 14:52, 31 March 2024 (UTC) {{cob}} [[File:Yes check.svg|18px]]'''Resolved''' We have corresponded in our talk pages and the problem has been resolved to my satisfaction.--[[User:Guy vandegrift|Guy vandegrift]] ([[User talk:Guy vandegrift|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Guy vandegrift|contribs]]) 18:15, 31 March 2024 (UTC) == link on page looks possibly explicit to follow? == [[Other Free Learning Resources]] the univeristy of reddit link has a lot of very adult explicit words as links . I did not view other links from this page. Thanks U - X * [http://www.ureddit.com/ University of Reddit] [[Special:Contributions/2001:8003:B120:8900:4D5:4E7A:36B2:58F3|2001:8003:B120:8900:4D5:4E7A:36B2:58F3]] ([[User talk:2001:8003:B120:8900:4D5:4E7A:36B2:58F3|discuss]]) 12:50, 1 April 2024 (UTC) :Thanks, it's now spam, so I removed it. :/ —[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''vf</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 19:09, 1 April 2024 (UTC) == [[Special:contribs/206.110.193.204]] == Vandalism [[User:Seawolf35|Seawolf35]] ([[User talk:Seawolf35|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Seawolf35|contribs]]) 18:57, 16 April 2024 (UTC) :{{done}} —[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''vf</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 19:32, 16 April 2024 (UTC) == Induced stem cells copyright issues == [[Induced stem cells]] got imported to here from enWiki- which is fine, attribution was done correctly and everything- except for the fact that I'm just wrapping up a [[Wikipedia:Contributor copyright investigations/20240516|copyright investigation]]<nowiki> on the original contributor & his alternative account. Due to the fact that this contributor repeated and blatantly infringed on the copyright of multiple sources despite multiple warnings an even a block, I tagged the original page over on enWiki for presumptive deletion. I don't know what Wikiversity's process is for suspected copyright infringements without a clear source, but I figured you guys would want to know about the problems with this page anyways. -- ~~~~</nowiki> [[User:GreenLipstickLesbian|GreenLipstickLesbian]] ([[User talk:GreenLipstickLesbian|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/GreenLipstickLesbian|contribs]]) 20:34, 23 May 2024 (UTC) :Very helpful, thanks. Do you have any relevant links to en.wp about the investigation or where he typically ripped off material? —[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''vf</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 23:48, 23 May 2024 (UTC) ::Okay- everthing I've gathered so far is going to be in this [[wikipedia:Wikipedia:Contributor_copyright_investigations/20240516|investigation page]]. ( tried to link it in the original post, but I failed spectacularly as you can see). They almost exclusively copied from scientific papers/ reviews, and news/blog reports. This user typically copied from the source they cited- or, at least, *a* source they cited. They'd regularly copy a paragraph of text from one source, then a cite a different source for each sentence. If a source was paywalled, they often would cite the source, but copy from a news report/blog report analyzing the source. One of the other investigators found a few instances where they copied another article in Wikipedia without attribution- but that was their rarest type of violation. They occasionally wrote their own material, but it was normally easily identifiable because English is not their first language. ::Sorry for not being more helpful on this article in particular-I saw they(and their alt) were essentially the sole author of this page, cited 300+ sources, made a noise somewhat akin to that of a distressed animal, and decided I was going to take advantage of enWiki's rule allowing us to delete articles written by serial copyright violators without any more evidence. --[[User:GreenLipstickLesbian|GreenLipstickLesbian]] ([[User talk:GreenLipstickLesbian|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/GreenLipstickLesbian|contribs]]) 00:09, 24 May 2024 (UTC) :::That’s plenty to convince me that this should be assumed to be a copy II until proven otherwise. Merci. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''vf</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 00:16, 24 May 2024 (UTC) :::: Thank you for the responses, I think having a short intro, soft redirect to the CCI page, further readings section, and categories would be OK, what would you think about this? [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 01:56, 24 May 2024 (UTC) :::::Sure. Do you want me to undelete and then redelete selected diffs? Or you’ll just create the redirect yourself? —[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''vf</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 02:10, 24 May 2024 (UTC) :::::: I will create a soft redirect afterward. [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 02:29, 24 May 2024 (UTC) ::: Thank you for the information, do you think [[WikiJournal Preprints/Induced stem cells]] needs deletion? It is another page where the same editor has substantial involvement. [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 01:58, 24 May 2024 (UTC) ::::I did a brief check, and I found that [https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.1248252 this source] (cited in the article) appears to have been partially copied. Specifically, the stuff about zebrafish has been copied word for word. It's not a promising sign. If this was on the English Wiki, I would ask for it to be presumptively deleted soley on the basis of the author and that confirmed instance of a copyright violation. I worked on the investigation for several days (and I was the one who asked for it to be opened), and I could confirm over half their writing to be blatant copy-and-paste jobs. [[User:GreenLipstickLesbian|GreenLipstickLesbian]] ([[User talk:GreenLipstickLesbian|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/GreenLipstickLesbian|contribs]]) 03:08, 24 May 2024 (UTC) :::::Thank you for your service, hermana. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''vf</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 03:38, 24 May 2024 (UTC) ::::: Thank you for the information, I have contacted an active Wikijournal contributor to learn about how this preprint should be handled. [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 02:05, 6 June 2024 (UTC) ::::::Thank you to [[User:GreenLipstickLesbian|GreenLipstickLesbian]] for informing us about the copyright violations and reference false attribution in this article, and [[User:Koavf|Koavf]] & [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] in participating in this conversation. Normally we would keep rejected articles in the preprint with the stated reason in the talk page for record purpose. However, since the induced stem cell contains copyright violation and may cause future accidental copyright violation by future text re-users under the assumption that the text is under Creative Commons license, I will request that the preprint be deleted while talk page remains undeleted to note the rationale. [[User:OhanaUnited|<b><span style="color: #0000FF;">OhanaUnited</span></b>]][[User talk:OhanaUnited|<b><span style="color: green;">^{Talk page}</span></b>]] 20:00, 18 June 2024 (UTC) :::::::Good point. In addition to not deleting the talk page, I am redirecting the main page to the talk page and protecting it. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''vf</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 20:07, 18 June 2024 (UTC) ::::::::@[[User:Koavf|Koavf]] Can you also delete [[WikiJournal Preprints/Induced stem cells]], redirecting it to talk page please? [[User:OhanaUnited|<b><span style="color: #0000FF;">OhanaUnited</span></b>]][[User talk:OhanaUnited|<b><span style="color: green;">^{Talk page}</span></b>]] 04:03, 10 July 2024 (UTC) :::::::::{{done}} —[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''vf</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 04:42, 10 July 2024 (UTC) == Creating a section of my own talk page with a link to Wikipedia == I'm trying to set up my own talk page here at Wikiversity with my own example of trying separate the essence and accident of programming, as per <nowiki>[[w:No Silver Bullet|No Silver Bullet]]</nowiki> at Wikipedia, but it's rejected because of the external link (i.e. to Wikipedia). I'm doing this because most example code I see buries the essence in the accident and I wanted to show an example that there are better ways to write code. [[User:Philh-591|Philh-591]] ([[User talk:Philh-591|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Philh-591|contribs]]) 10:33, 9 July 2024 (UTC) :That's very weird: you can't create ''interwiki'' links? And to be clear, you're trying to put said links on your talk page at [[User talk:Philh-591]], not your userpage [[User:Philh-591]]? —[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''vf</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 12:05, 9 July 2024 (UTC) ::Well, your creation of the page with a welcome message has got it past that restriction, although I don't think it was the Wikipedia link. I'd not noticed that there are URL's in my example source referring to public information at the European Central Bank. However, it now insistently applies "nowiki" to what I insert. I guess I don't understand the formatting rules at Wikiversity; I'd assumed it was just like Wikipedia. I'll see if I can understand it more playing in the sandbox. [[User:Philh-591|Philh-591]] ([[User talk:Philh-591|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Philh-591|contribs]]) 13:13, 9 July 2024 (UTC) :::I figured that would fix the problem: sometimes, creating a new page (even your own user or user talk page) has restrictions. I forget the exact limitations per wiki, but they are usually very modest, like make at least five edits across two weeks or something. Re: formatting rules, they should be the same as Wikipedia, so I'm confused as to what you're trying to do again. :/ —[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''vf</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 13:25, 9 July 2024 (UTC) == Won't let me publish "my about" page due to "New User Exceeded New Page Limit" == Unsure how to publish my about me page, is someone able to help me be able to publish it without it being disallowed? [[User:Lucywilson 546|Lucywilson 546]] ([[User talk:Lucywilson 546|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Lucywilson 546|contribs]]) 03:20, 8 August 2024 (UTC) : {{ping|Jtneill}} Can you grant confirmed status for this user? [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 03:41, 8 August 2024 (UTC) :I made a blank page, which you can now edit. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''vf</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 04:31, 8 August 2024 (UTC) : {{ping|MathXplore}} Thankyou, I've confirmed the user. {{ping|Koavf}} Thankyou, a neat, instant solution :). {{ping|Lucywilson 546}} Thanks for letting us know. You should be good to go. Let us know if any other problems. Sincerely, James -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - <small>[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]</small> 10:24, 8 August 2024 (UTC) == Delete revission == Could you delete [https://en.wikiversity.org/w/index.php?title=Wood_finishing&oldid=2651335 this revision], which is revealing my personal information, please? [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 09:54, 9 September 2024 (UTC) : Username is hidden, I have contacted the [[:m:stewards]]. [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 11:38, 9 September 2024 (UTC) : {{done}} [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 12:00, 9 September 2024 (UTC) == Spam filter exception request == I am prevented from creating [[Template:Vandal]] because a previous example in [[Template:Vandal/doc]] used an IP address, which is blocked by a spam filter. I removed that example, but am still blocked from creating that page. I have put the source code in [[Template:Vandal/sandbox]] in the interim. Perhaps allowing just <code>10.0.0.1</code> to avoid other IP spam? [[User:Tule-hog|Tule-hog]] ([[User talk:Tule-hog|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Tule-hog|contribs]]) 04:55, 2 October 2024 (UTC) :{{done}} I created a blank template, which you can now edit. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''vf</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 06:11, 2 October 2024 (UTC) ::{{done}} again: I moved your sandbox to the template. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''vf</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 06:12, 2 October 2024 (UTC) :::It seems I still can't include the IP-user example (see [[Special:PermanentLink/2658932|an old version]] with the offending string) - [[User:Tule-hog|Tule-hog]] ([[User talk:Tule-hog|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Tule-hog|contribs]]) 23:13, 2 October 2024 (UTC) ::::I don't understand the problem. What text are you trying to put where? —[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''vf</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 00:43, 3 October 2024 (UTC) :::::See [https://en.wikiversity.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Vandal/doc&diff=prev&oldid=2658932 this diff] which shows the text and location {{--}} [[User:Tule-hog|Tule-hog]] ([[User talk:Tule-hog|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Tule-hog|contribs]]) 00:48, 3 October 2024 (UTC) ::::::{{done}}. Longer-term issues with including IP addresses may still exist, but this particular edit at least is fixed. Thanks. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''vf</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 00:53, 3 October 2024 (UTC) == [[Special:Log/Tule-hog]] == As seen in the link above, [[User:Tule-hog]] has made various manual imports from WP to WV. Some may be OK, but others may be questionable. Despite various messages on their talk page ([[User talk:Tule-hog]]) from user:Dan Polansky, the user continues manual imports. Should we let this continue, keep talking with the user, or should we stop them? What would be the best option? ({{ping|Jtneill}} As Dan's mentor, your feedback is welcome here, and {{ping|Koavf}} since you previously communicated with the user in [[Special:Diff/2659041]], we would like to hear about your thoughts) [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 06:39, 7 October 2024 (UTC) :{{Ping|Tule-hog}} From what I see on your talk, you are at least not doing this anymore. While copyright-wise, we can of course copy anything from en.wp to here, it is best to use [[Special:Import]] because it preserves edit histories, provides attribution, and can also import dependencies like another modules or templates. Can you explain what your goal is with this copying and what in general you want copied? —[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''vf</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 06:43, 7 October 2024 (UTC) ::I am motivated by updating Wikiversity template/module infrastructure in places where appropriate. Note I do not have the [[WV:Importer|importer]] role. I perform what I've been calling [[User:Tule-hog/Wikiversification|Wikiversification]] on docs and templates themselves, where much of the time the pages I come across are rough imports with raw Wikipedia links without modification, incorrect language for the project, bad category mapping, or are dependent on other undefined modules/templates. ::To be clear, I am ''not'' just going through picking out popular templates/modules and importing them. I approach a maintenance task, and where relevant spend the (not mindless) time to transform them to fit Wikiversity. [[User:Tule-hog|Tule-hog]] ([[User talk:Tule-hog|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Tule-hog|contribs]]) 06:50, 7 October 2024 (UTC) ::: I find "in places where appropriate" too non-specific. I do not see any specific need addressed. I find Colloquium a good forum for a proposal to copy (or import) a large number (how large?) of Wikipedia templates and categories; the approximate volume should be stated as part of the proposal. --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 07:02, 7 October 2024 (UTC) :::I undeleted and userfied to [[User:Tule-hog/Wikiversification]]. If you are thinking of making some large-scale change, then it's probably best to clarify your thoughts there, propose it (succinctly!) at the Colloquium, and then coordinate with a custodian who can import. This is kind of a [[:en:wikt:death by a thousand papercuts|death by a thousand papercuts]] situation: any one change is perfectly fine, but the volume may be systemic, so it's wise to get the community's input. Besides, we could help and many hands make for light lifting. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''vf</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 07:08, 7 October 2024 (UTC) ::(Question due to unfamiliarity with importer mechanism:) Do we also submit requests to ''update'' already imported templates at [[WV:I]], or does that only happen once (and hence update requests should go to [[WV:RCA]])? Thanks, [[User:Tule-hog|Tule-hog]] ([[User talk:Tule-hog|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Tule-hog|contribs]]) 23:25, 7 October 2024 (UTC) :::Unfortunately, if you import a resource from another wiki and the original changes, the updates need to be imported again here manually and since [[WV:I]] is a dedicated space, it's probably best to put requests there. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''vf</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 05:05, 8 October 2024 (UTC) == [[:Category:Wikiversity policies and guidelines]] == Should this category finish being developed? (I could do so if desired.) [[User:Tule-hog|Tule-hog]] ([[User talk:Tule-hog|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Tule-hog|contribs]]) 06:32, 8 October 2024 (UTC) :Similarly with the list detailed at [[:Category:Wikiversity development]] (i.e. finishing up + deleting the list mentioned there) —[[User:Tule-hog|Tule-hog]] ([[User talk:Tule-hog|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Tule-hog|contribs]]) 06:55, 8 October 2024 (UTC) ::{{ping|Koavf}} double checking is alright for [[:Category:Wikiversity development]] as well (started by [[:User: McCormack|McCormack]]) —[[User:Tule-hog|Tule-hog]] ([[User talk:Tule-hog|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Tule-hog|contribs]]) 02:20, 9 October 2024 (UTC) :Can you reword this question? I'm not sure what you're trying to do here. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''vf</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 07:16, 8 October 2024 (UTC) ::The content of the category is "This category is being developed." so I believe it is in an unfinished state (i.e. adapting the categorization schema). [[User:Tule-hog|Tule-hog]] ([[User talk:Tule-hog|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Tule-hog|contribs]]) 07:18, 8 October 2024 (UTC) :::I think if you have some rational way of organizing the pages, that's fine. I don't know what :::[User:CQ]][had in mind when he put that there, but he has basically not edited here in 4.5 years, so go for it. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''vf</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 07:20, 8 October 2024 (UTC) == [[:Category:Rejected policies]] == Should I use the list of tagged pages found in this category to update [[WV:POLICY#Rejected policies]]? Or is [[WV:IAR]] the only truly firmly rejected proposal? [[User:Tule-hog|Tule-hog]] ([[User talk:Tule-hog|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Tule-hog|contribs]]) 22:59, 8 October 2024 (UTC) :The category and that list should have the same items<ins> and at first glance, what is the category is in fact rejected proposals, therefore, the list should be updated.</ins> —[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''vf</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 02:04, 9 October 2024 (UTC) ::Just noting [[Wikiversity_talk:Policies#List_of_official_policies|this thread]] which suggests that another user made that list in the first place using tags, so it may have recursively snuck something in. [[User:Tule-hog|Tule-hog]] ([[User talk:Tule-hog|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Tule-hog|contribs]]) 02:12, 9 October 2024 (UTC) == [[Wikiversity:Research guidelines]] == This page is listed in {{tlx|official policies}}. Should it be updated as adopted on [[WV:POLICY]], and if so, should it be considered a policy or guideline? [[User:Tule-hog|Tule-hog]] ([[User talk:Tule-hog|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Tule-hog|contribs]]) 00:19, 11 October 2024 (UTC) :(Also, should it link to the top-level [[Wikiversity:Research]] instead, which uses (the confusingly named) {{tlx|research policy}} navbox?) [[User:Tule-hog|Tule-hog]] ([[User talk:Tule-hog|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Tule-hog|contribs]]) 00:46, 11 October 2024 (UTC) :Good question. From what I can tell the beta Wikiversity research page is the official policy and the en.wv local version is a copy/fork that hasn't been officially endorsed. :That leaves me wondering whether we want to pursue a local variation as an official policy or potentially remove the local variant and redirect to the beta version. -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - <small>[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]</small> 03:12, 13 October 2024 (UTC) :: What suggests that https://beta.wikiversity.org/wiki/Wikiversity:Research_guidelines is an official policy? And if it is, does the policy match the actual practice? For instance, it says "Original research at Wikiversity is subjected to ''peer review'' in order to allow the Wikiversity research community to strive for verifiability" (italics mine): is that really true outside of Wikijournals? Moreover, the putative policy states in a box: "This page contains summaries of discussions which have taken place in various languages." But this cannot be true since the policy reads like a monologue and a proper summary of discussions cannot be a monologue. A quick skimming of the page raises some red flags. :: Be it as it may, I think keeping a local copy is vital since then we have the option to amend it without thereby requiring an international cross-language input to the changes. Of course, the amends will be unable to change some core features of Wikiversity (no metamorphosis allowed), but some amends should be possible. :: As for the local [[Wikiversity:Research guidelines]], I propose to rank it as ''policy proposal'', given the misgivings. :: In any case, this discussion does not belong to "Request custodian action" but rather to "Colloquium" since the outcome of the discussion can be implemented by anyone, not only custodians, and since input from non-custodians seems welcome. --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 05:28, 13 October 2024 (UTC) :::Agree with retaining local version and treating as ''policy proposal''. :::I've hidden the note about the guidelines being a copy of the beta guidelines (it confused me at least into thinking that beta version was also the policy on en.wv). :::Softened the peer review requirement to being "open" to peer review rather than being "subjected" to peer review. :::Agree that further work e.g., on drafting and potentially making official should be followed through on Colloquium. :::Thanks @[[User:Tule-hog|Tule-hog]] and @[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]]. -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - <small>[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]</small> 06:13, 13 October 2024 (UTC) :: Oh, and I was not paying attention: [[Wikiversity:Research]] states "This page provides guidelines for research in Wikiversity" so there appears to be some redundancy/overlap between [[Wikiversity:Research]] and [[Wikiversity:Research guidelines]]. Confusing. --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 05:56, 13 October 2024 (UTC) == [[Wikiversity:Policies]] ➝ [[Wikiversity:Policies and guidelines]] == This is a proposal to move [[WV:Policies|Policies]] to a name matching the scope of the page, [[WV:Policies and guidelines|Policies and guidelines]]. The more descriptive title will make identifying the location of guidelines easier for newer participants. [[User:Tule-hog|Tule-hog]] ([[User talk:Tule-hog|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Tule-hog|contribs]]) 15:46, 25 October 2024 (UTC) :See [[User_talk:Tule-hog#Wikiversity:Policies|more discussion]]. [[User:Tule-hog|Tule-hog]] ([[User talk:Tule-hog|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Tule-hog|contribs]]) 20:58, 25 October 2024 (UTC) == Please fully protect... == [[Module:Message box/fmbox.css]]. It is used in 29 system messages. [[Special:Contributions/2604:3D08:9476:BE00:DCDC:4B47:21DA:D90E|2604:3D08:9476:BE00:DCDC:4B47:21DA:D90E]] ([[User talk:2604:3D08:9476:BE00:DCDC:4B47:21DA:D90E|discuss]]) 20:32, 25 October 2024 (UTC) :{{done}} —[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''vf</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 06:26, 26 October 2024 (UTC) == Uh Oh! == Hello. Something Went Wrong With Editing. My Dog And Me Is Editing The New Learning Resources. Dog Grooming (Learning Resources). So Help Me. Tanks. [[Special:Contributions/2603:9000:7AF0:5DA0:B940:EF5A:3D27:A8F0|2603:9000:7AF0:5DA0:B940:EF5A:3D27:A8F0]] ([[User talk:2603:9000:7AF0:5DA0:B940:EF5A:3D27:A8F0|discuss]]) 18:46, 11 December 2024 (UTC) o7f6ew6nyc5031ud185zv7x0oagth3e 2691479 2691476 2024-12-11T18:57:22Z Koavf 147 /* Uh Oh! */ Reply 2691479 wikitext text/x-wiki {{/Header}}[[cs:Wikiverzita:Nástěnka správců]][[fr:Wikiversité:Requêtes aux bibliothécaires]][[pt:Wikiversidade:Pedidos a administradores]] == Request to move image files to Commons == I got [[User_talk:Guy_vandegrift#Files_on_Commons|'''this request''']] to move files from [[:Category:NowCommons]] and [[:Category:Files from USGS]]. I delete lots of files, but usually let others delete image files because of my ignorance of copyright laws. I also have contributed a lot of files to Commons, but almost all of it is my own work. So I am out of my comfort zone on this. I don't even understand why these files should be moved. {{ping|User:MGA73}} Maybe we can find someone with more expertise on file transfers here on [[Wikiversity:Request custodian action|Request custodian action]].--[[User:Guy vandegrift|Guy vandegrift]] ([[User talk:Guy vandegrift|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Guy vandegrift|contribs]]) 22:47, 7 January 2024 (UTC) In a related vein, due to my inexperience with copyright regulations, perhaps it would be better if someone else processed the following files. All are up for speedy deletion. And all seem like quality images and/or on potentially high quality WV resources. <gallery widths=50> File:Merged fig1.png File:Merged matrix2.png File:Rps all hsa.png File:Selected domfams fix.png File:Service-pnp-fsa-8b32000-8b32000-8b32095r.jpg File:Summary.svg File:Transtree.png File:Untitled-91274a-1024.jpg </gallery> : My request was primary to delete files that was moved to Commons allready. But if anyone have checked files they are of course very welcome to move files to Commons too. Same with [[:Category:Files from Flickr]]. --[[User:MGA73|MGA73]] ([[User talk:MGA73|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MGA73|contribs]]) 16:32, 9 January 2024 (UTC) ::Thanks for the info. My ignorance of copyright law makes me very hesitant to delete image files.--[[User:Guy vandegrift|Guy vandegrift]] ([[User talk:Guy vandegrift|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Guy vandegrift|contribs]]) 19:50, 26 February 2024 (UTC) ::: I noticed [[User:Koavf]] just deleted a file moved to Commons. So perhaps Koavf could have a look at the files in [[:Category:NowCommons]] once there is a little time to spare? :-) --[[User:MGA73|MGA73]] ([[User talk:MGA73|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MGA73|contribs]]) 19:14, 27 February 2024 (UTC) ::::lol@"time to spare", but sure. <3 —[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''vf</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 21:17, 27 February 2024 (UTC) :::::Sometimes dirty tricks work ;-) --[[User:MGA73|MGA73]] ([[User talk:MGA73|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MGA73|contribs]]) 08:00, 28 February 2024 (UTC) == [[Special:Contributions/Hooglimkt]] (again) == {{Archive top|User is blocked so I guess were are {{Done}}. [[User:Guy vandegrift|Guy vandegrift]] ([[User talk:Guy vandegrift|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Guy vandegrift|contribs]]) 19:52, 26 February 2024 (UTC)}} {{ping|Koavf}} After the last report ([[Wikiversity:Request_custodian_action/Archive/25#Special:Contributions/Hooglimkt]]), the user has restarted same types of edits. [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 13:25, 9 January 2024 (UTC) :{{not done}} But what is the action here? He just wrote a bunch of Portuguese stuff on his userpage. What needs to be done? —[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''vf</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 13:30, 9 January 2024 (UTC) :: They are writing non-English advertisements on someone else's userpage, how can this be allowed? [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 13:33, 9 January 2024 (UTC) :: Please compare the reported user and [[Special:CentralAuth/Hoogli]] (user whose userpage is targeted), they don't look like the same user. [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 13:35, 9 January 2024 (UTC) :::Ah, sorry--I got the usernames confused. Yes, that is inappropriate and he's not here for constructive purposes. Sorry. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''vf</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 13:37, 9 January 2024 (UTC){{Archive bottom}} == [[Special:Contributions/NotAReetBot]] == According to [[WV:IU]], this username is not acceptable (implying bot), should this account be blocked? [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 01:28, 10 January 2024 (UTC) : I already sent a welcome and {{tl|uw-username}} (imported from enwiki). [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 01:42, 10 January 2024 (UTC) :I think explicitly saying that you're not a bot is acceptable, but I agree that it's probably not ideal. E.g. someone could have the username "NotAReet" and run a bot under this name. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''vf</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 03:46, 10 January 2024 (UTC) == Call for rewriting [[WV:UNC]] == This agenda is suggested at [[Wikiversity_talk:Username#WV:UNC needs updates]], since this is related to policy documentation, I would like to have the attention of our custodians. [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 02:49, 10 January 2024 (UTC) == [[Special:Contributions/2409:4064:810:DA39:FA73:D928:2C4D:B401]] == Possible vandalism (Massive enwiki copies with MOS issues), seems to be related to the recently reported IP, please consider range block. All targeted pages are semi-protected. Reverted revisions seem to be enwiki copies, please also consider revision deletion if needed. [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 03:38, 20 January 2024 (UTC) : (Note) Currently stale, will report again if they come back. [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 09:04, 28 January 2024 (UTC) == Scope of talk page usage for blocked users == I understand that the scope of talk page usage for blocked users is aimed at unblocking requests and relevant discussions. I would like to ask if Wikiversity has more exceptions accepted by the community. I'm asking this because I recently found [[special:diff/2602322]], and this does not seem to be related to an unblocking request. If unacceptable, custodians may need to remove talk page access from the user. [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 02:53, 30 January 2024 (UTC) == Please review recent edits at [[Wikiversity:Verifiability]] == {{cot|long discussion}} Recently we had many changes to this documentation. Reverting undiscussed changes would be non-controversial, but I'm not sure about the others. What would our custodians think about these edits? [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 15:03, 31 January 2024 (UTC) : Each of my edit has an explanation/rationale in the edit summary. Here a summarization: I above all removed sentences that presented a contradiction within the same page. I also switched the page to policy proposal away from policy since I could not find a discussion establishing the page as a policy and since, given the contradictions before my edits, the page could not have been taken seriously as a policy, that is, a set of rigid rules contrasting to guidelines. I could have discussed the changes somewhere first, but since the changes are well documented in their edit summaries, I hoped they could remain. --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 17:56, 31 January 2024 (UTC) ::For the record, the original version (before recent efforts) can be found at [[Special:Permalink/1375824]]. Regarding my thoughts about these edits, I think we should distinguish between top pages and subpages. If an instructor is inviting students to submit work in subspace, the instructor should have considerable flexibility regarding those subpages.--[[User:Guy vandegrift|Guy vandegrift]] ([[User talk:Guy vandegrift|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Guy vandegrift|contribs]]) 00:03, 1 February 2024 (UTC) ::: While I'm not sure about what type of flexibility is being mentioned, I generally believe that teachers should have enough privileges to complete their projects. If our policies (and related proposals) restrict legitimate educational activities, then we are no longer a place for education. [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 12:54, 1 February 2024 (UTC) :: Thank you very much for the explanation and the summary, but I cannot guarantee that everyone will accept it. Removing contradictions sounds good. If the content was obvious nonsense or conflict with the entire Wikiversity, then your decision (blanking/removal) would be the most reasonable one. In this case, I think there were other options (such as rewriting to resolve contradictions), and that is why I'm calling for a review. For example, at [[special:diff/2602692]], you said that "The obligation to use verifiable and reliable sources lies with the editors wishing to include information on Wikiversity page, not on those seeking to question it or remove it" contradicts the option of scholarly research at Wikiversity. I don't understand how this becomes a contradiction (have you already explained that?). Even if it was a contradiction, I think blanking was not the only one option. We could have restricted the obligation to non-research content (such as educational resources) or downgraded the obligation to a recommendation, and avoid potential conflict with Wikiversity research content. The summary of my question is, "Why have you decided to remove instead of suggesting a rewrite?". [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 13:20, 1 February 2024 (UTC) ::: I see an obvious contradiction, as mentioned in the edit summary: if original research and original user-written essays are allowed, there is no "obligation to use verifiable and reliable sources". ::: As for dropping text vs. rewrite: a rewrite creates an opportunity to introduce new mistakes and non-consensualities, a bad thing. By contrast, removal of problematic sentences removes defects. After removal of problematic sentences, we may focus on whether the text that remained after removal is really accurate and fully fit for purpose, which I do not think to be the case either; more corrective work is required. --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 11:12, 5 February 2024 (UTC) :::: Thank you for additional explanations. If somebody is going to produce their own research where anything similar was never published elsewhere, there would be no other independent secondary sources, so the Wikipedia-like verifiability is no longer reasonable at here. On the other hand, I believe that authors should work hard to avoid errors (calculation errors, uploading wrong images etc., I was talking about this type of verifiablity for research content), if they want to pass Wikijournal peer reviews then they need to do so. In addition, I expect many type of research comes out from previous research history, and I think it is reasonable to expect the Wikipedia-like verifiablity when explaining research background and related history. What would you think about this? I'm not demanding the Wikipedia-like verifiability to research itself, I'm recommending this to things before entering research. [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 01:59, 6 February 2024 (UTC) ::::: As for "If somebody is going to produce their own research where anything similar was never published elsewhere", one may well publish result of research such that something similar ''was'' already published elsewhere; it is still ''original research'' in Wikipedia terminology. ::::: Wikiversity is great for articles that combine original research/element of originality with referenced material. For such articles, there is no duty to reference things but I would see inline referencing as recommended for consideration (not enforced) and adding great further reading/external links as recommended (not enforced). I fully agree that "authors should work hard to avoid errors". As for Wikijournals, that is a separate class of Wikiversity content, with its own rules and processes. --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 07:22, 9 February 2024 (UTC) ::::: About "explaining research background": I know of no duty to explain research background (or is there one?) and therefore, there is no duty to explain the background and then reference it using Wikipedia-style inline referencing. --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 08:13, 9 February 2024 (UTC) {{cob}} Would somebody like to vote between keeping page ''as is'' or returning it to [[Special:Permalink/1375824]]? If so, write "I move that we foobar" as vote yes or no.--[[User:Guy vandegrift|Guy vandegrift]] ([[User talk:Guy vandegrift|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Guy vandegrift|contribs]]) 17:54, 26 February 2024 (UTC) == Can [[User:Ciphiorg/sandbox]] be an acceptable sandbox? == The sandbox was made by using talk page namespace so I moved it into userspace. After the page moved, I noticed that the sandbox was about physical geography but also aimed to promote a single website (physicalgeography.org) and its subpages. I checked the author's enwiki history, all edits were reverted and their enwiki sandbox was deleted per CSD U5. Could this be a xwiki spam case? [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 06:33, 2 February 2024 (UTC) :{{done}} Deleted. He can ask for undeletion if he wants to remove self-promotion/spam links. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''vf</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 06:36, 2 February 2024 (UTC) :: Recent abuse filter logs suggests that the user came back to do something similar. You may need to take action to stop them. [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 05:43, 7 February 2024 (UTC) ::: (Update) Currently stale. [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 09:18, 9 February 2024 (UTC) == Concern about an IP range starting from 165.199.181 == IP editors from this range ([[Special:Contributions/165.199.181.3]], [[Special:Contributions/165.199.181.9]], [[Special:Contributions/165.199.181.15]]) have done a lot of unhelpful actions in our project for months. I think our custodians should consider a range block for a reasonable amount of time. [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 02:06, 6 February 2024 (UTC) : (Note) All IPs in this report are blocked in minimal range. [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 02:11, 7 February 2024 (UTC) == Please consider blacklisting of physicalgeography.org == Dear custodians, I have reported about editors trying to get physicalgeography.org to appear in Wikiversity at [[special:permalink/2603578#Can_User:Ciphiorg/sandbox_be_an_acceptable_sandbox?]], and now we have another editor trying to get the link visible ([[Special:diff/2603646]]). Please consider the blacklisting of this URL. Thank you for your attention. [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 02:11, 7 February 2024 (UTC) == [[Special:Contributions/103.150.214.192]] == Too many test edits at sandbox (RC flooding), possible proxy, already blocked at zhwiki. [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 09:00, 9 February 2024 (UTC) :{{ping|MathXplore}} I blocked for 3 hours and then Googled {RC flooding}. I have no experience with these things. How long should I block for?----[[User:Guy vandegrift|Guy vandegrift]] ([[User talk:Guy vandegrift|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Guy vandegrift|contribs]]) 13:01, 10 February 2024 (UTC) :: When I reported the IP, they were violent, and at least a short-term block (perhaps several hours) may have been needed at that time. Currently, the IP editor is stale, so there may be no significant meaning to block them at this moment. On the other hand, GetIPIntel Prediction is 100% at [https://ipcheck.toolforge.org/index.php?ip=103.150.214.192 IPcheck information], this means that this IP might be a [[:m:No open proxies|proxy]] (and I guess that is why zhwiki blocked this IP, I don't know well about zhwiki proxy block policy), though the other parameters are negative. I think we need someone who knows more about proxies to choose the right range and terms. {{ping|Koavf}} can you take a look at this IP? [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 13:18, 10 February 2024 (UTC) :: (Note) After my reply, another IP ([[Special:Contributions/103.150.214.135]], close to the one above) appeared with similar behavior (targeting sandbox). This IP is blocked at zhwikivoyage as an open proxy (1 year), also blocked at enwiki as a web host. [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 14:15, 10 February 2024 (UTC) :::I am not a range block pro, but doing a little range block hacking, I see that both [[Special:Contributions/103.150.214.192/16]] and [[Special:Contributions/103.150.214.135/16]] contain all of the edits by the above IPs and ''only'' the edits by the above IPs. Both are globally blocked for a couple of months, but 1.) I take violent threats very seriously ({{Ping|MathXplore}}, did you write to legal@? If not, I will.) 2.) the sandbox is one of the only pages you really don't want to have escalated protection on, and 3.) oftentimes, rangeblocking open proxies is not going to harm the project. So, I'm willing to do a 12-month range block. Great work as always. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''vf</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 19:17, 10 February 2024 (UTC) :::: Sorry, I didn't write to legal. I was checking the edit frequencies and their global contributions rather than the context. Please go ahead for the report to legal. Thank you for the reactions and information. [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 06:28, 11 February 2024 (UTC) :::::Hey, no worries MX. You do a ''lot'' across ''many'' wikis. It's a team effort, friend. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''vf</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 07:27, 11 February 2024 (UTC) ::::::Wait--I actually ''looked'' at the diffs and some of them mention some weird violent content, but are not ''threats'', so it doesn't rise to that occasion. Sorry for my ignorance. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''vf</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 07:29, 11 February 2024 (UTC) == [[Special:Contributions/24.224.18.114]] == Vandalism from this IP, a targeted page is now semi-protected. [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 02:22, 16 February 2024 (UTC) : (Note) Currently stale. [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 06:28, 20 February 2024 (UTC) == [[special:permalink/2607000]] == Can this be considered as an academic profile, or should be handled as an advertisement? [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 06:27, 20 February 2024 (UTC) :Tricky. I'm inclined to call it a valid profile ''if'' this user engages in actually editing and particularly in creating resources related to these kind of topics such as SEO, but call it just spam if this person is only here to say "I am so-and-so and I have [x] marketable skills". :/ So I could be persuaded either way, but it's not ''obviously'' spam as of now, as far as I can tell. I totally respect any other custodian or curator deleting it, tho. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''vf</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 06:32, 20 February 2024 (UTC) == [[Portal talk:Astronomy]] == This talk page is currently isolated but has a lot of things in here. Where can we move this page to save it as an archive? [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 13:39, 25 February 2024 (UTC) :I created [[Draft:Archive]] without asking for a consensus. If nobody objects, we can all use it. The only open question in my mind is whether we need to nowikify the pages to avoid having titles appear on various lists and categories. I suggest the title [[Draft:Archive/2024/Portal talk-Astronomy]]. Personally, I am not very adept at undeleting pages, thought with a bit of practice I might find it more natural. With a small cleanup crew that tends to get bogged down in long discussions, it's easier if everybody can look at pages that have been removed in this fashion. Many years ago I remember an editor who annoyed administrators with frivolous requests to undelete for viewing purposes. If you want, I can move [[Portal talk:Astronomy]] right now.--[[User:Guy vandegrift|Guy vandegrift]] ([[User talk:Guy vandegrift|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Guy vandegrift|contribs]]) 14:37, 25 February 2024 (UTC) :: What is wrong with [[Portal talk:Astronomy]] staying where it is? --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 14:41, 25 February 2024 (UTC) :::Sorry! Again I read quickly but without accuracy. I didn't notice that it was a '''Talk''' page. I will archive it right now.[[User:Guy vandegrift|Guy vandegrift]] ([[User talk:Guy vandegrift|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Guy vandegrift|contribs]]) 17:20, 25 February 2024 (UTC) {{Done}}[[User:Guy vandegrift|Guy vandegrift]] ([[User talk:Guy vandegrift|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Guy vandegrift|contribs]]) 18:36, 25 February 2024 (UTC) :::: You "archived" the page but not moved. Where should we move the talk page? That is my question. [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 00:22, 26 February 2024 (UTC) ::: According to [[WV:CSD]], isolated talk pages are subject to deletion. [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 00:21, 26 February 2024 (UTC) ::::I apparently just forgot to delete the talk page. Does anybody object to deleting the talk page and its archive?--[[User:Guy vandegrift|Guy vandegrift]] ([[User talk:Guy vandegrift|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Guy vandegrift|contribs]]) 01:50, 26 February 2024 (UTC) ::::: Why is this being deleted or archived? I guess it is because of [[WV:Deletions]], "Discussion about deleted resources where context is lost and becoming an independent resource is unlikely". But the resource was not deleted, it was moved: from looking at [[Portal:Astronomy]], one can see it was moved to [[Topic:Astronomy]], which is now a redirect to [[Astronomy]]. --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 07:16, 26 February 2024 (UTC) {{done}}[[file:Red question mark.svg|20px]] Taking Dan's lead, I assumed the hanging talk page [[Portal talk:Astronomy]] to have been attached to what is now [[Astronomy]], which already had a talk page. So I made the Archive a subpage with an explanatory note at [[Talk:Astronomy]]. I'm glad this is a hobby and not a serious effort to preserve the history of this ol wiki.--[[User:Guy vandegrift|Guy vandegrift]] ([[User talk:Guy vandegrift|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Guy vandegrift|contribs]]) 19:38, 26 February 2024 (UTC) == Chronological order of [[Wikiversity:Request_custodian_action/Archive/23]] and [[Wikiversity:Request_custodian_action/Archive/24]] == I generally understand that archives are numbered in chronological order but I found an exception to this rule. [[special:permalink/2596291]] says that 23 is "January 2021 - June 2023" and 24 is "December 2021 - December 2022", this is breaking the chronological order. Should we fix this or keep it in the current state? [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 01:19, 26 February 2024 (UTC) :I noticed that while archiving a while back. I think we should leave it alone. One problem is that we have two chronological orders: One is when the request was initiated, and the other is when the request is archived. To make matters worse, many topics get "archived" twice: First when <nowiki>{{Archive top}}..{{Archive bottom}}</nowiki> turns the background blue, and second when the conversation is moved. Also, these conversations are extremely chaotic. Reading them would make good reading for chatbots if and when humans ever decide to start punishing them for transgressions.--[[User:Guy vandegrift|Guy vandegrift]] ([[User talk:Guy vandegrift|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Guy vandegrift|contribs]]) 01:46, 26 February 2024 (UTC) :: OK, thank you for your opinions. [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 01:49, 26 February 2024 (UTC) == Can anybody explain how this turns into a proposed deletion? == I just deleted a lot of pages because I thought the author was confusing the prod template for speedy delete. [https://en.wikiversity.org/w/index.php?title=User:Ramosama/sandbox/Problem_Analysis_-_Provision&action=edit This is the source] for [[User:Ramosama/sandbox/Problem Analysis - Provision]]: {{cot|Click to view the source code that triggers the prod}} <code><nowiki>{{Problem analysis - measure|name=Reusing durables|identifier=reusing_durables |definition= The reuse of durable goods in their original form. |reasons= |parents= |instances= * Design of equipment for reuse of their parts ("cradle to cradle"). * Prolonged storage of reusable goods in warehouses, such as deserted office buildings. * Second-hand warehouses. * Refund for returns of durables. * Facilitation, for example, allowing customers to reuse packaging or containers. |advantages= |disadvantages= }}</nowiki></code> [[User:Guy vandegrift|Guy vandegrift]] ([[User talk:Guy vandegrift|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Guy vandegrift|contribs]]) 17:14, 26 February 2024 (UTC) {{cob}} Thankfully the user has been dormant for almost 4 years. See [[Special:Contributions/Ramosama]].[[User:Guy vandegrift|Guy vandegrift]] ([[User talk:Guy vandegrift|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Guy vandegrift|contribs]]) 17:17, 26 February 2024 (UTC) : I edited "[[:Template:Problem analysis - concept]]" to place its proposed deletion code into the noinclude tag. As a result, [[User:Ramosama/sandbox/Problem Analysis - Provision]]--which uses the template--no longer shows any proposed deletion tag. I hope it added some clarity and has no undesirable consequence. --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 19:42, 26 February 2024 (UTC) ::Good news! I thought it was possible to accidentally make a prod. Thank's Dan.[[User:Guy vandegrift|Guy vandegrift]] ([[User talk:Guy vandegrift|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Guy vandegrift|contribs]]) 19:48, 26 February 2024 (UTC) == Does anybody know how to delete all pages by a single user? == We have a serial page creator. My hunch is that the pages were created in another language, translated using an auto-translator, and placed on en.wikiversity. I am currently trying to create a list from [https://en.wikiversity.org/w/index.php?title=Special%3AContributions&target=Saltrabook&namespace=all&tagfilter=&newOnly=1&start=&end=&limit=50 '''this list''']. If nobody knows how to do this, I will use a list under construction at '''[[Pre-diabetes diagnosis and remission]]'''.[[User:Guy vandegrift|Guy vandegrift]] ([[User talk:Guy vandegrift|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Guy vandegrift|contribs]]) 16:43, 27 February 2024 (UTC) :[[Special:Nuke]] can mass-delete, with some caveats. Oddly, it is only available to bureaucrats here. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''vf</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 16:38, 27 February 2024 (UTC) I don't know the answer. But let me list the pages created in 2024 (there are more from 2023): * [[INVITATIONS TO SEAFARERS AND THE MARITIME MEDICAL CLINICS]] * [[CONTENTS OF THE 16 WEEKS COACHING]] * [[VIDEO PRESENTATION AND INVITATIONS]] * [['''CONTENTS OF THE 16 WEEKS COACHING''']] * [[DRAFT ARTICLE]] * [[Maritime Diabetes-type 2 Intervention study/DRAFT PAHO PROTOCOL/CONTENTS OF THE 16 WEEKS COACHING]] * [[Maritime Diabetes-type 2 Intervention study/DRAFT PAHO PROTOCOL/DRAFT PAHO PROTOCOLO EN ESPAÑOL]] * [[Maritime Diabetes-type 2 Intervention study/DRAFT PAHO PROTOCOL/ESPAÑOL]] --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 16:43, 27 February 2024 (UTC) :{{Done}} I deleted all the maritime health and diabetes pages made in the past several months. If more is needed, let me know. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''vf</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 16:55, 27 February 2024 (UTC) ::Thanks Justin. You might want to change the parameters of my block of Saltrabook. I know little about blocking protocols. I will change my expiration date from one week to indefinite. I didn't know you could pagenuke. We need an active pagenuker on this wiki now that Dave is less active.[[User:Guy vandegrift|Guy vandegrift]] ([[User talk:Guy vandegrift|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Guy vandegrift|contribs]]) 17:07, 27 February 2024 (UTC) :::I have no perspective on an indefinite block, but it may be a good idea until/unless he can explain on his talk page what he's trying to do and where he is getting this information, etc. Note also that he has ''lots'' of pages going back to at least 2019. If we had consensus that [[Special:Nuke]] were available to admins (curators), then we could make the request on [[:phab:]] to change the local settings. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''vf</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 17:58, 27 February 2024 (UTC) ::::Do you know whether Saltrabook can use his talk page? If so, there is no need to change the indefinite block.[[User:Guy vandegrift|Guy vandegrift]] ([[User talk:Guy vandegrift|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Guy vandegrift|contribs]]) 19:19, 27 February 2024 (UTC) ::::: The latest block ([[special:redirect/logid/3389142]]) does not include edits, so I think they can. Generally, most blocked users can edit their own talk pages for unblock requests and related statements (unless revoked). [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 03:48, 28 February 2024 (UTC) :::: Currently, curators cannot restore pages. I think allowing mass-delete without restoration permissions can be risky. Allowing mass-delete to our custodians should be enough. Why have we limited mass-delete to our bureaucrats? Are there any previous discussions in the past? [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 03:50, 28 February 2024 (UTC) :::::No clue. That is very bizarre and atypical. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''vf</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 04:48, 28 February 2024 (UTC) :::::: I think we can ask to hear the community's opinion at [[Wikiversity:Colloquium]]. They may want to speak about what they think about this odd technical settings. [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 03:45, 1 March 2024 (UTC) ::::::: <s>(Note about this matter) I started a new thread over there.</s> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 13:41, 1 March 2024 (UTC) ::::::: (Update) Per suggestion ([[special:diff/2610994]]), I started a proposal at [[Wikiversity_talk:Custodianship#Proposal_to_allow_custodians_to_use_mass-delete]]. [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 07:17, 8 March 2024 (UTC) :: If possible, I suggest clarifying the deletion criteria (RFD? off-wiki request?). I'm sorry if I have missed anything. From my viewpoint, I only requested renaming without redirects, and now I see pages being deleted. Having more explanations would be better, I think. [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 03:53, 28 February 2024 (UTC) :::{{ping|MathXplore}} Sorry, sometimes I act too swiftly. It turns out User:Saltrabook has been creating what looks like interesting pages for a long time, and he has created close to 100 such pages (probably much more.) He doesn't know English very well, so it is obvious that he is auto-translating the pages. I blocked his page creations, and he seems happy working on pages he already created (many of them were almost blank.) Personally, I would be happy if he works on the pages he has already created and left us alone. We get odd ones on WV. I should know; my family thinks I am one.-[[User:Guy vandegrift|Guy vandegrift]] ([[User talk:Guy vandegrift|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Guy vandegrift|contribs]]) 03:37, 1 March 2024 (UTC) :::: Thank you for the explanations. As can be seen in each page history, I'm one of the few editors handling the categorizations of their creations, but I didn't notice that there were auto-translations (has anyone identified which software has been used?), apologies for being late to notice such issues. I think we should clarify how to handle auto-translations via policy/guideline or previous discussions. [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 03:43, 1 March 2024 (UTC) == [[Special:Contributions/Krutrimam]] == Lock evasion of [[User:Premaledu]], please see [[special:permalink/2609661#Offensive_username]]. [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 12:19, 1 March 2024 (UTC) : Already {{done}}, globally locked. [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 13:23, 1 March 2024 (UTC) == Explanation of edit == I was trying to link my pages and I got a notification to explain to a custodian. I hope I'm in the right place for that. [[User:An5189|An5189]] ([[User talk:An5189|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/An5189|contribs]]) 04:42, 4 March 2024 (UTC) :Seems fine to me. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''vf</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 04:49, 4 March 2024 (UTC) ::thanks [[User:An5189|An5189]] ([[User talk:An5189|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/An5189|contribs]]) 04:52, 4 March 2024 (UTC) == create about user page == I was trying to create about User page [[User:An5189|An5189]] ([[User talk:An5189|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/An5189|contribs]]) 05:17, 4 March 2024 (UTC) :I'll create a blank one and you can modify it. Let me know if you have more problems. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''vf</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 06:57, 4 March 2024 (UTC) ::thanks, I will[[User:An5189|An5189]] ([[User talk:An5189|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/An5189|contribs]]) 08:18, 4 March 2024 (UTC) == [[Special:Contributions/39.50.199.52]] == Making bad pages (I already deleted them) and xwiki abuse (also reported at Wikiquote). [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 02:46, 10 March 2024 (UTC) :{{done}} —[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''vf</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 05:49, 10 March 2024 (UTC) == [[Special:Contributions/Precisiongroup]] == Spam-only account with promotional username (account named after company name). [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 06:49, 14 March 2024 (UTC) :{{done}} —[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''vf</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 13:02, 14 March 2024 (UTC) == [[Special:Contributions/Kroodham]] == Lock evasion of [[Special:CentralAuth/Premaledu]]. [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 07:45, 14 March 2024 (UTC) : {{done}}, already locked. [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 08:57, 14 March 2024 (UTC) == [[Special:Contributions/27.55.68.138]] == Vandalism and xwiki abuse. [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 10:07, 19 March 2024 (UTC) :{{done}} Month-long rangeblock. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''vf</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 10:36, 19 March 2024 (UTC) == [[Special:Log/Cbtproxyus]] == The user has repeated user page spam, I already deleted it and set indefinite full protection. [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 05:56, 20 March 2024 (UTC) :{{done}} indef block. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''vf</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 15:42, 22 March 2024 (UTC) == CAPTCHA Problem when creating an Account == I don't know how active Dave is at the moment, so I paste a message to Dave from [[User:Ireicher2]]: {{quote|Hi Dave, Isabel here from Ohlone college. We've talked a couple of times before. Some of my students emailed me to let me know that they cannot create user accounts because of a CAPTCHA problem. I verified the information by attempting to create a new account and I received the same error message. Would you let me know how this can be resolved? Thank you!}} {{ping|Ireicher2}} One thing you might try is having them create Wikipedia or Wikibooks accounts. I believe membership in one automatically creates membership on Wikiversity. Another thing to try is asking students to create the account from their homes. Does anybody else have any ideas????--[[User:Guy vandegrift|Guy vandegrift]] ([[User talk:Guy vandegrift|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Guy vandegrift|contribs]]) 01:49, 22 March 2024 (UTC) : I think [[:w:Wikipedia:Request_an_account/Help_and_troubleshooting]] is related to this issue. It is a different project but shares the same technical basis. [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 01:55, 22 March 2024 (UTC) :See [[meta: Mass account creation]]. I'll try adding Account creators to [[User:Ireicher2]] with an expiration of seven days and see if makes any difference. Yes, the suggestion that students create their accounts from home (or using their cell phones vs. school computers) should help. -- [[User:Dave Braunschweig|Dave Braunschweig]] ([[User talk:Dave Braunschweig|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dave Braunschweig|contribs]]) 03:44, 22 March 2024 (UTC) ::@[[User:Dave Braunschweig|Dave Braunschweig]] @[[User:Guy vandegrift|Guy vandegrift]] Of course. That makes sense. Thank you!<br> [[User:Ireicher2|Ireicher2]] ([[User talk:Ireicher2|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Ireicher2|contribs]]) 04:46, 22 March 2024 (UTC) == I need the custodians & curators to tell a user not to be involved with deletions. == {{Cot|Collapse as resolved}} Here are two examples: #He put a speedy delete on [[special:permalink/2617505]], saying among other things that there is "no clear explanation" of what ''ordinary'' differential equations are". This is a subpage, and the parent page at [[special:permalink/2483117]] gives a rather coherent explanation: "Differential equations serve as mathematical models of physical processes. This course is intended to be an introduction to ordinary differential equations and their solutions. <small>A '''differential equation''' (DE) is an equation relating a function to its derivatives. If the function is of only one variable, we call the equation an '''ordinary differential equation''' (ODE). ...</small><br> There is a movement to raise the standards regarding what should and should not be in namespace, but the the parent page at [[special:permalink/2483117]] has [[Special:PrefixIndex/Differential_equations/|13 subpages.]] If this resource is a problem, it has to be addressed from the top down, not one subpage at a time. As will be shown in the next example, I recently attempted to explain to him that it is inefficient to remove subpages without looking at the entire resource (via the parent page.) #Days prior to the aforementioned effort to delete a subpage of [[Differential equations]], he proposed the deletion of one of some 300 subpages of [[Student Projects]] because it was unsourced. My reason for not deleting that page should have informed him that it would have been inappropriate to delete one subpage of [[Differential equations]], because it turns out that almost all subpages of [[Student Projects]] are unsourced, leaving us with the same issue involving the deletion of pages from the "bottom-up". For evidence that this user had been informed of the need for a "top-down" approach attempting to delete a subpage of [[Differential equations]], see [[special:permalink/2617342#Student_Projects/Major_rivers_in_India]]. This editor is a nice person with a lot of good ideas, but his stubbornness is making it difficult to moderate [[Wikiversity:Requests for Deletion]]--[[User:Guy vandegrift|Guy vandegrift]] ([[User talk:Guy vandegrift|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Guy vandegrift|contribs]]) 14:15, 31 March 2024 (UTC) :I don't want this user blocked, or even banned from participating in discussions about deletion policy. He is not alone in advocating higher standard, and the community might want to do that. But there is a distinction between the nuts and bolts of deletion, and deletion as a policy. I am very conservative about deleting pages. So if the standards get tightened, there will be no need to revert anything I have done. I am asking the custodians/curators to encourage this user to go to [[Wikiversity:What-goes-where_2024#Personal_subpages_(with_visual_editing)|WV:WGW2024]] and create a subpage for sharing his ideas with the community.--[[User:Guy vandegrift|Guy vandegrift]] ([[User talk:Guy vandegrift|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Guy vandegrift|contribs]]) 14:41, 31 March 2024 (UTC) ----- ----- ----- #: 1) The "unsourced" on [[Student Projects/Major rivers in India]] was only one reason; the other reason was that this page has nothing to add what is not in Wikipedia, a rationale previously recognized. 2) [[Student Projects/Major rivers in India]] is not integrated in any way to a [[Student Projects]] "project"; its being a subpage is just an attempt to escape deletion scrutiny. 3) I am not aware of any explanation to me that I should not nominate subpages; such an explanation has my talk page as a proper venue, and I am unaware of any such explanation, neither there or elsewhere. 4) Any disagreement about deletion can be resolved via RFD and via voting-cum-discussion there, as is usual in other projects, e.g. the English Wikipedia and the English Wiktionary; if I am mistaken in a particular nomination, it can be brought to RFD and quickly voted down. Even a single person opposing can prevent a deletion in which I am the sole, mistaken, deletion supporter. 5) I have a pretty good conversion rate between deletion nominations and actual deletions/moving out of mainspace, and therefore, I do not think that my nomination algorithm is too broad and too burdensome on those who have to oppose my nominations for deletions. --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 14:26, 31 March 2024 (UTC) #::All I am asking is that you stay out of active deletions and focus your talent on changing the policy. A great place to do that is at [[WV:WGW2024#Personal_subpages_(with_visual_editing)]] [[User:Guy vandegrift|Guy vandegrift]] ([[User talk:Guy vandegrift|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Guy vandegrift|contribs]]) 14:51, 31 March 2024 (UTC) #::: I invite you to my talk page to make requests concerning change of behavior on my part. --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 14:52, 31 March 2024 (UTC) {{cob}} [[File:Yes check.svg|18px]]'''Resolved''' We have corresponded in our talk pages and the problem has been resolved to my satisfaction.--[[User:Guy vandegrift|Guy vandegrift]] ([[User talk:Guy vandegrift|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Guy vandegrift|contribs]]) 18:15, 31 March 2024 (UTC) == link on page looks possibly explicit to follow? == [[Other Free Learning Resources]] the univeristy of reddit link has a lot of very adult explicit words as links . I did not view other links from this page. Thanks U - X * [http://www.ureddit.com/ University of Reddit] [[Special:Contributions/2001:8003:B120:8900:4D5:4E7A:36B2:58F3|2001:8003:B120:8900:4D5:4E7A:36B2:58F3]] ([[User talk:2001:8003:B120:8900:4D5:4E7A:36B2:58F3|discuss]]) 12:50, 1 April 2024 (UTC) :Thanks, it's now spam, so I removed it. :/ —[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''vf</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 19:09, 1 April 2024 (UTC) == [[Special:contribs/206.110.193.204]] == Vandalism [[User:Seawolf35|Seawolf35]] ([[User talk:Seawolf35|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Seawolf35|contribs]]) 18:57, 16 April 2024 (UTC) :{{done}} —[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''vf</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 19:32, 16 April 2024 (UTC) == Induced stem cells copyright issues == [[Induced stem cells]] got imported to here from enWiki- which is fine, attribution was done correctly and everything- except for the fact that I'm just wrapping up a [[Wikipedia:Contributor copyright investigations/20240516|copyright investigation]]<nowiki> on the original contributor & his alternative account. Due to the fact that this contributor repeated and blatantly infringed on the copyright of multiple sources despite multiple warnings an even a block, I tagged the original page over on enWiki for presumptive deletion. I don't know what Wikiversity's process is for suspected copyright infringements without a clear source, but I figured you guys would want to know about the problems with this page anyways. -- ~~~~</nowiki> [[User:GreenLipstickLesbian|GreenLipstickLesbian]] ([[User talk:GreenLipstickLesbian|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/GreenLipstickLesbian|contribs]]) 20:34, 23 May 2024 (UTC) :Very helpful, thanks. Do you have any relevant links to en.wp about the investigation or where he typically ripped off material? —[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''vf</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 23:48, 23 May 2024 (UTC) ::Okay- everthing I've gathered so far is going to be in this [[wikipedia:Wikipedia:Contributor_copyright_investigations/20240516|investigation page]]. ( tried to link it in the original post, but I failed spectacularly as you can see). They almost exclusively copied from scientific papers/ reviews, and news/blog reports. This user typically copied from the source they cited- or, at least, *a* source they cited. They'd regularly copy a paragraph of text from one source, then a cite a different source for each sentence. If a source was paywalled, they often would cite the source, but copy from a news report/blog report analyzing the source. One of the other investigators found a few instances where they copied another article in Wikipedia without attribution- but that was their rarest type of violation. They occasionally wrote their own material, but it was normally easily identifiable because English is not their first language. ::Sorry for not being more helpful on this article in particular-I saw they(and their alt) were essentially the sole author of this page, cited 300+ sources, made a noise somewhat akin to that of a distressed animal, and decided I was going to take advantage of enWiki's rule allowing us to delete articles written by serial copyright violators without any more evidence. --[[User:GreenLipstickLesbian|GreenLipstickLesbian]] ([[User talk:GreenLipstickLesbian|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/GreenLipstickLesbian|contribs]]) 00:09, 24 May 2024 (UTC) :::That’s plenty to convince me that this should be assumed to be a copy II until proven otherwise. Merci. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''vf</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 00:16, 24 May 2024 (UTC) :::: Thank you for the responses, I think having a short intro, soft redirect to the CCI page, further readings section, and categories would be OK, what would you think about this? [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 01:56, 24 May 2024 (UTC) :::::Sure. Do you want me to undelete and then redelete selected diffs? Or you’ll just create the redirect yourself? —[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''vf</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 02:10, 24 May 2024 (UTC) :::::: I will create a soft redirect afterward. [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 02:29, 24 May 2024 (UTC) ::: Thank you for the information, do you think [[WikiJournal Preprints/Induced stem cells]] needs deletion? It is another page where the same editor has substantial involvement. [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 01:58, 24 May 2024 (UTC) ::::I did a brief check, and I found that [https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.1248252 this source] (cited in the article) appears to have been partially copied. Specifically, the stuff about zebrafish has been copied word for word. It's not a promising sign. If this was on the English Wiki, I would ask for it to be presumptively deleted soley on the basis of the author and that confirmed instance of a copyright violation. I worked on the investigation for several days (and I was the one who asked for it to be opened), and I could confirm over half their writing to be blatant copy-and-paste jobs. [[User:GreenLipstickLesbian|GreenLipstickLesbian]] ([[User talk:GreenLipstickLesbian|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/GreenLipstickLesbian|contribs]]) 03:08, 24 May 2024 (UTC) :::::Thank you for your service, hermana. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''vf</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 03:38, 24 May 2024 (UTC) ::::: Thank you for the information, I have contacted an active Wikijournal contributor to learn about how this preprint should be handled. [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 02:05, 6 June 2024 (UTC) ::::::Thank you to [[User:GreenLipstickLesbian|GreenLipstickLesbian]] for informing us about the copyright violations and reference false attribution in this article, and [[User:Koavf|Koavf]] & [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] in participating in this conversation. Normally we would keep rejected articles in the preprint with the stated reason in the talk page for record purpose. However, since the induced stem cell contains copyright violation and may cause future accidental copyright violation by future text re-users under the assumption that the text is under Creative Commons license, I will request that the preprint be deleted while talk page remains undeleted to note the rationale. [[User:OhanaUnited|<b><span style="color: #0000FF;">OhanaUnited</span></b>]][[User talk:OhanaUnited|<b><span style="color: green;">^{Talk page}</span></b>]] 20:00, 18 June 2024 (UTC) :::::::Good point. In addition to not deleting the talk page, I am redirecting the main page to the talk page and protecting it. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''vf</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 20:07, 18 June 2024 (UTC) ::::::::@[[User:Koavf|Koavf]] Can you also delete [[WikiJournal Preprints/Induced stem cells]], redirecting it to talk page please? [[User:OhanaUnited|<b><span style="color: #0000FF;">OhanaUnited</span></b>]][[User talk:OhanaUnited|<b><span style="color: green;">^{Talk page}</span></b>]] 04:03, 10 July 2024 (UTC) :::::::::{{done}} —[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''vf</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 04:42, 10 July 2024 (UTC) == Creating a section of my own talk page with a link to Wikipedia == I'm trying to set up my own talk page here at Wikiversity with my own example of trying separate the essence and accident of programming, as per <nowiki>[[w:No Silver Bullet|No Silver Bullet]]</nowiki> at Wikipedia, but it's rejected because of the external link (i.e. to Wikipedia). I'm doing this because most example code I see buries the essence in the accident and I wanted to show an example that there are better ways to write code. [[User:Philh-591|Philh-591]] ([[User talk:Philh-591|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Philh-591|contribs]]) 10:33, 9 July 2024 (UTC) :That's very weird: you can't create ''interwiki'' links? And to be clear, you're trying to put said links on your talk page at [[User talk:Philh-591]], not your userpage [[User:Philh-591]]? —[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''vf</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 12:05, 9 July 2024 (UTC) ::Well, your creation of the page with a welcome message has got it past that restriction, although I don't think it was the Wikipedia link. I'd not noticed that there are URL's in my example source referring to public information at the European Central Bank. However, it now insistently applies "nowiki" to what I insert. I guess I don't understand the formatting rules at Wikiversity; I'd assumed it was just like Wikipedia. I'll see if I can understand it more playing in the sandbox. [[User:Philh-591|Philh-591]] ([[User talk:Philh-591|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Philh-591|contribs]]) 13:13, 9 July 2024 (UTC) :::I figured that would fix the problem: sometimes, creating a new page (even your own user or user talk page) has restrictions. I forget the exact limitations per wiki, but they are usually very modest, like make at least five edits across two weeks or something. Re: formatting rules, they should be the same as Wikipedia, so I'm confused as to what you're trying to do again. :/ —[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''vf</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 13:25, 9 July 2024 (UTC) == Won't let me publish "my about" page due to "New User Exceeded New Page Limit" == Unsure how to publish my about me page, is someone able to help me be able to publish it without it being disallowed? [[User:Lucywilson 546|Lucywilson 546]] ([[User talk:Lucywilson 546|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Lucywilson 546|contribs]]) 03:20, 8 August 2024 (UTC) : {{ping|Jtneill}} Can you grant confirmed status for this user? [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 03:41, 8 August 2024 (UTC) :I made a blank page, which you can now edit. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''vf</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 04:31, 8 August 2024 (UTC) : {{ping|MathXplore}} Thankyou, I've confirmed the user. {{ping|Koavf}} Thankyou, a neat, instant solution :). {{ping|Lucywilson 546}} Thanks for letting us know. You should be good to go. Let us know if any other problems. Sincerely, James -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - <small>[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]</small> 10:24, 8 August 2024 (UTC) == Delete revission == Could you delete [https://en.wikiversity.org/w/index.php?title=Wood_finishing&oldid=2651335 this revision], which is revealing my personal information, please? [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 09:54, 9 September 2024 (UTC) : Username is hidden, I have contacted the [[:m:stewards]]. [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 11:38, 9 September 2024 (UTC) : {{done}} [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 12:00, 9 September 2024 (UTC) == Spam filter exception request == I am prevented from creating [[Template:Vandal]] because a previous example in [[Template:Vandal/doc]] used an IP address, which is blocked by a spam filter. I removed that example, but am still blocked from creating that page. I have put the source code in [[Template:Vandal/sandbox]] in the interim. Perhaps allowing just <code>10.0.0.1</code> to avoid other IP spam? [[User:Tule-hog|Tule-hog]] ([[User talk:Tule-hog|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Tule-hog|contribs]]) 04:55, 2 October 2024 (UTC) :{{done}} I created a blank template, which you can now edit. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''vf</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 06:11, 2 October 2024 (UTC) ::{{done}} again: I moved your sandbox to the template. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''vf</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 06:12, 2 October 2024 (UTC) :::It seems I still can't include the IP-user example (see [[Special:PermanentLink/2658932|an old version]] with the offending string) - [[User:Tule-hog|Tule-hog]] ([[User talk:Tule-hog|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Tule-hog|contribs]]) 23:13, 2 October 2024 (UTC) ::::I don't understand the problem. What text are you trying to put where? —[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''vf</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 00:43, 3 October 2024 (UTC) :::::See [https://en.wikiversity.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Vandal/doc&diff=prev&oldid=2658932 this diff] which shows the text and location {{--}} [[User:Tule-hog|Tule-hog]] ([[User talk:Tule-hog|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Tule-hog|contribs]]) 00:48, 3 October 2024 (UTC) ::::::{{done}}. Longer-term issues with including IP addresses may still exist, but this particular edit at least is fixed. Thanks. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''vf</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 00:53, 3 October 2024 (UTC) == [[Special:Log/Tule-hog]] == As seen in the link above, [[User:Tule-hog]] has made various manual imports from WP to WV. Some may be OK, but others may be questionable. Despite various messages on their talk page ([[User talk:Tule-hog]]) from user:Dan Polansky, the user continues manual imports. Should we let this continue, keep talking with the user, or should we stop them? What would be the best option? ({{ping|Jtneill}} As Dan's mentor, your feedback is welcome here, and {{ping|Koavf}} since you previously communicated with the user in [[Special:Diff/2659041]], we would like to hear about your thoughts) [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 06:39, 7 October 2024 (UTC) :{{Ping|Tule-hog}} From what I see on your talk, you are at least not doing this anymore. While copyright-wise, we can of course copy anything from en.wp to here, it is best to use [[Special:Import]] because it preserves edit histories, provides attribution, and can also import dependencies like another modules or templates. Can you explain what your goal is with this copying and what in general you want copied? —[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''vf</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 06:43, 7 October 2024 (UTC) ::I am motivated by updating Wikiversity template/module infrastructure in places where appropriate. Note I do not have the [[WV:Importer|importer]] role. I perform what I've been calling [[User:Tule-hog/Wikiversification|Wikiversification]] on docs and templates themselves, where much of the time the pages I come across are rough imports with raw Wikipedia links without modification, incorrect language for the project, bad category mapping, or are dependent on other undefined modules/templates. ::To be clear, I am ''not'' just going through picking out popular templates/modules and importing them. I approach a maintenance task, and where relevant spend the (not mindless) time to transform them to fit Wikiversity. [[User:Tule-hog|Tule-hog]] ([[User talk:Tule-hog|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Tule-hog|contribs]]) 06:50, 7 October 2024 (UTC) ::: I find "in places where appropriate" too non-specific. I do not see any specific need addressed. I find Colloquium a good forum for a proposal to copy (or import) a large number (how large?) of Wikipedia templates and categories; the approximate volume should be stated as part of the proposal. --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 07:02, 7 October 2024 (UTC) :::I undeleted and userfied to [[User:Tule-hog/Wikiversification]]. If you are thinking of making some large-scale change, then it's probably best to clarify your thoughts there, propose it (succinctly!) at the Colloquium, and then coordinate with a custodian who can import. This is kind of a [[:en:wikt:death by a thousand papercuts|death by a thousand papercuts]] situation: any one change is perfectly fine, but the volume may be systemic, so it's wise to get the community's input. Besides, we could help and many hands make for light lifting. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''vf</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 07:08, 7 October 2024 (UTC) ::(Question due to unfamiliarity with importer mechanism:) Do we also submit requests to ''update'' already imported templates at [[WV:I]], or does that only happen once (and hence update requests should go to [[WV:RCA]])? Thanks, [[User:Tule-hog|Tule-hog]] ([[User talk:Tule-hog|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Tule-hog|contribs]]) 23:25, 7 October 2024 (UTC) :::Unfortunately, if you import a resource from another wiki and the original changes, the updates need to be imported again here manually and since [[WV:I]] is a dedicated space, it's probably best to put requests there. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''vf</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 05:05, 8 October 2024 (UTC) == [[:Category:Wikiversity policies and guidelines]] == Should this category finish being developed? (I could do so if desired.) [[User:Tule-hog|Tule-hog]] ([[User talk:Tule-hog|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Tule-hog|contribs]]) 06:32, 8 October 2024 (UTC) :Similarly with the list detailed at [[:Category:Wikiversity development]] (i.e. finishing up + deleting the list mentioned there) —[[User:Tule-hog|Tule-hog]] ([[User talk:Tule-hog|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Tule-hog|contribs]]) 06:55, 8 October 2024 (UTC) ::{{ping|Koavf}} double checking is alright for [[:Category:Wikiversity development]] as well (started by [[:User: McCormack|McCormack]]) —[[User:Tule-hog|Tule-hog]] ([[User talk:Tule-hog|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Tule-hog|contribs]]) 02:20, 9 October 2024 (UTC) :Can you reword this question? I'm not sure what you're trying to do here. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''vf</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 07:16, 8 October 2024 (UTC) ::The content of the category is "This category is being developed." so I believe it is in an unfinished state (i.e. adapting the categorization schema). [[User:Tule-hog|Tule-hog]] ([[User talk:Tule-hog|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Tule-hog|contribs]]) 07:18, 8 October 2024 (UTC) :::I think if you have some rational way of organizing the pages, that's fine. I don't know what :::[User:CQ]][had in mind when he put that there, but he has basically not edited here in 4.5 years, so go for it. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''vf</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 07:20, 8 October 2024 (UTC) == [[:Category:Rejected policies]] == Should I use the list of tagged pages found in this category to update [[WV:POLICY#Rejected policies]]? Or is [[WV:IAR]] the only truly firmly rejected proposal? [[User:Tule-hog|Tule-hog]] ([[User talk:Tule-hog|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Tule-hog|contribs]]) 22:59, 8 October 2024 (UTC) :The category and that list should have the same items<ins> and at first glance, what is the category is in fact rejected proposals, therefore, the list should be updated.</ins> —[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''vf</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 02:04, 9 October 2024 (UTC) ::Just noting [[Wikiversity_talk:Policies#List_of_official_policies|this thread]] which suggests that another user made that list in the first place using tags, so it may have recursively snuck something in. [[User:Tule-hog|Tule-hog]] ([[User talk:Tule-hog|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Tule-hog|contribs]]) 02:12, 9 October 2024 (UTC) == [[Wikiversity:Research guidelines]] == This page is listed in {{tlx|official policies}}. Should it be updated as adopted on [[WV:POLICY]], and if so, should it be considered a policy or guideline? [[User:Tule-hog|Tule-hog]] ([[User talk:Tule-hog|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Tule-hog|contribs]]) 00:19, 11 October 2024 (UTC) :(Also, should it link to the top-level [[Wikiversity:Research]] instead, which uses (the confusingly named) {{tlx|research policy}} navbox?) [[User:Tule-hog|Tule-hog]] ([[User talk:Tule-hog|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Tule-hog|contribs]]) 00:46, 11 October 2024 (UTC) :Good question. From what I can tell the beta Wikiversity research page is the official policy and the en.wv local version is a copy/fork that hasn't been officially endorsed. :That leaves me wondering whether we want to pursue a local variation as an official policy or potentially remove the local variant and redirect to the beta version. -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - <small>[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]</small> 03:12, 13 October 2024 (UTC) :: What suggests that https://beta.wikiversity.org/wiki/Wikiversity:Research_guidelines is an official policy? And if it is, does the policy match the actual practice? For instance, it says "Original research at Wikiversity is subjected to ''peer review'' in order to allow the Wikiversity research community to strive for verifiability" (italics mine): is that really true outside of Wikijournals? Moreover, the putative policy states in a box: "This page contains summaries of discussions which have taken place in various languages." But this cannot be true since the policy reads like a monologue and a proper summary of discussions cannot be a monologue. A quick skimming of the page raises some red flags. :: Be it as it may, I think keeping a local copy is vital since then we have the option to amend it without thereby requiring an international cross-language input to the changes. Of course, the amends will be unable to change some core features of Wikiversity (no metamorphosis allowed), but some amends should be possible. :: As for the local [[Wikiversity:Research guidelines]], I propose to rank it as ''policy proposal'', given the misgivings. :: In any case, this discussion does not belong to "Request custodian action" but rather to "Colloquium" since the outcome of the discussion can be implemented by anyone, not only custodians, and since input from non-custodians seems welcome. --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 05:28, 13 October 2024 (UTC) :::Agree with retaining local version and treating as ''policy proposal''. :::I've hidden the note about the guidelines being a copy of the beta guidelines (it confused me at least into thinking that beta version was also the policy on en.wv). :::Softened the peer review requirement to being "open" to peer review rather than being "subjected" to peer review. :::Agree that further work e.g., on drafting and potentially making official should be followed through on Colloquium. :::Thanks @[[User:Tule-hog|Tule-hog]] and @[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]]. -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - <small>[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]</small> 06:13, 13 October 2024 (UTC) :: Oh, and I was not paying attention: [[Wikiversity:Research]] states "This page provides guidelines for research in Wikiversity" so there appears to be some redundancy/overlap between [[Wikiversity:Research]] and [[Wikiversity:Research guidelines]]. Confusing. --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 05:56, 13 October 2024 (UTC) == [[Wikiversity:Policies]] ➝ [[Wikiversity:Policies and guidelines]] == This is a proposal to move [[WV:Policies|Policies]] to a name matching the scope of the page, [[WV:Policies and guidelines|Policies and guidelines]]. The more descriptive title will make identifying the location of guidelines easier for newer participants. [[User:Tule-hog|Tule-hog]] ([[User talk:Tule-hog|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Tule-hog|contribs]]) 15:46, 25 October 2024 (UTC) :See [[User_talk:Tule-hog#Wikiversity:Policies|more discussion]]. [[User:Tule-hog|Tule-hog]] ([[User talk:Tule-hog|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Tule-hog|contribs]]) 20:58, 25 October 2024 (UTC) == Please fully protect... == [[Module:Message box/fmbox.css]]. It is used in 29 system messages. [[Special:Contributions/2604:3D08:9476:BE00:DCDC:4B47:21DA:D90E|2604:3D08:9476:BE00:DCDC:4B47:21DA:D90E]] ([[User talk:2604:3D08:9476:BE00:DCDC:4B47:21DA:D90E|discuss]]) 20:32, 25 October 2024 (UTC) :{{done}} —[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''vf</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 06:26, 26 October 2024 (UTC) == Uh Oh! == Hello. Something Went Wrong With Editing. My Dog And Me Is Editing The New Learning Resources. Dog Grooming (Learning Resources). So Help Me. Tanks. [[Special:Contributions/2603:9000:7AF0:5DA0:B940:EF5A:3D27:A8F0|2603:9000:7AF0:5DA0:B940:EF5A:3D27:A8F0]] ([[User talk:2603:9000:7AF0:5DA0:B940:EF5A:3D27:A8F0|discuss]]) 18:46, 11 December 2024 (UTC) :Okay, it looks like you are editing [[Pomeranian]], which is a bit of a mess. I think that proper pet care could be a fine topic for this site or our sister site [[:b:|Wikibooks]], but the state this is in is pretty rough. I'd recommend you take a look at [[Wikiversity:Welcome]] and some of the pages linked there. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''vf</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 18:57, 11 December 2024 (UTC) g9ouw8s46rhoprajws9unecznxakev6 12 94327 2691439 2649339 2024-12-11T16:59:23Z RockTransport 2992610 2691439 wikitext text/x-wiki <!-- The original source of this page is at http://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Book_tool/Help/Books Updates to the "book tool" will be documented on that page. Please check above page for changes on regular basis. Last checked: 10 April 2010 --> {{Nav book tool}} [[File:PediaPress Books - interior 2.jpg|thumb|250px|Printed PediaPress books of Wikipedia content.]] The book tool allows building of a collection of pages, with download into PDF or open document formats, as well as ordering of hard-copy bound physical copies via PediaPress. This page shows you how to create a book from Wikiversity articles in four steps. Books can be created in PDF or OpenDocument formats, or ordered for printing on the PediaPress website. ==Step-by-step guide== === Step 1: Enable the "{{int:coll-book_creator}}" tool === [[File:Create_a_book_portlet.png|150px|thumb|Fig.1 – The "print/export" box]] The "{{int:coll-book_creator}}" tool can be enabled from the "{{int:coll-print_export}}" box on the left hand side of the browser screen towards the bottom (see Fig.1). Click on "{{int:coll-create_a_book}}". The "{{int:coll-book_creator}}" tool will appear at the top of your screen. {| |- | [[File:Collection Extension_-_Create_a_book_box.png|500px]] |- |} === Step 2: Gather articles === ====Individual pages==== By clicking on the "{{int:coll-add_this_page}}" link, the current page being viewed is added to the collection. To add another article, simply go to that article, and click on "{{int:coll-add_this_page}}" again. Another way to add articles to your book is to hover your mouse over a link to another article. After one second, a message will pop up, giving you the option to add the linked article to your book. {| |- | [[File:Colelction_Extension_-_Hover_and_add.png|350px]] |- |} ====Categories==== If you go on a category page, the "{{int:coll-add_this_page}}" will have changed into "{{int:coll-add_category}}". Clicking on "{{int:coll-add_category}}" will add all the articles in that category. {| |- | [[File:Adding categories.png|500px]] |- |} Likewise, if you hover on a category link (located at the very bottom of articles), a message will pop-up, giving you the option to add the entire category to your book. After you have selected the articles that interest you, you can click on "{{int:coll-make_suggestions}}" and you will be presented with a list of articles that are related to your selection. This helps you to create a more complete book if you run out of ideas, or just want to make sure that you haven't forgotten anything. ===Step 3: Review your book=== [[File:Your_book_on_special_book.png|150px|thumb|Fig.2 – Set a title]] Once you are happy with your book, click on "{{int:coll-show_collection}}" to be taken to the next step. {| |- | [[File:Show book.png|500px]] |- |} After you have clicked on the "{{int:coll-show_collection}}" link, you can add a title and a subtitle to your book (see Fig.2). You can also arrange articles and order them according to your taste with clicks and drags (details in the [[#Advanced functions|Advanced functions]] section below). {{clr}} === Step 4: Download or order a printed copy of your book === [[File:Download_on_special_book.png|150px|thumb|Fig.3 – Click to download]] The finished book can be downloaded or ordered as a bound book. You can download the book, in PDF and OpenDocument format (viewable using [[OpenOffice.org]] software), by clicking the "{{int:coll-download}}" button (see Fig 3). To order the book as a bound book click the "Order book from PediaPress" button. Further information about printed books can be found in the [[meta:Book_tool/Help/Books/Frequently Asked Questions|FAQ]]. {{clr}} ==Advanced functions== === Changing the order of wiki pages === To change the order of wiki pages in your book, simply move the pages in the list entitled "Your Book". To do so, hover over the page title to move, click and drag it to the new location. Release the mouse button to finish moving the page to its new location. You can also automatically sort the pages into alphabetical order. === Saving and sharing your book with others === To save your book, you must have a registered account on Wikiversity (see [[Why create an account?]] for details on how to create an account). You can save your book on the "Book" page, which can be reached by clicking the "Show book" link in the menu on the left hand side. In the "Save and share your book" section, choose one of the location options and then provide a title for the book collection. It will then be saved by clicking the "Save book" button. === Further information === Further information on the books feature can be found on the [[meta:Book tool/Help/Books/for experts|for experts page]]. This page explains how the presentation of books can be changed and how to process saved books at a later date. ==Printed books from PediaPress== By clicking the "Order book from PediaPress" button, your collection of wiki articles can be printed as a bound book. You will be forwarded to the website of PediaPress, a service that prints books based on wiki content. Further information about the printed books, including the cost and format, can be found on the [[meta:Book tool/Help/Books/Frequently Asked Questions|FAQ]] page. In 2007 the [[foundation:Main Page|Wikimedia Foundation]] and PediaPress agreed upon a long-term partnership aimed to improve the availability of Wikipedia and other wiki-based project content, in the form of high-quality print products or text documents in the OpenDocument format. ==See also== * [[Special:Book]] * [[mw:Extension:Collection]] * [[meta:Book tool|Book tool]] (Meta) * [[meta:Book tool/Help/Books/for experts|Help for experts]] – details about the advanced/expert functions of the Book tool. * [[meta:Book tool/Help/Books/Frequently Asked Questions|FAQ]] about the Book tool. * [[Help:PDF]] * [[foundation:Press_releases/Wikis_Go_Printable|Wikis Go Printable]] – Wikimedia Foundation press release, 13 December 2007 * [[commons:Category:PediaPress|Examples of PediaPress books]] on [[commons:Main Page|Wikimedia Commons]] * [[Wikiversity:Books]] - advanced and technical information about the book tool on Wikiversity * [[w:Wikipedia:WikiProject Wikipedia-Books]] [[Category:Help]] [[Category:Pages moved from Meta]] hvshlwb492pcg188hl2l0m6h99274d6 0 100795 2691468 2261656 2024-12-11T18:26:10Z 2603:9000:7AF0:5DA0:B940:EF5A:3D27:A8F0 Pomeranian Dog (Learning Resources) 2691468 wikitext text/x-wiki ==Pomeranian Dog History== In the simplest sense, the Pomeranian is nothing more than a miniaturized spitz, though the exact details of where and when this shrinking took place are uncertain. The origins of the spitz family are ancient and far flung, but most historians agree that these dogs were bred down in size in Pomerania – which stretches across modern Germany and Poland along the southern coast of the Baltic Sea – during the 19th century. The first Poms descended from the Deutscher Spitz, and weighed about six times as much as the dogs we see today – typically around 30 pounds. The breed was brought to England around 1850, where it was given the name Pomeranian in honor of its homeland, and recognized by the English Kennel Club in 1870. a Pomeranian named Boo Have A Pomeranian Named Buddy. ==General Appearance== Pomerania skin will recognize many familiar and well-known. Hair styles with a soft cuddly It has made him a favorite for those who love dogs. It is believed that the dog breed Pomerania Red skin that has developed the first Red slick city Pomerania in Germany. To be a dog for protection and care alarms with personality wise. Making Pomerania Rain slick protagonist of a show of circus making preferences of people born in the ability of this dog breed. Which became a popular culture pomerania Rain slick widespread in Germany. Pomerania is a compact dog agility dog agility and more graceful strains hairs up to 2 storey inner hair looks thick and soft. The outer hair is coarse than the inner and has a beautiful tail feathers characteristic bushy Pomerania Red smooth trait that is always active. Expression of intelligence Curious and like cocky. ;Size ; The average weight of 3-7 pounds body length measured from shoulder to hip. That shorter than the length measured from the floor to the Ta protruding slightly. ;Fur ; Pomerania has smooth hair double Inner hair soft and firm. The outer hair is long, straight and coarse hair over the floor to see a thick The hair from the tight neck and shoulder, chest hair on the head and short legs will be less than the other ;Coat color ; Multi-colored hair colors such as black, brown, mixed with the orange or gold. White mix different color. In other types of open elasses be colored red, orange, cream, brown, gray and black. ;Behavior ; Pomerania are maneuverability and very clever. Courageous and faithful to its friends. Pomerania Red skin may be a response to poor children. And because it is small it may be persecuted by the children. Pomerania can be trained to a guard dog guard duty by warning you to know prior to the invasion by bark loud and sharp. Unfortunately, lack of training, these dogs became known about the barking unreasonably and continuously. For this reason, these dogs can be friends and do not worry for those not used well the nature of the sound of it. Pomerania can easily adjust the sample to the urban life and a great dog for the countryside with good instincts predator that it has inherited from its predecessor. ==How to care for Pomerania== Hair care of Pomerania skin varieties similar to Beijing. The brush every day or twice a week is necessary to provide a thick and beautiful hair does not tangle. Feathers of Pomerania Red skin just needs some trim from time to time. The comb is not necessary and sometimes not at all necessary. Ear and nail care is recommended on a regular basis with a bath in the middle of the season. However, do not shower as often as the Pomeranian a bath too often will damage the leather and fur by washing away essential oils. Pomerania has problems with teeth, so it is recommended to brush your teeth at least once a week. The fact should be brushed every day. Pomeranians are great I have one of my own. They occasionally shed fur but you need to groom them daily and comb their hair constantly. They are very cute, fluffy, smart lap dogs. They are the perfect puppies. They are okay with children, but that all depends on how you raise them. As puppies they do not cost as much. ct4f70sb48hkifildz7f3alt8ielnfl 2691469 2691468 2024-12-11T18:33:15Z 2603:9000:7AF0:5DA0:B940:EF5A:3D27:A8F0 Pomeranian Dog (Learning Resources) 2691469 wikitext text/x-wiki A Pomeranian Is A Dog Breed In Pomerania. A Pomeranian Named Boo Have A Pomeranian Named Buddy. Pom Pom Is In The Australian Show, Bluey. How To Take Care Of A Pomeranian Dog Pomeranians Need Care So The Pomeranias Are Happy You Need Toys, Small Breed Dog Food, A Small Collar, And A Lash So The Pomeranian Will Be Take Cared Pomeranian Hisory In The 1970s The Pomeranian Named Oreo Is Bron In 1973. The End. ==Pomeranian Dog History== In the simplest sense, the Pomeranian is nothing more than a miniaturized spitz, though the exact details of where and when this shrinking took place are uncertain. The origins of the spitz family are ancient and far flung, but most historians agree that these dogs were bred down in size in Pomerania – which stretches across modern Germany and Poland along the southern coast of the Baltic Sea – during the 19th century. The first Poms descended from the Deutscher Spitz, and weighed about six times as much as the dogs we see today – typically around 30 pounds. The breed was brought to England around 1850, where it was given the name Pomeranian in honor of its homeland, and recognized by the English Kennel Club in 1870. a Pomeranian named Boo Have A Pomeranian Named Buddy. ==General Appearance== Pomerania skin will recognize many familiar and well-known. Hair styles with a soft cuddly It has made him a favorite for those who love dogs. It is believed that the dog breed Pomerania Red skin that has developed the first Red slick city Pomerania in Germany. To be a dog for protection and care alarms with personality wise. Making Pomerania Rain slick protagonist of a show of circus making preferences of people born in the ability of this dog breed. Which became a popular culture pomerania Rain slick widespread in Germany. Pomerania is a compact dog agility dog agility and more graceful strains hairs up to 2 storey inner hair looks thick and soft. The outer hair is coarse than the inner and has a beautiful tail feathers characteristic bushy Pomerania Red smooth trait that is always active. Expression of intelligence Curious and like cocky. ;Size ; The average weight of 3-7 pounds body length measured from shoulder to hip. That shorter than the length measured from the floor to the Ta protruding slightly. ;Fur ; Pomerania has smooth hair double Inner hair soft and firm. The outer hair is long, straight and coarse hair over the floor to see a thick The hair from the tight neck and shoulder, chest hair on the head and short legs will be less than the other ;Coat color ; Multi-colored hair colors such as black, brown, mixed with the orange or gold. White mix different color. In other types of open elasses be colored red, orange, cream, brown, gray and black. ;Behavior ; Pomerania are maneuverability and very clever. Courageous and faithful to its friends. Pomerania Red skin may be a response to poor children. And because it is small it may be persecuted by the children. Pomerania can be trained to a guard dog guard duty by warning you to know prior to the invasion by bark loud and sharp. Unfortunately, lack of training, these dogs became known about the barking unreasonably and continuously. For this reason, these dogs can be friends and do not worry for those not used well the nature of the sound of it. Pomerania can easily adjust the sample to the urban life and a great dog for the countryside with good instincts predator that it has inherited from its predecessor. ==How to care for Pomerania== Hair care of Pomerania skin varieties similar to Beijing. The brush every day or twice a week is necessary to provide a thick and beautiful hair does not tangle. Feathers of Pomerania Red skin just needs some trim from time to time. The comb is not necessary and sometimes not at all necessary. Ear and nail care is recommended on a regular basis with a bath in the middle of the season. However, do not shower as often as the Pomeranian a bath too often will damage the leather and fur by washing away essential oils. Pomerania has problems with teeth, so it is recommended to brush your teeth at least once a week. The fact should be brushed every day. Pomeranians are great I have one of my own. They occasionally shed fur but you need to groom them daily and comb their hair constantly. They are very cute, fluffy, smart lap dogs. They are the perfect puppies. They are okay with children, but that all depends on how you raise them. As puppies they do not cost as much. rktrasozz94a2j4o0av6n8xdv2l0tss 0 113381 2691395 2691383 2024-12-11T12:54:40Z Eshaa2024 2993595 2691395 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Wiki2Reveal Logo.png|146px|thumb|Course contains [[v:en:Wiki2Reveal|Wiki2Reveal]] Slides]] [[File:Mapping f z equal 1 over z.gif|thumb|Moving the argument of function <math>f</math> in the complex number plane. The point <math>z</math> have a blue color and <math>f(z)= \frac{1}{z}</math> is marked in red color. <math>z</math> is moved on a curve with <math>\gamma(t)=t\cdot e^{it}</math>.]] [[File:Image of path 1 over z.webm|thumb|Image of path in the complex numbers for the function <math>f(z)=\frac{1}{z}</math>]] '''Complex analysis''' is a study of functions of a complex variable. This is a one quarter course in complex analysis at the undergraduate level. ==Articles== * [[Algebra II]] * [[Dummy variable]] * [[Materials Science and Engineering/Equations/Quantum Mechanics]] == Slides for Lectures == === Chapter 1 - Intoduction === * '''[[Complex Numbers/From real to complex numbers|Complex Numbers]]''' - ([https://niebert.github.io/Wiki2Reveal/wiki2reveal.html?domain=wikiversity&title=Complex%20Numbers/From%20real%20to%20complex%20numbers&author=Complex%20Analysis&language=en&audioslide=yes&shorttitle=Complex%20Numbers&coursetitle=Complex%20Analysis Wiki2Reveal slides]) [[File:Wiki2Reveal Logo.png|35px]] ** [[w:en:Heine–Borel_theorem|Heine-Borel Theorem]] * '''[[Riemann sphere|Riemann sphere]]''' - ([https://niebert.github.io/Wiki2Reveal/wiki2reveal.html?domain=wikiversity&title=Riemann%20sphere&author=Complex%20Analysis&language=en&audioslide=yes&shorttitle=Riemann%20sphere&coursetitle=Complex%20Analysis Wiki2Reveal slides]) [[File:Wiki2Reveal Logo.png|35px]] * '''[[Complex_Analysis/Exponentiation_and_square_root|Exponentiation and roots]]''' - ([https://niebert.github.io/Wiki2Reveal/wiki2reveal.html?domain=wikiversity&title=Complex_Analysis/Exponentiation_and_square_root&author=Complex_Analysis&language=en&audioslide=yes&shorttitle=Exponentiation_and_square_root&coursetitle=Complex_Analysis Wiki2Reveal slides]) [[File:Wiki2Reveal Logo.png|35px]] === Chapter 2 - Topological Foundations === * '''[[Complex Analysis/Sequences and series|Sequences and series]]''' - ([https://niebert.github.io/Wiki2Reveal/index.html?domain=wikiversity&title=Complex%20Analysis/Sequences%20and%20series&author=Complex%20Analysis&language=en&audioslide=yes&shorttitle=Sequences%20and%20series&coursetitle=Complex%20Analysis Wiki2Reveal slides]) [[File:Wiki2Reveal Logo.png|35px]] * [[/Power series/]] * '''[[Inverse-producing extensions of Topological Algebras/topological algebra|Topological algebra]]''' - ([https://niebert.github.io/Wiki2Reveal/index.html?domain=wikiversity&title=Inverse-producing%20extensions%20of%20Topological%20Algebras/topological%20algebra&author=Complex%20Analysis&language=en&audioslide=yes&shorttitle=topological%20algebra&coursetitle=Complex%20Analysis Wiki2Reveal slides]) [[File:Wiki2Reveal Logo.png|35px]] * [[w:en:Topological space|Topological space]] - Definition: [[Norms, metrics, topology#Definition:_topology|Topology]] * '''[[Norms, metrics, topology|Norms, metrics, topology]]''' - ([https://niebert.github.io/Wiki2Reveal/index.html?domain=wikiversity&title=Norms,%20metrics,%20topology&author=Complex%20Analysis&language=en&audioslide=yes&shorttitle=Norms,%20metrics,%20topology&coursetitle=Complex%20Analysis Wiki2Reveal slides]) [[File:Wiki2Reveal Logo.png|35px]] === Chapter 3 - Complex Derivative === * '''[[Holomorphic function|Holomorphic function]]''' - ([https://niebert.github.io/Wiki2Reveal/index.html?domain=wikiversity&title=Holomorphic%20function&author=Complex%20Analysis&language=en&audioslide=yes&shorttitle=Holomorphic%20function&coursetitle=Complex%20Analysis Wiki2Reveal slides]) [[File:Wiki2Reveal Logo.png|35px]] * '''[[Complex Analysis/Partial derivative|Partial Derivative]]''' - ([https://niebert.github.io/Wiki2Reveal/index.html?domain=wikiversity&title=Complex%20Analysis/Partial%20derivative&author=Complex%20Analysis&language=en&audioslide=yes&shorttitle=Partial%20Derivative&coursetitle=Complex%20Analysis Wiki2Reveal slides]) [[File:Wiki2Reveal Logo.png|35px]] * '''[[Cauchy-Riemann Equations|Cauchy-Riemann Equations (CRE)]]''' - ([https://niebert.github.io/Wiki2Reveal/index.html?domain=wikiversity&title=Cauchy-Riemann%20Equations&author=Complex%20Analysis&language=en&audioslide=yes&shorttitle=Cauchy-Riemann%20Equations&coursetitle=Complex%20Analysis Wiki2Reveal slides]) [[File:Wiki2Reveal Logo.png|35px]] * '''[[Complex Analysis/Application of Cauchy-Riemann Equations|Application of Cauchy-Riemann Equations]]''' - ([https://niebert.github.io/Wiki2Reveal/index.html?domain=wikiversity&title=Complex%20Analysis/Application%20of%20Cauchy-Riemann%20Equations&author=Complex%20Analysis&language=en&audioslide=yes&shorttitle=Application%20of%20Cauchy-Riemann%20Equations&coursetitle=Complex%20Analysis Wiki2Reveal slides]) [[File:Wiki2Reveal Logo.png|35px]] === Chapter 4 - Curves and Line Integrals === * '''[[Line integral|Line integral in <math>\mathbb{R}^n</math>]]''' - ([https://niebert.github.io/Wiki2Reveal/index.html?domain=wikiversity&title=Line%20integral&author=Complex%20Analysis&language=en&audioslide=yes&shorttitle=Line%20integral&coursetitle=Complex%20Analysis Wiki2Reveal slides]) [[File:Wiki2Reveal Logo.png|35px]] * '''[[Complex_Analysis/Curves|Curves]]''' - ([https://niebert.github.io/Wiki2Reveal/wiki2reveal.html?domain=wikiversity&title=Complex_Analysis/Curves&author=Complex_Analysis&language=en&audioslide=yes&shorttitle=Curves&coursetitle=Complex_Analysis Wiki2Reveal slides]) [[File:Wiki2Reveal Logo.png|35px]] ** [[w:en:Holomorphic function|Wikipedia: holomorphic function]] ** [[w:en:Integral|Wikipedia:Integral ]] * '''[[Complex_Analysis/Paths|Paths]]''' - ([https://niebert.github.io/Wiki2Reveal/wiki2reveal.html?domain=wikiversity&title=Course:Complex_Analysis/Paths&author=Complex_Analysis&language=en&audioslide=yes&shorttitle=Paths&coursetitle=Complex_Analysis Wiki2Reveal slides]) [[File:Wiki2Reveal Logo.png|35px]] * '''[[Path_Integral|Path integral]]''' - ([https://niebert.github.io/Wiki2Reveal/wiki2reveal.html?domain=wikiversity&title=Path_Integral&author=Course:Complex_Analysis&language=en&audioslide=yes&shorttitle=Path_Integral&coursetitle=Complex_Analysis Wiki2Reveal slides]) [[File:Wiki2Reveal Logo.png|35px]] ** [[w:en:Curve integral |Wikipedia: Curve integral]] ** [[w:en:Continuity|Continuity]] and [[w:en:Limit of a sequence|Limit of a sequence]], *'''[[Holomorphism|Holomorphism]]''' - ([https://niebert.github.io/Wiki2Reveal/wiki2reveal.html?domain=wikiversity&title=Holomorphism&author=course:Functiontheory&language=en&audioslide=yes&shorttitle=Holomorphism&coursetitle=Course:Functiontheory Slideset]) [[File:Wiki2Reveal Logo.png|35px]] ** [[Holomorphism/Criteria|Criteria]] - ([https://niebert.github.io/Wiki2Reveal/wiki2reveal.html?domain=wikiversity&title=Holomorphism/Criteria&author=Course:Functiontheory&language=en&audioslide=yes&shorttitle=Criteria&coursetitle=Course:Functiontheory slideset]) [[File:Wiki2Reveal Logo.png|35px]] ** [[w:en:Holomorphic_function#.C3.84quivalent_properties_of_holomorphic_functions_of_one_variable|Wikipedia: Holomorphic function criteria]] ** [[/Differences from real differentiability/]] ** [[w:Conformal_mapping|conformal mappings]]<math>(\ast)</math>, ** [[/Inequalities/]] **[[Complex Analysis/rectifiable curve|rectifiable curve]] ==Lectures== * [[/Cauchy-Riemann equations/]] * [[Cauchy Theorem for a triangle]] * [[Complex analytic function]] * [[Complex Numbers]] * [[Divergent series]] * [[Estimation lemma]] * [[Fourier series]] * [[Fourier transform]] * [[Fourier transforms]] * [[Laplace transform]] * [[Riemann hypothesis]] * [[The Real and Complex Number System]] * [[Warping functions]] ==Sample exams== [[/Sample Midterm Exam 1/]] [[/Sample Midterm Exam 2/]] ==See also== * [[Boundary Value Problems]] * [[Introduction to Elasticity]] * [[The Prime Sequence Problem]] * [[Wikipedia: Complex analysis]] *[[Complex number]] [[Category:Complex analysis| ]] [[Category:Mathematics courses]] [[Category:Mathematics]] <noinclude> [[de:Kurs:Funktionentheorie]] </noinclude> 5ruivyybew9uus9dth3vjpbl7bsvill 2691512 2691395 2024-12-11T21:37:25Z 2A02:810C:4018:B600:A450:C87D:B9FF:EBC3 2691512 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Wiki2Reveal Logo.png|146px|thumb|Course contains [[v:en:Wiki2Reveal|Wiki2Reveal]] Slides]] [[File:Mapping f z equal 1 over z.gif|thumb|Moving the argument of function <math>f</math> in the complex number plane. The point <math>z</math> have a blue color and <math>f(z)= \frac{1}{z}</math> is marked in red color. <math>z</math> is moved on a curve with <math>\gamma(t)=t\cdot e^{it}</math>.]] [[File:Image of path 1 over z.webm|thumb|Image of path in the complex numbers for the function <math>f(z)=\frac{1}{z}</math>]] '''Complex analysis''' is a study of functions of a complex variable. This is a one quarter course in complex analysis at the undergraduate level. ==Articles== * [[Algebra II]] * [[Dummy variable]] * [[Materials Science and Engineering/Equations/Quantum Mechanics]] == Slides for Lectures == === Chapter 1 - Intoduction === * '''[[Complex Numbers/From real to complex numbers|Complex Numbers]]''' - ([https://niebert.github.io/Wiki2Reveal/wiki2reveal.html?domain=wikiversity&title=Complex%20Numbers/From%20real%20to%20complex%20numbers&author=Complex%20Analysis&language=en&audioslide=yes&shorttitle=Complex%20Numbers&coursetitle=Complex%20Analysis Wiki2Reveal slides]) [[File:Wiki2Reveal Logo.png|35px]] ** [[w:en:Heine–Borel_theorem|Heine-Borel Theorem]] * '''[[Riemann sphere|Riemann sphere]]''' - ([https://niebert.github.io/Wiki2Reveal/wiki2reveal.html?domain=wikiversity&title=Riemann%20sphere&author=Complex%20Analysis&language=en&audioslide=yes&shorttitle=Riemann%20sphere&coursetitle=Complex%20Analysis Wiki2Reveal slides]) [[File:Wiki2Reveal Logo.png|35px]] * '''[[Complex_Analysis/Exponentiation_and_square_root|Exponentiation and roots]]''' - ([https://niebert.github.io/Wiki2Reveal/wiki2reveal.html?domain=wikiversity&title=Complex_Analysis/Exponentiation_and_square_root&author=Complex_Analysis&language=en&audioslide=yes&shorttitle=Exponentiation_and_square_root&coursetitle=Complex_Analysis Wiki2Reveal slides]) [[File:Wiki2Reveal Logo.png|35px]] === Chapter 2 - Topological Foundations === * '''[[Complex Analysis/Sequences and series|Sequences and series]]''' - ([https://niebert.github.io/Wiki2Reveal/index.html?domain=wikiversity&title=Complex%20Analysis/Sequences%20and%20series&author=Complex%20Analysis&language=en&audioslide=yes&shorttitle=Sequences%20and%20series&coursetitle=Complex%20Analysis Wiki2Reveal slides]) [[File:Wiki2Reveal Logo.png|35px]] * [[/Power series/]] * '''[[Inverse-producing extensions of Topological Algebras/topological algebra|Topological algebra]]''' - ([https://niebert.github.io/Wiki2Reveal/index.html?domain=wikiversity&title=Inverse-producing%20extensions%20of%20Topological%20Algebras/topological%20algebra&author=Complex%20Analysis&language=en&audioslide=yes&shorttitle=topological%20algebra&coursetitle=Complex%20Analysis Wiki2Reveal slides]) [[File:Wiki2Reveal Logo.png|35px]] * [[w:en:Topological space|Topological space]] - Definition: [[Norms, metrics, topology#Definition:_topology|Topology]] * '''[[Norms, metrics, topology|Norms, metrics, topology]]''' - ([https://niebert.github.io/Wiki2Reveal/index.html?domain=wikiversity&title=Norms,%20metrics,%20topology&author=Complex%20Analysis&language=en&audioslide=yes&shorttitle=Norms,%20metrics,%20topology&coursetitle=Complex%20Analysis Wiki2Reveal slides]) [[File:Wiki2Reveal Logo.png|35px]] === Chapter 3 - Complex Derivative === * '''[[Holomorphic function|Holomorphic function]]''' - ([https://niebert.github.io/Wiki2Reveal/index.html?domain=wikiversity&title=Holomorphic%20function&author=Complex%20Analysis&language=en&audioslide=yes&shorttitle=Holomorphic%20function&coursetitle=Complex%20Analysis Wiki2Reveal slides]) [[File:Wiki2Reveal Logo.png|35px]] * '''[[Complex Analysis/Partial derivative|Partial Derivative]]''' - ([https://niebert.github.io/Wiki2Reveal/index.html?domain=wikiversity&title=Complex%20Analysis/Partial%20derivative&author=Complex%20Analysis&language=en&audioslide=yes&shorttitle=Partial%20Derivative&coursetitle=Complex%20Analysis Wiki2Reveal slides]) [[File:Wiki2Reveal Logo.png|35px]] * '''[[Cauchy-Riemann Equations|Cauchy-Riemann Equations (CRE)]]''' - ([https://niebert.github.io/Wiki2Reveal/index.html?domain=wikiversity&title=Cauchy-Riemann%20Equations&author=Complex%20Analysis&language=en&audioslide=yes&shorttitle=Cauchy-Riemann%20Equations&coursetitle=Complex%20Analysis Wiki2Reveal slides]) [[File:Wiki2Reveal Logo.png|35px]] * '''[[Complex Analysis/Application of Cauchy-Riemann Equations|Application of Cauchy-Riemann Equations]]''' - ([https://niebert.github.io/Wiki2Reveal/index.html?domain=wikiversity&title=Complex%20Analysis/Application%20of%20Cauchy-Riemann%20Equations&author=Complex%20Analysis&language=en&audioslide=yes&shorttitle=Application%20of%20Cauchy-Riemann%20Equations&coursetitle=Complex%20Analysis Wiki2Reveal slides]) [[File:Wiki2Reveal Logo.png|35px]] === Chapter 4 - Curves and Line Integrals === * '''[[Line integral|Line integral in <math>\mathbb{R}^n</math>]]''' - ([https://niebert.github.io/Wiki2Reveal/index.html?domain=wikiversity&title=Line%20integral&author=Complex%20Analysis&language=en&audioslide=yes&shorttitle=Line%20integral&coursetitle=Complex%20Analysis Wiki2Reveal slides]) [[File:Wiki2Reveal Logo.png|35px]] * '''[[Complex_Analysis/Curves|Curves]]''' - ([https://niebert.github.io/Wiki2Reveal/wiki2reveal.html?domain=wikiversity&title=Complex_Analysis/Curves&author=Complex_Analysis&language=en&audioslide=yes&shorttitle=Curves&coursetitle=Complex_Analysis Wiki2Reveal slides]) [[File:Wiki2Reveal Logo.png|35px]] ** [[w:en:Holomorphic function|Wikipedia: holomorphic function]] ** [[w:en:Integral|Wikipedia:Integral ]] * '''[[Complex_Analysis/Paths|Paths]]''' - ([https://niebert.github.io/Wiki2Reveal/wiki2reveal.html?domain=wikiversity&title=Course:Complex_Analysis/Paths&author=Complex_Analysis&language=en&audioslide=yes&shorttitle=Paths&coursetitle=Complex_Analysis Wiki2Reveal slides]) [[File:Wiki2Reveal Logo.png|35px]] * '''[[Path_Integral|Path integral]]''' - ([https://niebert.github.io/Wiki2Reveal/wiki2reveal.html?domain=wikiversity&title=Path_Integral&author=Course:Complex_Analysis&language=en&audioslide=yes&shorttitle=Path_Integral&coursetitle=Complex_Analysis Wiki2Reveal slides]) [[File:Wiki2Reveal Logo.png|35px]] ** [[w:en:Curve integral |Wikipedia: Curve integral]] ** [[w:en:Continuity|Continuity]] and [[w:en:Limit of a sequence|Limit of a sequence]], *'''[[Holomorphism|Holomorphism]]''' - ([https://niebert.github.io/Wiki2Reveal/wiki2reveal.html?domain=wikiversity&title=Holomorphism&author=course:Complex_Analysis&language=en&audioslide=yes&shorttitle=Holomorphism&coursetitle=Course:Complex_Analysis Slideset]) [[File:Wiki2Reveal Logo.png|35px]] ** [[Holomorphism/Criteria|Criteria]] - ([https://niebert.github.io/Wiki2Reveal/wiki2reveal.html?domain=wikiversity&title=Holomorphism/Criteria&author=Course:Complex_Analysis&language=en&audioslide=yes&shorttitle=Criteria&coursetitle=Course:Complex_Analysis slideset]) [[File:Wiki2Reveal Logo.png|35px]] ** [[w:en:Holomorphic_function#.C3.84quivalent_properties_of_holomorphic_functions_of_one_variable|Wikipedia: Holomorphic function criteria]] ** [[/Differences from real differentiability/]] ** [[w:Conformal_mapping|conformal mappings]]<math>(\ast)</math>, ** [[/Inequalities/]] **[[Complex Analysis/rectifiable curve|rectifiable curve]] ==Lectures== * [[/Cauchy-Riemann equations/]] * [[Cauchy Theorem for a triangle]] * [[Complex analytic function]] * [[Complex Numbers]] * [[Divergent series]] * [[Estimation lemma]] * [[Fourier series]] * [[Fourier transform]] * [[Fourier transforms]] * [[Laplace transform]] * [[Riemann hypothesis]] * [[The Real and Complex Number System]] * [[Warping functions]] ==Sample exams== [[/Sample Midterm Exam 1/]] [[/Sample Midterm Exam 2/]] ==See also== * [[Boundary Value Problems]] * [[Introduction to Elasticity]] * [[The Prime Sequence Problem]] * [[Wikipedia: Complex analysis]] *[[Complex number]] [[Category:Complex analysis| ]] [[Category:Mathematics courses]] [[Category:Mathematics]] <noinclude> [[de:Kurs:Funktionentheorie]] </noinclude> 043d86ime2fent7xay0tpl0yd3bn4zx 0 139384 2691402 2691228 2024-12-11T13:49:25Z Young1lim 21186 /* Adder */ 2691402 wikitext text/x-wiki == Adder == * Binary Adder Architecture Exploration ( [[Media:Adder.20131113.pdf|pdf]] ) {| class="wikitable" |- ! Adder type !! Overview !! Analysis !! VHDL Level Design !! CMOS Level Design |- | '''1. Ripple Carry Adder''' || [[Media:VLSI.Arith.1A.RCA.20211108.pdf|A]]|| || [[Media:Adder.rca.20140313.pdf|pdf]] || [[Media:VLSI.Arith.1D.RCA.CMOS.20211108.pdf|pdf]] |- | '''2. Carry Lookahead Adder''' || [[Media:VLSI.Arith.1.A.CLA.20221130.pdf|A]]|| || [[Media:Adder.cla.20140313.pdf|pdf]]|| |- | '''3. Carry Save Adder''' || [[Media:VLSI.Arith.1.A.CSave.20151209.pdf|A]]|| || || |- || '''4. Carry Select Adder''' || [[Media:VLSI.Arith.1.A.CSelA.20191002.pdf|A]]|| || || |- || '''5. Carry Skip Adder''' || [[Media:VLSI.Arith.5A.CSkip.20241211.pdf|A]]|| || || [[Media:VLSI.Arith.5D.CSkip.CMOS.20211108.pdf|pdf]] |- || '''6. Carry Chain Adder''' || [[Media:VLSI.Arith.6A.CCA.20211109.pdf|A]]|| || [[Media:VLSI.Arith.6C.CCA.VHDL.20211109.pdf|pdf]], [[Media:Adder.cca.20140313.pdf|pdf]] || [[Media:VLSI.Arith.6D.CCA.CMOS.20211109.pdf|pdf]] |- || '''7. Kogge-Stone Adder''' || [[Media:VLSI.Arith.1.A.KSA.20140315.pdf|A]]|| || [[Media:Adder.ksa.20140409.pdf|pdf]]|| |- || '''8. Prefix Adder''' || [[Media:VLSI.Arith.1.A.PFA.20140314.pdf|A]]|| || || |- || '''9.1 Variable Block Adder''' || [[Media:VLSI.Arith.1A.VBA.20221110.pdf|A]], [[Media:VLSI.Arith.1B.VBA.20230911.pdf|B]], [[Media:VLSI.Arith.1C.VBA.20240622.pdf|C]]|| || || |- || '''9.2 Multi-Level Variable Block Adder''' || [[Media:VLSI.Arith.1.A.VBA-Multi.20221031.pdf|A]]|| || || |} </br> === Adder Architectures Suitable for FPGA === * FPGA Carry-Chain Adder ([[Media:VLSI.Arith.1.A.FPGA-CCA.20210421.pdf|pdf]]) * FPGA Carry Select Adder ([[Media:VLSI.Arith.1.B.FPGA-CarrySelect.20210522.pdf|pdf]]) * FPGA Variable Block Adder ([[Media:VLSI.Arith.1.C.FPGA-VariableBlock.20220125.pdf|pdf]]) * FPGA Carry Lookahead Adder ([[Media:VLSI.Arith.1.D.FPGA-CLookahead.20210304.pdf|pdf]]) * Carry-Skip Adder </br> == Barrel Shifter == * Barrel Shifter Architecture Exploration ([[Media:Bshift.20131105.pdf|bshfit.vhdl]], [[Media:Bshift.makefile.20131109.pdf|bshfit.makefile]]) </br> '''Mux Based Barrel Shifter''' * Analysis ([[Media:Arith.BShfiter.20151207.pdf|pdf]]) * Implementation </br> == Multiplier == === Array Multipliers === * Analysis ([[Media:VLSI.Arith.1.A.Mult.20151209.pdf|pdf]]) </br> === Tree Mulltipliers === * Lattice Multiplication ([[Media:VLSI.Arith.LatticeMult.20170204.pdf|pdf]]) * Wallace Tree ([[Media:VLSI.Arith.WallaceTree.20170204.pdf|pdf]]) * Dadda Tree ([[Media:VLSI.Arith.DaddaTree.20170701.pdf|pdf]]) </br> === Booth Multipliers === * [[Media:RNS4.BoothEncode.20161005.pdf|Booth Encoding Note]] * Booth Multiplier Note ([[Media:BoothMult.20160929.pdf|H1.pdf]]) </br> == Divider == * Binary Divider ([[Media:VLSI.Arith.1.A.Divider.20131217.pdf|pdf]])</br> </br> </br> go to [ [[Electrical_%26_Computer_Engineering_Studies]] ] [[Category:Digital Circuit Design]] [[Category:FPGA]] 81lp6h6ik2wf549jcv58q5cdyvjh1jt 102 153569 2691484 2628591 2024-12-11T19:32:46Z Csdc300 2981891 /* Bibliography */ 2691484 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Portal:Complex_Systems_Digital_Campus/TopPortalE-Laboratories}} {{RightTOC}} <div style="font-size:30px; line-height:1.1em;">e-Laboratory on Machine Learning in Medicine</div> <br> ==Challenges== The challenge of this e-laboratory is to provide a platform to register, process, analyse and model clinical signal and images in a standardized repository complying technical requirements to improve the development of Complex System technologies. In particular to build up an adequate training set for the definition of Tailored to the Problem (TPS) Mathematical Transforms, in the fields of Engineering applied to Medicine and to Life and Cognition Sciences. During a first phase Artificial Neural Networks (ANN), which are Complex adaptive systems with inference learning emergent properties, are to be used. Later on, other more advanced methodologies are to be tested. Trained ANN have computational properties enabling them to be considered Universal Approximators as mapping networks. As stated (Hornik, K., 1989) “any lack of success in applications must arise from inadequate learning, insufficient numbers of hidden units or the lack of a deterministic relationship between input and target”. Therefore this e-lab point towards getting adequate learning and managing possible non- deterministic relations between input and target. Recently, ANN has been used to define new Mathematical Transforms; Tailored to the Problem Specificity (TPS) (Glaría, A., Taramasco, C., Demongeot, J., 2010) and Dynalet Transforms (DT) (Demongeot, J., Glade N., Forest L., 2007). TPS methodology can be envisioned as part of the development of new Complex System based technologies which has been used in the field of Engineering applied to Medicine and to Life and Cognitive Sciences (IMVC). Inadequate learning due to the lack of deterministic relationship between data and its classification makes the accuracy of this method to be critically sensitive, on one part, to the representativeness and completeness of data in the input vectors of the ANN learning set and, on the other hand, to the existence of data clusters associated with different classifications in the target vectors. Collaborative efforts between new transform developers -both, from the Academy and from the Industry- are required to have access to more representative, complete and well documented data. We believe that UNITWIN UNESCO “Complex System Digital Campus”, aimed to potentiate collaborative networks, could be an adequate environment to enrich completeness in ANN Learning Set data. The main goal of the proposed e-lab is to register, process, analyse and model clinical data, either signals or images, and its classification on systems for which TPS or Dynalet transforms are being developed. A reliable repository, duly completed and properly provisioned with representative data, is a necessity for the development of reliable Mathematical Transforms -such as TPS or Dynalet- in the context of complex systems technologies with inference learning emergent properties in IMVC domain. == Name, e-mail, website and institution == ==== of the responsible for the e-laboratory ==== Antonio Glaría | antonio.glaria@uv.cl | Universidad Valparaíso, Chile ==== list of the teams participating in the e-laboratory ==== * PhD. Pablo Reyes, pablo.reyes@uv.cl. Universidad Valparaíso (Chile) * PhD. Alejandro Veloz, alejandro.veloz@uv.cl. Universidad Valparaíso (Chile) * PhD. Alejandro Weinstein, alejandro.weinstein@uv.cl. Universidad Valparaíso (Chile) * PhD. Stéren Chabert, steren.chabert@uv.cl. Universidad de Valparaíso (Chile) * PhD. Rodrigo Salas, rodrigo.salas@uv.cl. Universidad de Valaparaíso (Chile) * PhD. Carla Taramasco, carla.taramasco@polytechnique.edu. Universidad de Valparaíso (Chile) – CNRS – EHESS (France) * PhD. Marta Barría, marta.barria@uv.cl Universidad de Valparaíso (Chile) * PhD. Pablo Pérez, pablo.perez@uv.cl Universidad de Valparaíso (Chile) * PhD. Carlos Becerra, carlos.becerra@uv.cl Universidad de Valparaíso (Chile) * PhD. Carlos Felipe Henríquez, carlos.henriquez@uv.cl Universidad de Valparaíso (Chile) * PhD. Mónica Catalán, monica.catalan@uv.cl Universidad de Valparaíso (Chile) * PhD. Jacques Demongeot, jacques.demongeot@agim.eu . Université Joseph Fourier, (France) == Coordination committee == (to be completed) == Research projects in the e-laboratory == * Formalización y aplicaciones de una metodología para el cálculo de Transformadas Matemática Hechas a la medida de la Especificidad de un Problema (TPS, del inglés: Tailored to the Problem Specificity). (Formalizing and applications of a methodology to estimate Tailored to the Problem Specificity Mathematical Transform) Antonio Glaría, Carla Taramasco, Pablo Reyes. Code U. de Valparaíso DIUV 44/11. 2013 – 2015. * Sistema de monitoreo no intrusivo de señales biomédicas. (Non intrusive Biomedical signal Monitoring System) Alejandro Weinstein, Pablo Reyes, Antonio Rienzo. Appear- Network/Universidad de Valparaíso. Code Conicyt (Chile)/ FONDEF IT13110035. 2013 – 2015. * Plataforma de Integración Tecnológica para el Registro, Vigilancia y Alerta de Enfermedades de Notificación Obligatoria (Technology integration platform for the notifiable diseases registration, monitoring and alert), Carla Taramasco, Marta Barria, Anibal Vivaceta, Rodrigo Vergara, Universidad de Valparaíso. Code Conicyt (Chile)/ FONDEF IT13110059. 2013 – 2015. * Fortalecimiento del postgrado en Departamento de Ingeniería Biomédica de la Universidad de Valparaíso. (Biomedical Engineering Department postgraduate programs enforcement), Jacques Demongeot, Université Joseph Fourier (France), Stéren Chabert, Carla Taramasco, Antonio Glaría, Universidad de Valparaíso (Chile). Code Conicyt(Chile)/ MEC 80110027. 2012 – 2013. * Sistema Biométrico y de detección de personal en línea para Minería Subterránea. (Biometric and staff detection system for underground mining), Pablo Reyes, Antonio Glaría, Universidad de Valparíso/ Appear Network. I & D Project supported by APPEAR NETWORKS CHILE. 2012 -2013 * CORtex and reTINA modelling from an engineering and computational perspective. CORTINA Team. Frederic Alexandre, INRIA (France), Adrián Palacios, Rodrigo Salas, Stéren Chabert. Universidad de Valparaíso (Chile). INRIA Associate Teams Programme. Universidad de Valparaíso. INRIA. 2011 – 2013. * Identificación de Parámetros Espacio-Temporales en Imágenes Funcionales. (Spatio- temporal Parameter identification in functional Magneto- Resonance imaging), A. Veloz, S. Chabert, R. Salas. Code U. de Valparaíso DIUV 2012 - 2014 == e-Laboratory Scientific Committee == * Carla Taramasco, PhD * Jacques Demongeot, PhD == URL for the Website and/or Wiki of the e-laboratory == * [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Portal:Complex_Systems_Digital_Campus/E-Laboratory_on_Machine_Learning_in_Medicine page at Wikiversity] == Grid, Cloud, or other network utilities to be used == (to be completed) == Data and/or Tools to be shared == * arterial pulse signal and functional MRI Hemodynamic functions and preliminary codes for TPS analysis written in MATLAB to be published soon * http://nimi.uv.cl/ Training Set for non-Invasive and minimally-Intrusive (nImI) Blood Pressure estimates == Results == == Bibliography == * Contreras, G., Glaría, A. Codifying Temporal Characteristics of Jewett Components to improve Jewett Transform. J. of Physics: Conf. Series; 90 012075. 2007. * Cucos, A.M., Iantovics, L.B. Comparative Study of Random Forest, Gradient Boosted Trees, Feedforward Neural Networks and Convolutional Neural Networks using Fingerprints and Molecular Descriptors for Adverse Drug Reaction Prediction, 28th International Conference on Knowledge-Based and Intelligent Information & Engineering Systems (KES 2024), 11-13 September 2024, Procedia Computer Science,  246, 1895-1904, 2024. * Daubechies, I. Grossman, A., Meyer, Y. Painless nonorthogonal Expansions. J. Math. Phys. (27): 1271-1283. 1986. * Demongeot, J., Hamie A., Glaría, A., Taramasco, C. Dynalet: a new representation of periodic biological signals and spectral data. In: IEEE AINA'13. IEEE Proceedings, Piscataway: 1525-1532. 2013. * Demongeot, J., Glade N., Forest L. Liénard systems and Potential-Hamiltonian decomposition: (a) I. Methodology. C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris, Ser. I. (344): 121-126. 2007; (b) II. Algorithm. C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris, Ser. I. (344): 191-194. 2007; (c) III. Applications. C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris, Ser. I. (344): 253-258. 2007; (d) Applications in Biology. C. R. Biologies. (330): 97-106. 2007. * Dobai, B.M., Iantovics, L.B., Paiu, A. Exploratory Factor Analysis for Identifying Comorbidities as Risk Factors Among Patients with CIED. Acta Marisiensis. Seria Technologica. 18 (1):47-51, 2021. * Enăchescu, C., Iantovics, L.B. Decision Support Systems Based on Methods of Artificial Intelligence in the XXI Century Medicine, Romanian Medical Journal, 69(1):369-374, 2022 * Fekete, L., Iantovics, L.B., Fekete, G.L. Exploratory Axis Factoring for identifying the self-esteem latent factors and their correlation with the life quality of persons suffering from Vitiligo, Frontiers in Psychology, 14:1200713, 2023. * Fekete, L., Iantovics, L.B., Fekete, G.L. Validation of the DLQI questionnaire in assessing the disease burden and principal aspects related to life quality of vitiligo patients. Frontiers in Psychology, 15:1333723, 2024. * Fourier, J.B.J. Digression sur la manière d'exprimer les fonctions arbitraires par des séries de quantités périodiques in Théorie mathématique de la chaleur. Chapitre VII. Firmin Didot Père et Fils, Paris. 1822. * Gecow, A., Iantovics, L.B., Tez, M. Cancer and Chaos and the Complex Network Model of a Multicellular Organism, Biology, 11(9), 1317, 2022. * Georgieva, V., Petrov, P., Iantovics, L.B. X-ray image processing for tissue involvement-based caries detection, X-ray image processing for tissue involvement-based caries detection, October 2019, Communication, Electromagnetics and Medical Application (CEMA'19), Sofia, Bulgaria, 22-26, 2019. * Glaría, A. Upgrading Fourier: Alamedas.Tutorial 6. EVIC 2012, at http://www.evic.cl . 2012. * Glaría, A., Taramasco, C., Demongeot, J. Methodological Proposal to estimate a Tailored to the Problem Specificity Mathematical Transformation. Use of Computer Intelligence to optimize Algorithm Complexity and Application to Auditory Brainstem Responses Modeling. IEEE AINA'10. IEEE Proceedings, Piscataway: 775-781. 2010. * Glaría, A., Zepeda H., Chabert S., Hidalgo M., Demongeot J., Taramasco C. Complex adaptive systems with inference learning emergent property to estimate Tailored to the Problem Specificity Mathematical Transforms: three study cases. European Conferences on Complex Systems, Barcelona. 11- 16 Septiembre. 2013. * Glover, G. H. Deconvolution of impulse response in event-related BOLD fMRI. NeuroImage. (9): 416–429. 1999. * Hornik, K. Multilayer Feedforward Networks are Universal Approximators. Neural Networks. (2): 359-366; 1989. * Iantovics, L.B. An Agent-Based Hybrid Medical Complex System, Information - An International Interdisciplinary Journal, 16(6A): 3709-3726, 2013. * Iantovics, L.B.: Cognitive Medical Multiagent Systems, BRAIN. Broad Research in Artificial Intelligence and Neuroscience, 1(1): 12-21, 2010. *Iantovics, L.B., Iakovidis, D.K., Nechita, E., II-Learn-A Novel Metric for Measuring the Intelligence Increase and Evolution of Artificial Learning Systems, International Journal of Computational Intelligence Systems, 12(2): 1323-1338, 2019. *Iantovics, L.B., Marusteri, M., Kountchev, R., Zamfirescu, C-B, Crainicu, B.: Intelligent CMDS Medical Agents with learning Capacity, In Proc. of the 5^th Int. Conf. on Virtual learning (ICVL 2010), 29-31 Oct. 2010, Tg. Mures, Romania, In: Vlada, M., Albeanu, G., Popovici, D.M. (Eds.), Bucharest University Press, 2010, pp. 325-331. *Iantovics, L.B., Rotar, C., Morar, F.. Survey on establishing the optimal number of factors in exploratory factor analysis applied to data mining, Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Data Mining and Knowledge Discovery 9(2): e1294, 2019. *Kreider D.L., Kuller R.G., Oestberg D.R., Perkins F.W. An introduction to linear analysis. Adisson -Wesley Pub. Co. Reading, USA. 1966. *Kountchev, R., Iantovics, L.B. (Eds.): Advances in Intelligent Analysis of Medical Data and Decision Support Systems, Studies in Computational Intelligence (series), Springer, 473, 2013. *Kounchev, R., Iantovics, L.B., Kountcheva, R.: Efficient Management of Medical Image Databases Based on Inverse Pyramid Decomposition, In Proc. of the 5th Int. Conf. on Virtual learning (ICVL 2010), 29-31 Oct. 2010, Tg. Mures, Romania, In: Vlada, M., Albeanu, G., Popovici, D.M. (Eds.), Bucharest University Press, 2010, pp.395-402. *Kountchev, R.K., Iantovics, B.L., Kountcheva, R. Hierarchical third‐order tensor decomposition through inverse difference pyramid based on the three‐dimensional Walsh–Hadamard transform with applications in data mining, Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Data Mining and Knowledge Discovery, 10(2):e1314, 2020. *Lazar. N. The Statistical Analysis of Functional MRI Data". Springer. New York. Chapter 5: 74. 2008. * Lemarié P.G. y Meyer, Y. Ondelettes et bases hilbertiennes. Rev. Matemática Iberoamericana (2): 1-18. 1986. * Macia, N. Modeling and Control of Dynamic Systems. Thomson Delmar Learning. Clifton Park, NY: 52-73. 2005. * MacKay, D.J.C. Information Theory, Inference and Learning algorithms. Cambridge University Press. 2003 * Muraru, M.M., Simó, Z., Iantovics, L.B. Cervical Cancer Prediction Based on Imbalanced Data Using Machine Learning Algorithms with a Variety of Sampling Methods. Applied Sciences 14:10085, 2024. * Pal, T., Iantovics, L.B., Preg, Z., Nemes-Nagy, E., Nyulas, K.I., Baba, D.F., German-Sallo, M. Risk Factors for Cognitive Dysfunction amongst Patients with Cardiovascular Diseases, Frontiers in Public Health, 12:1385089. 2024. * Revett, K., Iantovics, L.B. A Survey of Electronic Fetal Monitoring: A Computational Perspective. In: Iantovics, B., Kountchev, R. (eds) Advanced Intelligent Computational Technologies and Decision Support Systems. Studies in Computational Intelligence, vol 486. Springer, Cham, 135–141, 2014. [[Portal:Complex_Systems_Digital_Campus|Return to the Portal of the Complex Systems Digital Campus]] [[Category:Machine learning]] [[Category:Medicine]] atewjbrl96g91iin9n6zhg7dghz94qc 0 167564 2691510 2678024 2024-12-11T21:00:27Z CommonsDelinker 9184 Removing [[:c:File:12_de_abril.jpg|12_de_abril.jpg]], it has been deleted from Commons by [[:c:User:IronGargoyle|IronGargoyle]] because: per [[:c:Commons:Deletion requests/Files in Category:Graffiti in Ecuador|]]. 2691510 wikitext text/x-wiki {{title|Feedback for learning motivation:<br>What is the role of feedback in motivating people to learn?}} {{MECR|http://www.screenr.com/mVDN}} __TOC__ == Overview == [[File:Pre-School Graduation.jpg|400px|thumb|Caption goes here.]] What will motivate me to achieve? Is feedback essential? If so, what type of feedback will help me to get the most out of my learning experience? The aim of this chapter is to use psychological theory and relevant knowledge from the literature,{{grammar}} to assist the reader to develop a better understanding of this area and ultimately improve their life in the process... In the field of [[Wikipedia:Motivation|motivation]] and [[Wikipedia:Emotion|emotion]], [[Wikipedia:Learning|learning]] and our motivation to learn is highly researched. Feedback and how it impacts {{missing}} our motivation to learn, depends largely on what motivates us in the first place. The motivation to achieve something is a basic need in our psychological wellbeing. There are different types of motivation, and there are many theories underpinning them. To determine what is your most effective motivator, it is important to first know what your motivation is to obtain a certain outcome in the first place. This varies depending on what the task is (i.e. cleaning your house, receiving an A-grade in a school subject, or winning a gold medal at the Olympics). Motivation is an important determinant of behaviour in learning, regardless of the context. Can you think of a time that you have needed help with a task, and someone has given you feedback during the process. Was it helpful? If so, what was it that helped? Or was it that they made you feel good about yourself so you just kept going? What we know from research is that if you received feedback that was just praise, such as "you're doing great", it may not necessarily have been effective or constructive. However if the provider of feedback says "how about you try this", then it is more likely to help you improve your processes and make positive progress (Skipper & Douglas, 2012). What is the use of feedback if it isn't effective?? == What is feedback? == ===Definition=== [[Feedback]] is a broad term with varied meanings depending on the domain. In psychology it is defined as 'information provided by an agent regarding aspects of one's performance or understanding' (Hattie & Timperley, 2007, p81). There is a body of literature in the field of psychology that discusses feedback, what constitutes feedback, the impact of feedback, and how best to deliver it (Carpentier & Mageau, 2013; Hattie, 2012; and Price, Handley, Millar & O'Donovan, 2010). It is generally agreed across the field that feedback has the opportunity to influence motivation, job satisfaction, self-awareness, learning, and performance. ===Different types of feedback and their consequences=== Kluger & DeNisis (1996) were interested in looking at the outcomes that different feedback has on people's learning experiences. They identified two distinct types of feedback that are used in the learning context. '''Promotion oriented feedback''' (previously referred to as ‘positive feedback’) confirms and reinforces desirable behaviours. This is useful for young people learning new tasks, or for learners that{{grammar}} are not confident trying something different. The alternative is '''change oriented feedback''' (previously termed ‘negative feedback’), which is used when performance is inadequate and needs to be modified in order to achieve the individual’s goals (Carpentier & Mageau, 2013). Both of these types of feedback can have positive and negative outcomes, which is why the newly defined terms are more accurate. There are times when promotion oriented feedback is not as valuable as change oriented feedback. For example, when professional athletes receive feedback directed at improving their technique (change oriented), this assists to increase their motivation and well-being (Carpentier & Mageau, 2013, p424). In this circumstance, promotion oriented feedback would not be as effective. There are three primary feedback functions: cognitive, motivational, or metacognitive (see Harks, Rakoczy, Hattie, Besser, & Klieme, 2014, for further details). Within these there are single feedback characteristics. Process-oriented feedback is a type of feedback that educators use that assists to help student's follow accurate processes in order to achieve the task. Grade-oriented feedback on the other hand, is when teachers provide feedback on a student's work based on a grade (such as A, B, C). Although grade-oriented is predominantly used in secondary education, process-oriented has been proven to be highly beneficial, and has more positive indirect effect on student's interest and achievement than grade oriented feedback due to its perceived usefulness (Harks et al, 2014). * Question: If you were helping a 5 year old learn how to tie their shoelaces, what would be the best type of feedback to give them? * Answer: Process oriented feedback, so that the child can learn the process of how to tie their lace. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Feedback or feedforward? |- | {{RoundBoxTop|theme=6}} A feedback system is when the information provided to the learner follows the behaviour, to effect continuing motivation and future effort. A feedforward system is when the information precedes the behaviour to communicate guidance for future situations (Reeve, 2009, p427) Feedforward relies on the student being able to recall the information provided and apply it to future events. In reality, feedback statements include a combination of feedback and feedforward, for example when a teacher comments in a mathematics class "that answer is incorrect, how about you try getting the answer using this formula". There are times that feedback is essential and other times when only feedforward is applicable. {{RoundBoxBottom}} |} === Delivery of feedback === [[File:A model of feedback to enhance learning.pdf|200px|thumbnail|right|A model of feedback to enhance learning (adapted from Hattie & Timperley, 2007, p87)]]There are different ways that feedback can be delivered to an individual (Skipper and Douglas, 2012). Feedback can be related to the '''task''', which is focused on correct or incorrect performance; it can be about the '''processing''' of the task, giving feedback on how it was completed; about '''self-regulation''', helping the individual to develop better awareness of the learning process; or about '''the self''', either praise or criticism of the individual (p328). The findings supported the notion that when a learner is succeeding at their task, they respond equally positively to receiving feedback about themselves, about the process they are following, and receiving no praise at all. There was a difference in the response to feedback conditions when the learner was failing at their task, those receiving person praise showed less positive response than those who received process praise. So does this mean that when we are being unsuccessful at something that we should only seek praise on the process we are following? There are other issues to consider. There is substantial research in the field about how to be effective in your delivery of feedback. It has been found to be a common denominator in the top influences on how people learn from experience (Hattie, 2008). Coaches and educators can be confused believing that any kind of feedback is helpful to a learner, this is not always the case{{grammar}}. Some types of feedback can have a positive influence on learning, some can have a negative influence, and some can have no influence at all (Skipper & Douglas, 2012). The following list of suggestions has been compiled from recent studies which cover the fields of feedback in sport and education (Carpentier & Mageau, 2013; Hattie, 2012; and Price et al., 2010): - feedback should be given in an '''empathic''', considerate tone of voice; - it should give '''choices for solutions''' and be paired with ''''tips'''', as opposed to blunt direction; - it must be based on clear and '''attainable outcomes''', not goals that are impossible for the learner to achieve; - it should '''avoid person-related statements''', so that the learner does not contribute the comments to themselves and take the statement personally as an insult or knockdown; - consist of '''clear goals'''; - the content of the feedback must be '''applicable''' and provided in a '''timely manner'''; - the '''relationship''' between the student and the assessor is core; - the student needs to '''understand''' the feedback; and - the feedback needs to '''match the learner's needs'''. For a discussion on the importance of feedback and the impact on student learning, watch this video: [http://www.journeytoexcellence.org.uk/videos/expertspeakers/feedbackonlearningdylanwiliam.asp Feedback on Learning - Dylan William] === Issues about feedback === [[File:Marine Corps drill instructor yells at recruit.jpg|200px|thumbnail|right|How effective is the delivery of this feedback?]] When providing and receiving feedback, there are some issues that need to be taken into account (Hattie & Timperley, 2007, p98): - The '''timing''' of feedback must be considered, as immediate feedback versus delayed feedback can play a significant role in the outcome depending on the type of feedback being delivered. For example when receiving feedback in a testing situation, it is beneficial for feedback to be delayed, whereas if you are following a process incorrectly, immediate feedback is most helpful. - The difference between the '''effects''' of promotion focused feedback (previously positive feedback), and prevention focused feedback (previously negative feedback). Prevention focused is considered more powerful when directed at the self, whereas both types are beneficial when reinforcing the task being undertaken. There are varied effects relating to student commitment, mastery or performance orientation (this is explained below under the sub-heading 'goal setting in learning motivation'), and self efficacy, when delivering feedback at the self-regulation level. - The '''environment''' that the feedback is being provided in plays a large part in how well the feedback is received. For example the climate of the classroom is critical. If students feel they are under pressure to perform they can often be scared to take on board or even listen to feedback provided by their teacher, regardless of how it is delivered or what is said. On the other hand, certain environments require the teacher to provide feedback in a harsh, direct manner (such as the Defence Force as pictured). - Finally, feedback for '''assessment purposes''' is imperative in that it provides information and interpretations about the difference between a student's current status and the goals the learner is working toward. If this is not the case, the assessment piece does not add value to the student’s learning outcomes. From these four commonly debated issues about feedback, it is evident that the type of feedback provided plays a huge part in our learning process and how successful we are at making progress after receiving the feedback. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Feedback in the workplace | The application of feedback and how it motivates you in the workplace can have massive implications. Learning new processes and tasks at work, particularly when you have been employed for a while, can be difficult to achieve. While you would expect that your work motivation would increase after receiving positive feedback, findings from research are inconsistent regarding the motivational effect of feedback (Jarzebowski, Palermo & van de Berg, 2012, see below 'theory in focus'). An interesting discussion on feedback for employees is considered by Bill Gates in this [http://www.ted.com/talks/bill_gates_teachers_need_real_feedback# TED talk.] |} ===Is feedback essential?=== So far we have looked at the different consequences feedback can have on a person's learning process, considered ways feedback can be delivered, and reviewed issues to take into account with regards to providing feedback. Now we question: is feedback essential in our motivation to learn? The answer is yes and no! We can be motivated to achieve something, and we can continue to be motivated and continue to learn, regardless of whether we receive feedback or not. The problem is, if we are learning something new and don't receive comments from others about our progress, we could be going in the completely wrong direction and not even realise it! Just imagine (or recall) you are 16 years old and learning how to drive a car for the first time. How would you go if you were doing it with only an instruction booklet and no one providing feedback on turning left, right, reverse parallel parking etc. What about having someone to remind you to stop at a stop sign, or give way to your right (in Australia). Do you think you would be successful at passing your test to obtain your Learner's permit? Most of us would say 'no'! An extensive review of literature on the effects of educational influences and interventions on student achievement was undertaken by [[Wikipedia:John Hattie|John Hattie]] in 2008. From this, he recommended that effective instruction can not{{grammar}} take place without feedback from student to teacher on the effectiveness of their instruction. This suggests that in the feedback process, it is essential that students are able to provide their teacher with feedback in order for them to achieve the best outcomes in the learning process. {| class="wikitable" |- | {{RoundBoxTop|theme=2}} Side note: An important part of defining ourselves as an individual is establishing a [[Wikipedia:Self-schema|self-schema]]. If the feedback we receive is not consistent with who we perceive ourselves to be, then we discount it and consider it to be invalid. Self-consistent feedback is what is most recognised and taken on board in our learning process (Reeve, 2009, p270). {{RoundBoxBottom}} |} * Question: when providing or receiving feedback, can you recall what are the four issues to be taken into account? * Answer: timing, effects, environment, and assessment purpose. == Motivation and goals == === Motivation defined === To be motivated means to be moved to do or achieve something (Ryan & Deci, 2000, p54). As human beings we are naturally [[Motivation|motivated]] to interact with the environment to advance personal growth, social development, and psychological wellbeing (Reeve, 2009, p142). What motivates one person will not necessarily motivate another. It can depend on whether you are doing something for the enjoyment of it or to achieve something at the end. Motivation and [[Wikipedia:Goal setting|goal setting]] go hand in hand. You can not achieve a goal without being motivated, and if you are motivated to achieve something you must have a goal in mind that you are working towards. === Motivational theories === Our natural motivation to learn, grow and develop is referred to as the [[Wikipedia:Organismic theory|organismic approach]] to motivation. Study in the field of motivation is vast. What the research refers to as Cognitive Approaches to Motivation, are theoretical concepts that have been developed that identify the underlying processes present in motivation. There are two key motivational orientations. If you are primarily focused on achieving a goal in order to reduce the distance between your current situation and your future desired situation, then you are '''promotion focused'''. However if you are motivated to increase the distance between the failure you have experienced and your current state, then you are '''prevention focused'''. Jarzabowski et al., (2012) reviewed findings in the area. They reported that positive feedback increased outcomes such as motivation, performance and effort for individuals in promotion focus but not in prevention focus, whereas negative feedback increased the same outcomes in prevention focus but not in promotion focus. Activity - to wrap your head around motivation theory in practice, have a go at completing this practical exercise on student motivation. If you are not currently a student, imagine you are considering tertiary study and then complete the following activity - [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:University_Student_Motivation_Exercise.pdf University student motivation exercise] [[File:Hierarchy of the four sources of motivation (flowchart), Wikiversity Motivation and emotion, Slide 1.jpg|300px|thumbnail|right]][[Wikipedia:Motivation#Intrinsic motivation|Intrinsic and extrinsic motivation]] are widely recognised and discussed throughout the literature in this domain ([http://mmrg.pbworks.com/f/Ryan,+Deci+00.pdf see Ryan & Deci, 2000]). If there is an external motivation for you to achieve something, for example cook dinner to please your partner, you have what is termed '''extrinsic motivation''' to achieve the outcome of the prepared meal. If you are cooking dinner for your partner for the joy of preparing and cooking dinner, you have '''intrinsic motivation''' to achieve the outcome of the meal. When you are reflecting on what it is that you want to achieve, it is helpful to know what is motivating you. There are times when an intrinsic desire to achieve will drive you further than an extrinsic desire, and vice versa. For example, if you have agreed to go to the gym everyday with a friend, and the only way you are driven to exercise is if you are visiting the gym with your friend, you are extrinsically motivated to exercise. If your friend stops going to the gym with you, you are less likely to go to the gym, hence less likely to exercise. You can see in this example that an intrinsic motivation to exercise would better assist you to obtain your goal than an extrinsic motivation. As human beings, we have a system of primary, or innate, basic psychological needs. One of the key theorists to develop a model on this was [[Wikipedia:Abraham Maslow|Abraham Maslow]], who first published his ideas of an individual's [[Wikipedia:Maslow%27s hierarchy of needs|heirarchy of needs]] in 1943. Since this time there has been extensive development of the concept. '''[[Wikipedia:Self-determination theory|Self-Determination Theory]]''' (also referred to as [[Motivation_and_emotion/Book/2011/Self-determination_theory|Cognitive Evaluation theory]]) is one such development. It suggests that there are three essential needs that are important for wellbeing and psychological growth. These are ''competence'', the psychological need to be effective in interactions with the environment; ''relatedness'', the desire to be connected and feel accepted by others; and ''autonomy'', the desire to be able to initiate your own actions in accordance with your personal sense of self. These core needs are considered essential for a variety of developmental processes, including the development of interest (Krapp, 2005). [[File:Venn diagram.pdf|thumbnail|right|Diagram depicting the three components of Self-Determination Theory (Ryan & Deci, 2000)]] === The role of interest in our motivation to learn === [[Wikipedia:Interest (emotion)|Interest]] is considered a variable of motivation. If we are interested in a topic, we are more likely to want to learn about it. Hidi (2006) found that when students were interested in what they were doing, they were more likely to have optimal motivation to complete the task. 'In contrast to many other motivational concepts, interest is characterized by its content or object specificity' (Krapp, 2005, p382). The development of interest depends on a person's interaction with the object or activity they are focused on. To begin with their interest may be predominantly on a domain specific situational interest, but later on it may develop into a relatively stable individual interest of high personal relevance (Krapp, 2005). For example, when you are at school and are first introduced to the concept of biology because it is a core subject, you might be interested in it because it is something that reminds you of your experiences as a small child playing with fish in your fishbowl. As time goes on, and you continue to choose Biology as an elective subject in your higher education and then as a tertiary university course, your interest goes beyond high school biology and leads to a career in agriculture. {| class="wikitable" |- | {{RoundBoxTop|theme=5}} Case study: Sometimes we find that we aren’t motivated to learn something new if we can’t find a reason for learning it. Imagine a year 2 student who is learning how to read but does not see any benefit, and needs help in identifying a goal that is relevant for him. His teacher suggests that he needs to be able to read in order to understand the menu at the local kiosk. This in turn helps the student to realise a goal that he can connect with (being able to buy a hamburger with the lot!), so he will ultimately have a higher level of motivation to learn how to read beyond learning for learning’s sake. {{RoundBoxBottom}} |} === Goal setting in learning motivation === [[Wikipedia:Goal setting|Goal setting]] is an essential aspect in achieving learning outcomes. We need to have goals that we are working towards in order for feedback to be valuable, if we don't then there would be no interest in improvement, making the feedback invalid. Locke, Shaw, Saari, & Latham (1981) discussed feedback as needing to be provided in a timely manner and in relation to the goal. [[File:AABAP.png|50px|framed|left|Landing on the moon - a performance goal or a mastery goal?]] From research we know that there are different types of goals (see Senko & Harackiewicz, 2005). Achievement goal theory proposes that when a student has goals, they have a framework with which they establish a purpose for learning, an approach to academic activities, and performance (Hidi, 2006). If you set a goal to outperform your peers, it is classified as a '''performance goal''', defining success versus failure by comparing yourself to others. There are two different performance goals: performance–approach goals (seeking success) or performance-avoidance goals (avoiding failure). On the other hand, if you are focused on developing skills, you are pursuing a '''mastery goal''', whereby success is defined by comparing your own history and experience of knowledge and skill development (termed 'self-referential standards'). Feedback can affect multiple goals in the same direction, or affect one goal but not the other (Senko & Harackiewicz, 2005, p328). * Activity - try this [[goal identification exercise]] to assist you to reflect on your own goals. [[File:Army vs Navy Basketball game, 2004.jpg|thumbnail|right|What effect would positive or negative feedback have on these players?]] {| class="wikitable" |- ! Feedback in sport |- | {{RoundBoxTop|theme=9}}The application of feedback and its impact on our motivation in sport is interesting to consider. In a recent study looking at the impact of feedback on task performance and goal setting, participants were provided feedback following a task. Then they were given the option of raising the difficulty level or maintaining the difficulty level for the next stage of the activity. Results found that participants chose to raise the difficulty level after receiving positive feedback, and maintain the difficulty level after receiving negative feedback. It was also found that the performance of those who chose to raise the difficulty level increased more than the performance of those who maintained the difficulty level (Krenn, Wurth & Hergovich, 2013). Other research in the area suggests that coaches can influence their team by using feedback during pre-game and post-game talks (Rebar & Conroy, 2013). These findings suggest that different feedback can impact personal outcomes in the sporting arena. {{RoundBoxBottom}} |} ===Theory in focus=== The predominant research in the area of feedback on learning has emerged during the twenty-first century. Jarzabowski et al(2012), focused on the impact of feedback. They considered the impact of feedback on motivation following receipt of positive feedback from a coach. They recruited 29 coaches to undertake a 5-session coaching programme, and gave two groups positive feedback which either did or did not fit with the individual's promotion focus. The researchers found that feedback which fitted with the individual's achievement focus increased their motivation. This indicated that if the feedback matches a participant's desired outcomes, the feedback would be more likely to be effective. They suggested that further study would be useful in specific settings, to see whether alternative types of feedback would be different depending on the situation and the organisation. A major limitation of the study was that there was no group of participants in the study not receiving feedback, therefore it was difficult to see whether the impact of feedback was more than, lesser than, or equal to the impact of no feedback on motivation. Their key finding was that feedback effectiveness may be increased by framing feedback to match the individual's focus. == Conclusion == This chapter highlighted a number of theories in the field of psychological research in relation to feedback and its impact on learning. We have looked at the different types of feedback and what they can achieve. The ways of delivering feedback have been explored, along with things to consider when delivering feedback, and the necessity of feedback for effective outcomes. Theory on motivation, goals, and interest was discussed, and the importance these have in helping us understand the underlying concepts of feedback on learning. Activities have been provided along the way to help the reader apply their learning to everyday situations, and reflect on their own experiences, in order to develop more of an understanding of how psychological theory and research can be applied to everyday life. Here are some tips that can help '''you''' to make the most of feedback received: - reflect on your motivational style, be aware what helps to motivate you and keep you motivated. Use this knowledge when you are undertaking tasks that otherwise you are not motivated to complete. Being aware of why you are motivated to achieve something is key to how successful you will be at attaining your goal; - be interested in the task at hand. If your interest to the topic doesn't come naturally but you are required to complete it, try to identify a reason why it will be beneficial for you and you will be more likely to succeed; - ensure you are clear about the goal or goals you are trying to achieve; - in the learning process make sure you clarify your goals with your teacher or coach, and give them feedback about what they have said to you, this will not only help you to get the most out of your learning situation but also assist them to be a better instructor in the future. Here are some tips that can help '''coaches and teachers''' make the most of their opportunities for feedback: - ensure that your learner understands what the assessment/task is requiring of them, to make the most of the feedback you provide; - your relationship with the student is very important, and if of good quality will assist the student to increase their engagement in the task at hand; - remember the learner is in the best position to judge the feedback they receive, so seek feedback from them! == See also == *[[Motivation_and_emotion/Book/2013/Goal_setting|Goal setting]] (2013 Book chapter on Goal setting) *[[Motivation_and_emotion/Book/2013/Intrinsic_motivation|Intrinsic motivation]] (2013 Book chapter on Intrinsic motivation) *[[Motivation_and_emotion/Book/2013/Workplace_motivation|Workplace motivation]] (2013 Book chapter on Workplace motivation) *[[Motivation and emotion/Book/2011/Feedback|Feedback]] (2011 Book chapter on Feedback) *[[Wikipedia:Learning styles|Wikipedia - learning styles]] == References == {{Hanging indent|1= Carpentier, J. & Mageau, G.A. (2013) When change-oriented feedback enhances motivation, well-being and performance: A look at autonomy-supportive feedback in sport. ''Psychology of Sport and Exercise'', 14, pp423-435 Harks, B., Rakoczy, K., Hattie, J., Besser, M., & Klieme, E. (2014). The effects of feedback on achievement, interest and self-evaluation: the role of feedback's perceived usefulness, ''Educational Psychology'', 34(3), pp269-290 Hattie, J. (2008) ''Visible Learning: A synthesis of over 800 meta-analysis relating to achievement''. Retrieved from University of Canberra E-Reserve. Hattie, J. (2012) Know thy impact. ''Educational Leadership''. Retrieved from http://www.ascd.org Hattie, J.A.C. & Timperley, H. (2007). The power of feedback. ''Review of Educational Research'', 77(1), pp81-112 Hidi, S. (2006) Interest: a unique motivational variable. ''Educational Research Review'', 1, pp69-82 Jarzebowski, A.M., Palermo, J. & van de Berg, R. (2012) When feedback is not enough: the impact of regulatory fit on motivation after positive feedback. ''International Coaching Psychology Review'', 7(1), pp14-32. Kluger, A.N. & DeNisi, A. (1996) The effects of feedback interventions on performance: A historical review, a meta-analysis, and a preliminary feedback intervention theory. ''Psychological Bulletin'', 119, pp254-284. Krapp, A. (2005) Basic needs and the development of interest and intrinsic motivational orientations. ''Learning and Instruction'', 15, pp381-395 Krenn, B., Wurth, S., & Hergovich, A. (2013) The impact of feedback on goal setting and task performance. ''Swiss Journal of Psychology'', 72(2), pp79-89 Locke, E.A., Shaw, K.N., Saari, L.M., & Latham, G.P. (1981) Goal setting and task performance: 1969-1980. ''Psychological Bulletin'', 90, pp125-152 Maslow, A.H. (1943). A theory of human motivation. ''Psychological Review'', 50 (4) 370–96. Price, M., Handley, K., Millar, J., & O'Donovan, B. (2010) Feedback: all that effort but what is the effect? ''Assessment & Evaluation in Higher Education'', 35(3) pp277-289. Rebar, A.L. & Conroy, D.E. (2013) Experimentally manipulated achievement goal state fluctuations regulate self-conscious emotional responses to feedback. ''Sport, Exercise and Performance Psychology'', 2(4) pp233-249. Reeve, J. (2009) ''Understanding motivation and emotion'' (5th ed.) USA: John Wiley & Sons Inc. Ryan, R.M., & Deci, E.L. (2000) Intrinsic and extrinsic motivations: classic definitions and new directions. ''Contemporary Educational Psychology'', 25. pp54-67 Senko, C. & Harackiewicz, J.M. (2005) Regulation of Achievement Goals: The Role of Competence feedback. ''Journal of Educational Psychology'', 97(3), pp320-336 Skipper, Y. & Douglas, K. (2012). Is no praise good praise? Effects of positive feedback on children's and university students' response to subsequent failures. ''British Journal of Educational Psychology'', 82, pp327-339 }} == External links == *[http://www.ascd.org/publications/educational-leadership/sept12/vol70/num01/Seven-Keys-to-Effective-Feedback.aspx Seven keys to effective feedback] *[http://cdtl.nus.edu.sg/brief/v4n2/default.htm Motivating students by providing feedback - National University of Singapore] *[http://www.teachthought.com/learning/20-ways-to-provide-effective-feedback-for-learning/ 20 Ways to provide effective feedback for learning - www.teachthought.com] *[http://www.bbc.co.uk/northernireland/forteachers/curriculum_in_action/assessment_for_learning.shtml Assessment for learning and how feedback applies - BBC video] *[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=28N2p3smEsw Giving feedback to employees - YouTube clip] [[Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/2014]] [[Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Feedback]] [[Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Learning]] qq1n0uxhqrnk1d2mqdvfe3uoxxp5o4h 1 170731 2691566 2690309 2024-12-12T04:19:45Z OhanaUnited 18921 /* Editorial board application of Luis Rafael Moscote-Salazar */ Reply 2691566 wikitext text/x-wiki <noinclude> {{WikiJournal editorial application top |archive box = {{Archive box|[[/Archive 2015-2017]] <br>[[/Archive 2018]] <br>[[/Archive 2019]] <br>[[/Archive 2020]] <br>[[/Archive 2021]] <br>[[/Archive 2022]] <br>[[/Archive 2023]] }} }} </noinclude> ==Associate editor application of James Bibey== {{WikiJournal editor application submitted | position =Associate editor | name =James Bibey | qualifications =2nd Year Medical Student | link = | areas_of_expertise =General medicine (basic anatomy, physiology, biochemistry, statistics, ethics) | professional_experience =Maths lecturing, anatomical prosection preparation. | publishing_experience =N/A | open_experience =Significant editing history on English Wikipedia (primarily medicine and anatomy), Wikimedia Commons, and Wikidata under username "Bibeyjj". | policy_confirm =I confirm that I will act in accordance with the policies of the WikiJournal of Medicine. [[User:Bibeyjj|Bibeyjj]] ([[User talk:Bibeyjj|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Bibeyjj|contribs]]) 19:23, 24 September 2021 (UTC) }} *{{Support}}. The applicant is [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Contributions/Bibeyjj active in related topics in Wikipedia], and I think we can really need the help for our journal too. [[User:Bibeyjj|Bibeyjj]], I hope you are still interested in this position. I'm sorry for the late response to your application, as you see we are quite busy with the everyday matters of the project. If elected, would you be willing to help out for instance in [[WikiJournal_of_Medicine/Editorial_guidelines#Arranging_peer_review|finding peer reviewers]] for article submissions to the journal? [[User:Mikael Häggström|Mikael Häggström]] ([[User talk:Mikael Häggström|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mikael Häggström|contribs]]) 19:10, 22 May 2022 (UTC) *{{Support}}. Mikael summarises the reasons well above and I agree [[User:Rwatson1955|Rwatson1955]] ([[User talk:Rwatson1955|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Rwatson1955|contribs]]) 06:56, 23 May 2022 (UTC) *They seem a good candidate for assoc editor status, and it would be useful experience for them as well as helpful skills for us. We've been a bit stalled on applications over the last year, so it will be good to get organised again. [[User:Evolution and evolvability|T.Shafee(Evo&#65120;Evo)]]^{[[User talk:Evolution and evolvability|talk]]} 11:59, 11 June 2022 (UTC) :I agree. I made [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Bibeyjj#Associate_editor_application an entry on the user's talk page] whether he's still interested. If so, I think we can go ahead and approve this application. [[User:Mikael Häggström|Mikael Häggström]] ([[User talk:Mikael Häggström|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mikael Häggström|contribs]]) 15:52, 16 June 2022 (UTC) ::I haven't heard back from the wiki talk page, so I sent an email through the wiki system as well. [[User:Mikael Häggström|Mikael Häggström]] ([[User talk:Mikael Häggström|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mikael Häggström|contribs]]) 03:13, 2 August 2022 (UTC) *{{Support}}. [[User:Rwatson1955|Rwatson1955]] ([[User talk:Rwatson1955|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Rwatson1955|contribs]]) 12:52, 2 November 2022 (UTC) ==Editorial board application of Luis Rafael Moscote-Salazar== {{WikiJournal editor application submitted | journal =WikiJournal of Medicine | position =Editorial board | name =Luis Rafael Moscote-Salazar | qualifications =MD | link =https://neuroclani.org/ | areas_of_expertise =Neurosurgery, Neurotrauma, Stroke, Neurointervention, Neurocritical Care, Neurointervention, Evidence Based Medicine | professional_experience =Neurosurgeon graduated from the University of Cartagena, Founder of the Colombian Clinical Research Group in Neurocritical Care and Co-founder of the Latinamerican Council of Neurocritical Care (CLaNi). Research communication, research leadership, mentorship. | publishing_experience = Experience with publishing in peer-reviewed journals (see Google Scholar profile. Peer-reviewer for several international journals in Neurosurgery and Medicine (see Publons profile). | open_experience = | policy_confirm =I confirm that I will act in accordance with the policies of the WikiJournal of Medicine. [[User:NeuroQuimbaya|NeuroQuimbaya]] ([[User talk:NeuroQuimbaya|discuss]]) 2022-07-12 }} :No details were provided, so I have contacted the applicant to request that they add more information. [[User:Evolution and evolvability|T.Shafee(Evo&#65120;Evo)]]^{[[User talk:Evolution and evolvability|talk]]} 01:27, 7 July 2022 (UTC) ::I've updated the application above with the new replacement information that they sent through. [[User:Evolution and evolvability|T.Shafee(Evo&#65120;Evo)]]^{[[User talk:Evolution and evolvability|talk]]} 03:55, 13 July 2022 (UTC) :::'''Pending more specific presentation'''. I'm tending towards support, as the applicant seems active in research and publishing according to orcid ([https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4180-6962]). I think it is appropriate to let him join us. [[User:Mikael Häggström|Mikael Häggström]] ([[User talk:Mikael Häggström|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mikael Häggström|contribs]]) 03:12, 2 August 2022 (UTC) ::::[[User:NeuroQuimbaya|Dr. Moscote-Salazar]], some questions that have been raised are: ::::*Would you be able to provide a webpage or other presentation about yourself? The link provided (https://neuroclani.org/) directs to a more general website. ::::*Could you provide one or two sentences of what motivates you to join WikiJMed? ::::*Would you be willing to begin contributing as an associate editor? The tasks can be described here: [[WikiJournal_of_Medicine/Associate_editors]]. We feel we can really need some help with peer review coordination, and you'll have the opportunity to later become promoted to editorial board membership. ::::[[User:Mikael Häggström|Mikael Häggström]] ([[User talk:Mikael Häggström|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mikael Häggström|contribs]]) 02:11, 11 August 2022 (UTC) We need to establish if this applicant has specific Wikipedia experience [[User:Rwatson1955|Rwatson1955]] ([[User talk:Rwatson1955|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Rwatson1955|contribs]]) 12:52, 3 May 2023 (UTC) *Given the lack of open experience, I think the applicant should be considered for associate editor position. {{re|Rwatson1955}} and {{re|Mikael Häggström}} Did this individual provide more information since our latest follow-up in May? [[User:OhanaUnited|<b><span style="color: #0000FF;">OhanaUnited</span></b>]][[User talk:OhanaUnited|<b><span style="color: green;">^{Talk page}</span></b>]] 02:01, 4 July 2023 (UTC) ::I have not received any response from the talk page entry... [[User:Mikael Häggström|Mikael Häggström]] ([[User talk:Mikael Häggström|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mikael Häggström|contribs]]) 20:56, 4 December 2024 (UTC) :::Given that the applicant has not responded and there are no subsequent edits made using his Wikimedia username, I will decline this application as it has become stale. [[User:OhanaUnited|<b><span style="color: #0000FF;">OhanaUnited</span></b>]][[User talk:OhanaUnited|<b><span style="color: green;">^{Talk page}</span></b>]] 04:19, 12 December 2024 (UTC) ==Editorial board application of Helmar Bornemann-Cimenti== {{WikiJournal editor application submitted | position =Editorial board | name =Helmar Bornemann-Cimenti | qualifications =MD DMedSc MSc (interdisciplinary Pain Medicine) MBA (health care management) | link =https://forschung.medunigraz.at/fodok/suchen.person_uebersicht?sprache_in=en&menue_id_in=101&id_in=2001978 | areas_of_expertise =Pain medicine, Anesthesiology | professional_experience =Deputy Head and Chair of the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Medical University of Graz | publishing_experience =Editor in 2 scientific journals ("BMC Anesthesiology", "Pain and Therapy"), Guest-editor in "Life" | open_experience =Wikipedia author since 2006 | policy_confirm =I confirm that I will act in accordance with the policies of the WikiJournal of Medicine. [[User:Bornhelm|Bornhelm]] ([[User talk:Bornhelm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Bornhelm|contribs]]) 09:00, 4 February 2023 (UTC) }} *Being followed up by [[User:Rwatson1955|Rwatson1955]] ([[User talk:Rwatson1955|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Rwatson1955|contribs]]) 12:50, 3 May 2023 (UTC) **Note: The applicant mentioned that he used to edit under the account [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benutzer:Borne User:Borne], to whicch he lost hte password and subsequently edited anonymously before signing up for [[user:Bornehelm]] (which is why that account doesn't show edit history back to 2006). [[User:Evolution and evolvability|T.Shafee(Evo&#65120;Evo)]]^{[[User talk:Evolution and evolvability|talk]]} 12:05, 19 June 2023 (UTC) *'''Support''' - Though the application itself is slim, I think he is actually quite a good candidate. The work done under the old [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benutzer:Borne User:Borne] account was relevant and expertise in anesthesiology and pain medicine would be of use to the board. His work with ''BMC Anesthesiology'' is particular useful, since BMC is one of the most established OA publishing groups. [[User:Evolution and evolvability|T.Shafee(Evo&#65120;Evo)]]^{[[User talk:Evolution and evolvability|talk]]} 12:30, 19 June 2023 (UTC) *'''Support''' likewise, having cleared up the confusion over his Wikipedia page, I support this one. [[User:Rwatson1955|Rwatson1955]] ([[User talk:Rwatson1955|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Rwatson1955|contribs]]) 02:01, 20 June 2023 (UTC) *'''Support''' Seems like a suitable candidate. [[User:OhanaUnited|<b><span style="color: #0000FF;">OhanaUnited</span></b>]][[User talk:OhanaUnited|<b><span style="color: green;">^{Talk page}</span></b>]] 01:58, 4 July 2023 (UTC) ==Editorial board application of Alfred Amendolara== {{WikiJournal editor application submitted | position =Editorial board | name =Alfred Amendolara | qualifications =MS, DO (3rd year student, expected graduation 2025) | link =https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9696-8961 | areas_of_expertise =neuroscience/neurology, machine learning and AI, epidemiology | professional_experience =My research interests are fairly diverse and span from designing and implementing machine learning models to investigating the neuronal pathways responsible for central pattern generation. I initially worked as a graduate research assistant at Fortune Lab at New Jersey Institute of Technology. During this time I completed my thesis which modeled influenza trends using cutting edge machine learning tools. I went on to work as a research associate at Severi Lab, also at New Jersey Institute of Technology for several years. There I investigated zebra fish motor circuitry using both behavioral experiments and, more recently, computational modeling. I continue to be affiliated with NJIT, although no longer in a paid position. I am currently a 3rd year medical student. I spent the first year in the Addiction Lab at Brigham Young University performing electrophysiological experiments investigating the neural pathways responsible for alcohol dependence. I am currently working in the Payne Lab at Noorda College of Osteopathic Medicine as a graduate research assistant. Here I lead a number of projects including protein modeling of KCC2 channels in the brain (in order to investigate its role in addiction behaviors) as well as several in progress systematic reviews and meta-analyses. Additionally I am involved in an on-going clinical trail investigating mechanical nerve stimulation for the treatment of migraines. Over the past year I have actively regularly in reviewing for a number of journals. | publishing_experience =Founding co-Editor-in-chief of Intermountain Journal of Translational Medicine. I currently serve as the co-editor-in-chief of Intermountain Journal of Translational Medicine, a newly formed peer-reviewed journal published by Noorda College of Osteopathic Medicine aimed at early career researchers in the United States and beyond. We hope to complete our first issue by December of this year. | open_experience =I have edited Wikipedia pages in the past as a none-registered user. | policy_confirm =I confirm that I will act in accordance with the policies of the WikiJournal of Medicine. [[User:Alfred Amendolara|Alfred Amendolara]] ([[User talk:Alfred Amendolara|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Alfred Amendolara|contribs]]) 05:12, 3 August 2023 (UTC) }} *I am not sure that there is sufficient editorial experience with mainstream journals/publishers or with Wikipedia to support [[User:Rwatson1955|Rwatson1955]] ([[User talk:Rwatson1955|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Rwatson1955|contribs]]) 10:34, 12 January 2024 (UTC) *'''Decline''' While the Intermountain Journal of Translational Medicine is open access, it is far too new and published too few papers for me to comment on its quality. The author made no contributions to any wiki projects since the application to demonstrate their continued interest in the open movement or publishing. In the applicant's ORCID profile, several Open Science Framework items were misclassified as "journal articles". This suggests that applicant is confused between research registry and publications. [[User:OhanaUnited|<b><span style="color: #0000FF;">OhanaUnited</span></b>]][[User talk:OhanaUnited|<b><span style="color: green;">^{Talk page}</span></b>]] 03:38, 14 October 2024 (UTC) ==Editorial board application of Md. Tanzir Islam== {{WikiJournal editor application submitted | position =Editorial board | name =Md. Tanzir Islam | qualifications =MBBS, MD (Phase A - Nephrology) | link = | areas_of_expertise =Medical Education, Public Health, Clinical Research, Nephrology | professional_experience =As a dedicated physician and an ardent advocate for clinical research, I possess a profound foundation in medical education, public health, clinical research, and nephrology. My medical odyssey commenced at Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical College (BSMMC), further refined by an enriching internship at Dhaka Medical College (DMC). My passion lies in diminishing the gap between healthcare providers and patients through strategic knowledge dissemination and active participation in diverse educational platforms. Professional profiles: LinkedIn (https://www.linkedin.com/in/tanzir-islam-britto-629277129), ORCID (https://orcid.org/0009-0009-3936-055X), Cureus (https://cureus.com/users/515538-tanzir-islam-britto), Loop (https://loop.frontiersin.org/people/2410099/). | publishing_experience =I have written several medical articles and books, contributing significantly to fields such as pediatric oncology and nephrology. My works include "A Systematic Review on Childhood Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma: An Overlooked Entity," and "A Systematic Review of Pediatric Dialysis in Asia: Unveiling Demographic Trends, Clinical Representation, and Outcomes," both of which have been instrumental in highlighting critical areas in pediatric healthcare and advocating for advanced research and improved patient outcomes. | open_experience =Honored as a CUREUS Laureate and an esteemed peer reviewer, my endeavors underscore the paramount importance of excellence in medical research and scholarly publication. My scholarly contributions span across nephrology, endocrinology, and diabetes, epitomizing my unwavering commitment to propelling the frontiers of medical science and education. | policy_confirm =I hereby affirm my commitment to uphold the principles and policies of the WikiJournal of Medicine, ensuring integrity, transparency, and the advancement of medical knowledge. Md. Tanzir Islam [[User:Vespercasper|Vespercasper]] ([[User talk:Vespercasper|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Vespercasper|contribs]]) 19:46, 24 January 2024 (UTC) }} * This applicant lacks sufficient editorial experience to be recommended [[User:Rwatson1955|Rwatson1955]] ([[User talk:Rwatson1955|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Rwatson1955|contribs]]) 07:22, 2 February 2024 (UTC) * '''Decline''' The applicant lacks sufficient level of publication and editorial experience at this moment. [[User:OhanaUnited|<b><span style="color: #0000FF;">OhanaUnited</span></b>]][[User talk:OhanaUnited|<b><span style="color: green;">^{Talk page}</span></b>]] 03:42, 14 October 2024 (UTC) ==Associate editor application of Tesleemah Taye Abdulkareem== {{WikiJournal editor application submitted | position =Associate editor | name =Tesleemah Taye Abdulkareem | qualifications =Doctor of Optometry | link = | areas_of_expertise =Optometry | professional_experience = Founder Mira Sight Foundation (2022- Present), Extern optometrist in 2024 for 6 months at University of Ilorin Teaching Hospital, Optometrist Assistant at University of Medicine Teaching Hospital and Apple Eye clinic in 2022 | publishing_experience =The Pattern of Intraocular Pressure in Myopia: Students of University of Ilorin as a Case Study 2023 Seminar Presentation: Patient case study at University of Ilorin Teaching hospital Taiwo. E. A, Abdulkareem. T. T, Fajemisin. E. “The Nutraceutical Potential of Carrots Carotenoids in Chronic Eyes Defects (Ceds): A Review” Ssrn Electronic Journal, July 12, 2021. Kindly find the links below: https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=4939216 https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3885012 | open_experience =I am a board member of Wiki Project Medicine who has improved upon a good number of health articles and translated more into the Yoruba Language. Also, in 2023, I was the project lead of Wikimedia Awareness in Akure and one of the core organizers of the Wikiclimate Campus Tour Nigeria Project. To perfect my open organizing skill, I am a Certified Organiser for the organizer lab and experienced Wikimedia projects editor with over 300+ articles across English Wikipedia, Yoruba Wikipedia, Wikiquotes and Wikivoyage. Between 2022-2023, I was a training Associate with Free Knowledge Africa | policy_confirm =I confirm that I will act in accordance with the policies of the WikiJournal of Medicine. [[User:Tesleemah|Tesleemah]] ([[User talk:Tesleemah|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Tesleemah|contribs]]) 13:53, 17 October 2024 (UTC) }} :@[[User:Tesleemah|Tesleemah]] Thank you for your application and my apologies for the delay in responding to it. Do you have any peer-reviewed publications (e.g. journal articles or book chapters)? The SSM papers you linked are preprints, which are not peer-reviewed publications. [[User:OhanaUnited|<b><span style="color: #0000FF;">OhanaUnited</span></b>]][[User talk:OhanaUnited|<b><span style="color: green;">^{Talk page}</span></b>]] 21:37, 6 November 2024 (UTC) ::Ohh I was told the first one was published but guess it's just Preprint (I was a participatory author about 4 years ago and it was first time writing a research woek) and I am yet to publish the second one [[User:Tesleemah|Tesleemah]] ([[User talk:Tesleemah|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Tesleemah|contribs]]) 03:33, 14 November 2024 (UTC) :::@[[User:Tesleemah|Tesleemah]] Given your experience, would you be open to consider applying for associate editor position as opposed to editorial board position? For editorial board, we're looking for individuals with peer-reviewed publications. Associate editor positions require lesser experience. [[User:OhanaUnited|<b><span style="color: #0000FF;">OhanaUnited</span></b>]][[User talk:OhanaUnited|<b><span style="color: green;">^{Talk page}</span></b>]] 18:45, 14 November 2024 (UTC) ::::Alright that's fine [[User:Tesleemah|Tesleemah]] ([[User talk:Tesleemah|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Tesleemah|contribs]]) 19:28, 14 November 2024 (UTC) ::::: Thanks. I have changed your application to associate editor. I am in '''support''' of your associate editor application. Please wait for other editorial board members to review and comment on your application. [[User:OhanaUnited|<b><span style="color: #0000FF;">OhanaUnited</span></b>]][[User talk:OhanaUnited|<b><span style="color: green;">^{Talk page}</span></b>]] 21:39, 18 November 2024 (UTC) ==Associate editor application of Truong Gia Hy Do== {{WikiJournal editor application submitted | position =Associate editor | name =Truong Gia Hy Do | qualifications =BS (Genetics) PHD (1st year student) | link =https://medicine.umich.edu/dept/cdb/hy-do | areas_of_expertise =Biomedical sciences, biology, genetics | professional_experience =Graduate research assistant, tutoring | publishing_experience =One co-authorship publication (doi: 10.3389/fcell.2024.1460669), another co-authored paper submitted for publication | open_experience =I am an active editor on Vietnamese Wikipedia (primarily translation, have published 160 articles) | policy_confirm =I confirm that I will act in accordance with the policies of the WikiJournal of Medicine. [[User:Dotruonggiahy12|Dotruonggiahy12]] ([[User talk:Dotruonggiahy12|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dotruonggiahy12|contribs]]) 21:01, 16 November 2024 (UTC) }} :* '''Support''' An editor who has good mix of open and publishing experience who understands the wiki environment. His professional experience will grow over time. [[User:OhanaUnited|<b><span style="color: #0000FF;">OhanaUnited</span></b>]][[User talk:OhanaUnited|<b><span style="color: green;">^{Talk page}</span></b>]] 21:43, 18 November 2024 (UTC) b7mzojnxvmafhhzhm9y1fzfvlftee6l 0 171005 2691407 2691239 2024-12-11T14:21:03Z Young1lim 21186 /* Geometric Series Examples */ 2691407 wikitext text/x-wiki Many of the functions that arise naturally in mathematics and real world applications can be extended to and regarded as complex functions, meaning the input, as well as the output, can be complex numbers <math>x+iy</math>, where <math>i=\sqrt{-1}</math>, in such a way that it is a more natural object to study. '''Complex analysis''', which used to be known as '''function theory''' or '''theory of functions of a single complex variable''', is a sub-field of analysis that studies such functions (more specifically, '''holomorphic''' functions) on the complex plane, or part (domain) or extension (Riemann surface) thereof. It notably has great importance in number theory, e.g. the [[Riemann zeta function]] (for the distribution of primes) and other <math>L</math>-functions, modular forms, elliptic functions, etc. <blockquote>The shortest path between two truths in the real domain passes through the complex domain. — [[wikipedia:Jacques_Hadamard|Jacques Hadamard]]</blockquote>In a certain sense, the essence of complex functions is captured by the principle of [[analytic continuation]].{{mathematics}} ==''' Complex Functions '''== * Complex Functions ([[Media:CAnal.1.A.CFunction.20140222.Basic.pdf|1.A.pdf]], [[Media:CAnal.1.B.CFunction.20140111.Octave.pdf|1.B.pdf]], [[Media:CAnal.1.C.CFunction.20140111.Extend.pdf|1.C.pdf]]) * Complex Exponential and Logarithm ([[Media:CAnal.5.A.CLog.20131017.pdf|5.A.pdf]], [[Media:CAnal.5.A.Octave.pdf|5.B.pdf]]) * Complex Trigonometric and Hyperbolic ([[Media:CAnal.7.A.CTrigHyper..pdf|7.A.pdf]], [[Media:CAnal.7.A.Octave..pdf|7.B.pdf]]) '''Complex Function Note''' : 1. Exp and Log Function Note ([[Media:ComplexExp.29160721.pdf|H1.pdf]]) : 2. Trig and TrigH Function Note ([[Media:CAnal.Trig-H.29160901.pdf|H1.pdf]]) : 3. Inverse Trig and TrigH Functions Note ([[Media:CAnal.Hyper.29160829.pdf|H1.pdf]]) ==''' Complex Integrals '''== * Complex Integrals ([[Media:CAnal.2.A.CIntegral.20140224.Basic.pdf|2.A.pdf]], [[Media:CAnal.2.B.CIntegral.20140117.Octave.pdf|2.B.pdf]], [[Media:CAnal.2.C.CIntegral.20140117.Extend.pdf|2.C.pdf]]) ==''' Complex Series '''== * Complex Series ([[Media:CPX.Series.20150226.2.Basic.pdf|3.A.pdf]], [[Media:CAnal.3.B.CSeries.20140121.Octave.pdf|3.B.pdf]], [[Media:CAnal.3.C.CSeries.20140303.Extend.pdf|3.C.pdf]]) ==''' Residue Integrals '''== * Residue Integrals ([[Media:CAnal.4.A.Residue.20140227.Basic.pdf|4.A.pdf]], [[Media:CAnal.4.B.pdf|4.B.pdf]], [[Media:CAnal.4.C.Residue.20140423.Extend.pdf|4.C.pdf]]) ==='''Residue Integrals Note'''=== * Laurent Series with the Residue Theorem Note ([[Media:Laurent.1.Residue.20170713.pdf|H1.pdf]]) * Laurent Series with Applications Note ([[Media:Laurent.2.Applications.20170327.pdf|H1.pdf]]) * Laurent Series and the z-Transform Note ([[Media:Laurent.3.z-Trans.20170831.pdf|H1.pdf]]) * Laurent Series as a Geometric Series Note ([[Media:Laurent.4.GSeries.20170802.pdf|H1.pdf]]) === Laurent Series and the z-Transform Example Note === * Overview ([[Media:Laurent.4.z-Example.20170926.pdf|H1.pdf]]) ====Geometric Series Examples==== * Causality ([[Media:Laurent.5.Causality.1.A.20191026n.pdf|A.pdf]], [[Media:Laurent.5.Causality.1.B.20191026.pdf|B.pdf]]) * Time Shift ([[Media:Laurent.5.TimeShift.2.A.20191028.pdf|A.pdf]], [[Media:Laurent.5.TimeShift.2.B.20191029.pdf|B.pdf]]) * Reciprocity ([[Media:Laurent.5.Reciprocity.3A.20191030.pdf|A.pdf]], [[Media:Laurent.5.Reciprocity.3B.20191031.pdf|B.pdf]]) * Combinations ([[Media:Laurent.5.Combination.4A.20200702.pdf|A.pdf]], [[Media:Laurent.5.Combination.4B.20201002.pdf|B.pdf]]) * Properties ([[Media:Laurent.5.Property.5A.20220105.pdf|A.pdf]], [[Media:Laurent.5.Property.5B.20220126.pdf|B.pdf]]) * Permutations ([[Media:Laurent.6.Permutation.6A.20230711.pdf|A.pdf]], [[Media:Laurent.5.Permutation.6B.20241211.pdf|B.pdf]], [[Media:Laurent.5.Permutation.6C.20240528.pdf|C.pdf]]) * Applications ([[Media:Laurent.5.Application.6B.20220723.pdf|A.pdf]]) * Double Pole Case :- Examples ([[Media:Laurent.5.DPoleEx.7A.20220722.pdf|A.pdf]], [[Media:Laurent.5.DPoleEx.7B.20220720.pdf|B.pdf]]) :- Properties ([[Media:Laurent.5.DPoleProp.5A.20190226.pdf|A.pdf]], [[Media:Laurent.5.DPoleProp.5B.20190228.pdf|B.pdf]]) ====The Case Examples==== * Example Overview : ([[Media:Laurent.4.Example.0.A.20171208.pdf|0A.pdf]], [[Media:Laurent.6.CaseExample.0.B.20180205.pdf|0B.pdf]]) * Example Case 1 : ([[Media:Laurent.4.Example.1.A.20171107.pdf|1A.pdf]], [[Media:Laurent.4.Example.1.B.20171227.pdf|1B.pdf]]) * Example Case 2 : ([[Media:Laurent.4.Example.2.A.20171107.pdf|2A.pdf]], [[Media:Laurent.4.Example.2.B.20171227.pdf|2B.pdf]]) * Example Case 3 : ([[Media:Laurent.4.Example.3.A.20171017.pdf|3A.pdf]], [[Media:Laurent.4.Example.3.B.20171226.pdf|3B.pdf]]) * Example Case 4 : ([[Media:Laurent.4.Example.4.A.20171017.pdf|4A.pdf]], [[Media:Laurent.4.Example.4.B.20171228.pdf|4B.pdf]]) * Example Summary : ([[Media:Laurent.4.Example.5.A.20171212.pdf|5A.pdf]], [[Media:Laurent.4.Example.5.B.20171230.pdf|5B.pdf]]) ==''' Conformal Mapping '''== * Conformal Mapping ([[Media:CAnal.6.A.Conformal.20131224.pdf|6.A.pdf]], [[Media:CAnal.6.A.Octave..pdf|6.B.pdf]]) go to [ [[Electrical_%26_Computer_Engineering_Studies]] ] [[Category:Complex analysis]] ta764lcgax0x7kb9thoowm837yzc210 0 203697 2691480 2105866 2024-12-11T19:03:12Z CommonsDelinker 9184 Removing [[:c:File:UnitedSiouxTribesFlag.png|UnitedSiouxTribesFlag.png]], it has been deleted from Commons by [[:c:User:Krd|Krd]] because: No permission since 30 November 2024. 2691480 wikitext text/x-wiki ''This project is under construction by ENGL 101_033, 020, and 045 at UW-Stout. Contact user emistuemke for information.'' The '''[[w:Dakota_people|Dakota-Sioux]]''' and '''[//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ojibwe Ojibwe]''' tribes(two confederacies of the larger tribes) in the Dunn County area have been at war since the late 1600's(Earliest existing record is 1671.)<ref name=":0">''[https://uwstout.courses.wisconsin.edu/d2l/le/content/3090366/viewContent/18739500/View History, Tradition, and Adventure in the Chippewa Valley]'' by Bartlett, William</ref> How this rivalry began is suspected to originally fester when pressure for hunting territory was fierce and caused many wars between tribes.<ref name=":0" /> The bloodiest of all these skirmishes was the battle fought in the Chippewa Basin in the year of 1765. 10 years before the [[Revolutionary War]], Captain Jonathon Carver witnessed this battle raging in [//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chippewa_Falls,_Wisconsin Chippewa Falls] at the Red Cedar otherwise known as the [http://chippewa.com/dunnconnect/news/local/history/fight-scene-land-between-red-cedar-and-chippewa-rivers-was/article_5eace0d0-23e8-554c-b2b8-9d67fad17c81.html Road of War].<ref name=":2">[https://uwstout.courses.wisconsin.edu/d2l/le/content/3090366/viewContent/18738666/View "Odd Indian Boundary Found at Last"] by Bartlett, William. Found in the ''Milwaukee Journal'', pg. 37</ref><ref name=":1">[http://chippewa.com/dunnconnect/news/local/history/scenes-of-yesteryear-the-treaty-s-wisconsin-results/article_8e5929d2-0ea1-11e3-ac26-0019bb2963f4.html Scenes of Yesteryear: 1825 Treaty]</ref>The last notable war was fought in the fall of 1855. Survivors of this battle told stories of the bloody fight as their chief allowed it.<ref>[https://uwstout.courses.wisconsin.edu/d2l/le/content/3090366/viewContent/18738672/View "Indians Form Society Here"] ''The Superior Telegram,'' February 14, 1925</ref> August 19th, 1825, 140 Indian chieftains gathered in [[w:Prairie_du_Chien,_Wisconsin|Prairie du Chien]] to establish boundaries of claimed land. This proclamation was final on February 6th, 1826.<ref name=":1" /> == The Tribes == [[File:OjibwaSymbolComp1.png|thumb|A picture relating to the Ojibwe Tribe. The Thunderbird is a symbol for the Ojibwe people. The text beneath it is Ojibwe Text. The pinwheel of colors stands for heart(white), mind(black), body(yellow), and spirit(red) surrounding a healthy community(the blank inner circle only slightly visible behind the ThunderBird.)]] === Ojibwe === The name '''Ojibwe''' is said to have many different meanings. Though the term "puckered up" come up more often. One of the theories behind this term is for the puckered seams on the traditional moccasins that they wore. Another idea is that they are named after the way they tortured their enemies captured from war. The Ojibwe people burned their victims alive and when the skin "puckered" is how they are believed to get their name.<ref>[https://www.mpm.edu/wirp/ICW-151.html Ojibwe History] ''Indian Country Wisconsin''</ref> === Dakota Sioux === The Sioux nation is made up of three divisions: [[w:Dakota_people|Dakota]], [[w:Lakota_people|Lakota]], and [[w:Nakota|Nakota]]. The term "sioux" isn't actually a tribe name. Though ''Sioux'' is an abbreviation of the word ''Naudouessioux''. This translates to means 'enemy'. Some 18th century French fur traders asked the Ojibwe's what kind of people lived to the west and the they said "sioux." Which in the Ojibwe tongue means "enemy." [[w:Lakota_people|Lakota]] really means "ally."<ref>[http://www.whats-your-sign.com/Sioux-symbols.html The Meaning of the word Sioux] ''What's your sign''</ref> == Skirmishes/Feuds == === Battles of the Ojibwe and Dakota-Sioux === The pressure for hunting territory began wars among the tribes. This violence was encouraged by the white allies.<ref>[http://www.ojibwe.org/home/pdf/More_Ojibwe_History_Summary.pdf Ojibwe History pt 2.]''(.pdf) Minnesota Historical Society''</ref> In 1671 the Sioux tribes were attacked at the head of Lake Superior and were defeated by the Algonquins and Hurons. In 1702 the [http://www.sacandfoxks.com/sacfox.nsf/ContentPage.xsp?action=openDocument&documentId=EC854C1650666A8B862576950079CFE2 Fox and Sac] tribes were unsatisfied with the Chippewa tribes so they made peace and joined the Sioux. This created a great war that became known as "The Hereditary War between the Sioux and the Chippeways.”<ref name=":0" /> The Ojibwe Indians were constantly at war with those of their own race. Though they never had an issue with the whites around them. But at one time there was a rumor going around that the Ojibwe were going to attack the white residents (this caused a great panic until put to rest of the false claim.)<ref name=":0" /> Out of the many bloody feuds that occurred, the bloodiest battle took place in the Chippewa basin. There were many ambushes here along the Chippewa and Red Cedar rivers, otherwise known as the "[http://chippewa.com/dunnconnect/news/local/history/fight-scene-land-between-red-cedar-and-chippewa-rivers-was/article_5eace0d0-23e8-554c-b2b8-9d67fad17c81.html Road of War]."<ref name=":2" /> During Battle at [http://www.historicalmarkerproject.com/markers/HM9D0_the-battle-of-st-croix-falls_St-Croix-Falls-WI.html St. Croix Falls] in 1770, the Ojibwe defeated the Santee Dakota (Dakota-Sioux) which ended any further important Santee presence in northwestern Wisconsin.<ref>''[https://uwstout.courses.wisconsin.edu/d2l/le/content/3090366/viewContent/18738663/View Indians, Europeans, and Americans 1700-1800 (.pdf)]''</ref> The last ''important'' battle was fought in the fall of 1855. The stories of this battle were told by the survivors of this bloody battle just south of Prairie Farm.<ref>[https://uwstout.courses.wisconsin.edu/d2l/le/content/3090366/viewContent/18738661/View Chippewa Chief..(.pdf)] ''Dunn County News''</ref> === Tribes of Wisconsin === Wisconsin was home to more than 30 American Indian tribes in the history of the United States. No other states come close to that number nor the complications that arose from these tribes. There were at least three linguistic stocks, a parent language and all its derived dialects and languages; [[w:Algonquian_peoples|Algonquian]], [[w:Iroquois|Iroquoian]], and [http://www.accessgenealogy.com/native/siouan-tribes-of-the-east.htm Siouan]. A majority spoke [[w:Algonquian_peoples|Algonquian]]. Some of the tribes that spoke this language were the Ojibwe, Kickapoo, Illinois, Munsee, Mahican, [[w:Menominee|Menominee]], Laml, Peoria, Mascouten Noquet, Potawatomi, Sauk, Stockbridge, Wyandot, and some sub-divisions. Those which spoke Siouan included the Iowa, Missouri, Ottawa, Dakota, Santee Dakota, Winnebago, which has been known today as the Hochunk. Tribes whom spoke [[w:Iroquois|Iroquoian]] were the Oneida, Seneca, and Huron.<ref name=":1" /> By the mid-1700’s in Wisconsin there were five basic territories of [[w:Dunn_County,_Wisconsin|Dunn County]]. Said territories were maintained by the following tribes; the Chipeway, the Monomonie, the Ottigaumies, the Saukeis, and the Winnebago, also known as the [[w:Ho-Chunk|Ho-Chunk tribe]].<ref name=":1" />            One of these territories included the area of the Chippewa and Red Cedar Rivers ([http://chippewa.com/dunnconnect/news/local/history/fight-scene-land-between-red-cedar-and-chippewa-rivers-was/article_5eace0d0-23e8-554c-b2b8-9d67fad17c81.html Road of War]), where many of the battles between the Santee Dakota (Dakota Sioux) and Ojibwe tribes took place. It's been siad there have been numerous battles between the tribes at this location. Over 20 miles of the land between the two rivers was known as the “[http://chippewa.com/dunnconnect/news/local/history/fight-scene-land-between-red-cedar-and-chippewa-rivers-was/article_5eace0d0-23e8-554c-b2b8-9d67fad17c81.html Road of War]." Almost fifty years later in 1825 it was decided by the white advisors that the two tribes should meet to determine the borders of their territories.<ref name=":1" />            == Treaty == === When/How the Treaty Happened === On August 19th, 1825, 140 Indian chieftains representing the; [http://www.accessgenealogy.com/native/siouan-tribes-of-the-east.htm Sioux], [http://www.sacandfoxks.com/sacfox.nsf/ContentPage.xsp?action=openDocument&documentId=EC854C1650666A8B862576950079CFE2 Sac], [http://www.sacandfoxks.com/sacfox.nsf/ContentPage.xsp?action=openDocument&documentId=EC854C1650666A8B862576950079CFE2 Fox], [[w:Menominee|Menominee]], Ioway, Winnebago([[w:Ho-Chunk|Ho-Chunk]]), and the Anishinaabeg([[w:Ojibwe|Ojibwe]]), the Council of Three Fires of Chippewa, Ottawa, and Potawatomi, gathered at [[w:Prairie_du_Chien,_Wisconsin|Prairie du Chien]] to establish the boundaries declaring their territory. It was finalized on February 6th, 1826. Because of this treaty white opportunists had the chance to purchase land from the tribes. The need arose for [[w:Indian_reservation|Indian Reservations]] to preserve the ownership of what was left of the traditional lands.<ref name=":1" /> == External Links == [[Revolutionary War]] [//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chippewa_Falls,_Wisconsin Chippewa Falls] [http://chippewa.com/dunnconnect/news/local/history/fight-scene-land-between-red-cedar-and-chippewa-rivers-was/article_5eace0d0-23e8-554c-b2b8-9d67fad17c81.html "Road of War"] [//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dakota_people Dakota-Sioux] [//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ojibwe Ojibwe] [//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prairie_du_Chien,_Wisconsin Prairie du Chien] [http://www.historicalmarkerproject.com/markers/HM9D0_the-battle-of-st-croix-falls_St-Croix-Falls-WI.html St. Croix Falls, 1770] [http://www.sacandfoxks.com/sacfox.nsf/ContentPage.xsp?action=openDocument&documentId=EC854C1650666A8B862576950079CFE2 Fox and Sac Tribes] [[w:Algonquian_peoples|Algonquian]] [[w:Iroquois|Iroquois]] [[w:Dunn_County,_Wisconsin|Dunn County]] [http://www.accessgenealogy.com/native/siouan-tribes-of-the-east.htm Siouan] [[w:Menominee|Menominee]] [[w:Ho-Chunk|Ho-Chunk Tribe]] [[w:Dakota_people|Dakota]] [[w:Lakota_people|Lakota]] [[w:Nakota|Nakota]] [[w:Indian_reservation|Indian Reservations]] == References == <references /> {{CourseCat}} h5gyooygg9smq7ue72ij065n3dgxd92 0 203942 2691530 2691331 2024-12-11T23:23:41Z Young1lim 21186 /* Lambda Calculus */ 2691530 wikitext text/x-wiki ==Introduction== * Overview I ([[Media:HSKL.Overview.1.A.20160806.pdf |pdf]]) * Overview II ([[Media:HSKL.Overview.2.A.20160926.pdf |pdf]]) * Overview III ([[Media:HSKL.Overview.3.A.20161011.pdf |pdf]]) * Overview IV ([[Media:HSKL.Overview.4.A.20161104.pdf |pdf]]) * Overview V ([[Media:HSKL.Overview.5.A.20161108.pdf |pdf]]) </br> ==Applications== * Sudoku Background ([[Media:Sudoku.Background.0.A.20161108.pdf |pdf]]) * Bird's Implementation :- Specification ([[Media:Sudoku.1Bird.1.A.Spec.20170425.pdf |pdf]]) :- Rules ([[Media:Sudoku.1Bird.2.A.Rule.20170201.pdf |pdf]]) :- Pruning ([[Media:Sudoku.1Bird.3.A.Pruning.20170211.pdf |pdf]]) :- Expanding ([[Media:Sudoku.1Bird.4.A.Expand.20170506.pdf |pdf]]) </br> ==Using GHCi== * Getting started ([[Media:GHCi.Start.1.A.20170605.pdf |pdf]]) </br> ==Using Libraries== * Library ([[Media:Library.1.A.20170605.pdf |pdf]]) </br> </br> ==Types== * Constructors ([[Media:Background.1.A.Constructor.20180904.pdf |pdf]]) * TypeClasses ([[Media:Background.1.B.TypeClass.20180904.pdf |pdf]]) * Types ([[Media:MP3.1A.Mut.Type.20200721.pdf |pdf]]) * Primitive Types ([[Media:MP3.1B.Mut.PrimType.20200611.pdf |pdf]]) * Polymorphic Types ([[Media:MP3.1C.Mut.Polymorphic.20201212.pdf |pdf]]) ==Functions== * Functions ([[Media:Background.1.C.Function.20180712.pdf |pdf]]) * Operators ([[Media:Background.1.E.Operator.20180707.pdf |pdf]]) * Continuation Passing Style ([[Media:MP3.1D.Mut.Continuation.20220110.pdf |pdf]]) ==Expressions== * Expressions I ([[Media:Background.1.D.Expression.20180707.pdf |pdf]]) * Expressions II ([[Media:MP3.1E.Mut.Expression.20220628.pdf |pdf]]) * Non-terminating Expressions ([[Media:MP3.1F.Mut.Non-terminating.20220616.pdf |pdf]]) </br> </br> ==Lambda Calculus== * Lambda Calculus - informal description ([[Media:LCal.1A.informal.20220831.pdf |pdf]]) * Lambda Calculus - Formal definition ([[Media:LCal.2A.formal.20221015.pdf |pdf]]) * Expression Reduction ([[Media:LCal.3A.reduction.20220920.pdf |pdf]]) * Normal Forms ([[Media:LCal.4A.Normal.20220903.pdf |pdf]]) * Encoding Datatypes :- Church Numerals ([[Media:LCal.5A.Numeral.20230627.pdf |pdf]]) :- Church Booleans ([[Media:LCal.6A.Boolean.20230815.pdf |pdf]]) :- Functions ([[Media:LCal.7A.Function.20231230.pdf |pdf]]) :- Combinators ([[Media:LCal.8A.Combinator.20241202.pdf |pdf]]) :- Recursions ([[Media:LCal.9A.Recursion.20241212.pdf |pdf]]) </br> </br> ==Function Oriented Typeclasses== === Functors === * Functor Overview ([[Media:Functor.1.A.Overview.20180802.pdf |pdf]]) * Function Functor ([[Media:Functor.2.A.Function.20180804.pdf |pdf]]) * Functor Lifting ([[Media:Functor.2.B.Lifting.20180721.pdf |pdf]]) === Applicatives === * Applicatives Overview ([[Media:Applicative.3.A.Overview.20180606.pdf |pdf]]) * Applicatives Methods ([[Media:Applicative.3.B.Method.20180519.pdf |pdf]]) * Function Applicative ([[Media:Applicative.3.A.Function.20180804.pdf |pdf]]) * Applicatives Sequencing ([[Media:Applicative.3.C.Sequencing.20180606.pdf |pdf]]) === Monads I : Background === * Side Effects ([[Media:Monad.P1.1A.SideEffect.20190316.pdf |pdf]]) * Monad Overview ([[Media:Monad.P1.2A.Overview.20190308.pdf |pdf]]) * Monadic Operations ([[Media:Monad.P1.3A.Operations.20190308.pdf |pdf]]) * Maybe Monad ([[Media:Monad.P1.4A.Maybe.201900606.pdf |pdf]]) * IO Actions ([[Media:Monad.P1.5A.IOAction.20190606.pdf |pdf]]) * Several Monad Types ([[Media:Monad.P1.6A.Types.20191016.pdf |pdf]]) === Monads II : State Transformer Monads === * State Transformer : - State Transformer Basics ([[Media:MP2.1A.STrans.Basic.20191002.pdf |pdf]]) : - State Transformer Generic Monad ([[Media:MP2.1B.STrans.Generic.20191002.pdf |pdf]]) : - State Transformer Monads ([[Media:MP2.1C.STrans.Monad.20191022.pdf |pdf]]) * State Monad : - State Monad Basics ([[Media:MP2.2A.State.Basic.20190706.pdf |pdf]]) : - State Monad Methods ([[Media:MP2.2B.State.Method.20190706.pdf |pdf]]) : - State Monad Examples ([[Media:MP2.2C.State.Example.20190706.pdf |pdf]]) === Monads III : Mutable State Monads === * Mutability Background : - Inhabitedness ([[Media:MP3.1F.Mut.Inhabited.20220319.pdf |pdf]]) : - Existential Types ([[Media:MP3.1E.Mut.Existential.20220128.pdf |pdf]]) : - forall Keyword ([[Media:MP3.1E.Mut.forall.20210316.pdf |pdf]]) : - Mutability and Strictness ([[Media:MP3.1C.Mut.Strictness.20200613.pdf |pdf]]) : - Strict and Lazy Packages ([[Media:MP3.1D.Mut.Package.20200620.pdf |pdf]]) * Mutable Objects : - Mutable Variables ([[Media:MP3.1B.Mut.Variable.20200224.pdf |pdf]]) : - Mutable Data Structures ([[Media:MP3.1D.Mut.DataStruct.20191226.pdf |pdf]]) * IO Monad : - IO Monad Basics ([[Media:MP3.2A.IO.Basic.20191019.pdf |pdf]]) : - IO Monad Methods ([[Media:MP3.2B.IO.Method.20191022.pdf |pdf]]) : - IORef Mutable Variable ([[Media:MP3.2C.IO.IORef.20191019.pdf |pdf]]) * ST Monad : - ST Monad Basics ([[Media:MP3.3A.ST.Basic.20191031.pdf |pdf]]) : - ST Monad Methods ([[Media:MP3.3B.ST.Method.20191023.pdf |pdf]]) : - STRef Mutable Variable ([[Media:MP3.3C.ST.STRef.20191023.pdf |pdf]]) === Monads IV : Reader and Writer Monads === * Function Monad ([[Media:Monad.10.A.Function.20180806.pdf |pdf]]) * Monad Transformer ([[Media:Monad.3.I.Transformer.20180727.pdf |pdf]]) * MonadState Class :: - State & StateT Monads ([[Media:Monad.9.A.MonadState.Monad.20180920.pdf |pdf]]) :: - MonadReader Class ([[Media:Monad.9.B.MonadState.Class.20180920.pdf |pdf]]) * MonadReader Class :: - Reader & ReaderT Monads ([[Media:Monad.11.A.Reader.20180821.pdf |pdf]]) :: - MonadReader Class ([[Media:Monad.12.A.MonadReader.20180821.pdf |pdf]]) * Control Monad ([[Media:Monad.9.A.Control.20180908.pdf |pdf]]) === Monoid === * Monoids ([[Media:Monoid.4.A.20180508.pdf |pdf]]) === Arrow === * Arrows ([[Media:Arrow.1.A.20190504.pdf |pdf]]) </br> ==Polymorphism== * Polymorphism Overview ([[Media:Poly.1.A.20180220.pdf |pdf]]) </br> ==Concurrent Haskell == </br> go to [ [[Electrical_%26_Computer_Engineering_Studies]] ] ==External links== * [http://learnyouahaskell.com/introduction Learn you Haskell] * [http://book.realworldhaskell.org/read/ Real World Haskell] * [http://www.scs.stanford.edu/14sp-cs240h/slides/ Standford Class Material] [[Category:Haskell|programming in plain view]] s0fg5kh8h9k5bewzzplseyp60njniur 0 212733 2691542 2691344 2024-12-11T23:48:10Z Young1lim 21186 /* Using Libraries */ 2691542 wikitext text/x-wiki ==''' Part I '''== <!----------------------------------------------------------------------> === Introduction === * Overview * Memory * Number <!----------------------------------------------------------------------> === Python for C programmers === * Hello, World! ([[Media:CProg.Hello.1A.20230406.pdf |pdf]]) * Statement Level ([[Media:CProg.Statement.1A.20230509.pdf |pdf]]) * Output with print * Formatted output * File IO <!----------------------------------------------------------------------> === Using Libraries === * Scripts ([[Media:Python.Work2.Script.1A.20231129.pdf |pdf]]) * Modules ([[Media:Python.Work2.Module.1A.20231216.pdf |pdf]]) * Packages ([[Media:Python.Work2.Package.1A.20241207.pdf |pdf]]) * Libraries ([[Media:Python.Work2.Library.1A.20241212.pdf |pdf]]) * Namespaces ([[Media:Python.Work2.Scope.1A.20231021.pdf |pdf]]) <!----------------------------------------------------------------------> === Handling Repetition === * Control ([[Media:Python.Repeat1.Control.1.A.20230314.pdf |pdf]]) * Loop ([[Media:Repeat2.Loop.1A.20230401.pdf |pdf]]) <!----------------------------------------------------------------------> === Handling a Big Work === * Functions ([[Media:Python.Work1.Function.1A.20230529.pdf |pdf]]) * Lambda ([[Media:Python.Work2.Lambda.1A.20230705.pdf |pdf]]) * Type Annotations ([[Media:Python.Work2.AtypeAnnot.1A.20230817.pdf |pdf]]) <!----------------------------------------------------------------------> === Handling Series of Data === * Arrays ([[Media:Python.Series1.Array.1A.pdf |pdf]]) * Tuples ([[Media:Python.Series2.Tuple.1A.pdf |pdf]]) * Lists ([[Media:Python.Series3.List.1A.pdf |pdf]]) * Tuples ([[Media:Python.Series4.Tuple.1A.pdf |pdf]]) * Sets ([[Media:Python.Series5.Set.1A.pdf |pdf]]) * Dictionary ([[Media:Python.Series6.Dictionary.1A.pdf |pdf]]) <!----------------------------------------------------------------------> === Handling Various Kinds of Data === * Types * Operators ([[Media:Python.Data3.Operators.1.A.pdf |pdf]]) * Files ([[Media:Python.Data4.File.1.A.pdf |pdf]]) <!----------------------------------------------------------------------> === Class and Objects === * Classes & Objects ([[Media:Python.Work2.Class.1A.20230906.pdf |pdf]]) * Inheritance <!----------------------------------------------------------------------> </br> == Python in Numerical Analysis == </br> </br> go to [ [[Electrical_%26_Computer_Engineering_Studies]] ] ==External links== * [http://www.southampton.ac.uk/~fangohr/training/python/pdfs/Python-for-Computational-Science-and-Engineering.pdf Python and Computational Science and Engineering] 7geqs0w2pgmlso8ax7cml74fdmsvscv 10 213215 2691605 2175055 2024-12-12T10:42:09Z 38.51.153.20 Undo all revisions. Resource is empty, but not [[Wikiversity:Deletions|deleted]]. 2691605 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 0 215893 2691504 2667799 2024-12-11T20:32:25Z PickleRick1504 2936980 /* Abortion should be legal in any stage of pregnancy */ Add objection #DebateTools 2691504 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Wikidebate}} {{Law}} This debate is about the question whether abortion should be ''legal'', not about whether abortion is ''moral'' or the best course of action. This debate assumes that all (other, depending on your location) currently unlawful killings should remain as such. == Abortion should be legal in any stage of pregnancy == === Pro === * {{Argument for}} Abortion without proper medical support endangers the mother's life, which happens when women seek unsafe abortion due to abortion ban. This is one mode by which the act of banning abortion results in otherwise avoidable deaths. ** {{Objection}} Unsafe abortion without proper medical support is already illegal. The solution to prevent endangerment of the mother's life is to better enforce existing laws, not legalizing pre-existing offences. *** {{Objection}} No evidence has been presented that tightening of enforcement of abortion bans will reduce the unsafe illegal abortions to zero. Of these, non-zero number of mothers' deaths may still result. Whether the proposed intervention (of better enforcement) will eliminate all unsafe-abortion-caused otherwise avoidable deaths is an ''empirical'' question and cannot be answered by philosophising; in any case, it seems likely that at least one otherwise avoidable unsafe-abortion-caused death will ensue. * {{Argument for}} Procedures designed to save mother's life during pregnancy are often indistinguishable from abortion.<ref name="proconorg">{{Cite web|url=https://abortion.procon.org/|title=Abortion - Top Arguments For and Against - ProCon.org|website=Abortion|language=en-US|access-date=2022-08-16}}</ref> As a result, the act of banning abortion leads to reduced or delayed administration of life-saving procedures for the fear of legal prosecution.<ref name="proconorg" /> This is another mode by which the act of banning abortion results in otherwise avoidable deaths. The ban-caused additional mother deaths may be reduced by allowing life-saving abortions as an exception to the ban, but these deaths are still not necessarily reduced to zero since adding legal element to the deliberation adds risk to the medical doctor, who must be ready to prove that the abortion was necessary to save the mother's life. * {{Argument for}} If a woman lives in an environment exceedingly hostile to her situation (for example a pregnancy out of wedlock in a country under Sharia Law) then continuing with the pregnancy would risk her chances of a healthy and happy life, if not her life. ** {{Objection}} From a [[Wikipedia:Deontological ethics|deontological]] perspective, the end doesn't justify the means and the pragmatic benefits of abortion do not justify allowing it. *** {{Objection}} In a hostile environment, the life of the mother is under threat with reasonable certainty. In some cases, discovery of pregnancy can result in the killing of both the mother and the fetus. Since one of the lives (the mother's) can be saved through abortion in every instance, the deontological principle of "ends not justifying the means" cannot be accepted as a universal maxim. ** {{Objection}} Some people have mental illnesses that cause them to ''need'' to burn down buildings, kill people or steal thins, but we don't legalize such acts because of such people. *** {{Objection}} ok what does this have to do with abortion? Exactly what you’re saying some people aren’t mentally stable enough so they have the need to have an abortion for the child’s sake * {{Argument for}} Nobody is obliged to save someone else. ** {{Objection}} On the contrary, parents have a legal and moral obligation to protect the lives of their children. ** {{Objection}} Abortion isn't just refusing to save someone: it's taking active steps to end that someone's life. *** {{Objection}} If we are talking about human rights, a child actually doesn’t consent to being born and making abortion illegal by calling it protection of the foetus may not be what the child grows up to want. * {{Argument for}} There's a potential link between legalizing abortion and reducing crime.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.worldcat.org/title/freakonomics-a-rogue-economist-explores-the-hidden-side-of-everything/oclc/73307236|title=Freakonomics: a rogue economist explores the hidden side of everything|last=Levitt|first=Steven D|last2=Dubner|first2=Stephen J|date=2006|isbn=9780061234002|language=English|oclc=73307236}}</ref>{{Clarify}} * {{Argument for}} Legalizing abortion is useful to help control overpopulation. ** {{Objection}} So is legalizing murder, promoting war, releasing deadly viruses, etc. *** {{Objection}} In short all you are saying is that the murder should be allowed in the country.... *** {{Objection}} The other methods listed are almost unanimously agreed to be unethical, while abortion (when chosen by the pregnant) is a more balanced, ambiguous, and potentially acceptable method. **** {{Objection}} Even if abortion isn't as clearly unethical as other methods, it still isn't acceptable just by being better than the alternatives for controlling overpopulation. ***** {{Objection}} It isn't acceptable simply by virtue of being less ethical, but rather by virtue of its benefits to the mother's rights over her own body. * {{Argument for}} Criminalizing abortion would not end abortion, though it may reduce the rate of abortions. If we are concerned about reducing the rate of abortions, there are better ways of doing this, e.g. publicly funded contraception. ** {{Objection}} An anti-abortion law would extend the law against murder. Laws on human life don't prevent actions but are [[W:symbolic law|symbolic]] to a moral stance of a nation. *** {{Objection}} Prioritizing morality over the health of a mother undermines her right to self-preservation, potentially harming both her and the child. Laws should consider the real-life implications on individual well-being, not just uphold abstract moral ideals. *** {{Objection}} The abortion-ban-caused otherwise avoidable deaths of mothers indicated in some of the above arguments are very much non-symbolic and outweigh anything that is merely symbolic. * {{Argument for}} Removing a fetus safely from a woman's body is much better than if she is forced to continue an unwanted pregnancy, which has a domino effect of now there is another mouth in the family to feed, and if it is a poor family, the kid will starve to death, which is much more painful and slower than what would originally occur. ** {{Objection}} A kid in a poor family may starve to death regardless of whether the pregnancy was unwanted or not. However, we do forbid poor people from killing wanted children to prevent painful starvation to death. *** {{Objection}} A family struggling to make ends meet with many children aren't going to intentionally create another child to feed. I see this point brought up alot about how we forbid killing children but not abortion, and I think it be important you know unborn babies are far different to kids. * {{Argument for}} An unwanted child exists in vain, and vain existence is worse than no existence at all. ** {{Objection}} This assumes that the purpose of child's existence is identical with the purpose for which the child was conceived, often pleasure-seeking via sex. If the child accepts this assumption, the child can choose to maximize the pleasure of its parents, in align with the purpose for which it was conceived; the result is a meaningful life rather than a life in vain. Furthermore, the child does not need to accept this assumption and may seek its own purposes in life, just like wanted children, rather than seeing itself as a mere vehicle for its parents' purposes. *** {{Objection}} Sounds great on paper, but in practice you are describing a utopian ideal as resolution to psychological patterns deeply rooted within both the parents and child. Proposing that an unwanted child musters the degree of willpower you imply, and be met with eager reception by what seem to be ignorant, irresponsible parents, sounds like a game hard-won. * {{Argument for}} Interventions reducing abortion rates exist that save lives of unborn fetuses while being very unlikely to cause any otherwise avoidable deaths of mothers. One such intervention is letting aborting women sign paperwork serving to convince them to skip abortion for convenience's sake. The paperwork may point out: 1) the child can be adopted; 2) from certain moral perspectives, abortion for convenience's sake is a murder; 3) from biological and genetic perspective, an adopted child is still a success, and some adopted children went on to achieve great things and become very famous while doing so; 4) some mothers experience psychological difficulties as a result of abortion. More non-banning interventions are available. In fact, non-banning interventions have caused a huge decline in abortion rates in the U.S.<ref name="proconorg" /> * {{Argument for}} Wanton abortion is a self-limiting behavior in so far as the biological predispositions to the behavior are being less replicated as a result of the abortion. Wanton abortion is not a socially dangerous behavior. ** {{Objection}} This completely disregards the question whether abortion is a murder, and is a collectivist rather than individualist ethics. Instead of killing of a fetus as an evil to be avoided, it discusses social practicalities and assumes that the purpose of ethics is a pragmatic one, to eliminate socially dangerous behavior. This is a fundamentally unethical position, at least from the point of view of individualistic ethics. * {{Argument for}} In terms of outcomes or consequences, conception and subsequent abortion is no different from sexual abstinence and use of contraception: there is no child. There should be no legal difference between these cases. ** {{Objection}} The notional difference is that abortion involves a killing of an innocent while sexual abstinence does not. One cannot argue that abstinence is murder. ** {{Objection}} The same argument would make it possible for mothers to kill infants or even older children since the outcome would be the same as in abstinence: there would be no child. *** {{Objection}} Society could object to killing of a child into which it invested its resources such as medical services and public schooling. **** {{Objection}} Maybe so, but this line of reasoning is fundamentally inhumane, treating a human as a mere means to society's objectives. And it would not protect children into which no or little public resources were invested. === Con === * {{Argument against}} For late-term abortion, it is much harder to argue that it is not a murder: the fetus is significantly developed. ** {{Objection}} The position stated is, paraphrased "For all stages of pregnancy, abortion ought to be illegal at that stage of pregnancy", not "There exists a stage of pregnancy such that abortion ought to be illegal at said stage". The universal and existential quantifier is conflated. == Abortion should be legal in the first trimester == The first trimester is a conventional time length meant to distinguish the period in which a fetus is totally dependent on the mother, from the rest of the pregnancy, in which the fetus may survive without her. Conception occurs on the third week of the first trimester. By the end of third month of pregnancy, a fetus is well-developed,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.webmd.com/baby/1to3-months|title=The first trimester: your baby's growth and development in early pregnancy|website=WebMD|language=en|access-date=2019-06-12}}</ref> with most of its organs fully developed or at least functioning. There is no sudden transformation happening on the day 90 of the pregnancy, just as there is no sudden transformation when we turn 18 and become officially legal adults. A fetus doesn't suddenly become independent on the 90 day mark, just as a person doesn't suddenly become an adult on the 18th birthday. These conventions are educated decisions necessary for legal reasons. === Pro === * {{Argument for}} During the first trimester, the fetus is attached to the mother by the placenta and umbilical cord, its health is dependent on her health and cannot live outside her womb. After the third trimester, the fetus is capable of surviving external from the mother's body, if properly nourished and cared. Therefore, a fetus in the first trimester cannot be regarded as a separate entity, is part of the mother's body and it's up to her what she wants to do with her own body. ** {{Objection}} A fetus has its own unique genetic code, so it is a different organism living inside its mother, and not just another part of her body. *** {{Objection}} Unfertilized egg cells have their own unique genetic code, and unfertilized egg cells are not organisms. ** {{Objection}} By this logic, people on artificial life support should have no right to life because of their dependence on something other than themselves for survival. *** {{Objection}} The difference is that people on artificial life support have at one point already achieved the status of individual autonomy whereas the fetus in the first trimester has yet to ever acquire that status. *** {{Objection}} Those examples are not analogous. The people on artificial life support don't feed on another individual's body. On the contrary, the fetus always demands active and ongoing support from the host (woman). The better analogy would be forcing someone to give their blood to save another person's life against their consent. Until the fetus can survive outside the womb, not allowing abortion violates the women's bodily autonomy.  *** {{Objection}} People in coma and relying on artificial life support have proxies making the decision whether to keep them on life support. The proxy can choose to withdraw life support. In the case of the fetus, the mother is the proxy and can choose to withdraw use of her body as life support **** {{Objection}} The withdrawal of life support can only occur when specific medical criteria are met. There has to be no chance for improvement of patient health and ability to function independently in the future. ***** {{Objection}} It still establishes the principle that killing a living human biological body of an innocent human is not automatically considered to be a murder. Some other principles need to be sought to differentiate. The principle could be that the mind or soul can appear in the body ''in future'', but we may counter that the mind or soul ''has not arrived yet'' in the first trimester, and therefore we only kill a host for the mind or soul that has never seen a mind or soul, so the mind or soul has no identity yet; it is only the biological host body that has an identity. And we have already established that human biological bodies are not preserved at any and all costs regardless of their relation to mind or soul. * {{Argument for}} Fetuses in the first trimester are incapable of feeling pain,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rcog.org.uk/en/guidelines-research-services/guidelines/fetal-awareness---review-of-research-and-recommendations-for-practice/|title=Fetal Awareness: Review of Research and Recommendations for Practice|website=Royal College of Obstetricians &amp; Gynaecologists|language=en-US|access-date=2019-06-14}}</ref> having future goals and are not conscious. All of those conditions are good reasons to value the life of something, but something that does not meet them is not valuable. ** {{Objection}} People undergoing full-body anesthesia are incapable of feeling pain, having future goals and are not conscious. We put a value on their life because they have the potential to do all these things once they wake-up. Similarly, fetuses have the potential of having a valuable life. *** {{Objection}} People under anaesthesia are valued because they have had the capability to be conscious. Ending that life is ending the possibility to continue that consciousness while ending the fetus's life is ending the possibility to start consciousness. The value comes from continuing consciousness. *** {{Objection}} Potentiality is not a sufficient defense in the first trimester as there is no way of knowing if or how many complications can occur that drastically decrease a person's quality of life or existential awareness. *** {{Objection}} Many animals can feel pain, have future goals and are conscious, yet there's no outcry to end meat eating. **** {{Objection}} Veganism is a growing movement. ***** {{Objection}} There is a difference in a movement and a law enforced ***** {{Objection}} Veganism may be a growing movement but it is far from anything enforced at the level of legality.  * {{Argument for}} A fetus in the first trimester should not be entitled to rights that born people are not entitled to. Born people do not have the right to someone else's body even if they need it to survive (I don't have a right to your blood even if I need a blood transfusion to live). ** {{Objection}} Assuming that the pregnancy is not due to rape or similar unfortunate circumstances, then the mother should have known that having sex involves the risk of her getting pregnant. If she willingly took the risk of putting another human in a situation where they would depend on her body, then she is responsible for taking care of them in the case that she actually gets pregnant. *** {{Objection}} This argument assumes that pregnancy can be perfectly preventable. However, none of the birth control methods works perfectly (100%), and contraception requires chance, even under ideal conditions. Therefore, getting pregnant cannot be reduced to a single act or decision. *** {{Objection}} This argument assumes that past actions should restrict the person's bodily autonomy in the future. Even the person can change their present circumstances; the state should not allow that. *** {{Objection}} We are not assuming as much. Even if we do, a ban is likely to result in otherwise avoidable deaths of mothers, and therefore disregards the mother's right to life. ** {{Objection}} The right to life is more important than the right to avoid the inconveniences of pregnancy, so we ought to prioritize the former over the latter and give fetuses their right to life. *** {{Objection}} In certain cases, the right to life of a fetus is in conflict with the right to life of the mother, a moral conflict. These cases may be alleviated by the ban allowing life-saving abortions, but this does not completely eliminate the threat of legal prosecution, adds ''legal'' element to the decision making in addition to ''medical'' and ''moral'', and thus such a exceptions-allowing ban can still result in otherwise avoidable deaths. === Con === * {{Argument against}} Fetuses meet all seven characteristics of life,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171221004451/http://infohost.nmt.edu:80/~klathrop/7characterisitcs_of_life.htm|title=The 7 Characteristics of Life|date=2017-12-21|website=web.archive.org|access-date=2019-06-12}}</ref> and are human, so abortion is akin to murder as it's the act of taking human life. No civilized society permits one human to intentionally take the life of another human that has caused no violence, and abortion is no different. ** {{Objection}} The concept of personhood is different from the concept of human life. ** {{Objection}} In [[Wikipedia:In vitro fertilization|''in vitro'' fertilization]], fertilized eggs that are not implanted are routinely thrown away and no one considers that murder. *** {{Objection}} Then maybe throwing away in vitro fertilized eggs should be prohibited. Certainly opponents to fetal stem cell research think so. ** {{Objection}} A fetus during the first trimester is not yet human, since it hasn't developed the large neocortex that sets humans apart from other animals.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/2922889|title=The dragons of Eden: speculations on the evolution of human intelligence|last=Sagan|first=Carl|isbn=0394410459|edition=First|location=New York|oclc=2922889}}</ref> *** {{Objection}} The fetuses we are talking about are human, though sometimes, it's acceptable to kill humans, especially if it hasn't yet developed consciousness. ** {{Objection}} A person's right to life is contingent on what their life requires of other people. Nobody has a right to your blood because they need it to survive. ** {{Objection}} Why should the society permit the abortion banners to cause an otherwise avoidable loss of life of mothers? Is it because the killing is caused a little more indirectly than in the case of an abortion? Or is it because the lives of fetuses are more valuable than lives of mothers? * {{Argument against}} Many citizens who pay taxes are opposed to abortion, therefore it's morally wrong to use tax money to subsidize abortion. ** {{Objection}} It isn't necessary to use taxpayer money to subsidize abortion. This debate is about legalizing abortion, not subsidizing it. ** {{Objection}} Taxpayer dollars are used to enable poor people to access the same medical services as rich people and abortion is one of these services. ** {{Objection}} Subsidizing abortion is no different from any other subsidy. For those who are opposed, the place to express outrage is in the voting booth. ** {{Objection}} Many citizens who pay taxes are opposed to central government. But we can't defund the government. * {{Argument against}} An abortion can result in medical complications later in life: the risk of [[Wikipedia:Ectopic pregnancies|ectopic pregnancies]] doubles, the chance of a miscarriage and pelvic inflammatory disease also increases, not to mention intense psychological pain, stress and emotional burdens left after abortion, called "post-abortion syndrome".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/somatic-psychology/201010/post-abortion-stress-syndrome-pass-does-it-exist|title=Post Abortion Stress Syndrome (PASS) - Does It Exist?|website=Psychology Today|language=en|access-date=2017-11-16}}</ref> A procedure so risky shouldn't be supported by making it legal. ** {{Objection}} Abortion is a safe medical procedure. The vast majority of women (88%) who have an abortion do so in their first trimester. Medical abortions have less than 0.5% risk of serious complications and do not affect a woman's health or future ability to become pregnant or give birth. ** {{Objection}} Risk is not an adequate reason to forbid a medical procedure. Many procedures, such as surgeries on late-term cancer patients, carry the risk of causing physical harm and are not guaranteed to be beneficial, but we permit them as long as there is informed consent on the part of the patient. * {{Argument against}} Adoption is a viable alternative to abortion.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://adoptionnetwork.com/adoption-statistics|title=Adoption Statistics {{!}} Adoption Network|website=adoptionnetwork.com|language=en|access-date=2019-06-14}}</ref> ** {{Objection}} Adoption doesn't prevent the many months of unwanted pregnancy. ** {{Objection}} Adoption doesn't prevent the risk of health risks that pregnancy entails. *** {{Objection}} Abortion also entails health risks. * {{Argument against}} According to most legislations,<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2022-07-05|title=Unborn Victims of Violence Act|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Unborn_Victims_of_Violence_Act&oldid=1096628558|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}}</ref> killing a pregnant woman at any stage in the pregnancy is legally a double homicide. The law defines "child in utero" as "a member of the species ''Homo sapiens'', at any stage of development, who is carried in the womb". Therefore, under current (United States) Federal law, abortion at any stage of development is murder of a member of our species, which is illegal.<ref>The law is codified in two sections of the United States Code: Title 18, Chapter 1 (Crimes), §1841 (18 USC 1841) and Title 10, Chapter 22 (Uniform Code of Military Justice) §919a (Article 119a).</ref> In other words, Federal legal precedent stands on the side of fetal personhood. ** {{Objection}} The debate is not about what the current laws are, but about what the laws should be. ** {{Objection}} This argument only applies to the United States, but this debate is not restricted to any one country. ** {{Objection}} Since death penalty is legal in some states, the fact that fetuses are members of our species doesn't by itself imply that their life can't be legally taken. *** {{Objection}} The person receiving the death penalty was guilty of a crime, they are not innocent like the child in utero. * {{Argument against}} Certain societal intervention such as better sex education can make abortions unnecessary.<ref name="proconorg" /> ** {{Objection}} This is an argument against banning, not for banning: non-banning interventions can reduce the phenomenon that we find objectionable--killing of fetuses for convenience sake--without at the same time causing another phenomenon that we find objectionable--abortion-ban-caused otherwise avoidable deaths of mothers. * {{Argument against}} Legal abortion has eugenic potential by enabling trait-selective abortions such as those to eliminate a fetus of unwanted sex.<ref name="proconorg" /> ** {{Objection}} This can be resolved by making illegal to have an abortion after prenatal sex determination, but not before it. And if coercion to test the fetus's sex is a problem, coercion to not abort would still be a problem in that situation, even without the restriction. == Abortion should be legal in case of risk to the mother's life == In the United States, around 6% of abortions are reported to be due to physical or emotional health problems with the mother.<ref name=":0" /> === Pro === * {{Argument for}} If the life of the mother is compromised, she should have the right to abort as a matter of self-defense. === Con === * {{Argument against}} The mother could indirectly defend herself with the intent not to abort. For example, taking chemotherapy for Uterine cancer may have the unintended side effect of abortion but that was not the intent. This is known as the [[W:Principle of double effect|Principle of double effect]]. ** {{Objection}} If it's illegal to abort and the treatment-prescriber knows that their treatment results in abortion, it would be illegal to provide treatment, killing the mother. == Abortion should be legal in case of rape or incest == In the United States, around 1% of abortions are reported to be due to rape or incest.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://www.johnstonsarchive.net/policy/abortion/abreasons.html|title=Reasons given for having abortions in the United States|website=www.johnstonsarchive.net|access-date=2019-06-12}}</ref> === Pro === * {{Argument for}} In the case of incest, if the child was born, they'd have a substantially impaired quality of life, even in adoption by the most loving family imaginable, due to recessive disorders (especially if said child is male, for males are more likely to get X-linked recessive disorders) * {{Argument for}} Forcing a woman to continue with a forced pregnancy is a violation of her rights. ** {{Objection}} Still, you would be killing someone else without that someone's consent. *** {{Objection}} Just as the woman was raped into having a child without her consent. **** {{Objection}} There has to be a way of dealing with such crimes without affecting the innocent child *** {{Objection}} Virtually all legal killings are against the victim's consent. ****{{Objection}} In the event of euthanasia, this is not the case * {{Argument for}} A fetus conceived through rape or incest is like an intruder and can be expelled like such. ** {{Objection}} A fetus shouldn't be treated like an intruder because it did not willfully intrude, someone put it there. No reasonable person would expel an unconscious person into the winter cold and leave it to die, if it was thrown into his property by a kidnapper. *** {{Objection}} But by the same notion, a person shouldn't be expected to harbor an unconscious person because the kidnapper had assaulted them and then left the unconscious person in their care. * {{Argument for}} Having children due to rape or incest can be seriously deleterious to the mother. Abortion in such cases is the best of the bad outcomes available in most cases. ** {{Objection}} Adoption services already exist. If a mother wishes not to raise the child, these seem like a much more palatable option than killing a fetus that could go on to do great things. *** {{Objection}} A woman shouldn't be expected to endure 9 months of pregnancy and the emotional and psychological burden of conceiving the child of her rapist because that unsolicited fetus might go on to do great things.  * {{Argument for}} if we ban abortion, women who have been raped are now forced to have kids, and with the unfortunately high occurrence of rape, this may cause the population to explode, piling on to the already major problem of overpopulation. Not to mention, most bastard children live in such poor conditions and have so little morale for their existence that they will likely suffer their entire lives and never amount to anything. In that case, it's better for everyone involved that they didn't exist ** {{Objection}} rate of rape seems to be inconsequential to population growth. If we take the US, there seems to be roughly 85000 reported rapes per year. If we conservatively assume that this is half of the total rapes, that conservatively there's a 5% chance of getting pregnant per sexual intercourse (which tends to apply only to younger people), that right now there are no rape-related births in the US (likely untrue) and, finally, that no illegal abortion would take place, the number of pregnancies as a consequence of rape if abortion would be illegal would be roughly 0,2% of total birth in the US. Real percentage would probably be orders of magnitude lower. === Con === * {{Argument against}} Proper medical care can ensure that a woman victim of rape or incest will not get pregnant. ** {{Comment}} "... a female [redacted]/incest victim..." or "...a [redacted] or incest victim who is a woman...' ** {{Objection}} Often a rape victim is too afraid to speak up or is unaware of being pregnant, thus the morning after pill is ineffective in these situations. ** {{Objection}} If conception has already taken place, any way of making her no longer pregnant is an abortion. == See also == * [[Wikipedia:Abortion debate|Abortion debate]] on Wikipedia * [[Obstetrics and Gynecology/Abortion]] * [[Should infanticide be legal?]] * [[Will we lose our consciousness after we die?]] == Notes and references == {{Reflist}} == External links == * [https://www.kialo.com/pro-life-vs-pro-choice-should-abortion-be-legal-5637 Pro-Life vs Pro-Choice: Should Abortion be Legal?], largest interactive {{w|argument map|arguments tree}} of the debate about this subject on {{w|Kialo}} [[Category:Politics]] [[Category:Abortion]] [[Category:Legal ethics]] [[Category:Wikiversity Law Review]] 873y3btwonplbiiyo9bn2bvaay1huhq 2691505 2691504 2024-12-11T20:34:44Z PickleRick1504 2936980 /* Abortion should be legal in any stage of pregnancy */ Edit objection for #DebateTools 2691505 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Wikidebate}} {{Law}} This debate is about the question whether abortion should be ''legal'', not about whether abortion is ''moral'' or the best course of action. This debate assumes that all (other, depending on your location) currently unlawful killings should remain as such. == Abortion should be legal in any stage of pregnancy == === Pro === * {{Argument for}} Abortion without proper medical support endangers the mother's life, which happens when women seek unsafe abortion due to abortion ban. This is one mode by which the act of banning abortion results in otherwise avoidable deaths. ** {{Objection}} Unsafe abortion without proper medical support is already illegal. The solution to prevent endangerment of the mother's life is to better enforce existing laws, not legalizing pre-existing offences. *** {{Objection}} No evidence has been presented that tightening of enforcement of abortion bans will reduce the unsafe illegal abortions to zero. Of these, non-zero number of mothers' deaths may still result. Whether the proposed intervention (of better enforcement) will eliminate all unsafe-abortion-caused otherwise avoidable deaths is an ''empirical'' question and cannot be answered by philosophising; in any case, it seems likely that at least one otherwise avoidable unsafe-abortion-caused death will ensue. * {{Argument for}} Procedures designed to save mother's life during pregnancy are often indistinguishable from abortion.<ref name="proconorg">{{Cite web|url=https://abortion.procon.org/|title=Abortion - Top Arguments For and Against - ProCon.org|website=Abortion|language=en-US|access-date=2022-08-16}}</ref> As a result, the act of banning abortion leads to reduced or delayed administration of life-saving procedures for the fear of legal prosecution.<ref name="proconorg" /> This is another mode by which the act of banning abortion results in otherwise avoidable deaths. The ban-caused additional mother deaths may be reduced by allowing life-saving abortions as an exception to the ban, but these deaths are still not necessarily reduced to zero since adding legal element to the deliberation adds risk to the medical doctor, who must be ready to prove that the abortion was necessary to save the mother's life. * {{Argument for}} If a woman lives in an environment exceedingly hostile to her situation (for example a pregnancy out of wedlock in a country under Sharia Law) then continuing with the pregnancy would risk her chances of a healthy and happy life, if not her life. ** {{Objection}} From a [[Wikipedia:Deontological ethics|deontological]] perspective, the end doesn't justify the means and the pragmatic benefits of abortion do not justify allowing it. *** {{Objection}} In a hostile environment, the life of the mother is under threat with reasonable certainty. In some cases, discovery of pregnancy can result in the killing of both the mother and the fetus. Since one of the lives (the mother's) can be saved through abortion in every instance, the deontological principle of "ends not justifying the means" cannot be accepted as a universal maxim. ** {{Objection}} Some people have mental illnesses that cause them to ''need'' to burn down buildings, kill people or steal thins, but we don't legalize such acts because of such people. *** {{Objection}} This doesn't have anything to do with abortion. The fact that some people aren’t mentally stable to raise a child is a point in favor of abortion, not against it. * {{Argument for}} Nobody is obliged to save someone else. ** {{Objection}} On the contrary, parents have a legal and moral obligation to protect the lives of their children. ** {{Objection}} Abortion isn't just refusing to save someone: it's taking active steps to end that someone's life. *** {{Objection}} If we are talking about human rights, a child actually doesn’t consent to being born and making abortion illegal by calling it protection of the foetus may not be what the child grows up to want. * {{Argument for}} There's a potential link between legalizing abortion and reducing crime.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.worldcat.org/title/freakonomics-a-rogue-economist-explores-the-hidden-side-of-everything/oclc/73307236|title=Freakonomics: a rogue economist explores the hidden side of everything|last=Levitt|first=Steven D|last2=Dubner|first2=Stephen J|date=2006|isbn=9780061234002|language=English|oclc=73307236}}</ref>{{Clarify}} * {{Argument for}} Legalizing abortion is useful to help control overpopulation. ** {{Objection}} So is legalizing murder, promoting war, releasing deadly viruses, etc. *** {{Objection}} In short all you are saying is that the murder should be allowed in the country.... *** {{Objection}} The other methods listed are almost unanimously agreed to be unethical, while abortion (when chosen by the pregnant) is a more balanced, ambiguous, and potentially acceptable method. **** {{Objection}} Even if abortion isn't as clearly unethical as other methods, it still isn't acceptable just by being better than the alternatives for controlling overpopulation. ***** {{Objection}} It isn't acceptable simply by virtue of being less ethical, but rather by virtue of its benefits to the mother's rights over her own body. * {{Argument for}} Criminalizing abortion would not end abortion, though it may reduce the rate of abortions. If we are concerned about reducing the rate of abortions, there are better ways of doing this, e.g. publicly funded contraception. ** {{Objection}} An anti-abortion law would extend the law against murder. Laws on human life don't prevent actions but are [[W:symbolic law|symbolic]] to a moral stance of a nation. *** {{Objection}} Prioritizing morality over the health of a mother undermines her right to self-preservation, potentially harming both her and the child. Laws should consider the real-life implications on individual well-being, not just uphold abstract moral ideals. *** {{Objection}} The abortion-ban-caused otherwise avoidable deaths of mothers indicated in some of the above arguments are very much non-symbolic and outweigh anything that is merely symbolic. * {{Argument for}} Removing a fetus safely from a woman's body is much better than if she is forced to continue an unwanted pregnancy, which has a domino effect of now there is another mouth in the family to feed, and if it is a poor family, the kid will starve to death, which is much more painful and slower than what would originally occur. ** {{Objection}} A kid in a poor family may starve to death regardless of whether the pregnancy was unwanted or not. However, we do forbid poor people from killing wanted children to prevent painful starvation to death. *** {{Objection}} A family struggling to make ends meet with many children aren't going to intentionally create another child to feed. I see this point brought up alot about how we forbid killing children but not abortion, and I think it be important you know unborn babies are far different to kids. * {{Argument for}} An unwanted child exists in vain, and vain existence is worse than no existence at all. ** {{Objection}} This assumes that the purpose of child's existence is identical with the purpose for which the child was conceived, often pleasure-seeking via sex. If the child accepts this assumption, the child can choose to maximize the pleasure of its parents, in align with the purpose for which it was conceived; the result is a meaningful life rather than a life in vain. Furthermore, the child does not need to accept this assumption and may seek its own purposes in life, just like wanted children, rather than seeing itself as a mere vehicle for its parents' purposes. *** {{Objection}} Sounds great on paper, but in practice you are describing a utopian ideal as resolution to psychological patterns deeply rooted within both the parents and child. Proposing that an unwanted child musters the degree of willpower you imply, and be met with eager reception by what seem to be ignorant, irresponsible parents, sounds like a game hard-won. * {{Argument for}} Interventions reducing abortion rates exist that save lives of unborn fetuses while being very unlikely to cause any otherwise avoidable deaths of mothers. One such intervention is letting aborting women sign paperwork serving to convince them to skip abortion for convenience's sake. The paperwork may point out: 1) the child can be adopted; 2) from certain moral perspectives, abortion for convenience's sake is a murder; 3) from biological and genetic perspective, an adopted child is still a success, and some adopted children went on to achieve great things and become very famous while doing so; 4) some mothers experience psychological difficulties as a result of abortion. More non-banning interventions are available. In fact, non-banning interventions have caused a huge decline in abortion rates in the U.S.<ref name="proconorg" /> * {{Argument for}} Wanton abortion is a self-limiting behavior in so far as the biological predispositions to the behavior are being less replicated as a result of the abortion. Wanton abortion is not a socially dangerous behavior. ** {{Objection}} This completely disregards the question whether abortion is a murder, and is a collectivist rather than individualist ethics. Instead of killing of a fetus as an evil to be avoided, it discusses social practicalities and assumes that the purpose of ethics is a pragmatic one, to eliminate socially dangerous behavior. This is a fundamentally unethical position, at least from the point of view of individualistic ethics. * {{Argument for}} In terms of outcomes or consequences, conception and subsequent abortion is no different from sexual abstinence and use of contraception: there is no child. There should be no legal difference between these cases. ** {{Objection}} The notional difference is that abortion involves a killing of an innocent while sexual abstinence does not. One cannot argue that abstinence is murder. ** {{Objection}} The same argument would make it possible for mothers to kill infants or even older children since the outcome would be the same as in abstinence: there would be no child. *** {{Objection}} Society could object to killing of a child into which it invested its resources such as medical services and public schooling. **** {{Objection}} Maybe so, but this line of reasoning is fundamentally inhumane, treating a human as a mere means to society's objectives. And it would not protect children into which no or little public resources were invested. === Con === * {{Argument against}} For late-term abortion, it is much harder to argue that it is not a murder: the fetus is significantly developed. ** {{Objection}} The position stated is, paraphrased "For all stages of pregnancy, abortion ought to be illegal at that stage of pregnancy", not "There exists a stage of pregnancy such that abortion ought to be illegal at said stage". The universal and existential quantifier is conflated. == Abortion should be legal in the first trimester == The first trimester is a conventional time length meant to distinguish the period in which a fetus is totally dependent on the mother, from the rest of the pregnancy, in which the fetus may survive without her. Conception occurs on the third week of the first trimester. By the end of third month of pregnancy, a fetus is well-developed,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.webmd.com/baby/1to3-months|title=The first trimester: your baby's growth and development in early pregnancy|website=WebMD|language=en|access-date=2019-06-12}}</ref> with most of its organs fully developed or at least functioning. There is no sudden transformation happening on the day 90 of the pregnancy, just as there is no sudden transformation when we turn 18 and become officially legal adults. A fetus doesn't suddenly become independent on the 90 day mark, just as a person doesn't suddenly become an adult on the 18th birthday. These conventions are educated decisions necessary for legal reasons. === Pro === * {{Argument for}} During the first trimester, the fetus is attached to the mother by the placenta and umbilical cord, its health is dependent on her health and cannot live outside her womb. After the third trimester, the fetus is capable of surviving external from the mother's body, if properly nourished and cared. Therefore, a fetus in the first trimester cannot be regarded as a separate entity, is part of the mother's body and it's up to her what she wants to do with her own body. ** {{Objection}} A fetus has its own unique genetic code, so it is a different organism living inside its mother, and not just another part of her body. *** {{Objection}} Unfertilized egg cells have their own unique genetic code, and unfertilized egg cells are not organisms. ** {{Objection}} By this logic, people on artificial life support should have no right to life because of their dependence on something other than themselves for survival. *** {{Objection}} The difference is that people on artificial life support have at one point already achieved the status of individual autonomy whereas the fetus in the first trimester has yet to ever acquire that status. *** {{Objection}} Those examples are not analogous. The people on artificial life support don't feed on another individual's body. On the contrary, the fetus always demands active and ongoing support from the host (woman). The better analogy would be forcing someone to give their blood to save another person's life against their consent. Until the fetus can survive outside the womb, not allowing abortion violates the women's bodily autonomy.  *** {{Objection}} People in coma and relying on artificial life support have proxies making the decision whether to keep them on life support. The proxy can choose to withdraw life support. In the case of the fetus, the mother is the proxy and can choose to withdraw use of her body as life support **** {{Objection}} The withdrawal of life support can only occur when specific medical criteria are met. There has to be no chance for improvement of patient health and ability to function independently in the future. ***** {{Objection}} It still establishes the principle that killing a living human biological body of an innocent human is not automatically considered to be a murder. Some other principles need to be sought to differentiate. The principle could be that the mind or soul can appear in the body ''in future'', but we may counter that the mind or soul ''has not arrived yet'' in the first trimester, and therefore we only kill a host for the mind or soul that has never seen a mind or soul, so the mind or soul has no identity yet; it is only the biological host body that has an identity. And we have already established that human biological bodies are not preserved at any and all costs regardless of their relation to mind or soul. * {{Argument for}} Fetuses in the first trimester are incapable of feeling pain,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rcog.org.uk/en/guidelines-research-services/guidelines/fetal-awareness---review-of-research-and-recommendations-for-practice/|title=Fetal Awareness: Review of Research and Recommendations for Practice|website=Royal College of Obstetricians &amp; Gynaecologists|language=en-US|access-date=2019-06-14}}</ref> having future goals and are not conscious. All of those conditions are good reasons to value the life of something, but something that does not meet them is not valuable. ** {{Objection}} People undergoing full-body anesthesia are incapable of feeling pain, having future goals and are not conscious. We put a value on their life because they have the potential to do all these things once they wake-up. Similarly, fetuses have the potential of having a valuable life. *** {{Objection}} People under anaesthesia are valued because they have had the capability to be conscious. Ending that life is ending the possibility to continue that consciousness while ending the fetus's life is ending the possibility to start consciousness. The value comes from continuing consciousness. *** {{Objection}} Potentiality is not a sufficient defense in the first trimester as there is no way of knowing if or how many complications can occur that drastically decrease a person's quality of life or existential awareness. *** {{Objection}} Many animals can feel pain, have future goals and are conscious, yet there's no outcry to end meat eating. **** {{Objection}} Veganism is a growing movement. ***** {{Objection}} There is a difference in a movement and a law enforced ***** {{Objection}} Veganism may be a growing movement but it is far from anything enforced at the level of legality.  * {{Argument for}} A fetus in the first trimester should not be entitled to rights that born people are not entitled to. Born people do not have the right to someone else's body even if they need it to survive (I don't have a right to your blood even if I need a blood transfusion to live). ** {{Objection}} Assuming that the pregnancy is not due to rape or similar unfortunate circumstances, then the mother should have known that having sex involves the risk of her getting pregnant. If she willingly took the risk of putting another human in a situation where they would depend on her body, then she is responsible for taking care of them in the case that she actually gets pregnant. *** {{Objection}} This argument assumes that pregnancy can be perfectly preventable. However, none of the birth control methods works perfectly (100%), and contraception requires chance, even under ideal conditions. Therefore, getting pregnant cannot be reduced to a single act or decision. *** {{Objection}} This argument assumes that past actions should restrict the person's bodily autonomy in the future. Even the person can change their present circumstances; the state should not allow that. *** {{Objection}} We are not assuming as much. Even if we do, a ban is likely to result in otherwise avoidable deaths of mothers, and therefore disregards the mother's right to life. ** {{Objection}} The right to life is more important than the right to avoid the inconveniences of pregnancy, so we ought to prioritize the former over the latter and give fetuses their right to life. *** {{Objection}} In certain cases, the right to life of a fetus is in conflict with the right to life of the mother, a moral conflict. These cases may be alleviated by the ban allowing life-saving abortions, but this does not completely eliminate the threat of legal prosecution, adds ''legal'' element to the decision making in addition to ''medical'' and ''moral'', and thus such a exceptions-allowing ban can still result in otherwise avoidable deaths. === Con === * {{Argument against}} Fetuses meet all seven characteristics of life,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171221004451/http://infohost.nmt.edu:80/~klathrop/7characterisitcs_of_life.htm|title=The 7 Characteristics of Life|date=2017-12-21|website=web.archive.org|access-date=2019-06-12}}</ref> and are human, so abortion is akin to murder as it's the act of taking human life. No civilized society permits one human to intentionally take the life of another human that has caused no violence, and abortion is no different. ** {{Objection}} The concept of personhood is different from the concept of human life. ** {{Objection}} In [[Wikipedia:In vitro fertilization|''in vitro'' fertilization]], fertilized eggs that are not implanted are routinely thrown away and no one considers that murder. *** {{Objection}} Then maybe throwing away in vitro fertilized eggs should be prohibited. Certainly opponents to fetal stem cell research think so. ** {{Objection}} A fetus during the first trimester is not yet human, since it hasn't developed the large neocortex that sets humans apart from other animals.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/2922889|title=The dragons of Eden: speculations on the evolution of human intelligence|last=Sagan|first=Carl|isbn=0394410459|edition=First|location=New York|oclc=2922889}}</ref> *** {{Objection}} The fetuses we are talking about are human, though sometimes, it's acceptable to kill humans, especially if it hasn't yet developed consciousness. ** {{Objection}} A person's right to life is contingent on what their life requires of other people. Nobody has a right to your blood because they need it to survive. ** {{Objection}} Why should the society permit the abortion banners to cause an otherwise avoidable loss of life of mothers? Is it because the killing is caused a little more indirectly than in the case of an abortion? Or is it because the lives of fetuses are more valuable than lives of mothers? * {{Argument against}} Many citizens who pay taxes are opposed to abortion, therefore it's morally wrong to use tax money to subsidize abortion. ** {{Objection}} It isn't necessary to use taxpayer money to subsidize abortion. This debate is about legalizing abortion, not subsidizing it. ** {{Objection}} Taxpayer dollars are used to enable poor people to access the same medical services as rich people and abortion is one of these services. ** {{Objection}} Subsidizing abortion is no different from any other subsidy. For those who are opposed, the place to express outrage is in the voting booth. ** {{Objection}} Many citizens who pay taxes are opposed to central government. But we can't defund the government. * {{Argument against}} An abortion can result in medical complications later in life: the risk of [[Wikipedia:Ectopic pregnancies|ectopic pregnancies]] doubles, the chance of a miscarriage and pelvic inflammatory disease also increases, not to mention intense psychological pain, stress and emotional burdens left after abortion, called "post-abortion syndrome".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/somatic-psychology/201010/post-abortion-stress-syndrome-pass-does-it-exist|title=Post Abortion Stress Syndrome (PASS) - Does It Exist?|website=Psychology Today|language=en|access-date=2017-11-16}}</ref> A procedure so risky shouldn't be supported by making it legal. ** {{Objection}} Abortion is a safe medical procedure. The vast majority of women (88%) who have an abortion do so in their first trimester. Medical abortions have less than 0.5% risk of serious complications and do not affect a woman's health or future ability to become pregnant or give birth. ** {{Objection}} Risk is not an adequate reason to forbid a medical procedure. Many procedures, such as surgeries on late-term cancer patients, carry the risk of causing physical harm and are not guaranteed to be beneficial, but we permit them as long as there is informed consent on the part of the patient. * {{Argument against}} Adoption is a viable alternative to abortion.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://adoptionnetwork.com/adoption-statistics|title=Adoption Statistics {{!}} Adoption Network|website=adoptionnetwork.com|language=en|access-date=2019-06-14}}</ref> ** {{Objection}} Adoption doesn't prevent the many months of unwanted pregnancy. ** {{Objection}} Adoption doesn't prevent the risk of health risks that pregnancy entails. *** {{Objection}} Abortion also entails health risks. * {{Argument against}} According to most legislations,<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2022-07-05|title=Unborn Victims of Violence Act|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Unborn_Victims_of_Violence_Act&oldid=1096628558|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}}</ref> killing a pregnant woman at any stage in the pregnancy is legally a double homicide. The law defines "child in utero" as "a member of the species ''Homo sapiens'', at any stage of development, who is carried in the womb". Therefore, under current (United States) Federal law, abortion at any stage of development is murder of a member of our species, which is illegal.<ref>The law is codified in two sections of the United States Code: Title 18, Chapter 1 (Crimes), §1841 (18 USC 1841) and Title 10, Chapter 22 (Uniform Code of Military Justice) §919a (Article 119a).</ref> In other words, Federal legal precedent stands on the side of fetal personhood. ** {{Objection}} The debate is not about what the current laws are, but about what the laws should be. ** {{Objection}} This argument only applies to the United States, but this debate is not restricted to any one country. ** {{Objection}} Since death penalty is legal in some states, the fact that fetuses are members of our species doesn't by itself imply that their life can't be legally taken. *** {{Objection}} The person receiving the death penalty was guilty of a crime, they are not innocent like the child in utero. * {{Argument against}} Certain societal intervention such as better sex education can make abortions unnecessary.<ref name="proconorg" /> ** {{Objection}} This is an argument against banning, not for banning: non-banning interventions can reduce the phenomenon that we find objectionable--killing of fetuses for convenience sake--without at the same time causing another phenomenon that we find objectionable--abortion-ban-caused otherwise avoidable deaths of mothers. * {{Argument against}} Legal abortion has eugenic potential by enabling trait-selective abortions such as those to eliminate a fetus of unwanted sex.<ref name="proconorg" /> ** {{Objection}} This can be resolved by making illegal to have an abortion after prenatal sex determination, but not before it. And if coercion to test the fetus's sex is a problem, coercion to not abort would still be a problem in that situation, even without the restriction. == Abortion should be legal in case of risk to the mother's life == In the United States, around 6% of abortions are reported to be due to physical or emotional health problems with the mother.<ref name=":0" /> === Pro === * {{Argument for}} If the life of the mother is compromised, she should have the right to abort as a matter of self-defense. === Con === * {{Argument against}} The mother could indirectly defend herself with the intent not to abort. For example, taking chemotherapy for Uterine cancer may have the unintended side effect of abortion but that was not the intent. This is known as the [[W:Principle of double effect|Principle of double effect]]. ** {{Objection}} If it's illegal to abort and the treatment-prescriber knows that their treatment results in abortion, it would be illegal to provide treatment, killing the mother. == Abortion should be legal in case of rape or incest == In the United States, around 1% of abortions are reported to be due to rape or incest.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://www.johnstonsarchive.net/policy/abortion/abreasons.html|title=Reasons given for having abortions in the United States|website=www.johnstonsarchive.net|access-date=2019-06-12}}</ref> === Pro === * {{Argument for}} In the case of incest, if the child was born, they'd have a substantially impaired quality of life, even in adoption by the most loving family imaginable, due to recessive disorders (especially if said child is male, for males are more likely to get X-linked recessive disorders) * {{Argument for}} Forcing a woman to continue with a forced pregnancy is a violation of her rights. ** {{Objection}} Still, you would be killing someone else without that someone's consent. *** {{Objection}} Just as the woman was raped into having a child without her consent. **** {{Objection}} There has to be a way of dealing with such crimes without affecting the innocent child *** {{Objection}} Virtually all legal killings are against the victim's consent. ****{{Objection}} In the event of euthanasia, this is not the case * {{Argument for}} A fetus conceived through rape or incest is like an intruder and can be expelled like such. ** {{Objection}} A fetus shouldn't be treated like an intruder because it did not willfully intrude, someone put it there. No reasonable person would expel an unconscious person into the winter cold and leave it to die, if it was thrown into his property by a kidnapper. *** {{Objection}} But by the same notion, a person shouldn't be expected to harbor an unconscious person because the kidnapper had assaulted them and then left the unconscious person in their care. * {{Argument for}} Having children due to rape or incest can be seriously deleterious to the mother. Abortion in such cases is the best of the bad outcomes available in most cases. ** {{Objection}} Adoption services already exist. If a mother wishes not to raise the child, these seem like a much more palatable option than killing a fetus that could go on to do great things. *** {{Objection}} A woman shouldn't be expected to endure 9 months of pregnancy and the emotional and psychological burden of conceiving the child of her rapist because that unsolicited fetus might go on to do great things.  * {{Argument for}} if we ban abortion, women who have been raped are now forced to have kids, and with the unfortunately high occurrence of rape, this may cause the population to explode, piling on to the already major problem of overpopulation. Not to mention, most bastard children live in such poor conditions and have so little morale for their existence that they will likely suffer their entire lives and never amount to anything. In that case, it's better for everyone involved that they didn't exist ** {{Objection}} rate of rape seems to be inconsequential to population growth. If we take the US, there seems to be roughly 85000 reported rapes per year. If we conservatively assume that this is half of the total rapes, that conservatively there's a 5% chance of getting pregnant per sexual intercourse (which tends to apply only to younger people), that right now there are no rape-related births in the US (likely untrue) and, finally, that no illegal abortion would take place, the number of pregnancies as a consequence of rape if abortion would be illegal would be roughly 0,2% of total birth in the US. Real percentage would probably be orders of magnitude lower. === Con === * {{Argument against}} Proper medical care can ensure that a woman victim of rape or incest will not get pregnant. ** {{Comment}} "... a female [redacted]/incest victim..." or "...a [redacted] or incest victim who is a woman...' ** {{Objection}} Often a rape victim is too afraid to speak up or is unaware of being pregnant, thus the morning after pill is ineffective in these situations. ** {{Objection}} If conception has already taken place, any way of making her no longer pregnant is an abortion. == See also == * [[Wikipedia:Abortion debate|Abortion debate]] on Wikipedia * [[Obstetrics and Gynecology/Abortion]] * [[Should infanticide be legal?]] * [[Will we lose our consciousness after we die?]] == Notes and references == {{Reflist}} == External links == * [https://www.kialo.com/pro-life-vs-pro-choice-should-abortion-be-legal-5637 Pro-Life vs Pro-Choice: Should Abortion be Legal?], largest interactive {{w|argument map|arguments tree}} of the debate about this subject on {{w|Kialo}} [[Category:Politics]] [[Category:Abortion]] [[Category:Legal ethics]] [[Category:Wikiversity Law Review]] 2nndo23w8n0vn073rdhtq62kjpm582x 2691506 2691505 2024-12-11T20:39:52Z PickleRick1504 2936980 /* Abortion should be legal in any stage of pregnancy */ Add objection #DebateTools 2691506 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Wikidebate}} {{Law}} This debate is about the question whether abortion should be ''legal'', not about whether abortion is ''moral'' or the best course of action. This debate assumes that all (other, depending on your location) currently unlawful killings should remain as such. == Abortion should be legal in any stage of pregnancy == === Pro === * {{Argument for}} Abortion without proper medical support endangers the mother's life, which happens when women seek unsafe abortion due to abortion ban. This is one mode by which the act of banning abortion results in otherwise avoidable deaths. ** {{Objection}} Unsafe abortion without proper medical support is already illegal. The solution to prevent endangerment of the mother's life is to better enforce existing laws, not legalizing pre-existing offences. *** {{Objection}} No evidence has been presented that tightening of enforcement of abortion bans will reduce the unsafe illegal abortions to zero. Of these, non-zero number of mothers' deaths may still result. Whether the proposed intervention (of better enforcement) will eliminate all unsafe-abortion-caused otherwise avoidable deaths is an ''empirical'' question and cannot be answered by philosophising; in any case, it seems likely that at least one otherwise avoidable unsafe-abortion-caused death will ensue. * {{Argument for}} Procedures designed to save mother's life during pregnancy are often indistinguishable from abortion.<ref name="proconorg">{{Cite web|url=https://abortion.procon.org/|title=Abortion - Top Arguments For and Against - ProCon.org|website=Abortion|language=en-US|access-date=2022-08-16}}</ref> As a result, the act of banning abortion leads to reduced or delayed administration of life-saving procedures for the fear of legal prosecution.<ref name="proconorg" /> This is another mode by which the act of banning abortion results in otherwise avoidable deaths. The ban-caused additional mother deaths may be reduced by allowing life-saving abortions as an exception to the ban, but these deaths are still not necessarily reduced to zero since adding legal element to the deliberation adds risk to the medical doctor, who must be ready to prove that the abortion was necessary to save the mother's life. * {{Argument for}} If a woman lives in an environment exceedingly hostile to her situation (for example a pregnancy out of wedlock in a country under Sharia Law) then continuing with the pregnancy would risk her chances of a healthy and happy life, if not her life. ** {{Objection}} From a [[Wikipedia:Deontological ethics|deontological]] perspective, the end doesn't justify the means and the pragmatic benefits of abortion do not justify allowing it. *** {{Objection}} In a hostile environment, the life of the mother is under threat with reasonable certainty. In some cases, discovery of pregnancy can result in the killing of both the mother and the fetus. Since one of the lives (the mother's) can be saved through abortion in every instance, the deontological principle of "ends not justifying the means" cannot be accepted as a universal maxim. ** {{Objection}} Some people have mental illnesses that cause them to ''need'' to burn down buildings, kill people or steal thins, but we don't legalize such acts because of such people. *** {{Objection}} The point isn't whether the mother has a psychological need to have an abortion or not. The reason we don't allow mentally ill people to harm others is because said others also have a psychological *need* to not be harmed. In the case of abortion, the only valid conflict of interest would be with the fetus; and that too is debatable whether it can be harmed in the same way a fully grown human (the mother) can be harmed. *** {{Objection}} This doesn't have anything to do with abortion. The fact that some people aren’t mentally stable to raise a child is a point in favor of abortion, not against it. * {{Argument for}} Nobody is obliged to save someone else. ** {{Objection}} On the contrary, parents have a legal and moral obligation to protect the lives of their children. ** {{Objection}} Abortion isn't just refusing to save someone: it's taking active steps to end that someone's life. *** {{Objection}} If we are talking about human rights, a child actually doesn’t consent to being born and making abortion illegal by calling it protection of the foetus may not be what the child grows up to want. * {{Argument for}} There's a potential link between legalizing abortion and reducing crime.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.worldcat.org/title/freakonomics-a-rogue-economist-explores-the-hidden-side-of-everything/oclc/73307236|title=Freakonomics: a rogue economist explores the hidden side of everything|last=Levitt|first=Steven D|last2=Dubner|first2=Stephen J|date=2006|isbn=9780061234002|language=English|oclc=73307236}}</ref>{{Clarify}} * {{Argument for}} Legalizing abortion is useful to help control overpopulation. ** {{Objection}} So is legalizing murder, promoting war, releasing deadly viruses, etc. *** {{Objection}} In short all you are saying is that the murder should be allowed in the country.... *** {{Objection}} The other methods listed are almost unanimously agreed to be unethical, while abortion (when chosen by the pregnant) is a more balanced, ambiguous, and potentially acceptable method. **** {{Objection}} Even if abortion isn't as clearly unethical as other methods, it still isn't acceptable just by being better than the alternatives for controlling overpopulation. ***** {{Objection}} It isn't acceptable simply by virtue of being less ethical, but rather by virtue of its benefits to the mother's rights over her own body. * {{Argument for}} Criminalizing abortion would not end abortion, though it may reduce the rate of abortions. If we are concerned about reducing the rate of abortions, there are better ways of doing this, e.g. publicly funded contraception. ** {{Objection}} An anti-abortion law would extend the law against murder. Laws on human life don't prevent actions but are [[W:symbolic law|symbolic]] to a moral stance of a nation. *** {{Objection}} Prioritizing morality over the health of a mother undermines her right to self-preservation, potentially harming both her and the child. Laws should consider the real-life implications on individual well-being, not just uphold abstract moral ideals. *** {{Objection}} The abortion-ban-caused otherwise avoidable deaths of mothers indicated in some of the above arguments are very much non-symbolic and outweigh anything that is merely symbolic. * {{Argument for}} Removing a fetus safely from a woman's body is much better than if she is forced to continue an unwanted pregnancy, which has a domino effect of now there is another mouth in the family to feed, and if it is a poor family, the kid will starve to death, which is much more painful and slower than what would originally occur. ** {{Objection}} A kid in a poor family may starve to death regardless of whether the pregnancy was unwanted or not. However, we do forbid poor people from killing wanted children to prevent painful starvation to death. *** {{Objection}} A family struggling to make ends meet with many children aren't going to intentionally create another child to feed. I see this point brought up alot about how we forbid killing children but not abortion, and I think it be important you know unborn babies are far different to kids. * {{Argument for}} An unwanted child exists in vain, and vain existence is worse than no existence at all. ** {{Objection}} This assumes that the purpose of child's existence is identical with the purpose for which the child was conceived, often pleasure-seeking via sex. If the child accepts this assumption, the child can choose to maximize the pleasure of its parents, in align with the purpose for which it was conceived; the result is a meaningful life rather than a life in vain. Furthermore, the child does not need to accept this assumption and may seek its own purposes in life, just like wanted children, rather than seeing itself as a mere vehicle for its parents' purposes. *** {{Objection}} Sounds great on paper, but in practice you are describing a utopian ideal as resolution to psychological patterns deeply rooted within both the parents and child. Proposing that an unwanted child musters the degree of willpower you imply, and be met with eager reception by what seem to be ignorant, irresponsible parents, sounds like a game hard-won. * {{Argument for}} Interventions reducing abortion rates exist that save lives of unborn fetuses while being very unlikely to cause any otherwise avoidable deaths of mothers. One such intervention is letting aborting women sign paperwork serving to convince them to skip abortion for convenience's sake. The paperwork may point out: 1) the child can be adopted; 2) from certain moral perspectives, abortion for convenience's sake is a murder; 3) from biological and genetic perspective, an adopted child is still a success, and some adopted children went on to achieve great things and become very famous while doing so; 4) some mothers experience psychological difficulties as a result of abortion. More non-banning interventions are available. In fact, non-banning interventions have caused a huge decline in abortion rates in the U.S.<ref name="proconorg" /> * {{Argument for}} Wanton abortion is a self-limiting behavior in so far as the biological predispositions to the behavior are being less replicated as a result of the abortion. Wanton abortion is not a socially dangerous behavior. ** {{Objection}} This completely disregards the question whether abortion is a murder, and is a collectivist rather than individualist ethics. Instead of killing of a fetus as an evil to be avoided, it discusses social practicalities and assumes that the purpose of ethics is a pragmatic one, to eliminate socially dangerous behavior. This is a fundamentally unethical position, at least from the point of view of individualistic ethics. * {{Argument for}} In terms of outcomes or consequences, conception and subsequent abortion is no different from sexual abstinence and use of contraception: there is no child. There should be no legal difference between these cases. ** {{Objection}} The notional difference is that abortion involves a killing of an innocent while sexual abstinence does not. One cannot argue that abstinence is murder. ** {{Objection}} The same argument would make it possible for mothers to kill infants or even older children since the outcome would be the same as in abstinence: there would be no child. *** {{Objection}} Society could object to killing of a child into which it invested its resources such as medical services and public schooling. **** {{Objection}} Maybe so, but this line of reasoning is fundamentally inhumane, treating a human as a mere means to society's objectives. And it would not protect children into which no or little public resources were invested. === Con === * {{Argument against}} For late-term abortion, it is much harder to argue that it is not a murder: the fetus is significantly developed. ** {{Objection}} The position stated is, paraphrased "For all stages of pregnancy, abortion ought to be illegal at that stage of pregnancy", not "There exists a stage of pregnancy such that abortion ought to be illegal at said stage". The universal and existential quantifier is conflated. == Abortion should be legal in the first trimester == The first trimester is a conventional time length meant to distinguish the period in which a fetus is totally dependent on the mother, from the rest of the pregnancy, in which the fetus may survive without her. Conception occurs on the third week of the first trimester. By the end of third month of pregnancy, a fetus is well-developed,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.webmd.com/baby/1to3-months|title=The first trimester: your baby's growth and development in early pregnancy|website=WebMD|language=en|access-date=2019-06-12}}</ref> with most of its organs fully developed or at least functioning. There is no sudden transformation happening on the day 90 of the pregnancy, just as there is no sudden transformation when we turn 18 and become officially legal adults. A fetus doesn't suddenly become independent on the 90 day mark, just as a person doesn't suddenly become an adult on the 18th birthday. These conventions are educated decisions necessary for legal reasons. === Pro === * {{Argument for}} During the first trimester, the fetus is attached to the mother by the placenta and umbilical cord, its health is dependent on her health and cannot live outside her womb. After the third trimester, the fetus is capable of surviving external from the mother's body, if properly nourished and cared. Therefore, a fetus in the first trimester cannot be regarded as a separate entity, is part of the mother's body and it's up to her what she wants to do with her own body. ** {{Objection}} A fetus has its own unique genetic code, so it is a different organism living inside its mother, and not just another part of her body. *** {{Objection}} Unfertilized egg cells have their own unique genetic code, and unfertilized egg cells are not organisms. ** {{Objection}} By this logic, people on artificial life support should have no right to life because of their dependence on something other than themselves for survival. *** {{Objection}} The difference is that people on artificial life support have at one point already achieved the status of individual autonomy whereas the fetus in the first trimester has yet to ever acquire that status. *** {{Objection}} Those examples are not analogous. The people on artificial life support don't feed on another individual's body. On the contrary, the fetus always demands active and ongoing support from the host (woman). The better analogy would be forcing someone to give their blood to save another person's life against their consent. Until the fetus can survive outside the womb, not allowing abortion violates the women's bodily autonomy.  *** {{Objection}} People in coma and relying on artificial life support have proxies making the decision whether to keep them on life support. The proxy can choose to withdraw life support. In the case of the fetus, the mother is the proxy and can choose to withdraw use of her body as life support **** {{Objection}} The withdrawal of life support can only occur when specific medical criteria are met. There has to be no chance for improvement of patient health and ability to function independently in the future. ***** {{Objection}} It still establishes the principle that killing a living human biological body of an innocent human is not automatically considered to be a murder. Some other principles need to be sought to differentiate. The principle could be that the mind or soul can appear in the body ''in future'', but we may counter that the mind or soul ''has not arrived yet'' in the first trimester, and therefore we only kill a host for the mind or soul that has never seen a mind or soul, so the mind or soul has no identity yet; it is only the biological host body that has an identity. And we have already established that human biological bodies are not preserved at any and all costs regardless of their relation to mind or soul. * {{Argument for}} Fetuses in the first trimester are incapable of feeling pain,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rcog.org.uk/en/guidelines-research-services/guidelines/fetal-awareness---review-of-research-and-recommendations-for-practice/|title=Fetal Awareness: Review of Research and Recommendations for Practice|website=Royal College of Obstetricians &amp; Gynaecologists|language=en-US|access-date=2019-06-14}}</ref> having future goals and are not conscious. All of those conditions are good reasons to value the life of something, but something that does not meet them is not valuable. ** {{Objection}} People undergoing full-body anesthesia are incapable of feeling pain, having future goals and are not conscious. We put a value on their life because they have the potential to do all these things once they wake-up. Similarly, fetuses have the potential of having a valuable life. *** {{Objection}} People under anaesthesia are valued because they have had the capability to be conscious. Ending that life is ending the possibility to continue that consciousness while ending the fetus's life is ending the possibility to start consciousness. The value comes from continuing consciousness. *** {{Objection}} Potentiality is not a sufficient defense in the first trimester as there is no way of knowing if or how many complications can occur that drastically decrease a person's quality of life or existential awareness. *** {{Objection}} Many animals can feel pain, have future goals and are conscious, yet there's no outcry to end meat eating. **** {{Objection}} Veganism is a growing movement. ***** {{Objection}} There is a difference in a movement and a law enforced ***** {{Objection}} Veganism may be a growing movement but it is far from anything enforced at the level of legality.  * {{Argument for}} A fetus in the first trimester should not be entitled to rights that born people are not entitled to. Born people do not have the right to someone else's body even if they need it to survive (I don't have a right to your blood even if I need a blood transfusion to live). ** {{Objection}} Assuming that the pregnancy is not due to rape or similar unfortunate circumstances, then the mother should have known that having sex involves the risk of her getting pregnant. If she willingly took the risk of putting another human in a situation where they would depend on her body, then she is responsible for taking care of them in the case that she actually gets pregnant. *** {{Objection}} This argument assumes that pregnancy can be perfectly preventable. However, none of the birth control methods works perfectly (100%), and contraception requires chance, even under ideal conditions. Therefore, getting pregnant cannot be reduced to a single act or decision. *** {{Objection}} This argument assumes that past actions should restrict the person's bodily autonomy in the future. Even the person can change their present circumstances; the state should not allow that. *** {{Objection}} We are not assuming as much. Even if we do, a ban is likely to result in otherwise avoidable deaths of mothers, and therefore disregards the mother's right to life. ** {{Objection}} The right to life is more important than the right to avoid the inconveniences of pregnancy, so we ought to prioritize the former over the latter and give fetuses their right to life. *** {{Objection}} In certain cases, the right to life of a fetus is in conflict with the right to life of the mother, a moral conflict. These cases may be alleviated by the ban allowing life-saving abortions, but this does not completely eliminate the threat of legal prosecution, adds ''legal'' element to the decision making in addition to ''medical'' and ''moral'', and thus such a exceptions-allowing ban can still result in otherwise avoidable deaths. === Con === * {{Argument against}} Fetuses meet all seven characteristics of life,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171221004451/http://infohost.nmt.edu:80/~klathrop/7characterisitcs_of_life.htm|title=The 7 Characteristics of Life|date=2017-12-21|website=web.archive.org|access-date=2019-06-12}}</ref> and are human, so abortion is akin to murder as it's the act of taking human life. No civilized society permits one human to intentionally take the life of another human that has caused no violence, and abortion is no different. ** {{Objection}} The concept of personhood is different from the concept of human life. ** {{Objection}} In [[Wikipedia:In vitro fertilization|''in vitro'' fertilization]], fertilized eggs that are not implanted are routinely thrown away and no one considers that murder. *** {{Objection}} Then maybe throwing away in vitro fertilized eggs should be prohibited. Certainly opponents to fetal stem cell research think so. ** {{Objection}} A fetus during the first trimester is not yet human, since it hasn't developed the large neocortex that sets humans apart from other animals.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/2922889|title=The dragons of Eden: speculations on the evolution of human intelligence|last=Sagan|first=Carl|isbn=0394410459|edition=First|location=New York|oclc=2922889}}</ref> *** {{Objection}} The fetuses we are talking about are human, though sometimes, it's acceptable to kill humans, especially if it hasn't yet developed consciousness. ** {{Objection}} A person's right to life is contingent on what their life requires of other people. Nobody has a right to your blood because they need it to survive. ** {{Objection}} Why should the society permit the abortion banners to cause an otherwise avoidable loss of life of mothers? Is it because the killing is caused a little more indirectly than in the case of an abortion? Or is it because the lives of fetuses are more valuable than lives of mothers? * {{Argument against}} Many citizens who pay taxes are opposed to abortion, therefore it's morally wrong to use tax money to subsidize abortion. ** {{Objection}} It isn't necessary to use taxpayer money to subsidize abortion. This debate is about legalizing abortion, not subsidizing it. ** {{Objection}} Taxpayer dollars are used to enable poor people to access the same medical services as rich people and abortion is one of these services. ** {{Objection}} Subsidizing abortion is no different from any other subsidy. For those who are opposed, the place to express outrage is in the voting booth. ** {{Objection}} Many citizens who pay taxes are opposed to central government. But we can't defund the government. * {{Argument against}} An abortion can result in medical complications later in life: the risk of [[Wikipedia:Ectopic pregnancies|ectopic pregnancies]] doubles, the chance of a miscarriage and pelvic inflammatory disease also increases, not to mention intense psychological pain, stress and emotional burdens left after abortion, called "post-abortion syndrome".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/somatic-psychology/201010/post-abortion-stress-syndrome-pass-does-it-exist|title=Post Abortion Stress Syndrome (PASS) - Does It Exist?|website=Psychology Today|language=en|access-date=2017-11-16}}</ref> A procedure so risky shouldn't be supported by making it legal. ** {{Objection}} Abortion is a safe medical procedure. The vast majority of women (88%) who have an abortion do so in their first trimester. Medical abortions have less than 0.5% risk of serious complications and do not affect a woman's health or future ability to become pregnant or give birth. ** {{Objection}} Risk is not an adequate reason to forbid a medical procedure. Many procedures, such as surgeries on late-term cancer patients, carry the risk of causing physical harm and are not guaranteed to be beneficial, but we permit them as long as there is informed consent on the part of the patient. * {{Argument against}} Adoption is a viable alternative to abortion.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://adoptionnetwork.com/adoption-statistics|title=Adoption Statistics {{!}} Adoption Network|website=adoptionnetwork.com|language=en|access-date=2019-06-14}}</ref> ** {{Objection}} Adoption doesn't prevent the many months of unwanted pregnancy. ** {{Objection}} Adoption doesn't prevent the risk of health risks that pregnancy entails. *** {{Objection}} Abortion also entails health risks. * {{Argument against}} According to most legislations,<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2022-07-05|title=Unborn Victims of Violence Act|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Unborn_Victims_of_Violence_Act&oldid=1096628558|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}}</ref> killing a pregnant woman at any stage in the pregnancy is legally a double homicide. The law defines "child in utero" as "a member of the species ''Homo sapiens'', at any stage of development, who is carried in the womb". Therefore, under current (United States) Federal law, abortion at any stage of development is murder of a member of our species, which is illegal.<ref>The law is codified in two sections of the United States Code: Title 18, Chapter 1 (Crimes), §1841 (18 USC 1841) and Title 10, Chapter 22 (Uniform Code of Military Justice) §919a (Article 119a).</ref> In other words, Federal legal precedent stands on the side of fetal personhood. ** {{Objection}} The debate is not about what the current laws are, but about what the laws should be. ** {{Objection}} This argument only applies to the United States, but this debate is not restricted to any one country. ** {{Objection}} Since death penalty is legal in some states, the fact that fetuses are members of our species doesn't by itself imply that their life can't be legally taken. *** {{Objection}} The person receiving the death penalty was guilty of a crime, they are not innocent like the child in utero. * {{Argument against}} Certain societal intervention such as better sex education can make abortions unnecessary.<ref name="proconorg" /> ** {{Objection}} This is an argument against banning, not for banning: non-banning interventions can reduce the phenomenon that we find objectionable--killing of fetuses for convenience sake--without at the same time causing another phenomenon that we find objectionable--abortion-ban-caused otherwise avoidable deaths of mothers. * {{Argument against}} Legal abortion has eugenic potential by enabling trait-selective abortions such as those to eliminate a fetus of unwanted sex.<ref name="proconorg" /> ** {{Objection}} This can be resolved by making illegal to have an abortion after prenatal sex determination, but not before it. And if coercion to test the fetus's sex is a problem, coercion to not abort would still be a problem in that situation, even without the restriction. == Abortion should be legal in case of risk to the mother's life == In the United States, around 6% of abortions are reported to be due to physical or emotional health problems with the mother.<ref name=":0" /> === Pro === * {{Argument for}} If the life of the mother is compromised, she should have the right to abort as a matter of self-defense. === Con === * {{Argument against}} The mother could indirectly defend herself with the intent not to abort. For example, taking chemotherapy for Uterine cancer may have the unintended side effect of abortion but that was not the intent. This is known as the [[W:Principle of double effect|Principle of double effect]]. ** {{Objection}} If it's illegal to abort and the treatment-prescriber knows that their treatment results in abortion, it would be illegal to provide treatment, killing the mother. == Abortion should be legal in case of rape or incest == In the United States, around 1% of abortions are reported to be due to rape or incest.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://www.johnstonsarchive.net/policy/abortion/abreasons.html|title=Reasons given for having abortions in the United States|website=www.johnstonsarchive.net|access-date=2019-06-12}}</ref> === Pro === * {{Argument for}} In the case of incest, if the child was born, they'd have a substantially impaired quality of life, even in adoption by the most loving family imaginable, due to recessive disorders (especially if said child is male, for males are more likely to get X-linked recessive disorders) * {{Argument for}} Forcing a woman to continue with a forced pregnancy is a violation of her rights. ** {{Objection}} Still, you would be killing someone else without that someone's consent. *** {{Objection}} Just as the woman was raped into having a child without her consent. **** {{Objection}} There has to be a way of dealing with such crimes without affecting the innocent child *** {{Objection}} Virtually all legal killings are against the victim's consent. ****{{Objection}} In the event of euthanasia, this is not the case * {{Argument for}} A fetus conceived through rape or incest is like an intruder and can be expelled like such. ** {{Objection}} A fetus shouldn't be treated like an intruder because it did not willfully intrude, someone put it there. No reasonable person would expel an unconscious person into the winter cold and leave it to die, if it was thrown into his property by a kidnapper. *** {{Objection}} But by the same notion, a person shouldn't be expected to harbor an unconscious person because the kidnapper had assaulted them and then left the unconscious person in their care. * {{Argument for}} Having children due to rape or incest can be seriously deleterious to the mother. Abortion in such cases is the best of the bad outcomes available in most cases. ** {{Objection}} Adoption services already exist. If a mother wishes not to raise the child, these seem like a much more palatable option than killing a fetus that could go on to do great things. *** {{Objection}} A woman shouldn't be expected to endure 9 months of pregnancy and the emotional and psychological burden of conceiving the child of her rapist because that unsolicited fetus might go on to do great things.  * {{Argument for}} if we ban abortion, women who have been raped are now forced to have kids, and with the unfortunately high occurrence of rape, this may cause the population to explode, piling on to the already major problem of overpopulation. Not to mention, most bastard children live in such poor conditions and have so little morale for their existence that they will likely suffer their entire lives and never amount to anything. In that case, it's better for everyone involved that they didn't exist ** {{Objection}} rate of rape seems to be inconsequential to population growth. If we take the US, there seems to be roughly 85000 reported rapes per year. If we conservatively assume that this is half of the total rapes, that conservatively there's a 5% chance of getting pregnant per sexual intercourse (which tends to apply only to younger people), that right now there are no rape-related births in the US (likely untrue) and, finally, that no illegal abortion would take place, the number of pregnancies as a consequence of rape if abortion would be illegal would be roughly 0,2% of total birth in the US. Real percentage would probably be orders of magnitude lower. === Con === * {{Argument against}} Proper medical care can ensure that a woman victim of rape or incest will not get pregnant. ** {{Comment}} "... a female [redacted]/incest victim..." or "...a [redacted] or incest victim who is a woman...' ** {{Objection}} Often a rape victim is too afraid to speak up or is unaware of being pregnant, thus the morning after pill is ineffective in these situations. ** {{Objection}} If conception has already taken place, any way of making her no longer pregnant is an abortion. == See also == * [[Wikipedia:Abortion debate|Abortion debate]] on Wikipedia * [[Obstetrics and Gynecology/Abortion]] * [[Should infanticide be legal?]] * [[Will we lose our consciousness after we die?]] == Notes and references == {{Reflist}} == External links == * [https://www.kialo.com/pro-life-vs-pro-choice-should-abortion-be-legal-5637 Pro-Life vs Pro-Choice: Should Abortion be Legal?], largest interactive {{w|argument map|arguments tree}} of the debate about this subject on {{w|Kialo}} [[Category:Politics]] [[Category:Abortion]] [[Category:Legal ethics]] [[Category:Wikiversity Law Review]] hsn1qhaw55m4ho6y2z7cy8dd30xakbt 2691508 2691506 2024-12-11T20:44:16Z PickleRick1504 2936980 /* Abortion should be legal in any stage of pregnancy */ Add objection #DebateTools 2691508 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Wikidebate}} {{Law}} This debate is about the question whether abortion should be ''legal'', not about whether abortion is ''moral'' or the best course of action. This debate assumes that all (other, depending on your location) currently unlawful killings should remain as such. == Abortion should be legal in any stage of pregnancy == === Pro === * {{Argument for}} Abortion without proper medical support endangers the mother's life, which happens when women seek unsafe abortion due to abortion ban. This is one mode by which the act of banning abortion results in otherwise avoidable deaths. ** {{Objection}} Unsafe abortion without proper medical support is already illegal. The solution to prevent endangerment of the mother's life is to better enforce existing laws, not legalizing pre-existing offences. *** {{Objection}} No evidence has been presented that tightening of enforcement of abortion bans will reduce the unsafe illegal abortions to zero. Of these, non-zero number of mothers' deaths may still result. Whether the proposed intervention (of better enforcement) will eliminate all unsafe-abortion-caused otherwise avoidable deaths is an ''empirical'' question and cannot be answered by philosophising; in any case, it seems likely that at least one otherwise avoidable unsafe-abortion-caused death will ensue. * {{Argument for}} Procedures designed to save mother's life during pregnancy are often indistinguishable from abortion.<ref name="proconorg">{{Cite web|url=https://abortion.procon.org/|title=Abortion - Top Arguments For and Against - ProCon.org|website=Abortion|language=en-US|access-date=2022-08-16}}</ref> As a result, the act of banning abortion leads to reduced or delayed administration of life-saving procedures for the fear of legal prosecution.<ref name="proconorg" /> This is another mode by which the act of banning abortion results in otherwise avoidable deaths. The ban-caused additional mother deaths may be reduced by allowing life-saving abortions as an exception to the ban, but these deaths are still not necessarily reduced to zero since adding legal element to the deliberation adds risk to the medical doctor, who must be ready to prove that the abortion was necessary to save the mother's life. * {{Argument for}} If a woman lives in an environment exceedingly hostile to her situation (for example a pregnancy out of wedlock in a country under Sharia Law) then continuing with the pregnancy would risk her chances of a healthy and happy life, if not her life. ** {{Objection}} From a [[Wikipedia:Deontological ethics|deontological]] perspective, the end doesn't justify the means and the pragmatic benefits of abortion do not justify allowing it. *** {{Objection}} In a hostile environment, the life of the mother is under threat with reasonable certainty. In some cases, discovery of pregnancy can result in the killing of both the mother and the fetus. Since one of the lives (the mother's) can be saved through abortion in every instance, the deontological principle of "ends not justifying the means" cannot be accepted as a universal maxim. ** {{Objection}} Some people have mental illnesses that cause them to ''need'' to burn down buildings, kill people or steal thins, but we don't legalize such acts because of such people. *** {{Objection}} The point isn't whether the mother has a psychological need to have an abortion or not. The reason we don't allow mentally ill people to harm others is because said others also have a psychological *need* to not be harmed. In the case of abortion, the only valid conflict of interest would be with the fetus; and that too is debatable whether it can be harmed in the same way a fully grown human (the mother) can be harmed. *** {{Objection}} This doesn't have anything to do with abortion. The fact that some people aren’t mentally stable to raise a child is a point in favor of abortion, not against it. * {{Argument for}} Nobody is obliged to save someone else. ** {{Objection}} On the contrary, parents have a legal and moral obligation to protect the lives of their children. ** {{Objection}} Abortion isn't just refusing to save someone: it's taking active steps to end that someone's life. *** {{Objection}} If we are talking about human rights, a child actually doesn’t consent to being born and making abortion illegal by calling it protection of the foetus may not be what the child grows up to want. **** {{Objection}} The question of whether the fetus values its autonomous consent more than its existence is indeterminate. Human rights break down at this level, as accepting this premise entails anti-natalism, which is much harder to defend as an ideology. * {{Argument for}} There's a potential link between legalizing abortion and reducing crime.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.worldcat.org/title/freakonomics-a-rogue-economist-explores-the-hidden-side-of-everything/oclc/73307236|title=Freakonomics: a rogue economist explores the hidden side of everything|last=Levitt|first=Steven D|last2=Dubner|first2=Stephen J|date=2006|isbn=9780061234002|language=English|oclc=73307236}}</ref>{{Clarify}} * {{Argument for}} Legalizing abortion is useful to help control overpopulation. ** {{Objection}} So is legalizing murder, promoting war, releasing deadly viruses, etc. *** {{Objection}} In short all you are saying is that the murder should be allowed in the country.... *** {{Objection}} The other methods listed are almost unanimously agreed to be unethical, while abortion (when chosen by the pregnant) is a more balanced, ambiguous, and potentially acceptable method. **** {{Objection}} Even if abortion isn't as clearly unethical as other methods, it still isn't acceptable just by being better than the alternatives for controlling overpopulation. ***** {{Objection}} It isn't acceptable simply by virtue of being less ethical, but rather by virtue of its benefits to the mother's rights over her own body. * {{Argument for}} Criminalizing abortion would not end abortion, though it may reduce the rate of abortions. If we are concerned about reducing the rate of abortions, there are better ways of doing this, e.g. publicly funded contraception. ** {{Objection}} An anti-abortion law would extend the law against murder. Laws on human life don't prevent actions but are [[W:symbolic law|symbolic]] to a moral stance of a nation. *** {{Objection}} Prioritizing morality over the health of a mother undermines her right to self-preservation, potentially harming both her and the child. Laws should consider the real-life implications on individual well-being, not just uphold abstract moral ideals. *** {{Objection}} The abortion-ban-caused otherwise avoidable deaths of mothers indicated in some of the above arguments are very much non-symbolic and outweigh anything that is merely symbolic. * {{Argument for}} Removing a fetus safely from a woman's body is much better than if she is forced to continue an unwanted pregnancy, which has a domino effect of now there is another mouth in the family to feed, and if it is a poor family, the kid will starve to death, which is much more painful and slower than what would originally occur. ** {{Objection}} A kid in a poor family may starve to death regardless of whether the pregnancy was unwanted or not. However, we do forbid poor people from killing wanted children to prevent painful starvation to death. *** {{Objection}} A family struggling to make ends meet with many children aren't going to intentionally create another child to feed. I see this point brought up alot about how we forbid killing children but not abortion, and I think it be important you know unborn babies are far different to kids. * {{Argument for}} An unwanted child exists in vain, and vain existence is worse than no existence at all. ** {{Objection}} This assumes that the purpose of child's existence is identical with the purpose for which the child was conceived, often pleasure-seeking via sex. If the child accepts this assumption, the child can choose to maximize the pleasure of its parents, in align with the purpose for which it was conceived; the result is a meaningful life rather than a life in vain. Furthermore, the child does not need to accept this assumption and may seek its own purposes in life, just like wanted children, rather than seeing itself as a mere vehicle for its parents' purposes. *** {{Objection}} Sounds great on paper, but in practice you are describing a utopian ideal as resolution to psychological patterns deeply rooted within both the parents and child. Proposing that an unwanted child musters the degree of willpower you imply, and be met with eager reception by what seem to be ignorant, irresponsible parents, sounds like a game hard-won. * {{Argument for}} Interventions reducing abortion rates exist that save lives of unborn fetuses while being very unlikely to cause any otherwise avoidable deaths of mothers. One such intervention is letting aborting women sign paperwork serving to convince them to skip abortion for convenience's sake. The paperwork may point out: 1) the child can be adopted; 2) from certain moral perspectives, abortion for convenience's sake is a murder; 3) from biological and genetic perspective, an adopted child is still a success, and some adopted children went on to achieve great things and become very famous while doing so; 4) some mothers experience psychological difficulties as a result of abortion. More non-banning interventions are available. In fact, non-banning interventions have caused a huge decline in abortion rates in the U.S.<ref name="proconorg" /> * {{Argument for}} Wanton abortion is a self-limiting behavior in so far as the biological predispositions to the behavior are being less replicated as a result of the abortion. Wanton abortion is not a socially dangerous behavior. ** {{Objection}} This completely disregards the question whether abortion is a murder, and is a collectivist rather than individualist ethics. Instead of killing of a fetus as an evil to be avoided, it discusses social practicalities and assumes that the purpose of ethics is a pragmatic one, to eliminate socially dangerous behavior. This is a fundamentally unethical position, at least from the point of view of individualistic ethics. * {{Argument for}} In terms of outcomes or consequences, conception and subsequent abortion is no different from sexual abstinence and use of contraception: there is no child. There should be no legal difference between these cases. ** {{Objection}} The notional difference is that abortion involves a killing of an innocent while sexual abstinence does not. One cannot argue that abstinence is murder. ** {{Objection}} The same argument would make it possible for mothers to kill infants or even older children since the outcome would be the same as in abstinence: there would be no child. *** {{Objection}} Society could object to killing of a child into which it invested its resources such as medical services and public schooling. **** {{Objection}} Maybe so, but this line of reasoning is fundamentally inhumane, treating a human as a mere means to society's objectives. And it would not protect children into which no or little public resources were invested. === Con === * {{Argument against}} For late-term abortion, it is much harder to argue that it is not a murder: the fetus is significantly developed. ** {{Objection}} The position stated is, paraphrased "For all stages of pregnancy, abortion ought to be illegal at that stage of pregnancy", not "There exists a stage of pregnancy such that abortion ought to be illegal at said stage". The universal and existential quantifier is conflated. == Abortion should be legal in the first trimester == The first trimester is a conventional time length meant to distinguish the period in which a fetus is totally dependent on the mother, from the rest of the pregnancy, in which the fetus may survive without her. Conception occurs on the third week of the first trimester. By the end of third month of pregnancy, a fetus is well-developed,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.webmd.com/baby/1to3-months|title=The first trimester: your baby's growth and development in early pregnancy|website=WebMD|language=en|access-date=2019-06-12}}</ref> with most of its organs fully developed or at least functioning. There is no sudden transformation happening on the day 90 of the pregnancy, just as there is no sudden transformation when we turn 18 and become officially legal adults. A fetus doesn't suddenly become independent on the 90 day mark, just as a person doesn't suddenly become an adult on the 18th birthday. These conventions are educated decisions necessary for legal reasons. === Pro === * {{Argument for}} During the first trimester, the fetus is attached to the mother by the placenta and umbilical cord, its health is dependent on her health and cannot live outside her womb. After the third trimester, the fetus is capable of surviving external from the mother's body, if properly nourished and cared. Therefore, a fetus in the first trimester cannot be regarded as a separate entity, is part of the mother's body and it's up to her what she wants to do with her own body. ** {{Objection}} A fetus has its own unique genetic code, so it is a different organism living inside its mother, and not just another part of her body. *** {{Objection}} Unfertilized egg cells have their own unique genetic code, and unfertilized egg cells are not organisms. ** {{Objection}} By this logic, people on artificial life support should have no right to life because of their dependence on something other than themselves for survival. *** {{Objection}} The difference is that people on artificial life support have at one point already achieved the status of individual autonomy whereas the fetus in the first trimester has yet to ever acquire that status. *** {{Objection}} Those examples are not analogous. The people on artificial life support don't feed on another individual's body. On the contrary, the fetus always demands active and ongoing support from the host (woman). The better analogy would be forcing someone to give their blood to save another person's life against their consent. Until the fetus can survive outside the womb, not allowing abortion violates the women's bodily autonomy.  *** {{Objection}} People in coma and relying on artificial life support have proxies making the decision whether to keep them on life support. The proxy can choose to withdraw life support. In the case of the fetus, the mother is the proxy and can choose to withdraw use of her body as life support **** {{Objection}} The withdrawal of life support can only occur when specific medical criteria are met. There has to be no chance for improvement of patient health and ability to function independently in the future. ***** {{Objection}} It still establishes the principle that killing a living human biological body of an innocent human is not automatically considered to be a murder. Some other principles need to be sought to differentiate. The principle could be that the mind or soul can appear in the body ''in future'', but we may counter that the mind or soul ''has not arrived yet'' in the first trimester, and therefore we only kill a host for the mind or soul that has never seen a mind or soul, so the mind or soul has no identity yet; it is only the biological host body that has an identity. And we have already established that human biological bodies are not preserved at any and all costs regardless of their relation to mind or soul. * {{Argument for}} Fetuses in the first trimester are incapable of feeling pain,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rcog.org.uk/en/guidelines-research-services/guidelines/fetal-awareness---review-of-research-and-recommendations-for-practice/|title=Fetal Awareness: Review of Research and Recommendations for Practice|website=Royal College of Obstetricians &amp; Gynaecologists|language=en-US|access-date=2019-06-14}}</ref> having future goals and are not conscious. All of those conditions are good reasons to value the life of something, but something that does not meet them is not valuable. ** {{Objection}} People undergoing full-body anesthesia are incapable of feeling pain, having future goals and are not conscious. We put a value on their life because they have the potential to do all these things once they wake-up. Similarly, fetuses have the potential of having a valuable life. *** {{Objection}} People under anaesthesia are valued because they have had the capability to be conscious. Ending that life is ending the possibility to continue that consciousness while ending the fetus's life is ending the possibility to start consciousness. The value comes from continuing consciousness. *** {{Objection}} Potentiality is not a sufficient defense in the first trimester as there is no way of knowing if or how many complications can occur that drastically decrease a person's quality of life or existential awareness. *** {{Objection}} Many animals can feel pain, have future goals and are conscious, yet there's no outcry to end meat eating. **** {{Objection}} Veganism is a growing movement. ***** {{Objection}} There is a difference in a movement and a law enforced ***** {{Objection}} Veganism may be a growing movement but it is far from anything enforced at the level of legality.  * {{Argument for}} A fetus in the first trimester should not be entitled to rights that born people are not entitled to. Born people do not have the right to someone else's body even if they need it to survive (I don't have a right to your blood even if I need a blood transfusion to live). ** {{Objection}} Assuming that the pregnancy is not due to rape or similar unfortunate circumstances, then the mother should have known that having sex involves the risk of her getting pregnant. If she willingly took the risk of putting another human in a situation where they would depend on her body, then she is responsible for taking care of them in the case that she actually gets pregnant. *** {{Objection}} This argument assumes that pregnancy can be perfectly preventable. However, none of the birth control methods works perfectly (100%), and contraception requires chance, even under ideal conditions. Therefore, getting pregnant cannot be reduced to a single act or decision. *** {{Objection}} This argument assumes that past actions should restrict the person's bodily autonomy in the future. Even the person can change their present circumstances; the state should not allow that. *** {{Objection}} We are not assuming as much. Even if we do, a ban is likely to result in otherwise avoidable deaths of mothers, and therefore disregards the mother's right to life. ** {{Objection}} The right to life is more important than the right to avoid the inconveniences of pregnancy, so we ought to prioritize the former over the latter and give fetuses their right to life. *** {{Objection}} In certain cases, the right to life of a fetus is in conflict with the right to life of the mother, a moral conflict. These cases may be alleviated by the ban allowing life-saving abortions, but this does not completely eliminate the threat of legal prosecution, adds ''legal'' element to the decision making in addition to ''medical'' and ''moral'', and thus such a exceptions-allowing ban can still result in otherwise avoidable deaths. === Con === * {{Argument against}} Fetuses meet all seven characteristics of life,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171221004451/http://infohost.nmt.edu:80/~klathrop/7characterisitcs_of_life.htm|title=The 7 Characteristics of Life|date=2017-12-21|website=web.archive.org|access-date=2019-06-12}}</ref> and are human, so abortion is akin to murder as it's the act of taking human life. No civilized society permits one human to intentionally take the life of another human that has caused no violence, and abortion is no different. ** {{Objection}} The concept of personhood is different from the concept of human life. ** {{Objection}} In [[Wikipedia:In vitro fertilization|''in vitro'' fertilization]], fertilized eggs that are not implanted are routinely thrown away and no one considers that murder. *** {{Objection}} Then maybe throwing away in vitro fertilized eggs should be prohibited. Certainly opponents to fetal stem cell research think so. ** {{Objection}} A fetus during the first trimester is not yet human, since it hasn't developed the large neocortex that sets humans apart from other animals.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/2922889|title=The dragons of Eden: speculations on the evolution of human intelligence|last=Sagan|first=Carl|isbn=0394410459|edition=First|location=New York|oclc=2922889}}</ref> *** {{Objection}} The fetuses we are talking about are human, though sometimes, it's acceptable to kill humans, especially if it hasn't yet developed consciousness. ** {{Objection}} A person's right to life is contingent on what their life requires of other people. Nobody has a right to your blood because they need it to survive. ** {{Objection}} Why should the society permit the abortion banners to cause an otherwise avoidable loss of life of mothers? Is it because the killing is caused a little more indirectly than in the case of an abortion? Or is it because the lives of fetuses are more valuable than lives of mothers? * {{Argument against}} Many citizens who pay taxes are opposed to abortion, therefore it's morally wrong to use tax money to subsidize abortion. ** {{Objection}} It isn't necessary to use taxpayer money to subsidize abortion. This debate is about legalizing abortion, not subsidizing it. ** {{Objection}} Taxpayer dollars are used to enable poor people to access the same medical services as rich people and abortion is one of these services. ** {{Objection}} Subsidizing abortion is no different from any other subsidy. For those who are opposed, the place to express outrage is in the voting booth. ** {{Objection}} Many citizens who pay taxes are opposed to central government. But we can't defund the government. * {{Argument against}} An abortion can result in medical complications later in life: the risk of [[Wikipedia:Ectopic pregnancies|ectopic pregnancies]] doubles, the chance of a miscarriage and pelvic inflammatory disease also increases, not to mention intense psychological pain, stress and emotional burdens left after abortion, called "post-abortion syndrome".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/somatic-psychology/201010/post-abortion-stress-syndrome-pass-does-it-exist|title=Post Abortion Stress Syndrome (PASS) - Does It Exist?|website=Psychology Today|language=en|access-date=2017-11-16}}</ref> A procedure so risky shouldn't be supported by making it legal. ** {{Objection}} Abortion is a safe medical procedure. The vast majority of women (88%) who have an abortion do so in their first trimester. Medical abortions have less than 0.5% risk of serious complications and do not affect a woman's health or future ability to become pregnant or give birth. ** {{Objection}} Risk is not an adequate reason to forbid a medical procedure. Many procedures, such as surgeries on late-term cancer patients, carry the risk of causing physical harm and are not guaranteed to be beneficial, but we permit them as long as there is informed consent on the part of the patient. * {{Argument against}} Adoption is a viable alternative to abortion.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://adoptionnetwork.com/adoption-statistics|title=Adoption Statistics {{!}} Adoption Network|website=adoptionnetwork.com|language=en|access-date=2019-06-14}}</ref> ** {{Objection}} Adoption doesn't prevent the many months of unwanted pregnancy. ** {{Objection}} Adoption doesn't prevent the risk of health risks that pregnancy entails. *** {{Objection}} Abortion also entails health risks. * {{Argument against}} According to most legislations,<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2022-07-05|title=Unborn Victims of Violence Act|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Unborn_Victims_of_Violence_Act&oldid=1096628558|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}}</ref> killing a pregnant woman at any stage in the pregnancy is legally a double homicide. The law defines "child in utero" as "a member of the species ''Homo sapiens'', at any stage of development, who is carried in the womb". Therefore, under current (United States) Federal law, abortion at any stage of development is murder of a member of our species, which is illegal.<ref>The law is codified in two sections of the United States Code: Title 18, Chapter 1 (Crimes), §1841 (18 USC 1841) and Title 10, Chapter 22 (Uniform Code of Military Justice) §919a (Article 119a).</ref> In other words, Federal legal precedent stands on the side of fetal personhood. ** {{Objection}} The debate is not about what the current laws are, but about what the laws should be. ** {{Objection}} This argument only applies to the United States, but this debate is not restricted to any one country. ** {{Objection}} Since death penalty is legal in some states, the fact that fetuses are members of our species doesn't by itself imply that their life can't be legally taken. *** {{Objection}} The person receiving the death penalty was guilty of a crime, they are not innocent like the child in utero. * {{Argument against}} Certain societal intervention such as better sex education can make abortions unnecessary.<ref name="proconorg" /> ** {{Objection}} This is an argument against banning, not for banning: non-banning interventions can reduce the phenomenon that we find objectionable--killing of fetuses for convenience sake--without at the same time causing another phenomenon that we find objectionable--abortion-ban-caused otherwise avoidable deaths of mothers. * {{Argument against}} Legal abortion has eugenic potential by enabling trait-selective abortions such as those to eliminate a fetus of unwanted sex.<ref name="proconorg" /> ** {{Objection}} This can be resolved by making illegal to have an abortion after prenatal sex determination, but not before it. And if coercion to test the fetus's sex is a problem, coercion to not abort would still be a problem in that situation, even without the restriction. == Abortion should be legal in case of risk to the mother's life == In the United States, around 6% of abortions are reported to be due to physical or emotional health problems with the mother.<ref name=":0" /> === Pro === * {{Argument for}} If the life of the mother is compromised, she should have the right to abort as a matter of self-defense. === Con === * {{Argument against}} The mother could indirectly defend herself with the intent not to abort. For example, taking chemotherapy for Uterine cancer may have the unintended side effect of abortion but that was not the intent. This is known as the [[W:Principle of double effect|Principle of double effect]]. ** {{Objection}} If it's illegal to abort and the treatment-prescriber knows that their treatment results in abortion, it would be illegal to provide treatment, killing the mother. == Abortion should be legal in case of rape or incest == In the United States, around 1% of abortions are reported to be due to rape or incest.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://www.johnstonsarchive.net/policy/abortion/abreasons.html|title=Reasons given for having abortions in the United States|website=www.johnstonsarchive.net|access-date=2019-06-12}}</ref> === Pro === * {{Argument for}} In the case of incest, if the child was born, they'd have a substantially impaired quality of life, even in adoption by the most loving family imaginable, due to recessive disorders (especially if said child is male, for males are more likely to get X-linked recessive disorders) * {{Argument for}} Forcing a woman to continue with a forced pregnancy is a violation of her rights. ** {{Objection}} Still, you would be killing someone else without that someone's consent. *** {{Objection}} Just as the woman was raped into having a child without her consent. **** {{Objection}} There has to be a way of dealing with such crimes without affecting the innocent child *** {{Objection}} Virtually all legal killings are against the victim's consent. ****{{Objection}} In the event of euthanasia, this is not the case * {{Argument for}} A fetus conceived through rape or incest is like an intruder and can be expelled like such. ** {{Objection}} A fetus shouldn't be treated like an intruder because it did not willfully intrude, someone put it there. No reasonable person would expel an unconscious person into the winter cold and leave it to die, if it was thrown into his property by a kidnapper. *** {{Objection}} But by the same notion, a person shouldn't be expected to harbor an unconscious person because the kidnapper had assaulted them and then left the unconscious person in their care. * {{Argument for}} Having children due to rape or incest can be seriously deleterious to the mother. Abortion in such cases is the best of the bad outcomes available in most cases. ** {{Objection}} Adoption services already exist. If a mother wishes not to raise the child, these seem like a much more palatable option than killing a fetus that could go on to do great things. *** {{Objection}} A woman shouldn't be expected to endure 9 months of pregnancy and the emotional and psychological burden of conceiving the child of her rapist because that unsolicited fetus might go on to do great things.  * {{Argument for}} if we ban abortion, women who have been raped are now forced to have kids, and with the unfortunately high occurrence of rape, this may cause the population to explode, piling on to the already major problem of overpopulation. Not to mention, most bastard children live in such poor conditions and have so little morale for their existence that they will likely suffer their entire lives and never amount to anything. In that case, it's better for everyone involved that they didn't exist ** {{Objection}} rate of rape seems to be inconsequential to population growth. If we take the US, there seems to be roughly 85000 reported rapes per year. If we conservatively assume that this is half of the total rapes, that conservatively there's a 5% chance of getting pregnant per sexual intercourse (which tends to apply only to younger people), that right now there are no rape-related births in the US (likely untrue) and, finally, that no illegal abortion would take place, the number of pregnancies as a consequence of rape if abortion would be illegal would be roughly 0,2% of total birth in the US. Real percentage would probably be orders of magnitude lower. === Con === * {{Argument against}} Proper medical care can ensure that a woman victim of rape or incest will not get pregnant. ** {{Comment}} "... a female [redacted]/incest victim..." or "...a [redacted] or incest victim who is a woman...' ** {{Objection}} Often a rape victim is too afraid to speak up or is unaware of being pregnant, thus the morning after pill is ineffective in these situations. ** {{Objection}} If conception has already taken place, any way of making her no longer pregnant is an abortion. == See also == * [[Wikipedia:Abortion debate|Abortion debate]] on Wikipedia * [[Obstetrics and Gynecology/Abortion]] * [[Should infanticide be legal?]] * [[Will we lose our consciousness after we die?]] == Notes and references == {{Reflist}} == External links == * [https://www.kialo.com/pro-life-vs-pro-choice-should-abortion-be-legal-5637 Pro-Life vs Pro-Choice: Should Abortion be Legal?], largest interactive {{w|argument map|arguments tree}} of the debate about this subject on {{w|Kialo}} [[Category:Politics]] [[Category:Abortion]] [[Category:Legal ethics]] [[Category:Wikiversity Law Review]] ogkp4r7zf6anbdhoso7j8osto3k7m0g 0 216198 2691547 2651841 2024-12-11T23:56:56Z Yinuo Liu 2935880 clear template remnants 2691547 wikitext text/x-wiki <noinclude>{{Helping Give Away Psychological Science Banner}}</noinclude> {{Wikipedia2|ADHD rating scale}} The '''ADHD Rating Scale (ADHD-RS)''' is a parent-report or teacher-report inventory created by DuPaul and colleagues<ref name=":4" /> consisting of 18 questions regarding a child’s behavior over the past 6 months.<ref name=":4">{{cite book|last1=DuPaul|first1=G. J.|last2=Power|first2=T. J.|last3=Anastopoulos|first3=A. D.|last4=Reid|first4=R.|title=ADHD Rating Scale-IV: Checklists, norms, and clinical interpretation.|date=1998|publisher=Guilford|location=New York|url=http://www.guilford.com/books/ADHD-Rating-Scale-5-for-Children-and-Adolescents/DuPaul-Power-Anastopoulos-Reid/9781462524877|accessdate=9 September 2016}}</ref> It is used to aid in the diagnosis of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in children ranging from ages 5-17.<ref name=":4" /> The ADHD-RS is currently in its fifth version in correlation with DSM-V. ==Scoring and Interpretation== === Scoring === The 18 item ADHD Rating Scale is a questionnaire measured on a likert-type scale from "always or very often" to "rarely or never." It ends with one demographic question regarding age. All questions are intended to be answered regarding the child's behavior in the last 6 months. *'''Items 1-9''' are regarding inattention. *'''Items 10-18''' are regarding impulsivity and hyperactivity. *'''item 19''' asks if some of the behaviors were present in the child before the age of 7 === Interpretation === Scoring is based on the DSM-IV-TR criteria for Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder. For all subtypes, the DSM-IV requires that some symptoms be present in the child before the age of 7. The information required to meet criteria is as follows: *'''ADHD inattentive sub-type:''' 6 or more of the 9 responses in the “Inattention” section must be either “often” or “always or very often”. *'''ADHD hyperactive sub-type:''' 6 or more of the 9 responses in the “Impulsivity and Hyperactivity” section must be either “often or “always or very often”. *'''ADHD combined subtype:''' 6 of the 9 responses must be marked as either “often” or “always or very often” in both the “Inattention” and “Impulsivity and Hyperactivity” sections. In order to meet the DSM-IV criteria for ADHD, symptoms must be present in two or more settings. It is recommended and common for a parent and a teacher to both complete the ADHD Rating Scale. == See Also == *[[wikipedia:ADHD_rating_scale|ADHD rating scale wikipedia page]] == External Links == *[https://sccap53.org Society of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology] *[http://effectivechildtherapy.org/concerns-symptoms-disorders/disorders/inattention-and-hyperactivity-adhd/ EffectiveChildTherapy.Org information on ADHD] == References == {{Reflist}} {{:{{BASEPAGENAME}}/Navbox}} {{DEFAULTSORT:ADHD Rating Scale}} [[Category:Psychological measures]] p381pxpq4n8hngcba09q8j5iubqwavp 0 216597 2691549 2287963 2024-12-12T00:05:05Z Yinuo Liu 2935880 clear template remnants 2691549 wikitext text/x-wiki <noinclude>{{Helping Give Away Psychological Science Banner}}</noinclude> {{Wikipedia2|Eating Attitudes Test}} The Eating Attitudes Test (EAT, EAT-26), created by David Garner, is a widely used self-report questionnaire 26-item standardized self-report measure of symptoms and concerns characteristic of eating disorders. The EAT has been a particularly useful screening tool to assess "eating disorder risk" in high school, college and other special risk samples such as athletes. Screening for eating disorders is based on the assumption that early identification can lead to earlier treatment, thereby reducing serious physical and psychological complications or even death. Furthermore, EAT has been extremely effective in screening for anorexia nervosa in many populations. The EAT-26 can be used in a non-clinical as well as a clinical setting not specifically focused on eating disorders. It can be administered in group or individual settings and is designed to be administered by mental health professionals, school counselors, coaches, camp counselors, and others with interest in gathering information to determine if an individual should be referred to a specialist for evaluation for an eating disorder. It is ideally suited for school settings, athletic programs, fitness centers, infertility clinics, pediatric practices, general practice settings, and outpatient psychiatric departments. It is designed for adolescents and adults. The EAT-26 is rated on a six-point scale based on how often the individual engages in specific behaviors. The questions may be answered: Always, Usually, Often, Sometimes, Rarely, and Never. Completing the EAT-26 yields a "referral index" based on three criteria: 1) the total score based on the answers to the EAT-26 questions; 2) answers to the behavioral questions related to eating symptoms and weight loss, and 3) the individual’s body mass index (BMI) calculated from their height and weight. Generally a referral is recommended if a respondent scores "positively" or meets the "cut off" scores or threshold on one or more criteria. {{collapse bottom}}The Eating Attitudes Test (EAT, EAT-26), created by David Garner, is a widely used self-report questionnaire 26-item standardized self-report measure of symptoms and concerns characteristic of eating disorders. The EAT has been a particularly useful screening tool to assess "eating disorder risk" in high school, college and other special risk samples such as athletes. Screening for eating disorders is based on the assumption that early identification can lead to earlier treatment, thereby reducing serious physical and psychological complications or even death. Furthermore, EAT has been extremely effective in screening for anorexia nervosa in many populations. The EAT-26 can be used in a non-clinical as well as a clinical setting not specifically focused on eating disorders. It can be administered in group or individual settings and is designed to be administered by mental health professionals, school counselors, coaches, camp counselors, and others with interest in gathering information to determine if an individual should be referred to a specialist for evaluation for an eating disorder. It is ideally suited for school settings, athletic programs, fitness centers, infertility clinics, pediatric practices, general practice settings, and outpatient psychiatric departments. It is designed for adolescents and adults. The EAT-26 is rated on a six-point scale based on how often the individual engages in specific behaviors. The questions may be answered: Always, Usually, Often, Sometimes, Rarely, and Never. Completing the EAT-26 yields a "referral index" based on three criteria: 1) the total score based on the answers to the EAT-26 questions; 2) answers to the behavioral questions related to eating symptoms and weight loss, and 3) the individual’s body mass index (BMI) calculated from their height and weight. Generally a referral is recommended if a respondent scores "positively" or meets the "cut off" scores or threshold on one or more criteria. == Psychometrics == ===Reliability=== The internal consistency reliability of the Eating Attitudes Test is ''good''. Data from David Garner and Paul Garfinkel produced alpha coefficients of 0.79 for the anorexia nervosa subjects and 0.94 for the pooled sample.<ref name=":0" /> ===Validity === According to a research study on the instrument by David Garner and Paul Garfinkel, the total EAT score significantly correlated with criterion group membership (''r'' = 0.87, ''p <'' 0.001), suggesting a high level of concurrent validity. <ref name=":0">Garner & Garfinkel, (1979) http://eat-26.com/Docs/Garner-EAT-40%201979.pdf</ref> ==Development and history== The EAT was developed in response to a [[wikipedia:National_Institute_of_Mental_Health|National Institute of Mental Health]] consensus panel that recognized a need for screening large populations to increase early identification of anorexia related symptoms. Additionally, the NIMH wanted a measure that could be used to examine the social and cultural factors involved in the development and maintenance of eating disorders <ref>Garner, D.M., & Garfinkel, P.E. (1980). Socio-cultural factors in the development of anorexia nervosa. ''Psychological Medicine, 10'', 273-279.</ref>. The original version of the EAT was published in 1979, with 40 items each rated on a 6-point likert scale <ref>Garner, D.M., & Garfinkel, P.E. (1979).''Psychological Medicine, 9'', 273-279.</ref>. In 1982, Garner and colleagues modified the original version to create an abbreviated 26-item test <ref>Garner et al. (1982). The eating attitudes test: Psychometric features and clinical correlates. ''Psychological Medicine, 12'', 871-878.</ref>. The items were reduced after a factor analysis on the original 40-item data set revealed there to be only 26 independent items <ref>Garner, David M.; Olmsted, Marion P.; Bohr, Yvonne; Garfinkel, Paul E. (1982-11-01). [http://journals.cambridge.org/article_S0033291700049163 "The Eating Attitudes Test: psychometric features and clinical correlates"]. ''Psychological Medicine''. '''12''' (04): 871–878. doi:[[doi:10.1017/S0033291700049163|10.1017/S0033291700049163]]. ISSN [https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1469-8978 1469-8978].</ref>. Since that time, the EAT has been translated into many different languages and has gained widespread international as a tool to screen for eating disorders <ref>Alvarez-Rayón, G.; Mancilla-Díaz, J. M.; Vázquez-Arévalo, R.; Unikel-Santoncini, C.; Caballero-Romo, A.; Mercado-Corona, D. (2013-07-26). [https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF03325077 "Validity of the Eating Attitudes Test: A study of Mexican eating disorders patients"]. ''Eating and Weight Disorders - Studies on Anorexia, Bulimia and Obesity''. '''9''' (4): 243–248. doi:[[doi:10.1007/BF03325077|10.1007/BF03325077]]. ISSN [https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1124-4909 1124-4909].</ref>. Both the original paper and the subsequent 1982 publication are 3rd and 4th on the list of the 10 most cited articles in the history of the journal [[wikipedia:Psychological_Medicine|Psychological Medicine]] a prominent peer-reviewed journal in the fields of psychology and psychiatry. The EAT-26 should be used as the first step in a two-stage screening process. Accordingly, individuals who score higher than a 20 should be referred to a qualified professional to determine if they meet the diagnostic criteria for an eating disorder. The EAT-26 is not designed to make a [[wikipedia:Diagnosis|diagnosis]] of an eating disorder and should not be used in place of a professional diagnosis or consultation. The EAT should only be used as a screener for general eating disorders, as research has not shown it to be a valid instrument in making specific diagnoses <ref>Garner et al. (1982). The eating attitudes test: Psychometric features and clinical correlates. ''Psychological Medicine, 12'', 871-878.</ref>. Permission to use the EAT-40 or EAT-26 can be obtained from David Garner through the EAT-26 website [http://www.eat-26.com/ <nowiki>[2]</nowiki>] or the River Centre Clinic [ <nowiki>[3]</nowiki>]. Instructions and scoring information can be obtained from the EAT-26 website for no charge. ==Impact== *This assessment is useful in evaluating a range of target behaviors found in Anorexia Nervosa. Clinicians are able to use this assessment and get results in a timely manner. W ==Use in other populations== *It has been used in various parts in China (ex: Shenzen, Hong Kong, and Hunan) and in Mexico. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Lee|first=Sing|last2=Lee|first2=Antoinette M.|date=2000-04-01|title=Disordered eating in three communities of China: A comparative study of female high school students in Hong Kong, Shenzhen, and rural Hunan|url=http://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/%28SICI%291098-108X%28200004%2927%3A3%3C317%3A%3AAID-EAT9%3E3.0.CO%3B2-2|journal=International Journal of Eating Disorders|language=en|volume=27|issue=3|doi=10.1002/(sici)1098-108x(200004)27:3%3C317::aid-eat9%3E3.0.co;2-2|issn=1098-108X}}</ref> <ref>https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Claudia_Unikel/publication/7893989_Validity_of_the_Eating_Attitudes_Test_A_study_of_Mexican_eating_disorders_patients/links/00b7d537e26df6527a000000.pdf</ref> *There is a translation of the EAT-40 in Spanish. <ref>Castro, J., Toro, J., Salamero, M., & Guimerá, E. (1991). The Eating Attitudes Test: Validation of the Spanish version. ''Evaluación Psicológica, 7''(2), 175-189.</ref> *There is also a translation of the EAT in Zulu. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Szabo|first=Christopher P|last2=Allwood|first2=Clifford W|date=2004-10|title=Application of the Eating Attitudes Test (EAT-26) in a rural, Zulu speaking, adolescent population in South Africa|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1414705/|journal=World Psychiatry|volume=3|issue=3|pages=169–171|issn=1723-8617|pmc=PMC1414705|pmid=16633489}}</ref> *There was also a study done for children. <ref>Michael J. Maloney, Julie McGuire, Stephen R. Daniels, Bonny Specker Pediatrics Sep 1989, 84 (3) 482-489;</ref> ==Scoring and Interpretation == There are three parts to this 26 question test, each part assessing a different dimension of the respondent's attitude towards eating. Part A deals with age, weight, and other physical attributes of the respondent. Part B screens for the respondent's attitude towards their height, weight, and shape. Part C asks about behavioral tendencies of the respondent over the past six months. It is important to note that results from EAT-26 should not take the place of an expert medical opinion. ===Scoring=== A respondent's score is often used in addition to the BMI norms for their age. The responses for Part A are also taken into consideration. '''Dieting scale items:''' 1, 6, 7, 10, 11, 12, 14, 16, 17, 22, 23, 24, and 26 '''Bulimia and food preoccupation scale:''' 3, 4, 9, 18, 21, and 25 '''Oral Control Scale:''' 2, 5, 8, 13, 15, 19, and 20 ''The sum of questions 1-26 yield the total score.'' '''Always:''' 3 points '''Usually:''' 2 points '''Often:''' 1 point '''Sometimes, Rarely, Never:''' 0 points ''Question 26 scored as'' '''Always, usually, often:''' 0points '''Sometimes:''' 1 point '''Rarely:''' 2 points '''Never:''' 3 points ''The behavioral questions are scored as follows:'' '''2-3 times a month for question A:''' positive screen '''Once a month or less for question B and C:''' positive screen '''Once a day or more for question D:''' positive screen '''Yes for question E:''' positive screen ===Interpretation=== A score of 20 or more on questions 1-26 suggests a high risk for an eating disorder. It is recommended that the respondent be referred to a professional for further diagnosis. Any behavioral question that yields a "positive screen" indicates that the respondent should seek evaluation from a professional. ==See also== Here, it would be good to link to any related articles on Wikipedia. For instance: * [[w:bipolar disorder in children|Pediatric bipolar disorder]] ==External links== * [https://unc.az1.qualtrics.com/jfe/form/SV_cBlUQk8Y85LHF41 Depression and Bipolar Support Alliance: 7 Up 7 Down Online Screener] *[https://sccap53.org Society of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology] *[http://effectivechildtherapy.org/concerns-symptoms-disorders/disorders/eating-body-image-problems/ EffectiveChildTherapy.Org information on eating and body image problems] ==Example page== * [[w:General Behavior Inventory|General Behavior Inventory]] [[Category:Psychological measures]] [[Category:OToPS measures]] [[Category:OToPS Fall 2017 measures]] [[Category:Assessment measures]] == References == {{Reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Eating Attitudes Test}} {{:{{BASEPAGENAME}}/Navbox}} [[Category:Psychological measures]] r7ivwc5tkxpfiuu8jf89el70bq74ei6 2691550 2691549 2024-12-12T00:06:27Z Yinuo Liu 2935880 delete repeated content 2691550 wikitext text/x-wiki <noinclude>{{Helping Give Away Psychological Science Banner}}</noinclude> {{Wikipedia2|Eating Attitudes Test}} The Eating Attitudes Test (EAT, EAT-26), created by David Garner, is a widely used self-report questionnaire 26-item standardized self-report measure of symptoms and concerns characteristic of eating disorders. The EAT has been a particularly useful screening tool to assess "eating disorder risk" in high school, college and other special risk samples such as athletes. Screening for eating disorders is based on the assumption that early identification can lead to earlier treatment, thereby reducing serious physical and psychological complications or even death. Furthermore, EAT has been extremely effective in screening for anorexia nervosa in many populations. The EAT-26 can be used in a non-clinical as well as a clinical setting not specifically focused on eating disorders. It can be administered in group or individual settings and is designed to be administered by mental health professionals, school counselors, coaches, camp counselors, and others with interest in gathering information to determine if an individual should be referred to a specialist for evaluation for an eating disorder. It is ideally suited for school settings, athletic programs, fitness centers, infertility clinics, pediatric practices, general practice settings, and outpatient psychiatric departments. It is designed for adolescents and adults. The EAT-26 is rated on a six-point scale based on how often the individual engages in specific behaviors. The questions may be answered: Always, Usually, Often, Sometimes, Rarely, and Never. Completing the EAT-26 yields a "referral index" based on three criteria: 1) the total score based on the answers to the EAT-26 questions; 2) answers to the behavioral questions related to eating symptoms and weight loss, and 3) the individual’s body mass index (BMI) calculated from their height and weight. Generally a referral is recommended if a respondent scores "positively" or meets the "cut off" scores or threshold on one or more criteria. == Psychometrics == ===Reliability=== The internal consistency reliability of the Eating Attitudes Test is ''good''. Data from David Garner and Paul Garfinkel produced alpha coefficients of 0.79 for the anorexia nervosa subjects and 0.94 for the pooled sample.<ref name=":0" /> ===Validity === According to a research study on the instrument by David Garner and Paul Garfinkel, the total EAT score significantly correlated with criterion group membership (''r'' = 0.87, ''p <'' 0.001), suggesting a high level of concurrent validity. <ref name=":0">Garner & Garfinkel, (1979) http://eat-26.com/Docs/Garner-EAT-40%201979.pdf</ref> ==Development and history== The EAT was developed in response to a [[wikipedia:National_Institute_of_Mental_Health|National Institute of Mental Health]] consensus panel that recognized a need for screening large populations to increase early identification of anorexia related symptoms. Additionally, the NIMH wanted a measure that could be used to examine the social and cultural factors involved in the development and maintenance of eating disorders <ref>Garner, D.M., & Garfinkel, P.E. (1980). Socio-cultural factors in the development of anorexia nervosa. ''Psychological Medicine, 10'', 273-279.</ref>. The original version of the EAT was published in 1979, with 40 items each rated on a 6-point likert scale <ref>Garner, D.M., & Garfinkel, P.E. (1979).''Psychological Medicine, 9'', 273-279.</ref>. In 1982, Garner and colleagues modified the original version to create an abbreviated 26-item test <ref>Garner et al. (1982). The eating attitudes test: Psychometric features and clinical correlates. ''Psychological Medicine, 12'', 871-878.</ref>. The items were reduced after a factor analysis on the original 40-item data set revealed there to be only 26 independent items <ref>Garner, David M.; Olmsted, Marion P.; Bohr, Yvonne; Garfinkel, Paul E. (1982-11-01). [http://journals.cambridge.org/article_S0033291700049163 "The Eating Attitudes Test: psychometric features and clinical correlates"]. ''Psychological Medicine''. '''12''' (04): 871–878. doi:[[doi:10.1017/S0033291700049163|10.1017/S0033291700049163]]. ISSN [https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1469-8978 1469-8978].</ref>. Since that time, the EAT has been translated into many different languages and has gained widespread international as a tool to screen for eating disorders <ref>Alvarez-Rayón, G.; Mancilla-Díaz, J. M.; Vázquez-Arévalo, R.; Unikel-Santoncini, C.; Caballero-Romo, A.; Mercado-Corona, D. (2013-07-26). [https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF03325077 "Validity of the Eating Attitudes Test: A study of Mexican eating disorders patients"]. ''Eating and Weight Disorders - Studies on Anorexia, Bulimia and Obesity''. '''9''' (4): 243–248. doi:[[doi:10.1007/BF03325077|10.1007/BF03325077]]. ISSN [https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1124-4909 1124-4909].</ref>. Both the original paper and the subsequent 1982 publication are 3rd and 4th on the list of the 10 most cited articles in the history of the journal [[wikipedia:Psychological_Medicine|Psychological Medicine]] a prominent peer-reviewed journal in the fields of psychology and psychiatry. The EAT-26 should be used as the first step in a two-stage screening process. Accordingly, individuals who score higher than a 20 should be referred to a qualified professional to determine if they meet the diagnostic criteria for an eating disorder. The EAT-26 is not designed to make a [[wikipedia:Diagnosis|diagnosis]] of an eating disorder and should not be used in place of a professional diagnosis or consultation. The EAT should only be used as a screener for general eating disorders, as research has not shown it to be a valid instrument in making specific diagnoses <ref>Garner et al. (1982). The eating attitudes test: Psychometric features and clinical correlates. ''Psychological Medicine, 12'', 871-878.</ref>. Permission to use the EAT-40 or EAT-26 can be obtained from David Garner through the EAT-26 website [http://www.eat-26.com/ <nowiki>[2]</nowiki>] or the River Centre Clinic [ <nowiki>[3]</nowiki>]. Instructions and scoring information can be obtained from the EAT-26 website for no charge. ==Impact== *This assessment is useful in evaluating a range of target behaviors found in Anorexia Nervosa. Clinicians are able to use this assessment and get results in a timely manner. W ==Use in other populations== *It has been used in various parts in China (ex: Shenzen, Hong Kong, and Hunan) and in Mexico. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Lee|first=Sing|last2=Lee|first2=Antoinette M.|date=2000-04-01|title=Disordered eating in three communities of China: A comparative study of female high school students in Hong Kong, Shenzhen, and rural Hunan|url=http://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/%28SICI%291098-108X%28200004%2927%3A3%3C317%3A%3AAID-EAT9%3E3.0.CO%3B2-2|journal=International Journal of Eating Disorders|language=en|volume=27|issue=3|doi=10.1002/(sici)1098-108x(200004)27:3%3C317::aid-eat9%3E3.0.co;2-2|issn=1098-108X}}</ref> <ref>https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Claudia_Unikel/publication/7893989_Validity_of_the_Eating_Attitudes_Test_A_study_of_Mexican_eating_disorders_patients/links/00b7d537e26df6527a000000.pdf</ref> *There is a translation of the EAT-40 in Spanish. <ref>Castro, J., Toro, J., Salamero, M., & Guimerá, E. (1991). The Eating Attitudes Test: Validation of the Spanish version. ''Evaluación Psicológica, 7''(2), 175-189.</ref> *There is also a translation of the EAT in Zulu. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Szabo|first=Christopher P|last2=Allwood|first2=Clifford W|date=2004-10|title=Application of the Eating Attitudes Test (EAT-26) in a rural, Zulu speaking, adolescent population in South Africa|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1414705/|journal=World Psychiatry|volume=3|issue=3|pages=169–171|issn=1723-8617|pmc=PMC1414705|pmid=16633489}}</ref> *There was also a study done for children. <ref>Michael J. Maloney, Julie McGuire, Stephen R. Daniels, Bonny Specker Pediatrics Sep 1989, 84 (3) 482-489;</ref> ==Scoring and Interpretation == There are three parts to this 26 question test, each part assessing a different dimension of the respondent's attitude towards eating. Part A deals with age, weight, and other physical attributes of the respondent. Part B screens for the respondent's attitude towards their height, weight, and shape. Part C asks about behavioral tendencies of the respondent over the past six months. It is important to note that results from EAT-26 should not take the place of an expert medical opinion. ===Scoring=== A respondent's score is often used in addition to the BMI norms for their age. The responses for Part A are also taken into consideration. '''Dieting scale items:''' 1, 6, 7, 10, 11, 12, 14, 16, 17, 22, 23, 24, and 26 '''Bulimia and food preoccupation scale:''' 3, 4, 9, 18, 21, and 25 '''Oral Control Scale:''' 2, 5, 8, 13, 15, 19, and 20 ''The sum of questions 1-26 yield the total score.'' '''Always:''' 3 points '''Usually:''' 2 points '''Often:''' 1 point '''Sometimes, Rarely, Never:''' 0 points ''Question 26 scored as'' '''Always, usually, often:''' 0points '''Sometimes:''' 1 point '''Rarely:''' 2 points '''Never:''' 3 points ''The behavioral questions are scored as follows:'' '''2-3 times a month for question A:''' positive screen '''Once a month or less for question B and C:''' positive screen '''Once a day or more for question D:''' positive screen '''Yes for question E:''' positive screen ===Interpretation=== A score of 20 or more on questions 1-26 suggests a high risk for an eating disorder. It is recommended that the respondent be referred to a professional for further diagnosis. Any behavioral question that yields a "positive screen" indicates that the respondent should seek evaluation from a professional. ==See also== Here, it would be good to link to any related articles on Wikipedia. For instance: * [[w:bipolar disorder in children|Pediatric bipolar disorder]] ==External links== * [https://unc.az1.qualtrics.com/jfe/form/SV_cBlUQk8Y85LHF41 Depression and Bipolar Support Alliance: 7 Up 7 Down Online Screener] *[https://sccap53.org Society of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology] *[http://effectivechildtherapy.org/concerns-symptoms-disorders/disorders/eating-body-image-problems/ EffectiveChildTherapy.Org information on eating and body image problems] ==Example page== * [[w:General Behavior Inventory|General Behavior Inventory]] [[Category:Psychological measures]] [[Category:OToPS measures]] [[Category:OToPS Fall 2017 measures]] [[Category:Assessment measures]] == References == {{Reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Eating Attitudes Test}} {{:{{BASEPAGENAME}}/Navbox}} [[Category:Psychological measures]] 5sy0oh8j42g7mi3goskfafwnu6ask1l 2 230942 2691486 2688118 2024-12-11T19:37:15Z Eyoungstrom 1933979 Copied in IMBHR page 2691486 wikitext text/x-wiki == Institute for Mental and Behavioral Health Research (IMBHR) == === Overview === The Institute for Mental and Behavioral Health Research is located in the state-of-the-art Big Lots Behavioral Health Pavilion. The mission of faculty within the institute is to conduct innovative translational, clinical and epidemiological research focused on etiology, prevention and treatment of mental, emotional and behavioral disorders. In addition to collaborative efforts across the Nationwide Children’s Hospital campus, institute members work in collaboration with the Ohio State University Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Health and the OSU Institute for Behavioral Medicine Research. With 25,000 square feet of current research space and additional research space in development, the institute has flexibility for growth and offers ample room for staff and trainees. Embedded within the institute is the Center for Suicide Prevention and Research. Recently awarded a P50 grant from the National Institute of Mental Health, the CSPR hosts four principal investigators and a large staff to sustain the work of multiple NIMH-funded projects. '''[https://www.nationwidechildrens.org/research/awri-landing The Abigail Wexner Research Institute]''' is ranked among the top 10 for NIH funding among free-standing children's hospitals. === Center for Suicide Prevention and Research === '''''To save children's lives and reduce suicide in Ohio and beyond though prevention efforts and cutting-edge research.''''' The Center for Suicide Prevention and Research (CSPR) is a cornerstone of IMBHR. CSPR was created to address the growing problem of suicide among youth in central Ohio. Find out more about CSPR here: '''[[Institute for Mental and Behavioral Health Research (IMBHR) at Nationwide Children's Hospital/Center for Suicide Prevention and Research (CSPR)|Center for Suicide Prevention and Research (CSPR)]]''' === Current Research Showcase === [[File:RISE 2024 Cohort.jpg|thumb|This picture shows the 2024 Research at IMBHR Summer Experience (RISE) cohort.''Top (left to right): Emily Glatt, Maya Garg, Eric Youngstrom, Noreen Xu, Shannon Price.'' ''Bottom (left to right): Aarav Kukreja, Jeremy Baggs, Zachery Mondlak, Halle Deericks, Hannah Brockstein.'']] Congratulations to the RISE 2024 cohort! This past summer Nationwide Children's Hospital selected 9 undergraduate, post-baccalaureate, and graduate students from around the country to participate in the first annual installment of the Research at IMBHR Summer Experience (RISE) program. These students worked to further a diverse array of research efforts to NCH, building meaningful connections and developing their own careers along the way. Stay tuned for more information about RISE 2025! Check out this page for more information about RISE, including an in-depth recap of RISE 2024: '''[[Institute for Mental and Behavioral Health Research (IMBHR) at Nationwide Children's Hospital/Research at IMBHR Summer Experience (RISE)#Research at IMBHR Summer Experience (RISE)|Research at IMBHR Summer Experience (RISE)]]''' IMBHR Clinical Research Coordinators Marissa McClellan and Charles Sabgir are currently working on building a repository of notable publications authored by IMBHR members and collaborators on Zotero. For more information on this project, see the page below: '''[[Institute for Mental and Behavioral Health Research (IMBHR) at Nationwide Children's Hospital/Reference Management SOPs|Reference Management SOPs]]''' === Leadership === [[File:IMBHR Banyan Tree.png|thumb|This figure visually depicts the members of the Institute of Mental and Behavioral Health at Nationwide Children's Hospital using a Banyan tree to highlight the importance of collaboration at IMBHR.]] The Institute for Mental and Behavioral Health Research is led by Eric Youngstrom, PhD, a nationally renowned psychologist specializing in the relationship of mood and psychopathology, and the clinical assessment of children and families. Dr. Youngstrom’s research focuses on improving clinical assessment instruments for differential diagnoses and on predicting a child’s treatment progress, especially for bipolar disorder. In addition to being the institute’s inaugural director, he will be the first recipient of the DiMarco Family Endowed Chair in Mental and Behavioral Health Research at Nationwide Children’s Hospital. Dr. Youngstrom was twice elected President of the Society of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, and was President of the Society of Quantitative and Qualitative Methods. He consulted on the 5th revision of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM-5) and the International Classification of Diseases (ICD-11) and chaired the Work Group on Child Diagnosis for the International Society for Bipolar Disorders. He is the first recipient of the Early Career Award from the Society of Child and Adolescent Clinical Psychology; an elected full member of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology; and a fellow of the American Psychological Association (Divisions 5, 12, and 53), as well as the Association for Psychological Science and the Association for Behavioral and Cognitive Therapies. === Contact === '''Jacqueline Pazaropoulos''' - Business Office Coordinator The Institute for Mental and Behavioral Health Research === IMBHR Talks and Conferences === <small>[insert OSF links here]</small> === Helpful Links and Graphics === Employee Recognition- eCards https://nationwidechildrens.sharepoint.com/sites/A10095/SitePages/ECard-Recognition-Program.aspx == WikiJournal organizational section == {| class="wikitable sortable" |+WJ Interested editors !Name !Wiki Account !Country !Affiliation !Wikidata Q |- |Eric Youngstrom, PhD |Eyoungstrom |USA |UNC Chapel Hill/HGAPS |Q27734333 |- |Robert L. Findling, MD, MBA | |USA |Virginia Commonwealth University/HGAPS |Q90314248 |- |Guillermo Perez Algorta, PhD |Elborde07 |UK/Uruguay |Lancaster University/HGAPS |Q42852533 |- |Emily Becker-Haimes, PhD | |USA |University of Pennsylvania/HGAPS |Q91478910 |- |Andrea Young, PhD | |USA |Johns Hopkins University/HGAPS |Q38547062 |- |Kathryn Van Eck, PhD | |USA |Johns Hopkins University |Q87955302 |- |Ekaterina Stepanova, PhD | |USA |Johns Hopkins University |Q91540088 |- |Danella Hafeman, PhD | |USA |University of Pittsburgh Medical Center |Q104374125 |- |Amelia Buttress, PhD | |USA |Johns Hopkins University |Q99594518 |- |Tom Frazier, PhD | |USA |Autism Speaks/John Carroll University |Q90432014 |- |Gin Malhi, MD | |Australia |President, ISBD | |- |Anna Van Meter, PhD |Arvm |USA |Northwell Hospital/HGAPS |Q86153174 |- |Mian-Li Ong, PhD |Ongmianli |USA/Singapore |Mayo Clinic |Q99986770 |- |Ginger Nicol, MD | |USA |Washington University, St. Louis |Q64764404 |} ==ABCT Bipolar SIG == {{Infobox organization | name = <!-- defaults to {{PAGENAME}} if not provided --> | full_name =Helping Give Away Psychological Science | native_name = <!-- Organization's name in its local language --> | native_name_lang = <!-- ISO code of the above language --> | nickname = | named_after = | image = | image_size = | alt = <!-- see [[WP:ALT]] --> | caption = | map = <!-- map image --> | map_size = <!-- defaults to 250px --> | map_alt = | map_caption = | map2 = <!-- second map image, if required --> | map2_size = | map2_alt = | map2_caption = | abbreviation =HGAPS | motto = | predecessor = | merged = <!-- Any other organizations with which the organization was merged --> | successor = | formation = <!-- or: | established =2016> | founder = <!-- or: | founders = --> | founding_location =Chapel Hill, NC | extinction = <!-- or: | dissolved = --> <!--e.g. use {{end date and age|YYYY|MM|DD}}--> | merger = <!-- Other organizations (if any) merged to constitute the organization --> | type = <!-- e.g. [[Governmental organization]], [[Non-governmental organization|NGO]], etc --> | status = <!-- Organization's legal status and/or description (company, charity, foundation, etc) --> | purpose = <!-- or: | focus = --> <!--(humanitarian, activism, peacekeeping, etc)--> | professional_title = <!-- for professional associations --> | headquarters = | location = | coords = <!-- location's {{coord}}s --> | region = <!-- or: | region_served = --> <!--Any particular region or regions associated with or served by the organization--> | services = | membership = <!-- Usually the number of members --> | membership_year = <!-- Year to which membership number/data apply --> | language = <!-- or: | languages = --> <!--Any official language or languages used by the organization--> | sec_gen = <!-- Name of the organization's Secretary General (if post exists) or gen_sec for General Secretary --> | leader_title = <!-- defaults to "Leader" --> | leader_name = | leader_title2 = | leader_name2 = | leader_title3 = | leader_name3 = | leader_title4 = | leader_name4 = | board_of_directors = | key_people = | main_organ = <!-- or: | publication = --> <!--Organization's principal body (assembly, committee, board, etc) or publication--> | parent_organization = <!-- or: | parent_organisation = --> | subsidiaries = | secessions = | affiliations = | budget = | budget_year = | staff = <!-- Numbers and/or types of staff --> | staff_year = <!-- Year to which staff numbers/data apply --> | volunteers = <!-- Numbers and/or types of volunteers --> | volunteers_year = <!-- Year to which volunteer numbers/data apply --> | website = <!-- e.g. {{url|example.com}} --> | remarks = | footnotes = | bodystyle = <!-- Applies CSS style to the infobox table as a whole --> }} Adding citations.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Park|first=Kee Jeong|last2=Shon|first2=Seunghyun|last3=Lee|first3=Hyun-Jeong|last4=Joo|first4=Yeonho|last5=Youngstrom|first5=Eric A.|last6=Kim|first6=Hyo-Won|date=2014-11|title=Antidepressant-Emergent Mood Switch in Korean Adolescents With Mood Disorder|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/wnf.0000000000000055|journal=Clinical Neuropharmacology|volume=37|issue=6|pages=177–185|doi=10.1097/wnf.0000000000000055|issn=0362-5664}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Park|first=Kee Jeong|last2=Shon|first2=Seunghyun|last3=Lee|first3=Hyun-Jeong|last4=Joo|first4=Yeonho|last5=Youngstrom|first5=Eric A.|last6=Kim|first6=Hyo-Won|date=2014-11|title=Antidepressant-Emergent Mood Switch in Korean Adolescents With Mood Disorder|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/wnf.0000000000000055|journal=Clinical Neuropharmacology|volume=37|issue=6|pages=177–185|doi=10.1097/wnf.0000000000000055|issn=0362-5664}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Park|first=C. Hyung Keun|last2=Lee|first2=Jae Won|last3=Lee|first3=Sang Yeol|last4=Moon|first4=Jungjoon|last5=Shim|first5=Se-Hoon|last6=Paik|first6=Jong-Woo|last7=Kim|first7=Shin Gyeom|last8=Cho|first8=Seong-Jin|last9=Kim|first9=Min-Hyuk|date=2017|title=Comparison of Baseline Characteristics between Community-based and Hospital-based Suicidal Ideators and Its Implications for Tailoring Strategies for Suicide Prevention: Korean Cohort for the Model Predicting a Suicide and Suicide-related Behavior|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.3346/jkms.2017.32.9.1522|journal=Journal of Korean Medical Science|volume=32|issue=9|pages=1522|doi=10.3346/jkms.2017.32.9.1522|issn=1011-8934}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Shon|first=Seung-Hyun|last2=Joo|first2=Yeonho|last3=Park|first3=Jangho|last4=Youngstrom|first4=Eric A.|last5=Kim|first5=Hyo-Won|date=2013-08-21|title=Comparison of clinical characteristics of bipolar and depressive disorders in Korean clinical sample of youth: a retrospective chart review|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00787-013-0461-3|journal=European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry|volume=23|issue=5|pages=307–316|doi=10.1007/s00787-013-0461-3|issn=1018-8827}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Lee|first=Hyun-Jeong|last2=Joo|first2=Yeonho|last3=Youngstrom|first3=Eric A.|last4=Yum|first4=Sun Young|last5=Findling|first5=Robert L.|last6=Kim|first6=Hyo-Won|date=2014-10|title=Diagnostic validity and reliability of a Korean version of the Parent and Adolescent General Behavior Inventories|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.comppsych.2014.05.008|journal=Comprehensive Psychiatry|volume=55|issue=7|pages=1730–1737|doi=10.1016/j.comppsych.2014.05.008|issn=0010-440X}}</ref> ==Assessment== MATRIX Battery for Bipolar Disorder (<- David Miklowitz suggested); Lauren Weinstock is in. Come up with a recommendation about core measures for a standard; need to include neurocog (<--talk with Patty Walsh) ===Reliability=== Inter-rater reliability is a key topic for validity of diagnoses, but there has been relatively little sharing of methods. One of the things that could be helpful is sharing methods and having a place to discuss issues and ideas. * Andrew Freeman described procedures for video recording, and inter rater reliability. (<-- could elaborate here) ** What are best practices and feasible options for maintaining high inter-rater reliability in research? *** Coding at symptom level *** ADI-R as model of how to maintain reliability across groups -- biennial videos disseminated to maintain (Thanks, Talia!) **** [ ] Look at ADI-R training system as a model to emulate * Lauren Weinstock raised questions about whether to correct errors when more information becomes available, versus live with that as an aspect of reliability. * Ben Goldstein made a distinction between clerical error vs. diagnostic evolution or incomplete clinical picture at snapshot * David Miklowitz described training procedure on KSADS, focusing on agreement at item level (because easier to achieve than diagnosis level). * Filtered vs. Unfiltered ratings (LAMS example) Yee et al. JCCAP [ ] circulate on listserv === Rating Scales === Meta-analyses are helping to establish which are the robust measures that continue to show good psychometrics across a variety of samples. This could be a place to talk about ideas for secondary analyses and also looking at the priority areas for future work. Self report measures could provide a way to calibrate across raters or sites -- consistent method, no variance due to differences in training. === Cross Informant Issues === (Let's invite Gaye!) === Open Teaching of Psychological Science is a place that we are sharing scoring information, === REDCAP versus Qualtrics What are the advantages and disadvantages of tightly controlled data capture versus more open systems? === Specific Measures === ==== PHQ9 ==== The PHQ-9 (Patient Health Questionnaire-9) is a widely recognized instrument for assessing and measuring depression. It is a self-report tool that has been effectively used in various settings, including primary care, to screen patients for depression and monitor their progress over time. The PHQ-9 is not only efficient but also cost-effective, making it a preferred choice for many healthcare professionals in primary care settings[^15^]. Several studies have highlighted the utility of the PHQ-9 in different populations. For instance, research has shown its relevance in measuring depression among college athletes, suggesting that it might be more beneficial than relying solely on baseline testing due to the under-endorsement of items on other scales compared to the PHQ-9[^1^]. Another study emphasized the potential of the PHQ-9 as a tool for screening and monitoring depression in individuals with multiple sclerosis[^2^]. Furthermore, the PHQ-9 has been combined with other scales to understand the structure of depression in specific populations, such as prostate cancer patients[^4^]. In the context of post-concussion symptoms, the PHQ-9 has been used to identify unique factors related to post-concussion depression, suggesting that an additional measure of depression might be necessary to pinpoint specific depressive symptoms beyond the general ones[^10^]. In military settings, the PHQ-9 has been found to be a valid screen for depressive disorders, with identified cutoffs being slightly lower than those recommended for civilian populations[^11^]. However, some studies have indicated that while the PHQ-9 might be useful in certain scenarios, it may not serve as a reliable quality indicator in all healthcare facilities due to factors like low inter-facility variation[^12^]. In conclusion, the PHQ-9 is a versatile and effective tool for assessing depression across various populations and settings. Its ease of use and cost-effectiveness make it a valuable asset in both clinical and research contexts. <nowiki>**</nowiki>References**: [^1^]: [Comparison of the PHQ9 and ImPACT symptom cluster scores in measuring depression among college athletes](<nowiki>https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32780591</nowiki>) [^2^]: [The PHQ-9 as a tool to measure depression in people with multiple sclerosis](<nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1136/JNNP-2019-ABN-2.141</nowiki>) [^4^]: [Factor structure of a combined measure of major depressive disorder and male depression in prostate cancer patients](<nowiki>https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26228568</nowiki>) [^10^]: [A-56 Post-Concussion Depression Presents in Distinct and Unique Factors](<nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1093/arclin/acad042.56</nowiki>) [^11^]: [Screening for Depression and Psychological Distress in a Currently Serving Military Population](<nowiki>https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29192508</nowiki>) [^12^]: [Assessment of Outcome-Based Measures of Depression Care Quality in Veterans Health Administration Facilities](<nowiki>https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36207569</nowiki>) [^15^]: [The Use of the PHQ9 self-rating scale to assess depression within Primary Care](<nowiki>https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28953840</nowiki>) == Telepsychology == moved to [[Helping_Give_Away_Psychological_Science/Telepsychology]] <br /> ==Transclusion stuff == Are Cody's slides CC BY? (could they be?) {{trim|{{:OToPS/Data_visualization/Exploratory_visualization}}}} == Chromatography solvency prism == This is a passion project with REY. Here's an experiment copying and pasting a table in: {| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible" |+Expanded table of solvent properties for normal phase chromatography |'''Item''' |'''Solvent''' |'''P'^a (Strength)''' |'''ε° (Al₂O₃)''' |'''ε° (Silica)''' |'''GC Polarity''' |'''P' + 0.25ε°''' |'''x_e''' |'''x_d''' |'''x_n''' |'''x_t''' |'''x_m''' |'''Snyder Group''' |'''UV Cutoff''' |'''Molar Mass''' |'''MP (°C)''' |'''BP (°C)''' |'''Dielectric Constant‚''' |'''Dimroth Et''' |'''Dipole Moment''' |'''Log P''' |'''RI''' |'''Viscosity (cP, 25°C)''' |- |1 |Acetic acid |6.0 | | | | |0.39 |0.31 |0.30 |0.08 |0.27 |IV |260 |60.05 | |118.0 |6.2 | |1.74 | |1.3700 |1.10 |- |2 |Acetone |5.1 |0.56 | |5.40 | |0.35 |0.23 |0.42 |0.12 |0.28 |VIa |330 |58.08 | |56.0 |21.0 | |3.30 | |1.3586 |0.30 |- |3 |Acetonitrile |5.8 |0.65 | |6.20 | |0.31 |0.27 |0.42 |0.13 |0.29 |VIb |190 |41.05 | |82.0 |36.6 | |3.92 | |1.3440 |0.34 |- |4 |Acetophenone |4.8 | | | |8.7 |0.33 |0.26 |0.41 |0.15 |0.27 |VIa | |120.2 |20 |202.0 |17.4 |40.6 |3.05 |1.6 |1.5320 |1.74 |- |5 |Aniline |6.3 |0.62 | | |8.1 |0.32 |0.32 |0.36 |0.13 |0.31 |VIb | |93.13 | |184.0 |6.9 | |5.20 | |1.5840 |3.77 |- |6 |Anisole (Methoxybenzene) |3.8 | | | |4.6 |0.27 |0.29 |0.43 |0.41 |0.30 |VII | |108.1 | -3 |154.0 |4.5 |37.1 |1.36 |2.1 |1.5170 |0.90 |- |7 |Benzene |2.7 |0.32 | |3.00 |3.6 |0.23 |0.32 |0.45 |0.16 |0.29 |VII |280 |78.11 |5.53 |80.1 |2.3 | |0.00 |2.1 |1.5011 |0.61 |- |8 |Benzonitrile |4.8 | | |4.60 |10.9 |0.31 |0.27 |0.42 |0.15 |0.29 |VIb | |103 | -13 |191.0 |25.2 | | |1.6 |1.5260 |1.20 |- |9 |Benzyl alcohol |5.7 | | |5.50 |8.8 |0.40 |0.30 |0.30 |0.11 |0.26 |IV | |108.1 | -15.2 |205.3 |13.1 | |1.67 |1.1 |1.5396 |5.47 |- |10 |Benzyl ether |4.1 | | | | |0.30 |0.28 |0.42 |0.17 |0.28 |VII | |198.3 |3.6 |298.0 |3.9 |36.3 |1.39 |3.3 |1.5380 |4.50 |- |11 |Bromobenzene |2.7 |0.32 | | |4.1 |0.24 |0.33 |0.43 |0.18 |0.33 |VII |? |157 | -31 |157.0 |5.4 |36.6 |1.74 |3.0 |1.5570 |1.04 |- |12 |n-Butyl acetate |4.0 | | | | | | | | | | |254 |116.2 | -78 |126.1 |5.1 | |1.87 |1.8 |1.3941 |0.69 |- |13 |iso-Butyl alcohol         (2-methyl-1-propanol) |4.0 | | | | | | | | | | |230 |74.12 | -108 |107.9 |16.7 |48.6 |1.79 |0.7 |1.3959 |3.95 |- |14 |n-Butanol |3.9 |0.70 | | |8.3 |0.59 |0.19 |0.25 |0.07 |0.24 |II |215 |74.12 | -89.8 |117.7 |17.5 | |1.66 |0.8 |1.3990 |2.57 |- |15 |sec-Butanol                   (2-Butanol) | | | | | | | | | | | |260 |74.12 | -115 |99.5 |15.8 |47.1 |1.41 |0.9 |1.3954 |3.7 |- |16 |t-Butanol |4.1 |0.70 | |3.90 | |0.56 |0.20 |0.24 |0.02 |–e |II | |74.12 |25 |82.0 |10.9 |43.7 |1.31 |0.4 |1.3850 |3.60 |- |17 |t-Butyl Chloride | | | | | | | | | | | | |92.57 | | |11.0 | |2.13 | |1.3860 | |- |18 |Butylchloride              (1-Chlorobutane) |1.0 |0.26 | | |2.8 | | | | | |VI a |220 |92.57 | -123 |78.6 |7.3 | |1.90 |2.6 |1.4017 |0.42 |- |19 |n-Butyl ether |2.1 |0.25 | | |2.4 |0.44 |0.18 |0.38 |0.11 |0.21 |I |220 |130.2 | -95 |142.0 |3.1 |33.0 |1.18 |3.2 |1.3970 |0.74 |- |20 |g-Butyrolactone |6.5 | | | | |0.34 |0.26 |0.40 |0.16 |0.28 |VI a | |86.09 | |204.0 |41.0 | | | |1.4341 |1.70 |- |21 |Carbon disulfide |0.3 |0.15 | |1.00 |1.7 | | | | | | |380 |76.14 | |46.0 |2.6 | | | |1.6240 |0.34 |- |22 |Carbon Tetrachloride |1.6 |0.18 | |1.70 |2.3 | | | | | | |265 |153.8 | |76.8 |2.2 | | | |1.4570 |0.90 |- |23 |Chlorobenzene |2.7 |0.30 | | |4.1 |0.23 |0.33 |0.44 |0.17 |0.34 |VII |287 |112.6 | |132.0 |5.6 | | | |1.5249 |0.75 |- |24 |Chloroform |4.1 |0.40 | |4.40 |5.6 |0.25 |0.41 |0.33 |0.15 |0.39 |VIIIc |245 |119.4 | |61.1 |4.8 | | | |1.4447 |0.53 |- |25 |2-Chloropropane |1.2 |0.29 | | |3.7 | | | | | |VI a |230 |78.54 | |35.7 |9.8 | | | |1.3750 |0.30 |- |26 |m-Cresol |7.4 | | | | |0.38 |0.37 |0.25 |0.08 |0.36 |VIII | |108.1 | |203.0 |11.8 | | | |1.5400 |14.00 |- |27 |Cyanomorpholine |5.5 | | | | |0.35 |0.25 |0.40 |0.16 |0.27 |VI a | |154.2 | | | | | | | | |- |28 |Cyclohexane |0.2 |0.04 | |0.00 |0.5 | | | | | | |200 |84.16 | |80.8 |2.0 | | | |1.4266 |1.02 |- |29 |Cyclohexanone |4.7 | | |4.50 |9.1 |0.36 |0.22 |0.42 |0.14 |0.24 |VIa | |98.15 | |156.0 |18.3 | | | |1.4500 |2.00 |- |30 |Cyclopentane | -0.2 |0.05 | | |0.6 | | | | | | |198 |70.1 | |49.0 |2.0 | | | |1.4015 |0.42 |- |31 |n-Decane |0.4 | | | -0.30 | | | | | | |–b |210 |142.3 | | | | | | | | |- |32 |Dibenzylether | | | |3.30 | | | | | | | | |198.3 | |157.0 |3.9 | | | |1.5615 |8.72 |- |33 |o-Dichlorobenzene |2.7 | | | | | | | | | | |295 |198.3 | | |9.9 | | | |1.5517 | |- |34 |1, 2–Dichloroethane (Ethylene dichloride)                 |3.5 |0.44 | |3.70 |6.3 |0.30 |0.21 |0.49 |0.20 |0.42 |V |228 |98.96 | |83.5 |10.4 | | | |1.4444 |0.78 |- |35 |Diethyl ether |2.8 |0.38 | |2.90 |4.0 |0.53 |0.13 |0.34 |0.09 |0.15 |I |215 |74.12 | |34.5 |4.3 | | | |1.3528 |0.24 |- |36 |Diethylene glycol |5.2 | | |5.00 | |0.44 |0.23 |0.33 |0.09 |0.23 |III | |106.1 | |244.0 |31.7 | | | |1.4470 |35.70 |- |37 |N,N– Dimethylacetamide |6.5 | | | |10.0 |0.41 |0.20 |0.39 |0.13 |0.23 |III |268 |87.12 | |165.0 |38.9 | | | |1.4360 |0.78 |- |38 |N,N-Dimethylamino ethanol | | | | | | | | | | | | |89.14 | |134.1 | | | | |1.4294 |3.58 |- |39 |N,N- Dimethylformamide |6.4 | | |6.40 | |0.39 |0.21 |0.40 |0.14 |0.24 |III |270 |73.09 | |153.0 |38.3 | | | |1.4280 |0.80 |- |40 |Dimethyl sulfoxide |7.2 |0.75 | |6.50 | |0.39 |0.23 |0.39 |0.14 |0.24 |III |265 |78.13 | |189.0 |47.2 | | | |1.4785 |2.00 |- |41 |1,4-Dioxane |4.8 |0.56 | |4.80 | |0.36 |0.24 |0.40 |0.14 |0.24 |VIa |215 |88.11 | |101.0 |2.2 | | | |1.4216 |1.20 |- |42 |Dodecafluoro heptanol |8.8 | | | | |0.33 |0.40 |0.27 |0.07 |0.37 |VIII | |332.1 | |169.0 | | | | |1.3160 | |- |43 |Ethanol |4.3 |0.88 | |5.20 | |0.52 |0.19 |0.29 |0.08 |0.25 |II |210 |46.07 | |78.2 |24.7 | | | |1.3590 |1.08 |- |44 |Ethoxyethanol | | | | | | | | | | | | |90.12 | |135.0 | | | | | | |- |45 |bis–(2–ethoxyethyl) ether                 (Diethylene glycol diethyl ether) |4.6 | | | | |0.37 |0.21 |0.43 |0.13 |0.22 |VIa | |162.2 | |188.0 | | | | |1.4115 | |- |46 |Ethyl acetate |4.4 |0.58 | |4.30 |5.8 |0.34 |0.23 |0.43 |0.13 |–e |VIa |255 |88.11 | |77.1 |6.0 | | | |1.3723 |0.43 |- |47 |Ethyl amine | | | | | | | | | | | | |45.09 | |18.0 |8.7 | | | |1.3663 | |- |48 |Ethyl bromide |2.0 |0.35 | | |4.3 | | | | | |VI a |? |109 | |38.0 |9.4 | | | |1.4225 |0.38 |- |49 |Ethyl iodide |2.2 | | | |4.2 | | | | | |VI a |? |156 | |72.0 |7.8 | | | |1.5100 |0.57 |- |50 |Ethylene glycol |6.9 |1.11 | |5.40 | |0.43 |0.29 |0.28 |0.13 |0.29 |IV |210 |62.07 | |197.3 |37.7 | | | |1.4310 |16.50 |- |51 |Ethylene glycol Dimethyl ether (Glyme) | | | | | | | | | | | |220 |90.12 | |85.0 |7.2 | | | |1.3796 |1.30 |- |52 |Ethylene glycol monoethyl ether | | | | | | | | | | | |210 |90.04 | |135.0 |13.4 | | | |1.4020 |2.30 |- |53 |Ethylene glycol monomethyl ether | | | | | | | | | | | |210 |76.09 | |124.1 |17.2 | | | |1.4024 |1.10 |- |54 |Ethyl phenyl ether (Phenetole) |3.3 | | | |4.9 | | | | | |VII | |122.2 | |170.0 |4.2 | | | |1.5050 |1.14 |- |55 |Fluorobenzene |3.1 | | | |4.6 |0.24 |0.32 |0.45 |0.18 |0.33 |VII |210 |96.1 | |85.0 |5.4 | | | |1.4600 |0.55 |- |56 |Formamide |9.6 | | |7.30 | |0.36 |0.33 |0.30 |0.20 |0.34 |IV |210 |45.04 | |210.0 |111.0 | | | |1.4470 |3.30 |- |57 |4-Formylmorpholine |6.4 | | | | |0.36 |0.24 |0.39 |0.15 |0.25 |VI a | |115.1 | |239.0 | | | | |1.4850 | - |- |58 |Glycerol | | | | | | | | | | | |207 |90.94 | |290.0 |46.5 | | | |1.4746 |1.41 |- |59 |n-Heptane |0.2 |0.01 | | |0.5 | | | | | | |197 |100.2 | |98.5 |1.9 | | | |1.3878 |0.40 |- |60 |n-Hexane |0.1 |0.01 | |0.00 |0.5 | | | | | | |195 |86.18 | |68.7 |1.9 | | | |1.3780 |0.30 |- |61 |Hexadecane | | | | | | | | | | | |200 |226.4 | |296.8 |2.1 | | | |1.4340 |3.45 |- |62 |Hexafluorobenzene | | | | | | | | | | | | |186.1 | |80.0 |2.1 | | | |1.3780 |1.20 |- |63 |Hexamethyl phosphoric acid triamide |7.4 | | |6.60 | |0.47 |0.17 |0.37 |0.12 |0.19 |I |? |179.2 | |233.0 |30.0 | | | |1.4570 |3.00 |- |64 |Iodobenzene |2.8 |0.35 | | | |0.24 |0.35 |0.41 |0.19 |0.33 |VII |? |204 | |188.0 |4.6 | | | |1.6200 |1.50 |- |65 |2, 6–Lutidine |4.5 | | | | |0.45 |0.20 |0.36 |0.11 |0.22 |III |270 |107.2 | |144.0 |7.3 | | | |1.4977 | |- |66 |Methanol |5.1 |0.95 | |6.60 | |0.48 |0.22 |0.31 |0.06 |0.28 |II |205 |32.04 | |64.6 |32.7 | | | |1.3284 |0.54 |- |67 |Methyl acetate | | | |4.40 | | | | | | | | |74.08 | |56.9 |6.6 | | | |1.3614 |0.39 |- |68 |Methylcyclohexane | | | | | | | | | | | |210 |98.19 | |100.9 |2.0 | | | |1.4410 |0.73 |- |69 |Methoxyethanol |5.5 | | |5.70 | |0.38 |0.24 |0.38 |0.11 |0.25 |III |210 |76.09 | |125.0 |16.9 | | | |1.4000 |1.60 |- |70 |Methyl-t-Butyl ether | | | |2.90 | | | | | | | |210 |88.15 | |55.2 |4.5 | | | |1.3690 |0.36 |- |71 |Methylene chloride (Dichloromethane) |3.1 |0.42 | |3.40 |5.6 |0.29 |0.18 |0.53 |0.20 |–e |V |233 |84.93 | |39.6 |9.1 | | | |1.4210 |0.41 |- |72 |Methyl Ethyl ketone |4.7 |0.51 | |4.50 |9.1 |0.35 |0.22 |0.43 |0.13 |–e |VIa |330 |72.11 | |79.5 |18.9 | | | |1.3783 |0.43 |- |73 |Methyl isoAmyl ketone | | | | | | | | | | | |330 |114.2 | |144.0 | | | | |1.4062 |0.77 |- |74 |Methyl isoButyl ketone |(~4.4) | | |4.20 | | | | | | | |335 |100.2 | |116.5 |13.1 | | | |1.3954 |0.58 |- |75 |Methyl n-Propyl Ketone                         (2-Pentanone) | | | | | | | | | | | |331 |86.13 | |101.0 |15.5 | | | |1.3903 |0.50 |- |76 |N-Methylformamide |6.0 | | | | |0.41 |0.23 |0.36 |0.11 |0.25 |III | |59.07 | |182.6 |167.8 | | | |1.4470 |1.65 |- |77 |2–Methyl Pyridine (Picoline) |4.9 | | |4.80 | |0.44 |0.21 |0.36 |0.12 |0.23 |III | |93.13 | |129.5 |9.8 | | | |1.5000 | |- |78 |N–methyl–2– pyrrolidone |6.7 | | |6.50 | |0.40 |0.21 |0.39 |0.15 |0.23 |III |285 |99.13 | |202.0 |32.6 | | | |1.4700 |1.67 |- |79 |Nitrobenzene |4.4 | | |4.50 |13.2 |0.26 |0.30 |0.44 |0.17 |0.30 |VII | |123.1 | |210.9 |34.8 | | | |1.5500 |1.80 |- |80 |Nitroethane |5.2 |0.60 | |5.30 | |0.28 |0.29 |0.43 |0.16 |0.31 |VII |380 |75.07 | |114.0 |0.9 | | | |1.3900 |0.64 |- |81 |Nitromethane |6.0 |0.64 | |6.80 | |0.28 |0.31 |0.40 |0.14 |0.31 |VII |380 |61.04 | |100.0 |37.3 | | | |1.3800 |0.61 |- |82 |Nonylphenol oxyethylate (check strucutre and spelling) | | | | | |0.38 |0.22 |0.40 |0.13 |0.23 |III |? | | | | | | | | | |- |83 |iso-Octane                       (2,2,4-trimethypentane) |0.1 |0.01 |0.01 | -0.40 |0.1 | | | | | | |210 |114.2 | |99.3 |1.9 | | | |1.3915 |0.47 |- |84 |n-Octanol |3.4 |0.50 | |3.20 |5.8 |0.56 |0.18 |0.25 |0.07 |0.22 |II |205 |130.2 | |195.0 |10.3 | | | |1.4270 |7.30 |- |85 |3,3'-Oxidipropionitrile bis(2-cyanoethyl)ether |6.8 | | | | |0.31 |0.29 |0.40 |0.17 |0.29 |VIb | | | | | | | | | | |- |86 |n-Pentane |0.0 |0.00 | |0.00 |0.5 | | | | | | |190 |72.15 | |35.9 |1.8 | | | |1.3576 |0.24 |- |87 |iso-Pentanol                 (3-Methyl-1-Butanol) |3.7 |0.61 | | |7.3 |0.56 |0.19 |0.26 |0.04 |0.23 |II | |88.15 | |131.1 |15.2 | | | |1.4050 |4.30 |- |88 |Pentyl acetate | | | | | | | | | | | |212 |130.2 | |149.2 |4.8 | | | |1.4020 |1.58 |- |89 |Phenyl ether |3.4 | | | |3.7 |0.27 |0.32 |0.41 |0.19 |0.38 |VII | |170.2 | |121.1 |3.7 | | | |1.4970 |3.49 |- |90 |i-Propanol |3.9 |0.82 | |4.30 | |0.55 |0.19 |0.27 |0.03 |0.26 |II |205 |60.1 | |82.5 |19.9 | | | |1.3776 |1.96 |- |91 |n-Propanol |4.0 |0.82 | |3.90 | |0.54 |0.19 |0.27 |0.06 |0.24 |II |210 |60.1 | |97.2 |20.4 | | | |1.3870 |1.96 |- |92 |Propyl amine |4.2 | | | | | | | | | |I | |59.11 | |48.0 |5.3 | | | |1.3850 |0.35 |- |93 |Propylene carbonate |6.1 | | | | |0.31 |0.27 |0.42 |0.15 |0.28 |VI b |220 |102.1 | |242.0 |64.9 | | | |1.4189 |2.53 |- |94 |iso-Propyl ether |2.4 | | |2.00 |3.2 |0.48 |0.14 |0.38 |0.07 |0.20 |I |220 |102.2 | |68.5 |3.8 | | | |1.3679 |0.27 |- |95 |isoPropyl myristate | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |167.0 | | | | |1.4340 |6.00 |- |96 |Pyridine |5.3 |0.71 | |5.30 | |0.41 |0.22 |0.36 |0.13 |0.24 |III |305 | | |115.2 |13.3 | | | |1.5097 |0.88 |- |97 |Quinoline |5.0 | | | |7.4 |0.41 |0.23 |0.36 |0.13 |0.24 |III | | | |237.0 |9.0 | | | |1.6250 |3.40 |- |98 |Squalane |1.2 | | | -0.80 | | | | | | | |210 |422.8 | |176.0 |1.911 | | | |1.452 |31.123 |- |99 |Tetrachloroethylene | | | | | | | | | | | |290 | | |121.3 |2.27 | | | | | |- |100 |Tetrafluoropropanol |8.6 | | |9.30 | |0.34 |0.36 |0.30 |0.08 |0.37 |VIII | | | | | | | | | | |- |101 |Tetrahydrofuran |4.0 |0.57 | |4.20 | |0.38 |0.20 |0.42 |0.14 |0.21 |III |212 | | |65.0 |7.5 | | | |1.4070 |0.46 |- |102 |Tetrahydrothiophene–1–1–dioxide |6.9 | | | | |0.33 |0.28 |0.39 |0.16 |0.27 |VI b | | | | | | | | | | |- |103 |Tetramethyl guanidine |6.1 | | | | |0.47 |0.17 |0.35 |0.11 |0.19 |I | | | | | | | | | | |- |104 |Tetramethyl urea |6.0 | | | |10.7 |0.42 |0.19 |0.39 |0.14 |0.22 |III |265 | | |175.0 |23.0 | | | |1.4490 | |- |105 |Toluene |2.4 |0.29 | |2.30 |2.9 |0.25 |0.28 |0.47 |–e |0.28 |VII |284 | | |110.6 |2.4 | | | |1.4967 |0.55 |- |106 |1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene | | | | | | | | | | | |308 | | | | | | | |1.5716 | |- |107 |1,1,2 -Trichloro 1,2,2-trifluoroethane | | | | | | | | | | | |231 | | |47.7 |2.4 | | | | | |- |108 |Tricresylphosphate |4.6 | | | | |0.36 |0.23 |0.41 |0.15 |0.27 |VIa |? | | | | | | | | | |- |109 |Triethylamine |1.9 |0.54 | |1.80 |2.4 |0.56 |0.12 |0.32 |0.05 |0.15 |I |235 | | |89.0 |2.4 | | | |1.3980 |0.36 |- |110 |Triethlyene glycol |5.6 | | | | |0.42 |0.24 |0.34 |0.12 |0.24 |III | | | | | | | | | | |- |111 |Trifluoroacetic Acid | | | | | | | | | | | |210 | | | | | | | | | |- |112 |2,2,4-Trimethylpentane (isoOctane) |0.1 |0.01 |0.1 | | | | | | | | |215 |114.3 | |99.0 |1.9 | | | |1.3915 |0.47 |- |113 |Tris–cyano ethoxypropane |6.6 | | | | |0.32 |0.27 |0.41 |0.16 |0.28 |VIb |? | | | | | | | | | |- |114 |Water |10.2 | | |9.00 | |0.37 |0.37 |0.25 |0.07 |0.33 |VIII |190 |18 | |100.0 |80.1 | | | |1.3330 |0.89 |- |115 |m-Xylene | | | | | | | | | | | |290 |106.2 | |139.1 |2.4 | | | | | |- |116 |o-Xylene |2.5 | | | | | | | | | | |288 |106.2 | |144.5 |2.6 | | | |1.5050 | |- |117 |p-Xylene |2.5 |0.26 | |2.40 |3.0 |0.27 |0.28 |0.45 |0.13 |0.29 |VII |290 |106.2 | |138.3 |2.3 | | | |1.4930 |0.60 |} '''Notes.''' This needs to be compared carefully to "Copy of Working Alphabetical Master list 08AUG2021.xlsx" -- which has <span style="color:blue">blue</span>, <span style="color:green">green</span>, and black color coding for source, two numbered footnotes, and some other technical details. <span style="color:green">UV cutoff data based on Burdick and Jackson solvents and Bruno, T. J., and Svoronos, P. D. N. CRC Handbook of Basic Tables for Chemical Analysisi, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL 1989 </span> <span style="color:green"> Landolt-Borstein, Numerical Data and Functional Relationshops in Science and Technology, New Series, IV/6, Statis Dielectric Constantsof Pure Liquids and Binary Liquid Mixtures, Springer-Verlag, Heidelberg, 1991 </span> <span style="color:blue">Source: J Chrom Sci 16 Table II </span> <span style="color:green"> Source: CRC Handbook </span> Source: Rohrschneider ε° (Al2O3) represents the elutropic strength on Alumina lv6z25evjblgl05cx0l9fwp3hm9cvmh 0 231177 2691551 2288008 2024-12-12T00:16:13Z Yinuo Liu 2935880 added instrument table 2691551 wikitext text/x-wiki <noinclude>{{Helping Give Away Psychological Science Banner}}</noinclude> {{Wikipedia2|Checklist for Autism in Toddlers}} The '''Checklist for Autism in Toddlers (CHAT)''' is a psychological questionnaire designed to evaluate risk for autism spectrum disorder in children ages 18–24 months. The 14-question test is filled out by the parent and a pediatrician or physician and takes approximately 5 minutes to complete. == Scoring and interpretation == The first 9 questions (part A) of the CHAT identify common play habits and behaviors for infants between ages 18–24 months, and the last five questions (part B) concern the child’s behavior and reaction to certain stimuli initiated by the physician. In parts A and B, the parent and physician, respectively, indicate whether or not the child displays these behavioral characteristics.<ref name=":02">{{Cite web|url=http://www.helpautismnow.com/CHAT_Checklist_English.pdf|title=CHAT (CHecklist for Autism in Toddlers): Autism Screening at 18–24 months of age|date=|accessdate=23 October 2015|website=Checklist for Autism in Toddlers|publisher=|last=|first=}}</ref> === Domain Breakdown === 5 of the 14 questions on the CHAT are key items that factor into risk classification. The 5 key items are as follows: * A5- Pretend play * A7- Protodeclaractive pointing * B2- Following a point * B3- Pretending * B4- Producing a point <ref>{{Cite web|title=CHAT - Checklist for Autism in Toddlers|url=http://www.paains.org.uk/Autism/chat.htm|website=www.paains.org.uk|accessdate=2015-10-27}}</ref> === Scoring === Questions from The Checklist for Autism in Toddlers ( CHAT ) are assessed using a scoring mechanism of key items that splits results into three groups based on risk: * '''High Risk''': A choice response of “no” for the key items of “pretend play” ( A5), “protodeclarative pointing” ( A7), “following a point” (B2), “pretending” ( B3), and “producing a point” ( B4), classifies the individual as being in the high risk autism group. Individuals who fall into this group should refer to a developmental clinic to discern an official diagnosis. * '''Medium Risk''': A choice response of “no” for the key items of “protodeclarative pointing” ( A7), and “producing a point” ( B4) classifies the individual as being in the medium risk autism group. Individuals who fall into this group should be retested a month later or refer to a developmental clinic. * '''Low Risk''': Children who do not fall in either medium or high risk groups are classified as low risk for autism, but should still be retested a month later for reliability.<ref name=":02" /> == External Links == *[https://sccap53.org Society of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology] *[http://effectivechildtherapy.org/concerns-symptoms-disorders/disorders/autism/ EffectiveChildTherapy.Org information on autism spectrum disorder] == References == {{reflist}} {{:{{BASEPAGENAME}}/Navbox}} [[Category:Psychological measures]] 8gzi3g0gtgf7u2dvcj0im3apribez95 0 232469 2691537 2691340 2024-12-11T23:33:05Z Young1lim 21186 /* ARM Assembly Programming (II) */ 2691537 wikitext text/x-wiki == '''Background''' == '''Combinational and Sequential Circuits''' * [[Media:DD2.B.4..Adder.20131007.pdf |Adder]] * [[Media:DD3.A.1.LatchFF.20160308.pdf |Latches and Flipflops]] '''FSM''' * [[Media:DD3.A.3.FSM.20131030.pdf |FSM]] * [[Media:CArch.2.A.Bubble.20131021.pdf |FSM Example]] '''Tiny CPU Example''' * [[Media:CDsgn6.TinyCPU.2.A.ISA.20160511.pdf |Instruction Set]] * [[Media:CDsgn6.TinyCPU.2.B.DPath.20160502.pdf |Data Path]] * [[Media:CDsgn6.TinyCPU.2.C.CPath.20160427.pdf |Control Path]] * [[Media:CDsgn6.TinyCPU.2.D.Implement.20160513.pdf |FPGA Implementation]] </br> == '''Microprocessor Architecture''' == * ARM Architecture : - Programmer's Model ([[Media:ARM.1Arch.1A.Model.20180321.pdf |pdf]]) : - Pipelined Architecture ([[Media:ARM.1Arch.2A.Pipeline.20180419.pdf |pdf]]) * ARM Organization * ARM Cortex-M Processor Architecture * ARM Processor Cores </br> == '''Instruction Set Architecture''' == * ARM Instruction Set : - Overview ([[Media:ARM.2ISA.1A.Overview.20190611.pdf |pdf]]) : - Addressing Modes ([[Media:ARM.2ISA.2A.AddrMode.20191108.pdf |pdf]]) : - Multiple Transfer ([[Media:ARM.2ISA.3A.MTransfer.20190903.pdf |pdf]]) : - Assembler Format :: - Data Processing ([[Media:ARM.2ISA.4A.Proc.Format.20200204.pdf |pdf]]) :: - Data Transfer ([[Media:ARM.2ISA.4B.Trans.Format.20200205.pdf |pdf]]) :: - Coprocessor ([[Media:ARM.2ISA.4C.CoProc.Format.20191214.pdf |pdf]]) :: - Summary ([[Media:ARM.2ISA.4D.Summary.Format.20200205.pdf |pdf]]) : - Binary Encoding ([[Media:ARM.2ISA.5A.Encoding.201901105.pdf |pdf]]) * Thumb Instruction Set </br> == '''Assembly Programming''' == === ARM Assembly Programming (I) === * 1. Overview ([[Media:ARM.2ASM.1A.Overview.20200101.pdf |pdf]]) * 2. Example Programs ([[Media:ARM.2ASM.2A.Program.20200108.pdf |pdf]]) * 3. Addressing Modes ([[Media:ARM.2ASM.3A.Address.20200127.pdf |pdf]]) * 4. Data Transfer ([[Media:ARM.2ASM.4A.DTransfer.20230726.pdf |pdf]]) * 5. Data Processing ([[Media:ARM.2ASM.5A.DProcess.20200208.pdf |pdf]]) * 6. Control ([[Media:ARM.2ASM.6A.Control.20200215.pdf |pdf]]) * 7. Arrays ([[Media:ARM.2ASM.7A.Array.20200311.pdf |pdf]]) * 8. Data Structures ([[Media:ARM.2ASM.8A.DataStruct.20200718.pdf |pdf]]) * 9. Finite State Machines ([[Media:ARM.2ASM.9A.FSM.20200417.pdf |pdf]]) * 10. Functions ([[Media:ARM.2ASM.10A.Function.20210115.pdf |pdf]]) * 11. Parameter Passing ([[Media:ARM.2ASM.11A.Parameter.20210106.pdf |pdf]]) * 12. Stack Frames ([[Media:ARM.2ASM.12A.StackFrame.20210611.pdf |pdf]]) :: :: === ARM Assembly Programming (II) === :: * 1. Branch and Return Methods ([[Media:ARM.2ASM.Branch.20241212.pdf |pdf]]) * 2. PC Relative Addressing ([[Media:ARM.2ASM.PCRelative.20241123.pdf |pdf]]) * 3. Thumb instruction Set ([[Media:ARM.2ASM.Thumb.20241123.pdf |pdf]]) * 4. Exceptions ([[Media:ARM.2ASM.Exception.20220722.pdf |pdf]]) * 5. Exception Programming ([[Media:ARM.2ASM.ExceptionProg.20220311.pdf |pdf]]) * 6. Exception Handlers ([[Media:ARM.2ASM.ExceptionHandler.20220131.pdf |pdf]]) * 7. Interrupt Programming ([[Media:ARM.2ASM.InterruptProg.20211030.pdf |pdf]]) * 8. Interrupt Handlers ([[Media:ARM.2ASM.InterruptHandler.20211030.pdf |pdf]]) * 9. Vectored Interrupt Programming ([[Media:ARM.2ASM.VectorInt.20230610.pdf |pdf]]) * 10. Tail Chaining ([[Media:ARM.2ASM.TailChain.20230816.pdf |pdf]]) </br> * ARM Assembly Exercises ([[Media:ESys.3.A.ARM-ASM-Exercise.20160608.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:ESys.3.B.Assembly.20160716.pdf |B.pdf]]) :: === ARM Assembly Programming (III) === * 1. Fixed point arithmetic (integer division) * 2. Floating point arithmetic * 3. Matrix multiply === ARM Linking === * arm link ([[Media:arm_link.20211208.pdf |pdf]]) </br> === ARM Microcontroller Programming === * 1. Input / Output * 2. Serial / Parallel Port Interfacing * 3. Analog I/O Interfacing * 4. Communication </br> == '''Memory Architecture''' == </br> === '''Memory Hierarchy''' === </br> === '''System and Peripheral Buses''' === </br> === '''Architectural Support''' === * High Level Languages * System Development * Operating Systems </br> == '''Peripheral Architecture''' == </br> === '''Vectored Interrupt Controller ''' === </br> === '''Timers ''' === * Timer / Counter ([[Media:ARM.4ASM.Timer.20220801.pdf |pdf]]) * Real Time Clock * Watchdog Timer </br> === '''Serial Bus''' === * '''UART''' : Universal Asynchronous Receiver/Transmitter ([[Media:ARM.4ASM.UART.20220924.pdf |pdf]]) * '''I2C''' : Inter-Integrated Circuit * '''SPI''' : Serial Peripheral Interface * '''USB''' : Universal Serial Bus Device Controller </br> === '''I/Os ''' === * General Purpose Input/Output ports (GPIO) * Pulse Width Modulator * Analog-to-Digital Converter (ADC) * Digital-to-Analog Converter (DAC) </br> <!-- == '''Interrupts and Exceptions ''' == --> </br> == '''Synchrnoization'''== </br> === H/W and S/W Synchronization === * busy wait synchronization * handshake interface </br> === Interrupt Synchronization === * interrupt synchronization * reentrant programming * buffered IO * periodic interrupt * periodic polling </br> ==''' Interfacing '''== </br> === Time Interfacing === * input capture * output compare </br> === Serial Interfacing === * Programming UART * Programming SPI * Programming I2C * Programming USB </br> === Analog Interfacing === * OP Amp * Filters * ADC * DAC </br> == '''Old materials''' == === '''Instruction Set Architecture''' === * ARM Instruction Set :: - Overview ([[Media:ARM.2ISA.1A.Overview.20180528.pdf |pdf]]) :: - Binary Encoding ([[Media:ARM.2ISA.2A.Encoding.20180528.pdf |pdf]]) :: - Assembler Format ([[Media:ARM.2ISA.3A.Format.20180528.pdf |pdf]]) * Thumb Instruction Set * ARM Assembly Language ([[Media:ESys3.1A.Assembly.20160608.pdf |pdf]]) * ARM Machine Language ([[Media:ESys3.2A.Machine.20160615.pdf |pdf]]) </br> </br> go to [ [[Electrical_%26_Computer_Engineering_Studies]] ] omxx70dlolyx5mqvo61jyvdd4f5ahz6 0 233730 2691515 2691333 2024-12-11T22:05:30Z Yinuo Liu 2935880 added form pdf links 2691515 wikitext text/x-wiki <noinclude>{{Helping Give Away Psychological Science Banner}}</noinclude> The '''Self-Injurious Thoughts and Behaviors Interview''' (SITBI) is a structured interview that assesses the presence, frequency, and characteristics of five self-injury-related constructs, including suicidal ideation, suicide plans, suicide gestures, suicide attempts, and non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI). This instrument can be administered by both researchers and clinicians. It has been widely used in research settings to assess adolescent and young adults samples. Its long form consists of 169 questions, and its short form consists of 69 questions. The revised version of SITBI, Self-Injurious Thoughts and Behaviors Interview–Revised (SITBI-R), includes a broader range of self-injurious outcomes, like aborted and interrupted suicide attempts. == Psychometrics == ==== Reliability ==== {| class="wikitable" |+ Evaluation for reliability for SITBI ! Criterion !! Rating (adequate, good, excellent, too good*) !! Explanation with references |- |[[w:Inter-rater reliability|Interrater reliability]] ||Excellent ||Nock et al. reported an average kappa of .99 and r of 1.0, and raters in the study showed excellent to perfect agreement for all five self-injury related constructs. |- |[[Test-retest reliability]] || Good || r = .73 over 15 weeks. Nock et al. reported an average kappa of .70. Test-retest validity is good for suicidal ideation, suicide plan, suicide attempt, and NSSI, but poor for suicide gesture. |} ====Validity==== {| class="wikitable" |+ Evaluation of validity for SITBI ! Criterion !! Rating (adequate, good, excellent, too good*) !! Explanation with references |- |[[w:Construct validity|Construct validity]] (e.g., predictive, concurrent, convergent, and discriminant validity) || Good || Shows [[w:convergent validity|Convergent validity]] via correspondence between the SITBI and other measures of suicidal ideation, suicide attempt, and NSSI |} ==Use in other populations== SITBI was translated into German, Korean, and Spanish, with research supporting each language version’s psychometric properties. ==Forms== *[https://nocklab.fas.harvard.edu/files/nocklab/files/sitbis_shortform.pdf SITBI Short Form] *[https://harvardmagazine.com/sites/default/files/sitbi_longform.pdf SITBI Long Form] ==References== {{DEFAULTSORT:Self-Injurious Thoughts and Behaviors Interview}} {{:{{BASEPAGENAME}}/Navbox}} [[Category:Psychological measures]] [[Category:Assessment measures]] {{DEFAULTSORT:Self-Injurious Thoughts and Behaviors Interview}} ksa3xt3li4p56gzlcrd9l4or8mwod9a 2691544 2691515 2024-12-11T23:50:17Z Yinuo Liu 2935880 added references 2691544 wikitext text/x-wiki <noinclude>{{Helping Give Away Psychological Science Banner}}</noinclude> The '''Self-Injurious Thoughts and Behaviors Interview''' (SITBI) is a structured interview that assesses the presence, frequency, and characteristics of five self-injury-related constructs, including suicidal ideation, suicide plans, suicide gestures, suicide attempts, and non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI) <ref name=":0">Nock, MK; Holmberg, EB; Photos, VI; Michel, BD (September, 2007). "Self-Injurious Thoughts and Behaviors Interview: development, reliability, and validity in an adolescent sample.".''Psychological Assessment''. [[doi:10.1037/1040-3590.19.3.309]].</ref>. This instrument can be administered by both researchers and clinicians. It has been widely used in research settings to assess adolescent and young adults samples. Its long form consists of 169 questions, and its short form consists of 69 questions. The revised version of SITBI, Self-Injurious Thoughts and Behaviors Interview–Revised (SITBI-R), includes a broader range of self-injurious outcomes, like aborted and interrupted suicide attempts <ref>Fox, KR; Harris, JA; Wang, S B; Millner, AJ; Deming, CA; Nock, MK (2020). "Self-Injurious Thoughts and Behaviors Interview—Revised: Development, reliability, and validity." ''Psychological Assessment''. '''32'''(7): 677-689. [[doi:10.1037/pas0000819]].</ref>. == Psychometrics == ==== Reliability ==== {| class="wikitable" |+ Evaluation for reliability for SITBI ! Criterion !! Rating (adequate, good, excellent, too good*) !! Explanation with references |- |[[w:Inter-rater reliability|Interrater reliability]] ||Excellent ||Nock et al.<ref name=":0" /> reported an average kappa of .99 and r of 1.0, and raters in the study showed excellent to perfect agreement for all five self-injury related constructs. |- |[[Test-retest reliability]] || Good || r = .73 over 15 weeks. Nock et al.<ref name=":0" /> reported an average kappa of .70. Test-retest validity is good for suicidal ideation, suicide plan, suicide attempt, and NSSI, but poor for suicide gesture. |} ====Validity==== {| class="wikitable" |+ Evaluation of validity for SITBI ! Criterion !! Rating (adequate, good, excellent, too good*) !! Explanation with references |- |[[w:Construct validity|Construct validity]] (e.g., predictive, concurrent, convergent, and discriminant validity) || Good || Shows [[w:convergent validity|convergent validity]] via correspondence between the SITBI and other measures of suicidal ideation, suicide attempt, and NSSI.<ref name=":0" /> |} ==Use in other populations== SITBI was translated into German<ref>Fischer, G; Ameis, N; Parzer, P; Plener, PL; Groschwitz, R; Vonderlin, E; Kölch, M; Brunner, R; Kaess, M (September, 2014). "The German version of the self-injurious thoughts and behaviors interview (SITBI-G): a tool to assess non-suicidal self-injury and suicidal behavior disorder." ''BMC psychiatry''. '''14''':265.</ref>., Korean<ref>Lee, SJ; Cho, YJ; & Hyun, MH (2021). "Self-injurious thoughts and behaviors interview-korean version: Psychometric properties." ''Psychiatry investigation''. '''18'''(2):157. [[10.30773/pi.2020.0302]].</ref>, and Spanish<ref>García-Nieto, R; Blasco-Fontecilla, H; Yepes, MP; & Baca-García, E (2013). "Translation and validation of the “Self-Injurious Thoughts and Behaviours Interview” in a Spanish population with suicidal behaviour." ''Revista de Psiquiatría y Salud Mental''. '''6'''(3):101-108. [[10.1016/j.rpsmen.2012.07.004]].</ref>, with research supporting each language version’s psychometric properties. ==Forms== *[https://nocklab.fas.harvard.edu/files/nocklab/files/sitbis_shortform.pdf SITBI Short Form] *[https://harvardmagazine.com/sites/default/files/sitbi_longform.pdf SITBI Long Form] ==References== {{reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Self-Injurious Thoughts and Behaviors Interview}} {{:{{BASEPAGENAME}}/Navbox}} [[Category:Psychological measures]] [[Category:Assessment measures]] {{DEFAULTSORT:Self-Injurious Thoughts and Behaviors Interview}} m1erc4j3oez2hzcwh1ui44xjz49f599 2691545 2691544 2024-12-11T23:51:05Z Yinuo Liu 2935880 2691545 wikitext text/x-wiki <noinclude>{{Helping Give Away Psychological Science Banner}}</noinclude> The '''Self-Injurious Thoughts and Behaviors Interview''' (SITBI) is a structured interview that assesses the presence, frequency, and characteristics of five self-injury-related constructs, including suicidal ideation, suicide plans, suicide gestures, suicide attempts, and non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI) <ref name=":0">Nock, MK; Holmberg, EB; Photos, VI; Michel, BD (September, 2007). "Self-Injurious Thoughts and Behaviors Interview: development, reliability, and validity in an adolescent sample.".''Psychological Assessment''. [[doi:10.1037/1040-3590.19.3.309]].</ref>. This instrument can be administered by both researchers and clinicians. It has been widely used in research settings to assess adolescent and young adults samples. Its long form consists of 169 questions, and its short form consists of 69 questions. The revised version of SITBI, Self-Injurious Thoughts and Behaviors Interview–Revised (SITBI-R), includes a broader range of self-injurious outcomes, like aborted and interrupted suicide attempts <ref>Fox, KR; Harris, JA; Wang, S B; Millner, AJ; Deming, CA; Nock, MK (2020). "Self-Injurious Thoughts and Behaviors Interview—Revised: Development, reliability, and validity." ''Psychological Assessment''. '''32'''(7): 677-689. [[doi:10.1037/pas0000819]].</ref>. == Psychometrics == ==== Reliability ==== {| class="wikitable" |+ Evaluation for reliability for SITBI ! Criterion !! Rating (adequate, good, excellent, too good*) !! Explanation with references |- |[[w:Inter-rater reliability|Interrater reliability]] ||Excellent ||Nock et al.<ref name=":0" /> reported an average kappa of .99 and r of 1.0, and raters in the study showed excellent to perfect agreement for all five self-injury related constructs. |- |[[Test-retest reliability]] || Good || r = .73 over 15 weeks. Nock et al.<ref name=":0" /> reported an average kappa of .70. Test-retest validity is good for suicidal ideation, suicide plan, suicide attempt, and NSSI, but poor for suicide gesture. |} ====Validity==== {| class="wikitable" |+ Evaluation of validity for SITBI ! Criterion !! Rating (adequate, good, excellent, too good*) !! Explanation with references |- |[[w:Construct validity|Construct validity]] (e.g., predictive, concurrent, convergent, and discriminant validity) || Good || Shows [[w:convergent validity|convergent validity]] via correspondence between the SITBI and other measures of suicidal ideation, suicide attempt, and NSSI<ref name=":0" />. |} ==Use in other populations== SITBI was translated into German<ref>Fischer, G; Ameis, N; Parzer, P; Plener, PL; Groschwitz, R; Vonderlin, E; Kölch, M; Brunner, R; Kaess, M (September, 2014). "The German version of the self-injurious thoughts and behaviors interview (SITBI-G): a tool to assess non-suicidal self-injury and suicidal behavior disorder." ''BMC psychiatry''. '''14''':265.</ref>., Korean<ref>Lee, SJ; Cho, YJ; & Hyun, MH (2021). "Self-injurious thoughts and behaviors interview-korean version: Psychometric properties." ''Psychiatry investigation''. '''18'''(2):157. [[10.30773/pi.2020.0302]].</ref>, and Spanish<ref>García-Nieto, R; Blasco-Fontecilla, H; Yepes, MP; & Baca-García, E (2013). "Translation and validation of the “Self-Injurious Thoughts and Behaviours Interview” in a Spanish population with suicidal behaviour." ''Revista de Psiquiatría y Salud Mental''. '''6'''(3):101-108. [[10.1016/j.rpsmen.2012.07.004]].</ref>, with research supporting each language version’s psychometric properties. ==Forms== *[https://nocklab.fas.harvard.edu/files/nocklab/files/sitbis_shortform.pdf SITBI Short Form] *[https://harvardmagazine.com/sites/default/files/sitbi_longform.pdf SITBI Long Form] ==References== {{reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Self-Injurious Thoughts and Behaviors Interview}} {{:{{BASEPAGENAME}}/Navbox}} [[Category:Psychological measures]] [[Category:Assessment measures]] {{DEFAULTSORT:Self-Injurious Thoughts and Behaviors Interview}} 9x39ohmtiapdqzhc3i503hmbrawp5of 2691546 2691545 2024-12-11T23:52:01Z Yinuo Liu 2935880 /* Reliability */ 2691546 wikitext text/x-wiki <noinclude>{{Helping Give Away Psychological Science Banner}}</noinclude> The '''Self-Injurious Thoughts and Behaviors Interview''' (SITBI) is a structured interview that assesses the presence, frequency, and characteristics of five self-injury-related constructs, including suicidal ideation, suicide plans, suicide gestures, suicide attempts, and non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI) <ref name=":0">Nock, MK; Holmberg, EB; Photos, VI; Michel, BD (September, 2007). "Self-Injurious Thoughts and Behaviors Interview: development, reliability, and validity in an adolescent sample.".''Psychological Assessment''. [[doi:10.1037/1040-3590.19.3.309]].</ref>. This instrument can be administered by both researchers and clinicians. It has been widely used in research settings to assess adolescent and young adults samples. Its long form consists of 169 questions, and its short form consists of 69 questions. The revised version of SITBI, Self-Injurious Thoughts and Behaviors Interview–Revised (SITBI-R), includes a broader range of self-injurious outcomes, like aborted and interrupted suicide attempts <ref>Fox, KR; Harris, JA; Wang, S B; Millner, AJ; Deming, CA; Nock, MK (2020). "Self-Injurious Thoughts and Behaviors Interview—Revised: Development, reliability, and validity." ''Psychological Assessment''. '''32'''(7): 677-689. [[doi:10.1037/pas0000819]].</ref>. == Psychometrics == ==== Reliability ==== {| class="wikitable" |+ Evaluation for reliability for SITBI ! Criterion !! Rating (adequate, good, excellent, too good*) !! Explanation with references |- |[[w:Inter-rater reliability|Interrater reliability]] ||Excellent ||Nock et al.<ref name=":0" /> reported an average kappa of .99 and r of 1.0, and raters in the study showed excellent to perfect agreement for all five self-injury related constructs. |- |[[Test-retest reliability]] || Good || Nock et al.<ref name=":0" /> reported an average kappa of .70. Test-retest validity is good for suicidal ideation, suicide plan, suicide attempt, and NSSI, but poor for suicide gesture. |} ====Validity==== {| class="wikitable" |+ Evaluation of validity for SITBI ! Criterion !! Rating (adequate, good, excellent, too good*) !! Explanation with references |- |[[w:Construct validity|Construct validity]] (e.g., predictive, concurrent, convergent, and discriminant validity) || Good || Shows [[w:convergent validity|convergent validity]] via correspondence between the SITBI and other measures of suicidal ideation, suicide attempt, and NSSI<ref name=":0" />. |} ==Use in other populations== SITBI was translated into German<ref>Fischer, G; Ameis, N; Parzer, P; Plener, PL; Groschwitz, R; Vonderlin, E; Kölch, M; Brunner, R; Kaess, M (September, 2014). "The German version of the self-injurious thoughts and behaviors interview (SITBI-G): a tool to assess non-suicidal self-injury and suicidal behavior disorder." ''BMC psychiatry''. '''14''':265.</ref>., Korean<ref>Lee, SJ; Cho, YJ; & Hyun, MH (2021). "Self-injurious thoughts and behaviors interview-korean version: Psychometric properties." ''Psychiatry investigation''. '''18'''(2):157. [[10.30773/pi.2020.0302]].</ref>, and Spanish<ref>García-Nieto, R; Blasco-Fontecilla, H; Yepes, MP; & Baca-García, E (2013). "Translation and validation of the “Self-Injurious Thoughts and Behaviours Interview” in a Spanish population with suicidal behaviour." ''Revista de Psiquiatría y Salud Mental''. '''6'''(3):101-108. [[10.1016/j.rpsmen.2012.07.004]].</ref>, with research supporting each language version’s psychometric properties. ==Forms== *[https://nocklab.fas.harvard.edu/files/nocklab/files/sitbis_shortform.pdf SITBI Short Form] *[https://harvardmagazine.com/sites/default/files/sitbi_longform.pdf SITBI Long Form] ==References== {{reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Self-Injurious Thoughts and Behaviors Interview}} {{:{{BASEPAGENAME}}/Navbox}} [[Category:Psychological measures]] [[Category:Assessment measures]] {{DEFAULTSORT:Self-Injurious Thoughts and Behaviors Interview}} p9308pok6qo2blvchxpm3ezeu5szbxp 2691552 2691546 2024-12-12T00:23:58Z Yinuo Liu 2935880 adjust doi links 2691552 wikitext text/x-wiki <noinclude>{{Helping Give Away Psychological Science Banner}}</noinclude> The '''Self-Injurious Thoughts and Behaviors Interview''' (SITBI) is a structured interview that assesses the presence, frequency, and characteristics of five self-injury-related constructs, including suicidal ideation, suicide plans, suicide gestures, suicide attempts, and non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI) <ref name=":0">Nock, MK; Holmberg, EB; Photos, VI; Michel, BD (September, 2007). "Self-Injurious Thoughts and Behaviors Interview: development, reliability, and validity in an adolescent sample.".''Psychological Assessment''. [[doi:10.1037/1040-3590.19.3.309]].</ref>. This instrument can be administered by both researchers and clinicians. It has been widely used in research settings to assess adolescent and young adults samples. Its long form consists of 169 questions, and its short form consists of 69 questions. The revised version of SITBI, Self-Injurious Thoughts and Behaviors Interview–Revised (SITBI-R), includes a broader range of self-injurious outcomes, like aborted and interrupted suicide attempts <ref>Fox, KR; Harris, JA; Wang, S B; Millner, AJ; Deming, CA; Nock, MK (2020). "Self-Injurious Thoughts and Behaviors Interview—Revised: Development, reliability, and validity." ''Psychological Assessment''. '''32'''(7): 677-689. [[doi:10.1037/pas0000819]].</ref>. == Psychometrics == ==== Reliability ==== {| class="wikitable" |+ Evaluation for reliability for SITBI ! Criterion !! Rating (adequate, good, excellent, too good*) !! Explanation with references |- |[[w:Inter-rater reliability|Interrater reliability]] ||Excellent ||Nock et al.<ref name=":0" /> reported an average kappa of .99 and r of 1.0, and raters in the study showed excellent to perfect agreement for all five self-injury related constructs. |- |[[Test-retest reliability]] || Good || Nock et al.<ref name=":0" /> reported an average kappa of .70. Test-retest validity is good for suicidal ideation, suicide plan, suicide attempt, and NSSI, but poor for suicide gesture. |} ====Validity==== {| class="wikitable" |+ Evaluation of validity for SITBI ! Criterion !! Rating (adequate, good, excellent, too good*) !! Explanation with references |- |[[w:Construct validity|Construct validity]] (e.g., predictive, concurrent, convergent, and discriminant validity) || Good || Shows [[w:convergent validity|convergent validity]] via correspondence between the SITBI and other measures of suicidal ideation, suicide attempt, and NSSI<ref name=":0" />. |} ==Use in other populations== SITBI was translated into German<ref>Fischer, G; Ameis, N; Parzer, P; Plener, PL; Groschwitz, R; Vonderlin, E; Kölch, M; Brunner, R; Kaess, M (September, 2014). "The German version of the self-injurious thoughts and behaviors interview (SITBI-G): a tool to assess non-suicidal self-injury and suicidal behavior disorder." ''BMC psychiatry''. '''14''':265.</ref>., Korean<ref>Lee, SJ; Cho, YJ; & Hyun, MH (2021). "Self-injurious thoughts and behaviors interview-korean version: Psychometric properties." ''Psychiatry investigation''. '''18'''(2):157. [[doi:10.30773/pi.2020.0302]].</ref>, and Spanish<ref>García-Nieto, R; Blasco-Fontecilla, H; Yepes, MP; & Baca-García, E (2013). "Translation and validation of the “Self-Injurious Thoughts and Behaviours Interview” in a Spanish population with suicidal behaviour." ''Revista de Psiquiatría y Salud Mental''. '''6'''(3):101-108. [[doi:10.1016/j.rpsmen.2012.07.004]].</ref>, with research supporting each language version’s psychometric properties. ==Forms== *[https://nocklab.fas.harvard.edu/files/nocklab/files/sitbis_shortform.pdf SITBI Short Form] *[https://harvardmagazine.com/sites/default/files/sitbi_longform.pdf SITBI Long Form] ==References== {{reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Self-Injurious Thoughts and Behaviors Interview}} {{:{{BASEPAGENAME}}/Navbox}} [[Category:Psychological measures]] [[Category:Assessment measures]] {{DEFAULTSORT:Self-Injurious Thoughts and Behaviors Interview}} r3zepofvhk3l2l2o6huhaieg29exoyr 0 263813 2691540 2691325 2024-12-11T23:40:28Z Scogdill 1331941 2691540 wikitext text/x-wiki ==Also Known As== * Family name: Bourke [pronounced ''burk'']<ref name=":62">{{Cite journal|date=2024-05-07|title=Earl of Mayo|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Earl_of_Mayo&oldid=1222668659|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earl_of_Mayo.</ref> * The Hon. Algernon Bourke * Mrs. Guendoline Bourke * Lady Florence Bourke * See also the [[Social Victorians/People/Mayo|page for the Earl of Mayo]], the Hon. Algernon Bourke's father. == Overview == Although the Hon. Algernon Henry Bourke was born in Dublin in 1854 and came from a family whose title is in the Peerage of Ireland,<ref name=":6">1911 England Census.</ref> he seems to have spent much of his adult life generally in England and especially in London. Mrs. Guendoline Bourke was a noted horsewoman and an excellent shot, exhibited at dog shows successfully and was "an appreciative listener to good music."<ref>"Vanity Fair." ''Lady of the House'' 15 June 1899, Thursday: 4 [of 44], Col. 2c [of 2]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0004836/18990615/019/0004.</ref> The Hon. Algernon Bourke and Mr. Algernon, depending on the newspaper article, were the same person. Calling him Mr. Bourke in the newspapers, especially when considered as a businessman or (potential) member of Parliament, does not rule out the son of an earl. == Acquaintances, Friends and Enemies == === Mr. Algernon Bourke === * [[Social Victorians/People/Montrose|Marcus Henry Milner]], "one of the zealous assistants of that well-known firm of stockbrokers, Messrs. Bourke and Sandys"<ref name=":8">"Metropolitan Notes." ''Nottingham Evening Post'' 31 July 1888, Tuesday: 4 [of 4], Col. 2a [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000321/18880731/025/0004.</ref> * Caroline, Duchess of Montrose — her "legal advisor" on the day of her marriage to Marcus Henry Milner<ref>"Metropolitan Notes." ''Nottingham Evening Post'' 31 July 1888, Tuesday: 4 [of 4], Col. 1b [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000321/18880731/025/0004.</ref> == Organizations == === The Hon. Algernon Bourke === * Eton * Cambridge University, Trinity College, 1873, Michaelmas term<ref name=":7">Cambridge University Alumni, 1261–1900. Via Ancestry.</ref> * Conservative Party * 1879: Appointed a Poor Law Inspector in Ireland, Relief of Distress Act * Special Correspondent of The ''Times'' for the Zulu War, accompanying Lord Chelmsford * White's gentleman's club, St. James's,<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2024-10-09|title=White's|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White's|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White%27s.</ref> Manager (1897)<ref>"Side Lights on Drinking." ''Waterford Standard'' 28 April 1897, Wednesday: 3 [of 4], Col. 7a [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001678/18970428/053/0003.</ref> * Stock Exchange * Willis's Rooms<blockquote>... the Hon. Algernon Burke [sic], son of the 6th Earl of Mayo, has turned the place into a smart restaurant where choice dinners are served and eaten while a stringed band discourses music. Willis's Rooms are now the favourite dining place for ladies who have no club of their own, or for gentlemen who are debarred by rules from inviting ladies to one of their own clubs. The same gentleman runs a hotel in Brighton, and has promoted several clubs. He has a special faculty for organising places of the kind, without which such projects end in failure.<ref>"Lenten Dullness." ''Cheltenham Looker-On'' 23 March 1895, Saturday: 11 [of 24], Col. 2c [of 2]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000226/18950323/004/0011. Print p. 275.</ref></blockquote> *The Franco-English Tunisian Esparto Fibre Supply Company, Limited, one of the directors<ref>''Money Market Review'', 20 Jan 1883 (Vol 46): 124.</ref> === Mr. Algernon Bourke === * Head, Messrs. Bourke and Sandys, "that well-known firm of stockbrokers"<ref name=":8" /> == Timeline == '''1872 February 8''', Richard Bourke, 6th Earl of Mayo was assassinated while inspecting a "convict settlement at Port Blair in the Andaman Islands ... by Sher Ali Afridi, a former Afghan soldier."<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2024-12-01|title=Richard Bourke, 6th Earl of Mayo|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Bourke,_6th_Earl_of_Mayo|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Bourke,_6th_Earl_of_Mayo.</ref> The Hon. Algernon's brother Dermot became the 7th Earl at 19 years old. '''1876 November 24, Friday''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke was one of 6 men (2 students, one of whom was Bourke; 2 doctors; a tutor and another man) from Cambridge who gave evidence as witnesses in an inquest about the death from falling off a horse of a student.<ref>"The Fatal Accident to a Sheffield Student at Cambridge." ''Sheffield Independent'' 25 November 1876, Saturday: 7 [of 12], Col. 5a [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000181/18761125/040/0007. Print title: ''Sheffield and Rotherham Independent'', n. p.</ref> '''1884 May 3, Saturday''', the "Rochester Conservatives" announced that they would "bring forward the Hon. Algernon Bourke, brother of Lord Mayo, as their second candidate,"<ref>"Election Intelligence." ''Yorkshire Gazette'' 03 May 1884, Saturday: 4 [of 12], Col. 6a [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000266/18840503/011/0004.</ref> but because he could not be the first candidate, Bourke declined.<ref>"Rochester." London ''Daily Chronicle'' 09 May 1884, Friday: 3 [of 8], Col. 8b [of 8]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0005049/18840509/049/0003.</ref> '''1885 October 3, Saturday''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke was named as the Conservative candidate for Clapham in the Battersea and Clapham borough after the Redistribution Bill determined the electoral districts for South London.<ref>"South London Candidates." ''South London Press'' 03 October 1885, Saturday: 9 [of 16], Col. 5b [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000213/18851003/096/0009. Print p. 9.</ref> The Liberal candidate, who won, was Mr. J. F. Moulton. '''1886 September 2, Thursday''', Mr. Algernon Bourke was part of a group of mostly aristocratic men taking part in [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1886#8 September 1886, Wednesday|a "trial-rehearsal" as part of Augustus Harris's production]] ''A Run of Luck'', about sports. '''1887 December 15''', Hon. Algernon Bourke and Guendoline Stanley were married at St. Paul's, Knightsbridge, by Bourke's uncle the Hon. and Rev. George Bourke. Only family members attended because of "the recent death of a near relative of the bride."<ref>"Court Circular." ''Morning Post'' 16 December 1887, Friday: 5 [of 8], Col. 7c [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000174/18871216/066/0005.</ref> '''1888 July 26''', [[Social Victorians/People/Montrose|Caroline Graham Stirling-Crawford]] (known as Mr. Manton for her horse-breeding and -racing operations) and Marcus Henry Milner married.<ref name=":12">"Hon. Caroline Agnes Horsley-Beresford." {{Cite web|url=https://thepeerage.com/p6863.htm#i68622|title=Person Page|website=thepeerage.com|access-date=2020-11-21}}</ref> According to the ''Nottingham Evening Post'' of 31 July 1888,<blockquote>LONDON GOSSIP. (From the ''World''.) The marriage of "Mr. Manton" was the surprise as well the sensation of last week. Although some wise people noticed a certain amount of youthful ardour in the attentions paid by Mr. Marcus Henry Milner to Caroline Duchess of Montrose at '''Mrs. Oppenheim's ball''', nobody was prepared for the sudden ''dénouement''; '''and it''' were not for the accidental and unseen presence [[Social Victorians/People/Mildmay|a well-known musical amateur]] who had received permission to practice on the organ, the ceremony performed at half-past nine on Thursday morning at St. Andrew's, Fulham, by the Rev. Mr. Propert, would possibly have remained a secret for some time to come. Although the evergreen Duchess attains this year the limit of age prescribed the Psalmist, the bridegroom was only born in 1864. Mr. "Harry" Milner (familiarly known in the City as "Millions") was one of the zealous assistants of that well-known firm of stockbrokers, Messrs. Bourke and Sandys, and Mr. Algernon Bourke, the head of the house (who, of course, takes a fatherly interest in the match) went down to Fulham to give away the Duchess. The ceremony was followed by a ''partie carrée'' luncheon at the Bristol, and the honeymoon began with a visit to the Jockey Club box at Sandown. Mr. Milner and the Duchess of Montrose have now gone to Newmarket. The marriage causes a curious reshuffling of the cards of affinity. Mr. Milner is now the stepfather of the [[Social Victorians/People/Montrose|Duke of Montrose]], his senior by twelve years; he is also the father-in-law of [[Social Victorians/People/Lady Violet Greville|Lord Greville]], Mr. Murray of Polnaise, and [[Social Victorians/People/Breadalbane|Lord Breadalbane]].<ref name=":8" /></blockquote>'''1888 December 1st week''', according to "Society Gossip" from the ''World'', the Hon. Algernon Bourke was suffering from malaria, presumably which he caught when he was in South Africa:<blockquote>I am sorry to hear that Mr. Algernon Bourke, who married Miss Sloane-Stanley a short time ago, has been very dangerously ill. Certain complications followed an attack of malarian fever, and last week his mother, the Dowager Lady Mayo, and his brother, Lord Mayo, were hastily summoned to Brighton. Since then a change for the better has taken place, and he is now out of danger.<ref>"Society Gossip. What the ''World'' Says." ''Hampshire Advertiser'' 08 December 1888, Saturday: 2 [of 8], Col. 5b [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000495/18881208/037/0002. Print title: ''The Hampshire Advertiser County Newspaper''; print p. 2.</ref></blockquote>'''1889 – 1899 January 1''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke was "proprietor" of White's Club, St. James's Street.<ref name=":9">"The Hon. Algernon Bourke's Affairs." ''Eastern Morning News'' 19 October 1899, Thursday: 6 [of 8], Col. 7c [of7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001152/18991019/139/0006. Print p. 6.</ref> '''1892''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke privately published his ''The History of White's'', the exclusive gentleman's club. '''1895 February 23, Saturday''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1895#23 February 1895, Saturday|fashionable wedding of Laurence Currie and Edith Sibyl Mary Finch]]. '''1895 October''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#24 October 1902, Friday|opened the Prince's ice-skating rink for the season]]. '''1896 August 10, Monday''', the Morning Leader reported that the Hon. Algernon Bourke, for the Foreign Office, received Li Hung Chang at St. Paul's:<blockquote>At St. Paul's Li Hung was received by Field-Marshal Simmons, Colonel Lane, the Hon. Algernon Bourke, of the Foreign Office (who made the necessary arrangements for the visit) and Canon Newbolt, on behalf of the Dean and Chapter. A crowd greeted Li with a cheer as he drove up in Lord Lonsdale’s striking equipage, and his Excellency was carried up the steps in an invalid chair by two stalwart constables. He walked through the centre door with his suite, and was immediately conducted by Canon Newbolt to General Gordon’s tomb in the north aisle, where a detachment of boys from the Gordon Home received him as a guard of honor. Li inspected the monument with marked interest, and drew the attention of his suite to the remarkable likeness to the dead hero. He laid a handsome wreath of royal purple asters, lilies, maidenhair fern, and laurel, tied with a broad band of purple silk, on the tomb. The visit was not one of inspection of the building, but on passing the middle aisle the interpreter called the attention of His Excellency to the exquisite architecture and decoration of the chancel. Li shook hands in hearty English fashion with Canon Newbolt and the other gentlemen who had received him, and, assisted by his two sons, walked down the steps to his carriage. He returned with his suite to Carlton House-terrace by way of St. Paul’s Churchyard, Cannon-st., Queen Victoria-st., and the Embankment.<ref>"At St. Paul's." ''Morning Leader'' 10 August 1896, Monday: 7 [of 12], Col. 2b [of 5]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0004833/18960810/134/0007. Print p. 7.</ref></blockquote>'''1896 August 19, Wednesday''', the ''Edinburgh Evening News'' reported on the catering that White's Club and Mr Algernon Bourke arranged for the visiting Li Hung Chang:<blockquote>It is probably not generally known (says the "Chef") that Mr Algernon Bourke, manager of White's Club, London, has undertaken to the whole of the catering for our illustrious visitor front the Flowery Land. Li Hung Chang has five native cooks in his retinue, and the greatest good fellowship exists between them and their English ''confreres'', although considerable difficulty is experienced in conversation in understanding one another's meaning. There are between 40 and and 50 to cater for daily, besides a staff about 30; that Mr Lemaire finds his time fully occupied. The dishes for his Excellency are varied and miscellaneous, and from 14 to 20 courses are served at each meal. The bills of fare contain such items as bird's-nest soup, pigs' kidneys stewed in cream, boiled ducks and green ginger, sharks' fins, shrinips and prawns stewed with leeks and muscatel grapes, fat pork saute with peas and kidney beans. The meal usually winds with fruit and sponge cake, and freshly-picked green tea as liqueur.<ref>"Li Hung Chang's Diet." ''Edinburgh Evening News'' 19 August 1896, Wednesday: 3 [of 4], Col. 8b [of 8]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000452/18960819/057/0003.</ref></blockquote>'''1897 July 2, Friday''', the Hon. A. and Mrs. A. Bourke and Mr. and Mrs. Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/1897 Fancy Dress Ball | Duchess of Devonshire's fancy-dress ball]] at Devonshire House. '''1898 January 5, Wednesday''', the ''Irish Independent'' reported that "Mr Algernon Bourke, the aristocratic stock broker ... was mainly responsible for the living pictures at the Blenheim Palace entertainment.<ref>"Mr Algernon Bourke ...." ''Irish Independent'' 05 January 1898, Wednesday: 6 [of 8], Col. 2c [of 8]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001985/18980105/115/0006.</ref> '''1899 June 1, Thursday''', the Hon. Algernon and Guendoline Bourke attended the wedding of her brother, Sloane Stanley and Countess Cairns at Holy Trinity Church, Brompton.<ref>"Marriage of Mr. Sloane Stanley and Countess Cairns." ''Hampshire Advertiser'' 03 June 1899, Saturday: 6 [of 8], Col. 3b [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000495/18990603/049/0006. Print p. 6.</ref> '''1899 October 19, Thursday''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke had a bankruptcy hearing:<blockquote>The public examination of the Hon. Algernon Bourke was held before Mr Registrar Giffard yesterday, at the London Bankruptcy Court. The debtor, described as proprietor of a St. James's-street club, furnished a statement of affairs showing unsecured debts £13,694 and debts fully secured £12,800, with assets which are estimated at £4,489 [?]. He stated, in reply to the Official Receiver, that he was formerly a member of the Stock Exchange, but had nothing to do with the firm of which he was a member during the last ten years. He severed his connection with the firm in May last, and believed he was indebted to them to the extent of £2,000 or £3,000. He repudiated a claim which they now made for £37,300. In 1889 he became proprietor of White's Club, St. James's-street, and carried it on until January 1st last, when he transferred it to a company called Recreations, Limited. One of the objects of the company was to raise money on debentures. The examination was formally adjourned.<ref name=":9" /></blockquote>'''1899 November 8, Wednesday''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke's bankruptcy case came up again:<blockquote>At Bankruptcy Court, yesterday, the case the Hon. Algernon Bourke again came on for hearing before Mr. Registrar Giffard, and the examination was concluded. The debtor has at various times been proprietor of White’s Club, St. James’s-street, and the Orleans’ Club, Brighton, and also of Willis's Restaurant, King-street, St. James's. He attributed his failure to losses sustained by the conversion of White’s Club and the Orleans' Club into limited companies, to the payment of excessive Interest on borrowed money, and other causes. The liabilities amount to £26,590, of which £13,694 are stated to be unsecured, and assets £4,409.<ref>"Affairs of the Hon. A. Bourke." ''Globe'' 09 November 1899, Thursday: 2 [of 8], Col. 1c [of 5]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001652/18991109/020/0002. Print p. 2.</ref></blockquote>'''1900 February 15, Thursday''', Miss Daphne Bourke, the four-year-old daughter of the Hon. Algernon and Mrs. Bourke was a bridesmaid in the wedding of Enid Wilson and the Earl of Chesterfield, so presumably her parents were present as well.<ref>"London Day by Day." ''Daily Telegraph'' 15 February 1900, Thursday: 8 [of 12], Col. 3b [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001112/19000215/175/0008. Name in British Newspaper Archive: ''Daily Telegraph & Courier'' (London). Print p. 8.</ref> '''1900 September 16''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke became the heir presumptive to the Earldom of Mayo when his older brother Captain Hon. Sir Maurice Archibald Bourke died. '''1900 October 06, Saturday''', the ''Weekly Irish Times'' says that Mr. Algernon Bourke, now heir presumptive to the earldom of Mayo, "has been for some months lately staying with Mr. Terence Bourke in Morocco."<ref>"Society Gossip." ''Weekly Irish Times'' 06 October 1900, Saturday: 14 [of 20], Col. 3b [of 5]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001684/19001006/121/0014. Print p. 14.</ref> '''1901 July 4, Thursday''', Guendoline and Daphne Bourke attended a children's party hosted by the Countess of Yarborough:<blockquote>The Countess of Yarborough gave a charming children's party on Thursday (4th) afternoon at her beautiful house in Arlington Street. The spacious ballroom was quite filled with little guests and their mothers. Each little guest received a lovely present from their kind hostess. The Duchess of Beaufort, in grey, and with a large black picture hat, brought her two lovely baby girls, Lady Blanche and Lady Diana Somerset, both in filmy cream [Col. 2b–3a] lace frocks. Lady Gertrude Corbett came with her children, and Ellen Lady Inchiquin with hers. Lady Southampton, in black, with lovely gold embroideries on her bodice, brought her children, as also did Lady Heneage and Mr. and Lady Beatrice Kaye. Lady Blanche Conyngham, in écru lace, over silk, and small straw hat, was there; also Mrs. Smith Barry, in a lovely gown of black and white lace. The Countess of Kilmorey, in a smart grey and white muslin, brought little Lady Cynthia Needham, in white; Mrs. Arthur James, in black and white muslin; and the Countess of Powys, in mauve silk with much white lace; Lady Sassoon, in black and white foulard; Victoria Countess of Yarborough, came on from hearing Mdme. Réjane at Mrs. Wernher's party at Bath House; and there were also present Lord Henry Vane-Tempest, the Earl of Yarborough, Lady Naylor-Leyland's little boys; the pretty children of Lady Constance Combe, Lady Florence Astley and her children, and Lady Meysey Thompson (very smart in mauve and white muslin) with her children; also Hon. Mrs. Algernon Bourke, in pale grey, with her pretty little girl.<ref>"The Countess of Yarborough ...." ''Gentlewoman'' 13 July 1901, Saturday: 76 [of 84], Col. 2b, 3a [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003340/19010713/381/0076. Print p. xxxvi.</ref></blockquote>'''1902 October 24, Friday''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#24 October 1902, Friday|opened the Prince's ice-skating rink for the season]], which he had been doing since 1895. == Costume at the Duchess of Devonshire's 2 July 1897 Fancy-dress Ball == According to both the ''Morning Post'' and the ''Times'', the Hon. Algernon Bourke was among the Suite of Men in the [[Social Victorians/1897 Fancy Dress Ball/Quadrilles Courts#"Oriental" Procession|"Oriental" procession]] at the [[Social Victorians/1897 Fancy Dress Ball | Duchess of Devonshire's fancy-dress ball]].<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" /> Based on the people they were dressed as, Guendonine Bourke was probably in this procession but it seems unlikely that Algernone Bourke was. [[File:Guendoline-Irene-Emily-Bourke-ne-Sloane-Stanley-as-Salammb.jpg|thumb|alt=Black-and-white photograph of a standing woman richly dressed in an historical costume with a headdress and a very large fan|Hon. Guendoline Bourke as Salammbô. ©National Portrait Gallery, London.]] === Hon. Guendoline Bourke === [[File:Alfons Mucha - 1896 - Salammbô.jpg|thumb|left|alt=Highly stylized orange-and-yellow painting of a bare-chested woman with a man playing a harp at her feet|Alfons Mucha's 1896 ''Salammbô''.]] Lafayette's portrait (right) of "Guendoline Irene Emily Bourke (née Sloane-Stanley) as Salammbô" in costume is photogravure #128 in the album presented to the Duchess of Devonshire and now in the National Portrait Gallery.<ref name=":4">"Devonshire House Fancy Dress Ball (1897): photogravures by Walker & Boutall after various photographers." 1899. National Portrait Gallery https://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/portrait-list.php?set=515.</ref> The printing on the portrait says, "The Hon. Mrs. Algernon Bourke as Salammbo."<ref>"Mrs. Algernon Bourke as Salammbo." ''Diamond Jubilee Fancy Dress Ball''. National Portrait Gallery https://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/portrait/mw158491/Guendoline-Irene-Emily-Bourke-ne-Sloane-Stanley-as-Salammb.</ref> ==== Newspaper Accounts ==== The Hon. Mrs. A. Bourke was dressed as * Salambo in the Oriental procession.<ref name=":2">"Fancy Dress Ball at Devonshire House." ''Morning Post'' Saturday 3 July 1897: 7 [of 12], Col. 4a–8 Col. 2b. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000174/18970703/054/0007.</ref><ref name=":3">"Ball at Devonshire House." The ''Times'' Saturday 3 July 1897: 12, Cols. 1a–4c ''The Times Digital Archive''. Web. 28 Nov. 2015.</ref> * "(Egyptian Princess), drapery gown of white and silver gauze, covered with embroidery of lotus flowers; the top of gown appliqué with old green satin embroidered blue turquoise and gold, studded rubies; train of old green broché."<ref>“The Duchess of Devonshire’s Ball.” The ''Gentlewoman'' 10 July 1897 Saturday: 32–42 [of 76], Cols. 1a–3c [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003340/18970710/155/0032.</ref>{{rp|p. 40, Col. 3a}} *"Mrs. A. Bourke, as an Egyptian Princess, with the Salambo coiffure, wore a flowing gown of white and silver gauze covered with embroidery of lotus flowers. The top of the gown was ornamented with old green satin embroidered with blue turquoise and gold, and studded with rubies. The train was of old green broché with sides of orange and gold embroidery, and from the ceinture depended long bullion fringe and an embroidered ibis."<ref>“The Ball at Devonshire House. Magnificent Spectacle. Description of the Dresses.” London ''Evening Standard'' 3 July 1897 Saturday: 3 [of 12], Cols. 1a–5b [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000183/18970703/015/0004.</ref>{{rp|p. 3, Col. 3b}} ==== Salammbô ==== Salammbô is the eponymous protagonist in Gustave Flaubert's 1862 novel.<ref name=":5">{{Cite journal|date=2024-04-29|title=Salammbô|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Salammb%C3%B4&oldid=1221352216|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salammb%C3%B4.</ref> Ernest Reyer's opera ''Salammbô'' was based on Flaubert's novel and published in Paris in 1890 and performed in 1892<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2024-04-11|title=Ernest Reyer|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ernest_Reyer&oldid=1218353215|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernest_Reyer.</ref> (both Modest Mussorgsky and Sergei Rachmaninoff had attempted but not completed operas based on the novel as well<ref name=":5" />). Alfons Mucha's 1896 lithograph of Salammbô was published in 1896, the year before the ball (above left).[[File:Algernon Henry Bourke Vanity Fair 20 January 1898.jpg|thumb|alt=Old colored drawing of an elegant elderly man dressed in a 19th-century tuxedo with a cloak, top hat and formal pointed shoes with bows, standing facing 1/4 to his right|''Algy'' — Algernon Henry Bourke — by "Spy," ''Vanity Fair'' 20 January 1898]] === Hon. Algernon Bourke === [[File:Hon-Algernon-Henry-Bourke-as-Izaak-Walton.jpg|thumb|left|alt=Black-and-white photograph of a man richly dressed in an historical costume sitting in a fireplace that does not have a fire and holding a tankard|Hon. Algernon Henry Bourke as Izaak Walton. ©National Portrait Gallery, London.]] '''Lafayette's portrait''' (left) of "Hon. Algernon Henry Bourke as Izaak Walton" in costume is photogravure #129 in the album presented to the Duchess of Devonshire and now in the National Portrait Gallery.<ref name=":4" /> The printing on the portrait says, "The Hon. Algernon Bourke as Izaak Walton."<ref>"Hon. Algernon Bourke as Izaak Walton." ''Diamond Jubilee Fancy Dress Ball''. National Portrait Gallery https://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/portrait/mw158492/Hon-Algernon-Henry-Bourke-as-Izaak-Walton.</ref> This portrait is amazing and unusual: Algernon Bourke is not using a photographer's set with theatrical flats and props, certainly not one used by anyone else at the ball itself. Isaak Walton (baptised 21 September 1593 – 15 December 1683) wrote ''The Compleat Angler''.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2021-09-15|title=Izaak Walton|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Izaak_Walton&oldid=1044447858|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Izaak_Walton.</ref> A cottage Walton lived in and willed to the people of Stafford was photographed in 1888, suggesting that its relationship to Walton was known in 1897, raising a question about whether Bourke could have used the fireplace in the cottage for his portrait. (This same cottage still exists, as the [https://www.staffordbc.gov.uk/izaak-waltons-cottage Isaak Walton Cottage] museum.) A caricature portrait (right) of the Hon. Algernon Bourke, called "Algy," by Leslie Ward ("Spy") was published in the 20 January 1898 issue of ''Vanity Fair'' as Number 702 in its "Men of the Day" series,<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2024-01-14|title=List of Vanity Fair (British magazine) caricatures (1895–1899)|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Vanity_Fair_(British_magazine)_caricatures_(1895%E2%80%931899)&oldid=1195518024|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Vanity_Fair_(British_magazine)_caricatures_(1895%E2%80%931899).</ref> giving an indication of what he looked like out of costume. === Mr. and Mrs. Bourke === The ''Times'' made a distinction between the Hon. Mr. and Mrs. A. Bourke and Mr. and Mrs. Bourke, including both in the article.<ref name=":3" /> Occasionally this same article mentions the same people more than once in different contexts and parts of the article, so they may be the same couple. (See [[Social Victorians/People/Bourke#Notes and Question|Notes and Question]] #2, below.) == Demographics == *Nationality: Anglo-Irish<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2020-11-14|title=Richard Bourke, 6th Earl of Mayo|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Richard_Bourke,_6th_Earl_of_Mayo&oldid=988654078|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}}</ref> *Occupation: journalist. 1895: restaurant, hotel and club owner and manager<ref>''Cheltenham Looker-On'', 23 March 1895. Via Ancestry but taken from the BNA.</ref> === Residences === *Ireland: 1873: Palmerston House, Straffan, Co. Kildare.<ref name=":7" /> Not Co. Mayo? *1890: 33 Cadogan Terrace *1891: 33 Cadogan Terrace, Kensington and Chelsea, a dwelling house<ref>Kensington and Chelsea, London, England, Electoral Registers, 1889–1970, Register of Voters, 1891.</ref> *1894: 181 Pavilion Road, Kensington and Chelsea<ref>Kensington and Chelsea, London, England, Electoral Registers, 1889–1970. Register of Voters, 1894. Via Ancestry.</ref> *1900: 181 Pavilion Road, Kensington and Chelsea<ref>Kensington and Chelsea, London, England, Electoral Registers, 1889–1970. Register of Voters, 1900. Via Ancestry.</ref> *1911: 1911 Fulham, London<ref name=":6" /> *20 Eaton Square, S.W. (in 1897)<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Pl0oAAAAYAAJ|title=Who's who|date=1897|publisher=A. & C. Black|language=en}} 712, Col. 1b.</ref> (London home of the [[Social Victorians/People/Mayo|Earl of Mayo]]) == Family == *Hon. Algernon Henry Bourke (31 December 1854 – 7 April 1922)<ref>"Hon. Algernon Henry Bourke." {{Cite web|url=https://www.thepeerage.com/p29657.htm#i296561|title=Person Page|website=www.thepeerage.com|access-date=2020-12-10}}</ref> *Guendoline Irene Emily Sloane-Stanley Bourke (c. 1869 – 30 December 1967)<ref name=":1">"Guendoline Irene Emily Stanley." {{Cite web|url=https://www.thepeerage.com/p51525.htm#i515247|title=Person Page|website=www.thepeerage.com|access-date=2020-12-10}}</ref> #Daphne Marjory Bourke (5 April 1895 – 22 May 1962) === Relations === *Hon. Algernon Henry Bourke (the 3rd son of the [[Social Victorians/People/Mayo|6th Earl of Mayo]]) was the older brother of Lady Florence Bourke.<ref name=":0" /> ==== Other Bourkes ==== *Hubert Edward Madden Bourke (after 1925, Bourke-Borrowes)<ref>"Hubert Edward Madden Bourke-Borrowes." {{Cite web|url=https://www.thepeerage.com/p52401.htm#i524004|title=Person Page|website=www.thepeerage.com|access-date=2021-08-25}} https://www.thepeerage.com/p52401.htm#i524004.</ref> *Lady Eva Constance Aline Bourke, who married [[Social Victorians/People/Dunraven|Windham Henry Wyndham-Quin]] on 7 July 1885;<ref>"Lady Eva Constance Aline Bourke." {{Cite web|url=https://www.thepeerage.com/p2575.htm#i25747|title=Person Page|website=www.thepeerage.com|access-date=2020-12-02}} https://www.thepeerage.com/p2575.htm#i25747.</ref> he became 5th Earl of Dunraven and Mount-Earl on 14 June 1926. == Writings, Memoirs, Biographies, Papers == === Writings === * Bourke, the Hon. Algernon. ''The History of White's''. London: Algernon Bourke [privately published], 1892. * Bourke, the Hon. Algernon, ed., "with a brief Memoir." ''Correspondence of Mr Joseph Jekyll with His Sister-in-Law, Lady Gertrude Sloane Stanley, 1818–1838''. John Murray, 1893. * Bourke, the Hon. Algernon, ed. ''Correspondence of Mr Joseph Jekyll''. John Murray, 1894. === Papers === * Where are the papers for the Earl of Mayo family? Are Algernon Bourke's papers with them? == Notes and Questions == #The portrait of Algernon Bourke in costume as Isaac Walton is really an amazing portrait with a very interesting setting, far more specific than any of the other Lafayette portraits of these people in their costumes. Where was it shot? Lafayette is given credit, but it's not one of his usual backdrops. If this portrait was taken the night of the ball, then this fireplace was in Devonshire House; if not, then whose fireplace is it? #The ''Times'' lists Hon. A. Bourke (at 325) and Hon. Mrs. A. Bourke (at 236) as members of a the "Oriental" procession, Mr. and Mrs. A. Bourke (in the general list of attendees), and then a small distance down Mr. and Mrs. Bourke (now at 511 and 512, respectively). This last couple with no honorifics is also mentioned in the report in the London ''Evening Standard'', which means the Hon. Mrs. A. Bourke, so the ''Times'' may have repeated the Bourkes, who otherwise are not obviously anyone recognizable. If they are not the Hon. Mr. and Mrs. A. Bourke, then they are unidentified. It seems likely that they are the same, however, as the newspapers were not perfectly consistent in naming people with their honorifics, even in a single story, especially a very long and detailed one in which people could be named more than once. #Three slightly difficult-to-identify men were among the Suite of Men in the [[Social Victorians/1897 Fancy Dress Ball/Quadrilles Courts#"Oriental" Procession|"Oriental" procession]]: [[Social Victorians/People/Halifax|Gordon Wood]], [[Social Victorians/People/Portman|Arthur B. Portman]] and [[Social Victorians/People/Sarah Spencer-Churchill Wilson|Wilfred Wilson]]. The identification of Gordon Wood and Wilfred Wilson is high because of contemporary newspaper accounts. The Hon. Algernon Bourke, who was also in the Suite of Men, is not difficult to identify at all. Arthur Portman appears in a number of similar newspaper accounts, but none of them mentions his family of origin. #[http://thepeerage.com The Peerage] has no other Algernon Bourkes. #The Hon Algernon Bourke is #235 on the [[Social Victorians/1897 Fancy Dress Ball#List of People Who Attended|list of people who were present]]; the Hon. Guendoline Bourke is #236; a Mr. Bourke is #703; a Mrs. Bourke is #704. == Footnotes == {{reflist}} o8z6g3k8ssgsfpw6a6l0wljnaewu0xh 0 264281 2691503 2688228 2024-12-11T20:12:27Z Scogdill 1331941 2691503 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1850s | 1850s]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1860s | 1860s]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1870s | 1870s]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1880s | 1880s Headlines]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1890s | 1890s Headlines]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1890 | 1890]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1891 | 1891]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1892 | 1892]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1893 | 1893]] 1894 [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1895 | 1895]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1896 | 1896]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1897 | 1897]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1898 | 1898]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1899 | 1899]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s|1900s]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1910s|1910s]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1920s-30s|1920s-30s]] ==Sometime in 1894== Electricity was available in Hampstead (Baring-Gould II 567, n. 19). ==January 1894== ===1 January 1894, Monday, New Year's Day=== === 31 January 1894, Wednesday === The wedding of James Baillie and [[Social Victorians/People/Burton|Hon. Nellie Bass]], the children of extremely wealthy people. The description of the cake is worth looking at, as are the bride's trousseau, including the sealskin coat and accessories, as well as the gifts to the bride. The newspaper copy is not very good, and so the OCR isn't either. The reporter describing the scene seems not to have known who all the women were, a little unusual for this kind of article.<blockquote>Marriage of Miss Bass and Mr. Baillie The marriage of Mr. James Evan Bruce Baillie of Dochfour to the Hon. Nellie Lisa Bass took place yesterday afternoon, at Holy Trinity Church, Sloane Street, London, in the presence of a large and fashionable congregation. Although this is not what is known as the London season, yet great interest was taken in the function in the highest circles, and many members of society came to town specially to attend the ceremony and reception. The weather was exceedingly unfavourable, but in spite of that, and the fact that the time of the year was decidedly against any picturesque display of brilliant costumes, the wedding itself may be classed as one of the prettiest of the year. Miss Bass is the only child of Lord and Lady Burton, of Rangemore Hall, Burton-on-Trent; Glen Quoich, Inverness-shire; and Chesterfield House, Mayfair, W. Lord Burton, who is a Deputy Lieutenant for the county of Stafford, and a county alderman, is hon. colonel of the 2nd Volunteer Battalion (Prince of Wales's) North Staffordshire Regiment, a director of Bass and Co. (Limited), and of the South-Eastern Railway Company. He represented Stafford in the House of Commons in the Liberal interest from 1865 to 1868, East Staffordshire from 1868 to 1885, and the Burton Division of the same county from 1885 to 1886. He was created a baronet in 1882, and four years later was raised to the peerage as Baron Burton of Rangemore and Burton-on-Trent. Lady Burton is the daughter of the late Mr. Edward Thornewill, Dove Cliff, Burton. The bridegroom is the eldest son of the late Mr. Evan P. Montague Baillie and Lady Frances Anne Baillie (who was Lady of the Bedchamber to the Duchess of Edinburgh from 1874), and grandson of the seventh Earl of Elgin, and cousin of the present Viceroy of India. Mr. Baillie, who, as stated in the ''Daily Post'' yesterday, claims descent from the patriot William Wallace, is an extensive landed proprietor in Inverness-shire, and a portion of of the estates — namely, the deer forest of Cluny — has been rented for many years by Lord Burton, for shooting purposes.<br><br>The wedding was fixed to take place at half-past two, but by one o'clock a crowd of people had assembled round the principal doors of the church. The heavy rain which had descended so persistently all through the morning ceased shortly after mid-day, but the sky continued to wear a dark and threatening aspect, and occasionally there was a slight fall of rain, which, together with the cold wind, made the people anxious for the doors of the church to be opened. Admission could only be obtained by ticket, and as soon as the gates of the sacred edifice were unfastened the west gallery and the centre aisles were quickly filled. Carriages and cabs drove up in rapid succession so that by two o'clock there was very little room to be found on the floor, except in the side aisles. Holy Trinity Chruch is a large and handsome building, which was rebuilt and redecorated by the Earl of Cadogan, in 1889, at a cost of about £15,000. The internal arrangements are very much akin to those in a cathedral, and the large windows and the lofty vaulted roof give at the church a most imposing appearance. During the London season it is the scene of many fashionable weddings; and it was here that the Earl and Countess of Dudley were married, and also where Lord Cadogan's daughter was united in the bonds of matrimony to Lord Lurgan. On the present occasion the church was beautifully decorated with plants and flowers. Large towering palms, twenty to thirty feet high, were placed in effective positions in the chancel, and apparently growing from tubs hidden by charmingly arranged groups of ferns, arum lilies, lilies of the valley, azaleas, the long pendulous spikes of the pretty orchid odontoglossum alexandria, and other choice white plants and flowers. Along the front of the choir-stalls there were further groups of flowers and graceful palms, and the altar-table was adorned with six enormous bouquets of white flowers. The handsome screen on either side of the chancel steps was beautifully festooned with flowers, and on the steps at the base of the screen were arranged beds of lilies of the valley. There was plenty of at time for the rapidly increasing congregation to admire the beauty of the floral decorations, and, moreover, to study the costumes of the distinguished and aristocratic guests of Lord and Lady Burton. The prevailiing colour worn was mauve in various shades, but a very large number of ladies were dressed in black, and the majority wore long cloaks rather than jackets. One of the earliest arrivals was Lady Chetwode, Lord Burton's sister, who was dressed in brown, with green trimming and chinchilla collar, white lace being prettily arranged over the green in front of the dress. She was accomparnied by her daughter, who wore a similarly coloured dress trimmed with pink-and-white lace jabot. Mrs. Hamar Bass looked charming in dark blue with a black velvet cloak trimmed with a good deal of white lace and white satin yoke. She also wore a black-and-white bonnet trimmed with white feathers. Lady Hothfield was dressed in bright magenta velvet trimmed with sable fur, and bonnet to match. lsabella Countess of Wilton had on a green plush dress with bright yellow yoke; and Lady Mary Osborne (lady-in-waiting to the Duchess of Edinburgh) was attired in green velvet trimmed with handsome passementerie and lace. One lady looked very pretty in pale mauve silk, the bodice gathered with black guipure, purple velvet sleeves, and a small purple bonnet. Another lady affected a beautiful costume of royal blue, trimmed with chinchilla. A very pretty costume worn by one lady was a skirt and three-quarter cloak of deep reddish purple velvet, trimmed with bands of mink; in another instance a lady was attired in bright mauve, with cloak of a similar hue, trimmed with chinchilla; dark-green plush, with long cloak of emerald green, trimmed with sable, and a velvet bonnet was the costume of one lady; another had a rich purple plush mantle, with a deep flounce of cream lace and a shoulder-cape of the same material; and another lady appeared to great advantage in a beautiful black velvet mantle, embroidered with gold and ostrich feather trimming, black toque trimmed with twisted green velvet and small black tips, and knot of purple velvet. Many of the gowns worn had Zouave jackets of some kind of fur, principally chinchilla and caracul. With the ladies were a fair number of children, and a young girl was conspicuous in a pretty fawn-coloured cloth dress, trimmed with green silk, and a large black hat, also trimmed with green silk, and two large ostrich feathers. Among others present at the church were Lord Curzon, the Austrian Ambassador, Mr. and Mrs. A. F. Grant (relatives of Lord Burton). Mrs. and Miss Meadows, Mr. and Mrs. W. H. Bailey, Mr. D. Evershed, M.P., Mrs. Evershed, Mr. George Wright, Lord Montgomery, Mr. and Mrs. Henry Curtis, Miss Curtis, Captain and Mrs. Eccles, Mrs. Bridges, Mr. N. Pratt, Mrs. Winslow, General Sir John Ewart, Miss Chandos Pole, Mrs. and Miss Campbell. Hon. Mrs. Roger Eykyn, Mrs. Sotheby, Colonel Evans, Sir Thomas and Lady Boughey, Mrs. and Miss Eccles, Miss Lyon, Miss Frances Lyonn, Mrs. Melville, Hon. H. E. Morton, Miss Morton, Mr P. Ralli, Mr. and Mrs. C. J. Clay, Miss Bott, Colonel and Mrs. Mort (of Stafford), Lady Alexande Paget, Lady Russell, Mrs. Probyn, Mrs. Arthur Wilson, Miss Muriel Wilson, Lady Stratheden, Misses Frends, Mrs. and Miss Mynors, Lord and Lady Hindlip, Mrs. Augustine Birrel, Hon. Colonel and Miss Colville, Mrs. Campbell, Mrs. and Miss Beaumont, Captain Alex. Baillie, Countess of Lindsay, Lady G. Bertie, Lord and Lady lnchiquin, Hon. Clara O'Brien, Lacy Moreton, Countess of Chesterfield, Lady Trevelyan, Sir William and Lady Flower, Lady Jane Taylor, Miss Drummond, Hon. Mrs. Grant, Adelaide Countess of Westmoreland, Hon. G. and Lady Napier, Sir Henry James, M.P., Miss James, Sir Thomas Roe, Hon. Mrs. Chandos Leigh, Miss Violet Leigh, Mr. and Mrs. F. Bead, Sir Reginald and Lady Hardy, Colonel and Mrs. Langford, Lord and Lady Carew, Earl and Countess of Craven, Lady Lurgan, Lady Evelyn Curzon; Mr., Mrs., and Miss Gretton; Mr. Eilice, Capt. Ames, Mr. and Mrs. E. K. Hall, Archdeacon Lane, Mrs. Lane, Lady Cremorne, Countess of Arran, Lady Esther Gore, Lord Bagot, Mr. and Mrs. William James, Lady Ebury, Earl and Countess of Coventry, Countess of Ancaster, Viscountess Galway, Lady Scott, Lord and Lady de Ramsay, the Duchess or Devonshire, Countess Gosford, Lord and Lady Cadogan, Mr. Algernon Peel, Mr. E. J. Thornewill, Lord and Lady William Nevill, Sir Algernon and Lady Borthwick, Sir John and Lady Lubbock, the Countess of Huntington, Hon. Mary Thelluson, Countess of Powis, Mrs. Duncan Bailie, Miss Baillie, Hon. Archer and Lady Clementine Walsh, Captain and Mrs. Arthur Somerset, the Countess of Mar and Kellie, Lady Ross of Balgonie, Viscountess Hood, Mr. and Mrs. Arthur Hay, Lady Fitzgerald, Dowager Lady Manners, Mr. R. and Mrs. Thornewill, Mr. and Mrss G. Barton. Councillor Cain, Mr. and Mrs. C. Harrison, Rev. V. A. Boyle (vicar of Burton), Councillor Morris, Councillor Turner, Mr. and Mrs. Houghton, Messrs. Wright, Lea, and Spalding. Many ladies and gentlemen travelled specially from Burton and the neighbourhood by the early morning train to attend the service. Prior to the arrival of the bridal party lily of the valley favours were given to every member of the congregation, and many of the gentlemen also wore "buttonholes" of violets, the bride's favourite flower. About twenty minutes past two Lady Burton arrived, accompanied by her sisters, Miss Thornewill and Miss Jane Thornewill. Her ladyship was aittired in a beautiful dress of salmon pink silk, trimmed with very deep red guipure; Miss Thornewiil was in red velvet, and Miss Jane Thornewill wore a pale-green dress trimmed with white lace. Lady Burton and her sisters were accommodated with front seats in the centre aisle. They had scarcely taken their places when the bridegroom arrived, attended by the Hon. Gustavus William Hamliton Russell, of the 3rd Northumberland Fusiliers, eldest son of Viscount Boyne, of Brancepeth Castle, Durham, who acted as "best man." Mr. Baillie proceeded to the church steps, and at the same time the surpliced choir took their places, the deputy organist (Mr. Marsh) meanwhile playing the bridal music from Wagner's "Lohengrin." Punctually at half-past two there was a buzz of excitement, and all eyes were immediately turned to the west door. The bride was seen advancing up the pathway beneath the coloured awning which had been erected on account of the rain, and as she entered the church, leaning on the arm of her father, the hymn, "Oh, perfect love, all humnan thoughts transcending," was sung to music by Hulton. The bride wore a magnificent wedding-gown of white satin duchesse, with simple "babes" [?] bodice, and sleeves of Brussels point only to elbow, and transparent under-sleeves. She also wore a broad satin ribbon round the waist, the hem of the Court train being trimmed with fine pearl embroidery in the design of wheatears. The bridal veil, of the finest white tulle, surmounted a chaplet of real orange blossoms in foliage. The bride's ornaments were a massive diamond-link necklace, the gift of the bridegroom; a superb diamond-and-pearl bracelet, the gift of the London officials and staff of Messrs. Bass and Co.; and a bracelet with regimental badge of Prince of Wales's feathers and Staffordshire knot in diamonds from the officers past and present of the 2nd Volunteer Battalion Prince of Wales's North Staffordshire Regiment. The bride, who carried a lovely bouquet, was attended by no fewer than ten bridesmaids — namely, Miss Evelyn Hamar Chetwode (daughter of Sir George and Lady Chetwode), Miss Sibell Bass (daughter of Mr. Hamar and the Hon. Louisa Bass), cousins of the bride; Miss Augusta Mary Bruce (daughter of the Hon. T. C. and Mrs. Bruce), Miss Daisy Baillie (daughter of Lady Blanche Baillie), cousins of the bridegroom; Lady / Violet Mary Cordon Lennox (daughter of the Earl of March, who is also to be a bridesmaid at the marriage, on the 3rd of February, of Mr. Granville Leveson-Gower and Miss Evelyn Brassey), Lady Sophie Beatrice Mary Cadogan (daughter of the Earl and Countess Cadogan), Lady Cecilia Willoughby (daughter of the Earl and Countess of Ancaster), Lady Dorothy Coventry (daughter of the Earl and Countess of Coventry), the Hon. Maud Grosvenor (daughter of Lord and Lady Ebury), and the Hon. Mary Laura Fraser (sister of the present Lord Lovat). They were picturescuely-dressed [sic] in gowns of ivory satin of original design. The bodices were in the finest pleated satin, with wide collars edged with golden beaver fur and creamy lace, the full skirts being edged with the same fur and finished at the waist with wide satin ribbon and diamond buckles. They also wore "Rubens" hats of dahlia-coloured velvet, with three bunches of wood violets on the left side and ornamented with three black ostrich tips in front. The bridegroom's presents to them were unique Double-pin brooches of diamonds and rubies, and they carried "Victoria shower" bouquets of dark and light violetsI and lilies of the valley, this combination being the one most suited to the peculiar shade of violet trimmings of their costumes. Before the singing of the processional hymn had terminated, the bridal procession had reached the choir rails, and the bride was immediately joined by the bridegroom. A pause for a few moments enabled the congregation to admire the lovely costume of the bride, who looked charming as she stood by the side of the bridegroom, and the equally lovely dresses of the bridesmaids. The choral service was then commenced. The officiating clergy were the Rev. Albert Baillie, M.A. (chaplain to the Bishop of Rochester), brother of the bridegroom; the Rev. Alfred Love, M.A., vicar of Rangemore, Burton-on-Trent; and the Rev. Walter Hiley, M.A., rector of St. Mary s [sic], Stamford. The Rev. Albert Baillie performed the ceremony, and Lord Burton gave his daughter away. The responses were made by the bride in a clear musical voice, which was heard throughout the church; but the bridegroom was inaudible except to those seated in the immediate vicinity. After the rev. gentleman had added his blessing, the bride and bridegroom were conducted to the altar. The sixty-seventh Psalm, "Deus Miseratur," was chanted, and the service was then continued by the Rev. A. Lowe, the concluding exhortation being read by the Rev. W. Hiley. As the newly-married pair, followed by their nearest relatives and friends, proceeded to the vestry, the hymn, "Oh Jesus, I have promised To serve Thee to the end," was sung. In the vestry the register was signed by the bride and bridegroom, Lord and Lady Burton, the Austrian Ambassador, Lord Curzon, Lady Chetwode, Mrs. Evelyn H. Laming, Mr. and Mrs. A. F. Grant, Mr. Hamar Bass, Mr. Augustus C. Baillie (brother of the bridegroom), Mr. J. A. James, and the Hon. G. Hamilton Russell, and the Rev. A. Baillie, as the clergyman who had performed the marriage ceremony. The signing of the register occupied some little time, but as soon as Mr. and the Hon. Mrs. Baillie reappeared in the chancel the deputy organist played Mendelssohn's "Wedding March," and the church bells rang a merry peal. The bride, leaning on the arm of her husband, walked down the centre aisle, smiling and bowing to her friends and receiving their hearty congratulations. The happy pair followed by Lord and Lady Burton and other relatives and friends, and, the carriages being in readiness the party drove back to Chesterfield House, while the congregation remained to a view the decorations, and speak with enthusiasm of the very pretty ceremonial which they had just witnessed. Subsequently Lord and Lady Burton gave a reception at Chesterfield House. Between 800 and 900 invitations were issued, and about 500 were accepted. The wedding presents were displayed in the ballroom, and were greatly admired — particularly two splendid portraits, in oils, of the bride and bridegroom, the gift of Lady Frances Baillie, the mother of the bridegroom. The bridecakes, which were supplied by Messrs. Gunter and Co., occupied prominent positions in the reception-room. The prinicipal cake was six feet high, and weighed over 250lb. The side was decorated with clusters of orange blossoms, white roses, and lilies of the valley, each delicately framed in four medallions of artistic sugar-work. Between the medallions was some beautiful work in high relief, composed of similar material. The upper rim was encircled by a border of oak leaves and acorns. The cake was surmounted by a fairy-like temple of Moorish design, rising from a base formed of a network of sugar. The temple sheltered a tiny Cupid shyly presenting an offering of orange blossoms. From the top of the temple rose a very handsome vase of novel design with Arabesque tracery, carrying a bouquet of a lovely flowers, all typical of the happy occasion, with gracefully falling trails to the top of the cake. Among the large number of guests at the reception were the Austrian Ambassador, Earl and Countess of Coventry, Count Albert Mensdorff, Count Hermann Hatzfeldt, Countess of Ancester and the Ladies Willoughby, Marquis de Santurce, Lord and Lady William Neville, Earl and Countess of Arran and Lady Esther Gore, Countess of Chesterfield, Viscount and Viscountess Curzon, Countess Aylesford, Earl of Yarmouth, Countess Lindsey, Viscountess Galway, Mary Countess of Mar and Kellie, Countess of Huntingdon, Adelaine Countess of Westmoreland [sic], Countess Powis, Earl of Yarborough, Lady Magheramonre [sic], Lady Kathleen Drummond, Lady Jane Taylor, Lady de Ramsay, Lady Forbes and Miss Forbes, Lady Erskine, Lady Louise Loder, Lady Knutesford, Lady Lurgan, Lady Evelyn Curzon, Lord Berkeley Paget, Lord and Lady Hindlip, Lord and Lady Carew, Lady Trowbridge, Lady Scott, Lady Ebury, Lord Sherborne, Lady Chetwode, Lady Stapleton, Lady Fitzgerald, Lady Trevelyan, Hon. H. Fitzclarence, Hon. Mrs. Trotter, Hon. Mrs. Chetwynd, Mr. and the Hon. Mrs. Hamar Bass, Hon. Lionel Holland, Hon. George Allsopp, M.P., Hon. C. Brownlow, Sir George and Lady Russell, Sir Algernon and Lady Borthwick, Sir John and Lady Lubbock, General Sir John Ewart, Sir Robert and Lady Abercromby, Sir William and Lady Flower, Sir Kenneth Matherson, Sir Thomas Roe, Sir Henry Edwards, Sir R. and Lady Hardy, Sir Charles Grant, Mrs. Pascoe Grenfell, Mr. and Mrs. Arthur James, Mr. and Mrs. Thornewill, Colonel Evans, Mrs. Duncan Baillie, Mr. and Mrs. Robert Birkbeck, Rev. V. Boyle, Miss Peel, Miss Taylor, Mr. Oliver, Miss Bruce, Mr. and Mrs. Douro [?] Hoare, Colonel Mildmay, Mr. and Mrs. Hanbury, Mrs. George Bentinck, Mr. Algernon Peel, Mr. Hugh Arbuthnot, Mr. and Mrs. Curtis, Mr. Roger Eykyn, Mr. and Mrs. Madock, Mr. Bodley, Mr. and Mrs. Meadows, Mr. William Gillett, Mr. Sidney T. Hankey, Mr. A. R. Trotter, Colonel Frank Russell, Mrs. Randall Davidson, Mrs. Thomas Bruce, Mr. James Bruce, Mr. Gretton and Miss Gretton, Rev. Mr. Boothby, Mr. and Mrs. Charies Clay, Miss Bott, Misses Lyon, Mr. and Mrs. Albert Worthington, Mr. Pate. Mrs. Roper, Rev, G. Todd, Mrs. Cavendish BentInck, Mr. Fenwick, Mr., Mrs., and Miss Hall, Mrs. and Miss Campbell, Mrs. Charles Inge, Mrs. and Miss Eccles, Colonel and Mrs. Mort, Mrs. Anstruthers Thompson, Mrs. Roger Bass, Mrs. Evans, Mrs. Kingscote, Rev. F. H. and Mrs. Beaven, Mr. Robert Ratcliffe, Mrs. and Miss Ratcliffe, Mrs. Ellis, Miss Townsend, Mr. Levita, Mr. and Mrs. Bradley Martin, Mr. Brodie, Mr. and Mrs. Cummings Bruce, Mr. and Mrs. Arthur Hay, Mr. Ralli, Mr. and Mrs. Jack Cumming, Mrs. Hungerford, Mrs. Philp [sic] Green, Mrs. Napier Stuart. Mr. H. Claude Hay, Mr. Daley, Miss Thormewill, Mr. and Mrs. Percy Laming, Mr. and Mrs. Allan Grand, Mr. John Ryder, Mr. L. Vernon Harcourt, Captain the Hon. Arthur and Mrs. Somerset, Mr. and the Mlisses Buckley, Mrs. and Miss WombweII, Mr. and Mrs. Hugh Arbuthnot, Captain Baillie, Mrs. and Miss Levitt, Mr. and Mrs. Beaumont and Miss Beaumont, Dr. Scott, Field-Marshal Sir Patrick Grant and Miss Grant, &c. Early in the evening Mr. and the Hon. Mrs. Baillie left Chesterfield House, amid the hearty good wishes of everyone, for Albury Park, near Guildford, the Surrey seat of the Duke of Northumberland, which his grace had kindly lent them for the early days of the honeymoon. The "going-away" dress was of prune cloth, "doucet model," short to the waist, and tied in front with black satin ribbon; large frill collar of cloth and prune velvet, edged with black-and-silver passementerie and silk sleeves, and plain skirt, with velvet hat to correspond. The bride's trousseau includes many handsome articles of the newest material, style, and workmanship. There are two lovely tea gowns in soft creamy materials hanging in graceful folds with fine lace, another in soft rose pink, and a third in glace silk, tinted with palest rose and blue. These were arranged by the Misses Robertson and Williams, who supplied the bridesmaid's [sic] dresses. Mrs. Mason supplied an exquisite blue satin evening gown, elaborately trimmed with silver; and Mr. Gustav Ellis, specialist in furs, arranged a superb quality Alaska sealskin coat constructed like a gentleman's. It is sixty inches long, and has a very large roll collar of rare Russian sable skins, and large cuffs, reaching nearly to the elbow of the same. The sealskins for this coat have been selected from a large number, and it is worked in so skilful a manner that not a single seam can be detected. A sealskin muff, made out of one entire cubskin, goes along with the coat. There is another black Russian sable muff made of four skins, and a necktie of one most perfect Russian sable skin, with stuffed head and full tail. The whole of these furs are lined with a mauve-shade silk, bearing a design of white roses and rosebuds. The lingerie was supplied by Messrs. Smith and Co., of Sloane Street, and was made in the finest French batiste, and trimmed with real Valenciennes lace. Some of the dresses are made with fichus of fine cambric, edged with the lace; others are made with zouaves, also trimmed with lace. The flannel skirts are very pretty, six having flounces of silk and lace insertion, and an edging of lace; and the others are handsomely embroidered in silk and edged with lace. The white skirts are also very lovely. Those intended for morning wear are trimmed with the finest French embroidery; while the evening skirts are profusely trimmed with French lace. There is also a pink silk petticoat, handsomely trimmed with lace. In addition, there are some elegant gowns for morning wear. One crimson zenana is trimmed with guipure, and a white one made in the same material is trimmed with lace. A pink surals made in a similar style is also trimmed with lace. The dressing jackets are made of French cambric and trimmed with lace, and the smarter ones in silk and laces of exquisite design. Messrs. A. Blackburne and Co., of South Audley Street, supplied a very fine old point de Venice flounce, four yards long and about ten inches wide, of the period of Louis XlV., an exceptionally fine piece; and another smaller piece, very fine and older. These are very rare specimens, and the finest productions of that period. The hats, arranged by Mous. [?] Rene, who supplied the bridesmaids' hats, included a dahlia velvet hat turned up from the face, with clusters of Parma violets and ornamented with black tips. A black felt, with cerise roses, Irish point and black tips, and a scarlet velvet, with sable trimmings, turned up at the side, &c., &c. THE WEDDING PRESENTS. The presents, which numbered between 600 and 700, were of a highly-varied character, and included a considerable number of great value and beauty. The bridegroom's gifts to the bride comprised — necklace of diamond links and diamond pin, gold bracelet, with name in diamonds; diamond and ruby ring, diamond and ruby pin, diamond wings for hair, gold sleeve-links, with enamelled monograms; gold ring, walking-stick. The bride's presents to the bridegroom were — gold sleeve-links, with diamond initials; gold sleeve-links, with cabuchon, sapphires, and rubies; red enamel heart scarf-pin, diamond and beryl pin, gold ring, with names. Lord Burton gave his daughter a magnificent pearl and diamond tiara, diamond and turquoise tiara, pearl and diamond Riviere necklace, bracelet, with large diamonds in clusters. Lady Burton: Diamond "Sun" Brooch. Her Royal Highness the Duchess of York sent her a white silk fan, embroidered in silver with painted subjects; while H.R.H. the Duchess of Fife and the Duke of Fife forwarded a ruby bangle and sapphire bangle. The following is the list of public presents:— The town of Burton-on-Trent, splendid double Riviere diamond necklace; Messrs. Bass and Co.'s staff at Burton, magnificent diamond-and-pearl bracelet; Messrs. Bass and Co.'s staff in London, magnifi- / cent bracelet, with large single Pearl surrounded by brilliants; officers past and present of the 2nd Volunteer Battalion Prince of Wales's North Staffordshire Regiment, bracelet, with regimenal badge of Prince of Wales's feathers and Staffordshire knot in diamonds; the licensed victuallers of Burton-on-Trent, large silver loving cup; the tradesmen of Burton-on-Trent, eight massive silver candlesticks and large silver inkstand, with illuminated address; the tenants on the Rangemore estate, complete tea and coffee set, in richly-embossed silver, on massive silver tray, with white porcelain plaque in centre, accompanied by a richly-bound address, containing views of Rangemore; workmen at Messrs. Bass and Co.'s, Burton-on-Trent, magnificent massive silver candelabra; cooperage and middle yard, at Messrs. Bass and Co.'s, Burton-on-Trent, massive oval silver salver; tenants and employés [sic] of the Needwood and Berkley estates, handsome silver kettle, with illuminated address; tradesmen of Barton-under-Needwood, two fluted silver lamps, silver inkstand, and two silver candlesticks, and illuminated address; friends at Yoxall and neighboring villages, silver sugar basin and cream ewer; officer headquarters Highland Artillery, massive silver three-handled loving cup; traders of Inverness, magnificent carved-oak casket, with massive silver mounts and lock, and decorated with large Cairngorm, mounted in solver crown; from Glenquoich and Glengarry, magnificent large solid-silver stag, modelled from the 20-pointer shot by Lord Burton tenantry of the Dochfour estate, large ram's head mounted in silver and set with large Cairngorm; employés [sic] on the Dochfour estate, inkstand formed of a deer's foot and silver-tipped horns, with Cairngorm on top; tenants of the Redcastle and Tarradale estates, carved-oak inkstand, richly mounted in silver, with decoration of silver Scotch thistle throughout, and two large solid-silver inkbottles, with silver-paper case and taper brackets; employés [sic] on the Redcastle estate, two large and massive pierced-silver fruit dishes; crofters, tenants, and others on the the Glenelg estate, richly-chased silver bowl on stand;: employes on the Glenelg estate, embossed silver-gilt blotting-book; tenants on the Kingussie estates, large silver salver. The gifts from private friends included Baron Hirsch de Gereuth, pearl buckle; Sir George and Lady Russell, antique ivory box; Lady Edward Cavendish, amethyst brooch; Ladies Barbara, Dorothy, and Anne Coventry, two silver pepper castors, [sic] the Duchess of Sutherland, china tea service; Hon. Tiny [sic] Wyndham, book; Duke of Marlborough, antique enamelled perfume bottle[;] Marquis and Marchioness of Londonderry, silver bowl; Hon Mrs. Meynall Ingram, Vienna jardiniere; Sir William V. Harcourt, complete silver toilet service; Earl and Countess of Romney, polished walnut bucket writng-board; Earl and Countess of Leven and Melville, moonstone and ruby medallion brooch and three pins; Earl of March, silver monogram menu hoiders; Sir G. Chetwode, antique box; Earl and Countess of Yarborough, long gold-and-pearl chain; Lord and Lady Berkeley Paget, clock; Hon. Gilbert Hastings, silver-gilt dish; Hon. Reginald Coventry, old silver windmill; Viscont Maitland, gold box; Theresa Countess of Shrewsbury, gold-and-enamel vinaigrette; Hon. Frederick and Mrs. Anson, luncheon basket; Blanche Countess of Rosslyn, two china vases; Viscountess Strathallan, print; Sir Willam Fraser, book; Lord George Stewart Murray, silver trays; Lady Emma Osborne, vase; Mr. and Mrs. J. Reid Walker, diamond brooch; Mr. George and Miss Barker, two very old china plates; Captain and Mrs. Malcolm Drummond, crystal and silver scent bottle; Mr. Gustav Ellis, leather muff case; Misses Hall, photo frame; Duke and Duchess of Athole, pair of Sevres jardinieres; Marchioness of Bath, double tortoiseshell and silver photo frame; Lord Rowton, silver pen tray; the Right Hon. James Lowther, silver box; Sir Thomas Roe, two silver candlesticks; Lady Stapleton, silver box; Viscount and Viscountess Wolseley, china casket; Hon. Frances Wolseley, old silver fish; Lord and Lady Cremorne, enamel dagger paper knife; the Lord Lieutenant of Ireland, Irish lace fan; Countess of Grosford and Lady Alice Stanley, Dresden china birds; Marquesa Santurce, old china box; Sir Henry Hartopp, gold casket; Sir Henry James, watch set in diamonds; Field-Marshal Sir Patrick and Miss Grant, silver-handled umbrella; Lord and Lady Tweedmouth, two gold-mounted scent bottles; Lady Angela Erskine, china tea plates; Lady Bagot, inlaid table; Lady Fanny Marjoribanks, silver crumb scraper; Mary Countess of Mar and Kellie, silver and tortoiseshell seal; Count and Countess Deym, leather bookcase; Lady Frances Baillie, Russian gold bracelet; Earl and Countess of Huntingdon, gold-topped scent bottle; Earl and Countess of Arran, pierced gold bon-bon dish; Lord and Lady Lurgan, silver pepper-box; Lord and Lady Newton, tortoiseshell box; Viscountess Hood, coloured print; Lochiel and Lady Margaret Cameron, silver fluted bottle; Viscount and Viscountess Portman, silver ink and taper stand; Earl and Countess of Ancaster, Worcester china vases; Countess Howe, parasol with crystal handle; Viscount Sudeley gold ball watch; Duchess of Devonshire, coffee and liqueur service on double tray; Lord Kenyan, leather writing book; Lord Vernon, blue silk ''en tout cas'', with turquoise and diamond handle; Miss Violet Leigh, circular Chippendale table a mounted in brass; Lord and Lady Wynford, tortoiseshell and gold clock; Countess of Chesterfield, old carved stool; Dowager Lady Manners, silver dish; Lady Edith Ward, leather book slide; Lord and Lady Hindlip, turquoise and diamond chain; Archdeacon and Mrs. Lane, silver wine tester; Sir C. Foster, tortoiseshell and silver photo case; Dowager Lady Gresley, silver framed calendar; Sir Peter Walker, four antique salt-cellars and spoons; Sir Henry and Lady Wiggin, pair of crystal and silver scent-bottles; Lord Hothfield, silver pin-cushion; Earl and Countess Manvers, tortoiseshell and silver box; Earl and Countess of Covenatry, Sevres china etui; Hon. G. Allsopp, diamond Staffordshire knot; Marchioness of Tweeddale, silver salt-cellars; Earl and Countess of Harrington, diamond-and-ruby heart; Marquis of Tullibardine, silver clock and stand; Duchess of St. Albans, two silver trays; Sir W. and Lady Parker, pair of Old Bow candlesticks; Lady Trevelyan, silver book-marker; Lord and Lady Churchill, large Dresden china dish; Sir Henry Wilmot, silver box; Lady Manningham Buller, miniature silver candlesticks; Sir John and Lady Lubbock, two silver photograph-frames; Isabella Countess of Wilton, silver looking-glass; Countess of Loudon, scent-bottle; Hon. Mr. and Mrs. Dudley Leigh, silver fruit-dish; Viscount and Viscountees Curzon, silver of fruit-dish; Marquis of Camden, pair of silver candlesticks; Duchess of Marlborough, blotting-book and paper-case; Mr. and Hon. Mrs. Newdigate, silver cup; Lord Moreton, collie dog; Dowager Countess of Lichfield, silver quaich; Sir Algernon and Lady Borthwick, clock with diamond face; Countess of Lisburne, silver photograph-frame; Lady Vernon Harcourt, mother-o'-pearl seal; Lady Victoria Seymour and the Earl of Yarmouth, umbrella; Sir G. and Lady Chetwode, screen; Viscount Baring, antique pearl-and-enamel chain; Lady Blanche and Miss Daisy Baillie, diamond slides for the neck. Among other donors of presents to the bride were: Miss Florence Chetswode, Mr. and Mrs. Leopold de Rothschild, Hon. F. N. Curzon, Hon. John Campbell, Hon. Mrs. Sackville West, Hon. Mrs. Grant, Mr. and Mrs. Arthur Wilson, Mr. and Mrs. Martineau, Mr. Brinton, Sir Charles Hall, Lady Ashburton, Colonel and Mrs. Kingscote, Sir Maurice and Lady Fitzgerald, Lady Decies, the Hon. Miss Beresferd, Mr. and the Hon. Mrs. Eykyn, Mr. and Lady Aline Beaumont, Captain and Mrs. Walter Campbell, General and Mrs. Sotheby, Sir Archibald Edmonstone, Mr. St. John Meyrick, Viscount Deerhurst, Lady Dorothea Stewart Murray, Mr. Berkeley Levett, Colonel W. Walkcr, Lord and Lady William Neville, Mr. and Mrs. Frederick Cavendish Bentinck, Lady Maria Ponsonby, Countess Bathurst, Lord and Lady Campbell; Lady Kathleen Cuffe, the Misses Carrington, Mrs. Mary West, the Rev. Gilbert and Mrs. Todd, Lady Helen Stewart Murray, Colonel and Mrs. Bowles, Hon. Mrs. Whitbread, Hon. Lady Grey Egerton, Hon. Mrs. Stirling, Mr. and Mrs. Locker Lampson, Mr. and Mrs. Cotton Curtis, Earl and Countess of Essex, Lady Sarah Wilson, Mr. Alfred de Rothschild, Mr. Gerald Dadley-Smith, Lady Dorchester, Sir John Ewart, Sir Ralph Blois, the Rev. A. G. and Mrs. Wakefield, Mr. Louis Vernon Harcourt, Sir Henry Edwards, Mr. Graham, Mr. and Mrs. Percy Laming, Mrs. Feilden, Mrs. Danson, Mr. and Mrs. Roger Bass, Mrs. Simnett, Mr. and Mrs. E. Kirkpatrick Hall, Lady Ileene Campbell, Lady Sophie Cadogan, Misses Townshend, Hon. Mrs. Ronald Greville, Misses Worthington, Mrs. and Mrs. A. O. Worthington, Mr. and Mrs. Arkwright, Sir Thomas and Lady Boughey, Mr. and Mrs. Meadows, Hon. Humphrey Sturt, Mr. Leonard Brassey, Lady Lovat and the Hon. Miss Fraser, Captain Cottrell, Mr. and Mrs. Hanbury, Ladies Mildred and Maud Ashley, Captain the Hon. Arthur Somerset, Lady Evelyn Cavendish, Mr. and Mrs. Arthur Sassoon, Lady Hothfield, Hon. Richard and Mrs. Morton, Mr. and Mrs. Cavedish Bentinck, Mrs. H. Blundell Leigh, Lord and Lady Norreys, Mr. and Mrs. Miller Mundy, Baroness Hirsch de Gerenth, the Countess Cairns, Lady lnchquin, Lady Moreton, Countess Mensdorf, Lord and Lady Wimborne, Mr. and Lady Margaret Levett, General Manningham Bulier, the Hon. Lady Cotterell, the Postmaster-General (the Right Hon. Arnold Morley), Sir Henry and Lady Meysey-Thompson, Lady Bagot, Lord and Lady Magheramorne, Mrs. Arthur Paget, Lord and Lady Fitzhardinige, Lady Abinger, the Ladies Elizabeth, Christian, and Veronier [sic?] Bruce, Sir Rivers Wilson, Lord and Lady William Nevill, Mrs. Frederick Manningham Buller, Lord and Lady Brougham and Vaux, Earl and Countess Amherst, Captain Reginald Peel, Sir Humphrey and Lady de Trafford, Viscount and Viscountess Galway, Hon. Alwyne and Mrs. Greville, Lady Evelyn Curzon, Lady Edith Curzon, Mr. A. Allsopp, Mrs. Reginald Manningham Buller, Sir Alfred and Lady Haslam, Mr. Gerald Hardy, the Misses Moseley, Miss Muriel Wilson, Lord and Lady Blythswood, Sir Oswald and Lady Moseley, Lady Mary Wood, the Hon. Maud Grovenor, Mr. and Mrs. Ratcliffe, Sir Horace Farquhar, Colonel Paget Moseley, the Duchess of Roxburghe, Lord and Lady de Ramsay, Mr. and the Hon. Mrs. Boothby, Mr. and Lady Jane Levett, Mr. and Mrs. Berresford Melville, Countess of Lisburne, Hon. Mrs. Thos. Bruce, Lady Scott, Hon. Mrs. Griffiths, Lord and Lady Middleton, Mrs. Wardle, Miss Plowden, the Marchioness of Tweeddale, Mr. and Mrs. Robert Ratcliff, Lady Julia Wombwell, Mr. and Mrs. Rlalph Sneyd, Mr. Berkeley Levett, Colonel. W. Walker, &c., &c. The bridegroom was also the recipient of numerous costly gifts, the donors including the Bishop of Rochester, Lady Burton, Lady Conyngham, Mr. Mackintosh and Mrs. Mackintosh, Mr. and Hon. Mrs. West, Lady Sherborne, Captain and Hon. Mrs. Malcolm Drummond, Mr. A. Oakley Dennistonan, Mr. and Mrs. Pusey, Mrs. Tollemache, Mr. and Mrs. Henry Oswald, Lady Eleanor Brodie, Viscountess Glentworth and Colonel Hugh Baillie, Hon. Mrs. Thomas Bruce, Hon. Egremont Mills, Hon. Mrs. W. Colville, Lady Carew, Hon. George M. Curzon, Colonel the Hon. George and Mrs. Napier, Mrs. and Miss Wombwell, Colonel Cuthbert Larking, Hon. Helen Henniker, Hon. Mrs. Thomas Bruce and family, Lord Magheramorne, Mr. C. Lefroy, Lord and Lady William Cecil, Mr. and Lady Katherine Drummond, Mr. and Mrs. William Duncombe, Earl and Countess of Aylesford, Lord Lovat, Captain Pinney, Lord Sherborne, Colonel and Mrs. Russell, Mr. Geoffrey and the Hon. Mrs. Glyn, Mr. and Mrs. N. Hamilton Ogilvie, Lady Musgrave, Earl of Craven, Earl of Stradbroke, Sir F. Montetiore [sic?], Mr. and Lady Horatio Erskine, Colonel and Mrs. Herbert St. John Mildmay, Sir Robert and Lady Abercromby, Countess of Selkirk, Sir Charles and Lady Ross, Earl Cairns, Captain the Hon. E. [?] Dawson, Earl and Countess of Elgin, the Ladies Bruce, Mr. and Mrs. Bradley Martin, Mr. and Mrs. F. Hartmann, Mr. Henry Foley, Captain and Mrs. St. John Mildmay, Colonel Percy, Earl of Yarmouth, Mr. and Mrs. Joseph Pease, Countess of Kintore, Mr. and Mrs. Hugh Arbuthnot, Mary Countess of Elgin and Lady Louise Bruce, Mrs. Ronald Baillie, Sir Henry and Lady MacAndrew, Hon. Lionel Holland, Hon. Walter and Mrs. Chetwynd, the Hon. the Master of Blantyre, Lord and Lady and the Hon. Misses Amherst, Captain Arthur Levita [?], Captain the Hon. C. E. St. Aubyn, &c., &c. REJOICINGS AT BURTON. Although the rejoicings at Burton-on-Trent did not partake of an official character, they were not the less hearty and sincere. Every thoroughfare exhibited the national emblem and its bit of bunting; but the principal decorations were on the vast and varied premises of Bass, Ratcliff, and Gretton, where pennants extended from block to block, and Venetian masts were dotted here and there, while every locomotive was bedecked. Immediately after the ceremony in London fog-signals and cannons were exploded as a ''feu de joie'' and the bells in town and country rang vigorously. During the afternoon over seventeen thousand school children were entertained at a bountiful tea, provided at the various school buildings in the borough. Every man and woman over sixty years of age received a basket of provisions, which included half a pint of Scotch whiskey, and the patients at the infirmary and the inmates of the work-house were right royally regaled, all at the expense of Lord and Lady Burton. The gifts of his lordship to the employés [sic] of the firm were a guinea to every clerk, ten shillings to the foremen, five shillings to every other man, and half-a-crown to all the boys. In the evening, the heads of departments and those of the clerks who preferred participation in the banquet to the guinea dined together, at the invitation of the parents of the bride, in St. Paul's Institute, which was elaborately embellished with the choicest exotics, floral and foliage. Here Mr. Roger Bass, whose father presided on a similar occasion when Lord and Lady Burton were married, took the chair, and Councillor Robinson was in the like position at the other cross table in the handsome hail. The Mayor (Alderman A. J Coxon), Lieutenant-Colonel Goer, and Mr. C. Sullivan, F.R.S., were among the company. The menu was of a recherché character. The principal toasts were "The Bride and Bridegroom," given by the Chairman; "Lord and Lady Burton," proposed by the Mayor, both of which met with an enthusiastic ovation; and "Bass Ratcliff, and Gretton," submitted by Alderman Canning, and acknowledged by Mr. J. Lambrick (secretary).<ref>"Marriage of Miss Bass and Mr. Baillie." ''Birmingham Daily Post'' 01 February 1894 Thursday: 5 [of 8], Cols. 6a–8c [of 8]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000033/18940201/015/0005.</ref> </blockquote> === Also 31 January 1894, Wednesday === Also on Wednesday, 31 January 1894, Dermot, [[Social Victorians/People/Mayo|Earl of Mayo]] and Geraldine, Countess of Mayo hosted the Kildare Hunt Ball:<blockquote>On Wednesday night the Kildare Hunt Ball took place, by the kind permission of the Earl of Mayo, at his beautiful residence, Palmerstown. The music was supplied by Mr. Liddell's Vice-regal Band, and the catering by Mr. B. H. Murphy, Dublin. Amongst those present were — Prince Alexander of Tack, the Earl of Mayo, Countess of Mayo, Earl of Portarlington, Lord de Vesci, Lady de Vesci, [[Social Victorians/People/Bourke|Hon. Algernon Bourke, Hon. Mrs. A. Bourke]], Captain Hon. Maurice Bourke, Hon. E. Grosvenor, Mrs. St. Leger Moore, Miss Moore, Miss Evelyn Moore, Miss Moore [sic 2x], the Countess of Listowel and Lady Beatrice Hare, Lady Annette La Touche. Miss Skeffington Smyth, Major R. Chaloner Knox, &c.<ref>"Kildare Hunt Ball." ''Kilkenny Moderator'' 03 February 1894, Saturday: 3 [of 4], Col. 1b [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002957/18940203/050/0003. Print title: ''Kilkenny Moderator and Leinster Advertiser'', n.p.</ref></blockquote>This ball was covered in more detail by the Dublin ''Social Review'':<blockquote>The Kildare Hunt Ball took place on Wednesday night, at Palmerstown (kindly lent by Lord Mayo for the occasion). It was an exceptionally brilliant ball, and was attended by nearly 200 guests. Mr. Liddell's band played excellent dance music. The supper was supplied by Mr. B. H. Murphy, Dublin. Dancing commenced shortly after ten o'clock, and was kept up with much spirit till the small hours. The beautiful suite of drawing-rooms never looked better, flowers and pretty plants were everywhere. Amongst those present were:— Lord and Lady Mayo and party, Lord Connemara, Captain Hon. Maurice Bourke, Colonel Hon. C. Crichton and party, Baron de Robeck and party, Mr. and Mrs. T. de Burgh, Mr. and Mrs. Sweetman and party, Colonel and Mrs. Norman, Colonel Mills, Major and Mrs. St. Leger Moore and party, Mr. and Mrs. Nutting, Miss Bevis, Prince Alexander of Teck, Earl of Enniskillen, Major Cooke, Lord and Lady de Vesci, Hon. [[Social Victorians/People/Bourke|Algernon Bourke]], [[Social Victorians/People/Bourke|Hon. Mrs. Algernon Bourke]], Mr. Warren, Mr. Mahaffy, Captain Patton Bethune, Major Wogan Browne, Major Scot, Mr. Campbell, Lord Charles Bentinck, Mr. Hubert Crichton, Mr. Purcell Gilpin, Mr. More O'Farrell, Mr. Butler Brooke, Mr. MacDonnell, Mr. Ffrench, Captain Crosbie, Mr. Anthony Weldon, Captain and Mrs. Shadforth, Mr. M'Bean, Colonel Wilson, Mr. and Mrs. Loch, Captain Woolmer, Colonel and Mrs. de Robeck, Mr. West Manders and party, &c., &c. There were many pretty people present, including Miss Crichton, in white; Miss More O'Farrell, in black; — her sister wore white silk and shoulder-bands of scarlet; Mrs. MacDonnald wore a handsome gown; Lady Mayo was in blue, with silver sequins; Miss Bevis wore white silk; Lady Listowel, white brocade, and some handsome diamonds; Mrs. Claude Cane wore a beautiful white dress brocade, with large pink flowers, high waist-band of green velvet, fastened with a large bow on the left side; — she wore her magnificent diamonds; Lady Sankey wore a handsome yellow gown; Miss L'Estrange Babington was in white, with wing sleeves of silver gauze trimmed swansdown; Miss St. Leger Moore was in white, with trimmings of yellow ostrich feathers; her sister wore a pretty white frock; Miss E. Crichton wore a very pretty grey dress, with berthe and shoulder-straps of yellow roses; Mrs. Wilson was in black brocade, with large blue sleeves, bodice of chiffon embroidery in blue and violet, and she carried one of the prettiest bouquets in the room, composed of two shades of violets; Miss Barnes was in light yellow brocade, trimmed white ostrich feathers; she carried a lovely bouquet of yellow and white flowers; the Hon. Frances Wolseley wore a very pretty gown; Miss de Robeck was in dove colour, with trimmings of maroon velvet; Mrs. Tremayne was in cream, dark red velvet bodice; she wore her lovely diamonds; Miss Carden was in blue; Miss Weldon wore the same colour; Mrs. Woolmer was in pink and light claret-colour silk; Miss Burke-Irvin wore a becoming black gown, trimmed with silver sequins; Lady de Vesci, in white brocade and tan-coloured velvet; Miss Edwardes wore a pretty white dress; Miss Florence Fowler, white brocade, the bodice and sleeves composed of white accordian-pleated chiffon, which looked very pretty; Miss Duckett wore a pretty frock; Mrs. Duckett was in green brocade, trimmed with light sable; Lady Catherine Cole wore white brocade; Hon. Mrs. Barton was handsomely gowned, and wore some pretty diamonds; Hon. Mrs. A. Bourke wore one of the most stylish dresses; Lady Beatrice Hare was in cream silk; Mrs. Sweetman was in black satin and grey; she wore some pretty lace; Miss Manders was in a very smart yellow gown; Mrs. Nutting wore a [12, Col. 2c / 13, Col. 1a] becoming dress; Lady Annette La Touche was in black, also Mrs. T. de Burgh, Mrs. de Robeck, and Mrs. de Vere Kennedy; Miss Murphy wore a pretty frock of some light gauze over coloured silk; Miss Skeffington Smyth was in white, with bands of red, with a becoming jewel-bandeau in her hair; Lady Lawrence was in black; Mrs. Going wore yellow; Mrs. Bond, a handsome black dress; Mrs. Tynte, was as usual, well dressed.<ref>"The Kildare Hunt Ball." ''The Social Review'' (Dublin, Ireland: 1893) 10 February 1894, Saturday: 12 [of 20], Col. 2b–c [of 2] – 13, Col. 1a. ''British Newspaper Archive'' [https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001942/18940210/034/0012# https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001942/18940210/034/0012]. Print p. 90.</ref></blockquote> ==February 1894== ==March 1894== ===13 March 1894, Tuesday=== Henrietta M. Paget was initiated into the Inner Order of the Golden Dawn (Gilbert 86 149). ===23 March 1894, Friday=== Good Friday ===25 March 1894, Sunday=== Easter Sunday ==April 1894== Sometime in 1894 Annie Horniman visited Paris and consecrated the Ahathoor Temple, Temple number 7, of the Golden Dawn. ===21 April 1894, Saturday=== Opening of the season at [[Social Victorians/People/Florence Farr|Florence Farr']]<nowiki/>s Avenue Theatre, funded by [[Social Victorians/People/Horniman|Annie E. F. Horniman]] with program and poster designed by Aubrey Beardsley, with [[Social Victorians/People/George Bernard Shaw|G. B. Shaw]]'s ''Arms and the Man'', [[Social Victorians/People/William Butler Yeats|W. B. Yeats]]'s ''The Land of Heart's Desire'' (Gibbs 115). ==May 1894== ===3 May 1894, Thursday=== <quote>At the large dinner given by William Waldorf Astor on May 3, 1894, to launch the Pall Mall Magazine, [Bret] Harte was seated between Frederick Sleigh Roberts, the hero of the Second Afghan War, and Rudyard Kipling</quote> (Axel Nissen, Bret Harte: Prince & Pauper. U P of Mississippi, 200: 230). === 14 May 1894, Monday === Whit Monday Giacomo Puccini's ''Manon Lescaut'' opened the grand opera season at Covent Garden, its premiere performances in the U.K. Manon Lescaut was his third opera and his first major success, so audiences did not know his name at this point. He was not the librettist: five writers contributed to the libretto, but they were not credited on the original score. Ruggero Leoncavallo, Guiseppi Giacosa, Luigi Illica, Marco Praga, and Domenico Oliva all contributed to the libretto based on Abbé Prévost's 1731 novel ''Histoire du Chevalier des Grieux, et de Manon Lescaut.''<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2021-09-06|title=Manon Lescaut (Puccini)|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Manon_Lescaut_(Puccini)&oldid=1042799361|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manon_Lescaut_(Puccini).</ref><blockquote>THE OPERA OF MANON LESCAUT. Covent Garden grand opera season opened last evening with first production in London of Puccini’s opera "Manon Lescaut.” The opera is founded on the romance of that name written the Abbé Prévost, and the story has already been used by Auber and Massenet. In the present instance, the composer is his own librettist, and preserves the tragic form of grand opera. The work was given by an entirely new company, sent over expressly from La Scala, Milan, perform this work and Verdi’s "Falstaff.” Madame Olghina, who is a Russian soprano, sang the part of Manon. She bears, it is stated, a remarkable likeness to Madame Albani, both in her personal presence and style of acting. The opera was well received, the composer having to appear repeatedly before the curtain.<ref>"The Opera of Manon Lescaut." ''Edinburgh Evening News'' 15 May 1894 Tuesday: 4 [of 4], Col. 3c [of 9]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000452/18940515/079/0004.</ref></blockquote> [[Social Victorians/People/Lady Violet Greville|Lady Violet Greville]] wrote about Prévost's novel In December 1896 in ''The Graphic''; she mentions an illustration based on the staging of the moment when Manon and the Chevalier are rowed out to the convict ship.<ref>Greville, Lady Violet. "Place aux Dames." "Manon Lescaut." ''The Graphic'' 19 December 1896 Saturday: 21 [of 32], Col. 2a, 2c [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/9000057/18961219/033/0021.</ref> The review in ''The Graphic'' of the opening-night performance of ''Manon Lescaut'' at Covent Garden focuses on introducing the opera to audiences:<blockquote>Opening of the 0pera Season PUCCINI'S "MANON LESCAUT" I<small>T</small> is unusual to open the opera season on Whit Monday with an absolutely new opera, and with a cast consisting entirely of newcomers. Sir Augustus Harris has, however, tried the experiment, and although on the Bank Holiday many of the ordinary ''habitués'' of the opera were, of course, absent, yet Covent Garden, freshly repainted and decorated, presented on the opening night of the season a brilliant appearance. Puccini, the composer of ''Manon Lescaut'', was a pupil of Ponchielli at the Milan Conservatorio, and as he contributed his one-act opera, ''Le Villi'', to the first of Sonzogno's competitions in the early eighties, he may fairly be regarded as the originator of those one-act musico-dramatic works which, since the production of ''Cavalleria Rusticana'' and ''Pagliacci'', have grown so popular. ''Le Villi'', however, failed at the Sonzogno competition, and it was afterwards sold to the Ricordis, who produced it with great success at Milan, ''Edgar'' followed, but, owing to a poor libretto, it was a failure, while ''Manon Lescant'', originally produced at Turin early last year, became one of the chief successes of the winter season at La Scala. It has now been brought to London by the Scala artists, who have come more especially for the production of Verdi's ''Falstaff''. The composer is believed to be his own librettist, and the book consists of a series of detached scenes from the Abbé Prévost's novel. Without a knowledge of the original story, the opera would doubtless be hardly intelligible; but each of the four acts contains a striking dramatic situation, of which the musician has fully availed himself. In the first act we have the pretty scene in the Courtyard of the Inn at Amiens where Edmondo and Des Grieux, with their fellow-students, are singing bright choruses, and where they hail the arrival in an old-fashioned coach, drawn, of course, by real horses, of Manon Lescaut and the middle-aged Geronte. It is a case of love at first sight; and nothing could be more striking than the contrast between the gaiety of the students' chorus and the subdued manner in which Des Grieux comes forward and asks the young girl her name. A short duet is here followed by a chorus of the citizens, and students playing cards and drinking, and an episode in which Geronte orders the innkeeper to prepare a carriage for the elopement of a gentleman and a maiden. Geronte's plan is to abduct Manon but, in love, all is fair, and Des Grieux resolves to outwit him. As darkness comes on Manon quits the house, and there ensues a passionate duet, at the close of which Manon and Des Grieux roll off to Paris in the carriage which Geronte had ordered. Here, clearly, the scene ought to have ended, but it is continued in order to show the rage of Geronte, amid the jeers of the students and women. At the outset it may be said that Puccini's music shows more or less a mixture of styles. Leading motives, particularly two associated with the love of Manon and Des Grieux, are frequently employed, although, of course, not by any means in the Wagnerian manner. There are also traces of the influence of Gounod, Massenet, Ponchielli, and Mascagni, and even of Schumann and Grieg but, where occasion needs, the music is essentially dramatic, and fully equal to the situation. The second act will probably be considered the best. We, it is true, learn little or nothing save by some oblique reference in a duet which otherwise might judiciously be sacrificed, of the adventures of Manon and Des Grieux, and the scene opens in Manon's boudoir in the house of Geronte. Here, after an interview with her worthless brother Lescaut, Manon sings a brief soprano song, in which she soliloquises upon the love she still bears for Des Grieux. Upon this a party of minstrels enter, introduced by Geronte, and sing in her honour the "Madrigale" which has already become so popular in Italy. It is a brief and comparatively simple air for mezzo-soprano, with a species of echo refrain for a female semi-chorus, and if on Monday it passed almost unheeded, the fault must be attributed to the singer rather than to the song. It is succeeded by the entrance of the ''maestro di ballo'', and the gay party of gallants, come for Manon's dancing lesson. The minuet which forms the music of this lesson is extremely graceful, almost worthy indeed of Auber, and it closes with a stately farewell. No sooner are the guests gone than Des Grieux enters, and we plunge at once into a love duet, which is ultimately worked up, and becomes extremely dramatic. The pair are discovered by Geronte; but they make no attempt to escape. It is not, indeed, until Lescaut enters breathless to announce that the house is surrounded by the military that the imminence of the danger is apparent. Manon hastily stuffs into her pockets all the jewels she can lay her hands upon, and prepares to depart. But it is now too late, for the archers are at every door, and Manon is marched off to prison. Here we have the "Intermezzo," inevitable in modern Italian opera. There is a touch of the influence of Mascagni about this little instrumental piece, which, however, is mainly based upon the principal love theme of the opera, together with some reminiscences of the dramatic situation in the previous act. The intermezzo is entitled "The Prison," and it is supposed to depict the journey to Havre. As the curtain opens we see on the left the prison, while in the background is the harbour, where rides a sailing vessel destined to carry the "Filles de joie" to the French settlements in North America. It is night, and the sentry is passing up and down, leaving, however, the window unguarded. Here, between the prison bars, Manon and Des Grieux have another short duet, broken by a curious little song about a luckless maiden, sung by the lamplighter on his rounds. This song ultimately mingles with the duet, with an extremely happy effect. The rescue of Manon is, nevertheless, not to be. The square is speedily filled with a jeering multitude, kept back by the soldiery, and one by one the women, some defiant, others tearful, and some impudent, come out, answering to their names, and passing on board ship. The ''ensemble'' here is effective, if not particularly original, but there is an exceedingly happy dramatic touch at the point where Des Grieux appeals to the French captain to allow him to accompany Manon. A gruff reply is given in the affirmative, and as Des Grieux rushes on board the ''Love'' motive peals forth majestically from the orchestra. The last scene is extremely short, but as in Prevost's novel and Scribe's libretto to Auber's opera it deals with the death of the heroine, who, smitten by sunstroke on the prairie on the road to New Orleans, dies in her lover's arms. Her death scene is interrupted by snatches of some of the music of her happier days, and particularly by a strain or two of the minuet of the dancing lesson, while as the opera ends we have a reminiscence of the opening scene, where Des Grieux first met Manon at the inn at Amiens. The cast on Monday was entirely new, and two of the artists stood out conspicuously from among their companions. One of them, the tenor Beduschi, is a young man who has an excellent tenor voice, quite powerful enough even for the two dramatic duets. He is also an actor of intelligence. The ''prima donna'', Madame Olghina, is a Russian by birth, and came from St. Petersburg to Milan last winter. Certain tricks of style curiously recall Madame Albani, although Madame Olghina has, we understand, never even seen that eminent prima donna upon the stage. She was at her best in the dramatic situations, for in the scenes in the first act she lacked the necessary lightness. The rest of the cast, with the exception of Signor Pini Corsi, the Lescaut, who is a better actor than singer, does not demand consideration. It should, however, be added that Sir Augustus Harris has this season engaged an excellent chorus, including the pick of the choirs of the opera-houses of Brussels, Milan, and New York, and that the orchestra is exclusively / composed of resident performers, the German band which did duty last year now being dispensed with. The rest of the week has been devoted to more or less familiar works. On Tuesday, for example, ''Faust'' was given for the reappearance of Mdlle. Simonnet and M. Cossira. Wednesday was devoted to ''Cavalleria Rusticana'', in which Madame Calvé, who only arrived from Paris that morning, was announced to play her old part of Santuzza. On Thursday ''Pagliacci'', with Madame Arnoldson, and on Friday ''Carmen'', with Madame Melba, were announced, while to-day (Saturday) is set apart for the first performance in England of Verdi's ''Falstaff''. On the same evening, also, a State performance will be given at Windsor Castle before the Queen and Court of Gounod's ''Faust'', when, by the express wish of Her Majesty, Madame Albani, although not a member of Sir A. Harris's company this year, will play the Marguerite. The Faust will be Signor de Lucia, and the Mephistopheles M. Plancon. For this performance, which will be conducted by Signor Bevignani, a special orchestra has been engaged, in order not to interfere with the production of Falstaff on the same night.<ref>"Opening of the Opera Season. Puccini's 'Manon Lescaut.'" ''The Graphic'' 19 May 1894 Saturday: 8 [of 34], Cols. 2a–3a [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/9000057/18940519/025/0008.</ref></blockquote> ===19 May 1894, Saturday=== Edmund Yates, editor of ''The World'', where [[Social Victorians/People/George Bernard Shaw|G. B. Shaw]] was music critic and where [[Social Victorians/People/Lady Violet Greville|Lady Violet Greville]] had early support for her career as a journalist, died of a heart attack at the Savoy Hotel (Gibbs 116). === 23 May 1894, Wednesday === [[Social Victorians/People/Schreiber|Mr. Schreiber]] attended the Duchess of Abercorn's ball at Hampden House, Green-street, Park-lane.<blockquote>THE DUCHESS OF ABERCORN'S BALL. Last night the Duchess of Abercorn gave a ball at Hampden House, Green-street, Park-lane. The garden and fountains were illuminated with electric light. Among the numerous company present were — Princess Victor of Hohenlohe and Countess Valda Gleichen, the Russian Ambassador, the Austro-Hungarian Ambassador and Countess Deym, the Italian Ambassador, the Portuguese Minister, the Brazilian Minister, Count Albert Mensdorff, M. Lonyay, M. J. Decrais, M. Rucker Jenisch, Colonel V. Alvarez. M. de Falbe, the Duke and Duchess of Buccleuch and Lady Katherine Scott, the Duke of Marborough, the Duchess of St. Albans, Lady Moyra Beauclerk and Miss Bromley-Davenport. the Duchess of Leeds and Lady Alexandra Godolphin Osborne, the Duchess of Athole and Lady Dorothea Stewart Murray, the Marchioness of Headfort and Miss Wilson Patten, the Marchioness of Blandford and Ladies Lilian and Norah Spencer Churchill, the Marchioness of Bristol and Lady K. Hervey and Lady Edith Curzon, the Marchioness of Lansdowne and Ladies Fitzmaurice, the Marchioness of Ormonde, Mr. Henry Chaplin, Mr. and Mrs. Goschen, Countess Grosvenor and Lady Constance Grosvenor, the Countess of Coventry and Lady Dorothy Coventry, Earl Beauchamp, the Earl of Arran and Lady Esther Gore, Lord and Lady George Hamilton, the Countess of Crawford and Lady Evelyn Lindsay, the Countess of Antrim and Lady Sybil M'Donnell, Countess Brownlow and Miss Carpenter, the Countess of Jersey and Lady Margaret Villiers, Countess Stanhope and Lady Catherine Stanhope, the Earl of Norbury, the Countess of Listowel and Lady Margaret Hare, the Countess of Lucan and Lady Rosaline Bingham, Countess Temple and Lady Gertrude Gore Langton, Countess Beauchamp and Lady Mary Lygon, the Dowager Countess of Airlie and Lady Griselda Ogilvie, Georgina Countess of Dudley and Lady Edith Ward, Viscountess Rainclilfe, Viscountess Newport, and the Hon. Miss Bridgeman, Viscount Brackley, Lady Wimborne and the Hon. Elaine Guest, Lord and Lady Alexander Kennedy, Lord Castlemaine, Lady Emily Van de Weyer and Miss Van de Wever, Lady Hood and the Hon. Miss Acland Hood, Lord and Lady W. Nevill, Lord G. Murray, Lord Tewkesbury, Lady Clinton and Hon. Miss Trefusis, Lord John Cecil, Captain the Hon. John Yorke and Mr. Bernard Yorke, Lady Hillingdon and the Hon. Miss Mills, Lady Tollemache and the Hon. Miss Tollemache, Lady Cowell and Miss Cowell, Lady Rothschild and Miss Rothschild, lady Magheramorne and Lady Mildred Ashley, Lady Ebury and Miss Grosvenor, Lady Leconfield, Lady Stratheden and Miss Campbell, the Dowager Lady Raglan and Miss Somerset, Lord Crichton, Lady Alice Ashley and Miss Ashley, the Ladies Wilbraham, Lord Ampthill, Lord Garioch, Lady Lucy Hicks Beach and Miss Hicks Beach, Lord Frederick Hamilton, Lady Norreys, Lady Algernon Gordon Lennox, Lady Templemore and Miss Chichester, Lord Roberts, V.C., and Miss Roberts, Lord Ernest Hamilton, Lady Feodore Sturt, Lord and Lady Sandhurst, Lady Cecily Gathorne-Hardy and Miss Gathorne-Hardy, Lady Alington and the Hon. Miss Sturt, Lady Archibald Campbell and Miss Campbell, the Right Hon. Sir William Hart Dyke, M.P., the Hon. Derek Keppel, the Hon. Mrs. Montague Curzon, the Hon. Cecil Brownlow, the Hon. Mrs. Richard Moreton and Miss Moreton, the Hon. Almeric FitzRoy, the Hon. Henry Coventry, the Hon. Mrs. Chandos Leigh and Miss Leigh, the Hon. Walter Boyle, the Hon. Mr. FitzClarence, the Hon. General and Miss Thesiger, the Hon. Hugh Grosvenor, Captain the Hon. H. Lambton, the Hon. Sidney and Lady Beatrix Herbert, Baroness de Brienen and Miss Margaret de Brienen, Mr. and Lady Harriet Lindsay and Miss Lindsay, Mr. Arthur Portman, Mr. and Mrs. Stanley Maude, Sir Kenneth Matheson, Sir Charles Cranford Fraser, V.C., Sir Henry and Lady Loch and Miss Loch, Sir Ralph Blois, Mrs. George Forbes, and Miss Forbes, Mr. and Mrs. Algernon Grosvenor, Mr. John Thynne and Miss Thynne, Mrs. and Miss Magniac, Mrs. and Miss Lloyd Anstruther, Mr. Stopford, Mrs. and Miss Mildmay, Mr. Ernest Walker, Mr. C. P. Little, Mr. Farquhar, Mr. and Miss Venning, General and Mrs. Mackenzie, General and the Misses Ellis, General Keith Fraser and Miss Fraser, General and Mrs. Stewart and Miss Stewart, Colonel Campbell, Colonel Edgecumbe, Colonel and Mrs. Antrobus, Colonel and Mrs. Vivian, Colonel Crichton and Miss Crichton, Colonel Rowley, Colonel and Mrs. Needham, Captain Peel, Mr. and Miss Peel, Captain Spicer, Captain Hanbury, Captain Milner, Mr. M'Gregor, Mr. Claud Yorke, Mr. Alfred de Rothschild, Mr. Savile Lumley, Mrs. Wynne Finch, Mr. John Ryder, Mr. and Mrs. Barrington White. M. de Falbe, Mr. Robert Bruce, Mr. Hulse, M.P., Mr. Charles Bruce, Mr. Elliot, Mr. Harry Lawson, M.P., [[Social Victorians/People/Schreiber|Mr. Schreiber]], Mr. Ralli, Mr. Malcolm, Mr. R. W. Simpson, Mr. and the Hon. Mrs. Skelllngton Smyth, Mr. Gregson, Mr. Leo Schuster, Mr. Maxfield, Mr. Dudley Smith, Mr. Verschoyle, Mr. Foley, [[Social Victorians/People/Arthur Stanley Wilson|Mrs. Arthur Wilson]] and [[Social Victorians/People/Muriel Wilson|Miss Muriel Wilson]], Mr. Herbert Praed, Mrs. Dickson, Mr. G. Lascelles, Mr. H. Grenfell, Mr. Walrond, Mrs. Jocelyn Bagot, Mrs. Robert Crawshaw, Mr. Erskine, Mrs. and Miss Streatfeild, Mr. Godfrey Webb, Mrs. and Miss Cornwallis West, Mr. and Mrs. Baillie Hamilton, Mr. Corkran, Mr. Martineau, Mr. Christopher Sykes, Mr. Oswald Magniac, Mr. Vernon Magniac, Mr. Jarvis, Mr. Harvey, Mr. Hussey, Mrs. Edward Hope and Miss Leslie, Mr. Mark Kerr, Mrs. Leslie, Mr. George Lane-Fox and Miss Mary Lane-Fox, Mr. Graham Murray, M.P., Mr. Somerset Onslow, Mr. Ruggles Brise, Mr. Wyndham, Mr. Edward Sassoon, Mr. Lloyd Anstruther, Mr. Evelyn Cecil, Mr. Bridgeman, Mrs. Seymour Corkran and Miss Corkran, Mr. Fleetwood Wilson, Mr. Yorke, Miss Maud Wyndham, and many others.<ref>"The Duchess of Abercorn's Ball." ''Morning Post'' 24 May 1894, Thursday: 5 [of 10], Col. 7a–b [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000174/18940524/081/0005.</ref> </blockquote> ==June 1894== ===6 June 1894, Wednesday=== Derby Day at Epsom Downs, so the [[Social Victorians/People/Louisa Montagu Cavendish|Luise Friederike Auguste Montagu]], Duchess of [[Social Victorians/People/Devonshire|Devonshire]], hosted a ball at Devonshire House that night? === 18 June 1894, Monday === Wilfred Scawen Blunt has a description of the wedding of Miss Violet Maxse and Edward Herbert [[Social Victorians/People/Salisbury|Gascoyne-Cecil]], who is the Marquis of Salisbury's 4th — not 3rd — son:<blockquote>''18th June''.—Miss Violet Maxse's wedding, an omnium gatherum, social, political, and literary. The bridegroom, Lord Salisbury's third son, brought the Tories; Maxse. the Liberal Unionists, with Chamberlain and the rest; the young lady, her friends. I counted six poets in the church, including myself, Alfred Austin, George Meredith, Alfred Lyall, Oscar Wilde, and Edwin Arnold. I found myself next to Lyall, who told me the latest joke about the Laureateship. 'If one must have a Laureate, choose the least of evils, choose Austin.' At the bride's house the crowd was immense, and I found myself for ten minutes flattened like a herring between Lord Salisbury and a tall Dutch clock. Truly matrimony makes strange pew fellows.<ref>Blunt, Wilfrid Scawen. ''My Diaries: 1888 to 1900''. M. Secker, 1900. ''Google Books'' https://books.google.com/books?id=5qBCAAAAIAAJ. Volume 1 of ''My Diaries: Being a Personal Narrative of Events , 1888–1914''.</ref>{{rp|177}}</blockquote> ===26 June 1894, Tuesday=== There was apparently a regular celebration of [[Social Victorians/People/Arthur Collins|Arthur Collins]]' birthday, 26 June, by Bret Harte, George Du Maurier, Arthur Sullivan, Alfred Cellier, Arthur Blunt, and John Hare (Nissen, Axel. Brent Harte: Prince and Pauper: 239. [http://books.google.com/books?id=WEDewmUnapcC]). Choosing 1885–1902 as the dates because those apparently are the dates of the close relationship between Harte and Collins, ending in Harte's death in 1902. ==July 1894== ===19 July 1894, Thursday=== The Duke and Duchess of Devonshire hosted a dinner party in honor of the Prime and Princess of Wales and their family; the dinner party was small, but the ball that followed was much larger:<blockquote>Their Royal Highnesses the [[Social Victorians/People/Albert Edward, Prince of Wales|Prince]] and [[Social Victorians/People/Alexandra, Princess of Wales|Princess of Wales]], Princesses Victoria and Maud, and Princess Louise Duchess of Fife, with whom was the Duke of Fife, honoured the [[Social Victorians/People/Devonshire|Duke and Duchess of Devonshire]] by their presence at dinner at Devonshire House last evening. There were present to meet the illustrious guests the Russian Ambassador, the Portuguese Minister, the Duchess of Manchester, Earl and Countess de Grey, the Earl and Countess of Gosford, the Countess of Dudley, Count Albert Mensdorff, Viscount and Viscountess Curzon, Lord Houghton, Lord Charles Montagu, Mr. and Lady Evelyn Cavendish, Sir Horace Farquhar, and General Ellis and the Hon. Mrs. Charles Hardinge, in waiting on the Prince and Princess of Wales. A ball followed the dinner. The gardens were prettily illuminated, and a marquee was erected for supper. Among the guests were: — The Duke of Cambridge, attended by Colonel FitzGeorge, Prince Francis of Teck, Prince and Princess Edward of Saxe-Weimar, the Russian Ambassador, the Austrian Ambassador and Countess Deym, the United States Ambassador and Madame Bayard, the Brazilian Minister, the Danish Minister and Madame de Bille, Princess Pless and Miss Cornwallis West, Prince John del Drago, the Marquesa and Madlle. de Joincourt, the Duke of Marlborough, the Duchess of Leeds and Ladies Osborne, the Duchess of Buccleuch and Lady Katherine Scott, the Duchess of Bedford, the Duchess of Westminster, the Marchioness of Salisbury, the Marquis and Marchioness of Lansdowne, the Marchioness Breadalbane, the Marchioness of Blandford and the Ladies Spencer Churchill, the Marchioness of Zetland, the Marquis and Marchioness of Granby, the Marchioness of Ormonde, the Earl and Countess of Dunraven and the Ladies Wyndham Quinn, the Earl of Essex, the Earl of Kerry, Earl Granville, the Earl of Sandwich, the Earl of Chesterfield, the Earl of Cork, the Earl of Lonsdale, the Earl and Countess of Coventry and the Ladies Barbara and Dorothy Coventry, the Earl of Sefton, Countess Spencer, the Earl and Countess of Erroll and Lady Mabel Core, the Earl of March and Lady Evelyn Cordon Lennox, Countess Howe and Lady Evelyn Curzon, Countess Grosvenor and Lady Constance Grosvenor, the Earl and Countess of Ilchester and Miss Roche, Countess Cadogan and Lady Sophie Cadogan, the Earl of Kilmorey, the Earl of Scarbrough, the Earl and Countess of Lathom and Ladies Wilbraham, the Countess of Derby and Lady Isabel Stanley and Lady Emily Lytton, Countess Gianotti and Mesdlles. Gianotti, Countess Granville and Lady Victoria Leveson-Gower, [[Social Victorians/People/Feversham|the Earl of Feversham and Lady Ulrica Duncombe]], Earl Cairns, the Due de Falba, Blanche Countess of Rosslyn and Lady Angela St. Clair Erskine, the Countess of Antrim, Countess Henry Lutzow, the Countess of Westmorland, the Countess of Ancaster and Lady Cecilie Willoughby, the Countess of Enniskillen and Lady Kathleen Cole, the Earl and Countess of Minto, Count Kinsky, Baron de Hirsch, Viscountess Falmouth, Viscountess Hood, Lord and Lady Iveagh, Lord and Lady Hindlip, Lord Ampthill, Lady de Ramsey, Lady Archibald Campbell and Miss Campbell, Lady Helen Munro [?] Ferguson, Lady Evelyn Ewart, Lord and Lady Rothschild and the Hon. Miss Rothschild, Lady Sandhurst, Lord Lamington, Lady Lurgan, Lady Anne Lambton, Lord Richard Nevill, Lord Rowton, Lady Edward Cavendish, Lady Alington and the Hon. Mabel Sturt, Lord Stanley, Lady Lilian Wemyss, Lady Sarah Wilson, Lord and Lady Burton, Lady Gerard, Lord and Lady William Nevill, Lord and Lady Edward Cecil, Lady Ampthill and the Hon. Constance Russell and Miss Grosvenor, Lady Brassey, Lady Clementine Walsh, Lord Berkeley Paget, Lady Wimborne and the Hon. Elaine Guest, Lord Ennismore, Lady Beatrice Hare, Lord Molyneux, Lady Norreys, Lord Willoughby, Lady Buckley and Miss Buckley, Lady Lister Kaye, the Right Hon. H. H. Asquith. M.P., and Mrs. Asquith, the Right Hon. Sir William Hart Dyke and Miss Hart Dyke, Mr. Hulse, M.P., and Mrs. Hulse, Mr. Mildmay, M.P., the Hon. Schomberg M'Donnell, the Hon. G. Browne Guthrie, Captain the Hon. H. Lambton, the Hon. H. and Mrs. Bourke, the Hon. Sir Stafford and Lady Northcote, Colonel the Hon. William and Mrs. Carrington, the Hon. Hugh Grosvenor, the Hon. F. Leveson-Gower, the Hon. Humphrey Sturt, the Hon. Henry Trefusis, the [[Social Victorians/People/Keppel|Hon. George and Mrs. Keppel]], the Hon. Cecil Brownlow, the Hon. Walter Boyle, Sir Hubert Miller, Sir Edgar and Lady Helen Vincent, Sir Bartle Frere, Sir Edward Hamilton, Sir George Arthur, Sir Augustus Paget, Sir George and Lady Julia Wombwell and Miss Wombwell, Sir Henry Calcraft, Mr. and Lady Rose Leigh, Mr. and Lady Aline Beaumont, M. J. Decrais, Mr. and Mrs. W. H. Grenfell, Mr. Alfred de Rothschild, Mr. Christopher Sykes, Mr. and Mrs. Naylor Leyland, Mr. C. Eliot, Captain Stracey, Mrs. Vaughan, Mr. Arthur Sassoon, Mrs. Leopold Rothschild, Mr. Reuben Sassoon and the Misses Sassoon, and Mr. Claude Hay.<ref>"Ball at Devonshire House." ''Morning Post'' Friday, 20 July 1894: 5 [of 8], Col. 3b. ''British Newspaper Archive'' .</ref></blockquote> ===20 July 1894, Friday=== [[Social Victorians/People/Muriel Wilson|Muriel Wilson]] was at Easton Lodge with the [[Social Victorians/People/Warwick|Earl and Countess of Warwick]], not sure which Saturday, the 21st or the 28th: <quote>The Earl and Countess of Warwick have been entertaining since July 20th at Easton Lodge, the Duke of Sutherland, the Earl of Lonsdale, Lord Willoughby de Broke, Earl Cairns, Sir Henry and Lady Evelyn Ewart, Mr. and Mrs. Tower (Weald Hall), Mr. and Mrs. R. Woodhouse, Lord and Lady Alexander Paget, Mr. Cecil Grenfell, Col. and Mrs. Ralph Vivian, the Hon. R. G. Verney, and Lady Eva Greville. — On Saturday the party at Easton Lodge included the Duke of Marlborough, the Earl of Chesterfield. Lord Wolverton, Viscount Dungarvon, the Hon. Lancelot and Mrs. Lowther, Sir Charles Hartopp, Baron Hirsch, Mr. and Mrs. Adrian Hope, Mrs. W. Farnnam, Mr. and Mrs. J. Menzies, Miss Muriel Wilson, and Lady Angela St. Clair Erskine.</quote> (1894-08-03 Essex County Chronicle). ===23 July 1894, Monday=== [[Social Victorians/People/Muriel Wilson|Muriel Wilson]] attended a ball at Stafford House: <quote>The dance at Stafford House was also rather disappointing. It is too big a house for a small dance, and the beautiful rooms were too empty to look very lively, though there were any number of pretty frocks and pretty women; and the Duchess herself looked sweetly young and lovely in accordion-pleated white, with a very short skirt and narrow green bands put rather picturesquely on the bodice. Lady Algernon Lennox looked very well indeed in rose-pink with clouds of shaded chiffon; and Lady Angela Erskine was chatting away to Miss Muriel Wilson, who was in fashionable black and white.</quote> (1894-07-25 Weston-super-Mare Gazette) ===26 July 1894, Thursday=== Several members of the Wilson family attended the wedding of Mr. Gerald Dudley Smith and Lady Barbara Coventry. [[Social Victorians/People/Muriel Wilson|Muriel Wilson]] accompanied [[Social Victorians/People/Arthur Stanley Wilson|Mrs. Arthur Wilson]], who was in black; Muriel “wore a dainty gown of pale yellow and white picture hat” (Col. 3a). [[Social Victorians/People/Fanny Ronalds|Fanny Ronalds]] was there, as were many of the cultural elite, familiar names. Reception at the Savoy Restaurant. Muriel Wilson gave the bride a “pair of silver bon-bon dishes; Mr. and Mrs. Arthur Wilson “a pair of chased silver candlesticks”; Mrs. Kenneth Wilson a “claret jug silver mounted” (1894-07-29 Worcester Journal 5, Col. 5c). ==August 1894== ===18 August 1894, Saturday=== [[Social Victorians/People/Muriel Wilson|Muriel Wilson]] and Hon. Willoughby de Eresby announce their engagement, wedding set for November sometime: <quote>The announcement of the engagement the Earl of Ancaster's son with Miss Muriel Wilson, the young daughter of [[Social Victorians/People/Arthur Stanley Wilson|Mr and Mrs Arthur Wilson]], of Tranby Croft, Yorkshire, has aroused great interest in London society. Lord Willoughby de Eresby, who, on his mother's side, is a grandson of the tenth Marquis of Huntly, is 27 years of age, and graduated at Cambridge as M.A. in 1892. He is also a County Councillor for the Kesteven Division of Lincoln, and unsuccessfully contested Boston in 1892. Lord Willoughby is the eldest of four brothers, one of whom is lieutenant in the 2d Battalion Scots Guards, and another lieutenant in the lst Battalion of the Coldstream Guards. The eldest of Lord Wiiloughby's six sisters is the wife of Sir Peter Ewert. Miss Muriel Wilson, who is the youngest member of the family, made her debut in society two years ago. Though still a young girl, she is quite a notable figure in London society, her remarkable beauty having caused her to be singled out for an unusual amount of attention. Miss Wilson's fianceis heir the title and estates of an earldom created in 1892, until which time the present Earl was known as Lord or Baron Willoughby de Eresby. In addition to Normanton Park, Stamford, and the large estates in Lincolnshire and in Wales, the Earl owns Drummond Castle, Crieff. — London Correspondent.</quote> (1894-08-18 Dundee Evening Telegraph) Muriel Wilson and Hon. Willoughby de Eresby announce their engagement, wedding set for November sometime: <quote> The announcement of the engagement the Earl of Ancaster's son with Miss Muriel Wilson, the young daughter of Mr and Mrs Arthur Wilson, of Tranby Croft, Yorkshire, has aroused great interest in London society. Lord Willoughby de Eresby, who, on his mother's side, is a grandson of the tenth Marquis of Huntly, is 27 years of age, and graduated at Cambridge as M.A. in 1892. He is also a County Councillor for the Kesteven Division of Lincoln, and unsuccessfully contested Boston in 1892. Lord Willoughby is the eldest of four brothers, one of whom is lieutenant in the 2d Battalion Scots Guards, and another lieutenant in the lst Battalion of the Coldstream Guards. The eldest of Lord Wiiloughby's six sisters is the wife of Sir Peter Ewert. Miss Muriel Wilson, who is the youngest member of the family, made her debut in society two years ago. Though still a young girl, she is quite a notable figure in London society, her remarkable beauty having caused her to be singled out for an unusual amount of attention. Miss Wilson's fianceis heir the title and estates of an earldom created in 1892, until which time the present Earl was known as Lord or Baron Willoughby de Eresby. In addition to Normanton Park, Stamford, and the large estates in Lincolnshire and in Wales, the Earl owns Drummond Castle, Crieff. — London Correspondent.</quote> (1894-08-18 Dundee Evening Telegraph). <quote>Miss Muriel Wilson, the youthful daughter of Mr. and Mrs. Arthur Wilson, of Tranby Croft, who is to marry Lord Willoughby D'Eresby, is quite a young girl — she was still in the schoolroom at the time of the famous baccarat case—but has been made much of in London society since her debut little more than a year ago. She is a charmingly pretty girl, whose dark picturesque beauty is always set off by the most becoming of frocks and large picture hats. Miss Wilson has been the frequent companion her pretty sister-in-law, Mrs. “Jack” Wilson, at whose wedding she figured as a bridesmaid.</quote> (1894-08-20 Nottingham Evening Post). But see 18 September 1894, when the announcement is that it has been called off, and 6 October 1894 for more discussion of Muriel's and other "broken engagements." ===27 August 1894, Monday=== Summer Bank Holiday ==September 1894== Sometime in 1894, September, Henry M. Paget was initiated into the Golden Dawn. ===18 September 1894, Tuesday=== <quote>We are informed that the proposed marriage which has been announced between [[Social Victorians/People/Muriel Wilson|Miss Muriel Wilson]], of Tranby Croft, and Lord Willoughby de Eresby will not take place.</quote> (1894-09-18 Hull Daily Mail). ==October 1894== ===6 October 1894, Saturday=== More on the broken engagement from the Dublin ''Irish Society'': <quote>It is curious how many arranged marriages have been broken off of late. The announcement that the alliance between Lord Willoughby de Eresby and Miss Muriel Wilson was not to take place caused no small surprise. At Doncaster Races, one short week before this announcement appeared in print, the young pair were together and apparently as happy as possible. Conjecture is rife as to what the cause of the rupture may be. That in this case it is not a question of money is tolerably certain, for even had Miss Wilson not a considerable dower, and £4,000 a year was the sum it was said her father was to settle on her, Lord Willoughby is very well off and little likely to give up his ''fiancee'' for any money consideration, as he is a very manly, clever, promising and fine charactered young fellow. Some people say it was a lover’s quarrel, that Miss Wilson, who is a spoiled beauty, refused to sumbit [sic] to her lover’s wishes on some points seeming to him all important and that a rupture ensued. It is be hoped that the young people, if they are really fond of each other, will effect a compromise and not risk wrecking their lives. It is believed that Lord and Lady Ancaster, although they had hoped that their son would have chosen a wife of an old aristocratic family like their own, had sensibly given into his wish to marry Miss Muriel Wilson and were prepared to receive her as their daughter-in-law. Mr Wilson’s fortune was acquired through his shipping interests in Hull, and his place, Tranby Croft, became celebrated through the Baccarat incident in which the Prince of Wales was so unfortunately mixed up. Miss Muriel Wilson is quite a lovely girl, with dark hair, dark, soft, beautifully shaped eyes, a perfect complexion, and a good figure.</quote> (1894-10-06 Dublin Irish Society). === 19 October 1894 === Russian Emperor Alexander III died, to be replaced by Tsar Nicholas II. ===31 October 1894, Wednesday=== Halloween. ==November 1894== ===5 November 1894, Monday=== Guy Fawkes Day ==December 1894== ===19 December 1894, Wednesday=== Concert at the Wilson's Cricket Club: Wilson's Cricket Club, according to this writer, <quote>is almost as much in the eyes of the members of the firm a branch of their business as any other department</quote>. <quote>There were present from Tranby Croft, [[Social Victorians/People/Arthur Stanley Wilson|Mrs Arthur Wilson]], [[Social Victorians/People/Muriel Wilson|Miss Muriel Wilson]], Mr Kenneth Wilson, Mr Clive H. Wilson, Mrs Travers, Miss Wilkinson, Miss Terry, Miss Egginton, and Mr. A. Smith; whilst from Warter Priory the party was Mr C. H. Wilson, M.P., Mr C. H. Wilson, Miss E. [Wilson], Mr Cecil Wellesley, and Mr P. Hodgson (Beverley)</quote> (“Wilsons’ Cricket Club Concert.” Hull Daily Mail 19 December 1894, Wednesday: 3[of 4], Col. 7a [of 7]. British Newspaper Archive https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000323/18941219/012/0003 (accessed July 2019). ===25 December 1894, Tuesday=== Christmas Day ===26 December 1894, Wednesday=== Boxing Day ==Works Cited== *[1894-07-25 Weston-super-Mare Gazette] "Society Gossip.” Weston-super-Mare Gazette 25 July 1894, Wednesday: 3 [of 4], Col. 4a [of 6]. British Newspaper Archive https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001444/18940725/043/0003 (accessed July 2019). *[1894-07-29 Worcester Journal] "Marriage of Mr. Gerald Dudley Smith and Lady Barbara Coventry.” Worcester Journal 29 July 1894, Saturday: 5 [of 8], Cols. 3a–6a [of 8]. British Newspaper Archive https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000150/18940728/044/0005 (accessed June 2019). *[1894-08-03 Essex County Chronicle] "Country and Other Items.” Essex County Chronicle 3 August 1894, Friday: 5 [of 8], Col. 7a [of 8]. British Newspaper Archive https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000322/18940803/034/0005 (accessed July 2019). *[1894-08-20 Nottingham Evening Post] "Miss Muriel Wilson.” Nottingham Evening Post 20 August 1894, Monday: 2 [of 4], Col. 4b [of 7]. British Newspaper Archive https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000321/18940820/004/0002 (accessed July 2019). *[1894-08-18 Dundee Evening Telegraph] "Engagement of Hon. Willoughby de Eresby.” Dundee Evening Telegraph 18 August 1894, Saturday: 2 [of 4], Col. [of ]. British Newspaper Archive (accessed July 2019). *[1894-09-18 Hull Daily Mail] "Miss Muriel Wilson.” Hull Daily Mail 18 September 1894, Tuesday: 3 [of 4], Col. 5 [of 7]a. British Newspaper Archive https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000323/18940918/006/0003 (accessed June 2019). *[1894-10-06 Dublin Irish Society 1894-10-06 Dublin Irish Society] "Our London Letter.” Dublin Irish Society 6 October 1894, Saturday: 20 [of 30], Col. 2c-3a [of 3]. British Newspaper Archive https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001939/18941006/073/0020 (accessed June 2019). *Gibbs, Anthony Matthew. A Bernard Shaw Chronology. Author Chronologies, Ed. Norman Page. Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire: Palgrave, 2001. == Footnotes == <references /> e9kc51vqu6d43ybdex0iq3os76kyfe2 0 265021 2691548 2691324 2024-12-11T23:59:50Z Scogdill 1331941 2691548 wikitext text/x-wiki ==Also Known As== * Family name: Bourke [pronounced ''burk'']<ref name=":6">{{Cite journal|date=2024-05-07|title=Earl of Mayo|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Earl_of_Mayo&oldid=1222668659|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earl_of_Mayo.</ref> * See also the [[Social Victorians/People/Bourke|Bourke page]] * Earl of Mayo (in the Peerage of Ireland) ** Richard Southwell Bourke, 6th Earl of Mayo (12 August 1867 – 8 February 1872) ** Dermot Robert Wyndham Bourke, 7th Earl of Mayo (8 February 1872 – 31 December 1927) *Baron Connemara **Robert Bourke, 1st and last Baron Connemara (12 May 1887 – 3 September 1902)<ref name=":2">"Robert Bourke, 1st and last Baron Connemara." {{Cite web|url=https://www.thepeerage.com/p5752.htm#i57514|title=Person Page|website=www.thepeerage.com|access-date=2021-08-25}} https://www.thepeerage.com/p5752.htm#i57514.</ref> * The [[Social Victorians/People/Bourke|Hon. Algernon Bourke]] * [[Social Victorians/People/Bourke|Lady Florence Bourke]] ==Overview== ==Acquaintances, Friends and Enemies== ==Timeline== '''1863 November 21''', Robert Bourke and Lady Susan Georgiana Ramsay married.<ref name=":3">"Lady Susan Georgiana Ramsay." {{Cite web|url=https://www.thepeerage.com/p23213.htm#i232124|title=Person Page|website=www.thepeerage.com|access-date=2021-08-25}} https://www.thepeerage.com/p23213.htm#i232124.</ref> '''1872 February 8''', Richard Bourke, 6th Earl of Mayo was assassinated while inspecting a "convict settlement at Port Blair in the Andaman Islands ... by Sher Ali Afridi, a former Afghan soldier."<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2024-12-01|title=Richard Bourke, 6th Earl of Mayo|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Bourke,_6th_Earl_of_Mayo|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Bourke,_6th_Earl_of_Mayo.</ref> '''1872 November 20''', Hon. Edward Roden Bourke and Emma Mary Augusta Hatch married.<ref name=":5">"Emma Mary Augusta Hatch." {{Cite web|url=https://www.thepeerage.com/p5751.htm#i57507|title=Person Page|website=www.thepeerage.com|access-date=2021-08-27}} https://www.thepeerage.com/p5751.htm#i57507.</ref> '''1887 December 15''', [[Social Victorians/People/Bourke|Hon. Algernon Bourke]] and Guendoline Stanley married.<ref name=":1">"Guendoline Irene Emily Stanley." {{Cite web|url=https://www.thepeerage.com/p51525.htm#i515247|title=Person Page|website=www.thepeerage.com|access-date=2020-12-10}}</ref> '''1890 November 27''', Robert Bourke, 1st Baron Connemara and Lady Susan Georgiana Ramsay divorced in a sensational case in which she successfully sued for divorce on the grounds of adultery (with her maid Hannah Moore) and cruelty (infecting her with venereal disease).<ref>"Another Society Scandal. Connemara Divorce Suit. Shocking Disclosures." ''South Wales Echo'' 27 November 1890 Thursday: 3 [of 4], Cols. 2a–3a [of 8]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000902/18901127/031/0003.</ref> This story is repeated essentially verbatum in a number of newspapers. '''1892 March 5, Saturday''', two generations of men of the Bourke family are mentioned in this article reporting on "the first reverse" in Capt. the Hon. Maurice Bourke's career. Notable is that the Bourkes were "one of the first aristocratic families of which the members took to the Stock Exchange."<blockquote>CAPTAIN. THE HON. MAURICE BOURKE. Capt. the Hon. Maurice Bourke, who has just been reprimanded in connection with the stranding of the Victoria, is the brother of the present Lord Mayo, and comes of an enterprising family. The Bourkes have pushed their way with remarkable energy in various professions, but are specially noticeable as one of the first aristocratic families of which the members took to the Stock Exchange. Before the Bourkes took it up the "house" was at a discount in Belgravia; it is now at a premium. Both Mr. Henry Bourke and Major Edward Bourke, uncles of Captain Bourke, and Mr. [[Social Victorians/People/Bourke|Algernon Bourke]], his brother, have reaped considerable incomes as the fruits of their enterprise. Captain Bourke has been singularly lucky In the navy in the matter of promotion, being one of those fortunate mariners who have served on the Queen's yacht. This is the first reverse in his career.<ref>"Captain. the Hon. Maurice Bourke." ''Carlow Nationalist'' 05 March 1892, Saturday: 9 [of 10], Col. 2b [of 5]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0004580/18920305/082/0009. Print title ''Supplement to the Nationalist and Leinster Times''; n. p.</ref></blockquote>'''1894 January 31, Wednesday''', Dermot, Earl of Mayo and Geraldine, Countess of Mayo hosted [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1894#Also 31 January 1894, Wednesday|the Kildare Hunt Ball]]. '''1894 October 10''', Lady Susan Georgiana Ramsay Bourke and Surgn.-Lt.-Col. William Hamilton Broun married.<ref name=":3" /> '''1894 October 22''', Robert Bourke, 1st Baron Connemara and Gertrude Lawrence Knight Walsh married.<ref name=":4">"Gertrude Lawrence Knight Walsh." {{Cite web|url=https://www.thepeerage.com/p23213.htm#i232125|title=Person Page|website=www.thepeerage.com|access-date=2021-08-25}} https://www.thepeerage.com/p23213.htm#i232125.</ref> '''1895 April 27, Saturday''', Norah Mary Madeline Bourke and Mr. Henry Lindsay married.<ref>"Mr. Henry E. A. Lindsay to Miss Norah M. M. Bourke." ''Gentlewoman'' 11 May 1895 Saturday: 97 [of 133], Col. 1c–2a [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003340/18950511/437/0097.</ref> '''1897 July 2''', [[Social Victorians/People/Bourke|Algernon Bourke]] and Guendoline Sloane-Stanley [[Social Victorians/People/Bourke|Bourke]] attended the [[Social Victorians/1897 Fancy Dress Ball | Duchess of Devonshire's fancy-dress ball]] at Devonshire House. '''1908 August 5''', Emma Mary Augusta Hatch Bourke and Edward Hyde Villiers, 5th Earl of Clarendon married.<ref name=":5" /> == Demographics == * Nationality: Anglo-Irish<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2020-11-14|title=Richard Bourke, 6th Earl of Mayo|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Richard_Bourke,_6th_Earl_of_Mayo&oldid=988654078|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}}</ref> ===Residences=== * London: 20 Eaton Square, S.W. (in 1897)<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Pl0oAAAAYAAJ|title=Who's who|date=1897|publisher=A. & C. Black|language=en}} 712, Col. 1b.</ref> * Ireland: Palmerstown House (built in 1872 by the 7th Earl in honor of his father after his assassination), Palmerstown, County Galway<ref name=":6" /> * Ireland: 1873: Palmerston House, Straffan, Co. Kildare<ref>Cambridge University Alumni, 1261–1900. Via Ancestry.</ref> ==Family== * Robert Bourke, 5th Earl of Mayo (12 January 1797 – 12 August 1867)<ref>"Robert Bourke, 5th Earl of Mayo." {{Cite web|url=https://www.thepeerage.com/p4710.htm#i47094|title=Person Page|website=www.thepeerage.com|access-date=2021-08-25}} https://www.thepeerage.com/p4710.htm#i47094.</ref> * Anne Charlotte Jocelyn ( – 26 January 1867)<ref>"Anne Charlotte Jocelyn." {{Cite web|url=https://www.thepeerage.com/p4710.htm#i47095|title=Person Page|website=www.thepeerage.com|access-date=2021-08-25}} https://www.thepeerage.com/p4710.htm#i47095.</ref> *# '''Richard Southwell Bourke, 6th Earl of Mayo''' (21 February 1822 – 8 February 1872) *# Lt.-Gen. John Jocelyn Bourke (5 October 1823 – 25 September 1904) *# '''Robert Bourke, 1st and last Baron Connemara''' (11 June 1827 – 3 September 1902) *# Rev. Hon. George Wingfield Bourke (16 February 1829 – 9 October 1903) *# Hon. Charles Fowler Bourke (5 September 1832 – 4 April 1899) *# '''Major Hon. Edward Roden Bourke''' (13 December 1835 – 7 June 1907) *# Hon. Henry Lorton Bourke (26 September 1840 – 30 January 1911) * Richard Southwell Bourke, 6th Earl of Mayo (21 February 1822 – 8 February 1872)<ref>"Richard Southwell Bourke, 6th Earl of Mayo." {{Cite web|url=https://www.thepeerage.com/p2575.htm#i25748|title=Person Page|website=www.thepeerage.com|access-date=2020-12-10}}</ref> * Hon. Blanche Julia Wyndham (21 November 1826 – 31 January 1918)<ref>"Hon. Blanche Julia Wyndham." {{Cite web|url=https://www.thepeerage.com/p2963.htm#i29627|title=Person Page|website=www.thepeerage.com|access-date=2020-12-10}}</ref> # Lady Eva Constance Aline Bourke ( – 19 January 1940)<ref>"Lady Eva Constance Aline Bourke." {{Cite web|url=https://www.thepeerage.com/p2575.htm#i25747|title=Person Page|website=www.thepeerage.com|access-date=2020-12-10}}</ref> # unknown daughter Bourke # Dermot Robert Wyndham Bourke, 7th Earl of Mayo (2 July 1851 – 31 December 1927) # Captain Hon. Sir Maurice Archibald Bourke (22 December 1853 – 16 September 1900) # '''Hon. Algernon Henry Bourke''' (31 December 1854 – 7 April 1922) # Lady Florence Blanche Bourke (16 August 1861 – 1953) # Hon. Terence Theobald Bourke (2 April 1865 – 13 May 1923) * Dermot Robert Wyndham Bourke, 7th Earl of Mayo (2 July 1851 – 31 December 1927)<ref>"Dermot Robert Wyndham Bourke, 7th Earl of Mayo." ''The Peerage: A Genealogical Survey of the Peerage of Britain as well as the Royal Families of Europe''. Person page 14031, Person 140310. https://www.thepeerage.com/p14031.htm#i140310.</ref> * Geraldine Sarah Ponsonby ( – 29 November 1944)<ref>"Geraldine Sarah Ponsonby." ''The Peerage: A Genealogical Survey of the Peerage of Britain as well as the Royal Families of Europe''. Person page, 14031, Person 140309. https://www.thepeerage.com/p14031.htm#i140309.</ref> * Robert Bourke, 1st and last Baron Connemara (11 June 1827 – 3 September 1902)<ref name=":2" /> * Lady Susan Georgiana Ramsay ( – 22 January 1898)<ref name=":3" /> [she remarried as well] * Gertrude Lawrence Knight Walsh (baptised 13 August 1833 – 23 November 1898)<ref name=":4" /> [he was her 2nd husband as well] * Emma Mary Augusta Hatch (1855 – 9 March 1935)<ref name=":5" /> * Major Hon. Edward Roden Bourke (13 December 1835 – 7 June 1907)<ref>"Major Hon. Edward Roden Bourke." {{Cite web|url=https://www.thepeerage.com/p2096.htm#i20954|title=Person Page|website=www.thepeerage.com|access-date=2021-08-27}} https://www.thepeerage.com/p2096.htm#i20954.</ref> *# Norah Mary Madeline Bourke ( – 20 June 1948) *# Madeline Emmie Louisa Bourke ( – 5 August 1961) *# Cecil Richard Donoughmore Bourke (29 Sep 1875 – 30 November 1884) *# Anne Kathleen Julia Bourke (c. 1878 – 16 March 1935) *# Lt.-Col. Nigel Edward Jocelyn Bourke (21 August 1886 – 27 September 1970) * Edward Hyde Villiers, [[Social Victorians/People/Villiers|5th Earl of Clarendon]] * Hon. Algernon Henry Bourke (31 December 1854 – 7 April 1922)<ref>"Hon. Algernon Henry Bourke." {{Cite web|url=https://www.thepeerage.com/p29657.htm#i296561|title=Person Page|website=www.thepeerage.com|access-date=2020-12-10}}</ref> * Guendoline Irene Emily Sloane-Stanley Bourke (c. 1869 – 30 December 1967)<ref name=":1" /> # Daphne Marjory Bourke (5 April 1895 – 22 May 1962) ==Biographical Materials== ==Questions and Notes== ==Footnotes== {{reflist}} hz6vz5fucenw0avueqjk5b62xu1nq92 14 273009 2691418 2690235 2024-12-11T15:47:52Z DavidMCEddy 218607 /* Table of episodes */ add Pickard 2691418 wikitext text/x-wiki A number of seemingly credible sources are describing an increase in political polarization worldwide. [[w:Maria Ressa|Maria Ressa]] describes how [[w:Rodrigo Duterte|Rodrigo Duterte]], former President of the [[w:Philippines|Philippines]] "started ... with five hundred volunteers<ref>Ressa (2022, pp. 147-8).</ref> (1) creating “sock puppets,” or fake accounts that attack or praise; (2) “mass reporting,” or organizing to negatively impact a targeted account; and (3) “astroturfing,” or fake posts or lies designed to look like grassroots support or interest.<ref>Ressa (2022, pp. 152-3).</ref> These actions tricked the algorithms of social media companies like Facebook and Twitter into amplifying fraudulent messages including incitements to violence and criminal prosecutions based on trumped up charges. The results easily overwhelmed honest media. [[w:Leila de Lima|Leila de Lima]], a Senator and former Secretary of Justice of the Philippines, spent years in pretrial detention before the charges were dropped for lack of evidence.<ref>Ressa (2022, p. 158ff) and Wikipedia, "[[w:Leila de Lima|Leila de Lima]]", accessed 2024-07-22.</ref> Ressa's news organization, [[w:Rappler|Rappler]].com, was ordered to close. Ressa herself was convicted on questionable charges. Both continued operating while the legal procedures against them were appealed.<ref>Ressa (2022, pp. 152-3) and Wikipedia, "[[w:Maria Ressa|Maria Ressa]]", accessed 2024-07-22.</ref> Ressa says similar procedures are making major contributions to the rise of fascism and far-right nationalist populists in the US, Europe, Turkey, India, Russia, and elsewhere.<ref>Ressa (2022, pp. 152-3).</ref> [[w:H. R. McMaster|H. R. McMaster]], former President Trump's second National Security advisor, said that "The internet and social media thus provided [Russia] with a low-cost, easy way to divide and weaken America from within."<ref>McMaster (2020, pp. 47-48).</ref> The [[w:2021 Facebook leak|2021 Facebook leak]] documented how executives of [[w:Facebook|Facebook]] and [[w:Meta Platforms|Meta]] knowingly prioritized profits over action to limit incitements to violence, even facilitating the [[w:Rohingya genocide|Rohingya genocide]] in [[w:Myanmar|Myanmar]], because doing otherwise would have reduced their revenue. This "Category:Media reform to improve democracy" include videos of interviews with experts and activists working this issue along with 29:00 mm:ss audio files submitted to a ''Media & Democracy'' series syndicated on the [[w:List of Pacifica Radio stations and affiliates|Pacifica radio network]]<ref><!--Media & Democracy on Audioport-->{{cite Q|Q127839818}}</ref> plus text and space for a moderated discussion. The 2024-09-11 episode of Sprouts:Radio from the Grassroots<ref><!--Sprouts: Radio From the Grassroots-->{{cite Q|Q98781702}}</ref> [[Media & Democracy on Sprouts|featured excerpts from the interviews in this series]]. The Wikiversity article on this episode includes the 29:00 mm:ss podcast inviting a discussion of issues discussed in that podcast. == Table of episodes == {| class="wikitable sortable" |+ Episodes of "Media & Democracy" for the [[w:List of Pacifica Radio stations and affiliates|Pacifica Radio Network]] |- ! colspan=3 | Date !! |- ! recorded !! broadcasted on [[w:KKFI|KKFI]] !! released to Pacifica !! Episode |- | 2024-12-13 || 2024-12-21 || 2024-12-24 || [[Information is a public good per communications prof Pickard]] |- | 2024-12-02 || 2024-12-10 || 2024-12-07 || [[Media literacy for the Arab World per Ahmed Al-Rawi]] |- | 2024-11-21 || 2024-11-26 || 2024-11-23 || [[Thom Hartmann on The Hidden History of the American Dream]] |- | 2024-10-25 || 2024-11-05 || 2024-11-09 || [[Legal concerns of Wikimedia Europe]] |- | 2024-10-26 || 2024-20-19 || 2024-10-27 || [[Project 2025 per Professor Brooks]] |- | 2024-10-01 || 2024-10-01 || 2024-10-12 || [[Jacob Ware on far-right terrorism in the US]] |- | 2024-09-13 || 2024-09-17 || 2024-09-29 || [[Dis- and misinformation and their threats to democracy]] |- | 2024-09-11 || 2024-11-12 || 2024-09-14 || [[22nd Century Initiative]] |- | 2024-08-22|| 2024-08-27 || 2024-08-31 || [[Global Project Against Hate & Extremism (GPAHE)]] |- | 2024-08-19 || 2024-08-20 || 2024-08-24 || [[Facebook whistleblower Frances Haugen says]] |- | 2024-08-13 || 2024-08-13 || 2024-08-17 || [[Legal concerns of Free Press including Section 230]] |- | 2024-08-02 || 2024-08-06 || 2024-08-10 || [[How psychological and interpersonal processes are influenced by human-computer interactions]] |- | 2024-07-30 || 2024-07-30 || 2024-08-03 || [[Dean Baker on Internet companies threatening democracy internationally and how to fix that]] |- | 2021-04-29 || 2021-04-29 || 2021-05-16 || [[Media reform per Freepress.net]] |- | 2021-02-23 || 2021-02-23 || 2021-03-17 ||[[Unrigging the media and the economy]] |} == Notes == {{reflist}} == Bibliography == * <!-- H. R. McMaster (2020) Battlegrounds: The Fight to Defend the Free World-->{{cite Q|Q104774898}} * <!--Maria Ressa (2022) How to Stand Up To a Dictator-->{{cite Q|Q117559286}} [[Category:Interdisciplinary studies]] [[Category:Political science]] [[Category:Economics]] [[Category:Freedom and abundance]] [[Category:Videoconferences on media and democracy]] 2epuirxtjwjq9pmmh8brdghn1wmr672 0 279106 2691541 2341455 2024-12-11T23:40:49Z Lbeaumont 278565 Fixed dead links 2691541 wikitext text/x-wiki This table shows the precedence of primary mathematics operators. {| class="wikitable" |+ Caption text |- ! Operator !! Name |- | () || '''P'''arenthesis |- | Superscript, n^th power, ^, ** || [[w:Exponentiation|'''E'''xponentiation]] |- | ×, / || [[w:Multiplication|'''M'''ultiplication]], [[w:Division|'''D'''ivision]] |- | +, - || [[w:Addition|'''A'''ddition]], [[w:Subtraction|'''S'''ubtraction]] |} As a simple example, 1+2×3 = 7 not 9 because the multiplication is performed before the addition, superseding the left to right convention. Also, 3 + 5² = 28 and 3 × 5² = 75 because of the precedence of exponentiation over multiplication. The mnemonic PEMDAS can help to remember this. This can be expanded to “Please Excuse My Dear Aunt Sally.” For a complete discussion, please see the Wikipedia article on [[w:Order_of_operations|order of operations]]. [[Category:Quick Reference]] ityjajnzkwpkw7tvgcdhnsago6q28kf 0 279938 2691450 2586894 2024-12-11T17:39:27Z CommonsDelinker 9184 Removing [[:c:File:Chondrule_Textures.jpg|Chondrule_Textures.jpg]], it has been deleted from Commons by [[:c:User:Bastique|Bastique]] because: per [[:c:Commons:Deletion requests/File:Chondrule Textures.jpg|]]. 2691450 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Def.''' "any silicate having interlocking chains of silicate tetrahedra"<ref name=InosilicateWikt>{{ cite web |title=inosilicate |publisher=Wikimedia Foundation, Inc |location=San Francisco, California |date=21 June 2013 |url=https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/inosilicate |accessdate=2013-09-02 }}</ref> is called an '''inosilicate'''. {{clear}} ==Pyroxenes== [[Image:Pyroxene-Group-155001.jpg|thumb|right|100px|This very rare, sharp, complete-all-around pyroxene is circa mid to late 1800s. Credit: [[c:User:Robert Lavinsky|Robert Lavinsky]].{{tlx|free media}}]] Pyroxenes are a "large group of inosilicate (chain silicate) minerals with the general formula" {{chem|ABSi|2|O|6}}, "divided into the Clinopyroxene Subgroup (monoclinic) and the Orthopyroxene Subgroup (orthorhombic)."<ref name=MindatPyroxenes>[https://www.mindat.org/min-9767.html Pyroxene Group]</ref> '''Def.''' a group of monoclinic or orthorhombic, single chain inosilicates with the general formula of {{chem|AB|(Si,Al)|2|O|6}}, where :A = calcium, sodium, ferrous iron ({{chem|Fe|2+}}), magnesium, zinc, manganese and lithium; :B = chromium, aluminum, ferric iron ({{chem|Fe|3+}}), magnesium, manganese, scandium, titanium, vanadium, and ferrous iron ({{chem|Fe|2+}})<ref name=Roberts/> is called a '''pyroxene'''. At right is an image of a very rare, sharp, complete-all-around pyroxene is from Ducktown District, Polk County, Tennessee, USA, circa mid to late 1800s. {{clear}} ==Isopyroxenes== A pyroxene that occurs as an isometric mineral or a mineral that is a member of the crystal class isometric. ==Davemaoites== [[Image:Diamond with davemaoite.jpg|thumb|right|250px|This diamond holds tiny black specks of davemaoite, a mineral formed at high temperature and pressure in the deep Earth. Credit: Aaron Celestian, Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County.{{tlx|fairuse}}]] Davemaoite is a high-pressure calcium silicate perovskite ({{chem|CaSiO|3}}) mineral with a distinctive cubic crystal structure. "Davemaoite is a vehicle for radioactive isotopes that help to heat the planet’s mantle."<ref name=Witze/> "Davemaoite is mostly calcium silicate ({{chem|CaSiO|3}}), but it can scavenge radioactive isotopes of uranium, thorium and potassium. These isotopes generate a lot of heat in the lower portion of Earth’s mantle — the layer that lies between the planet’s crust and core. That makes davemaoite an important player in managing how heat moves through the deep Earth and, in turn, how heat cycles between the mantle and crust to drive processes such as plate tectonics."<ref name=Witze>{{ cite web |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-021-03409-2 |title=Diamond delivers long-sought mineral from the deep Earth |journal=Nature |author=Alexandra Witze |date=11 November 2021 |doi=10.1038/d41586-021-03409-2 }}</ref> "The greenish, octahedral-shaped diamond was dug up decades ago in Botswana at the Orapa mine, the world’s largest opencast diamond mine. In 1987, a mineral dealer sold the diamond to George Rossman, a mineralogist at the California Institute of Technology in Pasadena. Tschauner, Rossman and their colleagues began studying it several years ago as part of an investigation into minerals trapped in deep-Earth diamonds."<ref name=Witze/> The "diamond [was irradiated] with X-rays at the Advanced Photon Source [at Argonne National Laboratory], Lemont, Illinois, which revealed that the inclusions were rich in a calcium mineral,"<ref name=Witze/> using a technique known as X-ray diffraction with the X-ray Synchrotron light source.<ref name=Baker>{{Cite web|last=Baker|first=Harry|date=2021-11-14|title=Diamond hauled from deep inside Earth holds never-before-seen mineral|url=https://www.space.com/new-mantle-mineral-found-in-diamond|accessdate=2021-11-15|website=Space.com }}</ref><ref name=Pappas>{{Cite web|last=Pappas|first=Stephanie|title=New Mineral Discovered in Deep-Earth Diamond|url=https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/new-mineral-discovered-in-deep-earth-diamond/|accessdate=2021-11-15|website=Scientific American }}</ref><ref name=Klein>{{Cite journal|last=Klein |first=Alice |title=New mineral davemaoite discovered inside a diamond from the Earth's mantle|url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/2296899-new-mineral-davemaoite-discovered-inside-a-diamond-from-earths-mantle/|accessdate=2021-11-15|journal=New Scientist }}</ref> "It’s the strength of the diamond that keeps the inclusions at high pressure."<ref name=Tschauner/> "The version in the diamond has a perovskite crystal structure that only forms at the temperatures and pressures found between 660 and 900 kilometres deep."<ref name=Tschauner>{{ cite web |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-021-03409-2 |title=Diamond delivers long-sought mineral from the deep Earth |journal=Nature |author=Oliver Tschauner |date=11 November 2021 |doi=10.1038/d41586-021-03409-2 }}</ref> "Davemaoite is one of three main minerals in Earth’s lower mantle making up around 5–7% of the material there."<ref name=Tschauner/> "The one found at Orapa is rich in potassium — so one way to find more davemaoite might be to look for deep diamonds in potassium-rich areas."<ref name=Fei>{{ cite web |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-021-03409-2 |title=Diamond delivers long-sought mineral from the deep Earth |journal=Nature |author=Yingwei Fei |date=11 November 2021 |doi=10.1038/d41586-021-03409-2 }}</ref> {{clear}} ==Tetrapyroxenes== ==Orthopyroxenes== [[Image:Orthopyroxenite (ALH84001).gif|thumb|A sample of orthopyroxenite is from meteorite ALH84001 from Mars. Credit: the USGS (Specific photographer credit not given at source.{{tlx|free media}}]] Pyroxenes that crystallize in the orthorhombic system are known as orthopyroxenes. * Enstatite, {{chem|Mg|2|Si|2|O|6}} * Bronzite, intermediate between enstatite and hypersthene * Hypersthene, {{chem|(Mg,Fe)SiO|3}} * Eulite, intermediate between hypersthene and ferrosilite * Ferrosilite, {{chem|Fe|2|Si|2|O|6}} * Donpeacorite, {{chem|(MgMn)MgSi|2|O|6}} * Nchwaningite, {{chem|Mn|2+|2|SiO|3|(OH)|2|⋅({{chem|H|2|O}})}} {{clear}} ==Bridgmanites== [[Image:Bridgmanite in Tenham meteorite.jpg|thumb|right|250px|An optical image of the Tenham L6 chondrite in thin section USNM 7703 where bridgmanite is identified in a shock vein by the arrow. Credit: Oliver Tschauner, Chi Ma, John R. Beckett, Clemens Prescher, Vitali B. Prakapenka, George R. Rossman.{{tlx|fairuse}}]] The magnesium end-member of the silicate perovskite {{chem|(Mg,Fe)SiO|3}} is called bridgmanite<ref name=MindatBridgmanites>{{cite web|url=http://www.mindat.org/min-45900.html|title=Bridgmanite }}</ref> Bridgmanite, the most abundant mineral in Earth, was discovered in a shocked meteorite.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Tschauner |first1=Oliver |last2=Ma |first2=Chi |last3=Beckett |first3=John R. |last4=Prescher |first4=Clemens |last5=Prakapenka |first5=Vitali B. |last6=Rossman |first6=George R. |title=Discovery of bridgmanite, the most abundant mineral in Earth, in a shocked meteorite |journal=Science |date=27 November 2014 |volume=346 |issue=6213 |pages=1100–1102 |doi=10.1126/science.1259369 |pmid=25430766 |bibcode=2014Sci...346.1100T |s2cid=20999417 |url=https://authors.library.caltech.edu/52186/1/Tschauner.SM.pdf }}</ref> In 2014, the Commission on New Minerals, Nomenclature and Classification (CNMNC) of the International Mineralogical Association (IMA) approved the name bridgmanite for perovskite-structured {{chem|(Mg,Fe)SiO|3}},<ref name=MindatBridgmanites/> in honor of physicist Percy Williams Bridgman, who was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1946 for his high-pressure research.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Wendel |first1=JoAnna |title=Mineral Named After Nobel Physicist |journal=Eos, Transactions American Geophysical Union |date=10 June 2014 |volume=95 |issue=23 |pages=195 |doi=10.1002/2014EO230005 |bibcode=2014EOSTr..95R.195W }}</ref> Bridgmanite is a high-pressure polymorph of enstatite, but in the Earth predominantly forms, along with ferropericlase, from the decomposition of ringwoodite (a high-pressure form of olivine) at approximately 660 km depth, or a pressure of ~24 GPa.<ref name="Hemley">{{cite journal |last=Hemley |first=R.J. |author2=Cohen R.E. |year=1992 |title=Silicate Perovskite |journal=Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences |volume=20 |pages=553–600 |bibcode=1992AREPS..20..553H |doi=10.1146/annurev.ea.20.050192.003005}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |doi=10.1515/9781501509179-007 |chapter=Phase transformations and seismic structure in the upper mantle and transition zone |title=Ultrahigh Pressure Mineralogy |date=1998 |editor1-last=Hemley |editor1-first=Russell J |last1=Agee |first1=Carl B. |pages=165–204 |isbn=978-1-5015-0917-9 }}</ref> The depth of this transition depends on the mantle temperature; it occurs slightly deeper in colder regions of the mantle and shallower in warmer regions.<ref name=Flanagan>{{cite journal |last1=Flanagan |first1=Megan P. |last2=Shearer |first2=Peter M. |title=Global mapping of topography on transition zone velocity discontinuities by stacking precursors |journal=Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth |date=10 February 1998 |volume=103 |issue=B2 |pages=2673–2692 |doi=10.1029/97JB03212 |bibcode=1998JGR...103.2673F }}</ref> The transition from ringwoodite to bridgmanite and ferropericlase marks the bottom of the mantle transition zone and the top of the lower mantle. Bridgmanite becomes unstable at a depth of approximately 2700 km, transforming isochemically to post-perovskite.<ref name=Stixrude>{{cite journal |last1=Stixrude (:0) |first1=Lars |last2=Lithgow-Bertelloni |first2=Carolina |title=Geophysics of Chemical Heterogeneity in the Mantle |journal=Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences |date=30 May 2012 |volume=40 |issue=1 |pages=569–595 |doi=10.1146/annurev.earth.36.031207.124244 |bibcode=2012AREPS..40..569S }}</ref> Bridgmanite is the most abundant mineral in the mantle. The proportions of bridgmanite and calcium perovskite depends on the overall lithology and bulk composition. In pyrolitic and harzburgitic lithogies, bridgmanite constitutes around 80% of the mineral assemblage, and calcium perovskite < 10%. In an eclogitic lithology, bridgmanite and calcium perovskite comprise ~30% each.<ref name=Stixrude/> {{clear}} ==Entatites== [[Image:Enstatite-202036.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Enstatite is from the Bare Hills Copper Mine (Smith Avenue Copper Mine), Bare Hills, Baltimore County, Maryland, USA. Credit: [[c:user:Robert M. Lavinsky|Robert M. Lavinsky]].{{tlx|free media}}]] Formula: {{chem|Mg|2|Si|2|O|6}} Simplified: MgSi{{chem|O|3}}.<ref name=MindatEntatites>https://www.mindat.org/min-1384.html Enstatite</ref> Crystal System: Orthorhombic.<ref name=MindatEntatites/> Common Impurities: Fe,Ca,Al,Co,Ni,Mn,Ti,Cr,Na,K.<ref name=MindatEntatites/> Polymorph of Akimotoite, Bridgmanite, Clinoenstatite, Unnamed (Mg silicate tetragonal garnet).<ref name=MindatEntatites/> Geological Setting: Magmatic mafic rocks.<ref name=MindatEntatites/> Enstatite and the other orthorhombic pyroxenes are distinguished from those of the monoclinic series by their optical characteristics, such as straight extinction, much weaker double refraction and stronger pleochroism.<ref name=Spencer>Spencer, Leonard James (1911). "Enstatite". In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. 9 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 654.</ref> Enstatite is a common mineral in meteorites, where crystals have been found in stony and iron meteorites, including one that fell at Breitenbach in the Ore Mountains, Bohemia, in some meteorites, together with olivine it forms the bulk of the material; it can occur in small spherical masses, or chondrules, with an internal radiated structure.<ref name=Spencer/> There are a couple of different ways to organize different chondrules into textural types according to their appearance. {| class="wikitable" border="1" ! Name !! Abbreviation !! Picture |- | Porphyritic olivine || PO |- | Porphyritic pyroxene || PP |- | Porphyritic olivine-pyroxene || POP |- | Radial pyroxene || RP |- | Barred olivine || BO |- | Cryptocrystalline || C |- | Granular olivine-pyroxene || GOP |- | Glassy chondrules || – || [[Image:Glassy chondrule.jpg|frameless|200px]] |} ==Chondrule sizings== [[Image:Chondrule size Errors.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Large errors in chondrule diameters may occur for a wide size range. Credit: Don D. Eisenhour.]] [[Image:Chondrules in cross section.jpg|thumb|left|250px|This diagran shows that random sectioning of chondrules produces apparent diameters less than or equal to the true diameters, D. Credit: Don D. Eisenhour.]] [[Image:Thin section chondrule sizing.jpg|thumb|right|250px|The diagrams show apparent chondrule diameters under various viewing conditions. Credit: Don D. Eisenhour.]] "Disaggregation [...] and thin-section analyses [...] are two standard methods used to obtain statistical data on chondrule sizes. Disaggregation has the advantage that chondrule diameters and abundances can be measured directly, but information on chondrule textures, compositions, and rims is not readily obtainable without subsequent sectioning. In addition, most chondrites are not amenable to disaggregation. In thin section, the compositions, textures, and rim characteristics of chondrules can be determined at the time chondrule sizes are measured. However, the diameters and relative abundances determined from thin-section measurements must be corrected for several sources of bias."<ref name=Eisenhour>{{ cite journal |author=Don D. Eisenhour |title=Determining chondrule size distributions from thin-section measurements |journal=Meteoritics & Planetary Science |month=March |year=1996 |volume=31 |issue=2 |pages=243-8 |url=http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1996M&PS...31..243E |arxiv= |bibcode=1996M&PS...31..243E |doi=10.1111/j.1945-5100.1996.tb02019.x |pmid= |accessdate=2014-03-01 }}</ref> The first diagram on the right shows one source of bias due to a large variation in actual chondrule diameters. The top diagram at left illustrates that "random sectioning of chondrules produces apparent diameters less than or equal to the true diameters, ''D''."<ref name=Eisenhour/> The second diagram at right shows apparent "chondrule diameters under various viewing conditions. In reflected light, the probability of observing an apparent diameter between ''d''₁ and ''d''₂, where ''d''₂ < ''d''₁ < ''D'' [varies]. In transmitted light when the matrix is transparent, the observed diameter is the largest diameter occurring in thin section. If the matrix is opaque, only chondrules 1 and 2 [ar]e observed in transmitted light, resulting in an underestimation of the abundance of small chondrules."<ref name=Eisenhour/> {{clear}} ==Silicate perovskites== Silicate perovskite {{chem|(Mg,Fe)SiO|3}} is either bridgmanite or {{chem|CaSiO|3}} (calcium silicate) when arranged in a perovskite structure. Silicate perovskites are not stable at Earth's surface, and mainly exist in the lower part of Earth's mantle, between about {{convert|670|and|2700|km|mi|abbr=on}} depth. They are thought to form the main mineral phases, together with ferropericlase. The existence of silicate perovskite in the mantle was first suggested in 1962, and both {{chem|MgSiO|3}} and {{chem|CaSiO|3}} had been synthesized experimentally before 1975. By the late 1970s, it had been proposed that the seismic discontinuity at about 660 km in the mantle represented a change from spinel structure minerals with an olivine composition to silicate perovskite with ferropericlase. Natural silicate perovskite was discovered in the heavily shocked Tenham meteorite.<ref name=Tomioka>{{ cite journal |last1=Tomioka |first1=Naotaka |last2=Fujino |first2=Kiyoshi |title=Natural {{chem|(Mg,Fe)SiO|3}}-Ilmenite and -Perovskite in the Tenham Meteorite |journal=Science |date=22 August 1997 |volume=277 |issue=5329 |pages=1084–1086 |doi=10.1126/science.277.5329.1084 |pmid=9262473 |bibcode=1997Sci...277.1084T }}</ref> Calcium silicate perovskite is stable at slightly shallower depths than bridgmanite, becoming stable at approximately 500 km, and remains stable throughout the lower mantle.<ref name=Stixrude/> Calcium silicate perovskite has been identified at Earth's surface as inclusions in diamonds.<ref name=Nestola>{{cite journal |last1=Nestola |first1=F. |last2=Korolev |first2=N. |last3=Kopylova |first3=M. |last4=Rotiroti |first4=N. |last5=Pearson |first5=D. G. |last6=Pamato |first6=M. G. |last7=Alvaro |first7=M. |last8=Peruzzo |first8=L. |last9=Gurney |first9=J. J. |last10=Moore |first10=A. E. |last11=Davidson |first11=J. |title={{chem|CaSiO|3}} perovskite in diamond indicates the recycling of oceanic crust into the lower mantle |journal=Nature |date=March 2018 |volume=555 |issue=7695 |pages=237–241 |doi=10.1038/nature25972 |pmid=29516998 |bibcode=2018Natur.555..237N |s2cid=3763653 |url=https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/10049984/1/Nature_accepted.pdf }}</ref> The diamonds are formed under high pressure deep in the mantle. With the great mechanical strength of the diamonds a large part of this pressure is retained inside the lattice, enabling inclusions such as the calcium silicate to be preserved in high-pressure form. Experimental deformation of polycrystalline {{chem|MgSiO|3}} under the conditions of the uppermost part of the lower mantle suggests that silicate perovskite deforms by a dislocation creep mechanism. This may help explain the observed seismic anisotropy in the mantle.<ref name="Cordier">{{cite journal |last1=Cordier |first1=Patrick |last2=Ungár |first2=Tamás |last3=Zsoldos |first3=Lehel |last4=Tichy |first4=Géza |title=Dislocation creep in {{chem|MgSiO|3}} perovskite at conditions of the Earth's uppermost lower mantle |journal=Nature |date=April 2004 |volume=428 |issue=6985 |pages=837–840 |doi=10.1038/nature02472 |pmid=15103372 |bibcode=2004Natur.428..837C |s2cid=4300946 }}</ref> {{clear}} ==Clinopyroxenes== "A subgroup name for monoclinic Pyroxene Group minerals."<ref name=MindatClinopyroxenes/> "The most widespread members include aegirine, augite, hedenbergite and diopside."<ref name=MindatClinopyroxenes>https://www.mindat.org/min-7630.html Clinopyroxene Subgroup</ref> "In the Ca-Fe-Mg (diopside-hedenbergite-augite) quadrilateral, the ideal structural formula is M2M1[{{chem|Si|2|O|6}}], where M2 is a distorted octahedral site which preferentially accepts large cations such as alkaline earth/alkali atoms (Ca, but may accept transition metals) and where M1 is a smaller regular octahedral site preferentially accepting transition metals, etc. (most commonly Mg, {{chem|Fe|2+}}). The substitutions containing no changes in valence within M2 (2+), Mi (2+), and tetrahedral sites, T (4+), is the normal scheme. A variety of additional substitution schemes, which require coupling of substituents, have been identified in these pyroxenes. Often these substitutions result in a change of species designation when they are dominant."<ref name=MindatAugites/> "Substitution 1 has Na substitution in M2 and trivalent ions of Al, Fe, Cr, and Sc substituting in M1."<ref name=MindatAugites/> "Substitution 2 involves Na substitution in M2 and mixed valance transition metals such as [{{chem|Fe|2+|0.5|Ti|4+|0.5}}] substituting in M1."<ref name=MindatAugites/> "Substitution 3, also called Tschermak's Component, involves coupled M1 octahedral and tetrahedral substitutions, such as CaAl[{{chem|AlSiO|6}}] or Ca{{chem|Ti|3+}}[AlSi{{chem|O|6}}]."<ref name=MindatAugites/> "Substitution 4 is a variant of Substitution 2 and has dominant Ca in M2 with mixed valence substitution in M1 involving divalent and tetravalent Ti and Al substitution in tetrahedral sites, e.g. Ca[(Mg, {{chem|Fe|2+|0.5|Ti|4+|0.5}})][AlSi{{chem|O|6}}]. In highly substituted Ca-Fe-Mg pyroxenes, several substitutional schemes may be identified."<ref name=MindatAugites/> "Substitution schemes 2 and 4 have not yet yielded named mineral species."<ref name=MindatAugites/> "Augite could be considered to be a sub-calcic member of the diopside-hedenbergite series but, as defined by Morimoto et al. (1988) may have Fe>Mg or Mg>Fe without a change in name. Because of the way augite has been defined (Morimoto et al, 1988), there is the implication that in rare cases, a variety of anions may be dominant in various the various sites, including M2, M1, and T. These extreme compositions are rare in the large majority of augites. The clinopyroxenes with {{chem|Wo|(5-20)}} are classed as pigeonite, another mineral that could be thought of as slightly alkalic clinoenstatite-clinoferrosilite."<ref name=MindatAugites/> "However, there is a structural discontinuity between these pyroxenes at low-medium temperatures, and detailed chemical analysis and even structural analysis should be obtained in order to properly classify these unusual compositions. Similarly, extensive substitution of Na, for example, as in scheme 1 (Morimoto et al., 1988) could lead to Aegirine-augite or aegirine compositions depending on the other elements involved."<ref name=MindatAugites/> ==Aerinites== [[Image:Aerinite2.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Aerinite is from Spain. Credit: [[c:user:Ra'ike|Ra'ike]].{{tlx|free media}}]] Aerinite ({{chem|Ca|4|(Al,Fe,Mg)|10|Si|12|O|35}}{{chem|(OH|12|CO|3}}·12{{chem|H|2|O}}) is a bluish-purple inosilicate mineral, that crystallizes in the monoclinic system and occurs as fibrous or compact masses and coatings, has a dark, vitreous luster, a specific gravity of 2.48 and a Mohs hardness of 3. The IMA symbol is Aer.<ref name=Warr>Warr, L.N. (2021). IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols. Mineralogical Magazine, 85(3), 291-320. doi:10.1180/mgm.2021.43</ref> It is a low-temperature hydrothermal phase occurring in zeolite facies alteration of dolerites. Associated minerals include prehnite,scolecite and mesolite.<ref name=HandbookAerinite>[http://rruff.geo.arizona.edu/doclib/hom/aerinite.pdf Aerinite]. Handbook of Mineralogy</ref> Its name comes from a Greek root "aerinos," meaning "atmosphere" or "sky blue".<ref name=MindatAerinite>[http://www.mindat.org/min-34.html Aerinite]. Mindat.org</ref> It was first described by Lasaulx (1876) from a specimen in the Wroclaw museum that was obtained in Aragon, Spain.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Lasaulx, A.v.|date=1876|title=Aërinit, ein neues Mineral|journal=Neues Jahrbuch für Mineralogie, Geologie und Paläontologie|pages=352–358}}</ref> In 1882, the geologist Luis Mariano Vidal found the mineral ''in situ'' in Caserras del Castillo, a locality that currently belongs to the municipality of Estopiñán del Castillo, in Huesca (Spain).<ref>{{ Cite journal|last=Vidal|first=Luis Mariano|date=1882|title=Yacimiento de la aerinita|journal=Boletín de la Comisión del Mapa Geológico de España|volume=9|pages=113–121 }}</ref> Aerinite is a rare mineral. It has been found in several deposits in the Spanish Pyrenees of Huesca and Lleida, as in Estopiñán del Castillo, Camporrells, Juseu and Tartareu. In France, the site is important from St. Pendelon, in the Landes.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Calvo|first=Miguel|title=Minerales y Minas de España. Silicatos|publisher=Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingenieros de Minas de Madrid. Fundación Gómez Pardo|date=2018|pages=298–303}}</ref> Aerinite was used as a blue pigment in Romanesque paintings in many churches in the Spain, and also in some French, including the most famous of them, the Pantocrator in the church of San Clemente de Tahull.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Calvo|first=Miguel|date=2017|title=Aerinita, la piedra azul del Pirineo|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/350845987|journal=Naturaleza Aragonesa|volume=34|pages=63–68}}</ref> {{clear}} ==Augites== [[Image:Augite Rwanda.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Augite is a black, single-chain inosilicate mineral, a pyroxene. Credit: [[c:User:Archaeodontosaurus|Didier Descouens]].{{tlx|free media}}]] Formula: ({{chem|Ca|x|Mg|y|Fe|z}})({{chem|Mg|y1|Fe|z1}}){{chem|Si|2|O|6}}, where 0.4 ≤ x ≤ 0.9, x+y+z=1 and y1+z1=1.<ref name=MindatAugites>https://www.mindat.org/min-419.html Augite</ref> IMA Formula: {{chem|(Ca,Mg,Fe)|2|Si|2|O|6}}.<ref name=MindatAugites/> Crystal System: Monoclinic, Clinopyroxene Subgroup > Pyroxene Group.<ref name=MindatAugites/> Common Impurities: Ti,Cr,Na,Mn,K.<ref name=MindatAugites/> Geological Setting: Major rock forming mineral in mafic igneous rocks, ultramafic rocks, and some high-grade metamorphic rocks.<ref name=MindatAugites/> Augite is an essential mineral in mafic igneous rocks; for example, gabbro and basalt and common in ultramafic rocks, occurs in relatively high-temperature metamorphic rocks such as mafic granulite and metamorphosed iron formations, commonly occurs in association with orthoclase, sanidine, labradorite, olivine, leucite, amphiboles and other pyroxenes.<ref name=HandbookAugites>[http://rruff.geo.arizona.edu/doclib/hom/augite.pdf Handbook of Mineralogy]</ref> {{clear}} ==Pigeonites== [[Image:PyroxeneExsol_0.5mmm.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Polarized light microscope image of part of a grain of orthopyroxene containing exsolution lamellae of augite. Credit: [[c:user:Omphacite|Omphacite]].{{tlx|free media}}]] In the image on the right is a polarized light microscope image of part of a grain of orthopyroxene containing exsolution lamellae of augite from the Bushveld intrusion. The texture documents a multistage history: (1) crystallization of twinned pigeonite, followed by exsolution of augite; (2) breakdown of pigeonite to orthopyroxene plus augite; (3) exsolution of augite parallel to the former twin plane of pigeonite. Formula: {{chem|(Ca,Mg,Fe)|(Mg,Fe)|Si|2|O|6}}. The calcium cation fraction can vary from 5% to 25%, with iron and magnesium making up the rest of the cations. Pigeonite is a mineral in the clinopyroxene subgroup of the pyroxene group. Pigeonite is found as phenocrysts in volcanic rocks on Earth and as crystals in meteorites from Mars and the Moon. In slowly cooled intrusive igneous rocks, pigeonite is rarely preserved. Slow cooling gives the calcium the necessary time to separate itself from the structure to form exsolution lamellae of calcic clinopyroxene<ref>[http://sites.und.edu/dexter.perkins/opticalmin/cpx.htm]</ref>, leaving no pigeonite present.<ref name=Nesse>{{cite book|last1=Nesse|first1=William|title=Introduction to Mineralogy|date=2012|publisher=Oxford University Press|page=300|edition=Second}}</ref> Textural evidence of its breakdown to orthopyroxene plus augite may be present, as shown in the accompanying microscopic image. Pigeonite is named for its type locality on Lake Superior's shores at Pigeon Point, Minnesota, United States. It was first described in 1900.<ref name=MindatPigeonites>http://www.mindat.org/min-3210.html Mindat.org</ref><ref name=Winchell>{{cite journal |last1=Winchell |first1=Alexander N.|year=1900|title=Mineralogical and petrographic study of the gabbroid rocks of Minnesota, and more particularly, of the plagioclasytes|journal=The American Geologist |volume=26 |issue=4 |pages=197–245}}</ref> {{clear}} ==Triclinopyroxenes== Pyroxenes crystallizing in the Triclinic system are called '''triclinopyroxenes'''. ==Marsturites== [[Image:Marsturite-88589.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Marsturite is from Molinello Mine, Graveglia Valley, Ne, Genova Province, Liguria, Italy. Credit: [[c:user:Leon Hupperichs|Leon Hupperichs]].{{tlx|free media}}]] Marsturite has the formula {{chem|NaCa|Mn|2+|3|Si|5|O|14}}(OH).<ref name=MindatMarsturites>[https://www.mindat.org/min-2581.html Marsturite]</ref> Common impurities: Fe,Mg.<ref name=MindatMarsturites/> Crystal System: Triclinic.<ref name=MindatMarsturites/> Marsturite is an inosilicate with 5-periodic single chains.<ref name=MindatMarsturites/> Epitaxy comments: "Marsturite very frequently occurs grown epitaxially on bladed rhodonite crystals (Franklin, NJ)."<ref name=MindatMarsturites/> Geologic environment, paragenetic mode: metamorphosed Mn-Zn ore body.<ref name=MindatMarsturites/> Geologic environment of type material: "As a secondary mineral in cavities in fractures traversing massive -franklinite-willemite-zincite ore in a Precambrian Zn-Mn-Fe orebody hosted in the Franklin marble."<ref name=MindatMarsturites/> {{clear}} ==Nambulites== [[Image:Nambulite-136231.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Nambulite is from Kombat Mine, Kombat, Grootfontein District, Otjozondjupa Region, Namibia. Credit: [[c:user:Robert M. Lavinsky|Robert M. Lavinsky]].{{tlx|free media}}]] Formula: {{chem|LiMn|2+|4|Si|5|O|14}}(OH).<ref name=MindatNambulites>[https://www.mindat.org/min-2835.html Nambulite]</ref> "Often contains minor Na replacing Li."<ref name=MindatNambulites/> Common impurities: "Ti,Al,Fe,Mg,Ca,K,H2O,C,P".<ref name=MindatNambulites/> An incrediblely rare, 5 mm, cherry-red nambulite crystal on a bit of matrix from the one-time find at the Kombat Mine in the early 1970s. Ex. John Barlow Collection. John bought a huge lot of this material when it came out in the one time find. I got these thumbnail crystals from his grandson about 5-6 years ago. {{clear}} ==Natronambulites== Formula: (Na,Li){{chem|(Mn|2+|,Ca)|4|Si|5|O|14}}(OH).<ref name=MindatNatronambulites>[https://www.mindat.org/min-2859.html Natronambulite]</ref> Natronambulite is a triclinic inosilicate.<ref name=MindatNatronambulites/> Common impurities: "Fe,Mg,Ca,{{chem|H|2|O}}".<ref name=MindatNatronambulites/> ==Pyroxenoids== [[Image:Rhodonite-chain.png|thumb|right|50px|Pyroxenoid has a 5-period {{chem|SiO|4}} tetrahedra per single chain. Credit: [[c:user:Bubenik|Bubenik]].{{tlx|free media}}]] '''Def.''' "any of a large group of minerals physically resembling pyroxene"<ref name=PyroxenoidWikt>{{ cite web |author=[[wikt:User:SemperBlotto|SemperBlotto]] |title=pyroxenoid |publisher=Wikimedia Foundation, Inc |location=San Francisco, California |date=3 July 2006 |url=https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/pyroxenoid |accessdate=20 November 2021 }}</ref> is called a '''pyroxenoid'''. {{clear}} ==Pectolites== [[Image:Pectolite-263712.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Pectolite is from the Millington Quarry (Morris County Crushed Stone County Quarry; Tilcon Quarry), Bernards Township, Somerset County, New Jersey, USA Credit: [[c:user:Robert M. Lavinsky|Robert M. Lavinsky]].{{tlx|free media}}]] [[Image:Larimar.jpg|thumb|left|250px|Larimar is a rare blue variety of the silicate mineral pectolite found only in the Dominican Republic, in the Caribbean. Credit: [[c:user:Vassil|Vassil]].{{tlx|free media}}]] Pectolite is a white to gray mineral, {{chem|NaCa|2|Si|3|O|8}}(OH), sodium calcium hydroxide inosilicate that crystallizes in the triclinic system typically occurring in radiated or fibrous crystalline masses, has a Mohs hardness of 4.5 to 5 and a specific gravity of 2.7 to 2.9. The gemstone variety, larimar, is a pale to sky blue. Occurrence: It was first described in 1828 at Mt. Baldo, Trento Province, Italy, and named from the Greek ''pektos'' – "compacted" and ''lithos'' – "stone".<ref name=MindatPectolites>[http://www.mindat.org/show.php?id=3141&ld=1&pho= Mindat w/ localities]</ref><ref name=WebminPectolites>[http://webmineral.com/data/Pectolite.shtml Webmineral]</ref> Occurrence: as a primary mineral in nepheline syenites, within hydrothermal cavities in basalts and diabase and in serpentinites in association with zeolites, datolite, prehnite, calcite and serpentine. It is found in a wide variety of worldwide locations. Pectolite is found in many locations, but larimar has a unique ''volcanic blue'' coloration, which is the result of copper substitution for calcium.<ref name=G&G>Woodruff, Robert E.& Manuel Frisch, ''Blue pectolite in the Dominican Republic,'' Gems & Gemology, Winter 1989</ref> Miocene volcanic rocks, andesites and basalts, erupted within the limestones of the south coast of the island, contained cavities or vugs which were later filled with a variety of minerals, including the blue pectolite, which are a secondary occurrence within the volcanic flows, dikes, and plugs, which erode, the pectolite fillings are carried down the slope to end up in the alluvium and the beach gravels, and the Bahoruco River carried the pectolite-bearing sediments to the sea.<ref name=Woodruff/> Larimar is a copper substituted for calcium {{chem|NaCu|2|Si|3|O|8}}(OH) pectolite, a rare blue variety of the silicate mineral pectolite found only in the Dominican Republic, in the Caribbean]]. Its coloration varies from white, light-blue, green-blue to deep blue.<ref name=Woodruff>{{cite web |url=http://www.jmarcano.com/mipais/recursos/larimar2.html |title=''Larimar'' -- Beautiful, blue and baffling|access-date=2009-09-24 |last=Woodruff|first=Robert E.|date=January 1986|work=Article in Lapidary Journal}}</ref> {{clear}} ==Rhodonites== [[Image:8224M-rhodonite3.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Rhodonite is from San Martín Mine, Chiurucu, Huallanca District, Bolognesi Province, Ancash, Peru. Credit: [[c:user:CarlesMillan|CarlesMillan]].{{tlx|free media}}]] [[Image:rhodonite09.jpg|thumb|left|200px|Pink rhodonite contrasting with black manganese oxides is sometimes used as gemstone material as seen in this specimen from Humboldt County, Nevada. Credit: [[w:user:Reno Chris|Reno Chris]].{{tlx|free media}}]] Group of transparent, sharp, well-defined, bright pink rhodonite crystals, associated with more than a dozen colorless and bright quartz crystals, are upon a matrix formed by brown to black sphalerite and minor pyrite. The entire specimen measures 53 mm x 52 mm x 40 mm, and the main rhodonite crystals are approximately 10 mm tall, 6 mm wide, and 1 mm thick. Mass: 112g. It comes from the 2007 find at the Chiurucu mine, where mining works stopped long ago, and not far from the famous Huanzala mine, in the district of Huallanca, Peru. Rhodonite is a manganese pyroxenoid, {{chem|(Mn, Fe, Mg, Ca)SiO|3}}, crystallizing in the triclinic system, occurring as cleavable to compact masses with a rose-red color (the name comes from the Greek ῥόδος ''rhodos'', rosy),<ref name=HandbookRhodonites>[http://rruff.geo.arizona.edu/doclib/hom/rhodonite.pdf Handbook of Mineralogy].</ref> often tending to brown because of surface oxidation. Rhodonite crystals often have a thick tabular habit, but are rare, a perfect, prismatic cleavage, almost at right angles, Mohs scale of mineral hardness of 5.5–6.5, and the specific gravity of 3.4–3.7; luster is vitreous, being less frequently pearly on cleavage surfaces.<ref name=HandbookRhodonites/> The manganese is often partly replaced by iron, magnesium, calcium, and sometimes zinc, which may sometimes be present in considerable amounts; a greyish-brown variety containing as much as 20% of calcium oxide is called ''bustamite''; ''fowlerite'' is a zinciferous variety containing 7% of zinc oxide. The inosilicate structure of rhodonite has a repeat unit of five silica tetrahedra. The rare polymorph ''pyroxmangite'', formed at different conditions of pressure and temperature, has the same chemical composition but a repeat unit of seven tetrahedra. Occurrence: In manganese-bearing deposits formed by hydrothermal, contact and regional metamorphic, and sedimentary processes.<ref name=HandbookRhodonites/> Association: Calcite, willemite, franklinite (Franklin, New Jersey, USA); calcite, alleghanyite, tephroite, galaxite, grunerite, magnetite (Bald Knob, North Carolina, USA).<ref name=HandbookRhodonites/> {{clear}} ==Amphiboles== [[Image:Amfibol 2.jpg|thumb|right|250px|This image shows several amphibole crystals in a glass bowl. Credit: [[c:User:Karelj|Karelj]].{{tlx|free media}}]] '''Def.''' a group of monoclinic or orthorhombic double chain of tetrahedra inosilicates with the general formula of :''X''₂''Y''₅''Z''₈O₂₂(OH)₂ where :''X'' is magnesium, ferrous iron (Fe²⁺), calcium, lithium, sodium, and ferric iron (Fe³⁺) :''Y'' is [[w:Aluminum|Al]], [[w:Magnesium|Mg]], or [[w:Iron|Fe]] or less commonly [[w:Manganese|Mn]], [[w:Chromium|Cr]], [[w:Titanium|Ti]], [[w:Lithium|Li]], etc. :''Z'' is chiefly [[w:Silicon|Si]] or Al is called an '''amphibole'''. '''Def.''' a "large group of structurally similar hydrated double silicate minerals, containing various combinations of sodium, calcium, magnesium, iron, and aluminium/aluminum"<ref name=AmphiboleWikt>{{ cite web |author=[[wikt:User:TVR Enthusiast~enwiktionary|TVR Enthusiast~enwiktionary]] |title=amphibole |publisher=Wikimedia Foundation, Inc |location=San Francisco, California |date=25 August 2005 |url=https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/amphibole |accessdate=2017-02-21 }}</ref> is called an '''amphibole'''. {{clear}} ==Agrellites== [[Image:Museo di mineralogia, pietre fluorescenti, agrellite 3.JPG|thumb|right|200px|Agrellite shows fluorescence in ultraviolet light. Credit: [[c:user:Sailko|Sailko]].{{tlx|free media}}]] Agrellite ({{chem|NaCa|2|Si|4|O|10|F}}) is a mineral found in Quebec, Canada and a few other locations. The International Mineralogical Association (IMA) symbol is Are.<ref name=Warr/> Agrellite displays pink fluorescence under both shortwave and longwave ultraviolet light.<ref name=HandbookAgrellite>[http://rruff.geo.arizona.edu/doclib/hom/agrellite.pdf Handbook of Mineralogy]</ref> It is named in honour of Stuart Olof Agrell (1913–1996).<ref>first reported in the Canadian Mineralogist (1976), vol. 14, pp. 120-126</ref> "Agrellite is also a tubular structure with double chains periodically branching into loops(39)."<ref name=Beall>{{ cite journal |author=G. H. Beall |title=Property and process development in glass-ceramic materials, In: ''Glass … Current Issues. NATO ASI Series (Series E: Applied Sciences)'' |volume=92 |publisher=Springer |location=Dordrecht |date=1985 |editor=Wright A.F., Dupuy J. |pages=31-48 |url=https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-94-009-5107-5_3#citeas |arxiv= |bibcode= |doi=10.1007/978-94-009-5107-5_3 |pmid= |isbn=978-94-010-8758-2 |accessdate=16 November 2021 }}</ref> {{clear}} ==Anthophyllites== [[Image:Asbestos with muscovite.jpg|thumb|right|150px|Anthophyllite (or asbestos) commonly occurs as a gray or white, double-chain inosilicate mineral. Credit: [[c:User:Aramgutang|Aramgutang]].{{tlx|free media}}]] {{clear}} ==Hornblendes== [[Image:Amphibole.jpg|right|thumb|250px|These are hornblende crystals. Credit: USGS.{{tlx|free media}}]] "Hornblende phenocrysts in recent andesites of the Soufrière Hills Volcano display reaction rims of microcrystalline plagioclase, pyroxene, Fe-oxides and interstitial glass, formed by decompression during magma ascent."<ref name=Buckley>{{ cite journal |author=V. J. E. Buckley |author2=R. S. J. Sparks |author3=B. J. Wood |title=Hornblende dehydration reactions during magma ascent at Soufrière Hills Volcano, Montserrat |journal=Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology |month=February |year=2006 |volume=151 |issue=2 |pages=121-40 |url=http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00410-005-0060-5 |arxiv= |bibcode= |doi=10.1007/s00410-005-0060-5 |pmid= |accessdate=2017-02-23 }}</ref> A chemical formula for hornblendes is (Ca, Na, K)_2-3(Mg, Fe²⁺, Fe³⁺, Al)₅(Si, Al)₈O₂₂(OH)₂.<ref name=Roberts>{{ cite book |author=Willard Lincoln Roberts |author2=George Robert Rapp Jr. |author3=Julius Weber |title=Encyclopedia of Minerals |publisher=Van Nostrand Reinhold Company |location=New York, New York, USA |year=1974 |editor= |pages=693 |url= |arxiv= |bibcode= |doi= |pmid= |isbn=0-442-26820-3}}</ref> {{clear}} ==Hypotheses== {{main|Hypotheses}} # Most minerals on Earth are oxides. ==See also== {{div col|colwidth=20em}} * [[Areiominerals]] * [[Minerals/Aluminides|Aluminide minerals]] * [[Astrominerals]] * [[Geominerals/Boronides|Boronide minerals]] * [[Geominerals]] * [[Geominerals/Carbonates|Geomineral carbonates]] * [[Geominerals/Crystallogens|Geomineral crystallogens]] * [[Geominerals/Halogens|Geomineral halogens]] * [[Geominerals/Hydroxides|Geomineral hydroxides]] * [[Geominerals/Nickels|Geomineral nickels]] * [[Geominerals/Oxidanes|Geomineral oxidanes]] * [[Geominerals/Silicates|Geomineral silicates]] * [[Geominerals/Sulfates|Geomineral sulfates]] * [[Geominerals/Sulfides|Geomineral sulfides]] * [[Hermiominerals]] * [[Hestiominerals]] * [[Rocks/Meteorites/Laboratory|Meteorite laboratory]] * [[Selenominerals]] * [[Minerals/Silicates|Silicate minerals]] {{Div col end}} ==References== {{reflist|2}} ==External links== <!-- footer templates --> {{Geology resources}}{{Sisterlinks|Inosilicates}} <!-- categories --> [[Category:Geology resources]] [[Category:Mineral resources]] lrwzdio6g3fuyc4th29p0jjttcwdo33 0 285380 2691404 2691237 2024-12-11T14:04:13Z Young1lim 21186 /* Applications */ 2691404 wikitext text/x-wiki === Introduction === * Overview ([[Media:C01.Intro1.Overview.1.A.20170925.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:C01.Intro1.Overview.1.B.20170901.pdf |B.pdf]], [[Media:C01.Intro1.Overview.1.C.20170904.pdf |C.pdf]]) * Number System ([[Media:C01.Intro2.Number.1.A.20171023.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:C01.Intro2.Number.1.B.20170909.pdf |B.pdf]], [[Media:C01.Intro2.Number.1.C.20170914.pdf |C.pdf]]) * Memory System ([[Media:C01.Intro2.Memory.1.A.20170907.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:C01.Intro3.Memory.1.B.20170909.pdf |B.pdf]], [[Media:C01.Intro3.Memory.1.C.20170914.pdf |C.pdf]]) === Handling Repetition === * Control ([[Media:C02.Repeat1.Control.1.A.20170925.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:C02.Repeat1.Control.1.B.20170918.pdf |B.pdf]], [[Media:C02.Repeat1.Control.1.C.20170926.pdf |C.pdf]]) * Loop ([[Media:C02.Repeat2.Loop.1.A.20170925.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:C02.Repeat2.Loop.1.B.20170918.pdf |B.pdf]]) === Handling a Big Work === * Function Overview ([[Media:C03.Func1.Overview.1.A.20171030.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:C03.Func1.Oerview.1.B.20161022.pdf |B.pdf]]) * Functions & Variables ([[Media:C03.Func2.Variable.1.A.20161222.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:C03.Func2.Variable.1.B.20161222.pdf |B.pdf]]) * Functions & Pointers ([[Media:C03.Func3.Pointer.1.A.20161122.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:C03.Func3.Pointer.1.B.20161122.pdf |B.pdf]]) * Functions & Recursions ([[Media:C03.Func4.Recursion.1.A.20161214.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:C03.Func4.Recursion.1.B.20161214.pdf |B.pdf]]) === Handling Series of Data === ==== Background ==== * Background ([[Media:C04.Series0.Background.1.A.20180727.pdf |A.pdf]]) ==== Basics ==== * Pointers ([[Media:C04.S1.Pointer.1A.20240524.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:C04.Series2.Pointer.1.B.20161115.pdf |B.pdf]]) * Arrays ([[Media:C04.S2.Array.1A.20240514.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:C04.Series1.Array.1.B.20161115.pdf |B.pdf]]) * Array Pointers ([[Media:C04.S3.ArrayPointer.1A.20240208.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:C04.Series3.ArrayPointer.1.B.20181203.pdf |B.pdf]]) * Multi-dimensional Arrays ([[Media:C04.Series4.MultiDim.1.A.20221130.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:C04.Series4.MultiDim.1.B.1111.pdf |B.pdf]]) * Array Access Methods ([[Media:C04.Series4.ArrayAccess.1.A.20190511.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:C04.Series3.ArrayPointer.1.B.20181203.pdf |B.pdf]]) * Structures ([[Media:C04.Series3.Structure.1.A.20171204.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:C04.Series2.Structure.1.B.20161130.pdf |B.pdf]]) ==== Examples ==== * Spreadsheet Example Programs :: Example 1 ([[Media:C04.Series7.Example.1.A.20171213.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:C04.Series7.Example.1.C.20171213.pdf |C.pdf]]) :: Example 2 ([[Media:C04.Series7.Example.2.A.20171213.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:C04.Series7.Example.2.C.20171213.pdf |C.pdf]]) :: Example 3 ([[Media:C04.Series7.Example.3.A.20171213.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:C04.Series7.Example.3.C.20171213.pdf |C.pdf]]) :: Bubble Sort ([[Media:C04.Series7.BubbleSort.1.A.20171211.pdf |A.pdf]]) ==== Applications ==== * Address-of and de-reference operators ([[Media:C04.SA0.PtrOperator.1A.20241211.pdf |A.pdf]]) * Applications of Pointers ([[Media:C04.SA1.AppPointer.1A.20241121.pdf |A.pdf]]) * Applications of Arrays ([[Media:C04.SA2.AppArray.1A.20240715.pdf |A.pdf]]) * Applications of Array Pointers ([[Media:C04.SA3.AppArrayPointer.1A.20240210.pdf |A.pdf]]) * Applications of Multi-dimensional Arrays ([[Media:C04.Series4App.MultiDim.1.A.20210719.pdf |A.pdf]]) * Applications of Array Access Methods ([[Media:C04.Series9.AppArrAcess.1.A.20190511.pdf |A.pdf]]) * Applications of Structures ([[Media:C04.Series6.AppStruct.1.A.20190423.pdf |A.pdf]]) === Handling Various Kinds of Data === * Types ([[Media:C05.Data1.Type.1.A.20180217.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:C05.Data1.Type.1.B.20161212.pdf |B.pdf]]) * Typecasts ([[Media:C05.Data2.TypeCast.1.A.20180217.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:C05.Data2.TypeCast.1.B.20161216.pdf |A.pdf]]) * Operators ([[Media:C05.Data3.Operators.1.A.20161219.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:C05.Data3.Operators.1.B.20161216.pdf |B.pdf]]) * Files ([[Media:C05.Data4.File.1.A.20161124.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:C05.Data4.File.1.B.20161212.pdf |B.pdf]]) === Handling Low Level Operations === * Bitwise Operations ([[Media:BitOp.1.B.20161214.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:BitOp.1.B.20161203.pdf |B.pdf]]) * Bit Field ([[Media:BitField.1.A.20161214.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:BitField.1.B.20161202.pdf |B.pdf]]) * Union ([[Media:Union.1.A.20161221.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Union.1.B.20161111.pdf |B.pdf]]) * Accessing IO Registers ([[Media:IO.1.A.20141215.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:IO.1.B.20161217.pdf |B.pdf]]) === Declarations === * Type Specifiers and Qualifiers ([[Media:C07.Spec1.Type.1.A.20171004.pdf |pdf]]) * Storage Class Specifiers ([[Media:C07.Spec2.Storage.1.A.20171009.pdf |pdf]]) * Scope === Class Notes === * TOC ([[Media:TOC.20171007.pdf |TOC.pdf]]) * Day01 ([[Media:Day01.A.20171007.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Day01.B.20171209.pdf |B.pdf]], [[Media:Day01.C.20171211.pdf |C.pdf]]) ...... Introduction (1) Standard Library * Day02 ([[Media:Day02.A.20171007.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Day02.B.20171209.pdf |B.pdf]], [[Media:Day02.C.20171209.pdf |C.pdf]]) ...... Introduction (2) Basic Elements * Day03 ([[Media:Day03.A.20171007.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Day03.B.20170908.pdf |B.pdf]], [[Media:Day03.C.20171209.pdf |C.pdf]]) ...... Introduction (3) Numbers * Day04 ([[Media:Day04.A.20171007.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Day04.B.20170915.pdf |B.pdf]], [[Media:Day04.C.20171209.pdf |C.pdf]]) ...... Structured Programming (1) Flowcharts * Day05 ([[Media:Day05.A.20171007.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Day05.B.20170915.pdf |B.pdf]], [[Media:Day05.C.20171209.pdf |C.pdf]]) ...... Structured Programming (2) Conditions and Loops * Day06 ([[Media:Day06.A.20171007.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Day06.B.20170923.pdf |B.pdf]], [[Media:Day06.C.20171209.pdf |C.pdf]]) ...... Program Control * Day07 ([[Media:Day07.A.20171007.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Day07.B.20170926.pdf |B.pdf]], [[Media:Day07.C.20171209.pdf |C.pdf]]) ...... Function (1) Definitions * Day08 ([[Media:Day08.A.20171028.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Day08.B.20171016.pdf |B.pdf]], [[Media:Day08.C.20171209.pdf |C.pdf]]) ...... Function (2) Storage Class and Scope * Day09 ([[Media:Day09.A.20171007.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Day09.B.20171017.pdf |B.pdf]], [[Media:Day09.C.20171209.pdf |C.pdf]]) ...... Function (3) Recursion * Day10 ([[Media:Day10.A.20171209.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Day10.B.20171017.pdf |B.pdf]], [[Media:Day10.C.20171209.pdf |C.pdf]]) ...... Arrays (1) Definitions * Day11 ([[Media:Day11.A.20171024.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Day11.B.20171017.pdf |B.pdf]], [[Media:Day11.C.20171212.pdf |C.pdf]]) ...... Arrays (2) Applications * Day12 ([[Media:Day12.A.20171024.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Day12.B.20171020.pdf |B.pdf]], [[Media:Day12.C.20171209.pdf |C.pdf]]) ...... Pointers (1) Definitions * Day13 ([[Media:Day13.A.20171025.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Day13.B.20171024.pdf |B.pdf]], [[Media:Day13.C.20171209.pdf |C.pdf]]) ...... Pointers (2) Applications * Day14 ([[Media:Day14.A.20171226.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Day14.B.20171101.pdf |B.pdf]], [[Media:Day14.C.20171209.pdf |C.pdf]]) ...... C String (1) * Day15 ([[Media:Day15.A.20171209.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Day15.B.20171124.pdf |B.pdf]], [[Media:Day15.C.20171209.pdf |C.pdf]]) ...... C String (2) * Day16 ([[Media:Day16.A.20171208.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Day16.B.20171114.pdf |B.pdf]], [[Media:Day16.C.20171209.pdf |C.pdf]]) ...... C Formatted IO * Day17 ([[Media:Day17.A.20171031.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Day17.B.20171111.pdf |B.pdf]], [[Media:Day17.C.20171209.pdf |C.pdf]]) ...... Structure (1) Definitions * Day18 ([[Media:Day18.A.20171206.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Day18.B.20171128.pdf |B.pdf]], [[Media:Day18.C.20171212.pdf |C.pdf]]) ...... Structure (2) Applications * Day19 ([[Media:Day19.A.20171205.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Day19.B.20171121.pdf |B.pdf]], [[Media:Day19.C.20171209.pdf |C.pdf]]) ...... Union, Bitwise Operators, Enum * Day20 ([[Media:Day20.A.20171205.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Day20.B.20171201.pdf |B.pdf]], [[Media:Day20.C.20171212.pdf |C.pdf]]) ...... Linked List * Day21 ([[Media:Day21.A.20171206.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Day21.B.20171208.pdf |B.pdf]], [[Media:Day21.C.20171212.pdf |C.pdf]]) ...... File Processing * Day22 ([[Media:Day22.A.20171212.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Day22.B.20171213.pdf |B.pdf]], [[Media:Day22.C.20171212.pdf |C.pdf]]) ...... Preprocessing <!----------------------------------------------------------------------> </br> See also https://cprogramex.wordpress.com/ == '''Old Materials '''== until 201201 * Intro.Overview.1.A ([[Media:C.Intro.Overview.1.A.20120107.pdf |pdf]]) * Intro.Memory.1.A ([[Media:C.Intro.Memory.1.A.20120107.pdf |pdf]]) * Intro.Number.1.A ([[Media:C.Intro.Number.1.A.20120107.pdf |pdf]]) * Repeat.Control.1.A ([[Media:C.Repeat.Control.1.A.20120109.pdf |pdf]]) * Repeat.Loop.1.A ([[Media:C.Repeat.Loop.1.A.20120113.pdf |pdf]]) * Work.Function.1.A ([[Media:C.Work.Function.1.A.20120117.pdf |pdf]]) * Work.Scope.1.A ([[Media:C.Work.Scope.1.A.20120117.pdf |pdf]]) * Series.Array.1.A ([[Media:Series.Array.1.A.20110718.pdf |pdf]]) * Series.Pointer.1.A ([[Media:Series.Pointer.1.A.20110719.pdf |pdf]]) * Series.Structure.1.A ([[Media:Series.Structure.1.A.20110805.pdf |pdf]]) * Data.Type.1.A ([[Media:C05.Data2.TypeCast.1.A.20130813.pdf |pdf]]) * Data.TypeCast.1.A ([[Media:Data.TypeCast.1.A.pdf |pdf]]) * Data.Operators.1.A ([[Media:Data.Operators.1.A.20110712.pdf |pdf]]) <br> until 201107 * Intro.1.A ([[Media:Intro.1.A.pdf |pdf]]) * Control.1.A ([[Media:Control.1.A.20110706.pdf |pdf]]) * Iteration.1.A ([[Media:Iteration.1.A.pdf |pdf]]) * Function.1.A ([[Media:Function.1.A.20110705.pdf |pdf]]) * Variable.1.A ([[Media:Variable.1.A.20110708.pdf |pdf]]) * Operators.1.A ([[Media:Operators.1.A.20110712.pdf |pdf]]) * Pointer.1.A ([[Media:Pointer.1.A.pdf |pdf]]) * Pointer.2.A ([[Media:Pointer.2.A.pdf |pdf]]) * Array.1.A ([[Media:Array.1.A.pdf |pdf]]) * Type.1.A ([[Media:Type.1.A.pdf |pdf]]) * Structure.1.A ([[Media:Structure.1.A.pdf |pdf]]) go to [ [[C programming in plain view]] ] [[Category:C programming language]] </br> cuuhfoouc1lw84dhfdcc7lk31oszg3c 0 285384 2691522 2691328 2024-12-11T23:14:29Z Young1lim 21186 /* Linking Libraries */ 2691522 wikitext text/x-wiki === Workings of the GNU Compiler for IA-32 === ==== Overview ==== * Overview ([[Media:Overview.20200211.pdf |pdf]]) ==== Data Processing ==== * Access ([[Media:Access.20200409.pdf |pdf]]) * Operators ([[Media:Operator.20200427.pdf |pdf]]) ==== Control ==== * Conditions ([[Media:Condition.20230630.pdf |pdf]]) * Control ([[Media:Control.20220616.pdf |pdf]]) ==== Function calls ==== * Procedure ([[Media:Procedure.20220412.pdf |pdf]]) * Recursion ([[Media:Recursion.20210824-2.pdf |pdf]]) ==== Pointer and Aggregate Types ==== * Arrays ([[Media:Array.20211018.pdf |pdf]]) * Structures ([[Media:Structure.20220101.pdf |pdf]]) * Alignment ([[Media:Alignment.20201117.pdf |pdf]]) * Pointers ([[Media:Pointer.20201106.pdf |pdf]]) ==== Integer Arithmetic ==== * Overview ([[Media:gcc.1.Overview.20240813.pdf |pdf]]) * Carry Flag ([[Media:gcc.2.Carry.20241204.pdf |pdf]]) * Overflow Flag ([[Media:gcc.3.Overflow.20241205.pdf |pdf]]) * Examples ([[Media:gcc.4.Examples.20240724.pdf |pdf]]) * Borrow ([[Media:Borrow.20241209.pdf |pdf]]) ==== Floating point Arithmetic ==== </br> === Workings of the GNU Linker for IA-32 === ==== Linking Libraries ==== * Static Libraries ([[Media:LIB.1A.Static.20241128.pdf |pdf]]) * Shared Libraries ([[Media:LIB.2A.Shared.20241212.pdf |pdf]]) ==== Library Search Path ==== * Using -L and -l only ([[Media:Link.4A.LibSearch-withLl.20240807.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Link.4B.LibSearch-withLl.20240705.pdf |B.pdf]]) * Using RPATH ([[Media:Link.5A.LibSearch-RPATH.20241101.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Link.5B.LibSearch-RPATH.20240705.pdf |B.pdf]]) ==== Linking Process ==== * Object Files ([[Media:Link.3.A.Object.20190121.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Link.3.B.Object.20190405.pdf |B.pdf]]) * Symbols ([[Media:Link.4.A.Symbol.20190312.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Link.4.B.Symbol.20190312.pdf |B.pdf]]) * Relocation ([[Media:Link.5.A.Relocation.20190320.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Link.5.B.Relocation.20190322.pdf |B.pdf]]) * Loading ([[Media:Link.6.A.Loading.20190501.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Link.6.B.Loading.20190126.pdf |B.pdf]]) * Static Linking ([[Media:Link.7.A.StaticLink.20190122.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Link.7.B.StaticLink.20190128.pdf |B.pdf]], [[Media:LNK.5C.StaticLinking.20241128.pdf |C.pdf]]) * Dynamic Linking ([[Media:Link.8.A.DynamicLink.20190207.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Link.8.B.DynamicLink.20190209.pdf |B.pdf]], [[Media:LNK.6C.DynamicLinking.20241128.pdf |C.pdf]]) * Position Independent Code ([[Media:Link.9.A.PIC.20190304.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Link.9.B.PIC.20190309.pdf |B.pdf]]) ==== Example I ==== * Vector addition ([[Media:Eg1.1A.Vector.20190121.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Eg1.1B.Vector.20190121.pdf |B.pdf]]) * Swapping array elements ([[Media:Eg1.2A.Swap.20190302.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Eg1.2B.Swap.20190121.pdf |B.pdf]]) * Nested functions ([[Media:Eg1.3A.Nest.20190121.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Eg1.3B.Nest.20190121.pdf |B.pdf]]) ==== Examples II ==== * analysis of static linking ([[Media:Ex1.A.StaticLinkEx.20190121.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Ex2.B.StaticLinkEx.20190121.pdf |B.pdf]]) * analysis of dynamic linking ([[Media:Ex2.A.DynamicLinkEx.20190121.pdf |A.pdf]]) * analysis of PIC ([[Media:Ex3.A.PICEx.20190121.pdf |A.pdf]]) </br> go to [ [[C programming in plain view]] ] [[Category:C programming language]] daimqn44ayjnvv4idtq27fq14gramdb 0 285723 2691453 2691051 2024-12-11T17:48:59Z Scogdill 1331941 2691453 wikitext text/x-wiki Especially with respect to fashion, the newspapers at the end of the 19th century in the UK often used specialized terminology. The definitions on this page are to provide a sense of what someone in the late 19th century might have meant by the term rather than a definition of what we might mean by it today. In the absence of a specialized glossary from the end of the 19th century in the U.K., we use the ''Oxford English Dictionary'' because the senses of a word are illustrated with examples that have dates so we can be sure that the senses we pick are appropriate for when they are used in the quotations we have. We also sometimes use the French ''Wikipédia'' to define a word because many technical terms of fashion were borrowings from the French. Also, often the French ''Wikipédia'' provides historical context for the uses of a word similar to the way the OED does. == Articles or Parts of Clothing: Non-gender-specific == === Mantle, Cloak, Cape === In 19th-century newspaper accounts, these terms are sometimes used without precision as synonyms. These are all outer garments. '''Mantle''' A mantle — often a long outer garment — might have elements like a train, sleeves, collars, revers, fur, and a cape. A late-19th-century writer making a distinction between a mantle and a cloak might use ''mantle'' if the garment is more voluminous. '''Cloak''' '''Cape''' === Peplum === According to the French ''Wiktionnaire'', a peplum is a "Short skirt or flared flounce layered at the waist of a jacket, blouse or dress" [translation by Google Translate].<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2021-07-02|title=péplum|url=https://fr.wiktionary.org/w/index.php?title=p%C3%A9plum&oldid=29547727|journal=Wiktionnaire, le dictionnaire libre|language=fr}} https://fr.wiktionary.org/wiki/p%C3%A9plum.</ref> The ''Oxford English Dictionary'' has a fuller definition, although, it focuses on women's clothing because the sense is written for the present day:<blockquote>''Fashion''. ... a kind of overskirt resembling the ancient peplos (''obsolete''). Hence (now usually) in modern use: a short flared, gathered, or pleated strip of fabric attached at the waist of a woman's jacket, dress, or blouse to create a hanging frill or flounce.<ref name=":5">“peplum, n.”. ''Oxford English Dictionary'', Oxford University Press, September 2023, <https://doi.org/10.1093/OED/1832614702>.</ref></blockquote>Men haven't worn peplums since the 18th century, except when wearing costumes based on historical portraits. The ''Daily News'' reported in 1896 that peplums had been revived as a fashion item for women.<ref name=":5" /> === Revers === According to the ''Oxford English Dictionary'', ''revers'' are the "edge[s] of a garment turned back to reveal the undersurface (often at the lapel or cuff) (chiefly in ''plural''); the material covering such an edge."<ref>"revers, n." ''OED Online'', Oxford University Press, March 2023, www.oed.com/view/Entry/164777. Accessed 17 April 2023.</ref> The term is French and was used this way in the 19th century (according to the ''Wiktionnaire'').<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2023-03-07|title=revers|url=https://fr.wiktionary.org/w/index.php?title=revers&oldid=31706560|journal=Wiktionnaire|language=fr}} https://fr.wiktionary.org/wiki/revers.</ref> == Articles or Parts of Clothing: Men's == [[Social Victorians/Terminology#Military|Men's military uniforms]] are discussed below. === À la Romaine === [[File:Johann Baptist Straub - Mars um 1772-1.jpg|thumb|left|alt=Old and damaged marble statue of a Roman god of war with flowing cloak, big helmet with a plume on top, and armor|Johann Baptist Straub's 1772 ''à la romaine'' ''Mars'']] A few people who attended the [[Social Victorians/1897 Fancy Dress Ball|Duchess of Devonshire's fancy-dress ball in 1897]] personated Roman gods or people. They were dressed not as Romans, however, but ''à la romaine'', which was a standardized style of depicting Roman figures that was used in paintings, sculpture and the theatre for historical dress from the 17th until the 20th century. The codification of the style was developed in France in the 17th century for theatre and ballet, when it became popular for masked balls. Women as well as men could be dressed ''à la romaine'', but much sculpture, portraiture and theatre offered opportunities for men to dress in Roman style — with armor and helmets — and so it was most common for men. In large part because of the codification of the style as well as the painting and sculpture, the style persisted and remained influential into the 20th century and can be found in museums and galleries and on monuments. For example, Johann Baptist Straub's 1772 statue of Mars (left), now in the Bayerisches Nationalmuseum, Munich, missing part of an arm, shows Mars ''à la romaine''. In London, an early 17th-century example of a figure of Mars ''à la romaine'', with a helmet, '''was''' "at the foot of the Buckingham tomb in Henry VII's Chapel at Westminster Abbey."<ref>Webb, Geoffrey. “Notes on Hubert Le Sueur-II.” ''The Burlington Magazine for Connoisseurs'' 52, no. 299 (1928): 81–89. http://www.jstor.org/stable/863535.</ref>{{rp|81, Col. 2c}} === Cavalier === [[File:Sir-Anthony-van-Dyck-Lord-John-Stuart-and-His-Brother-Lord-Bernard-Stuart.jpg|thumb|alt=Old painting of 2 men flamboyantly and stylishly dressed in colorful silk, with white lace, high-heeled boots and long hair|Van Dyck's c. 1638 painting of cavaliers Lord John Stuart and his brother Lord Bernard Stuart]] As a signifier in the form of clothing of a royalist political and social ideology begun in France in the early 17th century, the cavalier established France as the leader in fashion and taste. Adopted by [[Social Victorians/Terminology#Military|wealthy royalist British military officers]] during the time of the Restoration, the style signified a political and social position, both because of the loyalty to Charles I and II as well the wealth required to achieve the cavalier look. The style spread beyond the political, however, to become associated generally with dress as well as a style of poetry.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2023-04-25|title=Cavalier poet|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cavalier_poet&oldid=1151690299|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cavalier_poet.</ref> Van Dyck's 1638 painting of two brothers (right) emphasizes the cavalier style of dress. === Coats === ==== Doublet ==== * In the 19th-century newspaper accounts we have seen that use this word, doublet seems always to refer to a garment worn by a man, but historically women may have worn doublets. In fact, a doublet worn by Queen Elizabeth I exists and '''is somewhere'''. * Technically doublets were long sleeved, although we cannot be certain what this or that Victorian tailor would have done for a costume. For example, the [[Social Victorians/People/Spencer Compton Cavendish#Costume at the Duchess of Devonshire's 2 July 1897 Fancy-dress Ball|Duke of Devonshire's costume as Charles V]] shows long sleeves that may be part of the surcoat but should be the long sleeves of the doublet. ==== Pourpoint ==== A padded doublet worn under armor to protect the warrior from the metal chafing. A pourpoint could also be worn without the armor. ==== Surcoat ==== Sometimes just called ''coat''. [[File:Oscar Wilde by Sarony 1882 18.jpg|thumb|alt=Old photograph of a young man wearing a velvet jacket, knee breeches, silk hose and shiny pointed shoes with bows, seated on a sofa and leaning on his left hand and holding a book in his right| Oscar Wilde, 1882, by Napoleon Sarony]] === Hose, Stockings and Tights === Newspaper accounts from the late 19th century of men's clothing use the term ''hose'' for what we might call stockings or tights. In fact, the terminology is specific. ''Stockings'' is the more general term and could refer to hose or tights. With knee breeches men wore hose, which ended above the knee, and women wore hose under their dresses. The ''Oxford English Dictionary'' defines tights as "Tight-fitting breeches, worn by men in the 18th and early 19th centuries, and still forming part of court-dress."<ref>“Tights, N.” ''Oxford English Dictionary'', Oxford UP, July 2023, https://doi.org/10.1093/OED/2693287467.</ref> By 1897, the term was in use for women's stockings, which may have come up only to the knee. Tights were also worn by dancers and acrobats. This general sense of ''tights'' does not assume that they were knitted. ''Clocking'' is decorative embroidery on hose, usually, at the ankles on either the inside or the outside of the leg. It started at the ankle and went up the leg, sometimes as far as the knee. On women's hose, the clocking could be quite colorful and elaborate, while the clocking on men's hose was more inconspicuous. In many photographs men's hose are wrinkled, especially at the ankles and the knees, because they were shaped from woven fabric. Silk hose were knitted instead of woven, which gave them elasticity and reduced the wrinkling. The famous Sarony carte de visite photograph of Oscar Wilde (right) shows him in 1882 wearing knee breeches and silk hose, which are shiny and quite smoothly fitted although they show a few wrinkles at the ankles and knees. In the portraits of people in costume at the [[Social Victorians/1897 Fancy Dress Ball|Duchess of Devonshire's 1897 fancy-dress ball]], the men's hose are sometimes quite smooth, which means they were made of knitted silk and may have been smoothed for the portrait. In painted portraits the hose are almost always depicted as smooth, part of the artist's improvement of the appearance of the subject. === Shoes and Boots === == Articles or Parts of Clothing: Women's == === '''Chérusque''' === According to the French ''Wikipedia'', ''chérusque'' is a 19th-century term for the kind of standing collar like the ones worn by ladies in the Renaissance.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2021-06-26|title=Collerette (costume)|url=https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Collerette_(costume)&oldid=184136746|journal=Wikipédia|language=fr}} https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collerette_(costume)#Au+xixe+siècle+:+la+Chérusque.</ref> === Corsage === According to the ''Oxford English Dictionary'', the corsage is the "'body' of a woman's dress; a bodice."<ref>"corsage, n." ''OED Online'', Oxford University Press, December 2022, www.oed.com/view/Entry/42056. Accessed 7 February 2023.</ref> This sense is well documented in the ''OED'' for the mid and late 19th-century, used this way in fiction as well as in a publication like ''Godey's Lady's Book'', which would be expected to use appropriate terminology associated with fashion and dress making. The sense of "a bouquet worn on the bodice" is, according to the ''OED'', American. === Décolletage === === Girdle === === Mancheron === According to the ''Oxford English Dictionary'', a ''mancheron'' is a "historical" word for "A piece of trimming on the upper part of a sleeve on a woman's dress."<ref>"mancheron, n." ''OED Online'', Oxford University Press, March 2023, www.oed.com/view/Entry/113251. Accessed 17 April 2023.</ref> At the present, in French, a ''mancheron'' is a cap sleeve "cut directly on the bodice."<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2022-11-28|title=Manche (vêtement)|url=https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Manche_(v%C3%AAtement)&oldid=199054843|journal=Wikipédia|language=fr}} https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manche_(v%C3%AAtement).</ref> === Petticoat === According to the ''O.E.D.'', a petticoat is a <blockquote>skirt, as distinguished from a bodice, worn either externally or showing beneath a dress as part of the costume (often trimmed or ornamented); an outer skirt; a decorative underskirt. Frequently in ''plural'': a woman's or girl's upper skirts and underskirts collectively. Now ''archaic'' or ''historical''.<ref>“petticoat, n., sense 2.b”.  ''Oxford English Dictionary'', Oxford University Press,  September 2023, <https://doi.org/10.1093/OED/1021034245></ref> </blockquote>This sense is, according to the ''O.E.D.'', "The usual sense between the 17th and 19th centuries." However, while petticoats belong in both outer- and undergarments — that is, meant to be seen or hidden, like underwear — they were always under another garment, for example, underneath an open overskirt. The primary sense seems to have shifted through the 19th century so that, by the end, petticoats were underwear and the term ''underskirt'' was used to describe what showed under an open overskirt. === Stomacher === According to the ''O.E.D.'', a stomacher is "An ornamental covering for the chest (often covered with jewels) worn by women under the lacing of the bodice,"<ref>“stomacher, n.¹, sense 3.a”. ''Oxford English Dictionary'', Oxford University Press, September 2023, <https://doi.org/10.1093/OED/1169498955></ref> although by the end of the 19th century, the bodice did not often have visible laces. Some stomachers were so decorated that they were thought of as part of the jewelry. === Train === A train is The Length of the Train '''For the monarch [or a royal?]''' According to Debrett's,<blockquote>A peeress's coronation robe is a long-trained crimson velvet mantle, edged with miniver pure, with a miniver pure cape. The length of the train varies with the rank of the wearer: * Duchess: for rows of ermine; train to be six feet * Marchioness: three and a half rows of ermine; train to be three and three-quarters feet * Countess: three rows of ermine; train to be three and a half feet * Viscountess: two and a half rows of ermine; train to be three and a quarter feet * Baroness: two rows of ermine; train to be three feet<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://debretts.com/royal-family/dress-codes/|title=Dress Codes|website=debretts.com|language=en-US|access-date=2023-07-27}} https://debretts.com/royal-family/dress-codes/.</ref> </blockquote>The pattern on the coronet worn was also quite specific, similar but not exactly the same for peers and peeresses. Debrett's also distinguishes between coronets and tiaras, which were classified more like jewelry, which was regulated only in very general terms. Peeresses put on their coronets after the Queen or Queen Consort has been crowned. ['''peers?'''] === Foundation Garments === Unlike undergarments, Victorian women's foundation garments created the distinctive silhouette. Victorian undergarments included the chemise, the bloomers, the corset cover — articles that are not structural. The corset was an important element of the understructure of foundation garments — hoops, bustles, petticoats and so on — but it has never been the only important element. === Corset === [[File:Corset - MET 1972.209.49a, b.jpg|thumb|alt=Photograph of an old silk corset on a mannequin, showing the closure down the front, similar to a button, and channels in the fabric for the boning. It is wider at the top and bottom, creating smooth curves from the bust to the compressed waist to the hips, with a long point below the waist in front.|French 1890s corset, now in the Metropolitan Museum of Art, NYC]] The understructure of Victorian women's clothing is what makes the costumes worn by the women at the [[Social Victorians/1897 Fancy Dress Ball|Duchess of Devonshire's 1897 fancy-dress ball]] so distinctly Victorian in appearance. An example of a corset that has the kind of structure often worn by fashionably dressed women in 1897 is the one at right. This corset exaggerated the shape of the women's bodies and made possible a bodice that looked and was fitted in the way that is so distinctive of the time — very controlled and smooth. And, as a structural element, this foundation garment carried the weight of all those layers and all that fabric and decoration on the gowns, trains and mantles. (The trains and mantles could be attached directly to the corset itself.) * This foundation emphasizes the waist and the bust in particular, in part because of the contrast between the very small waist and the rounded fullness of the bust and hips. * The idealized waist is defined by its small span and the sexualizing point at the center-bottom of the bodice, which directs the eye downwards. Interestingly, the pointed waistline worn by Elizabethan men has become level in the Victorian age. Highly fashionable Victorian women wearing the traditional style, however, had extremely pointed waists. * The busk (a kind of boning in the front of a corset that is less flexible than the rest) smoothed the bodice, flattened the abdomen and prevented the point on the bodice from curling up. * The sharp definition of the waist was caused by ** length of the corset (especially on the sides) ** the stiffness of the boning ** the layers of fabric ** the lacing (especially if the woman used tightlacing) ** the over-all shape, which was so much wider at the top and the bottom ** the contrast between the waist and the wider top and bottom * The late-19th-century corset was long, ending below the waist even on the sides and back. * The boning and the top edge of the late 19th-century fashion corset pushed up the bust, rounding (rather than flattening, as in earlier styles) the breasts, drawing attention to their exposed curves and creating cleavage. * The exaggerated bust was larger than the hips, whenever possible, an impression reinforced by the A-line of the skirt and the inverted Vs in the decorative trim near the waist and on the skirt. * This corset made the bodice very smooth with a very precise fit, that had no wrinkles, folds or loose drapery. The bodice was also trimmed or decorated, but the base was always a smooth bodice. More formal gowns would still have the fitted bodice and more elaborate trim made from lace, embroidery, appliqué, beading and possibly even jewels. The advantages and disadvantages of corseting and especially tight lacing were the subject of thousands of articles and opinions in the periodical press for a great part of the century, but the fetishistic and politicized tight lacing was practiced by very few women. And no single approach to corsetry was practiced by all women all the time. Most of the women at the [[Social Victorians/1897 Fancy Dress Ball|Duchess of Devonshire's 1897 ball]] were not tightly laced, but the progressive style does not dominate either, even though all the costumes are technically historical dress. Part of what gives most of the costumes their distinctive 19th-century "look" is the more traditional corset beneath them. Even though this highly fashionable look was widely present in the historical costumes at the ball, some women's waists were obviously very small and others were hardly '''emphasized''' at all. Women's waists are never mentioned in the newspaper coverage of the ball — or, indeed, of any of the social events attended by the network at the ball — so it is only in photographs that we can see the effects of how they used their corsets. === Hoops === '''This section is under construction right now'''. ''Hoops'' is a mid-19th-century term for a cage-like structure worn under a skirt to hold it away from the body. '''Striking''' for how long they lasted and '''the ways''' they evolved, hoops were the foundation undergarment for the bottom half of a woman's body, for a skirt and petticoat. Women wore this cage-like structure from the '''15th century''' through the late 19th century. The 16th-century Katherine of Aragon is credited with making it fashionable outside Spain. The cage caused the silhouette of skirts to change shape over time and enabled the extreme distortions of 17th-and-18th-century panniers and the late 19th-century bustle. Early hoops circled the body in a bell, cone or drum shape, then were moved to the sides with panniers, then ballooned around the body like the top half of a sphere, and finally were pulled to the rear with a bustle. That is, the distorted shapes of high fashion were made possible by hoops. High fashion demanded these shapes, which disguised women's bodies, especially below the waist, while [[Social Victorians/Terminology#Corsets|corsets]] did their work above it. Besides the shape, the structure used to construct hoops evolved — from cane and wood to whalebone, then steel '''bands''' and wire. Add fabric structural stuff: tabs, wires inserted into casings in a linen, muslin or, later, crinoline underskirt [[File:Pedro García de Benabarre St John Retable Detail.jpg|thumb|Pedro García de Benabarre, St John Detail for Altarpiece, c. 1470]] [[File:Alonso Sánchez Coello 011.jpg|thumb|Alonso Sánchez Coello 011]] ==== 15th Century ==== Hoops first appeared in Spain in the 15th century and influenced European fashion for '''many years'''. Pedro García de Benabarre's c. 1470 painting (right) shows women wearing a style of hoops that predates the farthingale but marks the beginning point of the development of that fashion. Salome (holding John the Baptist's head) in the detail of the altarpiece shown is wearing a dress with what looks like wooden hoops on the outside of the skirt, which also appears to have padding at the hips underneath it. Pedro García de Benabarre was "active in Aragon and in Catalonia, between 1445–1496,"<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mfab.hu/artworks/10528/|title=Saint Peter|website=Museum of Fine Arts, Budapest|language=en-US|access-date=2024-12-11}} https://www.mfab.hu/artworks/10528/.</ref> so perhaps he saw the styles worn by people like Katharine of Aragon. Illustrations ==== 16th Century ==== Styles in personal adornment and architectural decoration: The "Golden Age" in '''England''', the Elizabethan Age.[[File:Farthingale 2 (PSF).png|thumb|Farthingale 2 (PSF)]] In the 16th century, the garment we call ''hoops'' was called a farthingale.<blockquote>''"FARTHINGALE:  Renaissance (1450-1550 C.E. to Elizabethan (1550-1625 C.E.). Linen underskirt with '''wire supports''' which, when shaped, produced a variety of dome, bell, and oblong shapes."<ref name=":7" />'' (105) ['''our emphasis''']</blockquote>''Vertugadin'' is a French term for ''farthingale'' — "un élément essentiel de la mode Tudor en Angleterre [an essential element of Tudor fashion in England]."<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|date=2022-03-12|title=Vertugadin|url=https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vertugadin&oldid=191825729|journal=Wikipédia|language=fr}} https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertugadin.</ref> ''Farthingale'' is the term in English; in French, it's ''vertugadin'', and in Spanish ''vertugado''. The hoops in the Pedro García de Benabarre painting (above right) predate what would technically be vertugado.<p> Blanche Payne says,<blockquote>Katherine of Aragon is reputed to have introduced the Spanish farthingale ... into England early in the century. The result was to convert the columnar skirt of the fifteenth century into the cone shape of the sixteenth. ... Spanish influence had introduced the hoop-supported skirt, smooth in contour, '''which was quite generally worn'''.<ref name=":11" /> (291) ['''our emphasis''']</blockquote>In fact, "The Spanish princess Catherine of Aragon brought the fashion to England for her marriage to Prince Arthur, eldest son of Henry VII in 1501 [La princesse espagnole Catherine d'Aragon amena la mode en Angleterre pour son mariage avec le prince Arthur, fils aîné d'Henri VII en 1501]."<ref name=":0" /> Catherine of Aragon, of course, married Henry VIII after Arthur's death. The vertugado was "quite generally worn" among the ruling and culturally elite classes in Spain, and not by working-class women, which was enforced by sumptuary laws. By the end of the 16th century the French and Spanish farthingales were not identical. The Spanish vertugado shaped the skirt into an A-line with a graduated series of hoops sewn to an undergarment. The French vertugadin was a flattish "cartwheel" '''in which a''' platter of hoops worn below the waist and above the hips held the skirt out more or less horizontally. Once past the vertugadin, the skirt then fell straight to the floor, shaping it into a kind of drum. The shoes show in the portraits of women wearing the French farthingale, but not usually in the Spanish because the hoops gave their feet enough room to take steps. By the end of the 16th century France had become the arbiter of fashion for the western world, which it still is. ==== 17th Century ==== Styles in personal adornment and architectural decoration: The Cavaliers, the Baroque Age[[File:Турнюр.jpg|thumb|Турнюр]] [[File:Panniers 1.jpg|thumb|alt=Photograph of the wooden and fabric skeleton of an 18th-century women's foundation garment|Panniers 1]] People associate bustles with late-19th-century styles, but in fact the bustle existed in the 17th century, sometimes as padding rather than a structural cage. Panniers are associated with 19th-century styles, but they first began in the 17th century as well. Generally, panniers were a kind of undergarment worn in the 17th and 18th centuries. Their design evolved during the century. Made of hoops of wood, they were "baskets" or cages worn on either side of the waist to broaden the skirts to the sides. bum rolls, padding Illustration Payne says, "The bustle was a continuation of the 1690 mode."<ref name=":11" /> (411?) ==== 18th Century ==== Styles in personal adornment and architectural decoration: Rococo, post French Revolution, Empire By the 18th century, the farthingale was called hoops, which were at this point made of wood. Blanche Payne outlines the evolution of hoops, and thus the shape of the skirt, in the 18th century:<blockquote>SKIRT FASHIONS. Since skirts experienced the greatest alterations, a brief summary of the successive silhouettes should help to place individual costumes in their proper niches. Six basic forms appeared during the century, in the following order: # The bustle was a continuation of the 1690 mode. # The bell or dome shape resulted from the reintroduction of hoops; in England by 1710, in France by 1720. # The ellipse, the second phase of the hoop skirt, was achieved by broadening the support from side to side and compressing it from front to back. It had a long run of popularity, from 1740 to 1770, the extreme width being retained in court costumes. In France it persisted until the revolution, except that skirts were allowed to curve outward in [the] back again. English court costume [411/413] followed this fashion well into the nineteenth century. # The dairy maid, or polonaise, style could be achieved either by pulling the lower part of the overskirt through its own pocket holes, thus creating a bouffant effect, or by planned control of the overskirt, through the cut or by means of draw cords, ribbons, or loops and buttons, which were used to form the three great ‘poufs’ known as the polonaise .... These diversions appeared in the late sixties and became prevalent in the seventies. They were much like the familiar styles of our own [American] Revolutionary War period. # The return of the bustle in the 1780s. # The tubular form, drawn from classic art, in the 1790s.<ref name=":11" /> (411, 413) </blockquote>While we think of the bustle as a 19th-century look, it can be found in the 18th century, as Payne says.<p> The Polonaise was a late-Georgian or late-18th-century style, dating in written English, according to the ''Oxford English Dictionary'', from 1773:<blockquote>A woman's dress consisting of a tight, unboned bodice and a skirt open from the waist downwards to reveal a decorative underskirt. Now historical.<ref name=":13">“Polonaise, N. & Adj.” ''Oxford English Dictionary'', Oxford UP, September 2024, https://doi.org/10.1093/OED/2555138986.</ref></blockquote>Even though it looks ''à la français'', the term itself does not appear as a term used to describe clothing by the French, either now or in the past.<p> Payne says,<blockquote>The dairy maid, or polonaise, style could be achieved either by pulling the lower part of the overskirt through its own pocket holes, thus creating a bouffant effect, or by planned control of the overskirt, through the cut or by means of draw cords, ribbons, or loops and buttons, [or, later, buckles] which were used to form the three great ‘poufs’ known as the polonaise .... These diversions appeared in the late sixties and became prevalent in the seventies. They were much like the familiar styles of our own [American] Revolutionary War period.<ref name=":11" /> (413)</blockquote> ==== 19th Century ==== [[File:Cutaway sketch of crinoline.gif|thumb|Cutaway sketch of crinoline]] [[File:Paris voulant englober la banlieue.JPG|thumb|Paris voulant englober la banlieue]] [[File:Vrouw moet haar hoepelrok uitdoen om de tram te betreden New Omnibus Regulation. Werry sorry'm, but yer l'av to leave yer Krinerline outside (Vide Punch) (titel op object), RP-F-F10723.jpg|thumb|Vrouw moet haar hoepelrok uitdoen om de tram te betreden New Omnibus Regulation. Werry sorry'm, but yer l'av to leave yer Krinerline outside (Vide Punch) (titel op object), RP-F-F10723]] Styles in personal adornment and architectural decoration: Romantic, Victorian (at least in '''the UK'''), "New Woman," [[Social Victorians/Terminology#Traditional vs Progressive Style|Traditional vs Progressive Style]], In the 19th century, the hoops were made of wire and became lighter. By the 1860s, hoops caused skirts to be huge and round. By the 19th century, fashion had begun to move down the social classes so that hoops (and, for example, top hats) were worn by the middle and sometimes working classes. '''''1880s''''' Laura Ingalls Wilder wrote about the hoops her fictionalized self wore the century before. In ''These Happy Golden Years'' (1943), she gives a detailed description of the clothing under her dress:<blockquote> “Then carefully over her under-petticoats she put on her hoops. She liked these new hoops. They were the very latest style in the East, and these were the first of the kind that Miss Bell had got. Instead of wires, there were wide tapes across the front, almost to her knees, holding the petticoats so that her dress would lie flat. These tapes held the wire bustle in place at the back, and it was an adjustable bustle. Short lengths of tape were fastened either end of it; these could be buckled together underneath the bustle to puff it out, either large or small. Or they could be buckled together in front, drawing the bustle down close in back so that a dress rounded smoothly over it. Laura did not like a large bustle, so she buckled the tapes in front. "Then carefully over all she buttoned her best petticoat, and over all the starched petticoats she put on the underskirt of her new dress. It was of brown cambric, fitting smoothly around the top over the bustle, and gored to flare smoothly down over the hoops. At the bottom, just missing the floor, was a twelve-inch-wide flounce of the brown poplin, bound with an inch-wide band of plain brown silk. The poplin was not plain poplin, but striped with an openwork silk stripe. "Then over this underskirt and her starched white corset-cover, Laura put on the polonaise. Its smooth, long sleeves fitted her arms perfectly to the wrists, where a band of the plain silk ended them. The neck was high with a smooth band of the plain silk around the throat. The polonaise fitted tightly and buttoned all down the front with small round buttons covered with the plain brown silk. Below the smooth hips it flared and rippled down and covered the top of the flounce on the underskirt. A band of the plain silk finished the polonaise at the bottom."<ref>Wilder, Laura Ingalls. ''These Happy Golden Years.'' Harper & Row, Publishers, 1943. Pp. 161–163.</ref></blockquote> When a 20th-century Laura Ingalls Wilder calls her character's late-19th-century dress a polonaise, she is probably referring to the "tight, unboned bodice"<ref name=":13" /> and perhaps the simple, modest look of a dairy maid. In Wilder's 1941 ''Little Town on the Prairie'', she provides an interesting story about how the wind could affect hoops:<blockquote>“Well,” Laura began; then she stopped and spun round and round, for the strong wind blowing against her always made the wires of her hoop skirt creep slowly upward under her skirts until they bunched around her knees. Then she must whirl around and around until the wires shook loose and spiraled down to the bottom of her skirts where they should be. “As she and Carrie hurried on she began again. “I think it was silly, the way they dressed when Ma was a girl, don’t you? Drat this wind!” she exclaimed as the hoops began creeping upward again. “Quietly Carrie stood by while Laura whirled. “I’m glad I’m not old enough to have to wear hoops,” she said. “They’d make me dizzy.” “They are rather a nuisance,” Laura admitted. “But they are stylish, and when you’re my age you’ll want to be in style.”<ref>Wilder, Laura Ingalls. ''Little Town on the Prairie.'' Harper and Row, 1941. Pp. 272–273.</ref></blockquote>This moment is set in 1883.<ref>Hill, Pamela Smith, ed. ''Pioneer Girl: The Annotated Autobiography''.</ref> The 16-year-old Laura makes the comment that she wants to be in style, but she lives on the prairie, far from a large city, and would not necessarily wear the latest Parisian style. This description of the way the wind could make hoops creep — and the solution of spinning to get the hoops to go back down — is very unusual. It must have been happening to other women wearing hoops at the time, but no other writer addresses this. == '''Traditional vs Progressive Style''' == === Progressive Style === The terms ''artistic dress'' and ''aesthetic dress'' are not synonymous and were in use at different times to refer to different groups of people in different contexts, but we recognize them as referring to a similar kind of personal style in clothing, a style we call progressive dress or the progressive style. Used in a very precise way, ''artistic dress'' is associated with the Pre-Raphaelite artists and the women in their circle beginning in the 1860s. Similarly, ''aesthetic dress'' is associated with the 1880s and 1890s and dress reform movements. In general, the progressive style is characterized by its resistance to the highly structured fashion of its day, especially corseting, aniline dyes and an extremely close fit. === Traditional Style === By the end of the century designs from the [[Social Victorians/People/Dressmakers and Costumiers#The House of Worth|House of Worth]] (or Maison Worth) define what we think of as the traditional Victorian look, which was very stylish and expensive. Blanche Payne describes an example of the 1895 "high style" in a gown by Worth with "the idiosyncrasies of the [1890s] full blown":<blockquote>The dress is white silk with wine-red stripes. Sleeves, collars, bows, bag, hat, and hem border match the stripes. The sleeve has reached its maximum volume; the bosom full and emphasized with added lace; the waistline is elongated, pointed, and laced to the point of distress; the skirt is smooth over the hips, gradually swinging out to sweep the floor. This is the much vaunted hourglass figure.<ref name=":11">Payne, Blanche. ''History of Costume from the Ancient Egyptians to the Twentieth Century''. Harper & Row, 1965.</ref>{{rp|530}}</blockquote> The Victorian-looking gowns at the [[Social Victorians/1897 Fancy Dress Ball|Duchess of Devonshire's 1897 fancy-dress ball]] are stylish in a way that recalls the designs of the House of Worth. The elements that make their look so Victorian are anachronisms on the costumes representing fashion of earlier eras. The women wearing these gowns preferred the standards of beauty from their own day to a more-or-less historically accurate look. The style competing at the very end of the century with the Worth look was not the historical, however, but a progressive style called at the time ''artistic'' or ''aesthetic''. William Powell Frith's 1883 painting ''A Private View at the Royal Academy, 1881'' (discussion below) pits this kind of traditional style against the progressive or artistic style. === The Styles === [[File:Frith A Private View.jpg|thumb|William Powell Frith, ''A Private View at the Royal Academy, 1881'']] We typically think of the late-Victorian silhouette as universal but, in the periods in which corsets dominated women's dress, not all women wore corsets and not all corsets were the same, as William Powell Frith's 1883 ''A Private View at the Royal Academy, 1881'' (right) illustrates. Frith is clear in his memoir that this painting — "recording for posterity the aesthetic craze as regards dress" — deliberately contrasts what he calls the "folly" of the Artistic Dress movement and the look of the traditional corseted waist.<ref>Frith, William Powell. ''My Autobiography and Reminiscences''. 1887.</ref> Frith considered the Artistic Movement and Artistic Dress "ephemeral," but its rejection of corsetry looks far more consequential to us in hindsight than it did in the 19th century. As Frith sees it, his painting critiques the "craze" associated with the women in this set of identifiable portraits who are not corseted, but his commitment to realism shows us a spectrum, a range, of conservatism and if not political then at least stylistic progressivism among the women. The progressives, oddly, are the women wearing artistic (that is, somewhat historical) dress, because they’re not corseted. It is a misreading to see the presentation of the women’s fashion as a simple opposition. Constance, Countess of Lonsdale — situated at the center of this painting with Frederick Leighton, president of the Royal Academy of Art — is the most conservatively dressed of the women depicted, with her narrow sleeves, tight waist and almost perfectly smooth bodice, which tells us that her corset has eyelets so that it can be laced precisely and tightly, and it has stays (or "bones") to prevent wrinkles or natural folds in the overclothing. Lillie Langtry, in the white dress, with her stylish narrow sleeves, does not have such a tightly bound waist or smooth bodice, suggesting she may not be corseted at all, as we know she sometimes was not.['''citation'''] Jenny Trip, a painter’s model, is the woman in the green dress in the aesthetic group being inspected by Anthony Trollope, who may be taking notes. She looks like she is not wearing a corset. Both Langtry and Trip are toward the middle of this spectrum: neither is dressed in the more extreme artistic dress of, say, the two figures between Trip and Trollope. A lot has been written about the late-Victorian attraction to historical dress, especially in the context of fancy-dress balls and the Gothic revival in social events as well as art and music. Part of the appeal has to have been the way those costumes could just be beautiful clothing beautifully made. Historical dress provided an opportunity for some elite women to wear less-structured but still beautiful and influential clothing. ['''Calvert'''<ref>Calvert, Robyne Erica. ''Fashioning the Artist: Artistic Dress in Victorian Britain 1848-1900''. Ph.D. thesis, University of Glasgow, 2012. <nowiki>https://theses.gla.ac.uk/3279/</nowiki></ref>] The standards for beauty, then, with historical dress were Victorian, with the added benefit of possibly less structure. So, at the Duchess of Devonshire's ball, "while some attendees tried to hew closely to historical precedent, many rendered their historical or mythological personage in the sartorial vocabulary they knew best. The [photographs of people in their costumes at the ball offer] a glimpse into how Victorians understood history, not a glimpse into the costume of an authentic historical past."<ref>Mitchell, Rebecca N. "The Victorian Fancy Dress Ball, 1870–1900." ''Fashion Theory'' 2017 (21: 3): 291–315. DOI: 10.1080/1362704X.2016.1172817.</ref> (294) * historical dress: beautiful clothing. * the range at the ball, from Minnie Paget to Gwladys * "In light of such efforts, the ball remains to this day one of the best documented outings of the period, and a quick glance at the album shows that ..." Women had more choices about their waists than the simple opposition between no corset and tightlacing can accommodate. The range of choices is illustrated in Frith's painting, with a woman locating herself on it at a particular moment for particular reasons. Much analysis of 19th-century corsetry focuses on its sexualizing effects — corsets dominated Victorian photographic pornography ['''citations'''] and at the same time, the absence of a corset was sexual because it suggested nudity.['''citations'''] A great deal of analysis of 19th-century corsetry, on the other hand, assumes that women wore corsets for the male gaze ['''citations'''] or that they tightened their waists to compete with other women.['''citations'''] But as we can see in Frith's painting, the sexualizing effect was not universal or sweeping, and these analyses do not account for the choices women had in which corset to wear or how tightly to lace it. Especially given the way that some photographic portraits were mechanically altered to make the waist appear smaller, the size of a woman's waist had to do with how she was presenting herself to the world. That is, the fact that women made choices about the size of or emphasis on their waists suggests that they had agency that needs to be taken into account. As they navigated the complex social world, women's fashion choices had meaning. Society or political hostesses had agency not only in their clothing but generally in that complex social world. They had roles managing social events of the upper classes, especially of the upper aristocracy and oligarchy, like the Duchess of Devonshire's ball. Their class and rank, then, were essential to their agency, including to some degree their freedom to choose what kind of corset to wear and how to wear it. Also, by the end of the century lots of different kinds of corsets were available for lots of different purposes. Special corsets existed for pregnancy, sports (like tennis, bicycling, horseback riding, golf, fencing, archery, stalking and hunting), theatre and dance and, of course, for these women corsets could be made to support the special dress worn over it. Women's choices in how they presented themselves to the world included more than just their foundation garments, of course. "Every cap, bow, streamer, ruffle, fringe, bustle, glove," that is, the trim and decorations on their garments, their jewelry and accessories — which Davidoff calls "elaborations"<ref name=":1">Davidoff, Leonore. ''The Best Circles: Society Etiquette and the Season''. Intro., Victoria Glendinning. The Cressett Library (Century Hutchinson), 1986 (orig 1973).</ref>{{rp|93}} — pointed to a host of status categories, like class, rank, wealth, age, marital status, engagement with the empire, how sexual they wanted to seem, political alignment and purpose at the social event. For example, when women were being presented to the monarch, they were expected to wear three ostrich plumes, often called the [[Social Victorians/Terminology#Prince of Wales's Feathers or White Plumes|Prince of Wales's feathers]]. Like all fashions, the corset, which was quite long-lasting in all its various forms, eventually went out of style. Of the many factors that might have influenced its demise, perhaps most important was the women's movement, in which women's rights, freedom, employment and access to their own money and children were less slogan-worthy but at least as essential as votes for women. The activities of the animal-rights movements drew attention not only to the profligate use of the bodies and feathers of birds but also to the looming extinction of the baleen whale, which made whale bone scarce and expensive. Perhaps the century's debates over corseting and especially tightlacing were relevant to some decisions not to be corseted. And, of course, perhaps no other reason is required than that the nature of fashion is to change. == Cinque Cento == According to the ''Oxford English Dictionary'', ''Cinque Cento'' is a shortening of ''mil cinque cento'', or 1500.<ref>"cinquecento, n." ''OED Online'', Oxford University Press, December 2022, www.oed.com/view/Entry/33143. Accessed 7 February 2023.</ref> The term, then would refer, perhaps informally, to the sixteenth century. == Crevé == ''Creve'', without the accent, is an old word in English (c. 1450) for burst or split.<ref>"creve, v." ''OED Online'', Oxford University Press, December 2022, www.oed.com/view/Entry/44339. Accessed 8 February 2023.</ref> ['''With the acute accent, it looks like a past participle in French.'''] == Elastic == Elastic had been invented and was in use by the end of the 19th century. For the sense of "Elastic cord or string, usually woven with india-rubber,"<ref name=":6">“elastic, adj. & n.”.  ''Oxford English Dictionary'', Oxford University Press,  September 2023, <https://doi.org/10.1093/OED/1199670313>.</ref> the ''Oxford English Dictionary'' has usage examples beginning in 1847. The example for 1886 is vivid: "The thorough-going prim man will always place a circle of elastic round his hair previous to putting on his college cap."<ref name=":6" /> == Elaborations == In her 1973 ''The Best Circles: Society, Etiquette and the Season'', Leonore Davidoff notes that women’s status was indicated by dress and especially ornament: “Every cap, bow, streamer, ruffle, fringe, bustle, glove and other elaboration,” she says, “symbolised some status category for the female wearer.”<ref name=":1" />{{rp|93}} Looking at these elaborations as meaningful rather than dismissing them as failed attempts at "historical accuracy" reveals a great deal about the individual women who wore or carried them — and about the society women and political hostesses in their roles as managers of the social world. In her review of ''The House of Worth: Portrait of an Archive'', Mary Frances Gormally says,<blockquote>In a socially regulated year, garments custom made with a Worth label provided women with total reassurance, whatever the season, time of day or occasion, setting them apart as members of the “Best Circles” dressed in luxurious, fashionable and always appropriate attire (Davidoff 1973). The woman with a Worth wardrobe was a woman of elegance, lineage, status, extreme wealth and faultless taste.<ref>Gormally, Mary Frances. Review essay of ''The House of Worth: Portrait of an Archive'', by Amy de la Haye and Valerie D. Mendes (V&A Publishing, 2014). ''Fashion Theory'' 2017 (21, 1): 109–126. DOI: 10.1080/1362704X.2016.1179400.</ref> (117)</blockquote> === Aglet, Aiglet === Historically, an aglet is a "point or metal piece that capped a string [or ribbon] used to attach two pieces of the garment together, i.e., sleeve and bodice."<ref name=":7" />{{rp|4}} Although they were decorative, they were not always visible on the outside of the clothing. They were often stuffed inside the layers at the waist (for example, attaching the bodice to a skirt or breeches). === Frou-frou === In French, ''frou-frou'' or, spelled as ''froufrou'', is the sound of the rustling of silk or sometimes of fabrics in general.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2023-07-25|title=frou-frou|url=https://fr.wiktionary.org/w/index.php?title=frou-frou&oldid=32508509|journal=Wiktionnaire, le dictionnaire libre|language=fr}} https://fr.wiktionary.org/wiki/frou-frou.</ref> The first use the French ''Wiktionnaire'' lists is Honoré Balzac, ''La Cousine Bette'', 1846.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2023-06-03|title=froufrou|url=https://fr.wiktionary.org/w/index.php?title=froufrou&oldid=32330124|journal=Wiktionnaire, le dictionnaire libre|language=fr}} https://fr.wiktionary.org/wiki/froufrou.</ref> ''Frou-frou'' is a term clothing historians use to describe decorative additions to an article of clothing; often the term has a slight negative connotation, suggesting that the additions are superficial. === Pouf, Puff, Poof === According to the French ''Wikipédia'', a pouf was, beginning in 1744, a "kind of women's hairstyle":<blockquote>The hairstyle in question, known as the “pouf”, had launched the reputation of the enterprising Rose Bertin, owner of the Grand Mogol, a very prominent fashion accessories boutique on Rue Saint-Honoré in Paris in 1774. Created in collaboration with the famous hairdresser, Monsieur Léonard, the pouf was built on a scaffolding of wire, fabric, gauze, horsehair, fake hair, and the client's own hair held up in an almost vertical position. — (Marie-Antoinette, ''Queen of Fashion'', translated from the American by Sylvie Lévy, in ''The Rules of the Game'', n° 40, 2009)</blockquote>''Puff'' and ''poof'' are used to describe clothing. === Shirring === ''Shirring'' is the gathering of fabric to make poufs or puffs. The 19th century is known for its use of this decorative technique. Even men's clothing had shirring: at the shoulder seam. === Sequins === Sequins, paillettes, spangles Sequins — or paillettes — are "small, scalelike glittering disks."<ref name=":7" />(216) The French ''Wiktionnaire'' defines ''paillette'' as "Lamelle de métal, brillante, mince, percée au milieu, ordinairement ronde, et qu’on applique sur une étoffe pour l’orner [A strip of metal, shiny, thin, pierced in the middle, usually round, and which is applied to a fabric in order to decorate it.]"<ref name=":8">{{Cite journal|date=2024-03-18|title=paillette|url=https://fr.wiktionary.org/w/index.php?title=paillette&oldid=33809572|journal=Wiktionnaire, le dictionnaire libre|language=fr}} https://fr.wiktionary.org/wiki/paillette.</ref> According to the ''OED'', the use of ''sequin'' as a decorative device for clothing (as opposed to gold coins minted and used for international trade) goes back to the 1850s.<ref>“Sequin, N.” ''Oxford English Dictionary'', Oxford UP, September 2023, https://doi.org/10.1093/OED/4074851670.</ref> The first instance of ''spangle'' as "A small round thin piece of glittering metal (usually brass) with a hole in the centre to pass a thread through, used for the decoration of textile fabrics and other materials of various sorts" is from c. 1420.<ref>“Spangle, N. (1).” ''Oxford English Dictionary'', Oxford UP, July 2023, https://doi.org/10.1093/OED/4727197141.</ref> The first use of ''paillette'' listed in the French ''Wiktionnaire'' is in Jules Verne in 1873 to describe colored spots on icy walls.<ref name=":8" /> Currently many distinguish between sequins (which are smaller) and paillettes (which are larger). Before the 20th century, sequins were metal discs or foil leaves, and so of course if they were silver or copper, they tarnished. It is not until well into the 20th century that plastics were invented and used for sequins. === Trim and Lace === ''A History of Feminine Fashion'', published sometime before 1927 and probably commissioned by [[Social Victorians/People/Dressmakers and Costumiers#Worth, of Paris|the Maison Worth]], describes Charles Frederick Worth's contributions to the development of embroidery and [[Social Victorians/Terminology#Passementerie|passementerie]] (trim) from about the middle of the 19th century:<blockquote>For it must be remembered that one of M. Worth's most important and lasting contributions to the prosperity of those who cater for women's needs, as well as to the variety and elegance of his clients' garments, was his insistence on new fabrics, new trimmings, new materials of every description. In his endeavours to restore in Paris the splendours of the days of La Pompadour, and of Marie Antoinette, he found himself confronted at the outset with a grave difficulty, which would have proved unsurmountable to a man of less energy, resource and initiative. The magnificent materials of those days were no longer to be had! The Revolution had destroyed the market for beautiful materials of this, type, and the Restoration and regime of Louis Philippe had left a dour aspect in the City of Light. ... On parallel lines [to his development of better [[Social Victorians/Terminology#Satin|satin]]], [Worth] stimulated also the manufacture of embroidery and ''passementerie''. It was he who first started the manufacture of laces copied from the designs of the real old laces. He was the / first dressmaker to use fur in the trimming of light materials — but he employed only the richer furs, such as sable and ermine, and had no use whatever for the inferior varieties of skins.<ref name=":9" />{{rp|6–7}}</blockquote> ==== Gold and Silver Fabric and Lace ==== The ''Encyclopaedia Britannica'' (9th edition) has an article on gold and silver fabric, threads and lace attached to the article on gold. (This article is based on knowledge that would have been available toward the end of the 19th century and does not, obviously, reflect current knowledge or ways of talking.)<blockquote>GOLD AND SILVER LACE. Under this heading a general account may be given of the use of the precious metals in textiles of all descriptions into which they enter. That these metals were used largely in the sumptuous textiles of the earliest periods of civilization there is abundant testimony; and to this day, in the Oriental centres whence a knowledge and the use of fabrics inwoven, ornamented, and embroidered with gold and silver first spread, the passion for such brilliant and costly textiles is still most strongly and generally prevalent. The earliest mention of the use of gold in a woven fabric occurs in the description of the ephod made for Aaron (Exod. xxxix. 2, 3) — "And he made the ephod of gold, blue, and purple, and scarlet, and fine twined linen. And they did beat the gold into thin plates, and cut it into wires (strips), to work it in the blue, and in the purple, and in the scarlet, and in the fine linen, with cunning work." In both the ''Iliad'' and the ''Odyssey'' distinct allusion is frequently made to inwoven and embroidered golden textiles. Many circumstances point to the conclusion that the art of weaving and embroidering with gold and silver originated in India, where it is still principally prosecuted, and that from one great city to another the practice travelled westward, — Babylon, Tarsus, Baghdad, Damascus, the islands of Cyprus and Sicily, Con- / stantinople and Venice, all in the process of time becoming famous centres of these much prized manufactures. Alexander the Great found Indian kings and princes arrayed in robes of gold and purple; and the Persian monarch Darius, we are told, wore a war mantle of cloth of gold, on which were figured two golden hawks as if pecking at each other. There is reason, according to Josephus, to believe that the “royal apparel" worn by Herod on the day of his death (Acts xii. 21) was a tissue of silver. Agrippina, the wife of the emperor Claudius, had a robe woven entirely of gold, and from that period downwards royal personages and high ecclesiastical dignitaries used cloth and tissues of gold and silver for their state and ceremonial robes, as well as for costly hangings and decorations. In England, at different periods, various names were applied to cloths of gold, as ciclatoun, tartarium, naques or nac, baudekiu or baldachin, Cyprus damask, and twssewys or tissue. The thin flimsy paper known as tissue paper, is so called because it originally was placed between the folds of gold "tissue" to prevent the contiguous surfaces from fraying each other. At what time the drawing of gold wire for the preparation of these textiles was first practised is not accurately known. The art was probably introduced and applied in different localities at widely different dates, but down till mediaeval times the method graphically described in the Pentateuch continued to be practised with both gold and silver. Fabrics woven with gold and silver continue to be used on the largest scale to this day in India; and there the preparation of the varieties of wire, and the working of the various forms of lace, brocade, and embroidery, is at once an important and peculiar art. The basis of all modern fabrics of this kind is wire, the "gold wire" of the manufacturer being in all cases silver gilt wire, and silver wire being, of course, composed of pure silver. In India the wire is drawn by means of simple draw-plates, with rude and simple appliances, from rounded bars of silver, or gold-plated silver, as the case may be. The wire is flattened into the strip or ribbon-like form it generally assumes by passing it, fourteen or fifteen strands simultaneously, over a fine, smooth, round-topped anvil, and beating it as it passes with a heavy hammer having a slightly convex surface. From wire so flattened there is made in India soniri, a tissue or cloth of gold, the web or warp being composed entirely of golden strips, and ruperi, a similar tissue of silver. Gold lace is also made on a warp of thick yellow silk with a weft of flat wire, and in the case of ribbons the warp or web is composed of the metal. The flattened wires are twisted around orange (in the case of silver, white) coloured silk thread, so as completely to cover the thread and present the appearance of a continuous wire; and in this form it is chiefly employed for weaving into the rich brocades known as kincobs or kinkhábs. Wires flattened, or partially flattened, are also twisted into exceedingly fine spirals, and in this form they are the basis of numerous ornamental applications. Such spirals drawn out till they present a waved appearance, and in that state flattened, are much used for rich heavy embroideries termed karchobs. Spangles for embroideries, &c., are made from spirals of comparatively stout wire, by cutting them down ring by ring, laying each C-like ring on an anvil, and by a smart blow with a hammer flattening it out into a thin round disk with a slit extending from the centre to one edge. Fine spirals are also used for general embroidery purposes. The demand for various kinds of loom-woven and embroidered gold and silver work in India is immense; and the variety of textiles so ornamented is also very great. "Gold and silver," says Dr Birdwood in his ''Handbook to the British-Indian Section, Paris Exhibition'', 1878, "are worked into the decoration of all the more costly loom-made garments and Indian piece goods, either on the borders only, or in stripes throughout, or in diapered figures. The gold-bordered loom embroideries are made chiefly at Sattara, and the gold or silver striped at Tanjore; the gold figured ''mashrus'' at Tanjore, Trichinopoly, and Hyderabad in the Deccau; and the highly ornamented gold-figured silks and gold and silver tissues principally at Ahmedabad, Benares, Murshedabad, and Trichinopoly." Among the Western communities the demand for gold and silver lace and embroideries arises chiefly in connexion with naval and military uniforms, court costumes, public and private liveries, ecclesiastical robes and draperies, theatrical dresses, and the badges and insignia of various orders. To a limited extent there is a trade in gold wire and lace to India and China. The metallic basis of the various fabrics is wire round and flattened, the wire being of three kinds — 1st, gold wire, which is invariably silver gilt wire; 2d, copper gilt wire, used for common liveries and theatrical purposes; and 3d, silver wire. These wires are drawn by the ordinary processes, and the flattening, when done, is accomplished by passing the wire between a pair of revolving rollers of fine polished steel. The various qualities of wire are prepared and used in precisely the same way as in India, — round wire, flat wire, thread made of flat gold wire twisted round orange-coloured silk or cotton, known in the trade as "orris," fine spirals and spangles, all being in use in the West as in the East. The lace is woven in the same manner as ribbons, and there are very numerous varieties in richness, pattern, and quality. Cloth of gold, and brocades rich in gold and silver, are woven for ecclesiastical vestments and draperies. The proportions of gold and silver in the gold thread for the lace trade varies, but in all cases the proportion of gold is exceedingly small. An ordinary gold lace wire is drawn from a bar containing 90 parts of silver and 7 of copper, coated with 3 parts of gold. On an average each ounce troy of a bar so plated is drawn into 1500 yards of wire; and therefore about 16 grains of gold cover a mile of wire. It is estimated that about 250,000 ounces of gold wire are made annually in Great Britain, of which about 20 per cent, is used for the headings of calico, muslin, &c., and the remainder is worked up in the gold lace trade.<ref>William Chandler Roberts-Austen and H. Bauerman [W.C.R. — H.B.]. "Gold and Silver Lace." In "Gold." ''Encyclopaedia Britannica'', 9th Edition (1875–1889). Vol. 10 (X). Adam and Charles Black (Publisher). https://archive.org/details/encyclopaedia-britannica-9ed-1875/Vol%2010%20%28G-GOT%29%20193592738.23/page/753/mode/1up (accessed January 2023): 753, Col. 2c – 754, Cols. 1a–b – 2a–b.</ref></blockquote> ==== Honiton Lace ==== Kate Stradsin says,<blockquote>Honiton lace was the finest English equivalent of Brussels bobbin lace and was constructed in small ‘sprigs, in the cottages of lacemakers[.'] These sprigs were then joined together and bleached to form the large white flounces that were so sought after in the mid-nineteenth century.<ref>Strasdin, Kate. "Rediscovering Queen Alexandra’s Wardrobe: The Challenges and Rewards of Object-Based Research." ''The Court Historian'' 24.2 (2019): 181-196. Rpt http://repository.falmouth.ac.uk/3762/15/Rediscovering%20Queen%20Alexandra%27s%20Wardrobe.pdf: 13, and (for the little quotation) n. 37, which reads "Margaret Tomlinson, ''Three Generations in the Honiton Lace Trade: A Family History'', self-published, 1983."</ref></blockquote> [[File:Strook in Alençon naaldkant, 1750-1775.jpg|thumb|alt=A long piece of complex white lace with garlands, flowers and bows|Point d'Alençon lace, 1750-1775]] ==== Passementerie ==== ''Passementerie'' is the French term for trim on clothing or furniture. The 19th century (especially during the First and Second Empire) was a time of great "''exubérance''" in passementerie in French design, including the development and widespread use of the Jacquard loom.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2023-06-10|title=Passementerie|url=https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Passementerie&oldid=205068926|journal=Wikipédia|language=fr}} https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passementerie.</ref> ==== Point d'Alençon Lace ==== A lace made by hand using a number of complex steps and layers. The lacemakers build the point d'Alençon design on some kind of mesh and sometimes leave some of the mesh in as part of the lace and perhaps to provide structure. Elizabeth Lewandowski defines point d'Alençon lace and Alençon lace separately. Point lace is needlepoint lace,<ref name=":7">Lewandowski, Elizabeth J. ''The Complete Costume Dictionary''. Scarecrow Press, 2011.</ref>{{rp|233}} so Alençon point is "a two thread [needlepoint] lace."<ref name=":7" />{{rp|7}} Alençon lace has a "floral design on [a] fine net ground [and is] referred to as [the] queen of French handmade needlepoint laces. The original handmade Alençon was a fine needlepoint lace made of linen thread."<ref name=":7" />{{rp|7}} The sample of point d'Alençon lace (right), from 1750–1775, shows the linen mesh that the lace was constructed on.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://openfashion.momu.be/#9ce5f00e-8a06-4dab-a833-05c3371f3689|title=MoMu - Open Fashion|website=openfashion.momu.be|access-date=2024-02-26}} ModeMuseum Antwerpen. http://openfashion.momu.be/#9ce5f00e-8a06-4dab-a833-05c3371f3689.</ref> The consistency in this sample suggests it may have been made by machine. == Fabric == === Brocatelle === Brocatelle is a kind of brocade, more simple than most brocades because it uses fewer warp and weft threads and fewer colors to form the design. The article in the French ''Wikipédia'' defines it like this:<blockquote>La '''brocatelle''' est un type de tissu datant du <abbr>xvi^e</abbr> siècle qui comporte deux chaînes et deux trames, au minimum. Il est composé pour que le dessin ressorte avec un relief prononcé, grâce à la chaîne sur un fond en sergé. Les brocatelles les plus anciennes sont toujours fabriquées avec une des trames en lin.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2023-06-01|title=Brocatelle|url=https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brocatelle&oldid=204796410|journal=Wikipédia|language=fr}} https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brocatelle.</ref></blockquote>Which translates to this:<blockquote>Brocatelle is a type of fabric dating from the 16th century that has two warps and two wefts, at a minimum. It is composed so that the design stands out with a pronounced relief, thanks to the weft threads on a twill background. The oldest brocades were always made with one of the wefts being linen.</blockquote>The ''Oxford English Dictionary'' says, brocatelle is an "imitation of brocade, usually made of silk or wool, used for tapestry, upholstery, etc., now also for dresses. Both the nature and the use of the stuff have changed" between the late 17th century and 1888, the last time this definition was revised.<ref>"brocatelle, n." ''OED Online'', Oxford University Press, March 2023, www.oed.com/view/Entry/23550. Accessed 4 July 2023.</ref> === Broché === === Ciselé === === Crépe de Chine === The ''Oxford English Dictionary'' distinguishes the use of ''crêpe'' (using a circumflex rather than an acute accent over the first ''e'') from ''crape'' in textiles, saying ''crêpe'' is "often borrowed [from the French] as a term for all crapy fabrics other than ordinary black mourning crape,"<ref>"crêpe, n." ''OED Online'', Oxford University Press, December 2022, www.oed.com/view/Entry/44242. Accessed 10 February 2023.</ref> with usage examples ranging from 1797 to the mid 20th century. Crêpe de chine, it says is "a white or other coloured crape made of raw silk." === Épinglé Velvet === Often spelled ''épingle'' rather than ''épinglé'', this term appears to have been used for a fabric made of wool, or at least wool along with linen or cotton, that was heavier and stiffer than silk velvet. It was associated with outer garments and men's clothing. Nowadays, épinglé velvet is an upholstery fabric in which the pile is cut into designs and patterns, and the portrait of [[Social Victorians/People/Douglas-Hamilton Duke of Hamilton|Mary, Duchess of Hamilton]] shows a mantle described as épinglé velvet that does seem to be a velvet with a woven pattern perhaps cut into the pile. === Lace === While lace also functioned sometimes as fabric — at the décolletage, for example, on the stomacher or as a veil — here we organize it as a [[Social Victorians/Terminology#Trim and Lace|part of the elaboration of clothing]]. === Liberty Fabrics === === Lisse === According to the ''Oxford English Dictionary'', the term ''lisse'' as a "kind of silk gauze" was used in the 19th-century UK and US.<ref>"lisse, n.1." ''OED Online'', Oxford University Press, March 2023, www.oed.com/view/Entry/108978. Accessed 4 July 2023.</ref> === Satin === The pre-1927 ''History of Feminine Fashion'', probably commissioned by Charles Frederick Worth's sons, describes Worth's "insistence on new fabrics, new trimmings, new materials of every description" at the beginning of his career in the mid 19th century:<blockquote>When Worth first entered the business of dressmaking, the only materials of the richer sort used for woman's dress were velvet, faille, and watered silk. Satin, for example, was never used. M. Worth desired to use satin very extensively in the gowns he designed, but he was not satisfied with what could be had at the time; he wanted something very much richer than was produced by the mills at Lyons. That his requirements entailed the reconstruction of mills mattered little — the mills were reconstructed under his directions, and the Lyons looms turned out a richer satin than ever, and the manufacturers prospered accordingly.<ref name=":9">[Worth, House of.] {{Cite book|url=http://archive.org/details/AHistoryOfFeminineFashion|title=A History Of Feminine Fashion (1800s to 1920s)}} Before 1927. [Likely commissioned by Worth. Link is to Archive.org; info from Wikimedia Commons: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Worth_Biarritz_salon.jpg.]</ref>{{rp|6 in printed, 26 in digital book}}</blockquote> === Selesia === According to the ''Oxford English Dictionary'', ''silesia'' is "A fine linen or cotton fabric originally manufactured in Silesia in what is now Germany (''Schlesien'').<ref>"Silesia, n." ''OED Online'', Oxford University Press, December 2022, www.oed.com/view/Entry/179664. Accessed 9 February 2023.</ref> It may have been used as a lining — for pockets, for example — in garments made of more luxurious or more expensive cloth. The word ''sleazy'' — "Of textile fabrics or materials: Thin or flimsy in texture; having little substance or body."<ref>"sleazy, adj." ''OED Online'', Oxford University Press, December 2022, www.oed.com/view/Entry/181563. Accessed 9 February 2023.</ref> — may be related. === Shot Fabric === According to the ''Oxford English Dictionary'', "Of a textile fabric: Woven with warp-threads of one colour and weft-threads of another, so that the fabric (usually silk) changes in tint when viewed from different points."<ref>“Shot, ''Adj.''”  ''Oxford English Dictionary'', Oxford UP,  July 2023, https://doi.org/10.1093/OED/2977164390.</ref> A shot fabric might also be made of silk and cotton fibers. === Tissue === A lightly woven fabric like gauze or chiffon. The light weave can make the fabric translucent and make pleating and gathering flatter and less bulky. Tissue can be woven to be shot, sheer, stiff or soft. Historically, the term in English was used for a "rich kind of cloth, often interwoven with gold or silver" or "various rich or fine fabrics of delicate or gauzy texture."<ref>“Tissue, N.” ''Oxford English Dictionary'', Oxford UP, March 2024, https://doi.org/10.1093/OED/5896731814.</ref> == Fan == The ''Encyclopaedia Britannica'' (9th edition) has an article on the fan. (This article is based on knowledge that would have been available toward the end of the 19th century and does not, obviously, reflect current knowledge or ways of talking.)<blockquote>FAN (Latin, ''vannus''; French, ''éventail''), a light implement used for giving motion to the air. ''Ventilabrum'' and ''flabellum'' are names under which ecclesiastical fans are mentioned in old inventories. Fans for cooling the face have been in use in hot climates from remote ages. A bas-relief in the British Museum represents Sennacherib with female figures carrying feather fans. They were attributes of royalty along with horse-hair fly-flappers and umbrellas. Examples may be seen in plates of the Egyptian sculptures at Thebes and other places, and also in the ruins of Persepolis. In the museum of Boulak, near Cairo, a wooden fan handle showing holes for feathers is still preserved. It is from the tomb of Amen-hotep, of the 18th dynasty, 17th century <small>B</small>.<small>C</small>. In India fans were also attributes of men in authority, and sometimes sacred emblems. A heartshaped fan, with an ivory handle, of unknown age, and held in great veneration by the Hindus, was given to the prince of Wales. Large punkahs or screens, moved by a servant who does nothing else, are in common use by Europeans in India at this day. Fans were used in the early Middle Ages to keep flies from the sacred elements during the celebrations of the Christian mysteries. Sometimes they were round, with bells attached — of silver, or silver gilt. Notices of such fans in the ancient records of St Paul’s, London, Salisbury cathedral, and many other churches, exist still. For these purposes they are no longer used in the Western church, though they are retained in some Oriental rites. The large feather fans, however, are still carried in the state processions of the supreme pontiff in Rome, though not used during the celebration of the mass. The fan of Queen Theodolinda (7th century) is still preserved in the treasury of the cathedral of Monza. Fans made part of the bridal outfit, or ''mundus muliebris'', of ancient Roman ladies. Folding fans had their origin in Japan, and were imported thence to China. They were in the shape still used—a segment of a circle of paper pasted on a light radiating frame-work of bamboo, and variously decorated, some in colours, others of white paper on which verses or sentences are written. It is a compliment in China to invite a friend or distinguished guest to write some sentiment on your fan as a memento of any special occasion, and this practice has continued. A fan that has some celebrity in France was presented by the Chinese ambassador to the Comtesse de Clauzel at the coronation of Napoleon I. in 1804. When a site was given in 1635, on an artificial island, for the settlement of Portuguese merchants in Nippo in Japan, the space was laid out in the form of a fan as emblematic of an object agreeable for general use. Men and women of every rank both in China and Japan carry fans, even artisans using them with one hand while working with the other. In China they are often made of carved ivory, the sticks being plates very thin and sometimes carved on both sides, the intervals between the carved parts pierced with astonishing delicacy, and the plates held together by a ribbon. The Japanese make the two outer guards of the stick, which cover the others, occasionally of beaten iron, extremely thin and light, damascened with gold and other metals. Fans were used by Portuguese ladies in the 14th century, and were well known in England before the close of the reign of Richard II. In France the inventory of Charles V. at the end of the 14th century mentions a folding ivory fan. They were brought into general use in that country by Catherine de’ Medici, probably from Italy, then in advance of other countries in all matters of personal luxury. The court ladies of Henry VIII.’s reign in England were used to handling fans, A lady in the Dance of Death by Holbein holds a fan. Queen Elizabeth is painted with a round leather fan in her portrait at Gorhambury; and as many as twenty-seven are enumerated in her inventory (1606). Coryat, an English traveller, in 1608 describes them as common in Italy. They also became of general use from that time in Spain. In Italy, France, and Spain fans had special conventional uses, and various actions in handling them grew into a code of signals, by which ladies were supposed to convey hints or signals to admirers or to rivals in society. A paper in the ''Spectator'' humorously proposes to establish a regular drill for these purposes. The chief seat of the European manufacture of fans during the 17th century was Paris, where the sticks or frames, whether of wood or ivory, were made, and the decorations painted on mounts of very carefully prepared vellum (called latterly ''chicken skin'', but not correctly), — a material stronger and tougher than paper, which breaks at the folds. Paris makers exported fans unpainted to Madrid and other Spanish cities, where they were decorated by native artists. Many were exported complete; of old fans called Spanish a great number were in fact made in France. Louis XIV. issued edicts at various times to regulate the manufacture. Besides fans mounted with parchment, Dutch fans of ivory were imported into Paris, and decorated by the heraldic painters in the process called “Vernis Martin,” after a famous carriage painter and inventor of colourless lac varnish. Fans of this kind belonging to the Queen and to the late baroness de Rothschild were exhibited in 1870 at Kensington. A fan of the date of 1660, representing sacred subjects, is attributed to Philippe de Champagne, another to Peter Oliver in England in the / 17th century. Cano de Arevalo, a Spanish painter of the 17th century devoted himself to fan painting. Some harsh expressions of Queen Christina to the young ladies of the French court are said to have caused an increased ostentation in the splendour of their fans, which were set with jewels and mounted in gold. Rosalba Carriera was the name of a fan painter of celebrity in the 17th century. Lebrun and Romanelli were much employed during the same period. Klingstet, a Dutch artist, enjoyed a considerable reputation for his fans from the latter part of the 17th and the first thirty years of the 18th century. The revocation of the edict of Nantes drove many fan-makers out of France to Holland and England. The trade in England was well established under the Stuart sovereigns. Petitions were addressed by the fan-makers to Charles II. against the importation of fans from India, and a duty was levied upon such fans in consequence. This importation of Indian fans, according to Savary, extended also to France. During the reign of Louis XV. carved Indian and China fans displaced to some extent those formerly imported from Italy, which had been painted on swanskin parchment prepared with various perfumes. During the 18th century all the luxurious ornamentation of the day was bestowed on fans as far as they could display it. The sticks were made of mother-of-pearl or ivory, carved with extraordinary skill in France, Italy, England, and other countries. They were painted from designs of Boucher, Watteau, Lancret, and other "genre" painters, Hébert, Rau, Chevalier, Jean Boquet, Mad. Verité, are known as fan painters. These fashions were followed in most countries of Europe, with certain national differences. Taffeta and silk, as well as fine parchment, were used for the mounts. Little circles of glass were let into the stick to be looked through, and small telescopic glasses were sometimes contrived at the pivot of the stick. They were occasionally mounted with the finest point lace. An interesting fan (belonging to Madame de Thiac in France), the work of Le Flamand, was presented by the municipality of Dieppe to Marie Antoinette on the birth of her son the dauphin. From the time of the Revolution the old luxury expended on fans died out. Fine examples ceased to be exported to England and other countries. The painting on them represented scenes or personages connected with political events. At a later period fan mounts were often prints coloured by hand. The events of the day mark the date of many examples found in modern collections. Amongst the fanmakers of the present time the names of Alexandre, Duvelleroy, Fayet, Vanier, may be mentioned as well known in Paris. The sticks are chiefly made in the department of Oise, at Le Déluge, Crèvecœur, Méry, Ste Geneviève, and other villages, where whole families are engaged in preparing them; ivory sticks are carved at Dieppe. Water-colour painters of distinction often design and paint the mounts, the best designs being figure subjects. A great impulse has been given to the manufacture and painting of fans in England since the exhibition which took place at South Kensington in 1870. Other exhibitions have since been held, and competitive prizes offered, one of which was gained by the Princess Louise. Modern collections of fans take their date from the emigration of many noble families from France at the time of the Revolution. Such objects were given as souvenirs and occasionally sold by families in straitened circumstances. A large number of fans of all sorts, principally those of the 18th century, French, English, German, Italian Spanish, &c., have been lately bequeathed to the South Kensington Museum. Regarding the different parts of folding fans it may be well to state that the sticks are called in French ''brins'', the two outer guards ''panaches'', and the mount ''feuille''.<ref>J. H. Pollen [J.H.P.]. "Fan." ''Encyclopaedia Britannica'', 9th Edition (1875–1889). Vol. '''10''' ('''X'''). Adam and Charles Black (Publisher). https://archive.org/details/encyclopaedia-britannica-9ed-1875/Vol%209%20%28FAL-FYZ%29%20193323016.23/page/26/mode/2up (accessed January 2023): 27, Col. 1b – 28, Col. 1c.</ref></blockquote> == Fancy-dress Ball == Fancy-dress (or costume) balls were popular and frequent in the U.K. and France as well as the rest of Europe during the 19th century. The themes and styles of the fancy-dress balls influenced those that followed. At the [[Social Victorians/1897 Fancy Dress Ball|Duchess of Devonshire's 1897 fancy-dress ball]], the guests came dressed in costume from times before 1820, as instructed on '''the invitation''', but their clothing was much more about late-Victorian standards of beauty and fashion than the standards of whatever time period the portraits they were copying or basing their costumes on. ''The Queen'' published dress and fashion information and advice under the byline of Ardern Holt, who regularly answered questions from readers about fashion as well as about fancy dress. (More about Ardern Holt, which is almost certainly a pseudonym, can be found on the [[Social Victorians/People/Working in Publishing#Journalists|People Working in Publishing]] page.) Holt also ran wrote entire articles with suggestions for what might make an appealing fancy-dress costume as well as pointing readers away from costumes that had been worn too frequently. The suggestions for costumes are based on familiar types or portraits available to readers, similar to Holt's books on fancy dress, which ran through a number of editions in the 1880s and 1890s. Fancy-dress questions sometimes asked for details about costumes worn in theatrical or operatic productions, which Holt provides. In November 1897, Holt refers to the Duchess of Devonshire's 2 July ball: "Since the famous fancy ball, given at Devonshire House during this year, historical fancy dresses have assumed a prominence that they had not hitherto known."<ref>Holt, Ardern. "Fancy Dress a la Mode." The ''Queen'' 27 November 1897, Saturday: 94 [of 145 in BNA; print p. 1026], Col. 1a [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002627/18971127/459/0094.</ref> Holt goes on to provide a number of ideas for costumes for historical fancy dress, as always with a strong leaning toward Victorian standards of beauty and style and away from any concern for historical accuracy. Ardern Holt published books on fancy dress as well as writing for the ''Queen'' and other periodicals, but not all of them were about fancy dress. # ''Gentlemen's Fancy Dress: How to Choose It''. Wyman & Sons, 1882. (''Google Books'' has this: https://books.google.com/books/about/Gentlemen_s_Fancy_Dress.html?id=ED8CAAAAQAAJ.) Later editions: 1898 (HathiTrust) # ''Fancy Dresses Described; Or, What to Wear at Fancy Balls''. Debenham & Freebody, 1882. Illustr., Lillian Young. (HathiTrust has this.) Later editions: 4th ed — 1884; 1887 (HathiTrust); 6th ed. — 1896 (HathiTrust) As Leonore Davidoff says, "Every cap, bow, streamer, ruffle, fringe, bustle, glove and other elaboration symbolised some status category for the female wearer."<ref name=":1" />{{rp|93}} [handled under Elaborations] === Historical Accuracy === Many of the costumes at the ball were based on portraits, especially when the guest was dressed as a historical figure. If possible, we have found the portraits likely to have been the originals, or we have found, if possible, portraits that show the subjects from the two time periods at similar ages. The way clothing was cut changed quite a bit between the 18th and 19th centuries. We think of Victorian clothing — particularly women's clothing, and particularly at the end of the century — as inflexible and restrictive, especially compared to 20th- and 21st-century customs permitting freedom of movement. The difference is generally evolutionary rather than absolute — that is, as time has passed since the 18th century, clothing has allowed an increasingly greater range of movement, especially for people who did not do manual labor. By the end of the 19th century, garments like women's bodices and men's coats were made fitted and smooth by attention to the grain of the fabric and by the use of darts (rather than techniques that assembled many small, individual pieces of fabric). * clothing construction and flat-pattern techniques * Generally, the further back in time we go, the more 2-dimensional the clothing itself was. ==== Women's Versions of Historical Accuracy at the Ball ==== As always with this ball, whatever historical accuracy might be present in a woman's costume is altered so that the wearer is still a fashionable Victorian lady. What makes the costumes look "Victorian" to our eyes is the line of the silhouette caused by the foundation undergarments as well as the many "elaborations"<ref name=":1" />{{rp|93}}, mostly in the decorations, trim and accessories. Also, the clothing hangs and drapes differently because the fabric was cut on grain and the shoulders were freed by the way the sleeves were set in. ==== Men's Versions of Historical Accuracy at the Ball ==== Because men were not wearing a Victorian foundation garment at the end of the century, the men's costumes at the ball are more historically accurate in some ways. * Trim * Mixing neck treatments * Hair * Breeches * Shoes and boots * Military uniforms, arms, gloves, boots == Feathers and Plumes == === Aigrette === Elizabeth Lewandowski defines ''aigrette'' as "France. Feather or plume from an egret or heron."<ref name=":7" />(5) Sometimes the newspapers use the term to refer to an accessory (like a fan or ornament on a hat) that includes such a feather or plume. The straight and tapered feathers in an aigrette are in a bundle. === Prince of Wales's Feathers or White Plumes === The feathers in an aigrette came from egrets and herons; Prince of Wales's feathers came from ostriches. A fuller discussion of Prince of Wales's feathers and the white ostrich plumes worn at court appears on [[Social Victorians/Victorian Things#Ostrich Feathers and Prince of Wales's Feathers|Victorian Things]]. For much of the late 18th and 19th centuries, white ostrich plumes were central to fashion at court, and at a certain point in the late 18th century they became required for women being presented to the monarch and for their sponsors. Our purpose here is to understand why women were wearing plumes at the [[Social Victorians/1897 Fancy Dress Ball|Duchess of Devonshire's 1897 fancy-dress ball]] as part of their costumes. First published in 1893, [[Social Victorians/People/Lady Colin Campbell|Lady Colin Campbell]]'s ''Manners and Rules of Good Society'' (1911 edition) says that<blockquote>It was compulsory for both Married and Unmarried Ladies to Wear Plumes. The married lady’s Court plume consisted of three white feathers. An unmarried lady’s of two white feathers. The three white feathers should be mounted as a Prince of Wales plume and worn towards the left hand side of the head. Colored feathers may not be worn. In deep mourning, white feathers must be worn, black feathers are inadmissible.<p> White veils or lace lappets must be worn with the feathers. The veils should not be longer than 45 inches.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.edwardianpromenade.com/etiquette/the-court-presentation/|title=The Court Presentation|last=Holl|first=Evangeline|date=2007-12-07|website=Edwardian Promenade|language=en-US|access-date=2022-12-18}} https://www.edwardianpromenade.com/etiquette/the-court-presentation/.</ref></blockquote>[[Social Victorians/Victorian Things#Ostrich Feathers and Prince of Wales's Feathers|This fashion was imported from France]] in the mid 1770s.<ref>"Abstract" for Blackwell, Caitlin. "'<nowiki/>''The Feather'd Fair in a Fright''': The Emblem of the Feather in Graphic Satire of 1776." ''Journal for Eighteenth-Century Studies'' 20 January 2013 (Vol. 36, Issue 3): 353-376. ''Wiley Online'' DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1754-0208.2012.00550.x (accessed November 2022).</ref> Separately, a secondary heraldic emblem of the Prince of Wales has been a specific arrangement of 3 ostrich feathers in a gold coronet<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2022-11-07|title=Prince of Wales's feathers|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Prince_of_Wales%27s_feathers&oldid=1120556015|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_of_Wales's_feathers.</ref> since King Edward III (1312–1377<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2022-12-14|title=Edward III of England|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Edward_III_of_England&oldid=1127343221|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_III_of_England.</ref>). Some women at the [[Social Victorians/1897 Fancy Dress Ball|Duchess of Devonshire's 1897 fancy-dress ball]] wore white ostrich feathers in their hair, but most of them are not Prince of Wales's feathers. Most of the plumes in these portraits are arrangements of some kind of headdress to accompany the costume. A few, wearing what looks like the Princes of Wales's feathers, might be signaling that their character is royal or has royal ancestry. '''One of the women [which one?] was presented to the royals at this ball?''' Here is the list of women who are wearing white ostrich plumes in their portraits in the [[Social Victorians/1897 Fancy Dress Ball/Photographs|''Diamond Jubilee Fancy Dress Ball'' album of 286 photogravure portraits]]: # Kathleen Pelham-Clinton, the [[Social Victorians/People/Newcastle|Duchess of Newcastle]] # [[Social Victorians/People/Louisa Montagu Cavendish|Luise Cavendish]], the Duchess of Devonshire # Jesusa Murrieta del Campo Mello y Urritio (née Bellido), [[Social Victorians/People/Santurce|Marquisa de Santurce]] # Lady [[Social Victorians/People/Farquhar|Emilie Farquhar]] # Princess (Laura Williamina Seymour) Victor of  [[Social Victorians/People/Gleichen#Laura%20Williamina%20Seymour%20of%20Hohenlohe-Langenburg|Hohenlohe Langenburg]] # Louisa Acheson, [[Social Victorians/People/Gosford|Lady Gosford]] # Alice Emily White Coke, [[Social Victorians/People/Leicester|Viscountess Coke]] # Lady Mary Stewart, Helen Mary Theresa [[Social Victorians/People/Londonderry|Vane-Tempest-Stewart]] #[[Social Victorians/People/Consuelo Vanderbilt Spencer-Churchill|Consuelo Vanderbilt Spencer-Churchill]], Duchess of [[Social Victorians/People/Marlborough|Marlborough]], dressed as the wife of the French Ambassador at the Court of Catherine of Russia (not white, but some color that reads dark in the black-and-white photograph) #Mrs. Mary [[Social Victorians/People/Chamberlain|Chamberlain]] (at 491), wearing white plumes, as Madame d'Epinay #Lady Clementine [[Social Victorians/People/Tweeddale|Hay]] (at 629), wearing white plumes, as St. Bris (''Les Huguenots'') #[[Social Victorians/People/Meysey-Thompson|Lady Meysey-Thompson]] (at 391), wearing white plumes, as Elizabeth, Queen of Bohemia #Mrs. [[Social Victorians/People/Grosvenor|Algernon (Catherine) Grosvenor]] (at 510), wearing white plumes, as Marie Louise #Lady [[Social Victorians/People/Ancaster|Evelyn Ewart]], at 401), wearing white plumes, as the Duchess of Ancaster, Mistress of the Robes to Queen Charlotte, 1757, after a picture by Hudson #[[Social Victorians/People/Lyttelton|Edith Sophy Balfour Lyttelton]] (at 580), wearing what might be white plumes on a large-brimmed white hat, after a picture by Romney #[[Social Victorians/People/Yznaga|Emilia Yznaga]] (at 360), wearing what might be white plumes, as Cydalise of the Comedie Italienne from the time of Louis XV #Lady [[Social Victorians/People/Ilchester|Muriel Fox Strangways]] (at 403), wearing what might be two smallish white plumes, as Lady Sarah Lennox, one of the bridesmaids of Queen Charlotte A.D. 1761 #Lady [[Social Victorians/People/Lucan|Violet Bingham]] (at 586), wearing perhaps one white plume in a headdress not related to the Prince of Wales's feathers #Rosamond Fellowes, [[Social Victorians/People/de Ramsey|Lady de Ramsey]] (at 329), wearing a headdress that includes some white plumes, as Lady Burleigh #[[Social Victorians/People/Dupplin|Agnes Blanche Marie Hay-Drummond]] (at 682), in a big headdress topped with white plumes, as Mademoiselle Andrée de Taverney A.D. 1775 #Florence Canning, [[Social Victorians/People/Garvagh|Lady Garvagh]] (at 336), wearing what looks like Prince of Wales's plumes #[[Social Victorians/People/Suffolk|Marguerite Hyde "Daisy" Leiter]] (at 684), wearing what looks like Prince of Wales's plumes #Lady [[Social Victorians/People/Spicer|Margaret Spicer]] (at 281), wearing one smallish white and one black plume, as Countess Zinotriff, Lady-in-Waiting to the Empress Catherine of Russia #Mrs. [[Social Victorians/People/Cavendish Bentinck|Arthur James]] (at 318), wearing what looks like Prince of Wales's plumes, as Elizabeth Cavendish, daughter of Bess of Hardwick #Nellie, [[Social Victorians/People/Kilmorey|Countess of Kilmorey]] (at 207), wearing three tall plumes, 2 white and one dark, as Comtesse du Barri #Daisy, [[Social Victorians/People/Warwick|Countess of Warwick]] (at 53), wearing at least 1 white plume, as Marie Antoinette More men than women were wearing plumes reminiscent of the Prince of Wales's feathers: * ==== Bibliography for Plumes and Prince of Wales's Feathers ==== * Blackwell, Caitlin. "'''The Feather'd Fair in a Fright'<nowiki/>'': The Emblem of the Feather in Graphic Satire of 1776." Journal for ''Eighteenth-Century Studies'' 20 January 2013 (Vol. 36, Issue 3): 353-376. Wiley Online DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1754-0208.2012.00550.x. * "Prince of Wales's feathers." ''Wikipedia'' https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_of_Wales%27s_feathers (accessed November 2022). ['''Add women to this page'''] * Simpson, William. "On the Origin of the Prince of Wales' Feathers." ''Fraser's magazine'' 617 (1881): 637-649. Hathi Trust https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=chi.79253140&view=1up&seq=643&q1=feathers (accessed December 2022). Deals mostly with use of feathers in other cultures and in antiquity; makes brief mention of feathers and plumes in signs and pub names that may not be associated with the Prince of Wales. No mention of the use of plumes in women's headdresses or court dress. == Honors == === The Bath === The Most Honourable Order of the Bath (GCB, Knight or Dame Grand Cross; KCB or DCB, Knight or Dame Commander; CB, Companion) === The Garter === The Most Noble Order of the Knights of the Garter (KG, Knight Companion; LG, Lady Companion) [[File:The Golden Fleece - collar exhibited at MET, NYC.jpg|thumb|The Golden Fleece collar and pendant for the 2019 "Last Knight" exhibition at the MET, NYC.|alt=Recent photograph of a gold necklace on a wide band, with a gold skin of a sheep hanging from it as a pendant]] === The Golden Fleece === To wear the golden fleece is to wear the insignia of the Order of the Golden Fleece, said to be "the most prestigious and historic order of chivalry in the world" because of its long history and strict limitations on membership.<ref name=":10">{{Cite journal|date=2020-09-25|title=Order of the Golden Fleece|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Order_of_the_Golden_Fleece&oldid=980340875|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}}</ref> The monarchs of the U.K. were members of the originally Spanish order, as were others who could afford it, like the Duke of Wellington,<ref name=":12">Thompson, R[obert]. H[ugh]. "The Golden Fleece in Britain." Publication of the ''British Numismatic Society''. 2009 https://www.britnumsoc.org/publications/Digital%20BNJ/pdfs/2009_BNJ_79_8.pdf (accessed January 2023).</ref> the first Protestant to be admitted to the order.<ref name=":10" /> Founded in 1429/30 by Philip the Good, Duke of Burgundy, the order separated into two branches in 1714, one Spanish and the other Austrian, still led by the House of Habsburg.<ref name=":10" /> [[File:Prince Albert - Franz Xaver Winterhalter 1842.jpg|thumb|1842 Winterhalter portrait of Prince Albert wearing the insignia of the Order of the Golden Fleece, 1842|left|alt=1842 Portrait of Prince Albert by Winterhalter, wearing the insignia of the Golden Fleece]] The photograph (upper right) is of a Polish badge dating from the "turn of the XV and XVI centuries."<ref>{{Citation|title=Polski: Kolana orderowa orderu Złotego Runa, przełom XV i XVI wieku.|url=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:The_Golden_Fleece_-_collar_exhibited_at_MET,_NYC.jpg|date=2019-11-10|accessdate=2023-01-10|last=Wulfstan}}. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:The_Golden_Fleece_-_collar_exhibited_at_MET,_NYC.jpg.</ref> The collar to this Golden Fleece might be similar to the one the [[Social Victorians/People/Spencer Compton Cavendish#The Insignia of the Order of the Golden Fleece|Duke of Devonshire is wearing in the 1897 Lafayette portrait]]. The badges and collars that Knights of the Order actually wore vary quite a bit. The 1842 Franz Xaver Winterhalter portrait (left) of Prince Consort Albert, Victoria's husband and father of the Prince of Wales, shows him wearing the Golden Fleece on a red ribbon around his neck and the star of the Garter on the front of his coat.<ref>Winterhalter, Franz Xaver. ''Prince Albert''. {{Cite web|url=https://www.rct.uk/collection/search#/16/collection/401412/prince-albert-1819-61|title=Explore the Royal Collection Online|website=www.rct.uk|access-date=2023-01-16}} https://www.rct.uk/collection/search#/16/collection/401412/prince-albert-1819-61.</ref> === Royal Victorian Order === (GCVO, Knight or Dame Grand Cross; KCVO or DCVO, Knight or Dame Commander; CVO, Commander; LVO, Lieutenant; MVO, Member) === St. John === The Order of the Knights of St. John === Star of India === Most Exalted Order of the Star of India (GCSI, Knight Grand Commander; KCSI, Knight Commander; CSI, Companion) === Thistle === The Most Ancient and Most Noble Order of the Thistle == Jewelry and Stones == === Cabochon === This term describes both the treatment and shape of a precious or semiprecious stone. A cabochon treatment does not facet the stone but merely polishes it, removing "the rough parts" and the parts that are not the right stone.<ref>"cabochon, n." ''OED Online'', Oxford University Press, December 2022, www.oed.com/view/Entry/25778. Accessed 7 February 2023.</ref> A cabochon shape is often flat on one side and oval or round, forming a mound in the setting. === Jet === === ''Orfèvrerie'' === Sometimes misspelled in the newspapers as ''orvfèvrerie''. ''Orfèvrerie'' is the artistic work of a goldsmith, silversmith, or jeweler. === Turquoises === == Military == Several men from the [[Social Victorians/1897 Fancy Dress Ball|Duchess of Devonshire's 1897 fancy-dress ball at Devonshire House]] were dressed in military uniforms, some historical and some, possibly, not. === Baldric === According to the ''Oxford English Dictionary'', the primary sense of ''baldric'' is "A belt or girdle, usually of leather and richly ornamented, worn pendent from one shoulder across the breast and under the opposite arm, and used to support the wearer's sword, bugle, etc."<ref>"baldric, n." ''OED Online'', Oxford University Press, March 2023, www.oed.com/view/Entry/14849. Accessed 17 May 2023.</ref> This sense has been in existence since c. 1300. === Cuirass === According to the ''Oxford English Dictionary'', the primary sense of ''cuirass'' is "A piece of armour for the body (originally of leather); ''spec.'' a piece reaching down to the waist, and consisting of a breast-plate and a back-plate, buckled or otherwise fastened together ...."<ref>"cuirass, n." ''OED Online'', Oxford University Press, March 2023, www.oed.com/view/Entry/45604. Accessed 17 May 2023.</ref> [[File:Knötel IV, 04.jpg|thumb|alt=An Old drawing in color of British soldiers on horses brandishing swords in 1815.|1890 illustration of the Household Cavalry (Life Guard, left; Horse Guard, right) at the Battle of Waterloo, 1815]] === Household Cavalry === The Royal Household contains the Household Cavalry, a corps of British Army units assigned to the monarch. It is made up of 2 regiments, the Life Guards and what is now called The Blues and Royals, which were formed around the time of "the Restoration of the Monarchy in 1660."<ref name=":3">Joll, Christopher. "Tales of the Household Cavalry, No. 1. Roles." The Household Cavalry Museum, https://householdcavalry.co.uk/app/uploads/sites/2/2021/06/Household-Cavalry-Museum-video-series-large-print-text-Tales-episode-01.pdf.</ref>{{rp|1}} Regimental Historian Christopher Joll says, "the original Life Guards were formed as a mounted bodyguard for the exiled King Charles II, The Blues were raised as Cromwellian cavalry and The Royals were established to defend Tangier."<ref name=":3" />{{rp|1–2}} The 1st and 2nd Life Guards were formed from "the Troops of Horse and Horse Grenadier Guards ... in 1788."<ref name=":3" />{{rp|3}} The Life Guards were and are still official bodyguards of the queen or king, but through history they have been required to do quite a bit more than serve as bodyguards for the monarch. The Household Cavalry fought in the Battle of Waterloo on Sunday, 18 June 1815 as heavy cavalry.<ref name=":3" />{{rp|3}} Besides arresting the Cato Steet conspirators in 1820 "and guarding their subsequent execution," the Household Cavalry contributed to the "the expedition to rescue General Gordon, who was trapped in Khartoum by The Mahdi and his army of insurgents" in 1884.<ref name=":3" />{{rp|3}} In 1887 they "were involved ... in the suppression of rioters in Trafalgar Square on Bloody Sunday."<ref name=":3" />{{rp|3}} ==== Grenadier Guards ==== Three men — [[Social Victorians/People/Gordon-Lennox#Lord Algernon Gordon Lennox|Lord Algernon Gordon-Lennox]], [[Social Victorians/People/Stanley#Edward George Villiers Stanley, Lord Stanley|Lord Stanley]], and [[Social Victorians/People/Stanley#Hon. Ferdinand Charles Stanley|Hon. F. C. Stanley]] — attended the ball as officers of the Grenadier Guards, wearing "scarlet tunics, ... full blue breeches, scarlet hose and shoes, lappet wigs" as well as items associated with weapons and armor.<ref name=":14">“The Duchess of Devonshire’s Ball.” The ''Gentlewoman'' 10 July 1897 Saturday: 32–42 [of 76], Cols. 1a–3c [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003340/18970710/155/0032.</ref>{{rp|p. 34, Col. 2a}} Founded in England in 1656 as Foot Guards, this infantry regiment "was granted the 'Grenadier' designation by a Royal Proclamation" at the end of the Napoleonic Wars.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2023-04-22|title=Grenadier Guards|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Grenadier_Guards&oldid=1151238350|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grenadier_Guards.</ref> They were not called Grenadier Guards, then, before about 1815. In 1660, the Stuart Restoration, they were called Lord Wentworth's Regiment, because they were under the command of Thomas Wentworth, 5th Baron Wentworth.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2022-07-24|title=Lord Wentworth's Regiment|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lord_Wentworth%27s_Regiment&oldid=1100069077|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Wentworth%27s_Regiment.</ref> At the time of Lord Wentworth's Regiment, the style of the French cavalier had begun to influence wealthy British royalists. In the British military, a Cavalier was a wealthy follower of Charles I and Charles II — a commander, perhaps, or a field officer, but probably not a soldier.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2023-04-22|title=Cavalier|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cavalier&oldid=1151166569|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cavalier.</ref> The Guards were busy as infantry in the 17th century, engaging in a number of armed conflicts for Great Britain, but they also served the sovereign. According to the Guards Museum,<blockquote>In 1678 the Guards were ordered to form Grenadier Companies, these men were the strongest and tallest of the regiment, they carried axes, hatches and grenades, they were the shock troops of their day. Instead of wearing tri-corn hats they wore a mitre shaped cap.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://theguardsmuseum.com/about-the-guards/history-of-the-foot-guards/history-page-2/|title=Service to the Crown|website=The Guards Museum|language=en-GB|access-date=2023-05-15}} https://theguardsmuseum.com/about-the-guards/history-of-the-foot-guards/history-page-2/.</ref></blockquote>The name comes from ''grenades'', then, and we are accustomed to seeing them in front of Buckingham Palace, with their tall mitre hats. The Guard fought in the American Revolution, and in the 19th century, the Grenadier Guards fought in the Crimean War, Sudan and the Boer War. They have roles as front-line troops and as ceremonial for the sovereign, which makes them elite:<blockquote>Queen Victoria decreed that she did not want to see a single chevron soldier within her Guards. Other then [sic] the two senior Warrant Officers of the British Army, the senior Warrant Officers of the Foot Guards wear a large Sovereigns personal coat of arms badge on their upper arm. No other regiments of the British Army are allowed to do so; all the others wear a small coat of arms of their lower arms. Up until 1871 all officers in the Foot Guards had the privilege of having double rankings. An Ensign was ranked as an Ensign and Lieutenant, a Lieutenant as Lieutenant and Captain and a Captain as Captain and Lieutenant Colonel. This was because at the time officers purchased their own ranks and it cost more to purchase a commission in the Foot Guards than any other regiments in the British Army. For example if it cost an officer in the Foot Guards £1,000 for his first rank, in the rest of the Army it would be £500 so if he transferred to another regiment he would loose [sic] £500, hence the higher rank, if he was an Ensign in the Guards and he transferred to a Line Regiment he went in at the higher rank of Lieutenant.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://theguardsmuseum.com/about-the-guards/history-of-the-foot-guards/history-page-1/|title=Formation and role of the Regiments|website=The Guards Museum|language=en-GB|access-date=2023-05-15}} https://theguardsmuseum.com/about-the-guards/history-of-the-foot-guards/history-page-1/.</ref></blockquote> ==== Life Guards ==== [[Social Victorians/People/Shrewsbury#Reginald Talbot's Costume|General the Hon. Reginald Talbot]], a member of the 1st Life Guards, attended the Duchess of Devonshire's ball dressed in the uniform of his regiment during the Battle of Waterloo.<ref name=":14" />{{rp|p. 36, Col. 3b}} At the Battle of Waterloo the 1st Life Guards were part of the 1st Brigade — the Household Brigade — and were commanded by Major-General Lord Edward Somerset.<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal|date=2023-09-30|title=Battle of Waterloo|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Waterloo&oldid=1177893566|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Waterloo.</ref> The 1st Life Guards were on "the extreme right" of a French countercharge and "kept their cohesion and consequently suffered significantly fewer casualties."<ref name=":4" /> == Photography == == Footnotes == {{reflist}} k5p2zgpuqdco58wzzofmrtnnrlmuxwu 2691454 2691453 2024-12-11T17:49:20Z Scogdill 1331941 /* 16th Century */ 2691454 wikitext text/x-wiki Especially with respect to fashion, the newspapers at the end of the 19th century in the UK often used specialized terminology. The definitions on this page are to provide a sense of what someone in the late 19th century might have meant by the term rather than a definition of what we might mean by it today. In the absence of a specialized glossary from the end of the 19th century in the U.K., we use the ''Oxford English Dictionary'' because the senses of a word are illustrated with examples that have dates so we can be sure that the senses we pick are appropriate for when they are used in the quotations we have. We also sometimes use the French ''Wikipédia'' to define a word because many technical terms of fashion were borrowings from the French. Also, often the French ''Wikipédia'' provides historical context for the uses of a word similar to the way the OED does. == Articles or Parts of Clothing: Non-gender-specific == === Mantle, Cloak, Cape === In 19th-century newspaper accounts, these terms are sometimes used without precision as synonyms. These are all outer garments. '''Mantle''' A mantle — often a long outer garment — might have elements like a train, sleeves, collars, revers, fur, and a cape. A late-19th-century writer making a distinction between a mantle and a cloak might use ''mantle'' if the garment is more voluminous. '''Cloak''' '''Cape''' === Peplum === According to the French ''Wiktionnaire'', a peplum is a "Short skirt or flared flounce layered at the waist of a jacket, blouse or dress" [translation by Google Translate].<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2021-07-02|title=péplum|url=https://fr.wiktionary.org/w/index.php?title=p%C3%A9plum&oldid=29547727|journal=Wiktionnaire, le dictionnaire libre|language=fr}} https://fr.wiktionary.org/wiki/p%C3%A9plum.</ref> The ''Oxford English Dictionary'' has a fuller definition, although, it focuses on women's clothing because the sense is written for the present day:<blockquote>''Fashion''. ... a kind of overskirt resembling the ancient peplos (''obsolete''). Hence (now usually) in modern use: a short flared, gathered, or pleated strip of fabric attached at the waist of a woman's jacket, dress, or blouse to create a hanging frill or flounce.<ref name=":5">“peplum, n.”. ''Oxford English Dictionary'', Oxford University Press, September 2023, <https://doi.org/10.1093/OED/1832614702>.</ref></blockquote>Men haven't worn peplums since the 18th century, except when wearing costumes based on historical portraits. The ''Daily News'' reported in 1896 that peplums had been revived as a fashion item for women.<ref name=":5" /> === Revers === According to the ''Oxford English Dictionary'', ''revers'' are the "edge[s] of a garment turned back to reveal the undersurface (often at the lapel or cuff) (chiefly in ''plural''); the material covering such an edge."<ref>"revers, n." ''OED Online'', Oxford University Press, March 2023, www.oed.com/view/Entry/164777. Accessed 17 April 2023.</ref> The term is French and was used this way in the 19th century (according to the ''Wiktionnaire'').<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2023-03-07|title=revers|url=https://fr.wiktionary.org/w/index.php?title=revers&oldid=31706560|journal=Wiktionnaire|language=fr}} https://fr.wiktionary.org/wiki/revers.</ref> == Articles or Parts of Clothing: Men's == [[Social Victorians/Terminology#Military|Men's military uniforms]] are discussed below. === À la Romaine === [[File:Johann Baptist Straub - Mars um 1772-1.jpg|thumb|left|alt=Old and damaged marble statue of a Roman god of war with flowing cloak, big helmet with a plume on top, and armor|Johann Baptist Straub's 1772 ''à la romaine'' ''Mars'']] A few people who attended the [[Social Victorians/1897 Fancy Dress Ball|Duchess of Devonshire's fancy-dress ball in 1897]] personated Roman gods or people. They were dressed not as Romans, however, but ''à la romaine'', which was a standardized style of depicting Roman figures that was used in paintings, sculpture and the theatre for historical dress from the 17th until the 20th century. The codification of the style was developed in France in the 17th century for theatre and ballet, when it became popular for masked balls. Women as well as men could be dressed ''à la romaine'', but much sculpture, portraiture and theatre offered opportunities for men to dress in Roman style — with armor and helmets — and so it was most common for men. In large part because of the codification of the style as well as the painting and sculpture, the style persisted and remained influential into the 20th century and can be found in museums and galleries and on monuments. For example, Johann Baptist Straub's 1772 statue of Mars (left), now in the Bayerisches Nationalmuseum, Munich, missing part of an arm, shows Mars ''à la romaine''. In London, an early 17th-century example of a figure of Mars ''à la romaine'', with a helmet, '''was''' "at the foot of the Buckingham tomb in Henry VII's Chapel at Westminster Abbey."<ref>Webb, Geoffrey. “Notes on Hubert Le Sueur-II.” ''The Burlington Magazine for Connoisseurs'' 52, no. 299 (1928): 81–89. http://www.jstor.org/stable/863535.</ref>{{rp|81, Col. 2c}} === Cavalier === [[File:Sir-Anthony-van-Dyck-Lord-John-Stuart-and-His-Brother-Lord-Bernard-Stuart.jpg|thumb|alt=Old painting of 2 men flamboyantly and stylishly dressed in colorful silk, with white lace, high-heeled boots and long hair|Van Dyck's c. 1638 painting of cavaliers Lord John Stuart and his brother Lord Bernard Stuart]] As a signifier in the form of clothing of a royalist political and social ideology begun in France in the early 17th century, the cavalier established France as the leader in fashion and taste. Adopted by [[Social Victorians/Terminology#Military|wealthy royalist British military officers]] during the time of the Restoration, the style signified a political and social position, both because of the loyalty to Charles I and II as well the wealth required to achieve the cavalier look. The style spread beyond the political, however, to become associated generally with dress as well as a style of poetry.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2023-04-25|title=Cavalier poet|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cavalier_poet&oldid=1151690299|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cavalier_poet.</ref> Van Dyck's 1638 painting of two brothers (right) emphasizes the cavalier style of dress. === Coats === ==== Doublet ==== * In the 19th-century newspaper accounts we have seen that use this word, doublet seems always to refer to a garment worn by a man, but historically women may have worn doublets. In fact, a doublet worn by Queen Elizabeth I exists and '''is somewhere'''. * Technically doublets were long sleeved, although we cannot be certain what this or that Victorian tailor would have done for a costume. For example, the [[Social Victorians/People/Spencer Compton Cavendish#Costume at the Duchess of Devonshire's 2 July 1897 Fancy-dress Ball|Duke of Devonshire's costume as Charles V]] shows long sleeves that may be part of the surcoat but should be the long sleeves of the doublet. ==== Pourpoint ==== A padded doublet worn under armor to protect the warrior from the metal chafing. A pourpoint could also be worn without the armor. ==== Surcoat ==== Sometimes just called ''coat''. [[File:Oscar Wilde by Sarony 1882 18.jpg|thumb|alt=Old photograph of a young man wearing a velvet jacket, knee breeches, silk hose and shiny pointed shoes with bows, seated on a sofa and leaning on his left hand and holding a book in his right| Oscar Wilde, 1882, by Napoleon Sarony]] === Hose, Stockings and Tights === Newspaper accounts from the late 19th century of men's clothing use the term ''hose'' for what we might call stockings or tights. In fact, the terminology is specific. ''Stockings'' is the more general term and could refer to hose or tights. With knee breeches men wore hose, which ended above the knee, and women wore hose under their dresses. The ''Oxford English Dictionary'' defines tights as "Tight-fitting breeches, worn by men in the 18th and early 19th centuries, and still forming part of court-dress."<ref>“Tights, N.” ''Oxford English Dictionary'', Oxford UP, July 2023, https://doi.org/10.1093/OED/2693287467.</ref> By 1897, the term was in use for women's stockings, which may have come up only to the knee. Tights were also worn by dancers and acrobats. This general sense of ''tights'' does not assume that they were knitted. ''Clocking'' is decorative embroidery on hose, usually, at the ankles on either the inside or the outside of the leg. It started at the ankle and went up the leg, sometimes as far as the knee. On women's hose, the clocking could be quite colorful and elaborate, while the clocking on men's hose was more inconspicuous. In many photographs men's hose are wrinkled, especially at the ankles and the knees, because they were shaped from woven fabric. Silk hose were knitted instead of woven, which gave them elasticity and reduced the wrinkling. The famous Sarony carte de visite photograph of Oscar Wilde (right) shows him in 1882 wearing knee breeches and silk hose, which are shiny and quite smoothly fitted although they show a few wrinkles at the ankles and knees. In the portraits of people in costume at the [[Social Victorians/1897 Fancy Dress Ball|Duchess of Devonshire's 1897 fancy-dress ball]], the men's hose are sometimes quite smooth, which means they were made of knitted silk and may have been smoothed for the portrait. In painted portraits the hose are almost always depicted as smooth, part of the artist's improvement of the appearance of the subject. === Shoes and Boots === == Articles or Parts of Clothing: Women's == === '''Chérusque''' === According to the French ''Wikipedia'', ''chérusque'' is a 19th-century term for the kind of standing collar like the ones worn by ladies in the Renaissance.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2021-06-26|title=Collerette (costume)|url=https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Collerette_(costume)&oldid=184136746|journal=Wikipédia|language=fr}} https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collerette_(costume)#Au+xixe+siècle+:+la+Chérusque.</ref> === Corsage === According to the ''Oxford English Dictionary'', the corsage is the "'body' of a woman's dress; a bodice."<ref>"corsage, n." ''OED Online'', Oxford University Press, December 2022, www.oed.com/view/Entry/42056. Accessed 7 February 2023.</ref> This sense is well documented in the ''OED'' for the mid and late 19th-century, used this way in fiction as well as in a publication like ''Godey's Lady's Book'', which would be expected to use appropriate terminology associated with fashion and dress making. The sense of "a bouquet worn on the bodice" is, according to the ''OED'', American. === Décolletage === === Girdle === === Mancheron === According to the ''Oxford English Dictionary'', a ''mancheron'' is a "historical" word for "A piece of trimming on the upper part of a sleeve on a woman's dress."<ref>"mancheron, n." ''OED Online'', Oxford University Press, March 2023, www.oed.com/view/Entry/113251. Accessed 17 April 2023.</ref> At the present, in French, a ''mancheron'' is a cap sleeve "cut directly on the bodice."<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2022-11-28|title=Manche (vêtement)|url=https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Manche_(v%C3%AAtement)&oldid=199054843|journal=Wikipédia|language=fr}} https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manche_(v%C3%AAtement).</ref> === Petticoat === According to the ''O.E.D.'', a petticoat is a <blockquote>skirt, as distinguished from a bodice, worn either externally or showing beneath a dress as part of the costume (often trimmed or ornamented); an outer skirt; a decorative underskirt. Frequently in ''plural'': a woman's or girl's upper skirts and underskirts collectively. Now ''archaic'' or ''historical''.<ref>“petticoat, n., sense 2.b”.  ''Oxford English Dictionary'', Oxford University Press,  September 2023, <https://doi.org/10.1093/OED/1021034245></ref> </blockquote>This sense is, according to the ''O.E.D.'', "The usual sense between the 17th and 19th centuries." However, while petticoats belong in both outer- and undergarments — that is, meant to be seen or hidden, like underwear — they were always under another garment, for example, underneath an open overskirt. The primary sense seems to have shifted through the 19th century so that, by the end, petticoats were underwear and the term ''underskirt'' was used to describe what showed under an open overskirt. === Stomacher === According to the ''O.E.D.'', a stomacher is "An ornamental covering for the chest (often covered with jewels) worn by women under the lacing of the bodice,"<ref>“stomacher, n.¹, sense 3.a”. ''Oxford English Dictionary'', Oxford University Press, September 2023, <https://doi.org/10.1093/OED/1169498955></ref> although by the end of the 19th century, the bodice did not often have visible laces. Some stomachers were so decorated that they were thought of as part of the jewelry. === Train === A train is The Length of the Train '''For the monarch [or a royal?]''' According to Debrett's,<blockquote>A peeress's coronation robe is a long-trained crimson velvet mantle, edged with miniver pure, with a miniver pure cape. The length of the train varies with the rank of the wearer: * Duchess: for rows of ermine; train to be six feet * Marchioness: three and a half rows of ermine; train to be three and three-quarters feet * Countess: three rows of ermine; train to be three and a half feet * Viscountess: two and a half rows of ermine; train to be three and a quarter feet * Baroness: two rows of ermine; train to be three feet<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://debretts.com/royal-family/dress-codes/|title=Dress Codes|website=debretts.com|language=en-US|access-date=2023-07-27}} https://debretts.com/royal-family/dress-codes/.</ref> </blockquote>The pattern on the coronet worn was also quite specific, similar but not exactly the same for peers and peeresses. Debrett's also distinguishes between coronets and tiaras, which were classified more like jewelry, which was regulated only in very general terms. Peeresses put on their coronets after the Queen or Queen Consort has been crowned. ['''peers?'''] === Foundation Garments === Unlike undergarments, Victorian women's foundation garments created the distinctive silhouette. Victorian undergarments included the chemise, the bloomers, the corset cover — articles that are not structural. The corset was an important element of the understructure of foundation garments — hoops, bustles, petticoats and so on — but it has never been the only important element. === Corset === [[File:Corset - MET 1972.209.49a, b.jpg|thumb|alt=Photograph of an old silk corset on a mannequin, showing the closure down the front, similar to a button, and channels in the fabric for the boning. It is wider at the top and bottom, creating smooth curves from the bust to the compressed waist to the hips, with a long point below the waist in front.|French 1890s corset, now in the Metropolitan Museum of Art, NYC]] The understructure of Victorian women's clothing is what makes the costumes worn by the women at the [[Social Victorians/1897 Fancy Dress Ball|Duchess of Devonshire's 1897 fancy-dress ball]] so distinctly Victorian in appearance. An example of a corset that has the kind of structure often worn by fashionably dressed women in 1897 is the one at right. This corset exaggerated the shape of the women's bodies and made possible a bodice that looked and was fitted in the way that is so distinctive of the time — very controlled and smooth. And, as a structural element, this foundation garment carried the weight of all those layers and all that fabric and decoration on the gowns, trains and mantles. (The trains and mantles could be attached directly to the corset itself.) * This foundation emphasizes the waist and the bust in particular, in part because of the contrast between the very small waist and the rounded fullness of the bust and hips. * The idealized waist is defined by its small span and the sexualizing point at the center-bottom of the bodice, which directs the eye downwards. Interestingly, the pointed waistline worn by Elizabethan men has become level in the Victorian age. Highly fashionable Victorian women wearing the traditional style, however, had extremely pointed waists. * The busk (a kind of boning in the front of a corset that is less flexible than the rest) smoothed the bodice, flattened the abdomen and prevented the point on the bodice from curling up. * The sharp definition of the waist was caused by ** length of the corset (especially on the sides) ** the stiffness of the boning ** the layers of fabric ** the lacing (especially if the woman used tightlacing) ** the over-all shape, which was so much wider at the top and the bottom ** the contrast between the waist and the wider top and bottom * The late-19th-century corset was long, ending below the waist even on the sides and back. * The boning and the top edge of the late 19th-century fashion corset pushed up the bust, rounding (rather than flattening, as in earlier styles) the breasts, drawing attention to their exposed curves and creating cleavage. * The exaggerated bust was larger than the hips, whenever possible, an impression reinforced by the A-line of the skirt and the inverted Vs in the decorative trim near the waist and on the skirt. * This corset made the bodice very smooth with a very precise fit, that had no wrinkles, folds or loose drapery. The bodice was also trimmed or decorated, but the base was always a smooth bodice. More formal gowns would still have the fitted bodice and more elaborate trim made from lace, embroidery, appliqué, beading and possibly even jewels. The advantages and disadvantages of corseting and especially tight lacing were the subject of thousands of articles and opinions in the periodical press for a great part of the century, but the fetishistic and politicized tight lacing was practiced by very few women. And no single approach to corsetry was practiced by all women all the time. Most of the women at the [[Social Victorians/1897 Fancy Dress Ball|Duchess of Devonshire's 1897 ball]] were not tightly laced, but the progressive style does not dominate either, even though all the costumes are technically historical dress. Part of what gives most of the costumes their distinctive 19th-century "look" is the more traditional corset beneath them. Even though this highly fashionable look was widely present in the historical costumes at the ball, some women's waists were obviously very small and others were hardly '''emphasized''' at all. Women's waists are never mentioned in the newspaper coverage of the ball — or, indeed, of any of the social events attended by the network at the ball — so it is only in photographs that we can see the effects of how they used their corsets. === Hoops === '''This section is under construction right now'''. ''Hoops'' is a mid-19th-century term for a cage-like structure worn under a skirt to hold it away from the body. '''Striking''' for how long they lasted and '''the ways''' they evolved, hoops were the foundation undergarment for the bottom half of a woman's body, for a skirt and petticoat. Women wore this cage-like structure from the '''15th century''' through the late 19th century. The 16th-century Katherine of Aragon is credited with making it fashionable outside Spain. The cage caused the silhouette of skirts to change shape over time and enabled the extreme distortions of 17th-and-18th-century panniers and the late 19th-century bustle. Early hoops circled the body in a bell, cone or drum shape, then were moved to the sides with panniers, then ballooned around the body like the top half of a sphere, and finally were pulled to the rear with a bustle. That is, the distorted shapes of high fashion were made possible by hoops. High fashion demanded these shapes, which disguised women's bodies, especially below the waist, while [[Social Victorians/Terminology#Corsets|corsets]] did their work above it. Besides the shape, the structure used to construct hoops evolved — from cane and wood to whalebone, then steel '''bands''' and wire. Add fabric structural stuff: tabs, wires inserted into casings in a linen, muslin or, later, crinoline underskirt [[File:Pedro García de Benabarre St John Retable Detail.jpg|thumb|Pedro García de Benabarre, St John Detail for Altarpiece, c. 1470]] [[File:Alonso Sánchez Coello 011.jpg|thumb|Alonso Sánchez Coello 011]] ==== 15th Century ==== Hoops first appeared in Spain in the 15th century and influenced European fashion for '''many years'''. Pedro García de Benabarre's c. 1470 painting (right) shows women wearing a style of hoops that predates the farthingale but marks the beginning point of the development of that fashion. Salome (holding John the Baptist's head) in the detail of the altarpiece shown is wearing a dress with what looks like wooden hoops on the outside of the skirt, which also appears to have padding at the hips underneath it. Pedro García de Benabarre was "active in Aragon and in Catalonia, between 1445–1496,"<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mfab.hu/artworks/10528/|title=Saint Peter|website=Museum of Fine Arts, Budapest|language=en-US|access-date=2024-12-11}} https://www.mfab.hu/artworks/10528/.</ref> so perhaps he saw the styles worn by people like Katharine of Aragon. Illustrations ==== 16th Century ==== Styles in personal adornment and architectural decoration: The "Golden Age" in '''England''', the Elizabethan Age.[[File:Farthingale 2 (PSF).png|thumb|Farthingale 2 (PSF)]] In the 16th century, the garment we call ''hoops'' was called a farthingale.<blockquote>''"FARTHINGALE:  Renaissance (1450-1550 C.E. to Elizabethan (1550-1625 C.E.). Linen underskirt with '''wire supports''' which, when shaped, produced a variety of dome, bell, and oblong shapes."<ref name=":7" />'' (105) ['''our emphasis''']</blockquote>''Vertugadin'' is a French term for ''farthingale'' — "un élément essentiel de la mode Tudor en Angleterre [an essential element of Tudor fashion in England]."<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|date=2022-03-12|title=Vertugadin|url=https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vertugadin&oldid=191825729|journal=Wikipédia|language=fr}} https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertugadin.</ref> ''Farthingale'' is the term in English; in French, it's ''vertugadin'', and in Spanish ''vertugado''. The hoops in the Pedro García de Benabarre painting (above right) predate what would technically be vertugado.<p> Blanche Payne says,<blockquote>Katherine of Aragon is reputed to have introduced the Spanish farthingale ... into England early in the century. The result was to convert the columnar skirt of the fifteenth century into the cone shape of the sixteenth. ...<p> Spanish influence had introduced the hoop-supported skirt, smooth in contour, '''which was quite generally worn'''.<ref name=":11" /> (291) ['''our emphasis''']</blockquote>In fact, "The Spanish princess Catherine of Aragon brought the fashion to England for her marriage to Prince Arthur, eldest son of Henry VII in 1501 [La princesse espagnole Catherine d'Aragon amena la mode en Angleterre pour son mariage avec le prince Arthur, fils aîné d'Henri VII en 1501]."<ref name=":0" /> Catherine of Aragon, of course, married Henry VIII after Arthur's death. The vertugado was "quite generally worn" among the ruling and culturally elite classes in Spain, and not by working-class women, which was enforced by sumptuary laws. By the end of the 16th century the French and Spanish farthingales were not identical. The Spanish vertugado shaped the skirt into an A-line with a graduated series of hoops sewn to an undergarment. The French vertugadin was a flattish "cartwheel" '''in which a''' platter of hoops worn below the waist and above the hips held the skirt out more or less horizontally. Once past the vertugadin, the skirt then fell straight to the floor, shaping it into a kind of drum. The shoes show in the portraits of women wearing the French farthingale, but not usually in the Spanish because the hoops gave their feet enough room to take steps. By the end of the 16th century France had become the arbiter of fashion for the western world, which it still is. ==== 17th Century ==== Styles in personal adornment and architectural decoration: The Cavaliers, the Baroque Age[[File:Турнюр.jpg|thumb|Турнюр]] [[File:Panniers 1.jpg|thumb|alt=Photograph of the wooden and fabric skeleton of an 18th-century women's foundation garment|Panniers 1]] People associate bustles with late-19th-century styles, but in fact the bustle existed in the 17th century, sometimes as padding rather than a structural cage. Panniers are associated with 19th-century styles, but they first began in the 17th century as well. Generally, panniers were a kind of undergarment worn in the 17th and 18th centuries. Their design evolved during the century. Made of hoops of wood, they were "baskets" or cages worn on either side of the waist to broaden the skirts to the sides. bum rolls, padding Illustration Payne says, "The bustle was a continuation of the 1690 mode."<ref name=":11" /> (411?) ==== 18th Century ==== Styles in personal adornment and architectural decoration: Rococo, post French Revolution, Empire By the 18th century, the farthingale was called hoops, which were at this point made of wood. Blanche Payne outlines the evolution of hoops, and thus the shape of the skirt, in the 18th century:<blockquote>SKIRT FASHIONS. Since skirts experienced the greatest alterations, a brief summary of the successive silhouettes should help to place individual costumes in their proper niches. Six basic forms appeared during the century, in the following order: # The bustle was a continuation of the 1690 mode. # The bell or dome shape resulted from the reintroduction of hoops; in England by 1710, in France by 1720. # The ellipse, the second phase of the hoop skirt, was achieved by broadening the support from side to side and compressing it from front to back. It had a long run of popularity, from 1740 to 1770, the extreme width being retained in court costumes. In France it persisted until the revolution, except that skirts were allowed to curve outward in [the] back again. English court costume [411/413] followed this fashion well into the nineteenth century. # The dairy maid, or polonaise, style could be achieved either by pulling the lower part of the overskirt through its own pocket holes, thus creating a bouffant effect, or by planned control of the overskirt, through the cut or by means of draw cords, ribbons, or loops and buttons, which were used to form the three great ‘poufs’ known as the polonaise .... These diversions appeared in the late sixties and became prevalent in the seventies. They were much like the familiar styles of our own [American] Revolutionary War period. # The return of the bustle in the 1780s. # The tubular form, drawn from classic art, in the 1790s.<ref name=":11" /> (411, 413) </blockquote>While we think of the bustle as a 19th-century look, it can be found in the 18th century, as Payne says.<p> The Polonaise was a late-Georgian or late-18th-century style, dating in written English, according to the ''Oxford English Dictionary'', from 1773:<blockquote>A woman's dress consisting of a tight, unboned bodice and a skirt open from the waist downwards to reveal a decorative underskirt. Now historical.<ref name=":13">“Polonaise, N. & Adj.” ''Oxford English Dictionary'', Oxford UP, September 2024, https://doi.org/10.1093/OED/2555138986.</ref></blockquote>Even though it looks ''à la français'', the term itself does not appear as a term used to describe clothing by the French, either now or in the past.<p> Payne says,<blockquote>The dairy maid, or polonaise, style could be achieved either by pulling the lower part of the overskirt through its own pocket holes, thus creating a bouffant effect, or by planned control of the overskirt, through the cut or by means of draw cords, ribbons, or loops and buttons, [or, later, buckles] which were used to form the three great ‘poufs’ known as the polonaise .... These diversions appeared in the late sixties and became prevalent in the seventies. They were much like the familiar styles of our own [American] Revolutionary War period.<ref name=":11" /> (413)</blockquote> ==== 19th Century ==== [[File:Cutaway sketch of crinoline.gif|thumb|Cutaway sketch of crinoline]] [[File:Paris voulant englober la banlieue.JPG|thumb|Paris voulant englober la banlieue]] [[File:Vrouw moet haar hoepelrok uitdoen om de tram te betreden New Omnibus Regulation. Werry sorry'm, but yer l'av to leave yer Krinerline outside (Vide Punch) (titel op object), RP-F-F10723.jpg|thumb|Vrouw moet haar hoepelrok uitdoen om de tram te betreden New Omnibus Regulation. Werry sorry'm, but yer l'av to leave yer Krinerline outside (Vide Punch) (titel op object), RP-F-F10723]] Styles in personal adornment and architectural decoration: Romantic, Victorian (at least in '''the UK'''), "New Woman," [[Social Victorians/Terminology#Traditional vs Progressive Style|Traditional vs Progressive Style]], In the 19th century, the hoops were made of wire and became lighter. By the 1860s, hoops caused skirts to be huge and round. By the 19th century, fashion had begun to move down the social classes so that hoops (and, for example, top hats) were worn by the middle and sometimes working classes. '''''1880s''''' Laura Ingalls Wilder wrote about the hoops her fictionalized self wore the century before. In ''These Happy Golden Years'' (1943), she gives a detailed description of the clothing under her dress:<blockquote> “Then carefully over her under-petticoats she put on her hoops. She liked these new hoops. They were the very latest style in the East, and these were the first of the kind that Miss Bell had got. Instead of wires, there were wide tapes across the front, almost to her knees, holding the petticoats so that her dress would lie flat. These tapes held the wire bustle in place at the back, and it was an adjustable bustle. Short lengths of tape were fastened either end of it; these could be buckled together underneath the bustle to puff it out, either large or small. Or they could be buckled together in front, drawing the bustle down close in back so that a dress rounded smoothly over it. Laura did not like a large bustle, so she buckled the tapes in front. "Then carefully over all she buttoned her best petticoat, and over all the starched petticoats she put on the underskirt of her new dress. It was of brown cambric, fitting smoothly around the top over the bustle, and gored to flare smoothly down over the hoops. At the bottom, just missing the floor, was a twelve-inch-wide flounce of the brown poplin, bound with an inch-wide band of plain brown silk. The poplin was not plain poplin, but striped with an openwork silk stripe. "Then over this underskirt and her starched white corset-cover, Laura put on the polonaise. Its smooth, long sleeves fitted her arms perfectly to the wrists, where a band of the plain silk ended them. The neck was high with a smooth band of the plain silk around the throat. The polonaise fitted tightly and buttoned all down the front with small round buttons covered with the plain brown silk. Below the smooth hips it flared and rippled down and covered the top of the flounce on the underskirt. A band of the plain silk finished the polonaise at the bottom."<ref>Wilder, Laura Ingalls. ''These Happy Golden Years.'' Harper & Row, Publishers, 1943. Pp. 161–163.</ref></blockquote> When a 20th-century Laura Ingalls Wilder calls her character's late-19th-century dress a polonaise, she is probably referring to the "tight, unboned bodice"<ref name=":13" /> and perhaps the simple, modest look of a dairy maid. In Wilder's 1941 ''Little Town on the Prairie'', she provides an interesting story about how the wind could affect hoops:<blockquote>“Well,” Laura began; then she stopped and spun round and round, for the strong wind blowing against her always made the wires of her hoop skirt creep slowly upward under her skirts until they bunched around her knees. Then she must whirl around and around until the wires shook loose and spiraled down to the bottom of her skirts where they should be. “As she and Carrie hurried on she began again. “I think it was silly, the way they dressed when Ma was a girl, don’t you? Drat this wind!” she exclaimed as the hoops began creeping upward again. “Quietly Carrie stood by while Laura whirled. “I’m glad I’m not old enough to have to wear hoops,” she said. “They’d make me dizzy.” “They are rather a nuisance,” Laura admitted. “But they are stylish, and when you’re my age you’ll want to be in style.”<ref>Wilder, Laura Ingalls. ''Little Town on the Prairie.'' Harper and Row, 1941. Pp. 272–273.</ref></blockquote>This moment is set in 1883.<ref>Hill, Pamela Smith, ed. ''Pioneer Girl: The Annotated Autobiography''.</ref> The 16-year-old Laura makes the comment that she wants to be in style, but she lives on the prairie, far from a large city, and would not necessarily wear the latest Parisian style. This description of the way the wind could make hoops creep — and the solution of spinning to get the hoops to go back down — is very unusual. It must have been happening to other women wearing hoops at the time, but no other writer addresses this. == '''Traditional vs Progressive Style''' == === Progressive Style === The terms ''artistic dress'' and ''aesthetic dress'' are not synonymous and were in use at different times to refer to different groups of people in different contexts, but we recognize them as referring to a similar kind of personal style in clothing, a style we call progressive dress or the progressive style. Used in a very precise way, ''artistic dress'' is associated with the Pre-Raphaelite artists and the women in their circle beginning in the 1860s. Similarly, ''aesthetic dress'' is associated with the 1880s and 1890s and dress reform movements. In general, the progressive style is characterized by its resistance to the highly structured fashion of its day, especially corseting, aniline dyes and an extremely close fit. === Traditional Style === By the end of the century designs from the [[Social Victorians/People/Dressmakers and Costumiers#The House of Worth|House of Worth]] (or Maison Worth) define what we think of as the traditional Victorian look, which was very stylish and expensive. Blanche Payne describes an example of the 1895 "high style" in a gown by Worth with "the idiosyncrasies of the [1890s] full blown":<blockquote>The dress is white silk with wine-red stripes. Sleeves, collars, bows, bag, hat, and hem border match the stripes. The sleeve has reached its maximum volume; the bosom full and emphasized with added lace; the waistline is elongated, pointed, and laced to the point of distress; the skirt is smooth over the hips, gradually swinging out to sweep the floor. This is the much vaunted hourglass figure.<ref name=":11">Payne, Blanche. ''History of Costume from the Ancient Egyptians to the Twentieth Century''. Harper & Row, 1965.</ref>{{rp|530}}</blockquote> The Victorian-looking gowns at the [[Social Victorians/1897 Fancy Dress Ball|Duchess of Devonshire's 1897 fancy-dress ball]] are stylish in a way that recalls the designs of the House of Worth. The elements that make their look so Victorian are anachronisms on the costumes representing fashion of earlier eras. The women wearing these gowns preferred the standards of beauty from their own day to a more-or-less historically accurate look. The style competing at the very end of the century with the Worth look was not the historical, however, but a progressive style called at the time ''artistic'' or ''aesthetic''. William Powell Frith's 1883 painting ''A Private View at the Royal Academy, 1881'' (discussion below) pits this kind of traditional style against the progressive or artistic style. === The Styles === [[File:Frith A Private View.jpg|thumb|William Powell Frith, ''A Private View at the Royal Academy, 1881'']] We typically think of the late-Victorian silhouette as universal but, in the periods in which corsets dominated women's dress, not all women wore corsets and not all corsets were the same, as William Powell Frith's 1883 ''A Private View at the Royal Academy, 1881'' (right) illustrates. Frith is clear in his memoir that this painting — "recording for posterity the aesthetic craze as regards dress" — deliberately contrasts what he calls the "folly" of the Artistic Dress movement and the look of the traditional corseted waist.<ref>Frith, William Powell. ''My Autobiography and Reminiscences''. 1887.</ref> Frith considered the Artistic Movement and Artistic Dress "ephemeral," but its rejection of corsetry looks far more consequential to us in hindsight than it did in the 19th century. As Frith sees it, his painting critiques the "craze" associated with the women in this set of identifiable portraits who are not corseted, but his commitment to realism shows us a spectrum, a range, of conservatism and if not political then at least stylistic progressivism among the women. The progressives, oddly, are the women wearing artistic (that is, somewhat historical) dress, because they’re not corseted. It is a misreading to see the presentation of the women’s fashion as a simple opposition. Constance, Countess of Lonsdale — situated at the center of this painting with Frederick Leighton, president of the Royal Academy of Art — is the most conservatively dressed of the women depicted, with her narrow sleeves, tight waist and almost perfectly smooth bodice, which tells us that her corset has eyelets so that it can be laced precisely and tightly, and it has stays (or "bones") to prevent wrinkles or natural folds in the overclothing. Lillie Langtry, in the white dress, with her stylish narrow sleeves, does not have such a tightly bound waist or smooth bodice, suggesting she may not be corseted at all, as we know she sometimes was not.['''citation'''] Jenny Trip, a painter’s model, is the woman in the green dress in the aesthetic group being inspected by Anthony Trollope, who may be taking notes. She looks like she is not wearing a corset. Both Langtry and Trip are toward the middle of this spectrum: neither is dressed in the more extreme artistic dress of, say, the two figures between Trip and Trollope. A lot has been written about the late-Victorian attraction to historical dress, especially in the context of fancy-dress balls and the Gothic revival in social events as well as art and music. Part of the appeal has to have been the way those costumes could just be beautiful clothing beautifully made. Historical dress provided an opportunity for some elite women to wear less-structured but still beautiful and influential clothing. ['''Calvert'''<ref>Calvert, Robyne Erica. ''Fashioning the Artist: Artistic Dress in Victorian Britain 1848-1900''. Ph.D. thesis, University of Glasgow, 2012. <nowiki>https://theses.gla.ac.uk/3279/</nowiki></ref>] The standards for beauty, then, with historical dress were Victorian, with the added benefit of possibly less structure. So, at the Duchess of Devonshire's ball, "while some attendees tried to hew closely to historical precedent, many rendered their historical or mythological personage in the sartorial vocabulary they knew best. The [photographs of people in their costumes at the ball offer] a glimpse into how Victorians understood history, not a glimpse into the costume of an authentic historical past."<ref>Mitchell, Rebecca N. "The Victorian Fancy Dress Ball, 1870–1900." ''Fashion Theory'' 2017 (21: 3): 291–315. DOI: 10.1080/1362704X.2016.1172817.</ref> (294) * historical dress: beautiful clothing. * the range at the ball, from Minnie Paget to Gwladys * "In light of such efforts, the ball remains to this day one of the best documented outings of the period, and a quick glance at the album shows that ..." Women had more choices about their waists than the simple opposition between no corset and tightlacing can accommodate. The range of choices is illustrated in Frith's painting, with a woman locating herself on it at a particular moment for particular reasons. Much analysis of 19th-century corsetry focuses on its sexualizing effects — corsets dominated Victorian photographic pornography ['''citations'''] and at the same time, the absence of a corset was sexual because it suggested nudity.['''citations'''] A great deal of analysis of 19th-century corsetry, on the other hand, assumes that women wore corsets for the male gaze ['''citations'''] or that they tightened their waists to compete with other women.['''citations'''] But as we can see in Frith's painting, the sexualizing effect was not universal or sweeping, and these analyses do not account for the choices women had in which corset to wear or how tightly to lace it. Especially given the way that some photographic portraits were mechanically altered to make the waist appear smaller, the size of a woman's waist had to do with how she was presenting herself to the world. That is, the fact that women made choices about the size of or emphasis on their waists suggests that they had agency that needs to be taken into account. As they navigated the complex social world, women's fashion choices had meaning. Society or political hostesses had agency not only in their clothing but generally in that complex social world. They had roles managing social events of the upper classes, especially of the upper aristocracy and oligarchy, like the Duchess of Devonshire's ball. Their class and rank, then, were essential to their agency, including to some degree their freedom to choose what kind of corset to wear and how to wear it. Also, by the end of the century lots of different kinds of corsets were available for lots of different purposes. Special corsets existed for pregnancy, sports (like tennis, bicycling, horseback riding, golf, fencing, archery, stalking and hunting), theatre and dance and, of course, for these women corsets could be made to support the special dress worn over it. Women's choices in how they presented themselves to the world included more than just their foundation garments, of course. "Every cap, bow, streamer, ruffle, fringe, bustle, glove," that is, the trim and decorations on their garments, their jewelry and accessories — which Davidoff calls "elaborations"<ref name=":1">Davidoff, Leonore. ''The Best Circles: Society Etiquette and the Season''. Intro., Victoria Glendinning. The Cressett Library (Century Hutchinson), 1986 (orig 1973).</ref>{{rp|93}} — pointed to a host of status categories, like class, rank, wealth, age, marital status, engagement with the empire, how sexual they wanted to seem, political alignment and purpose at the social event. For example, when women were being presented to the monarch, they were expected to wear three ostrich plumes, often called the [[Social Victorians/Terminology#Prince of Wales's Feathers or White Plumes|Prince of Wales's feathers]]. Like all fashions, the corset, which was quite long-lasting in all its various forms, eventually went out of style. Of the many factors that might have influenced its demise, perhaps most important was the women's movement, in which women's rights, freedom, employment and access to their own money and children were less slogan-worthy but at least as essential as votes for women. The activities of the animal-rights movements drew attention not only to the profligate use of the bodies and feathers of birds but also to the looming extinction of the baleen whale, which made whale bone scarce and expensive. Perhaps the century's debates over corseting and especially tightlacing were relevant to some decisions not to be corseted. And, of course, perhaps no other reason is required than that the nature of fashion is to change. == Cinque Cento == According to the ''Oxford English Dictionary'', ''Cinque Cento'' is a shortening of ''mil cinque cento'', or 1500.<ref>"cinquecento, n." ''OED Online'', Oxford University Press, December 2022, www.oed.com/view/Entry/33143. Accessed 7 February 2023.</ref> The term, then would refer, perhaps informally, to the sixteenth century. == Crevé == ''Creve'', without the accent, is an old word in English (c. 1450) for burst or split.<ref>"creve, v." ''OED Online'', Oxford University Press, December 2022, www.oed.com/view/Entry/44339. Accessed 8 February 2023.</ref> ['''With the acute accent, it looks like a past participle in French.'''] == Elastic == Elastic had been invented and was in use by the end of the 19th century. For the sense of "Elastic cord or string, usually woven with india-rubber,"<ref name=":6">“elastic, adj. & n.”.  ''Oxford English Dictionary'', Oxford University Press,  September 2023, <https://doi.org/10.1093/OED/1199670313>.</ref> the ''Oxford English Dictionary'' has usage examples beginning in 1847. The example for 1886 is vivid: "The thorough-going prim man will always place a circle of elastic round his hair previous to putting on his college cap."<ref name=":6" /> == Elaborations == In her 1973 ''The Best Circles: Society, Etiquette and the Season'', Leonore Davidoff notes that women’s status was indicated by dress and especially ornament: “Every cap, bow, streamer, ruffle, fringe, bustle, glove and other elaboration,” she says, “symbolised some status category for the female wearer.”<ref name=":1" />{{rp|93}} Looking at these elaborations as meaningful rather than dismissing them as failed attempts at "historical accuracy" reveals a great deal about the individual women who wore or carried them — and about the society women and political hostesses in their roles as managers of the social world. In her review of ''The House of Worth: Portrait of an Archive'', Mary Frances Gormally says,<blockquote>In a socially regulated year, garments custom made with a Worth label provided women with total reassurance, whatever the season, time of day or occasion, setting them apart as members of the “Best Circles” dressed in luxurious, fashionable and always appropriate attire (Davidoff 1973). The woman with a Worth wardrobe was a woman of elegance, lineage, status, extreme wealth and faultless taste.<ref>Gormally, Mary Frances. Review essay of ''The House of Worth: Portrait of an Archive'', by Amy de la Haye and Valerie D. Mendes (V&A Publishing, 2014). ''Fashion Theory'' 2017 (21, 1): 109–126. DOI: 10.1080/1362704X.2016.1179400.</ref> (117)</blockquote> === Aglet, Aiglet === Historically, an aglet is a "point or metal piece that capped a string [or ribbon] used to attach two pieces of the garment together, i.e., sleeve and bodice."<ref name=":7" />{{rp|4}} Although they were decorative, they were not always visible on the outside of the clothing. They were often stuffed inside the layers at the waist (for example, attaching the bodice to a skirt or breeches). === Frou-frou === In French, ''frou-frou'' or, spelled as ''froufrou'', is the sound of the rustling of silk or sometimes of fabrics in general.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2023-07-25|title=frou-frou|url=https://fr.wiktionary.org/w/index.php?title=frou-frou&oldid=32508509|journal=Wiktionnaire, le dictionnaire libre|language=fr}} https://fr.wiktionary.org/wiki/frou-frou.</ref> The first use the French ''Wiktionnaire'' lists is Honoré Balzac, ''La Cousine Bette'', 1846.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2023-06-03|title=froufrou|url=https://fr.wiktionary.org/w/index.php?title=froufrou&oldid=32330124|journal=Wiktionnaire, le dictionnaire libre|language=fr}} https://fr.wiktionary.org/wiki/froufrou.</ref> ''Frou-frou'' is a term clothing historians use to describe decorative additions to an article of clothing; often the term has a slight negative connotation, suggesting that the additions are superficial. === Pouf, Puff, Poof === According to the French ''Wikipédia'', a pouf was, beginning in 1744, a "kind of women's hairstyle":<blockquote>The hairstyle in question, known as the “pouf”, had launched the reputation of the enterprising Rose Bertin, owner of the Grand Mogol, a very prominent fashion accessories boutique on Rue Saint-Honoré in Paris in 1774. Created in collaboration with the famous hairdresser, Monsieur Léonard, the pouf was built on a scaffolding of wire, fabric, gauze, horsehair, fake hair, and the client's own hair held up in an almost vertical position. — (Marie-Antoinette, ''Queen of Fashion'', translated from the American by Sylvie Lévy, in ''The Rules of the Game'', n° 40, 2009)</blockquote>''Puff'' and ''poof'' are used to describe clothing. === Shirring === ''Shirring'' is the gathering of fabric to make poufs or puffs. The 19th century is known for its use of this decorative technique. Even men's clothing had shirring: at the shoulder seam. === Sequins === Sequins, paillettes, spangles Sequins — or paillettes — are "small, scalelike glittering disks."<ref name=":7" />(216) The French ''Wiktionnaire'' defines ''paillette'' as "Lamelle de métal, brillante, mince, percée au milieu, ordinairement ronde, et qu’on applique sur une étoffe pour l’orner [A strip of metal, shiny, thin, pierced in the middle, usually round, and which is applied to a fabric in order to decorate it.]"<ref name=":8">{{Cite journal|date=2024-03-18|title=paillette|url=https://fr.wiktionary.org/w/index.php?title=paillette&oldid=33809572|journal=Wiktionnaire, le dictionnaire libre|language=fr}} https://fr.wiktionary.org/wiki/paillette.</ref> According to the ''OED'', the use of ''sequin'' as a decorative device for clothing (as opposed to gold coins minted and used for international trade) goes back to the 1850s.<ref>“Sequin, N.” ''Oxford English Dictionary'', Oxford UP, September 2023, https://doi.org/10.1093/OED/4074851670.</ref> The first instance of ''spangle'' as "A small round thin piece of glittering metal (usually brass) with a hole in the centre to pass a thread through, used for the decoration of textile fabrics and other materials of various sorts" is from c. 1420.<ref>“Spangle, N. (1).” ''Oxford English Dictionary'', Oxford UP, July 2023, https://doi.org/10.1093/OED/4727197141.</ref> The first use of ''paillette'' listed in the French ''Wiktionnaire'' is in Jules Verne in 1873 to describe colored spots on icy walls.<ref name=":8" /> Currently many distinguish between sequins (which are smaller) and paillettes (which are larger). Before the 20th century, sequins were metal discs or foil leaves, and so of course if they were silver or copper, they tarnished. It is not until well into the 20th century that plastics were invented and used for sequins. === Trim and Lace === ''A History of Feminine Fashion'', published sometime before 1927 and probably commissioned by [[Social Victorians/People/Dressmakers and Costumiers#Worth, of Paris|the Maison Worth]], describes Charles Frederick Worth's contributions to the development of embroidery and [[Social Victorians/Terminology#Passementerie|passementerie]] (trim) from about the middle of the 19th century:<blockquote>For it must be remembered that one of M. Worth's most important and lasting contributions to the prosperity of those who cater for women's needs, as well as to the variety and elegance of his clients' garments, was his insistence on new fabrics, new trimmings, new materials of every description. In his endeavours to restore in Paris the splendours of the days of La Pompadour, and of Marie Antoinette, he found himself confronted at the outset with a grave difficulty, which would have proved unsurmountable to a man of less energy, resource and initiative. The magnificent materials of those days were no longer to be had! The Revolution had destroyed the market for beautiful materials of this, type, and the Restoration and regime of Louis Philippe had left a dour aspect in the City of Light. ... On parallel lines [to his development of better [[Social Victorians/Terminology#Satin|satin]]], [Worth] stimulated also the manufacture of embroidery and ''passementerie''. It was he who first started the manufacture of laces copied from the designs of the real old laces. He was the / first dressmaker to use fur in the trimming of light materials — but he employed only the richer furs, such as sable and ermine, and had no use whatever for the inferior varieties of skins.<ref name=":9" />{{rp|6–7}}</blockquote> ==== Gold and Silver Fabric and Lace ==== The ''Encyclopaedia Britannica'' (9th edition) has an article on gold and silver fabric, threads and lace attached to the article on gold. (This article is based on knowledge that would have been available toward the end of the 19th century and does not, obviously, reflect current knowledge or ways of talking.)<blockquote>GOLD AND SILVER LACE. Under this heading a general account may be given of the use of the precious metals in textiles of all descriptions into which they enter. That these metals were used largely in the sumptuous textiles of the earliest periods of civilization there is abundant testimony; and to this day, in the Oriental centres whence a knowledge and the use of fabrics inwoven, ornamented, and embroidered with gold and silver first spread, the passion for such brilliant and costly textiles is still most strongly and generally prevalent. The earliest mention of the use of gold in a woven fabric occurs in the description of the ephod made for Aaron (Exod. xxxix. 2, 3) — "And he made the ephod of gold, blue, and purple, and scarlet, and fine twined linen. And they did beat the gold into thin plates, and cut it into wires (strips), to work it in the blue, and in the purple, and in the scarlet, and in the fine linen, with cunning work." In both the ''Iliad'' and the ''Odyssey'' distinct allusion is frequently made to inwoven and embroidered golden textiles. Many circumstances point to the conclusion that the art of weaving and embroidering with gold and silver originated in India, where it is still principally prosecuted, and that from one great city to another the practice travelled westward, — Babylon, Tarsus, Baghdad, Damascus, the islands of Cyprus and Sicily, Con- / stantinople and Venice, all in the process of time becoming famous centres of these much prized manufactures. Alexander the Great found Indian kings and princes arrayed in robes of gold and purple; and the Persian monarch Darius, we are told, wore a war mantle of cloth of gold, on which were figured two golden hawks as if pecking at each other. There is reason, according to Josephus, to believe that the “royal apparel" worn by Herod on the day of his death (Acts xii. 21) was a tissue of silver. Agrippina, the wife of the emperor Claudius, had a robe woven entirely of gold, and from that period downwards royal personages and high ecclesiastical dignitaries used cloth and tissues of gold and silver for their state and ceremonial robes, as well as for costly hangings and decorations. In England, at different periods, various names were applied to cloths of gold, as ciclatoun, tartarium, naques or nac, baudekiu or baldachin, Cyprus damask, and twssewys or tissue. The thin flimsy paper known as tissue paper, is so called because it originally was placed between the folds of gold "tissue" to prevent the contiguous surfaces from fraying each other. At what time the drawing of gold wire for the preparation of these textiles was first practised is not accurately known. The art was probably introduced and applied in different localities at widely different dates, but down till mediaeval times the method graphically described in the Pentateuch continued to be practised with both gold and silver. Fabrics woven with gold and silver continue to be used on the largest scale to this day in India; and there the preparation of the varieties of wire, and the working of the various forms of lace, brocade, and embroidery, is at once an important and peculiar art. The basis of all modern fabrics of this kind is wire, the "gold wire" of the manufacturer being in all cases silver gilt wire, and silver wire being, of course, composed of pure silver. In India the wire is drawn by means of simple draw-plates, with rude and simple appliances, from rounded bars of silver, or gold-plated silver, as the case may be. The wire is flattened into the strip or ribbon-like form it generally assumes by passing it, fourteen or fifteen strands simultaneously, over a fine, smooth, round-topped anvil, and beating it as it passes with a heavy hammer having a slightly convex surface. From wire so flattened there is made in India soniri, a tissue or cloth of gold, the web or warp being composed entirely of golden strips, and ruperi, a similar tissue of silver. Gold lace is also made on a warp of thick yellow silk with a weft of flat wire, and in the case of ribbons the warp or web is composed of the metal. The flattened wires are twisted around orange (in the case of silver, white) coloured silk thread, so as completely to cover the thread and present the appearance of a continuous wire; and in this form it is chiefly employed for weaving into the rich brocades known as kincobs or kinkhábs. Wires flattened, or partially flattened, are also twisted into exceedingly fine spirals, and in this form they are the basis of numerous ornamental applications. Such spirals drawn out till they present a waved appearance, and in that state flattened, are much used for rich heavy embroideries termed karchobs. Spangles for embroideries, &c., are made from spirals of comparatively stout wire, by cutting them down ring by ring, laying each C-like ring on an anvil, and by a smart blow with a hammer flattening it out into a thin round disk with a slit extending from the centre to one edge. Fine spirals are also used for general embroidery purposes. The demand for various kinds of loom-woven and embroidered gold and silver work in India is immense; and the variety of textiles so ornamented is also very great. "Gold and silver," says Dr Birdwood in his ''Handbook to the British-Indian Section, Paris Exhibition'', 1878, "are worked into the decoration of all the more costly loom-made garments and Indian piece goods, either on the borders only, or in stripes throughout, or in diapered figures. The gold-bordered loom embroideries are made chiefly at Sattara, and the gold or silver striped at Tanjore; the gold figured ''mashrus'' at Tanjore, Trichinopoly, and Hyderabad in the Deccau; and the highly ornamented gold-figured silks and gold and silver tissues principally at Ahmedabad, Benares, Murshedabad, and Trichinopoly." Among the Western communities the demand for gold and silver lace and embroideries arises chiefly in connexion with naval and military uniforms, court costumes, public and private liveries, ecclesiastical robes and draperies, theatrical dresses, and the badges and insignia of various orders. To a limited extent there is a trade in gold wire and lace to India and China. The metallic basis of the various fabrics is wire round and flattened, the wire being of three kinds — 1st, gold wire, which is invariably silver gilt wire; 2d, copper gilt wire, used for common liveries and theatrical purposes; and 3d, silver wire. These wires are drawn by the ordinary processes, and the flattening, when done, is accomplished by passing the wire between a pair of revolving rollers of fine polished steel. The various qualities of wire are prepared and used in precisely the same way as in India, — round wire, flat wire, thread made of flat gold wire twisted round orange-coloured silk or cotton, known in the trade as "orris," fine spirals and spangles, all being in use in the West as in the East. The lace is woven in the same manner as ribbons, and there are very numerous varieties in richness, pattern, and quality. Cloth of gold, and brocades rich in gold and silver, are woven for ecclesiastical vestments and draperies. The proportions of gold and silver in the gold thread for the lace trade varies, but in all cases the proportion of gold is exceedingly small. An ordinary gold lace wire is drawn from a bar containing 90 parts of silver and 7 of copper, coated with 3 parts of gold. On an average each ounce troy of a bar so plated is drawn into 1500 yards of wire; and therefore about 16 grains of gold cover a mile of wire. It is estimated that about 250,000 ounces of gold wire are made annually in Great Britain, of which about 20 per cent, is used for the headings of calico, muslin, &c., and the remainder is worked up in the gold lace trade.<ref>William Chandler Roberts-Austen and H. Bauerman [W.C.R. — H.B.]. "Gold and Silver Lace." In "Gold." ''Encyclopaedia Britannica'', 9th Edition (1875–1889). Vol. 10 (X). Adam and Charles Black (Publisher). https://archive.org/details/encyclopaedia-britannica-9ed-1875/Vol%2010%20%28G-GOT%29%20193592738.23/page/753/mode/1up (accessed January 2023): 753, Col. 2c – 754, Cols. 1a–b – 2a–b.</ref></blockquote> ==== Honiton Lace ==== Kate Stradsin says,<blockquote>Honiton lace was the finest English equivalent of Brussels bobbin lace and was constructed in small ‘sprigs, in the cottages of lacemakers[.'] These sprigs were then joined together and bleached to form the large white flounces that were so sought after in the mid-nineteenth century.<ref>Strasdin, Kate. "Rediscovering Queen Alexandra’s Wardrobe: The Challenges and Rewards of Object-Based Research." ''The Court Historian'' 24.2 (2019): 181-196. Rpt http://repository.falmouth.ac.uk/3762/15/Rediscovering%20Queen%20Alexandra%27s%20Wardrobe.pdf: 13, and (for the little quotation) n. 37, which reads "Margaret Tomlinson, ''Three Generations in the Honiton Lace Trade: A Family History'', self-published, 1983."</ref></blockquote> [[File:Strook in Alençon naaldkant, 1750-1775.jpg|thumb|alt=A long piece of complex white lace with garlands, flowers and bows|Point d'Alençon lace, 1750-1775]] ==== Passementerie ==== ''Passementerie'' is the French term for trim on clothing or furniture. The 19th century (especially during the First and Second Empire) was a time of great "''exubérance''" in passementerie in French design, including the development and widespread use of the Jacquard loom.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2023-06-10|title=Passementerie|url=https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Passementerie&oldid=205068926|journal=Wikipédia|language=fr}} https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passementerie.</ref> ==== Point d'Alençon Lace ==== A lace made by hand using a number of complex steps and layers. The lacemakers build the point d'Alençon design on some kind of mesh and sometimes leave some of the mesh in as part of the lace and perhaps to provide structure. Elizabeth Lewandowski defines point d'Alençon lace and Alençon lace separately. Point lace is needlepoint lace,<ref name=":7">Lewandowski, Elizabeth J. ''The Complete Costume Dictionary''. Scarecrow Press, 2011.</ref>{{rp|233}} so Alençon point is "a two thread [needlepoint] lace."<ref name=":7" />{{rp|7}} Alençon lace has a "floral design on [a] fine net ground [and is] referred to as [the] queen of French handmade needlepoint laces. The original handmade Alençon was a fine needlepoint lace made of linen thread."<ref name=":7" />{{rp|7}} The sample of point d'Alençon lace (right), from 1750–1775, shows the linen mesh that the lace was constructed on.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://openfashion.momu.be/#9ce5f00e-8a06-4dab-a833-05c3371f3689|title=MoMu - Open Fashion|website=openfashion.momu.be|access-date=2024-02-26}} ModeMuseum Antwerpen. http://openfashion.momu.be/#9ce5f00e-8a06-4dab-a833-05c3371f3689.</ref> The consistency in this sample suggests it may have been made by machine. == Fabric == === Brocatelle === Brocatelle is a kind of brocade, more simple than most brocades because it uses fewer warp and weft threads and fewer colors to form the design. The article in the French ''Wikipédia'' defines it like this:<blockquote>La '''brocatelle''' est un type de tissu datant du <abbr>xvi^e</abbr> siècle qui comporte deux chaînes et deux trames, au minimum. Il est composé pour que le dessin ressorte avec un relief prononcé, grâce à la chaîne sur un fond en sergé. Les brocatelles les plus anciennes sont toujours fabriquées avec une des trames en lin.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2023-06-01|title=Brocatelle|url=https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brocatelle&oldid=204796410|journal=Wikipédia|language=fr}} https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brocatelle.</ref></blockquote>Which translates to this:<blockquote>Brocatelle is a type of fabric dating from the 16th century that has two warps and two wefts, at a minimum. It is composed so that the design stands out with a pronounced relief, thanks to the weft threads on a twill background. The oldest brocades were always made with one of the wefts being linen.</blockquote>The ''Oxford English Dictionary'' says, brocatelle is an "imitation of brocade, usually made of silk or wool, used for tapestry, upholstery, etc., now also for dresses. Both the nature and the use of the stuff have changed" between the late 17th century and 1888, the last time this definition was revised.<ref>"brocatelle, n." ''OED Online'', Oxford University Press, March 2023, www.oed.com/view/Entry/23550. Accessed 4 July 2023.</ref> === Broché === === Ciselé === === Crépe de Chine === The ''Oxford English Dictionary'' distinguishes the use of ''crêpe'' (using a circumflex rather than an acute accent over the first ''e'') from ''crape'' in textiles, saying ''crêpe'' is "often borrowed [from the French] as a term for all crapy fabrics other than ordinary black mourning crape,"<ref>"crêpe, n." ''OED Online'', Oxford University Press, December 2022, www.oed.com/view/Entry/44242. Accessed 10 February 2023.</ref> with usage examples ranging from 1797 to the mid 20th century. Crêpe de chine, it says is "a white or other coloured crape made of raw silk." === Épinglé Velvet === Often spelled ''épingle'' rather than ''épinglé'', this term appears to have been used for a fabric made of wool, or at least wool along with linen or cotton, that was heavier and stiffer than silk velvet. It was associated with outer garments and men's clothing. Nowadays, épinglé velvet is an upholstery fabric in which the pile is cut into designs and patterns, and the portrait of [[Social Victorians/People/Douglas-Hamilton Duke of Hamilton|Mary, Duchess of Hamilton]] shows a mantle described as épinglé velvet that does seem to be a velvet with a woven pattern perhaps cut into the pile. === Lace === While lace also functioned sometimes as fabric — at the décolletage, for example, on the stomacher or as a veil — here we organize it as a [[Social Victorians/Terminology#Trim and Lace|part of the elaboration of clothing]]. === Liberty Fabrics === === Lisse === According to the ''Oxford English Dictionary'', the term ''lisse'' as a "kind of silk gauze" was used in the 19th-century UK and US.<ref>"lisse, n.1." ''OED Online'', Oxford University Press, March 2023, www.oed.com/view/Entry/108978. Accessed 4 July 2023.</ref> === Satin === The pre-1927 ''History of Feminine Fashion'', probably commissioned by Charles Frederick Worth's sons, describes Worth's "insistence on new fabrics, new trimmings, new materials of every description" at the beginning of his career in the mid 19th century:<blockquote>When Worth first entered the business of dressmaking, the only materials of the richer sort used for woman's dress were velvet, faille, and watered silk. Satin, for example, was never used. M. Worth desired to use satin very extensively in the gowns he designed, but he was not satisfied with what could be had at the time; he wanted something very much richer than was produced by the mills at Lyons. That his requirements entailed the reconstruction of mills mattered little — the mills were reconstructed under his directions, and the Lyons looms turned out a richer satin than ever, and the manufacturers prospered accordingly.<ref name=":9">[Worth, House of.] {{Cite book|url=http://archive.org/details/AHistoryOfFeminineFashion|title=A History Of Feminine Fashion (1800s to 1920s)}} Before 1927. [Likely commissioned by Worth. Link is to Archive.org; info from Wikimedia Commons: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Worth_Biarritz_salon.jpg.]</ref>{{rp|6 in printed, 26 in digital book}}</blockquote> === Selesia === According to the ''Oxford English Dictionary'', ''silesia'' is "A fine linen or cotton fabric originally manufactured in Silesia in what is now Germany (''Schlesien'').<ref>"Silesia, n." ''OED Online'', Oxford University Press, December 2022, www.oed.com/view/Entry/179664. Accessed 9 February 2023.</ref> It may have been used as a lining — for pockets, for example — in garments made of more luxurious or more expensive cloth. The word ''sleazy'' — "Of textile fabrics or materials: Thin or flimsy in texture; having little substance or body."<ref>"sleazy, adj." ''OED Online'', Oxford University Press, December 2022, www.oed.com/view/Entry/181563. Accessed 9 February 2023.</ref> — may be related. === Shot Fabric === According to the ''Oxford English Dictionary'', "Of a textile fabric: Woven with warp-threads of one colour and weft-threads of another, so that the fabric (usually silk) changes in tint when viewed from different points."<ref>“Shot, ''Adj.''”  ''Oxford English Dictionary'', Oxford UP,  July 2023, https://doi.org/10.1093/OED/2977164390.</ref> A shot fabric might also be made of silk and cotton fibers. === Tissue === A lightly woven fabric like gauze or chiffon. The light weave can make the fabric translucent and make pleating and gathering flatter and less bulky. Tissue can be woven to be shot, sheer, stiff or soft. Historically, the term in English was used for a "rich kind of cloth, often interwoven with gold or silver" or "various rich or fine fabrics of delicate or gauzy texture."<ref>“Tissue, N.” ''Oxford English Dictionary'', Oxford UP, March 2024, https://doi.org/10.1093/OED/5896731814.</ref> == Fan == The ''Encyclopaedia Britannica'' (9th edition) has an article on the fan. (This article is based on knowledge that would have been available toward the end of the 19th century and does not, obviously, reflect current knowledge or ways of talking.)<blockquote>FAN (Latin, ''vannus''; French, ''éventail''), a light implement used for giving motion to the air. ''Ventilabrum'' and ''flabellum'' are names under which ecclesiastical fans are mentioned in old inventories. Fans for cooling the face have been in use in hot climates from remote ages. A bas-relief in the British Museum represents Sennacherib with female figures carrying feather fans. They were attributes of royalty along with horse-hair fly-flappers and umbrellas. Examples may be seen in plates of the Egyptian sculptures at Thebes and other places, and also in the ruins of Persepolis. In the museum of Boulak, near Cairo, a wooden fan handle showing holes for feathers is still preserved. It is from the tomb of Amen-hotep, of the 18th dynasty, 17th century <small>B</small>.<small>C</small>. In India fans were also attributes of men in authority, and sometimes sacred emblems. A heartshaped fan, with an ivory handle, of unknown age, and held in great veneration by the Hindus, was given to the prince of Wales. Large punkahs or screens, moved by a servant who does nothing else, are in common use by Europeans in India at this day. Fans were used in the early Middle Ages to keep flies from the sacred elements during the celebrations of the Christian mysteries. Sometimes they were round, with bells attached — of silver, or silver gilt. Notices of such fans in the ancient records of St Paul’s, London, Salisbury cathedral, and many other churches, exist still. For these purposes they are no longer used in the Western church, though they are retained in some Oriental rites. The large feather fans, however, are still carried in the state processions of the supreme pontiff in Rome, though not used during the celebration of the mass. The fan of Queen Theodolinda (7th century) is still preserved in the treasury of the cathedral of Monza. Fans made part of the bridal outfit, or ''mundus muliebris'', of ancient Roman ladies. Folding fans had their origin in Japan, and were imported thence to China. They were in the shape still used—a segment of a circle of paper pasted on a light radiating frame-work of bamboo, and variously decorated, some in colours, others of white paper on which verses or sentences are written. It is a compliment in China to invite a friend or distinguished guest to write some sentiment on your fan as a memento of any special occasion, and this practice has continued. A fan that has some celebrity in France was presented by the Chinese ambassador to the Comtesse de Clauzel at the coronation of Napoleon I. in 1804. When a site was given in 1635, on an artificial island, for the settlement of Portuguese merchants in Nippo in Japan, the space was laid out in the form of a fan as emblematic of an object agreeable for general use. Men and women of every rank both in China and Japan carry fans, even artisans using them with one hand while working with the other. In China they are often made of carved ivory, the sticks being plates very thin and sometimes carved on both sides, the intervals between the carved parts pierced with astonishing delicacy, and the plates held together by a ribbon. The Japanese make the two outer guards of the stick, which cover the others, occasionally of beaten iron, extremely thin and light, damascened with gold and other metals. Fans were used by Portuguese ladies in the 14th century, and were well known in England before the close of the reign of Richard II. In France the inventory of Charles V. at the end of the 14th century mentions a folding ivory fan. They were brought into general use in that country by Catherine de’ Medici, probably from Italy, then in advance of other countries in all matters of personal luxury. The court ladies of Henry VIII.’s reign in England were used to handling fans, A lady in the Dance of Death by Holbein holds a fan. Queen Elizabeth is painted with a round leather fan in her portrait at Gorhambury; and as many as twenty-seven are enumerated in her inventory (1606). Coryat, an English traveller, in 1608 describes them as common in Italy. They also became of general use from that time in Spain. In Italy, France, and Spain fans had special conventional uses, and various actions in handling them grew into a code of signals, by which ladies were supposed to convey hints or signals to admirers or to rivals in society. A paper in the ''Spectator'' humorously proposes to establish a regular drill for these purposes. The chief seat of the European manufacture of fans during the 17th century was Paris, where the sticks or frames, whether of wood or ivory, were made, and the decorations painted on mounts of very carefully prepared vellum (called latterly ''chicken skin'', but not correctly), — a material stronger and tougher than paper, which breaks at the folds. Paris makers exported fans unpainted to Madrid and other Spanish cities, where they were decorated by native artists. Many were exported complete; of old fans called Spanish a great number were in fact made in France. Louis XIV. issued edicts at various times to regulate the manufacture. Besides fans mounted with parchment, Dutch fans of ivory were imported into Paris, and decorated by the heraldic painters in the process called “Vernis Martin,” after a famous carriage painter and inventor of colourless lac varnish. Fans of this kind belonging to the Queen and to the late baroness de Rothschild were exhibited in 1870 at Kensington. A fan of the date of 1660, representing sacred subjects, is attributed to Philippe de Champagne, another to Peter Oliver in England in the / 17th century. Cano de Arevalo, a Spanish painter of the 17th century devoted himself to fan painting. Some harsh expressions of Queen Christina to the young ladies of the French court are said to have caused an increased ostentation in the splendour of their fans, which were set with jewels and mounted in gold. Rosalba Carriera was the name of a fan painter of celebrity in the 17th century. Lebrun and Romanelli were much employed during the same period. Klingstet, a Dutch artist, enjoyed a considerable reputation for his fans from the latter part of the 17th and the first thirty years of the 18th century. The revocation of the edict of Nantes drove many fan-makers out of France to Holland and England. The trade in England was well established under the Stuart sovereigns. Petitions were addressed by the fan-makers to Charles II. against the importation of fans from India, and a duty was levied upon such fans in consequence. This importation of Indian fans, according to Savary, extended also to France. During the reign of Louis XV. carved Indian and China fans displaced to some extent those formerly imported from Italy, which had been painted on swanskin parchment prepared with various perfumes. During the 18th century all the luxurious ornamentation of the day was bestowed on fans as far as they could display it. The sticks were made of mother-of-pearl or ivory, carved with extraordinary skill in France, Italy, England, and other countries. They were painted from designs of Boucher, Watteau, Lancret, and other "genre" painters, Hébert, Rau, Chevalier, Jean Boquet, Mad. Verité, are known as fan painters. These fashions were followed in most countries of Europe, with certain national differences. Taffeta and silk, as well as fine parchment, were used for the mounts. Little circles of glass were let into the stick to be looked through, and small telescopic glasses were sometimes contrived at the pivot of the stick. They were occasionally mounted with the finest point lace. An interesting fan (belonging to Madame de Thiac in France), the work of Le Flamand, was presented by the municipality of Dieppe to Marie Antoinette on the birth of her son the dauphin. From the time of the Revolution the old luxury expended on fans died out. Fine examples ceased to be exported to England and other countries. The painting on them represented scenes or personages connected with political events. At a later period fan mounts were often prints coloured by hand. The events of the day mark the date of many examples found in modern collections. Amongst the fanmakers of the present time the names of Alexandre, Duvelleroy, Fayet, Vanier, may be mentioned as well known in Paris. The sticks are chiefly made in the department of Oise, at Le Déluge, Crèvecœur, Méry, Ste Geneviève, and other villages, where whole families are engaged in preparing them; ivory sticks are carved at Dieppe. Water-colour painters of distinction often design and paint the mounts, the best designs being figure subjects. A great impulse has been given to the manufacture and painting of fans in England since the exhibition which took place at South Kensington in 1870. Other exhibitions have since been held, and competitive prizes offered, one of which was gained by the Princess Louise. Modern collections of fans take their date from the emigration of many noble families from France at the time of the Revolution. Such objects were given as souvenirs and occasionally sold by families in straitened circumstances. A large number of fans of all sorts, principally those of the 18th century, French, English, German, Italian Spanish, &c., have been lately bequeathed to the South Kensington Museum. Regarding the different parts of folding fans it may be well to state that the sticks are called in French ''brins'', the two outer guards ''panaches'', and the mount ''feuille''.<ref>J. H. Pollen [J.H.P.]. "Fan." ''Encyclopaedia Britannica'', 9th Edition (1875–1889). Vol. '''10''' ('''X'''). Adam and Charles Black (Publisher). https://archive.org/details/encyclopaedia-britannica-9ed-1875/Vol%209%20%28FAL-FYZ%29%20193323016.23/page/26/mode/2up (accessed January 2023): 27, Col. 1b – 28, Col. 1c.</ref></blockquote> == Fancy-dress Ball == Fancy-dress (or costume) balls were popular and frequent in the U.K. and France as well as the rest of Europe during the 19th century. The themes and styles of the fancy-dress balls influenced those that followed. At the [[Social Victorians/1897 Fancy Dress Ball|Duchess of Devonshire's 1897 fancy-dress ball]], the guests came dressed in costume from times before 1820, as instructed on '''the invitation''', but their clothing was much more about late-Victorian standards of beauty and fashion than the standards of whatever time period the portraits they were copying or basing their costumes on. ''The Queen'' published dress and fashion information and advice under the byline of Ardern Holt, who regularly answered questions from readers about fashion as well as about fancy dress. (More about Ardern Holt, which is almost certainly a pseudonym, can be found on the [[Social Victorians/People/Working in Publishing#Journalists|People Working in Publishing]] page.) Holt also ran wrote entire articles with suggestions for what might make an appealing fancy-dress costume as well as pointing readers away from costumes that had been worn too frequently. The suggestions for costumes are based on familiar types or portraits available to readers, similar to Holt's books on fancy dress, which ran through a number of editions in the 1880s and 1890s. Fancy-dress questions sometimes asked for details about costumes worn in theatrical or operatic productions, which Holt provides. In November 1897, Holt refers to the Duchess of Devonshire's 2 July ball: "Since the famous fancy ball, given at Devonshire House during this year, historical fancy dresses have assumed a prominence that they had not hitherto known."<ref>Holt, Ardern. "Fancy Dress a la Mode." The ''Queen'' 27 November 1897, Saturday: 94 [of 145 in BNA; print p. 1026], Col. 1a [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002627/18971127/459/0094.</ref> Holt goes on to provide a number of ideas for costumes for historical fancy dress, as always with a strong leaning toward Victorian standards of beauty and style and away from any concern for historical accuracy. Ardern Holt published books on fancy dress as well as writing for the ''Queen'' and other periodicals, but not all of them were about fancy dress. # ''Gentlemen's Fancy Dress: How to Choose It''. Wyman & Sons, 1882. (''Google Books'' has this: https://books.google.com/books/about/Gentlemen_s_Fancy_Dress.html?id=ED8CAAAAQAAJ.) Later editions: 1898 (HathiTrust) # ''Fancy Dresses Described; Or, What to Wear at Fancy Balls''. Debenham & Freebody, 1882. Illustr., Lillian Young. (HathiTrust has this.) Later editions: 4th ed — 1884; 1887 (HathiTrust); 6th ed. — 1896 (HathiTrust) As Leonore Davidoff says, "Every cap, bow, streamer, ruffle, fringe, bustle, glove and other elaboration symbolised some status category for the female wearer."<ref name=":1" />{{rp|93}} [handled under Elaborations] === Historical Accuracy === Many of the costumes at the ball were based on portraits, especially when the guest was dressed as a historical figure. If possible, we have found the portraits likely to have been the originals, or we have found, if possible, portraits that show the subjects from the two time periods at similar ages. The way clothing was cut changed quite a bit between the 18th and 19th centuries. We think of Victorian clothing — particularly women's clothing, and particularly at the end of the century — as inflexible and restrictive, especially compared to 20th- and 21st-century customs permitting freedom of movement. The difference is generally evolutionary rather than absolute — that is, as time has passed since the 18th century, clothing has allowed an increasingly greater range of movement, especially for people who did not do manual labor. By the end of the 19th century, garments like women's bodices and men's coats were made fitted and smooth by attention to the grain of the fabric and by the use of darts (rather than techniques that assembled many small, individual pieces of fabric). * clothing construction and flat-pattern techniques * Generally, the further back in time we go, the more 2-dimensional the clothing itself was. ==== Women's Versions of Historical Accuracy at the Ball ==== As always with this ball, whatever historical accuracy might be present in a woman's costume is altered so that the wearer is still a fashionable Victorian lady. What makes the costumes look "Victorian" to our eyes is the line of the silhouette caused by the foundation undergarments as well as the many "elaborations"<ref name=":1" />{{rp|93}}, mostly in the decorations, trim and accessories. Also, the clothing hangs and drapes differently because the fabric was cut on grain and the shoulders were freed by the way the sleeves were set in. ==== Men's Versions of Historical Accuracy at the Ball ==== Because men were not wearing a Victorian foundation garment at the end of the century, the men's costumes at the ball are more historically accurate in some ways. * Trim * Mixing neck treatments * Hair * Breeches * Shoes and boots * Military uniforms, arms, gloves, boots == Feathers and Plumes == === Aigrette === Elizabeth Lewandowski defines ''aigrette'' as "France. Feather or plume from an egret or heron."<ref name=":7" />(5) Sometimes the newspapers use the term to refer to an accessory (like a fan or ornament on a hat) that includes such a feather or plume. The straight and tapered feathers in an aigrette are in a bundle. === Prince of Wales's Feathers or White Plumes === The feathers in an aigrette came from egrets and herons; Prince of Wales's feathers came from ostriches. A fuller discussion of Prince of Wales's feathers and the white ostrich plumes worn at court appears on [[Social Victorians/Victorian Things#Ostrich Feathers and Prince of Wales's Feathers|Victorian Things]]. For much of the late 18th and 19th centuries, white ostrich plumes were central to fashion at court, and at a certain point in the late 18th century they became required for women being presented to the monarch and for their sponsors. Our purpose here is to understand why women were wearing plumes at the [[Social Victorians/1897 Fancy Dress Ball|Duchess of Devonshire's 1897 fancy-dress ball]] as part of their costumes. First published in 1893, [[Social Victorians/People/Lady Colin Campbell|Lady Colin Campbell]]'s ''Manners and Rules of Good Society'' (1911 edition) says that<blockquote>It was compulsory for both Married and Unmarried Ladies to Wear Plumes. The married lady’s Court plume consisted of three white feathers. An unmarried lady’s of two white feathers. The three white feathers should be mounted as a Prince of Wales plume and worn towards the left hand side of the head. Colored feathers may not be worn. In deep mourning, white feathers must be worn, black feathers are inadmissible.<p> White veils or lace lappets must be worn with the feathers. The veils should not be longer than 45 inches.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.edwardianpromenade.com/etiquette/the-court-presentation/|title=The Court Presentation|last=Holl|first=Evangeline|date=2007-12-07|website=Edwardian Promenade|language=en-US|access-date=2022-12-18}} https://www.edwardianpromenade.com/etiquette/the-court-presentation/.</ref></blockquote>[[Social Victorians/Victorian Things#Ostrich Feathers and Prince of Wales's Feathers|This fashion was imported from France]] in the mid 1770s.<ref>"Abstract" for Blackwell, Caitlin. "'<nowiki/>''The Feather'd Fair in a Fright''': The Emblem of the Feather in Graphic Satire of 1776." ''Journal for Eighteenth-Century Studies'' 20 January 2013 (Vol. 36, Issue 3): 353-376. ''Wiley Online'' DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1754-0208.2012.00550.x (accessed November 2022).</ref> Separately, a secondary heraldic emblem of the Prince of Wales has been a specific arrangement of 3 ostrich feathers in a gold coronet<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2022-11-07|title=Prince of Wales's feathers|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Prince_of_Wales%27s_feathers&oldid=1120556015|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_of_Wales's_feathers.</ref> since King Edward III (1312–1377<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2022-12-14|title=Edward III of England|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Edward_III_of_England&oldid=1127343221|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_III_of_England.</ref>). Some women at the [[Social Victorians/1897 Fancy Dress Ball|Duchess of Devonshire's 1897 fancy-dress ball]] wore white ostrich feathers in their hair, but most of them are not Prince of Wales's feathers. Most of the plumes in these portraits are arrangements of some kind of headdress to accompany the costume. A few, wearing what looks like the Princes of Wales's feathers, might be signaling that their character is royal or has royal ancestry. '''One of the women [which one?] was presented to the royals at this ball?''' Here is the list of women who are wearing white ostrich plumes in their portraits in the [[Social Victorians/1897 Fancy Dress Ball/Photographs|''Diamond Jubilee Fancy Dress Ball'' album of 286 photogravure portraits]]: # Kathleen Pelham-Clinton, the [[Social Victorians/People/Newcastle|Duchess of Newcastle]] # [[Social Victorians/People/Louisa Montagu Cavendish|Luise Cavendish]], the Duchess of Devonshire # Jesusa Murrieta del Campo Mello y Urritio (née Bellido), [[Social Victorians/People/Santurce|Marquisa de Santurce]] # Lady [[Social Victorians/People/Farquhar|Emilie Farquhar]] # Princess (Laura Williamina Seymour) Victor of  [[Social Victorians/People/Gleichen#Laura%20Williamina%20Seymour%20of%20Hohenlohe-Langenburg|Hohenlohe Langenburg]] # Louisa Acheson, [[Social Victorians/People/Gosford|Lady Gosford]] # Alice Emily White Coke, [[Social Victorians/People/Leicester|Viscountess Coke]] # Lady Mary Stewart, Helen Mary Theresa [[Social Victorians/People/Londonderry|Vane-Tempest-Stewart]] #[[Social Victorians/People/Consuelo Vanderbilt Spencer-Churchill|Consuelo Vanderbilt Spencer-Churchill]], Duchess of [[Social Victorians/People/Marlborough|Marlborough]], dressed as the wife of the French Ambassador at the Court of Catherine of Russia (not white, but some color that reads dark in the black-and-white photograph) #Mrs. Mary [[Social Victorians/People/Chamberlain|Chamberlain]] (at 491), wearing white plumes, as Madame d'Epinay #Lady Clementine [[Social Victorians/People/Tweeddale|Hay]] (at 629), wearing white plumes, as St. Bris (''Les Huguenots'') #[[Social Victorians/People/Meysey-Thompson|Lady Meysey-Thompson]] (at 391), wearing white plumes, as Elizabeth, Queen of Bohemia #Mrs. [[Social Victorians/People/Grosvenor|Algernon (Catherine) Grosvenor]] (at 510), wearing white plumes, as Marie Louise #Lady [[Social Victorians/People/Ancaster|Evelyn Ewart]], at 401), wearing white plumes, as the Duchess of Ancaster, Mistress of the Robes to Queen Charlotte, 1757, after a picture by Hudson #[[Social Victorians/People/Lyttelton|Edith Sophy Balfour Lyttelton]] (at 580), wearing what might be white plumes on a large-brimmed white hat, after a picture by Romney #[[Social Victorians/People/Yznaga|Emilia Yznaga]] (at 360), wearing what might be white plumes, as Cydalise of the Comedie Italienne from the time of Louis XV #Lady [[Social Victorians/People/Ilchester|Muriel Fox Strangways]] (at 403), wearing what might be two smallish white plumes, as Lady Sarah Lennox, one of the bridesmaids of Queen Charlotte A.D. 1761 #Lady [[Social Victorians/People/Lucan|Violet Bingham]] (at 586), wearing perhaps one white plume in a headdress not related to the Prince of Wales's feathers #Rosamond Fellowes, [[Social Victorians/People/de Ramsey|Lady de Ramsey]] (at 329), wearing a headdress that includes some white plumes, as Lady Burleigh #[[Social Victorians/People/Dupplin|Agnes Blanche Marie Hay-Drummond]] (at 682), in a big headdress topped with white plumes, as Mademoiselle Andrée de Taverney A.D. 1775 #Florence Canning, [[Social Victorians/People/Garvagh|Lady Garvagh]] (at 336), wearing what looks like Prince of Wales's plumes #[[Social Victorians/People/Suffolk|Marguerite Hyde "Daisy" Leiter]] (at 684), wearing what looks like Prince of Wales's plumes #Lady [[Social Victorians/People/Spicer|Margaret Spicer]] (at 281), wearing one smallish white and one black plume, as Countess Zinotriff, Lady-in-Waiting to the Empress Catherine of Russia #Mrs. [[Social Victorians/People/Cavendish Bentinck|Arthur James]] (at 318), wearing what looks like Prince of Wales's plumes, as Elizabeth Cavendish, daughter of Bess of Hardwick #Nellie, [[Social Victorians/People/Kilmorey|Countess of Kilmorey]] (at 207), wearing three tall plumes, 2 white and one dark, as Comtesse du Barri #Daisy, [[Social Victorians/People/Warwick|Countess of Warwick]] (at 53), wearing at least 1 white plume, as Marie Antoinette More men than women were wearing plumes reminiscent of the Prince of Wales's feathers: * ==== Bibliography for Plumes and Prince of Wales's Feathers ==== * Blackwell, Caitlin. "'''The Feather'd Fair in a Fright'<nowiki/>'': The Emblem of the Feather in Graphic Satire of 1776." Journal for ''Eighteenth-Century Studies'' 20 January 2013 (Vol. 36, Issue 3): 353-376. Wiley Online DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1754-0208.2012.00550.x. * "Prince of Wales's feathers." ''Wikipedia'' https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_of_Wales%27s_feathers (accessed November 2022). ['''Add women to this page'''] * Simpson, William. "On the Origin of the Prince of Wales' Feathers." ''Fraser's magazine'' 617 (1881): 637-649. Hathi Trust https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=chi.79253140&view=1up&seq=643&q1=feathers (accessed December 2022). Deals mostly with use of feathers in other cultures and in antiquity; makes brief mention of feathers and plumes in signs and pub names that may not be associated with the Prince of Wales. No mention of the use of plumes in women's headdresses or court dress. == Honors == === The Bath === The Most Honourable Order of the Bath (GCB, Knight or Dame Grand Cross; KCB or DCB, Knight or Dame Commander; CB, Companion) === The Garter === The Most Noble Order of the Knights of the Garter (KG, Knight Companion; LG, Lady Companion) [[File:The Golden Fleece - collar exhibited at MET, NYC.jpg|thumb|The Golden Fleece collar and pendant for the 2019 "Last Knight" exhibition at the MET, NYC.|alt=Recent photograph of a gold necklace on a wide band, with a gold skin of a sheep hanging from it as a pendant]] === The Golden Fleece === To wear the golden fleece is to wear the insignia of the Order of the Golden Fleece, said to be "the most prestigious and historic order of chivalry in the world" because of its long history and strict limitations on membership.<ref name=":10">{{Cite journal|date=2020-09-25|title=Order of the Golden Fleece|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Order_of_the_Golden_Fleece&oldid=980340875|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}}</ref> The monarchs of the U.K. were members of the originally Spanish order, as were others who could afford it, like the Duke of Wellington,<ref name=":12">Thompson, R[obert]. H[ugh]. "The Golden Fleece in Britain." Publication of the ''British Numismatic Society''. 2009 https://www.britnumsoc.org/publications/Digital%20BNJ/pdfs/2009_BNJ_79_8.pdf (accessed January 2023).</ref> the first Protestant to be admitted to the order.<ref name=":10" /> Founded in 1429/30 by Philip the Good, Duke of Burgundy, the order separated into two branches in 1714, one Spanish and the other Austrian, still led by the House of Habsburg.<ref name=":10" /> [[File:Prince Albert - Franz Xaver Winterhalter 1842.jpg|thumb|1842 Winterhalter portrait of Prince Albert wearing the insignia of the Order of the Golden Fleece, 1842|left|alt=1842 Portrait of Prince Albert by Winterhalter, wearing the insignia of the Golden Fleece]] The photograph (upper right) is of a Polish badge dating from the "turn of the XV and XVI centuries."<ref>{{Citation|title=Polski: Kolana orderowa orderu Złotego Runa, przełom XV i XVI wieku.|url=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:The_Golden_Fleece_-_collar_exhibited_at_MET,_NYC.jpg|date=2019-11-10|accessdate=2023-01-10|last=Wulfstan}}. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:The_Golden_Fleece_-_collar_exhibited_at_MET,_NYC.jpg.</ref> The collar to this Golden Fleece might be similar to the one the [[Social Victorians/People/Spencer Compton Cavendish#The Insignia of the Order of the Golden Fleece|Duke of Devonshire is wearing in the 1897 Lafayette portrait]]. The badges and collars that Knights of the Order actually wore vary quite a bit. The 1842 Franz Xaver Winterhalter portrait (left) of Prince Consort Albert, Victoria's husband and father of the Prince of Wales, shows him wearing the Golden Fleece on a red ribbon around his neck and the star of the Garter on the front of his coat.<ref>Winterhalter, Franz Xaver. ''Prince Albert''. {{Cite web|url=https://www.rct.uk/collection/search#/16/collection/401412/prince-albert-1819-61|title=Explore the Royal Collection Online|website=www.rct.uk|access-date=2023-01-16}} https://www.rct.uk/collection/search#/16/collection/401412/prince-albert-1819-61.</ref> === Royal Victorian Order === (GCVO, Knight or Dame Grand Cross; KCVO or DCVO, Knight or Dame Commander; CVO, Commander; LVO, Lieutenant; MVO, Member) === St. John === The Order of the Knights of St. John === Star of India === Most Exalted Order of the Star of India (GCSI, Knight Grand Commander; KCSI, Knight Commander; CSI, Companion) === Thistle === The Most Ancient and Most Noble Order of the Thistle == Jewelry and Stones == === Cabochon === This term describes both the treatment and shape of a precious or semiprecious stone. A cabochon treatment does not facet the stone but merely polishes it, removing "the rough parts" and the parts that are not the right stone.<ref>"cabochon, n." ''OED Online'', Oxford University Press, December 2022, www.oed.com/view/Entry/25778. Accessed 7 February 2023.</ref> A cabochon shape is often flat on one side and oval or round, forming a mound in the setting. === Jet === === ''Orfèvrerie'' === Sometimes misspelled in the newspapers as ''orvfèvrerie''. ''Orfèvrerie'' is the artistic work of a goldsmith, silversmith, or jeweler. === Turquoises === == Military == Several men from the [[Social Victorians/1897 Fancy Dress Ball|Duchess of Devonshire's 1897 fancy-dress ball at Devonshire House]] were dressed in military uniforms, some historical and some, possibly, not. === Baldric === According to the ''Oxford English Dictionary'', the primary sense of ''baldric'' is "A belt or girdle, usually of leather and richly ornamented, worn pendent from one shoulder across the breast and under the opposite arm, and used to support the wearer's sword, bugle, etc."<ref>"baldric, n." ''OED Online'', Oxford University Press, March 2023, www.oed.com/view/Entry/14849. Accessed 17 May 2023.</ref> This sense has been in existence since c. 1300. === Cuirass === According to the ''Oxford English Dictionary'', the primary sense of ''cuirass'' is "A piece of armour for the body (originally of leather); ''spec.'' a piece reaching down to the waist, and consisting of a breast-plate and a back-plate, buckled or otherwise fastened together ...."<ref>"cuirass, n." ''OED Online'', Oxford University Press, March 2023, www.oed.com/view/Entry/45604. Accessed 17 May 2023.</ref> [[File:Knötel IV, 04.jpg|thumb|alt=An Old drawing in color of British soldiers on horses brandishing swords in 1815.|1890 illustration of the Household Cavalry (Life Guard, left; Horse Guard, right) at the Battle of Waterloo, 1815]] === Household Cavalry === The Royal Household contains the Household Cavalry, a corps of British Army units assigned to the monarch. It is made up of 2 regiments, the Life Guards and what is now called The Blues and Royals, which were formed around the time of "the Restoration of the Monarchy in 1660."<ref name=":3">Joll, Christopher. "Tales of the Household Cavalry, No. 1. Roles." The Household Cavalry Museum, https://householdcavalry.co.uk/app/uploads/sites/2/2021/06/Household-Cavalry-Museum-video-series-large-print-text-Tales-episode-01.pdf.</ref>{{rp|1}} Regimental Historian Christopher Joll says, "the original Life Guards were formed as a mounted bodyguard for the exiled King Charles II, The Blues were raised as Cromwellian cavalry and The Royals were established to defend Tangier."<ref name=":3" />{{rp|1–2}} The 1st and 2nd Life Guards were formed from "the Troops of Horse and Horse Grenadier Guards ... in 1788."<ref name=":3" />{{rp|3}} The Life Guards were and are still official bodyguards of the queen or king, but through history they have been required to do quite a bit more than serve as bodyguards for the monarch. The Household Cavalry fought in the Battle of Waterloo on Sunday, 18 June 1815 as heavy cavalry.<ref name=":3" />{{rp|3}} Besides arresting the Cato Steet conspirators in 1820 "and guarding their subsequent execution," the Household Cavalry contributed to the "the expedition to rescue General Gordon, who was trapped in Khartoum by The Mahdi and his army of insurgents" in 1884.<ref name=":3" />{{rp|3}} In 1887 they "were involved ... in the suppression of rioters in Trafalgar Square on Bloody Sunday."<ref name=":3" />{{rp|3}} ==== Grenadier Guards ==== Three men — [[Social Victorians/People/Gordon-Lennox#Lord Algernon Gordon Lennox|Lord Algernon Gordon-Lennox]], [[Social Victorians/People/Stanley#Edward George Villiers Stanley, Lord Stanley|Lord Stanley]], and [[Social Victorians/People/Stanley#Hon. Ferdinand Charles Stanley|Hon. F. C. Stanley]] — attended the ball as officers of the Grenadier Guards, wearing "scarlet tunics, ... full blue breeches, scarlet hose and shoes, lappet wigs" as well as items associated with weapons and armor.<ref name=":14">“The Duchess of Devonshire’s Ball.” The ''Gentlewoman'' 10 July 1897 Saturday: 32–42 [of 76], Cols. 1a–3c [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003340/18970710/155/0032.</ref>{{rp|p. 34, Col. 2a}} Founded in England in 1656 as Foot Guards, this infantry regiment "was granted the 'Grenadier' designation by a Royal Proclamation" at the end of the Napoleonic Wars.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2023-04-22|title=Grenadier Guards|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Grenadier_Guards&oldid=1151238350|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grenadier_Guards.</ref> They were not called Grenadier Guards, then, before about 1815. In 1660, the Stuart Restoration, they were called Lord Wentworth's Regiment, because they were under the command of Thomas Wentworth, 5th Baron Wentworth.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2022-07-24|title=Lord Wentworth's Regiment|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lord_Wentworth%27s_Regiment&oldid=1100069077|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Wentworth%27s_Regiment.</ref> At the time of Lord Wentworth's Regiment, the style of the French cavalier had begun to influence wealthy British royalists. In the British military, a Cavalier was a wealthy follower of Charles I and Charles II — a commander, perhaps, or a field officer, but probably not a soldier.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2023-04-22|title=Cavalier|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cavalier&oldid=1151166569|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cavalier.</ref> The Guards were busy as infantry in the 17th century, engaging in a number of armed conflicts for Great Britain, but they also served the sovereign. According to the Guards Museum,<blockquote>In 1678 the Guards were ordered to form Grenadier Companies, these men were the strongest and tallest of the regiment, they carried axes, hatches and grenades, they were the shock troops of their day. Instead of wearing tri-corn hats they wore a mitre shaped cap.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://theguardsmuseum.com/about-the-guards/history-of-the-foot-guards/history-page-2/|title=Service to the Crown|website=The Guards Museum|language=en-GB|access-date=2023-05-15}} https://theguardsmuseum.com/about-the-guards/history-of-the-foot-guards/history-page-2/.</ref></blockquote>The name comes from ''grenades'', then, and we are accustomed to seeing them in front of Buckingham Palace, with their tall mitre hats. The Guard fought in the American Revolution, and in the 19th century, the Grenadier Guards fought in the Crimean War, Sudan and the Boer War. They have roles as front-line troops and as ceremonial for the sovereign, which makes them elite:<blockquote>Queen Victoria decreed that she did not want to see a single chevron soldier within her Guards. Other then [sic] the two senior Warrant Officers of the British Army, the senior Warrant Officers of the Foot Guards wear a large Sovereigns personal coat of arms badge on their upper arm. No other regiments of the British Army are allowed to do so; all the others wear a small coat of arms of their lower arms. Up until 1871 all officers in the Foot Guards had the privilege of having double rankings. An Ensign was ranked as an Ensign and Lieutenant, a Lieutenant as Lieutenant and Captain and a Captain as Captain and Lieutenant Colonel. This was because at the time officers purchased their own ranks and it cost more to purchase a commission in the Foot Guards than any other regiments in the British Army. For example if it cost an officer in the Foot Guards £1,000 for his first rank, in the rest of the Army it would be £500 so if he transferred to another regiment he would loose [sic] £500, hence the higher rank, if he was an Ensign in the Guards and he transferred to a Line Regiment he went in at the higher rank of Lieutenant.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://theguardsmuseum.com/about-the-guards/history-of-the-foot-guards/history-page-1/|title=Formation and role of the Regiments|website=The Guards Museum|language=en-GB|access-date=2023-05-15}} https://theguardsmuseum.com/about-the-guards/history-of-the-foot-guards/history-page-1/.</ref></blockquote> ==== Life Guards ==== [[Social Victorians/People/Shrewsbury#Reginald Talbot's Costume|General the Hon. Reginald Talbot]], a member of the 1st Life Guards, attended the Duchess of Devonshire's ball dressed in the uniform of his regiment during the Battle of Waterloo.<ref name=":14" />{{rp|p. 36, Col. 3b}} At the Battle of Waterloo the 1st Life Guards were part of the 1st Brigade — the Household Brigade — and were commanded by Major-General Lord Edward Somerset.<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal|date=2023-09-30|title=Battle of Waterloo|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Waterloo&oldid=1177893566|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Waterloo.</ref> The 1st Life Guards were on "the extreme right" of a French countercharge and "kept their cohesion and consequently suffered significantly fewer casualties."<ref name=":4" /> == Photography == == Footnotes == {{reflist}} o45y7bkfkt5ttbr8nphv7vlw1nw1mir 2691466 2691454 2024-12-11T18:22:45Z Scogdill 1331941 /* Hoops */ 2691466 wikitext text/x-wiki Especially with respect to fashion, the newspapers at the end of the 19th century in the UK often used specialized terminology. The definitions on this page are to provide a sense of what someone in the late 19th century might have meant by the term rather than a definition of what we might mean by it today. In the absence of a specialized glossary from the end of the 19th century in the U.K., we use the ''Oxford English Dictionary'' because the senses of a word are illustrated with examples that have dates so we can be sure that the senses we pick are appropriate for when they are used in the quotations we have. We also sometimes use the French ''Wikipédia'' to define a word because many technical terms of fashion were borrowings from the French. Also, often the French ''Wikipédia'' provides historical context for the uses of a word similar to the way the OED does. == Articles or Parts of Clothing: Non-gender-specific == === Mantle, Cloak, Cape === In 19th-century newspaper accounts, these terms are sometimes used without precision as synonyms. These are all outer garments. '''Mantle''' A mantle — often a long outer garment — might have elements like a train, sleeves, collars, revers, fur, and a cape. A late-19th-century writer making a distinction between a mantle and a cloak might use ''mantle'' if the garment is more voluminous. '''Cloak''' '''Cape''' === Peplum === According to the French ''Wiktionnaire'', a peplum is a "Short skirt or flared flounce layered at the waist of a jacket, blouse or dress" [translation by Google Translate].<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2021-07-02|title=péplum|url=https://fr.wiktionary.org/w/index.php?title=p%C3%A9plum&oldid=29547727|journal=Wiktionnaire, le dictionnaire libre|language=fr}} https://fr.wiktionary.org/wiki/p%C3%A9plum.</ref> The ''Oxford English Dictionary'' has a fuller definition, although, it focuses on women's clothing because the sense is written for the present day:<blockquote>''Fashion''. ... a kind of overskirt resembling the ancient peplos (''obsolete''). Hence (now usually) in modern use: a short flared, gathered, or pleated strip of fabric attached at the waist of a woman's jacket, dress, or blouse to create a hanging frill or flounce.<ref name=":5">“peplum, n.”. ''Oxford English Dictionary'', Oxford University Press, September 2023, <https://doi.org/10.1093/OED/1832614702>.</ref></blockquote>Men haven't worn peplums since the 18th century, except when wearing costumes based on historical portraits. The ''Daily News'' reported in 1896 that peplums had been revived as a fashion item for women.<ref name=":5" /> === Revers === According to the ''Oxford English Dictionary'', ''revers'' are the "edge[s] of a garment turned back to reveal the undersurface (often at the lapel or cuff) (chiefly in ''plural''); the material covering such an edge."<ref>"revers, n." ''OED Online'', Oxford University Press, March 2023, www.oed.com/view/Entry/164777. Accessed 17 April 2023.</ref> The term is French and was used this way in the 19th century (according to the ''Wiktionnaire'').<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2023-03-07|title=revers|url=https://fr.wiktionary.org/w/index.php?title=revers&oldid=31706560|journal=Wiktionnaire|language=fr}} https://fr.wiktionary.org/wiki/revers.</ref> == Articles or Parts of Clothing: Men's == [[Social Victorians/Terminology#Military|Men's military uniforms]] are discussed below. === À la Romaine === [[File:Johann Baptist Straub - Mars um 1772-1.jpg|thumb|left|alt=Old and damaged marble statue of a Roman god of war with flowing cloak, big helmet with a plume on top, and armor|Johann Baptist Straub's 1772 ''à la romaine'' ''Mars'']] A few people who attended the [[Social Victorians/1897 Fancy Dress Ball|Duchess of Devonshire's fancy-dress ball in 1897]] personated Roman gods or people. They were dressed not as Romans, however, but ''à la romaine'', which was a standardized style of depicting Roman figures that was used in paintings, sculpture and the theatre for historical dress from the 17th until the 20th century. The codification of the style was developed in France in the 17th century for theatre and ballet, when it became popular for masked balls. Women as well as men could be dressed ''à la romaine'', but much sculpture, portraiture and theatre offered opportunities for men to dress in Roman style — with armor and helmets — and so it was most common for men. In large part because of the codification of the style as well as the painting and sculpture, the style persisted and remained influential into the 20th century and can be found in museums and galleries and on monuments. For example, Johann Baptist Straub's 1772 statue of Mars (left), now in the Bayerisches Nationalmuseum, Munich, missing part of an arm, shows Mars ''à la romaine''. In London, an early 17th-century example of a figure of Mars ''à la romaine'', with a helmet, '''was''' "at the foot of the Buckingham tomb in Henry VII's Chapel at Westminster Abbey."<ref>Webb, Geoffrey. “Notes on Hubert Le Sueur-II.” ''The Burlington Magazine for Connoisseurs'' 52, no. 299 (1928): 81–89. http://www.jstor.org/stable/863535.</ref>{{rp|81, Col. 2c}} === Cavalier === [[File:Sir-Anthony-van-Dyck-Lord-John-Stuart-and-His-Brother-Lord-Bernard-Stuart.jpg|thumb|alt=Old painting of 2 men flamboyantly and stylishly dressed in colorful silk, with white lace, high-heeled boots and long hair|Van Dyck's c. 1638 painting of cavaliers Lord John Stuart and his brother Lord Bernard Stuart]] As a signifier in the form of clothing of a royalist political and social ideology begun in France in the early 17th century, the cavalier established France as the leader in fashion and taste. Adopted by [[Social Victorians/Terminology#Military|wealthy royalist British military officers]] during the time of the Restoration, the style signified a political and social position, both because of the loyalty to Charles I and II as well the wealth required to achieve the cavalier look. The style spread beyond the political, however, to become associated generally with dress as well as a style of poetry.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2023-04-25|title=Cavalier poet|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cavalier_poet&oldid=1151690299|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cavalier_poet.</ref> Van Dyck's 1638 painting of two brothers (right) emphasizes the cavalier style of dress. === Coats === ==== Doublet ==== * In the 19th-century newspaper accounts we have seen that use this word, doublet seems always to refer to a garment worn by a man, but historically women may have worn doublets. In fact, a doublet worn by Queen Elizabeth I exists and '''is somewhere'''. * Technically doublets were long sleeved, although we cannot be certain what this or that Victorian tailor would have done for a costume. For example, the [[Social Victorians/People/Spencer Compton Cavendish#Costume at the Duchess of Devonshire's 2 July 1897 Fancy-dress Ball|Duke of Devonshire's costume as Charles V]] shows long sleeves that may be part of the surcoat but should be the long sleeves of the doublet. ==== Pourpoint ==== A padded doublet worn under armor to protect the warrior from the metal chafing. A pourpoint could also be worn without the armor. ==== Surcoat ==== Sometimes just called ''coat''. [[File:Oscar Wilde by Sarony 1882 18.jpg|thumb|alt=Old photograph of a young man wearing a velvet jacket, knee breeches, silk hose and shiny pointed shoes with bows, seated on a sofa and leaning on his left hand and holding a book in his right| Oscar Wilde, 1882, by Napoleon Sarony]] === Hose, Stockings and Tights === Newspaper accounts from the late 19th century of men's clothing use the term ''hose'' for what we might call stockings or tights. In fact, the terminology is specific. ''Stockings'' is the more general term and could refer to hose or tights. With knee breeches men wore hose, which ended above the knee, and women wore hose under their dresses. The ''Oxford English Dictionary'' defines tights as "Tight-fitting breeches, worn by men in the 18th and early 19th centuries, and still forming part of court-dress."<ref>“Tights, N.” ''Oxford English Dictionary'', Oxford UP, July 2023, https://doi.org/10.1093/OED/2693287467.</ref> By 1897, the term was in use for women's stockings, which may have come up only to the knee. Tights were also worn by dancers and acrobats. This general sense of ''tights'' does not assume that they were knitted. ''Clocking'' is decorative embroidery on hose, usually, at the ankles on either the inside or the outside of the leg. It started at the ankle and went up the leg, sometimes as far as the knee. On women's hose, the clocking could be quite colorful and elaborate, while the clocking on men's hose was more inconspicuous. In many photographs men's hose are wrinkled, especially at the ankles and the knees, because they were shaped from woven fabric. Silk hose were knitted instead of woven, which gave them elasticity and reduced the wrinkling. The famous Sarony carte de visite photograph of Oscar Wilde (right) shows him in 1882 wearing knee breeches and silk hose, which are shiny and quite smoothly fitted although they show a few wrinkles at the ankles and knees. In the portraits of people in costume at the [[Social Victorians/1897 Fancy Dress Ball|Duchess of Devonshire's 1897 fancy-dress ball]], the men's hose are sometimes quite smooth, which means they were made of knitted silk and may have been smoothed for the portrait. In painted portraits the hose are almost always depicted as smooth, part of the artist's improvement of the appearance of the subject. === Shoes and Boots === == Articles or Parts of Clothing: Women's == === '''Chérusque''' === According to the French ''Wikipedia'', ''chérusque'' is a 19th-century term for the kind of standing collar like the ones worn by ladies in the Renaissance.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2021-06-26|title=Collerette (costume)|url=https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Collerette_(costume)&oldid=184136746|journal=Wikipédia|language=fr}} https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collerette_(costume)#Au+xixe+siècle+:+la+Chérusque.</ref> === Corsage === According to the ''Oxford English Dictionary'', the corsage is the "'body' of a woman's dress; a bodice."<ref>"corsage, n." ''OED Online'', Oxford University Press, December 2022, www.oed.com/view/Entry/42056. Accessed 7 February 2023.</ref> This sense is well documented in the ''OED'' for the mid and late 19th-century, used this way in fiction as well as in a publication like ''Godey's Lady's Book'', which would be expected to use appropriate terminology associated with fashion and dress making. The sense of "a bouquet worn on the bodice" is, according to the ''OED'', American. === Décolletage === === Girdle === === Mancheron === According to the ''Oxford English Dictionary'', a ''mancheron'' is a "historical" word for "A piece of trimming on the upper part of a sleeve on a woman's dress."<ref>"mancheron, n." ''OED Online'', Oxford University Press, March 2023, www.oed.com/view/Entry/113251. Accessed 17 April 2023.</ref> At the present, in French, a ''mancheron'' is a cap sleeve "cut directly on the bodice."<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2022-11-28|title=Manche (vêtement)|url=https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Manche_(v%C3%AAtement)&oldid=199054843|journal=Wikipédia|language=fr}} https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manche_(v%C3%AAtement).</ref> === Petticoat === According to the ''O.E.D.'', a petticoat is a <blockquote>skirt, as distinguished from a bodice, worn either externally or showing beneath a dress as part of the costume (often trimmed or ornamented); an outer skirt; a decorative underskirt. Frequently in ''plural'': a woman's or girl's upper skirts and underskirts collectively. Now ''archaic'' or ''historical''.<ref>“petticoat, n., sense 2.b”.  ''Oxford English Dictionary'', Oxford University Press,  September 2023, <https://doi.org/10.1093/OED/1021034245></ref> </blockquote>This sense is, according to the ''O.E.D.'', "The usual sense between the 17th and 19th centuries." However, while petticoats belong in both outer- and undergarments — that is, meant to be seen or hidden, like underwear — they were always under another garment, for example, underneath an open overskirt. The primary sense seems to have shifted through the 19th century so that, by the end, petticoats were underwear and the term ''underskirt'' was used to describe what showed under an open overskirt. === Stomacher === According to the ''O.E.D.'', a stomacher is "An ornamental covering for the chest (often covered with jewels) worn by women under the lacing of the bodice,"<ref>“stomacher, n.¹, sense 3.a”. ''Oxford English Dictionary'', Oxford University Press, September 2023, <https://doi.org/10.1093/OED/1169498955></ref> although by the end of the 19th century, the bodice did not often have visible laces. Some stomachers were so decorated that they were thought of as part of the jewelry. === Train === A train is The Length of the Train '''For the monarch [or a royal?]''' According to Debrett's,<blockquote>A peeress's coronation robe is a long-trained crimson velvet mantle, edged with miniver pure, with a miniver pure cape. The length of the train varies with the rank of the wearer: * Duchess: for rows of ermine; train to be six feet * Marchioness: three and a half rows of ermine; train to be three and three-quarters feet * Countess: three rows of ermine; train to be three and a half feet * Viscountess: two and a half rows of ermine; train to be three and a quarter feet * Baroness: two rows of ermine; train to be three feet<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://debretts.com/royal-family/dress-codes/|title=Dress Codes|website=debretts.com|language=en-US|access-date=2023-07-27}} https://debretts.com/royal-family/dress-codes/.</ref> </blockquote>The pattern on the coronet worn was also quite specific, similar but not exactly the same for peers and peeresses. Debrett's also distinguishes between coronets and tiaras, which were classified more like jewelry, which was regulated only in very general terms. Peeresses put on their coronets after the Queen or Queen Consort has been crowned. ['''peers?'''] === Foundation Garments === Unlike undergarments, Victorian women's foundation garments created the distinctive silhouette. Victorian undergarments included the chemise, the bloomers, the corset cover — articles that are not structural. The corset was an important element of the understructure of foundation garments — hoops, bustles, petticoats and so on — but it has never been the only important element. === Corset === [[File:Corset - MET 1972.209.49a, b.jpg|thumb|alt=Photograph of an old silk corset on a mannequin, showing the closure down the front, similar to a button, and channels in the fabric for the boning. It is wider at the top and bottom, creating smooth curves from the bust to the compressed waist to the hips, with a long point below the waist in front.|French 1890s corset, now in the Metropolitan Museum of Art, NYC]] The understructure of Victorian women's clothing is what makes the costumes worn by the women at the [[Social Victorians/1897 Fancy Dress Ball|Duchess of Devonshire's 1897 fancy-dress ball]] so distinctly Victorian in appearance. An example of a corset that has the kind of structure often worn by fashionably dressed women in 1897 is the one at right. This corset exaggerated the shape of the women's bodies and made possible a bodice that looked and was fitted in the way that is so distinctive of the time — very controlled and smooth. And, as a structural element, this foundation garment carried the weight of all those layers and all that fabric and decoration on the gowns, trains and mantles. (The trains and mantles could be attached directly to the corset itself.) * This foundation emphasizes the waist and the bust in particular, in part because of the contrast between the very small waist and the rounded fullness of the bust and hips. * The idealized waist is defined by its small span and the sexualizing point at the center-bottom of the bodice, which directs the eye downwards. Interestingly, the pointed waistline worn by Elizabethan men has become level in the Victorian age. Highly fashionable Victorian women wearing the traditional style, however, had extremely pointed waists. * The busk (a kind of boning in the front of a corset that is less flexible than the rest) smoothed the bodice, flattened the abdomen and prevented the point on the bodice from curling up. * The sharp definition of the waist was caused by ** length of the corset (especially on the sides) ** the stiffness of the boning ** the layers of fabric ** the lacing (especially if the woman used tightlacing) ** the over-all shape, which was so much wider at the top and the bottom ** the contrast between the waist and the wider top and bottom * The late-19th-century corset was long, ending below the waist even on the sides and back. * The boning and the top edge of the late 19th-century fashion corset pushed up the bust, rounding (rather than flattening, as in earlier styles) the breasts, drawing attention to their exposed curves and creating cleavage. * The exaggerated bust was larger than the hips, whenever possible, an impression reinforced by the A-line of the skirt and the inverted Vs in the decorative trim near the waist and on the skirt. * This corset made the bodice very smooth with a very precise fit, that had no wrinkles, folds or loose drapery. The bodice was also trimmed or decorated, but the base was always a smooth bodice. More formal gowns would still have the fitted bodice and more elaborate trim made from lace, embroidery, appliqué, beading and possibly even jewels. The advantages and disadvantages of corseting and especially tight lacing were the subject of thousands of articles and opinions in the periodical press for a great part of the century, but the fetishistic and politicized tight lacing was practiced by very few women. And no single approach to corsetry was practiced by all women all the time. Most of the women at the [[Social Victorians/1897 Fancy Dress Ball|Duchess of Devonshire's 1897 ball]] were not tightly laced, but the progressive style does not dominate either, even though all the costumes are technically historical dress. Part of what gives most of the costumes their distinctive 19th-century "look" is the more traditional corset beneath them. Even though this highly fashionable look was widely present in the historical costumes at the ball, some women's waists were obviously very small and others were hardly '''emphasized''' at all. Women's waists are never mentioned in the newspaper coverage of the ball — or, indeed, of any of the social events attended by the network at the ball — so it is only in photographs that we can see the effects of how they used their corsets. === Hoops === '''This section is under construction right now'''. ''Hoops'' is a mid-19th-century term for a cage-like structure worn under a skirt to hold it away from the body. '''Striking''' for how long they lasted and '''the ways''' they evolved, hoops were the foundation undergarment for the bottom half of a woman's body, for a skirt and petticoat. Women wore this cage-like structure from the '''15th century''' through the late 19th century. The 16th-century Katherine of Aragon is credited with making it fashionable outside Spain. The cage caused the silhouette of skirts to change shape over time and enabled the extreme distortions of 17th-and-18th-century panniers and the late 19th-century bustle. Early hoops circled the body in a bell, cone or drum shape, then were moved to the sides with panniers, then ballooned around the body like the top half of a sphere, and finally were pulled to the rear with a bustle. That is, the distorted shapes of high fashion were made possible by hoops. High fashion demanded these shapes, which disguised women's bodies, especially below the waist, while [[Social Victorians/Terminology#Corsets|corsets]] did their work above it. Besides the shape, the structure used to construct hoops evolved — from cane and wood to whalebone, then steel '''bands''' and wire. Add fabric structural stuff: tabs, wires inserted into casings in a linen, muslin or, later, crinoline underskirt [[File:Pedro García de Benabarre St John Retable Detail.jpg|thumb|Pedro García de Benabarre, detail from St. John Altarpiece, c. 1470]] [[File:Alonso Sánchez Coello 011.jpg|thumb|Alonso Sánchez Coello 011]] ==== 15th Century ==== Hoops first appeared in Spain in the 15th century and influenced European fashion for '''many years'''. A detail (right) from Pedro García de Benabarre's c. 1470 larger altarpiece painting shows women wearing a style of hoops that predates the farthingale but marks the beginning point of the development of that fashion. Salome (holding John the Baptist's head) is wearing a dress with what looks like wooden hoops on the outside of the skirt, which also appears to have padding at the hips underneath it. De Benabarre was "active in Aragon and in Catalonia, between 1445–1496,"<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mfab.hu/artworks/10528/|title=Saint Peter|website=Museum of Fine Arts, Budapest|language=en-US|access-date=2024-12-11}} https://www.mfab.hu/artworks/10528/.</ref> so perhaps he saw the styles worn by people like Katharine of Aragon. ==== 16th Century ==== Styles in personal adornment and architectural decoration: The "Golden Age" in '''England''', the Elizabethan Age.[[File:Farthingale 2 (PSF).png|thumb|Farthingale 2 (PSF)]] In the 16th century, the garment we call ''hoops'' was called a farthingale.<blockquote>''"FARTHINGALE:  Renaissance (1450-1550 C.E. to Elizabethan (1550-1625 C.E.). Linen underskirt with '''wire supports''' which, when shaped, produced a variety of dome, bell, and oblong shapes."<ref name=":7" />'' (105) ['''our emphasis''']</blockquote>''Vertugadin'' is a French term for ''farthingale'' — "un élément essentiel de la mode Tudor en Angleterre [an essential element of Tudor fashion in England]."<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|date=2022-03-12|title=Vertugadin|url=https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vertugadin&oldid=191825729|journal=Wikipédia|language=fr}} https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertugadin.</ref> ''Farthingale'' is the term in English; in French, it's ''vertugadin'', and in Spanish ''vertugado''. The hoops in the Pedro García de Benabarre painting (above right) predate what would technically be vertugado.<p> Blanche Payne says,<blockquote>Katherine of Aragon is reputed to have introduced the Spanish farthingale ... into England early in the century. The result was to convert the columnar skirt of the fifteenth century into the cone shape of the sixteenth. ...<p> Spanish influence had introduced the hoop-supported skirt, smooth in contour, '''which was quite generally worn'''.<ref name=":11" /> (291) ['''our emphasis''']</blockquote>In fact, "The Spanish princess Catherine of Aragon brought the fashion to England for her marriage to Prince Arthur, eldest son of Henry VII in 1501 [La princesse espagnole Catherine d'Aragon amena la mode en Angleterre pour son mariage avec le prince Arthur, fils aîné d'Henri VII en 1501]."<ref name=":0" /> Catherine of Aragon, of course, married Henry VIII after Arthur's death. The vertugado was "quite generally worn" among the ruling and culturally elite classes in Spain, and not by working-class women, which was enforced by sumptuary laws. By the end of the 16th century the French and Spanish farthingales were not identical. The Spanish vertugado shaped the skirt into an A-line with a graduated series of hoops sewn to an undergarment. The French vertugadin was a flattish "cartwheel" '''in which a''' platter of hoops worn below the waist and above the hips held the skirt out more or less horizontally. Once past the vertugadin, the skirt then fell straight to the floor, shaping it into a kind of drum. The shoes show in the portraits of women wearing the French farthingale, but not usually in the Spanish because the hoops gave their feet enough room to take steps. By the end of the 16th century France had become the arbiter of fashion for the western world, which it still is. ==== 17th Century ==== Styles in personal adornment and architectural decoration: The Cavaliers, the Baroque Age[[File:Турнюр.jpg|thumb|Турнюр]] [[File:Panniers 1.jpg|thumb|alt=Photograph of the wooden and fabric skeleton of an 18th-century women's foundation garment|Panniers 1]] People associate bustles with late-19th-century styles, but in fact the bustle existed in the 17th century, sometimes as padding rather than a structural cage. Panniers are associated with 19th-century styles, but they first began in the 17th century as well. Generally, panniers were a kind of undergarment worn in the 17th and 18th centuries. Their design evolved during the century. Made of hoops of wood, they were "baskets" or cages worn on either side of the waist to broaden the skirts to the sides. bum rolls, padding Illustration Payne says, "The bustle was a continuation of the 1690 mode."<ref name=":11" /> (411?) ==== 18th Century ==== Styles in personal adornment and architectural decoration: Rococo, post French Revolution, Empire By the 18th century, the farthingale was called hoops, which were at this point made of wood. Blanche Payne outlines the evolution of hoops, and thus the shape of the skirt, in the 18th century:<blockquote>SKIRT FASHIONS. Since skirts experienced the greatest alterations, a brief summary of the successive silhouettes should help to place individual costumes in their proper niches. Six basic forms appeared during the century, in the following order: # The bustle was a continuation of the 1690 mode. # The bell or dome shape resulted from the reintroduction of hoops; in England by 1710, in France by 1720. # The ellipse, the second phase of the hoop skirt, was achieved by broadening the support from side to side and compressing it from front to back. It had a long run of popularity, from 1740 to 1770, the extreme width being retained in court costumes. In France it persisted until the revolution, except that skirts were allowed to curve outward in [the] back again. English court costume [411/413] followed this fashion well into the nineteenth century. # The dairy maid, or polonaise, style could be achieved either by pulling the lower part of the overskirt through its own pocket holes, thus creating a bouffant effect, or by planned control of the overskirt, through the cut or by means of draw cords, ribbons, or loops and buttons, which were used to form the three great ‘poufs’ known as the polonaise .... These diversions appeared in the late sixties and became prevalent in the seventies. They were much like the familiar styles of our own [American] Revolutionary War period. # The return of the bustle in the 1780s. # The tubular form, drawn from classic art, in the 1790s.<ref name=":11" /> (411, 413) </blockquote>While we think of the bustle as a 19th-century look, it can be found in the 18th century, as Payne says.<p> The Polonaise was a late-Georgian or late-18th-century style, dating in written English, according to the ''Oxford English Dictionary'', from 1773:<blockquote>A woman's dress consisting of a tight, unboned bodice and a skirt open from the waist downwards to reveal a decorative underskirt. Now historical.<ref name=":13">“Polonaise, N. & Adj.” ''Oxford English Dictionary'', Oxford UP, September 2024, https://doi.org/10.1093/OED/2555138986.</ref></blockquote>Even though it looks ''à la français'', the term itself does not appear as a term used to describe clothing by the French, either now or in the past.<p> Payne says,<blockquote>The dairy maid, or polonaise, style could be achieved either by pulling the lower part of the overskirt through its own pocket holes, thus creating a bouffant effect, or by planned control of the overskirt, through the cut or by means of draw cords, ribbons, or loops and buttons, [or, later, buckles] which were used to form the three great ‘poufs’ known as the polonaise .... These diversions appeared in the late sixties and became prevalent in the seventies. They were much like the familiar styles of our own [American] Revolutionary War period.<ref name=":11" /> (413)</blockquote> ==== 19th Century ==== [[File:Cutaway sketch of crinoline.gif|thumb|Cutaway sketch of crinoline]] [[File:Paris voulant englober la banlieue.JPG|thumb|Paris voulant englober la banlieue]] [[File:Vrouw moet haar hoepelrok uitdoen om de tram te betreden New Omnibus Regulation. Werry sorry'm, but yer l'av to leave yer Krinerline outside (Vide Punch) (titel op object), RP-F-F10723.jpg|thumb|Vrouw moet haar hoepelrok uitdoen om de tram te betreden New Omnibus Regulation. Werry sorry'm, but yer l'av to leave yer Krinerline outside (Vide Punch) (titel op object), RP-F-F10723]] Styles in personal adornment and architectural decoration: Romantic, Victorian (at least in '''the UK'''), "New Woman," [[Social Victorians/Terminology#Traditional vs Progressive Style|Traditional vs Progressive Style]], In the 19th century, the hoops were made of wire and became lighter. By the 1860s, hoops caused skirts to be huge and round. By the 19th century, fashion had begun to move down the social classes so that hoops (and, for example, top hats) were worn by the middle and sometimes working classes. '''''1880s''''' Laura Ingalls Wilder wrote about the hoops her fictionalized self wore the century before. In ''These Happy Golden Years'' (1943), she gives a detailed description of the clothing under her dress:<blockquote> “Then carefully over her under-petticoats she put on her hoops. She liked these new hoops. They were the very latest style in the East, and these were the first of the kind that Miss Bell had got. Instead of wires, there were wide tapes across the front, almost to her knees, holding the petticoats so that her dress would lie flat. These tapes held the wire bustle in place at the back, and it was an adjustable bustle. Short lengths of tape were fastened either end of it; these could be buckled together underneath the bustle to puff it out, either large or small. Or they could be buckled together in front, drawing the bustle down close in back so that a dress rounded smoothly over it. Laura did not like a large bustle, so she buckled the tapes in front. "Then carefully over all she buttoned her best petticoat, and over all the starched petticoats she put on the underskirt of her new dress. It was of brown cambric, fitting smoothly around the top over the bustle, and gored to flare smoothly down over the hoops. At the bottom, just missing the floor, was a twelve-inch-wide flounce of the brown poplin, bound with an inch-wide band of plain brown silk. The poplin was not plain poplin, but striped with an openwork silk stripe. "Then over this underskirt and her starched white corset-cover, Laura put on the polonaise. Its smooth, long sleeves fitted her arms perfectly to the wrists, where a band of the plain silk ended them. The neck was high with a smooth band of the plain silk around the throat. The polonaise fitted tightly and buttoned all down the front with small round buttons covered with the plain brown silk. Below the smooth hips it flared and rippled down and covered the top of the flounce on the underskirt. A band of the plain silk finished the polonaise at the bottom."<ref>Wilder, Laura Ingalls. ''These Happy Golden Years.'' Harper & Row, Publishers, 1943. Pp. 161–163.</ref></blockquote> When a 20th-century Laura Ingalls Wilder calls her character's late-19th-century dress a polonaise, she is probably referring to the "tight, unboned bodice"<ref name=":13" /> and perhaps the simple, modest look of a dairy maid. In Wilder's 1941 ''Little Town on the Prairie'', she provides an interesting story about how the wind could affect hoops:<blockquote>“Well,” Laura began; then she stopped and spun round and round, for the strong wind blowing against her always made the wires of her hoop skirt creep slowly upward under her skirts until they bunched around her knees. Then she must whirl around and around until the wires shook loose and spiraled down to the bottom of her skirts where they should be. “As she and Carrie hurried on she began again. “I think it was silly, the way they dressed when Ma was a girl, don’t you? Drat this wind!” she exclaimed as the hoops began creeping upward again. “Quietly Carrie stood by while Laura whirled. “I’m glad I’m not old enough to have to wear hoops,” she said. “They’d make me dizzy.” “They are rather a nuisance,” Laura admitted. “But they are stylish, and when you’re my age you’ll want to be in style.”<ref>Wilder, Laura Ingalls. ''Little Town on the Prairie.'' Harper and Row, 1941. Pp. 272–273.</ref></blockquote>This moment is set in 1883.<ref>Hill, Pamela Smith, ed. ''Pioneer Girl: The Annotated Autobiography''.</ref> The 16-year-old Laura makes the comment that she wants to be in style, but she lives on the prairie, far from a large city, and would not necessarily wear the latest Parisian style. This description of the way the wind could make hoops creep — and the solution of spinning to get the hoops to go back down — is very unusual. It must have been happening to other women wearing hoops at the time, but no other writer addresses this. == '''Traditional vs Progressive Style''' == === Progressive Style === The terms ''artistic dress'' and ''aesthetic dress'' are not synonymous and were in use at different times to refer to different groups of people in different contexts, but we recognize them as referring to a similar kind of personal style in clothing, a style we call progressive dress or the progressive style. Used in a very precise way, ''artistic dress'' is associated with the Pre-Raphaelite artists and the women in their circle beginning in the 1860s. Similarly, ''aesthetic dress'' is associated with the 1880s and 1890s and dress reform movements. In general, the progressive style is characterized by its resistance to the highly structured fashion of its day, especially corseting, aniline dyes and an extremely close fit. === Traditional Style === By the end of the century designs from the [[Social Victorians/People/Dressmakers and Costumiers#The House of Worth|House of Worth]] (or Maison Worth) define what we think of as the traditional Victorian look, which was very stylish and expensive. Blanche Payne describes an example of the 1895 "high style" in a gown by Worth with "the idiosyncrasies of the [1890s] full blown":<blockquote>The dress is white silk with wine-red stripes. Sleeves, collars, bows, bag, hat, and hem border match the stripes. The sleeve has reached its maximum volume; the bosom full and emphasized with added lace; the waistline is elongated, pointed, and laced to the point of distress; the skirt is smooth over the hips, gradually swinging out to sweep the floor. This is the much vaunted hourglass figure.<ref name=":11">Payne, Blanche. ''History of Costume from the Ancient Egyptians to the Twentieth Century''. Harper & Row, 1965.</ref>{{rp|530}}</blockquote> The Victorian-looking gowns at the [[Social Victorians/1897 Fancy Dress Ball|Duchess of Devonshire's 1897 fancy-dress ball]] are stylish in a way that recalls the designs of the House of Worth. The elements that make their look so Victorian are anachronisms on the costumes representing fashion of earlier eras. The women wearing these gowns preferred the standards of beauty from their own day to a more-or-less historically accurate look. The style competing at the very end of the century with the Worth look was not the historical, however, but a progressive style called at the time ''artistic'' or ''aesthetic''. William Powell Frith's 1883 painting ''A Private View at the Royal Academy, 1881'' (discussion below) pits this kind of traditional style against the progressive or artistic style. === The Styles === [[File:Frith A Private View.jpg|thumb|William Powell Frith, ''A Private View at the Royal Academy, 1881'']] We typically think of the late-Victorian silhouette as universal but, in the periods in which corsets dominated women's dress, not all women wore corsets and not all corsets were the same, as William Powell Frith's 1883 ''A Private View at the Royal Academy, 1881'' (right) illustrates. Frith is clear in his memoir that this painting — "recording for posterity the aesthetic craze as regards dress" — deliberately contrasts what he calls the "folly" of the Artistic Dress movement and the look of the traditional corseted waist.<ref>Frith, William Powell. ''My Autobiography and Reminiscences''. 1887.</ref> Frith considered the Artistic Movement and Artistic Dress "ephemeral," but its rejection of corsetry looks far more consequential to us in hindsight than it did in the 19th century. As Frith sees it, his painting critiques the "craze" associated with the women in this set of identifiable portraits who are not corseted, but his commitment to realism shows us a spectrum, a range, of conservatism and if not political then at least stylistic progressivism among the women. The progressives, oddly, are the women wearing artistic (that is, somewhat historical) dress, because they’re not corseted. It is a misreading to see the presentation of the women’s fashion as a simple opposition. Constance, Countess of Lonsdale — situated at the center of this painting with Frederick Leighton, president of the Royal Academy of Art — is the most conservatively dressed of the women depicted, with her narrow sleeves, tight waist and almost perfectly smooth bodice, which tells us that her corset has eyelets so that it can be laced precisely and tightly, and it has stays (or "bones") to prevent wrinkles or natural folds in the overclothing. Lillie Langtry, in the white dress, with her stylish narrow sleeves, does not have such a tightly bound waist or smooth bodice, suggesting she may not be corseted at all, as we know she sometimes was not.['''citation'''] Jenny Trip, a painter’s model, is the woman in the green dress in the aesthetic group being inspected by Anthony Trollope, who may be taking notes. She looks like she is not wearing a corset. Both Langtry and Trip are toward the middle of this spectrum: neither is dressed in the more extreme artistic dress of, say, the two figures between Trip and Trollope. A lot has been written about the late-Victorian attraction to historical dress, especially in the context of fancy-dress balls and the Gothic revival in social events as well as art and music. Part of the appeal has to have been the way those costumes could just be beautiful clothing beautifully made. Historical dress provided an opportunity for some elite women to wear less-structured but still beautiful and influential clothing. ['''Calvert'''<ref>Calvert, Robyne Erica. ''Fashioning the Artist: Artistic Dress in Victorian Britain 1848-1900''. Ph.D. thesis, University of Glasgow, 2012. <nowiki>https://theses.gla.ac.uk/3279/</nowiki></ref>] The standards for beauty, then, with historical dress were Victorian, with the added benefit of possibly less structure. So, at the Duchess of Devonshire's ball, "while some attendees tried to hew closely to historical precedent, many rendered their historical or mythological personage in the sartorial vocabulary they knew best. The [photographs of people in their costumes at the ball offer] a glimpse into how Victorians understood history, not a glimpse into the costume of an authentic historical past."<ref>Mitchell, Rebecca N. "The Victorian Fancy Dress Ball, 1870–1900." ''Fashion Theory'' 2017 (21: 3): 291–315. DOI: 10.1080/1362704X.2016.1172817.</ref> (294) * historical dress: beautiful clothing. * the range at the ball, from Minnie Paget to Gwladys * "In light of such efforts, the ball remains to this day one of the best documented outings of the period, and a quick glance at the album shows that ..." Women had more choices about their waists than the simple opposition between no corset and tightlacing can accommodate. The range of choices is illustrated in Frith's painting, with a woman locating herself on it at a particular moment for particular reasons. Much analysis of 19th-century corsetry focuses on its sexualizing effects — corsets dominated Victorian photographic pornography ['''citations'''] and at the same time, the absence of a corset was sexual because it suggested nudity.['''citations'''] A great deal of analysis of 19th-century corsetry, on the other hand, assumes that women wore corsets for the male gaze ['''citations'''] or that they tightened their waists to compete with other women.['''citations'''] But as we can see in Frith's painting, the sexualizing effect was not universal or sweeping, and these analyses do not account for the choices women had in which corset to wear or how tightly to lace it. Especially given the way that some photographic portraits were mechanically altered to make the waist appear smaller, the size of a woman's waist had to do with how she was presenting herself to the world. That is, the fact that women made choices about the size of or emphasis on their waists suggests that they had agency that needs to be taken into account. As they navigated the complex social world, women's fashion choices had meaning. Society or political hostesses had agency not only in their clothing but generally in that complex social world. They had roles managing social events of the upper classes, especially of the upper aristocracy and oligarchy, like the Duchess of Devonshire's ball. Their class and rank, then, were essential to their agency, including to some degree their freedom to choose what kind of corset to wear and how to wear it. Also, by the end of the century lots of different kinds of corsets were available for lots of different purposes. Special corsets existed for pregnancy, sports (like tennis, bicycling, horseback riding, golf, fencing, archery, stalking and hunting), theatre and dance and, of course, for these women corsets could be made to support the special dress worn over it. Women's choices in how they presented themselves to the world included more than just their foundation garments, of course. "Every cap, bow, streamer, ruffle, fringe, bustle, glove," that is, the trim and decorations on their garments, their jewelry and accessories — which Davidoff calls "elaborations"<ref name=":1">Davidoff, Leonore. ''The Best Circles: Society Etiquette and the Season''. Intro., Victoria Glendinning. The Cressett Library (Century Hutchinson), 1986 (orig 1973).</ref>{{rp|93}} — pointed to a host of status categories, like class, rank, wealth, age, marital status, engagement with the empire, how sexual they wanted to seem, political alignment and purpose at the social event. For example, when women were being presented to the monarch, they were expected to wear three ostrich plumes, often called the [[Social Victorians/Terminology#Prince of Wales's Feathers or White Plumes|Prince of Wales's feathers]]. Like all fashions, the corset, which was quite long-lasting in all its various forms, eventually went out of style. Of the many factors that might have influenced its demise, perhaps most important was the women's movement, in which women's rights, freedom, employment and access to their own money and children were less slogan-worthy but at least as essential as votes for women. The activities of the animal-rights movements drew attention not only to the profligate use of the bodies and feathers of birds but also to the looming extinction of the baleen whale, which made whale bone scarce and expensive. Perhaps the century's debates over corseting and especially tightlacing were relevant to some decisions not to be corseted. And, of course, perhaps no other reason is required than that the nature of fashion is to change. == Cinque Cento == According to the ''Oxford English Dictionary'', ''Cinque Cento'' is a shortening of ''mil cinque cento'', or 1500.<ref>"cinquecento, n." ''OED Online'', Oxford University Press, December 2022, www.oed.com/view/Entry/33143. Accessed 7 February 2023.</ref> The term, then would refer, perhaps informally, to the sixteenth century. == Crevé == ''Creve'', without the accent, is an old word in English (c. 1450) for burst or split.<ref>"creve, v." ''OED Online'', Oxford University Press, December 2022, www.oed.com/view/Entry/44339. Accessed 8 February 2023.</ref> ['''With the acute accent, it looks like a past participle in French.'''] == Elastic == Elastic had been invented and was in use by the end of the 19th century. For the sense of "Elastic cord or string, usually woven with india-rubber,"<ref name=":6">“elastic, adj. & n.”.  ''Oxford English Dictionary'', Oxford University Press,  September 2023, <https://doi.org/10.1093/OED/1199670313>.</ref> the ''Oxford English Dictionary'' has usage examples beginning in 1847. The example for 1886 is vivid: "The thorough-going prim man will always place a circle of elastic round his hair previous to putting on his college cap."<ref name=":6" /> == Elaborations == In her 1973 ''The Best Circles: Society, Etiquette and the Season'', Leonore Davidoff notes that women’s status was indicated by dress and especially ornament: “Every cap, bow, streamer, ruffle, fringe, bustle, glove and other elaboration,” she says, “symbolised some status category for the female wearer.”<ref name=":1" />{{rp|93}} Looking at these elaborations as meaningful rather than dismissing them as failed attempts at "historical accuracy" reveals a great deal about the individual women who wore or carried them — and about the society women and political hostesses in their roles as managers of the social world. In her review of ''The House of Worth: Portrait of an Archive'', Mary Frances Gormally says,<blockquote>In a socially regulated year, garments custom made with a Worth label provided women with total reassurance, whatever the season, time of day or occasion, setting them apart as members of the “Best Circles” dressed in luxurious, fashionable and always appropriate attire (Davidoff 1973). The woman with a Worth wardrobe was a woman of elegance, lineage, status, extreme wealth and faultless taste.<ref>Gormally, Mary Frances. Review essay of ''The House of Worth: Portrait of an Archive'', by Amy de la Haye and Valerie D. Mendes (V&A Publishing, 2014). ''Fashion Theory'' 2017 (21, 1): 109–126. DOI: 10.1080/1362704X.2016.1179400.</ref> (117)</blockquote> === Aglet, Aiglet === Historically, an aglet is a "point or metal piece that capped a string [or ribbon] used to attach two pieces of the garment together, i.e., sleeve and bodice."<ref name=":7" />{{rp|4}} Although they were decorative, they were not always visible on the outside of the clothing. They were often stuffed inside the layers at the waist (for example, attaching the bodice to a skirt or breeches). === Frou-frou === In French, ''frou-frou'' or, spelled as ''froufrou'', is the sound of the rustling of silk or sometimes of fabrics in general.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2023-07-25|title=frou-frou|url=https://fr.wiktionary.org/w/index.php?title=frou-frou&oldid=32508509|journal=Wiktionnaire, le dictionnaire libre|language=fr}} https://fr.wiktionary.org/wiki/frou-frou.</ref> The first use the French ''Wiktionnaire'' lists is Honoré Balzac, ''La Cousine Bette'', 1846.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2023-06-03|title=froufrou|url=https://fr.wiktionary.org/w/index.php?title=froufrou&oldid=32330124|journal=Wiktionnaire, le dictionnaire libre|language=fr}} https://fr.wiktionary.org/wiki/froufrou.</ref> ''Frou-frou'' is a term clothing historians use to describe decorative additions to an article of clothing; often the term has a slight negative connotation, suggesting that the additions are superficial. === Pouf, Puff, Poof === According to the French ''Wikipédia'', a pouf was, beginning in 1744, a "kind of women's hairstyle":<blockquote>The hairstyle in question, known as the “pouf”, had launched the reputation of the enterprising Rose Bertin, owner of the Grand Mogol, a very prominent fashion accessories boutique on Rue Saint-Honoré in Paris in 1774. Created in collaboration with the famous hairdresser, Monsieur Léonard, the pouf was built on a scaffolding of wire, fabric, gauze, horsehair, fake hair, and the client's own hair held up in an almost vertical position. — (Marie-Antoinette, ''Queen of Fashion'', translated from the American by Sylvie Lévy, in ''The Rules of the Game'', n° 40, 2009)</blockquote>''Puff'' and ''poof'' are used to describe clothing. === Shirring === ''Shirring'' is the gathering of fabric to make poufs or puffs. The 19th century is known for its use of this decorative technique. Even men's clothing had shirring: at the shoulder seam. === Sequins === Sequins, paillettes, spangles Sequins — or paillettes — are "small, scalelike glittering disks."<ref name=":7" />(216) The French ''Wiktionnaire'' defines ''paillette'' as "Lamelle de métal, brillante, mince, percée au milieu, ordinairement ronde, et qu’on applique sur une étoffe pour l’orner [A strip of metal, shiny, thin, pierced in the middle, usually round, and which is applied to a fabric in order to decorate it.]"<ref name=":8">{{Cite journal|date=2024-03-18|title=paillette|url=https://fr.wiktionary.org/w/index.php?title=paillette&oldid=33809572|journal=Wiktionnaire, le dictionnaire libre|language=fr}} https://fr.wiktionary.org/wiki/paillette.</ref> According to the ''OED'', the use of ''sequin'' as a decorative device for clothing (as opposed to gold coins minted and used for international trade) goes back to the 1850s.<ref>“Sequin, N.” ''Oxford English Dictionary'', Oxford UP, September 2023, https://doi.org/10.1093/OED/4074851670.</ref> The first instance of ''spangle'' as "A small round thin piece of glittering metal (usually brass) with a hole in the centre to pass a thread through, used for the decoration of textile fabrics and other materials of various sorts" is from c. 1420.<ref>“Spangle, N. (1).” ''Oxford English Dictionary'', Oxford UP, July 2023, https://doi.org/10.1093/OED/4727197141.</ref> The first use of ''paillette'' listed in the French ''Wiktionnaire'' is in Jules Verne in 1873 to describe colored spots on icy walls.<ref name=":8" /> Currently many distinguish between sequins (which are smaller) and paillettes (which are larger). Before the 20th century, sequins were metal discs or foil leaves, and so of course if they were silver or copper, they tarnished. It is not until well into the 20th century that plastics were invented and used for sequins. === Trim and Lace === ''A History of Feminine Fashion'', published sometime before 1927 and probably commissioned by [[Social Victorians/People/Dressmakers and Costumiers#Worth, of Paris|the Maison Worth]], describes Charles Frederick Worth's contributions to the development of embroidery and [[Social Victorians/Terminology#Passementerie|passementerie]] (trim) from about the middle of the 19th century:<blockquote>For it must be remembered that one of M. Worth's most important and lasting contributions to the prosperity of those who cater for women's needs, as well as to the variety and elegance of his clients' garments, was his insistence on new fabrics, new trimmings, new materials of every description. In his endeavours to restore in Paris the splendours of the days of La Pompadour, and of Marie Antoinette, he found himself confronted at the outset with a grave difficulty, which would have proved unsurmountable to a man of less energy, resource and initiative. The magnificent materials of those days were no longer to be had! The Revolution had destroyed the market for beautiful materials of this, type, and the Restoration and regime of Louis Philippe had left a dour aspect in the City of Light. ... On parallel lines [to his development of better [[Social Victorians/Terminology#Satin|satin]]], [Worth] stimulated also the manufacture of embroidery and ''passementerie''. It was he who first started the manufacture of laces copied from the designs of the real old laces. He was the / first dressmaker to use fur in the trimming of light materials — but he employed only the richer furs, such as sable and ermine, and had no use whatever for the inferior varieties of skins.<ref name=":9" />{{rp|6–7}}</blockquote> ==== Gold and Silver Fabric and Lace ==== The ''Encyclopaedia Britannica'' (9th edition) has an article on gold and silver fabric, threads and lace attached to the article on gold. (This article is based on knowledge that would have been available toward the end of the 19th century and does not, obviously, reflect current knowledge or ways of talking.)<blockquote>GOLD AND SILVER LACE. Under this heading a general account may be given of the use of the precious metals in textiles of all descriptions into which they enter. That these metals were used largely in the sumptuous textiles of the earliest periods of civilization there is abundant testimony; and to this day, in the Oriental centres whence a knowledge and the use of fabrics inwoven, ornamented, and embroidered with gold and silver first spread, the passion for such brilliant and costly textiles is still most strongly and generally prevalent. The earliest mention of the use of gold in a woven fabric occurs in the description of the ephod made for Aaron (Exod. xxxix. 2, 3) — "And he made the ephod of gold, blue, and purple, and scarlet, and fine twined linen. And they did beat the gold into thin plates, and cut it into wires (strips), to work it in the blue, and in the purple, and in the scarlet, and in the fine linen, with cunning work." In both the ''Iliad'' and the ''Odyssey'' distinct allusion is frequently made to inwoven and embroidered golden textiles. Many circumstances point to the conclusion that the art of weaving and embroidering with gold and silver originated in India, where it is still principally prosecuted, and that from one great city to another the practice travelled westward, — Babylon, Tarsus, Baghdad, Damascus, the islands of Cyprus and Sicily, Con- / stantinople and Venice, all in the process of time becoming famous centres of these much prized manufactures. Alexander the Great found Indian kings and princes arrayed in robes of gold and purple; and the Persian monarch Darius, we are told, wore a war mantle of cloth of gold, on which were figured two golden hawks as if pecking at each other. There is reason, according to Josephus, to believe that the “royal apparel" worn by Herod on the day of his death (Acts xii. 21) was a tissue of silver. Agrippina, the wife of the emperor Claudius, had a robe woven entirely of gold, and from that period downwards royal personages and high ecclesiastical dignitaries used cloth and tissues of gold and silver for their state and ceremonial robes, as well as for costly hangings and decorations. In England, at different periods, various names were applied to cloths of gold, as ciclatoun, tartarium, naques or nac, baudekiu or baldachin, Cyprus damask, and twssewys or tissue. The thin flimsy paper known as tissue paper, is so called because it originally was placed between the folds of gold "tissue" to prevent the contiguous surfaces from fraying each other. At what time the drawing of gold wire for the preparation of these textiles was first practised is not accurately known. The art was probably introduced and applied in different localities at widely different dates, but down till mediaeval times the method graphically described in the Pentateuch continued to be practised with both gold and silver. Fabrics woven with gold and silver continue to be used on the largest scale to this day in India; and there the preparation of the varieties of wire, and the working of the various forms of lace, brocade, and embroidery, is at once an important and peculiar art. The basis of all modern fabrics of this kind is wire, the "gold wire" of the manufacturer being in all cases silver gilt wire, and silver wire being, of course, composed of pure silver. In India the wire is drawn by means of simple draw-plates, with rude and simple appliances, from rounded bars of silver, or gold-plated silver, as the case may be. The wire is flattened into the strip or ribbon-like form it generally assumes by passing it, fourteen or fifteen strands simultaneously, over a fine, smooth, round-topped anvil, and beating it as it passes with a heavy hammer having a slightly convex surface. From wire so flattened there is made in India soniri, a tissue or cloth of gold, the web or warp being composed entirely of golden strips, and ruperi, a similar tissue of silver. Gold lace is also made on a warp of thick yellow silk with a weft of flat wire, and in the case of ribbons the warp or web is composed of the metal. The flattened wires are twisted around orange (in the case of silver, white) coloured silk thread, so as completely to cover the thread and present the appearance of a continuous wire; and in this form it is chiefly employed for weaving into the rich brocades known as kincobs or kinkhábs. Wires flattened, or partially flattened, are also twisted into exceedingly fine spirals, and in this form they are the basis of numerous ornamental applications. Such spirals drawn out till they present a waved appearance, and in that state flattened, are much used for rich heavy embroideries termed karchobs. Spangles for embroideries, &c., are made from spirals of comparatively stout wire, by cutting them down ring by ring, laying each C-like ring on an anvil, and by a smart blow with a hammer flattening it out into a thin round disk with a slit extending from the centre to one edge. Fine spirals are also used for general embroidery purposes. The demand for various kinds of loom-woven and embroidered gold and silver work in India is immense; and the variety of textiles so ornamented is also very great. "Gold and silver," says Dr Birdwood in his ''Handbook to the British-Indian Section, Paris Exhibition'', 1878, "are worked into the decoration of all the more costly loom-made garments and Indian piece goods, either on the borders only, or in stripes throughout, or in diapered figures. The gold-bordered loom embroideries are made chiefly at Sattara, and the gold or silver striped at Tanjore; the gold figured ''mashrus'' at Tanjore, Trichinopoly, and Hyderabad in the Deccau; and the highly ornamented gold-figured silks and gold and silver tissues principally at Ahmedabad, Benares, Murshedabad, and Trichinopoly." Among the Western communities the demand for gold and silver lace and embroideries arises chiefly in connexion with naval and military uniforms, court costumes, public and private liveries, ecclesiastical robes and draperies, theatrical dresses, and the badges and insignia of various orders. To a limited extent there is a trade in gold wire and lace to India and China. The metallic basis of the various fabrics is wire round and flattened, the wire being of three kinds — 1st, gold wire, which is invariably silver gilt wire; 2d, copper gilt wire, used for common liveries and theatrical purposes; and 3d, silver wire. These wires are drawn by the ordinary processes, and the flattening, when done, is accomplished by passing the wire between a pair of revolving rollers of fine polished steel. The various qualities of wire are prepared and used in precisely the same way as in India, — round wire, flat wire, thread made of flat gold wire twisted round orange-coloured silk or cotton, known in the trade as "orris," fine spirals and spangles, all being in use in the West as in the East. The lace is woven in the same manner as ribbons, and there are very numerous varieties in richness, pattern, and quality. Cloth of gold, and brocades rich in gold and silver, are woven for ecclesiastical vestments and draperies. The proportions of gold and silver in the gold thread for the lace trade varies, but in all cases the proportion of gold is exceedingly small. An ordinary gold lace wire is drawn from a bar containing 90 parts of silver and 7 of copper, coated with 3 parts of gold. On an average each ounce troy of a bar so plated is drawn into 1500 yards of wire; and therefore about 16 grains of gold cover a mile of wire. It is estimated that about 250,000 ounces of gold wire are made annually in Great Britain, of which about 20 per cent, is used for the headings of calico, muslin, &c., and the remainder is worked up in the gold lace trade.<ref>William Chandler Roberts-Austen and H. Bauerman [W.C.R. — H.B.]. "Gold and Silver Lace." In "Gold." ''Encyclopaedia Britannica'', 9th Edition (1875–1889). Vol. 10 (X). Adam and Charles Black (Publisher). https://archive.org/details/encyclopaedia-britannica-9ed-1875/Vol%2010%20%28G-GOT%29%20193592738.23/page/753/mode/1up (accessed January 2023): 753, Col. 2c – 754, Cols. 1a–b – 2a–b.</ref></blockquote> ==== Honiton Lace ==== Kate Stradsin says,<blockquote>Honiton lace was the finest English equivalent of Brussels bobbin lace and was constructed in small ‘sprigs, in the cottages of lacemakers[.'] These sprigs were then joined together and bleached to form the large white flounces that were so sought after in the mid-nineteenth century.<ref>Strasdin, Kate. "Rediscovering Queen Alexandra’s Wardrobe: The Challenges and Rewards of Object-Based Research." ''The Court Historian'' 24.2 (2019): 181-196. Rpt http://repository.falmouth.ac.uk/3762/15/Rediscovering%20Queen%20Alexandra%27s%20Wardrobe.pdf: 13, and (for the little quotation) n. 37, which reads "Margaret Tomlinson, ''Three Generations in the Honiton Lace Trade: A Family History'', self-published, 1983."</ref></blockquote> [[File:Strook in Alençon naaldkant, 1750-1775.jpg|thumb|alt=A long piece of complex white lace with garlands, flowers and bows|Point d'Alençon lace, 1750-1775]] ==== Passementerie ==== ''Passementerie'' is the French term for trim on clothing or furniture. The 19th century (especially during the First and Second Empire) was a time of great "''exubérance''" in passementerie in French design, including the development and widespread use of the Jacquard loom.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2023-06-10|title=Passementerie|url=https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Passementerie&oldid=205068926|journal=Wikipédia|language=fr}} https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passementerie.</ref> ==== Point d'Alençon Lace ==== A lace made by hand using a number of complex steps and layers. The lacemakers build the point d'Alençon design on some kind of mesh and sometimes leave some of the mesh in as part of the lace and perhaps to provide structure. Elizabeth Lewandowski defines point d'Alençon lace and Alençon lace separately. Point lace is needlepoint lace,<ref name=":7">Lewandowski, Elizabeth J. ''The Complete Costume Dictionary''. Scarecrow Press, 2011.</ref>{{rp|233}} so Alençon point is "a two thread [needlepoint] lace."<ref name=":7" />{{rp|7}} Alençon lace has a "floral design on [a] fine net ground [and is] referred to as [the] queen of French handmade needlepoint laces. The original handmade Alençon was a fine needlepoint lace made of linen thread."<ref name=":7" />{{rp|7}} The sample of point d'Alençon lace (right), from 1750–1775, shows the linen mesh that the lace was constructed on.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://openfashion.momu.be/#9ce5f00e-8a06-4dab-a833-05c3371f3689|title=MoMu - Open Fashion|website=openfashion.momu.be|access-date=2024-02-26}} ModeMuseum Antwerpen. http://openfashion.momu.be/#9ce5f00e-8a06-4dab-a833-05c3371f3689.</ref> The consistency in this sample suggests it may have been made by machine. == Fabric == === Brocatelle === Brocatelle is a kind of brocade, more simple than most brocades because it uses fewer warp and weft threads and fewer colors to form the design. The article in the French ''Wikipédia'' defines it like this:<blockquote>La '''brocatelle''' est un type de tissu datant du <abbr>xvi^e</abbr> siècle qui comporte deux chaînes et deux trames, au minimum. Il est composé pour que le dessin ressorte avec un relief prononcé, grâce à la chaîne sur un fond en sergé. Les brocatelles les plus anciennes sont toujours fabriquées avec une des trames en lin.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2023-06-01|title=Brocatelle|url=https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brocatelle&oldid=204796410|journal=Wikipédia|language=fr}} https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brocatelle.</ref></blockquote>Which translates to this:<blockquote>Brocatelle is a type of fabric dating from the 16th century that has two warps and two wefts, at a minimum. It is composed so that the design stands out with a pronounced relief, thanks to the weft threads on a twill background. The oldest brocades were always made with one of the wefts being linen.</blockquote>The ''Oxford English Dictionary'' says, brocatelle is an "imitation of brocade, usually made of silk or wool, used for tapestry, upholstery, etc., now also for dresses. Both the nature and the use of the stuff have changed" between the late 17th century and 1888, the last time this definition was revised.<ref>"brocatelle, n." ''OED Online'', Oxford University Press, March 2023, www.oed.com/view/Entry/23550. Accessed 4 July 2023.</ref> === Broché === === Ciselé === === Crépe de Chine === The ''Oxford English Dictionary'' distinguishes the use of ''crêpe'' (using a circumflex rather than an acute accent over the first ''e'') from ''crape'' in textiles, saying ''crêpe'' is "often borrowed [from the French] as a term for all crapy fabrics other than ordinary black mourning crape,"<ref>"crêpe, n." ''OED Online'', Oxford University Press, December 2022, www.oed.com/view/Entry/44242. Accessed 10 February 2023.</ref> with usage examples ranging from 1797 to the mid 20th century. Crêpe de chine, it says is "a white or other coloured crape made of raw silk." === Épinglé Velvet === Often spelled ''épingle'' rather than ''épinglé'', this term appears to have been used for a fabric made of wool, or at least wool along with linen or cotton, that was heavier and stiffer than silk velvet. It was associated with outer garments and men's clothing. Nowadays, épinglé velvet is an upholstery fabric in which the pile is cut into designs and patterns, and the portrait of [[Social Victorians/People/Douglas-Hamilton Duke of Hamilton|Mary, Duchess of Hamilton]] shows a mantle described as épinglé velvet that does seem to be a velvet with a woven pattern perhaps cut into the pile. === Lace === While lace also functioned sometimes as fabric — at the décolletage, for example, on the stomacher or as a veil — here we organize it as a [[Social Victorians/Terminology#Trim and Lace|part of the elaboration of clothing]]. === Liberty Fabrics === === Lisse === According to the ''Oxford English Dictionary'', the term ''lisse'' as a "kind of silk gauze" was used in the 19th-century UK and US.<ref>"lisse, n.1." ''OED Online'', Oxford University Press, March 2023, www.oed.com/view/Entry/108978. Accessed 4 July 2023.</ref> === Satin === The pre-1927 ''History of Feminine Fashion'', probably commissioned by Charles Frederick Worth's sons, describes Worth's "insistence on new fabrics, new trimmings, new materials of every description" at the beginning of his career in the mid 19th century:<blockquote>When Worth first entered the business of dressmaking, the only materials of the richer sort used for woman's dress were velvet, faille, and watered silk. Satin, for example, was never used. M. Worth desired to use satin very extensively in the gowns he designed, but he was not satisfied with what could be had at the time; he wanted something very much richer than was produced by the mills at Lyons. That his requirements entailed the reconstruction of mills mattered little — the mills were reconstructed under his directions, and the Lyons looms turned out a richer satin than ever, and the manufacturers prospered accordingly.<ref name=":9">[Worth, House of.] {{Cite book|url=http://archive.org/details/AHistoryOfFeminineFashion|title=A History Of Feminine Fashion (1800s to 1920s)}} Before 1927. [Likely commissioned by Worth. Link is to Archive.org; info from Wikimedia Commons: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Worth_Biarritz_salon.jpg.]</ref>{{rp|6 in printed, 26 in digital book}}</blockquote> === Selesia === According to the ''Oxford English Dictionary'', ''silesia'' is "A fine linen or cotton fabric originally manufactured in Silesia in what is now Germany (''Schlesien'').<ref>"Silesia, n." ''OED Online'', Oxford University Press, December 2022, www.oed.com/view/Entry/179664. Accessed 9 February 2023.</ref> It may have been used as a lining — for pockets, for example — in garments made of more luxurious or more expensive cloth. The word ''sleazy'' — "Of textile fabrics or materials: Thin or flimsy in texture; having little substance or body."<ref>"sleazy, adj." ''OED Online'', Oxford University Press, December 2022, www.oed.com/view/Entry/181563. Accessed 9 February 2023.</ref> — may be related. === Shot Fabric === According to the ''Oxford English Dictionary'', "Of a textile fabric: Woven with warp-threads of one colour and weft-threads of another, so that the fabric (usually silk) changes in tint when viewed from different points."<ref>“Shot, ''Adj.''”  ''Oxford English Dictionary'', Oxford UP,  July 2023, https://doi.org/10.1093/OED/2977164390.</ref> A shot fabric might also be made of silk and cotton fibers. === Tissue === A lightly woven fabric like gauze or chiffon. The light weave can make the fabric translucent and make pleating and gathering flatter and less bulky. Tissue can be woven to be shot, sheer, stiff or soft. Historically, the term in English was used for a "rich kind of cloth, often interwoven with gold or silver" or "various rich or fine fabrics of delicate or gauzy texture."<ref>“Tissue, N.” ''Oxford English Dictionary'', Oxford UP, March 2024, https://doi.org/10.1093/OED/5896731814.</ref> == Fan == The ''Encyclopaedia Britannica'' (9th edition) has an article on the fan. (This article is based on knowledge that would have been available toward the end of the 19th century and does not, obviously, reflect current knowledge or ways of talking.)<blockquote>FAN (Latin, ''vannus''; French, ''éventail''), a light implement used for giving motion to the air. ''Ventilabrum'' and ''flabellum'' are names under which ecclesiastical fans are mentioned in old inventories. Fans for cooling the face have been in use in hot climates from remote ages. A bas-relief in the British Museum represents Sennacherib with female figures carrying feather fans. They were attributes of royalty along with horse-hair fly-flappers and umbrellas. Examples may be seen in plates of the Egyptian sculptures at Thebes and other places, and also in the ruins of Persepolis. In the museum of Boulak, near Cairo, a wooden fan handle showing holes for feathers is still preserved. It is from the tomb of Amen-hotep, of the 18th dynasty, 17th century <small>B</small>.<small>C</small>. In India fans were also attributes of men in authority, and sometimes sacred emblems. A heartshaped fan, with an ivory handle, of unknown age, and held in great veneration by the Hindus, was given to the prince of Wales. Large punkahs or screens, moved by a servant who does nothing else, are in common use by Europeans in India at this day. Fans were used in the early Middle Ages to keep flies from the sacred elements during the celebrations of the Christian mysteries. Sometimes they were round, with bells attached — of silver, or silver gilt. Notices of such fans in the ancient records of St Paul’s, London, Salisbury cathedral, and many other churches, exist still. For these purposes they are no longer used in the Western church, though they are retained in some Oriental rites. The large feather fans, however, are still carried in the state processions of the supreme pontiff in Rome, though not used during the celebration of the mass. The fan of Queen Theodolinda (7th century) is still preserved in the treasury of the cathedral of Monza. Fans made part of the bridal outfit, or ''mundus muliebris'', of ancient Roman ladies. Folding fans had their origin in Japan, and were imported thence to China. They were in the shape still used—a segment of a circle of paper pasted on a light radiating frame-work of bamboo, and variously decorated, some in colours, others of white paper on which verses or sentences are written. It is a compliment in China to invite a friend or distinguished guest to write some sentiment on your fan as a memento of any special occasion, and this practice has continued. A fan that has some celebrity in France was presented by the Chinese ambassador to the Comtesse de Clauzel at the coronation of Napoleon I. in 1804. When a site was given in 1635, on an artificial island, for the settlement of Portuguese merchants in Nippo in Japan, the space was laid out in the form of a fan as emblematic of an object agreeable for general use. Men and women of every rank both in China and Japan carry fans, even artisans using them with one hand while working with the other. In China they are often made of carved ivory, the sticks being plates very thin and sometimes carved on both sides, the intervals between the carved parts pierced with astonishing delicacy, and the plates held together by a ribbon. The Japanese make the two outer guards of the stick, which cover the others, occasionally of beaten iron, extremely thin and light, damascened with gold and other metals. Fans were used by Portuguese ladies in the 14th century, and were well known in England before the close of the reign of Richard II. In France the inventory of Charles V. at the end of the 14th century mentions a folding ivory fan. They were brought into general use in that country by Catherine de’ Medici, probably from Italy, then in advance of other countries in all matters of personal luxury. The court ladies of Henry VIII.’s reign in England were used to handling fans, A lady in the Dance of Death by Holbein holds a fan. Queen Elizabeth is painted with a round leather fan in her portrait at Gorhambury; and as many as twenty-seven are enumerated in her inventory (1606). Coryat, an English traveller, in 1608 describes them as common in Italy. They also became of general use from that time in Spain. In Italy, France, and Spain fans had special conventional uses, and various actions in handling them grew into a code of signals, by which ladies were supposed to convey hints or signals to admirers or to rivals in society. A paper in the ''Spectator'' humorously proposes to establish a regular drill for these purposes. The chief seat of the European manufacture of fans during the 17th century was Paris, where the sticks or frames, whether of wood or ivory, were made, and the decorations painted on mounts of very carefully prepared vellum (called latterly ''chicken skin'', but not correctly), — a material stronger and tougher than paper, which breaks at the folds. Paris makers exported fans unpainted to Madrid and other Spanish cities, where they were decorated by native artists. Many were exported complete; of old fans called Spanish a great number were in fact made in France. Louis XIV. issued edicts at various times to regulate the manufacture. Besides fans mounted with parchment, Dutch fans of ivory were imported into Paris, and decorated by the heraldic painters in the process called “Vernis Martin,” after a famous carriage painter and inventor of colourless lac varnish. Fans of this kind belonging to the Queen and to the late baroness de Rothschild were exhibited in 1870 at Kensington. A fan of the date of 1660, representing sacred subjects, is attributed to Philippe de Champagne, another to Peter Oliver in England in the / 17th century. Cano de Arevalo, a Spanish painter of the 17th century devoted himself to fan painting. Some harsh expressions of Queen Christina to the young ladies of the French court are said to have caused an increased ostentation in the splendour of their fans, which were set with jewels and mounted in gold. Rosalba Carriera was the name of a fan painter of celebrity in the 17th century. Lebrun and Romanelli were much employed during the same period. Klingstet, a Dutch artist, enjoyed a considerable reputation for his fans from the latter part of the 17th and the first thirty years of the 18th century. The revocation of the edict of Nantes drove many fan-makers out of France to Holland and England. The trade in England was well established under the Stuart sovereigns. Petitions were addressed by the fan-makers to Charles II. against the importation of fans from India, and a duty was levied upon such fans in consequence. This importation of Indian fans, according to Savary, extended also to France. During the reign of Louis XV. carved Indian and China fans displaced to some extent those formerly imported from Italy, which had been painted on swanskin parchment prepared with various perfumes. During the 18th century all the luxurious ornamentation of the day was bestowed on fans as far as they could display it. The sticks were made of mother-of-pearl or ivory, carved with extraordinary skill in France, Italy, England, and other countries. They were painted from designs of Boucher, Watteau, Lancret, and other "genre" painters, Hébert, Rau, Chevalier, Jean Boquet, Mad. Verité, are known as fan painters. These fashions were followed in most countries of Europe, with certain national differences. Taffeta and silk, as well as fine parchment, were used for the mounts. Little circles of glass were let into the stick to be looked through, and small telescopic glasses were sometimes contrived at the pivot of the stick. They were occasionally mounted with the finest point lace. An interesting fan (belonging to Madame de Thiac in France), the work of Le Flamand, was presented by the municipality of Dieppe to Marie Antoinette on the birth of her son the dauphin. From the time of the Revolution the old luxury expended on fans died out. Fine examples ceased to be exported to England and other countries. The painting on them represented scenes or personages connected with political events. At a later period fan mounts were often prints coloured by hand. The events of the day mark the date of many examples found in modern collections. Amongst the fanmakers of the present time the names of Alexandre, Duvelleroy, Fayet, Vanier, may be mentioned as well known in Paris. The sticks are chiefly made in the department of Oise, at Le Déluge, Crèvecœur, Méry, Ste Geneviève, and other villages, where whole families are engaged in preparing them; ivory sticks are carved at Dieppe. Water-colour painters of distinction often design and paint the mounts, the best designs being figure subjects. A great impulse has been given to the manufacture and painting of fans in England since the exhibition which took place at South Kensington in 1870. Other exhibitions have since been held, and competitive prizes offered, one of which was gained by the Princess Louise. Modern collections of fans take their date from the emigration of many noble families from France at the time of the Revolution. Such objects were given as souvenirs and occasionally sold by families in straitened circumstances. A large number of fans of all sorts, principally those of the 18th century, French, English, German, Italian Spanish, &c., have been lately bequeathed to the South Kensington Museum. Regarding the different parts of folding fans it may be well to state that the sticks are called in French ''brins'', the two outer guards ''panaches'', and the mount ''feuille''.<ref>J. H. Pollen [J.H.P.]. "Fan." ''Encyclopaedia Britannica'', 9th Edition (1875–1889). Vol. '''10''' ('''X'''). Adam and Charles Black (Publisher). https://archive.org/details/encyclopaedia-britannica-9ed-1875/Vol%209%20%28FAL-FYZ%29%20193323016.23/page/26/mode/2up (accessed January 2023): 27, Col. 1b – 28, Col. 1c.</ref></blockquote> == Fancy-dress Ball == Fancy-dress (or costume) balls were popular and frequent in the U.K. and France as well as the rest of Europe during the 19th century. The themes and styles of the fancy-dress balls influenced those that followed. At the [[Social Victorians/1897 Fancy Dress Ball|Duchess of Devonshire's 1897 fancy-dress ball]], the guests came dressed in costume from times before 1820, as instructed on '''the invitation''', but their clothing was much more about late-Victorian standards of beauty and fashion than the standards of whatever time period the portraits they were copying or basing their costumes on. ''The Queen'' published dress and fashion information and advice under the byline of Ardern Holt, who regularly answered questions from readers about fashion as well as about fancy dress. (More about Ardern Holt, which is almost certainly a pseudonym, can be found on the [[Social Victorians/People/Working in Publishing#Journalists|People Working in Publishing]] page.) Holt also ran wrote entire articles with suggestions for what might make an appealing fancy-dress costume as well as pointing readers away from costumes that had been worn too frequently. The suggestions for costumes are based on familiar types or portraits available to readers, similar to Holt's books on fancy dress, which ran through a number of editions in the 1880s and 1890s. Fancy-dress questions sometimes asked for details about costumes worn in theatrical or operatic productions, which Holt provides. In November 1897, Holt refers to the Duchess of Devonshire's 2 July ball: "Since the famous fancy ball, given at Devonshire House during this year, historical fancy dresses have assumed a prominence that they had not hitherto known."<ref>Holt, Ardern. "Fancy Dress a la Mode." The ''Queen'' 27 November 1897, Saturday: 94 [of 145 in BNA; print p. 1026], Col. 1a [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002627/18971127/459/0094.</ref> Holt goes on to provide a number of ideas for costumes for historical fancy dress, as always with a strong leaning toward Victorian standards of beauty and style and away from any concern for historical accuracy. Ardern Holt published books on fancy dress as well as writing for the ''Queen'' and other periodicals, but not all of them were about fancy dress. # ''Gentlemen's Fancy Dress: How to Choose It''. Wyman & Sons, 1882. (''Google Books'' has this: https://books.google.com/books/about/Gentlemen_s_Fancy_Dress.html?id=ED8CAAAAQAAJ.) Later editions: 1898 (HathiTrust) # ''Fancy Dresses Described; Or, What to Wear at Fancy Balls''. Debenham & Freebody, 1882. Illustr., Lillian Young. (HathiTrust has this.) Later editions: 4th ed — 1884; 1887 (HathiTrust); 6th ed. — 1896 (HathiTrust) As Leonore Davidoff says, "Every cap, bow, streamer, ruffle, fringe, bustle, glove and other elaboration symbolised some status category for the female wearer."<ref name=":1" />{{rp|93}} [handled under Elaborations] === Historical Accuracy === Many of the costumes at the ball were based on portraits, especially when the guest was dressed as a historical figure. If possible, we have found the portraits likely to have been the originals, or we have found, if possible, portraits that show the subjects from the two time periods at similar ages. The way clothing was cut changed quite a bit between the 18th and 19th centuries. We think of Victorian clothing — particularly women's clothing, and particularly at the end of the century — as inflexible and restrictive, especially compared to 20th- and 21st-century customs permitting freedom of movement. The difference is generally evolutionary rather than absolute — that is, as time has passed since the 18th century, clothing has allowed an increasingly greater range of movement, especially for people who did not do manual labor. By the end of the 19th century, garments like women's bodices and men's coats were made fitted and smooth by attention to the grain of the fabric and by the use of darts (rather than techniques that assembled many small, individual pieces of fabric). * clothing construction and flat-pattern techniques * Generally, the further back in time we go, the more 2-dimensional the clothing itself was. ==== Women's Versions of Historical Accuracy at the Ball ==== As always with this ball, whatever historical accuracy might be present in a woman's costume is altered so that the wearer is still a fashionable Victorian lady. What makes the costumes look "Victorian" to our eyes is the line of the silhouette caused by the foundation undergarments as well as the many "elaborations"<ref name=":1" />{{rp|93}}, mostly in the decorations, trim and accessories. Also, the clothing hangs and drapes differently because the fabric was cut on grain and the shoulders were freed by the way the sleeves were set in. ==== Men's Versions of Historical Accuracy at the Ball ==== Because men were not wearing a Victorian foundation garment at the end of the century, the men's costumes at the ball are more historically accurate in some ways. * Trim * Mixing neck treatments * Hair * Breeches * Shoes and boots * Military uniforms, arms, gloves, boots == Feathers and Plumes == === Aigrette === Elizabeth Lewandowski defines ''aigrette'' as "France. Feather or plume from an egret or heron."<ref name=":7" />(5) Sometimes the newspapers use the term to refer to an accessory (like a fan or ornament on a hat) that includes such a feather or plume. The straight and tapered feathers in an aigrette are in a bundle. === Prince of Wales's Feathers or White Plumes === The feathers in an aigrette came from egrets and herons; Prince of Wales's feathers came from ostriches. A fuller discussion of Prince of Wales's feathers and the white ostrich plumes worn at court appears on [[Social Victorians/Victorian Things#Ostrich Feathers and Prince of Wales's Feathers|Victorian Things]]. For much of the late 18th and 19th centuries, white ostrich plumes were central to fashion at court, and at a certain point in the late 18th century they became required for women being presented to the monarch and for their sponsors. Our purpose here is to understand why women were wearing plumes at the [[Social Victorians/1897 Fancy Dress Ball|Duchess of Devonshire's 1897 fancy-dress ball]] as part of their costumes. First published in 1893, [[Social Victorians/People/Lady Colin Campbell|Lady Colin Campbell]]'s ''Manners and Rules of Good Society'' (1911 edition) says that<blockquote>It was compulsory for both Married and Unmarried Ladies to Wear Plumes. The married lady’s Court plume consisted of three white feathers. An unmarried lady’s of two white feathers. The three white feathers should be mounted as a Prince of Wales plume and worn towards the left hand side of the head. Colored feathers may not be worn. In deep mourning, white feathers must be worn, black feathers are inadmissible.<p> White veils or lace lappets must be worn with the feathers. The veils should not be longer than 45 inches.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.edwardianpromenade.com/etiquette/the-court-presentation/|title=The Court Presentation|last=Holl|first=Evangeline|date=2007-12-07|website=Edwardian Promenade|language=en-US|access-date=2022-12-18}} https://www.edwardianpromenade.com/etiquette/the-court-presentation/.</ref></blockquote>[[Social Victorians/Victorian Things#Ostrich Feathers and Prince of Wales's Feathers|This fashion was imported from France]] in the mid 1770s.<ref>"Abstract" for Blackwell, Caitlin. "'<nowiki/>''The Feather'd Fair in a Fright''': The Emblem of the Feather in Graphic Satire of 1776." ''Journal for Eighteenth-Century Studies'' 20 January 2013 (Vol. 36, Issue 3): 353-376. ''Wiley Online'' DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1754-0208.2012.00550.x (accessed November 2022).</ref> Separately, a secondary heraldic emblem of the Prince of Wales has been a specific arrangement of 3 ostrich feathers in a gold coronet<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2022-11-07|title=Prince of Wales's feathers|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Prince_of_Wales%27s_feathers&oldid=1120556015|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_of_Wales's_feathers.</ref> since King Edward III (1312–1377<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2022-12-14|title=Edward III of England|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Edward_III_of_England&oldid=1127343221|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_III_of_England.</ref>). Some women at the [[Social Victorians/1897 Fancy Dress Ball|Duchess of Devonshire's 1897 fancy-dress ball]] wore white ostrich feathers in their hair, but most of them are not Prince of Wales's feathers. Most of the plumes in these portraits are arrangements of some kind of headdress to accompany the costume. A few, wearing what looks like the Princes of Wales's feathers, might be signaling that their character is royal or has royal ancestry. '''One of the women [which one?] was presented to the royals at this ball?''' Here is the list of women who are wearing white ostrich plumes in their portraits in the [[Social Victorians/1897 Fancy Dress Ball/Photographs|''Diamond Jubilee Fancy Dress Ball'' album of 286 photogravure portraits]]: # Kathleen Pelham-Clinton, the [[Social Victorians/People/Newcastle|Duchess of Newcastle]] # [[Social Victorians/People/Louisa Montagu Cavendish|Luise Cavendish]], the Duchess of Devonshire # Jesusa Murrieta del Campo Mello y Urritio (née Bellido), [[Social Victorians/People/Santurce|Marquisa de Santurce]] # Lady [[Social Victorians/People/Farquhar|Emilie Farquhar]] # Princess (Laura Williamina Seymour) Victor of  [[Social Victorians/People/Gleichen#Laura%20Williamina%20Seymour%20of%20Hohenlohe-Langenburg|Hohenlohe Langenburg]] # Louisa Acheson, [[Social Victorians/People/Gosford|Lady Gosford]] # Alice Emily White Coke, [[Social Victorians/People/Leicester|Viscountess Coke]] # Lady Mary Stewart, Helen Mary Theresa [[Social Victorians/People/Londonderry|Vane-Tempest-Stewart]] #[[Social Victorians/People/Consuelo Vanderbilt Spencer-Churchill|Consuelo Vanderbilt Spencer-Churchill]], Duchess of [[Social Victorians/People/Marlborough|Marlborough]], dressed as the wife of the French Ambassador at the Court of Catherine of Russia (not white, but some color that reads dark in the black-and-white photograph) #Mrs. Mary [[Social Victorians/People/Chamberlain|Chamberlain]] (at 491), wearing white plumes, as Madame d'Epinay #Lady Clementine [[Social Victorians/People/Tweeddale|Hay]] (at 629), wearing white plumes, as St. Bris (''Les Huguenots'') #[[Social Victorians/People/Meysey-Thompson|Lady Meysey-Thompson]] (at 391), wearing white plumes, as Elizabeth, Queen of Bohemia #Mrs. [[Social Victorians/People/Grosvenor|Algernon (Catherine) Grosvenor]] (at 510), wearing white plumes, as Marie Louise #Lady [[Social Victorians/People/Ancaster|Evelyn Ewart]], at 401), wearing white plumes, as the Duchess of Ancaster, Mistress of the Robes to Queen Charlotte, 1757, after a picture by Hudson #[[Social Victorians/People/Lyttelton|Edith Sophy Balfour Lyttelton]] (at 580), wearing what might be white plumes on a large-brimmed white hat, after a picture by Romney #[[Social Victorians/People/Yznaga|Emilia Yznaga]] (at 360), wearing what might be white plumes, as Cydalise of the Comedie Italienne from the time of Louis XV #Lady [[Social Victorians/People/Ilchester|Muriel Fox Strangways]] (at 403), wearing what might be two smallish white plumes, as Lady Sarah Lennox, one of the bridesmaids of Queen Charlotte A.D. 1761 #Lady [[Social Victorians/People/Lucan|Violet Bingham]] (at 586), wearing perhaps one white plume in a headdress not related to the Prince of Wales's feathers #Rosamond Fellowes, [[Social Victorians/People/de Ramsey|Lady de Ramsey]] (at 329), wearing a headdress that includes some white plumes, as Lady Burleigh #[[Social Victorians/People/Dupplin|Agnes Blanche Marie Hay-Drummond]] (at 682), in a big headdress topped with white plumes, as Mademoiselle Andrée de Taverney A.D. 1775 #Florence Canning, [[Social Victorians/People/Garvagh|Lady Garvagh]] (at 336), wearing what looks like Prince of Wales's plumes #[[Social Victorians/People/Suffolk|Marguerite Hyde "Daisy" Leiter]] (at 684), wearing what looks like Prince of Wales's plumes #Lady [[Social Victorians/People/Spicer|Margaret Spicer]] (at 281), wearing one smallish white and one black plume, as Countess Zinotriff, Lady-in-Waiting to the Empress Catherine of Russia #Mrs. [[Social Victorians/People/Cavendish Bentinck|Arthur James]] (at 318), wearing what looks like Prince of Wales's plumes, as Elizabeth Cavendish, daughter of Bess of Hardwick #Nellie, [[Social Victorians/People/Kilmorey|Countess of Kilmorey]] (at 207), wearing three tall plumes, 2 white and one dark, as Comtesse du Barri #Daisy, [[Social Victorians/People/Warwick|Countess of Warwick]] (at 53), wearing at least 1 white plume, as Marie Antoinette More men than women were wearing plumes reminiscent of the Prince of Wales's feathers: * ==== Bibliography for Plumes and Prince of Wales's Feathers ==== * Blackwell, Caitlin. "'''The Feather'd Fair in a Fright'<nowiki/>'': The Emblem of the Feather in Graphic Satire of 1776." Journal for ''Eighteenth-Century Studies'' 20 January 2013 (Vol. 36, Issue 3): 353-376. Wiley Online DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1754-0208.2012.00550.x. * "Prince of Wales's feathers." ''Wikipedia'' https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_of_Wales%27s_feathers (accessed November 2022). ['''Add women to this page'''] * Simpson, William. "On the Origin of the Prince of Wales' Feathers." ''Fraser's magazine'' 617 (1881): 637-649. Hathi Trust https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=chi.79253140&view=1up&seq=643&q1=feathers (accessed December 2022). Deals mostly with use of feathers in other cultures and in antiquity; makes brief mention of feathers and plumes in signs and pub names that may not be associated with the Prince of Wales. No mention of the use of plumes in women's headdresses or court dress. == Honors == === The Bath === The Most Honourable Order of the Bath (GCB, Knight or Dame Grand Cross; KCB or DCB, Knight or Dame Commander; CB, Companion) === The Garter === The Most Noble Order of the Knights of the Garter (KG, Knight Companion; LG, Lady Companion) [[File:The Golden Fleece - collar exhibited at MET, NYC.jpg|thumb|The Golden Fleece collar and pendant for the 2019 "Last Knight" exhibition at the MET, NYC.|alt=Recent photograph of a gold necklace on a wide band, with a gold skin of a sheep hanging from it as a pendant]] === The Golden Fleece === To wear the golden fleece is to wear the insignia of the Order of the Golden Fleece, said to be "the most prestigious and historic order of chivalry in the world" because of its long history and strict limitations on membership.<ref name=":10">{{Cite journal|date=2020-09-25|title=Order of the Golden Fleece|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Order_of_the_Golden_Fleece&oldid=980340875|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}}</ref> The monarchs of the U.K. were members of the originally Spanish order, as were others who could afford it, like the Duke of Wellington,<ref name=":12">Thompson, R[obert]. H[ugh]. "The Golden Fleece in Britain." Publication of the ''British Numismatic Society''. 2009 https://www.britnumsoc.org/publications/Digital%20BNJ/pdfs/2009_BNJ_79_8.pdf (accessed January 2023).</ref> the first Protestant to be admitted to the order.<ref name=":10" /> Founded in 1429/30 by Philip the Good, Duke of Burgundy, the order separated into two branches in 1714, one Spanish and the other Austrian, still led by the House of Habsburg.<ref name=":10" /> [[File:Prince Albert - Franz Xaver Winterhalter 1842.jpg|thumb|1842 Winterhalter portrait of Prince Albert wearing the insignia of the Order of the Golden Fleece, 1842|left|alt=1842 Portrait of Prince Albert by Winterhalter, wearing the insignia of the Golden Fleece]] The photograph (upper right) is of a Polish badge dating from the "turn of the XV and XVI centuries."<ref>{{Citation|title=Polski: Kolana orderowa orderu Złotego Runa, przełom XV i XVI wieku.|url=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:The_Golden_Fleece_-_collar_exhibited_at_MET,_NYC.jpg|date=2019-11-10|accessdate=2023-01-10|last=Wulfstan}}. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:The_Golden_Fleece_-_collar_exhibited_at_MET,_NYC.jpg.</ref> The collar to this Golden Fleece might be similar to the one the [[Social Victorians/People/Spencer Compton Cavendish#The Insignia of the Order of the Golden Fleece|Duke of Devonshire is wearing in the 1897 Lafayette portrait]]. The badges and collars that Knights of the Order actually wore vary quite a bit. The 1842 Franz Xaver Winterhalter portrait (left) of Prince Consort Albert, Victoria's husband and father of the Prince of Wales, shows him wearing the Golden Fleece on a red ribbon around his neck and the star of the Garter on the front of his coat.<ref>Winterhalter, Franz Xaver. ''Prince Albert''. {{Cite web|url=https://www.rct.uk/collection/search#/16/collection/401412/prince-albert-1819-61|title=Explore the Royal Collection Online|website=www.rct.uk|access-date=2023-01-16}} https://www.rct.uk/collection/search#/16/collection/401412/prince-albert-1819-61.</ref> === Royal Victorian Order === (GCVO, Knight or Dame Grand Cross; KCVO or DCVO, Knight or Dame Commander; CVO, Commander; LVO, Lieutenant; MVO, Member) === St. John === The Order of the Knights of St. John === Star of India === Most Exalted Order of the Star of India (GCSI, Knight Grand Commander; KCSI, Knight Commander; CSI, Companion) === Thistle === The Most Ancient and Most Noble Order of the Thistle == Jewelry and Stones == === Cabochon === This term describes both the treatment and shape of a precious or semiprecious stone. A cabochon treatment does not facet the stone but merely polishes it, removing "the rough parts" and the parts that are not the right stone.<ref>"cabochon, n." ''OED Online'', Oxford University Press, December 2022, www.oed.com/view/Entry/25778. Accessed 7 February 2023.</ref> A cabochon shape is often flat on one side and oval or round, forming a mound in the setting. === Jet === === ''Orfèvrerie'' === Sometimes misspelled in the newspapers as ''orvfèvrerie''. ''Orfèvrerie'' is the artistic work of a goldsmith, silversmith, or jeweler. === Turquoises === == Military == Several men from the [[Social Victorians/1897 Fancy Dress Ball|Duchess of Devonshire's 1897 fancy-dress ball at Devonshire House]] were dressed in military uniforms, some historical and some, possibly, not. === Baldric === According to the ''Oxford English Dictionary'', the primary sense of ''baldric'' is "A belt or girdle, usually of leather and richly ornamented, worn pendent from one shoulder across the breast and under the opposite arm, and used to support the wearer's sword, bugle, etc."<ref>"baldric, n." ''OED Online'', Oxford University Press, March 2023, www.oed.com/view/Entry/14849. Accessed 17 May 2023.</ref> This sense has been in existence since c. 1300. === Cuirass === According to the ''Oxford English Dictionary'', the primary sense of ''cuirass'' is "A piece of armour for the body (originally of leather); ''spec.'' a piece reaching down to the waist, and consisting of a breast-plate and a back-plate, buckled or otherwise fastened together ...."<ref>"cuirass, n." ''OED Online'', Oxford University Press, March 2023, www.oed.com/view/Entry/45604. Accessed 17 May 2023.</ref> [[File:Knötel IV, 04.jpg|thumb|alt=An Old drawing in color of British soldiers on horses brandishing swords in 1815.|1890 illustration of the Household Cavalry (Life Guard, left; Horse Guard, right) at the Battle of Waterloo, 1815]] === Household Cavalry === The Royal Household contains the Household Cavalry, a corps of British Army units assigned to the monarch. It is made up of 2 regiments, the Life Guards and what is now called The Blues and Royals, which were formed around the time of "the Restoration of the Monarchy in 1660."<ref name=":3">Joll, Christopher. "Tales of the Household Cavalry, No. 1. Roles." The Household Cavalry Museum, https://householdcavalry.co.uk/app/uploads/sites/2/2021/06/Household-Cavalry-Museum-video-series-large-print-text-Tales-episode-01.pdf.</ref>{{rp|1}} Regimental Historian Christopher Joll says, "the original Life Guards were formed as a mounted bodyguard for the exiled King Charles II, The Blues were raised as Cromwellian cavalry and The Royals were established to defend Tangier."<ref name=":3" />{{rp|1–2}} The 1st and 2nd Life Guards were formed from "the Troops of Horse and Horse Grenadier Guards ... in 1788."<ref name=":3" />{{rp|3}} The Life Guards were and are still official bodyguards of the queen or king, but through history they have been required to do quite a bit more than serve as bodyguards for the monarch. The Household Cavalry fought in the Battle of Waterloo on Sunday, 18 June 1815 as heavy cavalry.<ref name=":3" />{{rp|3}} Besides arresting the Cato Steet conspirators in 1820 "and guarding their subsequent execution," the Household Cavalry contributed to the "the expedition to rescue General Gordon, who was trapped in Khartoum by The Mahdi and his army of insurgents" in 1884.<ref name=":3" />{{rp|3}} In 1887 they "were involved ... in the suppression of rioters in Trafalgar Square on Bloody Sunday."<ref name=":3" />{{rp|3}} ==== Grenadier Guards ==== Three men — [[Social Victorians/People/Gordon-Lennox#Lord Algernon Gordon Lennox|Lord Algernon Gordon-Lennox]], [[Social Victorians/People/Stanley#Edward George Villiers Stanley, Lord Stanley|Lord Stanley]], and [[Social Victorians/People/Stanley#Hon. Ferdinand Charles Stanley|Hon. F. C. Stanley]] — attended the ball as officers of the Grenadier Guards, wearing "scarlet tunics, ... full blue breeches, scarlet hose and shoes, lappet wigs" as well as items associated with weapons and armor.<ref name=":14">“The Duchess of Devonshire’s Ball.” The ''Gentlewoman'' 10 July 1897 Saturday: 32–42 [of 76], Cols. 1a–3c [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003340/18970710/155/0032.</ref>{{rp|p. 34, Col. 2a}} Founded in England in 1656 as Foot Guards, this infantry regiment "was granted the 'Grenadier' designation by a Royal Proclamation" at the end of the Napoleonic Wars.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2023-04-22|title=Grenadier Guards|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Grenadier_Guards&oldid=1151238350|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grenadier_Guards.</ref> They were not called Grenadier Guards, then, before about 1815. In 1660, the Stuart Restoration, they were called Lord Wentworth's Regiment, because they were under the command of Thomas Wentworth, 5th Baron Wentworth.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2022-07-24|title=Lord Wentworth's Regiment|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lord_Wentworth%27s_Regiment&oldid=1100069077|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Wentworth%27s_Regiment.</ref> At the time of Lord Wentworth's Regiment, the style of the French cavalier had begun to influence wealthy British royalists. In the British military, a Cavalier was a wealthy follower of Charles I and Charles II — a commander, perhaps, or a field officer, but probably not a soldier.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2023-04-22|title=Cavalier|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cavalier&oldid=1151166569|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cavalier.</ref> The Guards were busy as infantry in the 17th century, engaging in a number of armed conflicts for Great Britain, but they also served the sovereign. According to the Guards Museum,<blockquote>In 1678 the Guards were ordered to form Grenadier Companies, these men were the strongest and tallest of the regiment, they carried axes, hatches and grenades, they were the shock troops of their day. Instead of wearing tri-corn hats they wore a mitre shaped cap.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://theguardsmuseum.com/about-the-guards/history-of-the-foot-guards/history-page-2/|title=Service to the Crown|website=The Guards Museum|language=en-GB|access-date=2023-05-15}} https://theguardsmuseum.com/about-the-guards/history-of-the-foot-guards/history-page-2/.</ref></blockquote>The name comes from ''grenades'', then, and we are accustomed to seeing them in front of Buckingham Palace, with their tall mitre hats. The Guard fought in the American Revolution, and in the 19th century, the Grenadier Guards fought in the Crimean War, Sudan and the Boer War. They have roles as front-line troops and as ceremonial for the sovereign, which makes them elite:<blockquote>Queen Victoria decreed that she did not want to see a single chevron soldier within her Guards. Other then [sic] the two senior Warrant Officers of the British Army, the senior Warrant Officers of the Foot Guards wear a large Sovereigns personal coat of arms badge on their upper arm. No other regiments of the British Army are allowed to do so; all the others wear a small coat of arms of their lower arms. Up until 1871 all officers in the Foot Guards had the privilege of having double rankings. An Ensign was ranked as an Ensign and Lieutenant, a Lieutenant as Lieutenant and Captain and a Captain as Captain and Lieutenant Colonel. This was because at the time officers purchased their own ranks and it cost more to purchase a commission in the Foot Guards than any other regiments in the British Army. For example if it cost an officer in the Foot Guards £1,000 for his first rank, in the rest of the Army it would be £500 so if he transferred to another regiment he would loose [sic] £500, hence the higher rank, if he was an Ensign in the Guards and he transferred to a Line Regiment he went in at the higher rank of Lieutenant.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://theguardsmuseum.com/about-the-guards/history-of-the-foot-guards/history-page-1/|title=Formation and role of the Regiments|website=The Guards Museum|language=en-GB|access-date=2023-05-15}} https://theguardsmuseum.com/about-the-guards/history-of-the-foot-guards/history-page-1/.</ref></blockquote> ==== Life Guards ==== [[Social Victorians/People/Shrewsbury#Reginald Talbot's Costume|General the Hon. Reginald Talbot]], a member of the 1st Life Guards, attended the Duchess of Devonshire's ball dressed in the uniform of his regiment during the Battle of Waterloo.<ref name=":14" />{{rp|p. 36, Col. 3b}} At the Battle of Waterloo the 1st Life Guards were part of the 1st Brigade — the Household Brigade — and were commanded by Major-General Lord Edward Somerset.<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal|date=2023-09-30|title=Battle of Waterloo|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Waterloo&oldid=1177893566|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Waterloo.</ref> The 1st Life Guards were on "the extreme right" of a French countercharge and "kept their cohesion and consequently suffered significantly fewer casualties."<ref name=":4" /> == Photography == == Footnotes == {{reflist}} ogop8nbnjge83jr2xo0n9fsbai5ko19 2691467 2691466 2024-12-11T18:24:16Z Scogdill 1331941 /* Hoops */ 2691467 wikitext text/x-wiki Especially with respect to fashion, the newspapers at the end of the 19th century in the UK often used specialized terminology. The definitions on this page are to provide a sense of what someone in the late 19th century might have meant by the term rather than a definition of what we might mean by it today. In the absence of a specialized glossary from the end of the 19th century in the U.K., we use the ''Oxford English Dictionary'' because the senses of a word are illustrated with examples that have dates so we can be sure that the senses we pick are appropriate for when they are used in the quotations we have. We also sometimes use the French ''Wikipédia'' to define a word because many technical terms of fashion were borrowings from the French. Also, often the French ''Wikipédia'' provides historical context for the uses of a word similar to the way the OED does. == Articles or Parts of Clothing: Non-gender-specific == === Mantle, Cloak, Cape === In 19th-century newspaper accounts, these terms are sometimes used without precision as synonyms. These are all outer garments. '''Mantle''' A mantle — often a long outer garment — might have elements like a train, sleeves, collars, revers, fur, and a cape. A late-19th-century writer making a distinction between a mantle and a cloak might use ''mantle'' if the garment is more voluminous. '''Cloak''' '''Cape''' === Peplum === According to the French ''Wiktionnaire'', a peplum is a "Short skirt or flared flounce layered at the waist of a jacket, blouse or dress" [translation by Google Translate].<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2021-07-02|title=péplum|url=https://fr.wiktionary.org/w/index.php?title=p%C3%A9plum&oldid=29547727|journal=Wiktionnaire, le dictionnaire libre|language=fr}} https://fr.wiktionary.org/wiki/p%C3%A9plum.</ref> The ''Oxford English Dictionary'' has a fuller definition, although, it focuses on women's clothing because the sense is written for the present day:<blockquote>''Fashion''. ... a kind of overskirt resembling the ancient peplos (''obsolete''). Hence (now usually) in modern use: a short flared, gathered, or pleated strip of fabric attached at the waist of a woman's jacket, dress, or blouse to create a hanging frill or flounce.<ref name=":5">“peplum, n.”. ''Oxford English Dictionary'', Oxford University Press, September 2023, <https://doi.org/10.1093/OED/1832614702>.</ref></blockquote>Men haven't worn peplums since the 18th century, except when wearing costumes based on historical portraits. The ''Daily News'' reported in 1896 that peplums had been revived as a fashion item for women.<ref name=":5" /> === Revers === According to the ''Oxford English Dictionary'', ''revers'' are the "edge[s] of a garment turned back to reveal the undersurface (often at the lapel or cuff) (chiefly in ''plural''); the material covering such an edge."<ref>"revers, n." ''OED Online'', Oxford University Press, March 2023, www.oed.com/view/Entry/164777. Accessed 17 April 2023.</ref> The term is French and was used this way in the 19th century (according to the ''Wiktionnaire'').<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2023-03-07|title=revers|url=https://fr.wiktionary.org/w/index.php?title=revers&oldid=31706560|journal=Wiktionnaire|language=fr}} https://fr.wiktionary.org/wiki/revers.</ref> == Articles or Parts of Clothing: Men's == [[Social Victorians/Terminology#Military|Men's military uniforms]] are discussed below. === À la Romaine === [[File:Johann Baptist Straub - Mars um 1772-1.jpg|thumb|left|alt=Old and damaged marble statue of a Roman god of war with flowing cloak, big helmet with a plume on top, and armor|Johann Baptist Straub's 1772 ''à la romaine'' ''Mars'']] A few people who attended the [[Social Victorians/1897 Fancy Dress Ball|Duchess of Devonshire's fancy-dress ball in 1897]] personated Roman gods or people. They were dressed not as Romans, however, but ''à la romaine'', which was a standardized style of depicting Roman figures that was used in paintings, sculpture and the theatre for historical dress from the 17th until the 20th century. The codification of the style was developed in France in the 17th century for theatre and ballet, when it became popular for masked balls. Women as well as men could be dressed ''à la romaine'', but much sculpture, portraiture and theatre offered opportunities for men to dress in Roman style — with armor and helmets — and so it was most common for men. In large part because of the codification of the style as well as the painting and sculpture, the style persisted and remained influential into the 20th century and can be found in museums and galleries and on monuments. For example, Johann Baptist Straub's 1772 statue of Mars (left), now in the Bayerisches Nationalmuseum, Munich, missing part of an arm, shows Mars ''à la romaine''. In London, an early 17th-century example of a figure of Mars ''à la romaine'', with a helmet, '''was''' "at the foot of the Buckingham tomb in Henry VII's Chapel at Westminster Abbey."<ref>Webb, Geoffrey. “Notes on Hubert Le Sueur-II.” ''The Burlington Magazine for Connoisseurs'' 52, no. 299 (1928): 81–89. http://www.jstor.org/stable/863535.</ref>{{rp|81, Col. 2c}} === Cavalier === [[File:Sir-Anthony-van-Dyck-Lord-John-Stuart-and-His-Brother-Lord-Bernard-Stuart.jpg|thumb|alt=Old painting of 2 men flamboyantly and stylishly dressed in colorful silk, with white lace, high-heeled boots and long hair|Van Dyck's c. 1638 painting of cavaliers Lord John Stuart and his brother Lord Bernard Stuart]] As a signifier in the form of clothing of a royalist political and social ideology begun in France in the early 17th century, the cavalier established France as the leader in fashion and taste. Adopted by [[Social Victorians/Terminology#Military|wealthy royalist British military officers]] during the time of the Restoration, the style signified a political and social position, both because of the loyalty to Charles I and II as well the wealth required to achieve the cavalier look. The style spread beyond the political, however, to become associated generally with dress as well as a style of poetry.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2023-04-25|title=Cavalier poet|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cavalier_poet&oldid=1151690299|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cavalier_poet.</ref> Van Dyck's 1638 painting of two brothers (right) emphasizes the cavalier style of dress. === Coats === ==== Doublet ==== * In the 19th-century newspaper accounts we have seen that use this word, doublet seems always to refer to a garment worn by a man, but historically women may have worn doublets. In fact, a doublet worn by Queen Elizabeth I exists and '''is somewhere'''. * Technically doublets were long sleeved, although we cannot be certain what this or that Victorian tailor would have done for a costume. For example, the [[Social Victorians/People/Spencer Compton Cavendish#Costume at the Duchess of Devonshire's 2 July 1897 Fancy-dress Ball|Duke of Devonshire's costume as Charles V]] shows long sleeves that may be part of the surcoat but should be the long sleeves of the doublet. ==== Pourpoint ==== A padded doublet worn under armor to protect the warrior from the metal chafing. A pourpoint could also be worn without the armor. ==== Surcoat ==== Sometimes just called ''coat''. [[File:Oscar Wilde by Sarony 1882 18.jpg|thumb|alt=Old photograph of a young man wearing a velvet jacket, knee breeches, silk hose and shiny pointed shoes with bows, seated on a sofa and leaning on his left hand and holding a book in his right| Oscar Wilde, 1882, by Napoleon Sarony]] === Hose, Stockings and Tights === Newspaper accounts from the late 19th century of men's clothing use the term ''hose'' for what we might call stockings or tights. In fact, the terminology is specific. ''Stockings'' is the more general term and could refer to hose or tights. With knee breeches men wore hose, which ended above the knee, and women wore hose under their dresses. The ''Oxford English Dictionary'' defines tights as "Tight-fitting breeches, worn by men in the 18th and early 19th centuries, and still forming part of court-dress."<ref>“Tights, N.” ''Oxford English Dictionary'', Oxford UP, July 2023, https://doi.org/10.1093/OED/2693287467.</ref> By 1897, the term was in use for women's stockings, which may have come up only to the knee. Tights were also worn by dancers and acrobats. This general sense of ''tights'' does not assume that they were knitted. ''Clocking'' is decorative embroidery on hose, usually, at the ankles on either the inside or the outside of the leg. It started at the ankle and went up the leg, sometimes as far as the knee. On women's hose, the clocking could be quite colorful and elaborate, while the clocking on men's hose was more inconspicuous. In many photographs men's hose are wrinkled, especially at the ankles and the knees, because they were shaped from woven fabric. Silk hose were knitted instead of woven, which gave them elasticity and reduced the wrinkling. The famous Sarony carte de visite photograph of Oscar Wilde (right) shows him in 1882 wearing knee breeches and silk hose, which are shiny and quite smoothly fitted although they show a few wrinkles at the ankles and knees. In the portraits of people in costume at the [[Social Victorians/1897 Fancy Dress Ball|Duchess of Devonshire's 1897 fancy-dress ball]], the men's hose are sometimes quite smooth, which means they were made of knitted silk and may have been smoothed for the portrait. In painted portraits the hose are almost always depicted as smooth, part of the artist's improvement of the appearance of the subject. === Shoes and Boots === == Articles or Parts of Clothing: Women's == === '''Chérusque''' === According to the French ''Wikipedia'', ''chérusque'' is a 19th-century term for the kind of standing collar like the ones worn by ladies in the Renaissance.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2021-06-26|title=Collerette (costume)|url=https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Collerette_(costume)&oldid=184136746|journal=Wikipédia|language=fr}} https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collerette_(costume)#Au+xixe+siècle+:+la+Chérusque.</ref> === Corsage === According to the ''Oxford English Dictionary'', the corsage is the "'body' of a woman's dress; a bodice."<ref>"corsage, n." ''OED Online'', Oxford University Press, December 2022, www.oed.com/view/Entry/42056. Accessed 7 February 2023.</ref> This sense is well documented in the ''OED'' for the mid and late 19th-century, used this way in fiction as well as in a publication like ''Godey's Lady's Book'', which would be expected to use appropriate terminology associated with fashion and dress making. The sense of "a bouquet worn on the bodice" is, according to the ''OED'', American. === Décolletage === === Girdle === === Mancheron === According to the ''Oxford English Dictionary'', a ''mancheron'' is a "historical" word for "A piece of trimming on the upper part of a sleeve on a woman's dress."<ref>"mancheron, n." ''OED Online'', Oxford University Press, March 2023, www.oed.com/view/Entry/113251. Accessed 17 April 2023.</ref> At the present, in French, a ''mancheron'' is a cap sleeve "cut directly on the bodice."<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2022-11-28|title=Manche (vêtement)|url=https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Manche_(v%C3%AAtement)&oldid=199054843|journal=Wikipédia|language=fr}} https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manche_(v%C3%AAtement).</ref> === Petticoat === According to the ''O.E.D.'', a petticoat is a <blockquote>skirt, as distinguished from a bodice, worn either externally or showing beneath a dress as part of the costume (often trimmed or ornamented); an outer skirt; a decorative underskirt. Frequently in ''plural'': a woman's or girl's upper skirts and underskirts collectively. Now ''archaic'' or ''historical''.<ref>“petticoat, n., sense 2.b”.  ''Oxford English Dictionary'', Oxford University Press,  September 2023, <https://doi.org/10.1093/OED/1021034245></ref> </blockquote>This sense is, according to the ''O.E.D.'', "The usual sense between the 17th and 19th centuries." However, while petticoats belong in both outer- and undergarments — that is, meant to be seen or hidden, like underwear — they were always under another garment, for example, underneath an open overskirt. The primary sense seems to have shifted through the 19th century so that, by the end, petticoats were underwear and the term ''underskirt'' was used to describe what showed under an open overskirt. === Stomacher === According to the ''O.E.D.'', a stomacher is "An ornamental covering for the chest (often covered with jewels) worn by women under the lacing of the bodice,"<ref>“stomacher, n.¹, sense 3.a”. ''Oxford English Dictionary'', Oxford University Press, September 2023, <https://doi.org/10.1093/OED/1169498955></ref> although by the end of the 19th century, the bodice did not often have visible laces. Some stomachers were so decorated that they were thought of as part of the jewelry. === Train === A train is The Length of the Train '''For the monarch [or a royal?]''' According to Debrett's,<blockquote>A peeress's coronation robe is a long-trained crimson velvet mantle, edged with miniver pure, with a miniver pure cape. The length of the train varies with the rank of the wearer: * Duchess: for rows of ermine; train to be six feet * Marchioness: three and a half rows of ermine; train to be three and three-quarters feet * Countess: three rows of ermine; train to be three and a half feet * Viscountess: two and a half rows of ermine; train to be three and a quarter feet * Baroness: two rows of ermine; train to be three feet<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://debretts.com/royal-family/dress-codes/|title=Dress Codes|website=debretts.com|language=en-US|access-date=2023-07-27}} https://debretts.com/royal-family/dress-codes/.</ref> </blockquote>The pattern on the coronet worn was also quite specific, similar but not exactly the same for peers and peeresses. Debrett's also distinguishes between coronets and tiaras, which were classified more like jewelry, which was regulated only in very general terms. Peeresses put on their coronets after the Queen or Queen Consort has been crowned. ['''peers?'''] === Foundation Garments === Unlike undergarments, Victorian women's foundation garments created the distinctive silhouette. Victorian undergarments included the chemise, the bloomers, the corset cover — articles that are not structural. The corset was an important element of the understructure of foundation garments — hoops, bustles, petticoats and so on — but it has never been the only important element. === Corset === [[File:Corset - MET 1972.209.49a, b.jpg|thumb|alt=Photograph of an old silk corset on a mannequin, showing the closure down the front, similar to a button, and channels in the fabric for the boning. It is wider at the top and bottom, creating smooth curves from the bust to the compressed waist to the hips, with a long point below the waist in front.|French 1890s corset, now in the Metropolitan Museum of Art, NYC]] The understructure of Victorian women's clothing is what makes the costumes worn by the women at the [[Social Victorians/1897 Fancy Dress Ball|Duchess of Devonshire's 1897 fancy-dress ball]] so distinctly Victorian in appearance. An example of a corset that has the kind of structure often worn by fashionably dressed women in 1897 is the one at right. This corset exaggerated the shape of the women's bodies and made possible a bodice that looked and was fitted in the way that is so distinctive of the time — very controlled and smooth. And, as a structural element, this foundation garment carried the weight of all those layers and all that fabric and decoration on the gowns, trains and mantles. (The trains and mantles could be attached directly to the corset itself.) * This foundation emphasizes the waist and the bust in particular, in part because of the contrast between the very small waist and the rounded fullness of the bust and hips. * The idealized waist is defined by its small span and the sexualizing point at the center-bottom of the bodice, which directs the eye downwards. Interestingly, the pointed waistline worn by Elizabethan men has become level in the Victorian age. Highly fashionable Victorian women wearing the traditional style, however, had extremely pointed waists. * The busk (a kind of boning in the front of a corset that is less flexible than the rest) smoothed the bodice, flattened the abdomen and prevented the point on the bodice from curling up. * The sharp definition of the waist was caused by ** length of the corset (especially on the sides) ** the stiffness of the boning ** the layers of fabric ** the lacing (especially if the woman used tightlacing) ** the over-all shape, which was so much wider at the top and the bottom ** the contrast between the waist and the wider top and bottom * The late-19th-century corset was long, ending below the waist even on the sides and back. * The boning and the top edge of the late 19th-century fashion corset pushed up the bust, rounding (rather than flattening, as in earlier styles) the breasts, drawing attention to their exposed curves and creating cleavage. * The exaggerated bust was larger than the hips, whenever possible, an impression reinforced by the A-line of the skirt and the inverted Vs in the decorative trim near the waist and on the skirt. * This corset made the bodice very smooth with a very precise fit, that had no wrinkles, folds or loose drapery. The bodice was also trimmed or decorated, but the base was always a smooth bodice. More formal gowns would still have the fitted bodice and more elaborate trim made from lace, embroidery, appliqué, beading and possibly even jewels. The advantages and disadvantages of corseting and especially tight lacing were the subject of thousands of articles and opinions in the periodical press for a great part of the century, but the fetishistic and politicized tight lacing was practiced by very few women. And no single approach to corsetry was practiced by all women all the time. Most of the women at the [[Social Victorians/1897 Fancy Dress Ball|Duchess of Devonshire's 1897 ball]] were not tightly laced, but the progressive style does not dominate either, even though all the costumes are technically historical dress. Part of what gives most of the costumes their distinctive 19th-century "look" is the more traditional corset beneath them. Even though this highly fashionable look was widely present in the historical costumes at the ball, some women's waists were obviously very small and others were hardly '''emphasized''' at all. Women's waists are never mentioned in the newspaper coverage of the ball — or, indeed, of any of the social events attended by the network at the ball — so it is only in photographs that we can see the effects of how they used their corsets. === Hoops === '''This section is under construction right now'''. ''Hoops'' is a mid-19th-century term for a cage-like structure worn under a skirt to hold it away from the body. '''Striking''' for how long they lasted and '''the ways''' they evolved, hoops were the foundation undergarment for the bottom half of a woman's body, for a skirt and petticoat. Women wore this cage-like structure from the '''15th century''' through the late 19th century. The 16th-century Katherine of Aragon is credited with making it fashionable outside Spain. The cage caused the silhouette of skirts to change shape over time and enabled the extreme distortions of 17th-and-18th-century panniers and the late 19th-century bustle. Early hoops circled the body in a bell, cone or drum shape, then were moved to the sides with panniers, then ballooned around the body like the top half of a sphere, and finally were pulled to the rear with a bustle. That is, the distorted shapes of high fashion were made possible by hoops. High fashion demanded these shapes, which disguised women's bodies, especially below the waist, while [[Social Victorians/Terminology#Corsets|corsets]] did their work above it. Besides the shape, the structure used to construct hoops evolved — from cane and wood to whalebone, then steel '''bands''' and wire. Add fabric structural stuff: tabs, wires inserted into casings in a linen, muslin or, later, crinoline underskirt [[File:Pedro García de Benabarre St John Retable Detail.jpg|thumb|alt=Old oil painting of a woman wearing a dress from the 1400s holding the decapitated head of a man with a halo before a table of people at a dinner party|Pedro García de Benabarre, detail from St. John Altarpiece, c. 1470]] [[File:Alonso Sánchez Coello 011.jpg|thumb|Alonso Sánchez Coello 011]] ==== 15th Century ==== Hoops first appeared in Spain in the 15th century and influenced European fashion for '''many years'''. A detail (right) from Pedro García de Benabarre's c. 1470 larger altarpiece painting shows women wearing a style of hoops that predates the farthingale but marks the beginning point of the development of that fashion. Salome (holding John the Baptist's head) is wearing a dress with what looks like wooden hoops on the outside of the skirt, which also appears to have padding at the hips underneath it. De Benabarre was "active in Aragon and in Catalonia, between 1445–1496,"<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mfab.hu/artworks/10528/|title=Saint Peter|website=Museum of Fine Arts, Budapest|language=en-US|access-date=2024-12-11}} https://www.mfab.hu/artworks/10528/.</ref> so perhaps he saw the styles worn by people like Katharine of Aragon. ==== 16th Century ==== Styles in personal adornment and architectural decoration: The "Golden Age" in '''England''', the Elizabethan Age.[[File:Farthingale 2 (PSF).png|thumb|Farthingale 2 (PSF)]] In the 16th century, the garment we call ''hoops'' was called a farthingale.<blockquote>''"FARTHINGALE:  Renaissance (1450-1550 C.E. to Elizabethan (1550-1625 C.E.). Linen underskirt with '''wire supports''' which, when shaped, produced a variety of dome, bell, and oblong shapes."<ref name=":7" />'' (105) ['''our emphasis''']</blockquote>''Vertugadin'' is a French term for ''farthingale'' — "un élément essentiel de la mode Tudor en Angleterre [an essential element of Tudor fashion in England]."<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|date=2022-03-12|title=Vertugadin|url=https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vertugadin&oldid=191825729|journal=Wikipédia|language=fr}} https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertugadin.</ref> ''Farthingale'' is the term in English; in French, it's ''vertugadin'', and in Spanish ''vertugado''. The hoops in the Pedro García de Benabarre painting (above right) predate what would technically be vertugado.<p> Blanche Payne says,<blockquote>Katherine of Aragon is reputed to have introduced the Spanish farthingale ... into England early in the century. The result was to convert the columnar skirt of the fifteenth century into the cone shape of the sixteenth. ...<p> Spanish influence had introduced the hoop-supported skirt, smooth in contour, '''which was quite generally worn'''.<ref name=":11" /> (291) ['''our emphasis''']</blockquote>In fact, "The Spanish princess Catherine of Aragon brought the fashion to England for her marriage to Prince Arthur, eldest son of Henry VII in 1501 [La princesse espagnole Catherine d'Aragon amena la mode en Angleterre pour son mariage avec le prince Arthur, fils aîné d'Henri VII en 1501]."<ref name=":0" /> Catherine of Aragon, of course, married Henry VIII after Arthur's death. The vertugado was "quite generally worn" among the ruling and culturally elite classes in Spain, and not by working-class women, which was enforced by sumptuary laws. By the end of the 16th century the French and Spanish farthingales were not identical. The Spanish vertugado shaped the skirt into an A-line with a graduated series of hoops sewn to an undergarment. The French vertugadin was a flattish "cartwheel" '''in which a''' platter of hoops worn below the waist and above the hips held the skirt out more or less horizontally. Once past the vertugadin, the skirt then fell straight to the floor, shaping it into a kind of drum. The shoes show in the portraits of women wearing the French farthingale, but not usually in the Spanish because the hoops gave their feet enough room to take steps. By the end of the 16th century France had become the arbiter of fashion for the western world, which it still is. ==== 17th Century ==== Styles in personal adornment and architectural decoration: The Cavaliers, the Baroque Age[[File:Турнюр.jpg|thumb|Турнюр]] [[File:Panniers 1.jpg|thumb|alt=Photograph of the wooden and fabric skeleton of an 18th-century women's foundation garment|Panniers 1]] People associate bustles with late-19th-century styles, but in fact the bustle existed in the 17th century, sometimes as padding rather than a structural cage. Panniers are associated with 19th-century styles, but they first began in the 17th century as well. Generally, panniers were a kind of undergarment worn in the 17th and 18th centuries. Their design evolved during the century. Made of hoops of wood, they were "baskets" or cages worn on either side of the waist to broaden the skirts to the sides. bum rolls, padding Illustration Payne says, "The bustle was a continuation of the 1690 mode."<ref name=":11" /> (411?) ==== 18th Century ==== Styles in personal adornment and architectural decoration: Rococo, post French Revolution, Empire By the 18th century, the farthingale was called hoops, which were at this point made of wood. Blanche Payne outlines the evolution of hoops, and thus the shape of the skirt, in the 18th century:<blockquote>SKIRT FASHIONS. Since skirts experienced the greatest alterations, a brief summary of the successive silhouettes should help to place individual costumes in their proper niches. Six basic forms appeared during the century, in the following order: # The bustle was a continuation of the 1690 mode. # The bell or dome shape resulted from the reintroduction of hoops; in England by 1710, in France by 1720. # The ellipse, the second phase of the hoop skirt, was achieved by broadening the support from side to side and compressing it from front to back. It had a long run of popularity, from 1740 to 1770, the extreme width being retained in court costumes. In France it persisted until the revolution, except that skirts were allowed to curve outward in [the] back again. English court costume [411/413] followed this fashion well into the nineteenth century. # The dairy maid, or polonaise, style could be achieved either by pulling the lower part of the overskirt through its own pocket holes, thus creating a bouffant effect, or by planned control of the overskirt, through the cut or by means of draw cords, ribbons, or loops and buttons, which were used to form the three great ‘poufs’ known as the polonaise .... These diversions appeared in the late sixties and became prevalent in the seventies. They were much like the familiar styles of our own [American] Revolutionary War period. # The return of the bustle in the 1780s. # The tubular form, drawn from classic art, in the 1790s.<ref name=":11" /> (411, 413) </blockquote>While we think of the bustle as a 19th-century look, it can be found in the 18th century, as Payne says.<p> The Polonaise was a late-Georgian or late-18th-century style, dating in written English, according to the ''Oxford English Dictionary'', from 1773:<blockquote>A woman's dress consisting of a tight, unboned bodice and a skirt open from the waist downwards to reveal a decorative underskirt. Now historical.<ref name=":13">“Polonaise, N. & Adj.” ''Oxford English Dictionary'', Oxford UP, September 2024, https://doi.org/10.1093/OED/2555138986.</ref></blockquote>Even though it looks ''à la français'', the term itself does not appear as a term used to describe clothing by the French, either now or in the past.<p> Payne says,<blockquote>The dairy maid, or polonaise, style could be achieved either by pulling the lower part of the overskirt through its own pocket holes, thus creating a bouffant effect, or by planned control of the overskirt, through the cut or by means of draw cords, ribbons, or loops and buttons, [or, later, buckles] which were used to form the three great ‘poufs’ known as the polonaise .... These diversions appeared in the late sixties and became prevalent in the seventies. They were much like the familiar styles of our own [American] Revolutionary War period.<ref name=":11" /> (413)</blockquote> ==== 19th Century ==== [[File:Cutaway sketch of crinoline.gif|thumb|Cutaway sketch of crinoline]] [[File:Paris voulant englober la banlieue.JPG|thumb|Paris voulant englober la banlieue]] [[File:Vrouw moet haar hoepelrok uitdoen om de tram te betreden New Omnibus Regulation. Werry sorry'm, but yer l'av to leave yer Krinerline outside (Vide Punch) (titel op object), RP-F-F10723.jpg|thumb|Vrouw moet haar hoepelrok uitdoen om de tram te betreden New Omnibus Regulation. Werry sorry'm, but yer l'av to leave yer Krinerline outside (Vide Punch) (titel op object), RP-F-F10723]] Styles in personal adornment and architectural decoration: Romantic, Victorian (at least in '''the UK'''), "New Woman," [[Social Victorians/Terminology#Traditional vs Progressive Style|Traditional vs Progressive Style]], In the 19th century, the hoops were made of wire and became lighter. By the 1860s, hoops caused skirts to be huge and round. By the 19th century, fashion had begun to move down the social classes so that hoops (and, for example, top hats) were worn by the middle and sometimes working classes. '''''1880s''''' Laura Ingalls Wilder wrote about the hoops her fictionalized self wore the century before. In ''These Happy Golden Years'' (1943), she gives a detailed description of the clothing under her dress:<blockquote> “Then carefully over her under-petticoats she put on her hoops. She liked these new hoops. They were the very latest style in the East, and these were the first of the kind that Miss Bell had got. Instead of wires, there were wide tapes across the front, almost to her knees, holding the petticoats so that her dress would lie flat. These tapes held the wire bustle in place at the back, and it was an adjustable bustle. Short lengths of tape were fastened either end of it; these could be buckled together underneath the bustle to puff it out, either large or small. Or they could be buckled together in front, drawing the bustle down close in back so that a dress rounded smoothly over it. Laura did not like a large bustle, so she buckled the tapes in front. "Then carefully over all she buttoned her best petticoat, and over all the starched petticoats she put on the underskirt of her new dress. It was of brown cambric, fitting smoothly around the top over the bustle, and gored to flare smoothly down over the hoops. At the bottom, just missing the floor, was a twelve-inch-wide flounce of the brown poplin, bound with an inch-wide band of plain brown silk. The poplin was not plain poplin, but striped with an openwork silk stripe. "Then over this underskirt and her starched white corset-cover, Laura put on the polonaise. Its smooth, long sleeves fitted her arms perfectly to the wrists, where a band of the plain silk ended them. The neck was high with a smooth band of the plain silk around the throat. The polonaise fitted tightly and buttoned all down the front with small round buttons covered with the plain brown silk. Below the smooth hips it flared and rippled down and covered the top of the flounce on the underskirt. A band of the plain silk finished the polonaise at the bottom."<ref>Wilder, Laura Ingalls. ''These Happy Golden Years.'' Harper & Row, Publishers, 1943. Pp. 161–163.</ref></blockquote> When a 20th-century Laura Ingalls Wilder calls her character's late-19th-century dress a polonaise, she is probably referring to the "tight, unboned bodice"<ref name=":13" /> and perhaps the simple, modest look of a dairy maid. In Wilder's 1941 ''Little Town on the Prairie'', she provides an interesting story about how the wind could affect hoops:<blockquote>“Well,” Laura began; then she stopped and spun round and round, for the strong wind blowing against her always made the wires of her hoop skirt creep slowly upward under her skirts until they bunched around her knees. Then she must whirl around and around until the wires shook loose and spiraled down to the bottom of her skirts where they should be. “As she and Carrie hurried on she began again. “I think it was silly, the way they dressed when Ma was a girl, don’t you? Drat this wind!” she exclaimed as the hoops began creeping upward again. “Quietly Carrie stood by while Laura whirled. “I’m glad I’m not old enough to have to wear hoops,” she said. “They’d make me dizzy.” “They are rather a nuisance,” Laura admitted. “But they are stylish, and when you’re my age you’ll want to be in style.”<ref>Wilder, Laura Ingalls. ''Little Town on the Prairie.'' Harper and Row, 1941. Pp. 272–273.</ref></blockquote>This moment is set in 1883.<ref>Hill, Pamela Smith, ed. ''Pioneer Girl: The Annotated Autobiography''.</ref> The 16-year-old Laura makes the comment that she wants to be in style, but she lives on the prairie, far from a large city, and would not necessarily wear the latest Parisian style. This description of the way the wind could make hoops creep — and the solution of spinning to get the hoops to go back down — is very unusual. It must have been happening to other women wearing hoops at the time, but no other writer addresses this. == '''Traditional vs Progressive Style''' == === Progressive Style === The terms ''artistic dress'' and ''aesthetic dress'' are not synonymous and were in use at different times to refer to different groups of people in different contexts, but we recognize them as referring to a similar kind of personal style in clothing, a style we call progressive dress or the progressive style. Used in a very precise way, ''artistic dress'' is associated with the Pre-Raphaelite artists and the women in their circle beginning in the 1860s. Similarly, ''aesthetic dress'' is associated with the 1880s and 1890s and dress reform movements. In general, the progressive style is characterized by its resistance to the highly structured fashion of its day, especially corseting, aniline dyes and an extremely close fit. === Traditional Style === By the end of the century designs from the [[Social Victorians/People/Dressmakers and Costumiers#The House of Worth|House of Worth]] (or Maison Worth) define what we think of as the traditional Victorian look, which was very stylish and expensive. Blanche Payne describes an example of the 1895 "high style" in a gown by Worth with "the idiosyncrasies of the [1890s] full blown":<blockquote>The dress is white silk with wine-red stripes. Sleeves, collars, bows, bag, hat, and hem border match the stripes. The sleeve has reached its maximum volume; the bosom full and emphasized with added lace; the waistline is elongated, pointed, and laced to the point of distress; the skirt is smooth over the hips, gradually swinging out to sweep the floor. This is the much vaunted hourglass figure.<ref name=":11">Payne, Blanche. ''History of Costume from the Ancient Egyptians to the Twentieth Century''. Harper & Row, 1965.</ref>{{rp|530}}</blockquote> The Victorian-looking gowns at the [[Social Victorians/1897 Fancy Dress Ball|Duchess of Devonshire's 1897 fancy-dress ball]] are stylish in a way that recalls the designs of the House of Worth. The elements that make their look so Victorian are anachronisms on the costumes representing fashion of earlier eras. The women wearing these gowns preferred the standards of beauty from their own day to a more-or-less historically accurate look. The style competing at the very end of the century with the Worth look was not the historical, however, but a progressive style called at the time ''artistic'' or ''aesthetic''. William Powell Frith's 1883 painting ''A Private View at the Royal Academy, 1881'' (discussion below) pits this kind of traditional style against the progressive or artistic style. === The Styles === [[File:Frith A Private View.jpg|thumb|William Powell Frith, ''A Private View at the Royal Academy, 1881'']] We typically think of the late-Victorian silhouette as universal but, in the periods in which corsets dominated women's dress, not all women wore corsets and not all corsets were the same, as William Powell Frith's 1883 ''A Private View at the Royal Academy, 1881'' (right) illustrates. Frith is clear in his memoir that this painting — "recording for posterity the aesthetic craze as regards dress" — deliberately contrasts what he calls the "folly" of the Artistic Dress movement and the look of the traditional corseted waist.<ref>Frith, William Powell. ''My Autobiography and Reminiscences''. 1887.</ref> Frith considered the Artistic Movement and Artistic Dress "ephemeral," but its rejection of corsetry looks far more consequential to us in hindsight than it did in the 19th century. As Frith sees it, his painting critiques the "craze" associated with the women in this set of identifiable portraits who are not corseted, but his commitment to realism shows us a spectrum, a range, of conservatism and if not political then at least stylistic progressivism among the women. The progressives, oddly, are the women wearing artistic (that is, somewhat historical) dress, because they’re not corseted. It is a misreading to see the presentation of the women’s fashion as a simple opposition. Constance, Countess of Lonsdale — situated at the center of this painting with Frederick Leighton, president of the Royal Academy of Art — is the most conservatively dressed of the women depicted, with her narrow sleeves, tight waist and almost perfectly smooth bodice, which tells us that her corset has eyelets so that it can be laced precisely and tightly, and it has stays (or "bones") to prevent wrinkles or natural folds in the overclothing. Lillie Langtry, in the white dress, with her stylish narrow sleeves, does not have such a tightly bound waist or smooth bodice, suggesting she may not be corseted at all, as we know she sometimes was not.['''citation'''] Jenny Trip, a painter’s model, is the woman in the green dress in the aesthetic group being inspected by Anthony Trollope, who may be taking notes. She looks like she is not wearing a corset. Both Langtry and Trip are toward the middle of this spectrum: neither is dressed in the more extreme artistic dress of, say, the two figures between Trip and Trollope. A lot has been written about the late-Victorian attraction to historical dress, especially in the context of fancy-dress balls and the Gothic revival in social events as well as art and music. Part of the appeal has to have been the way those costumes could just be beautiful clothing beautifully made. Historical dress provided an opportunity for some elite women to wear less-structured but still beautiful and influential clothing. ['''Calvert'''<ref>Calvert, Robyne Erica. ''Fashioning the Artist: Artistic Dress in Victorian Britain 1848-1900''. Ph.D. thesis, University of Glasgow, 2012. <nowiki>https://theses.gla.ac.uk/3279/</nowiki></ref>] The standards for beauty, then, with historical dress were Victorian, with the added benefit of possibly less structure. So, at the Duchess of Devonshire's ball, "while some attendees tried to hew closely to historical precedent, many rendered their historical or mythological personage in the sartorial vocabulary they knew best. The [photographs of people in their costumes at the ball offer] a glimpse into how Victorians understood history, not a glimpse into the costume of an authentic historical past."<ref>Mitchell, Rebecca N. "The Victorian Fancy Dress Ball, 1870–1900." ''Fashion Theory'' 2017 (21: 3): 291–315. DOI: 10.1080/1362704X.2016.1172817.</ref> (294) * historical dress: beautiful clothing. * the range at the ball, from Minnie Paget to Gwladys * "In light of such efforts, the ball remains to this day one of the best documented outings of the period, and a quick glance at the album shows that ..." Women had more choices about their waists than the simple opposition between no corset and tightlacing can accommodate. The range of choices is illustrated in Frith's painting, with a woman locating herself on it at a particular moment for particular reasons. Much analysis of 19th-century corsetry focuses on its sexualizing effects — corsets dominated Victorian photographic pornography ['''citations'''] and at the same time, the absence of a corset was sexual because it suggested nudity.['''citations'''] A great deal of analysis of 19th-century corsetry, on the other hand, assumes that women wore corsets for the male gaze ['''citations'''] or that they tightened their waists to compete with other women.['''citations'''] But as we can see in Frith's painting, the sexualizing effect was not universal or sweeping, and these analyses do not account for the choices women had in which corset to wear or how tightly to lace it. Especially given the way that some photographic portraits were mechanically altered to make the waist appear smaller, the size of a woman's waist had to do with how she was presenting herself to the world. That is, the fact that women made choices about the size of or emphasis on their waists suggests that they had agency that needs to be taken into account. As they navigated the complex social world, women's fashion choices had meaning. Society or political hostesses had agency not only in their clothing but generally in that complex social world. They had roles managing social events of the upper classes, especially of the upper aristocracy and oligarchy, like the Duchess of Devonshire's ball. Their class and rank, then, were essential to their agency, including to some degree their freedom to choose what kind of corset to wear and how to wear it. Also, by the end of the century lots of different kinds of corsets were available for lots of different purposes. Special corsets existed for pregnancy, sports (like tennis, bicycling, horseback riding, golf, fencing, archery, stalking and hunting), theatre and dance and, of course, for these women corsets could be made to support the special dress worn over it. Women's choices in how they presented themselves to the world included more than just their foundation garments, of course. "Every cap, bow, streamer, ruffle, fringe, bustle, glove," that is, the trim and decorations on their garments, their jewelry and accessories — which Davidoff calls "elaborations"<ref name=":1">Davidoff, Leonore. ''The Best Circles: Society Etiquette and the Season''. Intro., Victoria Glendinning. The Cressett Library (Century Hutchinson), 1986 (orig 1973).</ref>{{rp|93}} — pointed to a host of status categories, like class, rank, wealth, age, marital status, engagement with the empire, how sexual they wanted to seem, political alignment and purpose at the social event. For example, when women were being presented to the monarch, they were expected to wear three ostrich plumes, often called the [[Social Victorians/Terminology#Prince of Wales's Feathers or White Plumes|Prince of Wales's feathers]]. Like all fashions, the corset, which was quite long-lasting in all its various forms, eventually went out of style. Of the many factors that might have influenced its demise, perhaps most important was the women's movement, in which women's rights, freedom, employment and access to their own money and children were less slogan-worthy but at least as essential as votes for women. The activities of the animal-rights movements drew attention not only to the profligate use of the bodies and feathers of birds but also to the looming extinction of the baleen whale, which made whale bone scarce and expensive. Perhaps the century's debates over corseting and especially tightlacing were relevant to some decisions not to be corseted. And, of course, perhaps no other reason is required than that the nature of fashion is to change. == Cinque Cento == According to the ''Oxford English Dictionary'', ''Cinque Cento'' is a shortening of ''mil cinque cento'', or 1500.<ref>"cinquecento, n." ''OED Online'', Oxford University Press, December 2022, www.oed.com/view/Entry/33143. Accessed 7 February 2023.</ref> The term, then would refer, perhaps informally, to the sixteenth century. == Crevé == ''Creve'', without the accent, is an old word in English (c. 1450) for burst or split.<ref>"creve, v." ''OED Online'', Oxford University Press, December 2022, www.oed.com/view/Entry/44339. Accessed 8 February 2023.</ref> ['''With the acute accent, it looks like a past participle in French.'''] == Elastic == Elastic had been invented and was in use by the end of the 19th century. For the sense of "Elastic cord or string, usually woven with india-rubber,"<ref name=":6">“elastic, adj. & n.”.  ''Oxford English Dictionary'', Oxford University Press,  September 2023, <https://doi.org/10.1093/OED/1199670313>.</ref> the ''Oxford English Dictionary'' has usage examples beginning in 1847. The example for 1886 is vivid: "The thorough-going prim man will always place a circle of elastic round his hair previous to putting on his college cap."<ref name=":6" /> == Elaborations == In her 1973 ''The Best Circles: Society, Etiquette and the Season'', Leonore Davidoff notes that women’s status was indicated by dress and especially ornament: “Every cap, bow, streamer, ruffle, fringe, bustle, glove and other elaboration,” she says, “symbolised some status category for the female wearer.”<ref name=":1" />{{rp|93}} Looking at these elaborations as meaningful rather than dismissing them as failed attempts at "historical accuracy" reveals a great deal about the individual women who wore or carried them — and about the society women and political hostesses in their roles as managers of the social world. In her review of ''The House of Worth: Portrait of an Archive'', Mary Frances Gormally says,<blockquote>In a socially regulated year, garments custom made with a Worth label provided women with total reassurance, whatever the season, time of day or occasion, setting them apart as members of the “Best Circles” dressed in luxurious, fashionable and always appropriate attire (Davidoff 1973). The woman with a Worth wardrobe was a woman of elegance, lineage, status, extreme wealth and faultless taste.<ref>Gormally, Mary Frances. Review essay of ''The House of Worth: Portrait of an Archive'', by Amy de la Haye and Valerie D. Mendes (V&A Publishing, 2014). ''Fashion Theory'' 2017 (21, 1): 109–126. DOI: 10.1080/1362704X.2016.1179400.</ref> (117)</blockquote> === Aglet, Aiglet === Historically, an aglet is a "point or metal piece that capped a string [or ribbon] used to attach two pieces of the garment together, i.e., sleeve and bodice."<ref name=":7" />{{rp|4}} Although they were decorative, they were not always visible on the outside of the clothing. They were often stuffed inside the layers at the waist (for example, attaching the bodice to a skirt or breeches). === Frou-frou === In French, ''frou-frou'' or, spelled as ''froufrou'', is the sound of the rustling of silk or sometimes of fabrics in general.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2023-07-25|title=frou-frou|url=https://fr.wiktionary.org/w/index.php?title=frou-frou&oldid=32508509|journal=Wiktionnaire, le dictionnaire libre|language=fr}} https://fr.wiktionary.org/wiki/frou-frou.</ref> The first use the French ''Wiktionnaire'' lists is Honoré Balzac, ''La Cousine Bette'', 1846.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2023-06-03|title=froufrou|url=https://fr.wiktionary.org/w/index.php?title=froufrou&oldid=32330124|journal=Wiktionnaire, le dictionnaire libre|language=fr}} https://fr.wiktionary.org/wiki/froufrou.</ref> ''Frou-frou'' is a term clothing historians use to describe decorative additions to an article of clothing; often the term has a slight negative connotation, suggesting that the additions are superficial. === Pouf, Puff, Poof === According to the French ''Wikipédia'', a pouf was, beginning in 1744, a "kind of women's hairstyle":<blockquote>The hairstyle in question, known as the “pouf”, had launched the reputation of the enterprising Rose Bertin, owner of the Grand Mogol, a very prominent fashion accessories boutique on Rue Saint-Honoré in Paris in 1774. Created in collaboration with the famous hairdresser, Monsieur Léonard, the pouf was built on a scaffolding of wire, fabric, gauze, horsehair, fake hair, and the client's own hair held up in an almost vertical position. — (Marie-Antoinette, ''Queen of Fashion'', translated from the American by Sylvie Lévy, in ''The Rules of the Game'', n° 40, 2009)</blockquote>''Puff'' and ''poof'' are used to describe clothing. === Shirring === ''Shirring'' is the gathering of fabric to make poufs or puffs. The 19th century is known for its use of this decorative technique. Even men's clothing had shirring: at the shoulder seam. === Sequins === Sequins, paillettes, spangles Sequins — or paillettes — are "small, scalelike glittering disks."<ref name=":7" />(216) The French ''Wiktionnaire'' defines ''paillette'' as "Lamelle de métal, brillante, mince, percée au milieu, ordinairement ronde, et qu’on applique sur une étoffe pour l’orner [A strip of metal, shiny, thin, pierced in the middle, usually round, and which is applied to a fabric in order to decorate it.]"<ref name=":8">{{Cite journal|date=2024-03-18|title=paillette|url=https://fr.wiktionary.org/w/index.php?title=paillette&oldid=33809572|journal=Wiktionnaire, le dictionnaire libre|language=fr}} https://fr.wiktionary.org/wiki/paillette.</ref> According to the ''OED'', the use of ''sequin'' as a decorative device for clothing (as opposed to gold coins minted and used for international trade) goes back to the 1850s.<ref>“Sequin, N.” ''Oxford English Dictionary'', Oxford UP, September 2023, https://doi.org/10.1093/OED/4074851670.</ref> The first instance of ''spangle'' as "A small round thin piece of glittering metal (usually brass) with a hole in the centre to pass a thread through, used for the decoration of textile fabrics and other materials of various sorts" is from c. 1420.<ref>“Spangle, N. (1).” ''Oxford English Dictionary'', Oxford UP, July 2023, https://doi.org/10.1093/OED/4727197141.</ref> The first use of ''paillette'' listed in the French ''Wiktionnaire'' is in Jules Verne in 1873 to describe colored spots on icy walls.<ref name=":8" /> Currently many distinguish between sequins (which are smaller) and paillettes (which are larger). Before the 20th century, sequins were metal discs or foil leaves, and so of course if they were silver or copper, they tarnished. It is not until well into the 20th century that plastics were invented and used for sequins. === Trim and Lace === ''A History of Feminine Fashion'', published sometime before 1927 and probably commissioned by [[Social Victorians/People/Dressmakers and Costumiers#Worth, of Paris|the Maison Worth]], describes Charles Frederick Worth's contributions to the development of embroidery and [[Social Victorians/Terminology#Passementerie|passementerie]] (trim) from about the middle of the 19th century:<blockquote>For it must be remembered that one of M. Worth's most important and lasting contributions to the prosperity of those who cater for women's needs, as well as to the variety and elegance of his clients' garments, was his insistence on new fabrics, new trimmings, new materials of every description. In his endeavours to restore in Paris the splendours of the days of La Pompadour, and of Marie Antoinette, he found himself confronted at the outset with a grave difficulty, which would have proved unsurmountable to a man of less energy, resource and initiative. The magnificent materials of those days were no longer to be had! The Revolution had destroyed the market for beautiful materials of this, type, and the Restoration and regime of Louis Philippe had left a dour aspect in the City of Light. ... On parallel lines [to his development of better [[Social Victorians/Terminology#Satin|satin]]], [Worth] stimulated also the manufacture of embroidery and ''passementerie''. It was he who first started the manufacture of laces copied from the designs of the real old laces. He was the / first dressmaker to use fur in the trimming of light materials — but he employed only the richer furs, such as sable and ermine, and had no use whatever for the inferior varieties of skins.<ref name=":9" />{{rp|6–7}}</blockquote> ==== Gold and Silver Fabric and Lace ==== The ''Encyclopaedia Britannica'' (9th edition) has an article on gold and silver fabric, threads and lace attached to the article on gold. (This article is based on knowledge that would have been available toward the end of the 19th century and does not, obviously, reflect current knowledge or ways of talking.)<blockquote>GOLD AND SILVER LACE. Under this heading a general account may be given of the use of the precious metals in textiles of all descriptions into which they enter. That these metals were used largely in the sumptuous textiles of the earliest periods of civilization there is abundant testimony; and to this day, in the Oriental centres whence a knowledge and the use of fabrics inwoven, ornamented, and embroidered with gold and silver first spread, the passion for such brilliant and costly textiles is still most strongly and generally prevalent. The earliest mention of the use of gold in a woven fabric occurs in the description of the ephod made for Aaron (Exod. xxxix. 2, 3) — "And he made the ephod of gold, blue, and purple, and scarlet, and fine twined linen. And they did beat the gold into thin plates, and cut it into wires (strips), to work it in the blue, and in the purple, and in the scarlet, and in the fine linen, with cunning work." In both the ''Iliad'' and the ''Odyssey'' distinct allusion is frequently made to inwoven and embroidered golden textiles. Many circumstances point to the conclusion that the art of weaving and embroidering with gold and silver originated in India, where it is still principally prosecuted, and that from one great city to another the practice travelled westward, — Babylon, Tarsus, Baghdad, Damascus, the islands of Cyprus and Sicily, Con- / stantinople and Venice, all in the process of time becoming famous centres of these much prized manufactures. Alexander the Great found Indian kings and princes arrayed in robes of gold and purple; and the Persian monarch Darius, we are told, wore a war mantle of cloth of gold, on which were figured two golden hawks as if pecking at each other. There is reason, according to Josephus, to believe that the “royal apparel" worn by Herod on the day of his death (Acts xii. 21) was a tissue of silver. Agrippina, the wife of the emperor Claudius, had a robe woven entirely of gold, and from that period downwards royal personages and high ecclesiastical dignitaries used cloth and tissues of gold and silver for their state and ceremonial robes, as well as for costly hangings and decorations. In England, at different periods, various names were applied to cloths of gold, as ciclatoun, tartarium, naques or nac, baudekiu or baldachin, Cyprus damask, and twssewys or tissue. The thin flimsy paper known as tissue paper, is so called because it originally was placed between the folds of gold "tissue" to prevent the contiguous surfaces from fraying each other. At what time the drawing of gold wire for the preparation of these textiles was first practised is not accurately known. The art was probably introduced and applied in different localities at widely different dates, but down till mediaeval times the method graphically described in the Pentateuch continued to be practised with both gold and silver. Fabrics woven with gold and silver continue to be used on the largest scale to this day in India; and there the preparation of the varieties of wire, and the working of the various forms of lace, brocade, and embroidery, is at once an important and peculiar art. The basis of all modern fabrics of this kind is wire, the "gold wire" of the manufacturer being in all cases silver gilt wire, and silver wire being, of course, composed of pure silver. In India the wire is drawn by means of simple draw-plates, with rude and simple appliances, from rounded bars of silver, or gold-plated silver, as the case may be. The wire is flattened into the strip or ribbon-like form it generally assumes by passing it, fourteen or fifteen strands simultaneously, over a fine, smooth, round-topped anvil, and beating it as it passes with a heavy hammer having a slightly convex surface. From wire so flattened there is made in India soniri, a tissue or cloth of gold, the web or warp being composed entirely of golden strips, and ruperi, a similar tissue of silver. Gold lace is also made on a warp of thick yellow silk with a weft of flat wire, and in the case of ribbons the warp or web is composed of the metal. The flattened wires are twisted around orange (in the case of silver, white) coloured silk thread, so as completely to cover the thread and present the appearance of a continuous wire; and in this form it is chiefly employed for weaving into the rich brocades known as kincobs or kinkhábs. Wires flattened, or partially flattened, are also twisted into exceedingly fine spirals, and in this form they are the basis of numerous ornamental applications. Such spirals drawn out till they present a waved appearance, and in that state flattened, are much used for rich heavy embroideries termed karchobs. Spangles for embroideries, &c., are made from spirals of comparatively stout wire, by cutting them down ring by ring, laying each C-like ring on an anvil, and by a smart blow with a hammer flattening it out into a thin round disk with a slit extending from the centre to one edge. Fine spirals are also used for general embroidery purposes. The demand for various kinds of loom-woven and embroidered gold and silver work in India is immense; and the variety of textiles so ornamented is also very great. "Gold and silver," says Dr Birdwood in his ''Handbook to the British-Indian Section, Paris Exhibition'', 1878, "are worked into the decoration of all the more costly loom-made garments and Indian piece goods, either on the borders only, or in stripes throughout, or in diapered figures. The gold-bordered loom embroideries are made chiefly at Sattara, and the gold or silver striped at Tanjore; the gold figured ''mashrus'' at Tanjore, Trichinopoly, and Hyderabad in the Deccau; and the highly ornamented gold-figured silks and gold and silver tissues principally at Ahmedabad, Benares, Murshedabad, and Trichinopoly." Among the Western communities the demand for gold and silver lace and embroideries arises chiefly in connexion with naval and military uniforms, court costumes, public and private liveries, ecclesiastical robes and draperies, theatrical dresses, and the badges and insignia of various orders. To a limited extent there is a trade in gold wire and lace to India and China. The metallic basis of the various fabrics is wire round and flattened, the wire being of three kinds — 1st, gold wire, which is invariably silver gilt wire; 2d, copper gilt wire, used for common liveries and theatrical purposes; and 3d, silver wire. These wires are drawn by the ordinary processes, and the flattening, when done, is accomplished by passing the wire between a pair of revolving rollers of fine polished steel. The various qualities of wire are prepared and used in precisely the same way as in India, — round wire, flat wire, thread made of flat gold wire twisted round orange-coloured silk or cotton, known in the trade as "orris," fine spirals and spangles, all being in use in the West as in the East. The lace is woven in the same manner as ribbons, and there are very numerous varieties in richness, pattern, and quality. Cloth of gold, and brocades rich in gold and silver, are woven for ecclesiastical vestments and draperies. The proportions of gold and silver in the gold thread for the lace trade varies, but in all cases the proportion of gold is exceedingly small. An ordinary gold lace wire is drawn from a bar containing 90 parts of silver and 7 of copper, coated with 3 parts of gold. On an average each ounce troy of a bar so plated is drawn into 1500 yards of wire; and therefore about 16 grains of gold cover a mile of wire. It is estimated that about 250,000 ounces of gold wire are made annually in Great Britain, of which about 20 per cent, is used for the headings of calico, muslin, &c., and the remainder is worked up in the gold lace trade.<ref>William Chandler Roberts-Austen and H. Bauerman [W.C.R. — H.B.]. "Gold and Silver Lace." In "Gold." ''Encyclopaedia Britannica'', 9th Edition (1875–1889). Vol. 10 (X). Adam and Charles Black (Publisher). https://archive.org/details/encyclopaedia-britannica-9ed-1875/Vol%2010%20%28G-GOT%29%20193592738.23/page/753/mode/1up (accessed January 2023): 753, Col. 2c – 754, Cols. 1a–b – 2a–b.</ref></blockquote> ==== Honiton Lace ==== Kate Stradsin says,<blockquote>Honiton lace was the finest English equivalent of Brussels bobbin lace and was constructed in small ‘sprigs, in the cottages of lacemakers[.'] These sprigs were then joined together and bleached to form the large white flounces that were so sought after in the mid-nineteenth century.<ref>Strasdin, Kate. "Rediscovering Queen Alexandra’s Wardrobe: The Challenges and Rewards of Object-Based Research." ''The Court Historian'' 24.2 (2019): 181-196. Rpt http://repository.falmouth.ac.uk/3762/15/Rediscovering%20Queen%20Alexandra%27s%20Wardrobe.pdf: 13, and (for the little quotation) n. 37, which reads "Margaret Tomlinson, ''Three Generations in the Honiton Lace Trade: A Family History'', self-published, 1983."</ref></blockquote> [[File:Strook in Alençon naaldkant, 1750-1775.jpg|thumb|alt=A long piece of complex white lace with garlands, flowers and bows|Point d'Alençon lace, 1750-1775]] ==== Passementerie ==== ''Passementerie'' is the French term for trim on clothing or furniture. The 19th century (especially during the First and Second Empire) was a time of great "''exubérance''" in passementerie in French design, including the development and widespread use of the Jacquard loom.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2023-06-10|title=Passementerie|url=https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Passementerie&oldid=205068926|journal=Wikipédia|language=fr}} https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passementerie.</ref> ==== Point d'Alençon Lace ==== A lace made by hand using a number of complex steps and layers. The lacemakers build the point d'Alençon design on some kind of mesh and sometimes leave some of the mesh in as part of the lace and perhaps to provide structure. Elizabeth Lewandowski defines point d'Alençon lace and Alençon lace separately. Point lace is needlepoint lace,<ref name=":7">Lewandowski, Elizabeth J. ''The Complete Costume Dictionary''. Scarecrow Press, 2011.</ref>{{rp|233}} so Alençon point is "a two thread [needlepoint] lace."<ref name=":7" />{{rp|7}} Alençon lace has a "floral design on [a] fine net ground [and is] referred to as [the] queen of French handmade needlepoint laces. The original handmade Alençon was a fine needlepoint lace made of linen thread."<ref name=":7" />{{rp|7}} The sample of point d'Alençon lace (right), from 1750–1775, shows the linen mesh that the lace was constructed on.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://openfashion.momu.be/#9ce5f00e-8a06-4dab-a833-05c3371f3689|title=MoMu - Open Fashion|website=openfashion.momu.be|access-date=2024-02-26}} ModeMuseum Antwerpen. http://openfashion.momu.be/#9ce5f00e-8a06-4dab-a833-05c3371f3689.</ref> The consistency in this sample suggests it may have been made by machine. == Fabric == === Brocatelle === Brocatelle is a kind of brocade, more simple than most brocades because it uses fewer warp and weft threads and fewer colors to form the design. The article in the French ''Wikipédia'' defines it like this:<blockquote>La '''brocatelle''' est un type de tissu datant du <abbr>xvi^e</abbr> siècle qui comporte deux chaînes et deux trames, au minimum. Il est composé pour que le dessin ressorte avec un relief prononcé, grâce à la chaîne sur un fond en sergé. Les brocatelles les plus anciennes sont toujours fabriquées avec une des trames en lin.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2023-06-01|title=Brocatelle|url=https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brocatelle&oldid=204796410|journal=Wikipédia|language=fr}} https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brocatelle.</ref></blockquote>Which translates to this:<blockquote>Brocatelle is a type of fabric dating from the 16th century that has two warps and two wefts, at a minimum. It is composed so that the design stands out with a pronounced relief, thanks to the weft threads on a twill background. The oldest brocades were always made with one of the wefts being linen.</blockquote>The ''Oxford English Dictionary'' says, brocatelle is an "imitation of brocade, usually made of silk or wool, used for tapestry, upholstery, etc., now also for dresses. Both the nature and the use of the stuff have changed" between the late 17th century and 1888, the last time this definition was revised.<ref>"brocatelle, n." ''OED Online'', Oxford University Press, March 2023, www.oed.com/view/Entry/23550. Accessed 4 July 2023.</ref> === Broché === === Ciselé === === Crépe de Chine === The ''Oxford English Dictionary'' distinguishes the use of ''crêpe'' (using a circumflex rather than an acute accent over the first ''e'') from ''crape'' in textiles, saying ''crêpe'' is "often borrowed [from the French] as a term for all crapy fabrics other than ordinary black mourning crape,"<ref>"crêpe, n." ''OED Online'', Oxford University Press, December 2022, www.oed.com/view/Entry/44242. Accessed 10 February 2023.</ref> with usage examples ranging from 1797 to the mid 20th century. Crêpe de chine, it says is "a white or other coloured crape made of raw silk." === Épinglé Velvet === Often spelled ''épingle'' rather than ''épinglé'', this term appears to have been used for a fabric made of wool, or at least wool along with linen or cotton, that was heavier and stiffer than silk velvet. It was associated with outer garments and men's clothing. Nowadays, épinglé velvet is an upholstery fabric in which the pile is cut into designs and patterns, and the portrait of [[Social Victorians/People/Douglas-Hamilton Duke of Hamilton|Mary, Duchess of Hamilton]] shows a mantle described as épinglé velvet that does seem to be a velvet with a woven pattern perhaps cut into the pile. === Lace === While lace also functioned sometimes as fabric — at the décolletage, for example, on the stomacher or as a veil — here we organize it as a [[Social Victorians/Terminology#Trim and Lace|part of the elaboration of clothing]]. === Liberty Fabrics === === Lisse === According to the ''Oxford English Dictionary'', the term ''lisse'' as a "kind of silk gauze" was used in the 19th-century UK and US.<ref>"lisse, n.1." ''OED Online'', Oxford University Press, March 2023, www.oed.com/view/Entry/108978. Accessed 4 July 2023.</ref> === Satin === The pre-1927 ''History of Feminine Fashion'', probably commissioned by Charles Frederick Worth's sons, describes Worth's "insistence on new fabrics, new trimmings, new materials of every description" at the beginning of his career in the mid 19th century:<blockquote>When Worth first entered the business of dressmaking, the only materials of the richer sort used for woman's dress were velvet, faille, and watered silk. Satin, for example, was never used. M. Worth desired to use satin very extensively in the gowns he designed, but he was not satisfied with what could be had at the time; he wanted something very much richer than was produced by the mills at Lyons. That his requirements entailed the reconstruction of mills mattered little — the mills were reconstructed under his directions, and the Lyons looms turned out a richer satin than ever, and the manufacturers prospered accordingly.<ref name=":9">[Worth, House of.] {{Cite book|url=http://archive.org/details/AHistoryOfFeminineFashion|title=A History Of Feminine Fashion (1800s to 1920s)}} Before 1927. [Likely commissioned by Worth. Link is to Archive.org; info from Wikimedia Commons: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Worth_Biarritz_salon.jpg.]</ref>{{rp|6 in printed, 26 in digital book}}</blockquote> === Selesia === According to the ''Oxford English Dictionary'', ''silesia'' is "A fine linen or cotton fabric originally manufactured in Silesia in what is now Germany (''Schlesien'').<ref>"Silesia, n." ''OED Online'', Oxford University Press, December 2022, www.oed.com/view/Entry/179664. Accessed 9 February 2023.</ref> It may have been used as a lining — for pockets, for example — in garments made of more luxurious or more expensive cloth. The word ''sleazy'' — "Of textile fabrics or materials: Thin or flimsy in texture; having little substance or body."<ref>"sleazy, adj." ''OED Online'', Oxford University Press, December 2022, www.oed.com/view/Entry/181563. Accessed 9 February 2023.</ref> — may be related. === Shot Fabric === According to the ''Oxford English Dictionary'', "Of a textile fabric: Woven with warp-threads of one colour and weft-threads of another, so that the fabric (usually silk) changes in tint when viewed from different points."<ref>“Shot, ''Adj.''”  ''Oxford English Dictionary'', Oxford UP,  July 2023, https://doi.org/10.1093/OED/2977164390.</ref> A shot fabric might also be made of silk and cotton fibers. === Tissue === A lightly woven fabric like gauze or chiffon. The light weave can make the fabric translucent and make pleating and gathering flatter and less bulky. Tissue can be woven to be shot, sheer, stiff or soft. Historically, the term in English was used for a "rich kind of cloth, often interwoven with gold or silver" or "various rich or fine fabrics of delicate or gauzy texture."<ref>“Tissue, N.” ''Oxford English Dictionary'', Oxford UP, March 2024, https://doi.org/10.1093/OED/5896731814.</ref> == Fan == The ''Encyclopaedia Britannica'' (9th edition) has an article on the fan. (This article is based on knowledge that would have been available toward the end of the 19th century and does not, obviously, reflect current knowledge or ways of talking.)<blockquote>FAN (Latin, ''vannus''; French, ''éventail''), a light implement used for giving motion to the air. ''Ventilabrum'' and ''flabellum'' are names under which ecclesiastical fans are mentioned in old inventories. Fans for cooling the face have been in use in hot climates from remote ages. A bas-relief in the British Museum represents Sennacherib with female figures carrying feather fans. They were attributes of royalty along with horse-hair fly-flappers and umbrellas. Examples may be seen in plates of the Egyptian sculptures at Thebes and other places, and also in the ruins of Persepolis. In the museum of Boulak, near Cairo, a wooden fan handle showing holes for feathers is still preserved. It is from the tomb of Amen-hotep, of the 18th dynasty, 17th century <small>B</small>.<small>C</small>. In India fans were also attributes of men in authority, and sometimes sacred emblems. A heartshaped fan, with an ivory handle, of unknown age, and held in great veneration by the Hindus, was given to the prince of Wales. Large punkahs or screens, moved by a servant who does nothing else, are in common use by Europeans in India at this day. Fans were used in the early Middle Ages to keep flies from the sacred elements during the celebrations of the Christian mysteries. Sometimes they were round, with bells attached — of silver, or silver gilt. Notices of such fans in the ancient records of St Paul’s, London, Salisbury cathedral, and many other churches, exist still. For these purposes they are no longer used in the Western church, though they are retained in some Oriental rites. The large feather fans, however, are still carried in the state processions of the supreme pontiff in Rome, though not used during the celebration of the mass. The fan of Queen Theodolinda (7th century) is still preserved in the treasury of the cathedral of Monza. Fans made part of the bridal outfit, or ''mundus muliebris'', of ancient Roman ladies. Folding fans had their origin in Japan, and were imported thence to China. They were in the shape still used—a segment of a circle of paper pasted on a light radiating frame-work of bamboo, and variously decorated, some in colours, others of white paper on which verses or sentences are written. It is a compliment in China to invite a friend or distinguished guest to write some sentiment on your fan as a memento of any special occasion, and this practice has continued. A fan that has some celebrity in France was presented by the Chinese ambassador to the Comtesse de Clauzel at the coronation of Napoleon I. in 1804. When a site was given in 1635, on an artificial island, for the settlement of Portuguese merchants in Nippo in Japan, the space was laid out in the form of a fan as emblematic of an object agreeable for general use. Men and women of every rank both in China and Japan carry fans, even artisans using them with one hand while working with the other. In China they are often made of carved ivory, the sticks being plates very thin and sometimes carved on both sides, the intervals between the carved parts pierced with astonishing delicacy, and the plates held together by a ribbon. The Japanese make the two outer guards of the stick, which cover the others, occasionally of beaten iron, extremely thin and light, damascened with gold and other metals. Fans were used by Portuguese ladies in the 14th century, and were well known in England before the close of the reign of Richard II. In France the inventory of Charles V. at the end of the 14th century mentions a folding ivory fan. They were brought into general use in that country by Catherine de’ Medici, probably from Italy, then in advance of other countries in all matters of personal luxury. The court ladies of Henry VIII.’s reign in England were used to handling fans, A lady in the Dance of Death by Holbein holds a fan. Queen Elizabeth is painted with a round leather fan in her portrait at Gorhambury; and as many as twenty-seven are enumerated in her inventory (1606). Coryat, an English traveller, in 1608 describes them as common in Italy. They also became of general use from that time in Spain. In Italy, France, and Spain fans had special conventional uses, and various actions in handling them grew into a code of signals, by which ladies were supposed to convey hints or signals to admirers or to rivals in society. A paper in the ''Spectator'' humorously proposes to establish a regular drill for these purposes. The chief seat of the European manufacture of fans during the 17th century was Paris, where the sticks or frames, whether of wood or ivory, were made, and the decorations painted on mounts of very carefully prepared vellum (called latterly ''chicken skin'', but not correctly), — a material stronger and tougher than paper, which breaks at the folds. Paris makers exported fans unpainted to Madrid and other Spanish cities, where they were decorated by native artists. Many were exported complete; of old fans called Spanish a great number were in fact made in France. Louis XIV. issued edicts at various times to regulate the manufacture. Besides fans mounted with parchment, Dutch fans of ivory were imported into Paris, and decorated by the heraldic painters in the process called “Vernis Martin,” after a famous carriage painter and inventor of colourless lac varnish. Fans of this kind belonging to the Queen and to the late baroness de Rothschild were exhibited in 1870 at Kensington. A fan of the date of 1660, representing sacred subjects, is attributed to Philippe de Champagne, another to Peter Oliver in England in the / 17th century. Cano de Arevalo, a Spanish painter of the 17th century devoted himself to fan painting. Some harsh expressions of Queen Christina to the young ladies of the French court are said to have caused an increased ostentation in the splendour of their fans, which were set with jewels and mounted in gold. Rosalba Carriera was the name of a fan painter of celebrity in the 17th century. Lebrun and Romanelli were much employed during the same period. Klingstet, a Dutch artist, enjoyed a considerable reputation for his fans from the latter part of the 17th and the first thirty years of the 18th century. The revocation of the edict of Nantes drove many fan-makers out of France to Holland and England. The trade in England was well established under the Stuart sovereigns. Petitions were addressed by the fan-makers to Charles II. against the importation of fans from India, and a duty was levied upon such fans in consequence. This importation of Indian fans, according to Savary, extended also to France. During the reign of Louis XV. carved Indian and China fans displaced to some extent those formerly imported from Italy, which had been painted on swanskin parchment prepared with various perfumes. During the 18th century all the luxurious ornamentation of the day was bestowed on fans as far as they could display it. The sticks were made of mother-of-pearl or ivory, carved with extraordinary skill in France, Italy, England, and other countries. They were painted from designs of Boucher, Watteau, Lancret, and other "genre" painters, Hébert, Rau, Chevalier, Jean Boquet, Mad. Verité, are known as fan painters. These fashions were followed in most countries of Europe, with certain national differences. Taffeta and silk, as well as fine parchment, were used for the mounts. Little circles of glass were let into the stick to be looked through, and small telescopic glasses were sometimes contrived at the pivot of the stick. They were occasionally mounted with the finest point lace. An interesting fan (belonging to Madame de Thiac in France), the work of Le Flamand, was presented by the municipality of Dieppe to Marie Antoinette on the birth of her son the dauphin. From the time of the Revolution the old luxury expended on fans died out. Fine examples ceased to be exported to England and other countries. The painting on them represented scenes or personages connected with political events. At a later period fan mounts were often prints coloured by hand. The events of the day mark the date of many examples found in modern collections. Amongst the fanmakers of the present time the names of Alexandre, Duvelleroy, Fayet, Vanier, may be mentioned as well known in Paris. The sticks are chiefly made in the department of Oise, at Le Déluge, Crèvecœur, Méry, Ste Geneviève, and other villages, where whole families are engaged in preparing them; ivory sticks are carved at Dieppe. Water-colour painters of distinction often design and paint the mounts, the best designs being figure subjects. A great impulse has been given to the manufacture and painting of fans in England since the exhibition which took place at South Kensington in 1870. Other exhibitions have since been held, and competitive prizes offered, one of which was gained by the Princess Louise. Modern collections of fans take their date from the emigration of many noble families from France at the time of the Revolution. Such objects were given as souvenirs and occasionally sold by families in straitened circumstances. A large number of fans of all sorts, principally those of the 18th century, French, English, German, Italian Spanish, &c., have been lately bequeathed to the South Kensington Museum. Regarding the different parts of folding fans it may be well to state that the sticks are called in French ''brins'', the two outer guards ''panaches'', and the mount ''feuille''.<ref>J. H. Pollen [J.H.P.]. "Fan." ''Encyclopaedia Britannica'', 9th Edition (1875–1889). Vol. '''10''' ('''X'''). Adam and Charles Black (Publisher). https://archive.org/details/encyclopaedia-britannica-9ed-1875/Vol%209%20%28FAL-FYZ%29%20193323016.23/page/26/mode/2up (accessed January 2023): 27, Col. 1b – 28, Col. 1c.</ref></blockquote> == Fancy-dress Ball == Fancy-dress (or costume) balls were popular and frequent in the U.K. and France as well as the rest of Europe during the 19th century. The themes and styles of the fancy-dress balls influenced those that followed. At the [[Social Victorians/1897 Fancy Dress Ball|Duchess of Devonshire's 1897 fancy-dress ball]], the guests came dressed in costume from times before 1820, as instructed on '''the invitation''', but their clothing was much more about late-Victorian standards of beauty and fashion than the standards of whatever time period the portraits they were copying or basing their costumes on. ''The Queen'' published dress and fashion information and advice under the byline of Ardern Holt, who regularly answered questions from readers about fashion as well as about fancy dress. (More about Ardern Holt, which is almost certainly a pseudonym, can be found on the [[Social Victorians/People/Working in Publishing#Journalists|People Working in Publishing]] page.) Holt also ran wrote entire articles with suggestions for what might make an appealing fancy-dress costume as well as pointing readers away from costumes that had been worn too frequently. The suggestions for costumes are based on familiar types or portraits available to readers, similar to Holt's books on fancy dress, which ran through a number of editions in the 1880s and 1890s. Fancy-dress questions sometimes asked for details about costumes worn in theatrical or operatic productions, which Holt provides. In November 1897, Holt refers to the Duchess of Devonshire's 2 July ball: "Since the famous fancy ball, given at Devonshire House during this year, historical fancy dresses have assumed a prominence that they had not hitherto known."<ref>Holt, Ardern. "Fancy Dress a la Mode." The ''Queen'' 27 November 1897, Saturday: 94 [of 145 in BNA; print p. 1026], Col. 1a [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002627/18971127/459/0094.</ref> Holt goes on to provide a number of ideas for costumes for historical fancy dress, as always with a strong leaning toward Victorian standards of beauty and style and away from any concern for historical accuracy. Ardern Holt published books on fancy dress as well as writing for the ''Queen'' and other periodicals, but not all of them were about fancy dress. # ''Gentlemen's Fancy Dress: How to Choose It''. Wyman & Sons, 1882. (''Google Books'' has this: https://books.google.com/books/about/Gentlemen_s_Fancy_Dress.html?id=ED8CAAAAQAAJ.) Later editions: 1898 (HathiTrust) # ''Fancy Dresses Described; Or, What to Wear at Fancy Balls''. Debenham & Freebody, 1882. Illustr., Lillian Young. (HathiTrust has this.) Later editions: 4th ed — 1884; 1887 (HathiTrust); 6th ed. — 1896 (HathiTrust) As Leonore Davidoff says, "Every cap, bow, streamer, ruffle, fringe, bustle, glove and other elaboration symbolised some status category for the female wearer."<ref name=":1" />{{rp|93}} [handled under Elaborations] === Historical Accuracy === Many of the costumes at the ball were based on portraits, especially when the guest was dressed as a historical figure. If possible, we have found the portraits likely to have been the originals, or we have found, if possible, portraits that show the subjects from the two time periods at similar ages. The way clothing was cut changed quite a bit between the 18th and 19th centuries. We think of Victorian clothing — particularly women's clothing, and particularly at the end of the century — as inflexible and restrictive, especially compared to 20th- and 21st-century customs permitting freedom of movement. The difference is generally evolutionary rather than absolute — that is, as time has passed since the 18th century, clothing has allowed an increasingly greater range of movement, especially for people who did not do manual labor. By the end of the 19th century, garments like women's bodices and men's coats were made fitted and smooth by attention to the grain of the fabric and by the use of darts (rather than techniques that assembled many small, individual pieces of fabric). * clothing construction and flat-pattern techniques * Generally, the further back in time we go, the more 2-dimensional the clothing itself was. ==== Women's Versions of Historical Accuracy at the Ball ==== As always with this ball, whatever historical accuracy might be present in a woman's costume is altered so that the wearer is still a fashionable Victorian lady. What makes the costumes look "Victorian" to our eyes is the line of the silhouette caused by the foundation undergarments as well as the many "elaborations"<ref name=":1" />{{rp|93}}, mostly in the decorations, trim and accessories. Also, the clothing hangs and drapes differently because the fabric was cut on grain and the shoulders were freed by the way the sleeves were set in. ==== Men's Versions of Historical Accuracy at the Ball ==== Because men were not wearing a Victorian foundation garment at the end of the century, the men's costumes at the ball are more historically accurate in some ways. * Trim * Mixing neck treatments * Hair * Breeches * Shoes and boots * Military uniforms, arms, gloves, boots == Feathers and Plumes == === Aigrette === Elizabeth Lewandowski defines ''aigrette'' as "France. Feather or plume from an egret or heron."<ref name=":7" />(5) Sometimes the newspapers use the term to refer to an accessory (like a fan or ornament on a hat) that includes such a feather or plume. The straight and tapered feathers in an aigrette are in a bundle. === Prince of Wales's Feathers or White Plumes === The feathers in an aigrette came from egrets and herons; Prince of Wales's feathers came from ostriches. A fuller discussion of Prince of Wales's feathers and the white ostrich plumes worn at court appears on [[Social Victorians/Victorian Things#Ostrich Feathers and Prince of Wales's Feathers|Victorian Things]]. For much of the late 18th and 19th centuries, white ostrich plumes were central to fashion at court, and at a certain point in the late 18th century they became required for women being presented to the monarch and for their sponsors. Our purpose here is to understand why women were wearing plumes at the [[Social Victorians/1897 Fancy Dress Ball|Duchess of Devonshire's 1897 fancy-dress ball]] as part of their costumes. First published in 1893, [[Social Victorians/People/Lady Colin Campbell|Lady Colin Campbell]]'s ''Manners and Rules of Good Society'' (1911 edition) says that<blockquote>It was compulsory for both Married and Unmarried Ladies to Wear Plumes. The married lady’s Court plume consisted of three white feathers. An unmarried lady’s of two white feathers. The three white feathers should be mounted as a Prince of Wales plume and worn towards the left hand side of the head. Colored feathers may not be worn. In deep mourning, white feathers must be worn, black feathers are inadmissible.<p> White veils or lace lappets must be worn with the feathers. The veils should not be longer than 45 inches.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.edwardianpromenade.com/etiquette/the-court-presentation/|title=The Court Presentation|last=Holl|first=Evangeline|date=2007-12-07|website=Edwardian Promenade|language=en-US|access-date=2022-12-18}} https://www.edwardianpromenade.com/etiquette/the-court-presentation/.</ref></blockquote>[[Social Victorians/Victorian Things#Ostrich Feathers and Prince of Wales's Feathers|This fashion was imported from France]] in the mid 1770s.<ref>"Abstract" for Blackwell, Caitlin. "'<nowiki/>''The Feather'd Fair in a Fright''': The Emblem of the Feather in Graphic Satire of 1776." ''Journal for Eighteenth-Century Studies'' 20 January 2013 (Vol. 36, Issue 3): 353-376. ''Wiley Online'' DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1754-0208.2012.00550.x (accessed November 2022).</ref> Separately, a secondary heraldic emblem of the Prince of Wales has been a specific arrangement of 3 ostrich feathers in a gold coronet<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2022-11-07|title=Prince of Wales's feathers|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Prince_of_Wales%27s_feathers&oldid=1120556015|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_of_Wales's_feathers.</ref> since King Edward III (1312–1377<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2022-12-14|title=Edward III of England|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Edward_III_of_England&oldid=1127343221|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_III_of_England.</ref>). Some women at the [[Social Victorians/1897 Fancy Dress Ball|Duchess of Devonshire's 1897 fancy-dress ball]] wore white ostrich feathers in their hair, but most of them are not Prince of Wales's feathers. Most of the plumes in these portraits are arrangements of some kind of headdress to accompany the costume. A few, wearing what looks like the Princes of Wales's feathers, might be signaling that their character is royal or has royal ancestry. '''One of the women [which one?] was presented to the royals at this ball?''' Here is the list of women who are wearing white ostrich plumes in their portraits in the [[Social Victorians/1897 Fancy Dress Ball/Photographs|''Diamond Jubilee Fancy Dress Ball'' album of 286 photogravure portraits]]: # Kathleen Pelham-Clinton, the [[Social Victorians/People/Newcastle|Duchess of Newcastle]] # [[Social Victorians/People/Louisa Montagu Cavendish|Luise Cavendish]], the Duchess of Devonshire # Jesusa Murrieta del Campo Mello y Urritio (née Bellido), [[Social Victorians/People/Santurce|Marquisa de Santurce]] # Lady [[Social Victorians/People/Farquhar|Emilie Farquhar]] # Princess (Laura Williamina Seymour) Victor of  [[Social Victorians/People/Gleichen#Laura%20Williamina%20Seymour%20of%20Hohenlohe-Langenburg|Hohenlohe Langenburg]] # Louisa Acheson, [[Social Victorians/People/Gosford|Lady Gosford]] # Alice Emily White Coke, [[Social Victorians/People/Leicester|Viscountess Coke]] # Lady Mary Stewart, Helen Mary Theresa [[Social Victorians/People/Londonderry|Vane-Tempest-Stewart]] #[[Social Victorians/People/Consuelo Vanderbilt Spencer-Churchill|Consuelo Vanderbilt Spencer-Churchill]], Duchess of [[Social Victorians/People/Marlborough|Marlborough]], dressed as the wife of the French Ambassador at the Court of Catherine of Russia (not white, but some color that reads dark in the black-and-white photograph) #Mrs. Mary [[Social Victorians/People/Chamberlain|Chamberlain]] (at 491), wearing white plumes, as Madame d'Epinay #Lady Clementine [[Social Victorians/People/Tweeddale|Hay]] (at 629), wearing white plumes, as St. Bris (''Les Huguenots'') #[[Social Victorians/People/Meysey-Thompson|Lady Meysey-Thompson]] (at 391), wearing white plumes, as Elizabeth, Queen of Bohemia #Mrs. [[Social Victorians/People/Grosvenor|Algernon (Catherine) Grosvenor]] (at 510), wearing white plumes, as Marie Louise #Lady [[Social Victorians/People/Ancaster|Evelyn Ewart]], at 401), wearing white plumes, as the Duchess of Ancaster, Mistress of the Robes to Queen Charlotte, 1757, after a picture by Hudson #[[Social Victorians/People/Lyttelton|Edith Sophy Balfour Lyttelton]] (at 580), wearing what might be white plumes on a large-brimmed white hat, after a picture by Romney #[[Social Victorians/People/Yznaga|Emilia Yznaga]] (at 360), wearing what might be white plumes, as Cydalise of the Comedie Italienne from the time of Louis XV #Lady [[Social Victorians/People/Ilchester|Muriel Fox Strangways]] (at 403), wearing what might be two smallish white plumes, as Lady Sarah Lennox, one of the bridesmaids of Queen Charlotte A.D. 1761 #Lady [[Social Victorians/People/Lucan|Violet Bingham]] (at 586), wearing perhaps one white plume in a headdress not related to the Prince of Wales's feathers #Rosamond Fellowes, [[Social Victorians/People/de Ramsey|Lady de Ramsey]] (at 329), wearing a headdress that includes some white plumes, as Lady Burleigh #[[Social Victorians/People/Dupplin|Agnes Blanche Marie Hay-Drummond]] (at 682), in a big headdress topped with white plumes, as Mademoiselle Andrée de Taverney A.D. 1775 #Florence Canning, [[Social Victorians/People/Garvagh|Lady Garvagh]] (at 336), wearing what looks like Prince of Wales's plumes #[[Social Victorians/People/Suffolk|Marguerite Hyde "Daisy" Leiter]] (at 684), wearing what looks like Prince of Wales's plumes #Lady [[Social Victorians/People/Spicer|Margaret Spicer]] (at 281), wearing one smallish white and one black plume, as Countess Zinotriff, Lady-in-Waiting to the Empress Catherine of Russia #Mrs. [[Social Victorians/People/Cavendish Bentinck|Arthur James]] (at 318), wearing what looks like Prince of Wales's plumes, as Elizabeth Cavendish, daughter of Bess of Hardwick #Nellie, [[Social Victorians/People/Kilmorey|Countess of Kilmorey]] (at 207), wearing three tall plumes, 2 white and one dark, as Comtesse du Barri #Daisy, [[Social Victorians/People/Warwick|Countess of Warwick]] (at 53), wearing at least 1 white plume, as Marie Antoinette More men than women were wearing plumes reminiscent of the Prince of Wales's feathers: * ==== Bibliography for Plumes and Prince of Wales's Feathers ==== * Blackwell, Caitlin. "'''The Feather'd Fair in a Fright'<nowiki/>'': The Emblem of the Feather in Graphic Satire of 1776." Journal for ''Eighteenth-Century Studies'' 20 January 2013 (Vol. 36, Issue 3): 353-376. Wiley Online DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1754-0208.2012.00550.x. * "Prince of Wales's feathers." ''Wikipedia'' https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_of_Wales%27s_feathers (accessed November 2022). ['''Add women to this page'''] * Simpson, William. "On the Origin of the Prince of Wales' Feathers." ''Fraser's magazine'' 617 (1881): 637-649. Hathi Trust https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=chi.79253140&view=1up&seq=643&q1=feathers (accessed December 2022). Deals mostly with use of feathers in other cultures and in antiquity; makes brief mention of feathers and plumes in signs and pub names that may not be associated with the Prince of Wales. No mention of the use of plumes in women's headdresses or court dress. == Honors == === The Bath === The Most Honourable Order of the Bath (GCB, Knight or Dame Grand Cross; KCB or DCB, Knight or Dame Commander; CB, Companion) === The Garter === The Most Noble Order of the Knights of the Garter (KG, Knight Companion; LG, Lady Companion) [[File:The Golden Fleece - collar exhibited at MET, NYC.jpg|thumb|The Golden Fleece collar and pendant for the 2019 "Last Knight" exhibition at the MET, NYC.|alt=Recent photograph of a gold necklace on a wide band, with a gold skin of a sheep hanging from it as a pendant]] === The Golden Fleece === To wear the golden fleece is to wear the insignia of the Order of the Golden Fleece, said to be "the most prestigious and historic order of chivalry in the world" because of its long history and strict limitations on membership.<ref name=":10">{{Cite journal|date=2020-09-25|title=Order of the Golden Fleece|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Order_of_the_Golden_Fleece&oldid=980340875|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}}</ref> The monarchs of the U.K. were members of the originally Spanish order, as were others who could afford it, like the Duke of Wellington,<ref name=":12">Thompson, R[obert]. H[ugh]. "The Golden Fleece in Britain." Publication of the ''British Numismatic Society''. 2009 https://www.britnumsoc.org/publications/Digital%20BNJ/pdfs/2009_BNJ_79_8.pdf (accessed January 2023).</ref> the first Protestant to be admitted to the order.<ref name=":10" /> Founded in 1429/30 by Philip the Good, Duke of Burgundy, the order separated into two branches in 1714, one Spanish and the other Austrian, still led by the House of Habsburg.<ref name=":10" /> [[File:Prince Albert - Franz Xaver Winterhalter 1842.jpg|thumb|1842 Winterhalter portrait of Prince Albert wearing the insignia of the Order of the Golden Fleece, 1842|left|alt=1842 Portrait of Prince Albert by Winterhalter, wearing the insignia of the Golden Fleece]] The photograph (upper right) is of a Polish badge dating from the "turn of the XV and XVI centuries."<ref>{{Citation|title=Polski: Kolana orderowa orderu Złotego Runa, przełom XV i XVI wieku.|url=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:The_Golden_Fleece_-_collar_exhibited_at_MET,_NYC.jpg|date=2019-11-10|accessdate=2023-01-10|last=Wulfstan}}. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:The_Golden_Fleece_-_collar_exhibited_at_MET,_NYC.jpg.</ref> The collar to this Golden Fleece might be similar to the one the [[Social Victorians/People/Spencer Compton Cavendish#The Insignia of the Order of the Golden Fleece|Duke of Devonshire is wearing in the 1897 Lafayette portrait]]. The badges and collars that Knights of the Order actually wore vary quite a bit. The 1842 Franz Xaver Winterhalter portrait (left) of Prince Consort Albert, Victoria's husband and father of the Prince of Wales, shows him wearing the Golden Fleece on a red ribbon around his neck and the star of the Garter on the front of his coat.<ref>Winterhalter, Franz Xaver. ''Prince Albert''. {{Cite web|url=https://www.rct.uk/collection/search#/16/collection/401412/prince-albert-1819-61|title=Explore the Royal Collection Online|website=www.rct.uk|access-date=2023-01-16}} https://www.rct.uk/collection/search#/16/collection/401412/prince-albert-1819-61.</ref> === Royal Victorian Order === (GCVO, Knight or Dame Grand Cross; KCVO or DCVO, Knight or Dame Commander; CVO, Commander; LVO, Lieutenant; MVO, Member) === St. John === The Order of the Knights of St. John === Star of India === Most Exalted Order of the Star of India (GCSI, Knight Grand Commander; KCSI, Knight Commander; CSI, Companion) === Thistle === The Most Ancient and Most Noble Order of the Thistle == Jewelry and Stones == === Cabochon === This term describes both the treatment and shape of a precious or semiprecious stone. A cabochon treatment does not facet the stone but merely polishes it, removing "the rough parts" and the parts that are not the right stone.<ref>"cabochon, n." ''OED Online'', Oxford University Press, December 2022, www.oed.com/view/Entry/25778. Accessed 7 February 2023.</ref> A cabochon shape is often flat on one side and oval or round, forming a mound in the setting. === Jet === === ''Orfèvrerie'' === Sometimes misspelled in the newspapers as ''orvfèvrerie''. ''Orfèvrerie'' is the artistic work of a goldsmith, silversmith, or jeweler. === Turquoises === == Military == Several men from the [[Social Victorians/1897 Fancy Dress Ball|Duchess of Devonshire's 1897 fancy-dress ball at Devonshire House]] were dressed in military uniforms, some historical and some, possibly, not. === Baldric === According to the ''Oxford English Dictionary'', the primary sense of ''baldric'' is "A belt or girdle, usually of leather and richly ornamented, worn pendent from one shoulder across the breast and under the opposite arm, and used to support the wearer's sword, bugle, etc."<ref>"baldric, n." ''OED Online'', Oxford University Press, March 2023, www.oed.com/view/Entry/14849. Accessed 17 May 2023.</ref> This sense has been in existence since c. 1300. === Cuirass === According to the ''Oxford English Dictionary'', the primary sense of ''cuirass'' is "A piece of armour for the body (originally of leather); ''spec.'' a piece reaching down to the waist, and consisting of a breast-plate and a back-plate, buckled or otherwise fastened together ...."<ref>"cuirass, n." ''OED Online'', Oxford University Press, March 2023, www.oed.com/view/Entry/45604. Accessed 17 May 2023.</ref> [[File:Knötel IV, 04.jpg|thumb|alt=An Old drawing in color of British soldiers on horses brandishing swords in 1815.|1890 illustration of the Household Cavalry (Life Guard, left; Horse Guard, right) at the Battle of Waterloo, 1815]] === Household Cavalry === The Royal Household contains the Household Cavalry, a corps of British Army units assigned to the monarch. It is made up of 2 regiments, the Life Guards and what is now called The Blues and Royals, which were formed around the time of "the Restoration of the Monarchy in 1660."<ref name=":3">Joll, Christopher. "Tales of the Household Cavalry, No. 1. Roles." The Household Cavalry Museum, https://householdcavalry.co.uk/app/uploads/sites/2/2021/06/Household-Cavalry-Museum-video-series-large-print-text-Tales-episode-01.pdf.</ref>{{rp|1}} Regimental Historian Christopher Joll says, "the original Life Guards were formed as a mounted bodyguard for the exiled King Charles II, The Blues were raised as Cromwellian cavalry and The Royals were established to defend Tangier."<ref name=":3" />{{rp|1–2}} The 1st and 2nd Life Guards were formed from "the Troops of Horse and Horse Grenadier Guards ... in 1788."<ref name=":3" />{{rp|3}} The Life Guards were and are still official bodyguards of the queen or king, but through history they have been required to do quite a bit more than serve as bodyguards for the monarch. The Household Cavalry fought in the Battle of Waterloo on Sunday, 18 June 1815 as heavy cavalry.<ref name=":3" />{{rp|3}} Besides arresting the Cato Steet conspirators in 1820 "and guarding their subsequent execution," the Household Cavalry contributed to the "the expedition to rescue General Gordon, who was trapped in Khartoum by The Mahdi and his army of insurgents" in 1884.<ref name=":3" />{{rp|3}} In 1887 they "were involved ... in the suppression of rioters in Trafalgar Square on Bloody Sunday."<ref name=":3" />{{rp|3}} ==== Grenadier Guards ==== Three men — [[Social Victorians/People/Gordon-Lennox#Lord Algernon Gordon Lennox|Lord Algernon Gordon-Lennox]], [[Social Victorians/People/Stanley#Edward George Villiers Stanley, Lord Stanley|Lord Stanley]], and [[Social Victorians/People/Stanley#Hon. Ferdinand Charles Stanley|Hon. F. C. Stanley]] — attended the ball as officers of the Grenadier Guards, wearing "scarlet tunics, ... full blue breeches, scarlet hose and shoes, lappet wigs" as well as items associated with weapons and armor.<ref name=":14">“The Duchess of Devonshire’s Ball.” The ''Gentlewoman'' 10 July 1897 Saturday: 32–42 [of 76], Cols. 1a–3c [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003340/18970710/155/0032.</ref>{{rp|p. 34, Col. 2a}} Founded in England in 1656 as Foot Guards, this infantry regiment "was granted the 'Grenadier' designation by a Royal Proclamation" at the end of the Napoleonic Wars.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2023-04-22|title=Grenadier Guards|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Grenadier_Guards&oldid=1151238350|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grenadier_Guards.</ref> They were not called Grenadier Guards, then, before about 1815. In 1660, the Stuart Restoration, they were called Lord Wentworth's Regiment, because they were under the command of Thomas Wentworth, 5th Baron Wentworth.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2022-07-24|title=Lord Wentworth's Regiment|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lord_Wentworth%27s_Regiment&oldid=1100069077|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Wentworth%27s_Regiment.</ref> At the time of Lord Wentworth's Regiment, the style of the French cavalier had begun to influence wealthy British royalists. In the British military, a Cavalier was a wealthy follower of Charles I and Charles II — a commander, perhaps, or a field officer, but probably not a soldier.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2023-04-22|title=Cavalier|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cavalier&oldid=1151166569|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cavalier.</ref> The Guards were busy as infantry in the 17th century, engaging in a number of armed conflicts for Great Britain, but they also served the sovereign. According to the Guards Museum,<blockquote>In 1678 the Guards were ordered to form Grenadier Companies, these men were the strongest and tallest of the regiment, they carried axes, hatches and grenades, they were the shock troops of their day. Instead of wearing tri-corn hats they wore a mitre shaped cap.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://theguardsmuseum.com/about-the-guards/history-of-the-foot-guards/history-page-2/|title=Service to the Crown|website=The Guards Museum|language=en-GB|access-date=2023-05-15}} https://theguardsmuseum.com/about-the-guards/history-of-the-foot-guards/history-page-2/.</ref></blockquote>The name comes from ''grenades'', then, and we are accustomed to seeing them in front of Buckingham Palace, with their tall mitre hats. The Guard fought in the American Revolution, and in the 19th century, the Grenadier Guards fought in the Crimean War, Sudan and the Boer War. They have roles as front-line troops and as ceremonial for the sovereign, which makes them elite:<blockquote>Queen Victoria decreed that she did not want to see a single chevron soldier within her Guards. Other then [sic] the two senior Warrant Officers of the British Army, the senior Warrant Officers of the Foot Guards wear a large Sovereigns personal coat of arms badge on their upper arm. No other regiments of the British Army are allowed to do so; all the others wear a small coat of arms of their lower arms. Up until 1871 all officers in the Foot Guards had the privilege of having double rankings. An Ensign was ranked as an Ensign and Lieutenant, a Lieutenant as Lieutenant and Captain and a Captain as Captain and Lieutenant Colonel. This was because at the time officers purchased their own ranks and it cost more to purchase a commission in the Foot Guards than any other regiments in the British Army. For example if it cost an officer in the Foot Guards £1,000 for his first rank, in the rest of the Army it would be £500 so if he transferred to another regiment he would loose [sic] £500, hence the higher rank, if he was an Ensign in the Guards and he transferred to a Line Regiment he went in at the higher rank of Lieutenant.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://theguardsmuseum.com/about-the-guards/history-of-the-foot-guards/history-page-1/|title=Formation and role of the Regiments|website=The Guards Museum|language=en-GB|access-date=2023-05-15}} https://theguardsmuseum.com/about-the-guards/history-of-the-foot-guards/history-page-1/.</ref></blockquote> ==== Life Guards ==== [[Social Victorians/People/Shrewsbury#Reginald Talbot's Costume|General the Hon. Reginald Talbot]], a member of the 1st Life Guards, attended the Duchess of Devonshire's ball dressed in the uniform of his regiment during the Battle of Waterloo.<ref name=":14" />{{rp|p. 36, Col. 3b}} At the Battle of Waterloo the 1st Life Guards were part of the 1st Brigade — the Household Brigade — and were commanded by Major-General Lord Edward Somerset.<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal|date=2023-09-30|title=Battle of Waterloo|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Waterloo&oldid=1177893566|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Waterloo.</ref> The 1st Life Guards were on "the extreme right" of a French countercharge and "kept their cohesion and consequently suffered significantly fewer casualties."<ref name=":4" /> == Photography == == Footnotes == {{reflist}} a3pzl8xkkfn13skxxjzh4hxn97owpbl 2 289892 2691444 2691216 2024-12-11T17:25:28Z Dan Polansky 33469 /* Created pages */ +An analysis of value 2691444 wikitext text/x-wiki {{#babel: cs|en-3|de-2|sk-1|ru-1}} Dan Polansky is described in more detail at [[Meta:User:Dan Polansky]]. He is trained in computer science, earned money as a programmer and software engineer, and loves real philosophy and stubborn independent attempt to think clearly. He spent an inordinate time documenting mainly Czech vocabulary in the English Wiktionary, a job truly for a harmless drudge rather than a philosopher proper, but maybe it is like painting a hedge in The Karate Kid, an activity preparatory for philosophy in some sense. Dan Polansky is a curator (quasi-administrator capable of deleting pages) of the English Wikiversity. ==Why Wikiversity== Above all, Wikiversity allows original research, unlike Wikipedia (and probably unlike Wikibooks). Wikiversity does not require content to be encyclopedic, unlike Wikipedia. There is in general more freedom in how one ''gestalts'' (designs, shapes, makes up) the page/pages. Moreover: * If one wants to trace every single sentence to a source, one can. * If one prefers itemized bullet points (discouraged on Wikipedia, which favors paragraphs), one can. * If one has a paragraph of original deliberation not tracing to sources, one can have it. * If one wants to include more material than would be ''encyclopedic'', one can, including various interesting lists, nested lists, tables, etc. * If one dislikes having one's text mercilessly modified by anyone who comes along, whether anonymous IP editors and qualitatively unidentified editors (no education, job experience, age or other similar identification), one has the option of writing and editing one's own article. See also [[Is Wikiversity a project worth having?]]. ==Originality== The contributions of Dan Polansky are original in the sense of author law: they are original formulations, original sequences of words that form phrases, clauses and sentences. By contrast, the ideas expressed in the formulations are often unoriginal, stemming from one of the books that Dan Polansky has read and that are identified below, or from a YouTube video such as a debate. Some ideas stem from face-to-face interactions with people, including relatives, friends, colleagues and teachers. The original contribution of Dan Polansky as for ideas is for the historians to identify. ==Created pages== Selected created pages, whether articles or debates (see also [https://xtools.wmcloud.org/pages/en.wikiversity.org/Dan%20Polansky xtools report]): * COVID-19 ** [[COVID-19/All-cause deaths]] -- amazing highly instructive graphs generated with the use of Python that hardly anyone views, given the page views ** [[COVID-19/Dan Polansky]] ** [[COVID-19 related censorship]] ** [[Review of Tomas Pueyo's articles on COVID-19 management]] * Technology, its ethics, threat, and limits ** [[Technology as a threat or promise for life and its forms]] ** [[The limits of technological potential]] ** [[The limits of progress]] ** [[History of cornucopian thought]] ** [[Technosphere]] ** [[Saving the Earth]] ** [[A look at the philosophy of Josef Šmajs]] * Philosophy, psychology, miscellaneous ** [[Hedonism (Polansky)]] ** [[A human as multiple persons]] ** [[The burden of history in the design of functional entities]] ** [[Mind Children]] and [[Hans Moravec]] ** [[Concept]] and [[Concept clarification]] ** [[Donald Cameron's The Purpose of Life]] ** [[Transgenderism (Polansky)]] ** [[Qualitative consensus]] ** [[Defamation law in Czechia]] ** [[One man's look at the debate format in Wikiversity]] ** [[All Life is Problem Solving]] ** [[An analysis of identity]] ** [[An analysis of truth]] ** [[An analysis of reality]] ** [[An analysis of value]] ** [[A pictorial guide to asset price history]] ** [[Discrete-time dynamical system orbit diagram]] ** [[Mandelbrot set along the real axis and the orbits]] ** [[Mandelbrot set as a model for the concept of approximation]] ** [[Variations of the Mandelbrot set]] ** [[Original research on Wikimedia projects]] ** [[One man's look at copyright law]] ** [[One man's look at The Hacker's Diet]] ** [[An application of computability theory to epistemology in Popperian spirit]] ** [[A purpose of life: The power of living things]] ** [[Crafting Your Life Program]] ** [[Czech national identity]] ** [[One man's manual calculation exercises]] ** [[An analysis of counting and countability]] ** [[An analysis of the word program and its concepts]] ** [[A human as a biological robot]] ** [[Life expectancy in schizophrenia]] ** [[Life expectancy in bipolar disorder]] ** [[Bipolar disorder and psychosis]] ** [[Survivalism]] ** [[An analysis of the concept of algorithm]] ** [[Deadly Psychiatry and Organised Denial]] ** [[One man's look at the categorical imperative]] ** [[An analysis of the concept of person]] ** [[Developing a Universal Religion, a review]] ** [[One man's look at the arrow of time]] ** [[What is ethics]] ** [[The acceptability of the use of the Church-Turing thesis in mathematical proofs]] ** [[One man's look at upper ontology]] ** [[An analysis of the concept of being]] ** [[A critical look at psychiatry]] ** [[One man's look at epistemology]] * Software and computing ** [[FreeMind]] ** [[Comparison of Python and Perl]] ** [[AMOS programming language]] ** [[One man's look at C and C++]] ** [[Atari BASIC programming]] ** [[Learning 6502 assembly]] ** [[ABAP programming]] ** [[One man's look at generative artificial intelligence]] * Linguistics, with possible philosophical component or aspect: ** [[Proper name]] ** [[Explication of modalities]] ** [[Elimination of dead metaphor from writing]] ** [[English as a hybrid Romance-Germanic language (Polansky)]] ** [[Compound (linguistics)]] ** [[Thesaurus (information retrieval)]] ** [[Thesaurus (lexicography)]] ** [[Slovak-Czech dissimilar terms]] ** [[Czech Wiktionary]] ** [[Czech diminutive]] ** [[Czech verb morphological productivity]] ** [[Czech dictionaries]] ** [[Word coinage during Czech National Revival]] ** [[One man's look at English]] ** [[One man's look at the design of dictionary definitions]] ** [[One man's look at Czech]] * Many [[Wikidebate]]s ** [[Are wikidebates a good thing?]] ** [[Should Mill's harm principle be accepted?]] ** [[Should cryptocurrencies be banned?]] ** [[Should we aim to reduce the Earth population?]] ** [[Is Wikipedia consensus process good?]] ** [[Is collapse of the global civilization before year 2100 likely?]] ** [[Can electric cars significantly help humanity get off fossil fuels?]] ** Etc.; see [[:Category:Wikidebates]] ** Also about Wikidebates: [[One man's look at the debate format in Wikiversity]] ==Books in library== Selected philosophical books in Dan Polansky's library, in physical form: * Zen and the Art of Motorcycle Maintenance by Pirsig * Lila by Pirsig * Guidebook to Guidebook to Zen and the Art of Motorcycle Maintenance by DiSanto and Steele * Gödel, Escher, Bach by Hofstadter * Metamagical Themas by Hofstadter * Alles Leben ist Problemlösen by Popper (in German) * The Open Society and Its Enemies by Popper (volume 1: The Spell of Plato; volume 2: Hegel and Marx) * Conjectures and Refutations by Popper * Proofs and Refutations by Lakatos * The Structure of Scientific Revolutions by Kuhn * Word and Object by Quine * Čtyři důvody pro zrušení televize by Mander, in Czech; original title: Four Arguments for the Elimination of Television * In the Absence of the Sacred by Mander * Meaning and Necessity by Kripke * Mind Children by Moravec (arguably a book with a strong philosophical component) * How the Mind Works by Pinker (although primarily a work of evolutionary psychology, there is a strong philosophical component) * Darwin's Dangerous Idea by Dennett * Cultural Software by Balkin * Out of Control by Kelly * Cybernetics by Wiener * What is Life by Schrödinger * Zen in the Art of Archery by Herrigel * A New Introduction to Modal Logic by Hughes and Cresswell * Moral Calculations by Mérö * Against Method by Feyerabend (largely nonsense) * The Conquest of Happiness by Russell * What Do You Say After You Say Hello by Berne (officially a work of psychology, but seems philosophical enough) * Hen's Teeth and Horse's Toes by Gould * Dialogue Concerning the two Chief World Systems by Galilei * The Purpose of Life by Cameron * The Greeks by Kitto * The Value of Science by Poincaré * The Society of Mind by Minsky * A přesto říci životu ano by Frankl, in Czech (the English title: Man's Search for Meaning) * Sociology, 6th edition, by Calhoun et al. * Cybernetics by Wiener -- arguably philosophical * Introduction to Cybernetics by Ashby -- arguably philosophical * Saturnin by Jirotka -- a Czech comic novel that is arguably somewhat philosophical * Only the Paranoid Survive by Grove -- only read, but not in my personal library * Analytische Theorien der Metaphen[https://is.muni.cz/th/d6lfa/Analytische_Theorien_der_Metapher.pdf] by Mácha (Candidate English title: Analytical theories of metaphor. * Steps to an Ecology of Mind by Bateson * Selfish Gene by Dawkins * Snad ti nedělají starosti cizí názory by Feynmann, in Czech (the English title: "What Do You Care What Other People Think?") * To snad nemyslíte vážně, pane Feynmanne! by Feynmann, in Czech (the English title: Surely You're Joking, Mr. Feynman!) * O povaze fyzikálních zákonů by Feynmann, in Czech (the English title: The Character of Physical Law) * Programátorské poklesky by Kopeček and Kučera, in Czech -- has many philosophically interesting quotations Philosophers who would appear to be properly classified as pseudo-philosophers: Kant, Fichte, Schelling, Hegel, Jaspers, Heidegger, Foucault, etc. Kant is perhaps somewhat unfairly on the list, but someone who claims that lying is strictly prohibited in all circumstances and that the knowledge of Newton's laws is a priori (pre-empirical) thereby creates an unfavorable impression. As for Foucault, I have read {{W|The Order of Things}} in Czech (Slova a věci) and I could not tell what in the world he was talking about, like what problems he was trying to address and what solutions he offered; it was "not even wrong", as they say. Dictionaries: * Cambridge Advanced Learner's Dictionary, with a beautiful middle section showing a picture dictionary * Penguin Thesaurus, a synonym dictionary * Czech Etymological Dictionary by Rejzek However, I use online dictionaries much more than those above. Self-help and other non-philosophical books: * The Seven Habits of Highly Effective People by Covey * Living the 7 Habits by Covey * How to Stop Worrying and Start Living by Carnegie -- some bad ideas, but also many good ideas * How to Win Friends and Influence People by Carnegie -- some bad ideas, but also many good ideas * Your Erroneous Zones by Dyer Tolkien, arguably somewhat philosophical: * The Hobbit, in Czech * The Lord of the Rings, in Czech (read in English long time ago when I was a teenager and at that point, it was a hard reading) * Silmarillion, in Czech ==Books read== Selected books read that have philosophical, scientific or similar impact, other than those in [[#Books in library|Books in library]] section: * Economics by Samuelson and Nordhaus * The C++ Programming Language, 3rd edition, by Stroustrup, showing Stroustrup to be a great thinker * Usability Engineering by Nielsen ==Online authoritative text resources== Online authoritative text resources that I used during my philosophical and other investigations: * [https://plato.stanford.edu/ Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy] (SEP), plato.stanford.edu * [https://iep.utm.edu/ Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy], iep.utm.edu -- seems less excellent than SEP but still often worth having a look * [[Wikisource: 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica]], especially [[Wikisource: 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Classified List of Articles#Philosophy and Psychology]], a section for which I created many articles in Wikisource ==YouTube videos== Some ideas stem from YouTube debates viewed or other videos: * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JZRcYaAYWg4 The Catholic Church is a Force for Good in the World] featuring Hitchens, Fry, Onaiyekan and Widdecombe * Etc; TBD. Debaters: * Christopher Hitchens, the ultimate debater * Richard Dawkins * Steven Pinker ==Films/movies== Films/movies rich in intellectual ideas and fun, from which possibly some ideas are being drawn: * {{W|12 Angry Men (1957 film)}} - shows the idea that a lone opposer stubbornly trying to think clearly and carefully examine the strength of the reasoning and evidence can turn the sides of supports and opposes around * [[Wikipedia:The Boss of it All|The Boss of it All]] (Direktøren for det hele, Danish), including the ultimate Gambini, with whom the film starts and ends, staring the spectacular [[W:Jens Albinus|Jens Albinus]], and in some frames also the amazing director Lars von Trier (although many of his films are a bit too drastic) * [[Wikipedia:District 9|District 9]], e.g. the funny name MNU: Multi-National United or the like, the ultimate evil über-corporate, and the incredibly funny main character Wikus van de Merwe, who is a cowardly and nasty little officer or something, an entity many of us have in our psyche * [[Wikipedia:Adam's Apples|Adam's Apples]] (Adams Æbler, Danish), e.g. the funny quasi-corporate manager doing an analog of performance goal setting and über-positive thinker (Christopher, go to the father's office) Ivan; Ivan is also an ultimate provocateur in his "is this a good looking man; is it your father", when referring to a picture of Hitler in Adam's (the nazi's) room; Ivan is played by the great [[W:Mads Mikkelsen|Mads Mikkelsen]], and other actors are also excellent * [[Wikipedia:Box of Moonlight|Box of Moonlight]], somewhat reminiscent of Pirsig's contrast between classic and romantic, featuring a very responsible engineer and family man Al Fountain and a hippie or worse Kid, featuring the great {{W|John Turturro}} and {{W|Sam Rockwell}} ==Frequently viewed pages== The following report shows most often viewed pages created by me: * [https://pageviews.wmcloud.org/userviews/?project=en.wikiversity.org Userviews Analysis for Dan Polansky, en.wikiversity.org], pageviews.wmcloud.org ==Policies and guidelines== See [[:User:Dan Polansky/Policies and guidelines]] ==About Wikiversity== See [[:User:Dan Polansky/About Wikiversity]] ==Subpages== {{Subpages/List}} 52seejvnon07dzr8zyjk57ft0i44g25 2691581 2691444 2024-12-12T08:09:40Z Dan Polansky 33469 /* Created pages */ +One man's look at logic 2691581 wikitext text/x-wiki {{#babel: cs|en-3|de-2|sk-1|ru-1}} Dan Polansky is described in more detail at [[Meta:User:Dan Polansky]]. He is trained in computer science, earned money as a programmer and software engineer, and loves real philosophy and stubborn independent attempt to think clearly. He spent an inordinate time documenting mainly Czech vocabulary in the English Wiktionary, a job truly for a harmless drudge rather than a philosopher proper, but maybe it is like painting a hedge in The Karate Kid, an activity preparatory for philosophy in some sense. Dan Polansky is a curator (quasi-administrator capable of deleting pages) of the English Wikiversity. ==Why Wikiversity== Above all, Wikiversity allows original research, unlike Wikipedia (and probably unlike Wikibooks). Wikiversity does not require content to be encyclopedic, unlike Wikipedia. There is in general more freedom in how one ''gestalts'' (designs, shapes, makes up) the page/pages. Moreover: * If one wants to trace every single sentence to a source, one can. * If one prefers itemized bullet points (discouraged on Wikipedia, which favors paragraphs), one can. * If one has a paragraph of original deliberation not tracing to sources, one can have it. * If one wants to include more material than would be ''encyclopedic'', one can, including various interesting lists, nested lists, tables, etc. * If one dislikes having one's text mercilessly modified by anyone who comes along, whether anonymous IP editors and qualitatively unidentified editors (no education, job experience, age or other similar identification), one has the option of writing and editing one's own article. See also [[Is Wikiversity a project worth having?]]. ==Originality== The contributions of Dan Polansky are original in the sense of author law: they are original formulations, original sequences of words that form phrases, clauses and sentences. By contrast, the ideas expressed in the formulations are often unoriginal, stemming from one of the books that Dan Polansky has read and that are identified below, or from a YouTube video such as a debate. Some ideas stem from face-to-face interactions with people, including relatives, friends, colleagues and teachers. The original contribution of Dan Polansky as for ideas is for the historians to identify. ==Created pages== Selected created pages, whether articles or debates (see also [https://xtools.wmcloud.org/pages/en.wikiversity.org/Dan%20Polansky xtools report]): * COVID-19 ** [[COVID-19/All-cause deaths]] -- amazing highly instructive graphs generated with the use of Python that hardly anyone views, given the page views ** [[COVID-19/Dan Polansky]] ** [[COVID-19 related censorship]] ** [[Review of Tomas Pueyo's articles on COVID-19 management]] * Technology, its ethics, threat, and limits ** [[Technology as a threat or promise for life and its forms]] ** [[The limits of technological potential]] ** [[The limits of progress]] ** [[History of cornucopian thought]] ** [[Technosphere]] ** [[Saving the Earth]] ** [[A look at the philosophy of Josef Šmajs]] * Philosophy, psychology, miscellaneous ** [[Hedonism (Polansky)]] ** [[A human as multiple persons]] ** [[The burden of history in the design of functional entities]] ** [[Mind Children]] and [[Hans Moravec]] ** [[Concept]] and [[Concept clarification]] ** [[Donald Cameron's The Purpose of Life]] ** [[Transgenderism (Polansky)]] ** [[Qualitative consensus]] ** [[Defamation law in Czechia]] ** [[One man's look at the debate format in Wikiversity]] ** [[All Life is Problem Solving]] ** [[An analysis of identity]] ** [[An analysis of truth]] ** [[An analysis of reality]] ** [[An analysis of value]] ** [[A pictorial guide to asset price history]] ** [[Discrete-time dynamical system orbit diagram]] ** [[Mandelbrot set along the real axis and the orbits]] ** [[Mandelbrot set as a model for the concept of approximation]] ** [[Variations of the Mandelbrot set]] ** [[Original research on Wikimedia projects]] ** [[One man's look at copyright law]] ** [[One man's look at The Hacker's Diet]] ** [[An application of computability theory to epistemology in Popperian spirit]] ** [[A purpose of life: The power of living things]] ** [[Crafting Your Life Program]] ** [[Czech national identity]] ** [[One man's manual calculation exercises]] ** [[An analysis of counting and countability]] ** [[An analysis of the word program and its concepts]] ** [[A human as a biological robot]] ** [[Life expectancy in schizophrenia]] ** [[Life expectancy in bipolar disorder]] ** [[Bipolar disorder and psychosis]] ** [[Survivalism]] ** [[An analysis of the concept of algorithm]] ** [[Deadly Psychiatry and Organised Denial]] ** [[One man's look at the categorical imperative]] ** [[An analysis of the concept of person]] ** [[Developing a Universal Religion, a review]] ** [[One man's look at the arrow of time]] ** [[What is ethics]] ** [[The acceptability of the use of the Church-Turing thesis in mathematical proofs]] ** [[One man's look at upper ontology]] ** [[An analysis of the concept of being]] ** [[A critical look at psychiatry]] ** [[One man's look at epistemology]] ** [[One man's look at logic]] * Software and computing ** [[FreeMind]] ** [[Comparison of Python and Perl]] ** [[AMOS programming language]] ** [[One man's look at C and C++]] ** [[Atari BASIC programming]] ** [[Learning 6502 assembly]] ** [[ABAP programming]] ** [[One man's look at generative artificial intelligence]] * Linguistics, with possible philosophical component or aspect: ** [[Proper name]] ** [[Explication of modalities]] ** [[Elimination of dead metaphor from writing]] ** [[English as a hybrid Romance-Germanic language (Polansky)]] ** [[Compound (linguistics)]] ** [[Thesaurus (information retrieval)]] ** [[Thesaurus (lexicography)]] ** [[Slovak-Czech dissimilar terms]] ** [[Czech Wiktionary]] ** [[Czech diminutive]] ** [[Czech verb morphological productivity]] ** [[Czech dictionaries]] ** [[Word coinage during Czech National Revival]] ** [[One man's look at English]] ** [[One man's look at the design of dictionary definitions]] ** [[One man's look at Czech]] * Many [[Wikidebate]]s ** [[Are wikidebates a good thing?]] ** [[Should Mill's harm principle be accepted?]] ** [[Should cryptocurrencies be banned?]] ** [[Should we aim to reduce the Earth population?]] ** [[Is Wikipedia consensus process good?]] ** [[Is collapse of the global civilization before year 2100 likely?]] ** [[Can electric cars significantly help humanity get off fossil fuels?]] ** Etc.; see [[:Category:Wikidebates]] ** Also about Wikidebates: [[One man's look at the debate format in Wikiversity]] ==Books in library== Selected philosophical books in Dan Polansky's library, in physical form: * Zen and the Art of Motorcycle Maintenance by Pirsig * Lila by Pirsig * Guidebook to Guidebook to Zen and the Art of Motorcycle Maintenance by DiSanto and Steele * Gödel, Escher, Bach by Hofstadter * Metamagical Themas by Hofstadter * Alles Leben ist Problemlösen by Popper (in German) * The Open Society and Its Enemies by Popper (volume 1: The Spell of Plato; volume 2: Hegel and Marx) * Conjectures and Refutations by Popper * Proofs and Refutations by Lakatos * The Structure of Scientific Revolutions by Kuhn * Word and Object by Quine * Čtyři důvody pro zrušení televize by Mander, in Czech; original title: Four Arguments for the Elimination of Television * In the Absence of the Sacred by Mander * Meaning and Necessity by Kripke * Mind Children by Moravec (arguably a book with a strong philosophical component) * How the Mind Works by Pinker (although primarily a work of evolutionary psychology, there is a strong philosophical component) * Darwin's Dangerous Idea by Dennett * Cultural Software by Balkin * Out of Control by Kelly * Cybernetics by Wiener * What is Life by Schrödinger * Zen in the Art of Archery by Herrigel * A New Introduction to Modal Logic by Hughes and Cresswell * Moral Calculations by Mérö * Against Method by Feyerabend (largely nonsense) * The Conquest of Happiness by Russell * What Do You Say After You Say Hello by Berne (officially a work of psychology, but seems philosophical enough) * Hen's Teeth and Horse's Toes by Gould * Dialogue Concerning the two Chief World Systems by Galilei * The Purpose of Life by Cameron * The Greeks by Kitto * The Value of Science by Poincaré * The Society of Mind by Minsky * A přesto říci životu ano by Frankl, in Czech (the English title: Man's Search for Meaning) * Sociology, 6th edition, by Calhoun et al. * Cybernetics by Wiener -- arguably philosophical * Introduction to Cybernetics by Ashby -- arguably philosophical * Saturnin by Jirotka -- a Czech comic novel that is arguably somewhat philosophical * Only the Paranoid Survive by Grove -- only read, but not in my personal library * Analytische Theorien der Metaphen[https://is.muni.cz/th/d6lfa/Analytische_Theorien_der_Metapher.pdf] by Mácha (Candidate English title: Analytical theories of metaphor. * Steps to an Ecology of Mind by Bateson * Selfish Gene by Dawkins * Snad ti nedělají starosti cizí názory by Feynmann, in Czech (the English title: "What Do You Care What Other People Think?") * To snad nemyslíte vážně, pane Feynmanne! by Feynmann, in Czech (the English title: Surely You're Joking, Mr. Feynman!) * O povaze fyzikálních zákonů by Feynmann, in Czech (the English title: The Character of Physical Law) * Programátorské poklesky by Kopeček and Kučera, in Czech -- has many philosophically interesting quotations Philosophers who would appear to be properly classified as pseudo-philosophers: Kant, Fichte, Schelling, Hegel, Jaspers, Heidegger, Foucault, etc. Kant is perhaps somewhat unfairly on the list, but someone who claims that lying is strictly prohibited in all circumstances and that the knowledge of Newton's laws is a priori (pre-empirical) thereby creates an unfavorable impression. As for Foucault, I have read {{W|The Order of Things}} in Czech (Slova a věci) and I could not tell what in the world he was talking about, like what problems he was trying to address and what solutions he offered; it was "not even wrong", as they say. Dictionaries: * Cambridge Advanced Learner's Dictionary, with a beautiful middle section showing a picture dictionary * Penguin Thesaurus, a synonym dictionary * Czech Etymological Dictionary by Rejzek However, I use online dictionaries much more than those above. Self-help and other non-philosophical books: * The Seven Habits of Highly Effective People by Covey * Living the 7 Habits by Covey * How to Stop Worrying and Start Living by Carnegie -- some bad ideas, but also many good ideas * How to Win Friends and Influence People by Carnegie -- some bad ideas, but also many good ideas * Your Erroneous Zones by Dyer Tolkien, arguably somewhat philosophical: * The Hobbit, in Czech * The Lord of the Rings, in Czech (read in English long time ago when I was a teenager and at that point, it was a hard reading) * Silmarillion, in Czech ==Books read== Selected books read that have philosophical, scientific or similar impact, other than those in [[#Books in library|Books in library]] section: * Economics by Samuelson and Nordhaus * The C++ Programming Language, 3rd edition, by Stroustrup, showing Stroustrup to be a great thinker * Usability Engineering by Nielsen ==Online authoritative text resources== Online authoritative text resources that I used during my philosophical and other investigations: * [https://plato.stanford.edu/ Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy] (SEP), plato.stanford.edu * [https://iep.utm.edu/ Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy], iep.utm.edu -- seems less excellent than SEP but still often worth having a look * [[Wikisource: 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica]], especially [[Wikisource: 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Classified List of Articles#Philosophy and Psychology]], a section for which I created many articles in Wikisource ==YouTube videos== Some ideas stem from YouTube debates viewed or other videos: * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JZRcYaAYWg4 The Catholic Church is a Force for Good in the World] featuring Hitchens, Fry, Onaiyekan and Widdecombe * Etc; TBD. Debaters: * Christopher Hitchens, the ultimate debater * Richard Dawkins * Steven Pinker ==Films/movies== Films/movies rich in intellectual ideas and fun, from which possibly some ideas are being drawn: * {{W|12 Angry Men (1957 film)}} - shows the idea that a lone opposer stubbornly trying to think clearly and carefully examine the strength of the reasoning and evidence can turn the sides of supports and opposes around * [[Wikipedia:The Boss of it All|The Boss of it All]] (Direktøren for det hele, Danish), including the ultimate Gambini, with whom the film starts and ends, staring the spectacular [[W:Jens Albinus|Jens Albinus]], and in some frames also the amazing director Lars von Trier (although many of his films are a bit too drastic) * [[Wikipedia:District 9|District 9]], e.g. the funny name MNU: Multi-National United or the like, the ultimate evil über-corporate, and the incredibly funny main character Wikus van de Merwe, who is a cowardly and nasty little officer or something, an entity many of us have in our psyche * [[Wikipedia:Adam's Apples|Adam's Apples]] (Adams Æbler, Danish), e.g. the funny quasi-corporate manager doing an analog of performance goal setting and über-positive thinker (Christopher, go to the father's office) Ivan; Ivan is also an ultimate provocateur in his "is this a good looking man; is it your father", when referring to a picture of Hitler in Adam's (the nazi's) room; Ivan is played by the great [[W:Mads Mikkelsen|Mads Mikkelsen]], and other actors are also excellent * [[Wikipedia:Box of Moonlight|Box of Moonlight]], somewhat reminiscent of Pirsig's contrast between classic and romantic, featuring a very responsible engineer and family man Al Fountain and a hippie or worse Kid, featuring the great {{W|John Turturro}} and {{W|Sam Rockwell}} ==Frequently viewed pages== The following report shows most often viewed pages created by me: * [https://pageviews.wmcloud.org/userviews/?project=en.wikiversity.org Userviews Analysis for Dan Polansky, en.wikiversity.org], pageviews.wmcloud.org ==Policies and guidelines== See [[:User:Dan Polansky/Policies and guidelines]] ==About Wikiversity== See [[:User:Dan Polansky/About Wikiversity]] ==Subpages== {{Subpages/List}} iyax14n02h7o2alv1jua73u2zfq41kg 2691593 2691581 2024-12-12T09:07:20Z Dan Polansky 33469 /* Created pages */ +One man's look at philosophy 2691593 wikitext text/x-wiki {{#babel: cs|en-3|de-2|sk-1|ru-1}} Dan Polansky is described in more detail at [[Meta:User:Dan Polansky]]. He is trained in computer science, earned money as a programmer and software engineer, and loves real philosophy and stubborn independent attempt to think clearly. He spent an inordinate time documenting mainly Czech vocabulary in the English Wiktionary, a job truly for a harmless drudge rather than a philosopher proper, but maybe it is like painting a hedge in The Karate Kid, an activity preparatory for philosophy in some sense. Dan Polansky is a curator (quasi-administrator capable of deleting pages) of the English Wikiversity. ==Why Wikiversity== Above all, Wikiversity allows original research, unlike Wikipedia (and probably unlike Wikibooks). Wikiversity does not require content to be encyclopedic, unlike Wikipedia. There is in general more freedom in how one ''gestalts'' (designs, shapes, makes up) the page/pages. Moreover: * If one wants to trace every single sentence to a source, one can. * If one prefers itemized bullet points (discouraged on Wikipedia, which favors paragraphs), one can. * If one has a paragraph of original deliberation not tracing to sources, one can have it. * If one wants to include more material than would be ''encyclopedic'', one can, including various interesting lists, nested lists, tables, etc. * If one dislikes having one's text mercilessly modified by anyone who comes along, whether anonymous IP editors and qualitatively unidentified editors (no education, job experience, age or other similar identification), one has the option of writing and editing one's own article. See also [[Is Wikiversity a project worth having?]]. ==Originality== The contributions of Dan Polansky are original in the sense of author law: they are original formulations, original sequences of words that form phrases, clauses and sentences. By contrast, the ideas expressed in the formulations are often unoriginal, stemming from one of the books that Dan Polansky has read and that are identified below, or from a YouTube video such as a debate. Some ideas stem from face-to-face interactions with people, including relatives, friends, colleagues and teachers. The original contribution of Dan Polansky as for ideas is for the historians to identify. ==Created pages== Selected created pages, whether articles or debates (see also [https://xtools.wmcloud.org/pages/en.wikiversity.org/Dan%20Polansky xtools report]): * COVID-19 ** [[COVID-19/All-cause deaths]] -- amazing highly instructive graphs generated with the use of Python that hardly anyone views, given the page views ** [[COVID-19/Dan Polansky]] ** [[COVID-19 related censorship]] ** [[Review of Tomas Pueyo's articles on COVID-19 management]] * Technology, its ethics, threat, and limits ** [[Technology as a threat or promise for life and its forms]] ** [[The limits of technological potential]] ** [[The limits of progress]] ** [[History of cornucopian thought]] ** [[Technosphere]] ** [[Saving the Earth]] ** [[A look at the philosophy of Josef Šmajs]] * Philosophy, psychology, miscellaneous ** [[Hedonism (Polansky)]] ** [[A human as multiple persons]] ** [[The burden of history in the design of functional entities]] ** [[Mind Children]] and [[Hans Moravec]] ** [[Concept]] and [[Concept clarification]] ** [[Donald Cameron's The Purpose of Life]] ** [[Transgenderism (Polansky)]] ** [[Qualitative consensus]] ** [[Defamation law in Czechia]] ** [[One man's look at the debate format in Wikiversity]] ** [[All Life is Problem Solving]] ** [[An analysis of identity]] ** [[An analysis of truth]] ** [[An analysis of reality]] ** [[An analysis of value]] ** [[A pictorial guide to asset price history]] ** [[Discrete-time dynamical system orbit diagram]] ** [[Mandelbrot set along the real axis and the orbits]] ** [[Mandelbrot set as a model for the concept of approximation]] ** [[Variations of the Mandelbrot set]] ** [[Original research on Wikimedia projects]] ** [[One man's look at copyright law]] ** [[One man's look at The Hacker's Diet]] ** [[An application of computability theory to epistemology in Popperian spirit]] ** [[A purpose of life: The power of living things]] ** [[Crafting Your Life Program]] ** [[Czech national identity]] ** [[One man's manual calculation exercises]] ** [[An analysis of counting and countability]] ** [[An analysis of the word program and its concepts]] ** [[A human as a biological robot]] ** [[Life expectancy in schizophrenia]] ** [[Life expectancy in bipolar disorder]] ** [[Bipolar disorder and psychosis]] ** [[Survivalism]] ** [[An analysis of the concept of algorithm]] ** [[Deadly Psychiatry and Organised Denial]] ** [[One man's look at the categorical imperative]] ** [[An analysis of the concept of person]] ** [[Developing a Universal Religion, a review]] ** [[One man's look at the arrow of time]] ** [[What is ethics]] ** [[The acceptability of the use of the Church-Turing thesis in mathematical proofs]] ** [[One man's look at upper ontology]] ** [[An analysis of the concept of being]] ** [[A critical look at psychiatry]] ** [[One man's look at epistemology]] ** [[One man's look at logic]] ** [[One man's look at philosophy]] * Software and computing ** [[FreeMind]] ** [[Comparison of Python and Perl]] ** [[AMOS programming language]] ** [[One man's look at C and C++]] ** [[Atari BASIC programming]] ** [[Learning 6502 assembly]] ** [[ABAP programming]] ** [[One man's look at generative artificial intelligence]] * Linguistics, with possible philosophical component or aspect: ** [[Proper name]] ** [[Explication of modalities]] ** [[Elimination of dead metaphor from writing]] ** [[English as a hybrid Romance-Germanic language (Polansky)]] ** [[Compound (linguistics)]] ** [[Thesaurus (information retrieval)]] ** [[Thesaurus (lexicography)]] ** [[Slovak-Czech dissimilar terms]] ** [[Czech Wiktionary]] ** [[Czech diminutive]] ** [[Czech verb morphological productivity]] ** [[Czech dictionaries]] ** [[Word coinage during Czech National Revival]] ** [[One man's look at English]] ** [[One man's look at the design of dictionary definitions]] ** [[One man's look at Czech]] * Many [[Wikidebate]]s ** [[Are wikidebates a good thing?]] ** [[Should Mill's harm principle be accepted?]] ** [[Should cryptocurrencies be banned?]] ** [[Should we aim to reduce the Earth population?]] ** [[Is Wikipedia consensus process good?]] ** [[Is collapse of the global civilization before year 2100 likely?]] ** [[Can electric cars significantly help humanity get off fossil fuels?]] ** Etc.; see [[:Category:Wikidebates]] ** Also about Wikidebates: [[One man's look at the debate format in Wikiversity]] ==Books in library== Selected philosophical books in Dan Polansky's library, in physical form: * Zen and the Art of Motorcycle Maintenance by Pirsig * Lila by Pirsig * Guidebook to Guidebook to Zen and the Art of Motorcycle Maintenance by DiSanto and Steele * Gödel, Escher, Bach by Hofstadter * Metamagical Themas by Hofstadter * Alles Leben ist Problemlösen by Popper (in German) * The Open Society and Its Enemies by Popper (volume 1: The Spell of Plato; volume 2: Hegel and Marx) * Conjectures and Refutations by Popper * Proofs and Refutations by Lakatos * The Structure of Scientific Revolutions by Kuhn * Word and Object by Quine * Čtyři důvody pro zrušení televize by Mander, in Czech; original title: Four Arguments for the Elimination of Television * In the Absence of the Sacred by Mander * Meaning and Necessity by Kripke * Mind Children by Moravec (arguably a book with a strong philosophical component) * How the Mind Works by Pinker (although primarily a work of evolutionary psychology, there is a strong philosophical component) * Darwin's Dangerous Idea by Dennett * Cultural Software by Balkin * Out of Control by Kelly * Cybernetics by Wiener * What is Life by Schrödinger * Zen in the Art of Archery by Herrigel * A New Introduction to Modal Logic by Hughes and Cresswell * Moral Calculations by Mérö * Against Method by Feyerabend (largely nonsense) * The Conquest of Happiness by Russell * What Do You Say After You Say Hello by Berne (officially a work of psychology, but seems philosophical enough) * Hen's Teeth and Horse's Toes by Gould * Dialogue Concerning the two Chief World Systems by Galilei * The Purpose of Life by Cameron * The Greeks by Kitto * The Value of Science by Poincaré * The Society of Mind by Minsky * A přesto říci životu ano by Frankl, in Czech (the English title: Man's Search for Meaning) * Sociology, 6th edition, by Calhoun et al. * Cybernetics by Wiener -- arguably philosophical * Introduction to Cybernetics by Ashby -- arguably philosophical * Saturnin by Jirotka -- a Czech comic novel that is arguably somewhat philosophical * Only the Paranoid Survive by Grove -- only read, but not in my personal library * Analytische Theorien der Metaphen[https://is.muni.cz/th/d6lfa/Analytische_Theorien_der_Metapher.pdf] by Mácha (Candidate English title: Analytical theories of metaphor. * Steps to an Ecology of Mind by Bateson * Selfish Gene by Dawkins * Snad ti nedělají starosti cizí názory by Feynmann, in Czech (the English title: "What Do You Care What Other People Think?") * To snad nemyslíte vážně, pane Feynmanne! by Feynmann, in Czech (the English title: Surely You're Joking, Mr. Feynman!) * O povaze fyzikálních zákonů by Feynmann, in Czech (the English title: The Character of Physical Law) * Programátorské poklesky by Kopeček and Kučera, in Czech -- has many philosophically interesting quotations Philosophers who would appear to be properly classified as pseudo-philosophers: Kant, Fichte, Schelling, Hegel, Jaspers, Heidegger, Foucault, etc. Kant is perhaps somewhat unfairly on the list, but someone who claims that lying is strictly prohibited in all circumstances and that the knowledge of Newton's laws is a priori (pre-empirical) thereby creates an unfavorable impression. As for Foucault, I have read {{W|The Order of Things}} in Czech (Slova a věci) and I could not tell what in the world he was talking about, like what problems he was trying to address and what solutions he offered; it was "not even wrong", as they say. Dictionaries: * Cambridge Advanced Learner's Dictionary, with a beautiful middle section showing a picture dictionary * Penguin Thesaurus, a synonym dictionary * Czech Etymological Dictionary by Rejzek However, I use online dictionaries much more than those above. Self-help and other non-philosophical books: * The Seven Habits of Highly Effective People by Covey * Living the 7 Habits by Covey * How to Stop Worrying and Start Living by Carnegie -- some bad ideas, but also many good ideas * How to Win Friends and Influence People by Carnegie -- some bad ideas, but also many good ideas * Your Erroneous Zones by Dyer Tolkien, arguably somewhat philosophical: * The Hobbit, in Czech * The Lord of the Rings, in Czech (read in English long time ago when I was a teenager and at that point, it was a hard reading) * Silmarillion, in Czech ==Books read== Selected books read that have philosophical, scientific or similar impact, other than those in [[#Books in library|Books in library]] section: * Economics by Samuelson and Nordhaus * The C++ Programming Language, 3rd edition, by Stroustrup, showing Stroustrup to be a great thinker * Usability Engineering by Nielsen ==Online authoritative text resources== Online authoritative text resources that I used during my philosophical and other investigations: * [https://plato.stanford.edu/ Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy] (SEP), plato.stanford.edu * [https://iep.utm.edu/ Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy], iep.utm.edu -- seems less excellent than SEP but still often worth having a look * [[Wikisource: 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica]], especially [[Wikisource: 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Classified List of Articles#Philosophy and Psychology]], a section for which I created many articles in Wikisource ==YouTube videos== Some ideas stem from YouTube debates viewed or other videos: * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JZRcYaAYWg4 The Catholic Church is a Force for Good in the World] featuring Hitchens, Fry, Onaiyekan and Widdecombe * Etc; TBD. Debaters: * Christopher Hitchens, the ultimate debater * Richard Dawkins * Steven Pinker ==Films/movies== Films/movies rich in intellectual ideas and fun, from which possibly some ideas are being drawn: * {{W|12 Angry Men (1957 film)}} - shows the idea that a lone opposer stubbornly trying to think clearly and carefully examine the strength of the reasoning and evidence can turn the sides of supports and opposes around * [[Wikipedia:The Boss of it All|The Boss of it All]] (Direktøren for det hele, Danish), including the ultimate Gambini, with whom the film starts and ends, staring the spectacular [[W:Jens Albinus|Jens Albinus]], and in some frames also the amazing director Lars von Trier (although many of his films are a bit too drastic) * [[Wikipedia:District 9|District 9]], e.g. the funny name MNU: Multi-National United or the like, the ultimate evil über-corporate, and the incredibly funny main character Wikus van de Merwe, who is a cowardly and nasty little officer or something, an entity many of us have in our psyche * [[Wikipedia:Adam's Apples|Adam's Apples]] (Adams Æbler, Danish), e.g. the funny quasi-corporate manager doing an analog of performance goal setting and über-positive thinker (Christopher, go to the father's office) Ivan; Ivan is also an ultimate provocateur in his "is this a good looking man; is it your father", when referring to a picture of Hitler in Adam's (the nazi's) room; Ivan is played by the great [[W:Mads Mikkelsen|Mads Mikkelsen]], and other actors are also excellent * [[Wikipedia:Box of Moonlight|Box of Moonlight]], somewhat reminiscent of Pirsig's contrast between classic and romantic, featuring a very responsible engineer and family man Al Fountain and a hippie or worse Kid, featuring the great {{W|John Turturro}} and {{W|Sam Rockwell}} ==Frequently viewed pages== The following report shows most often viewed pages created by me: * [https://pageviews.wmcloud.org/userviews/?project=en.wikiversity.org Userviews Analysis for Dan Polansky, en.wikiversity.org], pageviews.wmcloud.org ==Policies and guidelines== See [[:User:Dan Polansky/Policies and guidelines]] ==About Wikiversity== See [[:User:Dan Polansky/About Wikiversity]] ==Subpages== {{Subpages/List}} ktbp34g9i9gu52y8e23s5wbl192c118 0 290725 2691384 2691381 2024-12-11T12:05:57Z Bert Niehaus 2387134 /* Remark: Multiplicative topology - Gaugefunctionals */ 2691384 wikitext text/x-wiki == Definition: Topological Vector Space == A topological vector space <math display="inline">V</math> over <math>\mathbb{K}</math> is a vector space over the field <math>\mathbb{K}</math> that has a topology with which scalar multiplication and addition are continuous mappings. :<math> \begin{array}{rcl} \cdot : \mathbb{K} \times V &\longrightarrow & V \quad (\lambda,v) \longmapsto \lambda \cdot v \\ + : V \times V &\longrightarrow & V \quad (v,w) \longmapsto v+w \end{array} </math> In the following, for all topological vector spaces, we shall use the [[w:en:Hausdorff space|Hausdorff property]] be assumed. == Definition: Neighbourhood== Let <math>(X,\mathcal{T})</math> be a topological space with a topology <math>\mathcal{T}</math> as a system of open sets <math>\mathcal{T}\subset \wp(X)</math> and <math>a\in X</math>, then denote * <math>\mathfrak{U}_{\mathcal{T}} (a) := \left\{ U \subseteq X \, : \, \exists_{U_o \in \mathcal{T}} :\, a \in U_o \subseteq U \right\}</math> the set of all neighbourhoods from the point <math>a</math>, * <math>\stackrel{o}{\mathfrak{U}}_{\mathcal{T}} (a):= \mathfrak{U}_{\mathcal{T}} (a) \cap \mathcal{T}</math> the set of all open Neighbourhoods from the point <math>a</math>, * <math>\overline{\mathfrak{U}}_{\mathcal{T}} (a) := \left\{ \overline{U} \, : \, U \in \mathfrak{U}_{\mathcal{T}} (a) \right\}</math> the set of all closed neighbourhoods of point <math>a</math>. === Remark: Indexing with topology === If no misunderstanding about the underlying topological space can occur, the index <math>\mathcal{T}</math> is not included as a designation of the topology used. === Remark: Analogy to the epsilon neighbourhood === In convergence statements in the real numbers one usually considers only <math>\varepsilon</math> neighbourhood. In doing so, one would actually have to consider in topological spaces for arbitrary neighbourhoods from <math>U \in \mathfrak{U}_{\mathcal{T}} (a)</math> find an index bound <math>i_U\in I</math> of a net <math>(x_i)_{i\in I}</math> above which all <math>x_i \in U</math> lie with <math>i \geq i_U</math>. However, since the <math>\varepsilon</math> neighbourhoods are an neighbourhood basis, by the convergence definition one only needs to show the property for all neighbourhoods with <math>\varepsilon > 0</math>. == Convergence in topological spaces == Let <math>(X,\mathcal{T})</math> be a topological space, <math>a\in X</math>, <math>I</math> an index set (partial order) and <math>(x_{i})_{i\in I}\in X^{I}</math> a mesh. The convergence of <math>(x_{i})_{i\in I}\in X^{I}</math> against <math>a\in X</math> is then defined as follows: :<math display="block"> \begin{array}{rcl} \displaystyle{\stackrel{\mathcal{T}}{\lim_{i\in I}} \, x_i = a } & :\longleftrightarrow & \forall_{U \in \mathfrak{U}_{\mathcal{T}} (a)} \exists_{i_U \in I} \forall_{i \geq i_U} : \, x_i \in U \\ \end{array} </math>. (where "<math>\leq</math>" for <math>I</math> is the partial order on the index set). == Definiton: Neighbourhood basis == Let <math>(X,\mathcal{T})</math> be a topological space, <math>a\in X</math> and <math>\mathfrak{U}_{\mathcal{T}} (a) </math> the set of all neighbourhoods of <math>a\in X</math>. <math>\mathfrak{B}_{\mathcal{T}} (a) </math> is called the neighbourhood basis of <math>\mathfrak{U}_{\mathcal{T}} (a) </math> if for every :<math>\mathfrak{B}_{\mathcal{T}} (a) \subseteq \mathfrak{U}_{\mathcal{T}} (a) \wedge \forall_{U\in \mathfrak{U}_{\mathcal{T}} (a)} \exists_{B \in \mathfrak{B}_{\mathcal{T}} (a)}: \, B \subseteq U</math>. === Remark: Epsilon spheres in normalized spaces === Let <math>(V,\| \cdot \|)</math> be a [[norms, metrics, topology|normed space]], then the <math>\varepsilon</math> spheres form :<math>B_\varepsilon^{\| \cdot \|}(a) := \left\{v\in V\, ; \, \|v-a\| < \varepsilon \right\}</math> an ambient basis of <math>\mathfrak{B}_{\mathcal{T}} (a) </math> the set of all environments of <math>\mathfrak{U}_{\mathcal{T}} (a) </math> of <math>a\in V</math>. === Learning Task 1 === Let <math>(X,\mathcal{T})</math> be a toplogic space with chaotic topology <math>\mathcal{T}:= \{\emptyset, X\}</math>. * Determine <math>\mathfrak{U}_{\mathcal{T}} (a) </math> for any <math>a \in X</math>. * Show that any sequence <math>(x_{n})_{n\in \mathbb{N}}\in X^{\mathbb{N}}</math> converges in <math>(X,\mathcal{T})</math> against any limit <math>a \in X</math>. === Learning Task 2 === Let <math>(X,d)</math> be a metric space with the discrete topology given by the metric: :<math>d(x,y):= \left\{\begin{array}{lcl} 0 & \mbox{ for } & x = y \\ 1 & \mbox{ for } & x \not= y \\ \end{array}\right.</math>. * Determine <math>\mathfrak{U}_{\mathcal{T}} (a) </math> for any <math>a \in X</math>. * How many sets make up <math>\mathfrak{B}_{\mathcal{T}} (a) </math> minimal for any <math>a \in X</math>? * Formally state all sequences <math>(x_{n})_{n\in \mathbb{N}}\in X^{\mathbb{N}}</math> in <math>(X,d)</math> that converge to a limit <math>a \in X</math>! == Definition: open sets == Let <math>(X,\mathcal{T})</math> be a [[norms, metrics, topology|topological space]] and <math>\mathcal{T}\subseteq \wp(X)</math> be the system of open sets, that is: :<math> U\subseteq X \mbox{ open } :\Longleftrightarrow U \in \mathcal{T}</math>. == Task == Let <math>(\mathbb{R},\mathcal{T})</math> be a [[norms, metrics, topology|topological space]] on the basic set of real numbers. However, the topology does not correspond to the Euclic topology over the set <math>|\cdot |</math>, but the open sets are defined as follows. :<math> U \in \mathcal{T} \mbox{ open } :\Longleftrightarrow U=\emptyset \mbox{ or } U\subseteq \mathbb{R} \, \mbox{ with } \, U^c \mbox{ countable}</math> * Show that <math>(\mathbb{R},\mathcal{T})</math> is a [[norms, metrics, topology|topological space]]. * Show that the sequence <math>\left( \frac{1}{n} \right)_{n\in\mathbb{N}}</math> does not converge to <math>0</math> in the topological space <math>(\mathbb{R},\mathcal{T})</math>. Here <math> U^c := \mathbb{R}\setminus U</math> is the complement of <math>U</math> in <math>\mathbb{R}</math>. == Remark: open - closed == By the system of open sets in a topology <math>\mathcal{T}\subseteq \wp(X)</math> the closed sets of the topology are also defined at the same time as their complements. == Definition: closed sets == Let <math>(X,\mathcal{T})</math> be a [[norms, metrics, topology|topological space]] and <math>\mathcal{T}\subseteq \wp (X)</math> be the system of open sets. :<math> M \subseteq X \mbox{ completed } :\Longleftrightarrow \exists_{U \in \mathcal{T}} : \, M = U^c := X\setminus U</math> == Definition: open kernel == Let <math>(V,\mathcal{T})</math> be a topological space and <math>M\subset V</math>, then the open kernel <math>\stackrel{\circ}{M}</math> of <math>M</math> is the union of all open subsets of <math>M</math>. :<math display="block"> \stackrel{\circ}{M} := \bigcup_{U \in \mathcal{T}, U\subseteq M} U </math>. == Definition: closed hull == Let <math>(X,\mathcal{T})</math> be a topological space. The closed hull <math>\overline{M}</math> of <math>M</math> is the intersection over all closed subsets of <math>W= U^c</math> containing <math>M</math> and <math>U</math> is open. :<math display="block"> \overline{M} := \bigcap_{U \in \mathcal{T}, U^c := X\setminus U \supseteq M} U^c </math> == Definition: edge of a set == The topological edge <math>\partial M</math> of <math>M</math> is defined as follows: : <math display="block">\partial M := \overline{M} \backslash \stackrel{\circ}{M}</math> == Remark: sequences and nets == In metric spaces, one can still work with the natural numbers as countable index sets. In arbitrary topological spaces one has to generalize the notion of sequences to the notion of nets. == Definition: nets == Let <math>T</math> be a topological space and <math>I</math> an index set (with partial order), then <math>T^I</math> denotes the set of all families indexed by <math>I</math> in <math>T</math>: :<math display="block"> T^I :=\{(t_i)_{i\in I}:t_i\in T \mbox{ for all }i\in I\} </math> == Definition: finite sequences == Let <math>V</math> be a vector space, then <math>c_{oo}(V)</math> denotes the set of all finite sequences with elements in <math>V</math>: :<math display="block"> c_{oo}(V):=\left\{ (v_n)_{n\in \mathbb{N}_0} \in V^{\mathbb{N}_0}: \exists_{\displaystyle N\in \mathbb{N}_0} \forall_{\displaystyle n\geq N} : \, v_n=0 \right\}. </math> == Definition: Algebra == An algebra <math>A</math> over the field <math>\mathbb{K}</math> is a vector space over <math>\mathbb{K}</math> in which a multiplication is an inner join :<math display="block"> \cdot : A \times A \longrightarrow A \quad (v,w) \longmapsto v\cdot w </math> is defined where for all <math>x,y,z\in A</math> and <math>\lambda \in \mathbb{K}</math> the following properties are satisfied: :<math> \begin{array}{rcl} x\cdot (y\cdot z) &=& (x\cdot y)\cdot z\\. x\cdot (y+z) &=& x\cdot y + x \cdot z \\ (x+y)\cdot z &=& x\cdot z + y\cdot z \\ \lambda \cdot (x\cdot y) &=& (\lambda \cdot x)\cdot y = x\cdot (\lambda \cdot y) \end{array} </math> == Definition: topological algebra == A topological algebra <math>(A,\mathcal{T}_A)</math> over the field <math>\mathbb{K}</math> is a topological vector space <math>(A,\mathcal{T}_A)</math> over <math>\mathbb{K}</math>, where also multiplication is :<math display="block"> \cdot : A \times A \longrightarrow A \quad (v,w) \longmapsto v\cdot w </math> is a continuous inner knotting. === Continuity of multiplication === Continuity of multiplication means here: :<math display="block"> \forall_{\displaystyle U\in \mathfrak{U}\, (0)} \exists_{\displaystyle V\in \mathfrak{U}\, (0)} : V\cdot V = V^2 \subset U </math> === Multiplicative topology - continuity === The topology is called multiplicative if holds: :<math display="block"> \forall_{\displaystyle U\in \mathfrak{U}\, (0)} \exists_{\displaystyle V\in \mathfrak{U}\, (0)} : V^2 \subset V \subset U </math> === Remark: Multiplicative topology - Gaugefunctionals === In describing topology, the [[Inverse producing extension/Topologization Lemma of Algebras|Topologization Lemma for Algebras]] shows that the [[norms, metrics, topology|topology]] can also be described by a system of Gaugefunctionals === Unitary algebra === The algebra <math>A</math> is called unital if it has a neutral element <math>e</math> of multiplication. In particular, one defines <math>x^o:=e</math> for all <math>x\in A</math>. The set of all invertible (regular) elements is denoted by <math>{\mathcal{G}} (A)</math>. Non-invertible elements are called singular. === Task: matrix algebras === Consider the set <math>V</math> of square <math>2\times 2</math> matrices with matrix multiplication and the maxmum norm of the components of the matrix. Try to prove individual properties of an algebra (<math>V</math> is a non-commutative unitary algebra). For the proof that <math>V</math> with matrix multiplication is also a topological algebra, see [[Course:Topological Invertibility Criteria/Topologization Lemma for Algebras|Topologization Lemma for Algebras]]. == Definition: sets and links == Let <math>(A,\mathcal{T})</math> be a topological algebra over the field <math>\mathbb{K}</math>, <math>\Lambda\subset \mathbb{K}</math> and <math>M_1,M_2</math> be subsets of <math>A</math>, then define :<math> \begin{array}{rcl} M_1 \times M_2 &:=& \{ (m_1,m_2) \in A \times A \,:\, m_1\in M_1 \wedge m_2 \in M_2\} \\ M_1+ M_2 &:=& \{ m_1+m_2 \,:\, m_1\in M_1 \wedge m_2 \in M_2\} \\ M_1\cdot M_2 &:=& \{m_1\cdot m_2 \,:\, m_1\in M_1 \wedge m_2 \in M_2\}\\ \Lambda \cdot M_1 &.=& \{\lambda\cdot m_1 \,:\, m_1\in M_1 \wedge \lambda \in \Lambda\}. \\ \end{array} </math> === Learning Tasks === Draw the following set <math>M_k</math> of vectors as sets of points in the Cartesian coordinate system <math>\mathbb{R}^2</math> with <math>M_1 := \left\{ \begin{pmatrix} 1\ 2\end{pmatrix}, \begin{pmatrix} 1\ 0 \end{pmatrix} \right\}</math> and <math>M_2 := \left\{ \begin{pmatrix} 3\ 2\end{pmatrix}, \begin{pmatrix} 0\ 1 \end{pmatrix} \right\}</math> and the following intervals <math>[a,b] \in \mathbb{R}</math>: * <math>[1,4] \times [2,3]</math>. * <math> M_1+ M_2</math>. * <math> [1,2] \cdot M_1</math>. == See also == * [[Topological vector space]] == Page Information == You can display this page as '''[https://niebert.github.io/Wiki2Reveal/wiki2reveal.html?domain=wikiversity&title=Inverse-producing%20extensions%20of%20Topological%20Algebras/topological%20algebra&author=Inverse-producing%20extensions%20of%20Topological%20Algebras&language=en&audioslide=yes&shorttitle=topological%20algebra&coursetitle=Inverse-producing%20extensions%20of%20Topological%20Algebras Wiki2Reveal slides]''' === Wiki2Reveal === The '''[https://niebert.github.io/Wiki2Reveal/index.html?domain=wikiversity&title=Inverse-producing%20extensions%20of%20Topological%20Algebras/topological%20algebra&author=Inverse-producing%20extensions%20of%20Topological%20Algebras&language=en&audioslide=yes&shorttitle=topological%20algebra&coursetitle=Inverse-producing%20extensions%20of%20Topological%20Algebras Wiki2Reveal slides]''' were created for the '''[https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/_Inverse-producing%20extensions%20of%20Topological%20Algebras Inverse-producing extensions of Topological Algebras]'''' and the Link for the [[v:en:Wiki2Reveal|Wiki2Reveal Slides]] was created with the [https://niebert.github.io/Wiki2Reveal/ link generator]. <!-- * Contents of the page are based on: ** [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inverse-producing%20extensions%20of%20Topological%20Algebras/topological%20algebra https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Inverse-producing%20extensions%20of%20Topological%20Algebras/topological%20algebra] --> * [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Inverse-producing%20extensions%20of%20Topological%20Algebras/topological%20algebra This page] is designed as a [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/PanDocElectron-Presentation PanDocElectron-SLIDE] document type. * Source: Wikiversity https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Inverse-producing%20extensions%20of%20Topological%20Algebras/topological%20algebra * see [[v:en:Wiki2Reveal|Wiki2Reveal]] for the functionality of [https://niebert.github.io/Wiki2Reveal/index.html?domain=wikiversity&title=Inverse-producing%20extensions%20of%20Topological%20Algebras/topological%20algebra&author=Inverse-producing%20extensions%20of%20Topological%20Algebras&language=en&audioslide=yes&shorttitle=topological%20algebra&coursetitle=Inverse-producing%20extensions%20of%20Topological%20Algebras Wiki2Reveal]. <!-- * Next contents of the course are [[]] --> [[Category:Wiki2Reveal]] [[Category:Functional analysis]] <noinclude> [[de:Kurs:Topologische Invertierbarkeitskriterien/Topologische Algebra]] </noinclude> 3mwu5cylo7tk954hxqlj57ewrwsscbp 118 298255 2691553 2691323 2024-12-12T02:11:13Z Jaredscribe 2906761 /* 17. Immediate Inference and Syllogistic Reasoning */ re-organize, copy MT / MP text from wp article [[Affirming the consequent]] (illicit conversion) 2691553 wikitext text/x-wiki <!--{{Infobox book | | name = Aristotle for Everybody: Difficult Thought Made Easy | image = File:Aristotle for Everybody, first edition.jpg | caption = Cover of the first edition | author = [[Mortimer J. Adler]] | country = United States | language = English | subject = [[Aristotle]] | publisher = [[Macmillan Publishers]] | pub_date = 1978 | media_type = Print ([[Hardcover]] and [[Paperback]]) | pages = 206 (paperback edition) | isbn = 978-0684838236 }}--> An Introduction to Common Sense and [[w:Aristotelianism|Aristotelian philosophy]] on wikisource, arranged according to Aristotle's list of intellectual virtues in Book VI of the [[w:Nicomachean_Ethics|Nicomachean Ethics]]. * Productive reason: [[#Part II: Aristotle's philosophy of Nature and of Art. Man the Maker]] * Practical reason: [[#Part III: Ethics and Politics. Man the Doer]] * Theoretical reason: [[#Part IV: Psychology, Logic, and Theory of Knowledge. Man the Knower]] Selected chapters compiled by {{cite book|title=Aristotle for Everybody: Difficult Thought Made Easy|title-link=Aristotle for Everybody|last=Adler|first=Mortimer|date=1997|publisher=Touchstone|ISBN=0-684-83823-0|location=New York|author-link=w:Mortimer J. Adler|orig-date=1978}} This is is his "Epilogue: for those who have read or wish to read to [[w:Aristotle|Aristotle]]", described as a "second table of contents" to his book, with a set of titles that "more precisely describes the Aristotelian doctrines being expounded in the five parts of [Adler's] book". Under the title of each of its twenty three chapters, there is are ''"brief statements, in Aristotelian language, of the doctrines being expounded in that chapter"'', ''which will printed in italics,'' with original research in plain font. The "list of references to appropriate portion's of Aristotle's works" were compiled by professor Adler.{{sfn|Adler|1978|loc=Epilogue, pp.192-193}} We accept his invitation to "check [his] exposition" using this reading companion "against the texts on which [he] has relied for the main tenets of Aristotle's thought"{{sfn|Adler|1978|loc=Epilogue, pp.192-193}}, and encourage other students to acquire and read Adler's book, and contribute to this project. For use as an undergraduate course on "Introduction to Philosophy" or "Introduction to Aristotle". == Part I: Man the Philosophical Animal == === 1. Aristotle's Fourfold Classification of Sensible, Material Substances: Inorganic Bodies, Plants, Animals, Men. [Philosophical Games] === ''The criteria by which Aristotle distinguished between living and non-living things; within the domain of living things, between plants and animals, and within the domain animal life, between brute animals and [[w:Rational_animal|rational animal]]<nowiki/>s, id est, human beings'' / [[w:Homo_sapiens|homo sapiens]]. Division by [[w:Dichotomies|dichotomies]] that are [[w:Jointly_exhaustive|jointly exhaustive]] and [[w:Mutually_exclusive|mutually exclusive]]. * [[w:Metaphysics (Aristotle)|Metaphysics]] [[s:Metaphysics (Ross, 1908)/Book 1|I.1]] * [[w:On the Soul|On the Soul]] [[s:On the Vital Principle/Book 1/Chapter 1|I.1]] [[s:On the Vital Principle/Book 1/Chapter 5|I.5]]; [[s:On the Vital Principle/Book 2/Chapter 1|II.1-3]],5,9; [[s:On the Vital Principle/Book 3/Chapter 1|III.3]],12 * [[w:History of Animals|History of Animals]] [[s:History_of_Animals_(Thompson)/Book_X|X.1]] * [[w:Generation of Animals|Generation of Animals]] I.1-9 IV.4-6 * [[w:Parts of Animals|Parts of Animals]] I.4-5 ''Aristotle was aware of difficulties in applying this scheme of classification. The difficulties arise because of the existence of borderline cases that straddle the lines that divide the living from the nonliving, and plants from animals.'' * [[w:History of Animals|History of Animals]] [[s:History_of_Animals_(Thompson)/Book_VIII|VIII.1]] ''The difference between [[w:Essence|essential]] and [[w:Accident_(philosophy)|accidental]] differences.'' * [[w:Categories (Aristotle)|Categories]] V * [[w:Metaphysics (Aristotle)|Metaphysics]] V.4,11; IX.8 === 2. The Range of Beings: The Ten Categories [The Great Divide] === ''The being of objects that do not exist in the way that sensible, material substances exist (e.g. mathematical objects, fictions, minds, ideas, [[immaterial substance]]<nowiki/>s, such as the disembodies intelligences that are the celestial motors, and God).'' [[w:Ousia|Ousia]] * Metaphysics III.5-6, XII.8, XIII.1-5 * On the Heavens, II.1, II.12 * On the Soul, III.4-6 ''The distinction between substance and accident, id est, between bodies and their attributes.'' * Categories 5-7 * Physics I.2 * Metaphysics VII.4-6 ''The foregoing distinction is related to the point that material substances are the subjects of change, and their accidents are the respects in which they change.'' * Physics I.6-7, II.3 ''Essence or specific nature in relation to substantial form.'' * Metaphysics, V.4, V.11, VII.16-, VIII1-6, IX.8 * On the Soul II.4 ''The hierarchy of specific natures or essences'' * Metaphysics VIII.3 * On the Soul, II.3 ''Aristotle's inventory of the various categories under which the accidental attributes of substance fall.'' * Categories 4 ''Among the accidents of substance, some are permanent or unchanging; these are the properties that are inseparable from the essential nature of each kind of material substance.'' * Topics V.1-3 ''Aristotle's policy with regard to the ambiguity of words.'' * On interpretation, 1 * Topics II.4 === 3. Productive, Practical, and Theoretic Reason or Mind [Man's Three Dimensions] === ''Aristotle's threefold division of intellectual activity or thought, into thought for the sake of making things, thought for the sake of moral and political action, and thought for the sake of acquiring knowledge as an end in itself.'' Aristotle's classification of three activities of a human being: making, doing, and knowing, corresponding to the three types of reason: productive, practical, and theoretical. Adler titles these sections "Man the Maker," "Man the Doer," and "Man the Knower," respectively. * Ethics VI.2-4 * On the Soul, III.7 == Part II: Aristotle's philosophy of Nature and of Art. [Man the Maker] == {{expand section|date=April 2021}} In response to the errors and partial truths of: * [[w:Parmenides|Parmenides]] and his disciple [[w:Zeno of Elea|Zeno of Elea]] * [[w:Heraclitus|Heraclitus]] and his disciple [[w:Cratylus|Cratylus]] Aristotle developed his theory of change. It involves distinction between [[w:inertia|inertia]] (or rest) and movement. In local motion, there is a distinction between natural movement and violent or [[w:projectile motion|projectile motion]]. There is also change in quality, such as when a green tomato ripens and becomes red. This type of change can be either natural or artificial, for example a green chair can be painted red. There can be a change in quantity. There can also be [[w:generation and corruption|generation and corruption]] - coming to be and passing away. Aristotle takes note of what we now call [[w:conservation of matter|conservation of matter]]. === 4. Nature as artist and the human artist as imitator of nature === ''The difference between what happens by nature and what happens by art.'' * Physics I.7-8; II.1-3, II.8-9 * Poetics 1-4 ''The difference between what happens by art and what happens by chance.'' * Physics II.4-6 * Politics I.11 ''The difference between the changes brought about by nature and the changes brought about by art'' * Metaphysics VII.7-9 ''The difference between man's production of corporeal things and the generation or procreation of living things in nature.'' * Generation of Animals * Metaphysics VII.7 === 5. Three main modes of accidental change: change of place, change of quality, change of quantity === === 6. Aristotle's doctrine of the [[w:four causes|four causes]]: efficient, material, formal, and final. === Physics, [https://el.wikisource.org/wiki/%CE%A6%CF%85%CF%83%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE%CF%82_%CE%91%CE%BA%CF%81%CE%BF%CE%AC%CF%83%CE%B5%CF%89%CF%82/2#%CE%9A%CE%B5%CF%86%CE%AC%CE%BB%CE%B1%CE%B9%CE%BF_3 II.3-9] Metaphysics [[wikisource:Metaphysics_(Ross,_1908)/Book_1|I]].3-10, [[wikisource:Metaphysics_(Ross,_1908)/Book_5|V]].3, VI.2-3, VII.17, VIII.2-4, IX.8, XII.4-5 === 7. Further developments in the theory of [[w:Potentiality and actuality|Potentiality and Actuality]], and Matter and Form, especially with respect to [[w:substantial change|substantial change]], or Generation and Corruption. [To Be or Not to Be] === === 8. Aristotle's analysis of the intellectual factors in artistic production and his classification of the arts [Productive ideas and know-how] === [[w:Aristotelian physics|Aristotelian physics]] [[w:Theory of impetus|Theory of impetus]] == Part III: Ethics and Politics [Man the Doer] == === 9. The End as the First Principle in Practical thinking and the Use of Means as the Beginning of Action: The End as First in the Order of Intention and Last in the Order of Execution === ''The good as the desirable and the desirable as the good'' * Nicomachean Ethics I.1-2 ''The distinction between ends and means as good desirable for their own sake and goods desirable for the sake of something else.'' * Ethics I.5, I.7, 1.9 ''The ultimate end in practical thinking compared with axioms or self-evident truths in theoretical thinking.'' * Posterior Analytics I.2 === 10. Happiness Conceived as That Which Leaves Nothing to Be Desired and, as so Conceived, the Final or Ultimate End to Be Sought === ''The distinction between living and living well.'' * Politics I.1-2, I.9 ''The conception of happiness as a whole good life, together with various views held by individuals concerning what a good life consists in'' * Ethics I.4-5, I.7-10; X:2, X:6-8 === 11. Distinction Between Real and Apparent Goods, or Between Goods that Ought to Be Desired and Goods That are in Fact Desired, Together with Distinction between Natural and Acquired Desires === === 12. Real Goods === === 13. Moral Virtue and Good Fortune === === 14 Obligations of the Individual === === 15. Role of the State in Abetting or Facilitating the Individual's Pursuit of Happiness === {{Expand section|date=April 2021}} == Part IV: Psychology, Logic, and Theory of Knowledge [Man the Knower] == === 16. The Senses and the Intellect: Perception, Memory, Imagination, and Conceptual Thought === ''Language in relation to thought.'' * Categories I * On Interpretation, 1-2 ''Account of the external senses and of their distinction from the interior senses: the [[w:Common_sense#Aristotelian|common sense]], memory, and imagination.'' * On the Soul II.5-12, III.1-3 * Sense and the Sensible * History of Animals IV.8 ''Distinction between mere sensations and perceptual experience'' * Metaphysics I.1 ''Doctrine that sensations and ideas, taken by themselves or in isolation, are neither true nor false'' * Categories 4 * On Interpretation 1 * On the Soul II.6, III.3, III.6 * Metaphysics IV.5, V.29 === 17. Immediate Inference and Syllogistic Reasoning === ''The [[w:Law_of_contradiction|law of contradiction]] as an ontological principle and as a rule of thought.'' It is [[w:Self-evident|self-evident]]: immediately obvious to [[w:Common_sense#Aristotelian|common sense]] and undeniable. * On Interpretation 6 * Prior Analytics II.17 * Posterior Analytics I.11 * Metaphysics IV.3-8; IX.5-6 ''The [[w:Square_of_opposition|square of opposition]]: contradictories, contraries, and subcontraries''. Subalterns, eductions. * On Interpretation 6, 10 * Categories 10 * Prior Analytics I.2 ''[[Immediate inference]] based on the square of opposition'' The [[w:Contrapositive|contrapositive]] statement has the same truth value, but [[w:Illicit_conversion|conversion is illicit]], a common fallacy aka "affirming the consequent". Two related ''valid'' forms of logical argument include ''[[w:Modus_tollens|modus tollens]]'' (denying the consequent) and ''[[w:Modus_ponens|modus ponens]]'' (affirming the antecedent) , On Interpretation 7-10 * Prior Analytics I.2-3; II.8-10, II.22 ''Rules of the [[w:Syllogism|syllogism]].'' Has a major premise and minor premise that share a middle term, therefore called "mediated inference". *Prior Analytics I *Posterior Analytics I.12 ''Distinction between [[w:Logical_validity|logical validity]] and factual truth.'' Since/therefore asserts the truth of the premise and the inference, whereas if/then is a hypothetical that only asserts the correctness of the inference. *Prior Analytics II.2-4 *Posterior Analytics I.12 The [[w:Enthymeme|enthymeme]] in rhetorical argument: a rhetorical syllogism that omits a premise or even the conclusion, to be filled in by the listener as obvious. *Prior Analytics II.27 *Rhetoric II.20-22 A single [[w:Counter-example|counter-example]] falsifies generalization. [[w:Logical_disjunction|Strong disjunction]] (exclusive), weak disjunction. === 18. Theoretical and Practical Truth === ''The [[w:Truth#Ancient_Greek_philosophy|definition of truth]]'' * Metaphysics IV.7 * Categories 5 ''The truth of [[w:Axioms|axioms]] or [[w:First_principle|first principle]]<nowiki/>s: self-evident truths.'' * Posterior Analytics I.3, I.5, I.10, I,12 ''Sentences that are neither true nor false'' * On Interpretation 2 ''Aristotle's theory of the difference between the truth of factual and of normative statements: "is-statements" and "ought-statements".'' Anticipating Hume's objection in the fictious "[[w:Is–ought_problem|Is–ought_problem]]" * Ethics IV.2 ''The certitude or probability with which propositions are affirmed or denied.'' * On Interpretation 9 * Prior Analytics I.13; II.25 * Posterior Analytics I.2; I.6; I.8; I.30; I.33 * Metaphysics IV.4-6; VI.1; IX.6-7 === 19. Theory of Knowledge and Distinction between Knowledge and Right Opinion === {{Expand section|date=April 2021}} == Part V: Difficult Philosophical Questions == {{Expand section|date=April 2021}} == Fair use of a Derivative and Copyrighted Work derived from Primary Sources in the Public Domain == Adler's epilogue is a derivative work of Aristotle's, which are in the public domain. His "Epilogue/second table of contents" is a "selection and arrangement" (and as such may be copyrighted). Reproducing it is necessary to the project to analyzing and evaluating the book, reproducing the TOC is likely to improve rather than hurt sales of the copyrighted book. Furthermore, the original being a derivative of public domain works, it is consistent with the spirit and intent of the author to create further derivative works, and furthermore he has specifically invited his readers and students to "check his exposition" against the originals. For all these reasons and more, I content that this companion course is "fair use" of Adler's "second table of contents" to his book. * [[User:Jaredscribe/WV:TOC is fair use|User:Jaredscribe/WV:Toc is fair use]] And if non-free, and if not allowed under fair use: [[w:Wikipedia:Requesting_copyright_permission#For_text|Wikipedia:Requesting_copyright_permission#For_text]] [[w:Wikipedia:Example_requests_for_permission#Generalized_Formal_Letter|Wikipedia:Example_requests_for_permission#Generalized_Formal_Letter]] To host this companion course on Wikiversity would honor this work in particular, would not harm but likely improve sales of his book, and would honor his lifework in general, by its harmony with the manifestos for democratic "public education" in the liberal arts, published by professor Adler and his colleagues in "The [[w:Paideia_Proposal|Paideia Proposal]]" and elsewhere. That there be no doubt, the editors request that Simon & Schuster, Touchstone Book make a [[w:Wikipedia:Declaration_of_consent_for_all_enquiries|Wikipedia:Declaration_of_consent_for_all_enquiries]]. This course is being migrated from the wikipedia article [[w:Aristotle_for_Everybody|Aristotle for Everybody]], as it is more appropriate to this project than that. ==Notes== {{reflist}} == Further Reading and Commentary suggested by Wikiversity Professors == {{refbegin}} * {{cite book|title=Aristotle for Everybody: Difficult Thought Made Easy|title-link=Aristotle for Everybody|last=Adler|first=Mortimer|date=1997|publisher=Touchstone|ISBN=0-684-83823-0|location=New York|author-link=w:Mortimer J. Adler|orig-date=1978}} * {{cite book|title=The Basic Works of Aristotle|author=Aristotle|date=1941|publisher=Random House|editor=Richard McKeon|editor-link=w:Richard McKeon|location=New York|author-link=Aristotle}} * {{Cite book|title=Aristotle: A Very Short Introduction|last=Barnes|first=Jonathan|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2000|isbn=978-0-19-285408-7|author-link=w:Jonathan Barnes}} {{refend}} === Classic and Scholastic Expositors === *[[s:Isagoge (Owen)|Isagoge]] (Introduction) to Aristotle's [[s:Organon_(Owen)/Categories|Categories]] by [[w:Porphyry]] ''not recommended'' but of significant influence in late antiquity through middle ages. *[[s:The_Guide_for_the_Perplexed_(1904)|Guide to the Perplexed]], by [[w:Maimonides|Maimonides]] ''recommended'': its latin translation initiated the [[w:Scholastic|Scholastic]] movement that created the medieval universities. 8lznfvmw9qcplnsgzxj3erw9f6ks6e1 0 304159 2691519 2615426 2024-12-11T22:52:17Z CommonsDelinker 9184 Removing [[:c:File:Pokemon-go-1569794_1920.jpg|Pokemon-go-1569794_1920.jpg]], it has been deleted from Commons by [[:c:User:IronGargoyle|IronGargoyle]] because: per [[:c:Commons:Deletion requests/File:Pokemon-go-1569794 1920.jpg|]]. 2691519 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Game & Watch Super Mario Bros - Color Screen (4).jpg|thumb|'''Game & Watch''' series make handheld console game widely popular|left]] [[wikipedia:Video_game|Video game]] had been developed very fast in the recent decades, from TV game “Tennis for two<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|date=2024-03-13|title=Tennis for Two|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tennis_for_Two&oldid=1213507989|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}}</ref>” in 1958 to Atari console game Atari 2600<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|date=2024-03-06|title=Atari 2600|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Atari_2600&oldid=1212170595|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}}</ref> in 1970’s, [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arcade_game&oldid=1213929162 Arcade game] in 1980’s, and [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Handheld_game_console&oldid=1214430816 handheld game console]like "Game & Watch<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|date=2024-02-25|title=Game &amp; Watch|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Game_%26_Watch&oldid=1210128142|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}}</ref>" in 1980’s, "Game Boy<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|date=2024-03-20|title=Game Boy|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Game_Boy&oldid=1214629216|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}}</ref>" in early 1990’s, and Sony Playstation 2<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal|date=2024-03-18|title=PlayStation 2|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=PlayStation_2&oldid=1214364377|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}}</ref> in early 2000 which had combination of many technology, it is a [[wikipedia:Interactive_film#DVD_games|DVD games]] , [[wikipedia:Online_game|online games]] and cross [[wikipedia:Cross-platform_play|platform games]] . [[File:The International 2014.jpg|thumb|International Olympic Committee (IOC) had switch the name to eSports, and potentially it will be organized as part of Olympic sports event.]] When it reached the modern days, the generation had change the name from [[wikipedia:Video_game|video games]] to [[wikipedia:Console_game|console game]] to [[wikipedia:Arcade_game|arcade game]], and to [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mobile_game&oldid=1214409806 mobile game] In 2016 [[wikipedia:Summer_Olympic_Games|Summer Olympic Games]] in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, the national team competition was organised and called as [[wikipedia:EGames_(esports)|eGames]]. Today [https://olympics.com/ioc International Olympic Committee (IOC)] had switch the name to [https://olympics.com/en/esports/ eSports] , and potentially it will be organised as part of Olympic sports event. The changes in name are accompany by the evolution of the technology. Various technology had made the gaming world more realistic, more competitive and more addictive. == Gaming Technology Before 2000 == Before year 2000, the internet connection was relatively slow, and the gaming designed focus on stand alone, non-interactive machine. The game console, arcade game, TV game was the design trend. {| class="wikitable" |'''Year''' |'''Game''' !'''Display''' !'''Hardware''' !'''Graphics''' !Note |- |1958 |Tennis for two<ref name=":0" /> |Oscilloscope |Handheld customized controller |monotone color |First game created |- | colspan="5" |Arcade Game | |- |1971 |Computer Space<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2024-01-08|title=Computer Space|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Computer_Space&oldid=1194297363|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}}</ref> |Monochrome graphic diode arrays | * 7400 series integrated circuit * Customised control panel |monotone color |First arcade video game |- | colspan="6" |Console Game |- |1977 |Atari 2600<ref name=":1" /> |Analog 14” TV (NTSC) | * Game Console with Joystick, paddles or keyboard * 1.19Mhz CPU * 128bytes RAM * 4KB ROM | * 160 x 192 pixels * 128 colors |Popularized microprocessor-based hardware and games stored on swappable ROM cartridges |- |1980 |Game & Watch<ref name=":2" /> |2.36” LCD Screen | * 4-bit CPU * embedded ROM and RAM * one game only | * 320 x 240 pixels * Color screen |Make handheld console game widely popular |- |1988 |Sega Genesis<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2024-03-18|title=Sega Genesis|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sega_Genesis&oldid=1214433164|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}}</ref> |Analog TV (NTSC/ PAL) | * CD console * 7.6 MHz CPU * 256 bytes RAM * 16 Bit Joystick | * 320 x 224 pixels * 512 colors |Release of CD peripheral device Sega CD |- |1989 |Game Boy<ref name=":3" /> |2.6" LCD Screen |8 bit 1.19 Mhz CPU 8KB working RAM 128KB external RAM 32KB external GAME PAK ROM exchangeable game catridge |160 x 144 pixels 2-bit (four shades of "gray") |Exchangeable catridge to select from different games |- |2000 |PlayStation 2<ref name=":4" /> (online multiplayer game) |LED TV | * Dual shock 2 controller * Analog pressure sensitivity * Force feedback * Light gun * Fishing rod | * 480p * Some games support 1080p |it is a [[wikipedia:Interactive_film#DVD_games|DVD games]] , [[wikipedia:Online_game|online games]] and cross [[wikipedia:Cross-platform_play|platform games]] |- | colspan="6" |PC Game |- |1996 |MSN Games <ref>{{Cite journal|date=2023-09-21|title=MSN Games|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MSN_Games&oldid=1176386189|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}}</ref>(Microsoft internet gaming Zone) |Computer |Windows operating system | |Popularized web games or [[wikipedia:Browser_game|browser game]] |- |1999 |Pico’s Schools<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2024-03-20|title=Pico's School|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pico%27s_School&oldid=1214622913|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}}</ref> (Flash Game) |internet browser |PC operating system, like Windows, MacOS, Linux OS | |Kickstart the Flash Game |} == Gaming Technology After Year 2000 == The internet speed had improve tremendously after year 2000, from the speed of 56kb dial up modem<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2024-03-09|title=Dial-up Internet access|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dial-up_Internet_access&oldid=1212820130|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}}</ref> in 1998 to ADSL broadband speed of almost ten folds, that is 512kbs, fibre optic broadband that could achieve 500Mbs. Today it reach the generation of 5G<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2024-03-15|title=5G|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=5G&oldid=1213807170|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}}</ref>, the speed could achieved 10Gbps. The development of gaming technology focus on the interactive aspect, social capabilities, and the player experience analysis. The main technology that contributed to the building of this area included Artificial Intelligence, Augmented Reality, Big Data, Cloud Gaming, and the revolution of Graphic that made the gaming experience more interactive and more immersive.[[File:EA Sports FIFA 20 gaming Gamescom 2019 (48605678101).jpg|thumb|The EA Sports FIFA games utilised machine learning AI such that the computer players can learn from past matches and adapt their playing style to counter specific strategies used by human players|left]] === '''Artificial Intelligence''' === '''Machine Learning AI improving the gaming experience''' Traditional to game design where game algorithm always depends on Rule-Base AI<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2024-02-28|title=Rule-based system|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rule-based_system&oldid=1210732466|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}}</ref> , which is based on predetermine rules and defines the result as per pre-determined outcome, and modern gaming had applied Machine Learning (ML) AI<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2024-03-15|title=Machine learning|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Machine_learning&oldid=1213916442|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}}</ref> model which are dynamic, adaptable and able to handle complex situation better. “''Machine Learning system is built to adapt to new circumstances and to detect and extrapolate patterns''<ref>{{Cite book|title=Artificial intelligence: a modern approach|last=Russell|first=Stuart J.|last2=Norvig|first2=Peter|last3=Davis|first3=Ernest|date=2010|publisher=Prentice Hall|isbn=978-0-13-604259-4|edition=3rd ed|series=Prentice Hall series in artificial intelligence|location=Upper Saddle River}}</ref>” . "''The biggest difference between rule-based systems and machine-learning systems is that humans manually program rule-based systems, whereas machines automatically trained the system for greater adaptability.''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pecan.ai/blog/rule-based-vs-machine-learning-ai-which-produces-better-results/|title=Rule-Based Vs. Machine Learning AI: Which Produces Better Results?|last=Sivek|first=Susan Currie|date=2023-11-15|website=Pecan AI|language=en-US|access-date=2024-03-24}}</ref>" The machine learning AI personalised player experience and eliminate predictability of the game model. The ML had improve gaming experience by enhancing game analytical capability, prevent cheating and predicting player behaviour. The famous EA Sports's FIFA soccer game had introduce the machine learning capabilities, according to a interview with Sam Rivera, lead gameplay producer for ''[[wikipedia:FIFA_17|FIFA 17,]] "The difference you see is that there will be more and smarter activity from other players on the pitch. Your teammates are always doing something to create space or come and support. They understand better what's happening''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ea.com/games/fifa/news/fifa-17-active-intelligence-system|title=Active Intelligence System - FIFA 17 Developer Interview|last=Arts|first=Electronic|date=2016-07-14|website=Electronic Arts Inc.|language=en|access-date=2024-03-24}}</ref>''."'' The FIFA game had used the AI to simulate and predicting any moment of the game, understanding the logic of the player making a ball passing, analyse the attacking space === '''Augmented Reality''' === '''Augmented Reality (AR) make gaming environment more dynamic and captivating''' [[File:Wii Sports People playing Wii Baseball.jpg|thumb|Wii Sports<ref name=":5" /> players used their body movement to interact with the game, players used the motion sensor in the Wii controller to simulate their arm movement as hitting the ball.]] “Augmented reality is an enhanced, interactive version of a real-world environment achieved through digital visual elements, sounds, and other sensory stimuli via holographic technology. AR incorporates three features: a combination of digital and physical worlds, interactions made in real time, and accurate 3D identification of virtual and real objects.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://dynamics.microsoft.com/en-my/mixed-reality/guides/what-is-augmented-reality-ar/|title=What is Augmented Reality (AR) {{!}} Microsoft Dynamics 365|last=Corporation|first=Microsoft|website=dynamics.microsoft.com|language=en|access-date=2024-03-24}}</ref>” The Wii<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2024-03-12|title=Wii|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wii&oldid=1213331818|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}}</ref> in 2006, Nintendo’s fifth generation game concept had been make revolutionary changes of human interaction with virtual world. In Wii Sports<ref name=":5">{{Cite book|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315303239-4|title=Playing sports with Nintendo Wii in Berlin|last=Ferrin|first=Nino|last2=Kontopodis|first2=Michalis|date=2017-03-27|publisher=Routledge|location=Abingdon, Oxon ; New York, NY : Routledge, 2017. {{!}} Series: Routledge research in information technology and society ; 19|pages=39–52}}</ref> the players used their body movement to interact with the game character, players used the motion sensor in the Wii controller to simulate their arm movement as hitting the tennis ball. The players conveyed the real world's physical movement to virtual gaming world, and it make the interactive of the real-world environment through digital elements of the motion sensor. “''We used to think of, like, the best games are the most immersive. I really dive in . . . I live in the monitor. The world around me ceases to exist as I’m playing the game . . . immersive gaming. When you think about the Wii, you know, you’re sitting in a room with your friends playing the Wii. Most of the entertainment is not happening on the screen. . . . So basically you’re breaking away from this idea of an immersive game.''<ref>Steven E. Jones; George K. Thiruvathukal, "Active at the Periphery: The Wii Balance Board," in Codename Revolution: The Nintendo Wii Platform , MIT Press, 2012, pp.102</ref>” The phrase best describe that AR make the gaming so immersive and attractive. The AR used in mobile game develop subsequently “[[wikipedia:Zombies,_Run!|Zombies, Run!]]” in 2012 and “[[wikipedia:Pokémon_Go|Pokémon Go]]” in 2016 had make the world crazy with the AR game. In the game of [[wikipedia:Pokémon_Go|Pokémon Go]], the avatars moving in the game map which is synchronised with the actual GPS location of the real world. The player would found Pokemon monster when they went near their habitat. When the player found the [[wikipedia:Pokémon_Pocket_Monsters|Pokémon monster]], the [https://niantic.helpshift.com/hc/en/6-pokemon-go/faq/28-catching-pokemon-in-ar-mode/ AR mode] on the mobile phone screen generate a live generic background with the help of the mobile phone camera. The Player would try to capture the [[wikipedia:Pokémon_Pocket_Monsters|Pokémon monster]] or the [[wikipedia:Pokémon_Pocket_Monsters|Pokémon monster]] might escape. The immersive AR environment attracted the “[[wikipedia:Pokémon_Go|Pokémon Go]]” game crazy, and the game generate 130 million download in the first month. === '''Big Data''' === [[File:NOIRLab HQ Server Racks (6V6A0404-CC).tiff|thumb]] '''Platform provide real time data monitoring enable gaming developer to analyze and increase players engagement''' Big data<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2024-03-15|title=Big data|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Big_data&oldid=1213903199|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}}</ref> help gaming developer to known the numbers of active users, count of new users, the gamer’s favourite features, the bugs in different stage, and the metrics that matter. The exist of [https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/fabric/real-time-analytics/overview Real time Analytics] platform enable the developer to analyze the best practice that could make the game better. “Timely, in-depth data helps developers understand their players and give them what they want (and sometimes what they didn't even know they wanted!).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://developer.microsoft.com/en-us/games/articles/2020/05/how-to-implement-real-time-analytics-in-online-games/|title=How to Implement Real-time Analytics in Online Games|website=Microsoft Game Dev|language=en-US|access-date=2024-03-24}}</ref>” The analysis of big data enable game developer able to do behaviour analysis, tailor game design and compare the version of the game through [[wikipedia:A/B_testing|A/B testing]]. This largely improve the game features and make it more immersive === '''Cloud Gaming''' === '''Make cross-play or cross platform play possible''' [[File:Google Stadia Cloud-gaming (48605895992).jpg|thumb|Cloud gaming service lets you play the games you already own on digital game stores|left]] The gamer might used different operating system to play the game, [[wikipedia:Xbox|Xbox console]], [[wikipedia:Android_(operating_system)|Android]], [[wikipedia:IOS|IOS]], [[wikipedia:MacOS|MacOS]] or [[wikipedia:Microsoft_Windows|Microsoft Windows]], and when the player try to switch within the operating system they need the technology to help them. For example, the player used their account to played the game in [[wikipedia:Xbox|Xbox console]], and they are able to used the same account to play the game with their [[wikipedia:Android_(operating_system)|android]] phone or [[wikipedia:IPhone|iPhone]], Remote play<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.xbox.com/en-US/consoles/remote-play|title=Xbox Remote Play {{!}} Xbox|website=Xbox.com|language=en|access-date=2024-03-24}}</ref> lets you remotely play the games on your Xbox console on other devices. Cloud gaming runs video games on remote servers and streams the game's output (video, sound, etc) directly to a user's device. Cloud gaming<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2024-02-26|title=Cloud gaming|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cloud_gaming&oldid=1210428566|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}}</ref> had the advantage of significant reduction in cost of playing the games without buying expensive hardware, and do not need to download full game software to play. === '''Graphic technology revolution''' === '''Hardware and software in graphic technology make gaming world more realistic''' [[File:First Germanna eSports Club practice - 51503556343.jpg|thumb|The higher rate the screen is refresh give smoother experience for gaming. ]] Video games have been more real with the hardware improvement like [https://www.intel.com/content/www/us/en/products/docs/processors/what-is-a-gpu.html#:~:text=What%20does%20GPU%20stand%20for,video%20editing%2C%20and%20gaming%20applications. GPU], display sets, and various [[wikipedia:Software_rendering|software rendering]] technology. According to chipset giant Intel, “Today’s GPUs are more programmable than ever before, affording them the flexibility to accelerate a broad range of applications that go well beyond traditional graphics rendering.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.intel.com/content/www/us/en/products/docs/processors/what-is-a-gpu.html|title=What Is a GPU? Graphics Processing Units Defined|last=gaming|first=Graphics processing technology has evolved to deliver unique benefits in the world of computing The latest graphics processing unitsunlock new possibilities in|last2=Creation|first2=Content|website=Intel|language=en|access-date=2024-03-25|last3=Learning|first3=Machine|last4=gaming|first4=more Graphics processing technology has evolved to deliver unique benefits in the world of computing The latest graphics processing unitsunlock new possibilities in|last5=Creation|first5=Content|last6=Learning|first6=Machine|last7=more.}}</ref>” The high [https://developer.apple.com/documentation/metal/gpu_devices_and_work_submission/multi-gpu_systems/adjusting_for_gpu_memory_bandwidth_tradeoffs GPU bandwidth] help to move data within [[wikipedia:Video_random-access_memory#:~:text=Video%20random%2Daccess%20memory%20(VRAM,for%20display%20on%20a%20screen.|video random access memory (vRAM)]] to the computation core. The speed means better 2D/3D graphics rendering, and the games can be play at higher resolution, and faster [[wikipedia:Frame_rate|frame rates]]. The higher rate the screen is refresh give smoother experience for gaming. Intel had mentioned that "''if your display has a refresh rate of 144Hz, it is refreshing the image 144 times per second. When paired with the high frame rates produced by a GPU and CPU working together, this can result in a smoother experience and potentially higher FPS''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.intel.com/content/www/us/en/gaming/resources/highest-refresh-rate-gaming.html|title=What Is Refresh Rate and Why Is It Important?|last=testing|first=Gaming at a high refresh rate can make a big difference Here’s what to know about|last2=optimizing|website=Intel|language=en|access-date=2024-03-25|last3=testing|first3=choosing a high-refresh rate display Gaming at a high refresh rate can make a big difference Here’s what to know about|last4=optimizing|last5=Display|first5=Choosing a High-Refresh Rate}}</ref>" The display screen, include those computer monitor, TV sets, phone and pad with LED or OLED screen able to provide higher [[wikipedia:Pixel_density#:~:text=%22PPI%22%20or%20%22pixel%20density,the%20area%20of%20the%20sensor.|pixel density]] include [[wikipedia:4K_resolution|4K resolution]] and [[wikipedia:8K_resolution|8K resolution]]. It had substantial impact on gaming experience that enhance the player’s visual experience and overall immersion. The player able to see more details in the gaming environment, characters, and surrounding objects. “According to a research conducted, “there are measurable benefits in that users score higher, require less virtual navigation, and have a greater awareness of the environment<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Sabri|first=Andrew J|last2=Ball|first2=Robert G|last3=Fabian|first3=Alain|last4=Bhatia|first4=Saurabh|last5=North|first5=Chris|date=2007-03|title=High-resolution gaming: Interfaces, notifications, and the user experience|url=https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intcom.2006.08.002|journal=Interacting with Computers|volume=19|issue=2|pages=151–166|doi=10.1016/j.intcom.2006.08.002|issn=0953-5438}}</ref>.” == The Future of Gaming == [[File:Activemarker2.PNG|thumb|The metaverse has been defined as a virtual reality space in which users can interact with a computer-generated environment and other users.]] There are growing amount of fans and players, the revenue of the gaming industry is growing very fast. Gaming market revenue had reach more than 1 billion USD<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.statista.com/topics/3121/esports-market/|title=Topic: eSports market|last=cycles|first=This text provides general information Statista assumes no liability for the information given being complete or correct Due to varying update|last2=Text|first2=Statistics Can Display More up-to-Date Data Than Referenced in the|website=Statista|language=en|access-date=2024-03-25}}</ref> with more than 240 million enthusiasts viewers<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.statista.com/statistics/490480/global-esports-audience-size-viewer-type/|title=Global eSports audience size by viewer type 2025|website=Statista|language=en|access-date=2024-03-25}}</ref>. This could invite more investment in the gaming industry and more advance technology could be applied to the gaming world. With the deeper advancement in AR and VR technologies, the gaming are moving toward more immersive Metaverse ecosystem<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2024-02-14|title=Metaverse|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Metaverse&oldid=1207458808|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}}</ref>. As predicted by Forbes and other major media "The Metaverse Is the Next Frontier in Gaming<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/bernardmarr/2023/07/11/two-technology-trends-shaping-the-future-of-gaming/|title=Two Technology Trends Shaping The Future Of Gaming|last=Marr|first=Bernard|website=Forbes|language=en|access-date=2024-03-25}}</ref>" . "The metaverse has been defined as a virtual reality space in which users can interact with a computer-generated environment and other users. Nowadays, it is much more than that—the metaverse can be described as a variety of digital platforms and ecosystems, with each ecosystem as an independent universe with its own material, complementors, and functionalities<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Schöbel|first=Sofia Marlena|last2=Leimeister|first2=Jan Marco|date=2023-04-27|title=Metaverse platform ecosystems|url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s12525-023-00623-w|journal=Electronic Markets|language=en|volume=33|issue=1|pages=12|doi=10.1007/s12525-023-00623-w|issn=1422-8890}}</ref>." Moving towards Web 3.0<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2024-03-16|title=Web3|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Web3&oldid=1213955328|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}}</ref>, gaming players make more purchased that include game assets, earning of [[wikipedia:Cryptocurrency|cryptocurrencies]], the security focus on decentralised gaming activities, integrating [[wikipedia:Blockchain|blockchain]] into ecosystem.The different in game integration could exist in the the very near future. == References{{CourseCat}} == [[Category:Gaming]] 41fza8bwtj53ogev25y7ekuk7rtsocv 118 305623 2691411 2675372 2024-12-11T15:24:40Z Elías Fortaleza de la Fuerza Sánchez 2962785 /* Introduction */ 2691411 wikitext text/x-wiki ==Introduction== {{Portal|Languages}}{{Portal|Nigeria}}{{flag|Nigeria}} {{Protect}}Welcome to the first [[Draft:Nigerian Pidgin|Nigerian Pidgin language course]] on [https://en.wikiversity.org wikiversity] aimed to help anyone interested to learn how to speak Nigerian Pidgin.This page was created on Tuesday 11 June 2024. See '''[[Draft:Nigerian Pidgin/contributors|contributors]]''' if you want to edit this page. '''PROCEED TO THE <center><u>[[Draft:Nigerian Pidgin/main page|MAIN PAGE]]</u></center>''' to start learning. Visit the '''[[Draft:Nigerian Pidgin/discssion_forum|discussion forum]]''' to discuss any topics, questions or ideas or the '''[[Draft talk:Nigerian Pidgin|talk page]]'''. [[File:African language families en.svg|center|4096px|African language families]] ==Categories== {{primary}}{{secondary}}{{tertiary}}{{nonformal}}[[Category:Primary Education]][[Category:Secondary Education]][[Category:Tertiary Education]][[Category:Non-formal Education]][[Category:Humanities courses]][[Category:Nigerian Pidgin]] p70f50otf5yy3cp7x8fa6ug9k1s5qby 2691412 2691411 2024-12-11T15:36:52Z Elías Fortaleza de la Fuerza Sánchez 2962785 /* Introduction */ test 2691412 wikitext text/x-wiki ==Introduction== {{Portal|Languages}}{{Portal|Nigeria}}{{flag|Nigeria}} {{Protect}}Welcome to the first [[Draft:Nigerian Pidgin|Nigerian Pidgin language course]] on [https://en.wikiversity.org wikiversity] aimed to help anyone interested to learn how to speak Nigerian Pidgin.This page was created on Tuesday 11 June 2024. See '''[[Draft:Nigerian Pidgin/contributors|contributors]]''' if you want to edit this page. '''PROCEED TO THE</br><center><u>[[Draft:Nigerian Pidgin/main page|MAIN PAGE]]</u></center>'''</br>Start learning at the main page. '''VISIT THE</br><center><a><e><i><o><r><s><t><u><v><w>[[Draft:Nigerian Pidgin/discssion_forum|DISCUSSION FORUM]]</w></v></u></t></s></r></o></i></e></a></center>''' to discuss any topics, questions or ideas or the '''[[Draft talk:Nigerian Pidgin|talk page]]'''. 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[[File:African language families en.svg|center|4096px|African language families]] ==Categories== {{primary}}{{secondary}}{{tertiary}}{{nonformal}}[[Category:Primary Education]][[Category:Secondary Education]][[Category:Tertiary Education]][[Category:Non-formal Education]][[Category:Humanities courses]][[Category:Nigerian Pidgin]] mx0v64zfx6156lgpusuvi91s0fhc58o 2691427 2691420 2024-12-11T16:03:14Z Elías Fortaleza de la Fuerza Sánchez 2962785 /* Introduction */ revamp 2691427 wikitext text/x-wiki ==Introduction== {{Portal|Languages}}{{Portal|Nigeria}}{{flag|Nigeria}} {{Protect}}Welcome to the first [[Draft:Nigerian Pidgin|Nigerian Pidgin language course]] on English Wikiversity, aimed to help any interested to learn to speak Nigerian Pidgin.</br>This page was created on Tuesday 11 June 2024.</br><center><i><u>'''WANT TO EDIT?</br>GO TO:</br>[[Draft:Nigerian Pidgin/contributors|CONTRIBUTE]]'''</u></i></center> '''PROCEED TO THE</br><center><i><u>[[Draft:Nigerian Pidgin/main page|MAIN PAGE]]</i></u></center>'''</br>Start learning at the main page. 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[[File:African language families en.svg|center|4096px|African language families]] ==Categories== {{primary}}{{secondary}}{{tertiary}}{{nonformal}}[[Category:Primary Education]][[Category:Secondary Education]][[Category:Tertiary Education]][[Category:Non-formal Education]][[Category:Humanities courses]][[Category:Nigerian Pidgin]] b5jtz5uortqr6l5yozi431fbqwn8hks 2691431 2691430 2024-12-11T16:17:00Z Elías Fortaleza de la Fuerza Sánchez 2962785 /* Introduction */ 2691431 wikitext text/x-wiki ==Introduction== {{Portal|Languages}}{{Portal|Nigeria}}{{flag|Nigeria}} {{Protect}}Welcome to the first Nigerian Pidgin language course on English Wikiversity, aimed to help any interested to learn to speak Nigerian Pidgin.</br>This page was created on Tuesday 11 June 2024.</br>'''WANT TO EDIT?</br>[[Draft:Nigerian Pidgin/contributors|CONTRIBUTORS]]'''</u></i></center></br>Go to contributors to edit this page. 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[[File:African language families en.svg|center|4096px|African language families]] ==Categories== {{primary}}{{secondary}}{{tertiary}}{{nonformal}}[[Category:Primary Education]][[Category:Secondary Education]][[Category:Tertiary Education]][[Category:Non-formal Education]][[Category:Humanities courses]][[Category:Nigerian Pidgin]] su8iancdnq9um0twzjh4fwmim200unw 2691433 2691431 2024-12-11T16:19:40Z Elías Fortaleza de la Fuerza Sánchez 2962785 /* Introduction */ 2691433 wikitext text/x-wiki ==Introduction== {{Portal|Languages}}{{Portal|Nigeria}}{{flag|Nigeria}} {{Protect}}Welcome to the first Nigerian Pidgin language course on English Wikiversity, aimed to help any interested to learn to speak Nigerian Pidgin.</br>This page was created on Tuesday 11 June 2024.</br>'''WANT TO EDIT?</br><center><i><u>[[Draft:Nigerian Pidgin/contributors|CONTRIBUTORS]]'''</u></i></center></br>Go to contributors to edit this page. 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[[File:African language families en.svg|center|4096px|African language families]] ==Categories== {{primary}}{{secondary}}{{tertiary}}{{nonformal}}[[Category:Primary Education]][[Category:Secondary Education]][[Category:Tertiary Education]][[Category:Non-formal Education]][[Category:Humanities courses]][[Category:Nigerian Pidgin]] 9ed9lht0jhjk28me7thaz24zxb60u7m 118 305626 2691474 2632380 2024-12-11T18:53:39Z Elías Fortaleza de la Fuerza Sánchez 2962785 Internal link change 2691474 wikitext text/x-wiki ==Contributors== This page shows the list of contributors for [[Draft:Nigerian Pidgin|Nigerian Pidgin]]. Please sign below with four tildes to add your name and talk page to the list before you start contributing. Thank You! ==List== #[[User:Elías Fortaleza de la Fuerza Sánchez|Elías Fortaleza de la Fuerza Sánchez]] ([[User talk:Elías Fortaleza de la Fuerza Sánchez|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Elías Fortaleza de la Fuerza Sánchez|contribs]]) 08:13, 11 June 2024 (UTC) 8ca7rus3sfwwctn31oz4szexxonwpk1 2691477 2691474 2024-12-11T18:55:50Z Elías Fortaleza de la Fuerza Sánchez 2962785 Elías Fortaleza de la Fuerza Sánchez moved page [[Draft:Nigerian Pidgin/contributors]] to [[Draft:Nigerian Pidgin/Contributors]]: Misspelled title 2691474 wikitext text/x-wiki ==Contributors== This page shows the list of contributors for [[Draft:Nigerian Pidgin|Nigerian Pidgin]]. Please sign below with four tildes to add your name and talk page to the list before you start contributing. Thank You! ==List== #[[User:Elías Fortaleza de la Fuerza Sánchez|Elías Fortaleza de la Fuerza Sánchez]] ([[User talk:Elías Fortaleza de la Fuerza Sánchez|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Elías Fortaleza de la Fuerza Sánchez|contribs]]) 08:13, 11 June 2024 (UTC) 8ca7rus3sfwwctn31oz4szexxonwpk1 0 305858 2691393 2653249 2024-12-11T12:50:48Z CommonsDelinker 9184 Removing [[:c:File:Symptom_Content_Overlap_for_Six_Brief_Mental_Health_Screeners.png|Symptom_Content_Overlap_for_Six_Brief_Mental_Health_Screeners.png]], it has been deleted from Commons by [[:c:User:Krd|Krd]] because: No permission since 28 November 2024 2691393 wikitext text/x-wiki === Poster Citation === Garg, M., Brockstein, H. J., & Youngstrom, E. A. (2024, August). Brief Mental Health Screeners for Youth in Primary Care: An Exploratory Content Analysis. Summer Internship Program at Nationwide Children's Hospital Summer Poster Day, Columbus, OH, United States. https://doi.org/10.17605/OSF.IO/R4MP3 ====== [https://osf.io/r4mp3/ OSF Link] ====== [[File:Symptom Content Percentages for Six Brief Youth Mental Health Screeners.png|thumb|This figure graphically displays the percentage of symptom types among each brief youth mental health screener analyzed by Garg and colleagues.]] === Item Content Overlap Figures === [[File:Description of Six Brief Youth Mental Health Screeners.png|thumb|Description of the measures analyzed in Garg's "Symptom Content Overlap for Six Brief Youth Mental Health Screeners".]] d6z4mtvgqvkqbvk0dn5y8svr4ya5x9u 0 306352 2691406 2638968 2024-12-11T14:06:57Z Alain.fabo 2499838 changed 1[n] into 1[2n]. Added that Fermat had discovered such property for 2^n+1 and 2^n-1 2691406 wikitext text/x-wiki <big>'''Abstract'''</big> This paper deals with binomial and odd power '''<math> n=2m+1</math>'''. It presents two ways of grouping terms so that <math>(x+y)^n</math> is always a sum of 2 coprime numbers: a first form <math>(x+y)^n=xa_n+yb_n </math>, and a second notable one with <u>squares</u> <math> (x+y) ^n =xc_n^2+yd_n^2 </math> . Finally with <math>n</math> prime, we show that '''<math> (a_n,b_n)</math>''' prime factors are congruent to '''<math> 1[2n]</math>''', whereas '''<math> (c_n,d_n)</math>''' congruent to '''<math> \pm 1[2n]</math>'''. <big>'''Introduction'''</big> We have searched how a powered number could systematically be shared into a sum of 2 coprime numbers. From binomial, we have studied different ways of grouping terms together so that <math>\forall n,~(x+y)^n=u_n+v_n, ~u_n \wedge v_n=1 </math> . With odd '''<math> n</math>''' and <math>(x,y)</math> coprime of opposite parity, we have found out two possibilities. They involve the same <math>f_n(x,y)</math> functions that we must now introduce. '''Definition''' Let us define <math>f_n(x,y)</math> functions as {{Box|<math>\quad n=2m+1, ~ f_n(x,y) =\sum_{k=0}^m {n \choose 2k} x^{m-k} y^k</math>}} '''Example''' <math>\quad \begin{array}{lll} f_3(x,y)=x+3y \\ f_5(x,y)=x^2+10xy+5y^2 \\ f_7(x,y)=x^3+21x^2y+35xy^2+7y^3 \\ f_9(x,y)=x^4+36x^3y+126x^2y^2+84xy^3+9y^4 \\ ... \end{array}</math> <big>'''Algebraic properties'''</big> '''Propositions''' {{Box|<math>\quad \begin{array}{lll} (x-y) ^n&=xf_n(x^2,y^2)&-&yf_n(y^2,x^2)&\quad(1)\\ (x-y) ^n& =xf_n(x,y)^2&-&yf_n(y,x)^2 &\quad(2) \end{array}</math>}} '''Proof''' Binomial theorem gives: <math>\forall n, ~(x+y)^n =\sum_{k=0}^n {n \choose k} x^{n-k} y^k</math> Here <math>n</math> is odd. So (1) is simply obtained by grouping together the odd power of <math>x</math> and <math>y</math> (2) is a consequence of (1). Indeed it gives <math>(x+y) ^n=xf_n(x^2,y^2)+yf_n(y^2,x^2) </math> Thus by multiplying: <math>(x-y) ^n(x+y) ^n=x^2f_n(x^2,y^2)^2+y^2f_n(y^2,x^2)^2 </math> And finally <math>(x^2-y^2) ^n=x^2f_n(x^2,y^2)+y^2f_n(y^2,x^2) </math> Which leads to the proposition by replacing <math>(x^2,y^2) \rightarrow (x,y) </math> '''Examples for (2):''' <math>\begin{array}{l}(x-y)^3=x(x+3y)^2-y(y+3x)^2\\ (x+y)^3=x(x-3y)^2+y(y-3x)^2\end{array}</math> <math>\begin{array}{l}(x-y)^5=x(x^2+10xy+5y^2)^2-y(y^2+10xy+5x^2)^2\\ (x+y)^5=x(x^2-10xy+5y^2)^2+y(y^2-10xy+5x^2)^2\end{array}</math> '''Examples in'''  <math>\mathbb{Z}</math>: <math>\begin{array}{lll} 17^3&= (5+12)^3 = 5\times 31^2 &+ 12\times 3^2\\ 17^5&= (5+12)^5 = 5\times 145^2 &+ 12\times 331^2\\ 17^7&= (5+12)^7 = 5\times 6929^2&+ 12\times 3767^2\\ 17^9&=(5+12)^9 = 5\times 138911^2&+ 12\times 42921^2 \end{array} </math> '''Proposition''' {{Box|<math>\quad \begin{array}{lll} (x+y)^n+(x-y)^n&=2xf_n(x^2,y^2)&\quad(3) \\ f_n(x^2,y^2)&=\sum_{k=0}^{n-1}(x+y)^{n-1-k}(y-x)^k&\quad(4) \end{array} </math>}} '''Proof''' (1) implies (3) (4): <math>\begin{array}{clcl} (x+y)^n&-&(x-y)^n&=2yf_n(y^2,x^2)\\ u^n&-&v^n&=(u-v)(\sum_{k=0}^{2m} u^{2m-k} v^k) \end{array}</math> So <math>f_n(y^2,x^2)=\sum_{k=0}^{2m}(x+y)^{2m-k}(x-y)^k </math> <big>'''Coprimality'''</big> Let us consider a more detailed form of <math>f_n(x,y)</math> : <math>\quad f_n(x,y)=\underbrace{x^m}_\text{k=0}+\underbrace{ny^m}_\text{k=m}+\underbrace{nmxy^{m-1}}_\text{k=m-1}+\sum_{k=1}^{m-2} {n \choose 2k} x^{m-k} y^k </math> '''Proposition''' {{Box|<math> 2\mid xy, ~x \wedge y=1 \Rightarrow\begin{cases} f_n(x,y) \wedge f_n(y,x)=1 &(5) \\ n\nmid x \Rightarrow x \wedge f_n(x,y)=1 &(6)\\ n\mid x \Rightarrow x \wedge f_n(x,y)=n&(7) \end{cases}</math> }} '''Proof''' First, <math>f_n(x,y)=x^m+ny^m+ xyP(x,y) </math> so <math>(x,y)</math> of opposite parity implies <math>f_n(x,y)</math> and <math>f_n(y,x)</math> odd. The rule on gcd, <math>a \wedge b=a \wedge b+ka</math>, immediately implies (6) and (7). Indeed, <math>f_n(x,y)=x^m+yP(x,y) </math>. And for <math>n \in \mathbb{P} </math>, <math>n \mid {n \choose 2k}</math> so <math>\dfrac{f_n(nx,y)}{n}=y^m+xP(x,y) </math> Assertion (5) needs more attention. Let us consider <math> p </math> a common odd prime divisor. The second form gives us <math> (x-y)^n \equiv 0 [p] </math>, thus <math> x \equiv y [p] </math> According to the definition of <math>f_n </math> <math> f_n(x,y) \equiv \sum_{k=0}^{m}{n \choose 2k} x^{m-k} y^{k} \equiv x^m (\sum_{k=0}^{m}{n \choose 2k}) \equiv x^m (2^{m-1})~[p] </math> Thus <math>f_n(x,y) \equiv 0 [p] \Rightarrow x\equiv 0[p]</math>, and the same <math>y \equiv 0[p] </math> Every divisor of <math>f_n(x,y)</math> and <math>f_n(y,x)</math> divides <math>x </math> and <math>y </math> <big>'''Prime factors'''</big> '''Conjecture''' {{Box|<math>n \in \mathbb{P}, 2\mid xy, ~x \wedge y=1, \quad \begin{cases} f_n(x,y)=\prod p_i^{v_i} &\Rightarrow p_i\equiv\pm1 [2n]&(8) \\ f_n(x^2,y)=\prod p_i^{v_i} &\Rightarrow p_i\equiv\pm1 [2n]&(9) \\ f_n(x^2,y^2)=\prod p_i^{v_i} &\Rightarrow p_i\equiv\ 1 [2n] &(10) \end{cases}</math>}} '''Note''' Fermat theorem gives <math>f_n(x,y) \equiv \pm 1[n] </math> and <math>f_n(x^2,y) \equiv 1[n]</math> . But what a surprise to discover that it also applies to all the prime factors! And much more specifically on the <math>f_n(x^2,y^2)</math> Let us remind the Fermat's theorem on sums of two squares: <math> x^2+y^2=\prod p_i^{v_i} \Rightarrow p_i\equiv 1 [4]</math> And the Euler's theorem: <math> x^2+3y^2=\prod p_i^{v_i} \Rightarrow p_i\equiv 1 [3]</math> , which is here <math>f_3(x^2,y^2)</math> Fermat had discovered that <math>2^n-1</math> and <math>\dfrac{2^n+1}{3}</math> had '''<math>1[2n] </math>''' prime factors (cf letters to Mersenne and Frenicle in 1640) Let us note that these <math>f_n(x^2,y^2)</math> also appear in Fermat-Wiles theorem with (3) '''Examples for <math>f_n(x,y) \equiv \pm 1[2n] </math>''' <math> \begin{array}{lll} f_{ 5 }( 6 , 11 ) &=1301 &\equiv1&[ 5 ] \\ f_{ 7 }( 6 , 11 ) &=181\times239 &\equiv-1\times1 &[ 7 ] \\ f_{ 11 }( 6 , 11 ) &=47820079 &\equiv1&[ 11 ] \\ f_{ 13 }( 6 , 11 ) &=8969\times177269 &\equiv-1\times1 &[ 13 ] \\ f_{ 19 }( 6 , 11 ) &=151\times386989747169 &\equiv-1\times-1 &[ 19 ] \\ f_{ 23 }( 6 , 11 ) &=5278223\times12238317893 &\equiv-1\times-1 &[ 23 ] \\ f_{ 29 }( 6 , 11 ) &=233\times521\times1309699\times14932891583 &\equiv1\times-1\times1\times-1 &[ 29 ] \\ f_{ 31 }( 6 , 11 ) &=683\times8803\times13128774105430771 &\equiv1\times-1\times1 &[ 31 ] \\ ... \end{array}</math> '''Examples for <math>f_n(x^2,y) \equiv 1[2n] </math>''' . The number of <math>-1[n]</math> factors is even <math>\begin{array}{lll} f_{ 5 }( 6 ^2, 11 ) &=5861 &\equiv1&[ 5 ] \\ f_{ 7 }( 6 ^2, 11 ) &=507809 &\equiv1&[ 7 ] \\ f_{ 11 }( 6 ^2, 11 ) &=89\times6029\times7129 &\equiv1\times1\times1 &[ 11 ] \\ f_{ 13 }( 6 ^2, 11 ) &=883\times2341\times160627 &\equiv-1\times1\times-1 &[ 13 ] \\ f_{ 17 }( 6 ^2, 11 ) &=67\times187067\times199591969 &\equiv-1\times-1\times1 &[ 17 ] \\ f_{ 19}( 6 ^2, 11 ) &=229\times683\times1901\times2963\times246469 &\equiv1\times-1\times1\times-1\times1 &[ 19 ] \\ f_{ 23}( 6 ^2, 11 )&=367 \times 4457595074737380607 &\equiv-1\times-1 &[ 23 ] \\ f_{ 29}( 6 ^2, 11 )&=1069838719517673460520580221 &\equiv1&[ 29 ] \\ f_{ 31}( 6 ^2, 11 )&=92861463243343352659695472649 &\equiv1&[ 31 ] \\ ... \end{array} </math> '''Examples with both squared variables:<math>f_n(x^2,y^2) \equiv 1[2n] </math>''' <math> \begin{array}{lll} f_{ 5 }( 6 ^2, 11 ^2) &= 118061 &\equiv1&[ 5 ] \\ f_{ 7 }( 6 ^2, 11 ^2) &= 34188379 &\equiv1&[ 7 ] \\ f_{ 11 }( 6 ^2, 11 ^2) &= 23\times89\times2377\times586961 &\equiv1\times1\times1\times1 &[ 11 ] \\ f_{ 13 }( 6 ^2, 11 ^2) &= 30187\times27342279823 &\equiv1\times1 &[ 13 ] \\ f_{ 19 }( 6 ^2, 11 ^2) &= 2129\times3079\times3039225397425209 &\equiv1\times1\times1 &[ 19 ] \\ f_{ 23 }( 6 ^2, 11 ^2) &=1663964075070633572800332299&\equiv1&[ 23 ] \\ f_{ 29 }( 6 ^2, 11 ^2) &=59\times11250493\times60508154689065340703592763&\equiv1\times1\times1 &[ 29 ] \\ f_{ 31 }( 6 ^2, 11 ^2) &=27466437659 \times422603394089373421296083801&\equiv1 \times1 &[ 31 ] \\ ... \end{array} </math> [[Category:Theorems]] ada0y8mdzmnach87yyowjexrgoaalj2 0 309964 2691391 2663121 2024-12-11T12:36:03Z Bocardodarapti 289675 2691391 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ Mathematical text/Definition |Text= Let {{mat|term=V|pm=}} be a {{ Definitionlink |Premath=K |vector space| |Context=| |pm=, }} and {{ Relationchain |F |\subseteq| {{op:Dual space|V|}} || || || |pm= }} be a {{ Definitionlink |linear subspace| |Context=| |pm= }} of the {{ Definitionlink |dual space| |Context=| |pm= }} {{mat|term= {{op:Dual space|V|}} |pm=}} of {{mat|term=V|pm=.}} Then {{ Relationchain/display | {{op:Orthogonal space|F}} || {{Setcond|v \in V| f(v) {{=}} 0 \text{ for all } f \in F}} |\subseteq| V || || |pm= }} is called the {{ Word of definition |orthogonal space| |pm= }} of {{mat|term=F|pm=.}} |Textform=Definition |Category= |Word of definition=Orthogonal space (linear subspace in dual space) }} gbyrjfiour79lpw6f88wp7ovdf9hr1m 118 310605 2691414 2690317 2024-12-11T15:38:02Z Eyoungstrom 1933979 /* Contact */ removed address 2691414 wikitext text/x-wiki == Institute for Mental and Behavioral Health Research (IMBHR) == === Overview === The Institute for Mental and Behavioral Health Research is located in the state-of-the-art Big Lots Behavioral Health Pavilion. The mission of faculty within the institute is to conduct innovative translational, clinical and epidemiological research focused on etiology, prevention and treatment of mental, emotional and behavioral disorders. In addition to collaborative efforts across the Nationwide Children’s Hospital campus, institute members work in collaboration with the Ohio State University Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Health and the OSU Institute for Behavioral Medicine Research. With 25,000 square feet of current research space and additional research space in development, the institute has flexibility for growth and offers ample room for staff and trainees. Embedded within the institute is the Center for Suicide Prevention and Research. Recently awarded a P50 grant from the National Institute of Mental Health, the CSPR hosts four principal investigators and a large staff to sustain the work of multiple NIMH-funded projects. '''[https://www.nationwidechildrens.org/research/awri-landing The Abigail Wexner Research Institute]''' is ranked among the top 10 for NIH funding among free-standing children's hospitals. === Center for Suicide Prevention and Research === '''''To save children's lives and reduce suicide in Ohio and beyond though prevention efforts and cutting-edge research.''''' The Center for Suicide Prevention and Research (CSPR) is a cornerstone of IMBHR. CSPR was created to address the growing problem of suicide among youth in central Ohio. Find out more about CSPR here: '''[[Institute for Mental and Behavioral Health Research (IMBHR) at Nationwide Children's Hospital/Center for Suicide Prevention and Research (CSPR)|Center for Suicide Prevention and Research (CSPR)]]''' === Current Research Showcase === [[File:RISE 2024 Cohort.jpg|thumb|This picture shows the 2024 Research at IMBHR Summer Experience (RISE) cohort.''Top (left to right): Emily Glatt, Maya Garg, Eric Youngstrom, Noreen Xu, Shannon Price.'' ''Bottom (left to right): Aarav Kukreja, Jeremy Baggs, Zachery Mondlak, Halle Deericks, Hannah Brockstein.'']] Congratulations to the RISE 2024 cohort! This past summer Nationwide Children's Hospital selected 9 undergraduate, post-baccalaureate, and graduate students from around the country to participate in the first annual installment of the Research at IMBHR Summer Experience (RISE) program. These students worked to further a diverse array of research efforts to NCH, building meaningful connections and developing their own careers along the way. Stay tuned for more information about RISE 2025! Check out this page for more information about RISE, including an in-depth recap of RISE 2024: '''[[Institute for Mental and Behavioral Health Research (IMBHR) at Nationwide Children's Hospital/Research at IMBHR Summer Experience (RISE)#Research at IMBHR Summer Experience (RISE)|Research at IMBHR Summer Experience (RISE)]]''' IMBHR Clinical Research Coordinators Marissa McClellan and Charles Sabgir are currently working on building a repository of notable publications authored by IMBHR members and collaborators on Zotero. For more information on this project, see the page below: '''[[Institute for Mental and Behavioral Health Research (IMBHR) at Nationwide Children's Hospital/Reference Management SOPs|Reference Management SOPs]]''' === Leadership === [[File:IMBHR Banyan Tree.png|thumb|This figure visually depicts the members of the Institute of Mental and Behavioral Health at Nationwide Children's Hospital using a Banyan tree to highlight the importance of collaboration at IMBHR.]] The Institute for Mental and Behavioral Health Research is led by Eric Youngstrom, PhD, a nationally renowned psychologist specializing in the relationship of mood and psychopathology, and the clinical assessment of children and families. Dr. Youngstrom’s research focuses on improving clinical assessment instruments for differential diagnoses and on predicting a child’s treatment progress, especially for bipolar disorder. In addition to being the institute’s inaugural director, he will be the first recipient of the DiMarco Family Endowed Chair in Mental and Behavioral Health Research at Nationwide Children’s Hospital. Dr. Youngstrom was twice elected President of the Society of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, and was President of the Society of Quantitative and Qualitative Methods. He consulted on the 5th revision of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM-5) and the International Classification of Diseases (ICD-11) and chaired the Work Group on Child Diagnosis for the International Society for Bipolar Disorders. He is the first recipient of the Early Career Award from the Society of Child and Adolescent Clinical Psychology; an elected full member of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology; and a fellow of the American Psychological Association (Divisions 5, 12, and 53), as well as the Association for Psychological Science and the Association for Behavioral and Cognitive Therapies. === Contact === '''Jacqueline Pazaropoulos''' - Administrative Support Lead The Institute for Mental and Behavioral Health Research === IMBHR Talks and Conferences === <small>[insert OSF links here]</small> === Helpful Links and Graphics === Employee Recognition- eCards https://nationwidechildrens.sharepoint.com/sites/A10095/SitePages/ECard-Recognition-Program.aspx sacn65xn38rjeyikeenejsahinlfpxy 2691415 2691414 2024-12-11T15:38:53Z Eyoungstrom 1933979 /* Contact */ changed title to BOC 2691415 wikitext text/x-wiki == Institute for Mental and Behavioral Health Research (IMBHR) == === Overview === The Institute for Mental and Behavioral Health Research is located in the state-of-the-art Big Lots Behavioral Health Pavilion. The mission of faculty within the institute is to conduct innovative translational, clinical and epidemiological research focused on etiology, prevention and treatment of mental, emotional and behavioral disorders. In addition to collaborative efforts across the Nationwide Children’s Hospital campus, institute members work in collaboration with the Ohio State University Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Health and the OSU Institute for Behavioral Medicine Research. With 25,000 square feet of current research space and additional research space in development, the institute has flexibility for growth and offers ample room for staff and trainees. Embedded within the institute is the Center for Suicide Prevention and Research. Recently awarded a P50 grant from the National Institute of Mental Health, the CSPR hosts four principal investigators and a large staff to sustain the work of multiple NIMH-funded projects. '''[https://www.nationwidechildrens.org/research/awri-landing The Abigail Wexner Research Institute]''' is ranked among the top 10 for NIH funding among free-standing children's hospitals. === Center for Suicide Prevention and Research === '''''To save children's lives and reduce suicide in Ohio and beyond though prevention efforts and cutting-edge research.''''' The Center for Suicide Prevention and Research (CSPR) is a cornerstone of IMBHR. CSPR was created to address the growing problem of suicide among youth in central Ohio. Find out more about CSPR here: '''[[Institute for Mental and Behavioral Health Research (IMBHR) at Nationwide Children's Hospital/Center for Suicide Prevention and Research (CSPR)|Center for Suicide Prevention and Research (CSPR)]]''' === Current Research Showcase === [[File:RISE 2024 Cohort.jpg|thumb|This picture shows the 2024 Research at IMBHR Summer Experience (RISE) cohort.''Top (left to right): Emily Glatt, Maya Garg, Eric Youngstrom, Noreen Xu, Shannon Price.'' ''Bottom (left to right): Aarav Kukreja, Jeremy Baggs, Zachery Mondlak, Halle Deericks, Hannah Brockstein.'']] Congratulations to the RISE 2024 cohort! This past summer Nationwide Children's Hospital selected 9 undergraduate, post-baccalaureate, and graduate students from around the country to participate in the first annual installment of the Research at IMBHR Summer Experience (RISE) program. These students worked to further a diverse array of research efforts to NCH, building meaningful connections and developing their own careers along the way. Stay tuned for more information about RISE 2025! Check out this page for more information about RISE, including an in-depth recap of RISE 2024: '''[[Institute for Mental and Behavioral Health Research (IMBHR) at Nationwide Children's Hospital/Research at IMBHR Summer Experience (RISE)#Research at IMBHR Summer Experience (RISE)|Research at IMBHR Summer Experience (RISE)]]''' IMBHR Clinical Research Coordinators Marissa McClellan and Charles Sabgir are currently working on building a repository of notable publications authored by IMBHR members and collaborators on Zotero. For more information on this project, see the page below: '''[[Institute for Mental and Behavioral Health Research (IMBHR) at Nationwide Children's Hospital/Reference Management SOPs|Reference Management SOPs]]''' === Leadership === [[File:IMBHR Banyan Tree.png|thumb|This figure visually depicts the members of the Institute of Mental and Behavioral Health at Nationwide Children's Hospital using a Banyan tree to highlight the importance of collaboration at IMBHR.]] The Institute for Mental and Behavioral Health Research is led by Eric Youngstrom, PhD, a nationally renowned psychologist specializing in the relationship of mood and psychopathology, and the clinical assessment of children and families. Dr. Youngstrom’s research focuses on improving clinical assessment instruments for differential diagnoses and on predicting a child’s treatment progress, especially for bipolar disorder. In addition to being the institute’s inaugural director, he will be the first recipient of the DiMarco Family Endowed Chair in Mental and Behavioral Health Research at Nationwide Children’s Hospital. Dr. Youngstrom was twice elected President of the Society of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, and was President of the Society of Quantitative and Qualitative Methods. He consulted on the 5th revision of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM-5) and the International Classification of Diseases (ICD-11) and chaired the Work Group on Child Diagnosis for the International Society for Bipolar Disorders. He is the first recipient of the Early Career Award from the Society of Child and Adolescent Clinical Psychology; an elected full member of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology; and a fellow of the American Psychological Association (Divisions 5, 12, and 53), as well as the Association for Psychological Science and the Association for Behavioral and Cognitive Therapies. === Contact === '''Jacqueline Pazaropoulos''' - Business Office Coordinator The Institute for Mental and Behavioral Health Research === IMBHR Talks and Conferences === <small>[insert OSF links here]</small> === Helpful Links and Graphics === Employee Recognition- eCards https://nationwidechildrens.sharepoint.com/sites/A10095/SitePages/ECard-Recognition-Program.aspx g2my39zgvj2o8ifjehdfzyl15acbrva 2691489 2691415 2024-12-11T19:50:17Z Eyoungstrom 1933979 Eyoungstrom moved page [[Institute for Mental and Behavioral Health Research (IMBHR) at Nationwide Children's Hospital]] to [[Draft:Institute for Mental and Behavioral Health Research (IMBHR) at Nationwide Children's Hospital]]: Marking as draft pending internal discussions with leadership and marketing at NCH 2691415 wikitext text/x-wiki == Institute for Mental and Behavioral Health Research (IMBHR) == === Overview === The Institute for Mental and Behavioral Health Research is located in the state-of-the-art Big Lots Behavioral Health Pavilion. The mission of faculty within the institute is to conduct innovative translational, clinical and epidemiological research focused on etiology, prevention and treatment of mental, emotional and behavioral disorders. In addition to collaborative efforts across the Nationwide Children’s Hospital campus, institute members work in collaboration with the Ohio State University Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Health and the OSU Institute for Behavioral Medicine Research. With 25,000 square feet of current research space and additional research space in development, the institute has flexibility for growth and offers ample room for staff and trainees. Embedded within the institute is the Center for Suicide Prevention and Research. Recently awarded a P50 grant from the National Institute of Mental Health, the CSPR hosts four principal investigators and a large staff to sustain the work of multiple NIMH-funded projects. '''[https://www.nationwidechildrens.org/research/awri-landing The Abigail Wexner Research Institute]''' is ranked among the top 10 for NIH funding among free-standing children's hospitals. === Center for Suicide Prevention and Research === '''''To save children's lives and reduce suicide in Ohio and beyond though prevention efforts and cutting-edge research.''''' The Center for Suicide Prevention and Research (CSPR) is a cornerstone of IMBHR. CSPR was created to address the growing problem of suicide among youth in central Ohio. Find out more about CSPR here: '''[[Institute for Mental and Behavioral Health Research (IMBHR) at Nationwide Children's Hospital/Center for Suicide Prevention and Research (CSPR)|Center for Suicide Prevention and Research (CSPR)]]''' === Current Research Showcase === [[File:RISE 2024 Cohort.jpg|thumb|This picture shows the 2024 Research at IMBHR Summer Experience (RISE) cohort.''Top (left to right): Emily Glatt, Maya Garg, Eric Youngstrom, Noreen Xu, Shannon Price.'' ''Bottom (left to right): Aarav Kukreja, Jeremy Baggs, Zachery Mondlak, Halle Deericks, Hannah Brockstein.'']] Congratulations to the RISE 2024 cohort! This past summer Nationwide Children's Hospital selected 9 undergraduate, post-baccalaureate, and graduate students from around the country to participate in the first annual installment of the Research at IMBHR Summer Experience (RISE) program. These students worked to further a diverse array of research efforts to NCH, building meaningful connections and developing their own careers along the way. Stay tuned for more information about RISE 2025! Check out this page for more information about RISE, including an in-depth recap of RISE 2024: '''[[Institute for Mental and Behavioral Health Research (IMBHR) at Nationwide Children's Hospital/Research at IMBHR Summer Experience (RISE)#Research at IMBHR Summer Experience (RISE)|Research at IMBHR Summer Experience (RISE)]]''' IMBHR Clinical Research Coordinators Marissa McClellan and Charles Sabgir are currently working on building a repository of notable publications authored by IMBHR members and collaborators on Zotero. For more information on this project, see the page below: '''[[Institute for Mental and Behavioral Health Research (IMBHR) at Nationwide Children's Hospital/Reference Management SOPs|Reference Management SOPs]]''' === Leadership === [[File:IMBHR Banyan Tree.png|thumb|This figure visually depicts the members of the Institute of Mental and Behavioral Health at Nationwide Children's Hospital using a Banyan tree to highlight the importance of collaboration at IMBHR.]] The Institute for Mental and Behavioral Health Research is led by Eric Youngstrom, PhD, a nationally renowned psychologist specializing in the relationship of mood and psychopathology, and the clinical assessment of children and families. Dr. Youngstrom’s research focuses on improving clinical assessment instruments for differential diagnoses and on predicting a child’s treatment progress, especially for bipolar disorder. In addition to being the institute’s inaugural director, he will be the first recipient of the DiMarco Family Endowed Chair in Mental and Behavioral Health Research at Nationwide Children’s Hospital. Dr. Youngstrom was twice elected President of the Society of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, and was President of the Society of Quantitative and Qualitative Methods. He consulted on the 5th revision of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM-5) and the International Classification of Diseases (ICD-11) and chaired the Work Group on Child Diagnosis for the International Society for Bipolar Disorders. He is the first recipient of the Early Career Award from the Society of Child and Adolescent Clinical Psychology; an elected full member of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology; and a fellow of the American Psychological Association (Divisions 5, 12, and 53), as well as the Association for Psychological Science and the Association for Behavioral and Cognitive Therapies. === Contact === '''Jacqueline Pazaropoulos''' - Business Office Coordinator The Institute for Mental and Behavioral Health Research === IMBHR Talks and Conferences === <small>[insert OSF links here]</small> === Helpful Links and Graphics === Employee Recognition- eCards https://nationwidechildrens.sharepoint.com/sites/A10095/SitePages/ECard-Recognition-Program.aspx g2my39zgvj2o8ifjehdfzyl15acbrva 118 310617 2691394 2690319 2024-12-11T12:50:57Z CommonsDelinker 9184 Removing [[:c:File:Symptom_Content_Overlap_for_Six_Brief_Mental_Health_Screeners.png|Symptom_Content_Overlap_for_Six_Brief_Mental_Health_Screeners.png]], it has been deleted from Commons by [[:c:User:Krd|Krd]] because: No permission since 28 November 2024 2691394 wikitext text/x-wiki == Research at IMBHR Summer Experience (RISE) == === Overview and Curriculum === This past summer, Nationwide Children's Hospital launched the RISE internship program. RISE provides exceptional summer opportunities for undergraduate, post-baccalaureate, and graduate students, particularly from backgrounds underrepresented in psychology and medicine. The RISE research mentorship faculty is comprised of over 9 NIH-funded principal investigators. The RISE curriculum includes: * An immersive summer experience in a research team working with neuropsychological, mental, sleep, and behavioral health data. * Learning about data capture (including in electronic medical records, as well as in structured survey tools and using AI). * Systematic reviews and meta-analyses, which are some of the most cited, high impact research one could do. * Assignment of a postdoctoral or faculty mentor to support readiness for further studies. * Weekly research seminars and professional development workshops on active research projects, psychology graduate school and medical school applications, test preparation, interviewing and other relevant topics. * Didactics about data wrangling, checking statistical assumptions, analysis, visualization, and presentation of findings. * Involvement in mentored projects that build skills and produce a suitable for presentation at the close of the internship. === RISE 2024 Recap === Between June 3rd and August 9th of 2024, RISE interns took an active role in groundbreaking research being conducted through IMBHR and NCH, involving the following: * Conducted self-directed research in psychology, culminating in the completion and presentation of 8 academic-style posters. ** Preliminary Gender-Based Differential Item Functioning of the BASC-3-PRS-C *** Authors: Aarav Kukreja, Emily Glatt, Hannah Brockstein, Jeremy Baggs, Kevin Stephenson, Eric Youngstrom *** [https://osf.io/fdpuv OSF Link] ** Assessing Content Overlap in Pediatric PTSD Scales: A Comparative Analysis *** Authors: Halle Deericks, Jeremy Baggs, Eric Youngstrom *** [https://osf.io/n2muv OSF Link] ** A Content Overlap Analysis of 7 Mania Rating Scales for Children and Adolescents *** Authors: Yinuo Xu, Phoebe Rodda, Jeremy Baggs, Eric Youngstrom *** [https://osf.io/53epk OSF Link] ** Brief Mental Health Screeners for Youth in Primary Care: An Exploratory Content Analysis *** Authors: Maya, Garg, Hannah Brockstein, Eric Youngstrom *** [https://osf.io/4ykax OSF Link] ** Seven Common Pediatric Depression Measures: An Item Content Overlap Analysis *** Authors: Shannon Price, Kevin Stephenson, Jeremy Baggs, Eric Youngstrom *** [https://osf.io/f5r69 OSF Link] ** Item Content Overlap of Catatonia Scales *** Authors: Zachery Mondlak, Eric Youngstrom, Musa Yilanli, Colleen Waickman *** [https://osf.io.vg8ay OSF Link] ** ADHD Assessment: Commonly Used Measures and When to Use Them *** Authors: Hannah Brockstein, Emily Glatt, Jeremy Baggs, Eric Youngstrom *** OSF Link: Not Public ** Latent Profiles of Manic and Depressive Symptoms and Their Associations with Eating Disturbances among Young Adults *** Authors: Yinuo Xu, Eric Youngstrom, Kevin Stephenson *** [https://osf.io/ruhvb OSF Link] * Worked to create a Nationwide Codebook for all data that can be exported from EPIC and REDCap. ** Obtained all measures utilized by the CDC, developed data dictionaries for each measure, and merged EPIC data to data dictionaries using a Shiny App created by Jeremy Baggs. ** Compiled LEAD codes with all possible DSM and ICD codes, which were later combined with diagnostic data to make answering research questions involving diagnostic data more feasible. * Helped to disseminate evidence-based psychology online though Wikipedia, Wikiversity, Creative Commons, Prospero, and the Open Science Framework. ** All interns learned how to use various Open Science tools to increase the accessibility and impact of their work, working alongside the 501(c)3 non-profit organization Helping Give Away Psychological Science. * Implemented Quarto documents, Git, Github, AI, Shiny Apps, and R to facilitate knowledge exchange between IMBHR projects and to beta test potential future adoption within IMBHR. ** Helped to create data visualizations for various research projects and converted 1000+ lines of SPSS to R code to enhance accessibility. * Worked with content experts to conduct mata-analyses on important topics in youth mental health, improving outcomes for youth and informing clinicians and researchers at NCH. ** Project 1: Working to establish the importance of the real relationship in psychotherapy by illustrating its impact on session or treatment outcome. ** Project 2: Re-examining the results from Sandbank et al. (2004), a mete-analysis that found intervention effects do not increase with increasing amounts of intervention for young autistic children. ** Project 3: Treatment of Pediatric Bipolar. {{multiple image|perrow = 4 | align = left | image1 = Description_of_Six_Brief_Youth_Mental_Health_Screeners.png | caption1 = Brief youth mental health screeners analyzed by Garg and colleagues. | image2 = | caption2 = Symptom overlap for brief youth mental health screeners. | image3 = Symptom_Content_Percentages_for_Six_Brief_Youth_Mental_Health_Screeners.png | caption3 = Types of symptoms assessed by brief youth mental health screeners. | image4 = Pediatric_Depression_Measure_Overview.png | caption4 = Pediatric depression measures analyzed by Price and colleagues. | image5 = Pediatric_Depression_Measure_Item_Content_Overlap_Chart.png | caption5 = Symptom overlap for pediatric depression measures. | image6 = Pediatric_Depression_Measure_Item_Content_Overlap_Map.png | caption6 = Item content overlap for pediatric depression measures. | image7 = Graph_of_Jaccard_Index_for_PBD_Screening_Scales.jpg | caption7 = Correlation between pediatric mania measures analyzed by Xu and colleagues. | image8 = Symptom_Content_Overlap_Heatmap_for_7_Pediatric_Mania_Screening_Measures.jpg | caption8 = Symptom overlap for pediatric mania measures. | image9 = Symptom_Content_Overlap_Map_for_7_Pediatric_Mania_Screening_Measures.png | caption9 = Item content overlap for pediatric mania measures. | image10 = Jaccard_Index_Table_-_Pediatric_PTSD_Scales.png | caption10 = Correlation between pediatric PTSD measures analyzed by Deericks and colleagues. | image11 = Heatmap_of_Pediatric_PTSD_Symptoms_by_Scales.png | caption11 = Symptom overlap for pediatric PTSD measures. | image12 = Item_Content_Overlap_Map_of_46_Symptoms_Across_9_Pediatric_PTSD_Scales.png | caption12 = Item content overlap for pediatric PTSD measures. | image13 = Description_of_10_Commonly_Used_ADHD_Measures.png | caption13 = ADHD measures analyzed by Brockstein and colleagues. | image14 = Symptom_Content_Overlap_for_10_Commonly_Used_ADHD_Measures.png | caption14 = Symptom overlap for ADHD measures. | image15 = Content_Overlap_of_Catatonia_Scales.png | caption15 = Correlation between catatonia measures analyzed by Mondlak and colleagues. | image16 = Heatmap of Catatonia Symptoms by Scales.png | caption16 = Symptom overlap for catatonia measures. | footer = All figures from research projects led by 2024 RISE interns have been included above. For more information about the 2024 item content overlap projects, please see the [[OToPS/Item Overlap Methodology|Item Overlap Methodology]] page. }} 2wj6w0887ade10sx9ug9gvdowiovtya 2691495 2691394 2024-12-11T19:50:18Z Eyoungstrom 1933979 Eyoungstrom moved page [[Institute for Mental and Behavioral Health Research (IMBHR) at Nationwide Children's Hospital/Research at IMBHR Summer Experience (RISE)]] to [[Draft:Institute for Mental and Behavioral Health Research (IMBHR) at Nationwide Children's Hospital/Research at IMBHR Summer Experience (RISE)]]: Marking as draft pending internal discussions with leadership and marketing at NCH 2691394 wikitext text/x-wiki == Research at IMBHR Summer Experience (RISE) == === Overview and Curriculum === This past summer, Nationwide Children's Hospital launched the RISE internship program. RISE provides exceptional summer opportunities for undergraduate, post-baccalaureate, and graduate students, particularly from backgrounds underrepresented in psychology and medicine. The RISE research mentorship faculty is comprised of over 9 NIH-funded principal investigators. The RISE curriculum includes: * An immersive summer experience in a research team working with neuropsychological, mental, sleep, and behavioral health data. * Learning about data capture (including in electronic medical records, as well as in structured survey tools and using AI). * Systematic reviews and meta-analyses, which are some of the most cited, high impact research one could do. * Assignment of a postdoctoral or faculty mentor to support readiness for further studies. * Weekly research seminars and professional development workshops on active research projects, psychology graduate school and medical school applications, test preparation, interviewing and other relevant topics. * Didactics about data wrangling, checking statistical assumptions, analysis, visualization, and presentation of findings. * Involvement in mentored projects that build skills and produce a suitable for presentation at the close of the internship. === RISE 2024 Recap === Between June 3rd and August 9th of 2024, RISE interns took an active role in groundbreaking research being conducted through IMBHR and NCH, involving the following: * Conducted self-directed research in psychology, culminating in the completion and presentation of 8 academic-style posters. ** Preliminary Gender-Based Differential Item Functioning of the BASC-3-PRS-C *** Authors: Aarav Kukreja, Emily Glatt, Hannah Brockstein, Jeremy Baggs, Kevin Stephenson, Eric Youngstrom *** [https://osf.io/fdpuv OSF Link] ** Assessing Content Overlap in Pediatric PTSD Scales: A Comparative Analysis *** Authors: Halle Deericks, Jeremy Baggs, Eric Youngstrom *** [https://osf.io/n2muv OSF Link] ** A Content Overlap Analysis of 7 Mania Rating Scales for Children and Adolescents *** Authors: Yinuo Xu, Phoebe Rodda, Jeremy Baggs, Eric Youngstrom *** [https://osf.io/53epk OSF Link] ** Brief Mental Health Screeners for Youth in Primary Care: An Exploratory Content Analysis *** Authors: Maya, Garg, Hannah Brockstein, Eric Youngstrom *** [https://osf.io/4ykax OSF Link] ** Seven Common Pediatric Depression Measures: An Item Content Overlap Analysis *** Authors: Shannon Price, Kevin Stephenson, Jeremy Baggs, Eric Youngstrom *** [https://osf.io/f5r69 OSF Link] ** Item Content Overlap of Catatonia Scales *** Authors: Zachery Mondlak, Eric Youngstrom, Musa Yilanli, Colleen Waickman *** [https://osf.io.vg8ay OSF Link] ** ADHD Assessment: Commonly Used Measures and When to Use Them *** Authors: Hannah Brockstein, Emily Glatt, Jeremy Baggs, Eric Youngstrom *** OSF Link: Not Public ** Latent Profiles of Manic and Depressive Symptoms and Their Associations with Eating Disturbances among Young Adults *** Authors: Yinuo Xu, Eric Youngstrom, Kevin Stephenson *** [https://osf.io/ruhvb OSF Link] * Worked to create a Nationwide Codebook for all data that can be exported from EPIC and REDCap. ** Obtained all measures utilized by the CDC, developed data dictionaries for each measure, and merged EPIC data to data dictionaries using a Shiny App created by Jeremy Baggs. ** Compiled LEAD codes with all possible DSM and ICD codes, which were later combined with diagnostic data to make answering research questions involving diagnostic data more feasible. * Helped to disseminate evidence-based psychology online though Wikipedia, Wikiversity, Creative Commons, Prospero, and the Open Science Framework. ** All interns learned how to use various Open Science tools to increase the accessibility and impact of their work, working alongside the 501(c)3 non-profit organization Helping Give Away Psychological Science. * Implemented Quarto documents, Git, Github, AI, Shiny Apps, and R to facilitate knowledge exchange between IMBHR projects and to beta test potential future adoption within IMBHR. ** Helped to create data visualizations for various research projects and converted 1000+ lines of SPSS to R code to enhance accessibility. * Worked with content experts to conduct mata-analyses on important topics in youth mental health, improving outcomes for youth and informing clinicians and researchers at NCH. ** Project 1: Working to establish the importance of the real relationship in psychotherapy by illustrating its impact on session or treatment outcome. ** Project 2: Re-examining the results from Sandbank et al. (2004), a mete-analysis that found intervention effects do not increase with increasing amounts of intervention for young autistic children. ** Project 3: Treatment of Pediatric Bipolar. {{multiple image|perrow = 4 | align = left | image1 = Description_of_Six_Brief_Youth_Mental_Health_Screeners.png | caption1 = Brief youth mental health screeners analyzed by Garg and colleagues. | image2 = | caption2 = Symptom overlap for brief youth mental health screeners. | image3 = Symptom_Content_Percentages_for_Six_Brief_Youth_Mental_Health_Screeners.png | caption3 = Types of symptoms assessed by brief youth mental health screeners. | image4 = Pediatric_Depression_Measure_Overview.png | caption4 = Pediatric depression measures analyzed by Price and colleagues. | image5 = Pediatric_Depression_Measure_Item_Content_Overlap_Chart.png | caption5 = Symptom overlap for pediatric depression measures. | image6 = Pediatric_Depression_Measure_Item_Content_Overlap_Map.png | caption6 = Item content overlap for pediatric depression measures. | image7 = Graph_of_Jaccard_Index_for_PBD_Screening_Scales.jpg | caption7 = Correlation between pediatric mania measures analyzed by Xu and colleagues. | image8 = Symptom_Content_Overlap_Heatmap_for_7_Pediatric_Mania_Screening_Measures.jpg | caption8 = Symptom overlap for pediatric mania measures. | image9 = Symptom_Content_Overlap_Map_for_7_Pediatric_Mania_Screening_Measures.png | caption9 = Item content overlap for pediatric mania measures. | image10 = Jaccard_Index_Table_-_Pediatric_PTSD_Scales.png | caption10 = Correlation between pediatric PTSD measures analyzed by Deericks and colleagues. | image11 = Heatmap_of_Pediatric_PTSD_Symptoms_by_Scales.png | caption11 = Symptom overlap for pediatric PTSD measures. | image12 = Item_Content_Overlap_Map_of_46_Symptoms_Across_9_Pediatric_PTSD_Scales.png | caption12 = Item content overlap for pediatric PTSD measures. | image13 = Description_of_10_Commonly_Used_ADHD_Measures.png | caption13 = ADHD measures analyzed by Brockstein and colleagues. | image14 = Symptom_Content_Overlap_for_10_Commonly_Used_ADHD_Measures.png | caption14 = Symptom overlap for ADHD measures. | image15 = Content_Overlap_of_Catatonia_Scales.png | caption15 = Correlation between catatonia measures analyzed by Mondlak and colleagues. | image16 = Heatmap of Catatonia Symptoms by Scales.png | caption16 = Symptom overlap for catatonia measures. | footer = All figures from research projects led by 2024 RISE interns have been included above. For more information about the 2024 item content overlap projects, please see the [[OToPS/Item Overlap Methodology|Item Overlap Methodology]] page. }} 2wj6w0887ade10sx9ug9gvdowiovtya 119 310689 2691499 2668541 2024-12-11T19:50:18Z Eyoungstrom 1933979 Eyoungstrom moved page [[Talk:Institute for Mental and Behavioral Health Research (IMBHR) at Nationwide Children's Hospital/Research at IMBHR Summer Experience (RISE)]] to [[Draft talk:Institute for Mental and Behavioral Health Research (IMBHR) at Nationwide Children's Hospital/Research at IMBHR Summer Experience (RISE)]]: Marking as draft pending internal discussions with leadership and marketing at NCH 2668541 wikitext text/x-wiki == 10-09-2024 == Things to add: - content overlap figures (heatmaps and radial diagrams) - pictures (rise interns, canva tree of imbhr) - links to other wiki pages created by RISE - more center for suicide prevention stuff (make another subpage under imbhr like the rise page) - imbhr publication list - hyperlink to awri specific page [[User:Parodda|Parodda]] ([[User talk:Parodda|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Parodda|contribs]]) 00:16, 10 October 2024 (UTC) cr36mob7xjvfud5oiswryn9pgjziaom 118 312253 2691491 2690318 2024-12-11T19:50:17Z Eyoungstrom 1933979 Eyoungstrom moved page [[Institute for Mental and Behavioral Health Research (IMBHR) at Nationwide Children's Hospital/Center for Suicide Prevention and Research (CSPR)]] to [[Draft:Institute for Mental and Behavioral Health Research (IMBHR) at Nationwide Children's Hospital/Center for Suicide Prevention and Research (CSPR)]]: Marking as draft pending internal discussions with leadership and marketing at NCH 2690318 wikitext text/x-wiki == Center for Suicide Prevention and Research (CSPR) == '''''"To save children's lives and reduce suicide in Ohio and beyond though prevention efforts and cutting-edge research."''''' The Center for Suicide Prevention and Research (CSPR) is a cornerstone of IMBHR. CSPR was created to address the growing problem of suicide among youth in central Ohio. Jeff Bridge, Ph.D. is the director of CSPR. === About CSPR === CSPR's strategic goals include the following: * Conduct research aimed at: ** Understanding the epidemiology of child and youth suicide and suicidal behavior. ** Examining risk and protective factors that contribute to youth suicide and attempted suicide. ** Developing and testing evidence-based intervention strategies that reduce suicide and suicide attempts for youth in healthcare settings. ** Implementing effective suicide prevention interventions and strategies in real world settings such as schools, community centers, and faith-based organizations. * Foster the development and implementation of school-based programs, such as the Signs of Suicide (SOS) prevention program, to prevent youth suicide and attempted suicide in Ohio and promote methods for evaluating outcomes. Nationally, suicide has emerged as the second leading cause of death for children ages 10-19 years old. * Nearly 1 in 6 teens has seriously contemplated suicide in the past year. * Suicide affects people of all backgrounds. * Early identification of risk factors can aid behavioral health specialists in implementing prevention strategies for youth at risk of suicide. * Suicide is complex and tragic, yet often preventable if communities are provided with the right tools. In response to NCH's behavioral health initiative, the Center for Suicide Prevention and Research (CSPR) was created in 2015 to address the growing problem of suicide among youth. CSPR is a joint partnership with Big Lots Behavioral Health Pavilion and the Abigail Wexner Research Institute, allowing for the development and implementation of evidence-based prevention strategies. === Prevention === The CSPR prevention team supports school, healthcare, and youth-serving community organizations in Ohio implement effective and sustainable suicide prevention programs. The CSPR prevention team increases community awareness and reduces mental health stigma through presentations, trainings, and actionable resources informed by the latest research on youth suicide prevention. The CSPR prevention team offers a wide variety of services, including: * Offering multiple evidence-based youth suicide prevention programs available to schools, healthcare, and community partners. * Training and education opportunities for community members and professionals. * Consultation and support for schools, healthcare, and community partners on best practices in suicide pre- and post-vention on the local and national level. [https://www.nationwidechildrens.org/research/areas-of-research/institute-for-mental-and-behavioral-health-research/suicide-prevention-and-research/prevention/services View Programs and Services] [https://www.nationwidechildrens.org/research/areas-of-research/institute-for-mental-and-behavioral-health-research/suicide-prevention-and-research/prevention Meet our Team] [https://www.nationwidechildrens.org/conditions/suicidal-behaviors Information about Suicidal Behaviors] [https://www.nationwidechildrens.org/specialties/behavioral-health/for-families/suicide-prevention-resources Suicide Prevention Resources] === Research === Researchers in the Center for Suicide Prevention and Research (CSPR) conduct epidemiological and intervention studies on child and youth suicide and suicidal behavior to inform policy, improve the delivery of services for suicidal youth, and ultimately prevent suicide and suicidal behavior. Learn more about the research projects and publications of our investigators and research teams, including our epidemiological studies and publications on the increase in suicide deaths after Netflix's release of ''13 Reasons Why'', noncompliance surrounding the guidelines for reporting suicide deaths in the media after the deaths of Kate Spade and Anthony Bourdaine and the disparities in black youth attempting and dying by suicide, and more. * [https://www.nationwidechildrens.org/research/areas-of-research/institute-for-mental-and-behavioral-health-research/suicide-prevention-and-research/featured-research-topics/epidemiology Epidemiology (Risk Among Children With Certain Conditions)] * [https://www.nationwidechildrens.org/research/areas-of-research/institute-for-mental-and-behavioral-health-research/suicide-prevention-and-research/featured-research-topics/health-service-use Health Service Use] * [https://www.nationwidechildrens.org/research/areas-of-research/institute-for-mental-and-behavioral-health-research/suicide-prevention-and-research/featured-research-topics/special-populations Special Populations] * [https://www.nationwidechildrens.org/research/areas-of-research/institute-for-mental-and-behavioral-health-research/suicide-prevention-and-research/featured-research-topics/racial-ethnic-disparities Racial/Ethnic Disparities] * [https://www.nationwidechildrens.org/research/areas-of-research/institute-for-mental-and-behavioral-health-research/suicide-prevention-and-research/featured-research-topics/age-trends Age Trends] * [https://www.nationwidechildrens.org/research/areas-of-research/institute-for-mental-and-behavioral-health-research/suicide-prevention-and-research/featured-research-topics/regional-differences Regional Differences] * [https://www.nationwidechildrens.org/research/areas-of-research/institute-for-mental-and-behavioral-health-research/suicide-prevention-and-research/featured-research-topics/suicide-risk-screening-and-interventions Suicide Risk Screening and Interventions] * [https://www.nationwidechildrens.org/research/areas-of-research/institute-for-mental-and-behavioral-health-research/suicide-prevention-and-research/featured-research-topics/media-and-suicide The Media and Suicide] ====== Research Labs ====== [https://www.nationwidechildrens.org/research/areas-of-research/institute-for-mental-and-behavioral-health-research/suicide-prevention-and-research/research-labs/bridge-lab Bridge Lab] The Bridge Lab focuses on the epidemiology of suicidal behavior in young people and neurocognitive vulnerability to suicidal behavior, as well as improving the quality of care for suicidal youth and adolescents who have attempted suicide. [https://www.nationwidechildrens.org/research/areas-of-research/institute-for-mental-and-behavioral-health-research/suicide-prevention-and-research/research-labs/fontanella-lab Fontanella Lab] Under the direction of Cynthia Fontanella, PhD, the Fontanella Lab is interested in examining and improving quality of care for children and youth. Their primary goal is to understand the relationship between suicide and health service use. [https://www.nationwidechildrens.org/research/areas-of-research/institute-for-mental-and-behavioral-health-research/suicide-prevention-and-research/research-labs/ruch-lab Ruch Lab] The Ruch Lab is focused on improving behavioral health and suicide related outcomes across youth serving systems (juvenile justice, child welfare, healthcare, education) to better inform suicide prevention strategies. === CSPR Researchers Awarded P50 Center Grant Funding to Support New ASPIRES Center === The Center for Accelerating Suicide Prevention in Real-World Settings (ASPIRES) aims to accelerate the development and implementation of effective interventions to reduce suicide in children and adolescents. Supported by P50 Center grant funding from the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), the Center for Accelerating Suicide Prevention in Real-World Settings (ASPIRES) aims to accelerate the development and implementation of effective interventions to reduce suicide in children and adolescents. Jeff Bridge, PhD, director of the Center for Suicide Prevention and Research (CSPR) in the Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s Hospital, and Cynthia Fontanella, PhD, a principal investigator in CSPR, lead ASPIRES and its investigators as co-directors. The goal of the ASPIRES pilot program, Practice-Based Research on Youth Suicide Prevention, is to fund small-scale, innovative or exploratory research focused on youth suicide prevention. === Publications === View all CSPR publications [https://www.nationwidechildrens.org/research/areas-of-research/institute-for-mental-and-behavioral-health-research/suicide-prevention-and-research/meet-our-team/publications here]. 1xwbjg71hsbjkwf3ym61rkw9nviqvwp 2691501 2691491 2024-12-11T19:51:20Z Eyoungstrom 1933979 Eyoungstrom moved page [[Draft:Institute for Mental and Behavioral Health Research (IMBHR) at Nationwide Children's Hospital/Center for Suicide Prevention and Research (CSPR)]] to [[Draft:Draft:Institute for Mental and Behavioral Health Research (IMBHR) at Nationwide Children's Hospital/Center for Suicide Prevention and Research (CSPR)]]: Marking as draft pending internal discussions with leadership and marketing at NCH 2690318 wikitext text/x-wiki == Center for Suicide Prevention and Research (CSPR) == '''''"To save children's lives and reduce suicide in Ohio and beyond though prevention efforts and cutting-edge research."''''' The Center for Suicide Prevention and Research (CSPR) is a cornerstone of IMBHR. CSPR was created to address the growing problem of suicide among youth in central Ohio. Jeff Bridge, Ph.D. is the director of CSPR. === About CSPR === CSPR's strategic goals include the following: * Conduct research aimed at: ** Understanding the epidemiology of child and youth suicide and suicidal behavior. ** Examining risk and protective factors that contribute to youth suicide and attempted suicide. ** Developing and testing evidence-based intervention strategies that reduce suicide and suicide attempts for youth in healthcare settings. ** Implementing effective suicide prevention interventions and strategies in real world settings such as schools, community centers, and faith-based organizations. * Foster the development and implementation of school-based programs, such as the Signs of Suicide (SOS) prevention program, to prevent youth suicide and attempted suicide in Ohio and promote methods for evaluating outcomes. Nationally, suicide has emerged as the second leading cause of death for children ages 10-19 years old. * Nearly 1 in 6 teens has seriously contemplated suicide in the past year. * Suicide affects people of all backgrounds. * Early identification of risk factors can aid behavioral health specialists in implementing prevention strategies for youth at risk of suicide. * Suicide is complex and tragic, yet often preventable if communities are provided with the right tools. In response to NCH's behavioral health initiative, the Center for Suicide Prevention and Research (CSPR) was created in 2015 to address the growing problem of suicide among youth. CSPR is a joint partnership with Big Lots Behavioral Health Pavilion and the Abigail Wexner Research Institute, allowing for the development and implementation of evidence-based prevention strategies. === Prevention === The CSPR prevention team supports school, healthcare, and youth-serving community organizations in Ohio implement effective and sustainable suicide prevention programs. The CSPR prevention team increases community awareness and reduces mental health stigma through presentations, trainings, and actionable resources informed by the latest research on youth suicide prevention. The CSPR prevention team offers a wide variety of services, including: * Offering multiple evidence-based youth suicide prevention programs available to schools, healthcare, and community partners. * Training and education opportunities for community members and professionals. * Consultation and support for schools, healthcare, and community partners on best practices in suicide pre- and post-vention on the local and national level. [https://www.nationwidechildrens.org/research/areas-of-research/institute-for-mental-and-behavioral-health-research/suicide-prevention-and-research/prevention/services View Programs and Services] [https://www.nationwidechildrens.org/research/areas-of-research/institute-for-mental-and-behavioral-health-research/suicide-prevention-and-research/prevention Meet our Team] [https://www.nationwidechildrens.org/conditions/suicidal-behaviors Information about Suicidal Behaviors] [https://www.nationwidechildrens.org/specialties/behavioral-health/for-families/suicide-prevention-resources Suicide Prevention Resources] === Research === Researchers in the Center for Suicide Prevention and Research (CSPR) conduct epidemiological and intervention studies on child and youth suicide and suicidal behavior to inform policy, improve the delivery of services for suicidal youth, and ultimately prevent suicide and suicidal behavior. Learn more about the research projects and publications of our investigators and research teams, including our epidemiological studies and publications on the increase in suicide deaths after Netflix's release of ''13 Reasons Why'', noncompliance surrounding the guidelines for reporting suicide deaths in the media after the deaths of Kate Spade and Anthony Bourdaine and the disparities in black youth attempting and dying by suicide, and more. * [https://www.nationwidechildrens.org/research/areas-of-research/institute-for-mental-and-behavioral-health-research/suicide-prevention-and-research/featured-research-topics/epidemiology Epidemiology (Risk Among Children With Certain Conditions)] * [https://www.nationwidechildrens.org/research/areas-of-research/institute-for-mental-and-behavioral-health-research/suicide-prevention-and-research/featured-research-topics/health-service-use Health Service Use] * [https://www.nationwidechildrens.org/research/areas-of-research/institute-for-mental-and-behavioral-health-research/suicide-prevention-and-research/featured-research-topics/special-populations Special Populations] * [https://www.nationwidechildrens.org/research/areas-of-research/institute-for-mental-and-behavioral-health-research/suicide-prevention-and-research/featured-research-topics/racial-ethnic-disparities Racial/Ethnic Disparities] * [https://www.nationwidechildrens.org/research/areas-of-research/institute-for-mental-and-behavioral-health-research/suicide-prevention-and-research/featured-research-topics/age-trends Age Trends] * [https://www.nationwidechildrens.org/research/areas-of-research/institute-for-mental-and-behavioral-health-research/suicide-prevention-and-research/featured-research-topics/regional-differences Regional Differences] * [https://www.nationwidechildrens.org/research/areas-of-research/institute-for-mental-and-behavioral-health-research/suicide-prevention-and-research/featured-research-topics/suicide-risk-screening-and-interventions Suicide Risk Screening and Interventions] * [https://www.nationwidechildrens.org/research/areas-of-research/institute-for-mental-and-behavioral-health-research/suicide-prevention-and-research/featured-research-topics/media-and-suicide The Media and Suicide] ====== Research Labs ====== [https://www.nationwidechildrens.org/research/areas-of-research/institute-for-mental-and-behavioral-health-research/suicide-prevention-and-research/research-labs/bridge-lab Bridge Lab] The Bridge Lab focuses on the epidemiology of suicidal behavior in young people and neurocognitive vulnerability to suicidal behavior, as well as improving the quality of care for suicidal youth and adolescents who have attempted suicide. [https://www.nationwidechildrens.org/research/areas-of-research/institute-for-mental-and-behavioral-health-research/suicide-prevention-and-research/research-labs/fontanella-lab Fontanella Lab] Under the direction of Cynthia Fontanella, PhD, the Fontanella Lab is interested in examining and improving quality of care for children and youth. Their primary goal is to understand the relationship between suicide and health service use. [https://www.nationwidechildrens.org/research/areas-of-research/institute-for-mental-and-behavioral-health-research/suicide-prevention-and-research/research-labs/ruch-lab Ruch Lab] The Ruch Lab is focused on improving behavioral health and suicide related outcomes across youth serving systems (juvenile justice, child welfare, healthcare, education) to better inform suicide prevention strategies. === CSPR Researchers Awarded P50 Center Grant Funding to Support New ASPIRES Center === The Center for Accelerating Suicide Prevention in Real-World Settings (ASPIRES) aims to accelerate the development and implementation of effective interventions to reduce suicide in children and adolescents. Supported by P50 Center grant funding from the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), the Center for Accelerating Suicide Prevention in Real-World Settings (ASPIRES) aims to accelerate the development and implementation of effective interventions to reduce suicide in children and adolescents. Jeff Bridge, PhD, director of the Center for Suicide Prevention and Research (CSPR) in the Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s Hospital, and Cynthia Fontanella, PhD, a principal investigator in CSPR, lead ASPIRES and its investigators as co-directors. The goal of the ASPIRES pilot program, Practice-Based Research on Youth Suicide Prevention, is to fund small-scale, innovative or exploratory research focused on youth suicide prevention. === Publications === View all CSPR publications [https://www.nationwidechildrens.org/research/areas-of-research/institute-for-mental-and-behavioral-health-research/suicide-prevention-and-research/meet-our-team/publications here]. 1xwbjg71hsbjkwf3ym61rkw9nviqvwp 0 313557 2691432 2691306 2024-12-11T16:17:00Z Dc.samizdat 2856930 /* Future work */ 2691432 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Article info |journal=Wikijournal Preprints |last=Christie |first=David Brooks |abstract=The 24-cell is one of only a few uniform polytopes in which the edge length equals the radius. It is the only one of the six convex regular 4-polytopes which is not the analogue of one of the five Platonic solids. It contains all the convex regular polytopes of four or fewer dimensions made of triangles or squares except the 4-simplex, but it contains no pentagons. It has just four distinct chord lengths, which are the diameters of the hypercubes of dimensions 1 through 4. The 24-cell is the unique construction of these four hypercubic chords and all the regular polytopes that can be built from them. Isoclinic rotations relate the convex regular 4-polytopes to each other, and determine the way they nest inside one another. The 24-cell's characteristic isoclinic rotation takes place in four Clifford parallel great hexagon central planes. It also inherits an isoclinic rotation in six Clifford parallel great square central planes that is characteristic of its three constituent 16-cells. We explore the internal geometry of the 24-cell in detail, as an expression of its rotational symmetries. |w1=24-cell }} == The unique 24-point 24-cell polytope == The [[24-cell]] does not have a regular analogue in three dimensions or any other number of dimensions.{{Sfn|Coxeter|1973|p=289|loc=Epilogue|ps=; "Another peculiarity of four-dimensional space is the occurrence of the 24-cell {3,4,3}, which stands quite alone, having no analogue above or below."}} It is the only one of the six convex regular 4-polytopes which is not the analogue of one of the five Platonic solids. However, it can be seen as the analogue of a pair of irregular solids: the [[W:Cuboctahedron|cuboctahedron]] and its dual the [[W:Rhombic dodecahedron|rhombic dodecahedron]].{{Sfn|Coxeter|1995|loc=(Paper 3) ''Two aspects of the regular 24-cell in four dimensions''|p=25}} The 24-cell and the [[W:Tesseract|8-cell (tesseract)]] are the only convex regular 4-polytopes in which the edge length equals the radius. The long radius (center to vertex) of each is equal to its edge length; thus its long diameter (vertex to opposite vertex) is 2 edge lengths. Only a few uniform polytopes have this property, including these two four-dimensional polytopes, the three-dimensional [[W:Cuboctahedron#Radial equilateral symmetry|cuboctahedron]], and the two-dimensional [[W:Hexagon#Regular hexagon|hexagon]]. The cuboctahedron is the equatorial cross section of the 24-cell, and the hexagon is the equatorial cross section of the cuboctahedron. These '''radially equilateral polytopes''' are those which can be constructed, with their long radii, from equilateral triangles which meet at the center of the polytope, each contributing two radii and an edge. == The 24-cell in the proper sequence of 4-polytopes == The 24-cell incorporates the geometries of every convex regular polytope in the first four dimensions, except the 5-cell (4-simplex), those with a 5 in their Schlӓfli symbol,{{Efn|The convex regular polytopes in the first four dimensions with a 5 in their Schlӓfli symbol are the [[W:Pentagon|pentagon]] {5}, the [[W:Icosahedron|icosahedron]] {3, 5}, the [[W:Dodecahedron|dodecahedron]] {5, 3}, the [[600-cell]] {3,3,5} and the [[120-cell]] {5,3,3}. The [[5-cell]] {3, 3, 3} is also pentagonal in the sense that its [[W:Petrie polygon|Petrie polygon]] is the pentagon.|name=pentagonal polytopes|group=}} and the regular polygons with 7 or more sides. In other words, the 24-cell contains ''all'' of the regular polytopes made of triangles and squares that exist in four dimensions except the regular 5-cell, but ''none'' of the pentagonal polytopes. It is especially useful to explore the 24-cell, because one can see the geometric relationships among all of these regular polytopes in a single 24-cell or [[W:24-cell honeycomb|its honeycomb]]. The 24-cell is the fourth in the sequence of six [[W:Convex regular 4-polytope|convex regular 4-polytope]]s in order of size and complexity. These can be ordered by size as a measure of 4-dimensional content (hypervolume) for the same radius. This is their proper order of enumeration: the order in which they nest inside each other as compounds.{{Sfn|Coxeter|1973|loc=§7.8 The enumeration of possible regular figures|p=136}}{{Sfn|Goucher|2020|loc=Subsumptions of regular polytopes}} Each greater polytope in the sequence is ''rounder'' than its predecessor, enclosing more content{{Sfn|Coxeter|1973|pp=292-293|loc=Table I(ii): The sixteen regular polytopes {''p,q,r''} in four dimensions|ps=; An invaluable table providing all 20 metrics of each 4-polytope in edge length units. They must be algebraically converted to compare polytopes of unit radius.}} within the same radius. The 5-cell (4-simplex) is the limit smallest case, and the 120-cell is the largest. Complexity (as measured by comparing [[24-cell#As a configuration|configuration matrices]] or simply the number of vertices) follows the same ordering. This provides an alternative numerical naming scheme for regular polytopes in which the 24-cell is the 24-point 4-polytope: fourth in the ascending sequence that runs from 5-point (5-cell) 4-polytope to 600-point (120-cell) 4-polytope. {{Regular convex 4-polytopes|wiki=W:|radius=1}} The 24-cell can be deconstructed into 3 overlapping instances of its predecessor the [[W:Tesseract|8-cell (tesseract)]], as the 8-cell can be deconstructed into 2 instances of its predecessor the [[16-cell]].{{Sfn|Coxeter|1973|p=302|pp=|loc=Table VI (ii): 𝐈𝐈 = {3,4,3}|ps=: see Result column}} The reverse procedure to construct each of these from an instance of its predecessor preserves the radius of the predecessor, but generally produces a successor with a smaller edge length. The edge length will always be different unless predecessor and successor are ''both'' radially equilateral, i.e. their edge length is the same as their radius (so both are preserved). Since radially equilateral polytopes are rare, it seems that the only such construction (in any dimension) is from the 8-cell to the 24-cell, making the 24-cell the unique regular polytope (in any dimension) which has the same edge length as its predecessor of the same radius. == Coordinates == The 24-cell has two natural systems of Cartesian coordinates, which reveal distinct structure. === Great squares === The 24-cell is the [[W:Convex hull|convex hull]] of its vertices which can be described as the 24 coordinate [[W:Permutation|permutation]]s of: <math display="block">(\pm1, \pm 1, 0, 0) \in \mathbb{R}^4 .</math> Those coordinates{{Sfn|Coxeter|1973|p=156|loc=§8.7. Cartesian Coordinates}} can be constructed as {{Coxeter–Dynkin diagram|node|3|node_1|3|node|4|node}}, [[W:Rectification (geometry)|rectifying]] the [[16-cell]] {{Coxeter–Dynkin diagram|node_1|3|node|3|node|4|node}} with 8 vertices permutations of (±2,0,0,0). The vertex figure of a 16-cell is the [[W:Octahedron|octahedron]]; thus, cutting the vertices of the 16-cell at the midpoint of its incident edges produces 8 octahedral cells. This process{{Sfn|Coxeter|1973|p=|pp=145-146|loc=§8.1 The simple truncations of the general regular polytope}} also rectifies the tetrahedral cells of the 16-cell which become 16 octahedra, giving the 24-cell 24 octahedral cells. In this frame of reference the 24-cell has edges of length {{sqrt|2}} and is inscribed in a [[W:3-sphere|3-sphere]] of radius {{sqrt|2}}. Remarkably, the edge length equals the circumradius, as in the [[W:Hexagon|hexagon]], or the [[W:Cuboctahedron|cuboctahedron]]. The 24 vertices form 18 great squares{{Efn|The edges of six of the squares are aligned with the grid lines of the ''{{radic|2}} radius coordinate system''. For example: {{indent|5}}({{spaces|2}}0, −1,{{spaces|2}}1,{{spaces|2}}0){{spaces|3}}({{spaces|2}}0,{{spaces|2}}1,{{spaces|2}}1,{{spaces|2}}0) {{indent|5}}({{spaces|2}}0, −1, −1,{{spaces|2}}0){{spaces|3}}({{spaces|2}}0,{{spaces|2}}1, −1,{{spaces|2}}0)<br> is the square in the ''xy'' plane. The edges of the squares are not 24-cell edges, they are interior chords joining two vertices 90^o distant from each other; so the squares are merely invisible configurations of four of the 24-cell's vertices, not visible 24-cell features.|name=|group=}} (3 sets of 6 orthogonal{{Efn|Up to 6 planes can be mutually orthogonal in 4 dimensions. 3 dimensional space accommodates only 3 perpendicular axes and 3 perpendicular planes through a single point. In 4 dimensional space we may have 4 perpendicular axes and 6 perpendicular planes through a point (for the same reason that the tetrahedron has 6 edges, not 4): there are 6 ways to take 4 dimensions 2 at a time.{{Efn|name=Six orthogonal planes of the Cartesian basis}} Three such perpendicular planes (pairs of axes) meet at each vertex of the 24-cell (for the same reason that three edges meet at each vertex of the tetrahedron). Each of the 6 planes is [[W:Completely orthogonal|completely orthogonal]] to just one of the other planes: the only one with which it does not share a line (for the same reason that each edge of the tetrahedron is orthogonal to just one of the other edges: the only one with which it does not share a point). Two completely orthogonal planes are perpendicular and opposite each other, as two edges of the tetrahedron are perpendicular and opposite.|name=six orthogonal planes tetrahedral symmetry}} central squares), 3 of which intersect at each vertex. By viewing just one square at each vertex, the 24-cell can be seen as the vertices of 3 pairs of [[W:Completely orthogonal|completely orthogonal]]{{Efn|name=Six orthogonal planes of the Cartesian basis}} great squares which intersect{{Efn|Two planes in 4-dimensional space can have four possible reciprocal positions: (1) they can coincide (be exactly the same plane); (2) they can be parallel (the only way they can fail to intersect at all); (3) they can intersect in a single line, as two non-parallel planes do in 3-dimensional space; or (4) '''they can intersect in a single point'''{{Efn|To visualize how two planes can intersect in a single point in a four dimensional space, consider the Euclidean space (w, x, y, z) and imagine that the w dimension represents time rather than a spatial dimension. The xy central plane (where w{{=}}0, z{{=}}0) shares no axis with the wz central plane (where x{{=}}0, y{{=}}0). The xy plane exists at only a single instant in time (w{{=}}0); the wz plane (and in particular the w axis) exists all the time. Thus their only moment and place of intersection is at the origin point (0,0,0,0).|name=how planes intersect at a single point}} if they are [[W:Completely orthogonal|completely orthogonal]].|name=how planes intersect}} at no vertices.{{Efn|name=three square fibrations}} === Great hexagons === The 24-cell is [[W:Self-dual|self-dual]], having the same number of vertices (24) as cells and the same number of edges (96) as faces. If the dual of the above 24-cell of edge length {{sqrt|2}} is taken by reciprocating it about its ''inscribed'' sphere, another 24-cell is found which has edge length and circumradius 1, and its coordinates reveal more structure. In this frame of reference the 24-cell lies vertex-up, and its vertices can be given as follows: 8 vertices obtained by permuting the ''integer'' coordinates: <math display="block">\left( \pm 1, 0, 0, 0 \right)</math> and 16 vertices with ''half-integer'' coordinates of the form: <math display="block">\left( \pm \tfrac{1}{2}, \pm \tfrac{1}{2}, \pm \tfrac{1}{2}, \pm \tfrac{1}{2} \right)</math> all 24 of which lie at distance 1 from the origin. [[24-cell#Quaternionic interpretation|Viewed as quaternions]],{{Efn|In [[W:Euclidean geometry#Higher dimensions|four-dimensional Euclidean geometry]], a [[W:Quaternion|quaternion]] is simply a (w, x, y, z) Cartesian coordinate. [[W:William Rowan Hamilton|Hamilton]] did not see them as such when he [[W:History of quaternions|discovered the quaternions]]. [[W:Ludwig Schläfli|Schläfli]] would be the first to consider [[W:4-dimensional space|four-dimensional Euclidean space]], publishing his discovery of the regular [[W:Polyscheme|polyscheme]]s in 1852, but Hamilton would never be influenced by that work, which remained obscure into the 20th century. Hamilton found the quaternions when he realized that a fourth dimension, in some sense, would be necessary in order to model rotations in three-dimensional space.{{Sfn|Stillwell|2001|p=18-21}} Although he described a quaternion as an ''ordered four-element multiple of real numbers'', the quaternions were for him an extension of the complex numbers, not a Euclidean space of four dimensions.|name=quaternions}} these are the unit [[W:Hurwitz quaternions|Hurwitz quaternions]]. These 24 quaternions represent (in antipodal pairs) the 12 rotations of a regular tetrahedron.{{Sfn|Stillwell|2001|p=22}} The 24-cell has unit radius and unit edge length in this coordinate system. We refer to the system as ''unit radius coordinates'' to distinguish it from others, such as the {{sqrt|2}} radius coordinates used to reveal the great [[#Great squares|squares]] above.{{Efn|The edges of the orthogonal great squares are ''not'' aligned with the grid lines of the ''unit radius coordinate system''. Six of the squares do lie in the 6 orthogonal planes of this coordinate system, but their edges are the {{sqrt|2}} ''diagonals'' of unit edge length squares of the coordinate lattice. For example: {{indent|17}}({{spaces|2}}0,{{spaces|2}}0,{{spaces|2}}1,{{spaces|2}}0) {{indent|5}}({{spaces|2}}0, −1,{{spaces|2}}0,{{spaces|2}}0){{spaces|3}}({{spaces|2}}0,{{spaces|2}}1,{{spaces|2}}0,{{spaces|2}}0) {{indent|17}}({{spaces|2}}0,{{spaces|2}}0, −1,{{spaces|2}}0)<br> is the square in the ''xy'' plane. Notice that the 8 ''integer'' coordinates comprise the vertices of the 6 orthogonal squares.|name=orthogonal squares|group=}} The 24 vertices and 96 edges form 16 non-orthogonal great hexagons,{{Efn|The hexagons are inclined (tilted) at 60 degrees with respect to the unit radius coordinate system's orthogonal planes. Each hexagonal plane contains only ''one'' of the 4 coordinate system axes.{{Efn|Each great hexagon of the 24-cell contains one axis (one pair of antipodal vertices) belonging to each of the three inscribed 16-cells. The 24-cell contains three disjoint inscribed 16-cells, rotated 60° isoclinically{{Efn|name=isoclinic 4-dimensional diagonal}} with respect to each other (so their corresponding vertices are 120° {{=}} {{radic|3}} apart). A [[16-cell#Coordinates|16-cell is an orthonormal ''basis'']] for a 4-dimensional coordinate system, because its 8 vertices define the four orthogonal axes. In any choice of a vertex-up coordinate system (such as the unit radius coordinates used in this article), one of the three inscribed 16-cells is the basis for the coordinate system, and each hexagon has only ''one'' axis which is a coordinate system axis.|name=three basis 16-cells}} The hexagon consists of 3 pairs of opposite vertices (three 24-cell diameters): one opposite pair of ''integer'' coordinate vertices (one of the four coordinate axes), and two opposite pairs of ''half-integer'' coordinate vertices (not coordinate axes). For example: {{indent|17}}({{spaces|2}}0,{{spaces|2}}0,{{spaces|2}}1,{{spaces|2}}0) {{indent|5}}({{spaces|2}}<small>{{sfrac|1|2}}</small>, −<small>{{sfrac|1|2}}</small>,{{spaces|2}}<small>{{sfrac|1|2}}</small>, −<small>{{sfrac|1|2}}</small>){{spaces|3}}({{spaces|2}}<small>{{sfrac|1|2}}</small>,{{spaces|2}}<small>{{sfrac|1|2}}</small>,{{spaces|2}}<small>{{sfrac|1|2}}</small>,{{spaces|2}}<small>{{sfrac|1|2}}</small>) {{indent|5}}(−<small>{{sfrac|1|2}}</small>, −<small>{{sfrac|1|2}}</small>, −<small>{{sfrac|1|2}}</small>, −<small>{{sfrac|1|2}}</small>){{spaces|3}}(−<small>{{sfrac|1|2}}</small>,{{spaces|2}}<small>{{sfrac|1|2}}</small>, −<small>{{sfrac|1|2}}</small>,{{spaces|2}}<small>{{sfrac|1|2}}</small>) {{indent|17}}({{spaces|2}}0,{{spaces|2}}0, −1,{{spaces|2}}0)<br> is a hexagon on the ''y'' axis. Unlike the {{sqrt|2}} squares, the hexagons are actually made of 24-cell edges, so they are visible features of the 24-cell.|name=non-orthogonal hexagons|group=}} four of which intersect{{Efn||name=how planes intersect}} at each vertex.{{Efn|It is not difficult to visualize four hexagonal planes intersecting at 60 degrees to each other, even in three dimensions. Four hexagonal central planes intersect at 60 degrees in the [[W:Cuboctahedron|cuboctahedron]]. Four of the 24-cell's 16 hexagonal central planes (lying in the same 3-dimensional hyperplane) intersect at each of the 24-cell's vertices exactly the way they do at the center of a cuboctahedron. But the ''edges'' around the vertex do not meet as the radii do at the center of a cuboctahedron; the 24-cell has 8 edges around each vertex, not 12, so its vertex figure is the cube, not the cuboctahedron. The 8 edges meet exactly the way 8 edges do at the apex of a canonical [[W:Cubic pyramid|cubic pyramid]].{{Efn|name=24-cell vertex figure}}|name=cuboctahedral hexagons}} By viewing just one hexagon at each vertex, the 24-cell can be seen as the 24 vertices of 4 non-intersecting hexagonal great circles which are [[W:Clifford parallel|Clifford parallel]] to each other.{{Efn|name=four hexagonal fibrations}} The 12 axes and 16 hexagons of the 24-cell constitute a [[W:Reye configuration|Reye configuration]], which in the language of [[W:Configuration (geometry)|configurations]] is written as 12₄16₃ to indicate that each axis belongs to 4 hexagons, and each hexagon contains 3 axes.{{Sfn|Waegell|Aravind|2009|loc=§3.4 The 24-cell: points, lines and Reye's configuration|pp=4-5|ps=; In the 24-cell Reye's "points" and "lines" are axes and hexagons, respectively.}} === Great triangles === The 24 vertices form 32 equilateral great triangles, of edge length {{radic|3}} in the unit-radius 24-cell,{{Efn|These triangles' edges of length {{sqrt|3}} are the diagonals{{Efn|name=missing the nearest vertices}} of cubical cells of unit edge length found within the 24-cell, but those cubical (tesseract){{Efn|name=three 8-cells}} cells are not cells of the unit radius coordinate lattice.|name=cube diagonals}} inscribed in the 16 great hexagons.{{Efn|These triangles lie in the same planes containing the hexagons;{{Efn|name=non-orthogonal hexagons}} two triangles of edge length {{sqrt|3}} are inscribed in each hexagon. For example, in unit radius coordinates: {{indent|17}}({{spaces|2}}0,{{spaces|2}}0,{{spaces|2}}1,{{spaces|2}}0) {{indent|5}}({{spaces|2}}<small>{{sfrac|1|2}}</small>, −<small>{{sfrac|1|2}}</small>,{{spaces|2}}<small>{{sfrac|1|2}}</small>, −<small>{{sfrac|1|2}}</small>){{spaces|3}}({{spaces|2}}<small>{{sfrac|1|2}}</small>,{{spaces|2}}<small>{{sfrac|1|2}}</small>,{{spaces|2}}<small>{{sfrac|1|2}}</small>,{{spaces|2}}<small>{{sfrac|1|2}}</small>) {{indent|5}}(−<small>{{sfrac|1|2}}</small>, −<small>{{sfrac|1|2}}</small>, −<small>{{sfrac|1|2}}</small>, −<small>{{sfrac|1|2}}</small>){{spaces|3}}(−<small>{{sfrac|1|2}}</small>,{{spaces|2}}<small>{{sfrac|1|2}}</small>, −<small>{{sfrac|1|2}}</small>,{{spaces|2}}<small>{{sfrac|1|2}}</small>) {{indent|17}}({{spaces|2}}0,{{spaces|2}}0, −1,{{spaces|2}}0)<br> are two opposing central triangles on the ''y'' axis, with each triangle formed by the vertices in alternating rows. Unlike the hexagons, the {{sqrt|3}} triangles are not made of actual 24-cell edges, so they are invisible features of the 24-cell, like the {{sqrt|2}} squares.|name=central triangles|group=}} Each great triangle is a ring linking three completely disjoint{{Efn|name=completely disjoint}} great squares. The 18 great squares of the 24-cell occur as three sets of 6 orthogonal great squares,{{Efn|name=Six orthogonal planes of the Cartesian basis}} each forming a [[16-cell]].{{Efn|name=three isoclinic 16-cells}} The three 16-cells are completely disjoint (and [[#Clifford parallel polytopes|Clifford parallel]]): each has its own 8 vertices (on 4 orthogonal axes) and its own 24 edges (of length {{radic|2}}). The 18 square great circles are crossed by 16 hexagonal great circles; each hexagon has one axis (2 vertices) in each 16-cell.{{Efn|name=non-orthogonal hexagons}} The two great triangles inscribed in each great hexagon (occupying its alternate vertices, and with edges that are its {{radic|3}} chords) have one vertex in each 16-cell. Thus ''each great triangle is a ring linking the three completely disjoint 16-cells''. There are four different ways (four different ''fibrations'' of the 24-cell) in which the 8 vertices of the 16-cells correspond by being triangles of vertices {{radic|3}} apart: there are 32 distinct linking triangles. Each ''pair'' of 16-cells forms an 8-cell (tesseract).{{Efn|name=three 16-cells form three tesseracts}} Each great triangle has one {{radic|3}} edge in each tesseract, so it is also a ring linking the three tesseracts. == Hypercubic chords == [[File:24-cell vertex geometry.png|thumb|Vertex geometry of the radially equilateral 24-cell, showing the 3 great circle polygons and the 4 vertex-to-vertex chord lengths.|alt=]] The 24 vertices of the 24-cell are distributed{{Sfn|Coxeter|1973|p=298|loc=Table V: The Distribution of Vertices of Four-Dimensional Polytopes in Parallel Solid Sections (§13.1); (i) Sections of {3,4,3} (edge 2) beginning with a vertex; see column ''a''|5=}} at four different [[W:Chord (geometry)|chord]] lengths from each other: {{sqrt|1}}, {{sqrt|2}}, {{sqrt|3}} and {{sqrt|4}}. The {{sqrt|1}} chords (the 24-cell edges) are the edges of central hexagons, and the {{sqrt|3}} chords are the diagonals of central hexagons. The {{sqrt|2}} chords are the edges of central squares, and the {{sqrt|4}} chords are the diagonals of central squares. Each vertex is joined to 8 others{{Efn|The 8 nearest neighbor vertices surround the vertex (in the curved 3-dimensional space of the 24-cell's boundary surface) the way a cube's 8 corners surround its center. (The [[W:Vertex figure|vertex figure]] of the 24-cell is a cube.)|name=8 nearest vertices}} by an edge of length 1, spanning 60° = <small>{{sfrac|{{pi}}|3}}</small> of arc. Next nearest are 6 vertices{{Efn|The 6 second-nearest neighbor vertices surround the vertex in curved 3-dimensional space the way an octahedron's 6 corners surround its center.|name=6 second-nearest vertices}} located 90° = <small>{{sfrac|{{pi}}|2}}</small> away, along an interior chord of length {{sqrt|2}}. Another 8 vertices lie 120° = <small>{{sfrac|2{{pi}}|3}}</small> away, along an interior chord of length {{sqrt|3}}.{{Efn|name=nearest isoclinic vertices are {{radic|3}} away in third surrounding shell}} The opposite vertex is 180° = <small>{{pi}}</small> away along a diameter of length 2. Finally, as the 24-cell is radially equilateral, its center is 1 edge length away from all vertices. To visualize how the interior polytopes of the 24-cell fit together (as described [[#Constructions|below]]), keep in mind that the four chord lengths ({{sqrt|1}}, {{sqrt|2}}, {{sqrt|3}}, {{sqrt|4}}) are the long diameters of the [[W:Hypercube|hypercube]]s of dimensions 1 through 4: the long diameter of the square is {{sqrt|2}}; the long diameter of the cube is {{sqrt|3}}; and the long diameter of the tesseract is {{sqrt|4}}.{{Efn|Thus ({{sqrt|1}}, {{sqrt|2}}, {{sqrt|3}}, {{sqrt|4}}) are the vertex chord lengths of the tesseract as well as of the 24-cell. They are also the diameters of the tesseract (from short to long), though not of the 24-cell.}} Moreover, the long diameter of the octahedron is {{sqrt|2}} like the square; and the long diameter of the 24-cell itself is {{sqrt|4}} like the tesseract. == Geodesics == The vertex chords of the 24-cell are arranged in [[W:Geodesic|geodesic]] [[W:great circle|great circle]] polygons.{{Efn|A geodesic great circle lies in a 2-dimensional plane which passes through the center of the polytope. Notice that in 4 dimensions this central plane does ''not'' bisect the polytope into two equal-sized parts, as it would in 3 dimensions, just as a diameter (a central line) bisects a circle but does not bisect a sphere. Another difference is that in 4 dimensions not all pairs of great circles intersect at two points, as they do in 3 dimensions; some pairs do, but some pairs of great circles are non-intersecting Clifford parallels.{{Efn|name=Clifford parallels}}}} The [[W:Geodesic distance|geodesic distance]] between two 24-cell vertices along a path of {{sqrt|1}} edges is always 1, 2, or 3, and it is 3 only for opposite vertices.{{Efn|If the [[W:Euclidean distance|Pythagorean distance]] between any two vertices is {{sqrt|1}}, their geodesic distance is 1; they may be two adjacent vertices (in the curved 3-space of the surface), or a vertex and the center (in 4-space). If their Pythagorean distance is {{sqrt|2}}, their geodesic distance is 2 (whether via 3-space or 4-space, because the path along the edges is the same straight line with one 90^o bend in it as the path through the center). If their Pythagorean distance is {{sqrt|3}}, their geodesic distance is still 2 (whether on a hexagonal great circle past one 60^o bend, or as a straight line with one 60^o bend in it through the center). Finally, if their Pythagorean distance is {{sqrt|4}}, their geodesic distance is still 2 in 4-space (straight through the center), but it reaches 3 in 3-space (by going halfway around a hexagonal great circle).|name=Geodesic distance}} The {{sqrt|1}} edges occur in 16 [[#Great hexagons|hexagonal great circles]] (in planes inclined at 60 degrees to each other), 4 of which cross{{Efn|name=cuboctahedral hexagons}} at each vertex.{{Efn|Eight {{sqrt|1}} edges converge in curved 3-dimensional space from the corners of the 24-cell's cubical vertex figure{{Efn|The [[W:Vertex figure|vertex figure]] is the facet which is made by truncating a vertex; canonically, at the mid-edges incident to the vertex. But one can make similar vertex figures of different radii by truncating at any point along those edges, up to and including truncating at the adjacent vertices to make a ''full size'' vertex figure. Stillwell defines the vertex figure as "the convex hull of the neighbouring vertices of a given vertex".{{Sfn|Stillwell|2001|p=17}} That is what serves the illustrative purpose here.|name=full size vertex figure}} and meet at its center (the vertex), where they form 4 straight lines which cross there. The 8 vertices of the cube are the eight nearest other vertices of the 24-cell. The straight lines are geodesics: two {{sqrt|1}}-length segments of an apparently straight line (in the 3-space of the 24-cell's curved surface) that is bent in the 4th dimension into a great circle hexagon (in 4-space). Imagined from inside this curved 3-space, the bends in the hexagons are invisible. From outside (if we could view the 24-cell in 4-space), the straight lines would be seen to bend in the 4th dimension at the cube centers, because the center is displaced outward in the 4th dimension, out of the hyperplane defined by the cube's vertices. Thus the vertex cube is actually a [[W:Cubic pyramid|cubic pyramid]]. Unlike a cube, it seems to be radially equilateral (like the tesseract and the 24-cell itself): its "radius" equals its edge length.{{Efn|The cube is not radially equilateral in Euclidean 3-space <math>\mathbb{R}^3</math>, but a cubic pyramid is radially equilateral in the curved 3-space of the 24-cell's surface, the [[W:3-sphere|3-sphere]] <math>\mathbb{S}^3</math>. In 4-space the 8 edges radiating from its apex are not actually its radii: the apex of the [[W:Cubic pyramid|cubic pyramid]] is not actually its center, just one of its vertices. But in curved 3-space the edges radiating symmetrically from the apex ''are'' radii, so the cube is radially equilateral ''in that curved 3-space'' <math>\mathbb{S}^3</math>. In Euclidean 4-space <math>\mathbb{R}^4</math> 24 edges radiating symmetrically from a central point make the radially equilateral 24-cell, and a symmetrical subset of 16 of those edges make the [[W:Tesseract#Radial equilateral symmetry|radially equilateral tesseract]].}}|name=24-cell vertex figure}} The 96 distinct {{sqrt|1}} edges divide the surface into 96 triangular faces and 24 octahedral cells: a 24-cell. The 16 hexagonal great circles can be divided into 4 sets of 4 non-intersecting [[W:Clifford parallel|Clifford parallel]] geodesics, such that only one hexagonal great circle in each set passes through each vertex, and the 4 hexagons in each set reach all 24 vertices.{{Efn|name=hexagonal fibrations}} The {{sqrt|2}} chords occur in 18 [[#Great squares|square great circles]] (3 sets of 6 orthogonal planes{{Efn|name=Six orthogonal planes of the Cartesian basis}}), 3 of which cross at each vertex.{{Efn|Six {{sqrt|2}} chords converge in 3-space from the face centers of the 24-cell's cubical vertex figure{{Efn|name=full size vertex figure}} and meet at its center (the vertex), where they form 3 straight lines which cross there perpendicularly. The 8 vertices of the cube are the eight nearest other vertices of the 24-cell, and eight {{sqrt|1}} edges converge from there, but let us ignore them now, since 7 straight lines crossing at the center is confusing to visualize all at once. Each of the six {{sqrt|2}} chords runs from this cube's center (the vertex) through a face center to the center of an adjacent (face-bonded) cube, which is another vertex of the 24-cell: not a nearest vertex (at the cube corners), but one located 90° away in a second concentric shell of six {{sqrt|2}}-distant vertices that surrounds the first shell of eight {{sqrt|1}}-distant vertices. The face-center through which the {{sqrt|2}} chord passes is the mid-point of the {{sqrt|2}} chord, so it lies inside the 24-cell.|name=|group=}} The 72 distinct {{sqrt|2}} chords do not run in the same planes as the hexagonal great circles; they do not follow the 24-cell's edges, they pass through its octagonal cell centers.{{Efn|One can cut the 24-cell through 6 vertices (in any hexagonal great circle plane), or through 4 vertices (in any square great circle plane). One can see this in the [[W:Cuboctahedron|cuboctahedron]] (the central [[W:hyperplane|hyperplane]] of the 24-cell), where there are four hexagonal great circles (along the edges) and six square great circles (across the square faces diagonally).}} The 72 {{sqrt|2}} chords are the 3 orthogonal axes of the 24 octahedral cells, joining vertices which are 2 {{radic|1}} edges apart. The 18 square great circles can be divided into 3 sets of 6 non-intersecting Clifford parallel geodesics,{{Efn|[[File:Hopf band wikipedia.png|thumb|Two [[W:Clifford parallel|Clifford parallel]] [[W:Great circle|great circle]]s on the [[W:3-sphere|3-sphere]] spanned by a twisted [[W:Annulus (mathematics)|annulus]]. They have a common center point in [[W:Rotations in 4-dimensional Euclidean space|4-dimensional Euclidean space]], and could lie in [[W:Completely orthogonal|completely orthogonal]] rotation planes.]][[W:Clifford parallel|Clifford parallel]]s are non-intersecting curved lines that are parallel in the sense that the perpendicular (shortest) distance between them is the same at each point.{{Sfn|Tyrrell|Semple|1971|loc=§3. Clifford's original definition of parallelism|pp=5-6}} A double helix is an example of Clifford parallelism in ordinary 3-dimensional Euclidean space. In 4-space Clifford parallels occur as geodesic great circles on the [[W:3-sphere|3-sphere]].{{Sfn|Kim|Rote|2016|pp=8-10|loc=Relations to Clifford Parallelism}} Whereas in 3-dimensional space, any two geodesic great circles on the 2-sphere will always intersect at two antipodal points, in 4-dimensional space not all great circles intersect; various sets of Clifford parallel non-intersecting geodesic great circles can be found on the 3-sphere. Perhaps the simplest example is that six mutually orthogonal great circles can be drawn on the 3-sphere, as three pairs of completely orthogonal great circles.{{Efn|name=Six orthogonal planes of the Cartesian basis}} Each completely orthogonal pair is Clifford parallel. The two circles cannot intersect at all, because they lie in planes which intersect at only one point: the center of the 3-sphere.{{Efn|Each square plane is isoclinic (Clifford parallel) to five other square planes but [[W:Completely orthogonal|completely orthogonal]] to only one of them.{{Efn|name=Clifford parallel squares in the 16-cell and 24-cell}} Every pair of completely orthogonal planes has Clifford parallel great circles, but not all Clifford parallel great circles are orthogonal (e.g., none of the hexagonal geodesics in the 24-cell are mutually orthogonal).|name=only some Clifford parallels are orthogonal}} Because they are perpendicular and share a common center,{{Efn|In 4-space, two great circles can be perpendicular and share a common center ''which is their only point of intersection'', because there is more than one great [[W:2-sphere|2-sphere]] on the [[W:3-sphere|3-sphere]]. The dimensionally analogous structure to a [[W:Great circle|great circle]] (a great 1-sphere) is a great 2-sphere,{{Sfn|Stillwell|2001|p=24}} which is an ordinary sphere that constitutes an ''equator'' boundary dividing the 3-sphere into two equal halves, just as a great circle divides the 2-sphere. Although two Clifford parallel great circles{{Efn|name=Clifford parallels}} occupy the same 3-sphere, they lie on different great 2-spheres. The great 2-spheres are [[#Clifford parallel polytopes|Clifford parallel 3-dimensional objects]], displaced relative to each other by a fixed distance ''d'' in the fourth dimension. Their corresponding points (on their two surfaces) are ''d'' apart. The 2-spheres (by which we mean their surfaces) do not intersect at all, although they have a common center point in 4-space. The displacement ''d'' between a pair of their corresponding points is the [[#Geodesics|chord of a great circle]] which intersects both 2-spheres, so ''d'' can be represented equivalently as a linear chordal distance, or as an angular distance.|name=great 2-spheres}} the two circles are obviously not parallel and separate in the usual way of parallel circles in 3 dimensions; rather they are connected like adjacent links in a chain, each passing through the other without intersecting at any points, forming a [[W:Hopf link|Hopf link]].|name=Clifford parallels}} such that only one square great circle in each set passes through each vertex, and the 6 squares in each set reach all 24 vertices.{{Efn|name=square fibrations}} The {{sqrt|3}} chords occur in 32 [[#Great triangles|triangular great circles]] in 16 planes, 4 of which cross at each vertex.{{Efn|Eight {{sqrt|3}} chords converge from the corners of the 24-cell's cubical vertex figure{{Efn|name=full size vertex figure}} and meet at its center (the vertex), where they form 4 straight lines which cross there. Each of the eight {{sqrt|3}} chords runs from this cube's center to the center of a diagonally adjacent (vertex-bonded) cube,{{Efn|name=missing the nearest vertices}} which is another vertex of the 24-cell: one located 120° away in a third concentric shell of eight {{sqrt|3}}-distant vertices surrounding the second shell of six {{sqrt|2}}-distant vertices that surrounds the first shell of eight {{sqrt|1}}-distant vertices.|name=nearest isoclinic vertices are {{radic|3}} away in third surrounding shell}} The 96 distinct {{sqrt|3}} chords{{Efn|name=cube diagonals}} run vertex-to-every-other-vertex in the same planes as the hexagonal great circles.{{Efn|name=central triangles}} They are the 3 edges of the 32 great triangles inscribed in the 16 great hexagons, joining vertices which are 2 {{sqrt|1}} edges apart on a great circle.{{Efn|name=three 8-cells}} The {{sqrt|4}} chords occur as 12 vertex-to-vertex diameters (3 sets of 4 orthogonal axes), the 24 radii around the 25th central vertex. The sum of the squared lengths{{Efn|The sum of 1・96 + 2・72 + 3・96 + 4・12 is 576.}} of all these distinct chords of the 24-cell is 576 = 24².{{Efn|The sum of the squared lengths of all the distinct chords of any regular convex n-polytope of unit radius is the square of the number of vertices.{{Sfn|Copher|2019|loc=§3.2 Theorem 3.4|p=6}}}} These are all the central polygons through vertices, but in 4-space there are geodesics on the 3-sphere which do not lie in central planes at all. There are geodesic shortest paths between two 24-cell vertices that are helical rather than simply circular; they correspond to diagonal [[#Isoclinic rotations|isoclinic rotations]] rather than [[#Simple rotations|simple rotations]].{{Efn|name=isoclinic geodesic}} The {{sqrt|1}} edges occur in 48 parallel pairs, {{sqrt|3}} apart. The {{sqrt|2}} chords occur in 36 parallel pairs, {{sqrt|2}} apart. The {{sqrt|3}} chords occur in 48 parallel pairs, {{sqrt|1}} apart.{{Efn|Each pair of parallel {{sqrt|1}} edges joins a pair of parallel {{sqrt|3}} chords to form one of 48 rectangles (inscribed in the 16 central hexagons), and each pair of parallel {{sqrt|2}} chords joins another pair of parallel {{sqrt|2}} chords to form one of the 18 central squares.|name=|group=}} The central planes of the 24-cell can be divided into 4 orthogonal central hyperplanes (3-spaces) each forming a [[W:Cuboctahedron|cuboctahedron]]. The great hexagons are 60 degrees apart; the great squares are 90 degrees or 60 degrees apart; a great square and a great hexagon are 90 degrees ''and'' 60 degrees apart.{{Efn|Two angles are required to fix the relative positions of two planes in 4-space.{{Sfn|Kim|Rote|2016|p=7|loc=§6 Angles between two Planes in 4-Space|ps=; "In four (and higher) dimensions, we need two angles to fix the relative position between two planes. (More generally, ''k'' angles are defined between ''k''-dimensional subspaces.)".}} Since all planes in the same hyperplane{{Efn|One way to visualize the ''n''-dimensional [[W:Hyperplane|hyperplane]]s is as the ''n''-spaces which can be defined by ''n + 1'' points. A point is the 0-space which is defined by 1 point. A line is the 1-space which is defined by 2 points which are not coincident. A plane is the 2-space which is defined by 3 points which are not colinear (any triangle). In 4-space, a 3-dimensional hyperplane is the 3-space which is defined by 4 points which are not coplanar (any tetrahedron). In 5-space, a 4-dimensional hyperplane is the 4-space which is defined by 5 points which are not cocellular (any 5-cell). These [[W:Simplex|simplex]] figures divide the hyperplane into two parts (inside and outside the figure), but in addition they divide the enclosing space into two parts (above and below the hyperplane). The ''n'' points ''bound'' a finite simplex figure (from the outside), and they ''define'' an infinite hyperplane (from the inside).{{Sfn|Coxeter|1973|loc=§7.2.|p=120|ps=: "... any ''n''+1 points which do not lie in an (''n''-1)-space are the vertices of an ''n''-dimensional ''simplex''.... Thus the general simplex may alternatively be defined as a finite region of ''n''-space enclosed by ''n''+1 ''hyperplanes'' or (''n''-1)-spaces."}} These two divisions are orthogonal, so the defining simplex divides space into six regions: inside the simplex and in the hyperplane, inside the simplex but above or below the hyperplane, outside the simplex but in the hyperplane, and outside the simplex above or below the hyperplane.|name=hyperplanes|group=}} are 0 degrees apart in one of the two angles, only one angle is required in 3-space. Great hexagons in different hyperplanes are 60 degrees apart in ''both'' angles. Great squares in different hyperplanes are 90 degrees apart in ''both'' angles ([[W:Completely orthogonal|completely orthogonal]]) or 60 degrees apart in ''both'' angles.{{Efn||name=Clifford parallel squares in the 16-cell and 24-cell}} Planes which are separated by two equal angles are called ''isoclinic''. Planes which are isoclinic have [[W:Clifford parallel|Clifford parallel]] great circles.{{Efn|name=Clifford parallels}} A great square and a great hexagon in different hyperplanes ''may'' be isoclinic, but often they are separated by a 90 degree angle ''and'' a 60 degree angle.|name=two angles between central planes}} Each set of similar central polygons (squares or hexagons) can be divided into 4 sets of non-intersecting Clifford parallel polygons (of 6 squares or 4 hexagons).{{Efn|Each pair of Clifford parallel polygons lies in two different hyperplanes (cuboctahedrons). The 4 Clifford parallel hexagons lie in 4 different cuboctahedrons.}} Each set of Clifford parallel great circles is a parallel [[W:Hopf fibration|fiber bundle]] which visits all 24 vertices just once. Each great circle intersects{{Efn|name=how planes intersect}} with the other great circles to which it is not Clifford parallel at one {{sqrt|4}} diameter of the 24-cell.{{Efn|Two intersecting great squares or great hexagons share two opposing vertices, but squares or hexagons on Clifford parallel great circles share no vertices. Two intersecting great triangles share only one vertex, since they lack opposing vertices.|name=how great circle planes intersect|group=}} Great circles which are [[W:Completely orthogonal|completely orthogonal]] or otherwise Clifford parallel{{Efn|name=Clifford parallels}} do not intersect at all: they pass through disjoint sets of vertices.{{Efn|name=pairs of completely orthogonal planes}} == Constructions == Triangles and squares come together uniquely in the 24-cell to generate, as interior features,{{Efn|Interior features are not considered elements of the polytope. For example, the center of a 24-cell is a noteworthy feature (as are its long radii), but these interior features do not count as elements in [[#Configuration|its configuration matrix]], which counts only elementary features (which are not interior to any other feature including the polytope itself). Interior features are not rendered in most of the diagrams and illustrations in this article (they are normally invisible). In illustrations showing interior features, we always draw interior edges as dashed lines, to distinguish them from elementary edges.|name=interior features|group=}} all of the triangle-faced and square-faced regular convex polytopes in the first four dimensions (with caveats for the [[5-cell]] and the [[600-cell]]).{{Efn|The [[600-cell]] is larger than the 24-cell, and contains the 24-cell as an interior feature.{{Sfn|Coxeter|1973|p=153|loc=8.5. Gosset's construction for {3,3,5}|ps=: "In fact, the vertices of {3,3,5}, each taken 5 times, are the vertices of 25 {3,4,3}'s."}} The regular [[5-cell]] is not found in the interior of any convex regular 4-polytope except the [[120-cell]],{{Sfn|Coxeter|1973|p=304|loc=Table VI(iv) II={5,3,3}|ps=: Faceting {5,3,3}[120𝛼₄]{3,3,5} of the 120-cell reveals 120 regular 5-cells.}} though every convex 4-polytope can be [[#Characteristic orthoscheme|deconstructed into irregular 5-cells.]]|name=|group=}} Consequently, there are numerous ways to construct or deconstruct the 24-cell. ==== Reciprocal constructions from 8-cell and 16-cell ==== The 8 integer vertices (±1, 0, 0, 0) are the vertices of a regular [[16-cell]], and the 16 half-integer vertices (±{{sfrac|1|2}}, ±{{sfrac|1|2}}, ±{{sfrac|1|2}}, ±{{sfrac|1|2}}) are the vertices of its dual, the [[W:Tesseract|8-cell (tesseract)]].{{Sfn|Egan|2021|loc=animation of a rotating 24-cell|ps=: {{color|red}} half-integer vertices (tesseract), {{Font color|fg=yellow|bg=black|text=yellow}} and {{color|black}} integer vertices (16-cell).}} The tesseract gives Gosset's construction{{Sfn|Coxeter|1973|p=150|loc=Gosset}} of the 24-cell, equivalent to cutting a tesseract into 8 [[W:Cubic pyramid|cubic pyramid]]s, and then attaching them to the facets of a second tesseract. The analogous construction in 3-space gives the [[W:Rhombic dodecahedron|rhombic dodecahedron]] which, however, is not regular.{{Efn|[[File:R1-cube.gif|thumb|150px|Construction of a [[W:Rhombic dodecahedron|rhombic dodecahedron]] from a cube.]]This animation shows the construction of a [[W:Rhombic dodecahedron|rhombic dodecahedron]] from a cube, by inverting the center-to-face pyramids of a cube. Gosset's construction of a 24-cell from a tesseract is the 4-dimensional analogue of this process, inverting the center-to-cell pyramids of an 8-cell (tesseract).{{Sfn|Coxeter|1973|p=150|loc=Gosset}}|name=rhombic dodecahedron from a cube}} The 16-cell gives the reciprocal construction of the 24-cell, Cesaro's construction,{{Sfn|Coxeter|1973|p=148|loc=§8.2. Cesaro's construction for {3, 4, 3}.}} equivalent to rectifying a 16-cell (truncating its corners at the mid-edges, as described [[#Great squares|above]]). The analogous construction in 3-space gives the [[W:Cuboctahedron|cuboctahedron]] (dual of the rhombic dodecahedron) which, however, is not regular. The tesseract and the 16-cell are the only regular 4-polytopes in the 24-cell.{{Sfn|Coxeter|1973|p=302|loc=Table VI(ii) II={3,4,3}, Result column}} We can further divide the 16 half-integer vertices into two groups: those whose coordinates contain an even number of minus (−) signs and those with an odd number. Each of these groups of 8 vertices also define a regular 16-cell. This shows that the vertices of the 24-cell can be grouped into three disjoint sets of eight with each set defining a regular 16-cell, and with the complement defining the dual tesseract.{{Sfn|Coxeter|1973|pp=149-150|loc=§8.22. see illustrations Fig. 8.2<small>A</small> and Fig 8.2<small>B</small>|p=|ps=}} This also shows that the symmetries of the 16-cell form a subgroup of index 3 of the symmetry group of the 24-cell.{{Efn|name=three 16-cells form three tesseracts}} ==== Diminishings ==== We can [[W:Faceting|facet]] the 24-cell by cutting{{Efn|We can cut a vertex off a polygon with a 0-dimensional cutting instrument (like the point of a knife, or the head of a zipper) by sweeping it along a 1-dimensional line, exposing a new edge. We can cut a vertex off a polyhedron with a 1-dimensional cutting edge (like a knife) by sweeping it through a 2-dimensional face plane, exposing a new face. We can cut a vertex off a polychoron (a 4-polytope) with a 2-dimensional cutting plane (like a snowplow), by sweeping it through a 3-dimensional cell volume, exposing a new cell. Notice that as within the new edge length of the polygon or the new face area of the polyhedron, every point within the new cell volume is now exposed on the surface of the polychoron.}} through interior cells bounded by vertex chords to remove vertices, exposing the [[W:Facet (geometry)|facets]] of interior 4-polytopes [[W:Inscribed figure|inscribed]] in the 24-cell. One can cut a 24-cell through any planar hexagon of 6 vertices, any planar rectangle of 4 vertices, or any triangle of 3 vertices. The great circle central planes ([[#Geodesics|above]]) are only some of those planes. Here we shall expose some of the others: the face planes{{Efn|Each cell face plane intersects with the other face planes of its kind to which it is not completely orthogonal or parallel at their characteristic vertex chord edge. Adjacent face planes of orthogonally-faced cells (such as cubes) intersect at an edge since they are not completely orthogonal.{{Efn|name=how planes intersect}} Although their dihedral angle is 90 degrees in the boundary 3-space, they lie in the same hyperplane{{Efn|name=hyperplanes}} (they are coincident rather than perpendicular in the fourth dimension); thus they intersect in a line, as non-parallel planes do in any 3-space.|name=how face planes intersect}} of interior polytopes.{{Efn|The only planes through exactly 6 vertices of the 24-cell (not counting the central vertex) are the '''16 hexagonal great circles'''. There are no planes through exactly 5 vertices. There are several kinds of planes through exactly 4 vertices: the 18 {{sqrt|2}} square great circles, the '''72 {{sqrt|1}} square (tesseract) faces''', and 144 {{sqrt|1}} by {{sqrt|2}} rectangles. The planes through exactly 3 vertices are the 96 {{sqrt|2}} equilateral triangle (16-cell) faces, and the '''96 {{sqrt|1}} equilateral triangle (24-cell) faces'''. There are an infinite number of central planes through exactly two vertices (great circle [[W:Digon|digon]]s); 16 are distinguished, as each is [[W:Completely orthogonal|completely orthogonal]] to one of the 16 hexagonal great circles. '''Only the polygons composed of 24-cell {{radic|1}} edges are visible''' in the projections and rotating animations illustrating this article; the others contain invisible interior chords.{{Efn|name=interior features}}|name=planes through vertices|group=}} ===== 8-cell ===== Starting with a complete 24-cell, remove 8 orthogonal vertices (4 opposite pairs on 4 perpendicular axes), and the 8 edges which radiate from each, by cutting through 8 cubic cells bounded by {{sqrt|1}} edges to remove 8 [[W:Cubic pyramid|cubic pyramid]]s whose [[W:Apex (geometry)|apexes]] are the vertices to be removed. This removes 4 edges from each hexagonal great circle (retaining just one opposite pair of edges), so no continuous hexagonal great circles remain. Now 3 perpendicular edges meet and form the corner of a cube at each of the 16 remaining vertices,{{Efn|The 24-cell's cubical vertex figure{{Efn|name=full size vertex figure}} has been truncated to a tetrahedral vertex figure (see [[#Relationships among interior polytopes|Kepler's drawing]]). The vertex cube has vanished, and now there are only 4 corners of the vertex figure where before there were 8. Four tesseract edges converge from the tetrahedron vertices and meet at its center, where they do not cross (since the tetrahedron does not have opposing vertices).|name=|group=}} and the 32 remaining edges divide the surface into 24 square faces and 8 cubic cells: a [[W:Tesseract|tesseract]]. There are three ways you can do this (choose a set of 8 orthogonal vertices out of 24), so there are three such tesseracts inscribed in the 24-cell.{{Efn|name=three 8-cells}} They overlap with each other, but most of their element sets are disjoint: they share some vertex count, but no edge length, face area, or cell volume.{{Efn|name=vertex-bonded octahedra}} They do share 4-content, their common core.{{Efn||name=common core|group=}} ===== 16-cell ===== Starting with a complete 24-cell, remove the 16 vertices of a tesseract (retaining the 8 vertices you removed above), by cutting through 16 tetrahedral cells bounded by {{sqrt|2}} chords to remove 16 [[W:Tetrahedral pyramid|tetrahedral pyramid]]s whose apexes are the vertices to be removed. This removes 12 great squares (retaining just one orthogonal set) and all the {{sqrt|1}} edges, exposing {{sqrt|2}} chords as the new edges. Now the remaining 6 great squares cross perpendicularly, 3 at each of 8 remaining vertices,{{Efn|The 24-cell's cubical vertex figure{{Efn|name=full size vertex figure}} has been truncated to an octahedral vertex figure. The vertex cube has vanished, and now there are only 6 corners of the vertex figure where before there were 8. The 6 {{sqrt|2}} chords which formerly converged from cube face centers now converge from octahedron vertices; but just as before, they meet at the center where 3 straight lines cross perpendicularly. The octahedron vertices are located 90° away outside the vanished cube, at the new nearest vertices; before truncation those were 24-cell vertices in the second shell of surrounding vertices.|name=|group=}} and their 24 edges divide the surface into 32 triangular faces and 16 tetrahedral cells: a [[16-cell]]. There are three ways you can do this (remove 1 of 3 sets of tesseract vertices), so there are three such 16-cells inscribed in the 24-cell.{{Efn|name=three isoclinic 16-cells}} They overlap with each other, but all of their element sets are disjoint:{{Efn|name=completely disjoint}} they do not share any vertex count, edge length,{{Efn|name=root 2 chords}} or face area, but they do share cell volume. They also share 4-content, their common core.{{Efn||name=common core|group=}} ==== Tetrahedral constructions ==== The 24-cell can be constructed radially from 96 equilateral triangles of edge length {{sqrt|1}} which meet at the center of the polytope, each contributing two radii and an edge. They form 96 {{sqrt|1}} tetrahedra (each contributing one 24-cell face), all sharing the 25th central apex vertex. These form 24 octahedral pyramids (half-16-cells) with their apexes at the center. The 24-cell can be constructed from 96 equilateral triangles of edge length {{sqrt|2}}, where the three vertices of each triangle are located 90° = <small>{{sfrac|{{pi}}|2}}</small> away from each other on the 3-sphere. They form 48 {{sqrt|2}}-edge tetrahedra (the cells of the [[#16-cell|three 16-cells]]), centered at the 24 mid-edge-radii of the 24-cell.{{Efn|Each of the 72 {{sqrt|2}} chords in the 24-cell is a face diagonal in two distinct cubical cells (of different 8-cells) and an edge of four tetrahedral cells (in just one 16-cell).|name=root 2 chords}} The 24-cell can be constructed directly from its [[#Characteristic orthoscheme|characteristic simplex]] {{Coxeter–Dynkin diagram|node|3|node|4|node|3|node}}, the [[5-cell#Irregular 5-cells|irregular 5-cell]] which is the [[W:Fundamental region|fundamental region]] of its [[W:Coxeter group|symmetry group]] [[W:F4 polytope|F₄]], by reflection of that 4-[[W:Orthoscheme|orthoscheme]] in its own cells (which are 3-orthoschemes).{{Efn|An [[W:Orthoscheme|orthoscheme]] is a [[W:chiral|chiral]] irregular [[W:Simplex|simplex]] with [[W:Right triangle|right triangle]] faces that is characteristic of some polytope if it will exactly fill that polytope with the reflections of itself in its own [[W:Facet (geometry)|facet]]s (its ''mirror walls''). Every regular polytope can be dissected radially into instances of its [[W:Orthoscheme#Characteristic simplex of the general regular polytope|characteristic orthoscheme]] surrounding its center. The characteristic orthoscheme has the shape described by the same [[W:Coxeter-Dynkin diagram|Coxeter-Dynkin diagram]] as the regular polytope without the ''generating point'' ring.|name=characteristic orthoscheme}} ==== Cubic constructions ==== The 24-cell is not only the 24-octahedral-cell, it is also the 24-cubical-cell, although the cubes are cells of the three 8-cells, not cells of the 24-cell, in which they are not volumetrically disjoint. The 24-cell can be constructed from 24 cubes of its own edge length (three 8-cells).{{Efn|name=three 8-cells}} Each of the cubes is shared by 2 8-cells, each of the cubes' square faces is shared by 4 cubes (in 2 8-cells), each of the 96 edges is shared by 8 square faces (in 4 cubes in 2 8-cells), and each of the 96 vertices is shared by 16 edges (in 8 square faces in 4 cubes in 2 8-cells). == Relationships among interior polytopes == The 24-cell, three tesseracts, and three 16-cells are deeply entwined around their common center, and intersect in a common core.{{Efn|The common core of the 24-cell and its inscribed 8-cells and 16-cells is the unit-radius 24-cell's insphere-inscribed dual 24-cell of edge length and radius 1/2.{{Sfn|Coxeter|1995|p=29|loc=(Paper 3) ''Two aspects of the regular 24-cell in four dimensions''|ps=; "The common content of the 4-cube and the 16-cell is a smaller {3,4,3} whose vertices are the permutations of [(±{{sfrac|1|2}}, ±{{sfrac|1|2}}, 0, 0)]".}} Rectifying any of the three 16-cells reveals this smaller 24-cell, which has a 4-content of only 1/8 (1/16 that of the unit-radius 24-cell). Its vertices lie at the centers of the 24-cell's octahedral cells, which are also the centers of the tesseracts' square faces, and are also the centers of the 16-cells' edges.{{Sfn|Coxeter|1973|p=147|loc=§8.1 The simple truncations of the general regular polytope|ps=; "At a point of contact, [elements of a regular polytope and elements of its dual in which it is inscribed in some manner] lie in [[W:completely orthogonal|completely orthogonal]] subspaces of the tangent hyperplane to the sphere [of reciprocation], so their only common point is the point of contact itself....{{Efn|name=how planes intersect}} In fact, the [various] radii ₀𝑹, ₁𝑹, ₂𝑹, ... determine the polytopes ... whose vertices are the centers of elements 𝐈𝐈₀, 𝐈𝐈₁, 𝐈𝐈₂, ... of the original polytope."}}|name=common core|group=}} The tesseracts and the 16-cells are rotated 60° isoclinically{{Efn|name=isoclinic 4-dimensional diagonal}} with respect to each other. This means that the corresponding vertices of two tesseracts or two 16-cells are {{radic|3}} (120°) apart.{{Efn|The 24-cell contains 3 distinct 8-cells (tesseracts), rotated 60° isoclinically with respect to each other. The corresponding vertices of two 8-cells are {{radic|3}} (120°) apart. Each 8-cell contains 8 cubical cells, and each cube contains four {{radic|3}} chords (its long diameters). The 8-cells are not completely disjoint (they share vertices),{{Efn|name=completely disjoint}} but each {{radic|3}} chord occurs as a cube long diameter in just one 8-cell. The {{radic|3}} chords joining the corresponding vertices of two 8-cells belong to the third 8-cell as cube diameters.{{Efn|name=nearest isoclinic vertices are {{radic|3}} away in third surrounding shell}}|name=three 8-cells}} The tesseracts are inscribed in the 24-cell{{Efn|The 24 vertices of the 24-cell, each used twice, are the vertices of three 16-vertex tesseracts.|name=|group=}} such that their vertices and edges are exterior elements of the 24-cell, but their square faces and cubical cells lie inside the 24-cell (they are not elements of the 24-cell). The 16-cells are inscribed in the 24-cell{{Efn|The 24 vertices of the 24-cell, each used once, are the vertices of three 8-vertex 16-cells.{{Efn|name=three basis 16-cells}}|name=|group=}} such that only their vertices are exterior elements of the 24-cell: their edges, triangular faces, and tetrahedral cells lie inside the 24-cell. The interior{{Efn|The edges of the 16-cells are not shown in any of the renderings in this article; if we wanted to show interior edges, they could be drawn as dashed lines. The edges of the inscribed tesseracts are always visible, because they are also edges of the 24-cell.}} 16-cell edges have length {{sqrt|2}}.[[File:Kepler's tetrahedron in cube.png|thumb|Kepler's drawing of tetrahedra in the cube.{{Sfn|Kepler|1619|p=181}}]] The 16-cells are also inscribed in the tesseracts: their {{sqrt|2}} edges are the face diagonals of the tesseract, and their 8 vertices occupy every other vertex of the tesseract. Each tesseract has two 16-cells inscribed in it (occupying the opposite vertices and face diagonals), so each 16-cell is inscribed in two of the three 8-cells.{{Sfn|van Ittersum|2020|loc=§4.2|pp=73-79}}{{Efn|name=three 16-cells form three tesseracts}} This is reminiscent of the way, in 3 dimensions, two opposing regular tetrahedra can be inscribed in a cube, as discovered by Kepler.{{Sfn|Kepler|1619|p=181}} In fact it is the exact dimensional analogy (the [[W:Demihypercube|demihypercube]]s), and the 48 tetrahedral cells are inscribed in the 24 cubical cells in just that way.{{Sfn|Coxeter|1973|p=269|loc=§14.32|ps=. "For instance, in the case of <math>\gamma_4[2\beta_4]</math>...."}}{{Efn|name=root 2 chords}} The 24-cell encloses the three tesseracts within its envelope of octahedral facets, leaving 4-dimensional space in some places between its envelope and each tesseract's envelope of cubes. Each tesseract encloses two of the three 16-cells, leaving 4-dimensional space in some places between its envelope and each 16-cell's envelope of tetrahedra. Thus there are measurable{{Sfn|Coxeter|1973|pp=292-293|loc=Table I(ii): The sixteen regular polytopes {''p,q,r''} in four dimensions|ps=; An invaluable table providing all 20 metrics of each 4-polytope in edge length units. They must be algebraically converted to compare polytopes of unit radius.}} 4-dimensional interstices{{Efn|The 4-dimensional content of the unit edge length tesseract is 1 (by definition). The content of the unit edge length 24-cell is 2, so half its content is inside each tesseract, and half is between their envelopes. Each 16-cell (edge length {{sqrt|2}}) encloses a content of 2/3, leaving 1/3 of an enclosing tesseract between their envelopes.|name=|group=}} between the 24-cell, 8-cell and 16-cell envelopes. The shapes filling these gaps are [[W:Hyperpyramid|4-pyramids]], alluded to above.{{Efn|Between the 24-cell envelope and the 8-cell envelope, we have the 8 cubic pyramids of Gosset's construction. Between the 8-cell envelope and the 16-cell envelope, we have 16 right [[5-cell#Irregular 5-cell|tetrahedral pyramids]], with their apexes filling the corners of the tesseract.}} == Boundary cells == Despite the 4-dimensional interstices between 24-cell, 8-cell and 16-cell envelopes, their 3-dimensional volumes overlap. The different envelopes are separated in some places, and in contact in other places (where no 4-pyramid lies between them). Where they are in contact, they merge and share cell volume: they are the same 3-membrane in those places, not two separate but adjacent 3-dimensional layers.{{Efn|Because there are three overlapping tesseracts inscribed in the 24-cell,{{Efn|name=three 8-cells}} each octahedral cell lies ''on'' a cubic cell of one tesseract (in the cubic pyramid based on the cube, but not in the cube's volume), and ''in'' two cubic cells of each of the other two tesseracts (cubic cells which it spans, sharing their volume).{{Efn|name=octahedral diameters}}|name=octahedra both on and in cubes}} Because there are a total of 7 envelopes, there are places where several envelopes come together and merge volume, and also places where envelopes interpenetrate (cross from inside to outside each other). Some interior features lie within the 3-space of the (outer) boundary envelope of the 24-cell itself: each octahedral cell is bisected by three perpendicular squares (one from each of the tesseracts), and the diagonals of those squares (which cross each other perpendicularly at the center of the octahedron) are 16-cell edges (one from each 16-cell). Each square bisects an octahedron into two square pyramids, and also bonds two adjacent cubic cells of a tesseract together as their common face.{{Efn|Consider the three perpendicular {{sqrt|2}} long diameters of the octahedral cell.{{Sfn|van Ittersum|2020|p=79}} Each of them is an edge of a different 16-cell. Two of them are the face diagonals of the square face between two cubes; each is a {{sqrt|2}} chord that connects two vertices of those 8-cell cubes across a square face, connects two vertices of two 16-cell tetrahedra (inscribed in the cubes), and connects two opposite vertices of a 24-cell octahedron (diagonally across two of the three orthogonal square central sections).{{Efn|name=root 2 chords}} The third perpendicular long diameter of the octahedron does exactly the same (by symmetry); so it also connects two vertices of a pair of cubes across their common square face: but a different pair of cubes, from one of the other tesseracts in the 24-cell.{{Efn|name=vertex-bonded octahedra}}|name=octahedral diameters}} As we saw [[#Relationships among interior polytopes|above]], 16-cell {{sqrt|2}} tetrahedral cells are inscribed in tesseract {{sqrt|1}} cubic cells, sharing the same volume. 24-cell {{sqrt|1}} octahedral cells overlap their volume with {{sqrt|1}} cubic cells: they are bisected by a square face into two square pyramids,{{sfn|Coxeter|1973|page=150|postscript=: "Thus the 24 cells of the {3, 4, 3} are dipyramids based on the 24 squares of the <math>\gamma_4</math>. (Their centres are the mid-points of the 24 edges of the <math>\beta_4</math>.)"}} the apexes of which also lie at a vertex of a cube.{{Efn|This might appear at first to be angularly impossible, and indeed it would be in a flat space of only three dimensions. If two cubes rest face-to-face in an ordinary 3-dimensional space (e.g. on the surface of a table in an ordinary 3-dimensional room), an octahedron will fit inside them such that four of its six vertices are at the four corners of the square face between the two cubes; but then the other two octahedral vertices will not lie at a cube corner (they will fall within the volume of the two cubes, but not at a cube vertex). In four dimensions, this is no less true! The other two octahedral vertices do ''not'' lie at a corner of the adjacent face-bonded cube in the same tesseract. However, in the 24-cell there is not just one inscribed tesseract (of 8 cubes), there are three overlapping tesseracts (of 8 cubes each). The other two octahedral vertices ''do'' lie at the corner of a cube: but a cube in another (overlapping) tesseract.{{Efn|name=octahedra both on and in cubes}}}} The octahedra share volume not only with the cubes, but with the tetrahedra inscribed in them; thus the 24-cell, tesseracts, and 16-cells all share some boundary volume.{{Efn|name=octahedra both on and in cubes}} == Radially equilateral honeycomb == The dual tessellation of the [[W:24-cell honeycomb|24-cell honeycomb {3,4,3,3}]] is the [[W:16-cell honeycomb|16-cell honeycomb {3,3,4,3}]]. The third regular tessellation of four dimensional space is the [[W:Tesseractic honeycomb|tesseractic honeycomb {4,3,3,4}]], whose vertices can be described by 4-integer Cartesian coordinates.{{Efn|name=quaternions}} The congruent relationships among these three tessellations can be helpful in visualizing the 24-cell, in particular the radial equilateral symmetry which it shares with the tesseract. A honeycomb of unit edge length 24-cells may be overlaid on a honeycomb of unit edge length tesseracts such that every vertex of a tesseract (every 4-integer coordinate) is also the vertex of a 24-cell (and tesseract edges are also 24-cell edges), and every center of a 24-cell is also the center of a tesseract.{{Sfn|Coxeter|1973|p=163|ps=: Coxeter notes that [[W:Thorold Gosset|Thorold Gosset]] was apparently the first to see that the cells of the 24-cell honeycomb {3,4,3,3} are concentric with alternate cells of the tesseractic honeycomb {4,3,3,4}, and that this observation enabled Gosset's method of construction of the complete set of regular polytopes and honeycombs.}} The 24-cells are twice as large as the tesseracts by 4-dimensional content (hypervolume), so overall there are two tesseracts for every 24-cell, only half of which are inscribed in a 24-cell. If those tesseracts are colored black, and their adjacent tesseracts (with which they share a cubical facet) are colored red, a 4-dimensional checkerboard results.{{Sfn|Coxeter|1973|p=156|loc=|ps=: "...the chess-board has an n-dimensional analogue."}} Of the 24 center-to-vertex radii{{Efn|It is important to visualize the radii only as invisible interior features of the 24-cell (dashed lines), since they are not edges of the honeycomb. Similarly, the center of the 24-cell is empty (not a vertex of the honeycomb).}} of each 24-cell, 16 are also the radii of a black tesseract inscribed in the 24-cell. The other 8 radii extend outside the black tesseract (through the centers of its cubical facets) to the centers of the 8 adjacent red tesseracts. Thus the 24-cell honeycomb and the tesseractic honeycomb coincide in a special way: 8 of the 24 vertices of each 24-cell do not occur at a vertex of a tesseract (they occur at the center of a tesseract instead). Each black tesseract is cut from a 24-cell by truncating it at these 8 vertices, slicing off 8 cubic pyramids (as in reversing Gosset's construction,{{Sfn|Coxeter|1973|p=150|loc=Gosset}} but instead of being removed the pyramids are simply colored red and left in place). Eight 24-cells meet at the center of each red tesseract: each one meets its opposite at that shared vertex, and the six others at a shared octahedral cell. <!-- illustration needed: the red/black checkerboard of the combined 24-cell honeycomb and tesseractic honeycomb; use a vertex-first projection of the 24-cells, and outline the edges of the rhombic dodecahedra as blue lines --> The red tesseracts are filled cells (they contain a central vertex and radii); the black tesseracts are empty cells. The vertex set of this union of two honeycombs includes the vertices of all the 24-cells and tesseracts, plus the centers of the red tesseracts. Adding the 24-cell centers (which are also the black tesseract centers) to this honeycomb yields a 16-cell honeycomb, the vertex set of which includes all the vertices and centers of all the 24-cells and tesseracts. The formerly empty centers of adjacent 24-cells become the opposite vertices of a unit edge length 16-cell. 24 half-16-cells (octahedral pyramids) meet at each formerly empty center to fill each 24-cell, and their octahedral bases are the 6-vertex octahedral facets of the 24-cell (shared with an adjacent 24-cell).{{Efn|Unlike the 24-cell and the tesseract, the 16-cell is not radially equilateral; therefore 16-cells of two different sizes (unit edge length versus unit radius) occur in the unit edge length honeycomb. The twenty-four 16-cells that meet at the center of each 24-cell have unit edge length, and radius {{sfrac|{{radic|2}}|2}}. The three 16-cells inscribed in each 24-cell have edge length {{radic|2}}, and unit radius.}} Notice the complete absence of pentagons anywhere in this union of three honeycombs. Like the 24-cell, 4-dimensional Euclidean space itself is entirely filled by a complex of all the polytopes that can be built out of regular triangles and squares (except the 5-cell), but that complex does not require (or permit) any of the pentagonal polytopes.{{Efn|name=pentagonal polytopes}} == Rotations == The [[#The 24-cell in the proper sequence of 4-polytopes|regular convex 4-polytopes]] are an [[W:Group action|expression]] of their underlying [[W:Symmetry (geometry)|symmetry]] which is known as [[W:SO(4)|SO(4)]], the [[W:Orthogonal group|group]] of rotations{{Sfn|Mamone|Pileio|Levitt|2010|loc=§4.5 Regular Convex 4-Polytopes|pp=1438-1439|ps=; the 24-cell has 1152 symmetry operations (rotations and reflections) as enumerated in Table 2, symmetry group 𝐹₄.}} about a fixed point in 4-dimensional Euclidean space.{{Efn|[[W:Rotations in 4-dimensional Euclidean space|Rotations in 4-dimensional Euclidean space]] may occur around a plane, as when adjacent cells are folded around their plane of intersection (by analogy to the way adjacent faces are folded around their line of intersection).{{Efn|Three dimensional [[W:Rotation (mathematics)#In Euclidean geometry|rotations]] occur around an axis line. [[W:Rotations in 4-dimensional Euclidean space|Four dimensional rotations]] may occur around a plane. So in three dimensions we may fold planes around a common line (as when folding a flat net of 6 squares up into a cube), and in four dimensions we may fold cells around a common plane (as when [[W:Tesseract#Geometry|folding a flat net of 8 cubes up into a tesseract]]). Folding around a square face is just folding around ''two'' of its orthogonal edges ''at the same time''; there is not enough space in three dimensions to do this, just as there is not enough space in two dimensions to fold around a line (only enough to fold around a point).|name=simple rotations|group=}} But in four dimensions there is yet another way in which rotations can occur, called a '''[[W:Rotations in 4-dimensional Euclidean space#Geometry of 4D rotations|double rotation]]'''. Double rotations are an emergent phenomenon in the fourth dimension and have no analogy in three dimensions: folding up square faces and folding up cubical cells are both examples of '''simple rotations''', the only kind that occur in fewer than four dimensions. In 3-dimensional rotations, the points in a line remain fixed during the rotation, while every other point moves. In 4-dimensional simple rotations, the points in a plane remain fixed during the rotation, while every other point moves. ''In 4-dimensional double rotations, a point remains fixed during rotation, and every other point moves'' (as in a 2-dimensional rotation!).{{Efn|There are (at least) two kinds of correct [[W:Four-dimensional space#Dimensional analogy|dimensional analogies]]: the usual kind between dimension ''n'' and dimension ''n'' + 1, and the much rarer and less obvious kind between dimension ''n'' and dimension ''n'' + 2. An example of the latter is that rotations in 4-space may take place around a single point, as do rotations in 2-space. Another is the [[W:n-sphere#Other relations|''n''-sphere rule]] that the ''surface area'' of the sphere embedded in ''n''+2 dimensions is exactly 2''π r'' times the ''volume'' enclosed by the sphere embedded in ''n'' dimensions, the most well-known examples being that the circumference of a circle is 2''π r'' times 1, and the surface area of the ordinary sphere is 2''π r'' times 2''r''. Coxeter cites{{Sfn|Coxeter|1973|p=119|loc=§7.1. Dimensional Analogy|ps=: "For instance, seeing that the circumference of a circle is 2''π r'', while the surface of a sphere is 4''π r ''², ... it is unlikely that the use of analogy, unaided by computation, would ever lead us to the correct expression [for the hyper-surface of a hyper-sphere], 2''π'' ²''r'' ³."}} this as an instance in which dimensional analogy can fail us as a method, but it is really our failure to recognize whether a one- or two-dimensional analogy is the appropriate method.|name=two-dimensional analogy}}|name=double rotations}} === The 3 Cartesian bases of the 24-cell === There are three distinct orientations of the tesseractic honeycomb which could be made to coincide with the 24-cell [[#Radially equilateral honeycomb|honeycomb]], depending on which of the 24-cell's three disjoint sets of 8 orthogonal vertices (which set of 4 perpendicular axes, or equivalently, which inscribed basis 16-cell){{Efn|name=three basis 16-cells}} was chosen to align it, just as three tesseracts can be inscribed in the 24-cell, rotated with respect to each other.{{Efn|name=three 8-cells}} The distance from one of these orientations to another is an [[#Isoclinic rotations|isoclinic rotation]] through 60 degrees (a [[W:Rotations in 4-dimensional Euclidean space#Double rotations|double rotation]] of 60 degrees in each pair of orthogonal invariant planes, around a single fixed point).{{Efn|name=Clifford displacement}} This rotation can be seen most clearly in the hexagonal central planes, where every hexagon rotates to change which of its three diameters is aligned with a coordinate system axis.{{Efn|name=non-orthogonal hexagons|group=}} === Planes of rotation === [[W:Rotations in 4-dimensional Euclidean space|Rotations in 4-dimensional Euclidean space]] can be seen as the composition of two 2-dimensional rotations in completely orthogonal planes.{{Sfn|Kim|Rote|2016|p=6|loc=§5. Four-Dimensional Rotations}} Thus the general rotation in 4-space is a ''double rotation''.{{Sfn|Perez-Gracia|Thomas|2017|loc=§7. Conclusions|ps=; "Rotations in three dimensions are determined by a rotation axis and the rotation angle about it, where the rotation axis is perpendicular to the plane in which points are being rotated. The situation in four dimensions is more complicated. In this case, rotations are determined by two orthogonal planes and two angles, one for each plane. Cayley proved that a general 4D rotation can always be decomposed into two 4D rotations, each of them being determined by two equal rotation angles up to a sign change."}} There are two important special cases, called a ''simple rotation'' and an ''isoclinic rotation''.{{Efn|A [[W:Rotations in 4-dimensional Euclidean space|rotation in 4-space]] is completely characterized by choosing an invariant plane and an angle and direction (left or right) through which it rotates, and another angle and direction through which its one completely orthogonal invariant plane rotates. Two rotational displacements are identical if they have the same pair of invariant planes of rotation, through the same angles in the same directions (and hence also the same chiral pairing of directions). Thus the general rotation in 4-space is a '''double rotation''', characterized by ''two'' angles. A '''simple rotation''' is a special case in which one rotational angle is 0.{{Efn|Any double rotation (including an isoclinic rotation) can be seen as the composition of two simple rotations ''a'' and ''b'': the ''left'' double rotation as ''a'' then ''b'', and the ''right'' double rotation as ''b'' then ''a''. Simple rotations are not commutative; left and right rotations (in general) reach different destinations. The difference between a double rotation and its two composing simple rotations is that the double rotation is 4-dimensionally diagonal: each moving vertex reaches its destination ''directly'' without passing through the intermediate point touched by ''a'' then ''b'', or the other intermediate point touched by ''b'' then ''a'', by rotating on a single helical geodesic (so it is the shortest path).{{Efn|name=helical geodesic}} Conversely, any simple rotation can be seen as the composition of two ''equal-angled'' double rotations (a left isoclinic rotation and a right isoclinic rotation),{{Efn|name=one true circle}} as discovered by [[W:Arthur Cayley|Cayley]]; perhaps surprisingly, this composition ''is'' commutative, and is possible for any double rotation as well.{{Sfn|Perez-Gracia|Thomas|2017}}|name=double rotation}} An '''isoclinic rotation''' is a different special case,{{Efn|name=Clifford displacement}} similar but not identical to two simple rotations through the ''same'' angle.{{Efn|name=plane movement in rotations}}|name=identical rotations}} ==== Simple rotations ==== [[Image:24-cell.gif|thumb|A 3D projection of a 24-cell performing a [[W:SO(4)#Geometry of 4D rotations|simple rotation]].{{Sfn|Hise|2011|ps=; Illustration created by Jason Hise with Maya and Macromedia Fireworks.}}]]In 3 dimensions a spinning polyhedron has a single invariant central ''plane of rotation''. The plane is an [[W:Invariant set|invariant set]] because each point in the plane moves in a circle but stays within the plane. Only ''one'' of a polyhedron's central planes can be invariant during a particular rotation; the choice of invariant central plane, and the angular distance and direction it is rotated, completely specifies the rotation. Points outside the invariant plane also move in circles (unless they are on the fixed ''axis of rotation'' perpendicular to the invariant plane), but the circles do not lie within a [[#Geodesics|''central'' plane]]. When a 4-polytope is rotating with only one invariant central plane, the same kind of [[W:Rotations in 4-dimensional Euclidean space#Simple rotations|simple rotation]] is happening that occurs in 3 dimensions. One difference is that instead of a fixed axis of rotation, there is an entire fixed central plane in which the points do not move. The fixed plane is the one central plane that is [[W:Completely orthogonal|completely orthogonal]]{{Efn|name=Six orthogonal planes of the Cartesian basis}} to the invariant plane of rotation. In the 24-cell, there is a simple rotation which will take any vertex ''directly'' to any other vertex, also moving most of the other vertices but leaving at least 2 and at most 6 other vertices fixed (the vertices that the fixed central plane intersects). The vertex moves along a great circle in the invariant plane of rotation between adjacent vertices of a great hexagon, a great square or a great [[W:Digon|digon]], and the completely orthogonal fixed plane is a digon, a square or a hexagon, respectively. {{Efn|In the 24-cell each great square plane is [[W:Completely orthogonal|completely orthogonal]] to another great square plane, and each great hexagon plane is completely orthogonal to a plane which intersects only two antipodal vertices: a great [[W:Digon|digon]] plane.|name=pairs of completely orthogonal planes}} ==== Double rotations ==== [[Image:24-cell-orig.gif|thumb|A 3D projection of a 24-cell performing a [[W:SO(4)#Geometry of 4D rotations|double rotation]].{{Sfn|Hise|2007|ps=; Illustration created by Jason Hise with Maya and Macromedia Fireworks.}}]]The points in the completely orthogonal central plane are not ''constrained'' to be fixed. It is also possible for them to be rotating in circles, as a second invariant plane, at a rate independent of the first invariant plane's rotation: a [[W:Rotations in 4-dimensional Euclidean space#Double rotations|double rotation]] in two perpendicular non-intersecting planes{{Efn|name=how planes intersect at a single point}} of rotation at once.{{Efn|name=double rotation}} In a double rotation there is no fixed plane or axis: every point moves except the center point. The angular distance rotated may be different in the two completely orthogonal central planes, but they are always both invariant: their circularly moving points remain within the plane ''as the whole plane tilts sideways'' in the completely orthogonal rotation. A rotation in 4-space always has (at least) ''two'' completely orthogonal invariant planes of rotation, although in a simple rotation the angle of rotation in one of them is 0. Double rotations come in two [[W:Chiral|chiral]] forms: ''left'' and ''right'' rotations.{{Efn|The adjectives ''left'' and ''right'' are commonly used in two different senses, to distinguish two distinct kinds of pairing. They can refer to alternate directions: the hand on the left side of the body, versus the hand on the right side. Or they can refer to a [[W:Chiral|chiral]] pair of enantiomorphous objects: a left hand is the mirror image of a right hand (like an inside-out glove). In the case of hands the sense intended is rarely ambiguous, because of course the hand on your left side ''is'' the mirror image of the hand on your right side: a hand is either left ''or'' right in both senses. But in the case of double-rotating 4-dimensional objects, only one sense of left versus right properly applies: the enantiomorphous sense, in which the left and right rotation are inside-out mirror images of each other. There ''are'' two directions, which we may call positive and negative, in which moving vertices may be circling on their isoclines, but it would be ambiguous to label those circular directions "right" and "left", since a rotation's direction and its chirality are independent properties: a right (or left) rotation may be circling in either the positive or negative direction. The left rotation is not rotating "to the left", the right rotation is not rotating "to the right", and unlike your left and right hands, double rotations do not lie on the left or right side of the 4-polytope. If double rotations must be analogized to left and right hands, they are better thought of as a pair of clasped hands, centered on the body, because of course they have a common center.|name=clasped hands}} In a double rotation each vertex moves in a spiral along two orthogonal great circles at once.{{Efn|In a double rotation each vertex can be said to move along two completely orthogonal great circles at the same time, but it does not stay within the central plane of either of those original great circles; rather, it moves along a helical geodesic that traverses diagonally between great circles. The two completely orthogonal planes of rotation are said to be ''invariant'' because the points in each stay in their places in the plane ''as the plane moves'', rotating ''and'' tilting sideways by the angle that the ''other'' plane rotates.|name=helical geodesic}} Either the path is right-hand [[W:Screw thread#Handedness|threaded]] (like most screws and bolts), moving along the circles in the "same" directions, or it is left-hand threaded (like a reverse-threaded bolt), moving along the circles in what we conventionally say are "opposite" directions (according to the [[W:Right hand rule|right hand rule]] by which we conventionally say which way is "up" on each of the 4 coordinate axes).{{Sfn|Perez-Gracia|Thomas|2017|loc=§5. A useful mapping|pp=12−13}} In double rotations of the 24-cell that take vertices to vertices, one invariant plane of rotation contains either a great hexagon, a great square, or only an axis (two vertices, a great digon). The completely orthogonal invariant plane of rotation will necessarily contain a great digon, a great square, or a great hexagon, respectively. The selection of an invariant plane of rotation, a rotational direction and angle through which to rotate it, and a rotational direction and angle through which to rotate its completely orthogonal plane, completely determines the nature of the rotational displacement. In the 24-cell there are several noteworthy kinds of double rotation permitted by these parameters.{{Sfn|Coxeter|1995|loc=(Paper 3) ''Two aspects of the regular 24-cell in four dimensions''|pp=30-32|ps=; §3. The Dodecagonal Aspect;{{Efn|name=Petrie dodecagram and Clifford hexagram}} Coxeter considers the 150°/30° double rotation of period 12 which locates 12 of the 225 distinct 24-cells inscribed in the [[120-cell]], a regular 4-polytope with 120 dodecahedral cells that is the convex hull of the compound of 25 disjoint 24-cells.}} ==== Isoclinic rotations ==== When the angles of rotation in the two invariant planes are exactly the same, a [[W:Rotations in 4-dimensional Euclidean space#Special property of SO(4) among rotation groups in general|remarkably symmetric]] [[W:Geometric transformation|transformation]] occurs:{{Sfn|Perez-Gracia|Thomas|2017|loc=§2. Isoclinic rotations|pp=2−3}} all the great circle planes Clifford parallel{{Efn|name=Clifford parallels}} to the invariant planes become invariant planes of rotation themselves, through that same angle, and the 4-polytope rotates [[W:Rotations in 4-dimensional Euclidean space#Isoclinic rotations|isoclinically]] in many directions at once.{{Sfn|Kim|Rote|2016|loc=§6. Angles between two Planes in 4-Space|pp=7-10}} Each vertex moves an equal distance in four orthogonal directions at the same time.{{Efn|In an [[#Isoclinic rotations|isoclinic rotation]], each point anywhere in the 4-polytope moves an equal distance in four orthogonal directions at once, on a [[W:8-cell#Radial equilateral symmetry|4-dimensional diagonal]]. The point is displaced a total [[W:Pythagorean distance|Pythagorean distance]] equal to the square root of four times the square of that distance. All vertices are displaced to a vertex at least two edge lengths away.{{Efn|name=missing the nearest vertices}} For example, when the unit-radius 24-cell rotates isoclinically 60° in a hexagon invariant plane and 60° in its completely orthogonal invariant plane,{{Efn|name=pairs of completely orthogonal planes}} each vertex is displaced to another vertex {{radic|3}} (120°) away, moving {{radic|3/4}} ≈ 0.866 (half the {{radic|3}} chord length) in four orthogonal directions.{{Efn|{{radic|3/4}} ≈ 0.866 is the long radius of the {{radic|2}}-edge regular tetrahedron (the unit-radius 16-cell's cell). Those four tetrahedron radii are not orthogonal, and they radiate symmetrically compressed into 3 dimensions (not 4). The four orthogonal {{radic|3/4}} ≈ 0.866 displacements summing to a 120° degree displacement in the 24-cell's characteristic isoclinic rotation{{Efn|name=isoclinic 4-dimensional diagonal}} are not as easy to visualize as radii, but they can be imagined as successive orthogonal steps in a path extending in all 4 dimensions, along the orthogonal edges of a [[5-cell#Orthoschemes|4-orthoscheme]]. In an actual left (or right) isoclinic rotation the four orthogonal {{radic|3/4}} ≈ 0.866 steps of each 120° displacement are concurrent, not successive, so they ''are'' actually symmetrical radii in 4 dimensions. In fact they are four orthogonal [[#Characteristic orthoscheme|mid-edge radii of a unit-radius 24-cell]] centered at the rotating vertex. Finally, in 2 dimensional units, {{radic|3/4}} ≈ 0.866 is the area of the equilateral triangle face of the unit-edge, unit-radius 24-cell. The area of the radial equilateral triangles in a unit-radius radially equilateral polytope is {{radic|3/4}} ≈ 0.866.|name=root 3/4}}|name=isoclinic 4-dimensional diagonal}} In the 24-cell any isoclinic rotation through 60 degrees in a hexagonal plane takes each vertex to a vertex two edge lengths away, rotates ''all 16'' hexagons by 60 degrees, and takes ''every'' great circle polygon (square,{{Efn|In the [[16-cell#Rotations|16-cell]] the 6 orthogonal great squares form 3 pairs of completely orthogonal great circles; each pair is Clifford parallel. In the 24-cell, the 3 inscribed 16-cells lie rotated 60 degrees isoclinically{{Efn|name=isoclinic 4-dimensional diagonal}} with respect to each other; consequently their corresponding vertices are 120 degrees apart on a hexagonal great circle. Pairing their vertices which are 90 degrees apart reveals corresponding square great circles which are Clifford parallel. Each of the 18 square great circles is Clifford parallel not only to one other square great circle in the same 16-cell (the completely orthogonal one), but also to two square great circles (which are completely orthogonal to each other) in each of the other two 16-cells. (Completely orthogonal great circles are Clifford parallel, but not all Clifford parallels are orthogonal.{{Efn|name=only some Clifford parallels are orthogonal}}) A 60 degree isoclinic rotation of the 24-cell in hexagonal invariant planes takes each square great circle to a Clifford parallel (but non-orthogonal) square great circle in a different 16-cell.|name=Clifford parallel squares in the 16-cell and 24-cell}} hexagon or triangle) to a Clifford parallel great circle polygon of the same kind 120 degrees away. An isoclinic rotation is also called a ''Clifford displacement'', after its [[W:William Kingdon Clifford|discoverer]].{{Efn|In a ''[[W:William Kingdon Clifford|Clifford]] displacement'', also known as an [[W:Rotations in 4-dimensional Euclidean space#Isoclinic rotations|isoclinic rotation]], all the Clifford parallel{{Efn|name=Clifford parallels}} invariant planes are displaced in four orthogonal directions at once: they are rotated by the same angle, and at the same time they are tilted ''sideways'' by that same angle in the completely orthogonal rotation.{{Efn|name=one true circle}} A [[W:Rotations in 4-dimensional Euclidean space#Isoclinic rotations|Clifford displacement]] is [[W:8-cell#Radial equilateral symmetry|4-dimensionally diagonal]].{{Efn|name=isoclinic 4-dimensional diagonal}} Every plane that is Clifford parallel to one of the completely orthogonal planes (including in this case an entire Clifford parallel bundle of 4 hexagons, but not all 16 hexagons) is invariant under the isoclinic rotation: all the points in the plane rotate in circles but remain in the plane, even as the whole plane tilts sideways.{{Efn|name=plane movement in rotations}} All 16 hexagons rotate by the same angle (though only 4 of them do so invariantly). All 16 hexagons are rotated by 60 degrees, and also displaced sideways by 60 degrees to a Clifford parallel hexagon. All of the other central polygons (e.g. squares) are also displaced to a Clifford parallel polygon 60 degrees away.|name=Clifford displacement}} The 24-cell in the ''double'' rotation animation appears to turn itself inside out.{{Efn|That a double rotation can turn a 4-polytope inside out is even more noticeable in the [[W:Rotations in 4-dimensional Euclidean space#Double rotations|tesseract double rotation]].}} It appears to, because it actually does, reversing the [[W:Chirality|chirality]] of the whole 4-polytope just the way your bathroom mirror reverses the chirality of your image by a 180 degree reflection. Each 360 degree isoclinic rotation is as if the 24-cell surface had been stripped off like a glove and turned inside out, making a right-hand glove into a left-hand glove (or vice versa).{{Sfn|Coxeter|1973|p=141|loc=§7.x. Historical remarks|ps=; "[[W:August Ferdinand Möbius|Möbius]] realized, as early as 1827, that a four-dimensional rotation would be required to bring two enantiomorphous solids into coincidence. This idea was neatly deployed by [[W:H. G. Wells|H. G. Wells]] in ''The Plattner Story''."}} In a simple rotation of the 24-cell in a hexagonal plane, each vertex in the plane rotates first along an edge to an adjacent vertex 60 degrees away. But in an isoclinic rotation in ''two'' completely orthogonal planes one of which is a great hexagon,{{Efn|name=pairs of completely orthogonal planes}} each vertex rotates first to a vertex ''two'' edge lengths away ({{radic|3}} and 120° distant). The double 60-degree rotation's helical geodesics pass through every other vertex, missing the vertices in between.{{Efn|In an isoclinic rotation vertices move diagonally, like the [[W:bishop (chess)|bishop]]s in [[W:Chess|chess]]. Vertices in an isoclinic rotation ''cannot'' reach their orthogonally nearest neighbor vertices{{Efn|name=8 nearest vertices}} by double-rotating directly toward them (and also orthogonally to that direction), because that double rotation takes them diagonally between their nearest vertices, missing them, to a vertex farther away in a larger-radius surrounding shell of vertices,{{Efn|name=nearest isoclinic vertices are {{radic|3}} away in third surrounding shell}} the way bishops are confined to the white or black squares of the [[W:Chessboard|chessboard]] and cannot reach squares of the opposite color, even those immediately adjacent.{{Efn|Isoclinic rotations{{Efn|name=isoclinic geodesic}} partition the 24 cells (and the 24 vertices) of the 24-cell into two disjoint subsets of 12 cells (and 12 vertices), even and odd (or black and white), which shift places among themselves, in a manner dimensionally analogous to the way the [[W:Bishop (chess)|bishops]]' diagonal moves{{Efn|name=missing the nearest vertices}} restrict them to the black or white squares of the [[W:Chessboard|chessboard]].{{Efn|Left and right isoclinic rotations partition the 24 cells (and 24 vertices) into black and white in the same way.{{Sfn|Coxeter|1973|p=156|loc=|ps=: "...the chess-board has an n-dimensional analogue."}} The rotations of all fibrations of the same kind of great polygon use the same chessboard, which is a convention of the coordinate system based on even and odd coordinates. ''Left and right are not colors:'' in either a left (or right) rotation half the moving vertices are black, running along black isoclines through black vertices, and the other half are white vertices, also rotating among themselves.{{Efn|Chirality and even/odd parity are distinct flavors. Things which have even/odd coordinate parity are '''''black or white:''''' the squares of the [[W:Chessboard|chessboard]],{{Efn|Since it is difficult to color points and lines white, we sometimes use black and red instead of black and white. In particular, isocline chords are sometimes shown as black or red ''dashed'' lines.{{Efn|name=interior features}}|name=black and red}} '''cells''', '''vertices''' and the '''isoclines''' which connect them by isoclinic rotation.{{Efn|name=isoclinic geodesic}} Everything else is '''''black and white:''''' e.g. adjacent '''face-bonded cell pairs''', or '''edges''' and '''chords''' which are black at one end and white at the other. Things which have [[W:Chirality|chirality]] come in '''''right or left''''' enantiomorphous forms: '''[[#Isoclinic rotations|isoclinic rotations]]''' and '''chiral objects''' which include '''[[#Characteristic orthoscheme|characteristic orthoscheme]]s''', '''[[#Chiral symmetry operations|sets of Clifford parallel great polygon planes]]''',{{Efn|name=completely orthogonal Clifford parallels are special}} '''[[W:Fiber bundle|fiber bundle]]s''' of Clifford parallel circles (whether or not the circles themselves are chiral), and the chiral cell rings of tetrahedra found in the [[16-cell#Helical construction|16-cell]] and [[600-cell#Boerdijk–Coxeter helix rings|600-cell]]. Things which have '''''neither''''' an even/odd parity nor a chirality include all '''edges''' and '''faces''' (shared by black and white cells), '''[[#Geodesics|great circle polygons]]''' and their '''[[W:Hopf fibration|fibration]]s''', and non-chiral cell rings such as the 24-cell's [[24-cell#Cell rings|cell rings of octahedra]]. Some things are associated with '''''both''''' an even/odd parity and a chirality: '''isoclines''' are black or white because they connect vertices which are all of the same color, and they ''act'' as left or right chiral objects when they are vertex paths in a left or right rotation, although they have no inherent chirality themselves. Each left (or right) rotation traverses an equal number of black and white isoclines.{{Efn|name=Clifford polygon}}|name=left-right versus black-white}}|name=isoclinic chessboard}}|name=black and white}} Things moving diagonally move farther than 1 unit of distance in each movement step ({{radic|2}} on the chessboard, {{radic|3}} in the 24-cell), but at the cost of ''missing'' half the destinations.{{Efn|name=one true circle}} However, in an isoclinic rotation of a rigid body all the vertices rotate at once, so every destination ''will'' be reached by some vertex. Moreover, there is another isoclinic rotation in hexagon invariant planes which does take each vertex to an adjacent (nearest) vertex. A 24-cell can displace each vertex to a vertex 60° away (a nearest vertex) by rotating isoclinically by 30° in two completely orthogonal invariant planes (one of them a hexagon), ''not'' by double-rotating directly toward the nearest vertex (and also orthogonally to that direction), but instead by double-rotating directly toward a more distant vertex (and also orthogonally to that direction). This helical 30° isoclinic rotation takes the vertex 60° to its nearest-neighbor vertex by a ''different path'' than a simple 60° rotation would. The path along the helical isocline and the path along the simple great circle have the same 60° arc-length, but they consist of disjoint sets of points (except for their endpoints, the two vertices). They are both geodesic (shortest) arcs, but on two alternate kinds of geodesic circle. One is doubly curved (through all four dimensions), and one is simply curved (lying in a two-dimensional plane).|name=missing the nearest vertices}} Each {{radic|3}} chord of the helical geodesic{{Efn|Although adjacent vertices on the isoclinic geodesic are a {{radic|3}} chord apart, a point on a rigid body under rotation does not travel along a chord: it moves along an arc between the two endpoints of the chord (a longer distance). In a ''simple'' rotation between two vertices {{radic|3}} apart, the vertex moves along the arc of a hexagonal great circle to a vertex two great hexagon edges away, and passes through the intervening hexagon vertex midway. But in an ''isoclinic'' rotation between two vertices {{radic|3}} apart the vertex moves along a helical arc called an isocline (not a planar great circle),{{Efn|name=isoclinic geodesic}} which does ''not'' pass through an intervening vertex: it misses the vertex nearest to its midpoint.{{Efn|name=missing the nearest vertices}}|name=isocline misses vertex}} crosses between two Clifford parallel hexagon central planes, and lies in another hexagon central plane that intersects them both.{{Efn|Departing from any vertex V₀ in the original great hexagon plane of isoclinic rotation P₀, the first vertex reached V₁ is 120 degrees away along a {{radic|3}} chord lying in a different hexagonal plane P₁. P₁ is inclined to P₀ at a 60° angle.{{Efn|P₀ and P₁ lie in the same hyperplane (the same central cuboctahedron) so their other angle of separation is 0.{{Efn|name=two angles between central planes}}}} The second vertex reached V₂ is 120 degrees beyond V₁ along a second {{radic|3}} chord lying in another hexagonal plane P₂ that is Clifford parallel to P₀.{{Efn|P₀ and P₂ are 60° apart in ''both'' angles of separation.{{Efn|name=two angles between central planes}} Clifford parallel planes are isoclinic (which means they are separated by two equal angles), and their corresponding vertices are all the same distance apart. Although V₀ and V₂ are ''two'' {{radic|3}} chords apart,{{Efn|V₀ and V₂ are two {{radic|3}} chords apart on the geodesic path of this rotational isocline, but that is not the shortest geodesic path between them. In the 24-cell, it is impossible for two vertices to be more distant than ''one'' {{radic|3}} chord, unless they are antipodal vertices {{radic|4}} apart.{{Efn|name=Geodesic distance}} V₀ and V₂ are ''one'' {{radic|3}} chord apart on some other isocline, and just {{radic|1}} apart on some great hexagon. Between V₀ and V₂, the isoclinic rotation has gone the long way around the 24-cell over two {{radic|3}} chords to reach a vertex that was only {{radic|1}} away. More generally, isoclines are geodesics because the distance between their successive vertices is the shortest distance between those two vertices in some rotation connecting them, but on the 3-sphere there may be another rotation which is shorter. A path between two vertices along a geodesic is not always the shortest distance between them (even on ordinary great circle geodesics).}} P₀ and P₂ are just one {{radic|1}} edge apart (at every pair of ''nearest'' vertices).}} (Notice that V₁ lies in both intersecting planes P₁ and P₂, as V₀ lies in both P₀ and P₁. But P₀ and P₂ have ''no'' vertices in common; they do not intersect.) The third vertex reached V₃ is 120 degrees beyond V₂ along a third {{radic|3}} chord lying in another hexagonal plane P₃ that is Clifford parallel to P₁. V₀ and V₃ are adjacent vertices, {{radic|1}} apart.{{Efn|name=skew hexagram}} The three {{radic|3}} chords lie in different 8-cells.{{Efn|name=three 8-cells}} V₀ to V₃ is a 360° isoclinic rotation, and one half of the 24-cell's double-loop hexagram₂ Clifford polygon.{{Efn|name=Clifford polygon}}|name=360 degree geodesic path visiting 3 hexagonal planes}} The {{radic|3}} chords meet at a 60° angle, but since they lie in different planes they form a [[W:Helix|helix]] not a [[#Great triangles|triangle]]. Three {{radic|3}} chords and 360° of rotation takes the vertex to an adjacent vertex, not back to itself. The helix of {{radic|3}} chords closes into a loop only after six {{radic|3}} chords: a 720° rotation twice around the 24-cell{{Efn|An isoclinic rotation by 60° is two simple rotations by 60° at the same time.{{Efn|The composition of two simple 60° rotations in a pair of completely orthogonal invariant planes is a 60° isoclinic rotation in ''four'' pairs of completely orthogonal invariant planes.{{Efn|name=double rotation}} Thus the isoclinic rotation is the compound of four simple rotations, and all 24 vertices rotate in invariant hexagon planes, versus just 6 vertices in a simple rotation.}} It moves all the vertices 120° at the same time, in various different directions. Six successive diagonal rotational increments, of 60°x60° each, move each vertex through 720° on a Möbius double loop called an ''isocline'', ''twice'' around the 24-cell and back to its point of origin, in the ''same time'' (six rotational units) that it would take a simple rotation to take the vertex ''once'' around the 24-cell on an ordinary great circle.{{Efn|name=double threaded}} The helical double loop 4𝝅 isocline is just another kind of ''single'' full circle, of the same time interval and period (6 chords) as the simple great circle. The isocline is ''one'' true circle,{{Efn|name=4-dimensional great circles}} as perfectly round and geodesic as the simple great circle, even through its chords are {{radic|3}} longer, its circumference is 4𝝅 instead of 2𝝅,{{Efn|All 3-sphere isoclines of the same circumference are directly congruent circles.{{Efn|name=not all isoclines are circles}} An ordinary great circle is an isocline of circumference <math>2\pi r</math>; simple rotations of unit-radius polytopes take place on 2𝝅 isoclines. Double rotations may have isoclines of other than <math>2\pi r</math> circumference. The ''characteristic rotation'' of a regular 4-polytope is the isoclinic rotation in which the central planes containing its edges are invariant planes of rotation. The 16-cell and 24-cell edge-rotate on isoclines of 4𝝅 circumference. The 600-cell edge-rotates on isoclines of 5𝝅 circumference.|name=isocline circumference}} it circles through four dimensions instead of two,{{Efn|name=Villarceau circles}} and it acts in two chiral forms (left and right) even though all such circles of the same circumference are directly congruent.{{Efn|name=Clifford polygon}} Nevertheless, to avoid confusion we always refer to it as an ''isocline'' and reserve the term ''great circle'' for an ordinary great circle in the plane.{{Efn|name=isocline}}|name=one true circle}} on a [[W:Skew polygon#Regular skew polygons in four dimensions|skew]] [[W:Hexagram|hexagram]] with {{radic|3}} edges.{{Efn|name=skew hexagram}} Even though all 24 vertices and all the hexagons rotate at once, a 360 degree isoclinic rotation moves each vertex only halfway around its circuit. After 360 degrees each helix has departed from 3 vertices and reached a fourth vertex adjacent to the original vertex, but has ''not'' arrived back exactly at the vertex it departed from. Each central plane (every hexagon or square in the 24-cell) has rotated 360 degrees ''and'' been tilted sideways all the way around 360 degrees back to its original position (like a coin flipping twice), but the 24-cell's [[W:Orientation entanglement|orientation]] in the 4-space in which it is embedded is now different.{{Sfn|Mebius|2015|loc=Motivation|pp=2-3|ps=; "This research originated from ... the desire to construct a computer implementation of a specific motion of the human arm, known among folk dance experts as the ''Philippine wine dance'' or ''Binasuan'' and performed by physicist [[W:Richard P. Feynman|Richard P. Feynman]] during his [[W:Dirac|Dirac]] memorial lecture 1986{{Sfn|Feynman|Weinberg|1987|loc=The reason for antiparticles}} to show that a single rotation (2𝝅) is not equivalent in all respects to no rotation at all, whereas a double rotation (4𝝅) is."}} Because the 24-cell is now inside-out, if the isoclinic rotation is continued in the ''same'' direction through another 360 degrees, the 24 moving vertices will pass through the other half of the vertices that were missed on the first revolution (the 12 antipodal vertices of the 12 that were hit the first time around), and each isoclinic geodesic ''will'' arrive back at the vertex it departed from, forming a closed six-chord helical loop. It takes a 720 degree isoclinic rotation for each [[#Helical hexagrams and their isoclines|hexagram₂ geodesic]] to complete a circuit through every ''second'' vertex of its six vertices by [[W:Winding number|winding]] around the 24-cell twice, returning the 24-cell to its original chiral orientation.{{Efn|In a 720° isoclinic rotation of a ''rigid'' 24-cell the 24 vertices rotate along four separate Clifford parallel hexagram₂ geodesic loops (six vertices circling in each loop) and return to their original positions.{{Efn|name=Villarceau circles}}}} The hexagonal winding path that each vertex takes as it loops twice around the 24-cell forms a double helix bent into a [[W:Möbius strip|Möbius ring]], so that the two strands of the double helix form a continuous single strand in a closed loop.{{Efn|Because the 24-cell's helical hexagram₂ geodesic is bent into a twisted ring in the fourth dimension like a [[W:Möbius strip|Möbius strip]], its [[W:Screw thread|screw thread]] doubles back across itself in each revolution, reversing its chirality{{Efn|name=Clifford polygon}} but without ever changing its even/odd parity of rotation (black or white).{{Efn|name=black and white}} The 6-vertex isoclinic path forms a Möbius double loop, like a 3-dimensional double helix with the ends of its two parallel 3-vertex helices cross-connected to each other. This 60° isocline{{Efn|A strip of paper can form a [[W:Möbius strip#Polyhedral surfaces and flat foldings|flattened Möbius strip]] in the plane by folding it at <math>60^\circ</math> angles so that its center line lies along an equilateral triangle, and attaching the ends. The shortest strip for which this is possible consists of three equilateral paper triangles, folded at the edges where two triangles meet. Since the loop traverses both sides of each paper triangle, it is a hexagonal loop over six equilateral triangles. Its [[W:Aspect ratio|aspect ratio]]{{snd}}the ratio of the strip's length{{efn|The length of a strip can be measured at its centerline, or by cutting the resulting Möbius strip perpendicularly to its boundary so that it forms a rectangle.}} to its width{{snd}}is {{nowrap|<math>\sqrt 3\approx 1.73</math>.}}}} is a [[W:Skew polygon|skewed]] instance of the [[W:Polygram (geometry)#Regular compound polygons|regular compound polygon]] denoted {6/2}{{=}}2{3} or hexagram₂.{{Efn|name=skew hexagram}} Successive {{radic|3}} edges belong to different [[#8-cell|8-cells]], as the 720° isoclinic rotation takes each hexagon through all six hexagons in the [[#6-cell rings|6-cell ring]], and each 8-cell through all three 8-cells twice.{{Efn|name=three 8-cells}}|name=double threaded}} In the first revolution the vertex traverses one 3-chord strand of the double helix; in the second revolution it traverses the second 3-chord strand, moving in the same rotational direction with the same handedness (bending either left or right) throughout. Although this isoclinic Möbius [[#6-cell rings|ring]] is a circular spiral through all 4 dimensions, not a 2-dimensional circle, like a great circle it is a geodesic because it is the shortest path from vertex to vertex.{{Efn|A point under isoclinic rotation traverses the diagonal{{Efn|name=isoclinic 4-dimensional diagonal}} straight line of a single '''isoclinic geodesic''', reaching its destination directly, instead of the bent line of two successive '''simple geodesics'''.{{Efn||name=double rotation}} A '''[[W:Geodesic|geodesic]]''' is the ''shortest path'' through a space (intuitively, a string pulled taught between two points). Simple geodesics are great circles lying in a central plane (the only kind of geodesics that occur in 3-space on the 2-sphere). Isoclinic geodesics are different: they do ''not'' lie in a single plane; they are 4-dimensional [[W:Helix|spirals]] rather than simple 2-dimensional circles.{{Efn|name=helical geodesic}} But they are not like 3-dimensional [[W:Screw threads|screw threads]] either, because they form a closed loop like any circle.{{Efn|name=double threaded}} Isoclinic geodesics are ''4-dimensional great circles'', and they are just as circular as 2-dimensional circles: in fact, twice as circular, because they curve in ''two'' orthogonal great circles at once.{{Efn|Isoclinic geodesics or ''isoclines'' are 4-dimensional great circles in the sense that they are 1-dimensional geodesic ''lines'' that curve in 4-space in two orthogonal great circles at once.{{Efn|name=not all isoclines are circles}} They should not be confused with ''great 2-spheres'',{{Sfn|Stillwell|2001|p=24}} which are the 4-dimensional analogues of great circles (great 1-spheres).{{Efn|name=great 2-spheres}} Discrete isoclines are polygons;{{Efn|name=Clifford polygon}} discrete great 2-spheres are polyhedra.|name=4-dimensional great circles}} They are true circles,{{Efn|name=one true circle}} and even form [[W:Hopf fibration|fibrations]] like ordinary 2-dimensional great circles.{{Efn|name=hexagonal fibrations}}{{Efn|name=square fibrations}} These '''isoclines''' are geodesic 1-dimensional lines embedded in a 4-dimensional space. On the 3-sphere{{Efn|All isoclines are [[W:Geodesics|geodesics]], and isoclines on the [[W:3-sphere|3-sphere]] are circles (curving equally in each dimension), but not all isoclines on 3-manifolds in 4-space are circles.|name=not all isoclines are circles}} they always occur in pairs{{Efn|Isoclines on the 3-sphere occur in non-intersecting pairs of even/odd coordinate parity.{{Efn|name=black and white}} A single black or white isocline forms a [[W:Möbius loop|Möbius loop]] called the {1,1} torus knot or Villarceau circle{{Sfn|Dorst|2019|loc=§1. Villarceau Circles|p=44|ps=; "In mathematics, the path that the (1, 1) knot on the torus traces is also known as a [[W:Villarceau circle|Villarceau circle]]. Villarceau circles are usually introduced as two intersecting circles that are the cross-section of a torus by a well-chosen plane cutting it. Picking one such circle and rotating it around the torus axis, the resulting family of circles can be used to rule the torus. By nesting tori smartly, the collection of all such circles then form a [[W:Hopf fibration|Hopf fibration]].... we prefer to consider the Villarceau circle as the (1, 1) torus knot rather than as a planar cut."}} in which each of two "circles" linked in a Möbius "figure eight" loop traverses through all four dimensions.{{Efn|name=Clifford polygon}} The double loop is a true circle in four dimensions.{{Efn|name=one true circle}} Even and odd isoclines are also linked, not in a Möbius loop but as a [[W:Hopf link|Hopf link]] of two non-intersecting circles,{{Efn|name=Clifford parallels}} as are all the Clifford parallel isoclines of a [[W:Hopf fibration|Hopf fiber bundle]].|name=Villarceau circles}} as [[W:Villarceau circle|Villarceau circle]]s on the [[W:Clifford torus|Clifford torus]], the geodesic paths traversed by vertices in an [[W:Rotations in 4-dimensional Euclidean space#Double rotations|isoclinic rotation]]. They are [[W:Helix|helices]] bent into a [[W:Möbius strip|Möbius loop]] in the fourth dimension, taking a diagonal [[W:Winding number|winding route]] around the 3-sphere through the non-adjacent vertices{{Efn|name=missing the nearest vertices}} of a 4-polytope's [[W:Skew polygon#Regular skew polygons in four dimensions|skew]] '''Clifford polygon'''.{{Efn|name=Clifford polygon}}|name=isoclinic geodesic}} === Clifford parallel polytopes === Two planes are also called ''isoclinic'' if an isoclinic rotation will bring them together.{{Efn|name=two angles between central planes}} The isoclinic planes are precisely those central planes with Clifford parallel geodesic great circles.{{Sfn|Kim|Rote|2016|loc=Relations to Clifford parallelism|pp=8-9}} Clifford parallel great circles do not intersect,{{Efn|name=Clifford parallels}} so isoclinic great circle polygons have disjoint vertices. In the 24-cell every hexagonal central plane is isoclinic to three others, and every square central plane is isoclinic to five others. We can pick out 4 mutually isoclinic (Clifford parallel) great hexagons (four different ways) covering all 24 vertices of the 24-cell just once (a hexagonal fibration).{{Efn|The 24-cell has four sets of 4 non-intersecting [[W:Clifford parallel|Clifford parallel]]{{Efn|name=Clifford parallels}} great circles each passing through 6 vertices (a great hexagon), with only one great hexagon in each set passing through each vertex, and the 4 hexagons in each set reaching all 24 vertices.{{Efn|name=four hexagonal fibrations}} Each set constitutes a discrete [[W:Hopf fibration|Hopf fibration]] of interlocking great circles. The 24-cell can also be divided (eight different ways) into 4 disjoint subsets of 6 vertices (hexagrams) that do ''not'' lie in a hexagonal central plane, each skew [[#Helical hexagrams and their isoclines|hexagram forming an isoclinic geodesic or ''isocline'']] that is the rotational circle traversed by those 6 vertices in one particular left or right [[#Isoclinic rotations|isoclinic rotation]]. Each of these sets of four Clifford parallel isoclines belongs to one of the four discrete Hopf fibrations of hexagonal great circles.{{Efn|Each set of [[W:Clifford parallel|Clifford parallel]] [[#Geodesics|great circle]] polygons is a different bundle of fibers than the corresponding set of Clifford parallel isocline{{Efn|name=isoclinic geodesic}} polygrams, but the two [[W:Fiber bundles|fiber bundles]] together constitute the ''same'' discrete [[W:Hopf fibration|Hopf fibration]], because they enumerate the 24 vertices together by their intersection in the same distinct (left or right) isoclinic rotation. They are the [[W:Warp and woof|warp and woof]] of the same woven fabric that is the fibration.|name=great circles and isoclines are same fibration|name=warp and woof}}|name=hexagonal fibrations}} We can pick out 6 mutually isoclinic (Clifford parallel) great squares{{Efn|Each great square plane is isoclinic (Clifford parallel) to five other square planes but [[W:Completely orthogonal|completely orthogonal]] to only one of them.{{Efn|name=Clifford parallel squares in the 16-cell and 24-cell}} Every pair of completely orthogonal planes has Clifford parallel great circles, but not all Clifford parallel great circles are orthogonal (e.g., none of the hexagonal geodesics in the 24-cell are mutually orthogonal). There is also another way in which completely orthogonal planes are in a distinguished category of Clifford parallel planes: they are not [[W:Chiral|chiral]], or strictly speaking they possess both chiralities. A pair of isoclinic (Clifford parallel) planes is either a ''left pair'' or a ''right pair'', unless they are separated by two angles of 90° (completely orthogonal planes) or 0° (coincident planes).{{Sfn|Kim|Rote|2016|p=8|loc=Left and Right Pairs of Isoclinic Planes}} Most isoclinic planes are brought together only by a left isoclinic rotation or a right isoclinic rotation, respectively. Completely orthogonal planes are special: the pair of planes is both a left and a right pair, so either a left or a right isoclinic rotation will bring them together. This occurs because isoclinic square planes are 180° apart at all vertex pairs: not just Clifford parallel but completely orthogonal. The isoclines (chiral vertex paths){{Efn|name=isoclinic geodesic}} of 90° isoclinic rotations are special for the same reason. Left and right isoclines loop through the same set of antipodal vertices (hitting both ends of each [[16-cell#Helical construction|16-cell axis]]), instead of looping through disjoint left and right subsets of black or white antipodal vertices (hitting just one end of each axis), as the left and right isoclines of all other fibrations do.|name=completely orthogonal Clifford parallels are special}} (three different ways) covering all 24 vertices of the 24-cell just once (a square fibration).{{Efn|The 24-cell has three sets of 6 non-intersecting Clifford parallel great circles each passing through 4 vertices (a great square), with only one great square in each set passing through each vertex, and the 6 squares in each set reaching all 24 vertices.{{Efn|name=three square fibrations}} Each set constitutes a discrete [[W:Hopf fibration|Hopf fibration]] of 6 interlocking great squares, which is simply the compound of the three inscribed 16-cell's discrete Hopf fibrations of 2 interlocking great squares. The 24-cell can also be divided (six different ways) into 3 disjoint subsets of 8 vertices (octagrams) that do ''not'' lie in a square central plane, but comprise a 16-cell and lie on a skew [[#Helical octagrams and thei isoclines|octagram₃ forming an isoclinic geodesic or ''isocline'']] that is the rotational cirle traversed by those 8 vertices in one particular left or right [[16-cell#Rotations|isoclinic rotation]] as they rotate positions within the 16-cell.{{Efn|name=warp and woof}}|name=square fibrations}} Every isoclinic rotation taking vertices to vertices corresponds to a discrete fibration.{{Efn|name=fibrations are distinguished only by rotations}} Two dimensional great circle polygons are not the only polytopes in the 24-cell which are parallel in the Clifford sense.{{Sfn|Tyrrell|Semple|1971|pp=1-9|loc=§1. Introduction}} Congruent polytopes of 2, 3 or 4 dimensions can be said to be Clifford parallel in 4 dimensions if their corresponding vertices are all the same distance apart. The three 16-cells inscribed in the 24-cell are Clifford parallels. Clifford parallel polytopes are ''completely disjoint'' polytopes.{{Efn|Polytopes are '''completely disjoint''' if all their ''element sets'' are disjoint: they do not share any vertices, edges, faces or cells. They may still overlap in space, sharing 4-content, volume, area, or lineage.|name=completely disjoint}} A 60 degree isoclinic rotation in hexagonal planes takes each 16-cell to a disjoint 16-cell. Like all [[#Double rotations|double rotations]], isoclinic rotations come in two [[W:Chiral|chiral]] forms: there is a disjoint 16-cell to the ''left'' of each 16-cell, and another to its ''right''.{{Efn|Visualize the three [[16-cell]]s inscribed in the 24-cell (left, right, and middle), and the rotation which takes them to each other. [[#Reciprocal constructions from 8-cell and 16-cell|The vertices of the middle 16-cell lie on the (w, x, y, z) coordinate axes]];{{Efn|name=Six orthogonal planes of the Cartesian basis}} the other two are rotated 60° [[W:Rotations in 4-dimensional Euclidean space#Isoclinic rotations|isoclinically]] to its left and its right. The 24-vertex 24-cell is a compound of three 16-cells, whose three sets of 8 vertices are distributed around the 24-cell symmetrically; each vertex is surrounded by 8 others (in the 3-dimensional space of the 4-dimensional 24-cell's ''surface''), the way the vertices of a cube surround its center.{{Efn|name=24-cell vertex figure}} The 8 surrounding vertices (the cube corners) lie in other 16-cells: 4 in the other 16-cell to the left, and 4 in the other 16-cell to the right. They are the vertices of two tetrahedra inscribed in the cube, one belonging (as a cell) to each 16-cell. If the 16-cell edges are {{radic|2}}, each vertex of the compound of three 16-cells is {{radic|1}} away from its 8 surrounding vertices in other 16-cells. Now visualize those {{radic|1}} distances as the edges of the 24-cell (while continuing to visualize the disjoint 16-cells). The {{radic|1}} edges form great hexagons of 6 vertices which run around the 24-cell in a central plane. ''Four'' hexagons cross at each vertex (and its antipodal vertex), inclined at 60° to each other.{{Efn|name=cuboctahedral hexagons}} The [[#Great hexagons|hexagons]] are not perpendicular to each other, or to the 16-cells' perpendicular [[#Great squares|square central planes]].{{Efn|name=non-orthogonal hexagons}} The left and right 16-cells form a tesseract.{{Efn|Each pair of the three 16-cells inscribed in the 24-cell forms a 4-dimensional [[W:Tesseract|hypercube (a tesseract or 8-cell)]], in [[#Relationships among interior polytopes|dimensional analogy]] to the way two tetrahedra form a cube: the two 8-vertex 16-cells are inscribed in the 16-vertex tesseract, occupying its alternate vertices. The third 16-cell does not lie within the tesseract; its 8 vertices protrude from the sides of the tesseract, forming a cubic pyramid on each of the tesseract's cubic cells (as in [[#Reciprocal constructions from 8-cell and 16-cell|Gosset's construction of the 24-cell]]). The three pairs of 16-cells form three tesseracts.{{Efn|name=three 8-cells}} The tesseracts share vertices, but the 16-cells are completely disjoint.{{Efn|name=completely disjoint}}|name=three 16-cells form three tesseracts}} Two 16-cells have vertex-pairs which are one {{radic|1}} edge (one hexagon edge) apart. But a [[#Simple rotations|''simple'' rotation]] of 60° will not take one whole 16-cell to another 16-cell, because their vertices are 60° apart in different directions, and a simple rotation has only one hexagonal plane of rotation. One 16-cell ''can'' be taken to another 16-cell by a 60° [[#Isoclinic rotations|''isoclinic'' rotation]], because an isoclinic rotation is [[W:3-sphere|3-sphere]] symmetric: four [[#Clifford parallel polytopes|Clifford parallel hexagonal planes]] rotate together, but in four different rotational directions,{{Efn|name=Clifford displacement}} taking each 16-cell to another 16-cell. But since an isoclinic 60° rotation is a ''diagonal'' rotation by 60° in ''two'' orthogonal great circles at once,{{Efn|name=isoclinic geodesic}} the corresponding vertices of the 16-cell and the 16-cell it is taken to are 120° apart: ''two'' {{radic|1}} hexagon edges (or one {{radic|3}} hexagon chord) apart, not one {{radic|1}} edge (60°) apart.{{Efn|name=isoclinic 4-dimensional diagonal}} By the [[W:Chiral|chiral]] diagonal nature of isoclinic rotations, the 16-cell ''cannot'' reach the adjacent 16-cell (whose vertices are one {{radic|1}} edge away) by rotating toward it;{{Efn|name=missing the nearest vertices}} it can only reach the 16-cell ''beyond'' it (120° away). But of course, the 16-cell beyond the 16-cell to its right is the 16-cell to its left. So a 60° isoclinic rotation ''will'' take every 16-cell to another 16-cell: a 60° ''right'' isoclinic rotation will take the middle 16-cell to the 16-cell we may have originally visualized as the ''left'' 16-cell, and a 60° ''left'' isoclinic rotation will take the middle 16-cell to the 16-cell we visualized as the ''right'' 16-cell. (If so, that was our error in visualization; the 16-cell to the "left" is in fact the one reached by the left isoclinic rotation, as that is the only [[#Double rotations|sense in which the two 16-cells are left or right]] of each other.){{Efn|name=clasped hands}}|name=three isoclinic 16-cells}} All Clifford parallel 4-polytopes are related by an isoclinic rotation,{{Efn|name=Clifford displacement}} but not all isoclinic polytopes are Clifford parallels (completely disjoint).{{Efn|All isoclinic ''planes'' are Clifford parallels (completely disjoint).{{Efn|name=completely disjoint}} Three and four dimensional cocentric objects may intersect (sharing elements) but still be related by an isoclinic rotation. Polyhedra and 4-polytopes may be isoclinic and ''not'' disjoint, if all of their corresponding planes are either Clifford parallel, or cocellular (in the same hyperplane) or coincident (the same plane).}} The three 8-cells in the 24-cell are isoclinic but not Clifford parallel. Like the 16-cells, they are rotated 60 degrees isoclinically with respect to each other, but their vertices are not all disjoint (and therefore not all equidistant). Each vertex occurs in two of the three 8-cells (as each 16-cell occurs in two of the three 8-cells).{{Efn|name=three 8-cells}} Isoclinic rotations relate the convex regular 4-polytopes to each other. An isoclinic rotation of a single 16-cell will generate{{Efn|By ''generate'' we mean simply that some vertex of the first polytope will visit each vertex of the generated polytope in the course of the rotation.}} a 24-cell. A simple rotation of a single 16-cell will not, because its vertices will not reach either of the other two 16-cells' vertices in the course of the rotation. An isoclinic rotation of the 24-cell will generate the 600-cell, and an isoclinic rotation of the 600-cell will generate the 120-cell. (Or they can all be generated directly by an isoclinic rotation of the 16-cell, generating isoclinic copies of itself.) The different convex regular 4-polytopes nest inside each other, and multiple instances of the same 4-polytope hide next to each other in the Clifford parallel spaces that comprise the 3-sphere.{{Sfn|Tyrrell|Semple|1971|loc=Clifford Parallel Spaces and Clifford Reguli|pp=20-33}} For an object of more than one dimension, the only way to reach these parallel subspaces directly is by isoclinic rotation. Like a key operating a four-dimensional lock, an object must twist in two completely perpendicular tumbler cylinders at once in order to move the short distance between Clifford parallel subspaces. === Rings === In the 24-cell there are sets of rings of six different kinds, described separately in detail in other sections of [[24-cell|this article]]. This section describes how the different kinds of rings are [[#Relationships among interior polytopes|intertwined]]. The 24-cell contains four kinds of [[#Geodesics|geodesic fibers]] (polygonal rings running through vertices): [[#Great squares|great circle squares]] and their [[16-cell#Helical construction|isoclinic helix octagrams]],{{Efn|name=square fibrations}} and [[#Great hexagons|great circle hexagons]] and their [[#Isoclinic rotations|isoclinic helix hexagrams]].{{Efn|name=hexagonal fibrations}} It also contains two kinds of [[24-cell#Cell rings|cell rings]] (chains of octahedra bent into a ring in the fourth dimension): four octahedra connected vertex-to-vertex and bent into a square, and six octahedra connected face-to-face and bent into a hexagon.{{Sfn|Coxeter|1970|loc=§8. The simplex, cube, cross-polytope and 24-cell|p=18|ps=; Coxeter studied cell rings in the general case of their geometry and [[W:Group theory|group theory]], identifying each cell ring as a [[W:Polytope|polytope]] in its own right which fills a three-dimensional manifold (such as the [[W:3-sphere|3-sphere]]) with its corresponding [[W:Honeycomb (geometry)|honeycomb]]. He found that cell rings follow [[W:Petrie polygon|Petrie polygon]]s{{Efn|name=Petrie dodecagram and Clifford hexagram}} and some (but not all) cell rings and their honeycombs are ''twisted'', occurring in left- and right-handed [[chiral]] forms. Specifically, he found that since the 24-cell's octahedral cells have opposing faces, the cell rings in the 24-cell are of the non-chiral (directly congruent) kind.{{Efn|name=6-cell ring is not chiral}} Each of the 24-cell's cell rings has its corresponding honeycomb in Euclidean (rather than hyperbolic) space, so the 24-cell tiles 4-dimensional Euclidean space by translation to form the [[W:24-cell honeycomb|24-cell honeycomb]].}}{{Sfn|Banchoff|2013|ps=, studied the decomposition of regular 4-polytopes into honeycombs of tori tiling the [[W:Clifford torus|Clifford torus]], showed how the honeycombs correspond to [[W:Hopf fibration|Hopf fibration]]s, and made a particular study of the [[#6-cell rings|24-cell's 4 rings of 6 octahedral cells]] with illustrations.}} ==== 4-cell rings ==== Four unit-edge-length octahedra can be connected vertex-to-vertex along a common axis of length 4{{radic|2}}. The axis can then be bent into a square of edge length {{radic|2}}. Although it is possible to do this in a space of only three dimensions, that is not how it occurs in the 24-cell. Although the {{radic|2}} axes of the four octahedra occupy the same plane, forming one of the 18 {{radic|2}} great squares of the 24-cell, each octahedron occupies a different 3-dimensional hyperplane,{{Efn|Just as each face of a [[W:Polyhedron|polyhedron]] occupies a different (2-dimensional) face plane, each cell of a [[W:Polychoron|polychoron]] occupies a different (3-dimensional) cell [[W:Hyperplane|hyperplane]].{{Efn|name=hyperplanes}}}} and all four dimensions are utilized. The 24-cell can be partitioned into 6 such 4-cell rings (three different ways), mutually interlinked like adjacent links in a chain (but these [[W:Link (knot theory)|links]] all have a common center). An [[#Isoclinic rotations|isoclinic rotation]] in the great square plane by a multiple of 90° takes each octahedron in the ring to an octahedron in the ring. ==== 6-cell rings ==== [[File:Six face-bonded octahedra.jpg|thumb|400px|A 4-dimensional ring of 6 face-bonded octahedra, bounded by two intersecting sets of three Clifford parallel great hexagons of different colors, cut and laid out flat in 3 dimensional space.{{Efn|name=6-cell ring}}]]Six regular octahedra can be connected face-to-face along a common axis that passes through their centers of volume, forming a stack or column with only triangular faces. In a space of four dimensions, the axis can then be bent 60° in the fourth dimension at each of the six octahedron centers, in a plane orthogonal to all three orthogonal central planes of each octahedron, such that the top and bottom triangular faces of the column become coincident. The column becomes a ring around a hexagonal axis. The 24-cell can be partitioned into 4 such rings (four different ways), mutually interlinked. Because the hexagonal axis joins cell centers (not vertices), it is not a great hexagon of the 24-cell.{{Efn|The axial hexagon of the 6-octahedron ring does not intersect any vertices or edges of the 24-cell, but it does hit faces. In a unit-edge-length 24-cell, it has edges of length 1/2.{{Efn|When unit-edge octahedra are placed face-to-face the distance between their centers of volume is {{radic|2/3}} ≈ 0.816.{{Sfn|Coxeter|1973|pp=292-293|loc=Table I(i): Octahedron}} When 24 face-bonded octahedra are bent into a 24-cell lying on the 3-sphere, the centers of the octahedra are closer together in 4-space. Within the curved 3-dimensional surface space filled by the 24 cells, the cell centers are still {{radic|2/3}} apart along the curved geodesics that join them. But on the straight chords that join them, which dip inside the 3-sphere, they are only 1/2 edge length apart.}} Because it joins six cell centers, the axial hexagon is a great hexagon of the smaller dual 24-cell that is formed by joining the 24 cell centers.{{Efn|name=common core}}}} However, six great hexagons can be found in the ring of six octahedra, running along the edges of the octahedra. In the column of six octahedra (before it is bent into a ring) there are six spiral paths along edges running up the column: three parallel helices spiraling clockwise, and three parallel helices spiraling counterclockwise. Each clockwise helix intersects each counterclockwise helix at two vertices three edge lengths apart. Bending the column into a ring changes these helices into great circle hexagons.{{Efn|There is a choice of planes in which to fold the column into a ring, but they are equivalent in that they produce congruent rings. Whichever folding planes are chosen, each of the six helices joins its own two ends and forms a simple great circle hexagon. These hexagons are ''not'' helices: they lie on ordinary flat great circles. Three of them are Clifford parallel{{Efn|name=Clifford parallels}} and belong to one [[#Great hexagons|hexagonal]] fibration. They intersect the other three, which belong to another hexagonal fibration. The three parallel great circles of each fibration spiral around each other in the sense that they form a [[W:Link (knot theory)|link]] of three ordinary circles, but they are not twisted: the 6-cell ring has no [[W:Torsion of a curve|torsion]], either clockwise or counterclockwise.{{Efn|name=6-cell ring is not chiral}}|name=6-cell ring}} The ring has two sets of three great hexagons, each on three Clifford parallel great circles.{{Efn|The three great hexagons are Clifford parallel, which is different than ordinary parallelism.{{Efn|name=Clifford parallels}} Clifford parallel great hexagons pass through each other like adjacent links of a chain, forming a [[W:Hopf link|Hopf link]]. Unlike links in a 3-dimensional chain, they share the same center point. In the 24-cell, Clifford parallel great hexagons occur in sets of four, not three. The fourth parallel hexagon lies completely outside the 6-cell ring; its 6 vertices are completely disjoint from the ring's 18 vertices.}} The great hexagons in each parallel set of three do not intersect, but each intersects the other three great hexagons (to which it is not Clifford parallel) at two antipodal vertices. A [[#Simple rotations|simple rotation]] in any of the great hexagon planes by a multiple of 60° rotates only that hexagon invariantly, taking each vertex in that hexagon to a vertex in the same hexagon. An [[#Isoclinic rotations|isoclinic rotation]] by 60° in any of the six great hexagon planes rotates all three Clifford parallel great hexagons invariantly, and takes each octahedron in the ring to a ''non-adjacent'' octahedron in the ring.{{Efn|An isoclinic rotation by a multiple of 60° takes even-numbered octahedra in the ring to even-numbered octahedra, and odd-numbered octahedra to odd-numbered octahedra.{{Efn|In the column of 6 octahedral cells, we number the cells 0-5 going up the column. We also label each vertex with an integer 0-5 based on how many edge lengths it is up the column.}} It is impossible for an even-numbered octahedron to reach an odd-numbered octahedron, or vice versa, by a left or a right isoclinic rotation alone.{{Efn|name=black and white}}|name=black and white octahedra}} Each isoclinically displaced octahedron is also rotated itself. After a 360° isoclinic rotation each octahedron is back in the same position, but in a different orientation. In a 720° isoclinic rotation, its vertices are returned to their original [[W:Orientation entanglement|orientation]]. Four Clifford parallel great hexagons comprise a discrete fiber bundle covering all 24 vertices in a [[W:Hopf fibration|Hopf fibration]]. The 24-cell has four such [[#Great hexagons|discrete hexagonal fibrations]] <math>F_a, F_b, F_c, F_d</math>. Each great hexagon belongs to just one fibration, and the four fibrations are defined by disjoint sets of four great hexagons each.{{Sfn|Kim|Rote|2016|loc=§8.3 Properties of the Hopf Fibration|pp=14-16|ps=; Corollary 9. Every great circle belongs to a unique right [(and left)] Hopf bundle.}} Each fibration is the domain (container) of a unique left-right pair of isoclinic rotations (left and right Hopf fiber bundles).{{Efn|The choice of a partitioning of a regular 4-polytope into cell rings (a fibration) is arbitrary, because all of its cells are identical. No particular fibration is distinguished, ''unless'' the 4-polytope is rotating. Each fibration corresponds to a left-right pair of isoclinic rotations in a particular set of Clifford parallel invariant central planes of rotation. In the 24-cell, distinguishing a hexagonal fibration{{Efn|name=hexagonal fibrations}} means choosing a cell-disjoint set of four 6-cell rings that is the unique container of a left-right pair of isoclinic rotations in four Clifford parallel hexagonal invariant planes. The left and right rotations take place in chiral subspaces of that container,{{Sfn|Kim|Rote|2016|p=12|loc=§8 The Construction of Hopf Fibrations; 3}} but the fibration and the octahedral cell rings themselves are not chiral objects.{{Efn|name=6-cell ring is not chiral}}|name=fibrations are distinguished only by rotations}} Four cell-disjoint 6-cell rings also comprise each discrete fibration defined by four Clifford parallel great hexagons. Each 6-cell ring contains only 18 of the 24 vertices, and only 6 of the 16 great hexagons, which we see illustrated above running along the cell ring's edges: 3 spiraling clockwise and 3 counterclockwise. Those 6 hexagons running along the cell ring's edges are not among the set of four parallel hexagons which define the fibration. For example, one of the four 6-cell rings in fibration <math>F_a</math> contains 3 parallel hexagons running clockwise along the cell ring's edges from fibration <math>F_b</math>, and 3 parallel hexagons running counterclockwise along the cell ring's edges from fibration <math>F_c</math>, but that cell ring contains no great hexagons from fibration <math>F_a</math> or fibration <math>F_d</math>. The 24-cell contains 16 great hexagons, divided into four disjoint sets of four hexagons, each disjoint set uniquely defining a fibration. Each fibration is also a distinct set of four cell-disjoint 6-cell rings. The 24-cell has exactly 16 distinct 6-cell rings. Each 6-cell ring belongs to just one of the four fibrations.{{Efn|The dual polytope of the 24-cell is another 24-cell. It can be constructed by placing vertices at the 24 cell centers. Each 6-cell ring corresponds to a great hexagon in the dual 24-cell, so there are 16 distinct 6-cell rings, as there are 16 distinct great hexagons, each belonging to just one fibration.}} ==== Helical hexagrams and their isoclines ==== Another kind of geodesic fiber, the [[#Isoclinic rotations|helical hexagram isoclines]], can be found within a 6-cell ring of octahedra. Each of these geodesics runs through every ''second'' vertex of a skew [[W:Hexagram|hexagram]]₂, which in the unit-radius, unit-edge-length 24-cell has six {{radic|3}} edges. The hexagram does not lie in a single central plane, but is composed of six linked {{radic|3}} chords from the six different hexagon great circles in the 6-cell ring. The isocline geodesic fiber is the path of an isoclinic rotation,{{Efn|name=isoclinic geodesic}} a helical rather than simply circular path around the 24-cell which links vertices two edge lengths apart and consequently must wrap twice around the 24-cell before completing its six-vertex loop.{{Efn|The chord-path of an isocline (the geodesic along which a vertex moves under isoclinic rotation) may be called the 4-polytope's '''Clifford polygon''', as it is the skew polygonal shape of the rotational circles traversed by the 4-polytope's vertices in its characteristic [[W:Clifford displacement|Clifford displacement]].{{Sfn|Tyrrell|Semple|1971|loc=Linear Systems of Clifford Parallels|pp=34-57}} The isocline is a helical Möbius double loop which reverses its chirality twice in the course of a full double circuit. The double loop is entirely contained within a single [[24-cell#Cell rings|cell ring]], where it follows chords connecting even (odd) vertices: typically opposite vertices of adjacent cells, two edge lengths apart.{{Efn|name=black and white}} Both "halves" of the double loop pass through each cell in the cell ring, but intersect only two even (odd) vertices in each even (odd) cell. Each pair of intersected vertices in an even (odd) cell lie opposite each other on the [[W:Möbius strip|Möbius strip]], exactly one edge length apart. Thus each cell has both helices passing through it, which are Clifford parallels{{Efn|name=Clifford parallels}} of opposite chirality at each pair of parallel points. Globally these two helices are a single connected circle of ''both'' chiralities, with no net [[W:Torsion of a curve|torsion]]. An isocline acts as a left (or right) isocline when traversed by a left (or right) rotation (of different fibrations).{{Efn|name=one true circle}}|name=Clifford polygon}} Rather than a flat hexagon, it forms a [[W:Skew polygon|skew]] hexagram out of two three-sided 360 degree half-loops: open triangles joined end-to-end to each other in a six-sided Möbius loop.{{Efn|name=double threaded}} Each 6-cell ring contains six such hexagram isoclines, three black and three white, that connect even and odd vertices respectively.{{Efn|Only one kind of 6-cell ring exists, not two different chiral kinds (right-handed and left-handed), because octahedra have opposing faces and form untwisted cell rings. In addition to two sets of three Clifford parallel{{Efn|name=Clifford parallels}} [[#Great hexagons|great hexagons]], three black and three white [[#Isoclinic rotations|isoclinic hexagram geodesics]] run through the [[#6-cell rings|6-cell ring]].{{Efn|name=hexagonal fibrations}} Each of these chiral skew [[W:Hexagram|hexagram]]s lies on a different kind of circle called an ''isocline'',{{Efn|name=not all isoclines are circles}} a helical circle [[W:Winding number|winding]] through all four dimensions instead of lying in a single plane.{{Efn|name=isoclinic geodesic}} These helical great circles occur in Clifford parallel [[W:Hopf fibration|fiber bundles]] just as ordinary planar great circles do. In the 6-cell ring, black and white hexagrams pass through even and odd vertices respectively, and miss the vertices in between, so the isoclines are disjoint.{{Efn|name=black and white}}|name=6-cell ring is not chiral}} Each of the three black-white pairs of isoclines belongs to one of the three fibrations in which the 6-cell ring occurs. Each fibration's right (or left) rotation traverses two black isoclines and two white isoclines in parallel, rotating all 24 vertices.{{Efn|name=missing the nearest vertices}} Beginning at any vertex at one end of the column of six octahedra, we can follow an isoclinic path of {{radic|3}} chords of an isocline from octahedron to octahedron. In the 24-cell the {{radic|1}} edges are [[#Great hexagons|great hexagon]] edges (and octahedron edges); in the column of six octahedra we see six great hexagons running along the octahedra's edges. The {{radic|3}} chords are great hexagon diagonals, joining great hexagon vertices two {{radic|1}} edges apart. We find them in the ring of six octahedra running from a vertex in one octahedron to a vertex in the next octahedron, passing through the face shared by the two octahedra (but not touching any of the face's 3 vertices). Each {{radic|3}} chord is a chord of just one great hexagon (an edge of a [[#Great triangles|great triangle]] inscribed in that great hexagon), but successive {{radic|3}} chords belong to different great hexagons.{{Efn|name=360 degree geodesic path visiting 3 hexagonal planes}} At each vertex the isoclinic path of {{radic|3}} chords bends 60 degrees in two central planes{{Efn|Two central planes in which the path bends 60° at the vertex are (a) the great hexagon plane that the chord ''before'' the vertex belongs to, and (b) the great hexagon plane that the chord ''after'' the vertex belongs to. Plane (b) contains the 120° isocline chord joining the original vertex to a vertex in great hexagon plane (c), Clifford parallel to (a); the vertex moves over this chord to this next vertex. The angle of inclination between the Clifford parallel (isoclinic) great hexagon planes (a) and (c) is also 60°. In this 60° interval of the isoclinic rotation, great hexagon plane (a) rotates 60° within itself ''and'' tilts 60° in an orthogonal plane (not plane (b)) to become great hexagon plane (c). The three great hexagon planes (a), (b) and (c) are not orthogonal (they are inclined at 60° to each other), but (a) and (b) are two central hexagons in the same cuboctahedron, and (b) and (c) likewise in an orthogonal cuboctahedron.{{Efn|name=cuboctahedral hexagons}}}} at once: 60 degrees around the great hexagon that the chord before the vertex belongs to, and 60 degrees into the plane of a different great hexagon entirely, that the chord after the vertex belongs to.{{Efn|At each vertex there is only one adjacent great hexagon plane that the isocline can bend 60 degrees into: the isoclinic path is ''deterministic'' in the sense that it is linear, not branching, because each vertex in the cell ring is a place where just two of the six great hexagons contained in the cell ring cross. If each great hexagon is given edges and chords of a particular color (as in the 6-cell ring illustration), we can name each great hexagon by its color, and each kind of vertex by a hyphenated two-color name. The cell ring contains 18 vertices named by the 9 unique two-color combinations; each vertex and its antipodal vertex have the same two colors in their name, since when two great hexagons intersect they do so at antipodal vertices. Each isoclinic skew hexagram{{Efn|Each half of a skew hexagram is an open triangle of three {{radic|3}} chords, the two open ends of which are one {{radic|1}} edge length apart. The two halves, like the whole isocline, have no inherent chirality but the same parity-color (black or white). The halves are the two opposite "edges" of a [[W:Möbius strip|Möbius strip]] that is {{radic|1}} wide; it actually has only one edge, which is a single continuous circle with 6 chords.|name=skew hexagram}} contains one {{radic|3}} chord of each color, and visits 6 of the 9 different color-pairs of vertex.{{Efn|Each vertex of the 6-cell ring is intersected by two skew hexagrams of the same parity (black or white) belonging to different fibrations.{{Efn|name=6-cell ring is not chiral}}|name=hexagrams hitting vertex of 6-cell ring}} Each 6-cell ring contains six such isoclinic skew hexagrams, three black and three white.{{Efn|name=hexagrams missing vertex of 6-cell ring}}|name=Möbius double loop hexagram}} Thus the path follows one great hexagon from each octahedron to the next, but switches to another of the six great hexagons in the next link of the hexagram₂ path. Followed along the column of six octahedra (and "around the end" where the column is bent into a ring) the path may at first appear to be zig-zagging between three adjacent parallel hexagonal central planes (like a [[W:Petrie polygon|Petrie polygon]]), but it is not: any isoclinic path we can pick out always zig-zags between ''two sets'' of three adjacent parallel hexagonal central planes, intersecting only every even (or odd) vertex and never changing its inherent even/odd parity, as it visits all six of the great hexagons in the 6-cell ring in rotation.{{Efn|The 24-cell's [[W:Petrie polygon#The Petrie polygon of regular polychora (4-polytopes)|Petrie polygon]] is a skew [[W:Skew polygon#Regular skew polygons in four dimensions|dodecagon]] {12} and also (orthogonally) a skew [[W:Dodecagram|dodecagram]] {12/5} which zig-zags 90° left and right like the edges dividing the black and white squares on the [[W:Chessboard|chessboard]].{{Sfn|Coxeter|1973|pp=292-293|loc=Table I(ii); 24-cell ''h₁ is {12}, h₂ is {12/5}''}} In contrast, the skew hexagram₂ isocline does not zig-zag, and stays on one side or the other of the dividing line between black and white, like the [[W:Bishop (chess)|bishop]]s' paths along the diagonals of either the black or white squares of the chessboard.{{Efn|name=missing the nearest vertices}} The Petrie dodecagon is a circular helix of {{radic|1}} edges that zig-zag 90° left and right along 12 edges of 6 different octahedra (with 3 consecutive edges in each octahedron) in a 360° rotation. In contrast, the isoclinic hexagram₂ has {{radic|3}} edges which all bend either left or right at every ''second'' vertex along a geodesic spiral of ''both'' chiralities (left and right){{Efn|name=Clifford polygon}} but only one color (black or white),{{Efn|name=black and white}} visiting one vertex of each of those same 6 octahedra in a 720° rotation.|name=Petrie dodecagram and Clifford hexagram}} When it has traversed one chord from each of the six great hexagons, after 720 degrees of isoclinic rotation (either left or right), it closes its skew hexagram and begins to repeat itself, circling again through the black (or white) vertices and cells. At each vertex, there are four great hexagons{{Efn|Each pair of adjacent edges of a great hexagon has just one isocline curving alongside it,{{Efn|Each vertex of a 6-cell ring is missed by the two halves of the same Möbius double loop hexagram,{{Efn|name=Möbius double loop hexagram}} which curve past it on either side.|name=hexagrams missing vertex of 6-cell ring}} missing the vertex between the two edges (but not the way the {{radic|3}} edge of the great triangle inscribed in the great hexagon misses the vertex,{{Efn|The {{radic|3}} chord passes through the mid-edge of one of the 24-cell's {{radic|1}} radii. Since the 24-cell can be constructed, with its long radii, from {{radic|1}} triangles which meet at its center, this is a mid-edge of one of the six {{radic|1}} triangles in a great hexagon, as seen in the [[#Hypercubic chords|chord diagram]].|name=root 3 chord hits a mid-radius}} because the isocline is an arc on the surface not a chord). If we number the vertices around the hexagon 0-5, the hexagon has three pairs of adjacent edges connecting even vertices (one inscribed great triangle), and three pairs connecting odd vertices (the other inscribed great triangle). Even and odd pairs of edges have the arc of a black and a white isocline respectively curving alongside.{{Efn|name=black and white}} The three black and three white isoclines belong to the same 6-cell ring of the same fibration.{{Efn|name=Möbius double loop hexagram}}|name=isoclines at hexagons}} and four hexagram isoclines (all black or all white) that cross at the vertex.{{Efn|Each hexagram isocline hits only one end of an axis, unlike a great circle which hits both ends. Clifford parallel pairs of black and white isoclines from the same left-right pair of isoclinic rotations (the same fibration) do not intersect, but they hit opposite (antipodal) vertices of ''one'' of the 24-cell's 12 axes.|name=hexagram isoclines at an axis}} Four hexagram isoclines (two black and two white) comprise a unique (left or right) fiber bundle of isoclines covering all 24 vertices in each distinct (left or right) isoclinic rotation. Each fibration has a unique left and right isoclinic rotation, and corresponding unique left and right fiber bundles of isoclines.{{Efn|The isoclines themselves are not left or right, only the bundles are. Each isocline is left ''and'' right.{{Efn|name=Clifford polygon}}}} There are 16 distinct hexagram isoclines in the 24-cell (8 black and 8 white).{{Efn|The 12 black-white pairs of hexagram isoclines in each fibration{{Efn|name=hexagram isoclines at an axis}} and the 16 distinct hexagram isoclines in the 24-cell form a [[W:Reye configuration|Reye configuration]] 12₄16₃, just the way the 24-cell's 12 axes and [[#Great hexagons|16 hexagons]] do. Each of the 12 black-white pairs occurs in one cell ring of each fibration of 4 hexagram isoclines, and each cell ring contains 3 black-white pairs of the 16 hexagram isoclines.|name=a right (left) isoclinic rotation is a Reye configuration}} Each isocline is a skew ''Clifford polygon'' of no inherent chirality, but acts as a left (or right) isocline when traversed by a left (or right) rotation in different fibrations.{{Efn|name=Clifford polygon}} ==== Helical octagrams and their isoclines ==== The 24-cell contains 18 helical [[W:Octagram|octagram]] isoclines (9 black and 9 white). Three pairs of octagram edge-helices are found in each of the three inscribed 16-cells, described elsewhere as the [[16-cell#Helical construction|helical construction of the 16-cell]]. In summary, each 16-cell can be decomposed (three different ways) into a left-right pair of 8-cell rings of {{radic|2}}-edged tetrahedral cells. Each 8-cell ring twists either left or right around an axial octagram helix of eight chords. In each 16-cell there are exactly 6 distinct helices, identical octagrams which each circle through all eight vertices. Each acts as either a left helix or a right helix or a Petrie polygon in each of the six distinct isoclinic rotations (three left and three right), and has no inherent chirality except in respect to a particular rotation. Adjacent vertices on the octagram isoclines are {{radic|2}} = 90° apart, so the circumference of the isocline is 4𝝅. An ''isoclinic'' rotation by 90° in great square invariant planes takes each vertex to its antipodal vertex, four vertices away in either direction along the isocline, and {{radic|4}} = 180° distant across the diameter of the isocline. Each of the 3 fibrations of the 24-cell's 18 great squares corresponds to a distinct left (and right) isoclinic rotation in great square invariant planes. Each 60° step of the rotation takes 6 disjoint great squares (2 from each 16-cell) to great squares in a neighboring 16-cell, on [[16-cell#Helical construction|8-chord helical isoclines characteristic of the 16-cell]].{{Efn|As [[16-cell#Helical construction|in the 16-cell, the isocline is an octagram]] which intersects only 8 vertices, even though the 24-cell has more vertices closer together than the 16-cell. The isocline curve misses the additional vertices in between. As in the 16-cell, the first vertex it intersects is {{radic|2}} away. The 24-cell employs more octagram isoclines (3 in parallel in each rotation) than the 16-cell does (1 in each rotation). The 3 helical isoclines are Clifford parallel;{{Efn|name=Clifford parallels}} they spiral around each other in a triple helix, with the disjoint helices' corresponding vertex pairs joined by {{radic|1}} {{=}} 60° chords. The triple helix of 3 isoclines contains 24 disjoint {{radic|2}} edges (6 disjoint great squares) and 24 vertices, and constitutes a discrete fibration of the 24-cell, just as the 4-cell ring does.|name=octagram isoclines}} In the 24-cell, these 18 helical octagram isoclines can be found within the six orthogonal [[#4-cell rings|4-cell rings]] of octahedra. Each 4-cell ring has cells bonded vertex-to-vertex around a great square axis, and we find antipodal vertices at opposite vertices of the great square. A {{radic|4}} chord (the diameter of the great square and of the isocline) connects them. [[#Boundary cells|Boundary cells]] describes how the {{radic|2}} axes of the 24-cell's octahedral cells are the edges of the 16-cell's tetrahedral cells, each tetrahedron is inscribed in a (tesseract) cube, and each octahedron is inscribed in a pair of cubes (from different tesseracts), bridging them.{{Efn|name=octahedral diameters}} The vertex-bonded octahedra of the 4-cell ring also lie in different tesseracts.{{Efn|Two tesseracts share only vertices, not any edges, faces, cubes (with inscribed tetrahedra), or octahedra (whose central square planes are square faces of cubes). An octahedron that touches another octahedron at a vertex (but not at an edge or a face) is touching an octahedron in another tesseract, and a pair of adjacent cubes in the other tesseract whose common square face the octahedron spans, and a tetrahedron inscribed in each of those cubes.|name=vertex-bonded octahedra}} The isocline's four {{radic|4}} diameter chords form an [[W:Octagram#Star polygon compounds|octagram_8{4}=4{2}]] with {{radic|4}} edges that each run from the vertex of one cube and octahedron and tetrahedron, to the vertex of another cube and octahedron and tetrahedron (in a different tesseract), straight through the center of the 24-cell on one of the 12 {{radic|4}} axes. The octahedra in the 4-cell rings are vertex-bonded to more than two other octahedra, because three 4-cell rings (and their three axial great squares, which belong to different 16-cells) cross at 90° at each bonding vertex. At that vertex the octagram makes two right-angled turns at once: 90° around the great square, and 90° orthogonally into a different 4-cell ring entirely. The 180° four-edge arc joining two ends of each {{radic|4}} diameter chord of the octagram runs through the volumes and opposite vertices of two face-bonded {{radic|2}} tetrahedra (in the same 16-cell), which are also the opposite vertices of two vertex-bonded octahedra in different 4-cell rings (and different tesseracts). The [[W:Octagram|720° octagram]] isocline runs through 8 vertices of the four-cell ring and through the volumes of 16 tetrahedra. At each vertex, there are three great squares and six octagram isoclines (three black-white pairs) that cross at the vertex.{{Efn|name=completely orthogonal Clifford parallels are special}} This is the characteristic rotation of the 16-cell, ''not'' the 24-cell's characteristic rotation, and it does not take whole 16-cells ''of the 24-cell'' to each other the way the [[#Helical hexagrams and their isoclines|24-cell's rotation in great hexagon planes]] does.{{Efn|The [[600-cell#Squares and 4𝝅 octagrams|600-cell's isoclinic rotation in great square planes]] takes whole 16-cells to other 16-cells in different 24-cells.}} {| class="wikitable" width=610 !colspan=5|Five ways of looking at a [[W:Skew polygon|skew]] [[W:24-gon#Related polygons|24-gram]] |- ![[16-cell#Rotations|Edge path]] ![[W:Petrie polygon|Petrie polygon]]s ![[600-cell#Squares and 4𝝅 octagrams|In a 600-cell]] ![[#Great squares|Discrete fibration]] ![[16-cell#Helical construction|Diameter chords]] |- ![[16-cell#Helical construction|16-cells]]_3{3/8} ![[W:Petrie polygon#The Petrie polygon of regular polychora (4-polytopes)|Dodecagons]]_2{12} ![[W:24-gon#Related polygons|24-gram]]_{24/5} ![[#Great squares|Squares]]_6{4} ![[W:24-gon#Related polygons|_{{24/12}={12/2}}]] |- |align=center|[[File:Regular_star_figure_3(8,3).svg|120px]] |align=center|[[File:Regular_star_figure_2(12,1).svg|120px]] |align=center|[[File:Regular_star_polygon_24-5.svg|120px]] |align=center|[[File:Regular_star_figure_6(4,1).svg|120px]] |align=center|[[File:Regular_star_figure_12(2,1).svg|120px]] |- |The 24-cell's three inscribed Clifford parallel 16-cells revealed as disjoint 8-point 4-polytopes with {{radic|2}} edges.{{Efn|name=octagram isoclines}} |2 [[W:Skew polygon|skew polygon]]s of 12 {{radic|1}} edges each. The 24-cell can be decomposed into 2 disjoint zig-zag [[W:Dodecagon|dodecagon]]s (4 different ways).{{Sfn|Coxeter|1973|pp=292-293|loc=Table I(ii); 24-cell Petrie polygon ''h₁'' is {12} }} |In [[600-cell#Hexagons|compounds of 5 24-cells]], isoclines with [[600-cell#Golden chords|golden chords]] of length <big>φ</big> {{=}} {{radic|2.𝚽}} connect all 24-cells in [[600-cell#Squares and 4𝝅 octagrams|24-chord circuits]].{{Sfn|Coxeter|1973|pp=292-293|loc=Table I(ii); 24-cell Petrie polygon orthogonal ''h₂'' is [[W:Dodecagon#Related figures|{12/5}]], half of [[W:24-gon#Related polygons|{24/5}]] as each Petrie polygon is half the 24-cell}} |Their isoclinic rotation takes 6 Clifford parallel (disjoint) great squares with {{radic|2}} edges to each other. |Two vertices four {{radic|2}} chords apart on the circular isocline are antipodal vertices joined by a {{radic|4}} axis. |} ===Characteristic orthoscheme=== {| class="wikitable floatright" !colspan=6|Characteristics of the 24-cell{{Sfn|Coxeter|1973|pp=292-293|loc=Table I(ii); "24-cell"}} |- !align=right| !align=center|edge{{Sfn|Coxeter|1973|p=139|loc=§7.9 The characteristic simplex}} !colspan=2 align=center|arc !colspan=2 align=center|dihedral{{Sfn|Coxeter|1973|p=290|loc=Table I(ii); "dihedral angles"}} |- !align=right|𝒍 |align=center|<small><math>1</math></small> |align=center|<small>60°</small> |align=center|<small><math>\tfrac{\pi}{3}</math></small> |align=center|<small>120°</small> |align=center|<small><math>\tfrac{2\pi}{3}</math></small> |- | | | | | |- !align=right|𝟀 |align=center|<small><math>\sqrt{\tfrac{1}{3}} \approx 0.577</math></small> |align=center|<small>45°</small> |align=center|<small><math>\tfrac{\pi}{4}</math></small> |align=center|<small>45°</small> |align=center|<small><math>\tfrac{\pi}{4}</math></small> |- !align=right|𝝉{{Efn|{{Harv|Coxeter|1973}} uses the greek letter 𝝓 (phi) to represent one of the three ''characteristic angles'' 𝟀, 𝝓, 𝟁 of a regular polytope. Because 𝝓 is commonly used to represent the [[W:Golden ratio|golden ratio]] constant ≈ 1.618, for which Coxeter uses 𝝉 (tau), we reverse Coxeter's conventions, and use 𝝉 to represent the characteristic angle.|name=reversed greek symbols}} |align=center|<small><math>\sqrt{\tfrac{1}{4}} = 0.5</math></small> |align=center|<small>30°</small> |align=center|<small><math>\tfrac{\pi}{6}</math></small> |align=center|<small>60°</small> |align=center|<small><math>\tfrac{\pi}{3}</math></small> |- !align=right|𝟁 |align=center|<small><math>\sqrt{\tfrac{1}{12}} \approx 0.289</math></small> |align=center|<small>30°</small> |align=center|<small><math>\tfrac{\pi}{6}</math></small> |align=center|<small>60°</small> |align=center|<small><math>\tfrac{\pi}{3}</math></small> |- | | | | | |- !align=right|<small><math>_0R^3/l</math></small> |align=center|<small><math>\sqrt{\tfrac{1}{2}} \approx 0.707</math></small> |align=center|<small>45°</small> |align=center|<small><math>\tfrac{\pi}{4}</math></small> |align=center|<small>90°</small> |align=center|<small><math>\tfrac{\pi}{2}</math></small> |- !align=right|<small><math>_1R^3/l</math></small> |align=center|<small><math>\sqrt{\tfrac{1}{4}} = 0.5</math></small> |align=center|<small>30°</small> |align=center|<small><math>\tfrac{\pi}{6}</math></small> |align=center|<small>90°</small> |align=center|<small><math>\tfrac{\pi}{2}</math></small> |- !align=right|<small><math>_2R^3/l</math></small> |align=center|<small><math>\sqrt{\tfrac{1}{6}} \approx 0.408</math></small> |align=center|<small>30°</small> |align=center|<small><math>\tfrac{\pi}{6}</math></small> |align=center|<small>90°</small> |align=center|<small><math>\tfrac{\pi}{2}</math></small> |- | | | | | |- !align=right|<small><math>_0R^4/l</math></small> |align=center|<small><math>1</math></small> |align=center| |align=center| |align=center| |align=center| |- !align=right|<small><math>_1R^4/l</math></small> |align=center|<small><math>\sqrt{\tfrac{3}{4}} \approx 0.866</math></small>{{Efn|name=root 3/4}} |align=center| |align=center| |align=center| |align=center| |- !align=right|<small><math>_2R^4/l</math></small> |align=center|<small><math>\sqrt{\tfrac{2}{3}} \approx 0.816</math></small> |align=center| |align=center| |align=center| |align=center| |- !align=right|<small><math>_3R^4/l</math></small> |align=center|<small><math>\sqrt{\tfrac{1}{2}} \approx 0.707</math></small> |align=center| |align=center| |align=center| |align=center| |} Every regular 4-polytope has its [[W:Orthoscheme#Characteristic simplex of the general regular polytope|characteristic 4-orthoscheme]], an [[5-cell#Irregular 5-cells|irregular 5-cell]].{{Efn|name=characteristic orthoscheme}} The '''characteristic 5-cell of the regular 24-cell''' is represented by the [[W:Coxeter-Dynkin diagram|Coxeter-Dynkin diagram]] {{Coxeter–Dynkin diagram|node|3|node|4|node|3|node}}, which can be read as a list of the dihedral angles between its mirror facets.{{Efn|For a regular ''k''-polytope, the [[W:Coxeter-Dynkin diagram|Coxeter-Dynkin diagram]] of the characteristic ''k-''orthoscheme is the ''k''-polytope's diagram without the [[W:Coxeter-Dynkin diagram#Application with uniform polytopes|generating point ring]]. The regular ''k-''polytope is subdivided by its symmetry (''k''-1)-elements into ''g'' instances of its characteristic ''k''-orthoscheme that surround its center, where ''g'' is the ''order'' of the ''k''-polytope's [[W:Coxeter group|symmetry group]].{{Sfn|Coxeter|1973|pp=130-133|loc=§7.6 The symmetry group of the general regular polytope}}}} It is an irregular [[W:Hyperpyramid|tetrahedral pyramid]] based on the [[W:Octahedron#Characteristic orthoscheme|characteristic tetrahedron of the regular octahedron]]. The regular 24-cell is subdivided by its symmetry hyperplanes into 1152 instances of its characteristic 5-cell that all meet at its center.{{Sfn|Kim|Rote|2016|pp=17-20|loc=§10 The Coxeter Classification of Four-Dimensional Point Groups}} The characteristic 5-cell (4-orthoscheme) has four more edges than its base characteristic tetrahedron (3-orthoscheme), joining the four vertices of the base to its apex (the fifth vertex of the 4-orthoscheme, at the center of the regular 24-cell).{{Efn|The four edges of each 4-orthoscheme which meet at the center of the regular 4-polytope are of unequal length, because they are the four characteristic radii of the regular 4-polytope: a vertex radius, an edge center radius, a face center radius, and a cell center radius. The five vertices of the 4-orthoscheme always include one regular 4-polytope vertex, one regular 4-polytope edge center, one regular 4-polytope face center, one regular 4-polytope cell center, and the regular 4-polytope center. Those five vertices (in that order) comprise a path along four mutually perpendicular edges (that makes three right angle turns), the characteristic feature of a 4-orthoscheme. The 4-orthoscheme has five dissimilar 3-orthoscheme facets.|name=characteristic radii}} If the regular 24-cell has radius and edge length 𝒍 = 1, its characteristic 5-cell's ten edges have lengths <small><math>\sqrt{\tfrac{1}{3}}</math></small>, <small><math>\sqrt{\tfrac{1}{4}}</math></small>, <small><math>\sqrt{\tfrac{1}{12}}</math></small> around its exterior right-triangle face (the edges opposite the ''characteristic angles'' 𝟀, 𝝉, 𝟁),{{Efn|name=reversed greek symbols}} plus <small><math>\sqrt{\tfrac{1}{2}}</math></small>, <small><math>\sqrt{\tfrac{1}{4}}</math></small>, <small><math>\sqrt{\tfrac{1}{6}}</math></small> (the other three edges of the exterior 3-orthoscheme facet the characteristic tetrahedron, which are the ''characteristic radii'' of the octahedron), plus <small><math>1</math></small>, <small><math>\sqrt{\tfrac{3}{4}}</math></small>, <small><math>\sqrt{\tfrac{2}{3}}</math></small>, <small><math>\sqrt{\tfrac{1}{2}}</math></small> (edges which are the characteristic radii of the 24-cell). The 4-edge path along orthogonal edges of the orthoscheme is <small><math>\sqrt{\tfrac{1}{4}}</math></small>, <small><math>\sqrt{\tfrac{1}{12}}</math></small>, <small><math>\sqrt{\tfrac{1}{6}}</math></small>, <small><math>\sqrt{\tfrac{1}{2}}</math></small>, first from a 24-cell vertex to a 24-cell edge center, then turning 90° to a 24-cell face center, then turning 90° to a 24-cell octahedral cell center, then turning 90° to the 24-cell center. === Reflections === The 24-cell can be [[#Tetrahedral constructions|constructed by the reflections of its characteristic 5-cell]] in its own facets (its tetrahedral mirror walls).{{Efn|The reflecting surface of a (3-dimensional) polyhedron consists of 2-dimensional faces; the reflecting surface of a (4-dimensional) [[W:Polychoron|polychoron]] consists of 3-dimensional cells.}} Reflections and rotations are related: a reflection in an ''even'' number of ''intersecting'' mirrors is a rotation.{{Sfn|Coxeter|1973|pp=33-38|loc=§3.1 Congruent transformations}} Consequently, regular polytopes can be generated by reflections or by rotations. For example, any [[#Isoclinic rotations|720° isoclinic rotation]] of the 24-cell in a hexagonal invariant plane takes ''each'' of the 24 vertices to and through 5 other vertices and back to itself, on a skew [[#Helical hexagrams and their isoclines|hexagram₂ geodesic isocline]] that winds twice around the 3-sphere on every ''second'' vertex of the hexagram. Any set of [[#The 3 Cartesian bases of the 24-cell|four orthogonal pairs of antipodal vertices]] (the 8 vertices of one of the [[#Relationships among interior polytopes|three inscribed 16-cells]]) performing ''half'' such an orbit visits 3 * 8 = 24 distinct vertices and [[#Clifford parallel polytopes|generates the 24-cell]] sequentially in 3 steps of a single 360° isoclinic rotation, just as any single characteristic 5-cell reflecting itself in its own mirror walls generates the 24 vertices simultaneously by reflection. Tracing the orbit of ''one'' such 16-cell vertex during the 360° isoclinic rotation reveals more about the relationship between reflections and rotations as generative operations.{{Efn|Let Q denote a rotation, R a reflection, T a translation, and let Q^''q'' R^''r'' T denote a product of several such transformations, all commutative with one another. Then RT is a glide-reflection (in two or three dimensions), QR is a rotary-reflection, QT is a screw-displacement, and Q² is a double rotation (in four dimensions). Every orthogonal transformation is expressible as {{indent|12}}Q^''q'' R^''r''<br> where 2''q'' + ''r'' ≤ ''n'', the number of dimensions. Transformations involving a translation are expressible as {{indent|12}}Q^''q'' R^''r'' T<br> where 2''q'' + ''r'' + 1 ≤ ''n''.<br> For ''n'' {{=}} 4 in particular, every displacement is either a double rotation Q², or a screw-displacement QT (where the rotation component Q is a simple rotation). Every enantiomorphous transformation in 4-space (reversing chirality) is a QRT.{{Sfn|Coxeter|1973|pp=217-218|loc=§12.2 Congruent transformations}}|name=transformations}} The vertex follows an [[#Helical hexagrams and their isoclines|isocline]] (a doubly curved geodesic circle) rather than an ordinary great circle.{{Efn|name=360 degree geodesic path visiting 3 hexagonal planes}} The isocline connects vertices two edge lengths apart, but curves away from the great circle path over the two edges connecting those vertices, missing the vertex in between.{{Efn|name=isocline misses vertex}} Although the isocline does not follow any one great circle, it is contained within a ring of another kind: in the 24-cell it stays within a [[#6-cell rings|6-cell ring]] of spherical{{Sfn|Coxeter|1973|p=138|ps=; "We allow the Schläfli symbol {p,..., v} to have three different meanings: a Euclidean polytope, a spherical polytope, and a spherical honeycomb. This need not cause any confusion, so long as the situation is frankly recognized. The differences are clearly seen in the concept of dihedral angle."}} octahedral cells, intersecting one vertex in each cell, and passing through the volume of two adjacent cells near the missed vertex. === Chiral symmetry operations === A [[W:Symmetry operation|symmetry operation]] is a rotation or reflection which leaves the object indistinguishable from itself before the transformation. The 24-cell has 1152 distinct symmetry operations (576 rotations and 576 reflections). Each rotation is equivalent to two [[#Reflections|reflections]], in a distinct pair of non-parallel mirror planes.{{Efn|name=transformations}} Pictured are sets of disjoint [[#Geodesics|great circle polygons]], each in a distinct central plane of the 24-cell. For example, {24/4}=4{6} is an orthogonal projection of the 24-cell picturing 4 of its [16] great hexagon planes.{{Efn|name=four hexagonal fibrations}} The 4 planes lie Clifford parallel to the projection plane and to each other, and their great polygons collectively constitute a discrete [[W:Hopf fibration|Hopf fibration]] of 4 non-intersecting great circles which visit all 24 vertices just once. Each row of the table describes a class of distinct rotations. Each '''rotation class''' takes the '''left planes''' pictured to the corresponding '''right planes''' pictured.{{Efn|The left planes are Clifford parallel, and the right planes are Clifford parallel; each set of planes is a fibration. Each left plane is Clifford parallel to its corresponding right plane in an isoclinic rotation,{{Efn|In an ''isoclinic'' rotation each invariant plane is Clifford parallel to the plane it moves to, and they do not intersect at any time (except at the central point). In a ''simple'' rotation the invariant plane intersects the plane it moves to in a line, and moves to it by rotating around that line.|name=plane movement in rotations}} but the two sets of planes are not all mutually Clifford parallel; they are different fibrations, except in table rows where the left and right planes are the same set.}} The vertices of the moving planes move in parallel along the polygonal '''isocline''' paths pictured. For example, the <math>[32]R_{q7,q8}</math> rotation class consists of [32] distinct rotational displacements by an arc-distance of {{sfrac|2𝝅|3}} = 120° between 16 great hexagon planes represented by quaternion group <math>q7</math> and a corresponding set of 16 great hexagon planes represented by quaternion group <math>q8</math>.{{Efn|A quaternion group <math>\pm{q_n}</math> corresponds to a distinct set of Clifford parallel great circle polygons, e.g. <math>q7</math> corresponds to a set of four disjoint great hexagons.{{Efn|[[File:Regular_star_figure_4(6,1).svg|thumb|200px|The 24-cell as a compound of four non-intersecting great hexagons {24/4}=4{6}.]]There are 4 sets of 4 disjoint great hexagons in the 24-cell (of a total of [16] distinct great hexagons), designated <math>q7</math>, <math>-q7</math>, <math>q8</math> and <math>-q8</math>.{{Efn|name=union of q7 and q8}} Each named set of 4 Clifford parallel{{Efn|name=Clifford parallels}} hexagons comprises a [[#Chiral symmetry operations|discrete fibration]] covering all 24 vertices.|name=four hexagonal fibrations}} Note that <math>q_n</math> and <math>-{q_n}</math> generally are distinct sets. The corresponding vertices of the <math>q_n</math> planes and the <math>-{q_n}</math> planes are 180° apart.{{Efn|name=two angles between central planes}}|name=quaternion group}} One of the [32] distinct rotations of this class moves the representative [[#Great hexagons|vertex coordinate]] <math>(\tfrac{1}{2},\tfrac{1}{2},\tfrac{1}{2},\tfrac{1}{2})</math> to the vertex coordinate <math>(\tfrac{1}{2},-\tfrac{1}{2},-\tfrac{1}{2},-\tfrac{1}{2})</math>.{{Efn|A quaternion Cartesian coordinate designates a vertex joined to a ''top vertex'' by one instance of a [[#Hypercubic chords|distinct chord]]. The conventional top vertex of a [[#Great hexagons|unit radius 4-polytope]] in standard (vertex-up) orientation is <math>(0,0,1,0)</math>, the Cartesian "north pole". Thus e.g. <math>(\tfrac{1}{2},\tfrac{1}{2},\tfrac{1}{2},\tfrac{1}{2})</math> designates a {{radic|1}} chord of 60° arc-length. Each such distinct chord is an edge of a distinct [[#Geodesics|great circle polygon]], in this example a [[#Great hexagons|great hexagon]], intersecting the north and south poles. Great circle polygons occur in sets of Clifford parallel central planes, each set of disjoint great circles comprising a discrete [[W:Hopf fibration|Hopf fibration]] that intersects every vertex just once. One great circle polygon in each set intersects the north and south poles. This quaternion coordinate <math>(\tfrac{1}{2},\tfrac{1}{2},\tfrac{1}{2},\tfrac{1}{2})</math> is thus representative of the 4 disjoint great hexagons pictured, a quaternion group{{Efn|name=quaternion group}} which comprise one distinct fibration of the [16] great hexagons (four fibrations of great hexagons) that occur in the 24-cell.{{Efn|name=four hexagonal fibrations}}|name=north pole relative coordinate}} {| class=wikitable style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:center" !colspan=15|Proper [[W:SO(4)|rotations]] of the 24-cell [[W:F4 (mathematics)|symmetry group ''F₄'']] {{Sfn|Mamone|Pileio|Levitt|2010|loc=§4.5 Regular Convex 4-Polytopes, Table 2, Symmetry operations|pp=1438-1439}} |- !Isocline{{Efn|An ''isocline'' is the circular geodesic path taken by a vertex that lies in an invariant plane of rotation, during a complete revolution. In an [[#Isoclinic rotations|isoclinic rotation]] every vertex lies in an invariant plane of rotation, and the isocline it rotates on is a helical geodesic circle that winds through all four dimensions, not a simple geodesic great circle in the plane. In a [[#Simple rotations|simple rotation]] there is only one invariant plane of rotation, and each vertex that lies in it rotates on a simple geodesic great circle in the plane. Both the helical geodesic isocline of an isoclinic rotation and the simple geodesic isocline of a simple rotation are great circles, but to avoid confusion between them we generally reserve the term ''isocline'' for the former, and reserve the term ''great circle'' for the latter, an ordinary great circle in the plane. Strictly, however, the latter is an isocline of circumference <math>2\pi r</math>, and the former is an isocline of circumference greater than <math>2\pi r</math>.{{Efn|name=isoclinic geodesic}}|name=isocline}} !colspan=4|Rotation class{{Efn|Each class of rotational displacements (each table row) corresponds to a distinct rigid left (and right) [[#Isoclinic rotations|isoclinic rotation]] in multiple invariant planes concurrently.{{Efn|name=invariant planes of an isoclinic rotation}} The '''Isocline''' is the path followed by a vertex,{{Efn|name=isocline}} which is a helical geodesic circle that does not lie in any one central plane. Each rotational displacement takes one invariant '''Left plane''' to the corresponding invariant '''Right plane''', with all the left (or right) displacements taking place concurrently.{{Efn|name=plane movement in rotations}} Each left plane is separated from the corresponding right plane by two equal angles,{{Efn|name=two angles between central planes}} each equal to one half of the arc-angle by which each vertex is displaced (the angle and distance that appears in the '''Rotation class''' column).|name=isoclinic rotation}} !colspan=5|Left planes <math>ql</math>{{Efn|In an [[#Isoclinic rotations|isoclinic rotation]], all the '''Left planes''' move together, remain Clifford parallel while moving, and carry all their points with them to the '''Right planes''' as they move: they are invariant planes.{{Efn|name=plane movement in rotations}} Because the left (and right) set of central polygons are a fibration covering all the vertices, every vertex is a point carried along in an invariant plane.|name=invariant planes of an isoclinic rotation}} !colspan=5|Right planes <math>qr</math> |- style="background: white;"| |rowspan=2|[[W:Icositetragon#Related polygons|{24/8}=4{6/2}]]{{Efn|In this orthogonal projection of the 24-point 24-cell to a [[W:Dodecagon#Related figures|{12/4}=4{3} dodecagram]], each point represents two vertices, and each line represents multiple {{radic|3}} chords. Each disjoint triangle can be seen as a skew {6/2} [[W:Hexagram|hexagram]] with {{radic|3}} edges: two open skew triangles with their opposite ends connected in a [[W:Möbius strip|Möbius loop]] with a circumference of 4𝝅. The hexagram projects to a single triangle in two dimensions because it skews through all four dimensions. Those 4 disjoint skew [[#Helical hexagrams and their isoclines|hexagram isoclines]] are the Clifford parallel circular vertex paths of the fibration's characteristic left (and right) [[#Isoclinic rotations|isoclinic rotation]].{{Efn|name=isoclinic geodesic}} The 4 Clifford parallel great hexagons of the fibration{{Efn|name=four hexagonal fibrations}} are invariant planes of this rotation. The great hexagons rotate in incremental displacements of 60° like wheels ''and'' 60° orthogonally like coins flipping, displacing each vertex by 120°, as their vertices move along parallel helical isocline paths through successive Clifford parallel hexagon planes.{{Efn|Each hexagon rides on only three skew hexagram isoclines, not six, because opposite vertices of each hexagon ride on opposing rails of the same Clifford hexagram, in the same (not opposite) rotational direction.{{Efn|name=Clifford polygon}}}} Alternatively, the 4 triangles can be seen as 8 disjoint triangles: 4 pairs of Clifford parallel [[#Great triangles|great triangles]], where two opposing great triangles lie in the same [[#Great hexagons|great hexagon central plane]], so a fibration of 4 Clifford parallel great hexagon planes is represented.{{Efn|name=four hexagonal fibrations}} This illustrates that the 4 hexagram isoclines also correspond to a distinct fibration, in fact the ''same'' fibration as 4 great hexagons.|name=hexagram}}<br>[[File:Regular_star_figure_4(3,1).svg|100px]]<br><math>^{q7,q8}</math><br>[16] 4𝝅 {6/2} |colspan=4|<math>[32]R_{q7,q8}</math>{{Efn|The <math>[32]R_{q7,q8}</math> isoclinic rotation in great hexagon invariant planes takes each vertex to a vertex two vertices away (120° {{=}} {{radic|3}} away), without passing through any intervening vertices. Each left hexagon rotates 60° (like a wheel) at the same time that it tilts sideways by 60° (in an orthogonal central plane) into its corresponding right hexagon plane. Repeated 6 times, this rotational displacement turns the 24-cell through 720° and returns it to its original orientation.|name=Rq7,q8}} |rowspan=2|[[W:Icositetragon#Related polygons|{24/4}=4{6}]]{{Efn|name=four hexagonal fibrations}}<br>[[File:Regular_star_figure_4(6,1).svg|100px]]<br><math>^{q7}</math><br>[16] 2𝝅 {6} |colspan=4|<math>(\tfrac{1}{2},\tfrac{1}{2},\tfrac{1}{2},\tfrac{1}{2})</math>{{Efn|name=north pole relative coordinate}} |rowspan=2|[[W:Icositetragon#Related polygons|{24/8}=4{6/2}]]{{Efn|In this orthogonal projection of the 24-point 24-cell to a [[W:Dodecagon#Related figures|{12/4}=4{3} dodecagram]], each point represents two vertices, and each line represents multiple {{radic|3}} chords. The 4 triangles can be seen as 8 disjoint triangles: 4 pairs of Clifford parallel [[#Great triangles|great triangles]], where two opposing great triangles lie in the same [[#Great hexagons|great hexagon central plane]], so a fibration of 4 Clifford parallel great hexagon planes is represented, as in the 4 left planes of this rotation class (table row).{{Efn|name=four hexagonal fibrations}}|name=great triangles}}<br>[[File:Regular_star_figure_4(3,1).svg|100px]]<br><math>^{q8}</math><br>[16] 2𝝅 {6} |colspan=4|<math>(\tfrac{1}{2},-\tfrac{1}{2},-\tfrac{1}{2},-\tfrac{1}{2})</math> |- style="background: white;"| |{{sfrac|2𝝅|3}} |120° |{{radic|3}} |1.732~ |{{sfrac|𝝅|3}} |60° |{{radic|1}} |1 |{{sfrac|2𝝅|3}} |120° |{{radic|3}} |1.732~ |- style="background: white;"| |rowspan=2|[[W:Icositetragon#Related polygons|{24/2}=2{12}]]{{Efn|In this orthogonal projection of the 24-point 24-cell to a [[W:Dodecagon#Related figures|{12/2}=2{6} dodecagram]], each point represents two vertices, and each line represents multiple 24-cell edges. Each disjoint hexagon can be seen as a skew {12} [[W:Dodecagon|dodecagon]], a Petrie polygon of the 24-cell, by viewing it as two open skew hexagons with their opposite ends connected in a [[W:Möbius strip|Möbius loop]] with a circumference of 4𝝅. The dodecagon projects to a single hexagon in two dimensions because it skews through all four dimensions. Those 2 disjoint skew dodecagons are the Clifford parallel circular vertex paths of the fibration's characteristic left (and right) [[#Isoclinic rotations|isoclinic rotation]].{{Efn|name=isoclinic geodesic}} The 4 Clifford parallel great hexagons of the fibration{{Efn|name=four hexagonal fibrations}} are invariant planes of this rotation. The great hexagons rotate in incremental displacements of 30° like wheels ''and'' 30° orthogonally like coins flipping, displacing each vertex by 60°, as their vertices move along parallel helical isocline paths through successive Clifford parallel hexagon planes.{{Efn|Each hexagon rides on only two parallel dodecagon isoclines, not six, because only alternate vertices of each hexagon ride on different dodecagon rails; the three vertices of each great triangle inscribed in the great hexagon occupy the same dodecagon Petrie polygon, four vertices apart, and they circulate on that isocline.{{Efn|name=Clifford polygon}}}} Alternatively, the 2 hexagons can be seen as 4 disjoint hexagons: 2 pairs of Clifford parallel great hexagons, so a fibration of 4 Clifford parallel great hexagon planes is represented.{{Efn|name=four hexagonal fibrations}} This illustrates that the 2 dodecagon isoclines also correspond to a distinct fibration, in fact the ''same'' fibration as 4 great hexagons.|name=dodecagon}}<br>[[File:Regular_star_figure_2(6,1).svg|100px]]<br><math>^{q7,-q8}</math><br>[16] 4𝝅 {12} |colspan=4|<math>[32]R_{q7,-q8}</math>{{Efn|The <math>[32]R_{q7,-q8}</math> isoclinic rotation in great hexagon invariant planes takes each vertex to a vertex one vertex away (60° {{=}} {{radic|1}} away), without passing through any intervening vertices.{{Efn|At the mid-point of the isocline arc (30° away) it passes directly over the mid-point of a 24-cell edge.}} Each left hexagon rotates 30° (like a wheel) at the same time that it tilts sideways by 30° (in an orthogonal central plane) into its corresponding right hexagon plane. Repeated 12 times, this rotational displacement turns the 24-cell through 720° and returns it to its original orientation.|name=Rq7,-q8}} |rowspan=2|[[W:Icositetragon#Related polygons|{24/4}=4{6}]]<br>[[File:Regular_star_figure_4(6,1).svg|100px]]<br><math>^{q7}</math><br>[16] 2𝝅 {6} |colspan=4|<math>(\tfrac{1}{2},\tfrac{1}{2},\tfrac{1}{2},\tfrac{1}{2})</math> |rowspan=2|[[W:Icositetragon#Related polygons|{24/4}=4{6}]]<br>[[File:Regular_star_figure_4(6,1).svg|100px]]<br><math>^{-q8}</math><br>[16] 2𝝅 {6} |colspan=4|<math>(-\tfrac{1}{2},\tfrac{1}{2},\tfrac{1}{2},\tfrac{1}{2})</math> |- style="background: white;"| |{{sfrac|𝝅|3}} |60° |{{radic|1}} |1 |{{sfrac|𝝅|3}} |60° |{{radic|1}} |1 |{{sfrac|𝝅|3}} |60° |{{radic|1}} |1 |- style="background: white;"| |rowspan=2|[[W:Icositetragon#Related polygons|{24/1}={24}]]<br>[[File:Regular_polygon_24.svg|100px]]<br><math>^{q7,q7}</math><br>[16] 4𝝅 {1} |colspan=4|<math>[32]R_{q7,q7}</math>{{Efn|The <math>[32]R_{q7,q7}</math> isoclinic rotation in great hexagon invariant planes takes each vertex through a 360° rotation and back to itself (360° {{=}} {{radic|0}} away), without passing through any intervening vertices. Each left hexagon rotates 180° (like a wheel) at the same time that it tilts sideways by 180° (in an orthogonal central plane) into its corresponding right hexagon plane. Repeated 2 times, this rotational displacement turns the 24-cell through 720° and returns it to its original orientation.|name=Rq7,q7}} |rowspan=2|[[W:Icositetragon#Related polygons|{24/4}=4{6}]]<br>[[File:Regular_star_figure_4(6,1).svg|100px]]<br><math>^{q7}</math><br>[16] 2𝝅 {6} |colspan=4|<math>(\tfrac{1}{2},\tfrac{1}{2},\tfrac{1}{2},\tfrac{1}{2})</math> |rowspan=2|[[W:Icositetragon#Related polygons|{24/4}=4{6}]]<br>[[File:Regular_star_figure_4(6,1).svg|100px]]<br><math>^{q7}</math><br>[16] 2𝝅 {6} |colspan=4|<math>(\tfrac{1}{2},\tfrac{1}{2},\tfrac{1}{2},\tfrac{1}{2})</math> |- style="background: white;"| |2𝝅 |360° |{{radic|0}} |0 |{{sfrac|𝝅|3}} |60° |{{radic|1}} |1 |{{sfrac|𝝅|3}} |60° |{{radic|1}} |1 |- style="background: white;"| |rowspan=2|[[W:Icositetragon#Related polygons|{24/12}=12{2}]]<br>[[File:Regular_star_figure_12(2,1).svg|100px]]<br><math>^{q7,-q7}</math><br>[16] 4𝝅 {2} |colspan=4|<math>[32]R_{q7,-q7}</math>{{Efn|The <math>[32]R_{q7,-q7}</math> isoclinic rotation in hexagon invariant planes takes each vertex to a vertex three vertices away (180° {{=}} {{radic|4}} away),{{Efn|name=quaternion group}} without passing through any intervening vertices. Each left hexagon rotates 90° (like a wheel) at the same time that it tilts sideways by 90° (in an orthogonal central plane) into its corresponding right hexagon plane. Repeated 4 times, this rotational displacement turns the 24-cell through 720° and returns it to its original orientation.|name=Rq7,-q7}} |rowspan=2|[[W:Icositetragon#Related polygons|{24/4}=4{6}]]<br>[[File:Regular_star_figure_4(6,1).svg|100px]]<br><math>^{q7}</math><br>[16] 2𝝅 {6} |colspan=4|<math>(\tfrac{1}{2},\tfrac{1}{2},\tfrac{1}{2},\tfrac{1}{2})</math> |rowspan=2|[[W:Icositetragon#Related polygons|{24/8}=4{6/2}]]{{Efn|name=great triangles}}<br>[[File:Regular_star_figure_4(3,1).svg|100px]]<br><math>^{-q7}</math><br>[16] 2𝝅 {6} |colspan=4|<math>(-\tfrac{1}{2},-\tfrac{1}{2},-\tfrac{1}{2},-\tfrac{1}{2})</math> |- style="background: white;"| |𝝅 |180° |{{radic|4}} |2 |{{sfrac|𝝅|3}} |60° |{{radic|1}} |1 |{{sfrac|2𝝅|3}} |120° |{{radic|3}} |1.732~ |- style="background: #E6FFEE;"| |rowspan=2|[[W:Icositetragon#Related polygons|{24/2}=2{12}]]{{Efn|name=dodecagon}}<br>[[File:Regular_star_figure_2(6,1).svg|100px]]<br><math>^{q7,q1}</math><br>[8] 4𝝅 {12} |colspan=4|<math>[16]R_{q7,q1}</math>{{Efn|The <math>[16]R_{q7,q1}</math> isoclinic rotation in great hexagon invariant planes takes each vertex to a vertex one vertex away (60° {{=}} {{radic|1}} away), without passing through any intervening vertices. Each left hexagon rotates 30° (like a wheel) at the same time that it tilts sideways by 30° (in an orthogonal central plane) into its corresponding right square plane.{{Efn|This ''hybrid isoclinic rotation'' carries the two kinds of [[#Geodesics|central planes]] to each other: great square planes [[16-cell#Coordinates|characteristic of the 16-cell]] and great hexagon (great triangle) planes [[#Great hexagons|characteristic of the 24-cell]].{{Efn|The edges and 4𝝅 characteristic [[16-cell#Rotations|rotations of the 16-cell]] lie in the great square central planes. Rotations of this type are an expression of the [[W:Hyperoctahedral group|<math>B_4</math> symmetry group]]. The edges and 4𝝅 characteristic [[#Rotations|rotations of the 24-cell]] lie in the great hexagon (great triangle) central planes. Rotations of this type are an expression of the [[W:F4 (mathematics)|<math>F_4</math> symmetry group]].|name=edge rotation planes}} This is possible because some great hexagon planes lie Clifford parallel to some great square planes.{{Efn|Two great circle polygons either intersect in a common axis, or they are Clifford parallel (isoclinic) and share no vertices.{{Efn||name=two angles between central planes}} Three great squares and four great hexagons intersect at each 24-cell vertex. Each great hexagon intersects 9 distinct great squares, 3 in each of its 3 axes, and lies Clifford parallel to the other 9 great squares. Each great square intersects 8 distinct great hexagons, 4 in each of its 2 axes, and lies Clifford parallel to the other 8 great hexagons.|name=hybrid isoclinic planes}}|name=hybrid isoclinic rotation}} Repeated 12 times, this rotational displacement turns the 24-cell through 720° and returns it to its original orientation.|name=Rq7,q1}} |rowspan=2|[[W:Icositetragon#Related polygons|{24/4}=4{6}]]<br>[[File:Regular_star_figure_4(6,1).svg|100px]]<br><math>^{q7}</math><br>[8] 2𝝅 {6} |colspan=4|<math>(\tfrac{1}{2},\tfrac{1}{2},\tfrac{1}{2},\tfrac{1}{2})</math> |rowspan=2|[[W:Icositetragon#Related polygons|{24/6}=6{4}]]{{Efn|[[File:Regular_star_figure_6(4,1).svg|thumb|200px|The 24-cell as a compound of six non-intersecting great squares {24/6}=6{4}.]]There are 3 sets of 6 disjoint great squares in the 24-cell (of a total of [18] distinct great squares),{{Efn|The 24-cell has 18 great squares, in 3 disjoint sets of 6 mutually orthogonal great squares comprising a 16-cell.{{Efn|name=Six orthogonal planes of the Cartesian basis}} Within each 16-cell are 3 sets of 2 completely orthogonal great squares, so each great square is disjoint not only from all the great squares in the other two 16-cells, but also from one other great square in the same 16-cell. Each great square is disjoint from 13 others, and shares two vertices (an axis) with 4 others (in the same 16-cell).|name=unions of q1 q2 q3}} designated <math>\pm q1</math>, <math>\pm q2</math>, and <math>\pm q3</math>. Each named set{{Efn|Because in the 24-cell each great square is completely orthogonal to another great square, the quaternion groups <math>q1</math> and <math>-{q1}</math> (for example) correspond to the same set of great square planes. That distinct set of 6 disjoint great squares <math>\pm q1</math> has two names, used in the left (or right) rotational context, because it constitutes both a left and a right fibration of great squares.|name=two quaternion group names for square fibrations}} of 6 Clifford parallel{{Efn|name=Clifford parallels}} squares comprises a [[#Chiral symmetry operations|discrete fibration]] covering all 24 vertices.|name=three square fibrations}}<br>[[File:Regular_star_figure_6(4,1).svg|100px]]<br><math>^{q1}</math><br>[8] 2𝝅 {4} |colspan=4|<math>(1,0,0,0)</math> |- style="background: #E6FFEE;"| |{{sfrac|𝝅|3}} |60° |{{radic|1}} |1 |{{sfrac|𝝅|3}} |60° |{{radic|1}} |1 |{{sfrac|𝝅|2}} |90° |{{radic|2}} |1.414~ |- style="background: #E6FFEE;"| |rowspan=2|[[W:Icositetragon#Related polygons|{24/8}=4{6/2}]]{{Efn|name=hexagram}}<br>[[File:Regular_star_figure_4(3,1).svg|100px]]<br><math>^{q7,-q1}</math><br>[8] 4𝝅 {6/2} |colspan=4|<math>[16]R_{q7,-q1}</math>{{Efn|The <math>[16]R_{q7,-q1}</math> isoclinic rotation in hexagon invariant planes takes each vertex to a vertex two vertices away (120° {{=}} {{radic|3}} away), without passing through any intervening vertices. Each left hexagon rotates 60° (like a wheel) at the same time that it tilts sideways by 60° (in an orthogonal central plane) into its corresponding right square plane.{{Efn|name=hybrid isoclinic rotation}} Repeated 6 times, this rotational displacement turns the 24-cell through 720° and returns it to its original orientation.|name=Rq7,-q1}} |rowspan=2|[[W:Icositetragon#Related polygons|{24/4}=4{6}]]<br>[[File:Regular_star_figure_4(6,1).svg|100px]]<br><math>^{q7}</math><br>[8] 2𝝅 {6} |colspan=4|<math>(\tfrac{1}{2},\tfrac{1}{2},\tfrac{1}{2},\tfrac{1}{2})</math> |rowspan=2|[[W:Icositetragon#Related polygons|{24/6}=6{4}]]<br>[[File:Regular_star_figure_6(4,1).svg|100px]]<br><math>^{-q1}</math><br>[8] 2𝝅 {4} |colspan=4|<math>(-1,0,0,0)</math> |- style="background: #E6FFEE;"| |{{sfrac|2𝝅|3}} |120° |{{radic|3}} |1.732~ |{{sfrac|𝝅|3}} |60° |{{radic|1}} |1 |{{sfrac|𝝅|2}} |90° |{{radic|2}} |1.414~ |- style="background: white;"| |rowspan=2|[[W:Icositetragon#Related polygons|{24/1}={24}]]<br>[[File:Regular_polygon_24.svg|100px]]<br><math>^{q6,q6}</math><br>[18] 4𝝅 {1} |colspan=4|<math>[36]R_{q6,q6}</math>{{Efn|The <math>[36]R_{q6,q6}</math> isoclinic rotation in great square invariant planes takes each vertex through a 360° rotation and back to itself (360° {{=}} {{radic|0}} away), without passing through any intervening vertices. Each left square rotates 180° (like a wheel) at the same time that it tilts sideways by 180° (in an orthogonal central plane) into its corresponding right square plane. Repeated 2 times, this rotational displacement turns the 24-cell through 720° and returns it to its original orientation.|name=Rq6,q6}} |rowspan=2|[[W:Icositetragon#Related polygons|{24/6}=6{4}]]<br>[[File:Regular_star_figure_6(4,1).svg|100px]]<br><math>^{q6}</math><br>[18] 2𝝅 {4} |colspan=4|<math>(\tfrac{\sqrt{2}}{2},\tfrac{\sqrt{2}}{2},0,0)</math>{{Efn|The representative coordinate <math>(\tfrac{\sqrt{2}}{2},\tfrac{\sqrt{2}}{2},0,0)</math> is not a vertex of the unit-radius 24-cell in standard (vertex-up) orientation, it is the center of an octahedral cell. Some of the 24-cell's lines of symmetry (Coxeter's "reflecting circles") run through cell centers rather than through vertices, and quaternion group <math>q6</math> corresponds to a set of those. However, <math>q6</math> also corresponds to the set of great squares pictured, which lie orthogonal to those cells (completely disjoint from the cell).{{Efn|A quaternion Cartesian coordinate designates a vertex joined to a ''top vertex'' by one instance of a [[#Hypercubic chords|distinct chord]]. The conventional top vertex of a [[#Great hexagons|unit radius 4-polytope]] in ''cell-first'' orientation is <math>(0,0,\tfrac{\sqrt{2}}{2},\tfrac{\sqrt{2}}{2})</math>. Thus e.g. <math>(\tfrac{\sqrt{2}}{2},\tfrac{\sqrt{2}}{2},0,0)</math> designates a {{radic|2}} chord of 90° arc-length. Each such distinct chord is an edge of a distinct [[#Geodesics|great circle polygon]], in this example a [[#Great squares|great square]], intersecting the top vertex. Great circle polygons occur in sets of Clifford parallel central planes, each set of disjoint great circles comprising a discrete [[W:Hopf fibration|Hopf fibration]] that intersects every vertex just once. One great circle polygon in each set intersects the top vertex. This quaternion coordinate <math>(\tfrac{\sqrt{2}}{2},\tfrac{\sqrt{2}}{2},0,0)</math> is thus representative of the 6 disjoint great squares pictured, a quaternion group{{Efn|name=quaternion group}} which comprise one distinct fibration of the [18] great squares (three fibrations of great squares) that occur in the 24-cell.{{Efn|name=three square fibrations}}|name=north cell relative coordinate}}|name=lines of symmetry}} |rowspan=2|[[W:Icositetragon#Related polygons|{24/6}=6{4}]]<br>[[File:Regular_star_figure_6(4,1).svg|100px]]<br><math>^{q6}</math><br>[18] 2𝝅 {4} |colspan=4|<math>(\tfrac{\sqrt{2}}{2},\tfrac{\sqrt{2}}{2},0,0)</math> |- style="background: white;"| |2𝝅 |360° |{{radic|0}} |0 |{{sfrac|𝝅|2}} |90° |{{radic|2}} |1.414~ |{{sfrac|𝝅|2}} |90° |{{radic|2}} |1.414~ |- style="background: white;"| |rowspan=2|[[W:Icositetragon#Related polygons|{24/12}=12{2}]]<br>[[File:Regular_star_figure_12(2,1).svg|100px]]<br><math>^{q6,-q6}</math><br>[18] 4𝝅 {2} |colspan=4|<math>[36]R_{q6,-q6}</math>{{Efn|The <math>[36]R_{q6,-q6}</math> isoclinic rotation in great square invariant planes takes each vertex to a vertex 180° {{=}} {{radic|4}} away,{{Efn|name=quaternion group}} without passing through any intervening vertices. Each left square rotates 90° (like a wheel) at the same time that it tilts sideways by 90° (in an orthogonal central plane) into its corresponding right square, ''which in this rotation is the completely orthogonal plane''. Repeated 4 times, this rotational displacement turns the 24-cell through 720° and returns it to its original orientation.|name=Rq6,-q6}} |rowspan=2|[[W:Icositetragon#Related polygons|{24/6}=6{4}]]<br>[[File:Regular_star_figure_6(4,1).svg|100px]]<br><math>^{q6}</math><br>[18] 2𝝅 {4} |colspan=4|<math>(\tfrac{\sqrt{2}}{2},\tfrac{\sqrt{2}}{2},0,0)</math> |rowspan=2|[[W:Icositetragon#Related polygons|{24/6}=6{4}]]<br>[[File:Regular_star_figure_6(4,1).svg|100px]]<br><math>^{-q6}</math><br>[18] 2𝝅 {4} |colspan=4|<math>(-\tfrac{\sqrt{2}}{2},-\tfrac{\sqrt{2}}{2},0,0)</math> |- style="background: white;"| |𝝅 |180° |{{radic|4}} |2 |{{sfrac|𝝅|2}} |90° |{{radic|2}} |1.414~ |{{sfrac|𝝅|2}} |90° |{{radic|2}} |1.414~ |- style="background: white;"| |rowspan=2|[[W:Icositetragon#Related polygons|{24/9}=3{8/3}]]{{Efn|In this orthogonal projection of the 24-point 24-cell to a [[W:Dodecagon#Related figures|{12/3}{{=}}3{4} dodecagram]], each point represents two vertices, and each line represents multiple {{radic|2}} chords. Each disjoint square can be seen as a skew {8/3} [[W:Octagram|octagram]] with {{radic|2}} edges: two open skew squares with their opposite ends connected in a [[W:Möbius strip|Möbius loop]] with a circumference of 4𝝅, visible in the {24/9}{{=}}3{8/3} orthogonal projection.{{Efn|[[File:Regular_star_figure_3(8,3).svg|thumb|200px|Icositetragon {24/9}{{=}}3{8/3} is a compound of three octagrams {8/3}, as the 24-cell is a compound of three 16-cells.]]This orthogonal projection of a 24-cell to a 24-gram {24/9}{{=}}3{8/3} exhibits 3 disjoint [[16-cell#Helical construction|octagram {8/3} isoclines of a 16-cell]], each of which is a circular isocline path through the 8 vertices of one of the 3 disjoint 16-cells inscribed in the 24-cell.}} The octagram projects to a single square in two dimensions because it skews through all four dimensions. Those 3 disjoint [[16-cell#Helical construction|skew octagram isoclines]] are the circular vertex paths characteristic of an [[#Helical octagrams and their isoclines|isoclinic rotation in great square planes]], in which the 6 Clifford parallel great squares are invariant rotation planes. The great squares rotate 90° like wheels ''and'' 90° orthogonally like coins flipping, displacing each vertex by 180°, so each vertex exchanges places with its antipodal vertex. Each octagram isocline circles through the 8 vertices of a disjoint 16-cell. Alternatively, the 3 squares can be seen as a fibration of 6 Clifford parallel squares.{{Efn|name=three square fibrations}} This illustrates that the 3 octagram isoclines also correspond to a distinct fibration, in fact the ''same'' fibration as 6 squares.|name=octagram}}<br>[[File:Regular_star_figure_3(4,1).svg|100px]]<br><math>^{q6,-q4}</math><br>[72] 4𝝅 {8/3} |colspan=4|<math>[144]R_{q6,-q4}</math>{{Efn|The <math>[144]R_{q6,-q4}</math> isoclinic rotation in great square invariant planes takes each vertex to a vertex 90° {{=}} {{radic|2}} away, without passing through any intervening vertices.{{Efn|At the mid-point of the isocline arc (45° away) it passes directly over the mid-point of a 24-cell edge.}} Each left square rotates 45° (like a wheel) at the same time that it tilts sideways by 45° (in an orthogonal central plane) into its corresponding right square plane. Repeated 8 times, this rotational displacement turns the 24-cell through 720° and returns it to its original orientation.|name=Rq6,-q4}} |rowspan=2|[[W:Icositetragon#Related polygons|{24/6}=6{4}]]<br>[[File:Regular_star_figure_6(4,1).svg|100px]]<br><math>^{q6}</math><br>[72] 2𝝅 {4} |colspan=4|<math>(\tfrac{\sqrt{2}}{2},\tfrac{\sqrt{2}}{2},0,0)</math> |rowspan=2|[[W:Icositetragon#Related polygons|{24/6}=6{4}]]<br>[[File:Regular_star_figure_6(4,1).svg|100px]]<br><math>^{-q4}</math><br>[72] 2𝝅 {4} |colspan=4|<math>(0,0,-\tfrac{\sqrt{2}}{2},-\tfrac{\sqrt{2}}{2})</math> |- style="background: white;"| |{{sfrac|𝝅|2}} |90° |{{radic|2}} |1.414~ |{{sfrac|𝝅|2}} |90° |{{radic|2}} |1.414~ |𝝅 |180° |{{radic|4}} |2 |- style="background: white;"| |rowspan=2|[[W:Icositetragon#Related polygons|{24/1}={24}]]<br>[[File:Regular_polygon_24.svg|100px]]<br><math>^{q4,q4}</math><br>[36] 4𝝅 {1} |colspan=4|<math>[72]R_{q4,q4}</math>{{Efn|The <math>[72]R_{q4,q4}</math> isoclinic rotation in great square invariant planes takes each vertex through a 360° rotation and back to itself (360° {{=}} {{radic|0}} away), without passing through any intervening vertices. Each left square rotates 180° (like a wheel) at the same time that it tilts sideways by 180° (in an orthogonal central plane) into its corresponding right square plane. Repeated 2 times, this rotational displacement turns the 24-cell through 720° and returns it to its original orientation.|name=Rq4,q4}} |rowspan=2|[[W:Icositetragon#Related polygons|{24/6}=6{4}]]<br>[[File:Regular_star_figure_6(4,1).svg|100px]]<br><math>^{q4}</math><br>[36] 2𝝅 {4} |colspan=4|<math>(0,0,\tfrac{\sqrt{2}}{2},\tfrac{\sqrt{2}}{2})</math> |rowspan=2|[[W:Icositetragon#Related polygons|{24/6}=6{4}]]<br>[[File:Regular_star_figure_6(4,1).svg|100px]]<br><math>^{q4}</math><br>[36] 2𝝅 {4} |colspan=4|<math>(0,0,\tfrac{\sqrt{2}}{2},\tfrac{\sqrt{2}}{2})</math> |- style="background: white;"| |2𝝅 |360° |{{radic|0}} |0 |{{sfrac|𝝅|2}} |90° |{{radic|2}} |1.414~ |{{sfrac|𝝅|2}} |90° |{{radic|2}} |1.414~ |- style="background: #E6FFEE;"| |rowspan=2|[[W:Icositetragon#Related polygons|{24/2}=2{12}]]{{Efn|name=dodecagon}}<br>[[File:Regular_star_figure_2(6,1).svg|100px]]<br><math>^{q2,q7}</math><br>[48] 4𝝅 {12} |colspan=4|<math>[96]R_{q2,q7}</math>{{Efn|The <math>[96]R_{q2,q7}</math> isoclinic rotation in great hexagon invariant planes takes each vertex to a vertex one vertex away (60° {{=}} {{radic|1}} away), without passing through any intervening vertices. Each left square rotates 30° (like a wheel) at the same time that it tilts sideways by 30° (in an orthogonal central plane) into its corresponding right hexagon plane.{{Efn|name=hybrid isoclinic rotation}} Repeated 12 times, this rotational displacement turns the 24-cell through 720° and returns it to its original orientation.|name=Rq2,q7}} |rowspan=2|[[W:Icositetragon#Related polygons|{24/6}=6{4}]]<br>[[File:Regular_star_figure_6(4,1).svg|100px]]<br><math>^{q2}</math><br>[48] 2𝝅 {4} |colspan=4|<math>(0,0,0,1)</math> |rowspan=2|[[W:Icositetragon#Related polygons|{24/4}=4{6}]]<br>[[File:Regular_star_figure_4(6,1).svg|100px]]<br><math>^{q7}</math><br>[48] 2𝝅 {6} |colspan=4|<math>(\tfrac{1}{2},\tfrac{1}{2},\tfrac{1}{2},\tfrac{1}{2})</math> |- style="background: #E6FFEE;"| |{{sfrac|𝝅|3}} |60° |{{radic|1}} |1 |{{sfrac|𝝅|2}} |90° |{{radic|2}} |1.414~ |{{sfrac|𝝅|3}} |60° |{{radic|1}} |1 |- style="background: white;"| |rowspan=2|[[W:Icositetragon#Related polygons|{24/12}=12{2}]]<br>[[File:Regular_star_figure_12(2,1).svg|100px]]<br><math>^{q2,-q2}</math><br>[9] 4𝝅 {2} |colspan=4|<math>[18]R_{q2,-q2}</math>{{Efn|The <math>[18]R_{q2,-q2}</math> isoclinic rotation in great square invariant planes takes each vertex to a vertex 180° {{=}} {{radic|4}} away,{{Efn|name=quaternion group}} without passing through any intervening vertices. Each left square rotates 90° (like a wheel) at the same time that it tilts sideways by 90° (in an orthogonal central plane) into its corresponding right square plane, ''which in this rotation is the completely orthogonal plane''. Repeated 4 times, this rotational displacement turns the 24-cell through 720° and returns it to its original orientation.|name=Rq2,-q2}} |rowspan=2|[[W:Icositetragon#Related polygons|{24/6}=6{4}]]<br>[[File:Regular_star_figure_6(4,1).svg|100px]]<br><math>^{q2}</math><br>[9] 2𝝅 {4} |colspan=4|<math>(0,0,0,1)</math> |rowspan=2|[[W:Icositetragon#Related polygons|{24/6}=6{4}]]<br>[[File:Regular_star_figure_6(4,1).svg|100px]]<br><math>^{-q2}</math><br>[9] 2𝝅 {4} |colspan=4|<math>(0,0,0,-1)</math> |- style="background: white;"| |𝝅 |180° |{{radic|4}} |2 |{{sfrac|𝝅|2}} |90° |{{radic|2}} |1.414~ |{{sfrac|𝝅|2}} |90° |{{radic|2}} |1.414~ |- style="background: white;"| |rowspan=2|[[W:Icositetragon#Related polygons|{24/12}=12{2}]]<br>[[File:Regular_star_figure_12(2,1).svg|100px]]<br><math>^{q2,q1}</math><br>[12] 4𝝅 {2} |colspan=4|<math>[12]R_{q2,q1}</math>{{Efn|The <math>[12]R_{q2,q1}</math> isoclinic rotation in great digon invariant planes takes each vertex to a vertex 90° {{=}} {{radic|2}} away, without passing through any intervening vertices.{{Efn|At the mid-point of the isocline arc (45° away) it passes directly over the mid-point of a 24-cell edge.}} Each left digon rotates 45° (like a wheel) at the same time that it tilts sideways by 45° (in an orthogonal central plane) into its corresponding right digon plane. Repeated 8 times, this rotational displacement turns the 24-cell through 720° and returns it to its original orientation.|name=Rq2,q1}} |rowspan=2|[[W:Icositetragon#Related polygons|{24/12}=12{2}]]<br>[[File:Regular_star_figure_12(2,1).svg|100px]]<br><math>^{q2}</math><br>[12] 2𝝅 {2} |colspan=4|<math>(0,0,0,1)</math> |rowspan=2|[[W:Icositetragon#Related polygons|{24/12}=12{2}]]<br>[[File:Regular_star_figure_12(2,1).svg|100px]]<br><math>^{q1}</math><br>[12] 2𝝅 {2} |colspan=4|<math>(1,0,0,0)</math> |- style="background: white;"| |{{sfrac|𝝅|2}} |90° |{{radic|2}} |1.414~ |{{sfrac|𝝅|2}} |90° |{{radic|2}} |1.414~ |{{sfrac|𝝅|2}} |90° |{{radic|2}} |1.414~ |- style="background: white;"| |rowspan=2|[[W:Icositetragon#Related polygons|{24/1}={24}]]<br>[[File:Regular_polygon_24.svg|100px]]<br><math>^{q1,q1}</math><br>[0] 0𝝅 {1} |colspan=4|<math>[1]R_{q1,q1}</math>{{Efn|The <math>[1]R_{q1,q1}</math> rotation is the ''identity operation'' of the 24-cell, in which no points move.|name=Rq1,q1}} |rowspan=2|[[W:Icositetragon#Related polygons|{24/12}=12{2}]]<br>[[File:Regular_star_figure_12(2,1).svg|100px]]<br><math>^{q1}</math><br>[0] 2𝝅 {2} |colspan=4|<math>(1,0,0,0)</math> |rowspan=2|[[W:Icositetragon#Related polygons|{24/12}=12{2}]]<br>[[File:Regular_star_figure_12(2,1).svg|100px]]<br><math>^{q1}</math><br>[0] 2𝝅 {2} |colspan=4|<math>(1,0,0,0)</math> |- style="background: white;"| |0 |0° |{{radic|0}} |0 |{{sfrac|𝝅|2}} |90° |{{radic|2}} |1.414~ |{{sfrac|𝝅|2}} |90° |{{radic|2}} |1.414~ |- style="background: white;"| |rowspan=2|[[W:Icositetragon#Related polygons|{24/12}=12{2}]]<br>[[File:Regular_star_figure_12(2,1).svg|100px]]<br><math>^{q1,-q1}</math><br>[12] 2𝝅 {2} |colspan=4|<math>[1]R_{q1,-q1}</math>{{Efn|The <math>[1]R_{q1,-q1}</math> rotation is the ''central inversion'' of the 24-cell. This isoclinic rotation in great digon invariant planes takes each vertex to a vertex 180° {{=}} {{radic|4}} away,{{Efn|name=quaternion group}} without passing through any intervening vertices. Each left digon rotates 90° (like a wheel) at the same time that it tilts sideways by 90° (in an orthogonal central plane) into its corresponding right digon plane, ''which in this rotation is the completely orthogonal plane''. Repeated 4 times, this rotational displacement turns the 24-cell through 720° and returns it to its original orientation.|name=Rq1,-q1}} |rowspan=2|[[W:Icositetragon#Related polygons|{24/12}=12{2}]]<br>[[File:Regular_star_figure_12(2,1).svg|100px]]<br><math>^{q1}</math><br>[12] 2𝝅 {2} |colspan=4|<math>(1,0,0,0)</math> |rowspan=2|[[W:Icositetragon#Related polygons|{24/12}=12{2}]]<br>[[File:Regular_star_figure_12(2,1).svg|100px]]<br><math>^{-q1}</math><br>[12] 2𝝅 {2} |colspan=4|<math>(-1,0,0,0)</math> |- style="background: white;"| |𝝅 |180° |{{radic|4}} |2 |{{sfrac|𝝅|2}} |90° |{{radic|2}} |1.414~ |{{sfrac|𝝅|2}} |90° |{{radic|2}} |1.414~ |} In a rotation class <math>[d]{R_{ql,qr}}</math> each quaternion group <math>\pm{q_n}</math> may be representative not only of its own fibration of Clifford parallel planes{{Efn|name=quaternion group}} but also of the other congruent fibrations.{{Efn|name=four hexagonal fibrations}} For example, rotation class <math>[4]R_{q7,q8}</math> takes the 4 hexagon planes of <math>q7</math> to the 4 hexagon planes of <math>q8</math> which are 120° away, in an isoclinic rotation. But in a rigid rotation of this kind,{{Efn|name=invariant planes of an isoclinic rotation}} all [16] hexagon planes move in congruent rotational displacements, so this rotation class also includes <math>[4]R_{-q7,-q8}</math>, <math>[4]R_{q8,q7}</math> and <math>[4]R_{-q8,-q7}</math>. The name <math>[16]R_{q7,q8}</math> is the conventional representation for all [16] congruent plane displacements. These rotation classes are all subclasses of <math>[32]R_{q7,q8}</math> which has [32] distinct rotational displacements rather than [16] because there are two [[W:Chiral|chiral]] ways to perform any class of rotations, designated its ''left rotations'' and its ''right rotations''. The [16] left displacements of this class are not congruent with the [16] right displacements, but enantiomorphous like a pair of shoes.{{Efn|A ''right rotation'' is performed by rotating the left and right planes in the "same" direction, and a ''left rotation'' is performed by rotating left and right planes in "opposite" directions, according to the [[W:Right hand rule|right hand rule]] by which we conventionally say which way is "up" on each of the 4 coordinate axes. Left and right rotations are [[chiral]] enantiomorphous ''shapes'' (like a pair of shoes), not opposite rotational ''directions''. Both left and right rotations can be performed in either the positive or negative rotational direction (from left planes to right planes, or right planes to left planes), but that is an additional distinction.{{Efn|name=clasped hands}}|name=chirality versus direction}} Each left (or right) isoclinic rotation takes [16] left planes to [16] right planes, but the left and right planes correspond differently in the left and right rotations. The left and right rotational displacements of the same left plane take it to different right planes. Each rotation class (table row) describes a distinct left (and right) [[#Isoclinic rotations|isoclinic rotation]]. The left (or right) rotations carry the left planes to the right planes simultaneously,{{Efn|name=plane movement in rotations}} through a characteristic rotation angle.{{Efn|name=two angles between central planes}} For example, the <math>[32]R_{q7,q8}</math> rotation moves all [16] hexagonal planes at once by {{sfrac|2𝝅|3}} = 120° each. Repeated 6 times, this left (or right) isoclinic rotation moves each plane 720° and back to itself in the same [[W:Orientation entanglement|orientation]], passing through all 4 planes of the <math>q7</math> left set and all 4 planes of the <math>q8</math> right set once each.{{Efn|The <math>\pm q7</math> and <math>\pm q8</math> sets of planes are not disjoint; the union of any two of these four sets is a set of 6 planes. The left (versus right) isoclinic rotation of each of these rotation classes (table rows) visits a distinct left (versus right) circular sequence of the same set of 6 Clifford parallel planes.|name=union of q7 and q8}} The picture in the isocline column represents this union of the left and right plane sets. In the <math>[32]R_{q7,q8}</math> example it can be seen as a set of 4 Clifford parallel skew [[W:Hexagram|hexagram]]s, each having one edge in each great hexagon plane, and skewing to the left (or right) at each vertex throughout the left (or right) isoclinic rotation.{{Efn|name=clasped hands}} == Conclusions == Very few if any of the observations made in this paper are original, as I hope the citations demonstrate, but some new terminology has been introduced in making them. The term '''radially equilateral''' describes a uniform polytope with its edge length equal to its long radius, because such polytopes can be constructed, with their long radii, from equilateral triangles which meet at the center, each contributing two radii and an edge. The use of the noun '''isocline''', for the circular geodesic path traced by a vertex of a 4-polytope undergoing [[#Isoclinic rotations|isoclinic rotation]], may also be new in this context. The chord-path of an isocline may be called the 4-polytope's '''Clifford polygon''', as it is the skew polygonal shape of the rotational circles traversed by the 4-polytope's vertices in its characteristic [[W:Clifford displacement|Clifford displacement]].{{Sfn|Tyrrell|Semple|1971|loc=Linear Systems of Clifford Parallels|pp=34-57}} == Acknowledgements == This paper is an extract of a [[24-cell|24-cell article]] collaboratively developed by Wikipedia editors. This version contains only those sections of the Wikipedia article which I authored, or which I completely rewrote. I have removed those sections principally authored by other Wikipedia editors, and illustrations and tables which I did not create myself, except for two essential rotating animations created by Wikipedia illustrator [[Wikipedia:User:JasonHise|JasonHise]] which I have retained with attribution. Consequently, this version is not a complete treatment of the subject; it is missing some essential topics, and it is inadequately illustrated. As a subset of the collaboratively developed [[24-cell|24-cell article]] from which it was extracted, it is intended to gather in one place just what I have personally authored. Even so, it contains small fragments of which I am not the original author, and many editorial improvements by other Wikipedia editors. The original provenance of any sentence in this document may be ascertained precisely by consulting the complete revision history of the [[Wikipedia:24-cell]] article, in which I am identified as Wikipedia editor [[Wikipedia:User:Dc.samizdat|Dc.samizdat]]. Since I came to my own understanding of the 24-cell slowly, in the course of making additions to the [[Wikipedia:24-cell]] article, I am greatly indebted to the Wikipedia editors whose work on it preceded mine. Chief among these is Wikipedia editor [[W:User:Tomruen|Tomruen (Tom Ruen)]], the original author and principal illustrator of a great many of the Wikipedia articles on polytopes. The 24-cell article that I began with was already more accessible, to me, than even Coxeter's ''[[W:Regular Polytopes|Regular Polytopes]]'', or any other book treating the subject. I was inspired by the existence of Wikipedia articles on the 4-polytopes to study them more closely, and then became convinced by my own experience exploring this hypertext that the 4-polytopes could be understood much more readily, and could be documented most engagingly and comprehensively, if everything that researchers have discovered about them were incorporated into this single encyclopedic hypertext. Well-illustrated hypertext is naturally the most appropriate medium in which to describe a hyperspace, such as Euclidean 4-space. Another essential contributor to my dawning comprehension of 4-dimensional geometry was Wikipedia editor [[W:User:Cloudswrest|Cloudswrest (A.P. Goucher)]], who authored the section entitled ''[[24-cell#Cell rings|Cell rings]]'' describing the torus decomposition of the 24-cell into cell rings forming discrete Hopf fibrations, also studied by Banchoff.{{Sfn|Banchoff|2013|ps=, studied the decomposition of regular 4-polytopes into honeycombs of tori tiling the [[W:Clifford torus|Clifford torus]], showed how the honeycombs correspond to [[W:Hopf fibration|Hopf fibration]]s, and made a particular study of the [[#6-cell rings|24-cell's 4 rings of 6 octahedral cells]] with illustrations.}} J.E. Mebius's definitive Wikipedia article on ''[[W:SO(4)|SO(4)]]'', the group of ''[[W:Rotations in 4-dimensional Euclidean space|Rotations in 4-dimensional Euclidean space]]'', informs this entire paper, which is essentially an explanation of the 24-cell's geometry as a function of its isoclinic rotations. == Future work == The encyclopedia [[Wikipedia:Main_page|Wikipedia]] is not the only appropriate hypertext medium in which to explore and document the fourth dimension. Wikipedia rightly publishes only knowledge that can be sourced to previously published authorities. An encyclopedia cannot function as a research journal, in which is documented the broad, evolving edge of a field of knowledge, well before the observations made there have settled into a consensus of accepted facts. Moreover, an encyclopedia article must not become a textbook, or attempt to be the definitive whole story on a topic, or have too many footnotes! At some point in my enlargement of the [[Wikipedia:24-cell]] article, it began to transgress upon these limits, and other Wikipedia editors began to prune it back, appropriately for an encyclopedia article. I therefore sought out a home for expanded, more-than-encyclopedic versions of it and the other 4-polytope articles, where they could be enlarged by active researchers, beyond the scope of the Wikipedia encyclopedia articles. Fortunately [[Main_page|Wikiversity]] provides just such a medium: an alternate hypertext web compatible with Wikipedia, but without the constraint of consisting of encyclopedia articles alone. A non-profit collaborative space for students and researchers, Wikiversity hosts all kinds of hypertext learning resources, such as hypertext textbooks which enlarge upon topics covered by Wikipedia, and research journals covering various fields of study which accept papers for peer review and publication. A hypertext article hosted at Wikiversity may contain links to any Wikipedia or Wikiversity article. This paper, for example, is hosted at Wikiversity, but most of its links are to Wikipedia encyclopedia articles. Three consistent versions of the 24-cell article now exist, including this paper. The most complete version is the expanded [[24-cell]] article hosted at Wikiversity, which includes everything in the other two versions except these acknowledgments, plus additional learning resources. The original encyclopedia version, the [[Wikipedia:24-cell]] article, should be an abridged version of the expanded Wikiversity [[24-cell]] article, from which extra content inappropriate for an encyclopedia article has been removed. == Notes == {{Regular convex 4-polytopes Notelist}} == Citations == {{Reflist}} == References == {{Refbegin}} * {{Cite book | last=Kepler | first=Johannes | author-link=W:Johannes Kepler | title=Harmonices Mundi (The Harmony of the World) | title-link=W:Harmonices Mundi | publisher=Johann Planck | year=1619}} * {{Cite book | last=Coxeter | first=H.S.M. | author-link=W:Harold Scott MacDonald Coxeter | year=1973 | orig-year=1948 | title=Regular Polytopes | publisher=Dover | place=New York | edition=3rd | title-link=W:Regular Polytopes (book) }} * {{Citation | last=Coxeter | first=H.S.M. | author-link=W:Harold Scott MacDonald Coxeter | year=1991 | title=Regular Complex Polytopes | place=Cambridge | publisher=Cambridge University Press | edition=2nd }} * {{Citation | last=Coxeter | first=H.S.M. | author-link=W:Harold Scott MacDonald Coxeter | year=1995 | title=Kaleidoscopes: Selected Writings of H.S.M. 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It is the only one of the six convex regular 4-polytopes which is not the analogue of one of the five Platonic solids. It contains all the convex regular polytopes of four or fewer dimensions made of triangles or squares except the 4-simplex, but it contains no pentagons. It has just four distinct chord lengths, which are the diameters of the hypercubes of dimensions 1 through 4. The 24-cell is the unique construction of these four hypercubic chords and all the regular polytopes that can be built from them. Isoclinic rotations relate the convex regular 4-polytopes to each other, and determine the way they nest inside one another. The 24-cell's characteristic isoclinic rotation takes place in four Clifford parallel great hexagon central planes. It also inherits an isoclinic rotation in six Clifford parallel great square central planes that is characteristic of its three constituent 16-cells. We explore the internal geometry of the 24-cell in detail, as an expression of its rotational symmetries. |w1=24-cell }} == The unique 24-point 24-cell polytope == The [[24-cell]] does not have a regular analogue in three dimensions or any other number of dimensions.{{Sfn|Coxeter|1973|p=289|loc=Epilogue|ps=; "Another peculiarity of four-dimensional space is the occurrence of the 24-cell {3,4,3}, which stands quite alone, having no analogue above or below."}} It is the only one of the six convex regular 4-polytopes which is not the analogue of one of the five Platonic solids. However, it can be seen as the analogue of a pair of irregular solids: the [[W:Cuboctahedron|cuboctahedron]] and its dual the [[W:Rhombic dodecahedron|rhombic dodecahedron]].{{Sfn|Coxeter|1995|loc=(Paper 3) ''Two aspects of the regular 24-cell in four dimensions''|p=25}} The 24-cell and the [[W:Tesseract|8-cell (tesseract)]] are the only convex regular 4-polytopes in which the edge length equals the radius. The long radius (center to vertex) of each is equal to its edge length; thus its long diameter (vertex to opposite vertex) is 2 edge lengths. Only a few uniform polytopes have this property, including these two four-dimensional polytopes, the three-dimensional [[W:Cuboctahedron#Radial equilateral symmetry|cuboctahedron]], and the two-dimensional [[W:Hexagon#Regular hexagon|hexagon]]. The cuboctahedron is the equatorial cross section of the 24-cell, and the hexagon is the equatorial cross section of the cuboctahedron. These '''radially equilateral polytopes''' are those which can be constructed, with their long radii, from equilateral triangles which meet at the center of the polytope, each contributing two radii and an edge. == The 24-cell in the proper sequence of 4-polytopes == The 24-cell incorporates the geometries of every convex regular polytope in the first four dimensions, except the 5-cell (4-simplex), those with a 5 in their Schlӓfli symbol,{{Efn|The convex regular polytopes in the first four dimensions with a 5 in their Schlӓfli symbol are the [[W:Pentagon|pentagon]] {5}, the [[W:Icosahedron|icosahedron]] {3, 5}, the [[W:Dodecahedron|dodecahedron]] {5, 3}, the [[600-cell]] {3,3,5} and the [[120-cell]] {5,3,3}. The [[5-cell]] {3, 3, 3} is also pentagonal in the sense that its [[W:Petrie polygon|Petrie polygon]] is the pentagon.|name=pentagonal polytopes|group=}} and the regular polygons with 7 or more sides. In other words, the 24-cell contains ''all'' of the regular polytopes made of triangles and squares that exist in four dimensions except the regular 5-cell, but ''none'' of the pentagonal polytopes. It is especially useful to explore the 24-cell, because one can see the geometric relationships among all of these regular polytopes in a single 24-cell or [[W:24-cell honeycomb|its honeycomb]]. The 24-cell is the fourth in the sequence of six [[W:Convex regular 4-polytope|convex regular 4-polytope]]s in order of size and complexity. These can be ordered by size as a measure of 4-dimensional content (hypervolume) for the same radius. This is their proper order of enumeration: the order in which they nest inside each other as compounds.{{Sfn|Coxeter|1973|loc=§7.8 The enumeration of possible regular figures|p=136}}{{Sfn|Goucher|2020|loc=Subsumptions of regular polytopes}} Each greater polytope in the sequence is ''rounder'' than its predecessor, enclosing more content{{Sfn|Coxeter|1973|pp=292-293|loc=Table I(ii): The sixteen regular polytopes {''p,q,r''} in four dimensions|ps=; An invaluable table providing all 20 metrics of each 4-polytope in edge length units. They must be algebraically converted to compare polytopes of unit radius.}} within the same radius. The 5-cell (4-simplex) is the limit smallest case, and the 120-cell is the largest. Complexity (as measured by comparing [[24-cell#As a configuration|configuration matrices]] or simply the number of vertices) follows the same ordering. This provides an alternative numerical naming scheme for regular polytopes in which the 24-cell is the 24-point 4-polytope: fourth in the ascending sequence that runs from 5-point (5-cell) 4-polytope to 600-point (120-cell) 4-polytope. {{Regular convex 4-polytopes|wiki=W:|radius=1}} The 24-cell can be deconstructed into 3 overlapping instances of its predecessor the [[W:Tesseract|8-cell (tesseract)]], as the 8-cell can be deconstructed into 2 instances of its predecessor the [[16-cell]].{{Sfn|Coxeter|1973|p=302|pp=|loc=Table VI (ii): 𝐈𝐈 = {3,4,3}|ps=: see Result column}} The reverse procedure to construct each of these from an instance of its predecessor preserves the radius of the predecessor, but generally produces a successor with a smaller edge length. The edge length will always be different unless predecessor and successor are ''both'' radially equilateral, i.e. their edge length is the same as their radius (so both are preserved). Since radially equilateral polytopes are rare, it seems that the only such construction (in any dimension) is from the 8-cell to the 24-cell, making the 24-cell the unique regular polytope (in any dimension) which has the same edge length as its predecessor of the same radius. == Coordinates == The 24-cell has two natural systems of Cartesian coordinates, which reveal distinct structure. === Great squares === The 24-cell is the [[W:Convex hull|convex hull]] of its vertices which can be described as the 24 coordinate [[W:Permutation|permutation]]s of: <math display="block">(\pm1, \pm 1, 0, 0) \in \mathbb{R}^4 .</math> Those coordinates{{Sfn|Coxeter|1973|p=156|loc=§8.7. Cartesian Coordinates}} can be constructed as {{Coxeter–Dynkin diagram|node|3|node_1|3|node|4|node}}, [[W:Rectification (geometry)|rectifying]] the [[16-cell]] {{Coxeter–Dynkin diagram|node_1|3|node|3|node|4|node}} with 8 vertices permutations of (±2,0,0,0). The vertex figure of a 16-cell is the [[W:Octahedron|octahedron]]; thus, cutting the vertices of the 16-cell at the midpoint of its incident edges produces 8 octahedral cells. This process{{Sfn|Coxeter|1973|p=|pp=145-146|loc=§8.1 The simple truncations of the general regular polytope}} also rectifies the tetrahedral cells of the 16-cell which become 16 octahedra, giving the 24-cell 24 octahedral cells. In this frame of reference the 24-cell has edges of length {{sqrt|2}} and is inscribed in a [[W:3-sphere|3-sphere]] of radius {{sqrt|2}}. Remarkably, the edge length equals the circumradius, as in the [[W:Hexagon|hexagon]], or the [[W:Cuboctahedron|cuboctahedron]]. The 24 vertices form 18 great squares{{Efn|The edges of six of the squares are aligned with the grid lines of the ''{{radic|2}} radius coordinate system''. For example: {{indent|5}}({{spaces|2}}0, −1,{{spaces|2}}1,{{spaces|2}}0){{spaces|3}}({{spaces|2}}0,{{spaces|2}}1,{{spaces|2}}1,{{spaces|2}}0) {{indent|5}}({{spaces|2}}0, −1, −1,{{spaces|2}}0){{spaces|3}}({{spaces|2}}0,{{spaces|2}}1, −1,{{spaces|2}}0)<br> is the square in the ''xy'' plane. The edges of the squares are not 24-cell edges, they are interior chords joining two vertices 90^o distant from each other; so the squares are merely invisible configurations of four of the 24-cell's vertices, not visible 24-cell features.|name=|group=}} (3 sets of 6 orthogonal{{Efn|Up to 6 planes can be mutually orthogonal in 4 dimensions. 3 dimensional space accommodates only 3 perpendicular axes and 3 perpendicular planes through a single point. In 4 dimensional space we may have 4 perpendicular axes and 6 perpendicular planes through a point (for the same reason that the tetrahedron has 6 edges, not 4): there are 6 ways to take 4 dimensions 2 at a time.{{Efn|name=Six orthogonal planes of the Cartesian basis}} Three such perpendicular planes (pairs of axes) meet at each vertex of the 24-cell (for the same reason that three edges meet at each vertex of the tetrahedron). Each of the 6 planes is [[W:Completely orthogonal|completely orthogonal]] to just one of the other planes: the only one with which it does not share a line (for the same reason that each edge of the tetrahedron is orthogonal to just one of the other edges: the only one with which it does not share a point). Two completely orthogonal planes are perpendicular and opposite each other, as two edges of the tetrahedron are perpendicular and opposite.|name=six orthogonal planes tetrahedral symmetry}} central squares), 3 of which intersect at each vertex. By viewing just one square at each vertex, the 24-cell can be seen as the vertices of 3 pairs of [[W:Completely orthogonal|completely orthogonal]]{{Efn|name=Six orthogonal planes of the Cartesian basis}} great squares which intersect{{Efn|Two planes in 4-dimensional space can have four possible reciprocal positions: (1) they can coincide (be exactly the same plane); (2) they can be parallel (the only way they can fail to intersect at all); (3) they can intersect in a single line, as two non-parallel planes do in 3-dimensional space; or (4) '''they can intersect in a single point'''{{Efn|To visualize how two planes can intersect in a single point in a four dimensional space, consider the Euclidean space (w, x, y, z) and imagine that the w dimension represents time rather than a spatial dimension. The xy central plane (where w{{=}}0, z{{=}}0) shares no axis with the wz central plane (where x{{=}}0, y{{=}}0). The xy plane exists at only a single instant in time (w{{=}}0); the wz plane (and in particular the w axis) exists all the time. Thus their only moment and place of intersection is at the origin point (0,0,0,0).|name=how planes intersect at a single point}} if they are [[W:Completely orthogonal|completely orthogonal]].|name=how planes intersect}} at no vertices.{{Efn|name=three square fibrations}} === Great hexagons === The 24-cell is [[W:Self-dual|self-dual]], having the same number of vertices (24) as cells and the same number of edges (96) as faces. If the dual of the above 24-cell of edge length {{sqrt|2}} is taken by reciprocating it about its ''inscribed'' sphere, another 24-cell is found which has edge length and circumradius 1, and its coordinates reveal more structure. In this frame of reference the 24-cell lies vertex-up, and its vertices can be given as follows: 8 vertices obtained by permuting the ''integer'' coordinates: <math display="block">\left( \pm 1, 0, 0, 0 \right)</math> and 16 vertices with ''half-integer'' coordinates of the form: <math display="block">\left( \pm \tfrac{1}{2}, \pm \tfrac{1}{2}, \pm \tfrac{1}{2}, \pm \tfrac{1}{2} \right)</math> all 24 of which lie at distance 1 from the origin. [[24-cell#Quaternionic interpretation|Viewed as quaternions]],{{Efn|In [[W:Euclidean geometry#Higher dimensions|four-dimensional Euclidean geometry]], a [[W:Quaternion|quaternion]] is simply a (w, x, y, z) Cartesian coordinate. [[W:William Rowan Hamilton|Hamilton]] did not see them as such when he [[W:History of quaternions|discovered the quaternions]]. [[W:Ludwig Schläfli|Schläfli]] would be the first to consider [[W:4-dimensional space|four-dimensional Euclidean space]], publishing his discovery of the regular [[W:Polyscheme|polyscheme]]s in 1852, but Hamilton would never be influenced by that work, which remained obscure into the 20th century. Hamilton found the quaternions when he realized that a fourth dimension, in some sense, would be necessary in order to model rotations in three-dimensional space.{{Sfn|Stillwell|2001|p=18-21}} Although he described a quaternion as an ''ordered four-element multiple of real numbers'', the quaternions were for him an extension of the complex numbers, not a Euclidean space of four dimensions.|name=quaternions}} these are the unit [[W:Hurwitz quaternions|Hurwitz quaternions]]. These 24 quaternions represent (in antipodal pairs) the 12 rotations of a regular tetrahedron.{{Sfn|Stillwell|2001|p=22}} The 24-cell has unit radius and unit edge length in this coordinate system. We refer to the system as ''unit radius coordinates'' to distinguish it from others, such as the {{sqrt|2}} radius coordinates used to reveal the great [[#Great squares|squares]] above.{{Efn|The edges of the orthogonal great squares are ''not'' aligned with the grid lines of the ''unit radius coordinate system''. Six of the squares do lie in the 6 orthogonal planes of this coordinate system, but their edges are the {{sqrt|2}} ''diagonals'' of unit edge length squares of the coordinate lattice. For example: {{indent|17}}({{spaces|2}}0,{{spaces|2}}0,{{spaces|2}}1,{{spaces|2}}0) {{indent|5}}({{spaces|2}}0, −1,{{spaces|2}}0,{{spaces|2}}0){{spaces|3}}({{spaces|2}}0,{{spaces|2}}1,{{spaces|2}}0,{{spaces|2}}0) {{indent|17}}({{spaces|2}}0,{{spaces|2}}0, −1,{{spaces|2}}0)<br> is the square in the ''xy'' plane. Notice that the 8 ''integer'' coordinates comprise the vertices of the 6 orthogonal squares.|name=orthogonal squares|group=}} The 24 vertices and 96 edges form 16 non-orthogonal great hexagons,{{Efn|The hexagons are inclined (tilted) at 60 degrees with respect to the unit radius coordinate system's orthogonal planes. Each hexagonal plane contains only ''one'' of the 4 coordinate system axes.{{Efn|Each great hexagon of the 24-cell contains one axis (one pair of antipodal vertices) belonging to each of the three inscribed 16-cells. The 24-cell contains three disjoint inscribed 16-cells, rotated 60° isoclinically{{Efn|name=isoclinic 4-dimensional diagonal}} with respect to each other (so their corresponding vertices are 120° {{=}} {{radic|3}} apart). A [[16-cell#Coordinates|16-cell is an orthonormal ''basis'']] for a 4-dimensional coordinate system, because its 8 vertices define the four orthogonal axes. In any choice of a vertex-up coordinate system (such as the unit radius coordinates used in this article), one of the three inscribed 16-cells is the basis for the coordinate system, and each hexagon has only ''one'' axis which is a coordinate system axis.|name=three basis 16-cells}} The hexagon consists of 3 pairs of opposite vertices (three 24-cell diameters): one opposite pair of ''integer'' coordinate vertices (one of the four coordinate axes), and two opposite pairs of ''half-integer'' coordinate vertices (not coordinate axes). For example: {{indent|17}}({{spaces|2}}0,{{spaces|2}}0,{{spaces|2}}1,{{spaces|2}}0) {{indent|5}}({{spaces|2}}<small>{{sfrac|1|2}}</small>, −<small>{{sfrac|1|2}}</small>,{{spaces|2}}<small>{{sfrac|1|2}}</small>, −<small>{{sfrac|1|2}}</small>){{spaces|3}}({{spaces|2}}<small>{{sfrac|1|2}}</small>,{{spaces|2}}<small>{{sfrac|1|2}}</small>,{{spaces|2}}<small>{{sfrac|1|2}}</small>,{{spaces|2}}<small>{{sfrac|1|2}}</small>) {{indent|5}}(−<small>{{sfrac|1|2}}</small>, −<small>{{sfrac|1|2}}</small>, −<small>{{sfrac|1|2}}</small>, −<small>{{sfrac|1|2}}</small>){{spaces|3}}(−<small>{{sfrac|1|2}}</small>,{{spaces|2}}<small>{{sfrac|1|2}}</small>, −<small>{{sfrac|1|2}}</small>,{{spaces|2}}<small>{{sfrac|1|2}}</small>) {{indent|17}}({{spaces|2}}0,{{spaces|2}}0, −1,{{spaces|2}}0)<br> is a hexagon on the ''y'' axis. Unlike the {{sqrt|2}} squares, the hexagons are actually made of 24-cell edges, so they are visible features of the 24-cell.|name=non-orthogonal hexagons|group=}} four of which intersect{{Efn||name=how planes intersect}} at each vertex.{{Efn|It is not difficult to visualize four hexagonal planes intersecting at 60 degrees to each other, even in three dimensions. Four hexagonal central planes intersect at 60 degrees in the [[W:Cuboctahedron|cuboctahedron]]. Four of the 24-cell's 16 hexagonal central planes (lying in the same 3-dimensional hyperplane) intersect at each of the 24-cell's vertices exactly the way they do at the center of a cuboctahedron. But the ''edges'' around the vertex do not meet as the radii do at the center of a cuboctahedron; the 24-cell has 8 edges around each vertex, not 12, so its vertex figure is the cube, not the cuboctahedron. The 8 edges meet exactly the way 8 edges do at the apex of a canonical [[W:Cubic pyramid|cubic pyramid]].{{Efn|name=24-cell vertex figure}}|name=cuboctahedral hexagons}} By viewing just one hexagon at each vertex, the 24-cell can be seen as the 24 vertices of 4 non-intersecting hexagonal great circles which are [[W:Clifford parallel|Clifford parallel]] to each other.{{Efn|name=four hexagonal fibrations}} The 12 axes and 16 hexagons of the 24-cell constitute a [[W:Reye configuration|Reye configuration]], which in the language of [[W:Configuration (geometry)|configurations]] is written as 12₄16₃ to indicate that each axis belongs to 4 hexagons, and each hexagon contains 3 axes.{{Sfn|Waegell|Aravind|2009|loc=§3.4 The 24-cell: points, lines and Reye's configuration|pp=4-5|ps=; In the 24-cell Reye's "points" and "lines" are axes and hexagons, respectively.}} === Great triangles === The 24 vertices form 32 equilateral great triangles, of edge length {{radic|3}} in the unit-radius 24-cell,{{Efn|These triangles' edges of length {{sqrt|3}} are the diagonals{{Efn|name=missing the nearest vertices}} of cubical cells of unit edge length found within the 24-cell, but those cubical (tesseract){{Efn|name=three 8-cells}} cells are not cells of the unit radius coordinate lattice.|name=cube diagonals}} inscribed in the 16 great hexagons.{{Efn|These triangles lie in the same planes containing the hexagons;{{Efn|name=non-orthogonal hexagons}} two triangles of edge length {{sqrt|3}} are inscribed in each hexagon. For example, in unit radius coordinates: {{indent|17}}({{spaces|2}}0,{{spaces|2}}0,{{spaces|2}}1,{{spaces|2}}0) {{indent|5}}({{spaces|2}}<small>{{sfrac|1|2}}</small>, −<small>{{sfrac|1|2}}</small>,{{spaces|2}}<small>{{sfrac|1|2}}</small>, −<small>{{sfrac|1|2}}</small>){{spaces|3}}({{spaces|2}}<small>{{sfrac|1|2}}</small>,{{spaces|2}}<small>{{sfrac|1|2}}</small>,{{spaces|2}}<small>{{sfrac|1|2}}</small>,{{spaces|2}}<small>{{sfrac|1|2}}</small>) {{indent|5}}(−<small>{{sfrac|1|2}}</small>, −<small>{{sfrac|1|2}}</small>, −<small>{{sfrac|1|2}}</small>, −<small>{{sfrac|1|2}}</small>){{spaces|3}}(−<small>{{sfrac|1|2}}</small>,{{spaces|2}}<small>{{sfrac|1|2}}</small>, −<small>{{sfrac|1|2}}</small>,{{spaces|2}}<small>{{sfrac|1|2}}</small>) {{indent|17}}({{spaces|2}}0,{{spaces|2}}0, −1,{{spaces|2}}0)<br> are two opposing central triangles on the ''y'' axis, with each triangle formed by the vertices in alternating rows. Unlike the hexagons, the {{sqrt|3}} triangles are not made of actual 24-cell edges, so they are invisible features of the 24-cell, like the {{sqrt|2}} squares.|name=central triangles|group=}} Each great triangle is a ring linking three completely disjoint{{Efn|name=completely disjoint}} great squares. The 18 great squares of the 24-cell occur as three sets of 6 orthogonal great squares,{{Efn|name=Six orthogonal planes of the Cartesian basis}} each forming a [[16-cell]].{{Efn|name=three isoclinic 16-cells}} The three 16-cells are completely disjoint (and [[#Clifford parallel polytopes|Clifford parallel]]): each has its own 8 vertices (on 4 orthogonal axes) and its own 24 edges (of length {{radic|2}}). The 18 square great circles are crossed by 16 hexagonal great circles; each hexagon has one axis (2 vertices) in each 16-cell.{{Efn|name=non-orthogonal hexagons}} The two great triangles inscribed in each great hexagon (occupying its alternate vertices, and with edges that are its {{radic|3}} chords) have one vertex in each 16-cell. Thus ''each great triangle is a ring linking the three completely disjoint 16-cells''. There are four different ways (four different ''fibrations'' of the 24-cell) in which the 8 vertices of the 16-cells correspond by being triangles of vertices {{radic|3}} apart: there are 32 distinct linking triangles. Each ''pair'' of 16-cells forms an 8-cell (tesseract).{{Efn|name=three 16-cells form three tesseracts}} Each great triangle has one {{radic|3}} edge in each tesseract, so it is also a ring linking the three tesseracts. == Hypercubic chords == [[File:24-cell vertex geometry.png|thumb|Vertex geometry of the radially equilateral 24-cell, showing the 3 great circle polygons and the 4 vertex-to-vertex chord lengths.|alt=]] The 24 vertices of the 24-cell are distributed{{Sfn|Coxeter|1973|p=298|loc=Table V: The Distribution of Vertices of Four-Dimensional Polytopes in Parallel Solid Sections (§13.1); (i) Sections of {3,4,3} (edge 2) beginning with a vertex; see column ''a''|5=}} at four different [[W:Chord (geometry)|chord]] lengths from each other: {{sqrt|1}}, {{sqrt|2}}, {{sqrt|3}} and {{sqrt|4}}. The {{sqrt|1}} chords (the 24-cell edges) are the edges of central hexagons, and the {{sqrt|3}} chords are the diagonals of central hexagons. The {{sqrt|2}} chords are the edges of central squares, and the {{sqrt|4}} chords are the diagonals of central squares. Each vertex is joined to 8 others{{Efn|The 8 nearest neighbor vertices surround the vertex (in the curved 3-dimensional space of the 24-cell's boundary surface) the way a cube's 8 corners surround its center. (The [[W:Vertex figure|vertex figure]] of the 24-cell is a cube.)|name=8 nearest vertices}} by an edge of length 1, spanning 60° = <small>{{sfrac|{{pi}}|3}}</small> of arc. Next nearest are 6 vertices{{Efn|The 6 second-nearest neighbor vertices surround the vertex in curved 3-dimensional space the way an octahedron's 6 corners surround its center.|name=6 second-nearest vertices}} located 90° = <small>{{sfrac|{{pi}}|2}}</small> away, along an interior chord of length {{sqrt|2}}. Another 8 vertices lie 120° = <small>{{sfrac|2{{pi}}|3}}</small> away, along an interior chord of length {{sqrt|3}}.{{Efn|name=nearest isoclinic vertices are {{radic|3}} away in third surrounding shell}} The opposite vertex is 180° = <small>{{pi}}</small> away along a diameter of length 2. Finally, as the 24-cell is radially equilateral, its center is 1 edge length away from all vertices. To visualize how the interior polytopes of the 24-cell fit together (as described [[#Constructions|below]]), keep in mind that the four chord lengths ({{sqrt|1}}, {{sqrt|2}}, {{sqrt|3}}, {{sqrt|4}}) are the long diameters of the [[W:Hypercube|hypercube]]s of dimensions 1 through 4: the long diameter of the square is {{sqrt|2}}; the long diameter of the cube is {{sqrt|3}}; and the long diameter of the tesseract is {{sqrt|4}}.{{Efn|Thus ({{sqrt|1}}, {{sqrt|2}}, {{sqrt|3}}, {{sqrt|4}}) are the vertex chord lengths of the tesseract as well as of the 24-cell. They are also the diameters of the tesseract (from short to long), though not of the 24-cell.}} Moreover, the long diameter of the octahedron is {{sqrt|2}} like the square; and the long diameter of the 24-cell itself is {{sqrt|4}} like the tesseract. == Geodesics == The vertex chords of the 24-cell are arranged in [[W:Geodesic|geodesic]] [[W:great circle|great circle]] polygons.{{Efn|A geodesic great circle lies in a 2-dimensional plane which passes through the center of the polytope. Notice that in 4 dimensions this central plane does ''not'' bisect the polytope into two equal-sized parts, as it would in 3 dimensions, just as a diameter (a central line) bisects a circle but does not bisect a sphere. Another difference is that in 4 dimensions not all pairs of great circles intersect at two points, as they do in 3 dimensions; some pairs do, but some pairs of great circles are non-intersecting Clifford parallels.{{Efn|name=Clifford parallels}}}} The [[W:Geodesic distance|geodesic distance]] between two 24-cell vertices along a path of {{sqrt|1}} edges is always 1, 2, or 3, and it is 3 only for opposite vertices.{{Efn|If the [[W:Euclidean distance|Pythagorean distance]] between any two vertices is {{sqrt|1}}, their geodesic distance is 1; they may be two adjacent vertices (in the curved 3-space of the surface), or a vertex and the center (in 4-space). If their Pythagorean distance is {{sqrt|2}}, their geodesic distance is 2 (whether via 3-space or 4-space, because the path along the edges is the same straight line with one 90^o bend in it as the path through the center). If their Pythagorean distance is {{sqrt|3}}, their geodesic distance is still 2 (whether on a hexagonal great circle past one 60^o bend, or as a straight line with one 60^o bend in it through the center). Finally, if their Pythagorean distance is {{sqrt|4}}, their geodesic distance is still 2 in 4-space (straight through the center), but it reaches 3 in 3-space (by going halfway around a hexagonal great circle).|name=Geodesic distance}} The {{sqrt|1}} edges occur in 16 [[#Great hexagons|hexagonal great circles]] (in planes inclined at 60 degrees to each other), 4 of which cross{{Efn|name=cuboctahedral hexagons}} at each vertex.{{Efn|Eight {{sqrt|1}} edges converge in curved 3-dimensional space from the corners of the 24-cell's cubical vertex figure{{Efn|The [[W:Vertex figure|vertex figure]] is the facet which is made by truncating a vertex; canonically, at the mid-edges incident to the vertex. But one can make similar vertex figures of different radii by truncating at any point along those edges, up to and including truncating at the adjacent vertices to make a ''full size'' vertex figure. Stillwell defines the vertex figure as "the convex hull of the neighbouring vertices of a given vertex".{{Sfn|Stillwell|2001|p=17}} That is what serves the illustrative purpose here.|name=full size vertex figure}} and meet at its center (the vertex), where they form 4 straight lines which cross there. The 8 vertices of the cube are the eight nearest other vertices of the 24-cell. The straight lines are geodesics: two {{sqrt|1}}-length segments of an apparently straight line (in the 3-space of the 24-cell's curved surface) that is bent in the 4th dimension into a great circle hexagon (in 4-space). Imagined from inside this curved 3-space, the bends in the hexagons are invisible. From outside (if we could view the 24-cell in 4-space), the straight lines would be seen to bend in the 4th dimension at the cube centers, because the center is displaced outward in the 4th dimension, out of the hyperplane defined by the cube's vertices. Thus the vertex cube is actually a [[W:Cubic pyramid|cubic pyramid]]. Unlike a cube, it seems to be radially equilateral (like the tesseract and the 24-cell itself): its "radius" equals its edge length.{{Efn|The cube is not radially equilateral in Euclidean 3-space <math>\mathbb{R}^3</math>, but a cubic pyramid is radially equilateral in the curved 3-space of the 24-cell's surface, the [[W:3-sphere|3-sphere]] <math>\mathbb{S}^3</math>. In 4-space the 8 edges radiating from its apex are not actually its radii: the apex of the [[W:Cubic pyramid|cubic pyramid]] is not actually its center, just one of its vertices. But in curved 3-space the edges radiating symmetrically from the apex ''are'' radii, so the cube is radially equilateral ''in that curved 3-space'' <math>\mathbb{S}^3</math>. In Euclidean 4-space <math>\mathbb{R}^4</math> 24 edges radiating symmetrically from a central point make the radially equilateral 24-cell, and a symmetrical subset of 16 of those edges make the [[W:Tesseract#Radial equilateral symmetry|radially equilateral tesseract]].}}|name=24-cell vertex figure}} The 96 distinct {{sqrt|1}} edges divide the surface into 96 triangular faces and 24 octahedral cells: a 24-cell. The 16 hexagonal great circles can be divided into 4 sets of 4 non-intersecting [[W:Clifford parallel|Clifford parallel]] geodesics, such that only one hexagonal great circle in each set passes through each vertex, and the 4 hexagons in each set reach all 24 vertices.{{Efn|name=hexagonal fibrations}} The {{sqrt|2}} chords occur in 18 [[#Great squares|square great circles]] (3 sets of 6 orthogonal planes{{Efn|name=Six orthogonal planes of the Cartesian basis}}), 3 of which cross at each vertex.{{Efn|Six {{sqrt|2}} chords converge in 3-space from the face centers of the 24-cell's cubical vertex figure{{Efn|name=full size vertex figure}} and meet at its center (the vertex), where they form 3 straight lines which cross there perpendicularly. The 8 vertices of the cube are the eight nearest other vertices of the 24-cell, and eight {{sqrt|1}} edges converge from there, but let us ignore them now, since 7 straight lines crossing at the center is confusing to visualize all at once. Each of the six {{sqrt|2}} chords runs from this cube's center (the vertex) through a face center to the center of an adjacent (face-bonded) cube, which is another vertex of the 24-cell: not a nearest vertex (at the cube corners), but one located 90° away in a second concentric shell of six {{sqrt|2}}-distant vertices that surrounds the first shell of eight {{sqrt|1}}-distant vertices. The face-center through which the {{sqrt|2}} chord passes is the mid-point of the {{sqrt|2}} chord, so it lies inside the 24-cell.|name=|group=}} The 72 distinct {{sqrt|2}} chords do not run in the same planes as the hexagonal great circles; they do not follow the 24-cell's edges, they pass through its octagonal cell centers.{{Efn|One can cut the 24-cell through 6 vertices (in any hexagonal great circle plane), or through 4 vertices (in any square great circle plane). One can see this in the [[W:Cuboctahedron|cuboctahedron]] (the central [[W:hyperplane|hyperplane]] of the 24-cell), where there are four hexagonal great circles (along the edges) and six square great circles (across the square faces diagonally).}} The 72 {{sqrt|2}} chords are the 3 orthogonal axes of the 24 octahedral cells, joining vertices which are 2 {{radic|1}} edges apart. The 18 square great circles can be divided into 3 sets of 6 non-intersecting Clifford parallel geodesics,{{Efn|[[File:Hopf band wikipedia.png|thumb|Two [[W:Clifford parallel|Clifford parallel]] [[W:Great circle|great circle]]s on the [[W:3-sphere|3-sphere]] spanned by a twisted [[W:Annulus (mathematics)|annulus]]. They have a common center point in [[W:Rotations in 4-dimensional Euclidean space|4-dimensional Euclidean space]], and could lie in [[W:Completely orthogonal|completely orthogonal]] rotation planes.]][[W:Clifford parallel|Clifford parallel]]s are non-intersecting curved lines that are parallel in the sense that the perpendicular (shortest) distance between them is the same at each point.{{Sfn|Tyrrell|Semple|1971|loc=§3. Clifford's original definition of parallelism|pp=5-6}} A double helix is an example of Clifford parallelism in ordinary 3-dimensional Euclidean space. In 4-space Clifford parallels occur as geodesic great circles on the [[W:3-sphere|3-sphere]].{{Sfn|Kim|Rote|2016|pp=8-10|loc=Relations to Clifford Parallelism}} Whereas in 3-dimensional space, any two geodesic great circles on the 2-sphere will always intersect at two antipodal points, in 4-dimensional space not all great circles intersect; various sets of Clifford parallel non-intersecting geodesic great circles can be found on the 3-sphere. Perhaps the simplest example is that six mutually orthogonal great circles can be drawn on the 3-sphere, as three pairs of completely orthogonal great circles.{{Efn|name=Six orthogonal planes of the Cartesian basis}} Each completely orthogonal pair is Clifford parallel. The two circles cannot intersect at all, because they lie in planes which intersect at only one point: the center of the 3-sphere.{{Efn|Each square plane is isoclinic (Clifford parallel) to five other square planes but [[W:Completely orthogonal|completely orthogonal]] to only one of them.{{Efn|name=Clifford parallel squares in the 16-cell and 24-cell}} Every pair of completely orthogonal planes has Clifford parallel great circles, but not all Clifford parallel great circles are orthogonal (e.g., none of the hexagonal geodesics in the 24-cell are mutually orthogonal).|name=only some Clifford parallels are orthogonal}} Because they are perpendicular and share a common center,{{Efn|In 4-space, two great circles can be perpendicular and share a common center ''which is their only point of intersection'', because there is more than one great [[W:2-sphere|2-sphere]] on the [[W:3-sphere|3-sphere]]. The dimensionally analogous structure to a [[W:Great circle|great circle]] (a great 1-sphere) is a great 2-sphere,{{Sfn|Stillwell|2001|p=24}} which is an ordinary sphere that constitutes an ''equator'' boundary dividing the 3-sphere into two equal halves, just as a great circle divides the 2-sphere. Although two Clifford parallel great circles{{Efn|name=Clifford parallels}} occupy the same 3-sphere, they lie on different great 2-spheres. The great 2-spheres are [[#Clifford parallel polytopes|Clifford parallel 3-dimensional objects]], displaced relative to each other by a fixed distance ''d'' in the fourth dimension. Their corresponding points (on their two surfaces) are ''d'' apart. The 2-spheres (by which we mean their surfaces) do not intersect at all, although they have a common center point in 4-space. The displacement ''d'' between a pair of their corresponding points is the [[#Geodesics|chord of a great circle]] which intersects both 2-spheres, so ''d'' can be represented equivalently as a linear chordal distance, or as an angular distance.|name=great 2-spheres}} the two circles are obviously not parallel and separate in the usual way of parallel circles in 3 dimensions; rather they are connected like adjacent links in a chain, each passing through the other without intersecting at any points, forming a [[W:Hopf link|Hopf link]].|name=Clifford parallels}} such that only one square great circle in each set passes through each vertex, and the 6 squares in each set reach all 24 vertices.{{Efn|name=square fibrations}} The {{sqrt|3}} chords occur in 32 [[#Great triangles|triangular great circles]] in 16 planes, 4 of which cross at each vertex.{{Efn|Eight {{sqrt|3}} chords converge from the corners of the 24-cell's cubical vertex figure{{Efn|name=full size vertex figure}} and meet at its center (the vertex), where they form 4 straight lines which cross there. Each of the eight {{sqrt|3}} chords runs from this cube's center to the center of a diagonally adjacent (vertex-bonded) cube,{{Efn|name=missing the nearest vertices}} which is another vertex of the 24-cell: one located 120° away in a third concentric shell of eight {{sqrt|3}}-distant vertices surrounding the second shell of six {{sqrt|2}}-distant vertices that surrounds the first shell of eight {{sqrt|1}}-distant vertices.|name=nearest isoclinic vertices are {{radic|3}} away in third surrounding shell}} The 96 distinct {{sqrt|3}} chords{{Efn|name=cube diagonals}} run vertex-to-every-other-vertex in the same planes as the hexagonal great circles.{{Efn|name=central triangles}} They are the 3 edges of the 32 great triangles inscribed in the 16 great hexagons, joining vertices which are 2 {{sqrt|1}} edges apart on a great circle.{{Efn|name=three 8-cells}} The {{sqrt|4}} chords occur as 12 vertex-to-vertex diameters (3 sets of 4 orthogonal axes), the 24 radii around the 25th central vertex. The sum of the squared lengths{{Efn|The sum of 1・96 + 2・72 + 3・96 + 4・12 is 576.}} of all these distinct chords of the 24-cell is 576 = 24².{{Efn|The sum of the squared lengths of all the distinct chords of any regular convex n-polytope of unit radius is the square of the number of vertices.{{Sfn|Copher|2019|loc=§3.2 Theorem 3.4|p=6}}}} These are all the central polygons through vertices, but in 4-space there are geodesics on the 3-sphere which do not lie in central planes at all. There are geodesic shortest paths between two 24-cell vertices that are helical rather than simply circular; they correspond to diagonal [[#Isoclinic rotations|isoclinic rotations]] rather than [[#Simple rotations|simple rotations]].{{Efn|name=isoclinic geodesic}} The {{sqrt|1}} edges occur in 48 parallel pairs, {{sqrt|3}} apart. The {{sqrt|2}} chords occur in 36 parallel pairs, {{sqrt|2}} apart. The {{sqrt|3}} chords occur in 48 parallel pairs, {{sqrt|1}} apart.{{Efn|Each pair of parallel {{sqrt|1}} edges joins a pair of parallel {{sqrt|3}} chords to form one of 48 rectangles (inscribed in the 16 central hexagons), and each pair of parallel {{sqrt|2}} chords joins another pair of parallel {{sqrt|2}} chords to form one of the 18 central squares.|name=|group=}} The central planes of the 24-cell can be divided into 4 orthogonal central hyperplanes (3-spaces) each forming a [[W:Cuboctahedron|cuboctahedron]]. The great hexagons are 60 degrees apart; the great squares are 90 degrees or 60 degrees apart; a great square and a great hexagon are 90 degrees ''and'' 60 degrees apart.{{Efn|Two angles are required to fix the relative positions of two planes in 4-space.{{Sfn|Kim|Rote|2016|p=7|loc=§6 Angles between two Planes in 4-Space|ps=; "In four (and higher) dimensions, we need two angles to fix the relative position between two planes. (More generally, ''k'' angles are defined between ''k''-dimensional subspaces.)".}} Since all planes in the same hyperplane{{Efn|One way to visualize the ''n''-dimensional [[W:Hyperplane|hyperplane]]s is as the ''n''-spaces which can be defined by ''n + 1'' points. A point is the 0-space which is defined by 1 point. A line is the 1-space which is defined by 2 points which are not coincident. A plane is the 2-space which is defined by 3 points which are not colinear (any triangle). In 4-space, a 3-dimensional hyperplane is the 3-space which is defined by 4 points which are not coplanar (any tetrahedron). In 5-space, a 4-dimensional hyperplane is the 4-space which is defined by 5 points which are not cocellular (any 5-cell). These [[W:Simplex|simplex]] figures divide the hyperplane into two parts (inside and outside the figure), but in addition they divide the enclosing space into two parts (above and below the hyperplane). The ''n'' points ''bound'' a finite simplex figure (from the outside), and they ''define'' an infinite hyperplane (from the inside).{{Sfn|Coxeter|1973|loc=§7.2.|p=120|ps=: "... any ''n''+1 points which do not lie in an (''n''-1)-space are the vertices of an ''n''-dimensional ''simplex''.... Thus the general simplex may alternatively be defined as a finite region of ''n''-space enclosed by ''n''+1 ''hyperplanes'' or (''n''-1)-spaces."}} These two divisions are orthogonal, so the defining simplex divides space into six regions: inside the simplex and in the hyperplane, inside the simplex but above or below the hyperplane, outside the simplex but in the hyperplane, and outside the simplex above or below the hyperplane.|name=hyperplanes|group=}} are 0 degrees apart in one of the two angles, only one angle is required in 3-space. Great hexagons in different hyperplanes are 60 degrees apart in ''both'' angles. Great squares in different hyperplanes are 90 degrees apart in ''both'' angles ([[W:Completely orthogonal|completely orthogonal]]) or 60 degrees apart in ''both'' angles.{{Efn||name=Clifford parallel squares in the 16-cell and 24-cell}} Planes which are separated by two equal angles are called ''isoclinic''. Planes which are isoclinic have [[W:Clifford parallel|Clifford parallel]] great circles.{{Efn|name=Clifford parallels}} A great square and a great hexagon in different hyperplanes ''may'' be isoclinic, but often they are separated by a 90 degree angle ''and'' a 60 degree angle.|name=two angles between central planes}} Each set of similar central polygons (squares or hexagons) can be divided into 4 sets of non-intersecting Clifford parallel polygons (of 6 squares or 4 hexagons).{{Efn|Each pair of Clifford parallel polygons lies in two different hyperplanes (cuboctahedrons). The 4 Clifford parallel hexagons lie in 4 different cuboctahedrons.}} Each set of Clifford parallel great circles is a parallel [[W:Hopf fibration|fiber bundle]] which visits all 24 vertices just once. Each great circle intersects{{Efn|name=how planes intersect}} with the other great circles to which it is not Clifford parallel at one {{sqrt|4}} diameter of the 24-cell.{{Efn|Two intersecting great squares or great hexagons share two opposing vertices, but squares or hexagons on Clifford parallel great circles share no vertices. Two intersecting great triangles share only one vertex, since they lack opposing vertices.|name=how great circle planes intersect|group=}} Great circles which are [[W:Completely orthogonal|completely orthogonal]] or otherwise Clifford parallel{{Efn|name=Clifford parallels}} do not intersect at all: they pass through disjoint sets of vertices.{{Efn|name=pairs of completely orthogonal planes}} == Constructions == Triangles and squares come together uniquely in the 24-cell to generate, as interior features,{{Efn|Interior features are not considered elements of the polytope. For example, the center of a 24-cell is a noteworthy feature (as are its long radii), but these interior features do not count as elements in [[#Configuration|its configuration matrix]], which counts only elementary features (which are not interior to any other feature including the polytope itself). Interior features are not rendered in most of the diagrams and illustrations in this article (they are normally invisible). In illustrations showing interior features, we always draw interior edges as dashed lines, to distinguish them from elementary edges.|name=interior features|group=}} all of the triangle-faced and square-faced regular convex polytopes in the first four dimensions (with caveats for the [[5-cell]] and the [[600-cell]]).{{Efn|The [[600-cell]] is larger than the 24-cell, and contains the 24-cell as an interior feature.{{Sfn|Coxeter|1973|p=153|loc=8.5. Gosset's construction for {3,3,5}|ps=: "In fact, the vertices of {3,3,5}, each taken 5 times, are the vertices of 25 {3,4,3}'s."}} The regular [[5-cell]] is not found in the interior of any convex regular 4-polytope except the [[120-cell]],{{Sfn|Coxeter|1973|p=304|loc=Table VI(iv) II={5,3,3}|ps=: Faceting {5,3,3}[120𝛼₄]{3,3,5} of the 120-cell reveals 120 regular 5-cells.}} though every convex 4-polytope can be [[#Characteristic orthoscheme|deconstructed into irregular 5-cells.]]|name=|group=}} Consequently, there are numerous ways to construct or deconstruct the 24-cell. ==== Reciprocal constructions from 8-cell and 16-cell ==== The 8 integer vertices (±1, 0, 0, 0) are the vertices of a regular [[16-cell]], and the 16 half-integer vertices (±{{sfrac|1|2}}, ±{{sfrac|1|2}}, ±{{sfrac|1|2}}, ±{{sfrac|1|2}}) are the vertices of its dual, the [[W:Tesseract|8-cell (tesseract)]].{{Sfn|Egan|2021|loc=animation of a rotating 24-cell|ps=: {{color|red}} half-integer vertices (tesseract), {{Font color|fg=yellow|bg=black|text=yellow}} and {{color|black}} integer vertices (16-cell).}} The tesseract gives Gosset's construction{{Sfn|Coxeter|1973|p=150|loc=Gosset}} of the 24-cell, equivalent to cutting a tesseract into 8 [[W:Cubic pyramid|cubic pyramid]]s, and then attaching them to the facets of a second tesseract. The analogous construction in 3-space gives the [[W:Rhombic dodecahedron|rhombic dodecahedron]] which, however, is not regular.{{Efn|[[File:R1-cube.gif|thumb|150px|Construction of a [[W:Rhombic dodecahedron|rhombic dodecahedron]] from a cube.]]This animation shows the construction of a [[W:Rhombic dodecahedron|rhombic dodecahedron]] from a cube, by inverting the center-to-face pyramids of a cube. Gosset's construction of a 24-cell from a tesseract is the 4-dimensional analogue of this process, inverting the center-to-cell pyramids of an 8-cell (tesseract).{{Sfn|Coxeter|1973|p=150|loc=Gosset}}|name=rhombic dodecahedron from a cube}} The 16-cell gives the reciprocal construction of the 24-cell, Cesaro's construction,{{Sfn|Coxeter|1973|p=148|loc=§8.2. Cesaro's construction for {3, 4, 3}.}} equivalent to rectifying a 16-cell (truncating its corners at the mid-edges, as described [[#Great squares|above]]). The analogous construction in 3-space gives the [[W:Cuboctahedron|cuboctahedron]] (dual of the rhombic dodecahedron) which, however, is not regular. The tesseract and the 16-cell are the only regular 4-polytopes in the 24-cell.{{Sfn|Coxeter|1973|p=302|loc=Table VI(ii) II={3,4,3}, Result column}} We can further divide the 16 half-integer vertices into two groups: those whose coordinates contain an even number of minus (−) signs and those with an odd number. Each of these groups of 8 vertices also define a regular 16-cell. This shows that the vertices of the 24-cell can be grouped into three disjoint sets of eight with each set defining a regular 16-cell, and with the complement defining the dual tesseract.{{Sfn|Coxeter|1973|pp=149-150|loc=§8.22. see illustrations Fig. 8.2<small>A</small> and Fig 8.2<small>B</small>|p=|ps=}} This also shows that the symmetries of the 16-cell form a subgroup of index 3 of the symmetry group of the 24-cell.{{Efn|name=three 16-cells form three tesseracts}} ==== Diminishings ==== We can [[W:Faceting|facet]] the 24-cell by cutting{{Efn|We can cut a vertex off a polygon with a 0-dimensional cutting instrument (like the point of a knife, or the head of a zipper) by sweeping it along a 1-dimensional line, exposing a new edge. We can cut a vertex off a polyhedron with a 1-dimensional cutting edge (like a knife) by sweeping it through a 2-dimensional face plane, exposing a new face. We can cut a vertex off a polychoron (a 4-polytope) with a 2-dimensional cutting plane (like a snowplow), by sweeping it through a 3-dimensional cell volume, exposing a new cell. Notice that as within the new edge length of the polygon or the new face area of the polyhedron, every point within the new cell volume is now exposed on the surface of the polychoron.}} through interior cells bounded by vertex chords to remove vertices, exposing the [[W:Facet (geometry)|facets]] of interior 4-polytopes [[W:Inscribed figure|inscribed]] in the 24-cell. One can cut a 24-cell through any planar hexagon of 6 vertices, any planar rectangle of 4 vertices, or any triangle of 3 vertices. The great circle central planes ([[#Geodesics|above]]) are only some of those planes. Here we shall expose some of the others: the face planes{{Efn|Each cell face plane intersects with the other face planes of its kind to which it is not completely orthogonal or parallel at their characteristic vertex chord edge. Adjacent face planes of orthogonally-faced cells (such as cubes) intersect at an edge since they are not completely orthogonal.{{Efn|name=how planes intersect}} Although their dihedral angle is 90 degrees in the boundary 3-space, they lie in the same hyperplane{{Efn|name=hyperplanes}} (they are coincident rather than perpendicular in the fourth dimension); thus they intersect in a line, as non-parallel planes do in any 3-space.|name=how face planes intersect}} of interior polytopes.{{Efn|The only planes through exactly 6 vertices of the 24-cell (not counting the central vertex) are the '''16 hexagonal great circles'''. There are no planes through exactly 5 vertices. There are several kinds of planes through exactly 4 vertices: the 18 {{sqrt|2}} square great circles, the '''72 {{sqrt|1}} square (tesseract) faces''', and 144 {{sqrt|1}} by {{sqrt|2}} rectangles. The planes through exactly 3 vertices are the 96 {{sqrt|2}} equilateral triangle (16-cell) faces, and the '''96 {{sqrt|1}} equilateral triangle (24-cell) faces'''. There are an infinite number of central planes through exactly two vertices (great circle [[W:Digon|digon]]s); 16 are distinguished, as each is [[W:Completely orthogonal|completely orthogonal]] to one of the 16 hexagonal great circles. '''Only the polygons composed of 24-cell {{radic|1}} edges are visible''' in the projections and rotating animations illustrating this article; the others contain invisible interior chords.{{Efn|name=interior features}}|name=planes through vertices|group=}} ===== 8-cell ===== Starting with a complete 24-cell, remove 8 orthogonal vertices (4 opposite pairs on 4 perpendicular axes), and the 8 edges which radiate from each, by cutting through 8 cubic cells bounded by {{sqrt|1}} edges to remove 8 [[W:Cubic pyramid|cubic pyramid]]s whose [[W:Apex (geometry)|apexes]] are the vertices to be removed. This removes 4 edges from each hexagonal great circle (retaining just one opposite pair of edges), so no continuous hexagonal great circles remain. Now 3 perpendicular edges meet and form the corner of a cube at each of the 16 remaining vertices,{{Efn|The 24-cell's cubical vertex figure{{Efn|name=full size vertex figure}} has been truncated to a tetrahedral vertex figure (see [[#Relationships among interior polytopes|Kepler's drawing]]). The vertex cube has vanished, and now there are only 4 corners of the vertex figure where before there were 8. Four tesseract edges converge from the tetrahedron vertices and meet at its center, where they do not cross (since the tetrahedron does not have opposing vertices).|name=|group=}} and the 32 remaining edges divide the surface into 24 square faces and 8 cubic cells: a [[W:Tesseract|tesseract]]. There are three ways you can do this (choose a set of 8 orthogonal vertices out of 24), so there are three such tesseracts inscribed in the 24-cell.{{Efn|name=three 8-cells}} They overlap with each other, but most of their element sets are disjoint: they share some vertex count, but no edge length, face area, or cell volume.{{Efn|name=vertex-bonded octahedra}} They do share 4-content, their common core.{{Efn||name=common core|group=}} ===== 16-cell ===== Starting with a complete 24-cell, remove the 16 vertices of a tesseract (retaining the 8 vertices you removed above), by cutting through 16 tetrahedral cells bounded by {{sqrt|2}} chords to remove 16 [[W:Tetrahedral pyramid|tetrahedral pyramid]]s whose apexes are the vertices to be removed. This removes 12 great squares (retaining just one orthogonal set) and all the {{sqrt|1}} edges, exposing {{sqrt|2}} chords as the new edges. Now the remaining 6 great squares cross perpendicularly, 3 at each of 8 remaining vertices,{{Efn|The 24-cell's cubical vertex figure{{Efn|name=full size vertex figure}} has been truncated to an octahedral vertex figure. The vertex cube has vanished, and now there are only 6 corners of the vertex figure where before there were 8. The 6 {{sqrt|2}} chords which formerly converged from cube face centers now converge from octahedron vertices; but just as before, they meet at the center where 3 straight lines cross perpendicularly. The octahedron vertices are located 90° away outside the vanished cube, at the new nearest vertices; before truncation those were 24-cell vertices in the second shell of surrounding vertices.|name=|group=}} and their 24 edges divide the surface into 32 triangular faces and 16 tetrahedral cells: a [[16-cell]]. There are three ways you can do this (remove 1 of 3 sets of tesseract vertices), so there are three such 16-cells inscribed in the 24-cell.{{Efn|name=three isoclinic 16-cells}} They overlap with each other, but all of their element sets are disjoint:{{Efn|name=completely disjoint}} they do not share any vertex count, edge length,{{Efn|name=root 2 chords}} or face area, but they do share cell volume. They also share 4-content, their common core.{{Efn||name=common core|group=}} ==== Tetrahedral constructions ==== The 24-cell can be constructed radially from 96 equilateral triangles of edge length {{sqrt|1}} which meet at the center of the polytope, each contributing two radii and an edge. They form 96 {{sqrt|1}} tetrahedra (each contributing one 24-cell face), all sharing the 25th central apex vertex. These form 24 octahedral pyramids (half-16-cells) with their apexes at the center. The 24-cell can be constructed from 96 equilateral triangles of edge length {{sqrt|2}}, where the three vertices of each triangle are located 90° = <small>{{sfrac|{{pi}}|2}}</small> away from each other on the 3-sphere. They form 48 {{sqrt|2}}-edge tetrahedra (the cells of the [[#16-cell|three 16-cells]]), centered at the 24 mid-edge-radii of the 24-cell.{{Efn|Each of the 72 {{sqrt|2}} chords in the 24-cell is a face diagonal in two distinct cubical cells (of different 8-cells) and an edge of four tetrahedral cells (in just one 16-cell).|name=root 2 chords}} The 24-cell can be constructed directly from its [[#Characteristic orthoscheme|characteristic simplex]] {{Coxeter–Dynkin diagram|node|3|node|4|node|3|node}}, the [[5-cell#Irregular 5-cells|irregular 5-cell]] which is the [[W:Fundamental region|fundamental region]] of its [[W:Coxeter group|symmetry group]] [[W:F4 polytope|F₄]], by reflection of that 4-[[W:Orthoscheme|orthoscheme]] in its own cells (which are 3-orthoschemes).{{Efn|An [[W:Orthoscheme|orthoscheme]] is a [[W:chiral|chiral]] irregular [[W:Simplex|simplex]] with [[W:Right triangle|right triangle]] faces that is characteristic of some polytope if it will exactly fill that polytope with the reflections of itself in its own [[W:Facet (geometry)|facet]]s (its ''mirror walls''). Every regular polytope can be dissected radially into instances of its [[W:Orthoscheme#Characteristic simplex of the general regular polytope|characteristic orthoscheme]] surrounding its center. The characteristic orthoscheme has the shape described by the same [[W:Coxeter-Dynkin diagram|Coxeter-Dynkin diagram]] as the regular polytope without the ''generating point'' ring.|name=characteristic orthoscheme}} ==== Cubic constructions ==== The 24-cell is not only the 24-octahedral-cell, it is also the 24-cubical-cell, although the cubes are cells of the three 8-cells, not cells of the 24-cell, in which they are not volumetrically disjoint. The 24-cell can be constructed from 24 cubes of its own edge length (three 8-cells).{{Efn|name=three 8-cells}} Each of the cubes is shared by 2 8-cells, each of the cubes' square faces is shared by 4 cubes (in 2 8-cells), each of the 96 edges is shared by 8 square faces (in 4 cubes in 2 8-cells), and each of the 96 vertices is shared by 16 edges (in 8 square faces in 4 cubes in 2 8-cells). == Relationships among interior polytopes == The 24-cell, three tesseracts, and three 16-cells are deeply entwined around their common center, and intersect in a common core.{{Efn|The common core of the 24-cell and its inscribed 8-cells and 16-cells is the unit-radius 24-cell's insphere-inscribed dual 24-cell of edge length and radius 1/2.{{Sfn|Coxeter|1995|p=29|loc=(Paper 3) ''Two aspects of the regular 24-cell in four dimensions''|ps=; "The common content of the 4-cube and the 16-cell is a smaller {3,4,3} whose vertices are the permutations of [(±{{sfrac|1|2}}, ±{{sfrac|1|2}}, 0, 0)]".}} Rectifying any of the three 16-cells reveals this smaller 24-cell, which has a 4-content of only 1/8 (1/16 that of the unit-radius 24-cell). Its vertices lie at the centers of the 24-cell's octahedral cells, which are also the centers of the tesseracts' square faces, and are also the centers of the 16-cells' edges.{{Sfn|Coxeter|1973|p=147|loc=§8.1 The simple truncations of the general regular polytope|ps=; "At a point of contact, [elements of a regular polytope and elements of its dual in which it is inscribed in some manner] lie in [[W:completely orthogonal|completely orthogonal]] subspaces of the tangent hyperplane to the sphere [of reciprocation], so their only common point is the point of contact itself....{{Efn|name=how planes intersect}} In fact, the [various] radii ₀𝑹, ₁𝑹, ₂𝑹, ... determine the polytopes ... whose vertices are the centers of elements 𝐈𝐈₀, 𝐈𝐈₁, 𝐈𝐈₂, ... of the original polytope."}}|name=common core|group=}} The tesseracts and the 16-cells are rotated 60° isoclinically{{Efn|name=isoclinic 4-dimensional diagonal}} with respect to each other. This means that the corresponding vertices of two tesseracts or two 16-cells are {{radic|3}} (120°) apart.{{Efn|The 24-cell contains 3 distinct 8-cells (tesseracts), rotated 60° isoclinically with respect to each other. The corresponding vertices of two 8-cells are {{radic|3}} (120°) apart. Each 8-cell contains 8 cubical cells, and each cube contains four {{radic|3}} chords (its long diameters). The 8-cells are not completely disjoint (they share vertices),{{Efn|name=completely disjoint}} but each {{radic|3}} chord occurs as a cube long diameter in just one 8-cell. The {{radic|3}} chords joining the corresponding vertices of two 8-cells belong to the third 8-cell as cube diameters.{{Efn|name=nearest isoclinic vertices are {{radic|3}} away in third surrounding shell}}|name=three 8-cells}} The tesseracts are inscribed in the 24-cell{{Efn|The 24 vertices of the 24-cell, each used twice, are the vertices of three 16-vertex tesseracts.|name=|group=}} such that their vertices and edges are exterior elements of the 24-cell, but their square faces and cubical cells lie inside the 24-cell (they are not elements of the 24-cell). The 16-cells are inscribed in the 24-cell{{Efn|The 24 vertices of the 24-cell, each used once, are the vertices of three 8-vertex 16-cells.{{Efn|name=three basis 16-cells}}|name=|group=}} such that only their vertices are exterior elements of the 24-cell: their edges, triangular faces, and tetrahedral cells lie inside the 24-cell. The interior{{Efn|The edges of the 16-cells are not shown in any of the renderings in this article; if we wanted to show interior edges, they could be drawn as dashed lines. The edges of the inscribed tesseracts are always visible, because they are also edges of the 24-cell.}} 16-cell edges have length {{sqrt|2}}.[[File:Kepler's tetrahedron in cube.png|thumb|Kepler's drawing of tetrahedra in the cube.{{Sfn|Kepler|1619|p=181}}]] The 16-cells are also inscribed in the tesseracts: their {{sqrt|2}} edges are the face diagonals of the tesseract, and their 8 vertices occupy every other vertex of the tesseract. Each tesseract has two 16-cells inscribed in it (occupying the opposite vertices and face diagonals), so each 16-cell is inscribed in two of the three 8-cells.{{Sfn|van Ittersum|2020|loc=§4.2|pp=73-79}}{{Efn|name=three 16-cells form three tesseracts}} This is reminiscent of the way, in 3 dimensions, two opposing regular tetrahedra can be inscribed in a cube, as discovered by Kepler.{{Sfn|Kepler|1619|p=181}} In fact it is the exact dimensional analogy (the [[W:Demihypercube|demihypercube]]s), and the 48 tetrahedral cells are inscribed in the 24 cubical cells in just that way.{{Sfn|Coxeter|1973|p=269|loc=§14.32|ps=. "For instance, in the case of <math>\gamma_4[2\beta_4]</math>...."}}{{Efn|name=root 2 chords}} The 24-cell encloses the three tesseracts within its envelope of octahedral facets, leaving 4-dimensional space in some places between its envelope and each tesseract's envelope of cubes. Each tesseract encloses two of the three 16-cells, leaving 4-dimensional space in some places between its envelope and each 16-cell's envelope of tetrahedra. Thus there are measurable{{Sfn|Coxeter|1973|pp=292-293|loc=Table I(ii): The sixteen regular polytopes {''p,q,r''} in four dimensions|ps=; An invaluable table providing all 20 metrics of each 4-polytope in edge length units. They must be algebraically converted to compare polytopes of unit radius.}} 4-dimensional interstices{{Efn|The 4-dimensional content of the unit edge length tesseract is 1 (by definition). The content of the unit edge length 24-cell is 2, so half its content is inside each tesseract, and half is between their envelopes. Each 16-cell (edge length {{sqrt|2}}) encloses a content of 2/3, leaving 1/3 of an enclosing tesseract between their envelopes.|name=|group=}} between the 24-cell, 8-cell and 16-cell envelopes. The shapes filling these gaps are [[W:Hyperpyramid|4-pyramids]], alluded to above.{{Efn|Between the 24-cell envelope and the 8-cell envelope, we have the 8 cubic pyramids of Gosset's construction. Between the 8-cell envelope and the 16-cell envelope, we have 16 right [[5-cell#Irregular 5-cell|tetrahedral pyramids]], with their apexes filling the corners of the tesseract.}} == Boundary cells == Despite the 4-dimensional interstices between 24-cell, 8-cell and 16-cell envelopes, their 3-dimensional volumes overlap. The different envelopes are separated in some places, and in contact in other places (where no 4-pyramid lies between them). Where they are in contact, they merge and share cell volume: they are the same 3-membrane in those places, not two separate but adjacent 3-dimensional layers.{{Efn|Because there are three overlapping tesseracts inscribed in the 24-cell,{{Efn|name=three 8-cells}} each octahedral cell lies ''on'' a cubic cell of one tesseract (in the cubic pyramid based on the cube, but not in the cube's volume), and ''in'' two cubic cells of each of the other two tesseracts (cubic cells which it spans, sharing their volume).{{Efn|name=octahedral diameters}}|name=octahedra both on and in cubes}} Because there are a total of 7 envelopes, there are places where several envelopes come together and merge volume, and also places where envelopes interpenetrate (cross from inside to outside each other). Some interior features lie within the 3-space of the (outer) boundary envelope of the 24-cell itself: each octahedral cell is bisected by three perpendicular squares (one from each of the tesseracts), and the diagonals of those squares (which cross each other perpendicularly at the center of the octahedron) are 16-cell edges (one from each 16-cell). Each square bisects an octahedron into two square pyramids, and also bonds two adjacent cubic cells of a tesseract together as their common face.{{Efn|Consider the three perpendicular {{sqrt|2}} long diameters of the octahedral cell.{{Sfn|van Ittersum|2020|p=79}} Each of them is an edge of a different 16-cell. Two of them are the face diagonals of the square face between two cubes; each is a {{sqrt|2}} chord that connects two vertices of those 8-cell cubes across a square face, connects two vertices of two 16-cell tetrahedra (inscribed in the cubes), and connects two opposite vertices of a 24-cell octahedron (diagonally across two of the three orthogonal square central sections).{{Efn|name=root 2 chords}} The third perpendicular long diameter of the octahedron does exactly the same (by symmetry); so it also connects two vertices of a pair of cubes across their common square face: but a different pair of cubes, from one of the other tesseracts in the 24-cell.{{Efn|name=vertex-bonded octahedra}}|name=octahedral diameters}} As we saw [[#Relationships among interior polytopes|above]], 16-cell {{sqrt|2}} tetrahedral cells are inscribed in tesseract {{sqrt|1}} cubic cells, sharing the same volume. 24-cell {{sqrt|1}} octahedral cells overlap their volume with {{sqrt|1}} cubic cells: they are bisected by a square face into two square pyramids,{{sfn|Coxeter|1973|page=150|postscript=: "Thus the 24 cells of the {3, 4, 3} are dipyramids based on the 24 squares of the <math>\gamma_4</math>. (Their centres are the mid-points of the 24 edges of the <math>\beta_4</math>.)"}} the apexes of which also lie at a vertex of a cube.{{Efn|This might appear at first to be angularly impossible, and indeed it would be in a flat space of only three dimensions. If two cubes rest face-to-face in an ordinary 3-dimensional space (e.g. on the surface of a table in an ordinary 3-dimensional room), an octahedron will fit inside them such that four of its six vertices are at the four corners of the square face between the two cubes; but then the other two octahedral vertices will not lie at a cube corner (they will fall within the volume of the two cubes, but not at a cube vertex). In four dimensions, this is no less true! The other two octahedral vertices do ''not'' lie at a corner of the adjacent face-bonded cube in the same tesseract. However, in the 24-cell there is not just one inscribed tesseract (of 8 cubes), there are three overlapping tesseracts (of 8 cubes each). The other two octahedral vertices ''do'' lie at the corner of a cube: but a cube in another (overlapping) tesseract.{{Efn|name=octahedra both on and in cubes}}}} The octahedra share volume not only with the cubes, but with the tetrahedra inscribed in them; thus the 24-cell, tesseracts, and 16-cells all share some boundary volume.{{Efn|name=octahedra both on and in cubes}} == Radially equilateral honeycomb == The dual tessellation of the [[W:24-cell honeycomb|24-cell honeycomb {3,4,3,3}]] is the [[W:16-cell honeycomb|16-cell honeycomb {3,3,4,3}]]. The third regular tessellation of four dimensional space is the [[W:Tesseractic honeycomb|tesseractic honeycomb {4,3,3,4}]], whose vertices can be described by 4-integer Cartesian coordinates.{{Efn|name=quaternions}} The congruent relationships among these three tessellations can be helpful in visualizing the 24-cell, in particular the radial equilateral symmetry which it shares with the tesseract. A honeycomb of unit edge length 24-cells may be overlaid on a honeycomb of unit edge length tesseracts such that every vertex of a tesseract (every 4-integer coordinate) is also the vertex of a 24-cell (and tesseract edges are also 24-cell edges), and every center of a 24-cell is also the center of a tesseract.{{Sfn|Coxeter|1973|p=163|ps=: Coxeter notes that [[W:Thorold Gosset|Thorold Gosset]] was apparently the first to see that the cells of the 24-cell honeycomb {3,4,3,3} are concentric with alternate cells of the tesseractic honeycomb {4,3,3,4}, and that this observation enabled Gosset's method of construction of the complete set of regular polytopes and honeycombs.}} The 24-cells are twice as large as the tesseracts by 4-dimensional content (hypervolume), so overall there are two tesseracts for every 24-cell, only half of which are inscribed in a 24-cell. If those tesseracts are colored black, and their adjacent tesseracts (with which they share a cubical facet) are colored red, a 4-dimensional checkerboard results.{{Sfn|Coxeter|1973|p=156|loc=|ps=: "...the chess-board has an n-dimensional analogue."}} Of the 24 center-to-vertex radii{{Efn|It is important to visualize the radii only as invisible interior features of the 24-cell (dashed lines), since they are not edges of the honeycomb. Similarly, the center of the 24-cell is empty (not a vertex of the honeycomb).}} of each 24-cell, 16 are also the radii of a black tesseract inscribed in the 24-cell. The other 8 radii extend outside the black tesseract (through the centers of its cubical facets) to the centers of the 8 adjacent red tesseracts. Thus the 24-cell honeycomb and the tesseractic honeycomb coincide in a special way: 8 of the 24 vertices of each 24-cell do not occur at a vertex of a tesseract (they occur at the center of a tesseract instead). Each black tesseract is cut from a 24-cell by truncating it at these 8 vertices, slicing off 8 cubic pyramids (as in reversing Gosset's construction,{{Sfn|Coxeter|1973|p=150|loc=Gosset}} but instead of being removed the pyramids are simply colored red and left in place). Eight 24-cells meet at the center of each red tesseract: each one meets its opposite at that shared vertex, and the six others at a shared octahedral cell. <!-- illustration needed: the red/black checkerboard of the combined 24-cell honeycomb and tesseractic honeycomb; use a vertex-first projection of the 24-cells, and outline the edges of the rhombic dodecahedra as blue lines --> The red tesseracts are filled cells (they contain a central vertex and radii); the black tesseracts are empty cells. The vertex set of this union of two honeycombs includes the vertices of all the 24-cells and tesseracts, plus the centers of the red tesseracts. Adding the 24-cell centers (which are also the black tesseract centers) to this honeycomb yields a 16-cell honeycomb, the vertex set of which includes all the vertices and centers of all the 24-cells and tesseracts. The formerly empty centers of adjacent 24-cells become the opposite vertices of a unit edge length 16-cell. 24 half-16-cells (octahedral pyramids) meet at each formerly empty center to fill each 24-cell, and their octahedral bases are the 6-vertex octahedral facets of the 24-cell (shared with an adjacent 24-cell).{{Efn|Unlike the 24-cell and the tesseract, the 16-cell is not radially equilateral; therefore 16-cells of two different sizes (unit edge length versus unit radius) occur in the unit edge length honeycomb. The twenty-four 16-cells that meet at the center of each 24-cell have unit edge length, and radius {{sfrac|{{radic|2}}|2}}. The three 16-cells inscribed in each 24-cell have edge length {{radic|2}}, and unit radius.}} Notice the complete absence of pentagons anywhere in this union of three honeycombs. Like the 24-cell, 4-dimensional Euclidean space itself is entirely filled by a complex of all the polytopes that can be built out of regular triangles and squares (except the 5-cell), but that complex does not require (or permit) any of the pentagonal polytopes.{{Efn|name=pentagonal polytopes}} == Rotations == The [[#The 24-cell in the proper sequence of 4-polytopes|regular convex 4-polytopes]] are an [[W:Group action|expression]] of their underlying [[W:Symmetry (geometry)|symmetry]] which is known as [[W:SO(4)|SO(4)]], the [[W:Orthogonal group|group]] of rotations{{Sfn|Mamone|Pileio|Levitt|2010|loc=§4.5 Regular Convex 4-Polytopes|pp=1438-1439|ps=; the 24-cell has 1152 symmetry operations (rotations and reflections) as enumerated in Table 2, symmetry group 𝐹₄.}} about a fixed point in 4-dimensional Euclidean space.{{Efn|[[W:Rotations in 4-dimensional Euclidean space|Rotations in 4-dimensional Euclidean space]] may occur around a plane, as when adjacent cells are folded around their plane of intersection (by analogy to the way adjacent faces are folded around their line of intersection).{{Efn|Three dimensional [[W:Rotation (mathematics)#In Euclidean geometry|rotations]] occur around an axis line. [[W:Rotations in 4-dimensional Euclidean space|Four dimensional rotations]] may occur around a plane. So in three dimensions we may fold planes around a common line (as when folding a flat net of 6 squares up into a cube), and in four dimensions we may fold cells around a common plane (as when [[W:Tesseract#Geometry|folding a flat net of 8 cubes up into a tesseract]]). Folding around a square face is just folding around ''two'' of its orthogonal edges ''at the same time''; there is not enough space in three dimensions to do this, just as there is not enough space in two dimensions to fold around a line (only enough to fold around a point).|name=simple rotations|group=}} But in four dimensions there is yet another way in which rotations can occur, called a '''[[W:Rotations in 4-dimensional Euclidean space#Geometry of 4D rotations|double rotation]]'''. Double rotations are an emergent phenomenon in the fourth dimension and have no analogy in three dimensions: folding up square faces and folding up cubical cells are both examples of '''simple rotations''', the only kind that occur in fewer than four dimensions. In 3-dimensional rotations, the points in a line remain fixed during the rotation, while every other point moves. In 4-dimensional simple rotations, the points in a plane remain fixed during the rotation, while every other point moves. ''In 4-dimensional double rotations, a point remains fixed during rotation, and every other point moves'' (as in a 2-dimensional rotation!).{{Efn|There are (at least) two kinds of correct [[W:Four-dimensional space#Dimensional analogy|dimensional analogies]]: the usual kind between dimension ''n'' and dimension ''n'' + 1, and the much rarer and less obvious kind between dimension ''n'' and dimension ''n'' + 2. An example of the latter is that rotations in 4-space may take place around a single point, as do rotations in 2-space. Another is the [[W:n-sphere#Other relations|''n''-sphere rule]] that the ''surface area'' of the sphere embedded in ''n''+2 dimensions is exactly 2''π r'' times the ''volume'' enclosed by the sphere embedded in ''n'' dimensions, the most well-known examples being that the circumference of a circle is 2''π r'' times 1, and the surface area of the ordinary sphere is 2''π r'' times 2''r''. Coxeter cites{{Sfn|Coxeter|1973|p=119|loc=§7.1. Dimensional Analogy|ps=: "For instance, seeing that the circumference of a circle is 2''π r'', while the surface of a sphere is 4''π r ''², ... it is unlikely that the use of analogy, unaided by computation, would ever lead us to the correct expression [for the hyper-surface of a hyper-sphere], 2''π'' ²''r'' ³."}} this as an instance in which dimensional analogy can fail us as a method, but it is really our failure to recognize whether a one- or two-dimensional analogy is the appropriate method.|name=two-dimensional analogy}}|name=double rotations}} === The 3 Cartesian bases of the 24-cell === There are three distinct orientations of the tesseractic honeycomb which could be made to coincide with the 24-cell [[#Radially equilateral honeycomb|honeycomb]], depending on which of the 24-cell's three disjoint sets of 8 orthogonal vertices (which set of 4 perpendicular axes, or equivalently, which inscribed basis 16-cell){{Efn|name=three basis 16-cells}} was chosen to align it, just as three tesseracts can be inscribed in the 24-cell, rotated with respect to each other.{{Efn|name=three 8-cells}} The distance from one of these orientations to another is an [[#Isoclinic rotations|isoclinic rotation]] through 60 degrees (a [[W:Rotations in 4-dimensional Euclidean space#Double rotations|double rotation]] of 60 degrees in each pair of orthogonal invariant planes, around a single fixed point).{{Efn|name=Clifford displacement}} This rotation can be seen most clearly in the hexagonal central planes, where every hexagon rotates to change which of its three diameters is aligned with a coordinate system axis.{{Efn|name=non-orthogonal hexagons|group=}} === Planes of rotation === [[W:Rotations in 4-dimensional Euclidean space|Rotations in 4-dimensional Euclidean space]] can be seen as the composition of two 2-dimensional rotations in completely orthogonal planes.{{Sfn|Kim|Rote|2016|p=6|loc=§5. Four-Dimensional Rotations}} Thus the general rotation in 4-space is a ''double rotation''.{{Sfn|Perez-Gracia|Thomas|2017|loc=§7. Conclusions|ps=; "Rotations in three dimensions are determined by a rotation axis and the rotation angle about it, where the rotation axis is perpendicular to the plane in which points are being rotated. The situation in four dimensions is more complicated. In this case, rotations are determined by two orthogonal planes and two angles, one for each plane. Cayley proved that a general 4D rotation can always be decomposed into two 4D rotations, each of them being determined by two equal rotation angles up to a sign change."}} There are two important special cases, called a ''simple rotation'' and an ''isoclinic rotation''.{{Efn|A [[W:Rotations in 4-dimensional Euclidean space|rotation in 4-space]] is completely characterized by choosing an invariant plane and an angle and direction (left or right) through which it rotates, and another angle and direction through which its one completely orthogonal invariant plane rotates. Two rotational displacements are identical if they have the same pair of invariant planes of rotation, through the same angles in the same directions (and hence also the same chiral pairing of directions). Thus the general rotation in 4-space is a '''double rotation''', characterized by ''two'' angles. A '''simple rotation''' is a special case in which one rotational angle is 0.{{Efn|Any double rotation (including an isoclinic rotation) can be seen as the composition of two simple rotations ''a'' and ''b'': the ''left'' double rotation as ''a'' then ''b'', and the ''right'' double rotation as ''b'' then ''a''. Simple rotations are not commutative; left and right rotations (in general) reach different destinations. The difference between a double rotation and its two composing simple rotations is that the double rotation is 4-dimensionally diagonal: each moving vertex reaches its destination ''directly'' without passing through the intermediate point touched by ''a'' then ''b'', or the other intermediate point touched by ''b'' then ''a'', by rotating on a single helical geodesic (so it is the shortest path).{{Efn|name=helical geodesic}} Conversely, any simple rotation can be seen as the composition of two ''equal-angled'' double rotations (a left isoclinic rotation and a right isoclinic rotation),{{Efn|name=one true circle}} as discovered by [[W:Arthur Cayley|Cayley]]; perhaps surprisingly, this composition ''is'' commutative, and is possible for any double rotation as well.{{Sfn|Perez-Gracia|Thomas|2017}}|name=double rotation}} An '''isoclinic rotation''' is a different special case,{{Efn|name=Clifford displacement}} similar but not identical to two simple rotations through the ''same'' angle.{{Efn|name=plane movement in rotations}}|name=identical rotations}} ==== Simple rotations ==== [[Image:24-cell.gif|thumb|A 3D projection of a 24-cell performing a [[W:SO(4)#Geometry of 4D rotations|simple rotation]].{{Sfn|Hise|2011|ps=; Illustration created by Jason Hise with Maya and Macromedia Fireworks.}}]]In 3 dimensions a spinning polyhedron has a single invariant central ''plane of rotation''. The plane is an [[W:Invariant set|invariant set]] because each point in the plane moves in a circle but stays within the plane. Only ''one'' of a polyhedron's central planes can be invariant during a particular rotation; the choice of invariant central plane, and the angular distance and direction it is rotated, completely specifies the rotation. Points outside the invariant plane also move in circles (unless they are on the fixed ''axis of rotation'' perpendicular to the invariant plane), but the circles do not lie within a [[#Geodesics|''central'' plane]]. When a 4-polytope is rotating with only one invariant central plane, the same kind of [[W:Rotations in 4-dimensional Euclidean space#Simple rotations|simple rotation]] is happening that occurs in 3 dimensions. One difference is that instead of a fixed axis of rotation, there is an entire fixed central plane in which the points do not move. The fixed plane is the one central plane that is [[W:Completely orthogonal|completely orthogonal]]{{Efn|name=Six orthogonal planes of the Cartesian basis}} to the invariant plane of rotation. In the 24-cell, there is a simple rotation which will take any vertex ''directly'' to any other vertex, also moving most of the other vertices but leaving at least 2 and at most 6 other vertices fixed (the vertices that the fixed central plane intersects). The vertex moves along a great circle in the invariant plane of rotation between adjacent vertices of a great hexagon, a great square or a great [[W:Digon|digon]], and the completely orthogonal fixed plane is a digon, a square or a hexagon, respectively. {{Efn|In the 24-cell each great square plane is [[W:Completely orthogonal|completely orthogonal]] to another great square plane, and each great hexagon plane is completely orthogonal to a plane which intersects only two antipodal vertices: a great [[W:Digon|digon]] plane.|name=pairs of completely orthogonal planes}} ==== Double rotations ==== [[Image:24-cell-orig.gif|thumb|A 3D projection of a 24-cell performing a [[W:SO(4)#Geometry of 4D rotations|double rotation]].{{Sfn|Hise|2007|ps=; Illustration created by Jason Hise with Maya and Macromedia Fireworks.}}]]The points in the completely orthogonal central plane are not ''constrained'' to be fixed. It is also possible for them to be rotating in circles, as a second invariant plane, at a rate independent of the first invariant plane's rotation: a [[W:Rotations in 4-dimensional Euclidean space#Double rotations|double rotation]] in two perpendicular non-intersecting planes{{Efn|name=how planes intersect at a single point}} of rotation at once.{{Efn|name=double rotation}} In a double rotation there is no fixed plane or axis: every point moves except the center point. The angular distance rotated may be different in the two completely orthogonal central planes, but they are always both invariant: their circularly moving points remain within the plane ''as the whole plane tilts sideways'' in the completely orthogonal rotation. A rotation in 4-space always has (at least) ''two'' completely orthogonal invariant planes of rotation, although in a simple rotation the angle of rotation in one of them is 0. Double rotations come in two [[W:Chiral|chiral]] forms: ''left'' and ''right'' rotations.{{Efn|The adjectives ''left'' and ''right'' are commonly used in two different senses, to distinguish two distinct kinds of pairing. They can refer to alternate directions: the hand on the left side of the body, versus the hand on the right side. Or they can refer to a [[W:Chiral|chiral]] pair of enantiomorphous objects: a left hand is the mirror image of a right hand (like an inside-out glove). In the case of hands the sense intended is rarely ambiguous, because of course the hand on your left side ''is'' the mirror image of the hand on your right side: a hand is either left ''or'' right in both senses. But in the case of double-rotating 4-dimensional objects, only one sense of left versus right properly applies: the enantiomorphous sense, in which the left and right rotation are inside-out mirror images of each other. There ''are'' two directions, which we may call positive and negative, in which moving vertices may be circling on their isoclines, but it would be ambiguous to label those circular directions "right" and "left", since a rotation's direction and its chirality are independent properties: a right (or left) rotation may be circling in either the positive or negative direction. The left rotation is not rotating "to the left", the right rotation is not rotating "to the right", and unlike your left and right hands, double rotations do not lie on the left or right side of the 4-polytope. If double rotations must be analogized to left and right hands, they are better thought of as a pair of clasped hands, centered on the body, because of course they have a common center.|name=clasped hands}} In a double rotation each vertex moves in a spiral along two orthogonal great circles at once.{{Efn|In a double rotation each vertex can be said to move along two completely orthogonal great circles at the same time, but it does not stay within the central plane of either of those original great circles; rather, it moves along a helical geodesic that traverses diagonally between great circles. The two completely orthogonal planes of rotation are said to be ''invariant'' because the points in each stay in their places in the plane ''as the plane moves'', rotating ''and'' tilting sideways by the angle that the ''other'' plane rotates.|name=helical geodesic}} Either the path is right-hand [[W:Screw thread#Handedness|threaded]] (like most screws and bolts), moving along the circles in the "same" directions, or it is left-hand threaded (like a reverse-threaded bolt), moving along the circles in what we conventionally say are "opposite" directions (according to the [[W:Right hand rule|right hand rule]] by which we conventionally say which way is "up" on each of the 4 coordinate axes).{{Sfn|Perez-Gracia|Thomas|2017|loc=§5. A useful mapping|pp=12−13}} In double rotations of the 24-cell that take vertices to vertices, one invariant plane of rotation contains either a great hexagon, a great square, or only an axis (two vertices, a great digon). The completely orthogonal invariant plane of rotation will necessarily contain a great digon, a great square, or a great hexagon, respectively. The selection of an invariant plane of rotation, a rotational direction and angle through which to rotate it, and a rotational direction and angle through which to rotate its completely orthogonal plane, completely determines the nature of the rotational displacement. In the 24-cell there are several noteworthy kinds of double rotation permitted by these parameters.{{Sfn|Coxeter|1995|loc=(Paper 3) ''Two aspects of the regular 24-cell in four dimensions''|pp=30-32|ps=; §3. The Dodecagonal Aspect;{{Efn|name=Petrie dodecagram and Clifford hexagram}} Coxeter considers the 150°/30° double rotation of period 12 which locates 12 of the 225 distinct 24-cells inscribed in the [[120-cell]], a regular 4-polytope with 120 dodecahedral cells that is the convex hull of the compound of 25 disjoint 24-cells.}} ==== Isoclinic rotations ==== When the angles of rotation in the two invariant planes are exactly the same, a [[W:Rotations in 4-dimensional Euclidean space#Special property of SO(4) among rotation groups in general|remarkably symmetric]] [[W:Geometric transformation|transformation]] occurs:{{Sfn|Perez-Gracia|Thomas|2017|loc=§2. Isoclinic rotations|pp=2−3}} all the great circle planes Clifford parallel{{Efn|name=Clifford parallels}} to the invariant planes become invariant planes of rotation themselves, through that same angle, and the 4-polytope rotates [[W:Rotations in 4-dimensional Euclidean space#Isoclinic rotations|isoclinically]] in many directions at once.{{Sfn|Kim|Rote|2016|loc=§6. Angles between two Planes in 4-Space|pp=7-10}} Each vertex moves an equal distance in four orthogonal directions at the same time.{{Efn|In an [[#Isoclinic rotations|isoclinic rotation]], each point anywhere in the 4-polytope moves an equal distance in four orthogonal directions at once, on a [[W:8-cell#Radial equilateral symmetry|4-dimensional diagonal]]. The point is displaced a total [[W:Pythagorean distance|Pythagorean distance]] equal to the square root of four times the square of that distance. All vertices are displaced to a vertex at least two edge lengths away.{{Efn|name=missing the nearest vertices}} For example, when the unit-radius 24-cell rotates isoclinically 60° in a hexagon invariant plane and 60° in its completely orthogonal invariant plane,{{Efn|name=pairs of completely orthogonal planes}} each vertex is displaced to another vertex {{radic|3}} (120°) away, moving {{radic|3/4}} ≈ 0.866 (half the {{radic|3}} chord length) in four orthogonal directions.{{Efn|{{radic|3/4}} ≈ 0.866 is the long radius of the {{radic|2}}-edge regular tetrahedron (the unit-radius 16-cell's cell). Those four tetrahedron radii are not orthogonal, and they radiate symmetrically compressed into 3 dimensions (not 4). The four orthogonal {{radic|3/4}} ≈ 0.866 displacements summing to a 120° degree displacement in the 24-cell's characteristic isoclinic rotation{{Efn|name=isoclinic 4-dimensional diagonal}} are not as easy to visualize as radii, but they can be imagined as successive orthogonal steps in a path extending in all 4 dimensions, along the orthogonal edges of a [[5-cell#Orthoschemes|4-orthoscheme]]. In an actual left (or right) isoclinic rotation the four orthogonal {{radic|3/4}} ≈ 0.866 steps of each 120° displacement are concurrent, not successive, so they ''are'' actually symmetrical radii in 4 dimensions. In fact they are four orthogonal [[#Characteristic orthoscheme|mid-edge radii of a unit-radius 24-cell]] centered at the rotating vertex. Finally, in 2 dimensional units, {{radic|3/4}} ≈ 0.866 is the area of the equilateral triangle face of the unit-edge, unit-radius 24-cell. The area of the radial equilateral triangles in a unit-radius radially equilateral polytope is {{radic|3/4}} ≈ 0.866.|name=root 3/4}}|name=isoclinic 4-dimensional diagonal}} In the 24-cell any isoclinic rotation through 60 degrees in a hexagonal plane takes each vertex to a vertex two edge lengths away, rotates ''all 16'' hexagons by 60 degrees, and takes ''every'' great circle polygon (square,{{Efn|In the [[16-cell#Rotations|16-cell]] the 6 orthogonal great squares form 3 pairs of completely orthogonal great circles; each pair is Clifford parallel. In the 24-cell, the 3 inscribed 16-cells lie rotated 60 degrees isoclinically{{Efn|name=isoclinic 4-dimensional diagonal}} with respect to each other; consequently their corresponding vertices are 120 degrees apart on a hexagonal great circle. Pairing their vertices which are 90 degrees apart reveals corresponding square great circles which are Clifford parallel. Each of the 18 square great circles is Clifford parallel not only to one other square great circle in the same 16-cell (the completely orthogonal one), but also to two square great circles (which are completely orthogonal to each other) in each of the other two 16-cells. (Completely orthogonal great circles are Clifford parallel, but not all Clifford parallels are orthogonal.{{Efn|name=only some Clifford parallels are orthogonal}}) A 60 degree isoclinic rotation of the 24-cell in hexagonal invariant planes takes each square great circle to a Clifford parallel (but non-orthogonal) square great circle in a different 16-cell.|name=Clifford parallel squares in the 16-cell and 24-cell}} hexagon or triangle) to a Clifford parallel great circle polygon of the same kind 120 degrees away. An isoclinic rotation is also called a ''Clifford displacement'', after its [[W:William Kingdon Clifford|discoverer]].{{Efn|In a ''[[W:William Kingdon Clifford|Clifford]] displacement'', also known as an [[W:Rotations in 4-dimensional Euclidean space#Isoclinic rotations|isoclinic rotation]], all the Clifford parallel{{Efn|name=Clifford parallels}} invariant planes are displaced in four orthogonal directions at once: they are rotated by the same angle, and at the same time they are tilted ''sideways'' by that same angle in the completely orthogonal rotation.{{Efn|name=one true circle}} A [[W:Rotations in 4-dimensional Euclidean space#Isoclinic rotations|Clifford displacement]] is [[W:8-cell#Radial equilateral symmetry|4-dimensionally diagonal]].{{Efn|name=isoclinic 4-dimensional diagonal}} Every plane that is Clifford parallel to one of the completely orthogonal planes (including in this case an entire Clifford parallel bundle of 4 hexagons, but not all 16 hexagons) is invariant under the isoclinic rotation: all the points in the plane rotate in circles but remain in the plane, even as the whole plane tilts sideways.{{Efn|name=plane movement in rotations}} All 16 hexagons rotate by the same angle (though only 4 of them do so invariantly). All 16 hexagons are rotated by 60 degrees, and also displaced sideways by 60 degrees to a Clifford parallel hexagon. All of the other central polygons (e.g. squares) are also displaced to a Clifford parallel polygon 60 degrees away.|name=Clifford displacement}} The 24-cell in the ''double'' rotation animation appears to turn itself inside out.{{Efn|That a double rotation can turn a 4-polytope inside out is even more noticeable in the [[W:Rotations in 4-dimensional Euclidean space#Double rotations|tesseract double rotation]].}} It appears to, because it actually does, reversing the [[W:Chirality|chirality]] of the whole 4-polytope just the way your bathroom mirror reverses the chirality of your image by a 180 degree reflection. Each 360 degree isoclinic rotation is as if the 24-cell surface had been stripped off like a glove and turned inside out, making a right-hand glove into a left-hand glove (or vice versa).{{Sfn|Coxeter|1973|p=141|loc=§7.x. Historical remarks|ps=; "[[W:August Ferdinand Möbius|Möbius]] realized, as early as 1827, that a four-dimensional rotation would be required to bring two enantiomorphous solids into coincidence. This idea was neatly deployed by [[W:H. G. Wells|H. G. Wells]] in ''The Plattner Story''."}} In a simple rotation of the 24-cell in a hexagonal plane, each vertex in the plane rotates first along an edge to an adjacent vertex 60 degrees away. But in an isoclinic rotation in ''two'' completely orthogonal planes one of which is a great hexagon,{{Efn|name=pairs of completely orthogonal planes}} each vertex rotates first to a vertex ''two'' edge lengths away ({{radic|3}} and 120° distant). The double 60-degree rotation's helical geodesics pass through every other vertex, missing the vertices in between.{{Efn|In an isoclinic rotation vertices move diagonally, like the [[W:bishop (chess)|bishop]]s in [[W:Chess|chess]]. Vertices in an isoclinic rotation ''cannot'' reach their orthogonally nearest neighbor vertices{{Efn|name=8 nearest vertices}} by double-rotating directly toward them (and also orthogonally to that direction), because that double rotation takes them diagonally between their nearest vertices, missing them, to a vertex farther away in a larger-radius surrounding shell of vertices,{{Efn|name=nearest isoclinic vertices are {{radic|3}} away in third surrounding shell}} the way bishops are confined to the white or black squares of the [[W:Chessboard|chessboard]] and cannot reach squares of the opposite color, even those immediately adjacent.{{Efn|Isoclinic rotations{{Efn|name=isoclinic geodesic}} partition the 24 cells (and the 24 vertices) of the 24-cell into two disjoint subsets of 12 cells (and 12 vertices), even and odd (or black and white), which shift places among themselves, in a manner dimensionally analogous to the way the [[W:Bishop (chess)|bishops]]' diagonal moves{{Efn|name=missing the nearest vertices}} restrict them to the black or white squares of the [[W:Chessboard|chessboard]].{{Efn|Left and right isoclinic rotations partition the 24 cells (and 24 vertices) into black and white in the same way.{{Sfn|Coxeter|1973|p=156|loc=|ps=: "...the chess-board has an n-dimensional analogue."}} The rotations of all fibrations of the same kind of great polygon use the same chessboard, which is a convention of the coordinate system based on even and odd coordinates. ''Left and right are not colors:'' in either a left (or right) rotation half the moving vertices are black, running along black isoclines through black vertices, and the other half are white vertices, also rotating among themselves.{{Efn|Chirality and even/odd parity are distinct flavors. Things which have even/odd coordinate parity are '''''black or white:''''' the squares of the [[W:Chessboard|chessboard]],{{Efn|Since it is difficult to color points and lines white, we sometimes use black and red instead of black and white. In particular, isocline chords are sometimes shown as black or red ''dashed'' lines.{{Efn|name=interior features}}|name=black and red}} '''cells''', '''vertices''' and the '''isoclines''' which connect them by isoclinic rotation.{{Efn|name=isoclinic geodesic}} Everything else is '''''black and white:''''' e.g. adjacent '''face-bonded cell pairs''', or '''edges''' and '''chords''' which are black at one end and white at the other. Things which have [[W:Chirality|chirality]] come in '''''right or left''''' enantiomorphous forms: '''[[#Isoclinic rotations|isoclinic rotations]]''' and '''chiral objects''' which include '''[[#Characteristic orthoscheme|characteristic orthoscheme]]s''', '''[[#Chiral symmetry operations|sets of Clifford parallel great polygon planes]]''',{{Efn|name=completely orthogonal Clifford parallels are special}} '''[[W:Fiber bundle|fiber bundle]]s''' of Clifford parallel circles (whether or not the circles themselves are chiral), and the chiral cell rings of tetrahedra found in the [[16-cell#Helical construction|16-cell]] and [[600-cell#Boerdijk–Coxeter helix rings|600-cell]]. Things which have '''''neither''''' an even/odd parity nor a chirality include all '''edges''' and '''faces''' (shared by black and white cells), '''[[#Geodesics|great circle polygons]]''' and their '''[[W:Hopf fibration|fibration]]s''', and non-chiral cell rings such as the 24-cell's [[24-cell#Cell rings|cell rings of octahedra]]. Some things are associated with '''''both''''' an even/odd parity and a chirality: '''isoclines''' are black or white because they connect vertices which are all of the same color, and they ''act'' as left or right chiral objects when they are vertex paths in a left or right rotation, although they have no inherent chirality themselves. Each left (or right) rotation traverses an equal number of black and white isoclines.{{Efn|name=Clifford polygon}}|name=left-right versus black-white}}|name=isoclinic chessboard}}|name=black and white}} Things moving diagonally move farther than 1 unit of distance in each movement step ({{radic|2}} on the chessboard, {{radic|3}} in the 24-cell), but at the cost of ''missing'' half the destinations.{{Efn|name=one true circle}} However, in an isoclinic rotation of a rigid body all the vertices rotate at once, so every destination ''will'' be reached by some vertex. Moreover, there is another isoclinic rotation in hexagon invariant planes which does take each vertex to an adjacent (nearest) vertex. A 24-cell can displace each vertex to a vertex 60° away (a nearest vertex) by rotating isoclinically by 30° in two completely orthogonal invariant planes (one of them a hexagon), ''not'' by double-rotating directly toward the nearest vertex (and also orthogonally to that direction), but instead by double-rotating directly toward a more distant vertex (and also orthogonally to that direction). This helical 30° isoclinic rotation takes the vertex 60° to its nearest-neighbor vertex by a ''different path'' than a simple 60° rotation would. The path along the helical isocline and the path along the simple great circle have the same 60° arc-length, but they consist of disjoint sets of points (except for their endpoints, the two vertices). They are both geodesic (shortest) arcs, but on two alternate kinds of geodesic circle. One is doubly curved (through all four dimensions), and one is simply curved (lying in a two-dimensional plane).|name=missing the nearest vertices}} Each {{radic|3}} chord of the helical geodesic{{Efn|Although adjacent vertices on the isoclinic geodesic are a {{radic|3}} chord apart, a point on a rigid body under rotation does not travel along a chord: it moves along an arc between the two endpoints of the chord (a longer distance). In a ''simple'' rotation between two vertices {{radic|3}} apart, the vertex moves along the arc of a hexagonal great circle to a vertex two great hexagon edges away, and passes through the intervening hexagon vertex midway. But in an ''isoclinic'' rotation between two vertices {{radic|3}} apart the vertex moves along a helical arc called an isocline (not a planar great circle),{{Efn|name=isoclinic geodesic}} which does ''not'' pass through an intervening vertex: it misses the vertex nearest to its midpoint.{{Efn|name=missing the nearest vertices}}|name=isocline misses vertex}} crosses between two Clifford parallel hexagon central planes, and lies in another hexagon central plane that intersects them both.{{Efn|Departing from any vertex V₀ in the original great hexagon plane of isoclinic rotation P₀, the first vertex reached V₁ is 120 degrees away along a {{radic|3}} chord lying in a different hexagonal plane P₁. P₁ is inclined to P₀ at a 60° angle.{{Efn|P₀ and P₁ lie in the same hyperplane (the same central cuboctahedron) so their other angle of separation is 0.{{Efn|name=two angles between central planes}}}} The second vertex reached V₂ is 120 degrees beyond V₁ along a second {{radic|3}} chord lying in another hexagonal plane P₂ that is Clifford parallel to P₀.{{Efn|P₀ and P₂ are 60° apart in ''both'' angles of separation.{{Efn|name=two angles between central planes}} Clifford parallel planes are isoclinic (which means they are separated by two equal angles), and their corresponding vertices are all the same distance apart. Although V₀ and V₂ are ''two'' {{radic|3}} chords apart,{{Efn|V₀ and V₂ are two {{radic|3}} chords apart on the geodesic path of this rotational isocline, but that is not the shortest geodesic path between them. In the 24-cell, it is impossible for two vertices to be more distant than ''one'' {{radic|3}} chord, unless they are antipodal vertices {{radic|4}} apart.{{Efn|name=Geodesic distance}} V₀ and V₂ are ''one'' {{radic|3}} chord apart on some other isocline, and just {{radic|1}} apart on some great hexagon. Between V₀ and V₂, the isoclinic rotation has gone the long way around the 24-cell over two {{radic|3}} chords to reach a vertex that was only {{radic|1}} away. More generally, isoclines are geodesics because the distance between their successive vertices is the shortest distance between those two vertices in some rotation connecting them, but on the 3-sphere there may be another rotation which is shorter. A path between two vertices along a geodesic is not always the shortest distance between them (even on ordinary great circle geodesics).}} P₀ and P₂ are just one {{radic|1}} edge apart (at every pair of ''nearest'' vertices).}} (Notice that V₁ lies in both intersecting planes P₁ and P₂, as V₀ lies in both P₀ and P₁. But P₀ and P₂ have ''no'' vertices in common; they do not intersect.) The third vertex reached V₃ is 120 degrees beyond V₂ along a third {{radic|3}} chord lying in another hexagonal plane P₃ that is Clifford parallel to P₁. V₀ and V₃ are adjacent vertices, {{radic|1}} apart.{{Efn|name=skew hexagram}} The three {{radic|3}} chords lie in different 8-cells.{{Efn|name=three 8-cells}} V₀ to V₃ is a 360° isoclinic rotation, and one half of the 24-cell's double-loop hexagram₂ Clifford polygon.{{Efn|name=Clifford polygon}}|name=360 degree geodesic path visiting 3 hexagonal planes}} The {{radic|3}} chords meet at a 60° angle, but since they lie in different planes they form a [[W:Helix|helix]] not a [[#Great triangles|triangle]]. Three {{radic|3}} chords and 360° of rotation takes the vertex to an adjacent vertex, not back to itself. The helix of {{radic|3}} chords closes into a loop only after six {{radic|3}} chords: a 720° rotation twice around the 24-cell{{Efn|An isoclinic rotation by 60° is two simple rotations by 60° at the same time.{{Efn|The composition of two simple 60° rotations in a pair of completely orthogonal invariant planes is a 60° isoclinic rotation in ''four'' pairs of completely orthogonal invariant planes.{{Efn|name=double rotation}} Thus the isoclinic rotation is the compound of four simple rotations, and all 24 vertices rotate in invariant hexagon planes, versus just 6 vertices in a simple rotation.}} It moves all the vertices 120° at the same time, in various different directions. Six successive diagonal rotational increments, of 60°x60° each, move each vertex through 720° on a Möbius double loop called an ''isocline'', ''twice'' around the 24-cell and back to its point of origin, in the ''same time'' (six rotational units) that it would take a simple rotation to take the vertex ''once'' around the 24-cell on an ordinary great circle.{{Efn|name=double threaded}} The helical double loop 4𝝅 isocline is just another kind of ''single'' full circle, of the same time interval and period (6 chords) as the simple great circle. The isocline is ''one'' true circle,{{Efn|name=4-dimensional great circles}} as perfectly round and geodesic as the simple great circle, even through its chords are {{radic|3}} longer, its circumference is 4𝝅 instead of 2𝝅,{{Efn|All 3-sphere isoclines of the same circumference are directly congruent circles.{{Efn|name=not all isoclines are circles}} An ordinary great circle is an isocline of circumference <math>2\pi r</math>; simple rotations of unit-radius polytopes take place on 2𝝅 isoclines. Double rotations may have isoclines of other than <math>2\pi r</math> circumference. The ''characteristic rotation'' of a regular 4-polytope is the isoclinic rotation in which the central planes containing its edges are invariant planes of rotation. The 16-cell and 24-cell edge-rotate on isoclines of 4𝝅 circumference. The 600-cell edge-rotates on isoclines of 5𝝅 circumference.|name=isocline circumference}} it circles through four dimensions instead of two,{{Efn|name=Villarceau circles}} and it acts in two chiral forms (left and right) even though all such circles of the same circumference are directly congruent.{{Efn|name=Clifford polygon}} Nevertheless, to avoid confusion we always refer to it as an ''isocline'' and reserve the term ''great circle'' for an ordinary great circle in the plane.{{Efn|name=isocline}}|name=one true circle}} on a [[W:Skew polygon#Regular skew polygons in four dimensions|skew]] [[W:Hexagram|hexagram]] with {{radic|3}} edges.{{Efn|name=skew hexagram}} Even though all 24 vertices and all the hexagons rotate at once, a 360 degree isoclinic rotation moves each vertex only halfway around its circuit. After 360 degrees each helix has departed from 3 vertices and reached a fourth vertex adjacent to the original vertex, but has ''not'' arrived back exactly at the vertex it departed from. Each central plane (every hexagon or square in the 24-cell) has rotated 360 degrees ''and'' been tilted sideways all the way around 360 degrees back to its original position (like a coin flipping twice), but the 24-cell's [[W:Orientation entanglement|orientation]] in the 4-space in which it is embedded is now different.{{Sfn|Mebius|2015|loc=Motivation|pp=2-3|ps=; "This research originated from ... the desire to construct a computer implementation of a specific motion of the human arm, known among folk dance experts as the ''Philippine wine dance'' or ''Binasuan'' and performed by physicist [[W:Richard P. Feynman|Richard P. Feynman]] during his [[W:Dirac|Dirac]] memorial lecture 1986{{Sfn|Feynman|Weinberg|1987|loc=The reason for antiparticles}} to show that a single rotation (2𝝅) is not equivalent in all respects to no rotation at all, whereas a double rotation (4𝝅) is."}} Because the 24-cell is now inside-out, if the isoclinic rotation is continued in the ''same'' direction through another 360 degrees, the 24 moving vertices will pass through the other half of the vertices that were missed on the first revolution (the 12 antipodal vertices of the 12 that were hit the first time around), and each isoclinic geodesic ''will'' arrive back at the vertex it departed from, forming a closed six-chord helical loop. It takes a 720 degree isoclinic rotation for each [[#Helical hexagrams and their isoclines|hexagram₂ geodesic]] to complete a circuit through every ''second'' vertex of its six vertices by [[W:Winding number|winding]] around the 24-cell twice, returning the 24-cell to its original chiral orientation.{{Efn|In a 720° isoclinic rotation of a ''rigid'' 24-cell the 24 vertices rotate along four separate Clifford parallel hexagram₂ geodesic loops (six vertices circling in each loop) and return to their original positions.{{Efn|name=Villarceau circles}}}} The hexagonal winding path that each vertex takes as it loops twice around the 24-cell forms a double helix bent into a [[W:Möbius strip|Möbius ring]], so that the two strands of the double helix form a continuous single strand in a closed loop.{{Efn|Because the 24-cell's helical hexagram₂ geodesic is bent into a twisted ring in the fourth dimension like a [[W:Möbius strip|Möbius strip]], its [[W:Screw thread|screw thread]] doubles back across itself in each revolution, reversing its chirality{{Efn|name=Clifford polygon}} but without ever changing its even/odd parity of rotation (black or white).{{Efn|name=black and white}} The 6-vertex isoclinic path forms a Möbius double loop, like a 3-dimensional double helix with the ends of its two parallel 3-vertex helices cross-connected to each other. This 60° isocline{{Efn|A strip of paper can form a [[W:Möbius strip#Polyhedral surfaces and flat foldings|flattened Möbius strip]] in the plane by folding it at <math>60^\circ</math> angles so that its center line lies along an equilateral triangle, and attaching the ends. The shortest strip for which this is possible consists of three equilateral paper triangles, folded at the edges where two triangles meet. Since the loop traverses both sides of each paper triangle, it is a hexagonal loop over six equilateral triangles. Its [[W:Aspect ratio|aspect ratio]]{{snd}}the ratio of the strip's length{{efn|The length of a strip can be measured at its centerline, or by cutting the resulting Möbius strip perpendicularly to its boundary so that it forms a rectangle.}} to its width{{snd}}is {{nowrap|<math>\sqrt 3\approx 1.73</math>.}}}} is a [[W:Skew polygon|skewed]] instance of the [[W:Polygram (geometry)#Regular compound polygons|regular compound polygon]] denoted {6/2}{{=}}2{3} or hexagram₂.{{Efn|name=skew hexagram}} Successive {{radic|3}} edges belong to different [[#8-cell|8-cells]], as the 720° isoclinic rotation takes each hexagon through all six hexagons in the [[#6-cell rings|6-cell ring]], and each 8-cell through all three 8-cells twice.{{Efn|name=three 8-cells}}|name=double threaded}} In the first revolution the vertex traverses one 3-chord strand of the double helix; in the second revolution it traverses the second 3-chord strand, moving in the same rotational direction with the same handedness (bending either left or right) throughout. Although this isoclinic Möbius [[#6-cell rings|ring]] is a circular spiral through all 4 dimensions, not a 2-dimensional circle, like a great circle it is a geodesic because it is the shortest path from vertex to vertex.{{Efn|A point under isoclinic rotation traverses the diagonal{{Efn|name=isoclinic 4-dimensional diagonal}} straight line of a single '''isoclinic geodesic''', reaching its destination directly, instead of the bent line of two successive '''simple geodesics'''.{{Efn||name=double rotation}} A '''[[W:Geodesic|geodesic]]''' is the ''shortest path'' through a space (intuitively, a string pulled taught between two points). Simple geodesics are great circles lying in a central plane (the only kind of geodesics that occur in 3-space on the 2-sphere). Isoclinic geodesics are different: they do ''not'' lie in a single plane; they are 4-dimensional [[W:Helix|spirals]] rather than simple 2-dimensional circles.{{Efn|name=helical geodesic}} But they are not like 3-dimensional [[W:Screw threads|screw threads]] either, because they form a closed loop like any circle.{{Efn|name=double threaded}} Isoclinic geodesics are ''4-dimensional great circles'', and they are just as circular as 2-dimensional circles: in fact, twice as circular, because they curve in ''two'' orthogonal great circles at once.{{Efn|Isoclinic geodesics or ''isoclines'' are 4-dimensional great circles in the sense that they are 1-dimensional geodesic ''lines'' that curve in 4-space in two orthogonal great circles at once.{{Efn|name=not all isoclines are circles}} They should not be confused with ''great 2-spheres'',{{Sfn|Stillwell|2001|p=24}} which are the 4-dimensional analogues of great circles (great 1-spheres).{{Efn|name=great 2-spheres}} Discrete isoclines are polygons;{{Efn|name=Clifford polygon}} discrete great 2-spheres are polyhedra.|name=4-dimensional great circles}} They are true circles,{{Efn|name=one true circle}} and even form [[W:Hopf fibration|fibrations]] like ordinary 2-dimensional great circles.{{Efn|name=hexagonal fibrations}}{{Efn|name=square fibrations}} These '''isoclines''' are geodesic 1-dimensional lines embedded in a 4-dimensional space. On the 3-sphere{{Efn|All isoclines are [[W:Geodesics|geodesics]], and isoclines on the [[W:3-sphere|3-sphere]] are circles (curving equally in each dimension), but not all isoclines on 3-manifolds in 4-space are circles.|name=not all isoclines are circles}} they always occur in pairs{{Efn|Isoclines on the 3-sphere occur in non-intersecting pairs of even/odd coordinate parity.{{Efn|name=black and white}} A single black or white isocline forms a [[W:Möbius loop|Möbius loop]] called the {1,1} torus knot or Villarceau circle{{Sfn|Dorst|2019|loc=§1. Villarceau Circles|p=44|ps=; "In mathematics, the path that the (1, 1) knot on the torus traces is also known as a [[W:Villarceau circle|Villarceau circle]]. Villarceau circles are usually introduced as two intersecting circles that are the cross-section of a torus by a well-chosen plane cutting it. Picking one such circle and rotating it around the torus axis, the resulting family of circles can be used to rule the torus. By nesting tori smartly, the collection of all such circles then form a [[W:Hopf fibration|Hopf fibration]].... we prefer to consider the Villarceau circle as the (1, 1) torus knot rather than as a planar cut."}} in which each of two "circles" linked in a Möbius "figure eight" loop traverses through all four dimensions.{{Efn|name=Clifford polygon}} The double loop is a true circle in four dimensions.{{Efn|name=one true circle}} Even and odd isoclines are also linked, not in a Möbius loop but as a [[W:Hopf link|Hopf link]] of two non-intersecting circles,{{Efn|name=Clifford parallels}} as are all the Clifford parallel isoclines of a [[W:Hopf fibration|Hopf fiber bundle]].|name=Villarceau circles}} as [[W:Villarceau circle|Villarceau circle]]s on the [[W:Clifford torus|Clifford torus]], the geodesic paths traversed by vertices in an [[W:Rotations in 4-dimensional Euclidean space#Double rotations|isoclinic rotation]]. They are [[W:Helix|helices]] bent into a [[W:Möbius strip|Möbius loop]] in the fourth dimension, taking a diagonal [[W:Winding number|winding route]] around the 3-sphere through the non-adjacent vertices{{Efn|name=missing the nearest vertices}} of a 4-polytope's [[W:Skew polygon#Regular skew polygons in four dimensions|skew]] '''Clifford polygon'''.{{Efn|name=Clifford polygon}}|name=isoclinic geodesic}} === Clifford parallel polytopes === Two planes are also called ''isoclinic'' if an isoclinic rotation will bring them together.{{Efn|name=two angles between central planes}} The isoclinic planes are precisely those central planes with Clifford parallel geodesic great circles.{{Sfn|Kim|Rote|2016|loc=Relations to Clifford parallelism|pp=8-9}} Clifford parallel great circles do not intersect,{{Efn|name=Clifford parallels}} so isoclinic great circle polygons have disjoint vertices. In the 24-cell every hexagonal central plane is isoclinic to three others, and every square central plane is isoclinic to five others. We can pick out 4 mutually isoclinic (Clifford parallel) great hexagons (four different ways) covering all 24 vertices of the 24-cell just once (a hexagonal fibration).{{Efn|The 24-cell has four sets of 4 non-intersecting [[W:Clifford parallel|Clifford parallel]]{{Efn|name=Clifford parallels}} great circles each passing through 6 vertices (a great hexagon), with only one great hexagon in each set passing through each vertex, and the 4 hexagons in each set reaching all 24 vertices.{{Efn|name=four hexagonal fibrations}} Each set constitutes a discrete [[W:Hopf fibration|Hopf fibration]] of interlocking great circles. The 24-cell can also be divided (eight different ways) into 4 disjoint subsets of 6 vertices (hexagrams) that do ''not'' lie in a hexagonal central plane, each skew [[#Helical hexagrams and their isoclines|hexagram forming an isoclinic geodesic or ''isocline'']] that is the rotational circle traversed by those 6 vertices in one particular left or right [[#Isoclinic rotations|isoclinic rotation]]. Each of these sets of four Clifford parallel isoclines belongs to one of the four discrete Hopf fibrations of hexagonal great circles.{{Efn|Each set of [[W:Clifford parallel|Clifford parallel]] [[#Geodesics|great circle]] polygons is a different bundle of fibers than the corresponding set of Clifford parallel isocline{{Efn|name=isoclinic geodesic}} polygrams, but the two [[W:Fiber bundles|fiber bundles]] together constitute the ''same'' discrete [[W:Hopf fibration|Hopf fibration]], because they enumerate the 24 vertices together by their intersection in the same distinct (left or right) isoclinic rotation. They are the [[W:Warp and woof|warp and woof]] of the same woven fabric that is the fibration.|name=great circles and isoclines are same fibration|name=warp and woof}}|name=hexagonal fibrations}} We can pick out 6 mutually isoclinic (Clifford parallel) great squares{{Efn|Each great square plane is isoclinic (Clifford parallel) to five other square planes but [[W:Completely orthogonal|completely orthogonal]] to only one of them.{{Efn|name=Clifford parallel squares in the 16-cell and 24-cell}} Every pair of completely orthogonal planes has Clifford parallel great circles, but not all Clifford parallel great circles are orthogonal (e.g., none of the hexagonal geodesics in the 24-cell are mutually orthogonal). There is also another way in which completely orthogonal planes are in a distinguished category of Clifford parallel planes: they are not [[W:Chiral|chiral]], or strictly speaking they possess both chiralities. A pair of isoclinic (Clifford parallel) planes is either a ''left pair'' or a ''right pair'', unless they are separated by two angles of 90° (completely orthogonal planes) or 0° (coincident planes).{{Sfn|Kim|Rote|2016|p=8|loc=Left and Right Pairs of Isoclinic Planes}} Most isoclinic planes are brought together only by a left isoclinic rotation or a right isoclinic rotation, respectively. Completely orthogonal planes are special: the pair of planes is both a left and a right pair, so either a left or a right isoclinic rotation will bring them together. This occurs because isoclinic square planes are 180° apart at all vertex pairs: not just Clifford parallel but completely orthogonal. The isoclines (chiral vertex paths){{Efn|name=isoclinic geodesic}} of 90° isoclinic rotations are special for the same reason. Left and right isoclines loop through the same set of antipodal vertices (hitting both ends of each [[16-cell#Helical construction|16-cell axis]]), instead of looping through disjoint left and right subsets of black or white antipodal vertices (hitting just one end of each axis), as the left and right isoclines of all other fibrations do.|name=completely orthogonal Clifford parallels are special}} (three different ways) covering all 24 vertices of the 24-cell just once (a square fibration).{{Efn|The 24-cell has three sets of 6 non-intersecting Clifford parallel great circles each passing through 4 vertices (a great square), with only one great square in each set passing through each vertex, and the 6 squares in each set reaching all 24 vertices.{{Efn|name=three square fibrations}} Each set constitutes a discrete [[W:Hopf fibration|Hopf fibration]] of 6 interlocking great squares, which is simply the compound of the three inscribed 16-cell's discrete Hopf fibrations of 2 interlocking great squares. The 24-cell can also be divided (six different ways) into 3 disjoint subsets of 8 vertices (octagrams) that do ''not'' lie in a square central plane, but comprise a 16-cell and lie on a skew [[#Helical octagrams and thei isoclines|octagram₃ forming an isoclinic geodesic or ''isocline'']] that is the rotational cirle traversed by those 8 vertices in one particular left or right [[16-cell#Rotations|isoclinic rotation]] as they rotate positions within the 16-cell.{{Efn|name=warp and woof}}|name=square fibrations}} Every isoclinic rotation taking vertices to vertices corresponds to a discrete fibration.{{Efn|name=fibrations are distinguished only by rotations}} Two dimensional great circle polygons are not the only polytopes in the 24-cell which are parallel in the Clifford sense.{{Sfn|Tyrrell|Semple|1971|pp=1-9|loc=§1. Introduction}} Congruent polytopes of 2, 3 or 4 dimensions can be said to be Clifford parallel in 4 dimensions if their corresponding vertices are all the same distance apart. The three 16-cells inscribed in the 24-cell are Clifford parallels. Clifford parallel polytopes are ''completely disjoint'' polytopes.{{Efn|Polytopes are '''completely disjoint''' if all their ''element sets'' are disjoint: they do not share any vertices, edges, faces or cells. They may still overlap in space, sharing 4-content, volume, area, or lineage.|name=completely disjoint}} A 60 degree isoclinic rotation in hexagonal planes takes each 16-cell to a disjoint 16-cell. Like all [[#Double rotations|double rotations]], isoclinic rotations come in two [[W:Chiral|chiral]] forms: there is a disjoint 16-cell to the ''left'' of each 16-cell, and another to its ''right''.{{Efn|Visualize the three [[16-cell]]s inscribed in the 24-cell (left, right, and middle), and the rotation which takes them to each other. [[#Reciprocal constructions from 8-cell and 16-cell|The vertices of the middle 16-cell lie on the (w, x, y, z) coordinate axes]];{{Efn|name=Six orthogonal planes of the Cartesian basis}} the other two are rotated 60° [[W:Rotations in 4-dimensional Euclidean space#Isoclinic rotations|isoclinically]] to its left and its right. The 24-vertex 24-cell is a compound of three 16-cells, whose three sets of 8 vertices are distributed around the 24-cell symmetrically; each vertex is surrounded by 8 others (in the 3-dimensional space of the 4-dimensional 24-cell's ''surface''), the way the vertices of a cube surround its center.{{Efn|name=24-cell vertex figure}} The 8 surrounding vertices (the cube corners) lie in other 16-cells: 4 in the other 16-cell to the left, and 4 in the other 16-cell to the right. They are the vertices of two tetrahedra inscribed in the cube, one belonging (as a cell) to each 16-cell. If the 16-cell edges are {{radic|2}}, each vertex of the compound of three 16-cells is {{radic|1}} away from its 8 surrounding vertices in other 16-cells. Now visualize those {{radic|1}} distances as the edges of the 24-cell (while continuing to visualize the disjoint 16-cells). The {{radic|1}} edges form great hexagons of 6 vertices which run around the 24-cell in a central plane. ''Four'' hexagons cross at each vertex (and its antipodal vertex), inclined at 60° to each other.{{Efn|name=cuboctahedral hexagons}} The [[#Great hexagons|hexagons]] are not perpendicular to each other, or to the 16-cells' perpendicular [[#Great squares|square central planes]].{{Efn|name=non-orthogonal hexagons}} The left and right 16-cells form a tesseract.{{Efn|Each pair of the three 16-cells inscribed in the 24-cell forms a 4-dimensional [[W:Tesseract|hypercube (a tesseract or 8-cell)]], in [[#Relationships among interior polytopes|dimensional analogy]] to the way two tetrahedra form a cube: the two 8-vertex 16-cells are inscribed in the 16-vertex tesseract, occupying its alternate vertices. The third 16-cell does not lie within the tesseract; its 8 vertices protrude from the sides of the tesseract, forming a cubic pyramid on each of the tesseract's cubic cells (as in [[#Reciprocal constructions from 8-cell and 16-cell|Gosset's construction of the 24-cell]]). The three pairs of 16-cells form three tesseracts.{{Efn|name=three 8-cells}} The tesseracts share vertices, but the 16-cells are completely disjoint.{{Efn|name=completely disjoint}}|name=three 16-cells form three tesseracts}} Two 16-cells have vertex-pairs which are one {{radic|1}} edge (one hexagon edge) apart. But a [[#Simple rotations|''simple'' rotation]] of 60° will not take one whole 16-cell to another 16-cell, because their vertices are 60° apart in different directions, and a simple rotation has only one hexagonal plane of rotation. One 16-cell ''can'' be taken to another 16-cell by a 60° [[#Isoclinic rotations|''isoclinic'' rotation]], because an isoclinic rotation is [[W:3-sphere|3-sphere]] symmetric: four [[#Clifford parallel polytopes|Clifford parallel hexagonal planes]] rotate together, but in four different rotational directions,{{Efn|name=Clifford displacement}} taking each 16-cell to another 16-cell. But since an isoclinic 60° rotation is a ''diagonal'' rotation by 60° in ''two'' orthogonal great circles at once,{{Efn|name=isoclinic geodesic}} the corresponding vertices of the 16-cell and the 16-cell it is taken to are 120° apart: ''two'' {{radic|1}} hexagon edges (or one {{radic|3}} hexagon chord) apart, not one {{radic|1}} edge (60°) apart.{{Efn|name=isoclinic 4-dimensional diagonal}} By the [[W:Chiral|chiral]] diagonal nature of isoclinic rotations, the 16-cell ''cannot'' reach the adjacent 16-cell (whose vertices are one {{radic|1}} edge away) by rotating toward it;{{Efn|name=missing the nearest vertices}} it can only reach the 16-cell ''beyond'' it (120° away). But of course, the 16-cell beyond the 16-cell to its right is the 16-cell to its left. So a 60° isoclinic rotation ''will'' take every 16-cell to another 16-cell: a 60° ''right'' isoclinic rotation will take the middle 16-cell to the 16-cell we may have originally visualized as the ''left'' 16-cell, and a 60° ''left'' isoclinic rotation will take the middle 16-cell to the 16-cell we visualized as the ''right'' 16-cell. (If so, that was our error in visualization; the 16-cell to the "left" is in fact the one reached by the left isoclinic rotation, as that is the only [[#Double rotations|sense in which the two 16-cells are left or right]] of each other.){{Efn|name=clasped hands}}|name=three isoclinic 16-cells}} All Clifford parallel 4-polytopes are related by an isoclinic rotation,{{Efn|name=Clifford displacement}} but not all isoclinic polytopes are Clifford parallels (completely disjoint).{{Efn|All isoclinic ''planes'' are Clifford parallels (completely disjoint).{{Efn|name=completely disjoint}} Three and four dimensional cocentric objects may intersect (sharing elements) but still be related by an isoclinic rotation. Polyhedra and 4-polytopes may be isoclinic and ''not'' disjoint, if all of their corresponding planes are either Clifford parallel, or cocellular (in the same hyperplane) or coincident (the same plane).}} The three 8-cells in the 24-cell are isoclinic but not Clifford parallel. Like the 16-cells, they are rotated 60 degrees isoclinically with respect to each other, but their vertices are not all disjoint (and therefore not all equidistant). Each vertex occurs in two of the three 8-cells (as each 16-cell occurs in two of the three 8-cells).{{Efn|name=three 8-cells}} Isoclinic rotations relate the convex regular 4-polytopes to each other. An isoclinic rotation of a single 16-cell will generate{{Efn|By ''generate'' we mean simply that some vertex of the first polytope will visit each vertex of the generated polytope in the course of the rotation.}} a 24-cell. A simple rotation of a single 16-cell will not, because its vertices will not reach either of the other two 16-cells' vertices in the course of the rotation. An isoclinic rotation of the 24-cell will generate the 600-cell, and an isoclinic rotation of the 600-cell will generate the 120-cell. (Or they can all be generated directly by an isoclinic rotation of the 16-cell, generating isoclinic copies of itself.) The different convex regular 4-polytopes nest inside each other, and multiple instances of the same 4-polytope hide next to each other in the Clifford parallel spaces that comprise the 3-sphere.{{Sfn|Tyrrell|Semple|1971|loc=Clifford Parallel Spaces and Clifford Reguli|pp=20-33}} For an object of more than one dimension, the only way to reach these parallel subspaces directly is by isoclinic rotation. Like a key operating a four-dimensional lock, an object must twist in two completely perpendicular tumbler cylinders at once in order to move the short distance between Clifford parallel subspaces. === Rings === In the 24-cell there are sets of rings of six different kinds, described separately in detail in other sections of [[24-cell|this article]]. This section describes how the different kinds of rings are [[#Relationships among interior polytopes|intertwined]]. The 24-cell contains four kinds of [[#Geodesics|geodesic fibers]] (polygonal rings running through vertices): [[#Great squares|great circle squares]] and their [[16-cell#Helical construction|isoclinic helix octagrams]],{{Efn|name=square fibrations}} and [[#Great hexagons|great circle hexagons]] and their [[#Isoclinic rotations|isoclinic helix hexagrams]].{{Efn|name=hexagonal fibrations}} It also contains two kinds of [[24-cell#Cell rings|cell rings]] (chains of octahedra bent into a ring in the fourth dimension): four octahedra connected vertex-to-vertex and bent into a square, and six octahedra connected face-to-face and bent into a hexagon.{{Sfn|Coxeter|1970|loc=§8. The simplex, cube, cross-polytope and 24-cell|p=18|ps=; Coxeter studied cell rings in the general case of their geometry and [[W:Group theory|group theory]], identifying each cell ring as a [[W:Polytope|polytope]] in its own right which fills a three-dimensional manifold (such as the [[W:3-sphere|3-sphere]]) with its corresponding [[W:Honeycomb (geometry)|honeycomb]]. He found that cell rings follow [[W:Petrie polygon|Petrie polygon]]s{{Efn|name=Petrie dodecagram and Clifford hexagram}} and some (but not all) cell rings and their honeycombs are ''twisted'', occurring in left- and right-handed [[chiral]] forms. Specifically, he found that since the 24-cell's octahedral cells have opposing faces, the cell rings in the 24-cell are of the non-chiral (directly congruent) kind.{{Efn|name=6-cell ring is not chiral}} Each of the 24-cell's cell rings has its corresponding honeycomb in Euclidean (rather than hyperbolic) space, so the 24-cell tiles 4-dimensional Euclidean space by translation to form the [[W:24-cell honeycomb|24-cell honeycomb]].}}{{Sfn|Banchoff|2013|ps=, studied the decomposition of regular 4-polytopes into honeycombs of tori tiling the [[W:Clifford torus|Clifford torus]], showed how the honeycombs correspond to [[W:Hopf fibration|Hopf fibration]]s, and made a particular study of the [[#6-cell rings|24-cell's 4 rings of 6 octahedral cells]] with illustrations.}} ==== 4-cell rings ==== Four unit-edge-length octahedra can be connected vertex-to-vertex along a common axis of length 4{{radic|2}}. The axis can then be bent into a square of edge length {{radic|2}}. Although it is possible to do this in a space of only three dimensions, that is not how it occurs in the 24-cell. Although the {{radic|2}} axes of the four octahedra occupy the same plane, forming one of the 18 {{radic|2}} great squares of the 24-cell, each octahedron occupies a different 3-dimensional hyperplane,{{Efn|Just as each face of a [[W:Polyhedron|polyhedron]] occupies a different (2-dimensional) face plane, each cell of a [[W:Polychoron|polychoron]] occupies a different (3-dimensional) cell [[W:Hyperplane|hyperplane]].{{Efn|name=hyperplanes}}}} and all four dimensions are utilized. The 24-cell can be partitioned into 6 such 4-cell rings (three different ways), mutually interlinked like adjacent links in a chain (but these [[W:Link (knot theory)|links]] all have a common center). An [[#Isoclinic rotations|isoclinic rotation]] in the great square plane by a multiple of 90° takes each octahedron in the ring to an octahedron in the ring. ==== 6-cell rings ==== [[File:Six face-bonded octahedra.jpg|thumb|400px|A 4-dimensional ring of 6 face-bonded octahedra, bounded by two intersecting sets of three Clifford parallel great hexagons of different colors, cut and laid out flat in 3 dimensional space.{{Efn|name=6-cell ring}}]]Six regular octahedra can be connected face-to-face along a common axis that passes through their centers of volume, forming a stack or column with only triangular faces. In a space of four dimensions, the axis can then be bent 60° in the fourth dimension at each of the six octahedron centers, in a plane orthogonal to all three orthogonal central planes of each octahedron, such that the top and bottom triangular faces of the column become coincident. The column becomes a ring around a hexagonal axis. The 24-cell can be partitioned into 4 such rings (four different ways), mutually interlinked. Because the hexagonal axis joins cell centers (not vertices), it is not a great hexagon of the 24-cell.{{Efn|The axial hexagon of the 6-octahedron ring does not intersect any vertices or edges of the 24-cell, but it does hit faces. In a unit-edge-length 24-cell, it has edges of length 1/2.{{Efn|When unit-edge octahedra are placed face-to-face the distance between their centers of volume is {{radic|2/3}} ≈ 0.816.{{Sfn|Coxeter|1973|pp=292-293|loc=Table I(i): Octahedron}} When 24 face-bonded octahedra are bent into a 24-cell lying on the 3-sphere, the centers of the octahedra are closer together in 4-space. Within the curved 3-dimensional surface space filled by the 24 cells, the cell centers are still {{radic|2/3}} apart along the curved geodesics that join them. But on the straight chords that join them, which dip inside the 3-sphere, they are only 1/2 edge length apart.}} Because it joins six cell centers, the axial hexagon is a great hexagon of the smaller dual 24-cell that is formed by joining the 24 cell centers.{{Efn|name=common core}}}} However, six great hexagons can be found in the ring of six octahedra, running along the edges of the octahedra. In the column of six octahedra (before it is bent into a ring) there are six spiral paths along edges running up the column: three parallel helices spiraling clockwise, and three parallel helices spiraling counterclockwise. Each clockwise helix intersects each counterclockwise helix at two vertices three edge lengths apart. Bending the column into a ring changes these helices into great circle hexagons.{{Efn|There is a choice of planes in which to fold the column into a ring, but they are equivalent in that they produce congruent rings. Whichever folding planes are chosen, each of the six helices joins its own two ends and forms a simple great circle hexagon. These hexagons are ''not'' helices: they lie on ordinary flat great circles. Three of them are Clifford parallel{{Efn|name=Clifford parallels}} and belong to one [[#Great hexagons|hexagonal]] fibration. They intersect the other three, which belong to another hexagonal fibration. The three parallel great circles of each fibration spiral around each other in the sense that they form a [[W:Link (knot theory)|link]] of three ordinary circles, but they are not twisted: the 6-cell ring has no [[W:Torsion of a curve|torsion]], either clockwise or counterclockwise.{{Efn|name=6-cell ring is not chiral}}|name=6-cell ring}} The ring has two sets of three great hexagons, each on three Clifford parallel great circles.{{Efn|The three great hexagons are Clifford parallel, which is different than ordinary parallelism.{{Efn|name=Clifford parallels}} Clifford parallel great hexagons pass through each other like adjacent links of a chain, forming a [[W:Hopf link|Hopf link]]. Unlike links in a 3-dimensional chain, they share the same center point. In the 24-cell, Clifford parallel great hexagons occur in sets of four, not three. The fourth parallel hexagon lies completely outside the 6-cell ring; its 6 vertices are completely disjoint from the ring's 18 vertices.}} The great hexagons in each parallel set of three do not intersect, but each intersects the other three great hexagons (to which it is not Clifford parallel) at two antipodal vertices. A [[#Simple rotations|simple rotation]] in any of the great hexagon planes by a multiple of 60° rotates only that hexagon invariantly, taking each vertex in that hexagon to a vertex in the same hexagon. An [[#Isoclinic rotations|isoclinic rotation]] by 60° in any of the six great hexagon planes rotates all three Clifford parallel great hexagons invariantly, and takes each octahedron in the ring to a ''non-adjacent'' octahedron in the ring.{{Efn|An isoclinic rotation by a multiple of 60° takes even-numbered octahedra in the ring to even-numbered octahedra, and odd-numbered octahedra to odd-numbered octahedra.{{Efn|In the column of 6 octahedral cells, we number the cells 0-5 going up the column. We also label each vertex with an integer 0-5 based on how many edge lengths it is up the column.}} It is impossible for an even-numbered octahedron to reach an odd-numbered octahedron, or vice versa, by a left or a right isoclinic rotation alone.{{Efn|name=black and white}}|name=black and white octahedra}} Each isoclinically displaced octahedron is also rotated itself. After a 360° isoclinic rotation each octahedron is back in the same position, but in a different orientation. In a 720° isoclinic rotation, its vertices are returned to their original [[W:Orientation entanglement|orientation]]. Four Clifford parallel great hexagons comprise a discrete fiber bundle covering all 24 vertices in a [[W:Hopf fibration|Hopf fibration]]. The 24-cell has four such [[#Great hexagons|discrete hexagonal fibrations]] <math>F_a, F_b, F_c, F_d</math>. Each great hexagon belongs to just one fibration, and the four fibrations are defined by disjoint sets of four great hexagons each.{{Sfn|Kim|Rote|2016|loc=§8.3 Properties of the Hopf Fibration|pp=14-16|ps=; Corollary 9. Every great circle belongs to a unique right [(and left)] Hopf bundle.}} Each fibration is the domain (container) of a unique left-right pair of isoclinic rotations (left and right Hopf fiber bundles).{{Efn|The choice of a partitioning of a regular 4-polytope into cell rings (a fibration) is arbitrary, because all of its cells are identical. No particular fibration is distinguished, ''unless'' the 4-polytope is rotating. Each fibration corresponds to a left-right pair of isoclinic rotations in a particular set of Clifford parallel invariant central planes of rotation. In the 24-cell, distinguishing a hexagonal fibration{{Efn|name=hexagonal fibrations}} means choosing a cell-disjoint set of four 6-cell rings that is the unique container of a left-right pair of isoclinic rotations in four Clifford parallel hexagonal invariant planes. The left and right rotations take place in chiral subspaces of that container,{{Sfn|Kim|Rote|2016|p=12|loc=§8 The Construction of Hopf Fibrations; 3}} but the fibration and the octahedral cell rings themselves are not chiral objects.{{Efn|name=6-cell ring is not chiral}}|name=fibrations are distinguished only by rotations}} Four cell-disjoint 6-cell rings also comprise each discrete fibration defined by four Clifford parallel great hexagons. Each 6-cell ring contains only 18 of the 24 vertices, and only 6 of the 16 great hexagons, which we see illustrated above running along the cell ring's edges: 3 spiraling clockwise and 3 counterclockwise. Those 6 hexagons running along the cell ring's edges are not among the set of four parallel hexagons which define the fibration. For example, one of the four 6-cell rings in fibration <math>F_a</math> contains 3 parallel hexagons running clockwise along the cell ring's edges from fibration <math>F_b</math>, and 3 parallel hexagons running counterclockwise along the cell ring's edges from fibration <math>F_c</math>, but that cell ring contains no great hexagons from fibration <math>F_a</math> or fibration <math>F_d</math>. The 24-cell contains 16 great hexagons, divided into four disjoint sets of four hexagons, each disjoint set uniquely defining a fibration. Each fibration is also a distinct set of four cell-disjoint 6-cell rings. The 24-cell has exactly 16 distinct 6-cell rings. Each 6-cell ring belongs to just one of the four fibrations.{{Efn|The dual polytope of the 24-cell is another 24-cell. It can be constructed by placing vertices at the 24 cell centers. Each 6-cell ring corresponds to a great hexagon in the dual 24-cell, so there are 16 distinct 6-cell rings, as there are 16 distinct great hexagons, each belonging to just one fibration.}} ==== Helical hexagrams and their isoclines ==== Another kind of geodesic fiber, the [[#Isoclinic rotations|helical hexagram isoclines]], can be found within a 6-cell ring of octahedra. Each of these geodesics runs through every ''second'' vertex of a skew [[W:Hexagram|hexagram]]₂, which in the unit-radius, unit-edge-length 24-cell has six {{radic|3}} edges. The hexagram does not lie in a single central plane, but is composed of six linked {{radic|3}} chords from the six different hexagon great circles in the 6-cell ring. The isocline geodesic fiber is the path of an isoclinic rotation,{{Efn|name=isoclinic geodesic}} a helical rather than simply circular path around the 24-cell which links vertices two edge lengths apart and consequently must wrap twice around the 24-cell before completing its six-vertex loop.{{Efn|The chord-path of an isocline (the geodesic along which a vertex moves under isoclinic rotation) may be called the 4-polytope's '''Clifford polygon''', as it is the skew polygonal shape of the rotational circles traversed by the 4-polytope's vertices in its characteristic [[W:Clifford displacement|Clifford displacement]].{{Sfn|Tyrrell|Semple|1971|loc=Linear Systems of Clifford Parallels|pp=34-57}} The isocline is a helical Möbius double loop which reverses its chirality twice in the course of a full double circuit. The double loop is entirely contained within a single [[24-cell#Cell rings|cell ring]], where it follows chords connecting even (odd) vertices: typically opposite vertices of adjacent cells, two edge lengths apart.{{Efn|name=black and white}} Both "halves" of the double loop pass through each cell in the cell ring, but intersect only two even (odd) vertices in each even (odd) cell. Each pair of intersected vertices in an even (odd) cell lie opposite each other on the [[W:Möbius strip|Möbius strip]], exactly one edge length apart. Thus each cell has both helices passing through it, which are Clifford parallels{{Efn|name=Clifford parallels}} of opposite chirality at each pair of parallel points. Globally these two helices are a single connected circle of ''both'' chiralities, with no net [[W:Torsion of a curve|torsion]]. An isocline acts as a left (or right) isocline when traversed by a left (or right) rotation (of different fibrations).{{Efn|name=one true circle}}|name=Clifford polygon}} Rather than a flat hexagon, it forms a [[W:Skew polygon|skew]] hexagram out of two three-sided 360 degree half-loops: open triangles joined end-to-end to each other in a six-sided Möbius loop.{{Efn|name=double threaded}} Each 6-cell ring contains six such hexagram isoclines, three black and three white, that connect even and odd vertices respectively.{{Efn|Only one kind of 6-cell ring exists, not two different chiral kinds (right-handed and left-handed), because octahedra have opposing faces and form untwisted cell rings. In addition to two sets of three Clifford parallel{{Efn|name=Clifford parallels}} [[#Great hexagons|great hexagons]], three black and three white [[#Isoclinic rotations|isoclinic hexagram geodesics]] run through the [[#6-cell rings|6-cell ring]].{{Efn|name=hexagonal fibrations}} Each of these chiral skew [[W:Hexagram|hexagram]]s lies on a different kind of circle called an ''isocline'',{{Efn|name=not all isoclines are circles}} a helical circle [[W:Winding number|winding]] through all four dimensions instead of lying in a single plane.{{Efn|name=isoclinic geodesic}} These helical great circles occur in Clifford parallel [[W:Hopf fibration|fiber bundles]] just as ordinary planar great circles do. In the 6-cell ring, black and white hexagrams pass through even and odd vertices respectively, and miss the vertices in between, so the isoclines are disjoint.{{Efn|name=black and white}}|name=6-cell ring is not chiral}} Each of the three black-white pairs of isoclines belongs to one of the three fibrations in which the 6-cell ring occurs. Each fibration's right (or left) rotation traverses two black isoclines and two white isoclines in parallel, rotating all 24 vertices.{{Efn|name=missing the nearest vertices}} Beginning at any vertex at one end of the column of six octahedra, we can follow an isoclinic path of {{radic|3}} chords of an isocline from octahedron to octahedron. In the 24-cell the {{radic|1}} edges are [[#Great hexagons|great hexagon]] edges (and octahedron edges); in the column of six octahedra we see six great hexagons running along the octahedra's edges. The {{radic|3}} chords are great hexagon diagonals, joining great hexagon vertices two {{radic|1}} edges apart. We find them in the ring of six octahedra running from a vertex in one octahedron to a vertex in the next octahedron, passing through the face shared by the two octahedra (but not touching any of the face's 3 vertices). Each {{radic|3}} chord is a chord of just one great hexagon (an edge of a [[#Great triangles|great triangle]] inscribed in that great hexagon), but successive {{radic|3}} chords belong to different great hexagons.{{Efn|name=360 degree geodesic path visiting 3 hexagonal planes}} At each vertex the isoclinic path of {{radic|3}} chords bends 60 degrees in two central planes{{Efn|Two central planes in which the path bends 60° at the vertex are (a) the great hexagon plane that the chord ''before'' the vertex belongs to, and (b) the great hexagon plane that the chord ''after'' the vertex belongs to. Plane (b) contains the 120° isocline chord joining the original vertex to a vertex in great hexagon plane (c), Clifford parallel to (a); the vertex moves over this chord to this next vertex. The angle of inclination between the Clifford parallel (isoclinic) great hexagon planes (a) and (c) is also 60°. In this 60° interval of the isoclinic rotation, great hexagon plane (a) rotates 60° within itself ''and'' tilts 60° in an orthogonal plane (not plane (b)) to become great hexagon plane (c). The three great hexagon planes (a), (b) and (c) are not orthogonal (they are inclined at 60° to each other), but (a) and (b) are two central hexagons in the same cuboctahedron, and (b) and (c) likewise in an orthogonal cuboctahedron.{{Efn|name=cuboctahedral hexagons}}}} at once: 60 degrees around the great hexagon that the chord before the vertex belongs to, and 60 degrees into the plane of a different great hexagon entirely, that the chord after the vertex belongs to.{{Efn|At each vertex there is only one adjacent great hexagon plane that the isocline can bend 60 degrees into: the isoclinic path is ''deterministic'' in the sense that it is linear, not branching, because each vertex in the cell ring is a place where just two of the six great hexagons contained in the cell ring cross. If each great hexagon is given edges and chords of a particular color (as in the 6-cell ring illustration), we can name each great hexagon by its color, and each kind of vertex by a hyphenated two-color name. The cell ring contains 18 vertices named by the 9 unique two-color combinations; each vertex and its antipodal vertex have the same two colors in their name, since when two great hexagons intersect they do so at antipodal vertices. Each isoclinic skew hexagram{{Efn|Each half of a skew hexagram is an open triangle of three {{radic|3}} chords, the two open ends of which are one {{radic|1}} edge length apart. The two halves, like the whole isocline, have no inherent chirality but the same parity-color (black or white). The halves are the two opposite "edges" of a [[W:Möbius strip|Möbius strip]] that is {{radic|1}} wide; it actually has only one edge, which is a single continuous circle with 6 chords.|name=skew hexagram}} contains one {{radic|3}} chord of each color, and visits 6 of the 9 different color-pairs of vertex.{{Efn|Each vertex of the 6-cell ring is intersected by two skew hexagrams of the same parity (black or white) belonging to different fibrations.{{Efn|name=6-cell ring is not chiral}}|name=hexagrams hitting vertex of 6-cell ring}} Each 6-cell ring contains six such isoclinic skew hexagrams, three black and three white.{{Efn|name=hexagrams missing vertex of 6-cell ring}}|name=Möbius double loop hexagram}} Thus the path follows one great hexagon from each octahedron to the next, but switches to another of the six great hexagons in the next link of the hexagram₂ path. Followed along the column of six octahedra (and "around the end" where the column is bent into a ring) the path may at first appear to be zig-zagging between three adjacent parallel hexagonal central planes (like a [[W:Petrie polygon|Petrie polygon]]), but it is not: any isoclinic path we can pick out always zig-zags between ''two sets'' of three adjacent parallel hexagonal central planes, intersecting only every even (or odd) vertex and never changing its inherent even/odd parity, as it visits all six of the great hexagons in the 6-cell ring in rotation.{{Efn|The 24-cell's [[W:Petrie polygon#The Petrie polygon of regular polychora (4-polytopes)|Petrie polygon]] is a skew [[W:Skew polygon#Regular skew polygons in four dimensions|dodecagon]] {12} and also (orthogonally) a skew [[W:Dodecagram|dodecagram]] {12/5} which zig-zags 90° left and right like the edges dividing the black and white squares on the [[W:Chessboard|chessboard]].{{Sfn|Coxeter|1973|pp=292-293|loc=Table I(ii); 24-cell ''h₁ is {12}, h₂ is {12/5}''}} In contrast, the skew hexagram₂ isocline does not zig-zag, and stays on one side or the other of the dividing line between black and white, like the [[W:Bishop (chess)|bishop]]s' paths along the diagonals of either the black or white squares of the chessboard.{{Efn|name=missing the nearest vertices}} The Petrie dodecagon is a circular helix of {{radic|1}} edges that zig-zag 90° left and right along 12 edges of 6 different octahedra (with 3 consecutive edges in each octahedron) in a 360° rotation. In contrast, the isoclinic hexagram₂ has {{radic|3}} edges which all bend either left or right at every ''second'' vertex along a geodesic spiral of ''both'' chiralities (left and right){{Efn|name=Clifford polygon}} but only one color (black or white),{{Efn|name=black and white}} visiting one vertex of each of those same 6 octahedra in a 720° rotation.|name=Petrie dodecagram and Clifford hexagram}} When it has traversed one chord from each of the six great hexagons, after 720 degrees of isoclinic rotation (either left or right), it closes its skew hexagram and begins to repeat itself, circling again through the black (or white) vertices and cells. At each vertex, there are four great hexagons{{Efn|Each pair of adjacent edges of a great hexagon has just one isocline curving alongside it,{{Efn|Each vertex of a 6-cell ring is missed by the two halves of the same Möbius double loop hexagram,{{Efn|name=Möbius double loop hexagram}} which curve past it on either side.|name=hexagrams missing vertex of 6-cell ring}} missing the vertex between the two edges (but not the way the {{radic|3}} edge of the great triangle inscribed in the great hexagon misses the vertex,{{Efn|The {{radic|3}} chord passes through the mid-edge of one of the 24-cell's {{radic|1}} radii. Since the 24-cell can be constructed, with its long radii, from {{radic|1}} triangles which meet at its center, this is a mid-edge of one of the six {{radic|1}} triangles in a great hexagon, as seen in the [[#Hypercubic chords|chord diagram]].|name=root 3 chord hits a mid-radius}} because the isocline is an arc on the surface not a chord). If we number the vertices around the hexagon 0-5, the hexagon has three pairs of adjacent edges connecting even vertices (one inscribed great triangle), and three pairs connecting odd vertices (the other inscribed great triangle). Even and odd pairs of edges have the arc of a black and a white isocline respectively curving alongside.{{Efn|name=black and white}} The three black and three white isoclines belong to the same 6-cell ring of the same fibration.{{Efn|name=Möbius double loop hexagram}}|name=isoclines at hexagons}} and four hexagram isoclines (all black or all white) that cross at the vertex.{{Efn|Each hexagram isocline hits only one end of an axis, unlike a great circle which hits both ends. Clifford parallel pairs of black and white isoclines from the same left-right pair of isoclinic rotations (the same fibration) do not intersect, but they hit opposite (antipodal) vertices of ''one'' of the 24-cell's 12 axes.|name=hexagram isoclines at an axis}} Four hexagram isoclines (two black and two white) comprise a unique (left or right) fiber bundle of isoclines covering all 24 vertices in each distinct (left or right) isoclinic rotation. Each fibration has a unique left and right isoclinic rotation, and corresponding unique left and right fiber bundles of isoclines.{{Efn|The isoclines themselves are not left or right, only the bundles are. Each isocline is left ''and'' right.{{Efn|name=Clifford polygon}}}} There are 16 distinct hexagram isoclines in the 24-cell (8 black and 8 white).{{Efn|The 12 black-white pairs of hexagram isoclines in each fibration{{Efn|name=hexagram isoclines at an axis}} and the 16 distinct hexagram isoclines in the 24-cell form a [[W:Reye configuration|Reye configuration]] 12₄16₃, just the way the 24-cell's 12 axes and [[#Great hexagons|16 hexagons]] do. Each of the 12 black-white pairs occurs in one cell ring of each fibration of 4 hexagram isoclines, and each cell ring contains 3 black-white pairs of the 16 hexagram isoclines.|name=a right (left) isoclinic rotation is a Reye configuration}} Each isocline is a skew ''Clifford polygon'' of no inherent chirality, but acts as a left (or right) isocline when traversed by a left (or right) rotation in different fibrations.{{Efn|name=Clifford polygon}} ==== Helical octagrams and their isoclines ==== The 24-cell contains 18 helical [[W:Octagram|octagram]] isoclines (9 black and 9 white). Three pairs of octagram edge-helices are found in each of the three inscribed 16-cells, described elsewhere as the [[16-cell#Helical construction|helical construction of the 16-cell]]. In summary, each 16-cell can be decomposed (three different ways) into a left-right pair of 8-cell rings of {{radic|2}}-edged tetrahedral cells. Each 8-cell ring twists either left or right around an axial octagram helix of eight chords. In each 16-cell there are exactly 6 distinct helices, identical octagrams which each circle through all eight vertices. Each acts as either a left helix or a right helix or a Petrie polygon in each of the six distinct isoclinic rotations (three left and three right), and has no inherent chirality except in respect to a particular rotation. Adjacent vertices on the octagram isoclines are {{radic|2}} = 90° apart, so the circumference of the isocline is 4𝝅. An ''isoclinic'' rotation by 90° in great square invariant planes takes each vertex to its antipodal vertex, four vertices away in either direction along the isocline, and {{radic|4}} = 180° distant across the diameter of the isocline. Each of the 3 fibrations of the 24-cell's 18 great squares corresponds to a distinct left (and right) isoclinic rotation in great square invariant planes. Each 60° step of the rotation takes 6 disjoint great squares (2 from each 16-cell) to great squares in a neighboring 16-cell, on [[16-cell#Helical construction|8-chord helical isoclines characteristic of the 16-cell]].{{Efn|As [[16-cell#Helical construction|in the 16-cell, the isocline is an octagram]] which intersects only 8 vertices, even though the 24-cell has more vertices closer together than the 16-cell. The isocline curve misses the additional vertices in between. As in the 16-cell, the first vertex it intersects is {{radic|2}} away. The 24-cell employs more octagram isoclines (3 in parallel in each rotation) than the 16-cell does (1 in each rotation). The 3 helical isoclines are Clifford parallel;{{Efn|name=Clifford parallels}} they spiral around each other in a triple helix, with the disjoint helices' corresponding vertex pairs joined by {{radic|1}} {{=}} 60° chords. The triple helix of 3 isoclines contains 24 disjoint {{radic|2}} edges (6 disjoint great squares) and 24 vertices, and constitutes a discrete fibration of the 24-cell, just as the 4-cell ring does.|name=octagram isoclines}} In the 24-cell, these 18 helical octagram isoclines can be found within the six orthogonal [[#4-cell rings|4-cell rings]] of octahedra. Each 4-cell ring has cells bonded vertex-to-vertex around a great square axis, and we find antipodal vertices at opposite vertices of the great square. A {{radic|4}} chord (the diameter of the great square and of the isocline) connects them. [[#Boundary cells|Boundary cells]] describes how the {{radic|2}} axes of the 24-cell's octahedral cells are the edges of the 16-cell's tetrahedral cells, each tetrahedron is inscribed in a (tesseract) cube, and each octahedron is inscribed in a pair of cubes (from different tesseracts), bridging them.{{Efn|name=octahedral diameters}} The vertex-bonded octahedra of the 4-cell ring also lie in different tesseracts.{{Efn|Two tesseracts share only vertices, not any edges, faces, cubes (with inscribed tetrahedra), or octahedra (whose central square planes are square faces of cubes). An octahedron that touches another octahedron at a vertex (but not at an edge or a face) is touching an octahedron in another tesseract, and a pair of adjacent cubes in the other tesseract whose common square face the octahedron spans, and a tetrahedron inscribed in each of those cubes.|name=vertex-bonded octahedra}} The isocline's four {{radic|4}} diameter chords form an [[W:Octagram#Star polygon compounds|octagram_8{4}=4{2}]] with {{radic|4}} edges that each run from the vertex of one cube and octahedron and tetrahedron, to the vertex of another cube and octahedron and tetrahedron (in a different tesseract), straight through the center of the 24-cell on one of the 12 {{radic|4}} axes. The octahedra in the 4-cell rings are vertex-bonded to more than two other octahedra, because three 4-cell rings (and their three axial great squares, which belong to different 16-cells) cross at 90° at each bonding vertex. At that vertex the octagram makes two right-angled turns at once: 90° around the great square, and 90° orthogonally into a different 4-cell ring entirely. The 180° four-edge arc joining two ends of each {{radic|4}} diameter chord of the octagram runs through the volumes and opposite vertices of two face-bonded {{radic|2}} tetrahedra (in the same 16-cell), which are also the opposite vertices of two vertex-bonded octahedra in different 4-cell rings (and different tesseracts). The [[W:Octagram|720° octagram]] isocline runs through 8 vertices of the four-cell ring and through the volumes of 16 tetrahedra. At each vertex, there are three great squares and six octagram isoclines (three black-white pairs) that cross at the vertex.{{Efn|name=completely orthogonal Clifford parallels are special}} This is the characteristic rotation of the 16-cell, ''not'' the 24-cell's characteristic rotation, and it does not take whole 16-cells ''of the 24-cell'' to each other the way the [[#Helical hexagrams and their isoclines|24-cell's rotation in great hexagon planes]] does.{{Efn|The [[600-cell#Squares and 4𝝅 octagrams|600-cell's isoclinic rotation in great square planes]] takes whole 16-cells to other 16-cells in different 24-cells.}} {| class="wikitable" width=610 !colspan=5|Five ways of looking at a [[W:Skew polygon|skew]] [[W:24-gon#Related polygons|24-gram]] |- ![[16-cell#Rotations|Edge path]] ![[W:Petrie polygon|Petrie polygon]]s ![[600-cell#Squares and 4𝝅 octagrams|In a 600-cell]] ![[#Great squares|Discrete fibration]] ![[16-cell#Helical construction|Diameter chords]] |- ![[16-cell#Helical construction|16-cells]]_3{3/8} ![[W:Petrie polygon#The Petrie polygon of regular polychora (4-polytopes)|Dodecagons]]_2{12} ![[W:24-gon#Related polygons|24-gram]]_{24/5} ![[#Great squares|Squares]]_6{4} ![[W:24-gon#Related polygons|_{{24/12}={12/2}}]] |- |align=center|[[File:Regular_star_figure_3(8,3).svg|120px]] |align=center|[[File:Regular_star_figure_2(12,1).svg|120px]] |align=center|[[File:Regular_star_polygon_24-5.svg|120px]] |align=center|[[File:Regular_star_figure_6(4,1).svg|120px]] |align=center|[[File:Regular_star_figure_12(2,1).svg|120px]] |- |The 24-cell's three inscribed Clifford parallel 16-cells revealed as disjoint 8-point 4-polytopes with {{radic|2}} edges.{{Efn|name=octagram isoclines}} |2 [[W:Skew polygon|skew polygon]]s of 12 {{radic|1}} edges each. The 24-cell can be decomposed into 2 disjoint zig-zag [[W:Dodecagon|dodecagon]]s (4 different ways).{{Sfn|Coxeter|1973|pp=292-293|loc=Table I(ii); 24-cell Petrie polygon ''h₁'' is {12} }} |In [[600-cell#Hexagons|compounds of 5 24-cells]], isoclines with [[600-cell#Golden chords|golden chords]] of length <big>φ</big> {{=}} {{radic|2.𝚽}} connect all 24-cells in [[600-cell#Squares and 4𝝅 octagrams|24-chord circuits]].{{Sfn|Coxeter|1973|pp=292-293|loc=Table I(ii); 24-cell Petrie polygon orthogonal ''h₂'' is [[W:Dodecagon#Related figures|{12/5}]], half of [[W:24-gon#Related polygons|{24/5}]] as each Petrie polygon is half the 24-cell}} |Their isoclinic rotation takes 6 Clifford parallel (disjoint) great squares with {{radic|2}} edges to each other. |Two vertices four {{radic|2}} chords apart on the circular isocline are antipodal vertices joined by a {{radic|4}} axis. |} ===Characteristic orthoscheme=== {| class="wikitable floatright" !colspan=6|Characteristics of the 24-cell{{Sfn|Coxeter|1973|pp=292-293|loc=Table I(ii); "24-cell"}} |- !align=right| !align=center|edge{{Sfn|Coxeter|1973|p=139|loc=§7.9 The characteristic simplex}} !colspan=2 align=center|arc !colspan=2 align=center|dihedral{{Sfn|Coxeter|1973|p=290|loc=Table I(ii); "dihedral angles"}} |- !align=right|𝒍 |align=center|<small><math>1</math></small> |align=center|<small>60°</small> |align=center|<small><math>\tfrac{\pi}{3}</math></small> |align=center|<small>120°</small> |align=center|<small><math>\tfrac{2\pi}{3}</math></small> |- | | | | | |- !align=right|𝟀 |align=center|<small><math>\sqrt{\tfrac{1}{3}} \approx 0.577</math></small> |align=center|<small>45°</small> |align=center|<small><math>\tfrac{\pi}{4}</math></small> |align=center|<small>45°</small> |align=center|<small><math>\tfrac{\pi}{4}</math></small> |- !align=right|𝝉{{Efn|{{Harv|Coxeter|1973}} uses the greek letter 𝝓 (phi) to represent one of the three ''characteristic angles'' 𝟀, 𝝓, 𝟁 of a regular polytope. Because 𝝓 is commonly used to represent the [[W:Golden ratio|golden ratio]] constant ≈ 1.618, for which Coxeter uses 𝝉 (tau), we reverse Coxeter's conventions, and use 𝝉 to represent the characteristic angle.|name=reversed greek symbols}} |align=center|<small><math>\sqrt{\tfrac{1}{4}} = 0.5</math></small> |align=center|<small>30°</small> |align=center|<small><math>\tfrac{\pi}{6}</math></small> |align=center|<small>60°</small> |align=center|<small><math>\tfrac{\pi}{3}</math></small> |- !align=right|𝟁 |align=center|<small><math>\sqrt{\tfrac{1}{12}} \approx 0.289</math></small> |align=center|<small>30°</small> |align=center|<small><math>\tfrac{\pi}{6}</math></small> |align=center|<small>60°</small> |align=center|<small><math>\tfrac{\pi}{3}</math></small> |- | | | | | |- !align=right|<small><math>_0R^3/l</math></small> |align=center|<small><math>\sqrt{\tfrac{1}{2}} \approx 0.707</math></small> |align=center|<small>45°</small> |align=center|<small><math>\tfrac{\pi}{4}</math></small> |align=center|<small>90°</small> |align=center|<small><math>\tfrac{\pi}{2}</math></small> |- !align=right|<small><math>_1R^3/l</math></small> |align=center|<small><math>\sqrt{\tfrac{1}{4}} = 0.5</math></small> |align=center|<small>30°</small> |align=center|<small><math>\tfrac{\pi}{6}</math></small> |align=center|<small>90°</small> |align=center|<small><math>\tfrac{\pi}{2}</math></small> |- !align=right|<small><math>_2R^3/l</math></small> |align=center|<small><math>\sqrt{\tfrac{1}{6}} \approx 0.408</math></small> |align=center|<small>30°</small> |align=center|<small><math>\tfrac{\pi}{6}</math></small> |align=center|<small>90°</small> |align=center|<small><math>\tfrac{\pi}{2}</math></small> |- | | | | | |- !align=right|<small><math>_0R^4/l</math></small> |align=center|<small><math>1</math></small> |align=center| |align=center| |align=center| |align=center| |- !align=right|<small><math>_1R^4/l</math></small> |align=center|<small><math>\sqrt{\tfrac{3}{4}} \approx 0.866</math></small>{{Efn|name=root 3/4}} |align=center| |align=center| |align=center| |align=center| |- !align=right|<small><math>_2R^4/l</math></small> |align=center|<small><math>\sqrt{\tfrac{2}{3}} \approx 0.816</math></small> |align=center| |align=center| |align=center| |align=center| |- !align=right|<small><math>_3R^4/l</math></small> |align=center|<small><math>\sqrt{\tfrac{1}{2}} \approx 0.707</math></small> |align=center| |align=center| |align=center| |align=center| |} Every regular 4-polytope has its [[W:Orthoscheme#Characteristic simplex of the general regular polytope|characteristic 4-orthoscheme]], an [[5-cell#Irregular 5-cells|irregular 5-cell]].{{Efn|name=characteristic orthoscheme}} The '''characteristic 5-cell of the regular 24-cell''' is represented by the [[W:Coxeter-Dynkin diagram|Coxeter-Dynkin diagram]] {{Coxeter–Dynkin diagram|node|3|node|4|node|3|node}}, which can be read as a list of the dihedral angles between its mirror facets.{{Efn|For a regular ''k''-polytope, the [[W:Coxeter-Dynkin diagram|Coxeter-Dynkin diagram]] of the characteristic ''k-''orthoscheme is the ''k''-polytope's diagram without the [[W:Coxeter-Dynkin diagram#Application with uniform polytopes|generating point ring]]. The regular ''k-''polytope is subdivided by its symmetry (''k''-1)-elements into ''g'' instances of its characteristic ''k''-orthoscheme that surround its center, where ''g'' is the ''order'' of the ''k''-polytope's [[W:Coxeter group|symmetry group]].{{Sfn|Coxeter|1973|pp=130-133|loc=§7.6 The symmetry group of the general regular polytope}}}} It is an irregular [[W:Hyperpyramid|tetrahedral pyramid]] based on the [[W:Octahedron#Characteristic orthoscheme|characteristic tetrahedron of the regular octahedron]]. The regular 24-cell is subdivided by its symmetry hyperplanes into 1152 instances of its characteristic 5-cell that all meet at its center.{{Sfn|Kim|Rote|2016|pp=17-20|loc=§10 The Coxeter Classification of Four-Dimensional Point Groups}} The characteristic 5-cell (4-orthoscheme) has four more edges than its base characteristic tetrahedron (3-orthoscheme), joining the four vertices of the base to its apex (the fifth vertex of the 4-orthoscheme, at the center of the regular 24-cell).{{Efn|The four edges of each 4-orthoscheme which meet at the center of the regular 4-polytope are of unequal length, because they are the four characteristic radii of the regular 4-polytope: a vertex radius, an edge center radius, a face center radius, and a cell center radius. The five vertices of the 4-orthoscheme always include one regular 4-polytope vertex, one regular 4-polytope edge center, one regular 4-polytope face center, one regular 4-polytope cell center, and the regular 4-polytope center. Those five vertices (in that order) comprise a path along four mutually perpendicular edges (that makes three right angle turns), the characteristic feature of a 4-orthoscheme. The 4-orthoscheme has five dissimilar 3-orthoscheme facets.|name=characteristic radii}} If the regular 24-cell has radius and edge length 𝒍 = 1, its characteristic 5-cell's ten edges have lengths <small><math>\sqrt{\tfrac{1}{3}}</math></small>, <small><math>\sqrt{\tfrac{1}{4}}</math></small>, <small><math>\sqrt{\tfrac{1}{12}}</math></small> around its exterior right-triangle face (the edges opposite the ''characteristic angles'' 𝟀, 𝝉, 𝟁),{{Efn|name=reversed greek symbols}} plus <small><math>\sqrt{\tfrac{1}{2}}</math></small>, <small><math>\sqrt{\tfrac{1}{4}}</math></small>, <small><math>\sqrt{\tfrac{1}{6}}</math></small> (the other three edges of the exterior 3-orthoscheme facet the characteristic tetrahedron, which are the ''characteristic radii'' of the octahedron), plus <small><math>1</math></small>, <small><math>\sqrt{\tfrac{3}{4}}</math></small>, <small><math>\sqrt{\tfrac{2}{3}}</math></small>, <small><math>\sqrt{\tfrac{1}{2}}</math></small> (edges which are the characteristic radii of the 24-cell). The 4-edge path along orthogonal edges of the orthoscheme is <small><math>\sqrt{\tfrac{1}{4}}</math></small>, <small><math>\sqrt{\tfrac{1}{12}}</math></small>, <small><math>\sqrt{\tfrac{1}{6}}</math></small>, <small><math>\sqrt{\tfrac{1}{2}}</math></small>, first from a 24-cell vertex to a 24-cell edge center, then turning 90° to a 24-cell face center, then turning 90° to a 24-cell octahedral cell center, then turning 90° to the 24-cell center. === Reflections === The 24-cell can be [[#Tetrahedral constructions|constructed by the reflections of its characteristic 5-cell]] in its own facets (its tetrahedral mirror walls).{{Efn|The reflecting surface of a (3-dimensional) polyhedron consists of 2-dimensional faces; the reflecting surface of a (4-dimensional) [[W:Polychoron|polychoron]] consists of 3-dimensional cells.}} Reflections and rotations are related: a reflection in an ''even'' number of ''intersecting'' mirrors is a rotation.{{Sfn|Coxeter|1973|pp=33-38|loc=§3.1 Congruent transformations}} Consequently, regular polytopes can be generated by reflections or by rotations. For example, any [[#Isoclinic rotations|720° isoclinic rotation]] of the 24-cell in a hexagonal invariant plane takes ''each'' of the 24 vertices to and through 5 other vertices and back to itself, on a skew [[#Helical hexagrams and their isoclines|hexagram₂ geodesic isocline]] that winds twice around the 3-sphere on every ''second'' vertex of the hexagram. Any set of [[#The 3 Cartesian bases of the 24-cell|four orthogonal pairs of antipodal vertices]] (the 8 vertices of one of the [[#Relationships among interior polytopes|three inscribed 16-cells]]) performing ''half'' such an orbit visits 3 * 8 = 24 distinct vertices and [[#Clifford parallel polytopes|generates the 24-cell]] sequentially in 3 steps of a single 360° isoclinic rotation, just as any single characteristic 5-cell reflecting itself in its own mirror walls generates the 24 vertices simultaneously by reflection. Tracing the orbit of ''one'' such 16-cell vertex during the 360° isoclinic rotation reveals more about the relationship between reflections and rotations as generative operations.{{Efn|Let Q denote a rotation, R a reflection, T a translation, and let Q^''q'' R^''r'' T denote a product of several such transformations, all commutative with one another. Then RT is a glide-reflection (in two or three dimensions), QR is a rotary-reflection, QT is a screw-displacement, and Q² is a double rotation (in four dimensions). Every orthogonal transformation is expressible as {{indent|12}}Q^''q'' R^''r''<br> where 2''q'' + ''r'' ≤ ''n'', the number of dimensions. Transformations involving a translation are expressible as {{indent|12}}Q^''q'' R^''r'' T<br> where 2''q'' + ''r'' + 1 ≤ ''n''.<br> For ''n'' {{=}} 4 in particular, every displacement is either a double rotation Q², or a screw-displacement QT (where the rotation component Q is a simple rotation). Every enantiomorphous transformation in 4-space (reversing chirality) is a QRT.{{Sfn|Coxeter|1973|pp=217-218|loc=§12.2 Congruent transformations}}|name=transformations}} The vertex follows an [[#Helical hexagrams and their isoclines|isocline]] (a doubly curved geodesic circle) rather than an ordinary great circle.{{Efn|name=360 degree geodesic path visiting 3 hexagonal planes}} The isocline connects vertices two edge lengths apart, but curves away from the great circle path over the two edges connecting those vertices, missing the vertex in between.{{Efn|name=isocline misses vertex}} Although the isocline does not follow any one great circle, it is contained within a ring of another kind: in the 24-cell it stays within a [[#6-cell rings|6-cell ring]] of spherical{{Sfn|Coxeter|1973|p=138|ps=; "We allow the Schläfli symbol {p,..., v} to have three different meanings: a Euclidean polytope, a spherical polytope, and a spherical honeycomb. This need not cause any confusion, so long as the situation is frankly recognized. The differences are clearly seen in the concept of dihedral angle."}} octahedral cells, intersecting one vertex in each cell, and passing through the volume of two adjacent cells near the missed vertex. === Chiral symmetry operations === A [[W:Symmetry operation|symmetry operation]] is a rotation or reflection which leaves the object indistinguishable from itself before the transformation. The 24-cell has 1152 distinct symmetry operations (576 rotations and 576 reflections). Each rotation is equivalent to two [[#Reflections|reflections]], in a distinct pair of non-parallel mirror planes.{{Efn|name=transformations}} Pictured are sets of disjoint [[#Geodesics|great circle polygons]], each in a distinct central plane of the 24-cell. For example, {24/4}=4{6} is an orthogonal projection of the 24-cell picturing 4 of its [16] great hexagon planes.{{Efn|name=four hexagonal fibrations}} The 4 planes lie Clifford parallel to the projection plane and to each other, and their great polygons collectively constitute a discrete [[W:Hopf fibration|Hopf fibration]] of 4 non-intersecting great circles which visit all 24 vertices just once. Each row of the table describes a class of distinct rotations. Each '''rotation class''' takes the '''left planes''' pictured to the corresponding '''right planes''' pictured.{{Efn|The left planes are Clifford parallel, and the right planes are Clifford parallel; each set of planes is a fibration. Each left plane is Clifford parallel to its corresponding right plane in an isoclinic rotation,{{Efn|In an ''isoclinic'' rotation each invariant plane is Clifford parallel to the plane it moves to, and they do not intersect at any time (except at the central point). In a ''simple'' rotation the invariant plane intersects the plane it moves to in a line, and moves to it by rotating around that line.|name=plane movement in rotations}} but the two sets of planes are not all mutually Clifford parallel; they are different fibrations, except in table rows where the left and right planes are the same set.}} The vertices of the moving planes move in parallel along the polygonal '''isocline''' paths pictured. For example, the <math>[32]R_{q7,q8}</math> rotation class consists of [32] distinct rotational displacements by an arc-distance of {{sfrac|2𝝅|3}} = 120° between 16 great hexagon planes represented by quaternion group <math>q7</math> and a corresponding set of 16 great hexagon planes represented by quaternion group <math>q8</math>.{{Efn|A quaternion group <math>\pm{q_n}</math> corresponds to a distinct set of Clifford parallel great circle polygons, e.g. <math>q7</math> corresponds to a set of four disjoint great hexagons.{{Efn|[[File:Regular_star_figure_4(6,1).svg|thumb|200px|The 24-cell as a compound of four non-intersecting great hexagons {24/4}=4{6}.]]There are 4 sets of 4 disjoint great hexagons in the 24-cell (of a total of [16] distinct great hexagons), designated <math>q7</math>, <math>-q7</math>, <math>q8</math> and <math>-q8</math>.{{Efn|name=union of q7 and q8}} Each named set of 4 Clifford parallel{{Efn|name=Clifford parallels}} hexagons comprises a [[#Chiral symmetry operations|discrete fibration]] covering all 24 vertices.|name=four hexagonal fibrations}} Note that <math>q_n</math> and <math>-{q_n}</math> generally are distinct sets. The corresponding vertices of the <math>q_n</math> planes and the <math>-{q_n}</math> planes are 180° apart.{{Efn|name=two angles between central planes}}|name=quaternion group}} One of the [32] distinct rotations of this class moves the representative [[#Great hexagons|vertex coordinate]] <math>(\tfrac{1}{2},\tfrac{1}{2},\tfrac{1}{2},\tfrac{1}{2})</math> to the vertex coordinate <math>(\tfrac{1}{2},-\tfrac{1}{2},-\tfrac{1}{2},-\tfrac{1}{2})</math>.{{Efn|A quaternion Cartesian coordinate designates a vertex joined to a ''top vertex'' by one instance of a [[#Hypercubic chords|distinct chord]]. The conventional top vertex of a [[#Great hexagons|unit radius 4-polytope]] in standard (vertex-up) orientation is <math>(0,0,1,0)</math>, the Cartesian "north pole". Thus e.g. <math>(\tfrac{1}{2},\tfrac{1}{2},\tfrac{1}{2},\tfrac{1}{2})</math> designates a {{radic|1}} chord of 60° arc-length. Each such distinct chord is an edge of a distinct [[#Geodesics|great circle polygon]], in this example a [[#Great hexagons|great hexagon]], intersecting the north and south poles. Great circle polygons occur in sets of Clifford parallel central planes, each set of disjoint great circles comprising a discrete [[W:Hopf fibration|Hopf fibration]] that intersects every vertex just once. One great circle polygon in each set intersects the north and south poles. This quaternion coordinate <math>(\tfrac{1}{2},\tfrac{1}{2},\tfrac{1}{2},\tfrac{1}{2})</math> is thus representative of the 4 disjoint great hexagons pictured, a quaternion group{{Efn|name=quaternion group}} which comprise one distinct fibration of the [16] great hexagons (four fibrations of great hexagons) that occur in the 24-cell.{{Efn|name=four hexagonal fibrations}}|name=north pole relative coordinate}} {| class=wikitable style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:center" !colspan=15|Proper [[W:SO(4)|rotations]] of the 24-cell [[W:F4 (mathematics)|symmetry group ''F₄'']] {{Sfn|Mamone|Pileio|Levitt|2010|loc=§4.5 Regular Convex 4-Polytopes, Table 2, Symmetry operations|pp=1438-1439}} |- !Isocline{{Efn|An ''isocline'' is the circular geodesic path taken by a vertex that lies in an invariant plane of rotation, during a complete revolution. In an [[#Isoclinic rotations|isoclinic rotation]] every vertex lies in an invariant plane of rotation, and the isocline it rotates on is a helical geodesic circle that winds through all four dimensions, not a simple geodesic great circle in the plane. In a [[#Simple rotations|simple rotation]] there is only one invariant plane of rotation, and each vertex that lies in it rotates on a simple geodesic great circle in the plane. Both the helical geodesic isocline of an isoclinic rotation and the simple geodesic isocline of a simple rotation are great circles, but to avoid confusion between them we generally reserve the term ''isocline'' for the former, and reserve the term ''great circle'' for the latter, an ordinary great circle in the plane. Strictly, however, the latter is an isocline of circumference <math>2\pi r</math>, and the former is an isocline of circumference greater than <math>2\pi r</math>.{{Efn|name=isoclinic geodesic}}|name=isocline}} !colspan=4|Rotation class{{Efn|Each class of rotational displacements (each table row) corresponds to a distinct rigid left (and right) [[#Isoclinic rotations|isoclinic rotation]] in multiple invariant planes concurrently.{{Efn|name=invariant planes of an isoclinic rotation}} The '''Isocline''' is the path followed by a vertex,{{Efn|name=isocline}} which is a helical geodesic circle that does not lie in any one central plane. Each rotational displacement takes one invariant '''Left plane''' to the corresponding invariant '''Right plane''', with all the left (or right) displacements taking place concurrently.{{Efn|name=plane movement in rotations}} Each left plane is separated from the corresponding right plane by two equal angles,{{Efn|name=two angles between central planes}} each equal to one half of the arc-angle by which each vertex is displaced (the angle and distance that appears in the '''Rotation class''' column).|name=isoclinic rotation}} !colspan=5|Left planes <math>ql</math>{{Efn|In an [[#Isoclinic rotations|isoclinic rotation]], all the '''Left planes''' move together, remain Clifford parallel while moving, and carry all their points with them to the '''Right planes''' as they move: they are invariant planes.{{Efn|name=plane movement in rotations}} Because the left (and right) set of central polygons are a fibration covering all the vertices, every vertex is a point carried along in an invariant plane.|name=invariant planes of an isoclinic rotation}} !colspan=5|Right planes <math>qr</math> |- style="background: white;"| |rowspan=2|[[W:Icositetragon#Related polygons|{24/8}=4{6/2}]]{{Efn|In this orthogonal projection of the 24-point 24-cell to a [[W:Dodecagon#Related figures|{12/4}=4{3} dodecagram]], each point represents two vertices, and each line represents multiple {{radic|3}} chords. Each disjoint triangle can be seen as a skew {6/2} [[W:Hexagram|hexagram]] with {{radic|3}} edges: two open skew triangles with their opposite ends connected in a [[W:Möbius strip|Möbius loop]] with a circumference of 4𝝅. The hexagram projects to a single triangle in two dimensions because it skews through all four dimensions. Those 4 disjoint skew [[#Helical hexagrams and their isoclines|hexagram isoclines]] are the Clifford parallel circular vertex paths of the fibration's characteristic left (and right) [[#Isoclinic rotations|isoclinic rotation]].{{Efn|name=isoclinic geodesic}} The 4 Clifford parallel great hexagons of the fibration{{Efn|name=four hexagonal fibrations}} are invariant planes of this rotation. The great hexagons rotate in incremental displacements of 60° like wheels ''and'' 60° orthogonally like coins flipping, displacing each vertex by 120°, as their vertices move along parallel helical isocline paths through successive Clifford parallel hexagon planes.{{Efn|Each hexagon rides on only three skew hexagram isoclines, not six, because opposite vertices of each hexagon ride on opposing rails of the same Clifford hexagram, in the same (not opposite) rotational direction.{{Efn|name=Clifford polygon}}}} Alternatively, the 4 triangles can be seen as 8 disjoint triangles: 4 pairs of Clifford parallel [[#Great triangles|great triangles]], where two opposing great triangles lie in the same [[#Great hexagons|great hexagon central plane]], so a fibration of 4 Clifford parallel great hexagon planes is represented.{{Efn|name=four hexagonal fibrations}} This illustrates that the 4 hexagram isoclines also correspond to a distinct fibration, in fact the ''same'' fibration as 4 great hexagons.|name=hexagram}}<br>[[File:Regular_star_figure_4(3,1).svg|100px]]<br><math>^{q7,q8}</math><br>[16] 4𝝅 {6/2} |colspan=4|<math>[32]R_{q7,q8}</math>{{Efn|The <math>[32]R_{q7,q8}</math> isoclinic rotation in great hexagon invariant planes takes each vertex to a vertex two vertices away (120° {{=}} {{radic|3}} away), without passing through any intervening vertices. Each left hexagon rotates 60° (like a wheel) at the same time that it tilts sideways by 60° (in an orthogonal central plane) into its corresponding right hexagon plane. Repeated 6 times, this rotational displacement turns the 24-cell through 720° and returns it to its original orientation.|name=Rq7,q8}} |rowspan=2|[[W:Icositetragon#Related polygons|{24/4}=4{6}]]{{Efn|name=four hexagonal fibrations}}<br>[[File:Regular_star_figure_4(6,1).svg|100px]]<br><math>^{q7}</math><br>[16] 2𝝅 {6} |colspan=4|<math>(\tfrac{1}{2},\tfrac{1}{2},\tfrac{1}{2},\tfrac{1}{2})</math>{{Efn|name=north pole relative coordinate}} |rowspan=2|[[W:Icositetragon#Related polygons|{24/8}=4{6/2}]]{{Efn|In this orthogonal projection of the 24-point 24-cell to a [[W:Dodecagon#Related figures|{12/4}=4{3} dodecagram]], each point represents two vertices, and each line represents multiple {{radic|3}} chords. The 4 triangles can be seen as 8 disjoint triangles: 4 pairs of Clifford parallel [[#Great triangles|great triangles]], where two opposing great triangles lie in the same [[#Great hexagons|great hexagon central plane]], so a fibration of 4 Clifford parallel great hexagon planes is represented, as in the 4 left planes of this rotation class (table row).{{Efn|name=four hexagonal fibrations}}|name=great triangles}}<br>[[File:Regular_star_figure_4(3,1).svg|100px]]<br><math>^{q8}</math><br>[16] 2𝝅 {6} |colspan=4|<math>(\tfrac{1}{2},-\tfrac{1}{2},-\tfrac{1}{2},-\tfrac{1}{2})</math> |- style="background: white;"| |{{sfrac|2𝝅|3}} |120° |{{radic|3}} |1.732~ |{{sfrac|𝝅|3}} |60° |{{radic|1}} |1 |{{sfrac|2𝝅|3}} |120° |{{radic|3}} |1.732~ |- style="background: white;"| |rowspan=2|[[W:Icositetragon#Related polygons|{24/2}=2{12}]]{{Efn|In this orthogonal projection of the 24-point 24-cell to a [[W:Dodecagon#Related figures|{12/2}=2{6} dodecagram]], each point represents two vertices, and each line represents multiple 24-cell edges. Each disjoint hexagon can be seen as a skew {12} [[W:Dodecagon|dodecagon]], a Petrie polygon of the 24-cell, by viewing it as two open skew hexagons with their opposite ends connected in a [[W:Möbius strip|Möbius loop]] with a circumference of 4𝝅. The dodecagon projects to a single hexagon in two dimensions because it skews through all four dimensions. Those 2 disjoint skew dodecagons are the Clifford parallel circular vertex paths of the fibration's characteristic left (and right) [[#Isoclinic rotations|isoclinic rotation]].{{Efn|name=isoclinic geodesic}} The 4 Clifford parallel great hexagons of the fibration{{Efn|name=four hexagonal fibrations}} are invariant planes of this rotation. The great hexagons rotate in incremental displacements of 30° like wheels ''and'' 30° orthogonally like coins flipping, displacing each vertex by 60°, as their vertices move along parallel helical isocline paths through successive Clifford parallel hexagon planes.{{Efn|Each hexagon rides on only two parallel dodecagon isoclines, not six, because only alternate vertices of each hexagon ride on different dodecagon rails; the three vertices of each great triangle inscribed in the great hexagon occupy the same dodecagon Petrie polygon, four vertices apart, and they circulate on that isocline.{{Efn|name=Clifford polygon}}}} Alternatively, the 2 hexagons can be seen as 4 disjoint hexagons: 2 pairs of Clifford parallel great hexagons, so a fibration of 4 Clifford parallel great hexagon planes is represented.{{Efn|name=four hexagonal fibrations}} This illustrates that the 2 dodecagon isoclines also correspond to a distinct fibration, in fact the ''same'' fibration as 4 great hexagons.|name=dodecagon}}<br>[[File:Regular_star_figure_2(6,1).svg|100px]]<br><math>^{q7,-q8}</math><br>[16] 4𝝅 {12} |colspan=4|<math>[32]R_{q7,-q8}</math>{{Efn|The <math>[32]R_{q7,-q8}</math> isoclinic rotation in great hexagon invariant planes takes each vertex to a vertex one vertex away (60° {{=}} {{radic|1}} away), without passing through any intervening vertices.{{Efn|At the mid-point of the isocline arc (30° away) it passes directly over the mid-point of a 24-cell edge.}} Each left hexagon rotates 30° (like a wheel) at the same time that it tilts sideways by 30° (in an orthogonal central plane) into its corresponding right hexagon plane. Repeated 12 times, this rotational displacement turns the 24-cell through 720° and returns it to its original orientation.|name=Rq7,-q8}} |rowspan=2|[[W:Icositetragon#Related polygons|{24/4}=4{6}]]<br>[[File:Regular_star_figure_4(6,1).svg|100px]]<br><math>^{q7}</math><br>[16] 2𝝅 {6} |colspan=4|<math>(\tfrac{1}{2},\tfrac{1}{2},\tfrac{1}{2},\tfrac{1}{2})</math> |rowspan=2|[[W:Icositetragon#Related polygons|{24/4}=4{6}]]<br>[[File:Regular_star_figure_4(6,1).svg|100px]]<br><math>^{-q8}</math><br>[16] 2𝝅 {6} |colspan=4|<math>(-\tfrac{1}{2},\tfrac{1}{2},\tfrac{1}{2},\tfrac{1}{2})</math> |- style="background: white;"| |{{sfrac|𝝅|3}} |60° |{{radic|1}} |1 |{{sfrac|𝝅|3}} |60° |{{radic|1}} |1 |{{sfrac|𝝅|3}} |60° |{{radic|1}} |1 |- style="background: white;"| |rowspan=2|[[W:Icositetragon#Related polygons|{24/1}={24}]]<br>[[File:Regular_polygon_24.svg|100px]]<br><math>^{q7,q7}</math><br>[16] 4𝝅 {1} |colspan=4|<math>[32]R_{q7,q7}</math>{{Efn|The <math>[32]R_{q7,q7}</math> isoclinic rotation in great hexagon invariant planes takes each vertex through a 360° rotation and back to itself (360° {{=}} {{radic|0}} away), without passing through any intervening vertices. Each left hexagon rotates 180° (like a wheel) at the same time that it tilts sideways by 180° (in an orthogonal central plane) into its corresponding right hexagon plane. Repeated 2 times, this rotational displacement turns the 24-cell through 720° and returns it to its original orientation.|name=Rq7,q7}} |rowspan=2|[[W:Icositetragon#Related polygons|{24/4}=4{6}]]<br>[[File:Regular_star_figure_4(6,1).svg|100px]]<br><math>^{q7}</math><br>[16] 2𝝅 {6} |colspan=4|<math>(\tfrac{1}{2},\tfrac{1}{2},\tfrac{1}{2},\tfrac{1}{2})</math> |rowspan=2|[[W:Icositetragon#Related polygons|{24/4}=4{6}]]<br>[[File:Regular_star_figure_4(6,1).svg|100px]]<br><math>^{q7}</math><br>[16] 2𝝅 {6} |colspan=4|<math>(\tfrac{1}{2},\tfrac{1}{2},\tfrac{1}{2},\tfrac{1}{2})</math> |- style="background: white;"| |2𝝅 |360° |{{radic|0}} |0 |{{sfrac|𝝅|3}} |60° |{{radic|1}} |1 |{{sfrac|𝝅|3}} |60° |{{radic|1}} |1 |- style="background: white;"| |rowspan=2|[[W:Icositetragon#Related polygons|{24/12}=12{2}]]<br>[[File:Regular_star_figure_12(2,1).svg|100px]]<br><math>^{q7,-q7}</math><br>[16] 4𝝅 {2} |colspan=4|<math>[32]R_{q7,-q7}</math>{{Efn|The <math>[32]R_{q7,-q7}</math> isoclinic rotation in hexagon invariant planes takes each vertex to a vertex three vertices away (180° {{=}} {{radic|4}} away),{{Efn|name=quaternion group}} without passing through any intervening vertices. Each left hexagon rotates 90° (like a wheel) at the same time that it tilts sideways by 90° (in an orthogonal central plane) into its corresponding right hexagon plane. Repeated 4 times, this rotational displacement turns the 24-cell through 720° and returns it to its original orientation.|name=Rq7,-q7}} |rowspan=2|[[W:Icositetragon#Related polygons|{24/4}=4{6}]]<br>[[File:Regular_star_figure_4(6,1).svg|100px]]<br><math>^{q7}</math><br>[16] 2𝝅 {6} |colspan=4|<math>(\tfrac{1}{2},\tfrac{1}{2},\tfrac{1}{2},\tfrac{1}{2})</math> |rowspan=2|[[W:Icositetragon#Related polygons|{24/8}=4{6/2}]]{{Efn|name=great triangles}}<br>[[File:Regular_star_figure_4(3,1).svg|100px]]<br><math>^{-q7}</math><br>[16] 2𝝅 {6} |colspan=4|<math>(-\tfrac{1}{2},-\tfrac{1}{2},-\tfrac{1}{2},-\tfrac{1}{2})</math> |- style="background: white;"| |𝝅 |180° |{{radic|4}} |2 |{{sfrac|𝝅|3}} |60° |{{radic|1}} |1 |{{sfrac|2𝝅|3}} |120° |{{radic|3}} |1.732~ |- style="background: #E6FFEE;"| |rowspan=2|[[W:Icositetragon#Related polygons|{24/2}=2{12}]]{{Efn|name=dodecagon}}<br>[[File:Regular_star_figure_2(6,1).svg|100px]]<br><math>^{q7,q1}</math><br>[8] 4𝝅 {12} |colspan=4|<math>[16]R_{q7,q1}</math>{{Efn|The <math>[16]R_{q7,q1}</math> isoclinic rotation in great hexagon invariant planes takes each vertex to a vertex one vertex away (60° {{=}} {{radic|1}} away), without passing through any intervening vertices. Each left hexagon rotates 30° (like a wheel) at the same time that it tilts sideways by 30° (in an orthogonal central plane) into its corresponding right square plane.{{Efn|This ''hybrid isoclinic rotation'' carries the two kinds of [[#Geodesics|central planes]] to each other: great square planes [[16-cell#Coordinates|characteristic of the 16-cell]] and great hexagon (great triangle) planes [[#Great hexagons|characteristic of the 24-cell]].{{Efn|The edges and 4𝝅 characteristic [[16-cell#Rotations|rotations of the 16-cell]] lie in the great square central planes. Rotations of this type are an expression of the [[W:Hyperoctahedral group|<math>B_4</math> symmetry group]]. The edges and 4𝝅 characteristic [[#Rotations|rotations of the 24-cell]] lie in the great hexagon (great triangle) central planes. Rotations of this type are an expression of the [[W:F4 (mathematics)|<math>F_4</math> symmetry group]].|name=edge rotation planes}} This is possible because some great hexagon planes lie Clifford parallel to some great square planes.{{Efn|Two great circle polygons either intersect in a common axis, or they are Clifford parallel (isoclinic) and share no vertices.{{Efn||name=two angles between central planes}} Three great squares and four great hexagons intersect at each 24-cell vertex. Each great hexagon intersects 9 distinct great squares, 3 in each of its 3 axes, and lies Clifford parallel to the other 9 great squares. Each great square intersects 8 distinct great hexagons, 4 in each of its 2 axes, and lies Clifford parallel to the other 8 great hexagons.|name=hybrid isoclinic planes}}|name=hybrid isoclinic rotation}} Repeated 12 times, this rotational displacement turns the 24-cell through 720° and returns it to its original orientation.|name=Rq7,q1}} |rowspan=2|[[W:Icositetragon#Related polygons|{24/4}=4{6}]]<br>[[File:Regular_star_figure_4(6,1).svg|100px]]<br><math>^{q7}</math><br>[8] 2𝝅 {6} |colspan=4|<math>(\tfrac{1}{2},\tfrac{1}{2},\tfrac{1}{2},\tfrac{1}{2})</math> |rowspan=2|[[W:Icositetragon#Related polygons|{24/6}=6{4}]]{{Efn|[[File:Regular_star_figure_6(4,1).svg|thumb|200px|The 24-cell as a compound of six non-intersecting great squares {24/6}=6{4}.]]There are 3 sets of 6 disjoint great squares in the 24-cell (of a total of [18] distinct great squares),{{Efn|The 24-cell has 18 great squares, in 3 disjoint sets of 6 mutually orthogonal great squares comprising a 16-cell.{{Efn|name=Six orthogonal planes of the Cartesian basis}} Within each 16-cell are 3 sets of 2 completely orthogonal great squares, so each great square is disjoint not only from all the great squares in the other two 16-cells, but also from one other great square in the same 16-cell. Each great square is disjoint from 13 others, and shares two vertices (an axis) with 4 others (in the same 16-cell).|name=unions of q1 q2 q3}} designated <math>\pm q1</math>, <math>\pm q2</math>, and <math>\pm q3</math>. Each named set{{Efn|Because in the 24-cell each great square is completely orthogonal to another great square, the quaternion groups <math>q1</math> and <math>-{q1}</math> (for example) correspond to the same set of great square planes. That distinct set of 6 disjoint great squares <math>\pm q1</math> has two names, used in the left (or right) rotational context, because it constitutes both a left and a right fibration of great squares.|name=two quaternion group names for square fibrations}} of 6 Clifford parallel{{Efn|name=Clifford parallels}} squares comprises a [[#Chiral symmetry operations|discrete fibration]] covering all 24 vertices.|name=three square fibrations}}<br>[[File:Regular_star_figure_6(4,1).svg|100px]]<br><math>^{q1}</math><br>[8] 2𝝅 {4} |colspan=4|<math>(1,0,0,0)</math> |- style="background: #E6FFEE;"| |{{sfrac|𝝅|3}} |60° |{{radic|1}} |1 |{{sfrac|𝝅|3}} |60° |{{radic|1}} |1 |{{sfrac|𝝅|2}} |90° |{{radic|2}} |1.414~ |- style="background: #E6FFEE;"| |rowspan=2|[[W:Icositetragon#Related polygons|{24/8}=4{6/2}]]{{Efn|name=hexagram}}<br>[[File:Regular_star_figure_4(3,1).svg|100px]]<br><math>^{q7,-q1}</math><br>[8] 4𝝅 {6/2} |colspan=4|<math>[16]R_{q7,-q1}</math>{{Efn|The <math>[16]R_{q7,-q1}</math> isoclinic rotation in hexagon invariant planes takes each vertex to a vertex two vertices away (120° {{=}} {{radic|3}} away), without passing through any intervening vertices. Each left hexagon rotates 60° (like a wheel) at the same time that it tilts sideways by 60° (in an orthogonal central plane) into its corresponding right square plane.{{Efn|name=hybrid isoclinic rotation}} Repeated 6 times, this rotational displacement turns the 24-cell through 720° and returns it to its original orientation.|name=Rq7,-q1}} |rowspan=2|[[W:Icositetragon#Related polygons|{24/4}=4{6}]]<br>[[File:Regular_star_figure_4(6,1).svg|100px]]<br><math>^{q7}</math><br>[8] 2𝝅 {6} |colspan=4|<math>(\tfrac{1}{2},\tfrac{1}{2},\tfrac{1}{2},\tfrac{1}{2})</math> |rowspan=2|[[W:Icositetragon#Related polygons|{24/6}=6{4}]]<br>[[File:Regular_star_figure_6(4,1).svg|100px]]<br><math>^{-q1}</math><br>[8] 2𝝅 {4} |colspan=4|<math>(-1,0,0,0)</math> |- style="background: #E6FFEE;"| |{{sfrac|2𝝅|3}} |120° |{{radic|3}} |1.732~ |{{sfrac|𝝅|3}} |60° |{{radic|1}} |1 |{{sfrac|𝝅|2}} |90° |{{radic|2}} |1.414~ |- style="background: white;"| |rowspan=2|[[W:Icositetragon#Related polygons|{24/1}={24}]]<br>[[File:Regular_polygon_24.svg|100px]]<br><math>^{q6,q6}</math><br>[18] 4𝝅 {1} |colspan=4|<math>[36]R_{q6,q6}</math>{{Efn|The <math>[36]R_{q6,q6}</math> isoclinic rotation in great square invariant planes takes each vertex through a 360° rotation and back to itself (360° {{=}} {{radic|0}} away), without passing through any intervening vertices. Each left square rotates 180° (like a wheel) at the same time that it tilts sideways by 180° (in an orthogonal central plane) into its corresponding right square plane. Repeated 2 times, this rotational displacement turns the 24-cell through 720° and returns it to its original orientation.|name=Rq6,q6}} |rowspan=2|[[W:Icositetragon#Related polygons|{24/6}=6{4}]]<br>[[File:Regular_star_figure_6(4,1).svg|100px]]<br><math>^{q6}</math><br>[18] 2𝝅 {4} |colspan=4|<math>(\tfrac{\sqrt{2}}{2},\tfrac{\sqrt{2}}{2},0,0)</math>{{Efn|The representative coordinate <math>(\tfrac{\sqrt{2}}{2},\tfrac{\sqrt{2}}{2},0,0)</math> is not a vertex of the unit-radius 24-cell in standard (vertex-up) orientation, it is the center of an octahedral cell. Some of the 24-cell's lines of symmetry (Coxeter's "reflecting circles") run through cell centers rather than through vertices, and quaternion group <math>q6</math> corresponds to a set of those. However, <math>q6</math> also corresponds to the set of great squares pictured, which lie orthogonal to those cells (completely disjoint from the cell).{{Efn|A quaternion Cartesian coordinate designates a vertex joined to a ''top vertex'' by one instance of a [[#Hypercubic chords|distinct chord]]. The conventional top vertex of a [[#Great hexagons|unit radius 4-polytope]] in ''cell-first'' orientation is <math>(0,0,\tfrac{\sqrt{2}}{2},\tfrac{\sqrt{2}}{2})</math>. Thus e.g. <math>(\tfrac{\sqrt{2}}{2},\tfrac{\sqrt{2}}{2},0,0)</math> designates a {{radic|2}} chord of 90° arc-length. Each such distinct chord is an edge of a distinct [[#Geodesics|great circle polygon]], in this example a [[#Great squares|great square]], intersecting the top vertex. Great circle polygons occur in sets of Clifford parallel central planes, each set of disjoint great circles comprising a discrete [[W:Hopf fibration|Hopf fibration]] that intersects every vertex just once. One great circle polygon in each set intersects the top vertex. This quaternion coordinate <math>(\tfrac{\sqrt{2}}{2},\tfrac{\sqrt{2}}{2},0,0)</math> is thus representative of the 6 disjoint great squares pictured, a quaternion group{{Efn|name=quaternion group}} which comprise one distinct fibration of the [18] great squares (three fibrations of great squares) that occur in the 24-cell.{{Efn|name=three square fibrations}}|name=north cell relative coordinate}}|name=lines of symmetry}} |rowspan=2|[[W:Icositetragon#Related polygons|{24/6}=6{4}]]<br>[[File:Regular_star_figure_6(4,1).svg|100px]]<br><math>^{q6}</math><br>[18] 2𝝅 {4} |colspan=4|<math>(\tfrac{\sqrt{2}}{2},\tfrac{\sqrt{2}}{2},0,0)</math> |- style="background: white;"| |2𝝅 |360° |{{radic|0}} |0 |{{sfrac|𝝅|2}} |90° |{{radic|2}} |1.414~ |{{sfrac|𝝅|2}} |90° |{{radic|2}} |1.414~ |- style="background: white;"| |rowspan=2|[[W:Icositetragon#Related polygons|{24/12}=12{2}]]<br>[[File:Regular_star_figure_12(2,1).svg|100px]]<br><math>^{q6,-q6}</math><br>[18] 4𝝅 {2} |colspan=4|<math>[36]R_{q6,-q6}</math>{{Efn|The <math>[36]R_{q6,-q6}</math> isoclinic rotation in great square invariant planes takes each vertex to a vertex 180° {{=}} {{radic|4}} away,{{Efn|name=quaternion group}} without passing through any intervening vertices. Each left square rotates 90° (like a wheel) at the same time that it tilts sideways by 90° (in an orthogonal central plane) into its corresponding right square, ''which in this rotation is the completely orthogonal plane''. Repeated 4 times, this rotational displacement turns the 24-cell through 720° and returns it to its original orientation.|name=Rq6,-q6}} |rowspan=2|[[W:Icositetragon#Related polygons|{24/6}=6{4}]]<br>[[File:Regular_star_figure_6(4,1).svg|100px]]<br><math>^{q6}</math><br>[18] 2𝝅 {4} |colspan=4|<math>(\tfrac{\sqrt{2}}{2},\tfrac{\sqrt{2}}{2},0,0)</math> |rowspan=2|[[W:Icositetragon#Related polygons|{24/6}=6{4}]]<br>[[File:Regular_star_figure_6(4,1).svg|100px]]<br><math>^{-q6}</math><br>[18] 2𝝅 {4} |colspan=4|<math>(-\tfrac{\sqrt{2}}{2},-\tfrac{\sqrt{2}}{2},0,0)</math> |- style="background: white;"| |𝝅 |180° |{{radic|4}} |2 |{{sfrac|𝝅|2}} |90° |{{radic|2}} |1.414~ |{{sfrac|𝝅|2}} |90° |{{radic|2}} |1.414~ |- style="background: white;"| |rowspan=2|[[W:Icositetragon#Related polygons|{24/9}=3{8/3}]]{{Efn|In this orthogonal projection of the 24-point 24-cell to a [[W:Dodecagon#Related figures|{12/3}{{=}}3{4} dodecagram]], each point represents two vertices, and each line represents multiple {{radic|2}} chords. Each disjoint square can be seen as a skew {8/3} [[W:Octagram|octagram]] with {{radic|2}} edges: two open skew squares with their opposite ends connected in a [[W:Möbius strip|Möbius loop]] with a circumference of 4𝝅, visible in the {24/9}{{=}}3{8/3} orthogonal projection.{{Efn|[[File:Regular_star_figure_3(8,3).svg|thumb|200px|Icositetragon {24/9}{{=}}3{8/3} is a compound of three octagrams {8/3}, as the 24-cell is a compound of three 16-cells.]]This orthogonal projection of a 24-cell to a 24-gram {24/9}{{=}}3{8/3} exhibits 3 disjoint [[16-cell#Helical construction|octagram {8/3} isoclines of a 16-cell]], each of which is a circular isocline path through the 8 vertices of one of the 3 disjoint 16-cells inscribed in the 24-cell.}} The octagram projects to a single square in two dimensions because it skews through all four dimensions. Those 3 disjoint [[16-cell#Helical construction|skew octagram isoclines]] are the circular vertex paths characteristic of an [[#Helical octagrams and their isoclines|isoclinic rotation in great square planes]], in which the 6 Clifford parallel great squares are invariant rotation planes. The great squares rotate 90° like wheels ''and'' 90° orthogonally like coins flipping, displacing each vertex by 180°, so each vertex exchanges places with its antipodal vertex. Each octagram isocline circles through the 8 vertices of a disjoint 16-cell. Alternatively, the 3 squares can be seen as a fibration of 6 Clifford parallel squares.{{Efn|name=three square fibrations}} This illustrates that the 3 octagram isoclines also correspond to a distinct fibration, in fact the ''same'' fibration as 6 squares.|name=octagram}}<br>[[File:Regular_star_figure_3(4,1).svg|100px]]<br><math>^{q6,-q4}</math><br>[72] 4𝝅 {8/3} |colspan=4|<math>[144]R_{q6,-q4}</math>{{Efn|The <math>[144]R_{q6,-q4}</math> isoclinic rotation in great square invariant planes takes each vertex to a vertex 90° {{=}} {{radic|2}} away, without passing through any intervening vertices.{{Efn|At the mid-point of the isocline arc (45° away) it passes directly over the mid-point of a 24-cell edge.}} Each left square rotates 45° (like a wheel) at the same time that it tilts sideways by 45° (in an orthogonal central plane) into its corresponding right square plane. Repeated 8 times, this rotational displacement turns the 24-cell through 720° and returns it to its original orientation.|name=Rq6,-q4}} |rowspan=2|[[W:Icositetragon#Related polygons|{24/6}=6{4}]]<br>[[File:Regular_star_figure_6(4,1).svg|100px]]<br><math>^{q6}</math><br>[72] 2𝝅 {4} |colspan=4|<math>(\tfrac{\sqrt{2}}{2},\tfrac{\sqrt{2}}{2},0,0)</math> |rowspan=2|[[W:Icositetragon#Related polygons|{24/6}=6{4}]]<br>[[File:Regular_star_figure_6(4,1).svg|100px]]<br><math>^{-q4}</math><br>[72] 2𝝅 {4} |colspan=4|<math>(0,0,-\tfrac{\sqrt{2}}{2},-\tfrac{\sqrt{2}}{2})</math> |- style="background: white;"| |{{sfrac|𝝅|2}} |90° |{{radic|2}} |1.414~ |{{sfrac|𝝅|2}} |90° |{{radic|2}} |1.414~ |𝝅 |180° |{{radic|4}} |2 |- style="background: white;"| |rowspan=2|[[W:Icositetragon#Related polygons|{24/1}={24}]]<br>[[File:Regular_polygon_24.svg|100px]]<br><math>^{q4,q4}</math><br>[36] 4𝝅 {1} |colspan=4|<math>[72]R_{q4,q4}</math>{{Efn|The <math>[72]R_{q4,q4}</math> isoclinic rotation in great square invariant planes takes each vertex through a 360° rotation and back to itself (360° {{=}} {{radic|0}} away), without passing through any intervening vertices. Each left square rotates 180° (like a wheel) at the same time that it tilts sideways by 180° (in an orthogonal central plane) into its corresponding right square plane. Repeated 2 times, this rotational displacement turns the 24-cell through 720° and returns it to its original orientation.|name=Rq4,q4}} |rowspan=2|[[W:Icositetragon#Related polygons|{24/6}=6{4}]]<br>[[File:Regular_star_figure_6(4,1).svg|100px]]<br><math>^{q4}</math><br>[36] 2𝝅 {4} |colspan=4|<math>(0,0,\tfrac{\sqrt{2}}{2},\tfrac{\sqrt{2}}{2})</math> |rowspan=2|[[W:Icositetragon#Related polygons|{24/6}=6{4}]]<br>[[File:Regular_star_figure_6(4,1).svg|100px]]<br><math>^{q4}</math><br>[36] 2𝝅 {4} |colspan=4|<math>(0,0,\tfrac{\sqrt{2}}{2},\tfrac{\sqrt{2}}{2})</math> |- style="background: white;"| |2𝝅 |360° |{{radic|0}} |0 |{{sfrac|𝝅|2}} |90° |{{radic|2}} |1.414~ |{{sfrac|𝝅|2}} |90° |{{radic|2}} |1.414~ |- style="background: #E6FFEE;"| |rowspan=2|[[W:Icositetragon#Related polygons|{24/2}=2{12}]]{{Efn|name=dodecagon}}<br>[[File:Regular_star_figure_2(6,1).svg|100px]]<br><math>^{q2,q7}</math><br>[48] 4𝝅 {12} |colspan=4|<math>[96]R_{q2,q7}</math>{{Efn|The <math>[96]R_{q2,q7}</math> isoclinic rotation in great hexagon invariant planes takes each vertex to a vertex one vertex away (60° {{=}} {{radic|1}} away), without passing through any intervening vertices. Each left square rotates 30° (like a wheel) at the same time that it tilts sideways by 30° (in an orthogonal central plane) into its corresponding right hexagon plane.{{Efn|name=hybrid isoclinic rotation}} Repeated 12 times, this rotational displacement turns the 24-cell through 720° and returns it to its original orientation.|name=Rq2,q7}} |rowspan=2|[[W:Icositetragon#Related polygons|{24/6}=6{4}]]<br>[[File:Regular_star_figure_6(4,1).svg|100px]]<br><math>^{q2}</math><br>[48] 2𝝅 {4} |colspan=4|<math>(0,0,0,1)</math> |rowspan=2|[[W:Icositetragon#Related polygons|{24/4}=4{6}]]<br>[[File:Regular_star_figure_4(6,1).svg|100px]]<br><math>^{q7}</math><br>[48] 2𝝅 {6} |colspan=4|<math>(\tfrac{1}{2},\tfrac{1}{2},\tfrac{1}{2},\tfrac{1}{2})</math> |- style="background: #E6FFEE;"| |{{sfrac|𝝅|3}} |60° |{{radic|1}} |1 |{{sfrac|𝝅|2}} |90° |{{radic|2}} |1.414~ |{{sfrac|𝝅|3}} |60° |{{radic|1}} |1 |- style="background: white;"| |rowspan=2|[[W:Icositetragon#Related polygons|{24/12}=12{2}]]<br>[[File:Regular_star_figure_12(2,1).svg|100px]]<br><math>^{q2,-q2}</math><br>[9] 4𝝅 {2} |colspan=4|<math>[18]R_{q2,-q2}</math>{{Efn|The <math>[18]R_{q2,-q2}</math> isoclinic rotation in great square invariant planes takes each vertex to a vertex 180° {{=}} {{radic|4}} away,{{Efn|name=quaternion group}} without passing through any intervening vertices. Each left square rotates 90° (like a wheel) at the same time that it tilts sideways by 90° (in an orthogonal central plane) into its corresponding right square plane, ''which in this rotation is the completely orthogonal plane''. Repeated 4 times, this rotational displacement turns the 24-cell through 720° and returns it to its original orientation.|name=Rq2,-q2}} |rowspan=2|[[W:Icositetragon#Related polygons|{24/6}=6{4}]]<br>[[File:Regular_star_figure_6(4,1).svg|100px]]<br><math>^{q2}</math><br>[9] 2𝝅 {4} |colspan=4|<math>(0,0,0,1)</math> |rowspan=2|[[W:Icositetragon#Related polygons|{24/6}=6{4}]]<br>[[File:Regular_star_figure_6(4,1).svg|100px]]<br><math>^{-q2}</math><br>[9] 2𝝅 {4} |colspan=4|<math>(0,0,0,-1)</math> |- style="background: white;"| |𝝅 |180° |{{radic|4}} |2 |{{sfrac|𝝅|2}} |90° |{{radic|2}} |1.414~ |{{sfrac|𝝅|2}} |90° |{{radic|2}} |1.414~ |- style="background: white;"| |rowspan=2|[[W:Icositetragon#Related polygons|{24/12}=12{2}]]<br>[[File:Regular_star_figure_12(2,1).svg|100px]]<br><math>^{q2,q1}</math><br>[12] 4𝝅 {2} |colspan=4|<math>[12]R_{q2,q1}</math>{{Efn|The <math>[12]R_{q2,q1}</math> isoclinic rotation in great digon invariant planes takes each vertex to a vertex 90° {{=}} {{radic|2}} away, without passing through any intervening vertices.{{Efn|At the mid-point of the isocline arc (45° away) it passes directly over the mid-point of a 24-cell edge.}} Each left digon rotates 45° (like a wheel) at the same time that it tilts sideways by 45° (in an orthogonal central plane) into its corresponding right digon plane. Repeated 8 times, this rotational displacement turns the 24-cell through 720° and returns it to its original orientation.|name=Rq2,q1}} |rowspan=2|[[W:Icositetragon#Related polygons|{24/12}=12{2}]]<br>[[File:Regular_star_figure_12(2,1).svg|100px]]<br><math>^{q2}</math><br>[12] 2𝝅 {2} |colspan=4|<math>(0,0,0,1)</math> |rowspan=2|[[W:Icositetragon#Related polygons|{24/12}=12{2}]]<br>[[File:Regular_star_figure_12(2,1).svg|100px]]<br><math>^{q1}</math><br>[12] 2𝝅 {2} |colspan=4|<math>(1,0,0,0)</math> |- style="background: white;"| |{{sfrac|𝝅|2}} |90° |{{radic|2}} |1.414~ |{{sfrac|𝝅|2}} |90° |{{radic|2}} |1.414~ |{{sfrac|𝝅|2}} |90° |{{radic|2}} |1.414~ |- style="background: white;"| |rowspan=2|[[W:Icositetragon#Related polygons|{24/1}={24}]]<br>[[File:Regular_polygon_24.svg|100px]]<br><math>^{q1,q1}</math><br>[0] 0𝝅 {1} |colspan=4|<math>[1]R_{q1,q1}</math>{{Efn|The <math>[1]R_{q1,q1}</math> rotation is the ''identity operation'' of the 24-cell, in which no points move.|name=Rq1,q1}} |rowspan=2|[[W:Icositetragon#Related polygons|{24/12}=12{2}]]<br>[[File:Regular_star_figure_12(2,1).svg|100px]]<br><math>^{q1}</math><br>[0] 2𝝅 {2} |colspan=4|<math>(1,0,0,0)</math> |rowspan=2|[[W:Icositetragon#Related polygons|{24/12}=12{2}]]<br>[[File:Regular_star_figure_12(2,1).svg|100px]]<br><math>^{q1}</math><br>[0] 2𝝅 {2} |colspan=4|<math>(1,0,0,0)</math> |- style="background: white;"| |0 |0° |{{radic|0}} |0 |{{sfrac|𝝅|2}} |90° |{{radic|2}} |1.414~ |{{sfrac|𝝅|2}} |90° |{{radic|2}} |1.414~ |- style="background: white;"| |rowspan=2|[[W:Icositetragon#Related polygons|{24/12}=12{2}]]<br>[[File:Regular_star_figure_12(2,1).svg|100px]]<br><math>^{q1,-q1}</math><br>[12] 2𝝅 {2} |colspan=4|<math>[1]R_{q1,-q1}</math>{{Efn|The <math>[1]R_{q1,-q1}</math> rotation is the ''central inversion'' of the 24-cell. This isoclinic rotation in great digon invariant planes takes each vertex to a vertex 180° {{=}} {{radic|4}} away,{{Efn|name=quaternion group}} without passing through any intervening vertices. Each left digon rotates 90° (like a wheel) at the same time that it tilts sideways by 90° (in an orthogonal central plane) into its corresponding right digon plane, ''which in this rotation is the completely orthogonal plane''. Repeated 4 times, this rotational displacement turns the 24-cell through 720° and returns it to its original orientation.|name=Rq1,-q1}} |rowspan=2|[[W:Icositetragon#Related polygons|{24/12}=12{2}]]<br>[[File:Regular_star_figure_12(2,1).svg|100px]]<br><math>^{q1}</math><br>[12] 2𝝅 {2} |colspan=4|<math>(1,0,0,0)</math> |rowspan=2|[[W:Icositetragon#Related polygons|{24/12}=12{2}]]<br>[[File:Regular_star_figure_12(2,1).svg|100px]]<br><math>^{-q1}</math><br>[12] 2𝝅 {2} |colspan=4|<math>(-1,0,0,0)</math> |- style="background: white;"| |𝝅 |180° |{{radic|4}} |2 |{{sfrac|𝝅|2}} |90° |{{radic|2}} |1.414~ |{{sfrac|𝝅|2}} |90° |{{radic|2}} |1.414~ |} In a rotation class <math>[d]{R_{ql,qr}}</math> each quaternion group <math>\pm{q_n}</math> may be representative not only of its own fibration of Clifford parallel planes{{Efn|name=quaternion group}} but also of the other congruent fibrations.{{Efn|name=four hexagonal fibrations}} For example, rotation class <math>[4]R_{q7,q8}</math> takes the 4 hexagon planes of <math>q7</math> to the 4 hexagon planes of <math>q8</math> which are 120° away, in an isoclinic rotation. But in a rigid rotation of this kind,{{Efn|name=invariant planes of an isoclinic rotation}} all [16] hexagon planes move in congruent rotational displacements, so this rotation class also includes <math>[4]R_{-q7,-q8}</math>, <math>[4]R_{q8,q7}</math> and <math>[4]R_{-q8,-q7}</math>. The name <math>[16]R_{q7,q8}</math> is the conventional representation for all [16] congruent plane displacements. These rotation classes are all subclasses of <math>[32]R_{q7,q8}</math> which has [32] distinct rotational displacements rather than [16] because there are two [[W:Chiral|chiral]] ways to perform any class of rotations, designated its ''left rotations'' and its ''right rotations''. The [16] left displacements of this class are not congruent with the [16] right displacements, but enantiomorphous like a pair of shoes.{{Efn|A ''right rotation'' is performed by rotating the left and right planes in the "same" direction, and a ''left rotation'' is performed by rotating left and right planes in "opposite" directions, according to the [[W:Right hand rule|right hand rule]] by which we conventionally say which way is "up" on each of the 4 coordinate axes. Left and right rotations are [[chiral]] enantiomorphous ''shapes'' (like a pair of shoes), not opposite rotational ''directions''. Both left and right rotations can be performed in either the positive or negative rotational direction (from left planes to right planes, or right planes to left planes), but that is an additional distinction.{{Efn|name=clasped hands}}|name=chirality versus direction}} Each left (or right) isoclinic rotation takes [16] left planes to [16] right planes, but the left and right planes correspond differently in the left and right rotations. The left and right rotational displacements of the same left plane take it to different right planes. Each rotation class (table row) describes a distinct left (and right) [[#Isoclinic rotations|isoclinic rotation]]. The left (or right) rotations carry the left planes to the right planes simultaneously,{{Efn|name=plane movement in rotations}} through a characteristic rotation angle.{{Efn|name=two angles between central planes}} For example, the <math>[32]R_{q7,q8}</math> rotation moves all [16] hexagonal planes at once by {{sfrac|2𝝅|3}} = 120° each. Repeated 6 times, this left (or right) isoclinic rotation moves each plane 720° and back to itself in the same [[W:Orientation entanglement|orientation]], passing through all 4 planes of the <math>q7</math> left set and all 4 planes of the <math>q8</math> right set once each.{{Efn|The <math>\pm q7</math> and <math>\pm q8</math> sets of planes are not disjoint; the union of any two of these four sets is a set of 6 planes. The left (versus right) isoclinic rotation of each of these rotation classes (table rows) visits a distinct left (versus right) circular sequence of the same set of 6 Clifford parallel planes.|name=union of q7 and q8}} The picture in the isocline column represents this union of the left and right plane sets. In the <math>[32]R_{q7,q8}</math> example it can be seen as a set of 4 Clifford parallel skew [[W:Hexagram|hexagram]]s, each having one edge in each great hexagon plane, and skewing to the left (or right) at each vertex throughout the left (or right) isoclinic rotation.{{Efn|name=clasped hands}} == Conclusions == Very few if any of the observations made in this paper are original, as I hope the citations demonstrate, but some new terminology has been introduced in making them. The term '''radially equilateral''' describes a uniform polytope with its edge length equal to its long radius, because such polytopes can be constructed, with their long radii, from equilateral triangles which meet at the center, each contributing two radii and an edge. The use of the noun '''isocline''', for the circular geodesic path traced by a vertex of a 4-polytope undergoing [[#Isoclinic rotations|isoclinic rotation]], may also be new in this context. The chord-path of an isocline may be called the 4-polytope's '''Clifford polygon''', as it is the skew polygonal shape of the rotational circles traversed by the 4-polytope's vertices in its characteristic [[W:Clifford displacement|Clifford displacement]].{{Sfn|Tyrrell|Semple|1971|loc=Linear Systems of Clifford Parallels|pp=34-57}} == Acknowledgements == This paper is an extract of a [[24-cell|24-cell article]] collaboratively developed by Wikipedia editors. This version contains only those sections of the Wikipedia article which I authored, or which I completely rewrote. I have removed those sections principally authored by other Wikipedia editors, and illustrations and tables which I did not create myself, except for two essential rotating animations created by Wikipedia illustrator [[Wikipedia:User:JasonHise|JasonHise]] which I have retained with attribution. Consequently, this version is not a complete treatment of the subject; it is missing some essential topics, and it is inadequately illustrated. As a subset of the collaboratively developed [[24-cell|24-cell article]] from which it was extracted, it is intended to gather in one place just what I have personally authored. Even so, it contains small fragments of which I am not the original author, and many editorial improvements by other Wikipedia editors. The original provenance of any sentence in this document may be ascertained precisely by consulting the complete revision history of the [[Wikipedia:24-cell]] article, in which I am identified as Wikipedia editor [[Wikipedia:User:Dc.samizdat|Dc.samizdat]]. Since I came to my own understanding of the 24-cell slowly, in the course of making additions to the [[Wikipedia:24-cell]] article, I am greatly indebted to the Wikipedia editors whose work on it preceded mine. Chief among these is Wikipedia editor [[W:User:Tomruen|Tomruen (Tom Ruen)]], the original author and principal illustrator of a great many of the Wikipedia articles on polytopes. The 24-cell article that I began with was already more accessible, to me, than even Coxeter's ''[[W:Regular Polytopes|Regular Polytopes]]'', or any other book treating the subject. I was inspired by the existence of Wikipedia articles on the 4-polytopes to study them more closely, and then became convinced by my own experience exploring this hypertext that the 4-polytopes could be understood much more readily, and could be documented most engagingly and comprehensively, if everything that researchers have discovered about them were incorporated into this single encyclopedic hypertext. Well-illustrated hypertext is naturally the most appropriate medium in which to describe a hyperspace, such as Euclidean 4-space. Another essential contributor to my dawning comprehension of 4-dimensional geometry was Wikipedia editor [[W:User:Cloudswrest|Cloudswrest (A.P. Goucher)]], who authored the section of the [[Wikipedia:24-cell]] article entitled ''[[24-cell#Cell rings|Cell rings]]'' describing the torus decomposition of the 24-cell into cell rings forming discrete Hopf fibrations, also studied by Banchoff.{{Sfn|Banchoff|2013|ps=, studied the decomposition of regular 4-polytopes into honeycombs of tori tiling the [[W:Clifford torus|Clifford torus]], showed how the honeycombs correspond to [[W:Hopf fibration|Hopf fibration]]s, and made a particular study of the [[#6-cell rings|24-cell's 4 rings of 6 octahedral cells]] with illustrations.}} J.E. Mebius's definitive Wikipedia article on ''[[W:SO(4)|SO(4)]]'', the group of ''[[W:Rotations in 4-dimensional Euclidean space|Rotations in 4-dimensional Euclidean space]]'', informs this entire paper, which is essentially an explanation of the 24-cell's geometry as a function of its isoclinic rotations. == Future work == The encyclopedia [[Wikipedia:Main_page|Wikipedia]] is not the only appropriate hypertext medium in which to explore and document the fourth dimension. Wikipedia rightly publishes only knowledge that can be sourced to previously published authorities. An encyclopedia cannot function as a research journal, in which is documented the broad, evolving edge of a field of knowledge, well before the observations made there have settled into a consensus of accepted facts. Moreover, an encyclopedia article must not become a textbook, or attempt to be the definitive whole story on a topic, or have too many footnotes! At some point in my enlargement of the [[Wikipedia:24-cell]] article, it began to transgress upon these limits, and other Wikipedia editors began to prune it back, appropriately for an encyclopedia article. I therefore sought out a home for expanded, more-than-encyclopedic versions of it and the other 4-polytope articles, where they could be enlarged by active researchers, beyond the scope of the Wikipedia encyclopedia articles. Fortunately [[Main_page|Wikiversity]] provides just such a medium: an alternate hypertext web compatible with Wikipedia, but without the constraint of consisting of encyclopedia articles alone. A non-profit collaborative space for students and researchers, Wikiversity hosts all kinds of hypertext learning resources, such as hypertext textbooks which enlarge upon topics covered by Wikipedia, and research journals covering various fields of study which accept papers for peer review and publication. A hypertext article hosted at Wikiversity may contain links to any Wikipedia or Wikiversity article. This paper, for example, is hosted at Wikiversity, but most of its links are to Wikipedia encyclopedia articles. Three consistent versions of the 24-cell article now exist, including this paper. The most complete version is the expanded [[24-cell]] article hosted at Wikiversity, which includes everything in the other two versions except these acknowledgments, plus additional learning resources. The original encyclopedia version, the [[Wikipedia:24-cell]] article, should be an abridged version of the expanded Wikiversity [[24-cell]] article, from which extra content inappropriate for an encyclopedia article has been removed. == Notes == {{Regular convex 4-polytopes Notelist}} == Citations == {{Reflist}} == References == {{Refbegin}} * {{Cite book | last=Kepler | first=Johannes | author-link=W:Johannes Kepler | title=Harmonices Mundi (The Harmony of the World) | title-link=W:Harmonices Mundi | publisher=Johann Planck | year=1619}} * {{Cite book | last=Coxeter | first=H.S.M. | author-link=W:Harold Scott MacDonald Coxeter | year=1973 | orig-year=1948 | title=Regular Polytopes | publisher=Dover | place=New York | edition=3rd | title-link=W:Regular Polytopes (book) }} * {{Citation | last=Coxeter | first=H.S.M. | author-link=W:Harold Scott MacDonald Coxeter | year=1991 | title=Regular Complex Polytopes | place=Cambridge | publisher=Cambridge University Press | edition=2nd }} * {{Citation | last=Coxeter | first=H.S.M. | author-link=W:Harold Scott MacDonald Coxeter | year=1995 | title=Kaleidoscopes: Selected Writings of H.S.M. Coxeter | publisher=Wiley-Interscience Publication | edition=2nd | isbn=978-0-471-01003-6 | url=https://archive.org/details/kaleidoscopessel0000coxe | editor1-last=Sherk | editor1-first=F. Arthur | editor2-last=McMullen | editor2-first=Peter | editor3-last=Thompson | editor3-first=Anthony C. | editor4-last=Weiss | editor4-first=Asia Ivic | url-access=registration }} ** (Paper 3) H.S.M. Coxeter, ''Two aspects of the regular 24-cell in four dimensions'' ** (Paper 22) H.S.M. Coxeter, ''Regular and Semi Regular Polytopes I'', [Math. Zeit. 46 (1940) 380–407, MR 2,10] ** (Paper 23) H.S.M. Coxeter, ''Regular and Semi-Regular Polytopes II'', [Math. Zeit. 188 (1985) 559-591] ** (Paper 24) H.S.M. Coxeter, ''Regular and Semi-Regular Polytopes III'', [Math. 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It is the only one of the six convex regular 4-polytopes which is not the analogue of one of the five Platonic solids. It contains all the convex regular polytopes of four or fewer dimensions made of triangles or squares except the 4-simplex, but it contains no pentagons. It has just four distinct chord lengths, which are the diameters of the hypercubes of dimensions 1 through 4. The 24-cell is the unique construction of these four hypercubic chords and all the regular polytopes that can be built from them. Isoclinic rotations relate the convex regular 4-polytopes to each other, and determine the way they nest inside one another. The 24-cell's characteristic isoclinic rotation takes place in four Clifford parallel great hexagon central planes. It also inherits an isoclinic rotation in six Clifford parallel great square central planes that is characteristic of its three constituent 16-cells. We explore the internal geometry of the 24-cell in detail, as an expression of its rotational symmetries. |w1=24-cell }} == The unique 24-point 24-cell polytope == The [[24-cell]] does not have a regular analogue in three dimensions or any other number of dimensions.{{Sfn|Coxeter|1973|p=289|loc=Epilogue|ps=; "Another peculiarity of four-dimensional space is the occurrence of the 24-cell {3,4,3}, which stands quite alone, having no analogue above or below."}} It is the only one of the six convex regular 4-polytopes which is not the analogue of one of the five Platonic solids. However, it can be seen as the analogue of a pair of irregular solids: the [[W:Cuboctahedron|cuboctahedron]] and its dual the [[W:Rhombic dodecahedron|rhombic dodecahedron]].{{Sfn|Coxeter|1995|loc=(Paper 3) ''Two aspects of the regular 24-cell in four dimensions''|p=25}} The 24-cell and the [[W:Tesseract|8-cell (tesseract)]] are the only convex regular 4-polytopes in which the edge length equals the radius. The long radius (center to vertex) of each is equal to its edge length; thus its long diameter (vertex to opposite vertex) is 2 edge lengths. Only a few uniform polytopes have this property, including these two four-dimensional polytopes, the three-dimensional [[W:Cuboctahedron#Radial equilateral symmetry|cuboctahedron]], and the two-dimensional [[W:Hexagon#Regular hexagon|hexagon]]. The cuboctahedron is the equatorial cross section of the 24-cell, and the hexagon is the equatorial cross section of the cuboctahedron. These '''radially equilateral polytopes''' are those which can be constructed, with their long radii, from equilateral triangles which meet at the center of the polytope, each contributing two radii and an edge. == The 24-cell in the proper sequence of 4-polytopes == The 24-cell incorporates the geometries of every convex regular polytope in the first four dimensions, except the 5-cell (4-simplex), those with a 5 in their Schlӓfli symbol,{{Efn|The convex regular polytopes in the first four dimensions with a 5 in their Schlӓfli symbol are the [[W:Pentagon|pentagon]] {5}, the [[W:Icosahedron|icosahedron]] {3, 5}, the [[W:Dodecahedron|dodecahedron]] {5, 3}, the [[600-cell]] {3,3,5} and the [[120-cell]] {5,3,3}. The [[5-cell]] {3, 3, 3} is also pentagonal in the sense that its [[W:Petrie polygon|Petrie polygon]] is the pentagon.|name=pentagonal polytopes|group=}} and the regular polygons with 7 or more sides. In other words, the 24-cell contains ''all'' of the regular polytopes made of triangles and squares that exist in four dimensions except the regular 5-cell, but ''none'' of the pentagonal polytopes. It is especially useful to explore the 24-cell, because one can see the geometric relationships among all of these regular polytopes in a single 24-cell or [[W:24-cell honeycomb|its honeycomb]]. The 24-cell is the fourth in the sequence of six [[W:Convex regular 4-polytope|convex regular 4-polytope]]s in order of size and complexity. These can be ordered by size as a measure of 4-dimensional content (hypervolume) for the same radius. This is their proper order of enumeration: the order in which they nest inside each other as compounds.{{Sfn|Coxeter|1973|loc=§7.8 The enumeration of possible regular figures|p=136}}{{Sfn|Goucher|2020|loc=Subsumptions of regular polytopes}} Each greater polytope in the sequence is ''rounder'' than its predecessor, enclosing more content{{Sfn|Coxeter|1973|pp=292-293|loc=Table I(ii): The sixteen regular polytopes {''p,q,r''} in four dimensions|ps=; An invaluable table providing all 20 metrics of each 4-polytope in edge length units. They must be algebraically converted to compare polytopes of unit radius.}} within the same radius. The 5-cell (4-simplex) is the limit smallest case, and the 120-cell is the largest. Complexity (as measured by comparing [[24-cell#As a configuration|configuration matrices]] or simply the number of vertices) follows the same ordering. This provides an alternative numerical naming scheme for regular polytopes in which the 24-cell is the 24-point 4-polytope: fourth in the ascending sequence that runs from 5-point (5-cell) 4-polytope to 600-point (120-cell) 4-polytope. {{Regular convex 4-polytopes|wiki=W:|radius=1}} The 24-cell can be deconstructed into 3 overlapping instances of its predecessor the [[W:Tesseract|8-cell (tesseract)]], as the 8-cell can be deconstructed into 2 instances of its predecessor the [[16-cell]].{{Sfn|Coxeter|1973|p=302|pp=|loc=Table VI (ii): 𝐈𝐈 = {3,4,3}|ps=: see Result column}} The reverse procedure to construct each of these from an instance of its predecessor preserves the radius of the predecessor, but generally produces a successor with a smaller edge length. The edge length will always be different unless predecessor and successor are ''both'' radially equilateral, i.e. their edge length is the same as their radius (so both are preserved). Since radially equilateral polytopes are rare, it seems that the only such construction (in any dimension) is from the 8-cell to the 24-cell, making the 24-cell the unique regular polytope (in any dimension) which has the same edge length as its predecessor of the same radius. == Coordinates == The 24-cell has two natural systems of Cartesian coordinates, which reveal distinct structure. === Great squares === The 24-cell is the [[W:Convex hull|convex hull]] of its vertices which can be described as the 24 coordinate [[W:Permutation|permutation]]s of: <math display="block">(\pm1, \pm 1, 0, 0) \in \mathbb{R}^4 .</math> Those coordinates{{Sfn|Coxeter|1973|p=156|loc=§8.7. Cartesian Coordinates}} can be constructed as {{Coxeter–Dynkin diagram|node|3|node_1|3|node|4|node}}, [[W:Rectification (geometry)|rectifying]] the [[16-cell]] {{Coxeter–Dynkin diagram|node_1|3|node|3|node|4|node}} with 8 vertices permutations of (±2,0,0,0). The vertex figure of a 16-cell is the [[W:Octahedron|octahedron]]; thus, cutting the vertices of the 16-cell at the midpoint of its incident edges produces 8 octahedral cells. This process{{Sfn|Coxeter|1973|p=|pp=145-146|loc=§8.1 The simple truncations of the general regular polytope}} also rectifies the tetrahedral cells of the 16-cell which become 16 octahedra, giving the 24-cell 24 octahedral cells. In this frame of reference the 24-cell has edges of length {{sqrt|2}} and is inscribed in a [[W:3-sphere|3-sphere]] of radius {{sqrt|2}}. Remarkably, the edge length equals the circumradius, as in the [[W:Hexagon|hexagon]], or the [[W:Cuboctahedron|cuboctahedron]]. The 24 vertices form 18 great squares{{Efn|The edges of six of the squares are aligned with the grid lines of the ''{{radic|2}} radius coordinate system''. For example: {{indent|5}}({{spaces|2}}0, −1,{{spaces|2}}1,{{spaces|2}}0){{spaces|3}}({{spaces|2}}0,{{spaces|2}}1,{{spaces|2}}1,{{spaces|2}}0) {{indent|5}}({{spaces|2}}0, −1, −1,{{spaces|2}}0){{spaces|3}}({{spaces|2}}0,{{spaces|2}}1, −1,{{spaces|2}}0)<br> is the square in the ''xy'' plane. The edges of the squares are not 24-cell edges, they are interior chords joining two vertices 90^o distant from each other; so the squares are merely invisible configurations of four of the 24-cell's vertices, not visible 24-cell features.|name=|group=}} (3 sets of 6 orthogonal{{Efn|Up to 6 planes can be mutually orthogonal in 4 dimensions. 3 dimensional space accommodates only 3 perpendicular axes and 3 perpendicular planes through a single point. In 4 dimensional space we may have 4 perpendicular axes and 6 perpendicular planes through a point (for the same reason that the tetrahedron has 6 edges, not 4): there are 6 ways to take 4 dimensions 2 at a time.{{Efn|name=Six orthogonal planes of the Cartesian basis}} Three such perpendicular planes (pairs of axes) meet at each vertex of the 24-cell (for the same reason that three edges meet at each vertex of the tetrahedron). Each of the 6 planes is [[W:Completely orthogonal|completely orthogonal]] to just one of the other planes: the only one with which it does not share a line (for the same reason that each edge of the tetrahedron is orthogonal to just one of the other edges: the only one with which it does not share a point). Two completely orthogonal planes are perpendicular and opposite each other, as two edges of the tetrahedron are perpendicular and opposite.|name=six orthogonal planes tetrahedral symmetry}} central squares), 3 of which intersect at each vertex. By viewing just one square at each vertex, the 24-cell can be seen as the vertices of 3 pairs of [[W:Completely orthogonal|completely orthogonal]]{{Efn|name=Six orthogonal planes of the Cartesian basis}} great squares which intersect{{Efn|Two planes in 4-dimensional space can have four possible reciprocal positions: (1) they can coincide (be exactly the same plane); (2) they can be parallel (the only way they can fail to intersect at all); (3) they can intersect in a single line, as two non-parallel planes do in 3-dimensional space; or (4) '''they can intersect in a single point'''{{Efn|To visualize how two planes can intersect in a single point in a four dimensional space, consider the Euclidean space (w, x, y, z) and imagine that the w dimension represents time rather than a spatial dimension. The xy central plane (where w{{=}}0, z{{=}}0) shares no axis with the wz central plane (where x{{=}}0, y{{=}}0). The xy plane exists at only a single instant in time (w{{=}}0); the wz plane (and in particular the w axis) exists all the time. Thus their only moment and place of intersection is at the origin point (0,0,0,0).|name=how planes intersect at a single point}} if they are [[W:Completely orthogonal|completely orthogonal]].|name=how planes intersect}} at no vertices.{{Efn|name=three square fibrations}} === Great hexagons === The 24-cell is [[W:Self-dual|self-dual]], having the same number of vertices (24) as cells and the same number of edges (96) as faces. If the dual of the above 24-cell of edge length {{sqrt|2}} is taken by reciprocating it about its ''inscribed'' sphere, another 24-cell is found which has edge length and circumradius 1, and its coordinates reveal more structure. In this frame of reference the 24-cell lies vertex-up, and its vertices can be given as follows: 8 vertices obtained by permuting the ''integer'' coordinates: <math display="block">\left( \pm 1, 0, 0, 0 \right)</math> and 16 vertices with ''half-integer'' coordinates of the form: <math display="block">\left( \pm \tfrac{1}{2}, \pm \tfrac{1}{2}, \pm \tfrac{1}{2}, \pm \tfrac{1}{2} \right)</math> all 24 of which lie at distance 1 from the origin. [[24-cell#Quaternionic interpretation|Viewed as quaternions]],{{Efn|In [[W:Euclidean geometry#Higher dimensions|four-dimensional Euclidean geometry]], a [[W:Quaternion|quaternion]] is simply a (w, x, y, z) Cartesian coordinate. [[W:William Rowan Hamilton|Hamilton]] did not see them as such when he [[W:History of quaternions|discovered the quaternions]]. [[W:Ludwig Schläfli|Schläfli]] would be the first to consider [[W:4-dimensional space|four-dimensional Euclidean space]], publishing his discovery of the regular [[W:Polyscheme|polyscheme]]s in 1852, but Hamilton would never be influenced by that work, which remained obscure into the 20th century. Hamilton found the quaternions when he realized that a fourth dimension, in some sense, would be necessary in order to model rotations in three-dimensional space.{{Sfn|Stillwell|2001|p=18-21}} Although he described a quaternion as an ''ordered four-element multiple of real numbers'', the quaternions were for him an extension of the complex numbers, not a Euclidean space of four dimensions.|name=quaternions}} these are the unit [[W:Hurwitz quaternions|Hurwitz quaternions]]. These 24 quaternions represent (in antipodal pairs) the 12 rotations of a regular tetrahedron.{{Sfn|Stillwell|2001|p=22}} The 24-cell has unit radius and unit edge length in this coordinate system. We refer to the system as ''unit radius coordinates'' to distinguish it from others, such as the {{sqrt|2}} radius coordinates used to reveal the great [[#Great squares|squares]] above.{{Efn|The edges of the orthogonal great squares are ''not'' aligned with the grid lines of the ''unit radius coordinate system''. Six of the squares do lie in the 6 orthogonal planes of this coordinate system, but their edges are the {{sqrt|2}} ''diagonals'' of unit edge length squares of the coordinate lattice. For example: {{indent|17}}({{spaces|2}}0,{{spaces|2}}0,{{spaces|2}}1,{{spaces|2}}0) {{indent|5}}({{spaces|2}}0, −1,{{spaces|2}}0,{{spaces|2}}0){{spaces|3}}({{spaces|2}}0,{{spaces|2}}1,{{spaces|2}}0,{{spaces|2}}0) {{indent|17}}({{spaces|2}}0,{{spaces|2}}0, −1,{{spaces|2}}0)<br> is the square in the ''xy'' plane. Notice that the 8 ''integer'' coordinates comprise the vertices of the 6 orthogonal squares.|name=orthogonal squares|group=}} The 24 vertices and 96 edges form 16 non-orthogonal great hexagons,{{Efn|The hexagons are inclined (tilted) at 60 degrees with respect to the unit radius coordinate system's orthogonal planes. Each hexagonal plane contains only ''one'' of the 4 coordinate system axes.{{Efn|Each great hexagon of the 24-cell contains one axis (one pair of antipodal vertices) belonging to each of the three inscribed 16-cells. The 24-cell contains three disjoint inscribed 16-cells, rotated 60° isoclinically{{Efn|name=isoclinic 4-dimensional diagonal}} with respect to each other (so their corresponding vertices are 120° {{=}} {{radic|3}} apart). A [[16-cell#Coordinates|16-cell is an orthonormal ''basis'']] for a 4-dimensional coordinate system, because its 8 vertices define the four orthogonal axes. In any choice of a vertex-up coordinate system (such as the unit radius coordinates used in this article), one of the three inscribed 16-cells is the basis for the coordinate system, and each hexagon has only ''one'' axis which is a coordinate system axis.|name=three basis 16-cells}} The hexagon consists of 3 pairs of opposite vertices (three 24-cell diameters): one opposite pair of ''integer'' coordinate vertices (one of the four coordinate axes), and two opposite pairs of ''half-integer'' coordinate vertices (not coordinate axes). For example: {{indent|17}}({{spaces|2}}0,{{spaces|2}}0,{{spaces|2}}1,{{spaces|2}}0) {{indent|5}}({{spaces|2}}<small>{{sfrac|1|2}}</small>, −<small>{{sfrac|1|2}}</small>,{{spaces|2}}<small>{{sfrac|1|2}}</small>, −<small>{{sfrac|1|2}}</small>){{spaces|3}}({{spaces|2}}<small>{{sfrac|1|2}}</small>,{{spaces|2}}<small>{{sfrac|1|2}}</small>,{{spaces|2}}<small>{{sfrac|1|2}}</small>,{{spaces|2}}<small>{{sfrac|1|2}}</small>) {{indent|5}}(−<small>{{sfrac|1|2}}</small>, −<small>{{sfrac|1|2}}</small>, −<small>{{sfrac|1|2}}</small>, −<small>{{sfrac|1|2}}</small>){{spaces|3}}(−<small>{{sfrac|1|2}}</small>,{{spaces|2}}<small>{{sfrac|1|2}}</small>, −<small>{{sfrac|1|2}}</small>,{{spaces|2}}<small>{{sfrac|1|2}}</small>) {{indent|17}}({{spaces|2}}0,{{spaces|2}}0, −1,{{spaces|2}}0)<br> is a hexagon on the ''y'' axis. Unlike the {{sqrt|2}} squares, the hexagons are actually made of 24-cell edges, so they are visible features of the 24-cell.|name=non-orthogonal hexagons|group=}} four of which intersect{{Efn||name=how planes intersect}} at each vertex.{{Efn|It is not difficult to visualize four hexagonal planes intersecting at 60 degrees to each other, even in three dimensions. Four hexagonal central planes intersect at 60 degrees in the [[W:Cuboctahedron|cuboctahedron]]. Four of the 24-cell's 16 hexagonal central planes (lying in the same 3-dimensional hyperplane) intersect at each of the 24-cell's vertices exactly the way they do at the center of a cuboctahedron. But the ''edges'' around the vertex do not meet as the radii do at the center of a cuboctahedron; the 24-cell has 8 edges around each vertex, not 12, so its vertex figure is the cube, not the cuboctahedron. The 8 edges meet exactly the way 8 edges do at the apex of a canonical [[W:Cubic pyramid|cubic pyramid]].{{Efn|name=24-cell vertex figure}}|name=cuboctahedral hexagons}} By viewing just one hexagon at each vertex, the 24-cell can be seen as the 24 vertices of 4 non-intersecting hexagonal great circles which are [[W:Clifford parallel|Clifford parallel]] to each other.{{Efn|name=four hexagonal fibrations}} The 12 axes and 16 hexagons of the 24-cell constitute a [[W:Reye configuration|Reye configuration]], which in the language of [[W:Configuration (geometry)|configurations]] is written as 12₄16₃ to indicate that each axis belongs to 4 hexagons, and each hexagon contains 3 axes.{{Sfn|Waegell|Aravind|2009|loc=§3.4 The 24-cell: points, lines and Reye's configuration|pp=4-5|ps=; In the 24-cell Reye's "points" and "lines" are axes and hexagons, respectively.}} === Great triangles === The 24 vertices form 32 equilateral great triangles, of edge length {{radic|3}} in the unit-radius 24-cell,{{Efn|These triangles' edges of length {{sqrt|3}} are the diagonals{{Efn|name=missing the nearest vertices}} of cubical cells of unit edge length found within the 24-cell, but those cubical (tesseract){{Efn|name=three 8-cells}} cells are not cells of the unit radius coordinate lattice.|name=cube diagonals}} inscribed in the 16 great hexagons.{{Efn|These triangles lie in the same planes containing the hexagons;{{Efn|name=non-orthogonal hexagons}} two triangles of edge length {{sqrt|3}} are inscribed in each hexagon. For example, in unit radius coordinates: {{indent|17}}({{spaces|2}}0,{{spaces|2}}0,{{spaces|2}}1,{{spaces|2}}0) {{indent|5}}({{spaces|2}}<small>{{sfrac|1|2}}</small>, −<small>{{sfrac|1|2}}</small>,{{spaces|2}}<small>{{sfrac|1|2}}</small>, −<small>{{sfrac|1|2}}</small>){{spaces|3}}({{spaces|2}}<small>{{sfrac|1|2}}</small>,{{spaces|2}}<small>{{sfrac|1|2}}</small>,{{spaces|2}}<small>{{sfrac|1|2}}</small>,{{spaces|2}}<small>{{sfrac|1|2}}</small>) {{indent|5}}(−<small>{{sfrac|1|2}}</small>, −<small>{{sfrac|1|2}}</small>, −<small>{{sfrac|1|2}}</small>, −<small>{{sfrac|1|2}}</small>){{spaces|3}}(−<small>{{sfrac|1|2}}</small>,{{spaces|2}}<small>{{sfrac|1|2}}</small>, −<small>{{sfrac|1|2}}</small>,{{spaces|2}}<small>{{sfrac|1|2}}</small>) {{indent|17}}({{spaces|2}}0,{{spaces|2}}0, −1,{{spaces|2}}0)<br> are two opposing central triangles on the ''y'' axis, with each triangle formed by the vertices in alternating rows. Unlike the hexagons, the {{sqrt|3}} triangles are not made of actual 24-cell edges, so they are invisible features of the 24-cell, like the {{sqrt|2}} squares.|name=central triangles|group=}} Each great triangle is a ring linking three completely disjoint{{Efn|name=completely disjoint}} great squares. The 18 great squares of the 24-cell occur as three sets of 6 orthogonal great squares,{{Efn|name=Six orthogonal planes of the Cartesian basis}} each forming a [[16-cell]].{{Efn|name=three isoclinic 16-cells}} The three 16-cells are completely disjoint (and [[#Clifford parallel polytopes|Clifford parallel]]): each has its own 8 vertices (on 4 orthogonal axes) and its own 24 edges (of length {{radic|2}}). The 18 square great circles are crossed by 16 hexagonal great circles; each hexagon has one axis (2 vertices) in each 16-cell.{{Efn|name=non-orthogonal hexagons}} The two great triangles inscribed in each great hexagon (occupying its alternate vertices, and with edges that are its {{radic|3}} chords) have one vertex in each 16-cell. Thus ''each great triangle is a ring linking the three completely disjoint 16-cells''. There are four different ways (four different ''fibrations'' of the 24-cell) in which the 8 vertices of the 16-cells correspond by being triangles of vertices {{radic|3}} apart: there are 32 distinct linking triangles. Each ''pair'' of 16-cells forms an 8-cell (tesseract).{{Efn|name=three 16-cells form three tesseracts}} Each great triangle has one {{radic|3}} edge in each tesseract, so it is also a ring linking the three tesseracts. == Hypercubic chords == [[File:24-cell vertex geometry.png|thumb|Vertex geometry of the radially equilateral 24-cell, showing the 3 great circle polygons and the 4 vertex-to-vertex chord lengths.|alt=]] The 24 vertices of the 24-cell are distributed{{Sfn|Coxeter|1973|p=298|loc=Table V: The Distribution of Vertices of Four-Dimensional Polytopes in Parallel Solid Sections (§13.1); (i) Sections of {3,4,3} (edge 2) beginning with a vertex; see column ''a''|5=}} at four different [[W:Chord (geometry)|chord]] lengths from each other: {{sqrt|1}}, {{sqrt|2}}, {{sqrt|3}} and {{sqrt|4}}. The {{sqrt|1}} chords (the 24-cell edges) are the edges of central hexagons, and the {{sqrt|3}} chords are the diagonals of central hexagons. The {{sqrt|2}} chords are the edges of central squares, and the {{sqrt|4}} chords are the diagonals of central squares. Each vertex is joined to 8 others{{Efn|The 8 nearest neighbor vertices surround the vertex (in the curved 3-dimensional space of the 24-cell's boundary surface) the way a cube's 8 corners surround its center. (The [[W:Vertex figure|vertex figure]] of the 24-cell is a cube.)|name=8 nearest vertices}} by an edge of length 1, spanning 60° = <small>{{sfrac|{{pi}}|3}}</small> of arc. Next nearest are 6 vertices{{Efn|The 6 second-nearest neighbor vertices surround the vertex in curved 3-dimensional space the way an octahedron's 6 corners surround its center.|name=6 second-nearest vertices}} located 90° = <small>{{sfrac|{{pi}}|2}}</small> away, along an interior chord of length {{sqrt|2}}. Another 8 vertices lie 120° = <small>{{sfrac|2{{pi}}|3}}</small> away, along an interior chord of length {{sqrt|3}}.{{Efn|name=nearest isoclinic vertices are {{radic|3}} away in third surrounding shell}} The opposite vertex is 180° = <small>{{pi}}</small> away along a diameter of length 2. Finally, as the 24-cell is radially equilateral, its center is 1 edge length away from all vertices. To visualize how the interior polytopes of the 24-cell fit together (as described [[#Constructions|below]]), keep in mind that the four chord lengths ({{sqrt|1}}, {{sqrt|2}}, {{sqrt|3}}, {{sqrt|4}}) are the long diameters of the [[W:Hypercube|hypercube]]s of dimensions 1 through 4: the long diameter of the square is {{sqrt|2}}; the long diameter of the cube is {{sqrt|3}}; and the long diameter of the tesseract is {{sqrt|4}}.{{Efn|Thus ({{sqrt|1}}, {{sqrt|2}}, {{sqrt|3}}, {{sqrt|4}}) are the vertex chord lengths of the tesseract as well as of the 24-cell. They are also the diameters of the tesseract (from short to long), though not of the 24-cell.}} Moreover, the long diameter of the octahedron is {{sqrt|2}} like the square; and the long diameter of the 24-cell itself is {{sqrt|4}} like the tesseract. == Geodesics == The vertex chords of the 24-cell are arranged in [[W:Geodesic|geodesic]] [[W:great circle|great circle]] polygons.{{Efn|A geodesic great circle lies in a 2-dimensional plane which passes through the center of the polytope. Notice that in 4 dimensions this central plane does ''not'' bisect the polytope into two equal-sized parts, as it would in 3 dimensions, just as a diameter (a central line) bisects a circle but does not bisect a sphere. Another difference is that in 4 dimensions not all pairs of great circles intersect at two points, as they do in 3 dimensions; some pairs do, but some pairs of great circles are non-intersecting Clifford parallels.{{Efn|name=Clifford parallels}}}} The [[W:Geodesic distance|geodesic distance]] between two 24-cell vertices along a path of {{sqrt|1}} edges is always 1, 2, or 3, and it is 3 only for opposite vertices.{{Efn|If the [[W:Euclidean distance|Pythagorean distance]] between any two vertices is {{sqrt|1}}, their geodesic distance is 1; they may be two adjacent vertices (in the curved 3-space of the surface), or a vertex and the center (in 4-space). If their Pythagorean distance is {{sqrt|2}}, their geodesic distance is 2 (whether via 3-space or 4-space, because the path along the edges is the same straight line with one 90^o bend in it as the path through the center). If their Pythagorean distance is {{sqrt|3}}, their geodesic distance is still 2 (whether on a hexagonal great circle past one 60^o bend, or as a straight line with one 60^o bend in it through the center). Finally, if their Pythagorean distance is {{sqrt|4}}, their geodesic distance is still 2 in 4-space (straight through the center), but it reaches 3 in 3-space (by going halfway around a hexagonal great circle).|name=Geodesic distance}} The {{sqrt|1}} edges occur in 16 [[#Great hexagons|hexagonal great circles]] (in planes inclined at 60 degrees to each other), 4 of which cross{{Efn|name=cuboctahedral hexagons}} at each vertex.{{Efn|Eight {{sqrt|1}} edges converge in curved 3-dimensional space from the corners of the 24-cell's cubical vertex figure{{Efn|The [[W:Vertex figure|vertex figure]] is the facet which is made by truncating a vertex; canonically, at the mid-edges incident to the vertex. But one can make similar vertex figures of different radii by truncating at any point along those edges, up to and including truncating at the adjacent vertices to make a ''full size'' vertex figure. Stillwell defines the vertex figure as "the convex hull of the neighbouring vertices of a given vertex".{{Sfn|Stillwell|2001|p=17}} That is what serves the illustrative purpose here.|name=full size vertex figure}} and meet at its center (the vertex), where they form 4 straight lines which cross there. The 8 vertices of the cube are the eight nearest other vertices of the 24-cell. The straight lines are geodesics: two {{sqrt|1}}-length segments of an apparently straight line (in the 3-space of the 24-cell's curved surface) that is bent in the 4th dimension into a great circle hexagon (in 4-space). Imagined from inside this curved 3-space, the bends in the hexagons are invisible. From outside (if we could view the 24-cell in 4-space), the straight lines would be seen to bend in the 4th dimension at the cube centers, because the center is displaced outward in the 4th dimension, out of the hyperplane defined by the cube's vertices. Thus the vertex cube is actually a [[W:Cubic pyramid|cubic pyramid]]. Unlike a cube, it seems to be radially equilateral (like the tesseract and the 24-cell itself): its "radius" equals its edge length.{{Efn|The cube is not radially equilateral in Euclidean 3-space <math>\mathbb{R}^3</math>, but a cubic pyramid is radially equilateral in the curved 3-space of the 24-cell's surface, the [[W:3-sphere|3-sphere]] <math>\mathbb{S}^3</math>. In 4-space the 8 edges radiating from its apex are not actually its radii: the apex of the [[W:Cubic pyramid|cubic pyramid]] is not actually its center, just one of its vertices. But in curved 3-space the edges radiating symmetrically from the apex ''are'' radii, so the cube is radially equilateral ''in that curved 3-space'' <math>\mathbb{S}^3</math>. In Euclidean 4-space <math>\mathbb{R}^4</math> 24 edges radiating symmetrically from a central point make the radially equilateral 24-cell, and a symmetrical subset of 16 of those edges make the [[W:Tesseract#Radial equilateral symmetry|radially equilateral tesseract]].}}|name=24-cell vertex figure}} The 96 distinct {{sqrt|1}} edges divide the surface into 96 triangular faces and 24 octahedral cells: a 24-cell. The 16 hexagonal great circles can be divided into 4 sets of 4 non-intersecting [[W:Clifford parallel|Clifford parallel]] geodesics, such that only one hexagonal great circle in each set passes through each vertex, and the 4 hexagons in each set reach all 24 vertices.{{Efn|name=hexagonal fibrations}} The {{sqrt|2}} chords occur in 18 [[#Great squares|square great circles]] (3 sets of 6 orthogonal planes{{Efn|name=Six orthogonal planes of the Cartesian basis}}), 3 of which cross at each vertex.{{Efn|Six {{sqrt|2}} chords converge in 3-space from the face centers of the 24-cell's cubical vertex figure{{Efn|name=full size vertex figure}} and meet at its center (the vertex), where they form 3 straight lines which cross there perpendicularly. The 8 vertices of the cube are the eight nearest other vertices of the 24-cell, and eight {{sqrt|1}} edges converge from there, but let us ignore them now, since 7 straight lines crossing at the center is confusing to visualize all at once. Each of the six {{sqrt|2}} chords runs from this cube's center (the vertex) through a face center to the center of an adjacent (face-bonded) cube, which is another vertex of the 24-cell: not a nearest vertex (at the cube corners), but one located 90° away in a second concentric shell of six {{sqrt|2}}-distant vertices that surrounds the first shell of eight {{sqrt|1}}-distant vertices. The face-center through which the {{sqrt|2}} chord passes is the mid-point of the {{sqrt|2}} chord, so it lies inside the 24-cell.|name=|group=}} The 72 distinct {{sqrt|2}} chords do not run in the same planes as the hexagonal great circles; they do not follow the 24-cell's edges, they pass through its octagonal cell centers.{{Efn|One can cut the 24-cell through 6 vertices (in any hexagonal great circle plane), or through 4 vertices (in any square great circle plane). One can see this in the [[W:Cuboctahedron|cuboctahedron]] (the central [[W:hyperplane|hyperplane]] of the 24-cell), where there are four hexagonal great circles (along the edges) and six square great circles (across the square faces diagonally).}} The 72 {{sqrt|2}} chords are the 3 orthogonal axes of the 24 octahedral cells, joining vertices which are 2 {{radic|1}} edges apart. The 18 square great circles can be divided into 3 sets of 6 non-intersecting Clifford parallel geodesics,{{Efn|[[File:Hopf band wikipedia.png|thumb|Two [[W:Clifford parallel|Clifford parallel]] [[W:Great circle|great circle]]s on the [[W:3-sphere|3-sphere]] spanned by a twisted [[W:Annulus (mathematics)|annulus]]. They have a common center point in [[W:Rotations in 4-dimensional Euclidean space|4-dimensional Euclidean space]], and could lie in [[W:Completely orthogonal|completely orthogonal]] rotation planes.]][[W:Clifford parallel|Clifford parallel]]s are non-intersecting curved lines that are parallel in the sense that the perpendicular (shortest) distance between them is the same at each point.{{Sfn|Tyrrell|Semple|1971|loc=§3. Clifford's original definition of parallelism|pp=5-6}} A double helix is an example of Clifford parallelism in ordinary 3-dimensional Euclidean space. In 4-space Clifford parallels occur as geodesic great circles on the [[W:3-sphere|3-sphere]].{{Sfn|Kim|Rote|2016|pp=8-10|loc=Relations to Clifford Parallelism}} Whereas in 3-dimensional space, any two geodesic great circles on the 2-sphere will always intersect at two antipodal points, in 4-dimensional space not all great circles intersect; various sets of Clifford parallel non-intersecting geodesic great circles can be found on the 3-sphere. Perhaps the simplest example is that six mutually orthogonal great circles can be drawn on the 3-sphere, as three pairs of completely orthogonal great circles.{{Efn|name=Six orthogonal planes of the Cartesian basis}} Each completely orthogonal pair is Clifford parallel. The two circles cannot intersect at all, because they lie in planes which intersect at only one point: the center of the 3-sphere.{{Efn|Each square plane is isoclinic (Clifford parallel) to five other square planes but [[W:Completely orthogonal|completely orthogonal]] to only one of them.{{Efn|name=Clifford parallel squares in the 16-cell and 24-cell}} Every pair of completely orthogonal planes has Clifford parallel great circles, but not all Clifford parallel great circles are orthogonal (e.g., none of the hexagonal geodesics in the 24-cell are mutually orthogonal).|name=only some Clifford parallels are orthogonal}} Because they are perpendicular and share a common center,{{Efn|In 4-space, two great circles can be perpendicular and share a common center ''which is their only point of intersection'', because there is more than one great [[W:2-sphere|2-sphere]] on the [[W:3-sphere|3-sphere]]. The dimensionally analogous structure to a [[W:Great circle|great circle]] (a great 1-sphere) is a great 2-sphere,{{Sfn|Stillwell|2001|p=24}} which is an ordinary sphere that constitutes an ''equator'' boundary dividing the 3-sphere into two equal halves, just as a great circle divides the 2-sphere. Although two Clifford parallel great circles{{Efn|name=Clifford parallels}} occupy the same 3-sphere, they lie on different great 2-spheres. The great 2-spheres are [[#Clifford parallel polytopes|Clifford parallel 3-dimensional objects]], displaced relative to each other by a fixed distance ''d'' in the fourth dimension. Their corresponding points (on their two surfaces) are ''d'' apart. The 2-spheres (by which we mean their surfaces) do not intersect at all, although they have a common center point in 4-space. The displacement ''d'' between a pair of their corresponding points is the [[#Geodesics|chord of a great circle]] which intersects both 2-spheres, so ''d'' can be represented equivalently as a linear chordal distance, or as an angular distance.|name=great 2-spheres}} the two circles are obviously not parallel and separate in the usual way of parallel circles in 3 dimensions; rather they are connected like adjacent links in a chain, each passing through the other without intersecting at any points, forming a [[W:Hopf link|Hopf link]].|name=Clifford parallels}} such that only one square great circle in each set passes through each vertex, and the 6 squares in each set reach all 24 vertices.{{Efn|name=square fibrations}} The {{sqrt|3}} chords occur in 32 [[#Great triangles|triangular great circles]] in 16 planes, 4 of which cross at each vertex.{{Efn|Eight {{sqrt|3}} chords converge from the corners of the 24-cell's cubical vertex figure{{Efn|name=full size vertex figure}} and meet at its center (the vertex), where they form 4 straight lines which cross there. Each of the eight {{sqrt|3}} chords runs from this cube's center to the center of a diagonally adjacent (vertex-bonded) cube,{{Efn|name=missing the nearest vertices}} which is another vertex of the 24-cell: one located 120° away in a third concentric shell of eight {{sqrt|3}}-distant vertices surrounding the second shell of six {{sqrt|2}}-distant vertices that surrounds the first shell of eight {{sqrt|1}}-distant vertices.|name=nearest isoclinic vertices are {{radic|3}} away in third surrounding shell}} The 96 distinct {{sqrt|3}} chords{{Efn|name=cube diagonals}} run vertex-to-every-other-vertex in the same planes as the hexagonal great circles.{{Efn|name=central triangles}} They are the 3 edges of the 32 great triangles inscribed in the 16 great hexagons, joining vertices which are 2 {{sqrt|1}} edges apart on a great circle.{{Efn|name=three 8-cells}} The {{sqrt|4}} chords occur as 12 vertex-to-vertex diameters (3 sets of 4 orthogonal axes), the 24 radii around the 25th central vertex. The sum of the squared lengths{{Efn|The sum of 1・96 + 2・72 + 3・96 + 4・12 is 576.}} of all these distinct chords of the 24-cell is 576 = 24².{{Efn|The sum of the squared lengths of all the distinct chords of any regular convex n-polytope of unit radius is the square of the number of vertices.{{Sfn|Copher|2019|loc=§3.2 Theorem 3.4|p=6}}}} These are all the central polygons through vertices, but in 4-space there are geodesics on the 3-sphere which do not lie in central planes at all. There are geodesic shortest paths between two 24-cell vertices that are helical rather than simply circular; they correspond to diagonal [[#Isoclinic rotations|isoclinic rotations]] rather than [[#Simple rotations|simple rotations]].{{Efn|name=isoclinic geodesic}} The {{sqrt|1}} edges occur in 48 parallel pairs, {{sqrt|3}} apart. The {{sqrt|2}} chords occur in 36 parallel pairs, {{sqrt|2}} apart. The {{sqrt|3}} chords occur in 48 parallel pairs, {{sqrt|1}} apart.{{Efn|Each pair of parallel {{sqrt|1}} edges joins a pair of parallel {{sqrt|3}} chords to form one of 48 rectangles (inscribed in the 16 central hexagons), and each pair of parallel {{sqrt|2}} chords joins another pair of parallel {{sqrt|2}} chords to form one of the 18 central squares.|name=|group=}} The central planes of the 24-cell can be divided into 4 orthogonal central hyperplanes (3-spaces) each forming a [[W:Cuboctahedron|cuboctahedron]]. The great hexagons are 60 degrees apart; the great squares are 90 degrees or 60 degrees apart; a great square and a great hexagon are 90 degrees ''and'' 60 degrees apart.{{Efn|Two angles are required to fix the relative positions of two planes in 4-space.{{Sfn|Kim|Rote|2016|p=7|loc=§6 Angles between two Planes in 4-Space|ps=; "In four (and higher) dimensions, we need two angles to fix the relative position between two planes. (More generally, ''k'' angles are defined between ''k''-dimensional subspaces.)".}} Since all planes in the same hyperplane{{Efn|One way to visualize the ''n''-dimensional [[W:Hyperplane|hyperplane]]s is as the ''n''-spaces which can be defined by ''n + 1'' points. A point is the 0-space which is defined by 1 point. A line is the 1-space which is defined by 2 points which are not coincident. A plane is the 2-space which is defined by 3 points which are not colinear (any triangle). In 4-space, a 3-dimensional hyperplane is the 3-space which is defined by 4 points which are not coplanar (any tetrahedron). In 5-space, a 4-dimensional hyperplane is the 4-space which is defined by 5 points which are not cocellular (any 5-cell). These [[W:Simplex|simplex]] figures divide the hyperplane into two parts (inside and outside the figure), but in addition they divide the enclosing space into two parts (above and below the hyperplane). The ''n'' points ''bound'' a finite simplex figure (from the outside), and they ''define'' an infinite hyperplane (from the inside).{{Sfn|Coxeter|1973|loc=§7.2.|p=120|ps=: "... any ''n''+1 points which do not lie in an (''n''-1)-space are the vertices of an ''n''-dimensional ''simplex''.... Thus the general simplex may alternatively be defined as a finite region of ''n''-space enclosed by ''n''+1 ''hyperplanes'' or (''n''-1)-spaces."}} These two divisions are orthogonal, so the defining simplex divides space into six regions: inside the simplex and in the hyperplane, inside the simplex but above or below the hyperplane, outside the simplex but in the hyperplane, and outside the simplex above or below the hyperplane.|name=hyperplanes|group=}} are 0 degrees apart in one of the two angles, only one angle is required in 3-space. Great hexagons in different hyperplanes are 60 degrees apart in ''both'' angles. Great squares in different hyperplanes are 90 degrees apart in ''both'' angles ([[W:Completely orthogonal|completely orthogonal]]) or 60 degrees apart in ''both'' angles.{{Efn||name=Clifford parallel squares in the 16-cell and 24-cell}} Planes which are separated by two equal angles are called ''isoclinic''. Planes which are isoclinic have [[W:Clifford parallel|Clifford parallel]] great circles.{{Efn|name=Clifford parallels}} A great square and a great hexagon in different hyperplanes ''may'' be isoclinic, but often they are separated by a 90 degree angle ''and'' a 60 degree angle.|name=two angles between central planes}} Each set of similar central polygons (squares or hexagons) can be divided into 4 sets of non-intersecting Clifford parallel polygons (of 6 squares or 4 hexagons).{{Efn|Each pair of Clifford parallel polygons lies in two different hyperplanes (cuboctahedrons). The 4 Clifford parallel hexagons lie in 4 different cuboctahedrons.}} Each set of Clifford parallel great circles is a parallel [[W:Hopf fibration|fiber bundle]] which visits all 24 vertices just once. Each great circle intersects{{Efn|name=how planes intersect}} with the other great circles to which it is not Clifford parallel at one {{sqrt|4}} diameter of the 24-cell.{{Efn|Two intersecting great squares or great hexagons share two opposing vertices, but squares or hexagons on Clifford parallel great circles share no vertices. Two intersecting great triangles share only one vertex, since they lack opposing vertices.|name=how great circle planes intersect|group=}} Great circles which are [[W:Completely orthogonal|completely orthogonal]] or otherwise Clifford parallel{{Efn|name=Clifford parallels}} do not intersect at all: they pass through disjoint sets of vertices.{{Efn|name=pairs of completely orthogonal planes}} == Constructions == Triangles and squares come together uniquely in the 24-cell to generate, as interior features,{{Efn|Interior features are not considered elements of the polytope. For example, the center of a 24-cell is a noteworthy feature (as are its long radii), but these interior features do not count as elements in [[#Configuration|its configuration matrix]], which counts only elementary features (which are not interior to any other feature including the polytope itself). Interior features are not rendered in most of the diagrams and illustrations in this article (they are normally invisible). In illustrations showing interior features, we always draw interior edges as dashed lines, to distinguish them from elementary edges.|name=interior features|group=}} all of the triangle-faced and square-faced regular convex polytopes in the first four dimensions (with caveats for the [[5-cell]] and the [[600-cell]]).{{Efn|The [[600-cell]] is larger than the 24-cell, and contains the 24-cell as an interior feature.{{Sfn|Coxeter|1973|p=153|loc=8.5. Gosset's construction for {3,3,5}|ps=: "In fact, the vertices of {3,3,5}, each taken 5 times, are the vertices of 25 {3,4,3}'s."}} The regular [[5-cell]] is not found in the interior of any convex regular 4-polytope except the [[120-cell]],{{Sfn|Coxeter|1973|p=304|loc=Table VI(iv) II={5,3,3}|ps=: Faceting {5,3,3}[120𝛼₄]{3,3,5} of the 120-cell reveals 120 regular 5-cells.}} though every convex 4-polytope can be [[#Characteristic orthoscheme|deconstructed into irregular 5-cells.]]|name=|group=}} Consequently, there are numerous ways to construct or deconstruct the 24-cell. ==== Reciprocal constructions from 8-cell and 16-cell ==== The 8 integer vertices (±1, 0, 0, 0) are the vertices of a regular [[16-cell]], and the 16 half-integer vertices (±{{sfrac|1|2}}, ±{{sfrac|1|2}}, ±{{sfrac|1|2}}, ±{{sfrac|1|2}}) are the vertices of its dual, the [[W:Tesseract|8-cell (tesseract)]].{{Sfn|Egan|2021|loc=animation of a rotating 24-cell|ps=: {{color|red}} half-integer vertices (tesseract), {{Font color|fg=yellow|bg=black|text=yellow}} and {{color|black}} integer vertices (16-cell).}} The tesseract gives Gosset's construction{{Sfn|Coxeter|1973|p=150|loc=Gosset}} of the 24-cell, equivalent to cutting a tesseract into 8 [[W:Cubic pyramid|cubic pyramid]]s, and then attaching them to the facets of a second tesseract. The analogous construction in 3-space gives the [[W:Rhombic dodecahedron|rhombic dodecahedron]] which, however, is not regular.{{Efn|[[File:R1-cube.gif|thumb|150px|Construction of a [[W:Rhombic dodecahedron|rhombic dodecahedron]] from a cube.]]This animation shows the construction of a [[W:Rhombic dodecahedron|rhombic dodecahedron]] from a cube, by inverting the center-to-face pyramids of a cube. Gosset's construction of a 24-cell from a tesseract is the 4-dimensional analogue of this process, inverting the center-to-cell pyramids of an 8-cell (tesseract).{{Sfn|Coxeter|1973|p=150|loc=Gosset}}|name=rhombic dodecahedron from a cube}} The 16-cell gives the reciprocal construction of the 24-cell, Cesaro's construction,{{Sfn|Coxeter|1973|p=148|loc=§8.2. Cesaro's construction for {3, 4, 3}.}} equivalent to rectifying a 16-cell (truncating its corners at the mid-edges, as described [[#Great squares|above]]). The analogous construction in 3-space gives the [[W:Cuboctahedron|cuboctahedron]] (dual of the rhombic dodecahedron) which, however, is not regular. The tesseract and the 16-cell are the only regular 4-polytopes in the 24-cell.{{Sfn|Coxeter|1973|p=302|loc=Table VI(ii) II={3,4,3}, Result column}} We can further divide the 16 half-integer vertices into two groups: those whose coordinates contain an even number of minus (−) signs and those with an odd number. Each of these groups of 8 vertices also define a regular 16-cell. This shows that the vertices of the 24-cell can be grouped into three disjoint sets of eight with each set defining a regular 16-cell, and with the complement defining the dual tesseract.{{Sfn|Coxeter|1973|pp=149-150|loc=§8.22. see illustrations Fig. 8.2<small>A</small> and Fig 8.2<small>B</small>|p=|ps=}} This also shows that the symmetries of the 16-cell form a subgroup of index 3 of the symmetry group of the 24-cell.{{Efn|name=three 16-cells form three tesseracts}} ==== Diminishings ==== We can [[W:Faceting|facet]] the 24-cell by cutting{{Efn|We can cut a vertex off a polygon with a 0-dimensional cutting instrument (like the point of a knife, or the head of a zipper) by sweeping it along a 1-dimensional line, exposing a new edge. We can cut a vertex off a polyhedron with a 1-dimensional cutting edge (like a knife) by sweeping it through a 2-dimensional face plane, exposing a new face. We can cut a vertex off a polychoron (a 4-polytope) with a 2-dimensional cutting plane (like a snowplow), by sweeping it through a 3-dimensional cell volume, exposing a new cell. Notice that as within the new edge length of the polygon or the new face area of the polyhedron, every point within the new cell volume is now exposed on the surface of the polychoron.}} through interior cells bounded by vertex chords to remove vertices, exposing the [[W:Facet (geometry)|facets]] of interior 4-polytopes [[W:Inscribed figure|inscribed]] in the 24-cell. One can cut a 24-cell through any planar hexagon of 6 vertices, any planar rectangle of 4 vertices, or any triangle of 3 vertices. The great circle central planes ([[#Geodesics|above]]) are only some of those planes. Here we shall expose some of the others: the face planes{{Efn|Each cell face plane intersects with the other face planes of its kind to which it is not completely orthogonal or parallel at their characteristic vertex chord edge. Adjacent face planes of orthogonally-faced cells (such as cubes) intersect at an edge since they are not completely orthogonal.{{Efn|name=how planes intersect}} Although their dihedral angle is 90 degrees in the boundary 3-space, they lie in the same hyperplane{{Efn|name=hyperplanes}} (they are coincident rather than perpendicular in the fourth dimension); thus they intersect in a line, as non-parallel planes do in any 3-space.|name=how face planes intersect}} of interior polytopes.{{Efn|The only planes through exactly 6 vertices of the 24-cell (not counting the central vertex) are the '''16 hexagonal great circles'''. There are no planes through exactly 5 vertices. There are several kinds of planes through exactly 4 vertices: the 18 {{sqrt|2}} square great circles, the '''72 {{sqrt|1}} square (tesseract) faces''', and 144 {{sqrt|1}} by {{sqrt|2}} rectangles. The planes through exactly 3 vertices are the 96 {{sqrt|2}} equilateral triangle (16-cell) faces, and the '''96 {{sqrt|1}} equilateral triangle (24-cell) faces'''. There are an infinite number of central planes through exactly two vertices (great circle [[W:Digon|digon]]s); 16 are distinguished, as each is [[W:Completely orthogonal|completely orthogonal]] to one of the 16 hexagonal great circles. '''Only the polygons composed of 24-cell {{radic|1}} edges are visible''' in the projections and rotating animations illustrating this article; the others contain invisible interior chords.{{Efn|name=interior features}}|name=planes through vertices|group=}} ===== 8-cell ===== Starting with a complete 24-cell, remove 8 orthogonal vertices (4 opposite pairs on 4 perpendicular axes), and the 8 edges which radiate from each, by cutting through 8 cubic cells bounded by {{sqrt|1}} edges to remove 8 [[W:Cubic pyramid|cubic pyramid]]s whose [[W:Apex (geometry)|apexes]] are the vertices to be removed. This removes 4 edges from each hexagonal great circle (retaining just one opposite pair of edges), so no continuous hexagonal great circles remain. Now 3 perpendicular edges meet and form the corner of a cube at each of the 16 remaining vertices,{{Efn|The 24-cell's cubical vertex figure{{Efn|name=full size vertex figure}} has been truncated to a tetrahedral vertex figure (see [[#Relationships among interior polytopes|Kepler's drawing]]). The vertex cube has vanished, and now there are only 4 corners of the vertex figure where before there were 8. Four tesseract edges converge from the tetrahedron vertices and meet at its center, where they do not cross (since the tetrahedron does not have opposing vertices).|name=|group=}} and the 32 remaining edges divide the surface into 24 square faces and 8 cubic cells: a [[W:Tesseract|tesseract]]. There are three ways you can do this (choose a set of 8 orthogonal vertices out of 24), so there are three such tesseracts inscribed in the 24-cell.{{Efn|name=three 8-cells}} They overlap with each other, but most of their element sets are disjoint: they share some vertex count, but no edge length, face area, or cell volume.{{Efn|name=vertex-bonded octahedra}} They do share 4-content, their common core.{{Efn||name=common core|group=}} ===== 16-cell ===== Starting with a complete 24-cell, remove the 16 vertices of a tesseract (retaining the 8 vertices you removed above), by cutting through 16 tetrahedral cells bounded by {{sqrt|2}} chords to remove 16 [[W:Tetrahedral pyramid|tetrahedral pyramid]]s whose apexes are the vertices to be removed. This removes 12 great squares (retaining just one orthogonal set) and all the {{sqrt|1}} edges, exposing {{sqrt|2}} chords as the new edges. Now the remaining 6 great squares cross perpendicularly, 3 at each of 8 remaining vertices,{{Efn|The 24-cell's cubical vertex figure{{Efn|name=full size vertex figure}} has been truncated to an octahedral vertex figure. The vertex cube has vanished, and now there are only 6 corners of the vertex figure where before there were 8. The 6 {{sqrt|2}} chords which formerly converged from cube face centers now converge from octahedron vertices; but just as before, they meet at the center where 3 straight lines cross perpendicularly. The octahedron vertices are located 90° away outside the vanished cube, at the new nearest vertices; before truncation those were 24-cell vertices in the second shell of surrounding vertices.|name=|group=}} and their 24 edges divide the surface into 32 triangular faces and 16 tetrahedral cells: a [[16-cell]]. There are three ways you can do this (remove 1 of 3 sets of tesseract vertices), so there are three such 16-cells inscribed in the 24-cell.{{Efn|name=three isoclinic 16-cells}} They overlap with each other, but all of their element sets are disjoint:{{Efn|name=completely disjoint}} they do not share any vertex count, edge length,{{Efn|name=root 2 chords}} or face area, but they do share cell volume. They also share 4-content, their common core.{{Efn||name=common core|group=}} ==== Tetrahedral constructions ==== The 24-cell can be constructed radially from 96 equilateral triangles of edge length {{sqrt|1}} which meet at the center of the polytope, each contributing two radii and an edge. They form 96 {{sqrt|1}} tetrahedra (each contributing one 24-cell face), all sharing the 25th central apex vertex. These form 24 octahedral pyramids (half-16-cells) with their apexes at the center. The 24-cell can be constructed from 96 equilateral triangles of edge length {{sqrt|2}}, where the three vertices of each triangle are located 90° = <small>{{sfrac|{{pi}}|2}}</small> away from each other on the 3-sphere. They form 48 {{sqrt|2}}-edge tetrahedra (the cells of the [[#16-cell|three 16-cells]]), centered at the 24 mid-edge-radii of the 24-cell.{{Efn|Each of the 72 {{sqrt|2}} chords in the 24-cell is a face diagonal in two distinct cubical cells (of different 8-cells) and an edge of four tetrahedral cells (in just one 16-cell).|name=root 2 chords}} The 24-cell can be constructed directly from its [[#Characteristic orthoscheme|characteristic simplex]] {{Coxeter–Dynkin diagram|node|3|node|4|node|3|node}}, the [[5-cell#Irregular 5-cells|irregular 5-cell]] which is the [[W:Fundamental region|fundamental region]] of its [[W:Coxeter group|symmetry group]] [[W:F4 polytope|F₄]], by reflection of that 4-[[W:Orthoscheme|orthoscheme]] in its own cells (which are 3-orthoschemes).{{Efn|An [[W:Orthoscheme|orthoscheme]] is a [[W:chiral|chiral]] irregular [[W:Simplex|simplex]] with [[W:Right triangle|right triangle]] faces that is characteristic of some polytope if it will exactly fill that polytope with the reflections of itself in its own [[W:Facet (geometry)|facet]]s (its ''mirror walls''). Every regular polytope can be dissected radially into instances of its [[W:Orthoscheme#Characteristic simplex of the general regular polytope|characteristic orthoscheme]] surrounding its center. The characteristic orthoscheme has the shape described by the same [[W:Coxeter-Dynkin diagram|Coxeter-Dynkin diagram]] as the regular polytope without the ''generating point'' ring.|name=characteristic orthoscheme}} ==== Cubic constructions ==== The 24-cell is not only the 24-octahedral-cell, it is also the 24-cubical-cell, although the cubes are cells of the three 8-cells, not cells of the 24-cell, in which they are not volumetrically disjoint. The 24-cell can be constructed from 24 cubes of its own edge length (three 8-cells).{{Efn|name=three 8-cells}} Each of the cubes is shared by 2 8-cells, each of the cubes' square faces is shared by 4 cubes (in 2 8-cells), each of the 96 edges is shared by 8 square faces (in 4 cubes in 2 8-cells), and each of the 96 vertices is shared by 16 edges (in 8 square faces in 4 cubes in 2 8-cells). == Relationships among interior polytopes == The 24-cell, three tesseracts, and three 16-cells are deeply entwined around their common center, and intersect in a common core.{{Efn|The common core of the 24-cell and its inscribed 8-cells and 16-cells is the unit-radius 24-cell's insphere-inscribed dual 24-cell of edge length and radius 1/2.{{Sfn|Coxeter|1995|p=29|loc=(Paper 3) ''Two aspects of the regular 24-cell in four dimensions''|ps=; "The common content of the 4-cube and the 16-cell is a smaller {3,4,3} whose vertices are the permutations of [(±{{sfrac|1|2}}, ±{{sfrac|1|2}}, 0, 0)]".}} Rectifying any of the three 16-cells reveals this smaller 24-cell, which has a 4-content of only 1/8 (1/16 that of the unit-radius 24-cell). Its vertices lie at the centers of the 24-cell's octahedral cells, which are also the centers of the tesseracts' square faces, and are also the centers of the 16-cells' edges.{{Sfn|Coxeter|1973|p=147|loc=§8.1 The simple truncations of the general regular polytope|ps=; "At a point of contact, [elements of a regular polytope and elements of its dual in which it is inscribed in some manner] lie in [[W:completely orthogonal|completely orthogonal]] subspaces of the tangent hyperplane to the sphere [of reciprocation], so their only common point is the point of contact itself....{{Efn|name=how planes intersect}} In fact, the [various] radii ₀𝑹, ₁𝑹, ₂𝑹, ... determine the polytopes ... whose vertices are the centers of elements 𝐈𝐈₀, 𝐈𝐈₁, 𝐈𝐈₂, ... of the original polytope."}}|name=common core|group=}} The tesseracts and the 16-cells are rotated 60° isoclinically{{Efn|name=isoclinic 4-dimensional diagonal}} with respect to each other. This means that the corresponding vertices of two tesseracts or two 16-cells are {{radic|3}} (120°) apart.{{Efn|The 24-cell contains 3 distinct 8-cells (tesseracts), rotated 60° isoclinically with respect to each other. The corresponding vertices of two 8-cells are {{radic|3}} (120°) apart. Each 8-cell contains 8 cubical cells, and each cube contains four {{radic|3}} chords (its long diameters). The 8-cells are not completely disjoint (they share vertices),{{Efn|name=completely disjoint}} but each {{radic|3}} chord occurs as a cube long diameter in just one 8-cell. The {{radic|3}} chords joining the corresponding vertices of two 8-cells belong to the third 8-cell as cube diameters.{{Efn|name=nearest isoclinic vertices are {{radic|3}} away in third surrounding shell}}|name=three 8-cells}} The tesseracts are inscribed in the 24-cell{{Efn|The 24 vertices of the 24-cell, each used twice, are the vertices of three 16-vertex tesseracts.|name=|group=}} such that their vertices and edges are exterior elements of the 24-cell, but their square faces and cubical cells lie inside the 24-cell (they are not elements of the 24-cell). The 16-cells are inscribed in the 24-cell{{Efn|The 24 vertices of the 24-cell, each used once, are the vertices of three 8-vertex 16-cells.{{Efn|name=three basis 16-cells}}|name=|group=}} such that only their vertices are exterior elements of the 24-cell: their edges, triangular faces, and tetrahedral cells lie inside the 24-cell. The interior{{Efn|The edges of the 16-cells are not shown in any of the renderings in this article; if we wanted to show interior edges, they could be drawn as dashed lines. The edges of the inscribed tesseracts are always visible, because they are also edges of the 24-cell.}} 16-cell edges have length {{sqrt|2}}.[[File:Kepler's tetrahedron in cube.png|thumb|Kepler's drawing of tetrahedra in the cube.{{Sfn|Kepler|1619|p=181}}]] The 16-cells are also inscribed in the tesseracts: their {{sqrt|2}} edges are the face diagonals of the tesseract, and their 8 vertices occupy every other vertex of the tesseract. Each tesseract has two 16-cells inscribed in it (occupying the opposite vertices and face diagonals), so each 16-cell is inscribed in two of the three 8-cells.{{Sfn|van Ittersum|2020|loc=§4.2|pp=73-79}}{{Efn|name=three 16-cells form three tesseracts}} This is reminiscent of the way, in 3 dimensions, two opposing regular tetrahedra can be inscribed in a cube, as discovered by Kepler.{{Sfn|Kepler|1619|p=181}} In fact it is the exact dimensional analogy (the [[W:Demihypercube|demihypercube]]s), and the 48 tetrahedral cells are inscribed in the 24 cubical cells in just that way.{{Sfn|Coxeter|1973|p=269|loc=§14.32|ps=. "For instance, in the case of <math>\gamma_4[2\beta_4]</math>...."}}{{Efn|name=root 2 chords}} The 24-cell encloses the three tesseracts within its envelope of octahedral facets, leaving 4-dimensional space in some places between its envelope and each tesseract's envelope of cubes. Each tesseract encloses two of the three 16-cells, leaving 4-dimensional space in some places between its envelope and each 16-cell's envelope of tetrahedra. Thus there are measurable{{Sfn|Coxeter|1973|pp=292-293|loc=Table I(ii): The sixteen regular polytopes {''p,q,r''} in four dimensions|ps=; An invaluable table providing all 20 metrics of each 4-polytope in edge length units. They must be algebraically converted to compare polytopes of unit radius.}} 4-dimensional interstices{{Efn|The 4-dimensional content of the unit edge length tesseract is 1 (by definition). The content of the unit edge length 24-cell is 2, so half its content is inside each tesseract, and half is between their envelopes. Each 16-cell (edge length {{sqrt|2}}) encloses a content of 2/3, leaving 1/3 of an enclosing tesseract between their envelopes.|name=|group=}} between the 24-cell, 8-cell and 16-cell envelopes. The shapes filling these gaps are [[W:Hyperpyramid|4-pyramids]], alluded to above.{{Efn|Between the 24-cell envelope and the 8-cell envelope, we have the 8 cubic pyramids of Gosset's construction. Between the 8-cell envelope and the 16-cell envelope, we have 16 right [[5-cell#Irregular 5-cell|tetrahedral pyramids]], with their apexes filling the corners of the tesseract.}} == Boundary cells == Despite the 4-dimensional interstices between 24-cell, 8-cell and 16-cell envelopes, their 3-dimensional volumes overlap. The different envelopes are separated in some places, and in contact in other places (where no 4-pyramid lies between them). Where they are in contact, they merge and share cell volume: they are the same 3-membrane in those places, not two separate but adjacent 3-dimensional layers.{{Efn|Because there are three overlapping tesseracts inscribed in the 24-cell,{{Efn|name=three 8-cells}} each octahedral cell lies ''on'' a cubic cell of one tesseract (in the cubic pyramid based on the cube, but not in the cube's volume), and ''in'' two cubic cells of each of the other two tesseracts (cubic cells which it spans, sharing their volume).{{Efn|name=octahedral diameters}}|name=octahedra both on and in cubes}} Because there are a total of 7 envelopes, there are places where several envelopes come together and merge volume, and also places where envelopes interpenetrate (cross from inside to outside each other). Some interior features lie within the 3-space of the (outer) boundary envelope of the 24-cell itself: each octahedral cell is bisected by three perpendicular squares (one from each of the tesseracts), and the diagonals of those squares (which cross each other perpendicularly at the center of the octahedron) are 16-cell edges (one from each 16-cell). Each square bisects an octahedron into two square pyramids, and also bonds two adjacent cubic cells of a tesseract together as their common face.{{Efn|Consider the three perpendicular {{sqrt|2}} long diameters of the octahedral cell.{{Sfn|van Ittersum|2020|p=79}} Each of them is an edge of a different 16-cell. Two of them are the face diagonals of the square face between two cubes; each is a {{sqrt|2}} chord that connects two vertices of those 8-cell cubes across a square face, connects two vertices of two 16-cell tetrahedra (inscribed in the cubes), and connects two opposite vertices of a 24-cell octahedron (diagonally across two of the three orthogonal square central sections).{{Efn|name=root 2 chords}} The third perpendicular long diameter of the octahedron does exactly the same (by symmetry); so it also connects two vertices of a pair of cubes across their common square face: but a different pair of cubes, from one of the other tesseracts in the 24-cell.{{Efn|name=vertex-bonded octahedra}}|name=octahedral diameters}} As we saw [[#Relationships among interior polytopes|above]], 16-cell {{sqrt|2}} tetrahedral cells are inscribed in tesseract {{sqrt|1}} cubic cells, sharing the same volume. 24-cell {{sqrt|1}} octahedral cells overlap their volume with {{sqrt|1}} cubic cells: they are bisected by a square face into two square pyramids,{{sfn|Coxeter|1973|page=150|postscript=: "Thus the 24 cells of the {3, 4, 3} are dipyramids based on the 24 squares of the <math>\gamma_4</math>. (Their centres are the mid-points of the 24 edges of the <math>\beta_4</math>.)"}} the apexes of which also lie at a vertex of a cube.{{Efn|This might appear at first to be angularly impossible, and indeed it would be in a flat space of only three dimensions. If two cubes rest face-to-face in an ordinary 3-dimensional space (e.g. on the surface of a table in an ordinary 3-dimensional room), an octahedron will fit inside them such that four of its six vertices are at the four corners of the square face between the two cubes; but then the other two octahedral vertices will not lie at a cube corner (they will fall within the volume of the two cubes, but not at a cube vertex). In four dimensions, this is no less true! The other two octahedral vertices do ''not'' lie at a corner of the adjacent face-bonded cube in the same tesseract. However, in the 24-cell there is not just one inscribed tesseract (of 8 cubes), there are three overlapping tesseracts (of 8 cubes each). The other two octahedral vertices ''do'' lie at the corner of a cube: but a cube in another (overlapping) tesseract.{{Efn|name=octahedra both on and in cubes}}}} The octahedra share volume not only with the cubes, but with the tetrahedra inscribed in them; thus the 24-cell, tesseracts, and 16-cells all share some boundary volume.{{Efn|name=octahedra both on and in cubes}} == Radially equilateral honeycomb == The dual tessellation of the [[W:24-cell honeycomb|24-cell honeycomb {3,4,3,3}]] is the [[W:16-cell honeycomb|16-cell honeycomb {3,3,4,3}]]. The third regular tessellation of four dimensional space is the [[W:Tesseractic honeycomb|tesseractic honeycomb {4,3,3,4}]], whose vertices can be described by 4-integer Cartesian coordinates.{{Efn|name=quaternions}} The congruent relationships among these three tessellations can be helpful in visualizing the 24-cell, in particular the radial equilateral symmetry which it shares with the tesseract. A honeycomb of unit edge length 24-cells may be overlaid on a honeycomb of unit edge length tesseracts such that every vertex of a tesseract (every 4-integer coordinate) is also the vertex of a 24-cell (and tesseract edges are also 24-cell edges), and every center of a 24-cell is also the center of a tesseract.{{Sfn|Coxeter|1973|p=163|ps=: Coxeter notes that [[W:Thorold Gosset|Thorold Gosset]] was apparently the first to see that the cells of the 24-cell honeycomb {3,4,3,3} are concentric with alternate cells of the tesseractic honeycomb {4,3,3,4}, and that this observation enabled Gosset's method of construction of the complete set of regular polytopes and honeycombs.}} The 24-cells are twice as large as the tesseracts by 4-dimensional content (hypervolume), so overall there are two tesseracts for every 24-cell, only half of which are inscribed in a 24-cell. If those tesseracts are colored black, and their adjacent tesseracts (with which they share a cubical facet) are colored red, a 4-dimensional checkerboard results.{{Sfn|Coxeter|1973|p=156|loc=|ps=: "...the chess-board has an n-dimensional analogue."}} Of the 24 center-to-vertex radii{{Efn|It is important to visualize the radii only as invisible interior features of the 24-cell (dashed lines), since they are not edges of the honeycomb. Similarly, the center of the 24-cell is empty (not a vertex of the honeycomb).}} of each 24-cell, 16 are also the radii of a black tesseract inscribed in the 24-cell. The other 8 radii extend outside the black tesseract (through the centers of its cubical facets) to the centers of the 8 adjacent red tesseracts. Thus the 24-cell honeycomb and the tesseractic honeycomb coincide in a special way: 8 of the 24 vertices of each 24-cell do not occur at a vertex of a tesseract (they occur at the center of a tesseract instead). Each black tesseract is cut from a 24-cell by truncating it at these 8 vertices, slicing off 8 cubic pyramids (as in reversing Gosset's construction,{{Sfn|Coxeter|1973|p=150|loc=Gosset}} but instead of being removed the pyramids are simply colored red and left in place). Eight 24-cells meet at the center of each red tesseract: each one meets its opposite at that shared vertex, and the six others at a shared octahedral cell. <!-- illustration needed: the red/black checkerboard of the combined 24-cell honeycomb and tesseractic honeycomb; use a vertex-first projection of the 24-cells, and outline the edges of the rhombic dodecahedra as blue lines --> The red tesseracts are filled cells (they contain a central vertex and radii); the black tesseracts are empty cells. The vertex set of this union of two honeycombs includes the vertices of all the 24-cells and tesseracts, plus the centers of the red tesseracts. Adding the 24-cell centers (which are also the black tesseract centers) to this honeycomb yields a 16-cell honeycomb, the vertex set of which includes all the vertices and centers of all the 24-cells and tesseracts. The formerly empty centers of adjacent 24-cells become the opposite vertices of a unit edge length 16-cell. 24 half-16-cells (octahedral pyramids) meet at each formerly empty center to fill each 24-cell, and their octahedral bases are the 6-vertex octahedral facets of the 24-cell (shared with an adjacent 24-cell).{{Efn|Unlike the 24-cell and the tesseract, the 16-cell is not radially equilateral; therefore 16-cells of two different sizes (unit edge length versus unit radius) occur in the unit edge length honeycomb. The twenty-four 16-cells that meet at the center of each 24-cell have unit edge length, and radius {{sfrac|{{radic|2}}|2}}. The three 16-cells inscribed in each 24-cell have edge length {{radic|2}}, and unit radius.}} Notice the complete absence of pentagons anywhere in this union of three honeycombs. Like the 24-cell, 4-dimensional Euclidean space itself is entirely filled by a complex of all the polytopes that can be built out of regular triangles and squares (except the 5-cell), but that complex does not require (or permit) any of the pentagonal polytopes.{{Efn|name=pentagonal polytopes}} == Rotations == The [[#The 24-cell in the proper sequence of 4-polytopes|regular convex 4-polytopes]] are an [[W:Group action|expression]] of their underlying [[W:Symmetry (geometry)|symmetry]] which is known as [[W:SO(4)|SO(4)]], the [[W:Orthogonal group|group]] of rotations{{Sfn|Mamone|Pileio|Levitt|2010|loc=§4.5 Regular Convex 4-Polytopes|pp=1438-1439|ps=; the 24-cell has 1152 symmetry operations (rotations and reflections) as enumerated in Table 2, symmetry group 𝐹₄.}} about a fixed point in 4-dimensional Euclidean space.{{Efn|[[W:Rotations in 4-dimensional Euclidean space|Rotations in 4-dimensional Euclidean space]] may occur around a plane, as when adjacent cells are folded around their plane of intersection (by analogy to the way adjacent faces are folded around their line of intersection).{{Efn|Three dimensional [[W:Rotation (mathematics)#In Euclidean geometry|rotations]] occur around an axis line. [[W:Rotations in 4-dimensional Euclidean space|Four dimensional rotations]] may occur around a plane. So in three dimensions we may fold planes around a common line (as when folding a flat net of 6 squares up into a cube), and in four dimensions we may fold cells around a common plane (as when [[W:Tesseract#Geometry|folding a flat net of 8 cubes up into a tesseract]]). Folding around a square face is just folding around ''two'' of its orthogonal edges ''at the same time''; there is not enough space in three dimensions to do this, just as there is not enough space in two dimensions to fold around a line (only enough to fold around a point).|name=simple rotations|group=}} But in four dimensions there is yet another way in which rotations can occur, called a '''[[W:Rotations in 4-dimensional Euclidean space#Geometry of 4D rotations|double rotation]]'''. Double rotations are an emergent phenomenon in the fourth dimension and have no analogy in three dimensions: folding up square faces and folding up cubical cells are both examples of '''simple rotations''', the only kind that occur in fewer than four dimensions. In 3-dimensional rotations, the points in a line remain fixed during the rotation, while every other point moves. In 4-dimensional simple rotations, the points in a plane remain fixed during the rotation, while every other point moves. ''In 4-dimensional double rotations, a point remains fixed during rotation, and every other point moves'' (as in a 2-dimensional rotation!).{{Efn|There are (at least) two kinds of correct [[W:Four-dimensional space#Dimensional analogy|dimensional analogies]]: the usual kind between dimension ''n'' and dimension ''n'' + 1, and the much rarer and less obvious kind between dimension ''n'' and dimension ''n'' + 2. An example of the latter is that rotations in 4-space may take place around a single point, as do rotations in 2-space. Another is the [[W:n-sphere#Other relations|''n''-sphere rule]] that the ''surface area'' of the sphere embedded in ''n''+2 dimensions is exactly 2''π r'' times the ''volume'' enclosed by the sphere embedded in ''n'' dimensions, the most well-known examples being that the circumference of a circle is 2''π r'' times 1, and the surface area of the ordinary sphere is 2''π r'' times 2''r''. Coxeter cites{{Sfn|Coxeter|1973|p=119|loc=§7.1. Dimensional Analogy|ps=: "For instance, seeing that the circumference of a circle is 2''π r'', while the surface of a sphere is 4''π r ''², ... it is unlikely that the use of analogy, unaided by computation, would ever lead us to the correct expression [for the hyper-surface of a hyper-sphere], 2''π'' ²''r'' ³."}} this as an instance in which dimensional analogy can fail us as a method, but it is really our failure to recognize whether a one- or two-dimensional analogy is the appropriate method.|name=two-dimensional analogy}}|name=double rotations}} === The 3 Cartesian bases of the 24-cell === There are three distinct orientations of the tesseractic honeycomb which could be made to coincide with the 24-cell [[#Radially equilateral honeycomb|honeycomb]], depending on which of the 24-cell's three disjoint sets of 8 orthogonal vertices (which set of 4 perpendicular axes, or equivalently, which inscribed basis 16-cell){{Efn|name=three basis 16-cells}} was chosen to align it, just as three tesseracts can be inscribed in the 24-cell, rotated with respect to each other.{{Efn|name=three 8-cells}} The distance from one of these orientations to another is an [[#Isoclinic rotations|isoclinic rotation]] through 60 degrees (a [[W:Rotations in 4-dimensional Euclidean space#Double rotations|double rotation]] of 60 degrees in each pair of orthogonal invariant planes, around a single fixed point).{{Efn|name=Clifford displacement}} This rotation can be seen most clearly in the hexagonal central planes, where every hexagon rotates to change which of its three diameters is aligned with a coordinate system axis.{{Efn|name=non-orthogonal hexagons|group=}} === Planes of rotation === [[W:Rotations in 4-dimensional Euclidean space|Rotations in 4-dimensional Euclidean space]] can be seen as the composition of two 2-dimensional rotations in completely orthogonal planes.{{Sfn|Kim|Rote|2016|p=6|loc=§5. Four-Dimensional Rotations}} Thus the general rotation in 4-space is a ''double rotation''.{{Sfn|Perez-Gracia|Thomas|2017|loc=§7. Conclusions|ps=; "Rotations in three dimensions are determined by a rotation axis and the rotation angle about it, where the rotation axis is perpendicular to the plane in which points are being rotated. The situation in four dimensions is more complicated. In this case, rotations are determined by two orthogonal planes and two angles, one for each plane. Cayley proved that a general 4D rotation can always be decomposed into two 4D rotations, each of them being determined by two equal rotation angles up to a sign change."}} There are two important special cases, called a ''simple rotation'' and an ''isoclinic rotation''.{{Efn|A [[W:Rotations in 4-dimensional Euclidean space|rotation in 4-space]] is completely characterized by choosing an invariant plane and an angle and direction (left or right) through which it rotates, and another angle and direction through which its one completely orthogonal invariant plane rotates. Two rotational displacements are identical if they have the same pair of invariant planes of rotation, through the same angles in the same directions (and hence also the same chiral pairing of directions). Thus the general rotation in 4-space is a '''double rotation''', characterized by ''two'' angles. A '''simple rotation''' is a special case in which one rotational angle is 0.{{Efn|Any double rotation (including an isoclinic rotation) can be seen as the composition of two simple rotations ''a'' and ''b'': the ''left'' double rotation as ''a'' then ''b'', and the ''right'' double rotation as ''b'' then ''a''. Simple rotations are not commutative; left and right rotations (in general) reach different destinations. The difference between a double rotation and its two composing simple rotations is that the double rotation is 4-dimensionally diagonal: each moving vertex reaches its destination ''directly'' without passing through the intermediate point touched by ''a'' then ''b'', or the other intermediate point touched by ''b'' then ''a'', by rotating on a single helical geodesic (so it is the shortest path).{{Efn|name=helical geodesic}} Conversely, any simple rotation can be seen as the composition of two ''equal-angled'' double rotations (a left isoclinic rotation and a right isoclinic rotation),{{Efn|name=one true circle}} as discovered by [[W:Arthur Cayley|Cayley]]; perhaps surprisingly, this composition ''is'' commutative, and is possible for any double rotation as well.{{Sfn|Perez-Gracia|Thomas|2017}}|name=double rotation}} An '''isoclinic rotation''' is a different special case,{{Efn|name=Clifford displacement}} similar but not identical to two simple rotations through the ''same'' angle.{{Efn|name=plane movement in rotations}}|name=identical rotations}} ==== Simple rotations ==== [[Image:24-cell.gif|thumb|A 3D projection of a 24-cell performing a [[W:SO(4)#Geometry of 4D rotations|simple rotation]].{{Sfn|Hise|2011|ps=; Illustration created by Jason Hise with Maya and Macromedia Fireworks.}}]]In 3 dimensions a spinning polyhedron has a single invariant central ''plane of rotation''. The plane is an [[W:Invariant set|invariant set]] because each point in the plane moves in a circle but stays within the plane. Only ''one'' of a polyhedron's central planes can be invariant during a particular rotation; the choice of invariant central plane, and the angular distance and direction it is rotated, completely specifies the rotation. Points outside the invariant plane also move in circles (unless they are on the fixed ''axis of rotation'' perpendicular to the invariant plane), but the circles do not lie within a [[#Geodesics|''central'' plane]]. When a 4-polytope is rotating with only one invariant central plane, the same kind of [[W:Rotations in 4-dimensional Euclidean space#Simple rotations|simple rotation]] is happening that occurs in 3 dimensions. One difference is that instead of a fixed axis of rotation, there is an entire fixed central plane in which the points do not move. The fixed plane is the one central plane that is [[W:Completely orthogonal|completely orthogonal]]{{Efn|name=Six orthogonal planes of the Cartesian basis}} to the invariant plane of rotation. In the 24-cell, there is a simple rotation which will take any vertex ''directly'' to any other vertex, also moving most of the other vertices but leaving at least 2 and at most 6 other vertices fixed (the vertices that the fixed central plane intersects). The vertex moves along a great circle in the invariant plane of rotation between adjacent vertices of a great hexagon, a great square or a great [[W:Digon|digon]], and the completely orthogonal fixed plane is a digon, a square or a hexagon, respectively. {{Efn|In the 24-cell each great square plane is [[W:Completely orthogonal|completely orthogonal]] to another great square plane, and each great hexagon plane is completely orthogonal to a plane which intersects only two antipodal vertices: a great [[W:Digon|digon]] plane.|name=pairs of completely orthogonal planes}} ==== Double rotations ==== [[Image:24-cell-orig.gif|thumb|A 3D projection of a 24-cell performing a [[W:SO(4)#Geometry of 4D rotations|double rotation]].{{Sfn|Hise|2007|ps=; Illustration created by Jason Hise with Maya and Macromedia Fireworks.}}]]The points in the completely orthogonal central plane are not ''constrained'' to be fixed. It is also possible for them to be rotating in circles, as a second invariant plane, at a rate independent of the first invariant plane's rotation: a [[W:Rotations in 4-dimensional Euclidean space#Double rotations|double rotation]] in two perpendicular non-intersecting planes{{Efn|name=how planes intersect at a single point}} of rotation at once.{{Efn|name=double rotation}} In a double rotation there is no fixed plane or axis: every point moves except the center point. The angular distance rotated may be different in the two completely orthogonal central planes, but they are always both invariant: their circularly moving points remain within the plane ''as the whole plane tilts sideways'' in the completely orthogonal rotation. A rotation in 4-space always has (at least) ''two'' completely orthogonal invariant planes of rotation, although in a simple rotation the angle of rotation in one of them is 0. Double rotations come in two [[W:Chiral|chiral]] forms: ''left'' and ''right'' rotations.{{Efn|The adjectives ''left'' and ''right'' are commonly used in two different senses, to distinguish two distinct kinds of pairing. They can refer to alternate directions: the hand on the left side of the body, versus the hand on the right side. Or they can refer to a [[W:Chiral|chiral]] pair of enantiomorphous objects: a left hand is the mirror image of a right hand (like an inside-out glove). In the case of hands the sense intended is rarely ambiguous, because of course the hand on your left side ''is'' the mirror image of the hand on your right side: a hand is either left ''or'' right in both senses. But in the case of double-rotating 4-dimensional objects, only one sense of left versus right properly applies: the enantiomorphous sense, in which the left and right rotation are inside-out mirror images of each other. There ''are'' two directions, which we may call positive and negative, in which moving vertices may be circling on their isoclines, but it would be ambiguous to label those circular directions "right" and "left", since a rotation's direction and its chirality are independent properties: a right (or left) rotation may be circling in either the positive or negative direction. The left rotation is not rotating "to the left", the right rotation is not rotating "to the right", and unlike your left and right hands, double rotations do not lie on the left or right side of the 4-polytope. If double rotations must be analogized to left and right hands, they are better thought of as a pair of clasped hands, centered on the body, because of course they have a common center.|name=clasped hands}} In a double rotation each vertex moves in a spiral along two orthogonal great circles at once.{{Efn|In a double rotation each vertex can be said to move along two completely orthogonal great circles at the same time, but it does not stay within the central plane of either of those original great circles; rather, it moves along a helical geodesic that traverses diagonally between great circles. The two completely orthogonal planes of rotation are said to be ''invariant'' because the points in each stay in their places in the plane ''as the plane moves'', rotating ''and'' tilting sideways by the angle that the ''other'' plane rotates.|name=helical geodesic}} Either the path is right-hand [[W:Screw thread#Handedness|threaded]] (like most screws and bolts), moving along the circles in the "same" directions, or it is left-hand threaded (like a reverse-threaded bolt), moving along the circles in what we conventionally say are "opposite" directions (according to the [[W:Right hand rule|right hand rule]] by which we conventionally say which way is "up" on each of the 4 coordinate axes).{{Sfn|Perez-Gracia|Thomas|2017|loc=§5. A useful mapping|pp=12−13}} In double rotations of the 24-cell that take vertices to vertices, one invariant plane of rotation contains either a great hexagon, a great square, or only an axis (two vertices, a great digon). The completely orthogonal invariant plane of rotation will necessarily contain a great digon, a great square, or a great hexagon, respectively. The selection of an invariant plane of rotation, a rotational direction and angle through which to rotate it, and a rotational direction and angle through which to rotate its completely orthogonal plane, completely determines the nature of the rotational displacement. In the 24-cell there are several noteworthy kinds of double rotation permitted by these parameters.{{Sfn|Coxeter|1995|loc=(Paper 3) ''Two aspects of the regular 24-cell in four dimensions''|pp=30-32|ps=; §3. The Dodecagonal Aspect;{{Efn|name=Petrie dodecagram and Clifford hexagram}} Coxeter considers the 150°/30° double rotation of period 12 which locates 12 of the 225 distinct 24-cells inscribed in the [[120-cell]], a regular 4-polytope with 120 dodecahedral cells that is the convex hull of the compound of 25 disjoint 24-cells.}} ==== Isoclinic rotations ==== When the angles of rotation in the two invariant planes are exactly the same, a [[W:Rotations in 4-dimensional Euclidean space#Special property of SO(4) among rotation groups in general|remarkably symmetric]] [[W:Geometric transformation|transformation]] occurs:{{Sfn|Perez-Gracia|Thomas|2017|loc=§2. Isoclinic rotations|pp=2−3}} all the great circle planes Clifford parallel{{Efn|name=Clifford parallels}} to the invariant planes become invariant planes of rotation themselves, through that same angle, and the 4-polytope rotates [[W:Rotations in 4-dimensional Euclidean space#Isoclinic rotations|isoclinically]] in many directions at once.{{Sfn|Kim|Rote|2016|loc=§6. Angles between two Planes in 4-Space|pp=7-10}} Each vertex moves an equal distance in four orthogonal directions at the same time.{{Efn|In an [[#Isoclinic rotations|isoclinic rotation]], each point anywhere in the 4-polytope moves an equal distance in four orthogonal directions at once, on a [[W:8-cell#Radial equilateral symmetry|4-dimensional diagonal]]. The point is displaced a total [[W:Pythagorean distance|Pythagorean distance]] equal to the square root of four times the square of that distance. All vertices are displaced to a vertex at least two edge lengths away.{{Efn|name=missing the nearest vertices}} For example, when the unit-radius 24-cell rotates isoclinically 60° in a hexagon invariant plane and 60° in its completely orthogonal invariant plane,{{Efn|name=pairs of completely orthogonal planes}} each vertex is displaced to another vertex {{radic|3}} (120°) away, moving {{radic|3/4}} ≈ 0.866 (half the {{radic|3}} chord length) in four orthogonal directions.{{Efn|{{radic|3/4}} ≈ 0.866 is the long radius of the {{radic|2}}-edge regular tetrahedron (the unit-radius 16-cell's cell). Those four tetrahedron radii are not orthogonal, and they radiate symmetrically compressed into 3 dimensions (not 4). The four orthogonal {{radic|3/4}} ≈ 0.866 displacements summing to a 120° degree displacement in the 24-cell's characteristic isoclinic rotation{{Efn|name=isoclinic 4-dimensional diagonal}} are not as easy to visualize as radii, but they can be imagined as successive orthogonal steps in a path extending in all 4 dimensions, along the orthogonal edges of a [[5-cell#Orthoschemes|4-orthoscheme]]. In an actual left (or right) isoclinic rotation the four orthogonal {{radic|3/4}} ≈ 0.866 steps of each 120° displacement are concurrent, not successive, so they ''are'' actually symmetrical radii in 4 dimensions. In fact they are four orthogonal [[#Characteristic orthoscheme|mid-edge radii of a unit-radius 24-cell]] centered at the rotating vertex. Finally, in 2 dimensional units, {{radic|3/4}} ≈ 0.866 is the area of the equilateral triangle face of the unit-edge, unit-radius 24-cell. The area of the radial equilateral triangles in a unit-radius radially equilateral polytope is {{radic|3/4}} ≈ 0.866.|name=root 3/4}}|name=isoclinic 4-dimensional diagonal}} In the 24-cell any isoclinic rotation through 60 degrees in a hexagonal plane takes each vertex to a vertex two edge lengths away, rotates ''all 16'' hexagons by 60 degrees, and takes ''every'' great circle polygon (square,{{Efn|In the [[16-cell#Rotations|16-cell]] the 6 orthogonal great squares form 3 pairs of completely orthogonal great circles; each pair is Clifford parallel. In the 24-cell, the 3 inscribed 16-cells lie rotated 60 degrees isoclinically{{Efn|name=isoclinic 4-dimensional diagonal}} with respect to each other; consequently their corresponding vertices are 120 degrees apart on a hexagonal great circle. Pairing their vertices which are 90 degrees apart reveals corresponding square great circles which are Clifford parallel. Each of the 18 square great circles is Clifford parallel not only to one other square great circle in the same 16-cell (the completely orthogonal one), but also to two square great circles (which are completely orthogonal to each other) in each of the other two 16-cells. (Completely orthogonal great circles are Clifford parallel, but not all Clifford parallels are orthogonal.{{Efn|name=only some Clifford parallels are orthogonal}}) A 60 degree isoclinic rotation of the 24-cell in hexagonal invariant planes takes each square great circle to a Clifford parallel (but non-orthogonal) square great circle in a different 16-cell.|name=Clifford parallel squares in the 16-cell and 24-cell}} hexagon or triangle) to a Clifford parallel great circle polygon of the same kind 120 degrees away. An isoclinic rotation is also called a ''Clifford displacement'', after its [[W:William Kingdon Clifford|discoverer]].{{Efn|In a ''[[W:William Kingdon Clifford|Clifford]] displacement'', also known as an [[W:Rotations in 4-dimensional Euclidean space#Isoclinic rotations|isoclinic rotation]], all the Clifford parallel{{Efn|name=Clifford parallels}} invariant planes are displaced in four orthogonal directions at once: they are rotated by the same angle, and at the same time they are tilted ''sideways'' by that same angle in the completely orthogonal rotation.{{Efn|name=one true circle}} A [[W:Rotations in 4-dimensional Euclidean space#Isoclinic rotations|Clifford displacement]] is [[W:8-cell#Radial equilateral symmetry|4-dimensionally diagonal]].{{Efn|name=isoclinic 4-dimensional diagonal}} Every plane that is Clifford parallel to one of the completely orthogonal planes (including in this case an entire Clifford parallel bundle of 4 hexagons, but not all 16 hexagons) is invariant under the isoclinic rotation: all the points in the plane rotate in circles but remain in the plane, even as the whole plane tilts sideways.{{Efn|name=plane movement in rotations}} All 16 hexagons rotate by the same angle (though only 4 of them do so invariantly). All 16 hexagons are rotated by 60 degrees, and also displaced sideways by 60 degrees to a Clifford parallel hexagon. All of the other central polygons (e.g. squares) are also displaced to a Clifford parallel polygon 60 degrees away.|name=Clifford displacement}} The 24-cell in the ''double'' rotation animation appears to turn itself inside out.{{Efn|That a double rotation can turn a 4-polytope inside out is even more noticeable in the [[W:Rotations in 4-dimensional Euclidean space#Double rotations|tesseract double rotation]].}} It appears to, because it actually does, reversing the [[W:Chirality|chirality]] of the whole 4-polytope just the way your bathroom mirror reverses the chirality of your image by a 180 degree reflection. Each 360 degree isoclinic rotation is as if the 24-cell surface had been stripped off like a glove and turned inside out, making a right-hand glove into a left-hand glove (or vice versa).{{Sfn|Coxeter|1973|p=141|loc=§7.x. Historical remarks|ps=; "[[W:August Ferdinand Möbius|Möbius]] realized, as early as 1827, that a four-dimensional rotation would be required to bring two enantiomorphous solids into coincidence. This idea was neatly deployed by [[W:H. G. Wells|H. G. Wells]] in ''The Plattner Story''."}} In a simple rotation of the 24-cell in a hexagonal plane, each vertex in the plane rotates first along an edge to an adjacent vertex 60 degrees away. But in an isoclinic rotation in ''two'' completely orthogonal planes one of which is a great hexagon,{{Efn|name=pairs of completely orthogonal planes}} each vertex rotates first to a vertex ''two'' edge lengths away ({{radic|3}} and 120° distant). The double 60-degree rotation's helical geodesics pass through every other vertex, missing the vertices in between.{{Efn|In an isoclinic rotation vertices move diagonally, like the [[W:bishop (chess)|bishop]]s in [[W:Chess|chess]]. Vertices in an isoclinic rotation ''cannot'' reach their orthogonally nearest neighbor vertices{{Efn|name=8 nearest vertices}} by double-rotating directly toward them (and also orthogonally to that direction), because that double rotation takes them diagonally between their nearest vertices, missing them, to a vertex farther away in a larger-radius surrounding shell of vertices,{{Efn|name=nearest isoclinic vertices are {{radic|3}} away in third surrounding shell}} the way bishops are confined to the white or black squares of the [[W:Chessboard|chessboard]] and cannot reach squares of the opposite color, even those immediately adjacent.{{Efn|Isoclinic rotations{{Efn|name=isoclinic geodesic}} partition the 24 cells (and the 24 vertices) of the 24-cell into two disjoint subsets of 12 cells (and 12 vertices), even and odd (or black and white), which shift places among themselves, in a manner dimensionally analogous to the way the [[W:Bishop (chess)|bishops]]' diagonal moves{{Efn|name=missing the nearest vertices}} restrict them to the black or white squares of the [[W:Chessboard|chessboard]].{{Efn|Left and right isoclinic rotations partition the 24 cells (and 24 vertices) into black and white in the same way.{{Sfn|Coxeter|1973|p=156|loc=|ps=: "...the chess-board has an n-dimensional analogue."}} The rotations of all fibrations of the same kind of great polygon use the same chessboard, which is a convention of the coordinate system based on even and odd coordinates. ''Left and right are not colors:'' in either a left (or right) rotation half the moving vertices are black, running along black isoclines through black vertices, and the other half are white vertices, also rotating among themselves.{{Efn|Chirality and even/odd parity are distinct flavors. Things which have even/odd coordinate parity are '''''black or white:''''' the squares of the [[W:Chessboard|chessboard]],{{Efn|Since it is difficult to color points and lines white, we sometimes use black and red instead of black and white. In particular, isocline chords are sometimes shown as black or red ''dashed'' lines.{{Efn|name=interior features}}|name=black and red}} '''cells''', '''vertices''' and the '''isoclines''' which connect them by isoclinic rotation.{{Efn|name=isoclinic geodesic}} Everything else is '''''black and white:''''' e.g. adjacent '''face-bonded cell pairs''', or '''edges''' and '''chords''' which are black at one end and white at the other. Things which have [[W:Chirality|chirality]] come in '''''right or left''''' enantiomorphous forms: '''[[#Isoclinic rotations|isoclinic rotations]]''' and '''chiral objects''' which include '''[[#Characteristic orthoscheme|characteristic orthoscheme]]s''', '''[[#Chiral symmetry operations|sets of Clifford parallel great polygon planes]]''',{{Efn|name=completely orthogonal Clifford parallels are special}} '''[[W:Fiber bundle|fiber bundle]]s''' of Clifford parallel circles (whether or not the circles themselves are chiral), and the chiral cell rings of tetrahedra found in the [[16-cell#Helical construction|16-cell]] and [[600-cell#Boerdijk–Coxeter helix rings|600-cell]]. Things which have '''''neither''''' an even/odd parity nor a chirality include all '''edges''' and '''faces''' (shared by black and white cells), '''[[#Geodesics|great circle polygons]]''' and their '''[[W:Hopf fibration|fibration]]s''', and non-chiral cell rings such as the 24-cell's [[24-cell#Cell rings|cell rings of octahedra]]. Some things are associated with '''''both''''' an even/odd parity and a chirality: '''isoclines''' are black or white because they connect vertices which are all of the same color, and they ''act'' as left or right chiral objects when they are vertex paths in a left or right rotation, although they have no inherent chirality themselves. Each left (or right) rotation traverses an equal number of black and white isoclines.{{Efn|name=Clifford polygon}}|name=left-right versus black-white}}|name=isoclinic chessboard}}|name=black and white}} Things moving diagonally move farther than 1 unit of distance in each movement step ({{radic|2}} on the chessboard, {{radic|3}} in the 24-cell), but at the cost of ''missing'' half the destinations.{{Efn|name=one true circle}} However, in an isoclinic rotation of a rigid body all the vertices rotate at once, so every destination ''will'' be reached by some vertex. Moreover, there is another isoclinic rotation in hexagon invariant planes which does take each vertex to an adjacent (nearest) vertex. A 24-cell can displace each vertex to a vertex 60° away (a nearest vertex) by rotating isoclinically by 30° in two completely orthogonal invariant planes (one of them a hexagon), ''not'' by double-rotating directly toward the nearest vertex (and also orthogonally to that direction), but instead by double-rotating directly toward a more distant vertex (and also orthogonally to that direction). This helical 30° isoclinic rotation takes the vertex 60° to its nearest-neighbor vertex by a ''different path'' than a simple 60° rotation would. The path along the helical isocline and the path along the simple great circle have the same 60° arc-length, but they consist of disjoint sets of points (except for their endpoints, the two vertices). They are both geodesic (shortest) arcs, but on two alternate kinds of geodesic circle. One is doubly curved (through all four dimensions), and one is simply curved (lying in a two-dimensional plane).|name=missing the nearest vertices}} Each {{radic|3}} chord of the helical geodesic{{Efn|Although adjacent vertices on the isoclinic geodesic are a {{radic|3}} chord apart, a point on a rigid body under rotation does not travel along a chord: it moves along an arc between the two endpoints of the chord (a longer distance). In a ''simple'' rotation between two vertices {{radic|3}} apart, the vertex moves along the arc of a hexagonal great circle to a vertex two great hexagon edges away, and passes through the intervening hexagon vertex midway. But in an ''isoclinic'' rotation between two vertices {{radic|3}} apart the vertex moves along a helical arc called an isocline (not a planar great circle),{{Efn|name=isoclinic geodesic}} which does ''not'' pass through an intervening vertex: it misses the vertex nearest to its midpoint.{{Efn|name=missing the nearest vertices}}|name=isocline misses vertex}} crosses between two Clifford parallel hexagon central planes, and lies in another hexagon central plane that intersects them both.{{Efn|Departing from any vertex V₀ in the original great hexagon plane of isoclinic rotation P₀, the first vertex reached V₁ is 120 degrees away along a {{radic|3}} chord lying in a different hexagonal plane P₁. P₁ is inclined to P₀ at a 60° angle.{{Efn|P₀ and P₁ lie in the same hyperplane (the same central cuboctahedron) so their other angle of separation is 0.{{Efn|name=two angles between central planes}}}} The second vertex reached V₂ is 120 degrees beyond V₁ along a second {{radic|3}} chord lying in another hexagonal plane P₂ that is Clifford parallel to P₀.{{Efn|P₀ and P₂ are 60° apart in ''both'' angles of separation.{{Efn|name=two angles between central planes}} Clifford parallel planes are isoclinic (which means they are separated by two equal angles), and their corresponding vertices are all the same distance apart. Although V₀ and V₂ are ''two'' {{radic|3}} chords apart,{{Efn|V₀ and V₂ are two {{radic|3}} chords apart on the geodesic path of this rotational isocline, but that is not the shortest geodesic path between them. In the 24-cell, it is impossible for two vertices to be more distant than ''one'' {{radic|3}} chord, unless they are antipodal vertices {{radic|4}} apart.{{Efn|name=Geodesic distance}} V₀ and V₂ are ''one'' {{radic|3}} chord apart on some other isocline, and just {{radic|1}} apart on some great hexagon. Between V₀ and V₂, the isoclinic rotation has gone the long way around the 24-cell over two {{radic|3}} chords to reach a vertex that was only {{radic|1}} away. More generally, isoclines are geodesics because the distance between their successive vertices is the shortest distance between those two vertices in some rotation connecting them, but on the 3-sphere there may be another rotation which is shorter. A path between two vertices along a geodesic is not always the shortest distance between them (even on ordinary great circle geodesics).}} P₀ and P₂ are just one {{radic|1}} edge apart (at every pair of ''nearest'' vertices).}} (Notice that V₁ lies in both intersecting planes P₁ and P₂, as V₀ lies in both P₀ and P₁. But P₀ and P₂ have ''no'' vertices in common; they do not intersect.) The third vertex reached V₃ is 120 degrees beyond V₂ along a third {{radic|3}} chord lying in another hexagonal plane P₃ that is Clifford parallel to P₁. V₀ and V₃ are adjacent vertices, {{radic|1}} apart.{{Efn|name=skew hexagram}} The three {{radic|3}} chords lie in different 8-cells.{{Efn|name=three 8-cells}} V₀ to V₃ is a 360° isoclinic rotation, and one half of the 24-cell's double-loop hexagram₂ Clifford polygon.{{Efn|name=Clifford polygon}}|name=360 degree geodesic path visiting 3 hexagonal planes}} The {{radic|3}} chords meet at a 60° angle, but since they lie in different planes they form a [[W:Helix|helix]] not a [[#Great triangles|triangle]]. Three {{radic|3}} chords and 360° of rotation takes the vertex to an adjacent vertex, not back to itself. The helix of {{radic|3}} chords closes into a loop only after six {{radic|3}} chords: a 720° rotation twice around the 24-cell{{Efn|An isoclinic rotation by 60° is two simple rotations by 60° at the same time.{{Efn|The composition of two simple 60° rotations in a pair of completely orthogonal invariant planes is a 60° isoclinic rotation in ''four'' pairs of completely orthogonal invariant planes.{{Efn|name=double rotation}} Thus the isoclinic rotation is the compound of four simple rotations, and all 24 vertices rotate in invariant hexagon planes, versus just 6 vertices in a simple rotation.}} It moves all the vertices 120° at the same time, in various different directions. Six successive diagonal rotational increments, of 60°x60° each, move each vertex through 720° on a Möbius double loop called an ''isocline'', ''twice'' around the 24-cell and back to its point of origin, in the ''same time'' (six rotational units) that it would take a simple rotation to take the vertex ''once'' around the 24-cell on an ordinary great circle.{{Efn|name=double threaded}} The helical double loop 4𝝅 isocline is just another kind of ''single'' full circle, of the same time interval and period (6 chords) as the simple great circle. The isocline is ''one'' true circle,{{Efn|name=4-dimensional great circles}} as perfectly round and geodesic as the simple great circle, even through its chords are {{radic|3}} longer, its circumference is 4𝝅 instead of 2𝝅,{{Efn|All 3-sphere isoclines of the same circumference are directly congruent circles.{{Efn|name=not all isoclines are circles}} An ordinary great circle is an isocline of circumference <math>2\pi r</math>; simple rotations of unit-radius polytopes take place on 2𝝅 isoclines. Double rotations may have isoclines of other than <math>2\pi r</math> circumference. The ''characteristic rotation'' of a regular 4-polytope is the isoclinic rotation in which the central planes containing its edges are invariant planes of rotation. The 16-cell and 24-cell edge-rotate on isoclines of 4𝝅 circumference. The 600-cell edge-rotates on isoclines of 5𝝅 circumference.|name=isocline circumference}} it circles through four dimensions instead of two,{{Efn|name=Villarceau circles}} and it acts in two chiral forms (left and right) even though all such circles of the same circumference are directly congruent.{{Efn|name=Clifford polygon}} Nevertheless, to avoid confusion we always refer to it as an ''isocline'' and reserve the term ''great circle'' for an ordinary great circle in the plane.{{Efn|name=isocline}}|name=one true circle}} on a [[W:Skew polygon#Regular skew polygons in four dimensions|skew]] [[W:Hexagram|hexagram]] with {{radic|3}} edges.{{Efn|name=skew hexagram}} Even though all 24 vertices and all the hexagons rotate at once, a 360 degree isoclinic rotation moves each vertex only halfway around its circuit. After 360 degrees each helix has departed from 3 vertices and reached a fourth vertex adjacent to the original vertex, but has ''not'' arrived back exactly at the vertex it departed from. Each central plane (every hexagon or square in the 24-cell) has rotated 360 degrees ''and'' been tilted sideways all the way around 360 degrees back to its original position (like a coin flipping twice), but the 24-cell's [[W:Orientation entanglement|orientation]] in the 4-space in which it is embedded is now different.{{Sfn|Mebius|2015|loc=Motivation|pp=2-3|ps=; "This research originated from ... the desire to construct a computer implementation of a specific motion of the human arm, known among folk dance experts as the ''Philippine wine dance'' or ''Binasuan'' and performed by physicist [[W:Richard P. Feynman|Richard P. Feynman]] during his [[W:Dirac|Dirac]] memorial lecture 1986{{Sfn|Feynman|Weinberg|1987|loc=The reason for antiparticles}} to show that a single rotation (2𝝅) is not equivalent in all respects to no rotation at all, whereas a double rotation (4𝝅) is."}} Because the 24-cell is now inside-out, if the isoclinic rotation is continued in the ''same'' direction through another 360 degrees, the 24 moving vertices will pass through the other half of the vertices that were missed on the first revolution (the 12 antipodal vertices of the 12 that were hit the first time around), and each isoclinic geodesic ''will'' arrive back at the vertex it departed from, forming a closed six-chord helical loop. It takes a 720 degree isoclinic rotation for each [[#Helical hexagrams and their isoclines|hexagram₂ geodesic]] to complete a circuit through every ''second'' vertex of its six vertices by [[W:Winding number|winding]] around the 24-cell twice, returning the 24-cell to its original chiral orientation.{{Efn|In a 720° isoclinic rotation of a ''rigid'' 24-cell the 24 vertices rotate along four separate Clifford parallel hexagram₂ geodesic loops (six vertices circling in each loop) and return to their original positions.{{Efn|name=Villarceau circles}}}} The hexagonal winding path that each vertex takes as it loops twice around the 24-cell forms a double helix bent into a [[W:Möbius strip|Möbius ring]], so that the two strands of the double helix form a continuous single strand in a closed loop.{{Efn|Because the 24-cell's helical hexagram₂ geodesic is bent into a twisted ring in the fourth dimension like a [[W:Möbius strip|Möbius strip]], its [[W:Screw thread|screw thread]] doubles back across itself in each revolution, reversing its chirality{{Efn|name=Clifford polygon}} but without ever changing its even/odd parity of rotation (black or white).{{Efn|name=black and white}} The 6-vertex isoclinic path forms a Möbius double loop, like a 3-dimensional double helix with the ends of its two parallel 3-vertex helices cross-connected to each other. This 60° isocline{{Efn|A strip of paper can form a [[W:Möbius strip#Polyhedral surfaces and flat foldings|flattened Möbius strip]] in the plane by folding it at <math>60^\circ</math> angles so that its center line lies along an equilateral triangle, and attaching the ends. The shortest strip for which this is possible consists of three equilateral paper triangles, folded at the edges where two triangles meet. Since the loop traverses both sides of each paper triangle, it is a hexagonal loop over six equilateral triangles. Its [[W:Aspect ratio|aspect ratio]]{{snd}}the ratio of the strip's length{{efn|The length of a strip can be measured at its centerline, or by cutting the resulting Möbius strip perpendicularly to its boundary so that it forms a rectangle.}} to its width{{snd}}is {{nowrap|<math>\sqrt 3\approx 1.73</math>.}}}} is a [[W:Skew polygon|skewed]] instance of the [[W:Polygram (geometry)#Regular compound polygons|regular compound polygon]] denoted {6/2}{{=}}2{3} or hexagram₂.{{Efn|name=skew hexagram}} Successive {{radic|3}} edges belong to different [[#8-cell|8-cells]], as the 720° isoclinic rotation takes each hexagon through all six hexagons in the [[#6-cell rings|6-cell ring]], and each 8-cell through all three 8-cells twice.{{Efn|name=three 8-cells}}|name=double threaded}} In the first revolution the vertex traverses one 3-chord strand of the double helix; in the second revolution it traverses the second 3-chord strand, moving in the same rotational direction with the same handedness (bending either left or right) throughout. Although this isoclinic Möbius [[#6-cell rings|ring]] is a circular spiral through all 4 dimensions, not a 2-dimensional circle, like a great circle it is a geodesic because it is the shortest path from vertex to vertex.{{Efn|A point under isoclinic rotation traverses the diagonal{{Efn|name=isoclinic 4-dimensional diagonal}} straight line of a single '''isoclinic geodesic''', reaching its destination directly, instead of the bent line of two successive '''simple geodesics'''.{{Efn||name=double rotation}} A '''[[W:Geodesic|geodesic]]''' is the ''shortest path'' through a space (intuitively, a string pulled taught between two points). Simple geodesics are great circles lying in a central plane (the only kind of geodesics that occur in 3-space on the 2-sphere). Isoclinic geodesics are different: they do ''not'' lie in a single plane; they are 4-dimensional [[W:Helix|spirals]] rather than simple 2-dimensional circles.{{Efn|name=helical geodesic}} But they are not like 3-dimensional [[W:Screw threads|screw threads]] either, because they form a closed loop like any circle.{{Efn|name=double threaded}} Isoclinic geodesics are ''4-dimensional great circles'', and they are just as circular as 2-dimensional circles: in fact, twice as circular, because they curve in ''two'' orthogonal great circles at once.{{Efn|Isoclinic geodesics or ''isoclines'' are 4-dimensional great circles in the sense that they are 1-dimensional geodesic ''lines'' that curve in 4-space in two orthogonal great circles at once.{{Efn|name=not all isoclines are circles}} They should not be confused with ''great 2-spheres'',{{Sfn|Stillwell|2001|p=24}} which are the 4-dimensional analogues of great circles (great 1-spheres).{{Efn|name=great 2-spheres}} Discrete isoclines are polygons;{{Efn|name=Clifford polygon}} discrete great 2-spheres are polyhedra.|name=4-dimensional great circles}} They are true circles,{{Efn|name=one true circle}} and even form [[W:Hopf fibration|fibrations]] like ordinary 2-dimensional great circles.{{Efn|name=hexagonal fibrations}}{{Efn|name=square fibrations}} These '''isoclines''' are geodesic 1-dimensional lines embedded in a 4-dimensional space. On the 3-sphere{{Efn|All isoclines are [[W:Geodesics|geodesics]], and isoclines on the [[W:3-sphere|3-sphere]] are circles (curving equally in each dimension), but not all isoclines on 3-manifolds in 4-space are circles.|name=not all isoclines are circles}} they always occur in pairs{{Efn|Isoclines on the 3-sphere occur in non-intersecting pairs of even/odd coordinate parity.{{Efn|name=black and white}} A single black or white isocline forms a [[W:Möbius loop|Möbius loop]] called the {1,1} torus knot or Villarceau circle{{Sfn|Dorst|2019|loc=§1. Villarceau Circles|p=44|ps=; "In mathematics, the path that the (1, 1) knot on the torus traces is also known as a [[W:Villarceau circle|Villarceau circle]]. Villarceau circles are usually introduced as two intersecting circles that are the cross-section of a torus by a well-chosen plane cutting it. Picking one such circle and rotating it around the torus axis, the resulting family of circles can be used to rule the torus. By nesting tori smartly, the collection of all such circles then form a [[W:Hopf fibration|Hopf fibration]].... we prefer to consider the Villarceau circle as the (1, 1) torus knot rather than as a planar cut."}} in which each of two "circles" linked in a Möbius "figure eight" loop traverses through all four dimensions.{{Efn|name=Clifford polygon}} The double loop is a true circle in four dimensions.{{Efn|name=one true circle}} Even and odd isoclines are also linked, not in a Möbius loop but as a [[W:Hopf link|Hopf link]] of two non-intersecting circles,{{Efn|name=Clifford parallels}} as are all the Clifford parallel isoclines of a [[W:Hopf fibration|Hopf fiber bundle]].|name=Villarceau circles}} as [[W:Villarceau circle|Villarceau circle]]s on the [[W:Clifford torus|Clifford torus]], the geodesic paths traversed by vertices in an [[W:Rotations in 4-dimensional Euclidean space#Double rotations|isoclinic rotation]]. They are [[W:Helix|helices]] bent into a [[W:Möbius strip|Möbius loop]] in the fourth dimension, taking a diagonal [[W:Winding number|winding route]] around the 3-sphere through the non-adjacent vertices{{Efn|name=missing the nearest vertices}} of a 4-polytope's [[W:Skew polygon#Regular skew polygons in four dimensions|skew]] '''Clifford polygon'''.{{Efn|name=Clifford polygon}}|name=isoclinic geodesic}} === Clifford parallel polytopes === Two planes are also called ''isoclinic'' if an isoclinic rotation will bring them together.{{Efn|name=two angles between central planes}} The isoclinic planes are precisely those central planes with Clifford parallel geodesic great circles.{{Sfn|Kim|Rote|2016|loc=Relations to Clifford parallelism|pp=8-9}} Clifford parallel great circles do not intersect,{{Efn|name=Clifford parallels}} so isoclinic great circle polygons have disjoint vertices. In the 24-cell every hexagonal central plane is isoclinic to three others, and every square central plane is isoclinic to five others. We can pick out 4 mutually isoclinic (Clifford parallel) great hexagons (four different ways) covering all 24 vertices of the 24-cell just once (a hexagonal fibration).{{Efn|The 24-cell has four sets of 4 non-intersecting [[W:Clifford parallel|Clifford parallel]]{{Efn|name=Clifford parallels}} great circles each passing through 6 vertices (a great hexagon), with only one great hexagon in each set passing through each vertex, and the 4 hexagons in each set reaching all 24 vertices.{{Efn|name=four hexagonal fibrations}} Each set constitutes a discrete [[W:Hopf fibration|Hopf fibration]] of interlocking great circles. The 24-cell can also be divided (eight different ways) into 4 disjoint subsets of 6 vertices (hexagrams) that do ''not'' lie in a hexagonal central plane, each skew [[#Helical hexagrams and their isoclines|hexagram forming an isoclinic geodesic or ''isocline'']] that is the rotational circle traversed by those 6 vertices in one particular left or right [[#Isoclinic rotations|isoclinic rotation]]. Each of these sets of four Clifford parallel isoclines belongs to one of the four discrete Hopf fibrations of hexagonal great circles.{{Efn|Each set of [[W:Clifford parallel|Clifford parallel]] [[#Geodesics|great circle]] polygons is a different bundle of fibers than the corresponding set of Clifford parallel isocline{{Efn|name=isoclinic geodesic}} polygrams, but the two [[W:Fiber bundles|fiber bundles]] together constitute the ''same'' discrete [[W:Hopf fibration|Hopf fibration]], because they enumerate the 24 vertices together by their intersection in the same distinct (left or right) isoclinic rotation. They are the [[W:Warp and woof|warp and woof]] of the same woven fabric that is the fibration.|name=great circles and isoclines are same fibration|name=warp and woof}}|name=hexagonal fibrations}} We can pick out 6 mutually isoclinic (Clifford parallel) great squares{{Efn|Each great square plane is isoclinic (Clifford parallel) to five other square planes but [[W:Completely orthogonal|completely orthogonal]] to only one of them.{{Efn|name=Clifford parallel squares in the 16-cell and 24-cell}} Every pair of completely orthogonal planes has Clifford parallel great circles, but not all Clifford parallel great circles are orthogonal (e.g., none of the hexagonal geodesics in the 24-cell are mutually orthogonal). There is also another way in which completely orthogonal planes are in a distinguished category of Clifford parallel planes: they are not [[W:Chiral|chiral]], or strictly speaking they possess both chiralities. A pair of isoclinic (Clifford parallel) planes is either a ''left pair'' or a ''right pair'', unless they are separated by two angles of 90° (completely orthogonal planes) or 0° (coincident planes).{{Sfn|Kim|Rote|2016|p=8|loc=Left and Right Pairs of Isoclinic Planes}} Most isoclinic planes are brought together only by a left isoclinic rotation or a right isoclinic rotation, respectively. Completely orthogonal planes are special: the pair of planes is both a left and a right pair, so either a left or a right isoclinic rotation will bring them together. This occurs because isoclinic square planes are 180° apart at all vertex pairs: not just Clifford parallel but completely orthogonal. The isoclines (chiral vertex paths){{Efn|name=isoclinic geodesic}} of 90° isoclinic rotations are special for the same reason. Left and right isoclines loop through the same set of antipodal vertices (hitting both ends of each [[16-cell#Helical construction|16-cell axis]]), instead of looping through disjoint left and right subsets of black or white antipodal vertices (hitting just one end of each axis), as the left and right isoclines of all other fibrations do.|name=completely orthogonal Clifford parallels are special}} (three different ways) covering all 24 vertices of the 24-cell just once (a square fibration).{{Efn|The 24-cell has three sets of 6 non-intersecting Clifford parallel great circles each passing through 4 vertices (a great square), with only one great square in each set passing through each vertex, and the 6 squares in each set reaching all 24 vertices.{{Efn|name=three square fibrations}} Each set constitutes a discrete [[W:Hopf fibration|Hopf fibration]] of 6 interlocking great squares, which is simply the compound of the three inscribed 16-cell's discrete Hopf fibrations of 2 interlocking great squares. The 24-cell can also be divided (six different ways) into 3 disjoint subsets of 8 vertices (octagrams) that do ''not'' lie in a square central plane, but comprise a 16-cell and lie on a skew [[#Helical octagrams and thei isoclines|octagram₃ forming an isoclinic geodesic or ''isocline'']] that is the rotational cirle traversed by those 8 vertices in one particular left or right [[16-cell#Rotations|isoclinic rotation]] as they rotate positions within the 16-cell.{{Efn|name=warp and woof}}|name=square fibrations}} Every isoclinic rotation taking vertices to vertices corresponds to a discrete fibration.{{Efn|name=fibrations are distinguished only by rotations}} Two dimensional great circle polygons are not the only polytopes in the 24-cell which are parallel in the Clifford sense.{{Sfn|Tyrrell|Semple|1971|pp=1-9|loc=§1. Introduction}} Congruent polytopes of 2, 3 or 4 dimensions can be said to be Clifford parallel in 4 dimensions if their corresponding vertices are all the same distance apart. The three 16-cells inscribed in the 24-cell are Clifford parallels. Clifford parallel polytopes are ''completely disjoint'' polytopes.{{Efn|Polytopes are '''completely disjoint''' if all their ''element sets'' are disjoint: they do not share any vertices, edges, faces or cells. They may still overlap in space, sharing 4-content, volume, area, or lineage.|name=completely disjoint}} A 60 degree isoclinic rotation in hexagonal planes takes each 16-cell to a disjoint 16-cell. Like all [[#Double rotations|double rotations]], isoclinic rotations come in two [[W:Chiral|chiral]] forms: there is a disjoint 16-cell to the ''left'' of each 16-cell, and another to its ''right''.{{Efn|Visualize the three [[16-cell]]s inscribed in the 24-cell (left, right, and middle), and the rotation which takes them to each other. [[#Reciprocal constructions from 8-cell and 16-cell|The vertices of the middle 16-cell lie on the (w, x, y, z) coordinate axes]];{{Efn|name=Six orthogonal planes of the Cartesian basis}} the other two are rotated 60° [[W:Rotations in 4-dimensional Euclidean space#Isoclinic rotations|isoclinically]] to its left and its right. The 24-vertex 24-cell is a compound of three 16-cells, whose three sets of 8 vertices are distributed around the 24-cell symmetrically; each vertex is surrounded by 8 others (in the 3-dimensional space of the 4-dimensional 24-cell's ''surface''), the way the vertices of a cube surround its center.{{Efn|name=24-cell vertex figure}} The 8 surrounding vertices (the cube corners) lie in other 16-cells: 4 in the other 16-cell to the left, and 4 in the other 16-cell to the right. They are the vertices of two tetrahedra inscribed in the cube, one belonging (as a cell) to each 16-cell. If the 16-cell edges are {{radic|2}}, each vertex of the compound of three 16-cells is {{radic|1}} away from its 8 surrounding vertices in other 16-cells. Now visualize those {{radic|1}} distances as the edges of the 24-cell (while continuing to visualize the disjoint 16-cells). The {{radic|1}} edges form great hexagons of 6 vertices which run around the 24-cell in a central plane. ''Four'' hexagons cross at each vertex (and its antipodal vertex), inclined at 60° to each other.{{Efn|name=cuboctahedral hexagons}} The [[#Great hexagons|hexagons]] are not perpendicular to each other, or to the 16-cells' perpendicular [[#Great squares|square central planes]].{{Efn|name=non-orthogonal hexagons}} The left and right 16-cells form a tesseract.{{Efn|Each pair of the three 16-cells inscribed in the 24-cell forms a 4-dimensional [[W:Tesseract|hypercube (a tesseract or 8-cell)]], in [[#Relationships among interior polytopes|dimensional analogy]] to the way two tetrahedra form a cube: the two 8-vertex 16-cells are inscribed in the 16-vertex tesseract, occupying its alternate vertices. The third 16-cell does not lie within the tesseract; its 8 vertices protrude from the sides of the tesseract, forming a cubic pyramid on each of the tesseract's cubic cells (as in [[#Reciprocal constructions from 8-cell and 16-cell|Gosset's construction of the 24-cell]]). The three pairs of 16-cells form three tesseracts.{{Efn|name=three 8-cells}} The tesseracts share vertices, but the 16-cells are completely disjoint.{{Efn|name=completely disjoint}}|name=three 16-cells form three tesseracts}} Two 16-cells have vertex-pairs which are one {{radic|1}} edge (one hexagon edge) apart. But a [[#Simple rotations|''simple'' rotation]] of 60° will not take one whole 16-cell to another 16-cell, because their vertices are 60° apart in different directions, and a simple rotation has only one hexagonal plane of rotation. One 16-cell ''can'' be taken to another 16-cell by a 60° [[#Isoclinic rotations|''isoclinic'' rotation]], because an isoclinic rotation is [[W:3-sphere|3-sphere]] symmetric: four [[#Clifford parallel polytopes|Clifford parallel hexagonal planes]] rotate together, but in four different rotational directions,{{Efn|name=Clifford displacement}} taking each 16-cell to another 16-cell. But since an isoclinic 60° rotation is a ''diagonal'' rotation by 60° in ''two'' orthogonal great circles at once,{{Efn|name=isoclinic geodesic}} the corresponding vertices of the 16-cell and the 16-cell it is taken to are 120° apart: ''two'' {{radic|1}} hexagon edges (or one {{radic|3}} hexagon chord) apart, not one {{radic|1}} edge (60°) apart.{{Efn|name=isoclinic 4-dimensional diagonal}} By the [[W:Chiral|chiral]] diagonal nature of isoclinic rotations, the 16-cell ''cannot'' reach the adjacent 16-cell (whose vertices are one {{radic|1}} edge away) by rotating toward it;{{Efn|name=missing the nearest vertices}} it can only reach the 16-cell ''beyond'' it (120° away). But of course, the 16-cell beyond the 16-cell to its right is the 16-cell to its left. So a 60° isoclinic rotation ''will'' take every 16-cell to another 16-cell: a 60° ''right'' isoclinic rotation will take the middle 16-cell to the 16-cell we may have originally visualized as the ''left'' 16-cell, and a 60° ''left'' isoclinic rotation will take the middle 16-cell to the 16-cell we visualized as the ''right'' 16-cell. (If so, that was our error in visualization; the 16-cell to the "left" is in fact the one reached by the left isoclinic rotation, as that is the only [[#Double rotations|sense in which the two 16-cells are left or right]] of each other.){{Efn|name=clasped hands}}|name=three isoclinic 16-cells}} All Clifford parallel 4-polytopes are related by an isoclinic rotation,{{Efn|name=Clifford displacement}} but not all isoclinic polytopes are Clifford parallels (completely disjoint).{{Efn|All isoclinic ''planes'' are Clifford parallels (completely disjoint).{{Efn|name=completely disjoint}} Three and four dimensional cocentric objects may intersect (sharing elements) but still be related by an isoclinic rotation. Polyhedra and 4-polytopes may be isoclinic and ''not'' disjoint, if all of their corresponding planes are either Clifford parallel, or cocellular (in the same hyperplane) or coincident (the same plane).}} The three 8-cells in the 24-cell are isoclinic but not Clifford parallel. Like the 16-cells, they are rotated 60 degrees isoclinically with respect to each other, but their vertices are not all disjoint (and therefore not all equidistant). Each vertex occurs in two of the three 8-cells (as each 16-cell occurs in two of the three 8-cells).{{Efn|name=three 8-cells}} Isoclinic rotations relate the convex regular 4-polytopes to each other. An isoclinic rotation of a single 16-cell will generate{{Efn|By ''generate'' we mean simply that some vertex of the first polytope will visit each vertex of the generated polytope in the course of the rotation.}} a 24-cell. A simple rotation of a single 16-cell will not, because its vertices will not reach either of the other two 16-cells' vertices in the course of the rotation. An isoclinic rotation of the 24-cell will generate the 600-cell, and an isoclinic rotation of the 600-cell will generate the 120-cell. (Or they can all be generated directly by an isoclinic rotation of the 16-cell, generating isoclinic copies of itself.) The different convex regular 4-polytopes nest inside each other, and multiple instances of the same 4-polytope hide next to each other in the Clifford parallel spaces that comprise the 3-sphere.{{Sfn|Tyrrell|Semple|1971|loc=Clifford Parallel Spaces and Clifford Reguli|pp=20-33}} For an object of more than one dimension, the only way to reach these parallel subspaces directly is by isoclinic rotation. Like a key operating a four-dimensional lock, an object must twist in two completely perpendicular tumbler cylinders at once in order to move the short distance between Clifford parallel subspaces. === Rings === In the 24-cell there are sets of rings of six different kinds, described separately in detail in other sections of [[24-cell|this article]]. This section describes how the different kinds of rings are [[#Relationships among interior polytopes|intertwined]]. The 24-cell contains four kinds of [[#Geodesics|geodesic fibers]] (polygonal rings running through vertices): [[#Great squares|great circle squares]] and their [[16-cell#Helical construction|isoclinic helix octagrams]],{{Efn|name=square fibrations}} and [[#Great hexagons|great circle hexagons]] and their [[#Isoclinic rotations|isoclinic helix hexagrams]].{{Efn|name=hexagonal fibrations}} It also contains two kinds of [[24-cell#Cell rings|cell rings]] (chains of octahedra bent into a ring in the fourth dimension): four octahedra connected vertex-to-vertex and bent into a square, and six octahedra connected face-to-face and bent into a hexagon.{{Sfn|Coxeter|1970|loc=§8. The simplex, cube, cross-polytope and 24-cell|p=18|ps=; Coxeter studied cell rings in the general case of their geometry and [[W:Group theory|group theory]], identifying each cell ring as a [[W:Polytope|polytope]] in its own right which fills a three-dimensional manifold (such as the [[W:3-sphere|3-sphere]]) with its corresponding [[W:Honeycomb (geometry)|honeycomb]]. He found that cell rings follow [[W:Petrie polygon|Petrie polygon]]s{{Efn|name=Petrie dodecagram and Clifford hexagram}} and some (but not all) cell rings and their honeycombs are ''twisted'', occurring in left- and right-handed [[chiral]] forms. Specifically, he found that since the 24-cell's octahedral cells have opposing faces, the cell rings in the 24-cell are of the non-chiral (directly congruent) kind.{{Efn|name=6-cell ring is not chiral}} Each of the 24-cell's cell rings has its corresponding honeycomb in Euclidean (rather than hyperbolic) space, so the 24-cell tiles 4-dimensional Euclidean space by translation to form the [[W:24-cell honeycomb|24-cell honeycomb]].}}{{Sfn|Banchoff|2013|ps=, studied the decomposition of regular 4-polytopes into honeycombs of tori tiling the [[W:Clifford torus|Clifford torus]], showed how the honeycombs correspond to [[W:Hopf fibration|Hopf fibration]]s, and made a particular study of the [[#6-cell rings|24-cell's 4 rings of 6 octahedral cells]] with illustrations.}} ==== 4-cell rings ==== Four unit-edge-length octahedra can be connected vertex-to-vertex along a common axis of length 4{{radic|2}}. The axis can then be bent into a square of edge length {{radic|2}}. Although it is possible to do this in a space of only three dimensions, that is not how it occurs in the 24-cell. Although the {{radic|2}} axes of the four octahedra occupy the same plane, forming one of the 18 {{radic|2}} great squares of the 24-cell, each octahedron occupies a different 3-dimensional hyperplane,{{Efn|Just as each face of a [[W:Polyhedron|polyhedron]] occupies a different (2-dimensional) face plane, each cell of a [[W:Polychoron|polychoron]] occupies a different (3-dimensional) cell [[W:Hyperplane|hyperplane]].{{Efn|name=hyperplanes}}}} and all four dimensions are utilized. The 24-cell can be partitioned into 6 such 4-cell rings (three different ways), mutually interlinked like adjacent links in a chain (but these [[W:Link (knot theory)|links]] all have a common center). An [[#Isoclinic rotations|isoclinic rotation]] in the great square plane by a multiple of 90° takes each octahedron in the ring to an octahedron in the ring. ==== 6-cell rings ==== [[File:Six face-bonded octahedra.jpg|thumb|400px|A 4-dimensional ring of 6 face-bonded octahedra, bounded by two intersecting sets of three Clifford parallel great hexagons of different colors, cut and laid out flat in 3 dimensional space.{{Efn|name=6-cell ring}}]]Six regular octahedra can be connected face-to-face along a common axis that passes through their centers of volume, forming a stack or column with only triangular faces. In a space of four dimensions, the axis can then be bent 60° in the fourth dimension at each of the six octahedron centers, in a plane orthogonal to all three orthogonal central planes of each octahedron, such that the top and bottom triangular faces of the column become coincident. The column becomes a ring around a hexagonal axis. The 24-cell can be partitioned into 4 such rings (four different ways), mutually interlinked. Because the hexagonal axis joins cell centers (not vertices), it is not a great hexagon of the 24-cell.{{Efn|The axial hexagon of the 6-octahedron ring does not intersect any vertices or edges of the 24-cell, but it does hit faces. In a unit-edge-length 24-cell, it has edges of length 1/2.{{Efn|When unit-edge octahedra are placed face-to-face the distance between their centers of volume is {{radic|2/3}} ≈ 0.816.{{Sfn|Coxeter|1973|pp=292-293|loc=Table I(i): Octahedron}} When 24 face-bonded octahedra are bent into a 24-cell lying on the 3-sphere, the centers of the octahedra are closer together in 4-space. Within the curved 3-dimensional surface space filled by the 24 cells, the cell centers are still {{radic|2/3}} apart along the curved geodesics that join them. But on the straight chords that join them, which dip inside the 3-sphere, they are only 1/2 edge length apart.}} Because it joins six cell centers, the axial hexagon is a great hexagon of the smaller dual 24-cell that is formed by joining the 24 cell centers.{{Efn|name=common core}}}} However, six great hexagons can be found in the ring of six octahedra, running along the edges of the octahedra. In the column of six octahedra (before it is bent into a ring) there are six spiral paths along edges running up the column: three parallel helices spiraling clockwise, and three parallel helices spiraling counterclockwise. Each clockwise helix intersects each counterclockwise helix at two vertices three edge lengths apart. Bending the column into a ring changes these helices into great circle hexagons.{{Efn|There is a choice of planes in which to fold the column into a ring, but they are equivalent in that they produce congruent rings. Whichever folding planes are chosen, each of the six helices joins its own two ends and forms a simple great circle hexagon. These hexagons are ''not'' helices: they lie on ordinary flat great circles. Three of them are Clifford parallel{{Efn|name=Clifford parallels}} and belong to one [[#Great hexagons|hexagonal]] fibration. They intersect the other three, which belong to another hexagonal fibration. The three parallel great circles of each fibration spiral around each other in the sense that they form a [[W:Link (knot theory)|link]] of three ordinary circles, but they are not twisted: the 6-cell ring has no [[W:Torsion of a curve|torsion]], either clockwise or counterclockwise.{{Efn|name=6-cell ring is not chiral}}|name=6-cell ring}} The ring has two sets of three great hexagons, each on three Clifford parallel great circles.{{Efn|The three great hexagons are Clifford parallel, which is different than ordinary parallelism.{{Efn|name=Clifford parallels}} Clifford parallel great hexagons pass through each other like adjacent links of a chain, forming a [[W:Hopf link|Hopf link]]. Unlike links in a 3-dimensional chain, they share the same center point. In the 24-cell, Clifford parallel great hexagons occur in sets of four, not three. The fourth parallel hexagon lies completely outside the 6-cell ring; its 6 vertices are completely disjoint from the ring's 18 vertices.}} The great hexagons in each parallel set of three do not intersect, but each intersects the other three great hexagons (to which it is not Clifford parallel) at two antipodal vertices. A [[#Simple rotations|simple rotation]] in any of the great hexagon planes by a multiple of 60° rotates only that hexagon invariantly, taking each vertex in that hexagon to a vertex in the same hexagon. An [[#Isoclinic rotations|isoclinic rotation]] by 60° in any of the six great hexagon planes rotates all three Clifford parallel great hexagons invariantly, and takes each octahedron in the ring to a ''non-adjacent'' octahedron in the ring.{{Efn|An isoclinic rotation by a multiple of 60° takes even-numbered octahedra in the ring to even-numbered octahedra, and odd-numbered octahedra to odd-numbered octahedra.{{Efn|In the column of 6 octahedral cells, we number the cells 0-5 going up the column. We also label each vertex with an integer 0-5 based on how many edge lengths it is up the column.}} It is impossible for an even-numbered octahedron to reach an odd-numbered octahedron, or vice versa, by a left or a right isoclinic rotation alone.{{Efn|name=black and white}}|name=black and white octahedra}} Each isoclinically displaced octahedron is also rotated itself. After a 360° isoclinic rotation each octahedron is back in the same position, but in a different orientation. In a 720° isoclinic rotation, its vertices are returned to their original [[W:Orientation entanglement|orientation]]. Four Clifford parallel great hexagons comprise a discrete fiber bundle covering all 24 vertices in a [[W:Hopf fibration|Hopf fibration]]. The 24-cell has four such [[#Great hexagons|discrete hexagonal fibrations]] <math>F_a, F_b, F_c, F_d</math>. Each great hexagon belongs to just one fibration, and the four fibrations are defined by disjoint sets of four great hexagons each.{{Sfn|Kim|Rote|2016|loc=§8.3 Properties of the Hopf Fibration|pp=14-16|ps=; Corollary 9. Every great circle belongs to a unique right [(and left)] Hopf bundle.}} Each fibration is the domain (container) of a unique left-right pair of isoclinic rotations (left and right Hopf fiber bundles).{{Efn|The choice of a partitioning of a regular 4-polytope into cell rings (a fibration) is arbitrary, because all of its cells are identical. No particular fibration is distinguished, ''unless'' the 4-polytope is rotating. Each fibration corresponds to a left-right pair of isoclinic rotations in a particular set of Clifford parallel invariant central planes of rotation. In the 24-cell, distinguishing a hexagonal fibration{{Efn|name=hexagonal fibrations}} means choosing a cell-disjoint set of four 6-cell rings that is the unique container of a left-right pair of isoclinic rotations in four Clifford parallel hexagonal invariant planes. The left and right rotations take place in chiral subspaces of that container,{{Sfn|Kim|Rote|2016|p=12|loc=§8 The Construction of Hopf Fibrations; 3}} but the fibration and the octahedral cell rings themselves are not chiral objects.{{Efn|name=6-cell ring is not chiral}}|name=fibrations are distinguished only by rotations}} Four cell-disjoint 6-cell rings also comprise each discrete fibration defined by four Clifford parallel great hexagons. Each 6-cell ring contains only 18 of the 24 vertices, and only 6 of the 16 great hexagons, which we see illustrated above running along the cell ring's edges: 3 spiraling clockwise and 3 counterclockwise. Those 6 hexagons running along the cell ring's edges are not among the set of four parallel hexagons which define the fibration. For example, one of the four 6-cell rings in fibration <math>F_a</math> contains 3 parallel hexagons running clockwise along the cell ring's edges from fibration <math>F_b</math>, and 3 parallel hexagons running counterclockwise along the cell ring's edges from fibration <math>F_c</math>, but that cell ring contains no great hexagons from fibration <math>F_a</math> or fibration <math>F_d</math>. The 24-cell contains 16 great hexagons, divided into four disjoint sets of four hexagons, each disjoint set uniquely defining a fibration. Each fibration is also a distinct set of four cell-disjoint 6-cell rings. The 24-cell has exactly 16 distinct 6-cell rings. Each 6-cell ring belongs to just one of the four fibrations.{{Efn|The dual polytope of the 24-cell is another 24-cell. It can be constructed by placing vertices at the 24 cell centers. Each 6-cell ring corresponds to a great hexagon in the dual 24-cell, so there are 16 distinct 6-cell rings, as there are 16 distinct great hexagons, each belonging to just one fibration.}} ==== Helical hexagrams and their isoclines ==== Another kind of geodesic fiber, the [[#Isoclinic rotations|helical hexagram isoclines]], can be found within a 6-cell ring of octahedra. Each of these geodesics runs through every ''second'' vertex of a skew [[W:Hexagram|hexagram]]₂, which in the unit-radius, unit-edge-length 24-cell has six {{radic|3}} edges. The hexagram does not lie in a single central plane, but is composed of six linked {{radic|3}} chords from the six different hexagon great circles in the 6-cell ring. The isocline geodesic fiber is the path of an isoclinic rotation,{{Efn|name=isoclinic geodesic}} a helical rather than simply circular path around the 24-cell which links vertices two edge lengths apart and consequently must wrap twice around the 24-cell before completing its six-vertex loop.{{Efn|The chord-path of an isocline (the geodesic along which a vertex moves under isoclinic rotation) may be called the 4-polytope's '''Clifford polygon''', as it is the skew polygonal shape of the rotational circles traversed by the 4-polytope's vertices in its characteristic [[W:Clifford displacement|Clifford displacement]].{{Sfn|Tyrrell|Semple|1971|loc=Linear Systems of Clifford Parallels|pp=34-57}} The isocline is a helical Möbius double loop which reverses its chirality twice in the course of a full double circuit. The double loop is entirely contained within a single [[24-cell#Cell rings|cell ring]], where it follows chords connecting even (odd) vertices: typically opposite vertices of adjacent cells, two edge lengths apart.{{Efn|name=black and white}} Both "halves" of the double loop pass through each cell in the cell ring, but intersect only two even (odd) vertices in each even (odd) cell. Each pair of intersected vertices in an even (odd) cell lie opposite each other on the [[W:Möbius strip|Möbius strip]], exactly one edge length apart. Thus each cell has both helices passing through it, which are Clifford parallels{{Efn|name=Clifford parallels}} of opposite chirality at each pair of parallel points. Globally these two helices are a single connected circle of ''both'' chiralities, with no net [[W:Torsion of a curve|torsion]]. An isocline acts as a left (or right) isocline when traversed by a left (or right) rotation (of different fibrations).{{Efn|name=one true circle}}|name=Clifford polygon}} Rather than a flat hexagon, it forms a [[W:Skew polygon|skew]] hexagram out of two three-sided 360 degree half-loops: open triangles joined end-to-end to each other in a six-sided Möbius loop.{{Efn|name=double threaded}} Each 6-cell ring contains six such hexagram isoclines, three black and three white, that connect even and odd vertices respectively.{{Efn|Only one kind of 6-cell ring exists, not two different chiral kinds (right-handed and left-handed), because octahedra have opposing faces and form untwisted cell rings. In addition to two sets of three Clifford parallel{{Efn|name=Clifford parallels}} [[#Great hexagons|great hexagons]], three black and three white [[#Isoclinic rotations|isoclinic hexagram geodesics]] run through the [[#6-cell rings|6-cell ring]].{{Efn|name=hexagonal fibrations}} Each of these chiral skew [[W:Hexagram|hexagram]]s lies on a different kind of circle called an ''isocline'',{{Efn|name=not all isoclines are circles}} a helical circle [[W:Winding number|winding]] through all four dimensions instead of lying in a single plane.{{Efn|name=isoclinic geodesic}} These helical great circles occur in Clifford parallel [[W:Hopf fibration|fiber bundles]] just as ordinary planar great circles do. In the 6-cell ring, black and white hexagrams pass through even and odd vertices respectively, and miss the vertices in between, so the isoclines are disjoint.{{Efn|name=black and white}}|name=6-cell ring is not chiral}} Each of the three black-white pairs of isoclines belongs to one of the three fibrations in which the 6-cell ring occurs. Each fibration's right (or left) rotation traverses two black isoclines and two white isoclines in parallel, rotating all 24 vertices.{{Efn|name=missing the nearest vertices}} Beginning at any vertex at one end of the column of six octahedra, we can follow an isoclinic path of {{radic|3}} chords of an isocline from octahedron to octahedron. In the 24-cell the {{radic|1}} edges are [[#Great hexagons|great hexagon]] edges (and octahedron edges); in the column of six octahedra we see six great hexagons running along the octahedra's edges. The {{radic|3}} chords are great hexagon diagonals, joining great hexagon vertices two {{radic|1}} edges apart. We find them in the ring of six octahedra running from a vertex in one octahedron to a vertex in the next octahedron, passing through the face shared by the two octahedra (but not touching any of the face's 3 vertices). Each {{radic|3}} chord is a chord of just one great hexagon (an edge of a [[#Great triangles|great triangle]] inscribed in that great hexagon), but successive {{radic|3}} chords belong to different great hexagons.{{Efn|name=360 degree geodesic path visiting 3 hexagonal planes}} At each vertex the isoclinic path of {{radic|3}} chords bends 60 degrees in two central planes{{Efn|Two central planes in which the path bends 60° at the vertex are (a) the great hexagon plane that the chord ''before'' the vertex belongs to, and (b) the great hexagon plane that the chord ''after'' the vertex belongs to. Plane (b) contains the 120° isocline chord joining the original vertex to a vertex in great hexagon plane (c), Clifford parallel to (a); the vertex moves over this chord to this next vertex. The angle of inclination between the Clifford parallel (isoclinic) great hexagon planes (a) and (c) is also 60°. In this 60° interval of the isoclinic rotation, great hexagon plane (a) rotates 60° within itself ''and'' tilts 60° in an orthogonal plane (not plane (b)) to become great hexagon plane (c). The three great hexagon planes (a), (b) and (c) are not orthogonal (they are inclined at 60° to each other), but (a) and (b) are two central hexagons in the same cuboctahedron, and (b) and (c) likewise in an orthogonal cuboctahedron.{{Efn|name=cuboctahedral hexagons}}}} at once: 60 degrees around the great hexagon that the chord before the vertex belongs to, and 60 degrees into the plane of a different great hexagon entirely, that the chord after the vertex belongs to.{{Efn|At each vertex there is only one adjacent great hexagon plane that the isocline can bend 60 degrees into: the isoclinic path is ''deterministic'' in the sense that it is linear, not branching, because each vertex in the cell ring is a place where just two of the six great hexagons contained in the cell ring cross. If each great hexagon is given edges and chords of a particular color (as in the 6-cell ring illustration), we can name each great hexagon by its color, and each kind of vertex by a hyphenated two-color name. The cell ring contains 18 vertices named by the 9 unique two-color combinations; each vertex and its antipodal vertex have the same two colors in their name, since when two great hexagons intersect they do so at antipodal vertices. Each isoclinic skew hexagram{{Efn|Each half of a skew hexagram is an open triangle of three {{radic|3}} chords, the two open ends of which are one {{radic|1}} edge length apart. The two halves, like the whole isocline, have no inherent chirality but the same parity-color (black or white). The halves are the two opposite "edges" of a [[W:Möbius strip|Möbius strip]] that is {{radic|1}} wide; it actually has only one edge, which is a single continuous circle with 6 chords.|name=skew hexagram}} contains one {{radic|3}} chord of each color, and visits 6 of the 9 different color-pairs of vertex.{{Efn|Each vertex of the 6-cell ring is intersected by two skew hexagrams of the same parity (black or white) belonging to different fibrations.{{Efn|name=6-cell ring is not chiral}}|name=hexagrams hitting vertex of 6-cell ring}} Each 6-cell ring contains six such isoclinic skew hexagrams, three black and three white.{{Efn|name=hexagrams missing vertex of 6-cell ring}}|name=Möbius double loop hexagram}} Thus the path follows one great hexagon from each octahedron to the next, but switches to another of the six great hexagons in the next link of the hexagram₂ path. Followed along the column of six octahedra (and "around the end" where the column is bent into a ring) the path may at first appear to be zig-zagging between three adjacent parallel hexagonal central planes (like a [[W:Petrie polygon|Petrie polygon]]), but it is not: any isoclinic path we can pick out always zig-zags between ''two sets'' of three adjacent parallel hexagonal central planes, intersecting only every even (or odd) vertex and never changing its inherent even/odd parity, as it visits all six of the great hexagons in the 6-cell ring in rotation.{{Efn|The 24-cell's [[W:Petrie polygon#The Petrie polygon of regular polychora (4-polytopes)|Petrie polygon]] is a skew [[W:Skew polygon#Regular skew polygons in four dimensions|dodecagon]] {12} and also (orthogonally) a skew [[W:Dodecagram|dodecagram]] {12/5} which zig-zags 90° left and right like the edges dividing the black and white squares on the [[W:Chessboard|chessboard]].{{Sfn|Coxeter|1973|pp=292-293|loc=Table I(ii); 24-cell ''h₁ is {12}, h₂ is {12/5}''}} In contrast, the skew hexagram₂ isocline does not zig-zag, and stays on one side or the other of the dividing line between black and white, like the [[W:Bishop (chess)|bishop]]s' paths along the diagonals of either the black or white squares of the chessboard.{{Efn|name=missing the nearest vertices}} The Petrie dodecagon is a circular helix of {{radic|1}} edges that zig-zag 90° left and right along 12 edges of 6 different octahedra (with 3 consecutive edges in each octahedron) in a 360° rotation. In contrast, the isoclinic hexagram₂ has {{radic|3}} edges which all bend either left or right at every ''second'' vertex along a geodesic spiral of ''both'' chiralities (left and right){{Efn|name=Clifford polygon}} but only one color (black or white),{{Efn|name=black and white}} visiting one vertex of each of those same 6 octahedra in a 720° rotation.|name=Petrie dodecagram and Clifford hexagram}} When it has traversed one chord from each of the six great hexagons, after 720 degrees of isoclinic rotation (either left or right), it closes its skew hexagram and begins to repeat itself, circling again through the black (or white) vertices and cells. At each vertex, there are four great hexagons{{Efn|Each pair of adjacent edges of a great hexagon has just one isocline curving alongside it,{{Efn|Each vertex of a 6-cell ring is missed by the two halves of the same Möbius double loop hexagram,{{Efn|name=Möbius double loop hexagram}} which curve past it on either side.|name=hexagrams missing vertex of 6-cell ring}} missing the vertex between the two edges (but not the way the {{radic|3}} edge of the great triangle inscribed in the great hexagon misses the vertex,{{Efn|The {{radic|3}} chord passes through the mid-edge of one of the 24-cell's {{radic|1}} radii. Since the 24-cell can be constructed, with its long radii, from {{radic|1}} triangles which meet at its center, this is a mid-edge of one of the six {{radic|1}} triangles in a great hexagon, as seen in the [[#Hypercubic chords|chord diagram]].|name=root 3 chord hits a mid-radius}} because the isocline is an arc on the surface not a chord). If we number the vertices around the hexagon 0-5, the hexagon has three pairs of adjacent edges connecting even vertices (one inscribed great triangle), and three pairs connecting odd vertices (the other inscribed great triangle). Even and odd pairs of edges have the arc of a black and a white isocline respectively curving alongside.{{Efn|name=black and white}} The three black and three white isoclines belong to the same 6-cell ring of the same fibration.{{Efn|name=Möbius double loop hexagram}}|name=isoclines at hexagons}} and four hexagram isoclines (all black or all white) that cross at the vertex.{{Efn|Each hexagram isocline hits only one end of an axis, unlike a great circle which hits both ends. Clifford parallel pairs of black and white isoclines from the same left-right pair of isoclinic rotations (the same fibration) do not intersect, but they hit opposite (antipodal) vertices of ''one'' of the 24-cell's 12 axes.|name=hexagram isoclines at an axis}} Four hexagram isoclines (two black and two white) comprise a unique (left or right) fiber bundle of isoclines covering all 24 vertices in each distinct (left or right) isoclinic rotation. Each fibration has a unique left and right isoclinic rotation, and corresponding unique left and right fiber bundles of isoclines.{{Efn|The isoclines themselves are not left or right, only the bundles are. Each isocline is left ''and'' right.{{Efn|name=Clifford polygon}}}} There are 16 distinct hexagram isoclines in the 24-cell (8 black and 8 white).{{Efn|The 12 black-white pairs of hexagram isoclines in each fibration{{Efn|name=hexagram isoclines at an axis}} and the 16 distinct hexagram isoclines in the 24-cell form a [[W:Reye configuration|Reye configuration]] 12₄16₃, just the way the 24-cell's 12 axes and [[#Great hexagons|16 hexagons]] do. Each of the 12 black-white pairs occurs in one cell ring of each fibration of 4 hexagram isoclines, and each cell ring contains 3 black-white pairs of the 16 hexagram isoclines.|name=a right (left) isoclinic rotation is a Reye configuration}} Each isocline is a skew ''Clifford polygon'' of no inherent chirality, but acts as a left (or right) isocline when traversed by a left (or right) rotation in different fibrations.{{Efn|name=Clifford polygon}} ==== Helical octagrams and their isoclines ==== The 24-cell contains 18 helical [[W:Octagram|octagram]] isoclines (9 black and 9 white). Three pairs of octagram edge-helices are found in each of the three inscribed 16-cells, described elsewhere as the [[16-cell#Helical construction|helical construction of the 16-cell]]. In summary, each 16-cell can be decomposed (three different ways) into a left-right pair of 8-cell rings of {{radic|2}}-edged tetrahedral cells. Each 8-cell ring twists either left or right around an axial octagram helix of eight chords. In each 16-cell there are exactly 6 distinct helices, identical octagrams which each circle through all eight vertices. Each acts as either a left helix or a right helix or a Petrie polygon in each of the six distinct isoclinic rotations (three left and three right), and has no inherent chirality except in respect to a particular rotation. Adjacent vertices on the octagram isoclines are {{radic|2}} = 90° apart, so the circumference of the isocline is 4𝝅. An ''isoclinic'' rotation by 90° in great square invariant planes takes each vertex to its antipodal vertex, four vertices away in either direction along the isocline, and {{radic|4}} = 180° distant across the diameter of the isocline. Each of the 3 fibrations of the 24-cell's 18 great squares corresponds to a distinct left (and right) isoclinic rotation in great square invariant planes. Each 60° step of the rotation takes 6 disjoint great squares (2 from each 16-cell) to great squares in a neighboring 16-cell, on [[16-cell#Helical construction|8-chord helical isoclines characteristic of the 16-cell]].{{Efn|As [[16-cell#Helical construction|in the 16-cell, the isocline is an octagram]] which intersects only 8 vertices, even though the 24-cell has more vertices closer together than the 16-cell. The isocline curve misses the additional vertices in between. As in the 16-cell, the first vertex it intersects is {{radic|2}} away. The 24-cell employs more octagram isoclines (3 in parallel in each rotation) than the 16-cell does (1 in each rotation). The 3 helical isoclines are Clifford parallel;{{Efn|name=Clifford parallels}} they spiral around each other in a triple helix, with the disjoint helices' corresponding vertex pairs joined by {{radic|1}} {{=}} 60° chords. The triple helix of 3 isoclines contains 24 disjoint {{radic|2}} edges (6 disjoint great squares) and 24 vertices, and constitutes a discrete fibration of the 24-cell, just as the 4-cell ring does.|name=octagram isoclines}} In the 24-cell, these 18 helical octagram isoclines can be found within the six orthogonal [[#4-cell rings|4-cell rings]] of octahedra. Each 4-cell ring has cells bonded vertex-to-vertex around a great square axis, and we find antipodal vertices at opposite vertices of the great square. A {{radic|4}} chord (the diameter of the great square and of the isocline) connects them. [[#Boundary cells|Boundary cells]] describes how the {{radic|2}} axes of the 24-cell's octahedral cells are the edges of the 16-cell's tetrahedral cells, each tetrahedron is inscribed in a (tesseract) cube, and each octahedron is inscribed in a pair of cubes (from different tesseracts), bridging them.{{Efn|name=octahedral diameters}} The vertex-bonded octahedra of the 4-cell ring also lie in different tesseracts.{{Efn|Two tesseracts share only vertices, not any edges, faces, cubes (with inscribed tetrahedra), or octahedra (whose central square planes are square faces of cubes). An octahedron that touches another octahedron at a vertex (but not at an edge or a face) is touching an octahedron in another tesseract, and a pair of adjacent cubes in the other tesseract whose common square face the octahedron spans, and a tetrahedron inscribed in each of those cubes.|name=vertex-bonded octahedra}} The isocline's four {{radic|4}} diameter chords form an [[W:Octagram#Star polygon compounds|octagram_8{4}=4{2}]] with {{radic|4}} edges that each run from the vertex of one cube and octahedron and tetrahedron, to the vertex of another cube and octahedron and tetrahedron (in a different tesseract), straight through the center of the 24-cell on one of the 12 {{radic|4}} axes. The octahedra in the 4-cell rings are vertex-bonded to more than two other octahedra, because three 4-cell rings (and their three axial great squares, which belong to different 16-cells) cross at 90° at each bonding vertex. At that vertex the octagram makes two right-angled turns at once: 90° around the great square, and 90° orthogonally into a different 4-cell ring entirely. The 180° four-edge arc joining two ends of each {{radic|4}} diameter chord of the octagram runs through the volumes and opposite vertices of two face-bonded {{radic|2}} tetrahedra (in the same 16-cell), which are also the opposite vertices of two vertex-bonded octahedra in different 4-cell rings (and different tesseracts). The [[W:Octagram|720° octagram]] isocline runs through 8 vertices of the four-cell ring and through the volumes of 16 tetrahedra. At each vertex, there are three great squares and six octagram isoclines (three black-white pairs) that cross at the vertex.{{Efn|name=completely orthogonal Clifford parallels are special}} This is the characteristic rotation of the 16-cell, ''not'' the 24-cell's characteristic rotation, and it does not take whole 16-cells ''of the 24-cell'' to each other the way the [[#Helical hexagrams and their isoclines|24-cell's rotation in great hexagon planes]] does.{{Efn|The [[600-cell#Squares and 4𝝅 octagrams|600-cell's isoclinic rotation in great square planes]] takes whole 16-cells to other 16-cells in different 24-cells.}} {| class="wikitable" width=610 !colspan=5|Five ways of looking at a [[W:Skew polygon|skew]] [[W:24-gon#Related polygons|24-gram]] |- ![[16-cell#Rotations|Edge path]] ![[W:Petrie polygon|Petrie polygon]]s ![[600-cell#Squares and 4𝝅 octagrams|In a 600-cell]] ![[#Great squares|Discrete fibration]] ![[16-cell#Helical construction|Diameter chords]] |- ![[16-cell#Helical construction|16-cells]]_3{3/8} ![[W:Petrie polygon#The Petrie polygon of regular polychora (4-polytopes)|Dodecagons]]_2{12} ![[W:24-gon#Related polygons|24-gram]]_{24/5} ![[#Great squares|Squares]]_6{4} ![[W:24-gon#Related polygons|_{{24/12}={12/2}}]] |- |align=center|[[File:Regular_star_figure_3(8,3).svg|120px]] |align=center|[[File:Regular_star_figure_2(12,1).svg|120px]] |align=center|[[File:Regular_star_polygon_24-5.svg|120px]] |align=center|[[File:Regular_star_figure_6(4,1).svg|120px]] |align=center|[[File:Regular_star_figure_12(2,1).svg|120px]] |- |The 24-cell's three inscribed Clifford parallel 16-cells revealed as disjoint 8-point 4-polytopes with {{radic|2}} edges.{{Efn|name=octagram isoclines}} |2 [[W:Skew polygon|skew polygon]]s of 12 {{radic|1}} edges each. The 24-cell can be decomposed into 2 disjoint zig-zag [[W:Dodecagon|dodecagon]]s (4 different ways).{{Sfn|Coxeter|1973|pp=292-293|loc=Table I(ii); 24-cell Petrie polygon ''h₁'' is {12} }} |In [[600-cell#Hexagons|compounds of 5 24-cells]], isoclines with [[600-cell#Golden chords|golden chords]] of length <big>φ</big> {{=}} {{radic|2.𝚽}} connect all 24-cells in [[600-cell#Squares and 4𝝅 octagrams|24-chord circuits]].{{Sfn|Coxeter|1973|pp=292-293|loc=Table I(ii); 24-cell Petrie polygon orthogonal ''h₂'' is [[W:Dodecagon#Related figures|{12/5}]], half of [[W:24-gon#Related polygons|{24/5}]] as each Petrie polygon is half the 24-cell}} |Their isoclinic rotation takes 6 Clifford parallel (disjoint) great squares with {{radic|2}} edges to each other. |Two vertices four {{radic|2}} chords apart on the circular isocline are antipodal vertices joined by a {{radic|4}} axis. |} ===Characteristic orthoscheme=== {| class="wikitable floatright" !colspan=6|Characteristics of the 24-cell{{Sfn|Coxeter|1973|pp=292-293|loc=Table I(ii); "24-cell"}} |- !align=right| !align=center|edge{{Sfn|Coxeter|1973|p=139|loc=§7.9 The characteristic simplex}} !colspan=2 align=center|arc !colspan=2 align=center|dihedral{{Sfn|Coxeter|1973|p=290|loc=Table I(ii); "dihedral angles"}} |- !align=right|𝒍 |align=center|<small><math>1</math></small> |align=center|<small>60°</small> |align=center|<small><math>\tfrac{\pi}{3}</math></small> |align=center|<small>120°</small> |align=center|<small><math>\tfrac{2\pi}{3}</math></small> |- | | | | | |- !align=right|𝟀 |align=center|<small><math>\sqrt{\tfrac{1}{3}} \approx 0.577</math></small> |align=center|<small>45°</small> |align=center|<small><math>\tfrac{\pi}{4}</math></small> |align=center|<small>45°</small> |align=center|<small><math>\tfrac{\pi}{4}</math></small> |- !align=right|𝝉{{Efn|{{Harv|Coxeter|1973}} uses the greek letter 𝝓 (phi) to represent one of the three ''characteristic angles'' 𝟀, 𝝓, 𝟁 of a regular polytope. Because 𝝓 is commonly used to represent the [[W:Golden ratio|golden ratio]] constant ≈ 1.618, for which Coxeter uses 𝝉 (tau), we reverse Coxeter's conventions, and use 𝝉 to represent the characteristic angle.|name=reversed greek symbols}} |align=center|<small><math>\sqrt{\tfrac{1}{4}} = 0.5</math></small> |align=center|<small>30°</small> |align=center|<small><math>\tfrac{\pi}{6}</math></small> |align=center|<small>60°</small> |align=center|<small><math>\tfrac{\pi}{3}</math></small> |- !align=right|𝟁 |align=center|<small><math>\sqrt{\tfrac{1}{12}} \approx 0.289</math></small> |align=center|<small>30°</small> |align=center|<small><math>\tfrac{\pi}{6}</math></small> |align=center|<small>60°</small> |align=center|<small><math>\tfrac{\pi}{3}</math></small> |- | | | | | |- !align=right|<small><math>_0R^3/l</math></small> |align=center|<small><math>\sqrt{\tfrac{1}{2}} \approx 0.707</math></small> |align=center|<small>45°</small> |align=center|<small><math>\tfrac{\pi}{4}</math></small> |align=center|<small>90°</small> |align=center|<small><math>\tfrac{\pi}{2}</math></small> |- !align=right|<small><math>_1R^3/l</math></small> |align=center|<small><math>\sqrt{\tfrac{1}{4}} = 0.5</math></small> |align=center|<small>30°</small> |align=center|<small><math>\tfrac{\pi}{6}</math></small> |align=center|<small>90°</small> |align=center|<small><math>\tfrac{\pi}{2}</math></small> |- !align=right|<small><math>_2R^3/l</math></small> |align=center|<small><math>\sqrt{\tfrac{1}{6}} \approx 0.408</math></small> |align=center|<small>30°</small> |align=center|<small><math>\tfrac{\pi}{6}</math></small> |align=center|<small>90°</small> |align=center|<small><math>\tfrac{\pi}{2}</math></small> |- | | | | | |- !align=right|<small><math>_0R^4/l</math></small> |align=center|<small><math>1</math></small> |align=center| |align=center| |align=center| |align=center| |- !align=right|<small><math>_1R^4/l</math></small> |align=center|<small><math>\sqrt{\tfrac{3}{4}} \approx 0.866</math></small>{{Efn|name=root 3/4}} |align=center| |align=center| |align=center| |align=center| |- !align=right|<small><math>_2R^4/l</math></small> |align=center|<small><math>\sqrt{\tfrac{2}{3}} \approx 0.816</math></small> |align=center| |align=center| |align=center| |align=center| |- !align=right|<small><math>_3R^4/l</math></small> |align=center|<small><math>\sqrt{\tfrac{1}{2}} \approx 0.707</math></small> |align=center| |align=center| |align=center| |align=center| |} Every regular 4-polytope has its [[W:Orthoscheme#Characteristic simplex of the general regular polytope|characteristic 4-orthoscheme]], an [[5-cell#Irregular 5-cells|irregular 5-cell]].{{Efn|name=characteristic orthoscheme}} The '''characteristic 5-cell of the regular 24-cell''' is represented by the [[W:Coxeter-Dynkin diagram|Coxeter-Dynkin diagram]] {{Coxeter–Dynkin diagram|node|3|node|4|node|3|node}}, which can be read as a list of the dihedral angles between its mirror facets.{{Efn|For a regular ''k''-polytope, the [[W:Coxeter-Dynkin diagram|Coxeter-Dynkin diagram]] of the characteristic ''k-''orthoscheme is the ''k''-polytope's diagram without the [[W:Coxeter-Dynkin diagram#Application with uniform polytopes|generating point ring]]. The regular ''k-''polytope is subdivided by its symmetry (''k''-1)-elements into ''g'' instances of its characteristic ''k''-orthoscheme that surround its center, where ''g'' is the ''order'' of the ''k''-polytope's [[W:Coxeter group|symmetry group]].{{Sfn|Coxeter|1973|pp=130-133|loc=§7.6 The symmetry group of the general regular polytope}}}} It is an irregular [[W:Hyperpyramid|tetrahedral pyramid]] based on the [[W:Octahedron#Characteristic orthoscheme|characteristic tetrahedron of the regular octahedron]]. The regular 24-cell is subdivided by its symmetry hyperplanes into 1152 instances of its characteristic 5-cell that all meet at its center.{{Sfn|Kim|Rote|2016|pp=17-20|loc=§10 The Coxeter Classification of Four-Dimensional Point Groups}} The characteristic 5-cell (4-orthoscheme) has four more edges than its base characteristic tetrahedron (3-orthoscheme), joining the four vertices of the base to its apex (the fifth vertex of the 4-orthoscheme, at the center of the regular 24-cell).{{Efn|The four edges of each 4-orthoscheme which meet at the center of the regular 4-polytope are of unequal length, because they are the four characteristic radii of the regular 4-polytope: a vertex radius, an edge center radius, a face center radius, and a cell center radius. The five vertices of the 4-orthoscheme always include one regular 4-polytope vertex, one regular 4-polytope edge center, one regular 4-polytope face center, one regular 4-polytope cell center, and the regular 4-polytope center. Those five vertices (in that order) comprise a path along four mutually perpendicular edges (that makes three right angle turns), the characteristic feature of a 4-orthoscheme. The 4-orthoscheme has five dissimilar 3-orthoscheme facets.|name=characteristic radii}} If the regular 24-cell has radius and edge length 𝒍 = 1, its characteristic 5-cell's ten edges have lengths <small><math>\sqrt{\tfrac{1}{3}}</math></small>, <small><math>\sqrt{\tfrac{1}{4}}</math></small>, <small><math>\sqrt{\tfrac{1}{12}}</math></small> around its exterior right-triangle face (the edges opposite the ''characteristic angles'' 𝟀, 𝝉, 𝟁),{{Efn|name=reversed greek symbols}} plus <small><math>\sqrt{\tfrac{1}{2}}</math></small>, <small><math>\sqrt{\tfrac{1}{4}}</math></small>, <small><math>\sqrt{\tfrac{1}{6}}</math></small> (the other three edges of the exterior 3-orthoscheme facet the characteristic tetrahedron, which are the ''characteristic radii'' of the octahedron), plus <small><math>1</math></small>, <small><math>\sqrt{\tfrac{3}{4}}</math></small>, <small><math>\sqrt{\tfrac{2}{3}}</math></small>, <small><math>\sqrt{\tfrac{1}{2}}</math></small> (edges which are the characteristic radii of the 24-cell). The 4-edge path along orthogonal edges of the orthoscheme is <small><math>\sqrt{\tfrac{1}{4}}</math></small>, <small><math>\sqrt{\tfrac{1}{12}}</math></small>, <small><math>\sqrt{\tfrac{1}{6}}</math></small>, <small><math>\sqrt{\tfrac{1}{2}}</math></small>, first from a 24-cell vertex to a 24-cell edge center, then turning 90° to a 24-cell face center, then turning 90° to a 24-cell octahedral cell center, then turning 90° to the 24-cell center. === Reflections === The 24-cell can be [[#Tetrahedral constructions|constructed by the reflections of its characteristic 5-cell]] in its own facets (its tetrahedral mirror walls).{{Efn|The reflecting surface of a (3-dimensional) polyhedron consists of 2-dimensional faces; the reflecting surface of a (4-dimensional) [[W:Polychoron|polychoron]] consists of 3-dimensional cells.}} Reflections and rotations are related: a reflection in an ''even'' number of ''intersecting'' mirrors is a rotation.{{Sfn|Coxeter|1973|pp=33-38|loc=§3.1 Congruent transformations}} Consequently, regular polytopes can be generated by reflections or by rotations. For example, any [[#Isoclinic rotations|720° isoclinic rotation]] of the 24-cell in a hexagonal invariant plane takes ''each'' of the 24 vertices to and through 5 other vertices and back to itself, on a skew [[#Helical hexagrams and their isoclines|hexagram₂ geodesic isocline]] that winds twice around the 3-sphere on every ''second'' vertex of the hexagram. Any set of [[#The 3 Cartesian bases of the 24-cell|four orthogonal pairs of antipodal vertices]] (the 8 vertices of one of the [[#Relationships among interior polytopes|three inscribed 16-cells]]) performing ''half'' such an orbit visits 3 * 8 = 24 distinct vertices and [[#Clifford parallel polytopes|generates the 24-cell]] sequentially in 3 steps of a single 360° isoclinic rotation, just as any single characteristic 5-cell reflecting itself in its own mirror walls generates the 24 vertices simultaneously by reflection. Tracing the orbit of ''one'' such 16-cell vertex during the 360° isoclinic rotation reveals more about the relationship between reflections and rotations as generative operations.{{Efn|Let Q denote a rotation, R a reflection, T a translation, and let Q^''q'' R^''r'' T denote a product of several such transformations, all commutative with one another. Then RT is a glide-reflection (in two or three dimensions), QR is a rotary-reflection, QT is a screw-displacement, and Q² is a double rotation (in four dimensions). Every orthogonal transformation is expressible as {{indent|12}}Q^''q'' R^''r''<br> where 2''q'' + ''r'' ≤ ''n'', the number of dimensions. Transformations involving a translation are expressible as {{indent|12}}Q^''q'' R^''r'' T<br> where 2''q'' + ''r'' + 1 ≤ ''n''.<br> For ''n'' {{=}} 4 in particular, every displacement is either a double rotation Q², or a screw-displacement QT (where the rotation component Q is a simple rotation). Every enantiomorphous transformation in 4-space (reversing chirality) is a QRT.{{Sfn|Coxeter|1973|pp=217-218|loc=§12.2 Congruent transformations}}|name=transformations}} The vertex follows an [[#Helical hexagrams and their isoclines|isocline]] (a doubly curved geodesic circle) rather than an ordinary great circle.{{Efn|name=360 degree geodesic path visiting 3 hexagonal planes}} The isocline connects vertices two edge lengths apart, but curves away from the great circle path over the two edges connecting those vertices, missing the vertex in between.{{Efn|name=isocline misses vertex}} Although the isocline does not follow any one great circle, it is contained within a ring of another kind: in the 24-cell it stays within a [[#6-cell rings|6-cell ring]] of spherical{{Sfn|Coxeter|1973|p=138|ps=; "We allow the Schläfli symbol {p,..., v} to have three different meanings: a Euclidean polytope, a spherical polytope, and a spherical honeycomb. This need not cause any confusion, so long as the situation is frankly recognized. The differences are clearly seen in the concept of dihedral angle."}} octahedral cells, intersecting one vertex in each cell, and passing through the volume of two adjacent cells near the missed vertex. === Chiral symmetry operations === A [[W:Symmetry operation|symmetry operation]] is a rotation or reflection which leaves the object indistinguishable from itself before the transformation. The 24-cell has 1152 distinct symmetry operations (576 rotations and 576 reflections). Each rotation is equivalent to two [[#Reflections|reflections]], in a distinct pair of non-parallel mirror planes.{{Efn|name=transformations}} Pictured are sets of disjoint [[#Geodesics|great circle polygons]], each in a distinct central plane of the 24-cell. For example, {24/4}=4{6} is an orthogonal projection of the 24-cell picturing 4 of its [16] great hexagon planes.{{Efn|name=four hexagonal fibrations}} The 4 planes lie Clifford parallel to the projection plane and to each other, and their great polygons collectively constitute a discrete [[W:Hopf fibration|Hopf fibration]] of 4 non-intersecting great circles which visit all 24 vertices just once. Each row of the table describes a class of distinct rotations. Each '''rotation class''' takes the '''left planes''' pictured to the corresponding '''right planes''' pictured.{{Efn|The left planes are Clifford parallel, and the right planes are Clifford parallel; each set of planes is a fibration. Each left plane is Clifford parallel to its corresponding right plane in an isoclinic rotation,{{Efn|In an ''isoclinic'' rotation each invariant plane is Clifford parallel to the plane it moves to, and they do not intersect at any time (except at the central point). In a ''simple'' rotation the invariant plane intersects the plane it moves to in a line, and moves to it by rotating around that line.|name=plane movement in rotations}} but the two sets of planes are not all mutually Clifford parallel; they are different fibrations, except in table rows where the left and right planes are the same set.}} The vertices of the moving planes move in parallel along the polygonal '''isocline''' paths pictured. For example, the <math>[32]R_{q7,q8}</math> rotation class consists of [32] distinct rotational displacements by an arc-distance of {{sfrac|2𝝅|3}} = 120° between 16 great hexagon planes represented by quaternion group <math>q7</math> and a corresponding set of 16 great hexagon planes represented by quaternion group <math>q8</math>.{{Efn|A quaternion group <math>\pm{q_n}</math> corresponds to a distinct set of Clifford parallel great circle polygons, e.g. <math>q7</math> corresponds to a set of four disjoint great hexagons.{{Efn|[[File:Regular_star_figure_4(6,1).svg|thumb|200px|The 24-cell as a compound of four non-intersecting great hexagons {24/4}=4{6}.]]There are 4 sets of 4 disjoint great hexagons in the 24-cell (of a total of [16] distinct great hexagons), designated <math>q7</math>, <math>-q7</math>, <math>q8</math> and <math>-q8</math>.{{Efn|name=union of q7 and q8}} Each named set of 4 Clifford parallel{{Efn|name=Clifford parallels}} hexagons comprises a [[#Chiral symmetry operations|discrete fibration]] covering all 24 vertices.|name=four hexagonal fibrations}} Note that <math>q_n</math> and <math>-{q_n}</math> generally are distinct sets. The corresponding vertices of the <math>q_n</math> planes and the <math>-{q_n}</math> planes are 180° apart.{{Efn|name=two angles between central planes}}|name=quaternion group}} One of the [32] distinct rotations of this class moves the representative [[#Great hexagons|vertex coordinate]] <math>(\tfrac{1}{2},\tfrac{1}{2},\tfrac{1}{2},\tfrac{1}{2})</math> to the vertex coordinate <math>(\tfrac{1}{2},-\tfrac{1}{2},-\tfrac{1}{2},-\tfrac{1}{2})</math>.{{Efn|A quaternion Cartesian coordinate designates a vertex joined to a ''top vertex'' by one instance of a [[#Hypercubic chords|distinct chord]]. The conventional top vertex of a [[#Great hexagons|unit radius 4-polytope]] in standard (vertex-up) orientation is <math>(0,0,1,0)</math>, the Cartesian "north pole". Thus e.g. <math>(\tfrac{1}{2},\tfrac{1}{2},\tfrac{1}{2},\tfrac{1}{2})</math> designates a {{radic|1}} chord of 60° arc-length. Each such distinct chord is an edge of a distinct [[#Geodesics|great circle polygon]], in this example a [[#Great hexagons|great hexagon]], intersecting the north and south poles. Great circle polygons occur in sets of Clifford parallel central planes, each set of disjoint great circles comprising a discrete [[W:Hopf fibration|Hopf fibration]] that intersects every vertex just once. One great circle polygon in each set intersects the north and south poles. This quaternion coordinate <math>(\tfrac{1}{2},\tfrac{1}{2},\tfrac{1}{2},\tfrac{1}{2})</math> is thus representative of the 4 disjoint great hexagons pictured, a quaternion group{{Efn|name=quaternion group}} which comprise one distinct fibration of the [16] great hexagons (four fibrations of great hexagons) that occur in the 24-cell.{{Efn|name=four hexagonal fibrations}}|name=north pole relative coordinate}} {| class=wikitable style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:center" !colspan=15|Proper [[W:SO(4)|rotations]] of the 24-cell [[W:F4 (mathematics)|symmetry group ''F₄'']] {{Sfn|Mamone|Pileio|Levitt|2010|loc=§4.5 Regular Convex 4-Polytopes, Table 2, Symmetry operations|pp=1438-1439}} |- !Isocline{{Efn|An ''isocline'' is the circular geodesic path taken by a vertex that lies in an invariant plane of rotation, during a complete revolution. In an [[#Isoclinic rotations|isoclinic rotation]] every vertex lies in an invariant plane of rotation, and the isocline it rotates on is a helical geodesic circle that winds through all four dimensions, not a simple geodesic great circle in the plane. In a [[#Simple rotations|simple rotation]] there is only one invariant plane of rotation, and each vertex that lies in it rotates on a simple geodesic great circle in the plane. Both the helical geodesic isocline of an isoclinic rotation and the simple geodesic isocline of a simple rotation are great circles, but to avoid confusion between them we generally reserve the term ''isocline'' for the former, and reserve the term ''great circle'' for the latter, an ordinary great circle in the plane. Strictly, however, the latter is an isocline of circumference <math>2\pi r</math>, and the former is an isocline of circumference greater than <math>2\pi r</math>.{{Efn|name=isoclinic geodesic}}|name=isocline}} !colspan=4|Rotation class{{Efn|Each class of rotational displacements (each table row) corresponds to a distinct rigid left (and right) [[#Isoclinic rotations|isoclinic rotation]] in multiple invariant planes concurrently.{{Efn|name=invariant planes of an isoclinic rotation}} The '''Isocline''' is the path followed by a vertex,{{Efn|name=isocline}} which is a helical geodesic circle that does not lie in any one central plane. Each rotational displacement takes one invariant '''Left plane''' to the corresponding invariant '''Right plane''', with all the left (or right) displacements taking place concurrently.{{Efn|name=plane movement in rotations}} Each left plane is separated from the corresponding right plane by two equal angles,{{Efn|name=two angles between central planes}} each equal to one half of the arc-angle by which each vertex is displaced (the angle and distance that appears in the '''Rotation class''' column).|name=isoclinic rotation}} !colspan=5|Left planes <math>ql</math>{{Efn|In an [[#Isoclinic rotations|isoclinic rotation]], all the '''Left planes''' move together, remain Clifford parallel while moving, and carry all their points with them to the '''Right planes''' as they move: they are invariant planes.{{Efn|name=plane movement in rotations}} Because the left (and right) set of central polygons are a fibration covering all the vertices, every vertex is a point carried along in an invariant plane.|name=invariant planes of an isoclinic rotation}} !colspan=5|Right planes <math>qr</math> |- style="background: white;"| |rowspan=2|[[W:Icositetragon#Related polygons|{24/8}=4{6/2}]]{{Efn|In this orthogonal projection of the 24-point 24-cell to a [[W:Dodecagon#Related figures|{12/4}=4{3} dodecagram]], each point represents two vertices, and each line represents multiple {{radic|3}} chords. Each disjoint triangle can be seen as a skew {6/2} [[W:Hexagram|hexagram]] with {{radic|3}} edges: two open skew triangles with their opposite ends connected in a [[W:Möbius strip|Möbius loop]] with a circumference of 4𝝅. The hexagram projects to a single triangle in two dimensions because it skews through all four dimensions. Those 4 disjoint skew [[#Helical hexagrams and their isoclines|hexagram isoclines]] are the Clifford parallel circular vertex paths of the fibration's characteristic left (and right) [[#Isoclinic rotations|isoclinic rotation]].{{Efn|name=isoclinic geodesic}} The 4 Clifford parallel great hexagons of the fibration{{Efn|name=four hexagonal fibrations}} are invariant planes of this rotation. The great hexagons rotate in incremental displacements of 60° like wheels ''and'' 60° orthogonally like coins flipping, displacing each vertex by 120°, as their vertices move along parallel helical isocline paths through successive Clifford parallel hexagon planes.{{Efn|Each hexagon rides on only three skew hexagram isoclines, not six, because opposite vertices of each hexagon ride on opposing rails of the same Clifford hexagram, in the same (not opposite) rotational direction.{{Efn|name=Clifford polygon}}}} Alternatively, the 4 triangles can be seen as 8 disjoint triangles: 4 pairs of Clifford parallel [[#Great triangles|great triangles]], where two opposing great triangles lie in the same [[#Great hexagons|great hexagon central plane]], so a fibration of 4 Clifford parallel great hexagon planes is represented.{{Efn|name=four hexagonal fibrations}} This illustrates that the 4 hexagram isoclines also correspond to a distinct fibration, in fact the ''same'' fibration as 4 great hexagons.|name=hexagram}}<br>[[File:Regular_star_figure_4(3,1).svg|100px]]<br><math>^{q7,q8}</math><br>[16] 4𝝅 {6/2} |colspan=4|<math>[32]R_{q7,q8}</math>{{Efn|The <math>[32]R_{q7,q8}</math> isoclinic rotation in great hexagon invariant planes takes each vertex to a vertex two vertices away (120° {{=}} {{radic|3}} away), without passing through any intervening vertices. Each left hexagon rotates 60° (like a wheel) at the same time that it tilts sideways by 60° (in an orthogonal central plane) into its corresponding right hexagon plane. Repeated 6 times, this rotational displacement turns the 24-cell through 720° and returns it to its original orientation.|name=Rq7,q8}} |rowspan=2|[[W:Icositetragon#Related polygons|{24/4}=4{6}]]{{Efn|name=four hexagonal fibrations}}<br>[[File:Regular_star_figure_4(6,1).svg|100px]]<br><math>^{q7}</math><br>[16] 2𝝅 {6} |colspan=4|<math>(\tfrac{1}{2},\tfrac{1}{2},\tfrac{1}{2},\tfrac{1}{2})</math>{{Efn|name=north pole relative coordinate}} |rowspan=2|[[W:Icositetragon#Related polygons|{24/8}=4{6/2}]]{{Efn|In this orthogonal projection of the 24-point 24-cell to a [[W:Dodecagon#Related figures|{12/4}=4{3} dodecagram]], each point represents two vertices, and each line represents multiple {{radic|3}} chords. The 4 triangles can be seen as 8 disjoint triangles: 4 pairs of Clifford parallel [[#Great triangles|great triangles]], where two opposing great triangles lie in the same [[#Great hexagons|great hexagon central plane]], so a fibration of 4 Clifford parallel great hexagon planes is represented, as in the 4 left planes of this rotation class (table row).{{Efn|name=four hexagonal fibrations}}|name=great triangles}}<br>[[File:Regular_star_figure_4(3,1).svg|100px]]<br><math>^{q8}</math><br>[16] 2𝝅 {6} |colspan=4|<math>(\tfrac{1}{2},-\tfrac{1}{2},-\tfrac{1}{2},-\tfrac{1}{2})</math> |- style="background: white;"| |{{sfrac|2𝝅|3}} |120° |{{radic|3}} |1.732~ |{{sfrac|𝝅|3}} |60° |{{radic|1}} |1 |{{sfrac|2𝝅|3}} |120° |{{radic|3}} |1.732~ |- style="background: white;"| |rowspan=2|[[W:Icositetragon#Related polygons|{24/2}=2{12}]]{{Efn|In this orthogonal projection of the 24-point 24-cell to a [[W:Dodecagon#Related figures|{12/2}=2{6} dodecagram]], each point represents two vertices, and each line represents multiple 24-cell edges. Each disjoint hexagon can be seen as a skew {12} [[W:Dodecagon|dodecagon]], a Petrie polygon of the 24-cell, by viewing it as two open skew hexagons with their opposite ends connected in a [[W:Möbius strip|Möbius loop]] with a circumference of 4𝝅. The dodecagon projects to a single hexagon in two dimensions because it skews through all four dimensions. Those 2 disjoint skew dodecagons are the Clifford parallel circular vertex paths of the fibration's characteristic left (and right) [[#Isoclinic rotations|isoclinic rotation]].{{Efn|name=isoclinic geodesic}} The 4 Clifford parallel great hexagons of the fibration{{Efn|name=four hexagonal fibrations}} are invariant planes of this rotation. The great hexagons rotate in incremental displacements of 30° like wheels ''and'' 30° orthogonally like coins flipping, displacing each vertex by 60°, as their vertices move along parallel helical isocline paths through successive Clifford parallel hexagon planes.{{Efn|Each hexagon rides on only two parallel dodecagon isoclines, not six, because only alternate vertices of each hexagon ride on different dodecagon rails; the three vertices of each great triangle inscribed in the great hexagon occupy the same dodecagon Petrie polygon, four vertices apart, and they circulate on that isocline.{{Efn|name=Clifford polygon}}}} Alternatively, the 2 hexagons can be seen as 4 disjoint hexagons: 2 pairs of Clifford parallel great hexagons, so a fibration of 4 Clifford parallel great hexagon planes is represented.{{Efn|name=four hexagonal fibrations}} This illustrates that the 2 dodecagon isoclines also correspond to a distinct fibration, in fact the ''same'' fibration as 4 great hexagons.|name=dodecagon}}<br>[[File:Regular_star_figure_2(6,1).svg|100px]]<br><math>^{q7,-q8}</math><br>[16] 4𝝅 {12} |colspan=4|<math>[32]R_{q7,-q8}</math>{{Efn|The <math>[32]R_{q7,-q8}</math> isoclinic rotation in great hexagon invariant planes takes each vertex to a vertex one vertex away (60° {{=}} {{radic|1}} away), without passing through any intervening vertices.{{Efn|At the mid-point of the isocline arc (30° away) it passes directly over the mid-point of a 24-cell edge.}} Each left hexagon rotates 30° (like a wheel) at the same time that it tilts sideways by 30° (in an orthogonal central plane) into its corresponding right hexagon plane. Repeated 12 times, this rotational displacement turns the 24-cell through 720° and returns it to its original orientation.|name=Rq7,-q8}} |rowspan=2|[[W:Icositetragon#Related polygons|{24/4}=4{6}]]<br>[[File:Regular_star_figure_4(6,1).svg|100px]]<br><math>^{q7}</math><br>[16] 2𝝅 {6} |colspan=4|<math>(\tfrac{1}{2},\tfrac{1}{2},\tfrac{1}{2},\tfrac{1}{2})</math> |rowspan=2|[[W:Icositetragon#Related polygons|{24/4}=4{6}]]<br>[[File:Regular_star_figure_4(6,1).svg|100px]]<br><math>^{-q8}</math><br>[16] 2𝝅 {6} |colspan=4|<math>(-\tfrac{1}{2},\tfrac{1}{2},\tfrac{1}{2},\tfrac{1}{2})</math> |- style="background: white;"| |{{sfrac|𝝅|3}} |60° |{{radic|1}} |1 |{{sfrac|𝝅|3}} |60° |{{radic|1}} |1 |{{sfrac|𝝅|3}} |60° |{{radic|1}} |1 |- style="background: white;"| |rowspan=2|[[W:Icositetragon#Related polygons|{24/1}={24}]]<br>[[File:Regular_polygon_24.svg|100px]]<br><math>^{q7,q7}</math><br>[16] 4𝝅 {1} |colspan=4|<math>[32]R_{q7,q7}</math>{{Efn|The <math>[32]R_{q7,q7}</math> isoclinic rotation in great hexagon invariant planes takes each vertex through a 360° rotation and back to itself (360° {{=}} {{radic|0}} away), without passing through any intervening vertices. Each left hexagon rotates 180° (like a wheel) at the same time that it tilts sideways by 180° (in an orthogonal central plane) into its corresponding right hexagon plane. Repeated 2 times, this rotational displacement turns the 24-cell through 720° and returns it to its original orientation.|name=Rq7,q7}} |rowspan=2|[[W:Icositetragon#Related polygons|{24/4}=4{6}]]<br>[[File:Regular_star_figure_4(6,1).svg|100px]]<br><math>^{q7}</math><br>[16] 2𝝅 {6} |colspan=4|<math>(\tfrac{1}{2},\tfrac{1}{2},\tfrac{1}{2},\tfrac{1}{2})</math> |rowspan=2|[[W:Icositetragon#Related polygons|{24/4}=4{6}]]<br>[[File:Regular_star_figure_4(6,1).svg|100px]]<br><math>^{q7}</math><br>[16] 2𝝅 {6} |colspan=4|<math>(\tfrac{1}{2},\tfrac{1}{2},\tfrac{1}{2},\tfrac{1}{2})</math> |- style="background: white;"| |2𝝅 |360° |{{radic|0}} |0 |{{sfrac|𝝅|3}} |60° |{{radic|1}} |1 |{{sfrac|𝝅|3}} |60° |{{radic|1}} |1 |- style="background: white;"| |rowspan=2|[[W:Icositetragon#Related polygons|{24/12}=12{2}]]<br>[[File:Regular_star_figure_12(2,1).svg|100px]]<br><math>^{q7,-q7}</math><br>[16] 4𝝅 {2} |colspan=4|<math>[32]R_{q7,-q7}</math>{{Efn|The <math>[32]R_{q7,-q7}</math> isoclinic rotation in hexagon invariant planes takes each vertex to a vertex three vertices away (180° {{=}} {{radic|4}} away),{{Efn|name=quaternion group}} without passing through any intervening vertices. Each left hexagon rotates 90° (like a wheel) at the same time that it tilts sideways by 90° (in an orthogonal central plane) into its corresponding right hexagon plane. Repeated 4 times, this rotational displacement turns the 24-cell through 720° and returns it to its original orientation.|name=Rq7,-q7}} |rowspan=2|[[W:Icositetragon#Related polygons|{24/4}=4{6}]]<br>[[File:Regular_star_figure_4(6,1).svg|100px]]<br><math>^{q7}</math><br>[16] 2𝝅 {6} |colspan=4|<math>(\tfrac{1}{2},\tfrac{1}{2},\tfrac{1}{2},\tfrac{1}{2})</math> |rowspan=2|[[W:Icositetragon#Related polygons|{24/8}=4{6/2}]]{{Efn|name=great triangles}}<br>[[File:Regular_star_figure_4(3,1).svg|100px]]<br><math>^{-q7}</math><br>[16] 2𝝅 {6} |colspan=4|<math>(-\tfrac{1}{2},-\tfrac{1}{2},-\tfrac{1}{2},-\tfrac{1}{2})</math> |- style="background: white;"| |𝝅 |180° |{{radic|4}} |2 |{{sfrac|𝝅|3}} |60° |{{radic|1}} |1 |{{sfrac|2𝝅|3}} |120° |{{radic|3}} |1.732~ |- style="background: #E6FFEE;"| |rowspan=2|[[W:Icositetragon#Related polygons|{24/2}=2{12}]]{{Efn|name=dodecagon}}<br>[[File:Regular_star_figure_2(6,1).svg|100px]]<br><math>^{q7,q1}</math><br>[8] 4𝝅 {12} |colspan=4|<math>[16]R_{q7,q1}</math>{{Efn|The <math>[16]R_{q7,q1}</math> isoclinic rotation in great hexagon invariant planes takes each vertex to a vertex one vertex away (60° {{=}} {{radic|1}} away), without passing through any intervening vertices. Each left hexagon rotates 30° (like a wheel) at the same time that it tilts sideways by 30° (in an orthogonal central plane) into its corresponding right square plane.{{Efn|This ''hybrid isoclinic rotation'' carries the two kinds of [[#Geodesics|central planes]] to each other: great square planes [[16-cell#Coordinates|characteristic of the 16-cell]] and great hexagon (great triangle) planes [[#Great hexagons|characteristic of the 24-cell]].{{Efn|The edges and 4𝝅 characteristic [[16-cell#Rotations|rotations of the 16-cell]] lie in the great square central planes. Rotations of this type are an expression of the [[W:Hyperoctahedral group|<math>B_4</math> symmetry group]]. The edges and 4𝝅 characteristic [[#Rotations|rotations of the 24-cell]] lie in the great hexagon (great triangle) central planes. Rotations of this type are an expression of the [[W:F4 (mathematics)|<math>F_4</math> symmetry group]].|name=edge rotation planes}} This is possible because some great hexagon planes lie Clifford parallel to some great square planes.{{Efn|Two great circle polygons either intersect in a common axis, or they are Clifford parallel (isoclinic) and share no vertices.{{Efn||name=two angles between central planes}} Three great squares and four great hexagons intersect at each 24-cell vertex. Each great hexagon intersects 9 distinct great squares, 3 in each of its 3 axes, and lies Clifford parallel to the other 9 great squares. Each great square intersects 8 distinct great hexagons, 4 in each of its 2 axes, and lies Clifford parallel to the other 8 great hexagons.|name=hybrid isoclinic planes}}|name=hybrid isoclinic rotation}} Repeated 12 times, this rotational displacement turns the 24-cell through 720° and returns it to its original orientation.|name=Rq7,q1}} |rowspan=2|[[W:Icositetragon#Related polygons|{24/4}=4{6}]]<br>[[File:Regular_star_figure_4(6,1).svg|100px]]<br><math>^{q7}</math><br>[8] 2𝝅 {6} |colspan=4|<math>(\tfrac{1}{2},\tfrac{1}{2},\tfrac{1}{2},\tfrac{1}{2})</math> |rowspan=2|[[W:Icositetragon#Related polygons|{24/6}=6{4}]]{{Efn|[[File:Regular_star_figure_6(4,1).svg|thumb|200px|The 24-cell as a compound of six non-intersecting great squares {24/6}=6{4}.]]There are 3 sets of 6 disjoint great squares in the 24-cell (of a total of [18] distinct great squares),{{Efn|The 24-cell has 18 great squares, in 3 disjoint sets of 6 mutually orthogonal great squares comprising a 16-cell.{{Efn|name=Six orthogonal planes of the Cartesian basis}} Within each 16-cell are 3 sets of 2 completely orthogonal great squares, so each great square is disjoint not only from all the great squares in the other two 16-cells, but also from one other great square in the same 16-cell. Each great square is disjoint from 13 others, and shares two vertices (an axis) with 4 others (in the same 16-cell).|name=unions of q1 q2 q3}} designated <math>\pm q1</math>, <math>\pm q2</math>, and <math>\pm q3</math>. Each named set{{Efn|Because in the 24-cell each great square is completely orthogonal to another great square, the quaternion groups <math>q1</math> and <math>-{q1}</math> (for example) correspond to the same set of great square planes. That distinct set of 6 disjoint great squares <math>\pm q1</math> has two names, used in the left (or right) rotational context, because it constitutes both a left and a right fibration of great squares.|name=two quaternion group names for square fibrations}} of 6 Clifford parallel{{Efn|name=Clifford parallels}} squares comprises a [[#Chiral symmetry operations|discrete fibration]] covering all 24 vertices.|name=three square fibrations}}<br>[[File:Regular_star_figure_6(4,1).svg|100px]]<br><math>^{q1}</math><br>[8] 2𝝅 {4} |colspan=4|<math>(1,0,0,0)</math> |- style="background: #E6FFEE;"| |{{sfrac|𝝅|3}} |60° |{{radic|1}} |1 |{{sfrac|𝝅|3}} |60° |{{radic|1}} |1 |{{sfrac|𝝅|2}} |90° |{{radic|2}} |1.414~ |- style="background: #E6FFEE;"| |rowspan=2|[[W:Icositetragon#Related polygons|{24/8}=4{6/2}]]{{Efn|name=hexagram}}<br>[[File:Regular_star_figure_4(3,1).svg|100px]]<br><math>^{q7,-q1}</math><br>[8] 4𝝅 {6/2} |colspan=4|<math>[16]R_{q7,-q1}</math>{{Efn|The <math>[16]R_{q7,-q1}</math> isoclinic rotation in hexagon invariant planes takes each vertex to a vertex two vertices away (120° {{=}} {{radic|3}} away), without passing through any intervening vertices. Each left hexagon rotates 60° (like a wheel) at the same time that it tilts sideways by 60° (in an orthogonal central plane) into its corresponding right square plane.{{Efn|name=hybrid isoclinic rotation}} Repeated 6 times, this rotational displacement turns the 24-cell through 720° and returns it to its original orientation.|name=Rq7,-q1}} |rowspan=2|[[W:Icositetragon#Related polygons|{24/4}=4{6}]]<br>[[File:Regular_star_figure_4(6,1).svg|100px]]<br><math>^{q7}</math><br>[8] 2𝝅 {6} |colspan=4|<math>(\tfrac{1}{2},\tfrac{1}{2},\tfrac{1}{2},\tfrac{1}{2})</math> |rowspan=2|[[W:Icositetragon#Related polygons|{24/6}=6{4}]]<br>[[File:Regular_star_figure_6(4,1).svg|100px]]<br><math>^{-q1}</math><br>[8] 2𝝅 {4} |colspan=4|<math>(-1,0,0,0)</math> |- style="background: #E6FFEE;"| |{{sfrac|2𝝅|3}} |120° |{{radic|3}} |1.732~ |{{sfrac|𝝅|3}} |60° |{{radic|1}} |1 |{{sfrac|𝝅|2}} |90° |{{radic|2}} |1.414~ |- style="background: white;"| |rowspan=2|[[W:Icositetragon#Related polygons|{24/1}={24}]]<br>[[File:Regular_polygon_24.svg|100px]]<br><math>^{q6,q6}</math><br>[18] 4𝝅 {1} |colspan=4|<math>[36]R_{q6,q6}</math>{{Efn|The <math>[36]R_{q6,q6}</math> isoclinic rotation in great square invariant planes takes each vertex through a 360° rotation and back to itself (360° {{=}} {{radic|0}} away), without passing through any intervening vertices. Each left square rotates 180° (like a wheel) at the same time that it tilts sideways by 180° (in an orthogonal central plane) into its corresponding right square plane. Repeated 2 times, this rotational displacement turns the 24-cell through 720° and returns it to its original orientation.|name=Rq6,q6}} |rowspan=2|[[W:Icositetragon#Related polygons|{24/6}=6{4}]]<br>[[File:Regular_star_figure_6(4,1).svg|100px]]<br><math>^{q6}</math><br>[18] 2𝝅 {4} |colspan=4|<math>(\tfrac{\sqrt{2}}{2},\tfrac{\sqrt{2}}{2},0,0)</math>{{Efn|The representative coordinate <math>(\tfrac{\sqrt{2}}{2},\tfrac{\sqrt{2}}{2},0,0)</math> is not a vertex of the unit-radius 24-cell in standard (vertex-up) orientation, it is the center of an octahedral cell. Some of the 24-cell's lines of symmetry (Coxeter's "reflecting circles") run through cell centers rather than through vertices, and quaternion group <math>q6</math> corresponds to a set of those. However, <math>q6</math> also corresponds to the set of great squares pictured, which lie orthogonal to those cells (completely disjoint from the cell).{{Efn|A quaternion Cartesian coordinate designates a vertex joined to a ''top vertex'' by one instance of a [[#Hypercubic chords|distinct chord]]. The conventional top vertex of a [[#Great hexagons|unit radius 4-polytope]] in ''cell-first'' orientation is <math>(0,0,\tfrac{\sqrt{2}}{2},\tfrac{\sqrt{2}}{2})</math>. Thus e.g. <math>(\tfrac{\sqrt{2}}{2},\tfrac{\sqrt{2}}{2},0,0)</math> designates a {{radic|2}} chord of 90° arc-length. Each such distinct chord is an edge of a distinct [[#Geodesics|great circle polygon]], in this example a [[#Great squares|great square]], intersecting the top vertex. Great circle polygons occur in sets of Clifford parallel central planes, each set of disjoint great circles comprising a discrete [[W:Hopf fibration|Hopf fibration]] that intersects every vertex just once. One great circle polygon in each set intersects the top vertex. This quaternion coordinate <math>(\tfrac{\sqrt{2}}{2},\tfrac{\sqrt{2}}{2},0,0)</math> is thus representative of the 6 disjoint great squares pictured, a quaternion group{{Efn|name=quaternion group}} which comprise one distinct fibration of the [18] great squares (three fibrations of great squares) that occur in the 24-cell.{{Efn|name=three square fibrations}}|name=north cell relative coordinate}}|name=lines of symmetry}} |rowspan=2|[[W:Icositetragon#Related polygons|{24/6}=6{4}]]<br>[[File:Regular_star_figure_6(4,1).svg|100px]]<br><math>^{q6}</math><br>[18] 2𝝅 {4} |colspan=4|<math>(\tfrac{\sqrt{2}}{2},\tfrac{\sqrt{2}}{2},0,0)</math> |- style="background: white;"| |2𝝅 |360° |{{radic|0}} |0 |{{sfrac|𝝅|2}} |90° |{{radic|2}} |1.414~ |{{sfrac|𝝅|2}} |90° |{{radic|2}} |1.414~ |- style="background: white;"| |rowspan=2|[[W:Icositetragon#Related polygons|{24/12}=12{2}]]<br>[[File:Regular_star_figure_12(2,1).svg|100px]]<br><math>^{q6,-q6}</math><br>[18] 4𝝅 {2} |colspan=4|<math>[36]R_{q6,-q6}</math>{{Efn|The <math>[36]R_{q6,-q6}</math> isoclinic rotation in great square invariant planes takes each vertex to a vertex 180° {{=}} {{radic|4}} away,{{Efn|name=quaternion group}} without passing through any intervening vertices. Each left square rotates 90° (like a wheel) at the same time that it tilts sideways by 90° (in an orthogonal central plane) into its corresponding right square, ''which in this rotation is the completely orthogonal plane''. Repeated 4 times, this rotational displacement turns the 24-cell through 720° and returns it to its original orientation.|name=Rq6,-q6}} |rowspan=2|[[W:Icositetragon#Related polygons|{24/6}=6{4}]]<br>[[File:Regular_star_figure_6(4,1).svg|100px]]<br><math>^{q6}</math><br>[18] 2𝝅 {4} |colspan=4|<math>(\tfrac{\sqrt{2}}{2},\tfrac{\sqrt{2}}{2},0,0)</math> |rowspan=2|[[W:Icositetragon#Related polygons|{24/6}=6{4}]]<br>[[File:Regular_star_figure_6(4,1).svg|100px]]<br><math>^{-q6}</math><br>[18] 2𝝅 {4} |colspan=4|<math>(-\tfrac{\sqrt{2}}{2},-\tfrac{\sqrt{2}}{2},0,0)</math> |- style="background: white;"| |𝝅 |180° |{{radic|4}} |2 |{{sfrac|𝝅|2}} |90° |{{radic|2}} |1.414~ |{{sfrac|𝝅|2}} |90° |{{radic|2}} |1.414~ |- style="background: white;"| |rowspan=2|[[W:Icositetragon#Related polygons|{24/9}=3{8/3}]]{{Efn|In this orthogonal projection of the 24-point 24-cell to a [[W:Dodecagon#Related figures|{12/3}{{=}}3{4} dodecagram]], each point represents two vertices, and each line represents multiple {{radic|2}} chords. Each disjoint square can be seen as a skew {8/3} [[W:Octagram|octagram]] with {{radic|2}} edges: two open skew squares with their opposite ends connected in a [[W:Möbius strip|Möbius loop]] with a circumference of 4𝝅, visible in the {24/9}{{=}}3{8/3} orthogonal projection.{{Efn|[[File:Regular_star_figure_3(8,3).svg|thumb|200px|Icositetragon {24/9}{{=}}3{8/3} is a compound of three octagrams {8/3}, as the 24-cell is a compound of three 16-cells.]]This orthogonal projection of a 24-cell to a 24-gram {24/9}{{=}}3{8/3} exhibits 3 disjoint [[16-cell#Helical construction|octagram {8/3} isoclines of a 16-cell]], each of which is a circular isocline path through the 8 vertices of one of the 3 disjoint 16-cells inscribed in the 24-cell.}} The octagram projects to a single square in two dimensions because it skews through all four dimensions. Those 3 disjoint [[16-cell#Helical construction|skew octagram isoclines]] are the circular vertex paths characteristic of an [[#Helical octagrams and their isoclines|isoclinic rotation in great square planes]], in which the 6 Clifford parallel great squares are invariant rotation planes. The great squares rotate 90° like wheels ''and'' 90° orthogonally like coins flipping, displacing each vertex by 180°, so each vertex exchanges places with its antipodal vertex. Each octagram isocline circles through the 8 vertices of a disjoint 16-cell. Alternatively, the 3 squares can be seen as a fibration of 6 Clifford parallel squares.{{Efn|name=three square fibrations}} This illustrates that the 3 octagram isoclines also correspond to a distinct fibration, in fact the ''same'' fibration as 6 squares.|name=octagram}}<br>[[File:Regular_star_figure_3(4,1).svg|100px]]<br><math>^{q6,-q4}</math><br>[72] 4𝝅 {8/3} |colspan=4|<math>[144]R_{q6,-q4}</math>{{Efn|The <math>[144]R_{q6,-q4}</math> isoclinic rotation in great square invariant planes takes each vertex to a vertex 90° {{=}} {{radic|2}} away, without passing through any intervening vertices.{{Efn|At the mid-point of the isocline arc (45° away) it passes directly over the mid-point of a 24-cell edge.}} Each left square rotates 45° (like a wheel) at the same time that it tilts sideways by 45° (in an orthogonal central plane) into its corresponding right square plane. Repeated 8 times, this rotational displacement turns the 24-cell through 720° and returns it to its original orientation.|name=Rq6,-q4}} |rowspan=2|[[W:Icositetragon#Related polygons|{24/6}=6{4}]]<br>[[File:Regular_star_figure_6(4,1).svg|100px]]<br><math>^{q6}</math><br>[72] 2𝝅 {4} |colspan=4|<math>(\tfrac{\sqrt{2}}{2},\tfrac{\sqrt{2}}{2},0,0)</math> |rowspan=2|[[W:Icositetragon#Related polygons|{24/6}=6{4}]]<br>[[File:Regular_star_figure_6(4,1).svg|100px]]<br><math>^{-q4}</math><br>[72] 2𝝅 {4} |colspan=4|<math>(0,0,-\tfrac{\sqrt{2}}{2},-\tfrac{\sqrt{2}}{2})</math> |- style="background: white;"| |{{sfrac|𝝅|2}} |90° |{{radic|2}} |1.414~ |{{sfrac|𝝅|2}} |90° |{{radic|2}} |1.414~ |𝝅 |180° |{{radic|4}} |2 |- style="background: white;"| |rowspan=2|[[W:Icositetragon#Related polygons|{24/1}={24}]]<br>[[File:Regular_polygon_24.svg|100px]]<br><math>^{q4,q4}</math><br>[36] 4𝝅 {1} |colspan=4|<math>[72]R_{q4,q4}</math>{{Efn|The <math>[72]R_{q4,q4}</math> isoclinic rotation in great square invariant planes takes each vertex through a 360° rotation and back to itself (360° {{=}} {{radic|0}} away), without passing through any intervening vertices. Each left square rotates 180° (like a wheel) at the same time that it tilts sideways by 180° (in an orthogonal central plane) into its corresponding right square plane. Repeated 2 times, this rotational displacement turns the 24-cell through 720° and returns it to its original orientation.|name=Rq4,q4}} |rowspan=2|[[W:Icositetragon#Related polygons|{24/6}=6{4}]]<br>[[File:Regular_star_figure_6(4,1).svg|100px]]<br><math>^{q4}</math><br>[36] 2𝝅 {4} |colspan=4|<math>(0,0,\tfrac{\sqrt{2}}{2},\tfrac{\sqrt{2}}{2})</math> |rowspan=2|[[W:Icositetragon#Related polygons|{24/6}=6{4}]]<br>[[File:Regular_star_figure_6(4,1).svg|100px]]<br><math>^{q4}</math><br>[36] 2𝝅 {4} |colspan=4|<math>(0,0,\tfrac{\sqrt{2}}{2},\tfrac{\sqrt{2}}{2})</math> |- style="background: white;"| |2𝝅 |360° |{{radic|0}} |0 |{{sfrac|𝝅|2}} |90° |{{radic|2}} |1.414~ |{{sfrac|𝝅|2}} |90° |{{radic|2}} |1.414~ |- style="background: #E6FFEE;"| |rowspan=2|[[W:Icositetragon#Related polygons|{24/2}=2{12}]]{{Efn|name=dodecagon}}<br>[[File:Regular_star_figure_2(6,1).svg|100px]]<br><math>^{q2,q7}</math><br>[48] 4𝝅 {12} |colspan=4|<math>[96]R_{q2,q7}</math>{{Efn|The <math>[96]R_{q2,q7}</math> isoclinic rotation in great hexagon invariant planes takes each vertex to a vertex one vertex away (60° {{=}} {{radic|1}} away), without passing through any intervening vertices. Each left square rotates 30° (like a wheel) at the same time that it tilts sideways by 30° (in an orthogonal central plane) into its corresponding right hexagon plane.{{Efn|name=hybrid isoclinic rotation}} Repeated 12 times, this rotational displacement turns the 24-cell through 720° and returns it to its original orientation.|name=Rq2,q7}} |rowspan=2|[[W:Icositetragon#Related polygons|{24/6}=6{4}]]<br>[[File:Regular_star_figure_6(4,1).svg|100px]]<br><math>^{q2}</math><br>[48] 2𝝅 {4} |colspan=4|<math>(0,0,0,1)</math> |rowspan=2|[[W:Icositetragon#Related polygons|{24/4}=4{6}]]<br>[[File:Regular_star_figure_4(6,1).svg|100px]]<br><math>^{q7}</math><br>[48] 2𝝅 {6} |colspan=4|<math>(\tfrac{1}{2},\tfrac{1}{2},\tfrac{1}{2},\tfrac{1}{2})</math> |- style="background: #E6FFEE;"| |{{sfrac|𝝅|3}} |60° |{{radic|1}} |1 |{{sfrac|𝝅|2}} |90° |{{radic|2}} |1.414~ |{{sfrac|𝝅|3}} |60° |{{radic|1}} |1 |- style="background: white;"| |rowspan=2|[[W:Icositetragon#Related polygons|{24/12}=12{2}]]<br>[[File:Regular_star_figure_12(2,1).svg|100px]]<br><math>^{q2,-q2}</math><br>[9] 4𝝅 {2} |colspan=4|<math>[18]R_{q2,-q2}</math>{{Efn|The <math>[18]R_{q2,-q2}</math> isoclinic rotation in great square invariant planes takes each vertex to a vertex 180° {{=}} {{radic|4}} away,{{Efn|name=quaternion group}} without passing through any intervening vertices. Each left square rotates 90° (like a wheel) at the same time that it tilts sideways by 90° (in an orthogonal central plane) into its corresponding right square plane, ''which in this rotation is the completely orthogonal plane''. Repeated 4 times, this rotational displacement turns the 24-cell through 720° and returns it to its original orientation.|name=Rq2,-q2}} |rowspan=2|[[W:Icositetragon#Related polygons|{24/6}=6{4}]]<br>[[File:Regular_star_figure_6(4,1).svg|100px]]<br><math>^{q2}</math><br>[9] 2𝝅 {4} |colspan=4|<math>(0,0,0,1)</math> |rowspan=2|[[W:Icositetragon#Related polygons|{24/6}=6{4}]]<br>[[File:Regular_star_figure_6(4,1).svg|100px]]<br><math>^{-q2}</math><br>[9] 2𝝅 {4} |colspan=4|<math>(0,0,0,-1)</math> |- style="background: white;"| |𝝅 |180° |{{radic|4}} |2 |{{sfrac|𝝅|2}} |90° |{{radic|2}} |1.414~ |{{sfrac|𝝅|2}} |90° |{{radic|2}} |1.414~ |- style="background: white;"| |rowspan=2|[[W:Icositetragon#Related polygons|{24/12}=12{2}]]<br>[[File:Regular_star_figure_12(2,1).svg|100px]]<br><math>^{q2,q1}</math><br>[12] 4𝝅 {2} |colspan=4|<math>[12]R_{q2,q1}</math>{{Efn|The <math>[12]R_{q2,q1}</math> isoclinic rotation in great digon invariant planes takes each vertex to a vertex 90° {{=}} {{radic|2}} away, without passing through any intervening vertices.{{Efn|At the mid-point of the isocline arc (45° away) it passes directly over the mid-point of a 24-cell edge.}} Each left digon rotates 45° (like a wheel) at the same time that it tilts sideways by 45° (in an orthogonal central plane) into its corresponding right digon plane. Repeated 8 times, this rotational displacement turns the 24-cell through 720° and returns it to its original orientation.|name=Rq2,q1}} |rowspan=2|[[W:Icositetragon#Related polygons|{24/12}=12{2}]]<br>[[File:Regular_star_figure_12(2,1).svg|100px]]<br><math>^{q2}</math><br>[12] 2𝝅 {2} |colspan=4|<math>(0,0,0,1)</math> |rowspan=2|[[W:Icositetragon#Related polygons|{24/12}=12{2}]]<br>[[File:Regular_star_figure_12(2,1).svg|100px]]<br><math>^{q1}</math><br>[12] 2𝝅 {2} |colspan=4|<math>(1,0,0,0)</math> |- style="background: white;"| |{{sfrac|𝝅|2}} |90° |{{radic|2}} |1.414~ |{{sfrac|𝝅|2}} |90° |{{radic|2}} |1.414~ |{{sfrac|𝝅|2}} |90° |{{radic|2}} |1.414~ |- style="background: white;"| |rowspan=2|[[W:Icositetragon#Related polygons|{24/1}={24}]]<br>[[File:Regular_polygon_24.svg|100px]]<br><math>^{q1,q1}</math><br>[0] 0𝝅 {1} |colspan=4|<math>[1]R_{q1,q1}</math>{{Efn|The <math>[1]R_{q1,q1}</math> rotation is the ''identity operation'' of the 24-cell, in which no points move.|name=Rq1,q1}} |rowspan=2|[[W:Icositetragon#Related polygons|{24/12}=12{2}]]<br>[[File:Regular_star_figure_12(2,1).svg|100px]]<br><math>^{q1}</math><br>[0] 2𝝅 {2} |colspan=4|<math>(1,0,0,0)</math> |rowspan=2|[[W:Icositetragon#Related polygons|{24/12}=12{2}]]<br>[[File:Regular_star_figure_12(2,1).svg|100px]]<br><math>^{q1}</math><br>[0] 2𝝅 {2} |colspan=4|<math>(1,0,0,0)</math> |- style="background: white;"| |0 |0° |{{radic|0}} |0 |{{sfrac|𝝅|2}} |90° |{{radic|2}} |1.414~ |{{sfrac|𝝅|2}} |90° |{{radic|2}} |1.414~ |- style="background: white;"| |rowspan=2|[[W:Icositetragon#Related polygons|{24/12}=12{2}]]<br>[[File:Regular_star_figure_12(2,1).svg|100px]]<br><math>^{q1,-q1}</math><br>[12] 2𝝅 {2} |colspan=4|<math>[1]R_{q1,-q1}</math>{{Efn|The <math>[1]R_{q1,-q1}</math> rotation is the ''central inversion'' of the 24-cell. This isoclinic rotation in great digon invariant planes takes each vertex to a vertex 180° {{=}} {{radic|4}} away,{{Efn|name=quaternion group}} without passing through any intervening vertices. Each left digon rotates 90° (like a wheel) at the same time that it tilts sideways by 90° (in an orthogonal central plane) into its corresponding right digon plane, ''which in this rotation is the completely orthogonal plane''. Repeated 4 times, this rotational displacement turns the 24-cell through 720° and returns it to its original orientation.|name=Rq1,-q1}} |rowspan=2|[[W:Icositetragon#Related polygons|{24/12}=12{2}]]<br>[[File:Regular_star_figure_12(2,1).svg|100px]]<br><math>^{q1}</math><br>[12] 2𝝅 {2} |colspan=4|<math>(1,0,0,0)</math> |rowspan=2|[[W:Icositetragon#Related polygons|{24/12}=12{2}]]<br>[[File:Regular_star_figure_12(2,1).svg|100px]]<br><math>^{-q1}</math><br>[12] 2𝝅 {2} |colspan=4|<math>(-1,0,0,0)</math> |- style="background: white;"| |𝝅 |180° |{{radic|4}} |2 |{{sfrac|𝝅|2}} |90° |{{radic|2}} |1.414~ |{{sfrac|𝝅|2}} |90° |{{radic|2}} |1.414~ |} In a rotation class <math>[d]{R_{ql,qr}}</math> each quaternion group <math>\pm{q_n}</math> may be representative not only of its own fibration of Clifford parallel planes{{Efn|name=quaternion group}} but also of the other congruent fibrations.{{Efn|name=four hexagonal fibrations}} For example, rotation class <math>[4]R_{q7,q8}</math> takes the 4 hexagon planes of <math>q7</math> to the 4 hexagon planes of <math>q8</math> which are 120° away, in an isoclinic rotation. But in a rigid rotation of this kind,{{Efn|name=invariant planes of an isoclinic rotation}} all [16] hexagon planes move in congruent rotational displacements, so this rotation class also includes <math>[4]R_{-q7,-q8}</math>, <math>[4]R_{q8,q7}</math> and <math>[4]R_{-q8,-q7}</math>. The name <math>[16]R_{q7,q8}</math> is the conventional representation for all [16] congruent plane displacements. These rotation classes are all subclasses of <math>[32]R_{q7,q8}</math> which has [32] distinct rotational displacements rather than [16] because there are two [[W:Chiral|chiral]] ways to perform any class of rotations, designated its ''left rotations'' and its ''right rotations''. The [16] left displacements of this class are not congruent with the [16] right displacements, but enantiomorphous like a pair of shoes.{{Efn|A ''right rotation'' is performed by rotating the left and right planes in the "same" direction, and a ''left rotation'' is performed by rotating left and right planes in "opposite" directions, according to the [[W:Right hand rule|right hand rule]] by which we conventionally say which way is "up" on each of the 4 coordinate axes. Left and right rotations are [[chiral]] enantiomorphous ''shapes'' (like a pair of shoes), not opposite rotational ''directions''. Both left and right rotations can be performed in either the positive or negative rotational direction (from left planes to right planes, or right planes to left planes), but that is an additional distinction.{{Efn|name=clasped hands}}|name=chirality versus direction}} Each left (or right) isoclinic rotation takes [16] left planes to [16] right planes, but the left and right planes correspond differently in the left and right rotations. The left and right rotational displacements of the same left plane take it to different right planes. Each rotation class (table row) describes a distinct left (and right) [[#Isoclinic rotations|isoclinic rotation]]. The left (or right) rotations carry the left planes to the right planes simultaneously,{{Efn|name=plane movement in rotations}} through a characteristic rotation angle.{{Efn|name=two angles between central planes}} For example, the <math>[32]R_{q7,q8}</math> rotation moves all [16] hexagonal planes at once by {{sfrac|2𝝅|3}} = 120° each. Repeated 6 times, this left (or right) isoclinic rotation moves each plane 720° and back to itself in the same [[W:Orientation entanglement|orientation]], passing through all 4 planes of the <math>q7</math> left set and all 4 planes of the <math>q8</math> right set once each.{{Efn|The <math>\pm q7</math> and <math>\pm q8</math> sets of planes are not disjoint; the union of any two of these four sets is a set of 6 planes. The left (versus right) isoclinic rotation of each of these rotation classes (table rows) visits a distinct left (versus right) circular sequence of the same set of 6 Clifford parallel planes.|name=union of q7 and q8}} The picture in the isocline column represents this union of the left and right plane sets. In the <math>[32]R_{q7,q8}</math> example it can be seen as a set of 4 Clifford parallel skew [[W:Hexagram|hexagram]]s, each having one edge in each great hexagon plane, and skewing to the left (or right) at each vertex throughout the left (or right) isoclinic rotation.{{Efn|name=clasped hands}} == Conclusions == Very few if any of the observations made in this paper are original, as I hope the citations demonstrate, but some new terminology has been introduced in making them. The term '''radially equilateral''' describes a uniform polytope with its edge length equal to its long radius, because such polytopes can be constructed, with their long radii, from equilateral triangles which meet at the center, each contributing two radii and an edge. The use of the noun '''isocline''', for the circular geodesic path traced by a vertex of a 4-polytope undergoing [[#Isoclinic rotations|isoclinic rotation]], may also be new in this context. The chord-path of an isocline may be called the 4-polytope's '''Clifford polygon''', as it is the skew polygonal shape of the rotational circles traversed by the 4-polytope's vertices in its characteristic [[W:Clifford displacement|Clifford displacement]].{{Sfn|Tyrrell|Semple|1971|loc=Linear Systems of Clifford Parallels|pp=34-57}} == Acknowledgements == This paper is an extract of a [[24-cell|24-cell article]] collaboratively developed by Wikipedia editors. This version contains only those sections of the Wikipedia article which I authored, or which I completely rewrote. I have removed those sections principally authored by other Wikipedia editors, and illustrations and tables which I did not create myself, except for two essential rotating animations created by Wikipedia illustrator [[Wikipedia:User:JasonHise|JasonHise]] which I have retained with attribution. Consequently, this version is not a complete treatment of the subject; it is missing some essential topics, and it is inadequately illustrated. As a subset of the collaboratively developed [[24-cell|24-cell article]] from which it was extracted, it is intended to gather in one place just what I have personally authored. Even so, it contains small fragments of which I am not the original author, and many editorial improvements by other Wikipedia editors. The original provenance of any sentence in this document may be ascertained precisely by consulting the complete revision history of the [[Wikipedia:24-cell]] article, in which I am identified as Wikipedia editor [[Wikipedia:User:Dc.samizdat|Dc.samizdat]]. Since I came to my own understanding of the 24-cell slowly, in the course of making additions to the [[Wikipedia:24-cell]] article, I am greatly indebted to the Wikipedia editors whose work on it preceded mine. Chief among these is Wikipedia editor [[W:User:Tomruen|Tomruen (Tom Ruen)]], the original author and principal illustrator of a great many of the Wikipedia articles on polytopes. The 24-cell article that I began with was already more accessible, to me, than even Coxeter's ''[[W:Regular Polytopes|Regular Polytopes]]'', or any other book treating the subject. I was inspired by the existence of Wikipedia articles on the 4-polytopes to study them more closely, and then became convinced by my own experience exploring this hypertext that the 4-polytopes could be understood much more readily, and could be documented most engagingly and comprehensively, if everything that researchers have discovered about them were incorporated into this single encyclopedic hypertext. Well-illustrated hypertext is naturally the most appropriate medium in which to describe a hyperspace, such as Euclidean 4-space. Another essential contributor to my dawning comprehension of 4-dimensional geometry was Wikipedia editor [[W:User:Cloudswrest|Cloudswrest (A.P. Goucher)]], who authored the section of the [[Wikipedia:24-cell]] article entitled ''[[24-cell#Cell rings|Cell rings]]'' describing the torus decomposition of the 24-cell into cell rings forming discrete Hopf fibrations, also studied by Banchoff.{{Sfn|Banchoff|2013|ps=, studied the decomposition of regular 4-polytopes into honeycombs of tori tiling the [[W:Clifford torus|Clifford torus]], showed how the honeycombs correspond to [[W:Hopf fibration|Hopf fibration]]s, and made a particular study of the [[#6-cell rings|24-cell's 4 rings of 6 octahedral cells]] with illustrations.}} Finally, J.E. Mebius's definitive Wikipedia article on ''[[W:SO(4)|SO(4)]]'', the group of ''[[W:Rotations in 4-dimensional Euclidean space|Rotations in 4-dimensional Euclidean space]]'', informs this entire paper, which is essentially an explanation of the 24-cell's geometry as a function of its isoclinic rotations. == Future work == The encyclopedia [[Wikipedia:Main_page|Wikipedia]] is not the only appropriate hypertext medium in which to explore and document the fourth dimension. Wikipedia rightly publishes only knowledge that can be sourced to previously published authorities. An encyclopedia cannot function as a research journal, in which is documented the broad, evolving edge of a field of knowledge, well before the observations made there have settled into a consensus of accepted facts. Moreover, an encyclopedia article must not become a textbook, or attempt to be the definitive whole story on a topic, or have too many footnotes! At some point in my enlargement of the [[Wikipedia:24-cell]] article, it began to transgress upon these limits, and other Wikipedia editors began to prune it back, appropriately for an encyclopedia article. I therefore sought out a home for expanded, more-than-encyclopedic versions of it and the other 4-polytope articles, where they could be enlarged by active researchers, beyond the scope of the Wikipedia encyclopedia articles. Fortunately [[Main_page|Wikiversity]] provides just such a medium: an alternate hypertext web compatible with Wikipedia, but without the constraint of consisting of encyclopedia articles alone. A non-profit collaborative space for students and researchers, Wikiversity hosts all kinds of hypertext learning resources, such as hypertext textbooks which enlarge upon topics covered by Wikipedia, and research journals covering various fields of study which accept papers for peer review and publication. A hypertext article hosted at Wikiversity may contain links to any Wikipedia or Wikiversity article. This paper, for example, is hosted at Wikiversity, but most of its links are to Wikipedia encyclopedia articles. Three consistent versions of the 24-cell article now exist, including this paper. The most complete version is the expanded [[24-cell]] article hosted at Wikiversity, which includes everything in the other two versions except these acknowledgments, plus additional learning resources. The original encyclopedia version, the [[Wikipedia:24-cell]] article, should be an abridged version of the expanded Wikiversity [[24-cell]] article, from which extra content inappropriate for an encyclopedia article has been removed. == Notes == {{Regular convex 4-polytopes Notelist}} == Citations == {{Reflist}} == References == {{Refbegin}} * {{Cite book | last=Kepler | first=Johannes | author-link=W:Johannes Kepler | title=Harmonices Mundi (The Harmony of the World) | title-link=W:Harmonices Mundi | publisher=Johann Planck | year=1619}} * {{Cite book | last=Coxeter | first=H.S.M. | author-link=W:Harold Scott MacDonald Coxeter | year=1973 | orig-year=1948 | title=Regular Polytopes | publisher=Dover | place=New York | edition=3rd | title-link=W:Regular Polytopes (book) }} * {{Citation | last=Coxeter | first=H.S.M. | author-link=W:Harold Scott MacDonald Coxeter | year=1991 | title=Regular Complex Polytopes | place=Cambridge | publisher=Cambridge University Press | edition=2nd }} * {{Citation | last=Coxeter | first=H.S.M. | author-link=W:Harold Scott MacDonald Coxeter | year=1995 | title=Kaleidoscopes: Selected Writings of H.S.M. 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Here’s a guide to streamline the process: ==== 1. Built-in Zotero Features ==== Zotero has a duplicate detection feature that can help you identify and manually merge duplicates: * Go to the '''Library''' * Select the '''Duplicate Items''' collection in the left sidebar. * Zotero will display potential duplicates. You can select and merge them manually by choosing the correct metadata files to keep. ==== 2. Using Zotero Plugins ==== Several plugins can help automate or speed up the duplicate management process: ===== a) Zotero Utilities Plugin ===== * This plugin offers batch operations, including better deduplication workflows. * Download and install the plugin from the Zotero plugin repository. * Use the plugin's deduplication tools to merge similar items. ====== b) Better BibTeX for Zotero ====== * Designed for managing large libraries, it can enhance duplicate detection, especially for citation metadata. * Install it and configure the duplicate handling options in the preferences. ==== 3. Custom Automation Using Zotero's API ==== If you're comfortable with coding, you can write a script using Zotero's API to automate duplicate merging. Here's an outline: * Use the Zotero Web API to fetch your library items. * Identify duplicates based on title, author, or DOI. * Automatically merge duplicates by keeping the most complete metadata. Python and JavaScript are commonly used for scripting. Libraries like ''pyzotero'' can help. ==== 4. External Tools ==== * Export your Zotero library to a format like CSV or RIS. * Use a deduplication tool (e.g., OpenRefine) to clean up the data. * Re-import the cleaned library into Zotero. ==== 5. Tips for Prevention ==== * Use Zotero’s metadata retrieval and DOI import features carefully to avoid introducing duplicates. * Periodically clean your library by reviewing the '''Duplicate Items''' collection. === Better BibTeX for Zotero (BBT) === '''Better BibTeX for Zotero''' is primarily designed to manage bibliographies for LaTeX and other writing systems, but it also offers advanced deduplication and citation key management features. ==== Installation: ==== ===== 1. Download the Plugin ===== * Visit the BBT GitHub page. * Download the latest release of the plugin compatible with your Zotero version. ===== 2. Install the Plugin ===== * Open Zotero. * Go to ''Tools > Add-ons > Gear Icon > Install Add-on From File.'' * Select the downloaded .''xpi'' file and install it * Restart Zotero to activate the plugin ==== Using Better BibTeX for Deduplication ==== ===== 1. Access Deduplication Settings: ===== * Open Zotero and go to ''Edit > Preferences > Better BibTeX.'' ===== 2. Enable Duplicate Detection: ===== * In the ''Export'' tab, enable the '''“Keep Citation Keys Unique”''' option. This ensures every item has a unique key, helping identify duplicates. ===== 3. Customizing Deduplication: ===== * Navigate to the Advanced tab and adjust duplicate detection settings: ** '''Fields to Compare:''' Set priority fields fro deduplication, such as ''title'', ''author'', ''DOI'', or ''ISBN''. ** '''Threshold:''' Control how strict the comparison criteria should be. ===== 4. Run Deduplication: ===== * In Zotero, select the '''Duplicate Items''' collection in the left-hand sidebar. * BBT improves the detection logic here, highlighting items that might not be caught by Zotero’s default settings. ===== 5. Merge Duplicates ===== * Select items flagged as duplicates. * Use the '''Merge Items''' button to consolidate them into a single entry while preserving important metadata. ==== Batch Export and Cleanup ==== BBT can help in cleaning up your library by exporting and re-importing data with deduplication applied: ===== 1. Export Your Library ===== * Right-click your library or a collection * Select ''Export Library'' and choose '''Better BibTeX format (.bib)'''. * Save the .''bib'' file to your desired location. ===== 2. Edit in a Text Editor ===== * Open the exported .''bib'' file in a text editor. * Look for entries with similar citation keys, titles, or authors. * Manually resolve conflicts if needed. ===== 3. Re-import ===== * Import the cleaned .''bib'' file back into Zotero. ==== Advanced Tips ==== ===== 1. Automatic Key Generation ===== * In the ''Better BibTeX'' settings, enable custom citation key patterns to generate unique keys automatically (e.g., ''[auth:lower][year]''). ===== 2. Sync Deduplication Settings ===== * If using Zotero on multiple devices, sync BBT preferences across installations. ===== 3. Automated Maintenance ===== * Use the '''Auto-export''' feature to maintain a clean, deduplicated .''bib'' file for external projects. ==== Why Use Better BibTeX? ==== * '''Enhanced Duplicate Detection''': Goes beyond Zotero’s default logic by comparing additional metadata fields. * '''Customizable Keys''': Ensures that each item has a unique and traceable citation key. * '''Batch Operations''': Speeds up library cleanup for large collections. Here’s an '''R script''' for detecting and merging duplicates in a Zotero library using the Zotero Web API. It uses the ''httr'' and ''jsonlite'' packages for API interaction. ==== Prerequisites ==== Install the required R packages: * ''httr'' * ''jsonlite'' Copy code: ''install.packages(c("httr", "jsonlite"))'' Obtain your Zotero API Key and User/Group ID * Go to Zotero API Settings. * Generate an API key with read/write permissions for your library. ==== R Script for Duplicate Detection and Merging ==== <syntaxhighlight lang="r" line="1"> library(httr) library(jsonlite) # Configuration api_key <- "your_api_key_here" library_id <- "your_library_id_here" library_type <- "user" # Use "group" if it's a group library base_url <- paste0("https://api.zotero.org/", library_type, "s/", library_id) # Fetch all items fetch_all_items <- function() { items <- list() start <- 0 limit <- 100 repeat { url <- paste0(base_url, "/items?limit=", limit, "&start=", start, "&key=", api_key) response <- GET(url) stop_for_status(response) batch <- fromJSON(content(response, as = "text", encoding = "UTF-8")) if (length(batch) == 0) break items <- c(items, batch) start <- start + length(batch) } print(paste("Fetched", length(items), "items")) return(items) } # Identify duplicates find_duplicates <- function(items) { duplicates <- list() for (item in items) { if (!is.null(item$data$title) && !is.null(item$data$creators)) { title <- tolower(item$data$title) authors <- tolower(paste(sapply(item$data$creators, function(x) x$lastName), collapse = ",")) key <- paste0(title, "|", authors) if (!is.null(duplicates[[key]])) { duplicates[[key]] <- c(duplicates[[key]], item) } else { duplicates[[key]] <- list(item) } } } duplicates <- Filter(function(x) length(x) > 1, duplicates) print(paste("Found", length(duplicates), "duplicate groups")) return(duplicates) } # Merge duplicates merge_duplicates <- function(duplicates) { for (key in names(duplicates)) { group <- duplicates[[key]] master <- group[[which.max(sapply(group, function(x) length(x$data)))]] master_key <- master$key for (item in group) { if (item$key != master_key) { print(paste("Deleting duplicate item:", item$key)) url <- paste0(base_url, "/items/", item$key, "?key=", api_key) DELETE(url) } } } print("Duplicate merging complete!") } # Main script items <- fetch_all_items() duplicates <- find_duplicates(items) if (length(duplicates) > 0) { merge_duplicates(duplicates) } else { print("No duplicates found") } </syntaxhighlight> ==== Script Breakdown ==== ===== 1. Fetch All Items: ===== * Fetches all items from the Zotero library in batches of 100 using the API. ===== 2. Identify Duplicates: ===== * Detects duplicates based on the ''title'' and ''authors''. You can add fields like ''DOI'' or ''ISBN'' to refine detection. ==== 3. Merge Duplicates: ==== * Retains the item with the most metadata and deletes the rest using the Zotero API. ===== 4. Execution ===== * The script outputs the duplicates detected and actions taken during merging. ==== Customization Options ==== * '''Duplicate Detection''' ** Modify the ''key'' logic in ''find_duplicates()'' to include fields like ''year'' or ''DOI.'' * '''Merging Logic''' ** Add a step to copy tags, notes, or other data from duplicates to the master item before deletion. * '''Error Handling''' ** Add error handling for network issues or API rate limits. Here’s a basic '''Python script''' to help automate detecting and merging duplicates in Zotero using the '''Zotero Web API''' and the ''pyzotero'' library/ ==== Prerequisites ==== Install the ''pyzotero'' library. Copy code: ''pip install pyzotero'' Get your Zotero API Key: * Visit Zotero API Settings. * Generate an API key with the required permissions for your library. Identify your Zotero User or Group ID: * You can find it in your Zotero API settings ==== Python Script for Duplicate Detection and Merging ==== <syntaxhighlight lang="python" line="1"> from pyzotero import zotero from collections import defaultdict # Configure your Zotero credentials API_KEY = "your_api_key_here" LIBRARY_ID = "your_library_id_here" LIBRARY_TYPE = "user" # Use 'group' if working with a group library # Initialize the Zotero API client zot = zotero.Zotero(LIBRARY_ID, LIBRARY_TYPE, API_KEY) def fetch_all_items(): """Fetch all items from the Zotero library.""" items = zot.everything(zot.items()) print(f"Fetched {len(items)} items.") return items def find_duplicates(items): """Identify duplicates based on title and authors.""" duplicates = defaultdict(list) for item in items: if "title" in item["data"] and "creators" in item["data"]: title = item["data"]["title"].lower() authors = tuple(creator["lastName"].lower() for creator in item["data"]["creators"] if "lastName" in creator) key = (title, authors) duplicates[key].append(item) # Filter out non-duplicates return {k: v for k, v in duplicates.items() if len(v) > 1} def merge_duplicates(duplicates): """Merge duplicates by keeping the most complete metadata.""" for key, items in duplicates.items(): print(f"Processing duplicates for: {key}") # Determine the item with the most metadata fields master_item = max(items, key=lambda x: len(x["data"])) master_key = master_item["key"] for item in items: if item["key"] != master_key: # Add tags or notes to the master item before deletion if needed print(f"Deleting duplicate item: {item['key']}") zot.delete_item(item) if __name__ == "__main__": # Step 1: Fetch all items items = fetch_all_items() # Step 2: Find duplicates duplicates = find_duplicates(items) print(f"Found {len(duplicates)} duplicate groups.") # Step 3: Merge duplicates if duplicates: merge_duplicates(duplicates) print("Duplicate merging complete!") else: print("No duplicates found.") </syntaxhighlight> ==== Explanation of the Script ==== ===== 1. Fetching Items: ===== * All items are fetched using the Zotero API. ===== 2. Finding Duplicates ===== * Duplicates are identified based on a combination of ''title'' and ''authors''. You can modify the criteria to include ''DOI'' or ''ISBN''. ===== 3. Merging Duplicates ===== * The script keeps the item with the most metadata fields and deletes the rest. You can customize this behavior, for example, by merging tags or notes from duplicates. ===== 4. Execution: ===== * Run the script in Python. It will log the duplicates found and actions taken. ==== Customization ==== * '''Merge Criteria''': Adjust the duplicate detection logic to include fields like ''DOI'' or ''year''. * '''Prevention''': Add tags, notes, or other data from duplicates to the master item before deletion. === [https://icite.od.nih.gov/howtocite How to Cite iCite Data and Methodologies in your Scholarly Publications:] === ==== [https://journals.plos.org/plosbiology/article?id=10.1371/journal.pbio.1002541 Relative Citation Ratio Publication (Influence Module)]: ==== ===== Citation: ===== Hutchins BI, Yuan X, Anderson JM, Santangelo GM. Relative Citation Ratio (RCR): A New Metric That Uses Citation Rates to Measure Influence at the Article Level. PLoS Biol. 2016 Sep 6;14(9):e1002541. doi: 10.1371/journal.pbio.1002541. PMID: 27599104; PMCID: PMC5012559. ===== Tables and Figures: ===== {{multiple image|perrow = 4 | align = center | image1 = Fig_1._Properties_of_co-citation_networks.png | caption1 = Fig 1. Properties of co-citation networks | image2 = Fig_2._Text_similarity_of_articles_is_defined_more_accurately_by_their_co-citation_networks_than_by_the_journals_in_which_they_appear.png | caption2 = Fig 2. Text similarity of articles is defined more accurately by their co-citation networks than by the journals in which they appear | image3 = Fig_3._Algorithm_for_calculating_the_Relative_Citation_Ratio_(RCR).png | caption3 = Fig 3. Algorithm for calculating the Relative Citation Ratio (RCR) | image4 = Fig_4._RCRs_correspond_with_expert_reviewer_scores.png | caption4 = Fig 4. RCRs correspond with expert reviewer scores | image5 = Fig_5._iCite,_a_publicly_available_tool_for_calculating_RCR_and_accessing_related_citation_information.png | caption5 = Fig 5. iCite, a publicly available tool for calculating RCR and accessing related citation information | image6 = Table_1._Variance_of_FCRs_and_ECRs_using_different_levels_of_the_citation_network_for_calculations_(based_on_35,837_R01-funded_papers_published_in_2009).png | caption6 = Table 1. Variance of FCRs and ECRs using different levels of the citation network for calculations (based on 35,837 R01-funded papers published in 2009) | image7 = Fig_6._RCR-based_evaluation_of_two_NIH-funded_research_programs.png | caption7 = Fig 6. RCR-based evaluation of two NIH-funded research programs | image8 = Fig_7._Properties_of_RCRs_at_the_article_and_investigator_level.png | caption8 = Fig 7. Properties of RCRs at the article and investigator level | image9 = Fig_8._Scientific_mobility_of_investigators’_influence_relative_to_their_field.png | caption9 = Fig 8. Scientific mobility of investigators’ influence relative to their field | image10 = Table_2._Summary_of_investigator-level_bibliometric_measures_and_their_stability_from_one_4-y_period_to_the_next_(PIs_with_more_than_five_articles_in_each_period,_except_for_article_count).png | caption10 = Table 2. Summary of investigator-level bibliometric measures and their stability from one 4-y period to the next (PIs with more than five articles in each period, except for article count) | footer = All figures were sourced from the NIH iCite webpage - Relative Citation Ratio Publication (Influence Module) }} ===== Descriptions: ===== '''Fig 1.''' (A) Schematic of a co-citation network. The reference article (RA) (red, middle row) cites previous papers from the literature (orange, bottom row); subsequent papers cite the RA (blue, top row). The co-citation network is the set of papers that appear alongside the article in the subsequent citing papers (green, middle row). The field citation rate is calculated as the mean of the latter articles’ journal citation rates. (B) Growth of co-citation networks over time. Three RAs published in 2006 (red dots) were cited 5 (top row), 9 (middle row), or 31 times (bottom row) by 2011. Three intervals were chosen to illustrate the growth of the corresponding co-citation networks: 2006–2007, 2006–2009, and 2006–2011 (the first, second, and third columns, respectively). Each article in one of the three co-citation networks is shown as a separate green dot; the edges (connections between dots) indicates their presence together in the same reference list. (C) Cluster algorithm-based content analysis of the 215 papers in the co-citation network of a sample RA (panel B, bottom network series) identified a changing pattern of relevance to different subdisciplines over time. This RA described the identification of new peptides of possible clinical utility due to their similarity to known conotoxins. Papers in the co-citation network of this RA focused on (1) α-conotoxin mechanisms of action, (2) structure and evolution of conotoxins, (3) cyclotide biochemistry, (4) conotoxin phylogenetics, and (5) identification and synthesis of lantibiotics. (D) Growth of an article’s co-citation network is proportional to the number of times it has been cited. Each point is the average network size of 1,000 randomly chosen papers with between 1 and 100 citations (error bars represent the standard error of the mean). Each paper is only counted once, even if it is co-cited with the article of interest multiple times. An average of 17.8 new papers is added to the co-citation network for each additional citation. This suggests substantial duplication of articles within a co-citation network, since on average 32.4 papers (median of 30) are referenced in each citing article. '''Fig 2.''' (A, B) The text in each of 1,397 RAs was compared, either with the text in each corresponding co-citation network or separately with the collection of articles appearing in the same journal. Both primary and review articles are included. Cosine similarity scores were then calculated using either the top 100 terms (A) or all terms appearing in at least ten documents (B). Filled circles in green, co-citation network comparison; filled circles in shades of red, multidisciplinary journal comparison; filled circles in shades of blue, disciplinary journal comparison. Curves shifted to the right show more text similarity: RAs are least similar to papers in the same multidisciplinary journals, more similar to papers in the same disciplinary journal, and most similar to papers in their co-citation network. '''Fig 3.''' (A) Article citation rate (ACR) is calculated as the total citations divided by the number of years excluding the calendar year of publication (Supporting Equation S1 in S1 Text), when few, if any, citations accrue (S2 Fig). Numbers in the bars correspond to the number of citations in that year. (B) Box-and-whisker plots of 88,835 NIH-funded papers (published between 2003 and 2010), summarizing their ACR, journal impact factor (matched to the article’s year of publication), and field citation rate (FCR). Boxes show the 25th–75th percentiles with a line at the median; whiskers extend to the 10th and 90th percentiles. (C) Correlation of FCR as generated in 2012 versus 2 y later in 2014 for the same set of articles, as a function of the number of starting citations in 2012. Data were sliced by the number of initial citations in 2012, to assess stability as a function of the number of citing articles (and thereby the starting size of the network). Each point, correlation coefficient for >1,000 articles. Between 2012 and 2014, articles accrued a median of 5 additional citations. The inclusion of the full span of years ensures a representative spread of ACRs at each value of the independent axis. Furthermore, since papers in this analysis receive a nearly identical number of citations in their ninth year as in their first full year after publication (S2 Fig), the FCRs of articles published later in the chosen time frame (2003 to 2010) do not undergo substantially more change than those published earlier. (D) Generate an expectation for ACRs based on a preselected benchmark group, by regressing the ACR of the benchmark papers onto their FCRs (Supporting Equations S3, S4 in S1 Text), one regression each publication year. The graphed examples were sampled from a random distribution for illustrative purposes. (E) The coefficients from each year’s regression equation transforms the FCRs of papers published in the same year into expected citation rates (ECRs) (Supporting Equation S5 in S1 Text). Each paper’s RCR is its ACR/ECR ratio. A portfolio’s RCR is simply the average of the individual articles’ RCRs (Supporting Equation S6 in S1 Text). '''Fig 4.''' (A–C) Bubble plots of reviewer scores versus RCR for three different datasets. Articles are binned by reviewer score; bubble area is proportionate to the number of articles in that bin. (A) F1000 scores for 2,193 R01-funded papers published in 2009. Faculty reviewers rated the articles on a scale of one to three (“good,” “very good,” and “exceptional”, respectively); those scores were summed into a composite F1000 score for each article (S3 Fig). (B) Reviewer scores of 430 HHMI and NIH-funded papers collected by STPI. (C) Scores of 290 R01-funded articles reviewed by experts from the NIH Intramural Research Program. Black line, linear regression. (D) Box-and-whisker plots illustrating the distribution of journal impact factors (JIFs) citations per year (CPY) and RCRs for two areas of NIH-funded research from 2007–2011. Cell biology, n = 5,936; neurological function, n = 5,417. *** p < 0.001, Kruskal-Wallis with Dunn’s multiple comparison test. n.s., not significant. Mean represented by a “+.” (E) Comparison of RCRs (orange) and Thompson Reuters ratios (blue) [17,28] for the same 544 articles with a low denominator. Data points are partially transparent to allow coordinates with multiple papers (darker) to be more clearly identified. '''Fig 5.''' (A) Screenshot of a sample iCite result. Four hundred sample PMIDs from papers published over a 4-y window were entered into the iCite tool, which returned the maximum, mean +/− standard error of the mean (SEM), and median values for both CPY and RCR; weighted RCR is equal to the sum of the RCRs for this group. The box-and-whisker plot shows the distribution of article RCRs; bar graphs show the number of publications per year and weighted RCR per year, respectively. (B) Sample data download for an iCite result. iCite returns the total number of citations, number of CPY, expected CPY based on an NIH benchmark, FCR, Relative Citation Ratio, and percentile ranking in a downloadable Excel format for each PMID entered, as well as the corresponding title, author information, and year/journal of publication. '''Table 1.''' Table depicting the variance of FCRs and ECRs using different levels of the citation network for calculations. '''Fig 6.''' (A) Bar graph showing the percentage of papers that experience a drop in RCR from 2012 to 2014. Black bars, decrease in RCR; grey bars, decrease in RCR of 0.1 or more. (B) Box-and-whisker plots showing the distribution of RCR values for articles describing the human microbiome, published with support from the Human Microbiome Project (HMP) of the NIH Common Fund or another source (other). Boxes show the 25th–75th percentiles with a line at the median; whiskers extend to the 10th and 90th percentiles. '''Fig 7.''' (A, B) Frequency distribution of article-level RCRs (A) and JIFs (B), from 88,835 papers (authored by 3,089 R01-funded principal investigators [PIs]) for which co-citation networks were generated. Article RCRs are well fit by a log-normal distribution (R2 = 0.99), and JIFs less so (R2 = 0.79). (C) Box-and-whisker plots summarizing JIFs for the same papers, binned by impact factor quintile (line, median; box, 25th–75th percentiles; whiskers, 10th–90th percentiles). (D) RCR for the same papers using the same bins by JIF quintile (same scale as C). Although the median RCR for each bin generally corresponds to the impact factor quintile, there is a wide range of article RCRs in each category. (E) Box-and-whisker plots summarizing RCRs of these same papers published in selected journals. In each journal, there are papers with article RCRs surpassing the median RCR of the highest impact factor journals (left three). The impact factor of each journal is shown above. (F, G) Frequency distribution of investigator-level RCRs (F) and JIFs (G), representing the mean values for papers authored by each of 3,089 R01-funded PIs. Dashed line in (F), mode of RCR for PIs. '''Fig 8.''' Color intensity is proportional to the percentage of PIs in each quintile. (A) The 3,089 investigators who were continuously funded by at least one R01 were ranked by their articles’ average RCR in each time window and split into quintiles. From left to right, investigators starting in different quintiles were tracked to see their rank in the next 4-y period. (B) This panel shows the same analysis, but the number of published articles was multiplied by their average RCR to calculate an influence-weighted article count. PIs were ranked by this aggregate score and split into quintiles. (C) Scatter plot illustrating the relationship between PI RCR at earlier and later time frames. Black points, actual RCR values; black line, linear regression of actual RCR values. Red points, random assignment model (PI RCRs for the second 4-y period are reshuffled and randomly assigned); red line, linear regression of modeled data. '''Table 2.''' Table depicting the summary of investigator-level bibliometric measures and their stability from one 4-y period to the next. ==== [https://journals.plos.org/plosbiology/article?id=10.1371/journal.pbio.3000416 Approximate Potential to Translate Publication (Translation Module)]: ==== ===== Citation: ===== Hutchins BI, Davis MT, Meseroll RA, Santangelo GM. Predicting translational progress in biomedical research. PLoS Biol. 2019. doi: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3000416. '''Tables and Figures:''' {{multiple image|perrow = 4 | align = center | image1 = Fig_1._Temporal_dynamics_of_translation.png | caption1 = Fig 1. Temporal dynamics of translation.png | image2 = Fig_2._Training_a_machine_learning_system_to_predict_future_translation.png | caption2 = Fig 2. Training a machine learning system to predict future translation.png | image3 = Table_1._Seminal_publications_leading_to_Nobel_Prizes_in_Physiology_or_Medicine_and_their_clinical_citations.png | caption3 = Table 1. Seminal publications leading to Nobel Prizes in Physiology or Medicine and their clinical citations.png | image4 = Table_2._Importance_rank_of_features_for_prediction.png | caption4 = Table 2. Importance rank of features for prediction.png | image5 = Fig_3._Validation_of_machine_learning_predictions.png | caption5 = Fig 3. Validation of machine learning predictions.png | image6 = Fig_4._Effect_on_the_translational_potential_of_a_paper_after_it_receives_different_classes_of_citations.png | caption6 = Fig 4. Effect on the translational potential of a paper after it receives different classes of citations.png | image7 = Fig_5._Screenshot_of_the_translation_module_of_iCite.png | caption7 = Fig 5. Screenshot of the translation module of iCite.png | footer = All figures were sourced from the NIH iCite webpage - Approximate Potential to Translate Publication (Translation Module). }} ===== Descriptions: ===== '''Fig 1.''' (A) Cumulative proportion of publications cited by a clinical article over time for all articles (blue), human-focused articles (orange), and fundamental articles (grey). (B) Trilinear graph illustrating the triangle of biomedicine described by Weber [4]. Articles in PubMed are classified as Human, Animal, or Molecular/Cellular—or as a combination of these—based on their MeSH terms. (C) Locations of 2 publications that are more accurately plotted on the Human–Animal axis of the trilinear graph due to fractional counting. The publication plotted on the left triangle (<nowiki>PMID 25638260</nowiki>) has 1 Human term and 3 Animal terms, while the publication plotted on the right (<nowiki>PMID 27565847</nowiki>) has 5 Human terms and 3 Animal terms. With binary counts, both are located at the center of the Human–Animal axis, but with fractional counting they are shifted toward the Animal and Human vertices, respectively. (D–F) Density graph of the percentage of papers across the trilinear graph cited by clinical articles 2, 5, or 20 years after publication. (G) Cumulative proportion of publications cited by a clinical article over time for articles with intermediate Human fractional counts (greater than 0% and less than 100%): low (purple; ≤33.3% Human; below lower dashed line in panel F), mid (green; >33.3%, ≤66.7%; between dashed lines in panel F), and high (pink; >66.7%; above upper dashed line in panel F). MeSH, Medical Subject Headings; Mol./Cell., Molecular/Cellular; PMID, PubMed Identifier. '''Fig 2.''' (A) Schematic of inputs into the machine learning system. Papers were assigned the same HAMC scores used for visualization on the trilinear graphs, as well as 3 binary indicators, one each for the presence of modifying MeSH terms in either the Disease, Therapeutic/Diagnostic Approaches, or Chemical/Drug categories. These properties were also scored for papers citing the article of interest, and the citing network was summarized by the max, mean, and standard deviations (SDs), as well as the overall citation rate (cites/year). For this analysis, citation rate is preferable to RCR [18], because citations per year can be used immediately while a meaningful citation count must accrue before RCR can be calculated. (B) Schema for training the machine learning model and generating predictions. HAMC, Human, Animal, and Molecular/Cellular; max, maximum; MeSH, Medical Subject Headings; RCR, Relative Citation Ratio. '''Table 1.''' Table depicting seminal publications leading to Nobel Prizes in Physiology or Medicine and their clinical citations. '''Table 2.''' Table depicting the relative importance of features for prediction. '''Fig 3.''' (A, B) Prediction performance for citation data limited to the first 2 years post publication (blue line) or including all data available at the time of the analysis (grey line). (A) Receiver operating characteristic curve to assess performance of predictions (chance, black line). AUC: 0.80 (blue line) and 0.90 (grey line). (B) Precision-recall graphs to assess performance (chance, blue or grey dot). Accuracy: 84% (blue line), 85% (grey line); accuracy is defined as the percent of test set predictions that were correct. F1 scores: 0.56 (blue line), 0.68 (grey line). (C, D) Postpublication peer-review scores from Hutchins and colleagues ([18]; blue line) were compared with machine learning prediction scores (grey line); reviewers rated clinical impact on a scale of 1–5 (N = 985 rating scores). (C) Receiver operating characteristic curve to assess performance of expert scores and machine learning predictions (chance, black line). AUC: 0.64 (blue line) and 0.85 (grey line). (D) Precision-recall graphs to assess performance. Accuracy: 69% (blue line), 81% (grey line); F1 scores: 0.52 (blue line), 0.68 (grey line). (E) Correlation between predicted and actual citations for papers published in 1995 (blue), 2000 (orange), and 2005 (grey), using 2 years of citing network data for predictions. Dashed lines represent a linear regression; the slope and r2 values, respectively, for each year are as follows: 1995 (0.775, 0.985), 2000 (0.779, 0.984), and 2005 (0.759, 0.988). (F) Percent of articles published in 2000 falling into each of the 5 APT score bins over time. (G) APT scores are assigned based on new information entering the citing network of individual papers. At increasing time intervals post publication, the change in APT score was determined either for classifiers trained on data available in each year (blue) or for a fixed classifier trained on the growing citing networks (orange). APT, Approximate Potential to Translate; AUC, area under the curve; ROC, receiver operating characteristic. '''Fig 4.''' Testing the change in APT scores after directly manipulating the citing networks of 14,789 articles by adding or changing the types of citations. (A) Sample of a paper in this analysis that has 5 citations in the second year after publication (green squares) and an additional 5 citations in year 3 (white squares). We replaced the citations from year 3 with 5 citations that were MC, A, H, or H+. The same procedure was repeated for articles that populate vertices of the triangle of biomedicine (i.e., articles that were at least 95% H, A, or MC). (B) Effect on APT scores after manipulating the citing networks of all articles and for subsets articles that populate the H, A, and MC vertices. “Originals” indicates the change in APT score associated with the naturally occurring citations after year 3. A, Animal; APT, Approximate Potential to Translate; H, Human; H+, Human with Disease, Therapeutic/Diagnostic Approaches, and Chemical/Drug terms; MC, Molecular/Cellular; Mol./Cell., Molecular/Cellular. '''Fig 5.''' Following standard PubMed-like searches to identify publications of interest, this new tool displays summary statistics (top) that include APT scores and the average fraction of HAMC MeSH terms, interactive trilinear graphs (middle) that include a heat map of the distribution of those publications within the triangle of biomedicine, and an interactive table (bottom) that displays the characteristics of each paper. The iCite tool is publicly available at <nowiki>https://icite.od.nih.gov/analysis</nowiki>. APT, Approximate Potential to Translate; HAMC, Human, Animal, and Molecular/Cellular; MeSH, Medical Subject Headings; Mol/Cell, Molecular/Cellular; RCR, Relative Citation Ratio. ==== [https://journals.plos.org/plosbiology/article?id=10.1371/journal.pbio.3000385 NIH Open Citation Collection Publication (Citations Module):] ==== ===== Citation: ===== Hutchins BI, Baker K, Davis M, Diwersy M, Haque E, Harriman R, Hoppe T, Leicht S, Santangelo GM. The NIH Open Citation Collection: A public access, broad coverage resource. PLoS Biol. 2019. doi: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3000385. ===== Tables and Figures: ===== {{multiple image|perrow = 2 | align = center | image1 = Fig_1._Citations_in_the_NIH-OCC.png | caption1 = Fig 1. Citations in the NIH-OCC.png | image2 = Fig_2._Screen_capture_of_the_iCite_web_interface_to_open_citation_data.png | caption2 = Fig 2. Screen capture of the iCite web interface to open citation data.png | footer = All figures were sourced from the NIH iCite webpage - NIH Open Citation Collection Publication (Citations Module). }} ===== Descriptions: ===== '''Fig 1.''' (A) Citations per year. (B) Citation source by time period. ML, Machine Learning; NLM, National Library of Medicine; OCC, Open Citation Collection. '''Fig 2.''' The Open Citations module of iCite displays portfolio-level data in a summary table (top) and charts beneath the table. Charts provide visualization of publications over time (left), total citations per year by the publication year of the referenced article (center left), total citations per year by the publication year of the citing article (center right), and average citations per article in each publication year (right). Article-level information is shown on bottom and includes links to the PubMed records of the citing and referenced papers. ==== [https://journals.plos.org/plosbiology/article?id=10.1371/journal.pbio.2003552 Updates to RCR Calculation of Recent Papers (Influence Module):] ==== ===== Citation: ===== Hutchins BI, Hoppe TA, Meseroll RA, Anderson JM, Santangelo GM. Additional support for RCR: A validated article-level measure of scientific influence. PLoS Biol. 2017 Oct 2;15(10):e2003552. doi: 10.1371/journal.pbio.2003552. PMID: 28968381; PMCID: PMC5624567. ===== Tables and Figures: ===== {{multiple image|perrow = 1 | align = center | image1 = Fig_1._Stability_of_Relative_Citation_Ratio_(RCR)_over_time.png | caption1 = Fig 1. Stability of Relative Citation Ratio (RCR) over time.png | footer = All figures were sourced from the NIH iCite webpage - Updates to RCR Calculation of Recent Papers (Influence Module). }} ===== Descriptions: ===== '''Fig 1.''' (A–E) Change in RCR over time was determined for individual National Institutes of Health (NIH)-funded articles published in 1991. Articles were assigned to quintiles based on their RCR values in the year after publication (1992); RCR in each subsequent year was calculated. For each quintile, 200 individual articles (gray lines) were chosen at random from the subset in which the 1992 values were within 10% of the median, and the resulting plots are shown. All values are actual and unsmoothed. In (A) through (E), the red line shows the median for the respective quintile. (A) Top quintile, (B) Upper mid quintile, (C) Mid quintile, (D) Lower mid quintile, (E) Bottom quintile, (F) Median RCR in each of the 5 quintiles for all NIH-funded articles published in 1991. === Workflow: === * Pull PDFs for chapters, articles, download a copy of standards or guidelines for web resources (so that we have an offline copy available, as well as the link) * Put in one folder * Add to Zotero IMBHR, with "folders/projects" that reflect source (more on that below) * Share back with EAY to add to JenEric reference library ** Plan for harmonizing with IMBHR is to do ~quarterly harvests *** Where we export the .xml using the methods Marissa described in her excellent email **** Plan for importing based on VIBE protocol: ***** Open the .enl file ***** Ctrl & A to select all references ***** Click arrow icon, change file to XML and save it under .Data folder ***** Import XML to Zotero **** If the file is too big to upload: ***** Zotero will just crash each time you try to import ***** Easiest work-around is to open the .enl file as usual, but then filter at the top by the first letter of the author's last name. ***** Once it filters, you can do Ctrl & A to select only the items with that letter. ***** You can then save the XML by adding (letter) to the last name, so we know what letter the file is for. ***** Update from Marissa: The As have 989 references and it took about 4 minutes for the import into Zotero, the Bs have 2360 and it took over 20 minutes, but it worked and kept the PDFs from EndNote. It seems like this is the way we'll have to go about it, which will take some time. I already did the ones that don't have an author. Each import needs to go to a new collection, otherwise all of the references will go straight to the general IMBHR Library, and you'll have to make a new collection and move them manually (learned this the hard way with the Bs). I made a JenEric main folder so we can drag and drop the new collections there. *** With one tweak: We sort the library by "ascension number" and only add the ones with the newer ascensions (= bigger numbers) than where we left off last time. **** This should accomplish the "smaller" batching that Marissa invented by filtering by the first letter of author name! === [https://apastyle.apa.org/jars?utm_campaign=apa_publishing&utm_medium=direct_email&utm_source=businessdevelopment&utm_content=openscience_promo_jars_educators_11152024&utm_term=text_top_apastyle APA Style Journal Article Reporting Standards (JARS)] === * APA Style JARS can be used to make sure that all necessary information is included in manuscript sections for quantitative, qualitative, and mixed methods research. The JARS also include information on how best to discuss race, ethnicity, and culture across methodologies. caora4xrmewgq32yn2wbum7h3yjw8km 2 316552 2691470 2691349 2024-12-11T18:34:21Z Jaredscribe 2906761 /* Strategic Foreign Policy and Military reform */ is Tulsi Gabbard, who is an isolationist of the Bernie Sanders camp, with a long record of dogmatically opposing President Trump's first term foreign policy.[1] 2691470 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Research project}} The U.S. [[w:Department of Government Efficiency]]. {{Infobox Organization |name=Department of Government Efficiency |logo= |logo_size= |logo_caption=Logo on [[Twitter|X]] (formerly Twitter) as of November 14, 2024 |seal= |seal_size= |seal_caption= |formation=Announced on November 12, 2024; yet to be established |abbreviation=DOGE |key_people={{plainlist|[[w:Commissioner of the Department of Government Efficiency|Co-commissioners]]: * [[w:Elon Musk]] * [[w:Vivek Ramaswamy]] }} |website={{URL|https://x.com/DOGE|x.com/DOGE}} |volunteers=* Federico Sturzenegger|services=consulting|headquarters=Mar-A-Lago|organization_type=Presidential Advisory Commission|founder=Donald Trump|extinction=4 July 2026 (planned)|mission=(In the words of president-elect Donald Trump: * dismantle government bureaucracy * slash excess regulations * cut wasteful expenditures * restructure federal agencies, * address "massive waste and fraud" in government spending}} This "'''Wiki Of Government Efficiency'''" (WOGE) is a public interest, non-partisan research project that will [[User:Jaredscribe/Department of Government Efficiency#Reduce the deficit and debt by impounding appropriated funds|analyze the U.S. federal budget]], [[User:Jaredscribe/Department of Government Efficiency#Reform the other Government Bureaus and Departments|federal bureaucracy]], and [[User:Jaredscribe/Department of Government Efficiency#Shrink the federal civil service|federal civil service]], in the context of [[w:Second_presidency_of_Donald_Trump|president-elect Trump']]<nowiki/>s [[w:Agenda_47|Agenda 47]], and will catalogue, evaluate, and critique proposals on how the '''[[w:Department of Government Efficiency|Department of Government Efficiency]]'''{{Efn|Also referred to as '''Government Efficiency Commission'''}} (DOGE) is or is not fulfilling its mission to ''"dismantle government bureaucracy, slash excess regulations, and cut wasteful expenditures and restructure federal agencies"'', in the words of president-elect [[wikipedia:Donald_Trump|Donald Trump]], who called for it to address ''"massive waste and fraud"'' in government spending.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/c93qwn8p0l0o|title=Donald Trump picks Elon Musk for US government cost-cutting role|last1=Faguy|first1=Ana|last2=FitzGerald|first2=James|date=2024-11-13|publisher=BBC News|language=en-GB|access-date=2024-11-13}}</ref> Here's [[User:Jaredscribe/Department of Government Efficiency/How to contribute|how to contribute]] to the WOGE. The DOGE intends to [[User:Jaredscribe/Department of Government Efficiency#Office of Management and Budget|work through the Office of Management and Budget]] as its "policy vector". The [[w:U.S._budget_deficit|U.S. Budget deficit]], (C.f. [[w:Government_budget_balance|fiscal deficit]]), and the [[w:National_debt_of_the_United_States|U.S. National debt]], currently $35.7 Trillion as of 10/2024, which is 99% of the [[w:U.S._GDP|U.S. GDP]],<ref>{{Unbulleted list citebundle|{{cite news|newspaper=Financial Post| title= Musk's $2 Trillion of Budget Cuts Would Have These Stocks Moving|url=https://financialpost.com/pmn/business-pmn/musks-2-trillion-of-budget-cuts-would-have-these-stocks-moving|first=Alexandra|last=Semenova|date=November 4, 2024}}|{{cite news|newspaper= New York Times|title=Elon|url=https://nytimes.com/2024/10/29/us/politics/elon-musk-trump-economy-hardship.html}}|{{Cite web |date=September 5, 2024 |title=Trump says he'd create a government efficiency commission led by Elon Musk |url=https://apnews.com/article/donald-trump-elon-musk-government-efficiency-commission-e831ed5dc2f6a56999e1a70bb0a4eaeb |publisher=AP News}}|{{cite web|first=Jenn|last=Brice|title=How Elon Musk's $130 million investment in Trump's victory could reap a huge payoff for Tesla and the rest of his business empire|url=https://fortune.com/2024/11/06/elon-musk-donald-trump-tesla-spacex-xai-boring-neuralink|website=Fortune}}|{{cite web|url=https://axios.com/2024/11/07/elon-musk-government-efficiency-trump|title=Musk will bring his Twitter management style to government reform}}|{{cite news| access-date =November 9, 2024|work=Reuters|date=September 6, 2024|first1=Helen|first2=Gram|last1=Coster| last2=Slattery|title=Trump says he will tap Musk to lead government efficiency commission if elected| url= https://reuters.com/world/us/trump-adopt-musks-proposal-government-efficiency-commission-wsj-reports-2024-09-05}}|{{cite web|title=Trump says Musk could head 'government efficiency' force|url= https://bbc.com/news/articles/c74lgwkrmrpo|publisher=BBC}}|{{cite web|date =November 5, 2024|title=How Elon Musk could gut the government under Trump|url=https://independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/us-politics/elon-musk-donald-trump-economy-job-cuts-b2641644.html|website= The Independent}}}}</ref> and expected to grow to 134% of GDP by 2034 if current laws remain unchanged, according to the [[w:Congressional_Budget_Office|Congressional Budget Office]]. The DOGE will be a [[wikipedia:Presidential_commission_(United_States)|presidential advisory commission]] led by the billionaire businessmen [[wikipedia:Elon_Musk|Elon Musk]] and [[wikipedia:Vivek_Ramaswamy|Vivek Ramaswamy]], and possibly [[w:Ron_Paul|Ron Paul]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thehill.com/video/ron-paul-vows-to-join-elon-musk-help-eliminate-government-waste-in-a-trump-admin/10191375|title=Ron Paul vows to join Elon Musk, help eliminate government waste in a Trump admin|date=November 5, 2024|website=The Hill}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://usatoday.com/story/business/2024/10/28/patricia-healy-elon-musk-highlights-need-for-government-efficiency/75798556007|title=Elon Musk puts spotlight on ... Department of Government Efficiency? {{!}} Cumberland Comment|last=Healy|first=Patricia|website=USA TODAY|language=en-US|access-date=November 9, 2024}}</ref> with support from many [[w:Political_appointments_of_the_second_Trump_administration|Political and cabinet appointees of the second Trump administration]] and from a Congressional caucus Musk stated his belief that DOGE could remove US$2 trillion from the [[w:United_States_federal_budget|U.S. federal budget]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/live/HysDMs2a-iM?si=92I5LD1FY2PAsSuG&t=15822|title=WATCH LIVE: Trump holds campaign rally at Madison Square Garden in New York|date=October 28, 2024|website=youtube.com|publisher=[[PBS NewsHour]]|language=en|format=video}}</ref> without specifying whether these savings would be made over a single year or a longer period.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/cdj38mekdkgo|title=Can Elon Musk cut $2 trillion from US government spending?|last=Chu|first=Ben|date=2024-11-13|website=BBC News|language=en-GB|access-date=2024-11-14}}</ref> [[File:2023_US_Federal_Budget_Infographic.png|thumb|An infographic on outlays and revenues in the 2023 [[United States federal budget|U.S. federal budget]]]] DOGE could also streamline permitting with “categorical exclusions” from environmental reviews under the National Environmental Policy Act. {{sidebar with collapsible lists|name=U.S. deficit and debt topics|namestyle=background:#bf0a30;|style=width:22.0em; border: 4px double #d69d36; background:var(--background-color-base, #FFFFFF);|bodyclass=vcard|pretitle='''<span class="skin-invert">This article is part of [[:Category:United States|a series]] on the</span>'''|title=[[United States federal budget|<span style="color:var(--color-base, #000000);">Budget and debt in the<br/>United States of America</span>]]|image=[[File:Seal of the United States Congress.svg|90px]] [[File:Seal of the United States Department of the Treasury.svg|90px]]|titlestyle=background:var(--background-color-base, #002868); background-clip:padding-box;|headingstyle=background:var(--background-color-base, #bf0a30); color:var(--color-base, #fff);|listtitlestyle=background:var(--background-color-base, #bf0a30); color:var(--color-base, #fff); text-align:center;|expanded={{{expanded|{{{1|}}}}}}|list1name=dimensions|list1title=Major dimensions|list1class=hlist skin-invert|list1=* [[Economy of the United States|Economy]] * [[Expenditures in the United States federal budget|Expenditures]] * [[United States federal budget|Federal budget]] * [[Financial position of the United States|Financial position]] * [[Military budget of the United States|Military budget]] * [[National debt of the United States|Public debt]] * [[Taxation in the United States|Taxation]] * [[Unemployment in the United States|Unemployment]] * [[Government_spending_in_the_United_States|Gov't spending]]|list2name=programs|list2title=Programs|list2class=hlist skin-invert|list2=* [[Medicare (United States)|Medicare]] * [[Social programs in the United States|Social programs]] * [[Social Security (United States)|Social Security]]|list3name=issues|list3title=Contemporary issues|list3class=skin-invert|list3=<div style="margin-bottom:0.5em"> [[National Commission on Fiscal Responsibility and Reform|Bowles–Simpson Commission]] {{flatlist}} * <!--Bu--> [[Bush tax cuts]] * <!--Deb--> [[United States debt ceiling|Debt ceiling]] ** [[History of the United States debt ceiling|history]] * <!--Def--> [[Deficit reduction in the United States|Deficit reduction]] * <!--F--> [[United States fiscal cliff|Fiscal cliff]] * <!--H--> [[Healthcare reform in the United States|Healthcare reform]] * <!--P--> [[Political debates about the United States federal budget|Political debates]] * <!--So--> [[Social Security debate in the United States|Social Security debate]] * <!--St--> "[[Starve the beast]]" * <!--Su--> [[Subprime mortgage crisis]] {{endflatlist}} </div> [[2007–2008 financial crisis]] {{flatlist}} * <!--D--> [[United States debt-ceiling crisis (disambiguation)|Debt-ceiling crises]] ** [[2011 United States debt-ceiling crisis|2011]] ** [[2013 United States debt-ceiling crisis|2013]] ** [[2023 United States debt-ceiling crisis|2023]] {{endflatlist}} [[2013 United States budget sequestration|2013 budget sequestration]] {{flatlist}} * <!--G--> [[Government shutdowns in the United States|Government shutdowns]] ** [[1980 United States federal government shutdown|1980]] ** [[1981, 1984, and 1986 U.S. federal government shutdowns|1981, 1984, 1986]] ** [[1990 United States federal government shutdown|1990]] ** [[1995–1996 United States federal government shutdowns|1995–1996]] ** [[2013 United States federal government shutdown|2013]] ** [[January 2018 United States federal government shutdown|Jan 2018]] ** [[2018–2019 United States federal government shutdown|2018–2019]] {{endflatlist}} Related events {{flatlist}} *<!--E-->[[Removal of Kevin McCarthy as Speaker of the House|2023 Removal of Kevin McCarthy]] {{endflatlist}}|list4name=terminology|list4title=Terminology|list4class=hlist skin-invert|list4=Cumulative [[Government budget balance|deficit]] + [[National debt of the United States#Debates|Interest]] ≈ [[Government debt|Debt]] * [[Balance of payments]] * [[Inflation]] * [[Continuing resolution]]}} [[w:Deficit_reduction_in_the_United_States|Deficit reduction in the United States]] == Deregulate the Economy == The legal theory that this can be done through the executive branch is found in the U.S. Supreme Court’s ''[[w:West_Virginia_v._EPA|West Virginia v. EPA]]'' and ''[[w:Loper_Bright|Loper Bright]]'' rulings, which rein in the administrative state and mean that much of what the federal government now does is illegal.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.wsj.com/opinion/department-of-government-efficiency-elon-musk-vivek-ramaswamy-donald-trump-1e086dab|website=[[w:Wall Street Journal]]|title=The Musk-Ramaswamy Project Could Be Trump’s Best Idea}}</ref> Mr. Trump has set a goal of eliminating 10 regulations for every new one. The [[w:Competitive_Enterprise_Institute|Competitive Enterprise Institute]]’s Wayne Crews says 217,565 rules have been issued since the [[w:Federal_Register|Federal Register]] first began itemizing them in 1976, with 89,368 pages added last year. [https://sgp.fas.org/crs/misc/R43056.pdf 3,000-4,500 rules are added each year]. DOGE’s first order will be to pause enforcement of overreaching rules while starting the process to roll them back. Mr. Trump and DOGE could direct agencies to settle legal challenges to Biden rules by vacating them. This could ease the laborious process of undoing them by rule-making through the [[w:Administrative_Procedure_Act|Administrative Procedure Act]]. A source tells the WSJ they’ll do whatever they think they legally can without the APA. The [[w:Congressional_Review_Act|Congressional Review Act]]—which allows Congress to overturn recently issued agency regulations—had been used only once, prior to [[w:First_presidency_of_Donald_Trump|Trump's first term]]. While in office, he and the Republican Congress used it on 16 rules. This time, there will be more than 56 regulatory actions recent enough to be repealed. The [[w:Chevron_deference|''Chevron'' deference]] had required federal courts to defer to agencies’ interpretations of ambiguous statutes, but this was overturned in 2024. Taken together, with some other recent [[w:SCOTUS|SCOTUS]] rulings, we now have, says the WSJ, the biggest opportunity to cut regulatory red tape in more than 40 years.<ref>[https://www.wsj.com/opinion/let-the-trump-deregulation-begin-us-chamber-of-commerce-second-term-economic-growth-73f24387?cx_testId=3&cx_testVariant=cx_166&cx_artPos=0]</ref><blockquote>"Most legal edicts aren’t laws enacted by Congress but “rules and regulations” promulgated by unelected bureaucrats—tens of thousands of them each year. Most government enforcement decisions and discretionary expenditures aren’t made by the democratically elected president or even his political appointees but by millions of unelected, unappointed civil servants within government agencies who view themselves as immune from firing thanks to civil-service protections." "This is antidemocratic and antithetical to the Founders’ vision. It imposes massive direct and indirect costs on taxpayers." "When the president nullifies thousands of such regulations, critics will allege executive overreach. In fact, it will be ''correcting'' the executive overreach of thousands of regulations promulgated by administrative fiat that were never authorized by Congress. The president owes lawmaking deference to Congress, not to bureaucrats deep within federal agencies. The use of executive orders to substitute for lawmaking by adding burdensome new rules is a constitutional affront, but the use of executive orders to roll back regulations that wrongly bypassed Congress is legitimate and necessary to comply with the Supreme Court’s recent mandates. And after those regulations are fully rescinded, a future president couldn’t simply flip the switch and revive them but would instead have to ask Congress to do so"<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/opinion/musk-and-ramaswamy-the-doge-plan-to-reform-government-supreme-court-guidance-end-executive-power-grab-fa51c020?cx_testId=3&cx_testVariant=cx_165&cx_artPos=5|title=Elon Musk and Vivek Ramaswamy: The DOGE Plan to Reform Government|last=Musk|first=Elon|date=20 November 2024|work=The Wall Street Journal|last2=Ramaswamy|first2=Vivek}}</ref> </blockquote> == Shrink the federal civil service == The government has around three million [[w:United_States_federal_civil_service|federal civil service]] employees, with an average salary of $106,000. Dr. Anthony Fauci made $481,000 in 2022. The federal head count has ballooned by 120,800 during the Biden years. Civil service and union protections make it hard to fire workers. Mr. Trump intends to quickly resurrect the [[w:Schedule_F|Schedule F]] reform that he sought to implement at the end of his first term but was scrapped by Mr. Biden. These would high-level federal employees to be removed like political appointees, by eliminating their job protections. WSJ proposals[https://www.wsj.com/opinion/the-doge-cheat-sheet-elon-musk-vivek-ramaswamy-department-of-government-efficiency-1c231783#cxrecs_s] The [[w:Administrative_Procedures_Act|Administrative Procedures Act]] statute protects federal employees from political retaliation, but allows for “reductions in force” that don’t target specific employees. The statute further empowers the president to “prescribe rules governing the competitive service.” The Supreme Court has held—in ''[[w:Franklin_v._Massachusetts|Franklin v. Massachusetts]]'' (1992) and ''[[w:Collins_v._Yellen|Collins v. Yellen]]'' (2021) that when revious presidents have used this power to amend the civil service rules by executive order, they weren’t constrained by the APA when they did so. Mr. Trump can, with this authority, implement any number of “rules governing the competitive service” that would curtail administrative overgrowth, from large-scale firings to relocation of federal agencies out of the Washington area. The DOGE welcomes voluntary terminations once the President begins requiring federal employees to come to the office five days a week, because American taxpayers shouldn’t pay federal employees for the Covid-era privilege of staying home.<ref>[https://www.wsj.com/opinion/musk-and-ramaswamy-the-doge-plan-to-reform-government-supreme-court-guidance-end-executive-power-grab-fa51c020?cx_testId=3&cx_testVariant=cx_165&cx_artPos=5 Elon Musk and Vivek Ramaswamy: The DOGE Plan to Reform Government: Following the Supreme Court’s guidance, we’ll reverse a decadeslong executive power grab. Musk & Ramaswamy 11/20/2024]</ref> == Reduce the deficit and debt by impounding appropriated funds == === Impound appropriated funds === Reports suggest that president-elect Trump intends to override Congress’s power of the purse by [[w:Impoundment_of_appropriated_funds|impoundment of appropriated funds]], that is, refusing to spend them. the president may [[wikipedia:Rescission_bill|propose rescission]] of specific funds, but that rescission must be approved by both the [[wikipedia:United_States_House_of_Representatives|House of Representatives]] and [[wikipedia:United_States_Senate|Senate]] within 45 days. [[w:Thomas_Jefferson|Thomas Jefferson]] was the first president to exercise the power of impoundment in 1801, which power was available to all presidents up to and including [[wikipedia:Richard_Nixon|Richard Nixon]], and was regarded as a power inherent to the office, although one with limits. He may ask Congress to repeal The [[w:Congressional_Budget_and_Impoundment_Control_Act_of_1974|Congressional Budget and Impoundment Control Act of 1974]], which was passed in response to Nixon's abuses.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://democrats-budget.house.gov/resources/reports/impoundment-control-act-1974-what-it-why-does-it-matter|title=The Impoundment Control Act of 1974: What Is It? Why Does It Matter? {{!}} House Budget Committee Democrats|date=2019-10-23|website=democrats-budget.house.gov|language=en|access-date=2024-05-19}}</ref> If Congress refuses to do so, president Trump may impound funds anyway and argue in court that the 1974 law is unconstitutional. The matter would likely end up at the Supreme Court, which would have to do more than simply hold the 1974 act unconstitutional in order for Mr. Trump to prevail. The court would also have to overrule [[w:Train_v._City_of_New_York_(1975)|''Train v. City of New York'' (1975)]], which held that impoundment is illegal unless the underlying legislation specifically authorizes it. === Reduce the budget deficit === [[wikipedia:U.S. federal budget|U.S. federal budget]] The [[wikipedia:Fiscal_year|fiscal year]], beginning October 1 and ending on September 30 of the year following. Congress is the body required by law to pass appropriations annually and to submit funding bills passed by both houses to the President for signature. Congressional decisions are governed by rules and legislation regarding the [[wikipedia:United_States_budget_process|federal budget process]]. Budget committees set spending limits for the House and Senate committees and for Appropriations subcommittees, which then approve individual [[wikipedia:Appropriations_bill_(United_States)|appropriations bills]] to During FY2022, the federal government spent $6.3 trillion. Spending as % of GDP is 25.1%, almost 2 percentage points greater than the average over the past 50 years. Major categories of FY 2022 spending included: Medicare and Medicaid ($1.339T or 5.4% of GDP), Social Security ($1.2T or 4.8% of GDP), non-defense discretionary spending used to run federal Departments and Agencies ($910B or 3.6% of GDP), Defense Department ($751B or 3.0% of GDP), and net interest ($475B or 1.9% of GDP).<ref name="CBO_2022">[https://www.cbo.gov/publication/58888 The Federal Budget in Fiscal Year 2022: An Infographic]</ref> CBO projects a federal budget deficit of $1.6 trillion for 2024. In the agency’s projections, deficits generally increase over the coming years; the shortfall in 2034 is $2.6 trillion. The deficit amounts to 5.6 percent of gross domestic product (GDP) in 2024, swells to 6.1 percent of GDP in 2025, and then declines in the two years that follow. After 2027, deficits increase again, reaching 6.1 percent of GDP in 2034.<ref name="CBO_budgetOutlook2024">{{cite web|url=https://www.cbo.gov/publication/59710|title=The Budget and Economic Outlook: 2024 to 2034|date=February 7, 2024|publisher=CBO|access-date=February 7, 2024}}</ref> The following table summarizes several budgetary statistics for the fiscal year 2015-2021 periods as a percent of GDP, including federal tax revenue, outlays or spending, deficits (revenue – outlays), and [[wikipedia:National_debt_of_the_United_States|debt held by the public]]. The historical average for 1969-2018 is also shown. With U.S. GDP of about $21 trillion in 2019, 1% of GDP is about $210 billion.<ref name="CBO_Hist_20">[https://www.cbo.gov/about/products/budget-economic-data#2 CBO-Historical Budget Data-Retrieved January 28, 2020]</ref> Statistics for 2020-2022 are from the CBO Monthly Budget Review for FY 2022.<ref name="CBO_MBRFY2022">{{cite web|url=https://www.cbo.gov/publication/58592|title=Monthly Budget Review: Summary for Fiscal Year 2022|date=November 8, 2022|publisher=CBO|access-date=December 10, 2022}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" !Variable As % GDP !2015 !2016 !2017 !2018 !2019 !2020 !2021 !2022 !Hist Avg |- !Revenue<ref name="CBO_Hist_20">[https://www.cbo.gov/about/products/budget-economic-data#2 CBO-Historical Budget Data-Retrieved January 28, 2020]</ref> |18.0% |17.6% |17.2% |16.4% |16.4% |16.2% |17.9% |19.6% |17.4% |- !Outlays<ref name="CBO_Hist_20" /> |20.4% |20.8% |20.6% |20.2% |21.0% |31.1% |30.1% |25.1% |21.0% |- !Budget Deficit<ref name="CBO_Hist_20" /> | -2.4% | -3.2% | -3.5% | -3.8% | -4.6% | -14.9% | -12.3% | -5.5% | -3.6% |- !Debt Held by Public<ref name="CBO_Hist_20" /> |72.5% |76.4% |76.2% |77.6% |79.4% |100.3% |99.6% |94.7% | |} The [[wikipedia:U.S._Constitution|U.S. Constitution]] ([[wikipedia:Article_One_of_the_United_States_Constitution|Article I]], section 9, clause 7) states that "No money shall be drawn from the Treasury, but in Consequence of Appropriations made by Law; and a regular Statement and Account of Receipts and Expenditures of all public Money shall be published from time to time." Each year, the President of the United States submits a budget request to Congress for the following fiscal year as required by the [[wikipedia:Budget_and_Accounting_Act_of_1921|Budget and Accounting Act of 1921]]. Current law ({{UnitedStatesCode|31|1105}}(a)) requires the president to submit a budget no earlier than the first Monday in January, and no later than the first Monday in February. Typically, presidents submit budgets on the first Monday in February. The budget submission has been delayed, however, in some new presidents' first year when the previous president belonged to a different party. === Reduce the National debt === == Strategic Foreign Policy and Military reform == Nominee for [[w:National_Security_Advisor|National Security Advisor]] [[w:Mike_Waltz|Mike Waltz]] To oversee the [[w:U.S._Intelligence_Community|U.S. Intelligence Community]] and NIP, and the 18 IC agencies, including the CIA, DIA, NSC, the nominee for [[w:Director_of_National_Intelligence|Director of National Intelligence]] is [[w:Tulsi_Gabbard|Tulsi Gabbard]], who is an isolationist of the [[w:Bernie_Sanders#foreign_policy|Bernie Sanders]] camp, with a long record of dogmatically opposing [[w:Foreign_policy_of_the_Trump_administration|President Trump's first term foreign policy]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/opinion/tulsi-gabbard-director-of-national-intelligence-donald-trump-foreign-policy-syria-israel-iran-b37aa3de|title=How Tulsi Gabbard Sees the World|last=Editorial Board|date=10 December 2024|work=The Wall Street Journal}}</ref> === Department of State === {{Main article|w:Second presidency of Donald Trump#Prospective foreign policy|w:State Department}} [[w:Marco_Rubio|Marco Rubio]] has been nominated as [[w:U.S._Secretary_of_State|U.S. Secretary of State]], overseeing $53bn and 77,880 employees ==== [[w:USAID|USAID]] ==== === U.S. Department of Defense === Nominated for [[w:Secretary_of_Defense|Secretary of Defense]] is [[w:Pete_Hegseth|Pete Hegseth]]. The president-elect is reportedly considering a draft executive order that establishes a “warrior board” of retired senior military personnel with the power to review three- and four-star officers “on leadership capability, strategic readiness, and commitment to military excellence," and to recommend removals of any deemed unfit for leadership. This would fast-track the removal of generals and admirals found to be “lacking in requisite leadership qualities,” consistent with his earlier vow to fire “woke” military leaders.<ref>[https://www.wsj.com/politics/national-security/trump-draft-executive-order-would-create-board-to-purge-generals-7ebaa606<nowiki> Trump draft executive order would create a board to purge generals 11/12/2024]</nowiki></ref> There are legal obstacles. The law prohibits the firing of commissioned officers except by “sentence of a general court-martial,” as a “commutation of a sentence of a general court-martial,” or “in time of war, by order of the president.” A commissioned officer who believes he’s been wrongfully dismissed has the right to seek a trial by court-martial, which may find the dismissal baseless. <ref>[https://www.wsj.com/opinion/trump-tests-the-constitutions-limits-checks-balances-government-policy-law-78d0d0f1 &lt;nowiki&gt; Trump test the constitutions limits 11/19/2024]</ref> Musk said, "Some idiots are still building manned fighter jets like the F-35," and later added: "Manned fighter jets are outdated in the age of drones and only put pilots' lives at risk." [[w:Bernie_Sanders|Bernie Sanders]] wrote on X: "Elon Musk is right. The Pentagon, with a budget of $886 billion, just failed its 7th audit in a row. It's lost track of billions. Last year, only 13 senators voted against the Military Industrial Complex and a defense budget full of waste and fraud. That must change."{{sfn|Newsweek 12/02|2024}}. It failed its fifth audit in June 2023.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newsweek.com/fox-news-host-confronts-gop-senator-pentagons-fifth-failed-audit-1804379|title=Fox News host confronts GOP Senator on Pentagon's fifth failed audit|last=Writer|first=Fatma Khaled Staff|date=2023-06-04|website=Newsweek|language=en|access-date=2024-12-02}}</ref> === US Air Force === Air Force is advancing a program called [[w:Collaborative_Combat_Aircraft|Collaborative Combat Aircraft]] to build roughly 1,000 UAVs, with [[w:Anduril|Anduril]] and [[w:General_Atomics|General Atomics]] currently building prototypes, ahead of an Air Force decision on which company or companies will be contracted to build it. The cost quickly exceeded the $2.3 billion approved for last fiscal year’s budget, according to the [[w:Congressional_Research_Service|Congressional Research Service]], prompting calls for more oversight. “''If you want to make real improvements to the defense and security of the United States of America, we would be investing more in drones, we’d be investing more in [[w:Hypersonic_weapon|hypersonic missiles]]'',” said Mr. Ramaswamy. The program for Lockheed-Martin's [[w:F-35|F-35]] stealth jet fighters, now in production, is expected to exceed $2 trillion over several decades. The Air Force on 5 December announced it would delay a decision on which company would build the next-generation crewed fighter, called [[w:Next Generation Air Dominance|Next Generation Air Dominance (NGAD)]], which was planned to replace the [[w:F-22|F-22]] and operate alongside the F-35. Mr. Musk has written that "manned fighter jets are obsolete in the age of drones.” In another post, he claimed “a reusable drone” can do everything a jet fighter can do “without all the overhead of a pilot.” Brigadier General [[w:Doug_Wickert|Doug Wickert]] said in response, “There may be some day when we can completely rely on roboticized warfare but we are a century away.... How long have we thought full self-driving was going to be on the Tesla?” <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/politics/national-security/air-force-jets-vs-drones-trump-administration-8b1620a5?page=1|title=Trump Administration Set to Decide Future of Jet Fighters|last=Seligman|first=Lara|date=6 December 2024|work=The Wall Street Journal}}</ref> === US Space Force === The [[w:US_Space_Force|US Space Force]]'s 2023 budget was ~$26bn and it had 9,400 military personnel. SpaceX had a $14m contract to provide communications to the Ukrainian armed forces and government through 30th Nov 2024.{{sfn|Economist 11/23|2024}} Is also receiving a $733m contract to carry satellites into orbit.{{sfn|Economist 11/23|2024}} The Pentagon plans to incorporate into its own communications network 100 of [[w:Starshield|Starshield]]'s satellites.{{sfn|Economist 11/23|2024}} Starshield also has a $1.8bn contract to help the [[w:National_Reconnaissance_Office|National Reconnaissance Office]] build spy satellites.{{sfn|Economist 11/23|2024}} == NASA == The [[w:National_Air_and_Space_Administration|National Air and Space Administration]] had a 2023 budget of $25.4 bn and 18,000 employees. [[w:Jared_Isaacman|Jared Isaacman]] is nominated director. He had joined a space voyage in 2021 which was the first for an all-civilian crew to reach orbit. He led a four person crew in September on the first commericial spacewalk, testing SpaceX's new spacesuits. He promised to lead NASA in to "usher in an era where humanity becomes a true space-faring civilization."<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/politics/elections/trump-picks-billionaire-space-traveler-to-run-nasa-4420150b?page=1|title=Trump Picks Billionaire Space Traveler to Run NASA|last=Maidenberg|first=Micah|date=5 December 2024|work=WSJ}}</ref> In September 2026, NASA's [[w:Artemis_program|Artemis program]], established in 2017 via [[wikipedia:Space_Policy_Directive_1|Space Policy Directive 1]], is intended to reestablish a human presence on the Moon for the first time since the [[wikipedia:Apollo_17|Apollo 17]] mission in 1972. The program's stated long-term goal is to establish a [[wikipedia:Moonbase|permanent base on the Moon]] to facilitate [[wikipedia:Human_mission_to_Mars|human missions to Mars]]. The [[w:U.S._National_Academies_of_Sciences,_Engineering,_and_Medicine|U.S. National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine]] in October, put out a report titled "NASA at a Crossroads," which identified myriad issues at the agency, including out-of-date infrastructure, pressures to prioritize short-term objectives and inefficient management practices. NASA's costly [[w:Space_Launch_System|Space Launch System]] (SLS) is the cornerstone of the Artemis program. has a price tag of around $4.1 billion per launch, and is a single-use rocket that can only launch every two years, having debuted in 2022 with the uncrewed [[w:Artemis_1_mission|Artemis 1 mission]] to the moon. In contrast, SpaceX is working to reduce the cost of a single Starship flight to under $10 million. NASA Associate Administrator Jim Free urged the incoming administration to maintain the current plans, in a symposium with the [[w:American_Astronautical_Society|American Astronautical Society]] saying "We need that consistency in purpose. That has not happened since Apollo. If we lose that, I believe we will fall apart and we will wander, and other people in this world will pass us by." NASA has already asked both [[w:SpaceX|SpaceX]] and also Jeff Bezos' [[w:Blue_Origin|Blue Origin]], to develop cargo landers for its Artemis missions and to deliver heavy equipment on them to the Moon by 2033. "Having two lunar lander providers with different approaches for crew and cargo landing capability provides mission flexibility while ensuring a regular cadence of moon landings for continued discovery and scientific opportunity," Stephen D. Creech, NASA's assistant deputy associate administrator for the moon to Mars program, said in an announcement about the partnership. "For all of the money we are spending, NASA should NOT be talking about going to the Moon - We did that 50 years ago. They should be focused on the much bigger things we are doing, including Mars (of which the Moon is a part), Defense and Science!" Trump wrote in a post on X in 2019. Trump has said he would create a [[w:Space_National_Guard|Space National Guard]], an idea that lawmakers in Congress have been proposing since 2021. Critics agree that a focus on spaceflight could come at the expense of "Earth and atmospheric sciences at NASA and the [[w:National_Oceanic_and_Atmospheric_Administration|National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]] (NOAA), which have been cut during the Biden era."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newsweek.com/elon-musk-donald-trump-nasa-space-policy-1990599|title=Donald Trump and Elon Musk could radically reshape NASA. Here's how|last=Reporter|first=Martha McHardy US News|date=2024-11-27|website=Newsweek|language=en|access-date=2024-12-02}}</ref> Regarding his goal and SpaceX's corporate mission of colonising Mars, Mr. Musk has stated that "The DOGE is the only path to extending life beyond earth"{{sfn|Economist 11/23|2024}} == [[w:Federal_Aviation_Administration|Federal Aviation Administration]] == Musk has often complained about the FAA "smothering" innovation, boasting that he can build a rocket faster than the agency can process the "Kafkaesque paperwork" required to make the relevant approvals.{{sfn|Economist 11/23|2024}} == Department of Transportation == Mr. Trump's transition team told advisors that it plans to make a federal framework for self-driving cars. Mr. Trump had a call with Sundar Pichai and Mr. Musk. == Department of Education == [[w:United_States_Department_of_Education|Department of Education]] has 4,400 employees – the smallest staff of the Cabinet agencies<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www2.ed.gov/about/overview/fed/role.html|title=Federal Role in Education|date=2021-06-15|website=www2.ed.gov|language=en|access-date=2022-04-28}}</ref> – and a 2024 budget of $238 billion.<ref name="DOE-mission">{{Cite web|url=https://www.usaspending.gov/agency/department-of-education?fy=2024|title=Agency Profile {{!}} U.S. Department of Education|website=www2.ed.gov|access-date=2024-11-14}}</ref> The 2023 Budget was $274 billion, which included funding for children with disabilities ([[wikipedia:Individuals_with_Disabilities_Education_Act|IDEA]]), pandemic recovery, early childhood education, [[wikipedia:Pell_Grant|Pell Grants]], [[wikipedia:Elementary_and_Secondary_Education_Act|Title I]], work assistance, among other programs. This budget was down from $637.7 billion in 2022.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.future-ed.org/what-the-new-pisa-results-really-say-about-u-s-schools/|title=What the New PISA Results Really Say About U.S. Schools|date=2021-06-15|website=future-ed.com|language=en|access-date=2024-11-14}}</ref> Nominated as [[w:US_Secretary_of_Education|Secretary of Education]] is [[w:Linda_McMahon|Linda McMahon]]. The WSJ proposes that the Civil Rights division be absorbed into the Department of Justice, and that its outstanding loan portolio be handled by the Department of the Treasury. Despite the redundancies, its unlikely that it will be abolished, which would require congressional action and buy-in from Democrats in the Senate; Republicans don’t have enough votes to do it alone. A republican appointee is expected to push back against federal education overreach and progressive policies like DEI. <ref>[https://www.wsj.com/opinion/trump-can-teach-the-education-department-a-lesson-nominee-needs-boldness-back-school-choice-oppose-woke-indoctrination-ddf6a38d<nowiki> Trump can teach the Education Department a Lesson. WSJ 11/20/2024]</nowiki></ref> During his campaign, Trump had pledged to get the "transgender insanity the hell out of schools.” Relying on the district court's decision in ''[[w:Tatel_v._Mount_Lebanon_School_District|Tatel v. Mount Lebanon School District]] , the'' attorney general and education secretary could issue a letter explaining how enforcing gender ideology violates constitutional [[w:Free_exercise_clause|First amendment right to free exercise of religion]] and the [[w:Equal_Protection_Clause|14th Amendment’s Equal Protection Clause]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/opinion/how-trump-can-target-transgenderism-in-schools-law-policy-education-369537a7?page=1|title=How Trump Can Target Transgenderism in Schools|last=Eden|first=Max|date=9 December 2024|work=The Wall Street Journal}}</ref> == Consumer Financial Protection Bureau == The [[w:Consumer_Financial_Protection_Bureau|Consumer Financial Protection Bureau]] (CFPB). Said Mr. Musk "Delete the CFPB. There are too many duplicative regulatory agencies"<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/politics/policy/elon-musk-doge-conflict-of-interest-b1202437?page=1|title=Musk’s DOGE Plans Rely on White House Budget Office. Conflicts Await.|last=Schwartz|first=Brian|work=The Wall Street Journal}}</ref> == U.S. Department of Health and Human Services == Nominated as [[w:United_States_Secretary_of_Health_and_Human_Services|United States Secretary of Health and Human Services]] is [[w:Robert_F._Kennedy_Jr.|Robert F. Kennedy Jr.]], deputy Secretary [[w:Jim_O'Neill_(investor)|Jim O'Neill]]. Nominated for [[w:US_Surgeon_General|US Surgeon General]] is [[w:Janette_Nesheiwat|Janette Nesheiwat]]. [[w:U.S._Department_of_Health_and_Human_Services|U.S. Department of Health and Human Services]] was authorized a budget for [[w:2020_United_States_federal_budget|fiscal year 2020]] of $1.293 trillion. It has 13 operating divisions, 10 of which constitute the [[w:United_States_Public_Health_Service|Public Health Services]], whose budget authorization is broken down as follows:<ref name="hhs_budget_fy2020">{{cite web|url=https://www.hhs.gov/about/budget/fy2020/index.html|title=HHS FY 2020 Budget in Brief|date=October 5, 2019|website=HHS Budget & Performance|publisher=United States Department of Health & Human Services|page=7|access-date=May 9, 2020}}</ref> {| class="wikitable sortable" !Nominee !Program !2020 Budget !2024 Budget ! employees !2025 Budget !2026 Budget |- |[[w:Marty_Makary|Marty Makary]] |[[w:Food and Drug Administration|Food and Drug Administration]] (FDA) |$3,329 MM |- | |[[w:Health Resources and Services Administration|Health Resources and Services Administration]] (HRSA) |$11,004 |- | |[[w:Indian Health Service|Indian Health Service]] (IHS) |$6,104 |- |[[w:Dave_Weldon|Dave Weldon]] |[[w:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]] (CDC) |$6,767 |- |[[w:Jay_Bhattacharya|Jay Bhattacharya]] |[[w:National Institutes of Health|National Institutes of Health]] (NIH) |$33,669 |- | |[[w:Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration|Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration]] (SAMHSA) |$5,535 |- | |[[w:Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality|Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality]] (AHRQ) |$0 |- |[[w:Mehmet_Oz|Mehmet Oz]] |[[w:Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services|Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services]] (CMMS) |$1,169,091 |- | |[[w:Administration for Children and Families|Administration for Children and Families]] (ACF) |$52,121 |- | |[[w:Administration for Community Living|Administration for Community Living]] (ACL) |$1,997 |- |} {| class="wikitable sortable" !Program !2020 Budget !2024 Budget ! employees !2025 Budget !2026 Budget |- |[[w:Departmental Management|Departmental Management]] |$340 |- |Non-Recurring Expense Fund |$-400 |- |[[w:Office of Medicare Hearings and Appeals|Office of Medicare Hearings and Appeals]] |$186 |- |[[w:Office of the National Coordinator|Office of the National Coordinator]] |$43 |- |[[w:Office for Civil Rights|Office for Civil Rights]] |$30 |- |[[w:Office of Inspector General|Office of Inspector General]] |$82 |- |[[w:Public Health and Social Services Emergency Fund|Public Health and Social Services Emergency Fund]] |$2,667 |- |[[w:Program Support Center|Program Support Center]] |$749 |- |Offsetting Collections |$-629 |- |Other Collections |$-163 |- |'''TOTAL''' |'''$1,292,523''' |} The FY2020 budget included a $1.276 billion budget decrease for the Centers for Disease Control, and a $4.533 billion budget decrease for the National Institutes of Health. These budget cuts, along with other changes since 2019, comprised a total decrease of over $24 billion in revised discretionary budget authority across the entire Department of Health and Human Services for Fiscal Year 2020.<ref name="hhs_budget_fy2020" /> Additional details of the budgeted outlays, budget authority, and detailed budgets for other years, can be found at the HHS Budget website.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://WWW.HHS.GOV/BUDGET|title=Health and Human Services: Budget and Performance|publisher=United States Department of Health & Human Services|access-date=May 9, 2020}}</ref> He is an American politician, [[Environmental law|environmental lawyer]], [[anti-vaccine activist]], and anti-packaged food industry activist, anti-pharmaceutical industry activist, who will be nominated to serve as [[United States Secretary of Health and Human Services]],<ref name="v502">{{cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/saradorn/2024/11/14/rfk-jr-launches-independent-2024-run-here-are-all-the-conspiracies-he-promotes-from-vaccines-to-mass-shootings/|title=Trump Taps RFK Jr. As Secretary Of Health And Human Services: Here Are All The Conspiracies He's Promoted|last=Dorn|first=Sara|date=2024-11-14|website=Forbes|access-date=2024-11-15}}</ref> with the mission of "Making America Healthy Again". He is the chairman and founder of [[Children's Health Defense]], an anti-vaccine advocacy group and proponent of [[COVID-19 vaccine misinformation|dubious COVID-19 vaccine information]].<ref name="Smith_12/15/2021" /><ref name="KW" /> === National Institutes of Health === The [[w:NIH|NIH]] distributes grants of ~$50bn per year. Nominated to lead the [[w:National_Institutes_of_Health|National Institutes of Health]] is [[w:Jay_Bhattacharya|Jay Bhattacharya]], who has announced the following priorities for funding: * cutting edge research, saying that the NIH has become "sclerotic". * studies aimed at replicating the results of earlier studies, to address the problem of scientific fraud or other factors contributing to the the [[w:Replication_crisis|replication crisis]] * refocusing on [[w:Chronic_diseases|chronic diseases]], whose research is underfunded, away from [[w:Infectious_diseases|infectious diseases]], whose research is overfunded. * ending [[w:Gain-of-function|gain-of-function]] research. Jay Bhattacharya wrote a March 25 2020 op-ed "Is the Coronavirus as Deadly as They Say?", with colleague Eran Bendavid, arguing that many asymptomatic cases of COVID-19 were going undetected. The hypothesis was confirmed in April 2020 when he and several colleagues published a study showing that Covid anti-bodies in Santa Clara county were 50 times the recorded infection rate. This implied, he said "a lower inflection mortality rate than public health authorities were pushing at a time when they and the media thought it was a virtue to panic the population".<ref><nowiki><ref></nowiki>{{Cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/opinion/the-man-who-fought-fauci-and-won-trump-nih-nominee-jay-bhattacharya-covid-cancel-culture-4a0650bd?page=1|title=The Man Who Fought Fauci - and Won|last=Varadarajan|first=Tunku|date=6 December 2024|work=WSJ}}<nowiki></ref></nowiki></ref> === Food and Drug Administration === The FDA in 2022 had 18,000 employees<ref name="fy2022">{{cite web|url=https://www.fda.gov/media/149613/download|title=FY 2022 FDA Budget Request|publisher=FDA|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230602090805/https://www.fda.gov/media/149613/download|archive-date=June 2, 2023|access-date=January 14, 2022|url-status=live}}</ref> and a budget of $6.5{{nbsp}}billion (2022)<ref name="fy2022" /> Nominated as director is [[w:Marty_Makary|Marty Makary]]. == CPB, PBS, NPR == Regarding the [[w:Corporation_for_Public_Broadcasting|Corporation for Public Broadcasting]], [[w:Howard_Husock|Howard Husock]] suggest that instead of zeroing its $535 million budget, Republicans reform the [[w:Public_Broadcasting_Act|Public Broadcasting Act]] to eliminate bias and improve local journalism.<ref>https://www.wsj.com/opinion/the-conservative-case-for-public-broadcasting-media-policy-2d4c3c9f?page=1</ref> {{As of|2024|alt=For fiscal year 2024}}, its appropriation was US$525 million, including $10 million in interest earned. The distribution of these funds was as follows:<ref>{{cite web|url=https://cpb.org/aboutcpb/financials/budget/|title=CPB Operating Budget|last=|date=2024|website=www.cpb.org|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=November 27, 2024|url-status=}}</ref> * $262.83M for direct grants to local public television stations; * $95.11M for television programming grants; * $81.77M for direct grants to local public radio stations; * $28.12M for the Radio National Program Production and Acquisition * $9.43M for the Radio Program Fund * $31.50 for system support * $26.25 for administration Public broadcasting stations are funded by a combination of private donations from listeners and viewers, foundations and corporations. Funding for public television comes in roughly equal parts from government (at all levels) and the private sector.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cpb.org/annualreports/2013/|title=CPB 2013 Annual Report|website=www.cpb.org|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160212170045/http://cpb.org/annualreports/2013/|archive-date=February 12, 2016|access-date=May 4, 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Departments of Energy and Interior == Nominee for [[w:US_Secretary_of_the_Interior|Secretary of the Interior]] is [[w:Doug_Burgum|Doug Burgum]], who will also be [[w:List_of_U.S._executive_branch_czars|Energy Czar]]. [[w:Department_of_Energy|Department of Energy]] [[w:United_States_Secretary_of_Energy|secretary nominee]] [[w:Chris_Wright_(energy_executive)|Chris Wright]] admits that burning fossil fuels contributes to rising temperatures, but says it poses only a modest threat to humanity, and praises it for increasing plant growth, making the planet greener, and boosting agricultural productivity. He also says that it likely reduces the annual number of temperature-related deaths. (estimates from health researchers say otherwise). He says, "It's probably almost as many positive changes as negative changes... Is it a crisis, is it the world's greatest challenge, or a big threat to the next generation? No. .. A little bit warmer isn’t a threat. If we were 5, 7, 8, 10 degrees [Celsius] warmer, that would be meaningful changes to the planet.” Scientists see a 1.5 degrees Celsius temperature as creating potentially irreversible changes for the planet, and expect to pass that mark later this year, after increasing over several decade. He criticizes the [[w:Paris_climate_agreement|Paris climate agreement]] for empowering "political actors with anti-fossil fuel agendas." Wright favors development of [[w:Geothermal_energy|geothermal energy]] and [[w:Nuclear_energy_policy_of_the_United_States|nuclear energy]], criticizing subsidies to wind and solar energy. <ref><nowiki><ref></nowiki>{{Cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/politics/policy/who-is-chris-wright-trump-energy-secretary-9eb617dc?page=1|title=Trump’s Energy Secretary Pick Preaches the Benefits of Climate Change|last=Morenne|first=Benoit|date=9 December 2024|work=The Wall Street Journal}}&lt;nowiki&gt;</ref> == AI and Cryptocurrency Policy == [[w:David_Sacks|David Sacks]] was named "White House AI and Crypto Czar". == Reform Entitlements == === Healthcare and Medicare === [[w:ObamaCare|ObamaCare]] started as a plausible scheme for universal, cost-effective health insurance with subsidies for the needy. Only the subsidies survive because the ObamaCare policies actually delivered are so overpriced nobody would buy them without a subsidy.<ref>[https://www.wsj.com/opinion/elons-real-trump-mission-protect-growth-department-of-government-efficiency-appointments-cabinet-9e7e62b2]</ref> See below: Department of Health and Human Services === Social Security === Even FDR was aware of its flaw: it discourages working and saving. === Other === Small-government advocate [[w:Ron_Paul|Ron Paul]] has suggested to cut aid to the following "biggest" welfare recipients: * The [[w:Military-industrial_complex|Military-industrial complex]] * The [[w:Pharmaceutical-industrial_complex|Pharmaceutical-industrial complex]] * The [[w:Federal_Reserve|Federal Reserve]] To which Mr. Musk replied, "Needs to be done".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thehill.com/video/ron-paul-vows-to-join-elon-musk-help-eliminate-government-waste-in-a-trump-admin/10191375/|title=Ron Paul vows to join Elon Musk, help eliminate government waste in a Trump admin|date=2024-11-05|website=The Hill|language=en-US|access-date=2024-12-09}}</ref> == Office of Management and Budget == The White House [[w:Office_of_Management_and_Budget|Office of Management and Budget]] (OMB) guides implementation of regulations and analyzes federal spending. Mssrs. Musk and Ramaswamy encouraged President-elect Trump to reappoint his first term director [[w:Russell_Vought|Russell Vought]], which he did on 22nd Nov.<ref name=":0" /> == Government Efficiency Personnel == Transition spokesman [[w:Brian_Hughes|Brian Hughes]] said that "Elon Musk is a once-in-a-generation business leader and our federal bureaucracy will certainly benefit from his ideas and efficiency". About a dozen Musk allies have visited Mar-a-Lago to serve as unofficial advisors to the Trump 47 transition, influencing hiring at many influential government agencies.<ref name=":2"><nowiki><ref></nowiki>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/12/06/us/politics/trump-elon-musk-silicon-valley.html?searchResultPosition=1|title=The Silicon Valley Billionaires Steering Trump’s Transition|date=8 December 2024|work=NYT}}</ref> [[w:Marc_Andreesen|Marc Andreesen]] has interviewed candidates for State, Pentagon, and DHHS, and has been active pushing for rollback of Biden's cryptocurrency regulations, and rollback of Lina Khan anti-trust efforts with the FTC, and calling for contracting reform in Defense dept. [[w:Jared_Birchall|Jared Birchall]] has interviewed candidates for State, and has advised on Space police and has put together councils for AI and Cryptocurrency policy. David Sacks was named "White House AI and Crypto Czar" [[w:Shaun_MacGuire|Shaun MacGuire]] has advised on picks for intelligence community and has interviewed candidates for Defense. Many tech executives are considering part-time roles advising the DOGE. [[w:Antonio_Gracias|Antonio Gracias]] and [[w:Steve_Davis|Steve Davis]] from Musk's "crisis team" have been active, as has investor [[w:John_Hering|John Hering]]. Other Silicon Valley players who have advised Trump or interviewed candidates: * [[w:Larry_Ellison|Larry Ellison]] has sat in on Trump transition 47 meetings at Mar-a-Lago. * [[w:Mark_Pincus|Mark Pincus]] * [[w:David_Marcus|David Marcus]] * [[w:Barry_Akis|Barry Akis]] * [[w:Shervin_Pishevar|Shervin Pishevar]], who has called for privitization of the USPS, NASA, and the federal Bureau of Prisons. Called for creating an American sovereign wealth fund, and has said that DOGE "could lead a revolutionary restructuring of public institutions."<ref name=":2" /> [[w:William_McGinley|William McGinley]] will move to a role with DOGE. Originally nominated for [[w:White_House_counsel|White House counsel]], he will be replaced in that role by [[w:David_Warrington|David Warrington]].<ref>{{Cite news|title=A White House Counsel Replaced before starting|last=Haberman|first=Maggie|date=6 December 2024|work=New York times}}</ref> The WSJ lauded without naming them, comparing them to the "dollar-a-year men" - business leaders who during WWII revolutionized industrial production to help make America the "arsenal of democracy". (WSJ, 10 December 2024) == History and Miscellaneous facts == See also: [[w:Department_of_Government_Efficiency#History|Department of Government Efficiency — History]] DOGE's work will "conclude" no later than July 4, 2026, the 250th anniversary of the signing of the [[United States Declaration of Independence|U.S. Declaration of Independence]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thehill.com/policy/4987402-trump-musk-advisory-group-spending/|title=Elon Musk, Vivek Ramaswamy to lead Trump's Department of Government Efficiency (DOGE)|last=Nazzaro|first=Miranda|date=November 13, 2024|website=The Hill|language=en-US|access-date=November 13, 2024}}</ref> also coinciding with America's [[United States Semiquincentennial|semiquincentennial]] celebrations and a proposed "Great American Fair". Despite its name it is not expected to be a [[wikipedia:United_States_federal_executive_departments|federal executive department]], but rather may operate under the [[Federal Advisory Committee Act]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/trump-department-of-government-efficiency-doge-elon-musk-ramaswamy/|title=What to know about Trump's Department of Government Efficiency, led by Elon Musk and Vivek Ramaswamy - CBS News|last=Picchi|first=Aimee|date=2024-11-14|website=www.cbsnews.com|language=en-US|access-date=2024-11-14}}</ref> so its formation is not expected to require approval from the [[wikipedia:United_States_Congress|U.S. Congress]]. NYT argues that records of its meetings must be made public.{{Cn}} As an advisor rather than a government employee, Mr. Musk will not be subject to various ethics rules.{{sfn|Economist 11/23}} Musk has stated that he believes such a commission could reduce the [[wikipedia:United_States_federal_budget|U.S. federal budget]] by $2 trillion, which would be a reduction of almost one third from its 2023 total. [[Maya MacGuineas]] of the [[Committee for a Responsible Federal Budget]] has said that this saving is "absolutely doable" over a period of 10 years, but it would be difficult to do in a single year "without compromising some of the fundamental objectives of the government that are widely agreed upon".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thehill.com/business/4966789-elon-musk-skepticism-2-trillion-spending-cuts/|title=Elon Musk draws skepticism with call for $2 trillion in spending cuts|last=Folley|first=Aris|date=2024-11-03|website=The Hill|language=en-US|access-date=2024-11-14}}</ref> [[wikipedia:Jamie_Dimon|Jamie Dimon]], the chief executive officer of [[wikipedia:JPMorgan_Chase|JPMorgan Chase]], has supported the idea. Some commentators questioned whether DOGE is a conflict of interest for Musk given that his companies are contractors to the federal government. The body is "unlikely to have any regulatory teeth on its own, but there's little doubt that it can have influence on the incoming administration and how it will determine its budgets".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.vox.com/policy/384904/trumps-department-of-government-efficiency-sounds-like-a-joke-it-isnt|title=Trump tapped Musk to co-lead the "Department of Government Efficiency." What the heck is that?|last=Fayyad|first=Abdallah|date=2024-11-13|website=Vox|language=en-US|access-date=2024-11-14}}</ref> Elon Musk had called [[w:Federico_Sturzenegger|Federico Sturzenegger]], Argentina's [[w:Ministry_of_Deregulation_and_State_Transformation|Minister of Deregulation and Transformation of the State]] ([[w:es:Ministerio_de_Desregulación_y_Transformación_del_Estado|es]]), to discuss imitating his ministry's model.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.infobae.com/economia/2024/11/08/milei-brindo-un-nuevo-apoyo-a-sturzenegger-y-afirmo-que-elon-musk-imitara-su-gestion-en-eeuu/|title=Milei brindó un nuevo apoyo a Sturzenegger y afirmó que Elon Musk imitará su gestión en EEUU|date=November 8, 2024|website=infobae|language=es-ES|access-date=November 13, 2024}}</ref> == Reception and Criticism == See also: [[w:Department_of_Government_Efficiency#Reception|w:Department of Government Efficiency — Reception]] The WSJ reports that Tesla's Texas facility dumped toxic wastewater into the public sewer system, into a lagoon, and into a local river, violated Texas environmental regulations, and fired an employee who attempted to comply with the law.{{Cn}} The Economist estimates that 10% of Mr. Musk's $360bn personal fortune is derived from contracts and benefits from the federal government, and 15% from the Chinese market.{{sfn|Economist 11/23}} == See also == * [[w:Second_presidential_transition_of_Donald_Trump|Second presidential transition of Donald Trump]] * [[w:United_States_federal_budget#Deficits_and_debt|United States federal budget - Deficits and debt]] * [[w:United_States_Bureau_of_Efficiency|United States Bureau of Efficiency]] – United States federal government bureau from 1916 to 1933 * [[w:Brownlow_Committee|Brownlow Committee]] – 1937 commission recommending United States federal government reforms * [[w:Grace_Commission|Grace Commission]] – Investigation to eliminate inefficiency in the United States federal government * [[w:Hoover_Commission|Hoover Commission]] – United States federal commission in 1947 advising on executive reform * [[w:Keep_Commission|Keep Commission]] * [[w:Project_on_National_Security_Reform|Project on National Security Reform]] * [[w:Delivering_Outstanding_Government_Efficiency_Caucus|Delivering Outstanding Government Efficiency Caucus]] == Notes == {{reflist}} == References == {{refbegin}} * {{Cite web|url=https://www.newsweek.com/bernie-sanders-finds-new-common-ground-elon-musk-1993820|title=Bernie Sanders finds new common ground with Elon Musk|last=Reporter|first=Mandy Taheri Weekend|date=2024-12-01|website=Newsweek|language=en|access-date=2024-12-02 |ref={{harvid|Newsweek 12/01|2024}} }} * {{Cite news|url=https://www.economist.com/briefing/2024/11/21/elon-musk-and-donald-trump-seem-besotted-where-is-their-bromance-headed|title=Elon Musk and Donald Trump seem besotted. Where is their bromance headed?|work=The Economist|access-date=2024-12-04|issn=0013-0613 |ref={{harvid|Economist 11/23|2024}} }} <references group="lower-alpha" /> {{refend}} khev4d7jqp63fq8hjjfd3df8mn3n664 2691471 2691470 2024-12-11T18:43:23Z Jaredscribe 2906761 /* NASA */ 2691471 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Research project}} The U.S. [[w:Department of Government Efficiency]]. {{Infobox Organization |name=Department of Government Efficiency |logo= |logo_size= |logo_caption=Logo on [[Twitter|X]] (formerly Twitter) as of November 14, 2024 |seal= |seal_size= |seal_caption= |formation=Announced on November 12, 2024; yet to be established |abbreviation=DOGE |key_people={{plainlist|[[w:Commissioner of the Department of Government Efficiency|Co-commissioners]]: * [[w:Elon Musk]] * [[w:Vivek Ramaswamy]] }} |website={{URL|https://x.com/DOGE|x.com/DOGE}} |volunteers=* Federico Sturzenegger|services=consulting|headquarters=Mar-A-Lago|organization_type=Presidential Advisory Commission|founder=Donald Trump|extinction=4 July 2026 (planned)|mission=(In the words of president-elect Donald Trump: * dismantle government bureaucracy * slash excess regulations * cut wasteful expenditures * restructure federal agencies, * address "massive waste and fraud" in government spending}} This "'''Wiki Of Government Efficiency'''" (WOGE) is a public interest, non-partisan research project that will [[User:Jaredscribe/Department of Government Efficiency#Reduce the deficit and debt by impounding appropriated funds|analyze the U.S. federal budget]], [[User:Jaredscribe/Department of Government Efficiency#Reform the other Government Bureaus and Departments|federal bureaucracy]], and [[User:Jaredscribe/Department of Government Efficiency#Shrink the federal civil service|federal civil service]], in the context of [[w:Second_presidency_of_Donald_Trump|president-elect Trump']]<nowiki/>s [[w:Agenda_47|Agenda 47]], and will catalogue, evaluate, and critique proposals on how the '''[[w:Department of Government Efficiency|Department of Government Efficiency]]'''{{Efn|Also referred to as '''Government Efficiency Commission'''}} (DOGE) is or is not fulfilling its mission to ''"dismantle government bureaucracy, slash excess regulations, and cut wasteful expenditures and restructure federal agencies"'', in the words of president-elect [[wikipedia:Donald_Trump|Donald Trump]], who called for it to address ''"massive waste and fraud"'' in government spending.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/c93qwn8p0l0o|title=Donald Trump picks Elon Musk for US government cost-cutting role|last1=Faguy|first1=Ana|last2=FitzGerald|first2=James|date=2024-11-13|publisher=BBC News|language=en-GB|access-date=2024-11-13}}</ref> Here's [[User:Jaredscribe/Department of Government Efficiency/How to contribute|how to contribute]] to the WOGE. The DOGE intends to [[User:Jaredscribe/Department of Government Efficiency#Office of Management and Budget|work through the Office of Management and Budget]] as its "policy vector". The [[w:U.S._budget_deficit|U.S. Budget deficit]], (C.f. [[w:Government_budget_balance|fiscal deficit]]), and the [[w:National_debt_of_the_United_States|U.S. National debt]], currently $35.7 Trillion as of 10/2024, which is 99% of the [[w:U.S._GDP|U.S. GDP]],<ref>{{Unbulleted list citebundle|{{cite news|newspaper=Financial Post| title= Musk's $2 Trillion of Budget Cuts Would Have These Stocks Moving|url=https://financialpost.com/pmn/business-pmn/musks-2-trillion-of-budget-cuts-would-have-these-stocks-moving|first=Alexandra|last=Semenova|date=November 4, 2024}}|{{cite news|newspaper= New York Times|title=Elon|url=https://nytimes.com/2024/10/29/us/politics/elon-musk-trump-economy-hardship.html}}|{{Cite web |date=September 5, 2024 |title=Trump says he'd create a government efficiency commission led by Elon Musk |url=https://apnews.com/article/donald-trump-elon-musk-government-efficiency-commission-e831ed5dc2f6a56999e1a70bb0a4eaeb |publisher=AP News}}|{{cite web|first=Jenn|last=Brice|title=How Elon Musk's $130 million investment in Trump's victory could reap a huge payoff for Tesla and the rest of his business empire|url=https://fortune.com/2024/11/06/elon-musk-donald-trump-tesla-spacex-xai-boring-neuralink|website=Fortune}}|{{cite web|url=https://axios.com/2024/11/07/elon-musk-government-efficiency-trump|title=Musk will bring his Twitter management style to government reform}}|{{cite news| access-date =November 9, 2024|work=Reuters|date=September 6, 2024|first1=Helen|first2=Gram|last1=Coster| last2=Slattery|title=Trump says he will tap Musk to lead government efficiency commission if elected| url= https://reuters.com/world/us/trump-adopt-musks-proposal-government-efficiency-commission-wsj-reports-2024-09-05}}|{{cite web|title=Trump says Musk could head 'government efficiency' force|url= https://bbc.com/news/articles/c74lgwkrmrpo|publisher=BBC}}|{{cite web|date =November 5, 2024|title=How Elon Musk could gut the government under Trump|url=https://independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/us-politics/elon-musk-donald-trump-economy-job-cuts-b2641644.html|website= The Independent}}}}</ref> and expected to grow to 134% of GDP by 2034 if current laws remain unchanged, according to the [[w:Congressional_Budget_Office|Congressional Budget Office]]. The DOGE will be a [[wikipedia:Presidential_commission_(United_States)|presidential advisory commission]] led by the billionaire businessmen [[wikipedia:Elon_Musk|Elon Musk]] and [[wikipedia:Vivek_Ramaswamy|Vivek Ramaswamy]], and possibly [[w:Ron_Paul|Ron Paul]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thehill.com/video/ron-paul-vows-to-join-elon-musk-help-eliminate-government-waste-in-a-trump-admin/10191375|title=Ron Paul vows to join Elon Musk, help eliminate government waste in a Trump admin|date=November 5, 2024|website=The Hill}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://usatoday.com/story/business/2024/10/28/patricia-healy-elon-musk-highlights-need-for-government-efficiency/75798556007|title=Elon Musk puts spotlight on ... Department of Government Efficiency? {{!}} Cumberland Comment|last=Healy|first=Patricia|website=USA TODAY|language=en-US|access-date=November 9, 2024}}</ref> with support from many [[w:Political_appointments_of_the_second_Trump_administration|Political and cabinet appointees of the second Trump administration]] and from a Congressional caucus Musk stated his belief that DOGE could remove US$2 trillion from the [[w:United_States_federal_budget|U.S. federal budget]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/live/HysDMs2a-iM?si=92I5LD1FY2PAsSuG&t=15822|title=WATCH LIVE: Trump holds campaign rally at Madison Square Garden in New York|date=October 28, 2024|website=youtube.com|publisher=[[PBS NewsHour]]|language=en|format=video}}</ref> without specifying whether these savings would be made over a single year or a longer period.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/cdj38mekdkgo|title=Can Elon Musk cut $2 trillion from US government spending?|last=Chu|first=Ben|date=2024-11-13|website=BBC News|language=en-GB|access-date=2024-11-14}}</ref> [[File:2023_US_Federal_Budget_Infographic.png|thumb|An infographic on outlays and revenues in the 2023 [[United States federal budget|U.S. federal budget]]]] DOGE could also streamline permitting with “categorical exclusions” from environmental reviews under the National Environmental Policy Act. {{sidebar with collapsible lists|name=U.S. deficit and debt topics|namestyle=background:#bf0a30;|style=width:22.0em; border: 4px double #d69d36; background:var(--background-color-base, #FFFFFF);|bodyclass=vcard|pretitle='''<span class="skin-invert">This article is part of [[:Category:United States|a series]] on the</span>'''|title=[[United States federal budget|<span style="color:var(--color-base, #000000);">Budget and debt in the<br/>United States of America</span>]]|image=[[File:Seal of the United States Congress.svg|90px]] [[File:Seal of the United States Department of the Treasury.svg|90px]]|titlestyle=background:var(--background-color-base, #002868); background-clip:padding-box;|headingstyle=background:var(--background-color-base, #bf0a30); color:var(--color-base, #fff);|listtitlestyle=background:var(--background-color-base, #bf0a30); color:var(--color-base, #fff); text-align:center;|expanded={{{expanded|{{{1|}}}}}}|list1name=dimensions|list1title=Major dimensions|list1class=hlist skin-invert|list1=* [[Economy of the United States|Economy]] * [[Expenditures in the United States federal budget|Expenditures]] * [[United States federal budget|Federal budget]] * [[Financial position of the United States|Financial position]] * [[Military budget of the United States|Military budget]] * [[National debt of the United States|Public debt]] * [[Taxation in the United States|Taxation]] * [[Unemployment in the United States|Unemployment]] * [[Government_spending_in_the_United_States|Gov't spending]]|list2name=programs|list2title=Programs|list2class=hlist skin-invert|list2=* [[Medicare (United States)|Medicare]] * [[Social programs in the United States|Social programs]] * [[Social Security (United States)|Social Security]]|list3name=issues|list3title=Contemporary issues|list3class=skin-invert|list3=<div style="margin-bottom:0.5em"> [[National Commission on Fiscal Responsibility and Reform|Bowles–Simpson Commission]] {{flatlist}} * <!--Bu--> [[Bush tax cuts]] * <!--Deb--> [[United States debt ceiling|Debt ceiling]] ** [[History of the United States debt ceiling|history]] * <!--Def--> [[Deficit reduction in the United States|Deficit reduction]] * <!--F--> [[United States fiscal cliff|Fiscal cliff]] * <!--H--> [[Healthcare reform in the United States|Healthcare reform]] * <!--P--> [[Political debates about the United States federal budget|Political debates]] * <!--So--> [[Social Security debate in the United States|Social Security debate]] * <!--St--> "[[Starve the beast]]" * <!--Su--> [[Subprime mortgage crisis]] {{endflatlist}} </div> [[2007–2008 financial crisis]] {{flatlist}} * <!--D--> [[United States debt-ceiling crisis (disambiguation)|Debt-ceiling crises]] ** [[2011 United States debt-ceiling crisis|2011]] ** [[2013 United States debt-ceiling crisis|2013]] ** [[2023 United States debt-ceiling crisis|2023]] {{endflatlist}} [[2013 United States budget sequestration|2013 budget sequestration]] {{flatlist}} * <!--G--> [[Government shutdowns in the United States|Government shutdowns]] ** [[1980 United States federal government shutdown|1980]] ** [[1981, 1984, and 1986 U.S. federal government shutdowns|1981, 1984, 1986]] ** [[1990 United States federal government shutdown|1990]] ** [[1995–1996 United States federal government shutdowns|1995–1996]] ** [[2013 United States federal government shutdown|2013]] ** [[January 2018 United States federal government shutdown|Jan 2018]] ** [[2018–2019 United States federal government shutdown|2018–2019]] {{endflatlist}} Related events {{flatlist}} *<!--E-->[[Removal of Kevin McCarthy as Speaker of the House|2023 Removal of Kevin McCarthy]] {{endflatlist}}|list4name=terminology|list4title=Terminology|list4class=hlist skin-invert|list4=Cumulative [[Government budget balance|deficit]] + [[National debt of the United States#Debates|Interest]] ≈ [[Government debt|Debt]] * [[Balance of payments]] * [[Inflation]] * [[Continuing resolution]]}} [[w:Deficit_reduction_in_the_United_States|Deficit reduction in the United States]] == Deregulate the Economy == The legal theory that this can be done through the executive branch is found in the U.S. Supreme Court’s ''[[w:West_Virginia_v._EPA|West Virginia v. EPA]]'' and ''[[w:Loper_Bright|Loper Bright]]'' rulings, which rein in the administrative state and mean that much of what the federal government now does is illegal.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.wsj.com/opinion/department-of-government-efficiency-elon-musk-vivek-ramaswamy-donald-trump-1e086dab|website=[[w:Wall Street Journal]]|title=The Musk-Ramaswamy Project Could Be Trump’s Best Idea}}</ref> Mr. Trump has set a goal of eliminating 10 regulations for every new one. The [[w:Competitive_Enterprise_Institute|Competitive Enterprise Institute]]’s Wayne Crews says 217,565 rules have been issued since the [[w:Federal_Register|Federal Register]] first began itemizing them in 1976, with 89,368 pages added last year. [https://sgp.fas.org/crs/misc/R43056.pdf 3,000-4,500 rules are added each year]. DOGE’s first order will be to pause enforcement of overreaching rules while starting the process to roll them back. Mr. Trump and DOGE could direct agencies to settle legal challenges to Biden rules by vacating them. This could ease the laborious process of undoing them by rule-making through the [[w:Administrative_Procedure_Act|Administrative Procedure Act]]. A source tells the WSJ they’ll do whatever they think they legally can without the APA. The [[w:Congressional_Review_Act|Congressional Review Act]]—which allows Congress to overturn recently issued agency regulations—had been used only once, prior to [[w:First_presidency_of_Donald_Trump|Trump's first term]]. While in office, he and the Republican Congress used it on 16 rules. This time, there will be more than 56 regulatory actions recent enough to be repealed. The [[w:Chevron_deference|''Chevron'' deference]] had required federal courts to defer to agencies’ interpretations of ambiguous statutes, but this was overturned in 2024. Taken together, with some other recent [[w:SCOTUS|SCOTUS]] rulings, we now have, says the WSJ, the biggest opportunity to cut regulatory red tape in more than 40 years.<ref>[https://www.wsj.com/opinion/let-the-trump-deregulation-begin-us-chamber-of-commerce-second-term-economic-growth-73f24387?cx_testId=3&cx_testVariant=cx_166&cx_artPos=0]</ref><blockquote>"Most legal edicts aren’t laws enacted by Congress but “rules and regulations” promulgated by unelected bureaucrats—tens of thousands of them each year. Most government enforcement decisions and discretionary expenditures aren’t made by the democratically elected president or even his political appointees but by millions of unelected, unappointed civil servants within government agencies who view themselves as immune from firing thanks to civil-service protections." "This is antidemocratic and antithetical to the Founders’ vision. It imposes massive direct and indirect costs on taxpayers." "When the president nullifies thousands of such regulations, critics will allege executive overreach. In fact, it will be ''correcting'' the executive overreach of thousands of regulations promulgated by administrative fiat that were never authorized by Congress. The president owes lawmaking deference to Congress, not to bureaucrats deep within federal agencies. The use of executive orders to substitute for lawmaking by adding burdensome new rules is a constitutional affront, but the use of executive orders to roll back regulations that wrongly bypassed Congress is legitimate and necessary to comply with the Supreme Court’s recent mandates. And after those regulations are fully rescinded, a future president couldn’t simply flip the switch and revive them but would instead have to ask Congress to do so"<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/opinion/musk-and-ramaswamy-the-doge-plan-to-reform-government-supreme-court-guidance-end-executive-power-grab-fa51c020?cx_testId=3&cx_testVariant=cx_165&cx_artPos=5|title=Elon Musk and Vivek Ramaswamy: The DOGE Plan to Reform Government|last=Musk|first=Elon|date=20 November 2024|work=The Wall Street Journal|last2=Ramaswamy|first2=Vivek}}</ref> </blockquote> == Shrink the federal civil service == The government has around three million [[w:United_States_federal_civil_service|federal civil service]] employees, with an average salary of $106,000. Dr. Anthony Fauci made $481,000 in 2022. The federal head count has ballooned by 120,800 during the Biden years. Civil service and union protections make it hard to fire workers. Mr. Trump intends to quickly resurrect the [[w:Schedule_F|Schedule F]] reform that he sought to implement at the end of his first term but was scrapped by Mr. Biden. These would high-level federal employees to be removed like political appointees, by eliminating their job protections. WSJ proposals[https://www.wsj.com/opinion/the-doge-cheat-sheet-elon-musk-vivek-ramaswamy-department-of-government-efficiency-1c231783#cxrecs_s] The [[w:Administrative_Procedures_Act|Administrative Procedures Act]] statute protects federal employees from political retaliation, but allows for “reductions in force” that don’t target specific employees. The statute further empowers the president to “prescribe rules governing the competitive service.” The Supreme Court has held—in ''[[w:Franklin_v._Massachusetts|Franklin v. Massachusetts]]'' (1992) and ''[[w:Collins_v._Yellen|Collins v. Yellen]]'' (2021) that when revious presidents have used this power to amend the civil service rules by executive order, they weren’t constrained by the APA when they did so. Mr. Trump can, with this authority, implement any number of “rules governing the competitive service” that would curtail administrative overgrowth, from large-scale firings to relocation of federal agencies out of the Washington area. The DOGE welcomes voluntary terminations once the President begins requiring federal employees to come to the office five days a week, because American taxpayers shouldn’t pay federal employees for the Covid-era privilege of staying home.<ref>[https://www.wsj.com/opinion/musk-and-ramaswamy-the-doge-plan-to-reform-government-supreme-court-guidance-end-executive-power-grab-fa51c020?cx_testId=3&cx_testVariant=cx_165&cx_artPos=5 Elon Musk and Vivek Ramaswamy: The DOGE Plan to Reform Government: Following the Supreme Court’s guidance, we’ll reverse a decadeslong executive power grab. Musk & Ramaswamy 11/20/2024]</ref> == Reduce the deficit and debt by impounding appropriated funds == === Impound appropriated funds === Reports suggest that president-elect Trump intends to override Congress’s power of the purse by [[w:Impoundment_of_appropriated_funds|impoundment of appropriated funds]], that is, refusing to spend them. the president may [[wikipedia:Rescission_bill|propose rescission]] of specific funds, but that rescission must be approved by both the [[wikipedia:United_States_House_of_Representatives|House of Representatives]] and [[wikipedia:United_States_Senate|Senate]] within 45 days. [[w:Thomas_Jefferson|Thomas Jefferson]] was the first president to exercise the power of impoundment in 1801, which power was available to all presidents up to and including [[wikipedia:Richard_Nixon|Richard Nixon]], and was regarded as a power inherent to the office, although one with limits. He may ask Congress to repeal The [[w:Congressional_Budget_and_Impoundment_Control_Act_of_1974|Congressional Budget and Impoundment Control Act of 1974]], which was passed in response to Nixon's abuses.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://democrats-budget.house.gov/resources/reports/impoundment-control-act-1974-what-it-why-does-it-matter|title=The Impoundment Control Act of 1974: What Is It? Why Does It Matter? {{!}} House Budget Committee Democrats|date=2019-10-23|website=democrats-budget.house.gov|language=en|access-date=2024-05-19}}</ref> If Congress refuses to do so, president Trump may impound funds anyway and argue in court that the 1974 law is unconstitutional. The matter would likely end up at the Supreme Court, which would have to do more than simply hold the 1974 act unconstitutional in order for Mr. Trump to prevail. The court would also have to overrule [[w:Train_v._City_of_New_York_(1975)|''Train v. City of New York'' (1975)]], which held that impoundment is illegal unless the underlying legislation specifically authorizes it. === Reduce the budget deficit === [[wikipedia:U.S. federal budget|U.S. federal budget]] The [[wikipedia:Fiscal_year|fiscal year]], beginning October 1 and ending on September 30 of the year following. Congress is the body required by law to pass appropriations annually and to submit funding bills passed by both houses to the President for signature. Congressional decisions are governed by rules and legislation regarding the [[wikipedia:United_States_budget_process|federal budget process]]. Budget committees set spending limits for the House and Senate committees and for Appropriations subcommittees, which then approve individual [[wikipedia:Appropriations_bill_(United_States)|appropriations bills]] to During FY2022, the federal government spent $6.3 trillion. Spending as % of GDP is 25.1%, almost 2 percentage points greater than the average over the past 50 years. Major categories of FY 2022 spending included: Medicare and Medicaid ($1.339T or 5.4% of GDP), Social Security ($1.2T or 4.8% of GDP), non-defense discretionary spending used to run federal Departments and Agencies ($910B or 3.6% of GDP), Defense Department ($751B or 3.0% of GDP), and net interest ($475B or 1.9% of GDP).<ref name="CBO_2022">[https://www.cbo.gov/publication/58888 The Federal Budget in Fiscal Year 2022: An Infographic]</ref> CBO projects a federal budget deficit of $1.6 trillion for 2024. In the agency’s projections, deficits generally increase over the coming years; the shortfall in 2034 is $2.6 trillion. The deficit amounts to 5.6 percent of gross domestic product (GDP) in 2024, swells to 6.1 percent of GDP in 2025, and then declines in the two years that follow. After 2027, deficits increase again, reaching 6.1 percent of GDP in 2034.<ref name="CBO_budgetOutlook2024">{{cite web|url=https://www.cbo.gov/publication/59710|title=The Budget and Economic Outlook: 2024 to 2034|date=February 7, 2024|publisher=CBO|access-date=February 7, 2024}}</ref> The following table summarizes several budgetary statistics for the fiscal year 2015-2021 periods as a percent of GDP, including federal tax revenue, outlays or spending, deficits (revenue – outlays), and [[wikipedia:National_debt_of_the_United_States|debt held by the public]]. The historical average for 1969-2018 is also shown. With U.S. GDP of about $21 trillion in 2019, 1% of GDP is about $210 billion.<ref name="CBO_Hist_20">[https://www.cbo.gov/about/products/budget-economic-data#2 CBO-Historical Budget Data-Retrieved January 28, 2020]</ref> Statistics for 2020-2022 are from the CBO Monthly Budget Review for FY 2022.<ref name="CBO_MBRFY2022">{{cite web|url=https://www.cbo.gov/publication/58592|title=Monthly Budget Review: Summary for Fiscal Year 2022|date=November 8, 2022|publisher=CBO|access-date=December 10, 2022}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" !Variable As % GDP !2015 !2016 !2017 !2018 !2019 !2020 !2021 !2022 !Hist Avg |- !Revenue<ref name="CBO_Hist_20">[https://www.cbo.gov/about/products/budget-economic-data#2 CBO-Historical Budget Data-Retrieved January 28, 2020]</ref> |18.0% |17.6% |17.2% |16.4% |16.4% |16.2% |17.9% |19.6% |17.4% |- !Outlays<ref name="CBO_Hist_20" /> |20.4% |20.8% |20.6% |20.2% |21.0% |31.1% |30.1% |25.1% |21.0% |- !Budget Deficit<ref name="CBO_Hist_20" /> | -2.4% | -3.2% | -3.5% | -3.8% | -4.6% | -14.9% | -12.3% | -5.5% | -3.6% |- !Debt Held by Public<ref name="CBO_Hist_20" /> |72.5% |76.4% |76.2% |77.6% |79.4% |100.3% |99.6% |94.7% | |} The [[wikipedia:U.S._Constitution|U.S. Constitution]] ([[wikipedia:Article_One_of_the_United_States_Constitution|Article I]], section 9, clause 7) states that "No money shall be drawn from the Treasury, but in Consequence of Appropriations made by Law; and a regular Statement and Account of Receipts and Expenditures of all public Money shall be published from time to time." Each year, the President of the United States submits a budget request to Congress for the following fiscal year as required by the [[wikipedia:Budget_and_Accounting_Act_of_1921|Budget and Accounting Act of 1921]]. Current law ({{UnitedStatesCode|31|1105}}(a)) requires the president to submit a budget no earlier than the first Monday in January, and no later than the first Monday in February. Typically, presidents submit budgets on the first Monday in February. The budget submission has been delayed, however, in some new presidents' first year when the previous president belonged to a different party. === Reduce the National debt === == Strategic Foreign Policy and Military reform == Nominee for [[w:National_Security_Advisor|National Security Advisor]] [[w:Mike_Waltz|Mike Waltz]] To oversee the [[w:U.S._Intelligence_Community|U.S. Intelligence Community]] and NIP, and the 18 IC agencies, including the CIA, DIA, NSC, the nominee for [[w:Director_of_National_Intelligence|Director of National Intelligence]] is [[w:Tulsi_Gabbard|Tulsi Gabbard]], who is an isolationist of the [[w:Bernie_Sanders#foreign_policy|Bernie Sanders]] camp, with a long record of dogmatically opposing [[w:Foreign_policy_of_the_Trump_administration|President Trump's first term foreign policy]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/opinion/tulsi-gabbard-director-of-national-intelligence-donald-trump-foreign-policy-syria-israel-iran-b37aa3de|title=How Tulsi Gabbard Sees the World|last=Editorial Board|date=10 December 2024|work=The Wall Street Journal}}</ref> === Department of State === {{Main article|w:Second presidency of Donald Trump#Prospective foreign policy|w:State Department}} [[w:Marco_Rubio|Marco Rubio]] has been nominated as [[w:U.S._Secretary_of_State|U.S. Secretary of State]], overseeing $53bn and 77,880 employees ==== [[w:USAID|USAID]] ==== === U.S. Department of Defense === Nominated for [[w:Secretary_of_Defense|Secretary of Defense]] is [[w:Pete_Hegseth|Pete Hegseth]]. The president-elect is reportedly considering a draft executive order that establishes a “warrior board” of retired senior military personnel with the power to review three- and four-star officers “on leadership capability, strategic readiness, and commitment to military excellence," and to recommend removals of any deemed unfit for leadership. This would fast-track the removal of generals and admirals found to be “lacking in requisite leadership qualities,” consistent with his earlier vow to fire “woke” military leaders.<ref>[https://www.wsj.com/politics/national-security/trump-draft-executive-order-would-create-board-to-purge-generals-7ebaa606<nowiki> Trump draft executive order would create a board to purge generals 11/12/2024]</nowiki></ref> There are legal obstacles. The law prohibits the firing of commissioned officers except by “sentence of a general court-martial,” as a “commutation of a sentence of a general court-martial,” or “in time of war, by order of the president.” A commissioned officer who believes he’s been wrongfully dismissed has the right to seek a trial by court-martial, which may find the dismissal baseless. <ref>[https://www.wsj.com/opinion/trump-tests-the-constitutions-limits-checks-balances-government-policy-law-78d0d0f1 &lt;nowiki&gt; Trump test the constitutions limits 11/19/2024]</ref> Musk said, "Some idiots are still building manned fighter jets like the F-35," and later added: "Manned fighter jets are outdated in the age of drones and only put pilots' lives at risk." [[w:Bernie_Sanders|Bernie Sanders]] wrote on X: "Elon Musk is right. The Pentagon, with a budget of $886 billion, just failed its 7th audit in a row. It's lost track of billions. Last year, only 13 senators voted against the Military Industrial Complex and a defense budget full of waste and fraud. That must change."{{sfn|Newsweek 12/02|2024}}. It failed its fifth audit in June 2023.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newsweek.com/fox-news-host-confronts-gop-senator-pentagons-fifth-failed-audit-1804379|title=Fox News host confronts GOP Senator on Pentagon's fifth failed audit|last=Writer|first=Fatma Khaled Staff|date=2023-06-04|website=Newsweek|language=en|access-date=2024-12-02}}</ref> === US Air Force === Air Force is advancing a program called [[w:Collaborative_Combat_Aircraft|Collaborative Combat Aircraft]] to build roughly 1,000 UAVs, with [[w:Anduril|Anduril]] and [[w:General_Atomics|General Atomics]] currently building prototypes, ahead of an Air Force decision on which company or companies will be contracted to build it. The cost quickly exceeded the $2.3 billion approved for last fiscal year’s budget, according to the [[w:Congressional_Research_Service|Congressional Research Service]], prompting calls for more oversight. “''If you want to make real improvements to the defense and security of the United States of America, we would be investing more in drones, we’d be investing more in [[w:Hypersonic_weapon|hypersonic missiles]]'',” said Mr. Ramaswamy. The program for Lockheed-Martin's [[w:F-35|F-35]] stealth jet fighters, now in production, is expected to exceed $2 trillion over several decades. The Air Force on 5 December announced it would delay a decision on which company would build the next-generation crewed fighter, called [[w:Next Generation Air Dominance|Next Generation Air Dominance (NGAD)]], which was planned to replace the [[w:F-22|F-22]] and operate alongside the F-35. Mr. Musk has written that "manned fighter jets are obsolete in the age of drones.” In another post, he claimed “a reusable drone” can do everything a jet fighter can do “without all the overhead of a pilot.” Brigadier General [[w:Doug_Wickert|Doug Wickert]] said in response, “There may be some day when we can completely rely on roboticized warfare but we are a century away.... How long have we thought full self-driving was going to be on the Tesla?” <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/politics/national-security/air-force-jets-vs-drones-trump-administration-8b1620a5?page=1|title=Trump Administration Set to Decide Future of Jet Fighters|last=Seligman|first=Lara|date=6 December 2024|work=The Wall Street Journal}}</ref> === US Space Force === The [[w:US_Space_Force|US Space Force]]'s 2023 budget was ~$26bn and it had 9,400 military personnel. SpaceX had a $14m contract to provide communications to the Ukrainian armed forces and government through 30th Nov 2024.{{sfn|Economist 11/23|2024}} Is also receiving a $733m contract to carry satellites into orbit.{{sfn|Economist 11/23|2024}} The Pentagon plans to incorporate into its own communications network 100 of [[w:Starshield|Starshield]]'s satellites.{{sfn|Economist 11/23|2024}} Starshield also has a $1.8bn contract to help the [[w:National_Reconnaissance_Office|National Reconnaissance Office]] build spy satellites.{{sfn|Economist 11/23|2024}} == NASA == The [[w:National_Air_and_Space_Administration|National Air and Space Administration]] had a 2023 budget of $25.4 bn and 18,000 employees. [[w:Jared_Isaacman|Jared Isaacman]] is nominated director. He had joined a space voyage in 2021 which was the first for an all-civilian crew to reach orbit. He led a four person crew in September on the first commericial spacewalk, testing SpaceX's new spacesuits. He promised to lead NASA in to "usher in an era where humanity becomes a true space-faring civilization." In an interview Isaacman said that NASA will evolve as private space companies set their own priorities and develop technology. NASA could have a certification role for astronauts and vehicles, similar to how the Federal Aviation Administration oversees the commercial airline industry. “The FAA doesn’t build the airplanes. They don’t staff the pilots that fly you from point A to B,” he said. “That is the world that NASA is in, essentially.” He also suggested openness to new and lower cost ways of getting to the Moon and to Mars.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/politics/elections/trump-picks-billionaire-space-traveler-to-run-nasa-4420150b?page=1|title=Trump Picks Billionaire Space Traveler to Run NASA|last=Maidenberg|first=Micah|date=5 December 2024|work=WSJ}}</ref> In September 2026, NASA's [[w:Artemis_program|Artemis program]], established in 2017 via [[wikipedia:Space_Policy_Directive_1|Space Policy Directive 1]], is intended to reestablish a human presence on the Moon for the first time since the [[wikipedia:Apollo_17|Apollo 17]] mission in 1972. The program's stated long-term goal is to establish a [[wikipedia:Moonbase|permanent base on the Moon]] to facilitate [[wikipedia:Human_mission_to_Mars|human missions to Mars]]. The [[w:U.S._National_Academies_of_Sciences,_Engineering,_and_Medicine|U.S. National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine]] in October, put out a report titled "NASA at a Crossroads," which identified myriad issues at the agency, including out-of-date infrastructure, pressures to prioritize short-term objectives and inefficient management practices. NASA's costly [[w:Space_Launch_System|Space Launch System]] (SLS) is the cornerstone of the Artemis program. has a price tag of around $4.1 billion per launch, and is a single-use rocket that can only launch every two years, having debuted in 2022 with the uncrewed [[w:Artemis_1_mission|Artemis 1 mission]] to the moon. In contrast, SpaceX is working to reduce the cost of a single Starship flight to under $10 million. NASA Associate Administrator Jim Free urged the incoming administration to maintain the current plans, in a symposium with the [[w:American_Astronautical_Society|American Astronautical Society]] saying "We need that consistency in purpose. That has not happened since Apollo. If we lose that, I believe we will fall apart and we will wander, and other people in this world will pass us by." NASA has already asked both [[w:SpaceX|SpaceX]] and also Jeff Bezos' [[w:Blue_Origin|Blue Origin]], to develop cargo landers for its Artemis missions and to deliver heavy equipment on them to the Moon by 2033. "Having two lunar lander providers with different approaches for crew and cargo landing capability provides mission flexibility while ensuring a regular cadence of moon landings for continued discovery and scientific opportunity," Stephen D. Creech, NASA's assistant deputy associate administrator for the moon to Mars program, said in an announcement about the partnership. "For all of the money we are spending, NASA should NOT be talking about going to the Moon - We did that 50 years ago. They should be focused on the much bigger things we are doing, including Mars (of which the Moon is a part), Defense and Science!" Trump wrote in a post on X in 2019. Trump has said he would create a [[w:Space_National_Guard|Space National Guard]], an idea that lawmakers in Congress have been proposing since 2021. Critics agree that a focus on spaceflight could come at the expense of "Earth and atmospheric sciences at NASA and the [[w:National_Oceanic_and_Atmospheric_Administration|National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]] (NOAA), which have been cut during the Biden era."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newsweek.com/elon-musk-donald-trump-nasa-space-policy-1990599|title=Donald Trump and Elon Musk could radically reshape NASA. Here's how|last=Reporter|first=Martha McHardy US News|date=2024-11-27|website=Newsweek|language=en|access-date=2024-12-02}}</ref> Regarding his goal and SpaceX's corporate mission of colonising Mars, Mr. Musk has stated that "The DOGE is the only path to extending life beyond earth"{{sfn|Economist 11/23|2024}} == [[w:Federal_Aviation_Administration|Federal Aviation Administration]] == Musk has often complained about the FAA "smothering" innovation, boasting that he can build a rocket faster than the agency can process the "Kafkaesque paperwork" required to make the relevant approvals.{{sfn|Economist 11/23|2024}} == Department of Transportation == Mr. Trump's transition team told advisors that it plans to make a federal framework for self-driving cars. Mr. Trump had a call with Sundar Pichai and Mr. Musk. == Department of Education == [[w:United_States_Department_of_Education|Department of Education]] has 4,400 employees – the smallest staff of the Cabinet agencies<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www2.ed.gov/about/overview/fed/role.html|title=Federal Role in Education|date=2021-06-15|website=www2.ed.gov|language=en|access-date=2022-04-28}}</ref> – and a 2024 budget of $238 billion.<ref name="DOE-mission">{{Cite web|url=https://www.usaspending.gov/agency/department-of-education?fy=2024|title=Agency Profile {{!}} U.S. Department of Education|website=www2.ed.gov|access-date=2024-11-14}}</ref> The 2023 Budget was $274 billion, which included funding for children with disabilities ([[wikipedia:Individuals_with_Disabilities_Education_Act|IDEA]]), pandemic recovery, early childhood education, [[wikipedia:Pell_Grant|Pell Grants]], [[wikipedia:Elementary_and_Secondary_Education_Act|Title I]], work assistance, among other programs. This budget was down from $637.7 billion in 2022.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.future-ed.org/what-the-new-pisa-results-really-say-about-u-s-schools/|title=What the New PISA Results Really Say About U.S. Schools|date=2021-06-15|website=future-ed.com|language=en|access-date=2024-11-14}}</ref> Nominated as [[w:US_Secretary_of_Education|Secretary of Education]] is [[w:Linda_McMahon|Linda McMahon]]. The WSJ proposes that the Civil Rights division be absorbed into the Department of Justice, and that its outstanding loan portolio be handled by the Department of the Treasury. Despite the redundancies, its unlikely that it will be abolished, which would require congressional action and buy-in from Democrats in the Senate; Republicans don’t have enough votes to do it alone. A republican appointee is expected to push back against federal education overreach and progressive policies like DEI. <ref>[https://www.wsj.com/opinion/trump-can-teach-the-education-department-a-lesson-nominee-needs-boldness-back-school-choice-oppose-woke-indoctrination-ddf6a38d<nowiki> Trump can teach the Education Department a Lesson. WSJ 11/20/2024]</nowiki></ref> During his campaign, Trump had pledged to get the "transgender insanity the hell out of schools.” Relying on the district court's decision in ''[[w:Tatel_v._Mount_Lebanon_School_District|Tatel v. Mount Lebanon School District]] , the'' attorney general and education secretary could issue a letter explaining how enforcing gender ideology violates constitutional [[w:Free_exercise_clause|First amendment right to free exercise of religion]] and the [[w:Equal_Protection_Clause|14th Amendment’s Equal Protection Clause]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/opinion/how-trump-can-target-transgenderism-in-schools-law-policy-education-369537a7?page=1|title=How Trump Can Target Transgenderism in Schools|last=Eden|first=Max|date=9 December 2024|work=The Wall Street Journal}}</ref> == Consumer Financial Protection Bureau == The [[w:Consumer_Financial_Protection_Bureau|Consumer Financial Protection Bureau]] (CFPB). Said Mr. Musk "Delete the CFPB. There are too many duplicative regulatory agencies"<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/politics/policy/elon-musk-doge-conflict-of-interest-b1202437?page=1|title=Musk’s DOGE Plans Rely on White House Budget Office. Conflicts Await.|last=Schwartz|first=Brian|work=The Wall Street Journal}}</ref> == U.S. Department of Health and Human Services == Nominated as [[w:United_States_Secretary_of_Health_and_Human_Services|United States Secretary of Health and Human Services]] is [[w:Robert_F._Kennedy_Jr.|Robert F. Kennedy Jr.]], deputy Secretary [[w:Jim_O'Neill_(investor)|Jim O'Neill]]. Nominated for [[w:US_Surgeon_General|US Surgeon General]] is [[w:Janette_Nesheiwat|Janette Nesheiwat]]. [[w:U.S._Department_of_Health_and_Human_Services|U.S. Department of Health and Human Services]] was authorized a budget for [[w:2020_United_States_federal_budget|fiscal year 2020]] of $1.293 trillion. It has 13 operating divisions, 10 of which constitute the [[w:United_States_Public_Health_Service|Public Health Services]], whose budget authorization is broken down as follows:<ref name="hhs_budget_fy2020">{{cite web|url=https://www.hhs.gov/about/budget/fy2020/index.html|title=HHS FY 2020 Budget in Brief|date=October 5, 2019|website=HHS Budget & Performance|publisher=United States Department of Health & Human Services|page=7|access-date=May 9, 2020}}</ref> {| class="wikitable sortable" !Nominee !Program !2020 Budget !2024 Budget ! employees !2025 Budget !2026 Budget |- |[[w:Marty_Makary|Marty Makary]] |[[w:Food and Drug Administration|Food and Drug Administration]] (FDA) |$3,329 MM |- | |[[w:Health Resources and Services Administration|Health Resources and Services Administration]] (HRSA) |$11,004 |- | |[[w:Indian Health Service|Indian Health Service]] (IHS) |$6,104 |- |[[w:Dave_Weldon|Dave Weldon]] |[[w:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]] (CDC) |$6,767 |- |[[w:Jay_Bhattacharya|Jay Bhattacharya]] |[[w:National Institutes of Health|National Institutes of Health]] (NIH) |$33,669 |- | |[[w:Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration|Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration]] (SAMHSA) |$5,535 |- | |[[w:Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality|Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality]] (AHRQ) |$0 |- |[[w:Mehmet_Oz|Mehmet Oz]] |[[w:Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services|Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services]] (CMMS) |$1,169,091 |- | |[[w:Administration for Children and Families|Administration for Children and Families]] (ACF) |$52,121 |- | |[[w:Administration for Community Living|Administration for Community Living]] (ACL) |$1,997 |- |} {| class="wikitable sortable" !Program !2020 Budget !2024 Budget ! employees !2025 Budget !2026 Budget |- |[[w:Departmental Management|Departmental Management]] |$340 |- |Non-Recurring Expense Fund |$-400 |- |[[w:Office of Medicare Hearings and Appeals|Office of Medicare Hearings and Appeals]] |$186 |- |[[w:Office of the National Coordinator|Office of the National Coordinator]] |$43 |- |[[w:Office for Civil Rights|Office for Civil Rights]] |$30 |- |[[w:Office of Inspector General|Office of Inspector General]] |$82 |- |[[w:Public Health and Social Services Emergency Fund|Public Health and Social Services Emergency Fund]] |$2,667 |- |[[w:Program Support Center|Program Support Center]] |$749 |- |Offsetting Collections |$-629 |- |Other Collections |$-163 |- |'''TOTAL''' |'''$1,292,523''' |} The FY2020 budget included a $1.276 billion budget decrease for the Centers for Disease Control, and a $4.533 billion budget decrease for the National Institutes of Health. These budget cuts, along with other changes since 2019, comprised a total decrease of over $24 billion in revised discretionary budget authority across the entire Department of Health and Human Services for Fiscal Year 2020.<ref name="hhs_budget_fy2020" /> Additional details of the budgeted outlays, budget authority, and detailed budgets for other years, can be found at the HHS Budget website.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://WWW.HHS.GOV/BUDGET|title=Health and Human Services: Budget and Performance|publisher=United States Department of Health & Human Services|access-date=May 9, 2020}}</ref> He is an American politician, [[Environmental law|environmental lawyer]], [[anti-vaccine activist]], and anti-packaged food industry activist, anti-pharmaceutical industry activist, who will be nominated to serve as [[United States Secretary of Health and Human Services]],<ref name="v502">{{cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/saradorn/2024/11/14/rfk-jr-launches-independent-2024-run-here-are-all-the-conspiracies-he-promotes-from-vaccines-to-mass-shootings/|title=Trump Taps RFK Jr. As Secretary Of Health And Human Services: Here Are All The Conspiracies He's Promoted|last=Dorn|first=Sara|date=2024-11-14|website=Forbes|access-date=2024-11-15}}</ref> with the mission of "Making America Healthy Again". He is the chairman and founder of [[Children's Health Defense]], an anti-vaccine advocacy group and proponent of [[COVID-19 vaccine misinformation|dubious COVID-19 vaccine information]].<ref name="Smith_12/15/2021" /><ref name="KW" /> === National Institutes of Health === The [[w:NIH|NIH]] distributes grants of ~$50bn per year. Nominated to lead the [[w:National_Institutes_of_Health|National Institutes of Health]] is [[w:Jay_Bhattacharya|Jay Bhattacharya]], who has announced the following priorities for funding: * cutting edge research, saying that the NIH has become "sclerotic". * studies aimed at replicating the results of earlier studies, to address the problem of scientific fraud or other factors contributing to the the [[w:Replication_crisis|replication crisis]] * refocusing on [[w:Chronic_diseases|chronic diseases]], whose research is underfunded, away from [[w:Infectious_diseases|infectious diseases]], whose research is overfunded. * ending [[w:Gain-of-function|gain-of-function]] research. Jay Bhattacharya wrote a March 25 2020 op-ed "Is the Coronavirus as Deadly as They Say?", with colleague Eran Bendavid, arguing that many asymptomatic cases of COVID-19 were going undetected. The hypothesis was confirmed in April 2020 when he and several colleagues published a study showing that Covid anti-bodies in Santa Clara county were 50 times the recorded infection rate. This implied, he said "a lower inflection mortality rate than public health authorities were pushing at a time when they and the media thought it was a virtue to panic the population".<ref><nowiki><ref></nowiki>{{Cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/opinion/the-man-who-fought-fauci-and-won-trump-nih-nominee-jay-bhattacharya-covid-cancel-culture-4a0650bd?page=1|title=The Man Who Fought Fauci - and Won|last=Varadarajan|first=Tunku|date=6 December 2024|work=WSJ}}<nowiki></ref></nowiki></ref> === Food and Drug Administration === The FDA in 2022 had 18,000 employees<ref name="fy2022">{{cite web|url=https://www.fda.gov/media/149613/download|title=FY 2022 FDA Budget Request|publisher=FDA|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230602090805/https://www.fda.gov/media/149613/download|archive-date=June 2, 2023|access-date=January 14, 2022|url-status=live}}</ref> and a budget of $6.5{{nbsp}}billion (2022)<ref name="fy2022" /> Nominated as director is [[w:Marty_Makary|Marty Makary]]. == CPB, PBS, NPR == Regarding the [[w:Corporation_for_Public_Broadcasting|Corporation for Public Broadcasting]], [[w:Howard_Husock|Howard Husock]] suggest that instead of zeroing its $535 million budget, Republicans reform the [[w:Public_Broadcasting_Act|Public Broadcasting Act]] to eliminate bias and improve local journalism.<ref>https://www.wsj.com/opinion/the-conservative-case-for-public-broadcasting-media-policy-2d4c3c9f?page=1</ref> {{As of|2024|alt=For fiscal year 2024}}, its appropriation was US$525 million, including $10 million in interest earned. The distribution of these funds was as follows:<ref>{{cite web|url=https://cpb.org/aboutcpb/financials/budget/|title=CPB Operating Budget|last=|date=2024|website=www.cpb.org|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=November 27, 2024|url-status=}}</ref> * $262.83M for direct grants to local public television stations; * $95.11M for television programming grants; * $81.77M for direct grants to local public radio stations; * $28.12M for the Radio National Program Production and Acquisition * $9.43M for the Radio Program Fund * $31.50 for system support * $26.25 for administration Public broadcasting stations are funded by a combination of private donations from listeners and viewers, foundations and corporations. Funding for public television comes in roughly equal parts from government (at all levels) and the private sector.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cpb.org/annualreports/2013/|title=CPB 2013 Annual Report|website=www.cpb.org|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160212170045/http://cpb.org/annualreports/2013/|archive-date=February 12, 2016|access-date=May 4, 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Departments of Energy and Interior == Nominee for [[w:US_Secretary_of_the_Interior|Secretary of the Interior]] is [[w:Doug_Burgum|Doug Burgum]], who will also be [[w:List_of_U.S._executive_branch_czars|Energy Czar]]. [[w:Department_of_Energy|Department of Energy]] [[w:United_States_Secretary_of_Energy|secretary nominee]] [[w:Chris_Wright_(energy_executive)|Chris Wright]] admits that burning fossil fuels contributes to rising temperatures, but says it poses only a modest threat to humanity, and praises it for increasing plant growth, making the planet greener, and boosting agricultural productivity. He also says that it likely reduces the annual number of temperature-related deaths. (estimates from health researchers say otherwise). He says, "It's probably almost as many positive changes as negative changes... Is it a crisis, is it the world's greatest challenge, or a big threat to the next generation? No. .. A little bit warmer isn’t a threat. If we were 5, 7, 8, 10 degrees [Celsius] warmer, that would be meaningful changes to the planet.” Scientists see a 1.5 degrees Celsius temperature as creating potentially irreversible changes for the planet, and expect to pass that mark later this year, after increasing over several decade. He criticizes the [[w:Paris_climate_agreement|Paris climate agreement]] for empowering "political actors with anti-fossil fuel agendas." Wright favors development of [[w:Geothermal_energy|geothermal energy]] and [[w:Nuclear_energy_policy_of_the_United_States|nuclear energy]], criticizing subsidies to wind and solar energy. <ref><nowiki><ref></nowiki>{{Cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/politics/policy/who-is-chris-wright-trump-energy-secretary-9eb617dc?page=1|title=Trump’s Energy Secretary Pick Preaches the Benefits of Climate Change|last=Morenne|first=Benoit|date=9 December 2024|work=The Wall Street Journal}}&lt;nowiki&gt;</ref> == AI and Cryptocurrency Policy == [[w:David_Sacks|David Sacks]] was named "White House AI and Crypto Czar". == Reform Entitlements == === Healthcare and Medicare === [[w:ObamaCare|ObamaCare]] started as a plausible scheme for universal, cost-effective health insurance with subsidies for the needy. Only the subsidies survive because the ObamaCare policies actually delivered are so overpriced nobody would buy them without a subsidy.<ref>[https://www.wsj.com/opinion/elons-real-trump-mission-protect-growth-department-of-government-efficiency-appointments-cabinet-9e7e62b2]</ref> See below: Department of Health and Human Services === Social Security === Even FDR was aware of its flaw: it discourages working and saving. === Other === Small-government advocate [[w:Ron_Paul|Ron Paul]] has suggested to cut aid to the following "biggest" welfare recipients: * The [[w:Military-industrial_complex|Military-industrial complex]] * The [[w:Pharmaceutical-industrial_complex|Pharmaceutical-industrial complex]] * The [[w:Federal_Reserve|Federal Reserve]] To which Mr. Musk replied, "Needs to be done".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thehill.com/video/ron-paul-vows-to-join-elon-musk-help-eliminate-government-waste-in-a-trump-admin/10191375/|title=Ron Paul vows to join Elon Musk, help eliminate government waste in a Trump admin|date=2024-11-05|website=The Hill|language=en-US|access-date=2024-12-09}}</ref> == Office of Management and Budget == The White House [[w:Office_of_Management_and_Budget|Office of Management and Budget]] (OMB) guides implementation of regulations and analyzes federal spending. Mssrs. Musk and Ramaswamy encouraged President-elect Trump to reappoint his first term director [[w:Russell_Vought|Russell Vought]], which he did on 22nd Nov.<ref name=":0" /> == Government Efficiency Personnel == Transition spokesman [[w:Brian_Hughes|Brian Hughes]] said that "Elon Musk is a once-in-a-generation business leader and our federal bureaucracy will certainly benefit from his ideas and efficiency". About a dozen Musk allies have visited Mar-a-Lago to serve as unofficial advisors to the Trump 47 transition, influencing hiring at many influential government agencies.<ref name=":2"><nowiki><ref></nowiki>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/12/06/us/politics/trump-elon-musk-silicon-valley.html?searchResultPosition=1|title=The Silicon Valley Billionaires Steering Trump’s Transition|date=8 December 2024|work=NYT}}</ref> [[w:Marc_Andreesen|Marc Andreesen]] has interviewed candidates for State, Pentagon, and DHHS, and has been active pushing for rollback of Biden's cryptocurrency regulations, and rollback of Lina Khan anti-trust efforts with the FTC, and calling for contracting reform in Defense dept. [[w:Jared_Birchall|Jared Birchall]] has interviewed candidates for State, and has advised on Space police and has put together councils for AI and Cryptocurrency policy. David Sacks was named "White House AI and Crypto Czar" [[w:Shaun_MacGuire|Shaun MacGuire]] has advised on picks for intelligence community and has interviewed candidates for Defense. Many tech executives are considering part-time roles advising the DOGE. [[w:Antonio_Gracias|Antonio Gracias]] and [[w:Steve_Davis|Steve Davis]] from Musk's "crisis team" have been active, as has investor [[w:John_Hering|John Hering]]. Other Silicon Valley players who have advised Trump or interviewed candidates: * [[w:Larry_Ellison|Larry Ellison]] has sat in on Trump transition 47 meetings at Mar-a-Lago. * [[w:Mark_Pincus|Mark Pincus]] * [[w:David_Marcus|David Marcus]] * [[w:Barry_Akis|Barry Akis]] * [[w:Shervin_Pishevar|Shervin Pishevar]], who has called for privitization of the USPS, NASA, and the federal Bureau of Prisons. Called for creating an American sovereign wealth fund, and has said that DOGE "could lead a revolutionary restructuring of public institutions."<ref name=":2" /> [[w:William_McGinley|William McGinley]] will move to a role with DOGE. Originally nominated for [[w:White_House_counsel|White House counsel]], he will be replaced in that role by [[w:David_Warrington|David Warrington]].<ref>{{Cite news|title=A White House Counsel Replaced before starting|last=Haberman|first=Maggie|date=6 December 2024|work=New York times}}</ref> The WSJ lauded without naming them, comparing them to the "dollar-a-year men" - business leaders who during WWII revolutionized industrial production to help make America the "arsenal of democracy". (WSJ, 10 December 2024) == History and Miscellaneous facts == See also: [[w:Department_of_Government_Efficiency#History|Department of Government Efficiency — History]] DOGE's work will "conclude" no later than July 4, 2026, the 250th anniversary of the signing of the [[United States Declaration of Independence|U.S. Declaration of Independence]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thehill.com/policy/4987402-trump-musk-advisory-group-spending/|title=Elon Musk, Vivek Ramaswamy to lead Trump's Department of Government Efficiency (DOGE)|last=Nazzaro|first=Miranda|date=November 13, 2024|website=The Hill|language=en-US|access-date=November 13, 2024}}</ref> also coinciding with America's [[United States Semiquincentennial|semiquincentennial]] celebrations and a proposed "Great American Fair". Despite its name it is not expected to be a [[wikipedia:United_States_federal_executive_departments|federal executive department]], but rather may operate under the [[Federal Advisory Committee Act]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/trump-department-of-government-efficiency-doge-elon-musk-ramaswamy/|title=What to know about Trump's Department of Government Efficiency, led by Elon Musk and Vivek Ramaswamy - CBS News|last=Picchi|first=Aimee|date=2024-11-14|website=www.cbsnews.com|language=en-US|access-date=2024-11-14}}</ref> so its formation is not expected to require approval from the [[wikipedia:United_States_Congress|U.S. Congress]]. NYT argues that records of its meetings must be made public.{{Cn}} As an advisor rather than a government employee, Mr. Musk will not be subject to various ethics rules.{{sfn|Economist 11/23}} Musk has stated that he believes such a commission could reduce the [[wikipedia:United_States_federal_budget|U.S. federal budget]] by $2 trillion, which would be a reduction of almost one third from its 2023 total. [[Maya MacGuineas]] of the [[Committee for a Responsible Federal Budget]] has said that this saving is "absolutely doable" over a period of 10 years, but it would be difficult to do in a single year "without compromising some of the fundamental objectives of the government that are widely agreed upon".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thehill.com/business/4966789-elon-musk-skepticism-2-trillion-spending-cuts/|title=Elon Musk draws skepticism with call for $2 trillion in spending cuts|last=Folley|first=Aris|date=2024-11-03|website=The Hill|language=en-US|access-date=2024-11-14}}</ref> [[wikipedia:Jamie_Dimon|Jamie Dimon]], the chief executive officer of [[wikipedia:JPMorgan_Chase|JPMorgan Chase]], has supported the idea. Some commentators questioned whether DOGE is a conflict of interest for Musk given that his companies are contractors to the federal government. The body is "unlikely to have any regulatory teeth on its own, but there's little doubt that it can have influence on the incoming administration and how it will determine its budgets".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.vox.com/policy/384904/trumps-department-of-government-efficiency-sounds-like-a-joke-it-isnt|title=Trump tapped Musk to co-lead the "Department of Government Efficiency." What the heck is that?|last=Fayyad|first=Abdallah|date=2024-11-13|website=Vox|language=en-US|access-date=2024-11-14}}</ref> Elon Musk had called [[w:Federico_Sturzenegger|Federico Sturzenegger]], Argentina's [[w:Ministry_of_Deregulation_and_State_Transformation|Minister of Deregulation and Transformation of the State]] ([[w:es:Ministerio_de_Desregulación_y_Transformación_del_Estado|es]]), to discuss imitating his ministry's model.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.infobae.com/economia/2024/11/08/milei-brindo-un-nuevo-apoyo-a-sturzenegger-y-afirmo-que-elon-musk-imitara-su-gestion-en-eeuu/|title=Milei brindó un nuevo apoyo a Sturzenegger y afirmó que Elon Musk imitará su gestión en EEUU|date=November 8, 2024|website=infobae|language=es-ES|access-date=November 13, 2024}}</ref> == Reception and Criticism == See also: [[w:Department_of_Government_Efficiency#Reception|w:Department of Government Efficiency — Reception]] The WSJ reports that Tesla's Texas facility dumped toxic wastewater into the public sewer system, into a lagoon, and into a local river, violated Texas environmental regulations, and fired an employee who attempted to comply with the law.{{Cn}} The Economist estimates that 10% of Mr. Musk's $360bn personal fortune is derived from contracts and benefits from the federal government, and 15% from the Chinese market.{{sfn|Economist 11/23}} == See also == * [[w:Second_presidential_transition_of_Donald_Trump|Second presidential transition of Donald Trump]] * [[w:United_States_federal_budget#Deficits_and_debt|United States federal budget - Deficits and debt]] * [[w:United_States_Bureau_of_Efficiency|United States Bureau of Efficiency]] – United States federal government bureau from 1916 to 1933 * [[w:Brownlow_Committee|Brownlow Committee]] – 1937 commission recommending United States federal government reforms * [[w:Grace_Commission|Grace Commission]] – Investigation to eliminate inefficiency in the United States federal government * [[w:Hoover_Commission|Hoover Commission]] – United States federal commission in 1947 advising on executive reform * [[w:Keep_Commission|Keep Commission]] * [[w:Project_on_National_Security_Reform|Project on National Security Reform]] * [[w:Delivering_Outstanding_Government_Efficiency_Caucus|Delivering Outstanding Government Efficiency Caucus]] == Notes == {{reflist}} == References == {{refbegin}} * {{Cite web|url=https://www.newsweek.com/bernie-sanders-finds-new-common-ground-elon-musk-1993820|title=Bernie Sanders finds new common ground with Elon Musk|last=Reporter|first=Mandy Taheri Weekend|date=2024-12-01|website=Newsweek|language=en|access-date=2024-12-02 |ref={{harvid|Newsweek 12/01|2024}} }} * {{Cite news|url=https://www.economist.com/briefing/2024/11/21/elon-musk-and-donald-trump-seem-besotted-where-is-their-bromance-headed|title=Elon Musk and Donald Trump seem besotted. Where is their bromance headed?|work=The Economist|access-date=2024-12-04|issn=0013-0613 |ref={{harvid|Economist 11/23|2024}} }} <references group="lower-alpha" /> {{refend}} a0z22eg03b6u63i7v8l2jbbxiwrdwi7 2691482 2691471 2024-12-11T19:11:55Z Jaredscribe 2906761 /* National Institutes of Health */ Eroom's law 2691482 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Research project}} The U.S. [[w:Department of Government Efficiency]]. {{Infobox Organization |name=Department of Government Efficiency |logo= |logo_size= |logo_caption=Logo on [[Twitter|X]] (formerly Twitter) as of November 14, 2024 |seal= |seal_size= |seal_caption= |formation=Announced on November 12, 2024; yet to be established |abbreviation=DOGE |key_people={{plainlist|[[w:Commissioner of the Department of Government Efficiency|Co-commissioners]]: * [[w:Elon Musk]] * [[w:Vivek Ramaswamy]] }} |website={{URL|https://x.com/DOGE|x.com/DOGE}} |volunteers=* Federico Sturzenegger|services=consulting|headquarters=Mar-A-Lago|organization_type=Presidential Advisory Commission|founder=Donald Trump|extinction=4 July 2026 (planned)|mission=(In the words of president-elect Donald Trump: * dismantle government bureaucracy * slash excess regulations * cut wasteful expenditures * restructure federal agencies, * address "massive waste and fraud" in government spending}} This "'''Wiki Of Government Efficiency'''" (WOGE) is a public interest, non-partisan research project that will [[User:Jaredscribe/Department of Government Efficiency#Reduce the deficit and debt by impounding appropriated funds|analyze the U.S. federal budget]], [[User:Jaredscribe/Department of Government Efficiency#Reform the other Government Bureaus and Departments|federal bureaucracy]], and [[User:Jaredscribe/Department of Government Efficiency#Shrink the federal civil service|federal civil service]], in the context of [[w:Second_presidency_of_Donald_Trump|president-elect Trump']]<nowiki/>s [[w:Agenda_47|Agenda 47]], and will catalogue, evaluate, and critique proposals on how the '''[[w:Department of Government Efficiency|Department of Government Efficiency]]'''{{Efn|Also referred to as '''Government Efficiency Commission'''}} (DOGE) is or is not fulfilling its mission to ''"dismantle government bureaucracy, slash excess regulations, and cut wasteful expenditures and restructure federal agencies"'', in the words of president-elect [[wikipedia:Donald_Trump|Donald Trump]], who called for it to address ''"massive waste and fraud"'' in government spending.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/c93qwn8p0l0o|title=Donald Trump picks Elon Musk for US government cost-cutting role|last1=Faguy|first1=Ana|last2=FitzGerald|first2=James|date=2024-11-13|publisher=BBC News|language=en-GB|access-date=2024-11-13}}</ref> Here's [[User:Jaredscribe/Department of Government Efficiency/How to contribute|how to contribute]] to the WOGE. The DOGE intends to [[User:Jaredscribe/Department of Government Efficiency#Office of Management and Budget|work through the Office of Management and Budget]] as its "policy vector". The [[w:U.S._budget_deficit|U.S. Budget deficit]], (C.f. [[w:Government_budget_balance|fiscal deficit]]), and the [[w:National_debt_of_the_United_States|U.S. National debt]], currently $35.7 Trillion as of 10/2024, which is 99% of the [[w:U.S._GDP|U.S. GDP]],<ref>{{Unbulleted list citebundle|{{cite news|newspaper=Financial Post| title= Musk's $2 Trillion of Budget Cuts Would Have These Stocks Moving|url=https://financialpost.com/pmn/business-pmn/musks-2-trillion-of-budget-cuts-would-have-these-stocks-moving|first=Alexandra|last=Semenova|date=November 4, 2024}}|{{cite news|newspaper= New York Times|title=Elon|url=https://nytimes.com/2024/10/29/us/politics/elon-musk-trump-economy-hardship.html}}|{{Cite web |date=September 5, 2024 |title=Trump says he'd create a government efficiency commission led by Elon Musk |url=https://apnews.com/article/donald-trump-elon-musk-government-efficiency-commission-e831ed5dc2f6a56999e1a70bb0a4eaeb |publisher=AP News}}|{{cite web|first=Jenn|last=Brice|title=How Elon Musk's $130 million investment in Trump's victory could reap a huge payoff for Tesla and the rest of his business empire|url=https://fortune.com/2024/11/06/elon-musk-donald-trump-tesla-spacex-xai-boring-neuralink|website=Fortune}}|{{cite web|url=https://axios.com/2024/11/07/elon-musk-government-efficiency-trump|title=Musk will bring his Twitter management style to government reform}}|{{cite news| access-date =November 9, 2024|work=Reuters|date=September 6, 2024|first1=Helen|first2=Gram|last1=Coster| last2=Slattery|title=Trump says he will tap Musk to lead government efficiency commission if elected| url= https://reuters.com/world/us/trump-adopt-musks-proposal-government-efficiency-commission-wsj-reports-2024-09-05}}|{{cite web|title=Trump says Musk could head 'government efficiency' force|url= https://bbc.com/news/articles/c74lgwkrmrpo|publisher=BBC}}|{{cite web|date =November 5, 2024|title=How Elon Musk could gut the government under Trump|url=https://independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/us-politics/elon-musk-donald-trump-economy-job-cuts-b2641644.html|website= The Independent}}}}</ref> and expected to grow to 134% of GDP by 2034 if current laws remain unchanged, according to the [[w:Congressional_Budget_Office|Congressional Budget Office]]. The DOGE will be a [[wikipedia:Presidential_commission_(United_States)|presidential advisory commission]] led by the billionaire businessmen [[wikipedia:Elon_Musk|Elon Musk]] and [[wikipedia:Vivek_Ramaswamy|Vivek Ramaswamy]], and possibly [[w:Ron_Paul|Ron Paul]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thehill.com/video/ron-paul-vows-to-join-elon-musk-help-eliminate-government-waste-in-a-trump-admin/10191375|title=Ron Paul vows to join Elon Musk, help eliminate government waste in a Trump admin|date=November 5, 2024|website=The Hill}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://usatoday.com/story/business/2024/10/28/patricia-healy-elon-musk-highlights-need-for-government-efficiency/75798556007|title=Elon Musk puts spotlight on ... Department of Government Efficiency? {{!}} Cumberland Comment|last=Healy|first=Patricia|website=USA TODAY|language=en-US|access-date=November 9, 2024}}</ref> with support from many [[w:Political_appointments_of_the_second_Trump_administration|Political and cabinet appointees of the second Trump administration]] and from a Congressional caucus Musk stated his belief that DOGE could remove US$2 trillion from the [[w:United_States_federal_budget|U.S. federal budget]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/live/HysDMs2a-iM?si=92I5LD1FY2PAsSuG&t=15822|title=WATCH LIVE: Trump holds campaign rally at Madison Square Garden in New York|date=October 28, 2024|website=youtube.com|publisher=[[PBS NewsHour]]|language=en|format=video}}</ref> without specifying whether these savings would be made over a single year or a longer period.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/cdj38mekdkgo|title=Can Elon Musk cut $2 trillion from US government spending?|last=Chu|first=Ben|date=2024-11-13|website=BBC News|language=en-GB|access-date=2024-11-14}}</ref> [[File:2023_US_Federal_Budget_Infographic.png|thumb|An infographic on outlays and revenues in the 2023 [[United States federal budget|U.S. federal budget]]]] DOGE could also streamline permitting with “categorical exclusions” from environmental reviews under the National Environmental Policy Act. {{sidebar with collapsible lists|name=U.S. deficit and debt topics|namestyle=background:#bf0a30;|style=width:22.0em; border: 4px double #d69d36; background:var(--background-color-base, #FFFFFF);|bodyclass=vcard|pretitle='''<span class="skin-invert">This article is part of [[:Category:United States|a series]] on the</span>'''|title=[[United States federal budget|<span style="color:var(--color-base, #000000);">Budget and debt in the<br/>United States of America</span>]]|image=[[File:Seal of the United States Congress.svg|90px]] [[File:Seal of the United States Department of the Treasury.svg|90px]]|titlestyle=background:var(--background-color-base, #002868); background-clip:padding-box;|headingstyle=background:var(--background-color-base, #bf0a30); color:var(--color-base, #fff);|listtitlestyle=background:var(--background-color-base, #bf0a30); color:var(--color-base, #fff); text-align:center;|expanded={{{expanded|{{{1|}}}}}}|list1name=dimensions|list1title=Major dimensions|list1class=hlist skin-invert|list1=* [[Economy of the United States|Economy]] * [[Expenditures in the United States federal budget|Expenditures]] * [[United States federal budget|Federal budget]] * [[Financial position of the United States|Financial position]] * [[Military budget of the United States|Military budget]] * [[National debt of the United States|Public debt]] * [[Taxation in the United States|Taxation]] * [[Unemployment in the United States|Unemployment]] * [[Government_spending_in_the_United_States|Gov't spending]]|list2name=programs|list2title=Programs|list2class=hlist skin-invert|list2=* [[Medicare (United States)|Medicare]] * [[Social programs in the United States|Social programs]] * [[Social Security (United States)|Social Security]]|list3name=issues|list3title=Contemporary issues|list3class=skin-invert|list3=<div style="margin-bottom:0.5em"> [[National Commission on Fiscal Responsibility and Reform|Bowles–Simpson Commission]] {{flatlist}} * <!--Bu--> [[Bush tax cuts]] * <!--Deb--> [[United States debt ceiling|Debt ceiling]] ** [[History of the United States debt ceiling|history]] * <!--Def--> [[Deficit reduction in the United States|Deficit reduction]] * <!--F--> [[United States fiscal cliff|Fiscal cliff]] * <!--H--> [[Healthcare reform in the United States|Healthcare reform]] * <!--P--> [[Political debates about the United States federal budget|Political debates]] * <!--So--> [[Social Security debate in the United States|Social Security debate]] * <!--St--> "[[Starve the beast]]" * <!--Su--> [[Subprime mortgage crisis]] {{endflatlist}} </div> [[2007–2008 financial crisis]] {{flatlist}} * <!--D--> [[United States debt-ceiling crisis (disambiguation)|Debt-ceiling crises]] ** [[2011 United States debt-ceiling crisis|2011]] ** [[2013 United States debt-ceiling crisis|2013]] ** [[2023 United States debt-ceiling crisis|2023]] {{endflatlist}} [[2013 United States budget sequestration|2013 budget sequestration]] {{flatlist}} * <!--G--> [[Government shutdowns in the United States|Government shutdowns]] ** [[1980 United States federal government shutdown|1980]] ** [[1981, 1984, and 1986 U.S. federal government shutdowns|1981, 1984, 1986]] ** [[1990 United States federal government shutdown|1990]] ** [[1995–1996 United States federal government shutdowns|1995–1996]] ** [[2013 United States federal government shutdown|2013]] ** [[January 2018 United States federal government shutdown|Jan 2018]] ** [[2018–2019 United States federal government shutdown|2018–2019]] {{endflatlist}} Related events {{flatlist}} *<!--E-->[[Removal of Kevin McCarthy as Speaker of the House|2023 Removal of Kevin McCarthy]] {{endflatlist}}|list4name=terminology|list4title=Terminology|list4class=hlist skin-invert|list4=Cumulative [[Government budget balance|deficit]] + [[National debt of the United States#Debates|Interest]] ≈ [[Government debt|Debt]] * [[Balance of payments]] * [[Inflation]] * [[Continuing resolution]]}} [[w:Deficit_reduction_in_the_United_States|Deficit reduction in the United States]] == Deregulate the Economy == The legal theory that this can be done through the executive branch is found in the U.S. Supreme Court’s ''[[w:West_Virginia_v._EPA|West Virginia v. EPA]]'' and ''[[w:Loper_Bright|Loper Bright]]'' rulings, which rein in the administrative state and mean that much of what the federal government now does is illegal.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.wsj.com/opinion/department-of-government-efficiency-elon-musk-vivek-ramaswamy-donald-trump-1e086dab|website=[[w:Wall Street Journal]]|title=The Musk-Ramaswamy Project Could Be Trump’s Best Idea}}</ref> Mr. Trump has set a goal of eliminating 10 regulations for every new one. The [[w:Competitive_Enterprise_Institute|Competitive Enterprise Institute]]’s Wayne Crews says 217,565 rules have been issued since the [[w:Federal_Register|Federal Register]] first began itemizing them in 1976, with 89,368 pages added last year. [https://sgp.fas.org/crs/misc/R43056.pdf 3,000-4,500 rules are added each year]. DOGE’s first order will be to pause enforcement of overreaching rules while starting the process to roll them back. Mr. Trump and DOGE could direct agencies to settle legal challenges to Biden rules by vacating them. This could ease the laborious process of undoing them by rule-making through the [[w:Administrative_Procedure_Act|Administrative Procedure Act]]. A source tells the WSJ they’ll do whatever they think they legally can without the APA. The [[w:Congressional_Review_Act|Congressional Review Act]]—which allows Congress to overturn recently issued agency regulations—had been used only once, prior to [[w:First_presidency_of_Donald_Trump|Trump's first term]]. While in office, he and the Republican Congress used it on 16 rules. This time, there will be more than 56 regulatory actions recent enough to be repealed. The [[w:Chevron_deference|''Chevron'' deference]] had required federal courts to defer to agencies’ interpretations of ambiguous statutes, but this was overturned in 2024. Taken together, with some other recent [[w:SCOTUS|SCOTUS]] rulings, we now have, says the WSJ, the biggest opportunity to cut regulatory red tape in more than 40 years.<ref>[https://www.wsj.com/opinion/let-the-trump-deregulation-begin-us-chamber-of-commerce-second-term-economic-growth-73f24387?cx_testId=3&cx_testVariant=cx_166&cx_artPos=0]</ref><blockquote>"Most legal edicts aren’t laws enacted by Congress but “rules and regulations” promulgated by unelected bureaucrats—tens of thousands of them each year. Most government enforcement decisions and discretionary expenditures aren’t made by the democratically elected president or even his political appointees but by millions of unelected, unappointed civil servants within government agencies who view themselves as immune from firing thanks to civil-service protections." "This is antidemocratic and antithetical to the Founders’ vision. It imposes massive direct and indirect costs on taxpayers." "When the president nullifies thousands of such regulations, critics will allege executive overreach. In fact, it will be ''correcting'' the executive overreach of thousands of regulations promulgated by administrative fiat that were never authorized by Congress. The president owes lawmaking deference to Congress, not to bureaucrats deep within federal agencies. The use of executive orders to substitute for lawmaking by adding burdensome new rules is a constitutional affront, but the use of executive orders to roll back regulations that wrongly bypassed Congress is legitimate and necessary to comply with the Supreme Court’s recent mandates. And after those regulations are fully rescinded, a future president couldn’t simply flip the switch and revive them but would instead have to ask Congress to do so"<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/opinion/musk-and-ramaswamy-the-doge-plan-to-reform-government-supreme-court-guidance-end-executive-power-grab-fa51c020?cx_testId=3&cx_testVariant=cx_165&cx_artPos=5|title=Elon Musk and Vivek Ramaswamy: The DOGE Plan to Reform Government|last=Musk|first=Elon|date=20 November 2024|work=The Wall Street Journal|last2=Ramaswamy|first2=Vivek}}</ref> </blockquote> == Shrink the federal civil service == The government has around three million [[w:United_States_federal_civil_service|federal civil service]] employees, with an average salary of $106,000. Dr. Anthony Fauci made $481,000 in 2022. The federal head count has ballooned by 120,800 during the Biden years. Civil service and union protections make it hard to fire workers. Mr. Trump intends to quickly resurrect the [[w:Schedule_F|Schedule F]] reform that he sought to implement at the end of his first term but was scrapped by Mr. Biden. These would high-level federal employees to be removed like political appointees, by eliminating their job protections. WSJ proposals[https://www.wsj.com/opinion/the-doge-cheat-sheet-elon-musk-vivek-ramaswamy-department-of-government-efficiency-1c231783#cxrecs_s] The [[w:Administrative_Procedures_Act|Administrative Procedures Act]] statute protects federal employees from political retaliation, but allows for “reductions in force” that don’t target specific employees. The statute further empowers the president to “prescribe rules governing the competitive service.” The Supreme Court has held—in ''[[w:Franklin_v._Massachusetts|Franklin v. Massachusetts]]'' (1992) and ''[[w:Collins_v._Yellen|Collins v. Yellen]]'' (2021) that when revious presidents have used this power to amend the civil service rules by executive order, they weren’t constrained by the APA when they did so. Mr. Trump can, with this authority, implement any number of “rules governing the competitive service” that would curtail administrative overgrowth, from large-scale firings to relocation of federal agencies out of the Washington area. The DOGE welcomes voluntary terminations once the President begins requiring federal employees to come to the office five days a week, because American taxpayers shouldn’t pay federal employees for the Covid-era privilege of staying home.<ref>[https://www.wsj.com/opinion/musk-and-ramaswamy-the-doge-plan-to-reform-government-supreme-court-guidance-end-executive-power-grab-fa51c020?cx_testId=3&cx_testVariant=cx_165&cx_artPos=5 Elon Musk and Vivek Ramaswamy: The DOGE Plan to Reform Government: Following the Supreme Court’s guidance, we’ll reverse a decadeslong executive power grab. Musk & Ramaswamy 11/20/2024]</ref> == Reduce the deficit and debt by impounding appropriated funds == === Impound appropriated funds === Reports suggest that president-elect Trump intends to override Congress’s power of the purse by [[w:Impoundment_of_appropriated_funds|impoundment of appropriated funds]], that is, refusing to spend them. the president may [[wikipedia:Rescission_bill|propose rescission]] of specific funds, but that rescission must be approved by both the [[wikipedia:United_States_House_of_Representatives|House of Representatives]] and [[wikipedia:United_States_Senate|Senate]] within 45 days. [[w:Thomas_Jefferson|Thomas Jefferson]] was the first president to exercise the power of impoundment in 1801, which power was available to all presidents up to and including [[wikipedia:Richard_Nixon|Richard Nixon]], and was regarded as a power inherent to the office, although one with limits. He may ask Congress to repeal The [[w:Congressional_Budget_and_Impoundment_Control_Act_of_1974|Congressional Budget and Impoundment Control Act of 1974]], which was passed in response to Nixon's abuses.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://democrats-budget.house.gov/resources/reports/impoundment-control-act-1974-what-it-why-does-it-matter|title=The Impoundment Control Act of 1974: What Is It? Why Does It Matter? {{!}} House Budget Committee Democrats|date=2019-10-23|website=democrats-budget.house.gov|language=en|access-date=2024-05-19}}</ref> If Congress refuses to do so, president Trump may impound funds anyway and argue in court that the 1974 law is unconstitutional. The matter would likely end up at the Supreme Court, which would have to do more than simply hold the 1974 act unconstitutional in order for Mr. Trump to prevail. The court would also have to overrule [[w:Train_v._City_of_New_York_(1975)|''Train v. City of New York'' (1975)]], which held that impoundment is illegal unless the underlying legislation specifically authorizes it. === Reduce the budget deficit === [[wikipedia:U.S. federal budget|U.S. federal budget]] The [[wikipedia:Fiscal_year|fiscal year]], beginning October 1 and ending on September 30 of the year following. Congress is the body required by law to pass appropriations annually and to submit funding bills passed by both houses to the President for signature. Congressional decisions are governed by rules and legislation regarding the [[wikipedia:United_States_budget_process|federal budget process]]. Budget committees set spending limits for the House and Senate committees and for Appropriations subcommittees, which then approve individual [[wikipedia:Appropriations_bill_(United_States)|appropriations bills]] to During FY2022, the federal government spent $6.3 trillion. Spending as % of GDP is 25.1%, almost 2 percentage points greater than the average over the past 50 years. Major categories of FY 2022 spending included: Medicare and Medicaid ($1.339T or 5.4% of GDP), Social Security ($1.2T or 4.8% of GDP), non-defense discretionary spending used to run federal Departments and Agencies ($910B or 3.6% of GDP), Defense Department ($751B or 3.0% of GDP), and net interest ($475B or 1.9% of GDP).<ref name="CBO_2022">[https://www.cbo.gov/publication/58888 The Federal Budget in Fiscal Year 2022: An Infographic]</ref> CBO projects a federal budget deficit of $1.6 trillion for 2024. In the agency’s projections, deficits generally increase over the coming years; the shortfall in 2034 is $2.6 trillion. The deficit amounts to 5.6 percent of gross domestic product (GDP) in 2024, swells to 6.1 percent of GDP in 2025, and then declines in the two years that follow. After 2027, deficits increase again, reaching 6.1 percent of GDP in 2034.<ref name="CBO_budgetOutlook2024">{{cite web|url=https://www.cbo.gov/publication/59710|title=The Budget and Economic Outlook: 2024 to 2034|date=February 7, 2024|publisher=CBO|access-date=February 7, 2024}}</ref> The following table summarizes several budgetary statistics for the fiscal year 2015-2021 periods as a percent of GDP, including federal tax revenue, outlays or spending, deficits (revenue – outlays), and [[wikipedia:National_debt_of_the_United_States|debt held by the public]]. The historical average for 1969-2018 is also shown. With U.S. GDP of about $21 trillion in 2019, 1% of GDP is about $210 billion.<ref name="CBO_Hist_20">[https://www.cbo.gov/about/products/budget-economic-data#2 CBO-Historical Budget Data-Retrieved January 28, 2020]</ref> Statistics for 2020-2022 are from the CBO Monthly Budget Review for FY 2022.<ref name="CBO_MBRFY2022">{{cite web|url=https://www.cbo.gov/publication/58592|title=Monthly Budget Review: Summary for Fiscal Year 2022|date=November 8, 2022|publisher=CBO|access-date=December 10, 2022}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" !Variable As % GDP !2015 !2016 !2017 !2018 !2019 !2020 !2021 !2022 !Hist Avg |- !Revenue<ref name="CBO_Hist_20">[https://www.cbo.gov/about/products/budget-economic-data#2 CBO-Historical Budget Data-Retrieved January 28, 2020]</ref> |18.0% |17.6% |17.2% |16.4% |16.4% |16.2% |17.9% |19.6% |17.4% |- !Outlays<ref name="CBO_Hist_20" /> |20.4% |20.8% |20.6% |20.2% |21.0% |31.1% |30.1% |25.1% |21.0% |- !Budget Deficit<ref name="CBO_Hist_20" /> | -2.4% | -3.2% | -3.5% | -3.8% | -4.6% | -14.9% | -12.3% | -5.5% | -3.6% |- !Debt Held by Public<ref name="CBO_Hist_20" /> |72.5% |76.4% |76.2% |77.6% |79.4% |100.3% |99.6% |94.7% | |} The [[wikipedia:U.S._Constitution|U.S. Constitution]] ([[wikipedia:Article_One_of_the_United_States_Constitution|Article I]], section 9, clause 7) states that "No money shall be drawn from the Treasury, but in Consequence of Appropriations made by Law; and a regular Statement and Account of Receipts and Expenditures of all public Money shall be published from time to time." Each year, the President of the United States submits a budget request to Congress for the following fiscal year as required by the [[wikipedia:Budget_and_Accounting_Act_of_1921|Budget and Accounting Act of 1921]]. Current law ({{UnitedStatesCode|31|1105}}(a)) requires the president to submit a budget no earlier than the first Monday in January, and no later than the first Monday in February. Typically, presidents submit budgets on the first Monday in February. The budget submission has been delayed, however, in some new presidents' first year when the previous president belonged to a different party. === Reduce the National debt === == Strategic Foreign Policy and Military reform == Nominee for [[w:National_Security_Advisor|National Security Advisor]] [[w:Mike_Waltz|Mike Waltz]] To oversee the [[w:U.S._Intelligence_Community|U.S. Intelligence Community]] and NIP, and the 18 IC agencies, including the CIA, DIA, NSC, the nominee for [[w:Director_of_National_Intelligence|Director of National Intelligence]] is [[w:Tulsi_Gabbard|Tulsi Gabbard]], who is an isolationist of the [[w:Bernie_Sanders#foreign_policy|Bernie Sanders]] camp, with a long record of dogmatically opposing [[w:Foreign_policy_of_the_Trump_administration|President Trump's first term foreign policy]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/opinion/tulsi-gabbard-director-of-national-intelligence-donald-trump-foreign-policy-syria-israel-iran-b37aa3de|title=How Tulsi Gabbard Sees the World|last=Editorial Board|date=10 December 2024|work=The Wall Street Journal}}</ref> === Department of State === {{Main article|w:Second presidency of Donald Trump#Prospective foreign policy|w:State Department}} [[w:Marco_Rubio|Marco Rubio]] has been nominated as [[w:U.S._Secretary_of_State|U.S. Secretary of State]], overseeing $53bn and 77,880 employees ==== [[w:USAID|USAID]] ==== === U.S. Department of Defense === Nominated for [[w:Secretary_of_Defense|Secretary of Defense]] is [[w:Pete_Hegseth|Pete Hegseth]]. The president-elect is reportedly considering a draft executive order that establishes a “warrior board” of retired senior military personnel with the power to review three- and four-star officers “on leadership capability, strategic readiness, and commitment to military excellence," and to recommend removals of any deemed unfit for leadership. This would fast-track the removal of generals and admirals found to be “lacking in requisite leadership qualities,” consistent with his earlier vow to fire “woke” military leaders.<ref>[https://www.wsj.com/politics/national-security/trump-draft-executive-order-would-create-board-to-purge-generals-7ebaa606<nowiki> Trump draft executive order would create a board to purge generals 11/12/2024]</nowiki></ref> There are legal obstacles. The law prohibits the firing of commissioned officers except by “sentence of a general court-martial,” as a “commutation of a sentence of a general court-martial,” or “in time of war, by order of the president.” A commissioned officer who believes he’s been wrongfully dismissed has the right to seek a trial by court-martial, which may find the dismissal baseless. <ref>[https://www.wsj.com/opinion/trump-tests-the-constitutions-limits-checks-balances-government-policy-law-78d0d0f1 &lt;nowiki&gt; Trump test the constitutions limits 11/19/2024]</ref> Musk said, "Some idiots are still building manned fighter jets like the F-35," and later added: "Manned fighter jets are outdated in the age of drones and only put pilots' lives at risk." [[w:Bernie_Sanders|Bernie Sanders]] wrote on X: "Elon Musk is right. The Pentagon, with a budget of $886 billion, just failed its 7th audit in a row. It's lost track of billions. Last year, only 13 senators voted against the Military Industrial Complex and a defense budget full of waste and fraud. That must change."{{sfn|Newsweek 12/02|2024}}. It failed its fifth audit in June 2023.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newsweek.com/fox-news-host-confronts-gop-senator-pentagons-fifth-failed-audit-1804379|title=Fox News host confronts GOP Senator on Pentagon's fifth failed audit|last=Writer|first=Fatma Khaled Staff|date=2023-06-04|website=Newsweek|language=en|access-date=2024-12-02}}</ref> === US Air Force === Air Force is advancing a program called [[w:Collaborative_Combat_Aircraft|Collaborative Combat Aircraft]] to build roughly 1,000 UAVs, with [[w:Anduril|Anduril]] and [[w:General_Atomics|General Atomics]] currently building prototypes, ahead of an Air Force decision on which company or companies will be contracted to build it. The cost quickly exceeded the $2.3 billion approved for last fiscal year’s budget, according to the [[w:Congressional_Research_Service|Congressional Research Service]], prompting calls for more oversight. “''If you want to make real improvements to the defense and security of the United States of America, we would be investing more in drones, we’d be investing more in [[w:Hypersonic_weapon|hypersonic missiles]]'',” said Mr. Ramaswamy. The program for Lockheed-Martin's [[w:F-35|F-35]] stealth jet fighters, now in production, is expected to exceed $2 trillion over several decades. The Air Force on 5 December announced it would delay a decision on which company would build the next-generation crewed fighter, called [[w:Next Generation Air Dominance|Next Generation Air Dominance (NGAD)]], which was planned to replace the [[w:F-22|F-22]] and operate alongside the F-35. Mr. Musk has written that "manned fighter jets are obsolete in the age of drones.” In another post, he claimed “a reusable drone” can do everything a jet fighter can do “without all the overhead of a pilot.” Brigadier General [[w:Doug_Wickert|Doug Wickert]] said in response, “There may be some day when we can completely rely on roboticized warfare but we are a century away.... How long have we thought full self-driving was going to be on the Tesla?” <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/politics/national-security/air-force-jets-vs-drones-trump-administration-8b1620a5?page=1|title=Trump Administration Set to Decide Future of Jet Fighters|last=Seligman|first=Lara|date=6 December 2024|work=The Wall Street Journal}}</ref> === US Space Force === The [[w:US_Space_Force|US Space Force]]'s 2023 budget was ~$26bn and it had 9,400 military personnel. SpaceX had a $14m contract to provide communications to the Ukrainian armed forces and government through 30th Nov 2024.{{sfn|Economist 11/23|2024}} Is also receiving a $733m contract to carry satellites into orbit.{{sfn|Economist 11/23|2024}} The Pentagon plans to incorporate into its own communications network 100 of [[w:Starshield|Starshield]]'s satellites.{{sfn|Economist 11/23|2024}} Starshield also has a $1.8bn contract to help the [[w:National_Reconnaissance_Office|National Reconnaissance Office]] build spy satellites.{{sfn|Economist 11/23|2024}} == NASA == The [[w:National_Air_and_Space_Administration|National Air and Space Administration]] had a 2023 budget of $25.4 bn and 18,000 employees. [[w:Jared_Isaacman|Jared Isaacman]] is nominated director. He had joined a space voyage in 2021 which was the first for an all-civilian crew to reach orbit. He led a four person crew in September on the first commericial spacewalk, testing SpaceX's new spacesuits. He promised to lead NASA in to "usher in an era where humanity becomes a true space-faring civilization." In an interview Isaacman said that NASA will evolve as private space companies set their own priorities and develop technology. NASA could have a certification role for astronauts and vehicles, similar to how the Federal Aviation Administration oversees the commercial airline industry. “The FAA doesn’t build the airplanes. They don’t staff the pilots that fly you from point A to B,” he said. “That is the world that NASA is in, essentially.” He also suggested openness to new and lower cost ways of getting to the Moon and to Mars.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/politics/elections/trump-picks-billionaire-space-traveler-to-run-nasa-4420150b?page=1|title=Trump Picks Billionaire Space Traveler to Run NASA|last=Maidenberg|first=Micah|date=5 December 2024|work=WSJ}}</ref> In September 2026, NASA's [[w:Artemis_program|Artemis program]], established in 2017 via [[wikipedia:Space_Policy_Directive_1|Space Policy Directive 1]], is intended to reestablish a human presence on the Moon for the first time since the [[wikipedia:Apollo_17|Apollo 17]] mission in 1972. The program's stated long-term goal is to establish a [[wikipedia:Moonbase|permanent base on the Moon]] to facilitate [[wikipedia:Human_mission_to_Mars|human missions to Mars]]. The [[w:U.S._National_Academies_of_Sciences,_Engineering,_and_Medicine|U.S. National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine]] in October, put out a report titled "NASA at a Crossroads," which identified myriad issues at the agency, including out-of-date infrastructure, pressures to prioritize short-term objectives and inefficient management practices. NASA's costly [[w:Space_Launch_System|Space Launch System]] (SLS) is the cornerstone of the Artemis program. has a price tag of around $4.1 billion per launch, and is a single-use rocket that can only launch every two years, having debuted in 2022 with the uncrewed [[w:Artemis_1_mission|Artemis 1 mission]] to the moon. In contrast, SpaceX is working to reduce the cost of a single Starship flight to under $10 million. NASA Associate Administrator Jim Free urged the incoming administration to maintain the current plans, in a symposium with the [[w:American_Astronautical_Society|American Astronautical Society]] saying "We need that consistency in purpose. That has not happened since Apollo. If we lose that, I believe we will fall apart and we will wander, and other people in this world will pass us by." NASA has already asked both [[w:SpaceX|SpaceX]] and also Jeff Bezos' [[w:Blue_Origin|Blue Origin]], to develop cargo landers for its Artemis missions and to deliver heavy equipment on them to the Moon by 2033. "Having two lunar lander providers with different approaches for crew and cargo landing capability provides mission flexibility while ensuring a regular cadence of moon landings for continued discovery and scientific opportunity," Stephen D. Creech, NASA's assistant deputy associate administrator for the moon to Mars program, said in an announcement about the partnership. "For all of the money we are spending, NASA should NOT be talking about going to the Moon - We did that 50 years ago. They should be focused on the much bigger things we are doing, including Mars (of which the Moon is a part), Defense and Science!" Trump wrote in a post on X in 2019. Trump has said he would create a [[w:Space_National_Guard|Space National Guard]], an idea that lawmakers in Congress have been proposing since 2021. Critics agree that a focus on spaceflight could come at the expense of "Earth and atmospheric sciences at NASA and the [[w:National_Oceanic_and_Atmospheric_Administration|National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]] (NOAA), which have been cut during the Biden era."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newsweek.com/elon-musk-donald-trump-nasa-space-policy-1990599|title=Donald Trump and Elon Musk could radically reshape NASA. Here's how|last=Reporter|first=Martha McHardy US News|date=2024-11-27|website=Newsweek|language=en|access-date=2024-12-02}}</ref> Regarding his goal and SpaceX's corporate mission of colonising Mars, Mr. Musk has stated that "The DOGE is the only path to extending life beyond earth"{{sfn|Economist 11/23|2024}} == [[w:Federal_Aviation_Administration|Federal Aviation Administration]] == Musk has often complained about the FAA "smothering" innovation, boasting that he can build a rocket faster than the agency can process the "Kafkaesque paperwork" required to make the relevant approvals.{{sfn|Economist 11/23|2024}} == Department of Transportation == Mr. Trump's transition team told advisors that it plans to make a federal framework for self-driving cars. Mr. Trump had a call with Sundar Pichai and Mr. Musk. == Department of Education == [[w:United_States_Department_of_Education|Department of Education]] has 4,400 employees – the smallest staff of the Cabinet agencies<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www2.ed.gov/about/overview/fed/role.html|title=Federal Role in Education|date=2021-06-15|website=www2.ed.gov|language=en|access-date=2022-04-28}}</ref> – and a 2024 budget of $238 billion.<ref name="DOE-mission">{{Cite web|url=https://www.usaspending.gov/agency/department-of-education?fy=2024|title=Agency Profile {{!}} U.S. Department of Education|website=www2.ed.gov|access-date=2024-11-14}}</ref> The 2023 Budget was $274 billion, which included funding for children with disabilities ([[wikipedia:Individuals_with_Disabilities_Education_Act|IDEA]]), pandemic recovery, early childhood education, [[wikipedia:Pell_Grant|Pell Grants]], [[wikipedia:Elementary_and_Secondary_Education_Act|Title I]], work assistance, among other programs. This budget was down from $637.7 billion in 2022.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.future-ed.org/what-the-new-pisa-results-really-say-about-u-s-schools/|title=What the New PISA Results Really Say About U.S. Schools|date=2021-06-15|website=future-ed.com|language=en|access-date=2024-11-14}}</ref> Nominated as [[w:US_Secretary_of_Education|Secretary of Education]] is [[w:Linda_McMahon|Linda McMahon]]. The WSJ proposes that the Civil Rights division be absorbed into the Department of Justice, and that its outstanding loan portolio be handled by the Department of the Treasury. Despite the redundancies, its unlikely that it will be abolished, which would require congressional action and buy-in from Democrats in the Senate; Republicans don’t have enough votes to do it alone. A republican appointee is expected to push back against federal education overreach and progressive policies like DEI. <ref>[https://www.wsj.com/opinion/trump-can-teach-the-education-department-a-lesson-nominee-needs-boldness-back-school-choice-oppose-woke-indoctrination-ddf6a38d<nowiki> Trump can teach the Education Department a Lesson. WSJ 11/20/2024]</nowiki></ref> During his campaign, Trump had pledged to get the "transgender insanity the hell out of schools.” Relying on the district court's decision in ''[[w:Tatel_v._Mount_Lebanon_School_District|Tatel v. Mount Lebanon School District]] , the'' attorney general and education secretary could issue a letter explaining how enforcing gender ideology violates constitutional [[w:Free_exercise_clause|First amendment right to free exercise of religion]] and the [[w:Equal_Protection_Clause|14th Amendment’s Equal Protection Clause]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/opinion/how-trump-can-target-transgenderism-in-schools-law-policy-education-369537a7?page=1|title=How Trump Can Target Transgenderism in Schools|last=Eden|first=Max|date=9 December 2024|work=The Wall Street Journal}}</ref> == Consumer Financial Protection Bureau == The [[w:Consumer_Financial_Protection_Bureau|Consumer Financial Protection Bureau]] (CFPB). Said Mr. Musk "Delete the CFPB. There are too many duplicative regulatory agencies"<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/politics/policy/elon-musk-doge-conflict-of-interest-b1202437?page=1|title=Musk’s DOGE Plans Rely on White House Budget Office. Conflicts Await.|last=Schwartz|first=Brian|work=The Wall Street Journal}}</ref> == U.S. Department of Health and Human Services == Nominated as [[w:United_States_Secretary_of_Health_and_Human_Services|United States Secretary of Health and Human Services]] is [[w:Robert_F._Kennedy_Jr.|Robert F. Kennedy Jr.]], deputy Secretary [[w:Jim_O'Neill_(investor)|Jim O'Neill]]. Nominated for [[w:US_Surgeon_General|US Surgeon General]] is [[w:Janette_Nesheiwat|Janette Nesheiwat]]. [[w:U.S._Department_of_Health_and_Human_Services|U.S. Department of Health and Human Services]] was authorized a budget for [[w:2020_United_States_federal_budget|fiscal year 2020]] of $1.293 trillion. It has 13 operating divisions, 10 of which constitute the [[w:United_States_Public_Health_Service|Public Health Services]], whose budget authorization is broken down as follows:<ref name="hhs_budget_fy2020">{{cite web|url=https://www.hhs.gov/about/budget/fy2020/index.html|title=HHS FY 2020 Budget in Brief|date=October 5, 2019|website=HHS Budget & Performance|publisher=United States Department of Health & Human Services|page=7|access-date=May 9, 2020}}</ref> {| class="wikitable sortable" !Nominee !Program !2020 Budget !2024 Budget ! employees !2025 Budget !2026 Budget |- |[[w:Marty_Makary|Marty Makary]] |[[w:Food and Drug Administration|Food and Drug Administration]] (FDA) |$3,329 MM |- | |[[w:Health Resources and Services Administration|Health Resources and Services Administration]] (HRSA) |$11,004 |- | |[[w:Indian Health Service|Indian Health Service]] (IHS) |$6,104 |- |[[w:Dave_Weldon|Dave Weldon]] |[[w:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]] (CDC) |$6,767 |- |[[w:Jay_Bhattacharya|Jay Bhattacharya]] |[[w:National Institutes of Health|National Institutes of Health]] (NIH) |$33,669 |- | |[[w:Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration|Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration]] (SAMHSA) |$5,535 |- | |[[w:Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality|Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality]] (AHRQ) |$0 |- |[[w:Mehmet_Oz|Mehmet Oz]] |[[w:Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services|Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services]] (CMMS) |$1,169,091 |- | |[[w:Administration for Children and Families|Administration for Children and Families]] (ACF) |$52,121 |- | |[[w:Administration for Community Living|Administration for Community Living]] (ACL) |$1,997 |- |} {| class="wikitable sortable" !Program !2020 Budget !2024 Budget ! employees !2025 Budget !2026 Budget |- |[[w:Departmental Management|Departmental Management]] |$340 |- |Non-Recurring Expense Fund |$-400 |- |[[w:Office of Medicare Hearings and Appeals|Office of Medicare Hearings and Appeals]] |$186 |- |[[w:Office of the National Coordinator|Office of the National Coordinator]] |$43 |- |[[w:Office for Civil Rights|Office for Civil Rights]] |$30 |- |[[w:Office of Inspector General|Office of Inspector General]] |$82 |- |[[w:Public Health and Social Services Emergency Fund|Public Health and Social Services Emergency Fund]] |$2,667 |- |[[w:Program Support Center|Program Support Center]] |$749 |- |Offsetting Collections |$-629 |- |Other Collections |$-163 |- |'''TOTAL''' |'''$1,292,523''' |} The FY2020 budget included a $1.276 billion budget decrease for the Centers for Disease Control, and a $4.533 billion budget decrease for the National Institutes of Health. These budget cuts, along with other changes since 2019, comprised a total decrease of over $24 billion in revised discretionary budget authority across the entire Department of Health and Human Services for Fiscal Year 2020.<ref name="hhs_budget_fy2020" /> Additional details of the budgeted outlays, budget authority, and detailed budgets for other years, can be found at the HHS Budget website.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://WWW.HHS.GOV/BUDGET|title=Health and Human Services: Budget and Performance|publisher=United States Department of Health & Human Services|access-date=May 9, 2020}}</ref> He is an American politician, [[Environmental law|environmental lawyer]], [[anti-vaccine activist]], and anti-packaged food industry activist, anti-pharmaceutical industry activist, who will be nominated to serve as [[United States Secretary of Health and Human Services]],<ref name="v502">{{cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/saradorn/2024/11/14/rfk-jr-launches-independent-2024-run-here-are-all-the-conspiracies-he-promotes-from-vaccines-to-mass-shootings/|title=Trump Taps RFK Jr. As Secretary Of Health And Human Services: Here Are All The Conspiracies He's Promoted|last=Dorn|first=Sara|date=2024-11-14|website=Forbes|access-date=2024-11-15}}</ref> with the mission of "Making America Healthy Again". He is the chairman and founder of [[Children's Health Defense]], an anti-vaccine advocacy group and proponent of [[COVID-19 vaccine misinformation|dubious COVID-19 vaccine information]].<ref name="Smith_12/15/2021" /><ref name="KW" /> === National Institutes of Health === The [[w:NIH|NIH]] distributes grants of ~$50bn per year. Nominated to lead the [[w:National_Institutes_of_Health|National Institutes of Health]] is [[w:Jay_Bhattacharya|Jay Bhattacharya]], who has announced the following priorities for funding: * cutting edge research, saying that the NIH has become "sclerotic", due to a phenomenon has been called [[w:Eroom’s_law|Eroom’s law]], which explains that career incentives encourage “me-too research,” given that citations by other scientists “have become the dominant way to evaluate scientific contributions and scientists.” That has shifted research “toward incremental science and away from exploratory projects that are more likely to fail, but which are the fuel for future breakthroughs.” February 2020 paper.{{Cn}} * studies aimed at replicating the results of earlier studies, to address the problem of scientific fraud or other factors contributing to the the [[w:Replication_crisis|replication crisis]] * refocusing on [[w:Chronic_diseases|chronic diseases]], whose research is underfunded, away from [[w:Infectious_diseases|infectious diseases]], whose research is overfunded. * ending [[w:Gain-of-function|gain-of-function]] research. Jay Bhattacharya wrote a March 25 2020 op-ed "Is the Coronavirus as Deadly as They Say?", with colleague Eran Bendavid, arguing that many asymptomatic cases of COVID-19 were going undetected. The hypothesis was confirmed in April 2020 when he and several colleagues published a study showing that Covid anti-bodies in Santa Clara county were 50 times the recorded infection rate. This implied, he said "a lower inflection mortality rate than public health authorities were pushing at a time when they and the media thought it was a virtue to panic the population".<ref><nowiki><ref></nowiki>{{Cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/opinion/the-man-who-fought-fauci-and-won-trump-nih-nominee-jay-bhattacharya-covid-cancel-culture-4a0650bd?page=1|title=The Man Who Fought Fauci - and Won|last=Varadarajan|first=Tunku|date=6 December 2024|work=WSJ}}<nowiki></ref> === Food and Drug Administration === The FDA in 2022 had 18,000 employees<ref name="fy2022">{{cite web|url=https://www.fda.gov/media/149613/download|title=FY 2022 FDA Budget Request|publisher=FDA|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230602090805/https://www.fda.gov/media/149613/download|archive-date=June 2, 2023|access-date=January 14, 2022|url-status=live}}</ref> and a budget of $6.5{{nbsp}}billion (2022)<ref name="fy2022" /> Nominated as director is [[w:Marty_Makary|Marty Makary]]. == CPB, PBS, NPR == Regarding the [[w:Corporation_for_Public_Broadcasting|Corporation for Public Broadcasting]], [[w:Howard_Husock|Howard Husock]] suggest that instead of zeroing its $535 million budget, Republicans reform the [[w:Public_Broadcasting_Act|Public Broadcasting Act]] to eliminate bias and improve local journalism.<ref>https://www.wsj.com/opinion/the-conservative-case-for-public-broadcasting-media-policy-2d4c3c9f?page=1</ref> {{As of|2024|alt=For fiscal year 2024}}, its appropriation was US$525 million, including $10 million in interest earned. The distribution of these funds was as follows:<ref>{{cite web|url=https://cpb.org/aboutcpb/financials/budget/|title=CPB Operating Budget|last=|date=2024|website=www.cpb.org|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=November 27, 2024|url-status=}}</ref> * $262.83M for direct grants to local public television stations; * $95.11M for television programming grants; * $81.77M for direct grants to local public radio stations; * $28.12M for the Radio National Program Production and Acquisition * $9.43M for the Radio Program Fund * $31.50 for system support * $26.25 for administration Public broadcasting stations are funded by a combination of private donations from listeners and viewers, foundations and corporations. Funding for public television comes in roughly equal parts from government (at all levels) and the private sector.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cpb.org/annualreports/2013/|title=CPB 2013 Annual Report|website=www.cpb.org|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160212170045/http://cpb.org/annualreports/2013/|archive-date=February 12, 2016|access-date=May 4, 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Departments of Energy and Interior == Nominee for [[w:US_Secretary_of_the_Interior|Secretary of the Interior]] is [[w:Doug_Burgum|Doug Burgum]], who will also be [[w:List_of_U.S._executive_branch_czars|Energy Czar]]. [[w:Department_of_Energy|Department of Energy]] [[w:United_States_Secretary_of_Energy|secretary nominee]] [[w:Chris_Wright_(energy_executive)|Chris Wright]] admits that burning fossil fuels contributes to rising temperatures, but says it poses only a modest threat to humanity, and praises it for increasing plant growth, making the planet greener, and boosting agricultural productivity. He also says that it likely reduces the annual number of temperature-related deaths. (estimates from health researchers say otherwise). He says, "It's probably almost as many positive changes as negative changes... Is it a crisis, is it the world's greatest challenge, or a big threat to the next generation? No. .. A little bit warmer isn’t a threat. If we were 5, 7, 8, 10 degrees [Celsius] warmer, that would be meaningful changes to the planet.” Scientists see a 1.5 degrees Celsius temperature as creating potentially irreversible changes for the planet, and expect to pass that mark later this year, after increasing over several decade. He criticizes the [[w:Paris_climate_agreement|Paris climate agreement]] for empowering "political actors with anti-fossil fuel agendas." Wright favors development of [[w:Geothermal_energy|geothermal energy]] and [[w:Nuclear_energy_policy_of_the_United_States|nuclear energy]], criticizing subsidies to wind and solar energy. <ref><nowiki><ref></nowiki>{{Cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/politics/policy/who-is-chris-wright-trump-energy-secretary-9eb617dc?page=1|title=Trump’s Energy Secretary Pick Preaches the Benefits of Climate Change|last=Morenne|first=Benoit|date=9 December 2024|work=The Wall Street Journal}}&lt;nowiki&gt;</ref> == AI and Cryptocurrency Policy == [[w:David_Sacks|David Sacks]] was named "White House AI and Crypto Czar". == Reform Entitlements == === Healthcare and Medicare === [[w:ObamaCare|ObamaCare]] started as a plausible scheme for universal, cost-effective health insurance with subsidies for the needy. Only the subsidies survive because the ObamaCare policies actually delivered are so overpriced nobody would buy them without a subsidy.<ref>[https://www.wsj.com/opinion/elons-real-trump-mission-protect-growth-department-of-government-efficiency-appointments-cabinet-9e7e62b2]</ref> See below: Department of Health and Human Services === Social Security === Even FDR was aware of its flaw: it discourages working and saving. === Other === Small-government advocate [[w:Ron_Paul|Ron Paul]] has suggested to cut aid to the following "biggest" welfare recipients: * The [[w:Military-industrial_complex|Military-industrial complex]] * The [[w:Pharmaceutical-industrial_complex|Pharmaceutical-industrial complex]] * The [[w:Federal_Reserve|Federal Reserve]] To which Mr. Musk replied, "Needs to be done".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thehill.com/video/ron-paul-vows-to-join-elon-musk-help-eliminate-government-waste-in-a-trump-admin/10191375/|title=Ron Paul vows to join Elon Musk, help eliminate government waste in a Trump admin|date=2024-11-05|website=The Hill|language=en-US|access-date=2024-12-09}}</ref> == Office of Management and Budget == The White House [[w:Office_of_Management_and_Budget|Office of Management and Budget]] (OMB) guides implementation of regulations and analyzes federal spending. Mssrs. Musk and Ramaswamy encouraged President-elect Trump to reappoint his first term director [[w:Russell_Vought|Russell Vought]], which he did on 22nd Nov.<ref name=":0" /> == Government Efficiency Personnel == Transition spokesman [[w:Brian_Hughes|Brian Hughes]] said that "Elon Musk is a once-in-a-generation business leader and our federal bureaucracy will certainly benefit from his ideas and efficiency". About a dozen Musk allies have visited Mar-a-Lago to serve as unofficial advisors to the Trump 47 transition, influencing hiring at many influential government agencies.<ref name=":2"><nowiki><ref></nowiki>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/12/06/us/politics/trump-elon-musk-silicon-valley.html?searchResultPosition=1|title=The Silicon Valley Billionaires Steering Trump’s Transition|date=8 December 2024|work=NYT}}</ref> [[w:Marc_Andreesen|Marc Andreesen]] has interviewed candidates for State, Pentagon, and DHHS, and has been active pushing for rollback of Biden's cryptocurrency regulations, and rollback of Lina Khan anti-trust efforts with the FTC, and calling for contracting reform in Defense dept. [[w:Jared_Birchall|Jared Birchall]] has interviewed candidates for State, and has advised on Space police and has put together councils for AI and Cryptocurrency policy. David Sacks was named "White House AI and Crypto Czar" [[w:Shaun_MacGuire|Shaun MacGuire]] has advised on picks for intelligence community and has interviewed candidates for Defense. Many tech executives are considering part-time roles advising the DOGE. [[w:Antonio_Gracias|Antonio Gracias]] and [[w:Steve_Davis|Steve Davis]] from Musk's "crisis team" have been active, as has investor [[w:John_Hering|John Hering]]. Other Silicon Valley players who have advised Trump or interviewed candidates: * [[w:Larry_Ellison|Larry Ellison]] has sat in on Trump transition 47 meetings at Mar-a-Lago. * [[w:Mark_Pincus|Mark Pincus]] * [[w:David_Marcus|David Marcus]] * [[w:Barry_Akis|Barry Akis]] * [[w:Shervin_Pishevar|Shervin Pishevar]], who has called for privitization of the USPS, NASA, and the federal Bureau of Prisons. Called for creating an American sovereign wealth fund, and has said that DOGE "could lead a revolutionary restructuring of public institutions."<ref name=":2" /> [[w:William_McGinley|William McGinley]] will move to a role with DOGE. Originally nominated for [[w:White_House_counsel|White House counsel]], he will be replaced in that role by [[w:David_Warrington|David Warrington]].<ref>{{Cite news|title=A White House Counsel Replaced before starting|last=Haberman|first=Maggie|date=6 December 2024|work=New York times}}</ref> The WSJ lauded without naming them, comparing them to the "dollar-a-year men" - business leaders who during WWII revolutionized industrial production to help make America the "arsenal of democracy". (WSJ, 10 December 2024) == History and Miscellaneous facts == See also: [[w:Department_of_Government_Efficiency#History|Department of Government Efficiency — History]] DOGE's work will "conclude" no later than July 4, 2026, the 250th anniversary of the signing of the [[United States Declaration of Independence|U.S. Declaration of Independence]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thehill.com/policy/4987402-trump-musk-advisory-group-spending/|title=Elon Musk, Vivek Ramaswamy to lead Trump's Department of Government Efficiency (DOGE)|last=Nazzaro|first=Miranda|date=November 13, 2024|website=The Hill|language=en-US|access-date=November 13, 2024}}</ref> also coinciding with America's [[United States Semiquincentennial|semiquincentennial]] celebrations and a proposed "Great American Fair". Despite its name it is not expected to be a [[wikipedia:United_States_federal_executive_departments|federal executive department]], but rather may operate under the [[Federal Advisory Committee Act]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/trump-department-of-government-efficiency-doge-elon-musk-ramaswamy/|title=What to know about Trump's Department of Government Efficiency, led by Elon Musk and Vivek Ramaswamy - CBS News|last=Picchi|first=Aimee|date=2024-11-14|website=www.cbsnews.com|language=en-US|access-date=2024-11-14}}</ref> so its formation is not expected to require approval from the [[wikipedia:United_States_Congress|U.S. Congress]]. NYT argues that records of its meetings must be made public.{{Cn}} As an advisor rather than a government employee, Mr. Musk will not be subject to various ethics rules.{{sfn|Economist 11/23}} Musk has stated that he believes such a commission could reduce the [[wikipedia:United_States_federal_budget|U.S. federal budget]] by $2 trillion, which would be a reduction of almost one third from its 2023 total. [[Maya MacGuineas]] of the [[Committee for a Responsible Federal Budget]] has said that this saving is "absolutely doable" over a period of 10 years, but it would be difficult to do in a single year "without compromising some of the fundamental objectives of the government that are widely agreed upon".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thehill.com/business/4966789-elon-musk-skepticism-2-trillion-spending-cuts/|title=Elon Musk draws skepticism with call for $2 trillion in spending cuts|last=Folley|first=Aris|date=2024-11-03|website=The Hill|language=en-US|access-date=2024-11-14}}</ref> [[wikipedia:Jamie_Dimon|Jamie Dimon]], the chief executive officer of [[wikipedia:JPMorgan_Chase|JPMorgan Chase]], has supported the idea. Some commentators questioned whether DOGE is a conflict of interest for Musk given that his companies are contractors to the federal government. The body is "unlikely to have any regulatory teeth on its own, but there's little doubt that it can have influence on the incoming administration and how it will determine its budgets".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.vox.com/policy/384904/trumps-department-of-government-efficiency-sounds-like-a-joke-it-isnt|title=Trump tapped Musk to co-lead the "Department of Government Efficiency." What the heck is that?|last=Fayyad|first=Abdallah|date=2024-11-13|website=Vox|language=en-US|access-date=2024-11-14}}</ref> Elon Musk had called [[w:Federico_Sturzenegger|Federico Sturzenegger]], Argentina's [[w:Ministry_of_Deregulation_and_State_Transformation|Minister of Deregulation and Transformation of the State]] ([[w:es:Ministerio_de_Desregulación_y_Transformación_del_Estado|es]]), to discuss imitating his ministry's model.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.infobae.com/economia/2024/11/08/milei-brindo-un-nuevo-apoyo-a-sturzenegger-y-afirmo-que-elon-musk-imitara-su-gestion-en-eeuu/|title=Milei brindó un nuevo apoyo a Sturzenegger y afirmó que Elon Musk imitará su gestión en EEUU|date=November 8, 2024|website=infobae|language=es-ES|access-date=November 13, 2024}}</ref> == Reception and Criticism == See also: [[w:Department_of_Government_Efficiency#Reception|w:Department of Government Efficiency — Reception]] The WSJ reports that Tesla's Texas facility dumped toxic wastewater into the public sewer system, into a lagoon, and into a local river, violated Texas environmental regulations, and fired an employee who attempted to comply with the law.{{Cn}} The Economist estimates that 10% of Mr. Musk's $360bn personal fortune is derived from contracts and benefits from the federal government, and 15% from the Chinese market.{{sfn|Economist 11/23}} == See also == * [[w:Second_presidential_transition_of_Donald_Trump|Second presidential transition of Donald Trump]] * [[w:United_States_federal_budget#Deficits_and_debt|United States federal budget - Deficits and debt]] * [[w:United_States_Bureau_of_Efficiency|United States Bureau of Efficiency]] – United States federal government bureau from 1916 to 1933 * [[w:Brownlow_Committee|Brownlow Committee]] – 1937 commission recommending United States federal government reforms * [[w:Grace_Commission|Grace Commission]] – Investigation to eliminate inefficiency in the United States federal government * [[w:Hoover_Commission|Hoover Commission]] – United States federal commission in 1947 advising on executive reform * [[w:Keep_Commission|Keep Commission]] * [[w:Project_on_National_Security_Reform|Project on National Security Reform]] * [[w:Delivering_Outstanding_Government_Efficiency_Caucus|Delivering Outstanding Government Efficiency Caucus]] == Notes == {{reflist}} == References == {{refbegin}} * {{Cite web|url=https://www.newsweek.com/bernie-sanders-finds-new-common-ground-elon-musk-1993820|title=Bernie Sanders finds new common ground with Elon Musk|last=Reporter|first=Mandy Taheri Weekend|date=2024-12-01|website=Newsweek|language=en|access-date=2024-12-02 |ref={{harvid|Newsweek 12/01|2024}} }} * {{Cite news|url=https://www.economist.com/briefing/2024/11/21/elon-musk-and-donald-trump-seem-besotted-where-is-their-bromance-headed|title=Elon Musk and Donald Trump seem besotted. Where is their bromance headed?|work=The Economist|access-date=2024-12-04|issn=0013-0613 |ref={{harvid|Economist 11/23|2024}} }} <references group="lower-alpha" /> {{refend}} il0mtlm9n330opqn1ynrea399vnls6k 2691483 2691482 2024-12-11T19:26:52Z Jaredscribe 2906761 /* National Institutes of Health */ 2691483 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Research project}} The U.S. [[w:Department of Government Efficiency]]. {{Infobox Organization |name=Department of Government Efficiency |logo= |logo_size= |logo_caption=Logo on [[Twitter|X]] (formerly Twitter) as of November 14, 2024 |seal= |seal_size= |seal_caption= |formation=Announced on November 12, 2024; yet to be established |abbreviation=DOGE |key_people={{plainlist|[[w:Commissioner of the Department of Government Efficiency|Co-commissioners]]: * [[w:Elon Musk]] * [[w:Vivek Ramaswamy]] }} |website={{URL|https://x.com/DOGE|x.com/DOGE}} |volunteers=* Federico Sturzenegger|services=consulting|headquarters=Mar-A-Lago|organization_type=Presidential Advisory Commission|founder=Donald Trump|extinction=4 July 2026 (planned)|mission=(In the words of president-elect Donald Trump: * dismantle government bureaucracy * slash excess regulations * cut wasteful expenditures * restructure federal agencies, * address "massive waste and fraud" in government spending}} This "'''Wiki Of Government Efficiency'''" (WOGE) is a public interest, non-partisan research project that will [[User:Jaredscribe/Department of Government Efficiency#Reduce the deficit and debt by impounding appropriated funds|analyze the U.S. federal budget]], [[User:Jaredscribe/Department of Government Efficiency#Reform the other Government Bureaus and Departments|federal bureaucracy]], and [[User:Jaredscribe/Department of Government Efficiency#Shrink the federal civil service|federal civil service]], in the context of [[w:Second_presidency_of_Donald_Trump|president-elect Trump']]<nowiki/>s [[w:Agenda_47|Agenda 47]], and will catalogue, evaluate, and critique proposals on how the '''[[w:Department of Government Efficiency|Department of Government Efficiency]]'''{{Efn|Also referred to as '''Government Efficiency Commission'''}} (DOGE) is or is not fulfilling its mission to ''"dismantle government bureaucracy, slash excess regulations, and cut wasteful expenditures and restructure federal agencies"'', in the words of president-elect [[wikipedia:Donald_Trump|Donald Trump]], who called for it to address ''"massive waste and fraud"'' in government spending.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/c93qwn8p0l0o|title=Donald Trump picks Elon Musk for US government cost-cutting role|last1=Faguy|first1=Ana|last2=FitzGerald|first2=James|date=2024-11-13|publisher=BBC News|language=en-GB|access-date=2024-11-13}}</ref> Here's [[User:Jaredscribe/Department of Government Efficiency/How to contribute|how to contribute]] to the WOGE. The DOGE intends to [[User:Jaredscribe/Department of Government Efficiency#Office of Management and Budget|work through the Office of Management and Budget]] as its "policy vector". The [[w:U.S._budget_deficit|U.S. Budget deficit]], (C.f. [[w:Government_budget_balance|fiscal deficit]]), and the [[w:National_debt_of_the_United_States|U.S. National debt]], currently $35.7 Trillion as of 10/2024, which is 99% of the [[w:U.S._GDP|U.S. GDP]],<ref>{{Unbulleted list citebundle|{{cite news|newspaper=Financial Post| title= Musk's $2 Trillion of Budget Cuts Would Have These Stocks Moving|url=https://financialpost.com/pmn/business-pmn/musks-2-trillion-of-budget-cuts-would-have-these-stocks-moving|first=Alexandra|last=Semenova|date=November 4, 2024}}|{{cite news|newspaper= New York Times|title=Elon|url=https://nytimes.com/2024/10/29/us/politics/elon-musk-trump-economy-hardship.html}}|{{Cite web |date=September 5, 2024 |title=Trump says he'd create a government efficiency commission led by Elon Musk |url=https://apnews.com/article/donald-trump-elon-musk-government-efficiency-commission-e831ed5dc2f6a56999e1a70bb0a4eaeb |publisher=AP News}}|{{cite web|first=Jenn|last=Brice|title=How Elon Musk's $130 million investment in Trump's victory could reap a huge payoff for Tesla and the rest of his business empire|url=https://fortune.com/2024/11/06/elon-musk-donald-trump-tesla-spacex-xai-boring-neuralink|website=Fortune}}|{{cite web|url=https://axios.com/2024/11/07/elon-musk-government-efficiency-trump|title=Musk will bring his Twitter management style to government reform}}|{{cite news| access-date =November 9, 2024|work=Reuters|date=September 6, 2024|first1=Helen|first2=Gram|last1=Coster| last2=Slattery|title=Trump says he will tap Musk to lead government efficiency commission if elected| url= https://reuters.com/world/us/trump-adopt-musks-proposal-government-efficiency-commission-wsj-reports-2024-09-05}}|{{cite web|title=Trump says Musk could head 'government efficiency' force|url= https://bbc.com/news/articles/c74lgwkrmrpo|publisher=BBC}}|{{cite web|date =November 5, 2024|title=How Elon Musk could gut the government under Trump|url=https://independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/us-politics/elon-musk-donald-trump-economy-job-cuts-b2641644.html|website= The Independent}}}}</ref> and expected to grow to 134% of GDP by 2034 if current laws remain unchanged, according to the [[w:Congressional_Budget_Office|Congressional Budget Office]]. The DOGE will be a [[wikipedia:Presidential_commission_(United_States)|presidential advisory commission]] led by the billionaire businessmen [[wikipedia:Elon_Musk|Elon Musk]] and [[wikipedia:Vivek_Ramaswamy|Vivek Ramaswamy]], and possibly [[w:Ron_Paul|Ron Paul]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thehill.com/video/ron-paul-vows-to-join-elon-musk-help-eliminate-government-waste-in-a-trump-admin/10191375|title=Ron Paul vows to join Elon Musk, help eliminate government waste in a Trump admin|date=November 5, 2024|website=The Hill}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://usatoday.com/story/business/2024/10/28/patricia-healy-elon-musk-highlights-need-for-government-efficiency/75798556007|title=Elon Musk puts spotlight on ... Department of Government Efficiency? {{!}} Cumberland Comment|last=Healy|first=Patricia|website=USA TODAY|language=en-US|access-date=November 9, 2024}}</ref> with support from many [[w:Political_appointments_of_the_second_Trump_administration|Political and cabinet appointees of the second Trump administration]] and from a Congressional caucus Musk stated his belief that DOGE could remove US$2 trillion from the [[w:United_States_federal_budget|U.S. federal budget]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/live/HysDMs2a-iM?si=92I5LD1FY2PAsSuG&t=15822|title=WATCH LIVE: Trump holds campaign rally at Madison Square Garden in New York|date=October 28, 2024|website=youtube.com|publisher=[[PBS NewsHour]]|language=en|format=video}}</ref> without specifying whether these savings would be made over a single year or a longer period.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/cdj38mekdkgo|title=Can Elon Musk cut $2 trillion from US government spending?|last=Chu|first=Ben|date=2024-11-13|website=BBC News|language=en-GB|access-date=2024-11-14}}</ref> [[File:2023_US_Federal_Budget_Infographic.png|thumb|An infographic on outlays and revenues in the 2023 [[United States federal budget|U.S. federal budget]]]] DOGE could also streamline permitting with “categorical exclusions” from environmental reviews under the National Environmental Policy Act. {{sidebar with collapsible lists|name=U.S. deficit and debt topics|namestyle=background:#bf0a30;|style=width:22.0em; border: 4px double #d69d36; background:var(--background-color-base, #FFFFFF);|bodyclass=vcard|pretitle='''<span class="skin-invert">This article is part of [[:Category:United States|a series]] on the</span>'''|title=[[United States federal budget|<span style="color:var(--color-base, #000000);">Budget and debt in the<br/>United States of America</span>]]|image=[[File:Seal of the United States Congress.svg|90px]] [[File:Seal of the United States Department of the Treasury.svg|90px]]|titlestyle=background:var(--background-color-base, #002868); background-clip:padding-box;|headingstyle=background:var(--background-color-base, #bf0a30); color:var(--color-base, #fff);|listtitlestyle=background:var(--background-color-base, #bf0a30); color:var(--color-base, #fff); text-align:center;|expanded={{{expanded|{{{1|}}}}}}|list1name=dimensions|list1title=Major dimensions|list1class=hlist skin-invert|list1=* [[Economy of the United States|Economy]] * [[Expenditures in the United States federal budget|Expenditures]] * [[United States federal budget|Federal budget]] * [[Financial position of the United States|Financial position]] * [[Military budget of the United States|Military budget]] * [[National debt of the United States|Public debt]] * [[Taxation in the United States|Taxation]] * [[Unemployment in the United States|Unemployment]] * [[Government_spending_in_the_United_States|Gov't spending]]|list2name=programs|list2title=Programs|list2class=hlist skin-invert|list2=* [[Medicare (United States)|Medicare]] * [[Social programs in the United States|Social programs]] * [[Social Security (United States)|Social Security]]|list3name=issues|list3title=Contemporary issues|list3class=skin-invert|list3=<div style="margin-bottom:0.5em"> [[National Commission on Fiscal Responsibility and Reform|Bowles–Simpson Commission]] {{flatlist}} * <!--Bu--> [[Bush tax cuts]] * <!--Deb--> [[United States debt ceiling|Debt ceiling]] ** [[History of the United States debt ceiling|history]] * <!--Def--> [[Deficit reduction in the United States|Deficit reduction]] * <!--F--> [[United States fiscal cliff|Fiscal cliff]] * <!--H--> [[Healthcare reform in the United States|Healthcare reform]] * <!--P--> [[Political debates about the United States federal budget|Political debates]] * <!--So--> [[Social Security debate in the United States|Social Security debate]] * <!--St--> "[[Starve the beast]]" * <!--Su--> [[Subprime mortgage crisis]] {{endflatlist}} </div> [[2007–2008 financial crisis]] {{flatlist}} * <!--D--> [[United States debt-ceiling crisis (disambiguation)|Debt-ceiling crises]] ** [[2011 United States debt-ceiling crisis|2011]] ** [[2013 United States debt-ceiling crisis|2013]] ** [[2023 United States debt-ceiling crisis|2023]] {{endflatlist}} [[2013 United States budget sequestration|2013 budget sequestration]] {{flatlist}} * <!--G--> [[Government shutdowns in the United States|Government shutdowns]] ** [[1980 United States federal government shutdown|1980]] ** [[1981, 1984, and 1986 U.S. federal government shutdowns|1981, 1984, 1986]] ** [[1990 United States federal government shutdown|1990]] ** [[1995–1996 United States federal government shutdowns|1995–1996]] ** [[2013 United States federal government shutdown|2013]] ** [[January 2018 United States federal government shutdown|Jan 2018]] ** [[2018–2019 United States federal government shutdown|2018–2019]] {{endflatlist}} Related events {{flatlist}} *<!--E-->[[Removal of Kevin McCarthy as Speaker of the House|2023 Removal of Kevin McCarthy]] {{endflatlist}}|list4name=terminology|list4title=Terminology|list4class=hlist skin-invert|list4=Cumulative [[Government budget balance|deficit]] + [[National debt of the United States#Debates|Interest]] ≈ [[Government debt|Debt]] * [[Balance of payments]] * [[Inflation]] * [[Continuing resolution]]}} [[w:Deficit_reduction_in_the_United_States|Deficit reduction in the United States]] == Deregulate the Economy == The legal theory that this can be done through the executive branch is found in the U.S. Supreme Court’s ''[[w:West_Virginia_v._EPA|West Virginia v. EPA]]'' and ''[[w:Loper_Bright|Loper Bright]]'' rulings, which rein in the administrative state and mean that much of what the federal government now does is illegal.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.wsj.com/opinion/department-of-government-efficiency-elon-musk-vivek-ramaswamy-donald-trump-1e086dab|website=[[w:Wall Street Journal]]|title=The Musk-Ramaswamy Project Could Be Trump’s Best Idea}}</ref> Mr. Trump has set a goal of eliminating 10 regulations for every new one. The [[w:Competitive_Enterprise_Institute|Competitive Enterprise Institute]]’s Wayne Crews says 217,565 rules have been issued since the [[w:Federal_Register|Federal Register]] first began itemizing them in 1976, with 89,368 pages added last year. [https://sgp.fas.org/crs/misc/R43056.pdf 3,000-4,500 rules are added each year]. DOGE’s first order will be to pause enforcement of overreaching rules while starting the process to roll them back. Mr. Trump and DOGE could direct agencies to settle legal challenges to Biden rules by vacating them. This could ease the laborious process of undoing them by rule-making through the [[w:Administrative_Procedure_Act|Administrative Procedure Act]]. A source tells the WSJ they’ll do whatever they think they legally can without the APA. The [[w:Congressional_Review_Act|Congressional Review Act]]—which allows Congress to overturn recently issued agency regulations—had been used only once, prior to [[w:First_presidency_of_Donald_Trump|Trump's first term]]. While in office, he and the Republican Congress used it on 16 rules. This time, there will be more than 56 regulatory actions recent enough to be repealed. The [[w:Chevron_deference|''Chevron'' deference]] had required federal courts to defer to agencies’ interpretations of ambiguous statutes, but this was overturned in 2024. Taken together, with some other recent [[w:SCOTUS|SCOTUS]] rulings, we now have, says the WSJ, the biggest opportunity to cut regulatory red tape in more than 40 years.<ref>[https://www.wsj.com/opinion/let-the-trump-deregulation-begin-us-chamber-of-commerce-second-term-economic-growth-73f24387?cx_testId=3&cx_testVariant=cx_166&cx_artPos=0]</ref><blockquote>"Most legal edicts aren’t laws enacted by Congress but “rules and regulations” promulgated by unelected bureaucrats—tens of thousands of them each year. Most government enforcement decisions and discretionary expenditures aren’t made by the democratically elected president or even his political appointees but by millions of unelected, unappointed civil servants within government agencies who view themselves as immune from firing thanks to civil-service protections." "This is antidemocratic and antithetical to the Founders’ vision. It imposes massive direct and indirect costs on taxpayers." "When the president nullifies thousands of such regulations, critics will allege executive overreach. In fact, it will be ''correcting'' the executive overreach of thousands of regulations promulgated by administrative fiat that were never authorized by Congress. The president owes lawmaking deference to Congress, not to bureaucrats deep within federal agencies. The use of executive orders to substitute for lawmaking by adding burdensome new rules is a constitutional affront, but the use of executive orders to roll back regulations that wrongly bypassed Congress is legitimate and necessary to comply with the Supreme Court’s recent mandates. And after those regulations are fully rescinded, a future president couldn’t simply flip the switch and revive them but would instead have to ask Congress to do so"<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/opinion/musk-and-ramaswamy-the-doge-plan-to-reform-government-supreme-court-guidance-end-executive-power-grab-fa51c020?cx_testId=3&cx_testVariant=cx_165&cx_artPos=5|title=Elon Musk and Vivek Ramaswamy: The DOGE Plan to Reform Government|last=Musk|first=Elon|date=20 November 2024|work=The Wall Street Journal|last2=Ramaswamy|first2=Vivek}}</ref> </blockquote> == Shrink the federal civil service == The government has around three million [[w:United_States_federal_civil_service|federal civil service]] employees, with an average salary of $106,000. Dr. Anthony Fauci made $481,000 in 2022. The federal head count has ballooned by 120,800 during the Biden years. Civil service and union protections make it hard to fire workers. Mr. Trump intends to quickly resurrect the [[w:Schedule_F|Schedule F]] reform that he sought to implement at the end of his first term but was scrapped by Mr. Biden. These would high-level federal employees to be removed like political appointees, by eliminating their job protections. WSJ proposals[https://www.wsj.com/opinion/the-doge-cheat-sheet-elon-musk-vivek-ramaswamy-department-of-government-efficiency-1c231783#cxrecs_s] The [[w:Administrative_Procedures_Act|Administrative Procedures Act]] statute protects federal employees from political retaliation, but allows for “reductions in force” that don’t target specific employees. The statute further empowers the president to “prescribe rules governing the competitive service.” The Supreme Court has held—in ''[[w:Franklin_v._Massachusetts|Franklin v. Massachusetts]]'' (1992) and ''[[w:Collins_v._Yellen|Collins v. Yellen]]'' (2021) that when revious presidents have used this power to amend the civil service rules by executive order, they weren’t constrained by the APA when they did so. Mr. Trump can, with this authority, implement any number of “rules governing the competitive service” that would curtail administrative overgrowth, from large-scale firings to relocation of federal agencies out of the Washington area. The DOGE welcomes voluntary terminations once the President begins requiring federal employees to come to the office five days a week, because American taxpayers shouldn’t pay federal employees for the Covid-era privilege of staying home.<ref>[https://www.wsj.com/opinion/musk-and-ramaswamy-the-doge-plan-to-reform-government-supreme-court-guidance-end-executive-power-grab-fa51c020?cx_testId=3&cx_testVariant=cx_165&cx_artPos=5 Elon Musk and Vivek Ramaswamy: The DOGE Plan to Reform Government: Following the Supreme Court’s guidance, we’ll reverse a decadeslong executive power grab. Musk & Ramaswamy 11/20/2024]</ref> == Reduce the deficit and debt by impounding appropriated funds == === Impound appropriated funds === Reports suggest that president-elect Trump intends to override Congress’s power of the purse by [[w:Impoundment_of_appropriated_funds|impoundment of appropriated funds]], that is, refusing to spend them. the president may [[wikipedia:Rescission_bill|propose rescission]] of specific funds, but that rescission must be approved by both the [[wikipedia:United_States_House_of_Representatives|House of Representatives]] and [[wikipedia:United_States_Senate|Senate]] within 45 days. [[w:Thomas_Jefferson|Thomas Jefferson]] was the first president to exercise the power of impoundment in 1801, which power was available to all presidents up to and including [[wikipedia:Richard_Nixon|Richard Nixon]], and was regarded as a power inherent to the office, although one with limits. He may ask Congress to repeal The [[w:Congressional_Budget_and_Impoundment_Control_Act_of_1974|Congressional Budget and Impoundment Control Act of 1974]], which was passed in response to Nixon's abuses.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://democrats-budget.house.gov/resources/reports/impoundment-control-act-1974-what-it-why-does-it-matter|title=The Impoundment Control Act of 1974: What Is It? Why Does It Matter? {{!}} House Budget Committee Democrats|date=2019-10-23|website=democrats-budget.house.gov|language=en|access-date=2024-05-19}}</ref> If Congress refuses to do so, president Trump may impound funds anyway and argue in court that the 1974 law is unconstitutional. The matter would likely end up at the Supreme Court, which would have to do more than simply hold the 1974 act unconstitutional in order for Mr. Trump to prevail. The court would also have to overrule [[w:Train_v._City_of_New_York_(1975)|''Train v. City of New York'' (1975)]], which held that impoundment is illegal unless the underlying legislation specifically authorizes it. === Reduce the budget deficit === [[wikipedia:U.S. federal budget|U.S. federal budget]] The [[wikipedia:Fiscal_year|fiscal year]], beginning October 1 and ending on September 30 of the year following. Congress is the body required by law to pass appropriations annually and to submit funding bills passed by both houses to the President for signature. Congressional decisions are governed by rules and legislation regarding the [[wikipedia:United_States_budget_process|federal budget process]]. Budget committees set spending limits for the House and Senate committees and for Appropriations subcommittees, which then approve individual [[wikipedia:Appropriations_bill_(United_States)|appropriations bills]] to During FY2022, the federal government spent $6.3 trillion. Spending as % of GDP is 25.1%, almost 2 percentage points greater than the average over the past 50 years. Major categories of FY 2022 spending included: Medicare and Medicaid ($1.339T or 5.4% of GDP), Social Security ($1.2T or 4.8% of GDP), non-defense discretionary spending used to run federal Departments and Agencies ($910B or 3.6% of GDP), Defense Department ($751B or 3.0% of GDP), and net interest ($475B or 1.9% of GDP).<ref name="CBO_2022">[https://www.cbo.gov/publication/58888 The Federal Budget in Fiscal Year 2022: An Infographic]</ref> CBO projects a federal budget deficit of $1.6 trillion for 2024. In the agency’s projections, deficits generally increase over the coming years; the shortfall in 2034 is $2.6 trillion. The deficit amounts to 5.6 percent of gross domestic product (GDP) in 2024, swells to 6.1 percent of GDP in 2025, and then declines in the two years that follow. After 2027, deficits increase again, reaching 6.1 percent of GDP in 2034.<ref name="CBO_budgetOutlook2024">{{cite web|url=https://www.cbo.gov/publication/59710|title=The Budget and Economic Outlook: 2024 to 2034|date=February 7, 2024|publisher=CBO|access-date=February 7, 2024}}</ref> The following table summarizes several budgetary statistics for the fiscal year 2015-2021 periods as a percent of GDP, including federal tax revenue, outlays or spending, deficits (revenue – outlays), and [[wikipedia:National_debt_of_the_United_States|debt held by the public]]. The historical average for 1969-2018 is also shown. With U.S. GDP of about $21 trillion in 2019, 1% of GDP is about $210 billion.<ref name="CBO_Hist_20">[https://www.cbo.gov/about/products/budget-economic-data#2 CBO-Historical Budget Data-Retrieved January 28, 2020]</ref> Statistics for 2020-2022 are from the CBO Monthly Budget Review for FY 2022.<ref name="CBO_MBRFY2022">{{cite web|url=https://www.cbo.gov/publication/58592|title=Monthly Budget Review: Summary for Fiscal Year 2022|date=November 8, 2022|publisher=CBO|access-date=December 10, 2022}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" !Variable As % GDP !2015 !2016 !2017 !2018 !2019 !2020 !2021 !2022 !Hist Avg |- !Revenue<ref name="CBO_Hist_20">[https://www.cbo.gov/about/products/budget-economic-data#2 CBO-Historical Budget Data-Retrieved January 28, 2020]</ref> |18.0% |17.6% |17.2% |16.4% |16.4% |16.2% |17.9% |19.6% |17.4% |- !Outlays<ref name="CBO_Hist_20" /> |20.4% |20.8% |20.6% |20.2% |21.0% |31.1% |30.1% |25.1% |21.0% |- !Budget Deficit<ref name="CBO_Hist_20" /> | -2.4% | -3.2% | -3.5% | -3.8% | -4.6% | -14.9% | -12.3% | -5.5% | -3.6% |- !Debt Held by Public<ref name="CBO_Hist_20" /> |72.5% |76.4% |76.2% |77.6% |79.4% |100.3% |99.6% |94.7% | |} The [[wikipedia:U.S._Constitution|U.S. Constitution]] ([[wikipedia:Article_One_of_the_United_States_Constitution|Article I]], section 9, clause 7) states that "No money shall be drawn from the Treasury, but in Consequence of Appropriations made by Law; and a regular Statement and Account of Receipts and Expenditures of all public Money shall be published from time to time." Each year, the President of the United States submits a budget request to Congress for the following fiscal year as required by the [[wikipedia:Budget_and_Accounting_Act_of_1921|Budget and Accounting Act of 1921]]. Current law ({{UnitedStatesCode|31|1105}}(a)) requires the president to submit a budget no earlier than the first Monday in January, and no later than the first Monday in February. Typically, presidents submit budgets on the first Monday in February. The budget submission has been delayed, however, in some new presidents' first year when the previous president belonged to a different party. === Reduce the National debt === == Strategic Foreign Policy and Military reform == Nominee for [[w:National_Security_Advisor|National Security Advisor]] [[w:Mike_Waltz|Mike Waltz]] To oversee the [[w:U.S._Intelligence_Community|U.S. Intelligence Community]] and NIP, and the 18 IC agencies, including the CIA, DIA, NSC, the nominee for [[w:Director_of_National_Intelligence|Director of National Intelligence]] is [[w:Tulsi_Gabbard|Tulsi Gabbard]], who is an isolationist of the [[w:Bernie_Sanders#foreign_policy|Bernie Sanders]] camp, with a long record of dogmatically opposing [[w:Foreign_policy_of_the_Trump_administration|President Trump's first term foreign policy]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/opinion/tulsi-gabbard-director-of-national-intelligence-donald-trump-foreign-policy-syria-israel-iran-b37aa3de|title=How Tulsi Gabbard Sees the World|last=Editorial Board|date=10 December 2024|work=The Wall Street Journal}}</ref> === Department of State === {{Main article|w:Second presidency of Donald Trump#Prospective foreign policy|w:State Department}} [[w:Marco_Rubio|Marco Rubio]] has been nominated as [[w:U.S._Secretary_of_State|U.S. Secretary of State]], overseeing $53bn and 77,880 employees ==== [[w:USAID|USAID]] ==== === U.S. Department of Defense === Nominated for [[w:Secretary_of_Defense|Secretary of Defense]] is [[w:Pete_Hegseth|Pete Hegseth]]. The president-elect is reportedly considering a draft executive order that establishes a “warrior board” of retired senior military personnel with the power to review three- and four-star officers “on leadership capability, strategic readiness, and commitment to military excellence," and to recommend removals of any deemed unfit for leadership. This would fast-track the removal of generals and admirals found to be “lacking in requisite leadership qualities,” consistent with his earlier vow to fire “woke” military leaders.<ref>[https://www.wsj.com/politics/national-security/trump-draft-executive-order-would-create-board-to-purge-generals-7ebaa606<nowiki> Trump draft executive order would create a board to purge generals 11/12/2024]</nowiki></ref> There are legal obstacles. The law prohibits the firing of commissioned officers except by “sentence of a general court-martial,” as a “commutation of a sentence of a general court-martial,” or “in time of war, by order of the president.” A commissioned officer who believes he’s been wrongfully dismissed has the right to seek a trial by court-martial, which may find the dismissal baseless. <ref>[https://www.wsj.com/opinion/trump-tests-the-constitutions-limits-checks-balances-government-policy-law-78d0d0f1 &lt;nowiki&gt; Trump test the constitutions limits 11/19/2024]</ref> Musk said, "Some idiots are still building manned fighter jets like the F-35," and later added: "Manned fighter jets are outdated in the age of drones and only put pilots' lives at risk." [[w:Bernie_Sanders|Bernie Sanders]] wrote on X: "Elon Musk is right. The Pentagon, with a budget of $886 billion, just failed its 7th audit in a row. It's lost track of billions. Last year, only 13 senators voted against the Military Industrial Complex and a defense budget full of waste and fraud. That must change."{{sfn|Newsweek 12/02|2024}}. It failed its fifth audit in June 2023.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newsweek.com/fox-news-host-confronts-gop-senator-pentagons-fifth-failed-audit-1804379|title=Fox News host confronts GOP Senator on Pentagon's fifth failed audit|last=Writer|first=Fatma Khaled Staff|date=2023-06-04|website=Newsweek|language=en|access-date=2024-12-02}}</ref> === US Air Force === Air Force is advancing a program called [[w:Collaborative_Combat_Aircraft|Collaborative Combat Aircraft]] to build roughly 1,000 UAVs, with [[w:Anduril|Anduril]] and [[w:General_Atomics|General Atomics]] currently building prototypes, ahead of an Air Force decision on which company or companies will be contracted to build it. The cost quickly exceeded the $2.3 billion approved for last fiscal year’s budget, according to the [[w:Congressional_Research_Service|Congressional Research Service]], prompting calls for more oversight. “''If you want to make real improvements to the defense and security of the United States of America, we would be investing more in drones, we’d be investing more in [[w:Hypersonic_weapon|hypersonic missiles]]'',” said Mr. Ramaswamy. The program for Lockheed-Martin's [[w:F-35|F-35]] stealth jet fighters, now in production, is expected to exceed $2 trillion over several decades. The Air Force on 5 December announced it would delay a decision on which company would build the next-generation crewed fighter, called [[w:Next Generation Air Dominance|Next Generation Air Dominance (NGAD)]], which was planned to replace the [[w:F-22|F-22]] and operate alongside the F-35. Mr. Musk has written that "manned fighter jets are obsolete in the age of drones.” In another post, he claimed “a reusable drone” can do everything a jet fighter can do “without all the overhead of a pilot.” Brigadier General [[w:Doug_Wickert|Doug Wickert]] said in response, “There may be some day when we can completely rely on roboticized warfare but we are a century away.... How long have we thought full self-driving was going to be on the Tesla?” <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/politics/national-security/air-force-jets-vs-drones-trump-administration-8b1620a5?page=1|title=Trump Administration Set to Decide Future of Jet Fighters|last=Seligman|first=Lara|date=6 December 2024|work=The Wall Street Journal}}</ref> === US Space Force === The [[w:US_Space_Force|US Space Force]]'s 2023 budget was ~$26bn and it had 9,400 military personnel. SpaceX had a $14m contract to provide communications to the Ukrainian armed forces and government through 30th Nov 2024.{{sfn|Economist 11/23|2024}} Is also receiving a $733m contract to carry satellites into orbit.{{sfn|Economist 11/23|2024}} The Pentagon plans to incorporate into its own communications network 100 of [[w:Starshield|Starshield]]'s satellites.{{sfn|Economist 11/23|2024}} Starshield also has a $1.8bn contract to help the [[w:National_Reconnaissance_Office|National Reconnaissance Office]] build spy satellites.{{sfn|Economist 11/23|2024}} == NASA == The [[w:National_Air_and_Space_Administration|National Air and Space Administration]] had a 2023 budget of $25.4 bn and 18,000 employees. [[w:Jared_Isaacman|Jared Isaacman]] is nominated director. He had joined a space voyage in 2021 which was the first for an all-civilian crew to reach orbit. He led a four person crew in September on the first commericial spacewalk, testing SpaceX's new spacesuits. He promised to lead NASA in to "usher in an era where humanity becomes a true space-faring civilization." In an interview Isaacman said that NASA will evolve as private space companies set their own priorities and develop technology. NASA could have a certification role for astronauts and vehicles, similar to how the Federal Aviation Administration oversees the commercial airline industry. “The FAA doesn’t build the airplanes. They don’t staff the pilots that fly you from point A to B,” he said. “That is the world that NASA is in, essentially.” He also suggested openness to new and lower cost ways of getting to the Moon and to Mars.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/politics/elections/trump-picks-billionaire-space-traveler-to-run-nasa-4420150b?page=1|title=Trump Picks Billionaire Space Traveler to Run NASA|last=Maidenberg|first=Micah|date=5 December 2024|work=WSJ}}</ref> In September 2026, NASA's [[w:Artemis_program|Artemis program]], established in 2017 via [[wikipedia:Space_Policy_Directive_1|Space Policy Directive 1]], is intended to reestablish a human presence on the Moon for the first time since the [[wikipedia:Apollo_17|Apollo 17]] mission in 1972. The program's stated long-term goal is to establish a [[wikipedia:Moonbase|permanent base on the Moon]] to facilitate [[wikipedia:Human_mission_to_Mars|human missions to Mars]]. The [[w:U.S._National_Academies_of_Sciences,_Engineering,_and_Medicine|U.S. National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine]] in October, put out a report titled "NASA at a Crossroads," which identified myriad issues at the agency, including out-of-date infrastructure, pressures to prioritize short-term objectives and inefficient management practices. NASA's costly [[w:Space_Launch_System|Space Launch System]] (SLS) is the cornerstone of the Artemis program. has a price tag of around $4.1 billion per launch, and is a single-use rocket that can only launch every two years, having debuted in 2022 with the uncrewed [[w:Artemis_1_mission|Artemis 1 mission]] to the moon. In contrast, SpaceX is working to reduce the cost of a single Starship flight to under $10 million. NASA Associate Administrator Jim Free urged the incoming administration to maintain the current plans, in a symposium with the [[w:American_Astronautical_Society|American Astronautical Society]] saying "We need that consistency in purpose. That has not happened since Apollo. If we lose that, I believe we will fall apart and we will wander, and other people in this world will pass us by." NASA has already asked both [[w:SpaceX|SpaceX]] and also Jeff Bezos' [[w:Blue_Origin|Blue Origin]], to develop cargo landers for its Artemis missions and to deliver heavy equipment on them to the Moon by 2033. "Having two lunar lander providers with different approaches for crew and cargo landing capability provides mission flexibility while ensuring a regular cadence of moon landings for continued discovery and scientific opportunity," Stephen D. Creech, NASA's assistant deputy associate administrator for the moon to Mars program, said in an announcement about the partnership. "For all of the money we are spending, NASA should NOT be talking about going to the Moon - We did that 50 years ago. They should be focused on the much bigger things we are doing, including Mars (of which the Moon is a part), Defense and Science!" Trump wrote in a post on X in 2019. Trump has said he would create a [[w:Space_National_Guard|Space National Guard]], an idea that lawmakers in Congress have been proposing since 2021. Critics agree that a focus on spaceflight could come at the expense of "Earth and atmospheric sciences at NASA and the [[w:National_Oceanic_and_Atmospheric_Administration|National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]] (NOAA), which have been cut during the Biden era."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newsweek.com/elon-musk-donald-trump-nasa-space-policy-1990599|title=Donald Trump and Elon Musk could radically reshape NASA. Here's how|last=Reporter|first=Martha McHardy US News|date=2024-11-27|website=Newsweek|language=en|access-date=2024-12-02}}</ref> Regarding his goal and SpaceX's corporate mission of colonising Mars, Mr. Musk has stated that "The DOGE is the only path to extending life beyond earth"{{sfn|Economist 11/23|2024}} == [[w:Federal_Aviation_Administration|Federal Aviation Administration]] == Musk has often complained about the FAA "smothering" innovation, boasting that he can build a rocket faster than the agency can process the "Kafkaesque paperwork" required to make the relevant approvals.{{sfn|Economist 11/23|2024}} == Department of Transportation == Mr. Trump's transition team told advisors that it plans to make a federal framework for self-driving cars. Mr. Trump had a call with Sundar Pichai and Mr. Musk. == Department of Education == [[w:United_States_Department_of_Education|Department of Education]] has 4,400 employees – the smallest staff of the Cabinet agencies<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www2.ed.gov/about/overview/fed/role.html|title=Federal Role in Education|date=2021-06-15|website=www2.ed.gov|language=en|access-date=2022-04-28}}</ref> – and a 2024 budget of $238 billion.<ref name="DOE-mission">{{Cite web|url=https://www.usaspending.gov/agency/department-of-education?fy=2024|title=Agency Profile {{!}} U.S. Department of Education|website=www2.ed.gov|access-date=2024-11-14}}</ref> The 2023 Budget was $274 billion, which included funding for children with disabilities ([[wikipedia:Individuals_with_Disabilities_Education_Act|IDEA]]), pandemic recovery, early childhood education, [[wikipedia:Pell_Grant|Pell Grants]], [[wikipedia:Elementary_and_Secondary_Education_Act|Title I]], work assistance, among other programs. This budget was down from $637.7 billion in 2022.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.future-ed.org/what-the-new-pisa-results-really-say-about-u-s-schools/|title=What the New PISA Results Really Say About U.S. Schools|date=2021-06-15|website=future-ed.com|language=en|access-date=2024-11-14}}</ref> Nominated as [[w:US_Secretary_of_Education|Secretary of Education]] is [[w:Linda_McMahon|Linda McMahon]]. The WSJ proposes that the Civil Rights division be absorbed into the Department of Justice, and that its outstanding loan portolio be handled by the Department of the Treasury. Despite the redundancies, its unlikely that it will be abolished, which would require congressional action and buy-in from Democrats in the Senate; Republicans don’t have enough votes to do it alone. A republican appointee is expected to push back against federal education overreach and progressive policies like DEI. <ref>[https://www.wsj.com/opinion/trump-can-teach-the-education-department-a-lesson-nominee-needs-boldness-back-school-choice-oppose-woke-indoctrination-ddf6a38d<nowiki> Trump can teach the Education Department a Lesson. WSJ 11/20/2024]</nowiki></ref> During his campaign, Trump had pledged to get the "transgender insanity the hell out of schools.” Relying on the district court's decision in ''[[w:Tatel_v._Mount_Lebanon_School_District|Tatel v. Mount Lebanon School District]] , the'' attorney general and education secretary could issue a letter explaining how enforcing gender ideology violates constitutional [[w:Free_exercise_clause|First amendment right to free exercise of religion]] and the [[w:Equal_Protection_Clause|14th Amendment’s Equal Protection Clause]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/opinion/how-trump-can-target-transgenderism-in-schools-law-policy-education-369537a7?page=1|title=How Trump Can Target Transgenderism in Schools|last=Eden|first=Max|date=9 December 2024|work=The Wall Street Journal}}</ref> == Consumer Financial Protection Bureau == The [[w:Consumer_Financial_Protection_Bureau|Consumer Financial Protection Bureau]] (CFPB). Said Mr. Musk "Delete the CFPB. There are too many duplicative regulatory agencies"<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/politics/policy/elon-musk-doge-conflict-of-interest-b1202437?page=1|title=Musk’s DOGE Plans Rely on White House Budget Office. Conflicts Await.|last=Schwartz|first=Brian|work=The Wall Street Journal}}</ref> == U.S. Department of Health and Human Services == Nominated as [[w:United_States_Secretary_of_Health_and_Human_Services|United States Secretary of Health and Human Services]] is [[w:Robert_F._Kennedy_Jr.|Robert F. Kennedy Jr.]], deputy Secretary [[w:Jim_O'Neill_(investor)|Jim O'Neill]]. Nominated for [[w:US_Surgeon_General|US Surgeon General]] is [[w:Janette_Nesheiwat|Janette Nesheiwat]]. [[w:U.S._Department_of_Health_and_Human_Services|U.S. Department of Health and Human Services]] was authorized a budget for [[w:2020_United_States_federal_budget|fiscal year 2020]] of $1.293 trillion. It has 13 operating divisions, 10 of which constitute the [[w:United_States_Public_Health_Service|Public Health Services]], whose budget authorization is broken down as follows:<ref name="hhs_budget_fy2020">{{cite web|url=https://www.hhs.gov/about/budget/fy2020/index.html|title=HHS FY 2020 Budget in Brief|date=October 5, 2019|website=HHS Budget & Performance|publisher=United States Department of Health & Human Services|page=7|access-date=May 9, 2020}}</ref> {| class="wikitable sortable" !Nominee !Program !2020 Budget !2024 Budget ! employees !2025 Budget !2026 Budget |- |[[w:Marty_Makary|Marty Makary]] |[[w:Food and Drug Administration|Food and Drug Administration]] (FDA) |$3,329 MM |- | |[[w:Health Resources and Services Administration|Health Resources and Services Administration]] (HRSA) |$11,004 |- | |[[w:Indian Health Service|Indian Health Service]] (IHS) |$6,104 |- |[[w:Dave_Weldon|Dave Weldon]] |[[w:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]] (CDC) |$6,767 |- |[[w:Jay_Bhattacharya|Jay Bhattacharya]] |[[w:National Institutes of Health|National Institutes of Health]] (NIH) |$33,669 |- | |[[w:Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration|Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration]] (SAMHSA) |$5,535 |- | |[[w:Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality|Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality]] (AHRQ) |$0 |- |[[w:Mehmet_Oz|Mehmet Oz]] |[[w:Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services|Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services]] (CMMS) |$1,169,091 |- | |[[w:Administration for Children and Families|Administration for Children and Families]] (ACF) |$52,121 |- | |[[w:Administration for Community Living|Administration for Community Living]] (ACL) |$1,997 |- |} {| class="wikitable sortable" !Program !2020 Budget !2024 Budget ! employees !2025 Budget !2026 Budget |- |[[w:Departmental Management|Departmental Management]] |$340 |- |Non-Recurring Expense Fund |$-400 |- |[[w:Office of Medicare Hearings and Appeals|Office of Medicare Hearings and Appeals]] |$186 |- |[[w:Office of the National Coordinator|Office of the National Coordinator]] |$43 |- |[[w:Office for Civil Rights|Office for Civil Rights]] |$30 |- |[[w:Office of Inspector General|Office of Inspector General]] |$82 |- |[[w:Public Health and Social Services Emergency Fund|Public Health and Social Services Emergency Fund]] |$2,667 |- |[[w:Program Support Center|Program Support Center]] |$749 |- |Offsetting Collections |$-629 |- |Other Collections |$-163 |- |'''TOTAL''' |'''$1,292,523''' |} The FY2020 budget included a $1.276 billion budget decrease for the Centers for Disease Control, and a $4.533 billion budget decrease for the National Institutes of Health. These budget cuts, along with other changes since 2019, comprised a total decrease of over $24 billion in revised discretionary budget authority across the entire Department of Health and Human Services for Fiscal Year 2020.<ref name="hhs_budget_fy2020" /> Additional details of the budgeted outlays, budget authority, and detailed budgets for other years, can be found at the HHS Budget website.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://WWW.HHS.GOV/BUDGET|title=Health and Human Services: Budget and Performance|publisher=United States Department of Health & Human Services|access-date=May 9, 2020}}</ref> He is an American politician, [[Environmental law|environmental lawyer]], [[anti-vaccine activist]], and anti-packaged food industry activist, anti-pharmaceutical industry activist, who will be nominated to serve as [[United States Secretary of Health and Human Services]],<ref name="v502">{{cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/saradorn/2024/11/14/rfk-jr-launches-independent-2024-run-here-are-all-the-conspiracies-he-promotes-from-vaccines-to-mass-shootings/|title=Trump Taps RFK Jr. As Secretary Of Health And Human Services: Here Are All The Conspiracies He's Promoted|last=Dorn|first=Sara|date=2024-11-14|website=Forbes|access-date=2024-11-15}}</ref> with the mission of "Making America Healthy Again". He is the chairman and founder of [[Children's Health Defense]], an anti-vaccine advocacy group and proponent of [[COVID-19 vaccine misinformation|dubious COVID-19 vaccine information]].<ref name="Smith_12/15/2021" /><ref name="KW" /> === National Institutes of Health === The [[w:NIH|NIH]] distributes grants of ~$50bn per year. Nominated to lead the [[w:National_Institutes_of_Health|National Institutes of Health]] is [[w:Jay_Bhattacharya|Jay Bhattacharya]], who has announced the following priorities for funding: * cutting edge research, saying that the NIH has become "sclerotic", due to a phenomenon has been called [[Eroom’s law]], which explains that career incentives encourage “me-too research,” given that citations by other scientists “have become the dominant way to evaluate scientific contributions and scientists.” That has shifted research “toward incremental science and away from exploratory projects that are more likely to fail, but which are the fuel for future breakthroughs.”<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/opinion/jay-bhattacharya-and-the-vindication-of-the-fringe-scientists-pandemic-lockdowns-38b6aec6|title=Jay Bhattacharya and the Vindication of the ‘Fringe’ Scientists|last=Finley|first=Allysia|date=1 December 2024|work=Wall Street Journal}}</ref> Dr. Bhattacharya's February 2020 paper explaining Eroom's law, as possible explanation for slowing of pharmaceutical advances.{{Cn}} * studies aimed at replicating the results of earlier studies, to address the problem of scientific fraud or other factors contributing to the the [[w:Replication_crisis|replication crisis]] * Refocusing on research on [[w:Chronic_diseases|chronic diseases]], which is underfunded, and away from [[w:Infectious_diseases|infectious diseases]], which is overfunded. * Ending [[w:Gain-of-function|gain-of-function]] research. Jay Bhattacharya wrote a March 25 2020 op-ed "Is the Coronavirus as Deadly as They Say?", with colleague [[w:Eran_Bendavid|Eran Bendavid]], arguing that many asymptomatic cases of COVID-19 were going undetected. The hypothesis was confirmed in April 2020 when he and several colleagues published a study showing that Covid anti-bodies in Santa Clara county were 50 times the recorded infection rate. This implied, he said "a lower inflection mortality rate than public health authorities were pushing at a time when they and the media thought it was a virtue to panic the population".<ref><nowiki><ref></nowiki>{{Cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/opinion/the-man-who-fought-fauci-and-won-trump-nih-nominee-jay-bhattacharya-covid-cancel-culture-4a0650bd?page=1|title=The Man Who Fought Fauci - and Won|last=Varadarajan|first=Tunku|date=6 December 2024|work=WSJ}}&lt;nowiki&gt;</ref> Dr. Bhattacharya, [[w:Martin_Kulldorff|Martin Kulldorff]], then at Harvard, and Oxford’s [[w:Sunetra_Gupta|Sunetra Gupta]] formally expounded this idea in the [[w:Great_Barrington_Declaration|Great Barrington Declaration]] in October 2020, urging the government to focus on protecting the vulnerable while letting others go about their lives, which previous NIH director [[w:Francis_Collins|Francis Collins]] and previous [[w:NIAID|NIAID]] director [[w:Chief_Medical_Advisor_to_the_President|chief medical advisor to the President]] [[w:Anthony_Fauci|Anthony Fauci]] derided as "fringe science". Some suggest the same career incentives that lead to scientific group-think in the pharmaceutical industry, also explain conformist behavior during COVID-19. === Food and Drug Administration === The FDA in 2022 had 18,000 employees<ref name="fy2022">{{cite web|url=https://www.fda.gov/media/149613/download|title=FY 2022 FDA Budget Request|publisher=FDA|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230602090805/https://www.fda.gov/media/149613/download|archive-date=June 2, 2023|access-date=January 14, 2022|url-status=live}}</ref> and a budget of $6.5{{nbsp}}billion (2022)<ref name="fy2022" /> Nominated as director is [[w:Marty_Makary|Marty Makary]]. == CPB, PBS, NPR == Regarding the [[w:Corporation_for_Public_Broadcasting|Corporation for Public Broadcasting]], [[w:Howard_Husock|Howard Husock]] suggest that instead of zeroing its $535 million budget, Republicans reform the [[w:Public_Broadcasting_Act|Public Broadcasting Act]] to eliminate bias and improve local journalism.<ref>https://www.wsj.com/opinion/the-conservative-case-for-public-broadcasting-media-policy-2d4c3c9f?page=1</ref> {{As of|2024|alt=For fiscal year 2024}}, its appropriation was US$525 million, including $10 million in interest earned. The distribution of these funds was as follows:<ref>{{cite web|url=https://cpb.org/aboutcpb/financials/budget/|title=CPB Operating Budget|last=|date=2024|website=www.cpb.org|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=November 27, 2024|url-status=}}</ref> * $262.83M for direct grants to local public television stations; * $95.11M for television programming grants; * $81.77M for direct grants to local public radio stations; * $28.12M for the Radio National Program Production and Acquisition * $9.43M for the Radio Program Fund * $31.50 for system support * $26.25 for administration Public broadcasting stations are funded by a combination of private donations from listeners and viewers, foundations and corporations. Funding for public television comes in roughly equal parts from government (at all levels) and the private sector.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cpb.org/annualreports/2013/|title=CPB 2013 Annual Report|website=www.cpb.org|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160212170045/http://cpb.org/annualreports/2013/|archive-date=February 12, 2016|access-date=May 4, 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Departments of Energy and Interior == Nominee for [[w:US_Secretary_of_the_Interior|Secretary of the Interior]] is [[w:Doug_Burgum|Doug Burgum]], who will also be [[w:List_of_U.S._executive_branch_czars|Energy Czar]]. [[w:Department_of_Energy|Department of Energy]] [[w:United_States_Secretary_of_Energy|secretary nominee]] [[w:Chris_Wright_(energy_executive)|Chris Wright]] admits that burning fossil fuels contributes to rising temperatures, but says it poses only a modest threat to humanity, and praises it for increasing plant growth, making the planet greener, and boosting agricultural productivity. He also says that it likely reduces the annual number of temperature-related deaths. (estimates from health researchers say otherwise). He says, "It's probably almost as many positive changes as negative changes... Is it a crisis, is it the world's greatest challenge, or a big threat to the next generation? No. .. A little bit warmer isn’t a threat. If we were 5, 7, 8, 10 degrees [Celsius] warmer, that would be meaningful changes to the planet.” Scientists see a 1.5 degrees Celsius temperature as creating potentially irreversible changes for the planet, and expect to pass that mark later this year, after increasing over several decade. He criticizes the [[w:Paris_climate_agreement|Paris climate agreement]] for empowering "political actors with anti-fossil fuel agendas." Wright favors development of [[w:Geothermal_energy|geothermal energy]] and [[w:Nuclear_energy_policy_of_the_United_States|nuclear energy]], criticizing subsidies to wind and solar energy. <ref><nowiki><ref></nowiki>{{Cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/politics/policy/who-is-chris-wright-trump-energy-secretary-9eb617dc?page=1|title=Trump’s Energy Secretary Pick Preaches the Benefits of Climate Change|last=Morenne|first=Benoit|date=9 December 2024|work=The Wall Street Journal}}&lt;nowiki&gt;</ref> == AI and Cryptocurrency Policy == [[w:David_Sacks|David Sacks]] was named "White House AI and Crypto Czar". == Reform Entitlements == === Healthcare and Medicare === [[w:ObamaCare|ObamaCare]] started as a plausible scheme for universal, cost-effective health insurance with subsidies for the needy. Only the subsidies survive because the ObamaCare policies actually delivered are so overpriced nobody would buy them without a subsidy.<ref>[https://www.wsj.com/opinion/elons-real-trump-mission-protect-growth-department-of-government-efficiency-appointments-cabinet-9e7e62b2]</ref> See below: Department of Health and Human Services === Social Security === Even FDR was aware of its flaw: it discourages working and saving. === Other === Small-government advocate [[w:Ron_Paul|Ron Paul]] has suggested to cut aid to the following "biggest" welfare recipients: * The [[w:Military-industrial_complex|Military-industrial complex]] * The [[w:Pharmaceutical-industrial_complex|Pharmaceutical-industrial complex]] * The [[w:Federal_Reserve|Federal Reserve]] To which Mr. Musk replied, "Needs to be done".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thehill.com/video/ron-paul-vows-to-join-elon-musk-help-eliminate-government-waste-in-a-trump-admin/10191375/|title=Ron Paul vows to join Elon Musk, help eliminate government waste in a Trump admin|date=2024-11-05|website=The Hill|language=en-US|access-date=2024-12-09}}</ref> == Office of Management and Budget == The White House [[w:Office_of_Management_and_Budget|Office of Management and Budget]] (OMB) guides implementation of regulations and analyzes federal spending. Mssrs. Musk and Ramaswamy encouraged President-elect Trump to reappoint his first term director [[w:Russell_Vought|Russell Vought]], which he did on 22nd Nov.<ref name=":0" /> == Government Efficiency Personnel == Transition spokesman [[w:Brian_Hughes|Brian Hughes]] said that "Elon Musk is a once-in-a-generation business leader and our federal bureaucracy will certainly benefit from his ideas and efficiency". About a dozen Musk allies have visited Mar-a-Lago to serve as unofficial advisors to the Trump 47 transition, influencing hiring at many influential government agencies.<ref name=":2"><nowiki><ref></nowiki>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/12/06/us/politics/trump-elon-musk-silicon-valley.html?searchResultPosition=1|title=The Silicon Valley Billionaires Steering Trump’s Transition|date=8 December 2024|work=NYT}}</ref> [[w:Marc_Andreesen|Marc Andreesen]] has interviewed candidates for State, Pentagon, and DHHS, and has been active pushing for rollback of Biden's cryptocurrency regulations, and rollback of Lina Khan anti-trust efforts with the FTC, and calling for contracting reform in Defense dept. [[w:Jared_Birchall|Jared Birchall]] has interviewed candidates for State, and has advised on Space police and has put together councils for AI and Cryptocurrency policy. David Sacks was named "White House AI and Crypto Czar" [[w:Shaun_MacGuire|Shaun MacGuire]] has advised on picks for intelligence community and has interviewed candidates for Defense. Many tech executives are considering part-time roles advising the DOGE. [[w:Antonio_Gracias|Antonio Gracias]] and [[w:Steve_Davis|Steve Davis]] from Musk's "crisis team" have been active, as has investor [[w:John_Hering|John Hering]]. Other Silicon Valley players who have advised Trump or interviewed candidates: * [[w:Larry_Ellison|Larry Ellison]] has sat in on Trump transition 47 meetings at Mar-a-Lago. * [[w:Mark_Pincus|Mark Pincus]] * [[w:David_Marcus|David Marcus]] * [[w:Barry_Akis|Barry Akis]] * [[w:Shervin_Pishevar|Shervin Pishevar]], who has called for privitization of the USPS, NASA, and the federal Bureau of Prisons. Called for creating an American sovereign wealth fund, and has said that DOGE "could lead a revolutionary restructuring of public institutions."<ref name=":2" /> [[w:William_McGinley|William McGinley]] will move to a role with DOGE. Originally nominated for [[w:White_House_counsel|White House counsel]], he will be replaced in that role by [[w:David_Warrington|David Warrington]].<ref>{{Cite news|title=A White House Counsel Replaced before starting|last=Haberman|first=Maggie|date=6 December 2024|work=New York times}}</ref> The WSJ lauded without naming them, comparing them to the "dollar-a-year men" - business leaders who during WWII revolutionized industrial production to help make America the "arsenal of democracy". (WSJ, 10 December 2024) == History and Miscellaneous facts == See also: [[w:Department_of_Government_Efficiency#History|Department of Government Efficiency — History]] DOGE's work will "conclude" no later than July 4, 2026, the 250th anniversary of the signing of the [[United States Declaration of Independence|U.S. Declaration of Independence]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thehill.com/policy/4987402-trump-musk-advisory-group-spending/|title=Elon Musk, Vivek Ramaswamy to lead Trump's Department of Government Efficiency (DOGE)|last=Nazzaro|first=Miranda|date=November 13, 2024|website=The Hill|language=en-US|access-date=November 13, 2024}}</ref> also coinciding with America's [[United States Semiquincentennial|semiquincentennial]] celebrations and a proposed "Great American Fair". Despite its name it is not expected to be a [[wikipedia:United_States_federal_executive_departments|federal executive department]], but rather may operate under the [[Federal Advisory Committee Act]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/trump-department-of-government-efficiency-doge-elon-musk-ramaswamy/|title=What to know about Trump's Department of Government Efficiency, led by Elon Musk and Vivek Ramaswamy - CBS News|last=Picchi|first=Aimee|date=2024-11-14|website=www.cbsnews.com|language=en-US|access-date=2024-11-14}}</ref> so its formation is not expected to require approval from the [[wikipedia:United_States_Congress|U.S. Congress]]. NYT argues that records of its meetings must be made public.{{Cn}} As an advisor rather than a government employee, Mr. Musk will not be subject to various ethics rules.{{sfn|Economist 11/23}} Musk has stated that he believes such a commission could reduce the [[wikipedia:United_States_federal_budget|U.S. federal budget]] by $2 trillion, which would be a reduction of almost one third from its 2023 total. [[Maya MacGuineas]] of the [[Committee for a Responsible Federal Budget]] has said that this saving is "absolutely doable" over a period of 10 years, but it would be difficult to do in a single year "without compromising some of the fundamental objectives of the government that are widely agreed upon".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thehill.com/business/4966789-elon-musk-skepticism-2-trillion-spending-cuts/|title=Elon Musk draws skepticism with call for $2 trillion in spending cuts|last=Folley|first=Aris|date=2024-11-03|website=The Hill|language=en-US|access-date=2024-11-14}}</ref> [[wikipedia:Jamie_Dimon|Jamie Dimon]], the chief executive officer of [[wikipedia:JPMorgan_Chase|JPMorgan Chase]], has supported the idea. Some commentators questioned whether DOGE is a conflict of interest for Musk given that his companies are contractors to the federal government. The body is "unlikely to have any regulatory teeth on its own, but there's little doubt that it can have influence on the incoming administration and how it will determine its budgets".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.vox.com/policy/384904/trumps-department-of-government-efficiency-sounds-like-a-joke-it-isnt|title=Trump tapped Musk to co-lead the "Department of Government Efficiency." What the heck is that?|last=Fayyad|first=Abdallah|date=2024-11-13|website=Vox|language=en-US|access-date=2024-11-14}}</ref> Elon Musk had called [[w:Federico_Sturzenegger|Federico Sturzenegger]], Argentina's [[w:Ministry_of_Deregulation_and_State_Transformation|Minister of Deregulation and Transformation of the State]] ([[w:es:Ministerio_de_Desregulación_y_Transformación_del_Estado|es]]), to discuss imitating his ministry's model.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.infobae.com/economia/2024/11/08/milei-brindo-un-nuevo-apoyo-a-sturzenegger-y-afirmo-que-elon-musk-imitara-su-gestion-en-eeuu/|title=Milei brindó un nuevo apoyo a Sturzenegger y afirmó que Elon Musk imitará su gestión en EEUU|date=November 8, 2024|website=infobae|language=es-ES|access-date=November 13, 2024}}</ref> == Reception and Criticism == See also: [[w:Department_of_Government_Efficiency#Reception|w:Department of Government Efficiency — Reception]] The WSJ reports that Tesla's Texas facility dumped toxic wastewater into the public sewer system, into a lagoon, and into a local river, violated Texas environmental regulations, and fired an employee who attempted to comply with the law.{{Cn}} The Economist estimates that 10% of Mr. Musk's $360bn personal fortune is derived from contracts and benefits from the federal government, and 15% from the Chinese market.{{sfn|Economist 11/23}} == See also == * [[w:Second_presidential_transition_of_Donald_Trump|Second presidential transition of Donald Trump]] * [[w:United_States_federal_budget#Deficits_and_debt|United States federal budget - Deficits and debt]] * [[w:United_States_Bureau_of_Efficiency|United States Bureau of Efficiency]] – United States federal government bureau from 1916 to 1933 * [[w:Brownlow_Committee|Brownlow Committee]] – 1937 commission recommending United States federal government reforms * [[w:Grace_Commission|Grace Commission]] – Investigation to eliminate inefficiency in the United States federal government * [[w:Hoover_Commission|Hoover Commission]] – United States federal commission in 1947 advising on executive reform * [[w:Keep_Commission|Keep Commission]] * [[w:Project_on_National_Security_Reform|Project on National Security Reform]] * [[w:Delivering_Outstanding_Government_Efficiency_Caucus|Delivering Outstanding Government Efficiency Caucus]] == Notes == {{reflist}} == References == {{refbegin}} * {{Cite web|url=https://www.newsweek.com/bernie-sanders-finds-new-common-ground-elon-musk-1993820|title=Bernie Sanders finds new common ground with Elon Musk|last=Reporter|first=Mandy Taheri Weekend|date=2024-12-01|website=Newsweek|language=en|access-date=2024-12-02 |ref={{harvid|Newsweek 12/01|2024}} }} * {{Cite news|url=https://www.economist.com/briefing/2024/11/21/elon-musk-and-donald-trump-seem-besotted-where-is-their-bromance-headed|title=Elon Musk and Donald Trump seem besotted. Where is their bromance headed?|work=The Economist|access-date=2024-12-04|issn=0013-0613 |ref={{harvid|Economist 11/23|2024}} }} <references group="lower-alpha" /> {{refend}} hp4v21v54rum04z96y6fy4newga4s4d 2691485 2691483 2024-12-11T19:34:47Z Jaredscribe 2906761 /* National Institutes of Health */ 2691485 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Research project}} The U.S. [[w:Department of Government Efficiency]]. {{Infobox Organization |name=Department of Government Efficiency |logo= |logo_size= |logo_caption=Logo on [[Twitter|X]] (formerly Twitter) as of November 14, 2024 |seal= |seal_size= |seal_caption= |formation=Announced on November 12, 2024; yet to be established |abbreviation=DOGE |key_people={{plainlist|[[w:Commissioner of the Department of Government Efficiency|Co-commissioners]]: * [[w:Elon Musk]] * [[w:Vivek Ramaswamy]] }} |website={{URL|https://x.com/DOGE|x.com/DOGE}} |volunteers=* Federico Sturzenegger|services=consulting|headquarters=Mar-A-Lago|organization_type=Presidential Advisory Commission|founder=Donald Trump|extinction=4 July 2026 (planned)|mission=(In the words of president-elect Donald Trump: * dismantle government bureaucracy * slash excess regulations * cut wasteful expenditures * restructure federal agencies, * address "massive waste and fraud" in government spending}} This "'''Wiki Of Government Efficiency'''" (WOGE) is a public interest, non-partisan research project that will [[User:Jaredscribe/Department of Government Efficiency#Reduce the deficit and debt by impounding appropriated funds|analyze the U.S. federal budget]], [[User:Jaredscribe/Department of Government Efficiency#Reform the other Government Bureaus and Departments|federal bureaucracy]], and [[User:Jaredscribe/Department of Government Efficiency#Shrink the federal civil service|federal civil service]], in the context of [[w:Second_presidency_of_Donald_Trump|president-elect Trump']]<nowiki/>s [[w:Agenda_47|Agenda 47]], and will catalogue, evaluate, and critique proposals on how the '''[[w:Department of Government Efficiency|Department of Government Efficiency]]'''{{Efn|Also referred to as '''Government Efficiency Commission'''}} (DOGE) is or is not fulfilling its mission to ''"dismantle government bureaucracy, slash excess regulations, and cut wasteful expenditures and restructure federal agencies"'', in the words of president-elect [[wikipedia:Donald_Trump|Donald Trump]], who called for it to address ''"massive waste and fraud"'' in government spending.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/c93qwn8p0l0o|title=Donald Trump picks Elon Musk for US government cost-cutting role|last1=Faguy|first1=Ana|last2=FitzGerald|first2=James|date=2024-11-13|publisher=BBC News|language=en-GB|access-date=2024-11-13}}</ref> Here's [[User:Jaredscribe/Department of Government Efficiency/How to contribute|how to contribute]] to the WOGE. The DOGE intends to [[User:Jaredscribe/Department of Government Efficiency#Office of Management and Budget|work through the Office of Management and Budget]] as its "policy vector". The [[w:U.S._budget_deficit|U.S. Budget deficit]], (C.f. [[w:Government_budget_balance|fiscal deficit]]), and the [[w:National_debt_of_the_United_States|U.S. National debt]], currently $35.7 Trillion as of 10/2024, which is 99% of the [[w:U.S._GDP|U.S. GDP]],<ref>{{Unbulleted list citebundle|{{cite news|newspaper=Financial Post| title= Musk's $2 Trillion of Budget Cuts Would Have These Stocks Moving|url=https://financialpost.com/pmn/business-pmn/musks-2-trillion-of-budget-cuts-would-have-these-stocks-moving|first=Alexandra|last=Semenova|date=November 4, 2024}}|{{cite news|newspaper= New York Times|title=Elon|url=https://nytimes.com/2024/10/29/us/politics/elon-musk-trump-economy-hardship.html}}|{{Cite web |date=September 5, 2024 |title=Trump says he'd create a government efficiency commission led by Elon Musk |url=https://apnews.com/article/donald-trump-elon-musk-government-efficiency-commission-e831ed5dc2f6a56999e1a70bb0a4eaeb |publisher=AP News}}|{{cite web|first=Jenn|last=Brice|title=How Elon Musk's $130 million investment in Trump's victory could reap a huge payoff for Tesla and the rest of his business empire|url=https://fortune.com/2024/11/06/elon-musk-donald-trump-tesla-spacex-xai-boring-neuralink|website=Fortune}}|{{cite web|url=https://axios.com/2024/11/07/elon-musk-government-efficiency-trump|title=Musk will bring his Twitter management style to government reform}}|{{cite news| access-date =November 9, 2024|work=Reuters|date=September 6, 2024|first1=Helen|first2=Gram|last1=Coster| last2=Slattery|title=Trump says he will tap Musk to lead government efficiency commission if elected| url= https://reuters.com/world/us/trump-adopt-musks-proposal-government-efficiency-commission-wsj-reports-2024-09-05}}|{{cite web|title=Trump says Musk could head 'government efficiency' force|url= https://bbc.com/news/articles/c74lgwkrmrpo|publisher=BBC}}|{{cite web|date =November 5, 2024|title=How Elon Musk could gut the government under Trump|url=https://independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/us-politics/elon-musk-donald-trump-economy-job-cuts-b2641644.html|website= The Independent}}}}</ref> and expected to grow to 134% of GDP by 2034 if current laws remain unchanged, according to the [[w:Congressional_Budget_Office|Congressional Budget Office]]. The DOGE will be a [[wikipedia:Presidential_commission_(United_States)|presidential advisory commission]] led by the billionaire businessmen [[wikipedia:Elon_Musk|Elon Musk]] and [[wikipedia:Vivek_Ramaswamy|Vivek Ramaswamy]], and possibly [[w:Ron_Paul|Ron Paul]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thehill.com/video/ron-paul-vows-to-join-elon-musk-help-eliminate-government-waste-in-a-trump-admin/10191375|title=Ron Paul vows to join Elon Musk, help eliminate government waste in a Trump admin|date=November 5, 2024|website=The Hill}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://usatoday.com/story/business/2024/10/28/patricia-healy-elon-musk-highlights-need-for-government-efficiency/75798556007|title=Elon Musk puts spotlight on ... Department of Government Efficiency? {{!}} Cumberland Comment|last=Healy|first=Patricia|website=USA TODAY|language=en-US|access-date=November 9, 2024}}</ref> with support from many [[w:Political_appointments_of_the_second_Trump_administration|Political and cabinet appointees of the second Trump administration]] and from a Congressional caucus Musk stated his belief that DOGE could remove US$2 trillion from the [[w:United_States_federal_budget|U.S. federal budget]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/live/HysDMs2a-iM?si=92I5LD1FY2PAsSuG&t=15822|title=WATCH LIVE: Trump holds campaign rally at Madison Square Garden in New York|date=October 28, 2024|website=youtube.com|publisher=[[PBS NewsHour]]|language=en|format=video}}</ref> without specifying whether these savings would be made over a single year or a longer period.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/cdj38mekdkgo|title=Can Elon Musk cut $2 trillion from US government spending?|last=Chu|first=Ben|date=2024-11-13|website=BBC News|language=en-GB|access-date=2024-11-14}}</ref> [[File:2023_US_Federal_Budget_Infographic.png|thumb|An infographic on outlays and revenues in the 2023 [[United States federal budget|U.S. federal budget]]]] DOGE could also streamline permitting with “categorical exclusions” from environmental reviews under the National Environmental Policy Act. {{sidebar with collapsible lists|name=U.S. deficit and debt topics|namestyle=background:#bf0a30;|style=width:22.0em; border: 4px double #d69d36; background:var(--background-color-base, #FFFFFF);|bodyclass=vcard|pretitle='''<span class="skin-invert">This article is part of [[:Category:United States|a series]] on the</span>'''|title=[[United States federal budget|<span style="color:var(--color-base, #000000);">Budget and debt in the<br/>United States of America</span>]]|image=[[File:Seal of the United States Congress.svg|90px]] [[File:Seal of the United States Department of the Treasury.svg|90px]]|titlestyle=background:var(--background-color-base, #002868); background-clip:padding-box;|headingstyle=background:var(--background-color-base, #bf0a30); color:var(--color-base, #fff);|listtitlestyle=background:var(--background-color-base, #bf0a30); color:var(--color-base, #fff); text-align:center;|expanded={{{expanded|{{{1|}}}}}}|list1name=dimensions|list1title=Major dimensions|list1class=hlist skin-invert|list1=* [[Economy of the United States|Economy]] * [[Expenditures in the United States federal budget|Expenditures]] * [[United States federal budget|Federal budget]] * [[Financial position of the United States|Financial position]] * [[Military budget of the United States|Military budget]] * [[National debt of the United States|Public debt]] * [[Taxation in the United States|Taxation]] * [[Unemployment in the United States|Unemployment]] * [[Government_spending_in_the_United_States|Gov't spending]]|list2name=programs|list2title=Programs|list2class=hlist skin-invert|list2=* [[Medicare (United States)|Medicare]] * [[Social programs in the United States|Social programs]] * [[Social Security (United States)|Social Security]]|list3name=issues|list3title=Contemporary issues|list3class=skin-invert|list3=<div style="margin-bottom:0.5em"> [[National Commission on Fiscal Responsibility and Reform|Bowles–Simpson Commission]] {{flatlist}} * <!--Bu--> [[Bush tax cuts]] * <!--Deb--> [[United States debt ceiling|Debt ceiling]] ** [[History of the United States debt ceiling|history]] * <!--Def--> [[Deficit reduction in the United States|Deficit reduction]] * <!--F--> [[United States fiscal cliff|Fiscal cliff]] * <!--H--> [[Healthcare reform in the United States|Healthcare reform]] * <!--P--> [[Political debates about the United States federal budget|Political debates]] * <!--So--> [[Social Security debate in the United States|Social Security debate]] * <!--St--> "[[Starve the beast]]" * <!--Su--> [[Subprime mortgage crisis]] {{endflatlist}} </div> [[2007–2008 financial crisis]] {{flatlist}} * <!--D--> [[United States debt-ceiling crisis (disambiguation)|Debt-ceiling crises]] ** [[2011 United States debt-ceiling crisis|2011]] ** [[2013 United States debt-ceiling crisis|2013]] ** [[2023 United States debt-ceiling crisis|2023]] {{endflatlist}} [[2013 United States budget sequestration|2013 budget sequestration]] {{flatlist}} * <!--G--> [[Government shutdowns in the United States|Government shutdowns]] ** [[1980 United States federal government shutdown|1980]] ** [[1981, 1984, and 1986 U.S. federal government shutdowns|1981, 1984, 1986]] ** [[1990 United States federal government shutdown|1990]] ** [[1995–1996 United States federal government shutdowns|1995–1996]] ** [[2013 United States federal government shutdown|2013]] ** [[January 2018 United States federal government shutdown|Jan 2018]] ** [[2018–2019 United States federal government shutdown|2018–2019]] {{endflatlist}} Related events {{flatlist}} *<!--E-->[[Removal of Kevin McCarthy as Speaker of the House|2023 Removal of Kevin McCarthy]] {{endflatlist}}|list4name=terminology|list4title=Terminology|list4class=hlist skin-invert|list4=Cumulative [[Government budget balance|deficit]] + [[National debt of the United States#Debates|Interest]] ≈ [[Government debt|Debt]] * [[Balance of payments]] * [[Inflation]] * [[Continuing resolution]]}} [[w:Deficit_reduction_in_the_United_States|Deficit reduction in the United States]] == Deregulate the Economy == The legal theory that this can be done through the executive branch is found in the U.S. Supreme Court’s ''[[w:West_Virginia_v._EPA|West Virginia v. EPA]]'' and ''[[w:Loper_Bright|Loper Bright]]'' rulings, which rein in the administrative state and mean that much of what the federal government now does is illegal.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.wsj.com/opinion/department-of-government-efficiency-elon-musk-vivek-ramaswamy-donald-trump-1e086dab|website=[[w:Wall Street Journal]]|title=The Musk-Ramaswamy Project Could Be Trump’s Best Idea}}</ref> Mr. Trump has set a goal of eliminating 10 regulations for every new one. The [[w:Competitive_Enterprise_Institute|Competitive Enterprise Institute]]’s Wayne Crews says 217,565 rules have been issued since the [[w:Federal_Register|Federal Register]] first began itemizing them in 1976, with 89,368 pages added last year. [https://sgp.fas.org/crs/misc/R43056.pdf 3,000-4,500 rules are added each year]. DOGE’s first order will be to pause enforcement of overreaching rules while starting the process to roll them back. Mr. Trump and DOGE could direct agencies to settle legal challenges to Biden rules by vacating them. This could ease the laborious process of undoing them by rule-making through the [[w:Administrative_Procedure_Act|Administrative Procedure Act]]. A source tells the WSJ they’ll do whatever they think they legally can without the APA. The [[w:Congressional_Review_Act|Congressional Review Act]]—which allows Congress to overturn recently issued agency regulations—had been used only once, prior to [[w:First_presidency_of_Donald_Trump|Trump's first term]]. While in office, he and the Republican Congress used it on 16 rules. This time, there will be more than 56 regulatory actions recent enough to be repealed. The [[w:Chevron_deference|''Chevron'' deference]] had required federal courts to defer to agencies’ interpretations of ambiguous statutes, but this was overturned in 2024. Taken together, with some other recent [[w:SCOTUS|SCOTUS]] rulings, we now have, says the WSJ, the biggest opportunity to cut regulatory red tape in more than 40 years.<ref>[https://www.wsj.com/opinion/let-the-trump-deregulation-begin-us-chamber-of-commerce-second-term-economic-growth-73f24387?cx_testId=3&cx_testVariant=cx_166&cx_artPos=0]</ref><blockquote>"Most legal edicts aren’t laws enacted by Congress but “rules and regulations” promulgated by unelected bureaucrats—tens of thousands of them each year. Most government enforcement decisions and discretionary expenditures aren’t made by the democratically elected president or even his political appointees but by millions of unelected, unappointed civil servants within government agencies who view themselves as immune from firing thanks to civil-service protections." "This is antidemocratic and antithetical to the Founders’ vision. It imposes massive direct and indirect costs on taxpayers." "When the president nullifies thousands of such regulations, critics will allege executive overreach. In fact, it will be ''correcting'' the executive overreach of thousands of regulations promulgated by administrative fiat that were never authorized by Congress. The president owes lawmaking deference to Congress, not to bureaucrats deep within federal agencies. The use of executive orders to substitute for lawmaking by adding burdensome new rules is a constitutional affront, but the use of executive orders to roll back regulations that wrongly bypassed Congress is legitimate and necessary to comply with the Supreme Court’s recent mandates. And after those regulations are fully rescinded, a future president couldn’t simply flip the switch and revive them but would instead have to ask Congress to do so"<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/opinion/musk-and-ramaswamy-the-doge-plan-to-reform-government-supreme-court-guidance-end-executive-power-grab-fa51c020?cx_testId=3&cx_testVariant=cx_165&cx_artPos=5|title=Elon Musk and Vivek Ramaswamy: The DOGE Plan to Reform Government|last=Musk|first=Elon|date=20 November 2024|work=The Wall Street Journal|last2=Ramaswamy|first2=Vivek}}</ref> </blockquote> == Shrink the federal civil service == The government has around three million [[w:United_States_federal_civil_service|federal civil service]] employees, with an average salary of $106,000. Dr. Anthony Fauci made $481,000 in 2022. The federal head count has ballooned by 120,800 during the Biden years. Civil service and union protections make it hard to fire workers. Mr. Trump intends to quickly resurrect the [[w:Schedule_F|Schedule F]] reform that he sought to implement at the end of his first term but was scrapped by Mr. Biden. These would high-level federal employees to be removed like political appointees, by eliminating their job protections. WSJ proposals[https://www.wsj.com/opinion/the-doge-cheat-sheet-elon-musk-vivek-ramaswamy-department-of-government-efficiency-1c231783#cxrecs_s] The [[w:Administrative_Procedures_Act|Administrative Procedures Act]] statute protects federal employees from political retaliation, but allows for “reductions in force” that don’t target specific employees. The statute further empowers the president to “prescribe rules governing the competitive service.” The Supreme Court has held—in ''[[w:Franklin_v._Massachusetts|Franklin v. Massachusetts]]'' (1992) and ''[[w:Collins_v._Yellen|Collins v. Yellen]]'' (2021) that when revious presidents have used this power to amend the civil service rules by executive order, they weren’t constrained by the APA when they did so. Mr. Trump can, with this authority, implement any number of “rules governing the competitive service” that would curtail administrative overgrowth, from large-scale firings to relocation of federal agencies out of the Washington area. The DOGE welcomes voluntary terminations once the President begins requiring federal employees to come to the office five days a week, because American taxpayers shouldn’t pay federal employees for the Covid-era privilege of staying home.<ref>[https://www.wsj.com/opinion/musk-and-ramaswamy-the-doge-plan-to-reform-government-supreme-court-guidance-end-executive-power-grab-fa51c020?cx_testId=3&cx_testVariant=cx_165&cx_artPos=5 Elon Musk and Vivek Ramaswamy: The DOGE Plan to Reform Government: Following the Supreme Court’s guidance, we’ll reverse a decadeslong executive power grab. Musk & Ramaswamy 11/20/2024]</ref> == Reduce the deficit and debt by impounding appropriated funds == === Impound appropriated funds === Reports suggest that president-elect Trump intends to override Congress’s power of the purse by [[w:Impoundment_of_appropriated_funds|impoundment of appropriated funds]], that is, refusing to spend them. the president may [[wikipedia:Rescission_bill|propose rescission]] of specific funds, but that rescission must be approved by both the [[wikipedia:United_States_House_of_Representatives|House of Representatives]] and [[wikipedia:United_States_Senate|Senate]] within 45 days. [[w:Thomas_Jefferson|Thomas Jefferson]] was the first president to exercise the power of impoundment in 1801, which power was available to all presidents up to and including [[wikipedia:Richard_Nixon|Richard Nixon]], and was regarded as a power inherent to the office, although one with limits. He may ask Congress to repeal The [[w:Congressional_Budget_and_Impoundment_Control_Act_of_1974|Congressional Budget and Impoundment Control Act of 1974]], which was passed in response to Nixon's abuses.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://democrats-budget.house.gov/resources/reports/impoundment-control-act-1974-what-it-why-does-it-matter|title=The Impoundment Control Act of 1974: What Is It? Why Does It Matter? {{!}} House Budget Committee Democrats|date=2019-10-23|website=democrats-budget.house.gov|language=en|access-date=2024-05-19}}</ref> If Congress refuses to do so, president Trump may impound funds anyway and argue in court that the 1974 law is unconstitutional. The matter would likely end up at the Supreme Court, which would have to do more than simply hold the 1974 act unconstitutional in order for Mr. Trump to prevail. The court would also have to overrule [[w:Train_v._City_of_New_York_(1975)|''Train v. City of New York'' (1975)]], which held that impoundment is illegal unless the underlying legislation specifically authorizes it. === Reduce the budget deficit === [[wikipedia:U.S. federal budget|U.S. federal budget]] The [[wikipedia:Fiscal_year|fiscal year]], beginning October 1 and ending on September 30 of the year following. Congress is the body required by law to pass appropriations annually and to submit funding bills passed by both houses to the President for signature. Congressional decisions are governed by rules and legislation regarding the [[wikipedia:United_States_budget_process|federal budget process]]. Budget committees set spending limits for the House and Senate committees and for Appropriations subcommittees, which then approve individual [[wikipedia:Appropriations_bill_(United_States)|appropriations bills]] to During FY2022, the federal government spent $6.3 trillion. Spending as % of GDP is 25.1%, almost 2 percentage points greater than the average over the past 50 years. Major categories of FY 2022 spending included: Medicare and Medicaid ($1.339T or 5.4% of GDP), Social Security ($1.2T or 4.8% of GDP), non-defense discretionary spending used to run federal Departments and Agencies ($910B or 3.6% of GDP), Defense Department ($751B or 3.0% of GDP), and net interest ($475B or 1.9% of GDP).<ref name="CBO_2022">[https://www.cbo.gov/publication/58888 The Federal Budget in Fiscal Year 2022: An Infographic]</ref> CBO projects a federal budget deficit of $1.6 trillion for 2024. In the agency’s projections, deficits generally increase over the coming years; the shortfall in 2034 is $2.6 trillion. The deficit amounts to 5.6 percent of gross domestic product (GDP) in 2024, swells to 6.1 percent of GDP in 2025, and then declines in the two years that follow. After 2027, deficits increase again, reaching 6.1 percent of GDP in 2034.<ref name="CBO_budgetOutlook2024">{{cite web|url=https://www.cbo.gov/publication/59710|title=The Budget and Economic Outlook: 2024 to 2034|date=February 7, 2024|publisher=CBO|access-date=February 7, 2024}}</ref> The following table summarizes several budgetary statistics for the fiscal year 2015-2021 periods as a percent of GDP, including federal tax revenue, outlays or spending, deficits (revenue – outlays), and [[wikipedia:National_debt_of_the_United_States|debt held by the public]]. The historical average for 1969-2018 is also shown. With U.S. GDP of about $21 trillion in 2019, 1% of GDP is about $210 billion.<ref name="CBO_Hist_20">[https://www.cbo.gov/about/products/budget-economic-data#2 CBO-Historical Budget Data-Retrieved January 28, 2020]</ref> Statistics for 2020-2022 are from the CBO Monthly Budget Review for FY 2022.<ref name="CBO_MBRFY2022">{{cite web|url=https://www.cbo.gov/publication/58592|title=Monthly Budget Review: Summary for Fiscal Year 2022|date=November 8, 2022|publisher=CBO|access-date=December 10, 2022}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" !Variable As % GDP !2015 !2016 !2017 !2018 !2019 !2020 !2021 !2022 !Hist Avg |- !Revenue<ref name="CBO_Hist_20">[https://www.cbo.gov/about/products/budget-economic-data#2 CBO-Historical Budget Data-Retrieved January 28, 2020]</ref> |18.0% |17.6% |17.2% |16.4% |16.4% |16.2% |17.9% |19.6% |17.4% |- !Outlays<ref name="CBO_Hist_20" /> |20.4% |20.8% |20.6% |20.2% |21.0% |31.1% |30.1% |25.1% |21.0% |- !Budget Deficit<ref name="CBO_Hist_20" /> | -2.4% | -3.2% | -3.5% | -3.8% | -4.6% | -14.9% | -12.3% | -5.5% | -3.6% |- !Debt Held by Public<ref name="CBO_Hist_20" /> |72.5% |76.4% |76.2% |77.6% |79.4% |100.3% |99.6% |94.7% | |} The [[wikipedia:U.S._Constitution|U.S. Constitution]] ([[wikipedia:Article_One_of_the_United_States_Constitution|Article I]], section 9, clause 7) states that "No money shall be drawn from the Treasury, but in Consequence of Appropriations made by Law; and a regular Statement and Account of Receipts and Expenditures of all public Money shall be published from time to time." Each year, the President of the United States submits a budget request to Congress for the following fiscal year as required by the [[wikipedia:Budget_and_Accounting_Act_of_1921|Budget and Accounting Act of 1921]]. Current law ({{UnitedStatesCode|31|1105}}(a)) requires the president to submit a budget no earlier than the first Monday in January, and no later than the first Monday in February. Typically, presidents submit budgets on the first Monday in February. The budget submission has been delayed, however, in some new presidents' first year when the previous president belonged to a different party. === Reduce the National debt === == Strategic Foreign Policy and Military reform == Nominee for [[w:National_Security_Advisor|National Security Advisor]] [[w:Mike_Waltz|Mike Waltz]] To oversee the [[w:U.S._Intelligence_Community|U.S. Intelligence Community]] and NIP, and the 18 IC agencies, including the CIA, DIA, NSC, the nominee for [[w:Director_of_National_Intelligence|Director of National Intelligence]] is [[w:Tulsi_Gabbard|Tulsi Gabbard]], who is an isolationist of the [[w:Bernie_Sanders#foreign_policy|Bernie Sanders]] camp, with a long record of dogmatically opposing [[w:Foreign_policy_of_the_Trump_administration|President Trump's first term foreign policy]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/opinion/tulsi-gabbard-director-of-national-intelligence-donald-trump-foreign-policy-syria-israel-iran-b37aa3de|title=How Tulsi Gabbard Sees the World|last=Editorial Board|date=10 December 2024|work=The Wall Street Journal}}</ref> === Department of State === {{Main article|w:Second presidency of Donald Trump#Prospective foreign policy|w:State Department}} [[w:Marco_Rubio|Marco Rubio]] has been nominated as [[w:U.S._Secretary_of_State|U.S. Secretary of State]], overseeing $53bn and 77,880 employees ==== [[w:USAID|USAID]] ==== === U.S. Department of Defense === Nominated for [[w:Secretary_of_Defense|Secretary of Defense]] is [[w:Pete_Hegseth|Pete Hegseth]]. The president-elect is reportedly considering a draft executive order that establishes a “warrior board” of retired senior military personnel with the power to review three- and four-star officers “on leadership capability, strategic readiness, and commitment to military excellence," and to recommend removals of any deemed unfit for leadership. This would fast-track the removal of generals and admirals found to be “lacking in requisite leadership qualities,” consistent with his earlier vow to fire “woke” military leaders.<ref>[https://www.wsj.com/politics/national-security/trump-draft-executive-order-would-create-board-to-purge-generals-7ebaa606<nowiki> Trump draft executive order would create a board to purge generals 11/12/2024]</nowiki></ref> There are legal obstacles. The law prohibits the firing of commissioned officers except by “sentence of a general court-martial,” as a “commutation of a sentence of a general court-martial,” or “in time of war, by order of the president.” A commissioned officer who believes he’s been wrongfully dismissed has the right to seek a trial by court-martial, which may find the dismissal baseless. <ref>[https://www.wsj.com/opinion/trump-tests-the-constitutions-limits-checks-balances-government-policy-law-78d0d0f1 &lt;nowiki&gt; Trump test the constitutions limits 11/19/2024]</ref> Musk said, "Some idiots are still building manned fighter jets like the F-35," and later added: "Manned fighter jets are outdated in the age of drones and only put pilots' lives at risk." [[w:Bernie_Sanders|Bernie Sanders]] wrote on X: "Elon Musk is right. The Pentagon, with a budget of $886 billion, just failed its 7th audit in a row. It's lost track of billions. Last year, only 13 senators voted against the Military Industrial Complex and a defense budget full of waste and fraud. That must change."{{sfn|Newsweek 12/02|2024}}. It failed its fifth audit in June 2023.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newsweek.com/fox-news-host-confronts-gop-senator-pentagons-fifth-failed-audit-1804379|title=Fox News host confronts GOP Senator on Pentagon's fifth failed audit|last=Writer|first=Fatma Khaled Staff|date=2023-06-04|website=Newsweek|language=en|access-date=2024-12-02}}</ref> === US Air Force === Air Force is advancing a program called [[w:Collaborative_Combat_Aircraft|Collaborative Combat Aircraft]] to build roughly 1,000 UAVs, with [[w:Anduril|Anduril]] and [[w:General_Atomics|General Atomics]] currently building prototypes, ahead of an Air Force decision on which company or companies will be contracted to build it. The cost quickly exceeded the $2.3 billion approved for last fiscal year’s budget, according to the [[w:Congressional_Research_Service|Congressional Research Service]], prompting calls for more oversight. “''If you want to make real improvements to the defense and security of the United States of America, we would be investing more in drones, we’d be investing more in [[w:Hypersonic_weapon|hypersonic missiles]]'',” said Mr. Ramaswamy. The program for Lockheed-Martin's [[w:F-35|F-35]] stealth jet fighters, now in production, is expected to exceed $2 trillion over several decades. The Air Force on 5 December announced it would delay a decision on which company would build the next-generation crewed fighter, called [[w:Next Generation Air Dominance|Next Generation Air Dominance (NGAD)]], which was planned to replace the [[w:F-22|F-22]] and operate alongside the F-35. Mr. Musk has written that "manned fighter jets are obsolete in the age of drones.” In another post, he claimed “a reusable drone” can do everything a jet fighter can do “without all the overhead of a pilot.” Brigadier General [[w:Doug_Wickert|Doug Wickert]] said in response, “There may be some day when we can completely rely on roboticized warfare but we are a century away.... How long have we thought full self-driving was going to be on the Tesla?” <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/politics/national-security/air-force-jets-vs-drones-trump-administration-8b1620a5?page=1|title=Trump Administration Set to Decide Future of Jet Fighters|last=Seligman|first=Lara|date=6 December 2024|work=The Wall Street Journal}}</ref> === US Space Force === The [[w:US_Space_Force|US Space Force]]'s 2023 budget was ~$26bn and it had 9,400 military personnel. SpaceX had a $14m contract to provide communications to the Ukrainian armed forces and government through 30th Nov 2024.{{sfn|Economist 11/23|2024}} Is also receiving a $733m contract to carry satellites into orbit.{{sfn|Economist 11/23|2024}} The Pentagon plans to incorporate into its own communications network 100 of [[w:Starshield|Starshield]]'s satellites.{{sfn|Economist 11/23|2024}} Starshield also has a $1.8bn contract to help the [[w:National_Reconnaissance_Office|National Reconnaissance Office]] build spy satellites.{{sfn|Economist 11/23|2024}} == NASA == The [[w:National_Air_and_Space_Administration|National Air and Space Administration]] had a 2023 budget of $25.4 bn and 18,000 employees. [[w:Jared_Isaacman|Jared Isaacman]] is nominated director. He had joined a space voyage in 2021 which was the first for an all-civilian crew to reach orbit. He led a four person crew in September on the first commericial spacewalk, testing SpaceX's new spacesuits. He promised to lead NASA in to "usher in an era where humanity becomes a true space-faring civilization." In an interview Isaacman said that NASA will evolve as private space companies set their own priorities and develop technology. NASA could have a certification role for astronauts and vehicles, similar to how the Federal Aviation Administration oversees the commercial airline industry. “The FAA doesn’t build the airplanes. They don’t staff the pilots that fly you from point A to B,” he said. “That is the world that NASA is in, essentially.” He also suggested openness to new and lower cost ways of getting to the Moon and to Mars.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/politics/elections/trump-picks-billionaire-space-traveler-to-run-nasa-4420150b?page=1|title=Trump Picks Billionaire Space Traveler to Run NASA|last=Maidenberg|first=Micah|date=5 December 2024|work=WSJ}}</ref> In September 2026, NASA's [[w:Artemis_program|Artemis program]], established in 2017 via [[wikipedia:Space_Policy_Directive_1|Space Policy Directive 1]], is intended to reestablish a human presence on the Moon for the first time since the [[wikipedia:Apollo_17|Apollo 17]] mission in 1972. The program's stated long-term goal is to establish a [[wikipedia:Moonbase|permanent base on the Moon]] to facilitate [[wikipedia:Human_mission_to_Mars|human missions to Mars]]. The [[w:U.S._National_Academies_of_Sciences,_Engineering,_and_Medicine|U.S. National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine]] in October, put out a report titled "NASA at a Crossroads," which identified myriad issues at the agency, including out-of-date infrastructure, pressures to prioritize short-term objectives and inefficient management practices. NASA's costly [[w:Space_Launch_System|Space Launch System]] (SLS) is the cornerstone of the Artemis program. has a price tag of around $4.1 billion per launch, and is a single-use rocket that can only launch every two years, having debuted in 2022 with the uncrewed [[w:Artemis_1_mission|Artemis 1 mission]] to the moon. In contrast, SpaceX is working to reduce the cost of a single Starship flight to under $10 million. NASA Associate Administrator Jim Free urged the incoming administration to maintain the current plans, in a symposium with the [[w:American_Astronautical_Society|American Astronautical Society]] saying "We need that consistency in purpose. That has not happened since Apollo. If we lose that, I believe we will fall apart and we will wander, and other people in this world will pass us by." NASA has already asked both [[w:SpaceX|SpaceX]] and also Jeff Bezos' [[w:Blue_Origin|Blue Origin]], to develop cargo landers for its Artemis missions and to deliver heavy equipment on them to the Moon by 2033. "Having two lunar lander providers with different approaches for crew and cargo landing capability provides mission flexibility while ensuring a regular cadence of moon landings for continued discovery and scientific opportunity," Stephen D. Creech, NASA's assistant deputy associate administrator for the moon to Mars program, said in an announcement about the partnership. "For all of the money we are spending, NASA should NOT be talking about going to the Moon - We did that 50 years ago. They should be focused on the much bigger things we are doing, including Mars (of which the Moon is a part), Defense and Science!" Trump wrote in a post on X in 2019. Trump has said he would create a [[w:Space_National_Guard|Space National Guard]], an idea that lawmakers in Congress have been proposing since 2021. Critics agree that a focus on spaceflight could come at the expense of "Earth and atmospheric sciences at NASA and the [[w:National_Oceanic_and_Atmospheric_Administration|National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]] (NOAA), which have been cut during the Biden era."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newsweek.com/elon-musk-donald-trump-nasa-space-policy-1990599|title=Donald Trump and Elon Musk could radically reshape NASA. Here's how|last=Reporter|first=Martha McHardy US News|date=2024-11-27|website=Newsweek|language=en|access-date=2024-12-02}}</ref> Regarding his goal and SpaceX's corporate mission of colonising Mars, Mr. Musk has stated that "The DOGE is the only path to extending life beyond earth"{{sfn|Economist 11/23|2024}} == [[w:Federal_Aviation_Administration|Federal Aviation Administration]] == Musk has often complained about the FAA "smothering" innovation, boasting that he can build a rocket faster than the agency can process the "Kafkaesque paperwork" required to make the relevant approvals.{{sfn|Economist 11/23|2024}} == Department of Transportation == Mr. Trump's transition team told advisors that it plans to make a federal framework for self-driving cars. Mr. Trump had a call with Sundar Pichai and Mr. Musk. == Department of Education == [[w:United_States_Department_of_Education|Department of Education]] has 4,400 employees – the smallest staff of the Cabinet agencies<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www2.ed.gov/about/overview/fed/role.html|title=Federal Role in Education|date=2021-06-15|website=www2.ed.gov|language=en|access-date=2022-04-28}}</ref> – and a 2024 budget of $238 billion.<ref name="DOE-mission">{{Cite web|url=https://www.usaspending.gov/agency/department-of-education?fy=2024|title=Agency Profile {{!}} U.S. Department of Education|website=www2.ed.gov|access-date=2024-11-14}}</ref> The 2023 Budget was $274 billion, which included funding for children with disabilities ([[wikipedia:Individuals_with_Disabilities_Education_Act|IDEA]]), pandemic recovery, early childhood education, [[wikipedia:Pell_Grant|Pell Grants]], [[wikipedia:Elementary_and_Secondary_Education_Act|Title I]], work assistance, among other programs. This budget was down from $637.7 billion in 2022.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.future-ed.org/what-the-new-pisa-results-really-say-about-u-s-schools/|title=What the New PISA Results Really Say About U.S. Schools|date=2021-06-15|website=future-ed.com|language=en|access-date=2024-11-14}}</ref> Nominated as [[w:US_Secretary_of_Education|Secretary of Education]] is [[w:Linda_McMahon|Linda McMahon]]. The WSJ proposes that the Civil Rights division be absorbed into the Department of Justice, and that its outstanding loan portolio be handled by the Department of the Treasury. Despite the redundancies, its unlikely that it will be abolished, which would require congressional action and buy-in from Democrats in the Senate; Republicans don’t have enough votes to do it alone. A republican appointee is expected to push back against federal education overreach and progressive policies like DEI. <ref>[https://www.wsj.com/opinion/trump-can-teach-the-education-department-a-lesson-nominee-needs-boldness-back-school-choice-oppose-woke-indoctrination-ddf6a38d<nowiki> Trump can teach the Education Department a Lesson. WSJ 11/20/2024]</nowiki></ref> During his campaign, Trump had pledged to get the "transgender insanity the hell out of schools.” Relying on the district court's decision in ''[[w:Tatel_v._Mount_Lebanon_School_District|Tatel v. Mount Lebanon School District]] , the'' attorney general and education secretary could issue a letter explaining how enforcing gender ideology violates constitutional [[w:Free_exercise_clause|First amendment right to free exercise of religion]] and the [[w:Equal_Protection_Clause|14th Amendment’s Equal Protection Clause]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/opinion/how-trump-can-target-transgenderism-in-schools-law-policy-education-369537a7?page=1|title=How Trump Can Target Transgenderism in Schools|last=Eden|first=Max|date=9 December 2024|work=The Wall Street Journal}}</ref> == Consumer Financial Protection Bureau == The [[w:Consumer_Financial_Protection_Bureau|Consumer Financial Protection Bureau]] (CFPB). Said Mr. Musk "Delete the CFPB. There are too many duplicative regulatory agencies"<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/politics/policy/elon-musk-doge-conflict-of-interest-b1202437?page=1|title=Musk’s DOGE Plans Rely on White House Budget Office. Conflicts Await.|last=Schwartz|first=Brian|work=The Wall Street Journal}}</ref> == U.S. Department of Health and Human Services == Nominated as [[w:United_States_Secretary_of_Health_and_Human_Services|United States Secretary of Health and Human Services]] is [[w:Robert_F._Kennedy_Jr.|Robert F. Kennedy Jr.]], deputy Secretary [[w:Jim_O'Neill_(investor)|Jim O'Neill]]. Nominated for [[w:US_Surgeon_General|US Surgeon General]] is [[w:Janette_Nesheiwat|Janette Nesheiwat]]. [[w:U.S._Department_of_Health_and_Human_Services|U.S. Department of Health and Human Services]] was authorized a budget for [[w:2020_United_States_federal_budget|fiscal year 2020]] of $1.293 trillion. It has 13 operating divisions, 10 of which constitute the [[w:United_States_Public_Health_Service|Public Health Services]], whose budget authorization is broken down as follows:<ref name="hhs_budget_fy2020">{{cite web|url=https://www.hhs.gov/about/budget/fy2020/index.html|title=HHS FY 2020 Budget in Brief|date=October 5, 2019|website=HHS Budget & Performance|publisher=United States Department of Health & Human Services|page=7|access-date=May 9, 2020}}</ref> {| class="wikitable sortable" !Nominee !Program !2020 Budget !2024 Budget ! employees !2025 Budget !2026 Budget |- |[[w:Marty_Makary|Marty Makary]] |[[w:Food and Drug Administration|Food and Drug Administration]] (FDA) |$3,329 MM |- | |[[w:Health Resources and Services Administration|Health Resources and Services Administration]] (HRSA) |$11,004 |- | |[[w:Indian Health Service|Indian Health Service]] (IHS) |$6,104 |- |[[w:Dave_Weldon|Dave Weldon]] |[[w:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]] (CDC) |$6,767 |- |[[w:Jay_Bhattacharya|Jay Bhattacharya]] |[[w:National Institutes of Health|National Institutes of Health]] (NIH) |$33,669 |- | |[[w:Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration|Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration]] (SAMHSA) |$5,535 |- | |[[w:Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality|Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality]] (AHRQ) |$0 |- |[[w:Mehmet_Oz|Mehmet Oz]] |[[w:Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services|Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services]] (CMMS) |$1,169,091 |- | |[[w:Administration for Children and Families|Administration for Children and Families]] (ACF) |$52,121 |- | |[[w:Administration for Community Living|Administration for Community Living]] (ACL) |$1,997 |- |} {| class="wikitable sortable" !Program !2020 Budget !2024 Budget ! employees !2025 Budget !2026 Budget |- |[[w:Departmental Management|Departmental Management]] |$340 |- |Non-Recurring Expense Fund |$-400 |- |[[w:Office of Medicare Hearings and Appeals|Office of Medicare Hearings and Appeals]] |$186 |- |[[w:Office of the National Coordinator|Office of the National Coordinator]] |$43 |- |[[w:Office for Civil Rights|Office for Civil Rights]] |$30 |- |[[w:Office of Inspector General|Office of Inspector General]] |$82 |- |[[w:Public Health and Social Services Emergency Fund|Public Health and Social Services Emergency Fund]] |$2,667 |- |[[w:Program Support Center|Program Support Center]] |$749 |- |Offsetting Collections |$-629 |- |Other Collections |$-163 |- |'''TOTAL''' |'''$1,292,523''' |} The FY2020 budget included a $1.276 billion budget decrease for the Centers for Disease Control, and a $4.533 billion budget decrease for the National Institutes of Health. These budget cuts, along with other changes since 2019, comprised a total decrease of over $24 billion in revised discretionary budget authority across the entire Department of Health and Human Services for Fiscal Year 2020.<ref name="hhs_budget_fy2020" /> Additional details of the budgeted outlays, budget authority, and detailed budgets for other years, can be found at the HHS Budget website.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://WWW.HHS.GOV/BUDGET|title=Health and Human Services: Budget and Performance|publisher=United States Department of Health & Human Services|access-date=May 9, 2020}}</ref> He is an American politician, [[Environmental law|environmental lawyer]], [[anti-vaccine activist]], and anti-packaged food industry activist, anti-pharmaceutical industry activist, who will be nominated to serve as [[United States Secretary of Health and Human Services]],<ref name="v502">{{cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/saradorn/2024/11/14/rfk-jr-launches-independent-2024-run-here-are-all-the-conspiracies-he-promotes-from-vaccines-to-mass-shootings/|title=Trump Taps RFK Jr. As Secretary Of Health And Human Services: Here Are All The Conspiracies He's Promoted|last=Dorn|first=Sara|date=2024-11-14|website=Forbes|access-date=2024-11-15}}</ref> with the mission of "Making America Healthy Again". He is the chairman and founder of [[Children's Health Defense]], an anti-vaccine advocacy group and proponent of [[COVID-19 vaccine misinformation|dubious COVID-19 vaccine information]].<ref name="Smith_12/15/2021" /><ref name="KW" /> === National Institutes of Health === The [[w:NIH|NIH]] distributes grants of ~$50bn per year. Nominated to lead the [[w:National_Institutes_of_Health|National Institutes of Health]] is [[w:Jay_Bhattacharya|Jay Bhattacharya]], who has announced the following priorities for funding: * cutting edge research, saying that the NIH has become "sclerotic", due to a phenomenon has been called [[Eroom’s law]], which explains that career incentives encourage “me-too research,” given that citations by other scientists “have become the dominant way to evaluate scientific contributions and scientists.” That has shifted research “toward incremental science and away from exploratory projects that are more likely to fail, but which are the fuel for future breakthroughs.”<ref name=":3">{{Cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/opinion/jay-bhattacharya-and-the-vindication-of-the-fringe-scientists-pandemic-lockdowns-38b6aec6|title=Jay Bhattacharya and the Vindication of the ‘Fringe’ Scientists|last=Finley|first=Allysia|date=1 December 2024|work=Wall Street Journal}}</ref> Dr. Bhattacharya's February 2020 paper explaining Eroom's law, as possible explanation for slowing of pharmaceutical advances.{{Cn}} * studies aimed at replicating the results of earlier studies, to address the problem of scientific fraud or other factors contributing to the the [[w:Replication_crisis|replication crisis]] * Refocusing on research on [[w:Chronic_diseases|chronic diseases]], which is underfunded, and away from [[w:Infectious_diseases|infectious diseases]], which is overfunded. * Ending [[w:Gain-of-function|gain-of-function]] research. Jay Bhattacharya wrote a March 25 2020 op-ed "Is the Coronavirus as Deadly as They Say?", with colleague [[w:Eran_Bendavid|Eran Bendavid]], arguing that many asymptomatic cases of COVID-19 were going undetected. The hypothesis was confirmed in April 2020 when he and several colleagues published a study showing that Covid anti-bodies in Santa Clara county were 50 times the recorded infection rate. This implied, he said "a lower inflection mortality rate than public health authorities were pushing at a time when they and the media thought it was a virtue to panic the population".<ref><nowiki><ref></nowiki>{{Cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/opinion/the-man-who-fought-fauci-and-won-trump-nih-nominee-jay-bhattacharya-covid-cancel-culture-4a0650bd?page=1|title=The Man Who Fought Fauci - and Won|last=Varadarajan|first=Tunku|date=6 December 2024|work=WSJ}}&lt;nowiki&gt;</ref> Dr. Bhattacharya, [[w:Martin_Kulldorff|Martin Kulldorff]], then at Harvard, and Oxford’s [[w:Sunetra_Gupta|Sunetra Gupta]] formally expounded this idea in the [[w:Great_Barrington_Declaration|Great Barrington Declaration]] in October 2020, urging the government to focus on protecting the vulnerable while letting others go about their lives, which previous NIH director [[w:Francis_Collins|Francis Collins]] derided as "fringe science its into the political views of certain parts of our confused political establishment," and previous [[w:NIAID|NIAID]] director [[w:Chief_Medical_Advisor_to_the_President|chief medical advisor to the President]] [[w:Anthony_Fauci|Anthony Fauci]] "a quick and devastating public takedown of its premises." Some suggest the same career incentives that lead to scientific group-think in the pharmaceutical industry, also explain conformist behavior during COVID-19, due to the threat against young scientists of losing NIH funding, jobs, and career opportunities, if they were to exercise in independent judgement.<ref name=":3" /> === Food and Drug Administration === The FDA in 2022 had 18,000 employees<ref name="fy2022">{{cite web|url=https://www.fda.gov/media/149613/download|title=FY 2022 FDA Budget Request|publisher=FDA|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230602090805/https://www.fda.gov/media/149613/download|archive-date=June 2, 2023|access-date=January 14, 2022|url-status=live}}</ref> and a budget of $6.5{{nbsp}}billion (2022)<ref name="fy2022" /> Nominated as director is [[w:Marty_Makary|Marty Makary]]. == CPB, PBS, NPR == Regarding the [[w:Corporation_for_Public_Broadcasting|Corporation for Public Broadcasting]], [[w:Howard_Husock|Howard Husock]] suggest that instead of zeroing its $535 million budget, Republicans reform the [[w:Public_Broadcasting_Act|Public Broadcasting Act]] to eliminate bias and improve local journalism.<ref>https://www.wsj.com/opinion/the-conservative-case-for-public-broadcasting-media-policy-2d4c3c9f?page=1</ref> {{As of|2024|alt=For fiscal year 2024}}, its appropriation was US$525 million, including $10 million in interest earned. The distribution of these funds was as follows:<ref>{{cite web|url=https://cpb.org/aboutcpb/financials/budget/|title=CPB Operating Budget|last=|date=2024|website=www.cpb.org|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=November 27, 2024|url-status=}}</ref> * $262.83M for direct grants to local public television stations; * $95.11M for television programming grants; * $81.77M for direct grants to local public radio stations; * $28.12M for the Radio National Program Production and Acquisition * $9.43M for the Radio Program Fund * $31.50 for system support * $26.25 for administration Public broadcasting stations are funded by a combination of private donations from listeners and viewers, foundations and corporations. Funding for public television comes in roughly equal parts from government (at all levels) and the private sector.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cpb.org/annualreports/2013/|title=CPB 2013 Annual Report|website=www.cpb.org|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160212170045/http://cpb.org/annualreports/2013/|archive-date=February 12, 2016|access-date=May 4, 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Departments of Energy and Interior == Nominee for [[w:US_Secretary_of_the_Interior|Secretary of the Interior]] is [[w:Doug_Burgum|Doug Burgum]], who will also be [[w:List_of_U.S._executive_branch_czars|Energy Czar]]. [[w:Department_of_Energy|Department of Energy]] [[w:United_States_Secretary_of_Energy|secretary nominee]] [[w:Chris_Wright_(energy_executive)|Chris Wright]] admits that burning fossil fuels contributes to rising temperatures, but says it poses only a modest threat to humanity, and praises it for increasing plant growth, making the planet greener, and boosting agricultural productivity. He also says that it likely reduces the annual number of temperature-related deaths. (estimates from health researchers say otherwise). He says, "It's probably almost as many positive changes as negative changes... Is it a crisis, is it the world's greatest challenge, or a big threat to the next generation? No. .. A little bit warmer isn’t a threat. If we were 5, 7, 8, 10 degrees [Celsius] warmer, that would be meaningful changes to the planet.” Scientists see a 1.5 degrees Celsius temperature as creating potentially irreversible changes for the planet, and expect to pass that mark later this year, after increasing over several decade. He criticizes the [[w:Paris_climate_agreement|Paris climate agreement]] for empowering "political actors with anti-fossil fuel agendas." Wright favors development of [[w:Geothermal_energy|geothermal energy]] and [[w:Nuclear_energy_policy_of_the_United_States|nuclear energy]], criticizing subsidies to wind and solar energy. <ref><nowiki><ref></nowiki>{{Cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/politics/policy/who-is-chris-wright-trump-energy-secretary-9eb617dc?page=1|title=Trump’s Energy Secretary Pick Preaches the Benefits of Climate Change|last=Morenne|first=Benoit|date=9 December 2024|work=The Wall Street Journal}}&lt;nowiki&gt;</ref> == AI and Cryptocurrency Policy == [[w:David_Sacks|David Sacks]] was named "White House AI and Crypto Czar". == Reform Entitlements == === Healthcare and Medicare === [[w:ObamaCare|ObamaCare]] started as a plausible scheme for universal, cost-effective health insurance with subsidies for the needy. Only the subsidies survive because the ObamaCare policies actually delivered are so overpriced nobody would buy them without a subsidy.<ref>[https://www.wsj.com/opinion/elons-real-trump-mission-protect-growth-department-of-government-efficiency-appointments-cabinet-9e7e62b2]</ref> See below: Department of Health and Human Services === Social Security === Even FDR was aware of its flaw: it discourages working and saving. === Other === Small-government advocate [[w:Ron_Paul|Ron Paul]] has suggested to cut aid to the following "biggest" welfare recipients: * The [[w:Military-industrial_complex|Military-industrial complex]] * The [[w:Pharmaceutical-industrial_complex|Pharmaceutical-industrial complex]] * The [[w:Federal_Reserve|Federal Reserve]] To which Mr. Musk replied, "Needs to be done".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thehill.com/video/ron-paul-vows-to-join-elon-musk-help-eliminate-government-waste-in-a-trump-admin/10191375/|title=Ron Paul vows to join Elon Musk, help eliminate government waste in a Trump admin|date=2024-11-05|website=The Hill|language=en-US|access-date=2024-12-09}}</ref> == Office of Management and Budget == The White House [[w:Office_of_Management_and_Budget|Office of Management and Budget]] (OMB) guides implementation of regulations and analyzes federal spending. Mssrs. Musk and Ramaswamy encouraged President-elect Trump to reappoint his first term director [[w:Russell_Vought|Russell Vought]], which he did on 22nd Nov.<ref name=":0" /> == Government Efficiency Personnel == Transition spokesman [[w:Brian_Hughes|Brian Hughes]] said that "Elon Musk is a once-in-a-generation business leader and our federal bureaucracy will certainly benefit from his ideas and efficiency". About a dozen Musk allies have visited Mar-a-Lago to serve as unofficial advisors to the Trump 47 transition, influencing hiring at many influential government agencies.<ref name=":2"><nowiki><ref></nowiki>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/12/06/us/politics/trump-elon-musk-silicon-valley.html?searchResultPosition=1|title=The Silicon Valley Billionaires Steering Trump’s Transition|date=8 December 2024|work=NYT}}</ref> [[w:Marc_Andreesen|Marc Andreesen]] has interviewed candidates for State, Pentagon, and DHHS, and has been active pushing for rollback of Biden's cryptocurrency regulations, and rollback of Lina Khan anti-trust efforts with the FTC, and calling for contracting reform in Defense dept. [[w:Jared_Birchall|Jared Birchall]] has interviewed candidates for State, and has advised on Space police and has put together councils for AI and Cryptocurrency policy. David Sacks was named "White House AI and Crypto Czar" [[w:Shaun_MacGuire|Shaun MacGuire]] has advised on picks for intelligence community and has interviewed candidates for Defense. Many tech executives are considering part-time roles advising the DOGE. [[w:Antonio_Gracias|Antonio Gracias]] and [[w:Steve_Davis|Steve Davis]] from Musk's "crisis team" have been active, as has investor [[w:John_Hering|John Hering]]. Other Silicon Valley players who have advised Trump or interviewed candidates: * [[w:Larry_Ellison|Larry Ellison]] has sat in on Trump transition 47 meetings at Mar-a-Lago. * [[w:Mark_Pincus|Mark Pincus]] * [[w:David_Marcus|David Marcus]] * [[w:Barry_Akis|Barry Akis]] * [[w:Shervin_Pishevar|Shervin Pishevar]], who has called for privitization of the USPS, NASA, and the federal Bureau of Prisons. Called for creating an American sovereign wealth fund, and has said that DOGE "could lead a revolutionary restructuring of public institutions."<ref name=":2" /> [[w:William_McGinley|William McGinley]] will move to a role with DOGE. Originally nominated for [[w:White_House_counsel|White House counsel]], he will be replaced in that role by [[w:David_Warrington|David Warrington]].<ref>{{Cite news|title=A White House Counsel Replaced before starting|last=Haberman|first=Maggie|date=6 December 2024|work=New York times}}</ref> The WSJ lauded without naming them, comparing them to the "dollar-a-year men" - business leaders who during WWII revolutionized industrial production to help make America the "arsenal of democracy". (WSJ, 10 December 2024) == History and Miscellaneous facts == See also: [[w:Department_of_Government_Efficiency#History|Department of Government Efficiency — History]] DOGE's work will "conclude" no later than July 4, 2026, the 250th anniversary of the signing of the [[United States Declaration of Independence|U.S. Declaration of Independence]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thehill.com/policy/4987402-trump-musk-advisory-group-spending/|title=Elon Musk, Vivek Ramaswamy to lead Trump's Department of Government Efficiency (DOGE)|last=Nazzaro|first=Miranda|date=November 13, 2024|website=The Hill|language=en-US|access-date=November 13, 2024}}</ref> also coinciding with America's [[United States Semiquincentennial|semiquincentennial]] celebrations and a proposed "Great American Fair". Despite its name it is not expected to be a [[wikipedia:United_States_federal_executive_departments|federal executive department]], but rather may operate under the [[Federal Advisory Committee Act]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/trump-department-of-government-efficiency-doge-elon-musk-ramaswamy/|title=What to know about Trump's Department of Government Efficiency, led by Elon Musk and Vivek Ramaswamy - CBS News|last=Picchi|first=Aimee|date=2024-11-14|website=www.cbsnews.com|language=en-US|access-date=2024-11-14}}</ref> so its formation is not expected to require approval from the [[wikipedia:United_States_Congress|U.S. Congress]]. NYT argues that records of its meetings must be made public.{{Cn}} As an advisor rather than a government employee, Mr. Musk will not be subject to various ethics rules.{{sfn|Economist 11/23}} Musk has stated that he believes such a commission could reduce the [[wikipedia:United_States_federal_budget|U.S. federal budget]] by $2 trillion, which would be a reduction of almost one third from its 2023 total. [[Maya MacGuineas]] of the [[Committee for a Responsible Federal Budget]] has said that this saving is "absolutely doable" over a period of 10 years, but it would be difficult to do in a single year "without compromising some of the fundamental objectives of the government that are widely agreed upon".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thehill.com/business/4966789-elon-musk-skepticism-2-trillion-spending-cuts/|title=Elon Musk draws skepticism with call for $2 trillion in spending cuts|last=Folley|first=Aris|date=2024-11-03|website=The Hill|language=en-US|access-date=2024-11-14}}</ref> [[wikipedia:Jamie_Dimon|Jamie Dimon]], the chief executive officer of [[wikipedia:JPMorgan_Chase|JPMorgan Chase]], has supported the idea. Some commentators questioned whether DOGE is a conflict of interest for Musk given that his companies are contractors to the federal government. The body is "unlikely to have any regulatory teeth on its own, but there's little doubt that it can have influence on the incoming administration and how it will determine its budgets".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.vox.com/policy/384904/trumps-department-of-government-efficiency-sounds-like-a-joke-it-isnt|title=Trump tapped Musk to co-lead the "Department of Government Efficiency." What the heck is that?|last=Fayyad|first=Abdallah|date=2024-11-13|website=Vox|language=en-US|access-date=2024-11-14}}</ref> Elon Musk had called [[w:Federico_Sturzenegger|Federico Sturzenegger]], Argentina's [[w:Ministry_of_Deregulation_and_State_Transformation|Minister of Deregulation and Transformation of the State]] ([[w:es:Ministerio_de_Desregulación_y_Transformación_del_Estado|es]]), to discuss imitating his ministry's model.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.infobae.com/economia/2024/11/08/milei-brindo-un-nuevo-apoyo-a-sturzenegger-y-afirmo-que-elon-musk-imitara-su-gestion-en-eeuu/|title=Milei brindó un nuevo apoyo a Sturzenegger y afirmó que Elon Musk imitará su gestión en EEUU|date=November 8, 2024|website=infobae|language=es-ES|access-date=November 13, 2024}}</ref> == Reception and Criticism == See also: [[w:Department_of_Government_Efficiency#Reception|w:Department of Government Efficiency — Reception]] The WSJ reports that Tesla's Texas facility dumped toxic wastewater into the public sewer system, into a lagoon, and into a local river, violated Texas environmental regulations, and fired an employee who attempted to comply with the law.{{Cn}} The Economist estimates that 10% of Mr. Musk's $360bn personal fortune is derived from contracts and benefits from the federal government, and 15% from the Chinese market.{{sfn|Economist 11/23}} == See also == * [[w:Second_presidential_transition_of_Donald_Trump|Second presidential transition of Donald Trump]] * [[w:United_States_federal_budget#Deficits_and_debt|United States federal budget - Deficits and debt]] * [[w:United_States_Bureau_of_Efficiency|United States Bureau of Efficiency]] – United States federal government bureau from 1916 to 1933 * [[w:Brownlow_Committee|Brownlow Committee]] – 1937 commission recommending United States federal government reforms * [[w:Grace_Commission|Grace Commission]] – Investigation to eliminate inefficiency in the United States federal government * [[w:Hoover_Commission|Hoover Commission]] – United States federal commission in 1947 advising on executive reform * [[w:Keep_Commission|Keep Commission]] * [[w:Project_on_National_Security_Reform|Project on National Security Reform]] * [[w:Delivering_Outstanding_Government_Efficiency_Caucus|Delivering Outstanding Government Efficiency Caucus]] == Notes == {{reflist}} == References == {{refbegin}} * {{Cite web|url=https://www.newsweek.com/bernie-sanders-finds-new-common-ground-elon-musk-1993820|title=Bernie Sanders finds new common ground with Elon Musk|last=Reporter|first=Mandy Taheri Weekend|date=2024-12-01|website=Newsweek|language=en|access-date=2024-12-02 |ref={{harvid|Newsweek 12/01|2024}} }} * {{Cite news|url=https://www.economist.com/briefing/2024/11/21/elon-musk-and-donald-trump-seem-besotted-where-is-their-bromance-headed|title=Elon Musk and Donald Trump seem besotted. Where is their bromance headed?|work=The Economist|access-date=2024-12-04|issn=0013-0613 |ref={{harvid|Economist 11/23|2024}} }} <references group="lower-alpha" /> {{refend}} rk3vc14d8qeor3vz4umwaq6yhwi317i 2691487 2691485 2024-12-11T19:39:19Z Jaredscribe 2906761 /* National Institutes of Health */ 2691487 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Research project}} The U.S. [[w:Department of Government Efficiency]]. {{Infobox Organization |name=Department of Government Efficiency |logo= |logo_size= |logo_caption=Logo on [[Twitter|X]] (formerly Twitter) as of November 14, 2024 |seal= |seal_size= |seal_caption= |formation=Announced on November 12, 2024; yet to be established |abbreviation=DOGE |key_people={{plainlist|[[w:Commissioner of the Department of Government Efficiency|Co-commissioners]]: * [[w:Elon Musk]] * [[w:Vivek Ramaswamy]] }} |website={{URL|https://x.com/DOGE|x.com/DOGE}} |volunteers=* Federico Sturzenegger|services=consulting|headquarters=Mar-A-Lago|organization_type=Presidential Advisory Commission|founder=Donald Trump|extinction=4 July 2026 (planned)|mission=(In the words of president-elect Donald Trump: * dismantle government bureaucracy * slash excess regulations * cut wasteful expenditures * restructure federal agencies, * address "massive waste and fraud" in government spending}} This "'''Wiki Of Government Efficiency'''" (WOGE) is a public interest, non-partisan research project that will [[User:Jaredscribe/Department of Government Efficiency#Reduce the deficit and debt by impounding appropriated funds|analyze the U.S. federal budget]], [[User:Jaredscribe/Department of Government Efficiency#Reform the other Government Bureaus and Departments|federal bureaucracy]], and [[User:Jaredscribe/Department of Government Efficiency#Shrink the federal civil service|federal civil service]], in the context of [[w:Second_presidency_of_Donald_Trump|president-elect Trump']]<nowiki/>s [[w:Agenda_47|Agenda 47]], and will catalogue, evaluate, and critique proposals on how the '''[[w:Department of Government Efficiency|Department of Government Efficiency]]'''{{Efn|Also referred to as '''Government Efficiency Commission'''}} (DOGE) is or is not fulfilling its mission to ''"dismantle government bureaucracy, slash excess regulations, and cut wasteful expenditures and restructure federal agencies"'', in the words of president-elect [[wikipedia:Donald_Trump|Donald Trump]], who called for it to address ''"massive waste and fraud"'' in government spending.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/c93qwn8p0l0o|title=Donald Trump picks Elon Musk for US government cost-cutting role|last1=Faguy|first1=Ana|last2=FitzGerald|first2=James|date=2024-11-13|publisher=BBC News|language=en-GB|access-date=2024-11-13}}</ref> Here's [[User:Jaredscribe/Department of Government Efficiency/How to contribute|how to contribute]] to the WOGE. The DOGE intends to [[User:Jaredscribe/Department of Government Efficiency#Office of Management and Budget|work through the Office of Management and Budget]] as its "policy vector". The [[w:U.S._budget_deficit|U.S. Budget deficit]], (C.f. [[w:Government_budget_balance|fiscal deficit]]), and the [[w:National_debt_of_the_United_States|U.S. National debt]], currently $35.7 Trillion as of 10/2024, which is 99% of the [[w:U.S._GDP|U.S. GDP]],<ref>{{Unbulleted list citebundle|{{cite news|newspaper=Financial Post| title= Musk's $2 Trillion of Budget Cuts Would Have These Stocks Moving|url=https://financialpost.com/pmn/business-pmn/musks-2-trillion-of-budget-cuts-would-have-these-stocks-moving|first=Alexandra|last=Semenova|date=November 4, 2024}}|{{cite news|newspaper= New York Times|title=Elon|url=https://nytimes.com/2024/10/29/us/politics/elon-musk-trump-economy-hardship.html}}|{{Cite web |date=September 5, 2024 |title=Trump says he'd create a government efficiency commission led by Elon Musk |url=https://apnews.com/article/donald-trump-elon-musk-government-efficiency-commission-e831ed5dc2f6a56999e1a70bb0a4eaeb |publisher=AP News}}|{{cite web|first=Jenn|last=Brice|title=How Elon Musk's $130 million investment in Trump's victory could reap a huge payoff for Tesla and the rest of his business empire|url=https://fortune.com/2024/11/06/elon-musk-donald-trump-tesla-spacex-xai-boring-neuralink|website=Fortune}}|{{cite web|url=https://axios.com/2024/11/07/elon-musk-government-efficiency-trump|title=Musk will bring his Twitter management style to government reform}}|{{cite news| access-date =November 9, 2024|work=Reuters|date=September 6, 2024|first1=Helen|first2=Gram|last1=Coster| last2=Slattery|title=Trump says he will tap Musk to lead government efficiency commission if elected| url= https://reuters.com/world/us/trump-adopt-musks-proposal-government-efficiency-commission-wsj-reports-2024-09-05}}|{{cite web|title=Trump says Musk could head 'government efficiency' force|url= https://bbc.com/news/articles/c74lgwkrmrpo|publisher=BBC}}|{{cite web|date =November 5, 2024|title=How Elon Musk could gut the government under Trump|url=https://independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/us-politics/elon-musk-donald-trump-economy-job-cuts-b2641644.html|website= The Independent}}}}</ref> and expected to grow to 134% of GDP by 2034 if current laws remain unchanged, according to the [[w:Congressional_Budget_Office|Congressional Budget Office]]. The DOGE will be a [[wikipedia:Presidential_commission_(United_States)|presidential advisory commission]] led by the billionaire businessmen [[wikipedia:Elon_Musk|Elon Musk]] and [[wikipedia:Vivek_Ramaswamy|Vivek Ramaswamy]], and possibly [[w:Ron_Paul|Ron Paul]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thehill.com/video/ron-paul-vows-to-join-elon-musk-help-eliminate-government-waste-in-a-trump-admin/10191375|title=Ron Paul vows to join Elon Musk, help eliminate government waste in a Trump admin|date=November 5, 2024|website=The Hill}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://usatoday.com/story/business/2024/10/28/patricia-healy-elon-musk-highlights-need-for-government-efficiency/75798556007|title=Elon Musk puts spotlight on ... Department of Government Efficiency? {{!}} Cumberland Comment|last=Healy|first=Patricia|website=USA TODAY|language=en-US|access-date=November 9, 2024}}</ref> with support from many [[w:Political_appointments_of_the_second_Trump_administration|Political and cabinet appointees of the second Trump administration]] and from a Congressional caucus Musk stated his belief that DOGE could remove US$2 trillion from the [[w:United_States_federal_budget|U.S. federal budget]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/live/HysDMs2a-iM?si=92I5LD1FY2PAsSuG&t=15822|title=WATCH LIVE: Trump holds campaign rally at Madison Square Garden in New York|date=October 28, 2024|website=youtube.com|publisher=[[PBS NewsHour]]|language=en|format=video}}</ref> without specifying whether these savings would be made over a single year or a longer period.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/cdj38mekdkgo|title=Can Elon Musk cut $2 trillion from US government spending?|last=Chu|first=Ben|date=2024-11-13|website=BBC News|language=en-GB|access-date=2024-11-14}}</ref> [[File:2023_US_Federal_Budget_Infographic.png|thumb|An infographic on outlays and revenues in the 2023 [[United States federal budget|U.S. federal budget]]]] DOGE could also streamline permitting with “categorical exclusions” from environmental reviews under the National Environmental Policy Act. {{sidebar with collapsible lists|name=U.S. deficit and debt topics|namestyle=background:#bf0a30;|style=width:22.0em; border: 4px double #d69d36; background:var(--background-color-base, #FFFFFF);|bodyclass=vcard|pretitle='''<span class="skin-invert">This article is part of [[:Category:United States|a series]] on the</span>'''|title=[[United States federal budget|<span style="color:var(--color-base, #000000);">Budget and debt in the<br/>United States of America</span>]]|image=[[File:Seal of the United States Congress.svg|90px]] [[File:Seal of the United States Department of the Treasury.svg|90px]]|titlestyle=background:var(--background-color-base, #002868); background-clip:padding-box;|headingstyle=background:var(--background-color-base, #bf0a30); color:var(--color-base, #fff);|listtitlestyle=background:var(--background-color-base, #bf0a30); color:var(--color-base, #fff); text-align:center;|expanded={{{expanded|{{{1|}}}}}}|list1name=dimensions|list1title=Major dimensions|list1class=hlist skin-invert|list1=* [[Economy of the United States|Economy]] * [[Expenditures in the United States federal budget|Expenditures]] * [[United States federal budget|Federal budget]] * [[Financial position of the United States|Financial position]] * [[Military budget of the United States|Military budget]] * [[National debt of the United States|Public debt]] * [[Taxation in the United States|Taxation]] * [[Unemployment in the United States|Unemployment]] * [[Government_spending_in_the_United_States|Gov't spending]]|list2name=programs|list2title=Programs|list2class=hlist skin-invert|list2=* [[Medicare (United States)|Medicare]] * [[Social programs in the United States|Social programs]] * [[Social Security (United States)|Social Security]]|list3name=issues|list3title=Contemporary issues|list3class=skin-invert|list3=<div style="margin-bottom:0.5em"> [[National Commission on Fiscal Responsibility and Reform|Bowles–Simpson Commission]] {{flatlist}} * <!--Bu--> [[Bush tax cuts]] * <!--Deb--> [[United States debt ceiling|Debt ceiling]] ** [[History of the United States debt ceiling|history]] * <!--Def--> [[Deficit reduction in the United States|Deficit reduction]] * <!--F--> [[United States fiscal cliff|Fiscal cliff]] * <!--H--> [[Healthcare reform in the United States|Healthcare reform]] * <!--P--> [[Political debates about the United States federal budget|Political debates]] * <!--So--> [[Social Security debate in the United States|Social Security debate]] * <!--St--> "[[Starve the beast]]" * <!--Su--> [[Subprime mortgage crisis]] {{endflatlist}} </div> [[2007–2008 financial crisis]] {{flatlist}} * <!--D--> [[United States debt-ceiling crisis (disambiguation)|Debt-ceiling crises]] ** [[2011 United States debt-ceiling crisis|2011]] ** [[2013 United States debt-ceiling crisis|2013]] ** [[2023 United States debt-ceiling crisis|2023]] {{endflatlist}} [[2013 United States budget sequestration|2013 budget sequestration]] {{flatlist}} * <!--G--> [[Government shutdowns in the United States|Government shutdowns]] ** [[1980 United States federal government shutdown|1980]] ** [[1981, 1984, and 1986 U.S. federal government shutdowns|1981, 1984, 1986]] ** [[1990 United States federal government shutdown|1990]] ** [[1995–1996 United States federal government shutdowns|1995–1996]] ** [[2013 United States federal government shutdown|2013]] ** [[January 2018 United States federal government shutdown|Jan 2018]] ** [[2018–2019 United States federal government shutdown|2018–2019]] {{endflatlist}} Related events {{flatlist}} *<!--E-->[[Removal of Kevin McCarthy as Speaker of the House|2023 Removal of Kevin McCarthy]] {{endflatlist}}|list4name=terminology|list4title=Terminology|list4class=hlist skin-invert|list4=Cumulative [[Government budget balance|deficit]] + [[National debt of the United States#Debates|Interest]] ≈ [[Government debt|Debt]] * [[Balance of payments]] * [[Inflation]] * [[Continuing resolution]]}} [[w:Deficit_reduction_in_the_United_States|Deficit reduction in the United States]] == Deregulate the Economy == The legal theory that this can be done through the executive branch is found in the U.S. Supreme Court’s ''[[w:West_Virginia_v._EPA|West Virginia v. EPA]]'' and ''[[w:Loper_Bright|Loper Bright]]'' rulings, which rein in the administrative state and mean that much of what the federal government now does is illegal.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.wsj.com/opinion/department-of-government-efficiency-elon-musk-vivek-ramaswamy-donald-trump-1e086dab|website=[[w:Wall Street Journal]]|title=The Musk-Ramaswamy Project Could Be Trump’s Best Idea}}</ref> Mr. Trump has set a goal of eliminating 10 regulations for every new one. The [[w:Competitive_Enterprise_Institute|Competitive Enterprise Institute]]’s Wayne Crews says 217,565 rules have been issued since the [[w:Federal_Register|Federal Register]] first began itemizing them in 1976, with 89,368 pages added last year. [https://sgp.fas.org/crs/misc/R43056.pdf 3,000-4,500 rules are added each year]. DOGE’s first order will be to pause enforcement of overreaching rules while starting the process to roll them back. Mr. Trump and DOGE could direct agencies to settle legal challenges to Biden rules by vacating them. This could ease the laborious process of undoing them by rule-making through the [[w:Administrative_Procedure_Act|Administrative Procedure Act]]. A source tells the WSJ they’ll do whatever they think they legally can without the APA. The [[w:Congressional_Review_Act|Congressional Review Act]]—which allows Congress to overturn recently issued agency regulations—had been used only once, prior to [[w:First_presidency_of_Donald_Trump|Trump's first term]]. While in office, he and the Republican Congress used it on 16 rules. This time, there will be more than 56 regulatory actions recent enough to be repealed. The [[w:Chevron_deference|''Chevron'' deference]] had required federal courts to defer to agencies’ interpretations of ambiguous statutes, but this was overturned in 2024. Taken together, with some other recent [[w:SCOTUS|SCOTUS]] rulings, we now have, says the WSJ, the biggest opportunity to cut regulatory red tape in more than 40 years.<ref>[https://www.wsj.com/opinion/let-the-trump-deregulation-begin-us-chamber-of-commerce-second-term-economic-growth-73f24387?cx_testId=3&cx_testVariant=cx_166&cx_artPos=0]</ref><blockquote>"Most legal edicts aren’t laws enacted by Congress but “rules and regulations” promulgated by unelected bureaucrats—tens of thousands of them each year. Most government enforcement decisions and discretionary expenditures aren’t made by the democratically elected president or even his political appointees but by millions of unelected, unappointed civil servants within government agencies who view themselves as immune from firing thanks to civil-service protections." "This is antidemocratic and antithetical to the Founders’ vision. It imposes massive direct and indirect costs on taxpayers." "When the president nullifies thousands of such regulations, critics will allege executive overreach. In fact, it will be ''correcting'' the executive overreach of thousands of regulations promulgated by administrative fiat that were never authorized by Congress. The president owes lawmaking deference to Congress, not to bureaucrats deep within federal agencies. The use of executive orders to substitute for lawmaking by adding burdensome new rules is a constitutional affront, but the use of executive orders to roll back regulations that wrongly bypassed Congress is legitimate and necessary to comply with the Supreme Court’s recent mandates. And after those regulations are fully rescinded, a future president couldn’t simply flip the switch and revive them but would instead have to ask Congress to do so"<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/opinion/musk-and-ramaswamy-the-doge-plan-to-reform-government-supreme-court-guidance-end-executive-power-grab-fa51c020?cx_testId=3&cx_testVariant=cx_165&cx_artPos=5|title=Elon Musk and Vivek Ramaswamy: The DOGE Plan to Reform Government|last=Musk|first=Elon|date=20 November 2024|work=The Wall Street Journal|last2=Ramaswamy|first2=Vivek}}</ref> </blockquote> == Shrink the federal civil service == The government has around three million [[w:United_States_federal_civil_service|federal civil service]] employees, with an average salary of $106,000. Dr. Anthony Fauci made $481,000 in 2022. The federal head count has ballooned by 120,800 during the Biden years. Civil service and union protections make it hard to fire workers. Mr. Trump intends to quickly resurrect the [[w:Schedule_F|Schedule F]] reform that he sought to implement at the end of his first term but was scrapped by Mr. Biden. These would high-level federal employees to be removed like political appointees, by eliminating their job protections. WSJ proposals[https://www.wsj.com/opinion/the-doge-cheat-sheet-elon-musk-vivek-ramaswamy-department-of-government-efficiency-1c231783#cxrecs_s] The [[w:Administrative_Procedures_Act|Administrative Procedures Act]] statute protects federal employees from political retaliation, but allows for “reductions in force” that don’t target specific employees. The statute further empowers the president to “prescribe rules governing the competitive service.” The Supreme Court has held—in ''[[w:Franklin_v._Massachusetts|Franklin v. Massachusetts]]'' (1992) and ''[[w:Collins_v._Yellen|Collins v. Yellen]]'' (2021) that when revious presidents have used this power to amend the civil service rules by executive order, they weren’t constrained by the APA when they did so. Mr. Trump can, with this authority, implement any number of “rules governing the competitive service” that would curtail administrative overgrowth, from large-scale firings to relocation of federal agencies out of the Washington area. The DOGE welcomes voluntary terminations once the President begins requiring federal employees to come to the office five days a week, because American taxpayers shouldn’t pay federal employees for the Covid-era privilege of staying home.<ref>[https://www.wsj.com/opinion/musk-and-ramaswamy-the-doge-plan-to-reform-government-supreme-court-guidance-end-executive-power-grab-fa51c020?cx_testId=3&cx_testVariant=cx_165&cx_artPos=5 Elon Musk and Vivek Ramaswamy: The DOGE Plan to Reform Government: Following the Supreme Court’s guidance, we’ll reverse a decadeslong executive power grab. Musk & Ramaswamy 11/20/2024]</ref> == Reduce the deficit and debt by impounding appropriated funds == === Impound appropriated funds === Reports suggest that president-elect Trump intends to override Congress’s power of the purse by [[w:Impoundment_of_appropriated_funds|impoundment of appropriated funds]], that is, refusing to spend them. the president may [[wikipedia:Rescission_bill|propose rescission]] of specific funds, but that rescission must be approved by both the [[wikipedia:United_States_House_of_Representatives|House of Representatives]] and [[wikipedia:United_States_Senate|Senate]] within 45 days. [[w:Thomas_Jefferson|Thomas Jefferson]] was the first president to exercise the power of impoundment in 1801, which power was available to all presidents up to and including [[wikipedia:Richard_Nixon|Richard Nixon]], and was regarded as a power inherent to the office, although one with limits. He may ask Congress to repeal The [[w:Congressional_Budget_and_Impoundment_Control_Act_of_1974|Congressional Budget and Impoundment Control Act of 1974]], which was passed in response to Nixon's abuses.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://democrats-budget.house.gov/resources/reports/impoundment-control-act-1974-what-it-why-does-it-matter|title=The Impoundment Control Act of 1974: What Is It? Why Does It Matter? {{!}} House Budget Committee Democrats|date=2019-10-23|website=democrats-budget.house.gov|language=en|access-date=2024-05-19}}</ref> If Congress refuses to do so, president Trump may impound funds anyway and argue in court that the 1974 law is unconstitutional. The matter would likely end up at the Supreme Court, which would have to do more than simply hold the 1974 act unconstitutional in order for Mr. Trump to prevail. The court would also have to overrule [[w:Train_v._City_of_New_York_(1975)|''Train v. City of New York'' (1975)]], which held that impoundment is illegal unless the underlying legislation specifically authorizes it. === Reduce the budget deficit === [[wikipedia:U.S. federal budget|U.S. federal budget]] The [[wikipedia:Fiscal_year|fiscal year]], beginning October 1 and ending on September 30 of the year following. Congress is the body required by law to pass appropriations annually and to submit funding bills passed by both houses to the President for signature. Congressional decisions are governed by rules and legislation regarding the [[wikipedia:United_States_budget_process|federal budget process]]. Budget committees set spending limits for the House and Senate committees and for Appropriations subcommittees, which then approve individual [[wikipedia:Appropriations_bill_(United_States)|appropriations bills]] to During FY2022, the federal government spent $6.3 trillion. Spending as % of GDP is 25.1%, almost 2 percentage points greater than the average over the past 50 years. Major categories of FY 2022 spending included: Medicare and Medicaid ($1.339T or 5.4% of GDP), Social Security ($1.2T or 4.8% of GDP), non-defense discretionary spending used to run federal Departments and Agencies ($910B or 3.6% of GDP), Defense Department ($751B or 3.0% of GDP), and net interest ($475B or 1.9% of GDP).<ref name="CBO_2022">[https://www.cbo.gov/publication/58888 The Federal Budget in Fiscal Year 2022: An Infographic]</ref> CBO projects a federal budget deficit of $1.6 trillion for 2024. In the agency’s projections, deficits generally increase over the coming years; the shortfall in 2034 is $2.6 trillion. The deficit amounts to 5.6 percent of gross domestic product (GDP) in 2024, swells to 6.1 percent of GDP in 2025, and then declines in the two years that follow. After 2027, deficits increase again, reaching 6.1 percent of GDP in 2034.<ref name="CBO_budgetOutlook2024">{{cite web|url=https://www.cbo.gov/publication/59710|title=The Budget and Economic Outlook: 2024 to 2034|date=February 7, 2024|publisher=CBO|access-date=February 7, 2024}}</ref> The following table summarizes several budgetary statistics for the fiscal year 2015-2021 periods as a percent of GDP, including federal tax revenue, outlays or spending, deficits (revenue – outlays), and [[wikipedia:National_debt_of_the_United_States|debt held by the public]]. The historical average for 1969-2018 is also shown. With U.S. GDP of about $21 trillion in 2019, 1% of GDP is about $210 billion.<ref name="CBO_Hist_20">[https://www.cbo.gov/about/products/budget-economic-data#2 CBO-Historical Budget Data-Retrieved January 28, 2020]</ref> Statistics for 2020-2022 are from the CBO Monthly Budget Review for FY 2022.<ref name="CBO_MBRFY2022">{{cite web|url=https://www.cbo.gov/publication/58592|title=Monthly Budget Review: Summary for Fiscal Year 2022|date=November 8, 2022|publisher=CBO|access-date=December 10, 2022}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" !Variable As % GDP !2015 !2016 !2017 !2018 !2019 !2020 !2021 !2022 !Hist Avg |- !Revenue<ref name="CBO_Hist_20">[https://www.cbo.gov/about/products/budget-economic-data#2 CBO-Historical Budget Data-Retrieved January 28, 2020]</ref> |18.0% |17.6% |17.2% |16.4% |16.4% |16.2% |17.9% |19.6% |17.4% |- !Outlays<ref name="CBO_Hist_20" /> |20.4% |20.8% |20.6% |20.2% |21.0% |31.1% |30.1% |25.1% |21.0% |- !Budget Deficit<ref name="CBO_Hist_20" /> | -2.4% | -3.2% | -3.5% | -3.8% | -4.6% | -14.9% | -12.3% | -5.5% | -3.6% |- !Debt Held by Public<ref name="CBO_Hist_20" /> |72.5% |76.4% |76.2% |77.6% |79.4% |100.3% |99.6% |94.7% | |} The [[wikipedia:U.S._Constitution|U.S. Constitution]] ([[wikipedia:Article_One_of_the_United_States_Constitution|Article I]], section 9, clause 7) states that "No money shall be drawn from the Treasury, but in Consequence of Appropriations made by Law; and a regular Statement and Account of Receipts and Expenditures of all public Money shall be published from time to time." Each year, the President of the United States submits a budget request to Congress for the following fiscal year as required by the [[wikipedia:Budget_and_Accounting_Act_of_1921|Budget and Accounting Act of 1921]]. Current law ({{UnitedStatesCode|31|1105}}(a)) requires the president to submit a budget no earlier than the first Monday in January, and no later than the first Monday in February. Typically, presidents submit budgets on the first Monday in February. The budget submission has been delayed, however, in some new presidents' first year when the previous president belonged to a different party. === Reduce the National debt === == Strategic Foreign Policy and Military reform == Nominee for [[w:National_Security_Advisor|National Security Advisor]] [[w:Mike_Waltz|Mike Waltz]] To oversee the [[w:U.S._Intelligence_Community|U.S. Intelligence Community]] and NIP, and the 18 IC agencies, including the CIA, DIA, NSC, the nominee for [[w:Director_of_National_Intelligence|Director of National Intelligence]] is [[w:Tulsi_Gabbard|Tulsi Gabbard]], who is an isolationist of the [[w:Bernie_Sanders#foreign_policy|Bernie Sanders]] camp, with a long record of dogmatically opposing [[w:Foreign_policy_of_the_Trump_administration|President Trump's first term foreign policy]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/opinion/tulsi-gabbard-director-of-national-intelligence-donald-trump-foreign-policy-syria-israel-iran-b37aa3de|title=How Tulsi Gabbard Sees the World|last=Editorial Board|date=10 December 2024|work=The Wall Street Journal}}</ref> === Department of State === {{Main article|w:Second presidency of Donald Trump#Prospective foreign policy|w:State Department}} [[w:Marco_Rubio|Marco Rubio]] has been nominated as [[w:U.S._Secretary_of_State|U.S. Secretary of State]], overseeing $53bn and 77,880 employees ==== [[w:USAID|USAID]] ==== === U.S. Department of Defense === Nominated for [[w:Secretary_of_Defense|Secretary of Defense]] is [[w:Pete_Hegseth|Pete Hegseth]]. The president-elect is reportedly considering a draft executive order that establishes a “warrior board” of retired senior military personnel with the power to review three- and four-star officers “on leadership capability, strategic readiness, and commitment to military excellence," and to recommend removals of any deemed unfit for leadership. This would fast-track the removal of generals and admirals found to be “lacking in requisite leadership qualities,” consistent with his earlier vow to fire “woke” military leaders.<ref>[https://www.wsj.com/politics/national-security/trump-draft-executive-order-would-create-board-to-purge-generals-7ebaa606<nowiki> Trump draft executive order would create a board to purge generals 11/12/2024]</nowiki></ref> There are legal obstacles. The law prohibits the firing of commissioned officers except by “sentence of a general court-martial,” as a “commutation of a sentence of a general court-martial,” or “in time of war, by order of the president.” A commissioned officer who believes he’s been wrongfully dismissed has the right to seek a trial by court-martial, which may find the dismissal baseless. <ref>[https://www.wsj.com/opinion/trump-tests-the-constitutions-limits-checks-balances-government-policy-law-78d0d0f1 &lt;nowiki&gt; Trump test the constitutions limits 11/19/2024]</ref> Musk said, "Some idiots are still building manned fighter jets like the F-35," and later added: "Manned fighter jets are outdated in the age of drones and only put pilots' lives at risk." [[w:Bernie_Sanders|Bernie Sanders]] wrote on X: "Elon Musk is right. The Pentagon, with a budget of $886 billion, just failed its 7th audit in a row. It's lost track of billions. Last year, only 13 senators voted against the Military Industrial Complex and a defense budget full of waste and fraud. That must change."{{sfn|Newsweek 12/02|2024}}. It failed its fifth audit in June 2023.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newsweek.com/fox-news-host-confronts-gop-senator-pentagons-fifth-failed-audit-1804379|title=Fox News host confronts GOP Senator on Pentagon's fifth failed audit|last=Writer|first=Fatma Khaled Staff|date=2023-06-04|website=Newsweek|language=en|access-date=2024-12-02}}</ref> === US Air Force === Air Force is advancing a program called [[w:Collaborative_Combat_Aircraft|Collaborative Combat Aircraft]] to build roughly 1,000 UAVs, with [[w:Anduril|Anduril]] and [[w:General_Atomics|General Atomics]] currently building prototypes, ahead of an Air Force decision on which company or companies will be contracted to build it. The cost quickly exceeded the $2.3 billion approved for last fiscal year’s budget, according to the [[w:Congressional_Research_Service|Congressional Research Service]], prompting calls for more oversight. “''If you want to make real improvements to the defense and security of the United States of America, we would be investing more in drones, we’d be investing more in [[w:Hypersonic_weapon|hypersonic missiles]]'',” said Mr. Ramaswamy. The program for Lockheed-Martin's [[w:F-35|F-35]] stealth jet fighters, now in production, is expected to exceed $2 trillion over several decades. The Air Force on 5 December announced it would delay a decision on which company would build the next-generation crewed fighter, called [[w:Next Generation Air Dominance|Next Generation Air Dominance (NGAD)]], which was planned to replace the [[w:F-22|F-22]] and operate alongside the F-35. Mr. Musk has written that "manned fighter jets are obsolete in the age of drones.” In another post, he claimed “a reusable drone” can do everything a jet fighter can do “without all the overhead of a pilot.” Brigadier General [[w:Doug_Wickert|Doug Wickert]] said in response, “There may be some day when we can completely rely on roboticized warfare but we are a century away.... How long have we thought full self-driving was going to be on the Tesla?” <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/politics/national-security/air-force-jets-vs-drones-trump-administration-8b1620a5?page=1|title=Trump Administration Set to Decide Future of Jet Fighters|last=Seligman|first=Lara|date=6 December 2024|work=The Wall Street Journal}}</ref> === US Space Force === The [[w:US_Space_Force|US Space Force]]'s 2023 budget was ~$26bn and it had 9,400 military personnel. SpaceX had a $14m contract to provide communications to the Ukrainian armed forces and government through 30th Nov 2024.{{sfn|Economist 11/23|2024}} Is also receiving a $733m contract to carry satellites into orbit.{{sfn|Economist 11/23|2024}} The Pentagon plans to incorporate into its own communications network 100 of [[w:Starshield|Starshield]]'s satellites.{{sfn|Economist 11/23|2024}} Starshield also has a $1.8bn contract to help the [[w:National_Reconnaissance_Office|National Reconnaissance Office]] build spy satellites.{{sfn|Economist 11/23|2024}} == NASA == The [[w:National_Air_and_Space_Administration|National Air and Space Administration]] had a 2023 budget of $25.4 bn and 18,000 employees. [[w:Jared_Isaacman|Jared Isaacman]] is nominated director. He had joined a space voyage in 2021 which was the first for an all-civilian crew to reach orbit. He led a four person crew in September on the first commericial spacewalk, testing SpaceX's new spacesuits. He promised to lead NASA in to "usher in an era where humanity becomes a true space-faring civilization." In an interview Isaacman said that NASA will evolve as private space companies set their own priorities and develop technology. NASA could have a certification role for astronauts and vehicles, similar to how the Federal Aviation Administration oversees the commercial airline industry. “The FAA doesn’t build the airplanes. They don’t staff the pilots that fly you from point A to B,” he said. “That is the world that NASA is in, essentially.” He also suggested openness to new and lower cost ways of getting to the Moon and to Mars.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/politics/elections/trump-picks-billionaire-space-traveler-to-run-nasa-4420150b?page=1|title=Trump Picks Billionaire Space Traveler to Run NASA|last=Maidenberg|first=Micah|date=5 December 2024|work=WSJ}}</ref> In September 2026, NASA's [[w:Artemis_program|Artemis program]], established in 2017 via [[wikipedia:Space_Policy_Directive_1|Space Policy Directive 1]], is intended to reestablish a human presence on the Moon for the first time since the [[wikipedia:Apollo_17|Apollo 17]] mission in 1972. The program's stated long-term goal is to establish a [[wikipedia:Moonbase|permanent base on the Moon]] to facilitate [[wikipedia:Human_mission_to_Mars|human missions to Mars]]. The [[w:U.S._National_Academies_of_Sciences,_Engineering,_and_Medicine|U.S. National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine]] in October, put out a report titled "NASA at a Crossroads," which identified myriad issues at the agency, including out-of-date infrastructure, pressures to prioritize short-term objectives and inefficient management practices. NASA's costly [[w:Space_Launch_System|Space Launch System]] (SLS) is the cornerstone of the Artemis program. has a price tag of around $4.1 billion per launch, and is a single-use rocket that can only launch every two years, having debuted in 2022 with the uncrewed [[w:Artemis_1_mission|Artemis 1 mission]] to the moon. In contrast, SpaceX is working to reduce the cost of a single Starship flight to under $10 million. NASA Associate Administrator Jim Free urged the incoming administration to maintain the current plans, in a symposium with the [[w:American_Astronautical_Society|American Astronautical Society]] saying "We need that consistency in purpose. That has not happened since Apollo. If we lose that, I believe we will fall apart and we will wander, and other people in this world will pass us by." NASA has already asked both [[w:SpaceX|SpaceX]] and also Jeff Bezos' [[w:Blue_Origin|Blue Origin]], to develop cargo landers for its Artemis missions and to deliver heavy equipment on them to the Moon by 2033. "Having two lunar lander providers with different approaches for crew and cargo landing capability provides mission flexibility while ensuring a regular cadence of moon landings for continued discovery and scientific opportunity," Stephen D. Creech, NASA's assistant deputy associate administrator for the moon to Mars program, said in an announcement about the partnership. "For all of the money we are spending, NASA should NOT be talking about going to the Moon - We did that 50 years ago. They should be focused on the much bigger things we are doing, including Mars (of which the Moon is a part), Defense and Science!" Trump wrote in a post on X in 2019. Trump has said he would create a [[w:Space_National_Guard|Space National Guard]], an idea that lawmakers in Congress have been proposing since 2021. Critics agree that a focus on spaceflight could come at the expense of "Earth and atmospheric sciences at NASA and the [[w:National_Oceanic_and_Atmospheric_Administration|National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]] (NOAA), which have been cut during the Biden era."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newsweek.com/elon-musk-donald-trump-nasa-space-policy-1990599|title=Donald Trump and Elon Musk could radically reshape NASA. Here's how|last=Reporter|first=Martha McHardy US News|date=2024-11-27|website=Newsweek|language=en|access-date=2024-12-02}}</ref> Regarding his goal and SpaceX's corporate mission of colonising Mars, Mr. Musk has stated that "The DOGE is the only path to extending life beyond earth"{{sfn|Economist 11/23|2024}} == [[w:Federal_Aviation_Administration|Federal Aviation Administration]] == Musk has often complained about the FAA "smothering" innovation, boasting that he can build a rocket faster than the agency can process the "Kafkaesque paperwork" required to make the relevant approvals.{{sfn|Economist 11/23|2024}} == Department of Transportation == Mr. Trump's transition team told advisors that it plans to make a federal framework for self-driving cars. Mr. Trump had a call with Sundar Pichai and Mr. Musk. == Department of Education == [[w:United_States_Department_of_Education|Department of Education]] has 4,400 employees – the smallest staff of the Cabinet agencies<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www2.ed.gov/about/overview/fed/role.html|title=Federal Role in Education|date=2021-06-15|website=www2.ed.gov|language=en|access-date=2022-04-28}}</ref> – and a 2024 budget of $238 billion.<ref name="DOE-mission">{{Cite web|url=https://www.usaspending.gov/agency/department-of-education?fy=2024|title=Agency Profile {{!}} U.S. Department of Education|website=www2.ed.gov|access-date=2024-11-14}}</ref> The 2023 Budget was $274 billion, which included funding for children with disabilities ([[wikipedia:Individuals_with_Disabilities_Education_Act|IDEA]]), pandemic recovery, early childhood education, [[wikipedia:Pell_Grant|Pell Grants]], [[wikipedia:Elementary_and_Secondary_Education_Act|Title I]], work assistance, among other programs. This budget was down from $637.7 billion in 2022.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.future-ed.org/what-the-new-pisa-results-really-say-about-u-s-schools/|title=What the New PISA Results Really Say About U.S. Schools|date=2021-06-15|website=future-ed.com|language=en|access-date=2024-11-14}}</ref> Nominated as [[w:US_Secretary_of_Education|Secretary of Education]] is [[w:Linda_McMahon|Linda McMahon]]. The WSJ proposes that the Civil Rights division be absorbed into the Department of Justice, and that its outstanding loan portolio be handled by the Department of the Treasury. Despite the redundancies, its unlikely that it will be abolished, which would require congressional action and buy-in from Democrats in the Senate; Republicans don’t have enough votes to do it alone. A republican appointee is expected to push back against federal education overreach and progressive policies like DEI. <ref>[https://www.wsj.com/opinion/trump-can-teach-the-education-department-a-lesson-nominee-needs-boldness-back-school-choice-oppose-woke-indoctrination-ddf6a38d<nowiki> Trump can teach the Education Department a Lesson. WSJ 11/20/2024]</nowiki></ref> During his campaign, Trump had pledged to get the "transgender insanity the hell out of schools.” Relying on the district court's decision in ''[[w:Tatel_v._Mount_Lebanon_School_District|Tatel v. Mount Lebanon School District]] , the'' attorney general and education secretary could issue a letter explaining how enforcing gender ideology violates constitutional [[w:Free_exercise_clause|First amendment right to free exercise of religion]] and the [[w:Equal_Protection_Clause|14th Amendment’s Equal Protection Clause]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/opinion/how-trump-can-target-transgenderism-in-schools-law-policy-education-369537a7?page=1|title=How Trump Can Target Transgenderism in Schools|last=Eden|first=Max|date=9 December 2024|work=The Wall Street Journal}}</ref> == Consumer Financial Protection Bureau == The [[w:Consumer_Financial_Protection_Bureau|Consumer Financial Protection Bureau]] (CFPB). Said Mr. Musk "Delete the CFPB. There are too many duplicative regulatory agencies"<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/politics/policy/elon-musk-doge-conflict-of-interest-b1202437?page=1|title=Musk’s DOGE Plans Rely on White House Budget Office. Conflicts Await.|last=Schwartz|first=Brian|work=The Wall Street Journal}}</ref> == U.S. Department of Health and Human Services == Nominated as [[w:United_States_Secretary_of_Health_and_Human_Services|United States Secretary of Health and Human Services]] is [[w:Robert_F._Kennedy_Jr.|Robert F. Kennedy Jr.]], deputy Secretary [[w:Jim_O'Neill_(investor)|Jim O'Neill]]. Nominated for [[w:US_Surgeon_General|US Surgeon General]] is [[w:Janette_Nesheiwat|Janette Nesheiwat]]. [[w:U.S._Department_of_Health_and_Human_Services|U.S. Department of Health and Human Services]] was authorized a budget for [[w:2020_United_States_federal_budget|fiscal year 2020]] of $1.293 trillion. It has 13 operating divisions, 10 of which constitute the [[w:United_States_Public_Health_Service|Public Health Services]], whose budget authorization is broken down as follows:<ref name="hhs_budget_fy2020">{{cite web|url=https://www.hhs.gov/about/budget/fy2020/index.html|title=HHS FY 2020 Budget in Brief|date=October 5, 2019|website=HHS Budget & Performance|publisher=United States Department of Health & Human Services|page=7|access-date=May 9, 2020}}</ref> {| class="wikitable sortable" !Nominee !Program !2020 Budget !2024 Budget ! employees !2025 Budget !2026 Budget |- |[[w:Marty_Makary|Marty Makary]] |[[w:Food and Drug Administration|Food and Drug Administration]] (FDA) |$3,329 MM |- | |[[w:Health Resources and Services Administration|Health Resources and Services Administration]] (HRSA) |$11,004 |- | |[[w:Indian Health Service|Indian Health Service]] (IHS) |$6,104 |- |[[w:Dave_Weldon|Dave Weldon]] |[[w:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]] (CDC) |$6,767 |- |[[w:Jay_Bhattacharya|Jay Bhattacharya]] |[[w:National Institutes of Health|National Institutes of Health]] (NIH) |$33,669 |- | |[[w:Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration|Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration]] (SAMHSA) |$5,535 |- | |[[w:Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality|Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality]] (AHRQ) |$0 |- |[[w:Mehmet_Oz|Mehmet Oz]] |[[w:Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services|Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services]] (CMMS) |$1,169,091 |- | |[[w:Administration for Children and Families|Administration for Children and Families]] (ACF) |$52,121 |- | |[[w:Administration for Community Living|Administration for Community Living]] (ACL) |$1,997 |- |} {| class="wikitable sortable" !Program !2020 Budget !2024 Budget ! employees !2025 Budget !2026 Budget |- |[[w:Departmental Management|Departmental Management]] |$340 |- |Non-Recurring Expense Fund |$-400 |- |[[w:Office of Medicare Hearings and Appeals|Office of Medicare Hearings and Appeals]] |$186 |- |[[w:Office of the National Coordinator|Office of the National Coordinator]] |$43 |- |[[w:Office for Civil Rights|Office for Civil Rights]] |$30 |- |[[w:Office of Inspector General|Office of Inspector General]] |$82 |- |[[w:Public Health and Social Services Emergency Fund|Public Health and Social Services Emergency Fund]] |$2,667 |- |[[w:Program Support Center|Program Support Center]] |$749 |- |Offsetting Collections |$-629 |- |Other Collections |$-163 |- |'''TOTAL''' |'''$1,292,523''' |} The FY2020 budget included a $1.276 billion budget decrease for the Centers for Disease Control, and a $4.533 billion budget decrease for the National Institutes of Health. These budget cuts, along with other changes since 2019, comprised a total decrease of over $24 billion in revised discretionary budget authority across the entire Department of Health and Human Services for Fiscal Year 2020.<ref name="hhs_budget_fy2020" /> Additional details of the budgeted outlays, budget authority, and detailed budgets for other years, can be found at the HHS Budget website.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://WWW.HHS.GOV/BUDGET|title=Health and Human Services: Budget and Performance|publisher=United States Department of Health & Human Services|access-date=May 9, 2020}}</ref> He is an American politician, [[Environmental law|environmental lawyer]], [[anti-vaccine activist]], and anti-packaged food industry activist, anti-pharmaceutical industry activist, who will be nominated to serve as [[United States Secretary of Health and Human Services]],<ref name="v502">{{cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/saradorn/2024/11/14/rfk-jr-launches-independent-2024-run-here-are-all-the-conspiracies-he-promotes-from-vaccines-to-mass-shootings/|title=Trump Taps RFK Jr. As Secretary Of Health And Human Services: Here Are All The Conspiracies He's Promoted|last=Dorn|first=Sara|date=2024-11-14|website=Forbes|access-date=2024-11-15}}</ref> with the mission of "Making America Healthy Again". He is the chairman and founder of [[Children's Health Defense]], an anti-vaccine advocacy group and proponent of [[COVID-19 vaccine misinformation|dubious COVID-19 vaccine information]].<ref name="Smith_12/15/2021" /><ref name="KW" /> === National Institutes of Health === The [[w:NIH|NIH]] distributes grants of ~$50bn per year. Nominated to lead the [[w:National_Institutes_of_Health|National Institutes of Health]] is [[w:Jay_Bhattacharya|Jay Bhattacharya]], who has announced the following priorities for funding: * cutting edge research, saying that the NIH has become "sclerotic", due to a phenomenon has been called [[Eroom’s law]], which explains that career incentives encourage “me-too research,” given that citations by other scientists “have become the dominant way to evaluate scientific contributions and scientists.” That has shifted research “toward incremental science and away from exploratory projects that are more likely to fail, but which are the fuel for future breakthroughs.”<ref name=":3">{{Cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/opinion/jay-bhattacharya-and-the-vindication-of-the-fringe-scientists-pandemic-lockdowns-38b6aec6|title=Jay Bhattacharya and the Vindication of the ‘Fringe’ Scientists|last=Finley|first=Allysia|date=1 December 2024|work=Wall Street Journal}}</ref> Dr. Bhattacharya's February 2020 paper explaining Eroom's law, as possible explanation for slowing of pharmaceutical advances.{{Cn}} * studies aimed at replicating the results of earlier studies, to address the problem of scientific fraud or other factors contributing to the the [[w:Replication_crisis|replication crisis]], encouraging academic freedom among NIH scientists and term limits for NIH leaders. “Those kinds of reforms, I think every scientist would agree, every American would agree, it’s how you turn the NIH from something that is sort of how to control society, into something that is aimed at the discovery of truth to improve the health of Americans,” he said.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/health/healthcare/covid-lockdown-critic-jay-bhattacharya-chosen-to-lead-nih-2958e5e2?page=1|title=Covid-Lockdown Critic Jay Bhattacharya Chosen to Lead NIH|last=Whyte|first=Liz Essley|date=26 November 2024|work=The Wall Street Journal}}</ref> * Refocusing on research on [[w:Chronic_diseases|chronic diseases]], which is underfunded, and away from [[w:Infectious_diseases|infectious diseases]], which is overfunded. * Ending [[w:Gain-of-function|gain-of-function]] research. Jay Bhattacharya wrote a March 25 2020 op-ed "Is the Coronavirus as Deadly as They Say?", with colleague [[w:Eran_Bendavid|Eran Bendavid]], arguing that many asymptomatic cases of COVID-19 were going undetected. The hypothesis was confirmed in April 2020 when he and several colleagues published a study showing that Covid anti-bodies in Santa Clara county were 50 times the recorded infection rate. This implied, he said "a lower inflection mortality rate than public health authorities were pushing at a time when they and the media thought it was a virtue to panic the population".<ref><nowiki><ref></nowiki>{{Cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/opinion/the-man-who-fought-fauci-and-won-trump-nih-nominee-jay-bhattacharya-covid-cancel-culture-4a0650bd?page=1|title=The Man Who Fought Fauci - and Won|last=Varadarajan|first=Tunku|date=6 December 2024|work=WSJ}}&lt;nowiki&gt;</ref> Dr. Bhattacharya, [[w:Martin_Kulldorff|Martin Kulldorff]], then at Harvard, and Oxford’s [[w:Sunetra_Gupta|Sunetra Gupta]] formally expounded this idea in the [[w:Great_Barrington_Declaration|Great Barrington Declaration]] in October 2020, urging the government to focus on protecting the vulnerable while letting others go about their lives, which previous NIH director [[w:Francis_Collins|Francis Collins]] derided as "fringe science its into the political views of certain parts of our confused political establishment," and previous [[w:NIAID|NIAID]] director [[w:Chief_Medical_Advisor_to_the_President|chief medical advisor to the President]] [[w:Anthony_Fauci|Anthony Fauci]] "a quick and devastating public takedown of its premises." Some suggest the same career incentives that lead to scientific group-think in the pharmaceutical industry, also explain conformist behavior during COVID-19, due to the threat against young scientists of losing NIH funding, jobs, and career opportunities, if they were to exercise in independent judgement.<ref name=":3" /> === Food and Drug Administration === The FDA in 2022 had 18,000 employees<ref name="fy2022">{{cite web|url=https://www.fda.gov/media/149613/download|title=FY 2022 FDA Budget Request|publisher=FDA|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230602090805/https://www.fda.gov/media/149613/download|archive-date=June 2, 2023|access-date=January 14, 2022|url-status=live}}</ref> and a budget of $6.5{{nbsp}}billion (2022)<ref name="fy2022" /> Nominated as director is [[w:Marty_Makary|Marty Makary]]. == CPB, PBS, NPR == Regarding the [[w:Corporation_for_Public_Broadcasting|Corporation for Public Broadcasting]], [[w:Howard_Husock|Howard Husock]] suggest that instead of zeroing its $535 million budget, Republicans reform the [[w:Public_Broadcasting_Act|Public Broadcasting Act]] to eliminate bias and improve local journalism.<ref>https://www.wsj.com/opinion/the-conservative-case-for-public-broadcasting-media-policy-2d4c3c9f?page=1</ref> {{As of|2024|alt=For fiscal year 2024}}, its appropriation was US$525 million, including $10 million in interest earned. The distribution of these funds was as follows:<ref>{{cite web|url=https://cpb.org/aboutcpb/financials/budget/|title=CPB Operating Budget|last=|date=2024|website=www.cpb.org|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=November 27, 2024|url-status=}}</ref> * $262.83M for direct grants to local public television stations; * $95.11M for television programming grants; * $81.77M for direct grants to local public radio stations; * $28.12M for the Radio National Program Production and Acquisition * $9.43M for the Radio Program Fund * $31.50 for system support * $26.25 for administration Public broadcasting stations are funded by a combination of private donations from listeners and viewers, foundations and corporations. Funding for public television comes in roughly equal parts from government (at all levels) and the private sector.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cpb.org/annualreports/2013/|title=CPB 2013 Annual Report|website=www.cpb.org|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160212170045/http://cpb.org/annualreports/2013/|archive-date=February 12, 2016|access-date=May 4, 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Departments of Energy and Interior == Nominee for [[w:US_Secretary_of_the_Interior|Secretary of the Interior]] is [[w:Doug_Burgum|Doug Burgum]], who will also be [[w:List_of_U.S._executive_branch_czars|Energy Czar]]. [[w:Department_of_Energy|Department of Energy]] [[w:United_States_Secretary_of_Energy|secretary nominee]] [[w:Chris_Wright_(energy_executive)|Chris Wright]] admits that burning fossil fuels contributes to rising temperatures, but says it poses only a modest threat to humanity, and praises it for increasing plant growth, making the planet greener, and boosting agricultural productivity. He also says that it likely reduces the annual number of temperature-related deaths. (estimates from health researchers say otherwise). He says, "It's probably almost as many positive changes as negative changes... Is it a crisis, is it the world's greatest challenge, or a big threat to the next generation? No. .. A little bit warmer isn’t a threat. If we were 5, 7, 8, 10 degrees [Celsius] warmer, that would be meaningful changes to the planet.” Scientists see a 1.5 degrees Celsius temperature as creating potentially irreversible changes for the planet, and expect to pass that mark later this year, after increasing over several decade. He criticizes the [[w:Paris_climate_agreement|Paris climate agreement]] for empowering "political actors with anti-fossil fuel agendas." Wright favors development of [[w:Geothermal_energy|geothermal energy]] and [[w:Nuclear_energy_policy_of_the_United_States|nuclear energy]], criticizing subsidies to wind and solar energy. <ref><nowiki><ref></nowiki>{{Cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/politics/policy/who-is-chris-wright-trump-energy-secretary-9eb617dc?page=1|title=Trump’s Energy Secretary Pick Preaches the Benefits of Climate Change|last=Morenne|first=Benoit|date=9 December 2024|work=The Wall Street Journal}}&lt;nowiki&gt;</ref> == AI and Cryptocurrency Policy == [[w:David_Sacks|David Sacks]] was named "White House AI and Crypto Czar". == Reform Entitlements == === Healthcare and Medicare === [[w:ObamaCare|ObamaCare]] started as a plausible scheme for universal, cost-effective health insurance with subsidies for the needy. Only the subsidies survive because the ObamaCare policies actually delivered are so overpriced nobody would buy them without a subsidy.<ref>[https://www.wsj.com/opinion/elons-real-trump-mission-protect-growth-department-of-government-efficiency-appointments-cabinet-9e7e62b2]</ref> See below: Department of Health and Human Services === Social Security === Even FDR was aware of its flaw: it discourages working and saving. === Other === Small-government advocate [[w:Ron_Paul|Ron Paul]] has suggested to cut aid to the following "biggest" welfare recipients: * The [[w:Military-industrial_complex|Military-industrial complex]] * The [[w:Pharmaceutical-industrial_complex|Pharmaceutical-industrial complex]] * The [[w:Federal_Reserve|Federal Reserve]] To which Mr. Musk replied, "Needs to be done".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thehill.com/video/ron-paul-vows-to-join-elon-musk-help-eliminate-government-waste-in-a-trump-admin/10191375/|title=Ron Paul vows to join Elon Musk, help eliminate government waste in a Trump admin|date=2024-11-05|website=The Hill|language=en-US|access-date=2024-12-09}}</ref> == Office of Management and Budget == The White House [[w:Office_of_Management_and_Budget|Office of Management and Budget]] (OMB) guides implementation of regulations and analyzes federal spending. Mssrs. Musk and Ramaswamy encouraged President-elect Trump to reappoint his first term director [[w:Russell_Vought|Russell Vought]], which he did on 22nd Nov.<ref name=":0" /> == Government Efficiency Personnel == Transition spokesman [[w:Brian_Hughes|Brian Hughes]] said that "Elon Musk is a once-in-a-generation business leader and our federal bureaucracy will certainly benefit from his ideas and efficiency". About a dozen Musk allies have visited Mar-a-Lago to serve as unofficial advisors to the Trump 47 transition, influencing hiring at many influential government agencies.<ref name=":2"><nowiki><ref></nowiki>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/12/06/us/politics/trump-elon-musk-silicon-valley.html?searchResultPosition=1|title=The Silicon Valley Billionaires Steering Trump’s Transition|date=8 December 2024|work=NYT}}</ref> [[w:Marc_Andreesen|Marc Andreesen]] has interviewed candidates for State, Pentagon, and DHHS, and has been active pushing for rollback of Biden's cryptocurrency regulations, and rollback of Lina Khan anti-trust efforts with the FTC, and calling for contracting reform in Defense dept. [[w:Jared_Birchall|Jared Birchall]] has interviewed candidates for State, and has advised on Space police and has put together councils for AI and Cryptocurrency policy. David Sacks was named "White House AI and Crypto Czar" [[w:Shaun_MacGuire|Shaun MacGuire]] has advised on picks for intelligence community and has interviewed candidates for Defense. Many tech executives are considering part-time roles advising the DOGE. [[w:Antonio_Gracias|Antonio Gracias]] and [[w:Steve_Davis|Steve Davis]] from Musk's "crisis team" have been active, as has investor [[w:John_Hering|John Hering]]. Other Silicon Valley players who have advised Trump or interviewed candidates: * [[w:Larry_Ellison|Larry Ellison]] has sat in on Trump transition 47 meetings at Mar-a-Lago. * [[w:Mark_Pincus|Mark Pincus]] * [[w:David_Marcus|David Marcus]] * [[w:Barry_Akis|Barry Akis]] * [[w:Shervin_Pishevar|Shervin Pishevar]], who has called for privitization of the USPS, NASA, and the federal Bureau of Prisons. Called for creating an American sovereign wealth fund, and has said that DOGE "could lead a revolutionary restructuring of public institutions."<ref name=":2" /> [[w:William_McGinley|William McGinley]] will move to a role with DOGE. Originally nominated for [[w:White_House_counsel|White House counsel]], he will be replaced in that role by [[w:David_Warrington|David Warrington]].<ref>{{Cite news|title=A White House Counsel Replaced before starting|last=Haberman|first=Maggie|date=6 December 2024|work=New York times}}</ref> The WSJ lauded without naming them, comparing them to the "dollar-a-year men" - business leaders who during WWII revolutionized industrial production to help make America the "arsenal of democracy". (WSJ, 10 December 2024) == History and Miscellaneous facts == See also: [[w:Department_of_Government_Efficiency#History|Department of Government Efficiency — History]] DOGE's work will "conclude" no later than July 4, 2026, the 250th anniversary of the signing of the [[United States Declaration of Independence|U.S. Declaration of Independence]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thehill.com/policy/4987402-trump-musk-advisory-group-spending/|title=Elon Musk, Vivek Ramaswamy to lead Trump's Department of Government Efficiency (DOGE)|last=Nazzaro|first=Miranda|date=November 13, 2024|website=The Hill|language=en-US|access-date=November 13, 2024}}</ref> also coinciding with America's [[United States Semiquincentennial|semiquincentennial]] celebrations and a proposed "Great American Fair". Despite its name it is not expected to be a [[wikipedia:United_States_federal_executive_departments|federal executive department]], but rather may operate under the [[Federal Advisory Committee Act]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/trump-department-of-government-efficiency-doge-elon-musk-ramaswamy/|title=What to know about Trump's Department of Government Efficiency, led by Elon Musk and Vivek Ramaswamy - CBS News|last=Picchi|first=Aimee|date=2024-11-14|website=www.cbsnews.com|language=en-US|access-date=2024-11-14}}</ref> so its formation is not expected to require approval from the [[wikipedia:United_States_Congress|U.S. Congress]]. NYT argues that records of its meetings must be made public.{{Cn}} As an advisor rather than a government employee, Mr. Musk will not be subject to various ethics rules.{{sfn|Economist 11/23}} Musk has stated that he believes such a commission could reduce the [[wikipedia:United_States_federal_budget|U.S. federal budget]] by $2 trillion, which would be a reduction of almost one third from its 2023 total. [[Maya MacGuineas]] of the [[Committee for a Responsible Federal Budget]] has said that this saving is "absolutely doable" over a period of 10 years, but it would be difficult to do in a single year "without compromising some of the fundamental objectives of the government that are widely agreed upon".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thehill.com/business/4966789-elon-musk-skepticism-2-trillion-spending-cuts/|title=Elon Musk draws skepticism with call for $2 trillion in spending cuts|last=Folley|first=Aris|date=2024-11-03|website=The Hill|language=en-US|access-date=2024-11-14}}</ref> [[wikipedia:Jamie_Dimon|Jamie Dimon]], the chief executive officer of [[wikipedia:JPMorgan_Chase|JPMorgan Chase]], has supported the idea. Some commentators questioned whether DOGE is a conflict of interest for Musk given that his companies are contractors to the federal government. The body is "unlikely to have any regulatory teeth on its own, but there's little doubt that it can have influence on the incoming administration and how it will determine its budgets".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.vox.com/policy/384904/trumps-department-of-government-efficiency-sounds-like-a-joke-it-isnt|title=Trump tapped Musk to co-lead the "Department of Government Efficiency." What the heck is that?|last=Fayyad|first=Abdallah|date=2024-11-13|website=Vox|language=en-US|access-date=2024-11-14}}</ref> Elon Musk had called [[w:Federico_Sturzenegger|Federico Sturzenegger]], Argentina's [[w:Ministry_of_Deregulation_and_State_Transformation|Minister of Deregulation and Transformation of the State]] ([[w:es:Ministerio_de_Desregulación_y_Transformación_del_Estado|es]]), to discuss imitating his ministry's model.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.infobae.com/economia/2024/11/08/milei-brindo-un-nuevo-apoyo-a-sturzenegger-y-afirmo-que-elon-musk-imitara-su-gestion-en-eeuu/|title=Milei brindó un nuevo apoyo a Sturzenegger y afirmó que Elon Musk imitará su gestión en EEUU|date=November 8, 2024|website=infobae|language=es-ES|access-date=November 13, 2024}}</ref> == Reception and Criticism == See also: [[w:Department_of_Government_Efficiency#Reception|w:Department of Government Efficiency — Reception]] The WSJ reports that Tesla's Texas facility dumped toxic wastewater into the public sewer system, into a lagoon, and into a local river, violated Texas environmental regulations, and fired an employee who attempted to comply with the law.{{Cn}} The Economist estimates that 10% of Mr. Musk's $360bn personal fortune is derived from contracts and benefits from the federal government, and 15% from the Chinese market.{{sfn|Economist 11/23}} == See also == * [[w:Second_presidential_transition_of_Donald_Trump|Second presidential transition of Donald Trump]] * [[w:United_States_federal_budget#Deficits_and_debt|United States federal budget - Deficits and debt]] * [[w:United_States_Bureau_of_Efficiency|United States Bureau of Efficiency]] – United States federal government bureau from 1916 to 1933 * [[w:Brownlow_Committee|Brownlow Committee]] – 1937 commission recommending United States federal government reforms * [[w:Grace_Commission|Grace Commission]] – Investigation to eliminate inefficiency in the United States federal government * [[w:Hoover_Commission|Hoover Commission]] – United States federal commission in 1947 advising on executive reform * [[w:Keep_Commission|Keep Commission]] * [[w:Project_on_National_Security_Reform|Project on National Security Reform]] * [[w:Delivering_Outstanding_Government_Efficiency_Caucus|Delivering Outstanding Government Efficiency Caucus]] == Notes == {{reflist}} == References == {{refbegin}} * {{Cite web|url=https://www.newsweek.com/bernie-sanders-finds-new-common-ground-elon-musk-1993820|title=Bernie Sanders finds new common ground with Elon Musk|last=Reporter|first=Mandy Taheri Weekend|date=2024-12-01|website=Newsweek|language=en|access-date=2024-12-02 |ref={{harvid|Newsweek 12/01|2024}} }} * {{Cite news|url=https://www.economist.com/briefing/2024/11/21/elon-musk-and-donald-trump-seem-besotted-where-is-their-bromance-headed|title=Elon Musk and Donald Trump seem besotted. Where is their bromance headed?|work=The Economist|access-date=2024-12-04|issn=0013-0613 |ref={{harvid|Economist 11/23|2024}} }} <references group="lower-alpha" /> {{refend}} h63565u72w0badlfpviyeydhuebugv8 2691488 2691487 2024-12-11T19:43:12Z Jaredscribe 2906761 /* National Institutes of Health */ 2691488 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Research project}} The U.S. [[w:Department of Government Efficiency]]. {{Infobox Organization |name=Department of Government Efficiency |logo= |logo_size= |logo_caption=Logo on [[Twitter|X]] (formerly Twitter) as of November 14, 2024 |seal= |seal_size= |seal_caption= |formation=Announced on November 12, 2024; yet to be established |abbreviation=DOGE |key_people={{plainlist|[[w:Commissioner of the Department of Government Efficiency|Co-commissioners]]: * [[w:Elon Musk]] * [[w:Vivek Ramaswamy]] }} |website={{URL|https://x.com/DOGE|x.com/DOGE}} |volunteers=* Federico Sturzenegger|services=consulting|headquarters=Mar-A-Lago|organization_type=Presidential Advisory Commission|founder=Donald Trump|extinction=4 July 2026 (planned)|mission=(In the words of president-elect Donald Trump: * dismantle government bureaucracy * slash excess regulations * cut wasteful expenditures * restructure federal agencies, * address "massive waste and fraud" in government spending}} This "'''Wiki Of Government Efficiency'''" (WOGE) is a public interest, non-partisan research project that will [[User:Jaredscribe/Department of Government Efficiency#Reduce the deficit and debt by impounding appropriated funds|analyze the U.S. federal budget]], [[User:Jaredscribe/Department of Government Efficiency#Reform the other Government Bureaus and Departments|federal bureaucracy]], and [[User:Jaredscribe/Department of Government Efficiency#Shrink the federal civil service|federal civil service]], in the context of [[w:Second_presidency_of_Donald_Trump|president-elect Trump']]<nowiki/>s [[w:Agenda_47|Agenda 47]], and will catalogue, evaluate, and critique proposals on how the '''[[w:Department of Government Efficiency|Department of Government Efficiency]]'''{{Efn|Also referred to as '''Government Efficiency Commission'''}} (DOGE) is or is not fulfilling its mission to ''"dismantle government bureaucracy, slash excess regulations, and cut wasteful expenditures and restructure federal agencies"'', in the words of president-elect [[wikipedia:Donald_Trump|Donald Trump]], who called for it to address ''"massive waste and fraud"'' in government spending.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/c93qwn8p0l0o|title=Donald Trump picks Elon Musk for US government cost-cutting role|last1=Faguy|first1=Ana|last2=FitzGerald|first2=James|date=2024-11-13|publisher=BBC News|language=en-GB|access-date=2024-11-13}}</ref> Here's [[User:Jaredscribe/Department of Government Efficiency/How to contribute|how to contribute]] to the WOGE. The DOGE intends to [[User:Jaredscribe/Department of Government Efficiency#Office of Management and Budget|work through the Office of Management and Budget]] as its "policy vector". The [[w:U.S._budget_deficit|U.S. Budget deficit]], (C.f. [[w:Government_budget_balance|fiscal deficit]]), and the [[w:National_debt_of_the_United_States|U.S. National debt]], currently $35.7 Trillion as of 10/2024, which is 99% of the [[w:U.S._GDP|U.S. GDP]],<ref>{{Unbulleted list citebundle|{{cite news|newspaper=Financial Post| title= Musk's $2 Trillion of Budget Cuts Would Have These Stocks Moving|url=https://financialpost.com/pmn/business-pmn/musks-2-trillion-of-budget-cuts-would-have-these-stocks-moving|first=Alexandra|last=Semenova|date=November 4, 2024}}|{{cite news|newspaper= New York Times|title=Elon|url=https://nytimes.com/2024/10/29/us/politics/elon-musk-trump-economy-hardship.html}}|{{Cite web |date=September 5, 2024 |title=Trump says he'd create a government efficiency commission led by Elon Musk |url=https://apnews.com/article/donald-trump-elon-musk-government-efficiency-commission-e831ed5dc2f6a56999e1a70bb0a4eaeb |publisher=AP News}}|{{cite web|first=Jenn|last=Brice|title=How Elon Musk's $130 million investment in Trump's victory could reap a huge payoff for Tesla and the rest of his business empire|url=https://fortune.com/2024/11/06/elon-musk-donald-trump-tesla-spacex-xai-boring-neuralink|website=Fortune}}|{{cite web|url=https://axios.com/2024/11/07/elon-musk-government-efficiency-trump|title=Musk will bring his Twitter management style to government reform}}|{{cite news| access-date =November 9, 2024|work=Reuters|date=September 6, 2024|first1=Helen|first2=Gram|last1=Coster| last2=Slattery|title=Trump says he will tap Musk to lead government efficiency commission if elected| url= https://reuters.com/world/us/trump-adopt-musks-proposal-government-efficiency-commission-wsj-reports-2024-09-05}}|{{cite web|title=Trump says Musk could head 'government efficiency' force|url= https://bbc.com/news/articles/c74lgwkrmrpo|publisher=BBC}}|{{cite web|date =November 5, 2024|title=How Elon Musk could gut the government under Trump|url=https://independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/us-politics/elon-musk-donald-trump-economy-job-cuts-b2641644.html|website= The Independent}}}}</ref> and expected to grow to 134% of GDP by 2034 if current laws remain unchanged, according to the [[w:Congressional_Budget_Office|Congressional Budget Office]]. The DOGE will be a [[wikipedia:Presidential_commission_(United_States)|presidential advisory commission]] led by the billionaire businessmen [[wikipedia:Elon_Musk|Elon Musk]] and [[wikipedia:Vivek_Ramaswamy|Vivek Ramaswamy]], and possibly [[w:Ron_Paul|Ron Paul]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thehill.com/video/ron-paul-vows-to-join-elon-musk-help-eliminate-government-waste-in-a-trump-admin/10191375|title=Ron Paul vows to join Elon Musk, help eliminate government waste in a Trump admin|date=November 5, 2024|website=The Hill}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://usatoday.com/story/business/2024/10/28/patricia-healy-elon-musk-highlights-need-for-government-efficiency/75798556007|title=Elon Musk puts spotlight on ... Department of Government Efficiency? {{!}} Cumberland Comment|last=Healy|first=Patricia|website=USA TODAY|language=en-US|access-date=November 9, 2024}}</ref> with support from many [[w:Political_appointments_of_the_second_Trump_administration|Political and cabinet appointees of the second Trump administration]] and from a Congressional caucus Musk stated his belief that DOGE could remove US$2 trillion from the [[w:United_States_federal_budget|U.S. federal budget]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/live/HysDMs2a-iM?si=92I5LD1FY2PAsSuG&t=15822|title=WATCH LIVE: Trump holds campaign rally at Madison Square Garden in New York|date=October 28, 2024|website=youtube.com|publisher=[[PBS NewsHour]]|language=en|format=video}}</ref> without specifying whether these savings would be made over a single year or a longer period.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/cdj38mekdkgo|title=Can Elon Musk cut $2 trillion from US government spending?|last=Chu|first=Ben|date=2024-11-13|website=BBC News|language=en-GB|access-date=2024-11-14}}</ref> [[File:2023_US_Federal_Budget_Infographic.png|thumb|An infographic on outlays and revenues in the 2023 [[United States federal budget|U.S. federal budget]]]] DOGE could also streamline permitting with “categorical exclusions” from environmental reviews under the National Environmental Policy Act. {{sidebar with collapsible lists|name=U.S. deficit and debt topics|namestyle=background:#bf0a30;|style=width:22.0em; border: 4px double #d69d36; background:var(--background-color-base, #FFFFFF);|bodyclass=vcard|pretitle='''<span class="skin-invert">This article is part of [[:Category:United States|a series]] on the</span>'''|title=[[United States federal budget|<span style="color:var(--color-base, #000000);">Budget and debt in the<br/>United States of America</span>]]|image=[[File:Seal of the United States Congress.svg|90px]] [[File:Seal of the United States Department of the Treasury.svg|90px]]|titlestyle=background:var(--background-color-base, #002868); background-clip:padding-box;|headingstyle=background:var(--background-color-base, #bf0a30); color:var(--color-base, #fff);|listtitlestyle=background:var(--background-color-base, #bf0a30); color:var(--color-base, #fff); text-align:center;|expanded={{{expanded|{{{1|}}}}}}|list1name=dimensions|list1title=Major dimensions|list1class=hlist skin-invert|list1=* [[Economy of the United States|Economy]] * [[Expenditures in the United States federal budget|Expenditures]] * [[United States federal budget|Federal budget]] * [[Financial position of the United States|Financial position]] * [[Military budget of the United States|Military budget]] * [[National debt of the United States|Public debt]] * [[Taxation in the United States|Taxation]] * [[Unemployment in the United States|Unemployment]] * [[Government_spending_in_the_United_States|Gov't spending]]|list2name=programs|list2title=Programs|list2class=hlist skin-invert|list2=* [[Medicare (United States)|Medicare]] * [[Social programs in the United States|Social programs]] * [[Social Security (United States)|Social Security]]|list3name=issues|list3title=Contemporary issues|list3class=skin-invert|list3=<div style="margin-bottom:0.5em"> [[National Commission on Fiscal Responsibility and Reform|Bowles–Simpson Commission]] {{flatlist}} * <!--Bu--> [[Bush tax cuts]] * <!--Deb--> [[United States debt ceiling|Debt ceiling]] ** [[History of the United States debt ceiling|history]] * <!--Def--> [[Deficit reduction in the United States|Deficit reduction]] * <!--F--> [[United States fiscal cliff|Fiscal cliff]] * <!--H--> [[Healthcare reform in the United States|Healthcare reform]] * <!--P--> [[Political debates about the United States federal budget|Political debates]] * <!--So--> [[Social Security debate in the United States|Social Security debate]] * <!--St--> "[[Starve the beast]]" * <!--Su--> [[Subprime mortgage crisis]] {{endflatlist}} </div> [[2007–2008 financial crisis]] {{flatlist}} * <!--D--> [[United States debt-ceiling crisis (disambiguation)|Debt-ceiling crises]] ** [[2011 United States debt-ceiling crisis|2011]] ** [[2013 United States debt-ceiling crisis|2013]] ** [[2023 United States debt-ceiling crisis|2023]] {{endflatlist}} [[2013 United States budget sequestration|2013 budget sequestration]] {{flatlist}} * <!--G--> [[Government shutdowns in the United States|Government shutdowns]] ** [[1980 United States federal government shutdown|1980]] ** [[1981, 1984, and 1986 U.S. federal government shutdowns|1981, 1984, 1986]] ** [[1990 United States federal government shutdown|1990]] ** [[1995–1996 United States federal government shutdowns|1995–1996]] ** [[2013 United States federal government shutdown|2013]] ** [[January 2018 United States federal government shutdown|Jan 2018]] ** [[2018–2019 United States federal government shutdown|2018–2019]] {{endflatlist}} Related events {{flatlist}} *<!--E-->[[Removal of Kevin McCarthy as Speaker of the House|2023 Removal of Kevin McCarthy]] {{endflatlist}}|list4name=terminology|list4title=Terminology|list4class=hlist skin-invert|list4=Cumulative [[Government budget balance|deficit]] + [[National debt of the United States#Debates|Interest]] ≈ [[Government debt|Debt]] * [[Balance of payments]] * [[Inflation]] * [[Continuing resolution]]}} [[w:Deficit_reduction_in_the_United_States|Deficit reduction in the United States]] == Deregulate the Economy == The legal theory that this can be done through the executive branch is found in the U.S. Supreme Court’s ''[[w:West_Virginia_v._EPA|West Virginia v. EPA]]'' and ''[[w:Loper_Bright|Loper Bright]]'' rulings, which rein in the administrative state and mean that much of what the federal government now does is illegal.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.wsj.com/opinion/department-of-government-efficiency-elon-musk-vivek-ramaswamy-donald-trump-1e086dab|website=[[w:Wall Street Journal]]|title=The Musk-Ramaswamy Project Could Be Trump’s Best Idea}}</ref> Mr. Trump has set a goal of eliminating 10 regulations for every new one. The [[w:Competitive_Enterprise_Institute|Competitive Enterprise Institute]]’s Wayne Crews says 217,565 rules have been issued since the [[w:Federal_Register|Federal Register]] first began itemizing them in 1976, with 89,368 pages added last year. [https://sgp.fas.org/crs/misc/R43056.pdf 3,000-4,500 rules are added each year]. DOGE’s first order will be to pause enforcement of overreaching rules while starting the process to roll them back. Mr. Trump and DOGE could direct agencies to settle legal challenges to Biden rules by vacating them. This could ease the laborious process of undoing them by rule-making through the [[w:Administrative_Procedure_Act|Administrative Procedure Act]]. A source tells the WSJ they’ll do whatever they think they legally can without the APA. The [[w:Congressional_Review_Act|Congressional Review Act]]—which allows Congress to overturn recently issued agency regulations—had been used only once, prior to [[w:First_presidency_of_Donald_Trump|Trump's first term]]. While in office, he and the Republican Congress used it on 16 rules. This time, there will be more than 56 regulatory actions recent enough to be repealed. The [[w:Chevron_deference|''Chevron'' deference]] had required federal courts to defer to agencies’ interpretations of ambiguous statutes, but this was overturned in 2024. Taken together, with some other recent [[w:SCOTUS|SCOTUS]] rulings, we now have, says the WSJ, the biggest opportunity to cut regulatory red tape in more than 40 years.<ref>[https://www.wsj.com/opinion/let-the-trump-deregulation-begin-us-chamber-of-commerce-second-term-economic-growth-73f24387?cx_testId=3&cx_testVariant=cx_166&cx_artPos=0]</ref><blockquote>"Most legal edicts aren’t laws enacted by Congress but “rules and regulations” promulgated by unelected bureaucrats—tens of thousands of them each year. Most government enforcement decisions and discretionary expenditures aren’t made by the democratically elected president or even his political appointees but by millions of unelected, unappointed civil servants within government agencies who view themselves as immune from firing thanks to civil-service protections." "This is antidemocratic and antithetical to the Founders’ vision. It imposes massive direct and indirect costs on taxpayers." "When the president nullifies thousands of such regulations, critics will allege executive overreach. In fact, it will be ''correcting'' the executive overreach of thousands of regulations promulgated by administrative fiat that were never authorized by Congress. The president owes lawmaking deference to Congress, not to bureaucrats deep within federal agencies. The use of executive orders to substitute for lawmaking by adding burdensome new rules is a constitutional affront, but the use of executive orders to roll back regulations that wrongly bypassed Congress is legitimate and necessary to comply with the Supreme Court’s recent mandates. And after those regulations are fully rescinded, a future president couldn’t simply flip the switch and revive them but would instead have to ask Congress to do so"<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/opinion/musk-and-ramaswamy-the-doge-plan-to-reform-government-supreme-court-guidance-end-executive-power-grab-fa51c020?cx_testId=3&cx_testVariant=cx_165&cx_artPos=5|title=Elon Musk and Vivek Ramaswamy: The DOGE Plan to Reform Government|last=Musk|first=Elon|date=20 November 2024|work=The Wall Street Journal|last2=Ramaswamy|first2=Vivek}}</ref> </blockquote> == Shrink the federal civil service == The government has around three million [[w:United_States_federal_civil_service|federal civil service]] employees, with an average salary of $106,000. Dr. Anthony Fauci made $481,000 in 2022. The federal head count has ballooned by 120,800 during the Biden years. Civil service and union protections make it hard to fire workers. Mr. Trump intends to quickly resurrect the [[w:Schedule_F|Schedule F]] reform that he sought to implement at the end of his first term but was scrapped by Mr. Biden. These would high-level federal employees to be removed like political appointees, by eliminating their job protections. WSJ proposals[https://www.wsj.com/opinion/the-doge-cheat-sheet-elon-musk-vivek-ramaswamy-department-of-government-efficiency-1c231783#cxrecs_s] The [[w:Administrative_Procedures_Act|Administrative Procedures Act]] statute protects federal employees from political retaliation, but allows for “reductions in force” that don’t target specific employees. The statute further empowers the president to “prescribe rules governing the competitive service.” The Supreme Court has held—in ''[[w:Franklin_v._Massachusetts|Franklin v. Massachusetts]]'' (1992) and ''[[w:Collins_v._Yellen|Collins v. Yellen]]'' (2021) that when revious presidents have used this power to amend the civil service rules by executive order, they weren’t constrained by the APA when they did so. Mr. Trump can, with this authority, implement any number of “rules governing the competitive service” that would curtail administrative overgrowth, from large-scale firings to relocation of federal agencies out of the Washington area. The DOGE welcomes voluntary terminations once the President begins requiring federal employees to come to the office five days a week, because American taxpayers shouldn’t pay federal employees for the Covid-era privilege of staying home.<ref>[https://www.wsj.com/opinion/musk-and-ramaswamy-the-doge-plan-to-reform-government-supreme-court-guidance-end-executive-power-grab-fa51c020?cx_testId=3&cx_testVariant=cx_165&cx_artPos=5 Elon Musk and Vivek Ramaswamy: The DOGE Plan to Reform Government: Following the Supreme Court’s guidance, we’ll reverse a decadeslong executive power grab. Musk & Ramaswamy 11/20/2024]</ref> == Reduce the deficit and debt by impounding appropriated funds == === Impound appropriated funds === Reports suggest that president-elect Trump intends to override Congress’s power of the purse by [[w:Impoundment_of_appropriated_funds|impoundment of appropriated funds]], that is, refusing to spend them. the president may [[wikipedia:Rescission_bill|propose rescission]] of specific funds, but that rescission must be approved by both the [[wikipedia:United_States_House_of_Representatives|House of Representatives]] and [[wikipedia:United_States_Senate|Senate]] within 45 days. [[w:Thomas_Jefferson|Thomas Jefferson]] was the first president to exercise the power of impoundment in 1801, which power was available to all presidents up to and including [[wikipedia:Richard_Nixon|Richard Nixon]], and was regarded as a power inherent to the office, although one with limits. He may ask Congress to repeal The [[w:Congressional_Budget_and_Impoundment_Control_Act_of_1974|Congressional Budget and Impoundment Control Act of 1974]], which was passed in response to Nixon's abuses.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://democrats-budget.house.gov/resources/reports/impoundment-control-act-1974-what-it-why-does-it-matter|title=The Impoundment Control Act of 1974: What Is It? Why Does It Matter? {{!}} House Budget Committee Democrats|date=2019-10-23|website=democrats-budget.house.gov|language=en|access-date=2024-05-19}}</ref> If Congress refuses to do so, president Trump may impound funds anyway and argue in court that the 1974 law is unconstitutional. The matter would likely end up at the Supreme Court, which would have to do more than simply hold the 1974 act unconstitutional in order for Mr. Trump to prevail. The court would also have to overrule [[w:Train_v._City_of_New_York_(1975)|''Train v. City of New York'' (1975)]], which held that impoundment is illegal unless the underlying legislation specifically authorizes it. === Reduce the budget deficit === [[wikipedia:U.S. federal budget|U.S. federal budget]] The [[wikipedia:Fiscal_year|fiscal year]], beginning October 1 and ending on September 30 of the year following. Congress is the body required by law to pass appropriations annually and to submit funding bills passed by both houses to the President for signature. Congressional decisions are governed by rules and legislation regarding the [[wikipedia:United_States_budget_process|federal budget process]]. Budget committees set spending limits for the House and Senate committees and for Appropriations subcommittees, which then approve individual [[wikipedia:Appropriations_bill_(United_States)|appropriations bills]] to During FY2022, the federal government spent $6.3 trillion. Spending as % of GDP is 25.1%, almost 2 percentage points greater than the average over the past 50 years. Major categories of FY 2022 spending included: Medicare and Medicaid ($1.339T or 5.4% of GDP), Social Security ($1.2T or 4.8% of GDP), non-defense discretionary spending used to run federal Departments and Agencies ($910B or 3.6% of GDP), Defense Department ($751B or 3.0% of GDP), and net interest ($475B or 1.9% of GDP).<ref name="CBO_2022">[https://www.cbo.gov/publication/58888 The Federal Budget in Fiscal Year 2022: An Infographic]</ref> CBO projects a federal budget deficit of $1.6 trillion for 2024. In the agency’s projections, deficits generally increase over the coming years; the shortfall in 2034 is $2.6 trillion. The deficit amounts to 5.6 percent of gross domestic product (GDP) in 2024, swells to 6.1 percent of GDP in 2025, and then declines in the two years that follow. After 2027, deficits increase again, reaching 6.1 percent of GDP in 2034.<ref name="CBO_budgetOutlook2024">{{cite web|url=https://www.cbo.gov/publication/59710|title=The Budget and Economic Outlook: 2024 to 2034|date=February 7, 2024|publisher=CBO|access-date=February 7, 2024}}</ref> The following table summarizes several budgetary statistics for the fiscal year 2015-2021 periods as a percent of GDP, including federal tax revenue, outlays or spending, deficits (revenue – outlays), and [[wikipedia:National_debt_of_the_United_States|debt held by the public]]. The historical average for 1969-2018 is also shown. With U.S. GDP of about $21 trillion in 2019, 1% of GDP is about $210 billion.<ref name="CBO_Hist_20">[https://www.cbo.gov/about/products/budget-economic-data#2 CBO-Historical Budget Data-Retrieved January 28, 2020]</ref> Statistics for 2020-2022 are from the CBO Monthly Budget Review for FY 2022.<ref name="CBO_MBRFY2022">{{cite web|url=https://www.cbo.gov/publication/58592|title=Monthly Budget Review: Summary for Fiscal Year 2022|date=November 8, 2022|publisher=CBO|access-date=December 10, 2022}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" !Variable As % GDP !2015 !2016 !2017 !2018 !2019 !2020 !2021 !2022 !Hist Avg |- !Revenue<ref name="CBO_Hist_20">[https://www.cbo.gov/about/products/budget-economic-data#2 CBO-Historical Budget Data-Retrieved January 28, 2020]</ref> |18.0% |17.6% |17.2% |16.4% |16.4% |16.2% |17.9% |19.6% |17.4% |- !Outlays<ref name="CBO_Hist_20" /> |20.4% |20.8% |20.6% |20.2% |21.0% |31.1% |30.1% |25.1% |21.0% |- !Budget Deficit<ref name="CBO_Hist_20" /> | -2.4% | -3.2% | -3.5% | -3.8% | -4.6% | -14.9% | -12.3% | -5.5% | -3.6% |- !Debt Held by Public<ref name="CBO_Hist_20" /> |72.5% |76.4% |76.2% |77.6% |79.4% |100.3% |99.6% |94.7% | |} The [[wikipedia:U.S._Constitution|U.S. Constitution]] ([[wikipedia:Article_One_of_the_United_States_Constitution|Article I]], section 9, clause 7) states that "No money shall be drawn from the Treasury, but in Consequence of Appropriations made by Law; and a regular Statement and Account of Receipts and Expenditures of all public Money shall be published from time to time." Each year, the President of the United States submits a budget request to Congress for the following fiscal year as required by the [[wikipedia:Budget_and_Accounting_Act_of_1921|Budget and Accounting Act of 1921]]. Current law ({{UnitedStatesCode|31|1105}}(a)) requires the president to submit a budget no earlier than the first Monday in January, and no later than the first Monday in February. Typically, presidents submit budgets on the first Monday in February. The budget submission has been delayed, however, in some new presidents' first year when the previous president belonged to a different party. === Reduce the National debt === == Strategic Foreign Policy and Military reform == Nominee for [[w:National_Security_Advisor|National Security Advisor]] [[w:Mike_Waltz|Mike Waltz]] To oversee the [[w:U.S._Intelligence_Community|U.S. Intelligence Community]] and NIP, and the 18 IC agencies, including the CIA, DIA, NSC, the nominee for [[w:Director_of_National_Intelligence|Director of National Intelligence]] is [[w:Tulsi_Gabbard|Tulsi Gabbard]], who is an isolationist of the [[w:Bernie_Sanders#foreign_policy|Bernie Sanders]] camp, with a long record of dogmatically opposing [[w:Foreign_policy_of_the_Trump_administration|President Trump's first term foreign policy]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/opinion/tulsi-gabbard-director-of-national-intelligence-donald-trump-foreign-policy-syria-israel-iran-b37aa3de|title=How Tulsi Gabbard Sees the World|last=Editorial Board|date=10 December 2024|work=The Wall Street Journal}}</ref> === Department of State === {{Main article|w:Second presidency of Donald Trump#Prospective foreign policy|w:State Department}} [[w:Marco_Rubio|Marco Rubio]] has been nominated as [[w:U.S._Secretary_of_State|U.S. Secretary of State]], overseeing $53bn and 77,880 employees ==== [[w:USAID|USAID]] ==== === U.S. Department of Defense === Nominated for [[w:Secretary_of_Defense|Secretary of Defense]] is [[w:Pete_Hegseth|Pete Hegseth]]. The president-elect is reportedly considering a draft executive order that establishes a “warrior board” of retired senior military personnel with the power to review three- and four-star officers “on leadership capability, strategic readiness, and commitment to military excellence," and to recommend removals of any deemed unfit for leadership. This would fast-track the removal of generals and admirals found to be “lacking in requisite leadership qualities,” consistent with his earlier vow to fire “woke” military leaders.<ref>[https://www.wsj.com/politics/national-security/trump-draft-executive-order-would-create-board-to-purge-generals-7ebaa606<nowiki> Trump draft executive order would create a board to purge generals 11/12/2024]</nowiki></ref> There are legal obstacles. The law prohibits the firing of commissioned officers except by “sentence of a general court-martial,” as a “commutation of a sentence of a general court-martial,” or “in time of war, by order of the president.” A commissioned officer who believes he’s been wrongfully dismissed has the right to seek a trial by court-martial, which may find the dismissal baseless. <ref>[https://www.wsj.com/opinion/trump-tests-the-constitutions-limits-checks-balances-government-policy-law-78d0d0f1 &lt;nowiki&gt; Trump test the constitutions limits 11/19/2024]</ref> Musk said, "Some idiots are still building manned fighter jets like the F-35," and later added: "Manned fighter jets are outdated in the age of drones and only put pilots' lives at risk." [[w:Bernie_Sanders|Bernie Sanders]] wrote on X: "Elon Musk is right. The Pentagon, with a budget of $886 billion, just failed its 7th audit in a row. It's lost track of billions. Last year, only 13 senators voted against the Military Industrial Complex and a defense budget full of waste and fraud. That must change."{{sfn|Newsweek 12/02|2024}}. It failed its fifth audit in June 2023.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newsweek.com/fox-news-host-confronts-gop-senator-pentagons-fifth-failed-audit-1804379|title=Fox News host confronts GOP Senator on Pentagon's fifth failed audit|last=Writer|first=Fatma Khaled Staff|date=2023-06-04|website=Newsweek|language=en|access-date=2024-12-02}}</ref> === US Air Force === Air Force is advancing a program called [[w:Collaborative_Combat_Aircraft|Collaborative Combat Aircraft]] to build roughly 1,000 UAVs, with [[w:Anduril|Anduril]] and [[w:General_Atomics|General Atomics]] currently building prototypes, ahead of an Air Force decision on which company or companies will be contracted to build it. The cost quickly exceeded the $2.3 billion approved for last fiscal year’s budget, according to the [[w:Congressional_Research_Service|Congressional Research Service]], prompting calls for more oversight. “''If you want to make real improvements to the defense and security of the United States of America, we would be investing more in drones, we’d be investing more in [[w:Hypersonic_weapon|hypersonic missiles]]'',” said Mr. Ramaswamy. The program for Lockheed-Martin's [[w:F-35|F-35]] stealth jet fighters, now in production, is expected to exceed $2 trillion over several decades. The Air Force on 5 December announced it would delay a decision on which company would build the next-generation crewed fighter, called [[w:Next Generation Air Dominance|Next Generation Air Dominance (NGAD)]], which was planned to replace the [[w:F-22|F-22]] and operate alongside the F-35. Mr. Musk has written that "manned fighter jets are obsolete in the age of drones.” In another post, he claimed “a reusable drone” can do everything a jet fighter can do “without all the overhead of a pilot.” Brigadier General [[w:Doug_Wickert|Doug Wickert]] said in response, “There may be some day when we can completely rely on roboticized warfare but we are a century away.... How long have we thought full self-driving was going to be on the Tesla?” <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/politics/national-security/air-force-jets-vs-drones-trump-administration-8b1620a5?page=1|title=Trump Administration Set to Decide Future of Jet Fighters|last=Seligman|first=Lara|date=6 December 2024|work=The Wall Street Journal}}</ref> === US Space Force === The [[w:US_Space_Force|US Space Force]]'s 2023 budget was ~$26bn and it had 9,400 military personnel. SpaceX had a $14m contract to provide communications to the Ukrainian armed forces and government through 30th Nov 2024.{{sfn|Economist 11/23|2024}} Is also receiving a $733m contract to carry satellites into orbit.{{sfn|Economist 11/23|2024}} The Pentagon plans to incorporate into its own communications network 100 of [[w:Starshield|Starshield]]'s satellites.{{sfn|Economist 11/23|2024}} Starshield also has a $1.8bn contract to help the [[w:National_Reconnaissance_Office|National Reconnaissance Office]] build spy satellites.{{sfn|Economist 11/23|2024}} == NASA == The [[w:National_Air_and_Space_Administration|National Air and Space Administration]] had a 2023 budget of $25.4 bn and 18,000 employees. [[w:Jared_Isaacman|Jared Isaacman]] is nominated director. He had joined a space voyage in 2021 which was the first for an all-civilian crew to reach orbit. He led a four person crew in September on the first commericial spacewalk, testing SpaceX's new spacesuits. He promised to lead NASA in to "usher in an era where humanity becomes a true space-faring civilization." In an interview Isaacman said that NASA will evolve as private space companies set their own priorities and develop technology. NASA could have a certification role for astronauts and vehicles, similar to how the Federal Aviation Administration oversees the commercial airline industry. “The FAA doesn’t build the airplanes. They don’t staff the pilots that fly you from point A to B,” he said. “That is the world that NASA is in, essentially.” He also suggested openness to new and lower cost ways of getting to the Moon and to Mars.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/politics/elections/trump-picks-billionaire-space-traveler-to-run-nasa-4420150b?page=1|title=Trump Picks Billionaire Space Traveler to Run NASA|last=Maidenberg|first=Micah|date=5 December 2024|work=WSJ}}</ref> In September 2026, NASA's [[w:Artemis_program|Artemis program]], established in 2017 via [[wikipedia:Space_Policy_Directive_1|Space Policy Directive 1]], is intended to reestablish a human presence on the Moon for the first time since the [[wikipedia:Apollo_17|Apollo 17]] mission in 1972. The program's stated long-term goal is to establish a [[wikipedia:Moonbase|permanent base on the Moon]] to facilitate [[wikipedia:Human_mission_to_Mars|human missions to Mars]]. The [[w:U.S._National_Academies_of_Sciences,_Engineering,_and_Medicine|U.S. National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine]] in October, put out a report titled "NASA at a Crossroads," which identified myriad issues at the agency, including out-of-date infrastructure, pressures to prioritize short-term objectives and inefficient management practices. NASA's costly [[w:Space_Launch_System|Space Launch System]] (SLS) is the cornerstone of the Artemis program. has a price tag of around $4.1 billion per launch, and is a single-use rocket that can only launch every two years, having debuted in 2022 with the uncrewed [[w:Artemis_1_mission|Artemis 1 mission]] to the moon. In contrast, SpaceX is working to reduce the cost of a single Starship flight to under $10 million. NASA Associate Administrator Jim Free urged the incoming administration to maintain the current plans, in a symposium with the [[w:American_Astronautical_Society|American Astronautical Society]] saying "We need that consistency in purpose. That has not happened since Apollo. If we lose that, I believe we will fall apart and we will wander, and other people in this world will pass us by." NASA has already asked both [[w:SpaceX|SpaceX]] and also Jeff Bezos' [[w:Blue_Origin|Blue Origin]], to develop cargo landers for its Artemis missions and to deliver heavy equipment on them to the Moon by 2033. "Having two lunar lander providers with different approaches for crew and cargo landing capability provides mission flexibility while ensuring a regular cadence of moon landings for continued discovery and scientific opportunity," Stephen D. Creech, NASA's assistant deputy associate administrator for the moon to Mars program, said in an announcement about the partnership. "For all of the money we are spending, NASA should NOT be talking about going to the Moon - We did that 50 years ago. They should be focused on the much bigger things we are doing, including Mars (of which the Moon is a part), Defense and Science!" Trump wrote in a post on X in 2019. Trump has said he would create a [[w:Space_National_Guard|Space National Guard]], an idea that lawmakers in Congress have been proposing since 2021. Critics agree that a focus on spaceflight could come at the expense of "Earth and atmospheric sciences at NASA and the [[w:National_Oceanic_and_Atmospheric_Administration|National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]] (NOAA), which have been cut during the Biden era."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newsweek.com/elon-musk-donald-trump-nasa-space-policy-1990599|title=Donald Trump and Elon Musk could radically reshape NASA. Here's how|last=Reporter|first=Martha McHardy US News|date=2024-11-27|website=Newsweek|language=en|access-date=2024-12-02}}</ref> Regarding his goal and SpaceX's corporate mission of colonising Mars, Mr. Musk has stated that "The DOGE is the only path to extending life beyond earth"{{sfn|Economist 11/23|2024}} == [[w:Federal_Aviation_Administration|Federal Aviation Administration]] == Musk has often complained about the FAA "smothering" innovation, boasting that he can build a rocket faster than the agency can process the "Kafkaesque paperwork" required to make the relevant approvals.{{sfn|Economist 11/23|2024}} == Department of Transportation == Mr. Trump's transition team told advisors that it plans to make a federal framework for self-driving cars. Mr. Trump had a call with Sundar Pichai and Mr. Musk. == Department of Education == [[w:United_States_Department_of_Education|Department of Education]] has 4,400 employees – the smallest staff of the Cabinet agencies<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www2.ed.gov/about/overview/fed/role.html|title=Federal Role in Education|date=2021-06-15|website=www2.ed.gov|language=en|access-date=2022-04-28}}</ref> – and a 2024 budget of $238 billion.<ref name="DOE-mission">{{Cite web|url=https://www.usaspending.gov/agency/department-of-education?fy=2024|title=Agency Profile {{!}} U.S. Department of Education|website=www2.ed.gov|access-date=2024-11-14}}</ref> The 2023 Budget was $274 billion, which included funding for children with disabilities ([[wikipedia:Individuals_with_Disabilities_Education_Act|IDEA]]), pandemic recovery, early childhood education, [[wikipedia:Pell_Grant|Pell Grants]], [[wikipedia:Elementary_and_Secondary_Education_Act|Title I]], work assistance, among other programs. This budget was down from $637.7 billion in 2022.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.future-ed.org/what-the-new-pisa-results-really-say-about-u-s-schools/|title=What the New PISA Results Really Say About U.S. Schools|date=2021-06-15|website=future-ed.com|language=en|access-date=2024-11-14}}</ref> Nominated as [[w:US_Secretary_of_Education|Secretary of Education]] is [[w:Linda_McMahon|Linda McMahon]]. The WSJ proposes that the Civil Rights division be absorbed into the Department of Justice, and that its outstanding loan portolio be handled by the Department of the Treasury. Despite the redundancies, its unlikely that it will be abolished, which would require congressional action and buy-in from Democrats in the Senate; Republicans don’t have enough votes to do it alone. A republican appointee is expected to push back against federal education overreach and progressive policies like DEI. <ref>[https://www.wsj.com/opinion/trump-can-teach-the-education-department-a-lesson-nominee-needs-boldness-back-school-choice-oppose-woke-indoctrination-ddf6a38d<nowiki> Trump can teach the Education Department a Lesson. WSJ 11/20/2024]</nowiki></ref> During his campaign, Trump had pledged to get the "transgender insanity the hell out of schools.” Relying on the district court's decision in ''[[w:Tatel_v._Mount_Lebanon_School_District|Tatel v. Mount Lebanon School District]] , the'' attorney general and education secretary could issue a letter explaining how enforcing gender ideology violates constitutional [[w:Free_exercise_clause|First amendment right to free exercise of religion]] and the [[w:Equal_Protection_Clause|14th Amendment’s Equal Protection Clause]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/opinion/how-trump-can-target-transgenderism-in-schools-law-policy-education-369537a7?page=1|title=How Trump Can Target Transgenderism in Schools|last=Eden|first=Max|date=9 December 2024|work=The Wall Street Journal}}</ref> == Consumer Financial Protection Bureau == The [[w:Consumer_Financial_Protection_Bureau|Consumer Financial Protection Bureau]] (CFPB). Said Mr. Musk "Delete the CFPB. There are too many duplicative regulatory agencies"<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/politics/policy/elon-musk-doge-conflict-of-interest-b1202437?page=1|title=Musk’s DOGE Plans Rely on White House Budget Office. Conflicts Await.|last=Schwartz|first=Brian|work=The Wall Street Journal}}</ref> == U.S. Department of Health and Human Services == Nominated as [[w:United_States_Secretary_of_Health_and_Human_Services|United States Secretary of Health and Human Services]] is [[w:Robert_F._Kennedy_Jr.|Robert F. Kennedy Jr.]], deputy Secretary [[w:Jim_O'Neill_(investor)|Jim O'Neill]]. Nominated for [[w:US_Surgeon_General|US Surgeon General]] is [[w:Janette_Nesheiwat|Janette Nesheiwat]]. [[w:U.S._Department_of_Health_and_Human_Services|U.S. Department of Health and Human Services]] was authorized a budget for [[w:2020_United_States_federal_budget|fiscal year 2020]] of $1.293 trillion. It has 13 operating divisions, 10 of which constitute the [[w:United_States_Public_Health_Service|Public Health Services]], whose budget authorization is broken down as follows:<ref name="hhs_budget_fy2020">{{cite web|url=https://www.hhs.gov/about/budget/fy2020/index.html|title=HHS FY 2020 Budget in Brief|date=October 5, 2019|website=HHS Budget & Performance|publisher=United States Department of Health & Human Services|page=7|access-date=May 9, 2020}}</ref> {| class="wikitable sortable" !Nominee !Program !2020 Budget !2024 Budget ! employees !2025 Budget !2026 Budget |- |[[w:Marty_Makary|Marty Makary]] |[[w:Food and Drug Administration|Food and Drug Administration]] (FDA) |$3,329 MM |- | |[[w:Health Resources and Services Administration|Health Resources and Services Administration]] (HRSA) |$11,004 |- | |[[w:Indian Health Service|Indian Health Service]] (IHS) |$6,104 |- |[[w:Dave_Weldon|Dave Weldon]] |[[w:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]] (CDC) |$6,767 |- |[[w:Jay_Bhattacharya|Jay Bhattacharya]] |[[w:National Institutes of Health|National Institutes of Health]] (NIH) |$33,669 |- | |[[w:Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration|Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration]] (SAMHSA) |$5,535 |- | |[[w:Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality|Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality]] (AHRQ) |$0 |- |[[w:Mehmet_Oz|Mehmet Oz]] |[[w:Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services|Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services]] (CMMS) |$1,169,091 |- | |[[w:Administration for Children and Families|Administration for Children and Families]] (ACF) |$52,121 |- | |[[w:Administration for Community Living|Administration for Community Living]] (ACL) |$1,997 |- |} {| class="wikitable sortable" !Program !2020 Budget !2024 Budget ! employees !2025 Budget !2026 Budget |- |[[w:Departmental Management|Departmental Management]] |$340 |- |Non-Recurring Expense Fund |$-400 |- |[[w:Office of Medicare Hearings and Appeals|Office of Medicare Hearings and Appeals]] |$186 |- |[[w:Office of the National Coordinator|Office of the National Coordinator]] |$43 |- |[[w:Office for Civil Rights|Office for Civil Rights]] |$30 |- |[[w:Office of Inspector General|Office of Inspector General]] |$82 |- |[[w:Public Health and Social Services Emergency Fund|Public Health and Social Services Emergency Fund]] |$2,667 |- |[[w:Program Support Center|Program Support Center]] |$749 |- |Offsetting Collections |$-629 |- |Other Collections |$-163 |- |'''TOTAL''' |'''$1,292,523''' |} The FY2020 budget included a $1.276 billion budget decrease for the Centers for Disease Control, and a $4.533 billion budget decrease for the National Institutes of Health. These budget cuts, along with other changes since 2019, comprised a total decrease of over $24 billion in revised discretionary budget authority across the entire Department of Health and Human Services for Fiscal Year 2020.<ref name="hhs_budget_fy2020" /> Additional details of the budgeted outlays, budget authority, and detailed budgets for other years, can be found at the HHS Budget website.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://WWW.HHS.GOV/BUDGET|title=Health and Human Services: Budget and Performance|publisher=United States Department of Health & Human Services|access-date=May 9, 2020}}</ref> He is an American politician, [[Environmental law|environmental lawyer]], [[anti-vaccine activist]], and anti-packaged food industry activist, anti-pharmaceutical industry activist, who will be nominated to serve as [[United States Secretary of Health and Human Services]],<ref name="v502">{{cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/saradorn/2024/11/14/rfk-jr-launches-independent-2024-run-here-are-all-the-conspiracies-he-promotes-from-vaccines-to-mass-shootings/|title=Trump Taps RFK Jr. As Secretary Of Health And Human Services: Here Are All The Conspiracies He's Promoted|last=Dorn|first=Sara|date=2024-11-14|website=Forbes|access-date=2024-11-15}}</ref> with the mission of "Making America Healthy Again". He is the chairman and founder of [[Children's Health Defense]], an anti-vaccine advocacy group and proponent of [[COVID-19 vaccine misinformation|dubious COVID-19 vaccine information]].<ref name="Smith_12/15/2021" /><ref name="KW" /> === National Institutes of Health === The [[w:NIH|NIH]] distributes grants of ~$50bn per year. Nominated to lead the [[w:National_Institutes_of_Health|National Institutes of Health]] is [[w:Jay_Bhattacharya|Jay Bhattacharya]], who has announced the following priorities for funding: * cutting edge research, saying that the NIH has become "sclerotic", due to a phenomenon has been called [[Eroom’s law]], which explains that career incentives encourage “me-too research,” given that citations by other scientists “have become the dominant way to evaluate scientific contributions and scientists.” That has shifted research “toward incremental science and away from exploratory projects that are more likely to fail, but which are the fuel for future breakthroughs.”<ref name=":3">{{Cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/opinion/jay-bhattacharya-and-the-vindication-of-the-fringe-scientists-pandemic-lockdowns-38b6aec6|title=Jay Bhattacharya and the Vindication of the ‘Fringe’ Scientists|last=Finley|first=Allysia|date=1 December 2024|work=Wall Street Journal}}</ref> Dr. Bhattacharya's February 2020 paper explaining Eroom's law, as possible explanation for slowing of pharmaceutical advances.{{Cn}} * studies aimed at replicating the results of earlier studies, to address the problem of scientific fraud or other factors contributing to the the [[w:Replication_crisis|replication crisis]], encouraging academic freedom among NIH scientists and term limits for NIH leaders. “Those kinds of reforms, I think every scientist would agree, every American would agree, it’s how you turn the NIH from something that is sort of how to control society, into something that is aimed at the discovery of truth to improve the health of Americans,” he said.<ref name=":4">{{Cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/health/healthcare/covid-lockdown-critic-jay-bhattacharya-chosen-to-lead-nih-2958e5e2?page=1|title=Covid-Lockdown Critic Jay Bhattacharya Chosen to Lead NIH|last=Whyte|first=Liz Essley|date=26 November 2024|work=The Wall Street Journal}}</ref> * Refocusing on research on [[w:Chronic_diseases|chronic diseases]], which is underfunded, and away from [[w:Infectious_diseases|infectious diseases]], which is overfunded. * Ending [[w:Gain-of-function|gain-of-function]] research. Jay Bhattacharya wrote a March 25 2020 op-ed "Is the Coronavirus as Deadly as They Say?", with colleague [[w:Eran_Bendavid|Eran Bendavid]], arguing that many asymptomatic cases of COVID-19 were going undetected. The hypothesis was confirmed in April 2020 when he and several colleagues published a study showing that Covid anti-bodies in Santa Clara county were 50 times the recorded infection rate. This implied, he said "a lower inflection mortality rate than public health authorities were pushing at a time when they and the media thought it was a virtue to panic the population".<ref><nowiki><ref></nowiki>{{Cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/opinion/the-man-who-fought-fauci-and-won-trump-nih-nominee-jay-bhattacharya-covid-cancel-culture-4a0650bd?page=1|title=The Man Who Fought Fauci - and Won|last=Varadarajan|first=Tunku|date=6 December 2024|work=WSJ}}&lt;nowiki&gt;</ref> Dr. Bhattacharya, [[w:Martin_Kulldorff|Martin Kulldorff]], then at Harvard, and Oxford’s [[w:Sunetra_Gupta|Sunetra Gupta]] formally expounded this idea in the [[w:Great_Barrington_Declaration|Great Barrington Declaration]] in October 2020, urging the government to focus on protecting the vulnerable while letting others go about their lives, which previous NIH director [[w:Francis_Collins|Francis Collins]] derided as "fringe science its into the political views of certain parts of our confused political establishment," and previous [[w:NIAID|NIAID]] director [[w:Chief_Medical_Advisor_to_the_President|chief medical advisor to the President]] [[w:Anthony_Fauci|Anthony Fauci]] "a quick and devastating public takedown of its premises." Some suggest the same career incentives that lead to scientific group-think in the pharmaceutical industry, also explain conformist behavior during COVID-19, due to the threat against young scientists of losing NIH funding, jobs, and career opportunities, if they were to exercise in independent judgement.<ref name=":3" /> “Dr. Jay Bhattacharya is the ideal leader to restore NIH as the international template for gold-standard science and evidence-based medicine,” DHHS Secretary nominee Kennedy wrote. "We will reform American scientific institutions so that they are worthy of trust again and will deploy the fruits of excellent science to make America healthy again!” said Dr. Bhattacharya. “Dr. Bhattacharya is a strong choice to lead the NIH,” said Dr. [[w:Ned_Sharpless|Ned Sharpless]], a former [[w:National_Cancer_Institute|National Cancer Institute]] director. “The support of moderate Senate Republicans will be critical to NIH funding, and Dr. Bhattacharya’s Covid work will give him credibility with this constituency.”<ref name=":4" /> === Food and Drug Administration === The FDA in 2022 had 18,000 employees<ref name="fy2022">{{cite web|url=https://www.fda.gov/media/149613/download|title=FY 2022 FDA Budget Request|publisher=FDA|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230602090805/https://www.fda.gov/media/149613/download|archive-date=June 2, 2023|access-date=January 14, 2022|url-status=live}}</ref> and a budget of $6.5{{nbsp}}billion (2022)<ref name="fy2022" /> Nominated as director is [[w:Marty_Makary|Marty Makary]]. == CPB, PBS, NPR == Regarding the [[w:Corporation_for_Public_Broadcasting|Corporation for Public Broadcasting]], [[w:Howard_Husock|Howard Husock]] suggest that instead of zeroing its $535 million budget, Republicans reform the [[w:Public_Broadcasting_Act|Public Broadcasting Act]] to eliminate bias and improve local journalism.<ref>https://www.wsj.com/opinion/the-conservative-case-for-public-broadcasting-media-policy-2d4c3c9f?page=1</ref> {{As of|2024|alt=For fiscal year 2024}}, its appropriation was US$525 million, including $10 million in interest earned. The distribution of these funds was as follows:<ref>{{cite web|url=https://cpb.org/aboutcpb/financials/budget/|title=CPB Operating Budget|last=|date=2024|website=www.cpb.org|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=November 27, 2024|url-status=}}</ref> * $262.83M for direct grants to local public television stations; * $95.11M for television programming grants; * $81.77M for direct grants to local public radio stations; * $28.12M for the Radio National Program Production and Acquisition * $9.43M for the Radio Program Fund * $31.50 for system support * $26.25 for administration Public broadcasting stations are funded by a combination of private donations from listeners and viewers, foundations and corporations. Funding for public television comes in roughly equal parts from government (at all levels) and the private sector.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cpb.org/annualreports/2013/|title=CPB 2013 Annual Report|website=www.cpb.org|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160212170045/http://cpb.org/annualreports/2013/|archive-date=February 12, 2016|access-date=May 4, 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Departments of Energy and Interior == Nominee for [[w:US_Secretary_of_the_Interior|Secretary of the Interior]] is [[w:Doug_Burgum|Doug Burgum]], who will also be [[w:List_of_U.S._executive_branch_czars|Energy Czar]]. [[w:Department_of_Energy|Department of Energy]] [[w:United_States_Secretary_of_Energy|secretary nominee]] [[w:Chris_Wright_(energy_executive)|Chris Wright]] admits that burning fossil fuels contributes to rising temperatures, but says it poses only a modest threat to humanity, and praises it for increasing plant growth, making the planet greener, and boosting agricultural productivity. He also says that it likely reduces the annual number of temperature-related deaths. (estimates from health researchers say otherwise). He says, "It's probably almost as many positive changes as negative changes... Is it a crisis, is it the world's greatest challenge, or a big threat to the next generation? No. .. A little bit warmer isn’t a threat. If we were 5, 7, 8, 10 degrees [Celsius] warmer, that would be meaningful changes to the planet.” Scientists see a 1.5 degrees Celsius temperature as creating potentially irreversible changes for the planet, and expect to pass that mark later this year, after increasing over several decade. He criticizes the [[w:Paris_climate_agreement|Paris climate agreement]] for empowering "political actors with anti-fossil fuel agendas." Wright favors development of [[w:Geothermal_energy|geothermal energy]] and [[w:Nuclear_energy_policy_of_the_United_States|nuclear energy]], criticizing subsidies to wind and solar energy. <ref><nowiki><ref></nowiki>{{Cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/politics/policy/who-is-chris-wright-trump-energy-secretary-9eb617dc?page=1|title=Trump’s Energy Secretary Pick Preaches the Benefits of Climate Change|last=Morenne|first=Benoit|date=9 December 2024|work=The Wall Street Journal}}&lt;nowiki&gt;</ref> == AI and Cryptocurrency Policy == [[w:David_Sacks|David Sacks]] was named "White House AI and Crypto Czar". == Reform Entitlements == === Healthcare and Medicare === [[w:ObamaCare|ObamaCare]] started as a plausible scheme for universal, cost-effective health insurance with subsidies for the needy. Only the subsidies survive because the ObamaCare policies actually delivered are so overpriced nobody would buy them without a subsidy.<ref>[https://www.wsj.com/opinion/elons-real-trump-mission-protect-growth-department-of-government-efficiency-appointments-cabinet-9e7e62b2]</ref> See below: Department of Health and Human Services === Social Security === Even FDR was aware of its flaw: it discourages working and saving. === Other === Small-government advocate [[w:Ron_Paul|Ron Paul]] has suggested to cut aid to the following "biggest" welfare recipients: * The [[w:Military-industrial_complex|Military-industrial complex]] * The [[w:Pharmaceutical-industrial_complex|Pharmaceutical-industrial complex]] * The [[w:Federal_Reserve|Federal Reserve]] To which Mr. Musk replied, "Needs to be done".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thehill.com/video/ron-paul-vows-to-join-elon-musk-help-eliminate-government-waste-in-a-trump-admin/10191375/|title=Ron Paul vows to join Elon Musk, help eliminate government waste in a Trump admin|date=2024-11-05|website=The Hill|language=en-US|access-date=2024-12-09}}</ref> == Office of Management and Budget == The White House [[w:Office_of_Management_and_Budget|Office of Management and Budget]] (OMB) guides implementation of regulations and analyzes federal spending. Mssrs. Musk and Ramaswamy encouraged President-elect Trump to reappoint his first term director [[w:Russell_Vought|Russell Vought]], which he did on 22nd Nov.<ref name=":0" /> == Government Efficiency Personnel == Transition spokesman [[w:Brian_Hughes|Brian Hughes]] said that "Elon Musk is a once-in-a-generation business leader and our federal bureaucracy will certainly benefit from his ideas and efficiency". About a dozen Musk allies have visited Mar-a-Lago to serve as unofficial advisors to the Trump 47 transition, influencing hiring at many influential government agencies.<ref name=":2"><nowiki><ref></nowiki>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/12/06/us/politics/trump-elon-musk-silicon-valley.html?searchResultPosition=1|title=The Silicon Valley Billionaires Steering Trump’s Transition|date=8 December 2024|work=NYT}}</ref> [[w:Marc_Andreesen|Marc Andreesen]] has interviewed candidates for State, Pentagon, and DHHS, and has been active pushing for rollback of Biden's cryptocurrency regulations, and rollback of Lina Khan anti-trust efforts with the FTC, and calling for contracting reform in Defense dept. [[w:Jared_Birchall|Jared Birchall]] has interviewed candidates for State, and has advised on Space police and has put together councils for AI and Cryptocurrency policy. David Sacks was named "White House AI and Crypto Czar" [[w:Shaun_MacGuire|Shaun MacGuire]] has advised on picks for intelligence community and has interviewed candidates for Defense. Many tech executives are considering part-time roles advising the DOGE. [[w:Antonio_Gracias|Antonio Gracias]] and [[w:Steve_Davis|Steve Davis]] from Musk's "crisis team" have been active, as has investor [[w:John_Hering|John Hering]]. Other Silicon Valley players who have advised Trump or interviewed candidates: * [[w:Larry_Ellison|Larry Ellison]] has sat in on Trump transition 47 meetings at Mar-a-Lago. * [[w:Mark_Pincus|Mark Pincus]] * [[w:David_Marcus|David Marcus]] * [[w:Barry_Akis|Barry Akis]] * [[w:Shervin_Pishevar|Shervin Pishevar]], who has called for privitization of the USPS, NASA, and the federal Bureau of Prisons. Called for creating an American sovereign wealth fund, and has said that DOGE "could lead a revolutionary restructuring of public institutions."<ref name=":2" /> [[w:William_McGinley|William McGinley]] will move to a role with DOGE. Originally nominated for [[w:White_House_counsel|White House counsel]], he will be replaced in that role by [[w:David_Warrington|David Warrington]].<ref>{{Cite news|title=A White House Counsel Replaced before starting|last=Haberman|first=Maggie|date=6 December 2024|work=New York times}}</ref> The WSJ lauded without naming them, comparing them to the "dollar-a-year men" - business leaders who during WWII revolutionized industrial production to help make America the "arsenal of democracy". (WSJ, 10 December 2024) == History and Miscellaneous facts == See also: [[w:Department_of_Government_Efficiency#History|Department of Government Efficiency — History]] DOGE's work will "conclude" no later than July 4, 2026, the 250th anniversary of the signing of the [[United States Declaration of Independence|U.S. Declaration of Independence]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thehill.com/policy/4987402-trump-musk-advisory-group-spending/|title=Elon Musk, Vivek Ramaswamy to lead Trump's Department of Government Efficiency (DOGE)|last=Nazzaro|first=Miranda|date=November 13, 2024|website=The Hill|language=en-US|access-date=November 13, 2024}}</ref> also coinciding with America's [[United States Semiquincentennial|semiquincentennial]] celebrations and a proposed "Great American Fair". Despite its name it is not expected to be a [[wikipedia:United_States_federal_executive_departments|federal executive department]], but rather may operate under the [[Federal Advisory Committee Act]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/trump-department-of-government-efficiency-doge-elon-musk-ramaswamy/|title=What to know about Trump's Department of Government Efficiency, led by Elon Musk and Vivek Ramaswamy - CBS News|last=Picchi|first=Aimee|date=2024-11-14|website=www.cbsnews.com|language=en-US|access-date=2024-11-14}}</ref> so its formation is not expected to require approval from the [[wikipedia:United_States_Congress|U.S. Congress]]. NYT argues that records of its meetings must be made public.{{Cn}} As an advisor rather than a government employee, Mr. Musk will not be subject to various ethics rules.{{sfn|Economist 11/23}} Musk has stated that he believes such a commission could reduce the [[wikipedia:United_States_federal_budget|U.S. federal budget]] by $2 trillion, which would be a reduction of almost one third from its 2023 total. [[Maya MacGuineas]] of the [[Committee for a Responsible Federal Budget]] has said that this saving is "absolutely doable" over a period of 10 years, but it would be difficult to do in a single year "without compromising some of the fundamental objectives of the government that are widely agreed upon".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thehill.com/business/4966789-elon-musk-skepticism-2-trillion-spending-cuts/|title=Elon Musk draws skepticism with call for $2 trillion in spending cuts|last=Folley|first=Aris|date=2024-11-03|website=The Hill|language=en-US|access-date=2024-11-14}}</ref> [[wikipedia:Jamie_Dimon|Jamie Dimon]], the chief executive officer of [[wikipedia:JPMorgan_Chase|JPMorgan Chase]], has supported the idea. Some commentators questioned whether DOGE is a conflict of interest for Musk given that his companies are contractors to the federal government. The body is "unlikely to have any regulatory teeth on its own, but there's little doubt that it can have influence on the incoming administration and how it will determine its budgets".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.vox.com/policy/384904/trumps-department-of-government-efficiency-sounds-like-a-joke-it-isnt|title=Trump tapped Musk to co-lead the "Department of Government Efficiency." What the heck is that?|last=Fayyad|first=Abdallah|date=2024-11-13|website=Vox|language=en-US|access-date=2024-11-14}}</ref> Elon Musk had called [[w:Federico_Sturzenegger|Federico Sturzenegger]], Argentina's [[w:Ministry_of_Deregulation_and_State_Transformation|Minister of Deregulation and Transformation of the State]] ([[w:es:Ministerio_de_Desregulación_y_Transformación_del_Estado|es]]), to discuss imitating his ministry's model.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.infobae.com/economia/2024/11/08/milei-brindo-un-nuevo-apoyo-a-sturzenegger-y-afirmo-que-elon-musk-imitara-su-gestion-en-eeuu/|title=Milei brindó un nuevo apoyo a Sturzenegger y afirmó que Elon Musk imitará su gestión en EEUU|date=November 8, 2024|website=infobae|language=es-ES|access-date=November 13, 2024}}</ref> == Reception and Criticism == See also: [[w:Department_of_Government_Efficiency#Reception|w:Department of Government Efficiency — Reception]] The WSJ reports that Tesla's Texas facility dumped toxic wastewater into the public sewer system, into a lagoon, and into a local river, violated Texas environmental regulations, and fired an employee who attempted to comply with the law.{{Cn}} The Economist estimates that 10% of Mr. Musk's $360bn personal fortune is derived from contracts and benefits from the federal government, and 15% from the Chinese market.{{sfn|Economist 11/23}} == See also == * [[w:Second_presidential_transition_of_Donald_Trump|Second presidential transition of Donald Trump]] * [[w:United_States_federal_budget#Deficits_and_debt|United States federal budget - Deficits and debt]] * [[w:United_States_Bureau_of_Efficiency|United States Bureau of Efficiency]] – United States federal government bureau from 1916 to 1933 * [[w:Brownlow_Committee|Brownlow Committee]] – 1937 commission recommending United States federal government reforms * [[w:Grace_Commission|Grace Commission]] – Investigation to eliminate inefficiency in the United States federal government * [[w:Hoover_Commission|Hoover Commission]] – United States federal commission in 1947 advising on executive reform * [[w:Keep_Commission|Keep Commission]] * [[w:Project_on_National_Security_Reform|Project on National Security Reform]] * [[w:Delivering_Outstanding_Government_Efficiency_Caucus|Delivering Outstanding Government Efficiency Caucus]] == Notes == {{reflist}} == References == {{refbegin}} * {{Cite web|url=https://www.newsweek.com/bernie-sanders-finds-new-common-ground-elon-musk-1993820|title=Bernie Sanders finds new common ground with Elon Musk|last=Reporter|first=Mandy Taheri Weekend|date=2024-12-01|website=Newsweek|language=en|access-date=2024-12-02 |ref={{harvid|Newsweek 12/01|2024}} }} * {{Cite news|url=https://www.economist.com/briefing/2024/11/21/elon-musk-and-donald-trump-seem-besotted-where-is-their-bromance-headed|title=Elon Musk and Donald Trump seem besotted. Where is their bromance headed?|work=The Economist|access-date=2024-12-04|issn=0013-0613 |ref={{harvid|Economist 11/23|2024}} }} <references group="lower-alpha" /> {{refend}} tc99tj0qqa5s63vm30nls2fx8quz7mo 2691555 2691488 2024-12-12T02:33:17Z Jaredscribe 2906761 /* CPB, PBS, NPR */ reorder under Education. also /* Departments of Treasure and Commerce */ 2691555 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Research project}} The U.S. [[w:Department of Government Efficiency]]. {{Infobox Organization |name=Department of Government Efficiency |logo= |logo_size= |logo_caption=Logo on [[Twitter|X]] (formerly Twitter) as of November 14, 2024 |seal= |seal_size= |seal_caption= |formation=Announced on November 12, 2024; yet to be established |abbreviation=DOGE |key_people={{plainlist|[[w:Commissioner of the Department of Government Efficiency|Co-commissioners]]: * [[w:Elon Musk]] * [[w:Vivek Ramaswamy]] }} |website={{URL|https://x.com/DOGE|x.com/DOGE}} |volunteers=* Federico Sturzenegger|services=consulting|headquarters=Mar-A-Lago|organization_type=Presidential Advisory Commission|founder=Donald Trump|extinction=4 July 2026 (planned)|mission=(In the words of president-elect Donald Trump: * dismantle government bureaucracy * slash excess regulations * cut wasteful expenditures * restructure federal agencies, * address "massive waste and fraud" in government spending}} This "'''Wiki Of Government Efficiency'''" (WOGE) is a public interest, non-partisan research project that will [[User:Jaredscribe/Department of Government Efficiency#Reduce the deficit and debt by impounding appropriated funds|analyze the U.S. federal budget]], [[User:Jaredscribe/Department of Government Efficiency#Reform the other Government Bureaus and Departments|federal bureaucracy]], and [[User:Jaredscribe/Department of Government Efficiency#Shrink the federal civil service|federal civil service]], in the context of [[w:Second_presidency_of_Donald_Trump|president-elect Trump']]<nowiki/>s [[w:Agenda_47|Agenda 47]], and will catalogue, evaluate, and critique proposals on how the '''[[w:Department of Government Efficiency|Department of Government Efficiency]]'''{{Efn|Also referred to as '''Government Efficiency Commission'''}} (DOGE) is or is not fulfilling its mission to ''"dismantle government bureaucracy, slash excess regulations, and cut wasteful expenditures and restructure federal agencies"'', in the words of president-elect [[wikipedia:Donald_Trump|Donald Trump]], who called for it to address ''"massive waste and fraud"'' in government spending.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/c93qwn8p0l0o|title=Donald Trump picks Elon Musk for US government cost-cutting role|last1=Faguy|first1=Ana|last2=FitzGerald|first2=James|date=2024-11-13|publisher=BBC News|language=en-GB|access-date=2024-11-13}}</ref> Here's [[User:Jaredscribe/Department of Government Efficiency/How to contribute|how to contribute]] to the WOGE. The DOGE intends to [[User:Jaredscribe/Department of Government Efficiency#Office of Management and Budget|work through the Office of Management and Budget]] as its "policy vector". The [[w:U.S._budget_deficit|U.S. Budget deficit]], (C.f. [[w:Government_budget_balance|fiscal deficit]]), and the [[w:National_debt_of_the_United_States|U.S. National debt]], currently $35.7 Trillion as of 10/2024, which is 99% of the [[w:U.S._GDP|U.S. GDP]],<ref>{{Unbulleted list citebundle|{{cite news|newspaper=Financial Post| title= Musk's $2 Trillion of Budget Cuts Would Have These Stocks Moving|url=https://financialpost.com/pmn/business-pmn/musks-2-trillion-of-budget-cuts-would-have-these-stocks-moving|first=Alexandra|last=Semenova|date=November 4, 2024}}|{{cite news|newspaper= New York Times|title=Elon|url=https://nytimes.com/2024/10/29/us/politics/elon-musk-trump-economy-hardship.html}}|{{Cite web |date=September 5, 2024 |title=Trump says he'd create a government efficiency commission led by Elon Musk |url=https://apnews.com/article/donald-trump-elon-musk-government-efficiency-commission-e831ed5dc2f6a56999e1a70bb0a4eaeb |publisher=AP News}}|{{cite web|first=Jenn|last=Brice|title=How Elon Musk's $130 million investment in Trump's victory could reap a huge payoff for Tesla and the rest of his business empire|url=https://fortune.com/2024/11/06/elon-musk-donald-trump-tesla-spacex-xai-boring-neuralink|website=Fortune}}|{{cite web|url=https://axios.com/2024/11/07/elon-musk-government-efficiency-trump|title=Musk will bring his Twitter management style to government reform}}|{{cite news| access-date =November 9, 2024|work=Reuters|date=September 6, 2024|first1=Helen|first2=Gram|last1=Coster| last2=Slattery|title=Trump says he will tap Musk to lead government efficiency commission if elected| url= https://reuters.com/world/us/trump-adopt-musks-proposal-government-efficiency-commission-wsj-reports-2024-09-05}}|{{cite web|title=Trump says Musk could head 'government efficiency' force|url= https://bbc.com/news/articles/c74lgwkrmrpo|publisher=BBC}}|{{cite web|date =November 5, 2024|title=How Elon Musk could gut the government under Trump|url=https://independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/us-politics/elon-musk-donald-trump-economy-job-cuts-b2641644.html|website= The Independent}}}}</ref> and expected to grow to 134% of GDP by 2034 if current laws remain unchanged, according to the [[w:Congressional_Budget_Office|Congressional Budget Office]]. The DOGE will be a [[wikipedia:Presidential_commission_(United_States)|presidential advisory commission]] led by the billionaire businessmen [[wikipedia:Elon_Musk|Elon Musk]] and [[wikipedia:Vivek_Ramaswamy|Vivek Ramaswamy]], and possibly [[w:Ron_Paul|Ron Paul]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thehill.com/video/ron-paul-vows-to-join-elon-musk-help-eliminate-government-waste-in-a-trump-admin/10191375|title=Ron Paul vows to join Elon Musk, help eliminate government waste in a Trump admin|date=November 5, 2024|website=The Hill}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://usatoday.com/story/business/2024/10/28/patricia-healy-elon-musk-highlights-need-for-government-efficiency/75798556007|title=Elon Musk puts spotlight on ... Department of Government Efficiency? {{!}} Cumberland Comment|last=Healy|first=Patricia|website=USA TODAY|language=en-US|access-date=November 9, 2024}}</ref> with support from many [[w:Political_appointments_of_the_second_Trump_administration|Political and cabinet appointees of the second Trump administration]] and from a Congressional caucus Musk stated his belief that DOGE could remove US$2 trillion from the [[w:United_States_federal_budget|U.S. federal budget]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/live/HysDMs2a-iM?si=92I5LD1FY2PAsSuG&t=15822|title=WATCH LIVE: Trump holds campaign rally at Madison Square Garden in New York|date=October 28, 2024|website=youtube.com|publisher=[[PBS NewsHour]]|language=en|format=video}}</ref> without specifying whether these savings would be made over a single year or a longer period.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/cdj38mekdkgo|title=Can Elon Musk cut $2 trillion from US government spending?|last=Chu|first=Ben|date=2024-11-13|website=BBC News|language=en-GB|access-date=2024-11-14}}</ref> [[File:2023_US_Federal_Budget_Infographic.png|thumb|An infographic on outlays and revenues in the 2023 [[United States federal budget|U.S. federal budget]]]] DOGE could also streamline permitting with “categorical exclusions” from environmental reviews under the National Environmental Policy Act. {{sidebar with collapsible lists|name=U.S. deficit and debt topics|namestyle=background:#bf0a30;|style=width:22.0em; border: 4px double #d69d36; background:var(--background-color-base, #FFFFFF);|bodyclass=vcard|pretitle='''<span class="skin-invert">This article is part of [[:Category:United States|a series]] on the</span>'''|title=[[United States federal budget|<span style="color:var(--color-base, #000000);">Budget and debt in the<br/>United States of America</span>]]|image=[[File:Seal of the United States Congress.svg|90px]] [[File:Seal of the United States Department of the Treasury.svg|90px]]|titlestyle=background:var(--background-color-base, #002868); background-clip:padding-box;|headingstyle=background:var(--background-color-base, #bf0a30); color:var(--color-base, #fff);|listtitlestyle=background:var(--background-color-base, #bf0a30); color:var(--color-base, #fff); text-align:center;|expanded={{{expanded|{{{1|}}}}}}|list1name=dimensions|list1title=Major dimensions|list1class=hlist skin-invert|list1=* [[Economy of the United States|Economy]] * [[Expenditures in the United States federal budget|Expenditures]] * [[United States federal budget|Federal budget]] * [[Financial position of the United States|Financial position]] * [[Military budget of the United States|Military budget]] * [[National debt of the United States|Public debt]] * [[Taxation in the United States|Taxation]] * [[Unemployment in the United States|Unemployment]] * [[Government_spending_in_the_United_States|Gov't spending]]|list2name=programs|list2title=Programs|list2class=hlist skin-invert|list2=* [[Medicare (United States)|Medicare]] * [[Social programs in the United States|Social programs]] * [[Social Security (United States)|Social Security]]|list3name=issues|list3title=Contemporary issues|list3class=skin-invert|list3=<div style="margin-bottom:0.5em"> [[National Commission on Fiscal Responsibility and Reform|Bowles–Simpson Commission]] {{flatlist}} * <!--Bu--> [[Bush tax cuts]] * <!--Deb--> [[United States debt ceiling|Debt ceiling]] ** [[History of the United States debt ceiling|history]] * <!--Def--> [[Deficit reduction in the United States|Deficit reduction]] * <!--F--> [[United States fiscal cliff|Fiscal cliff]] * <!--H--> [[Healthcare reform in the United States|Healthcare reform]] * <!--P--> [[Political debates about the United States federal budget|Political debates]] * <!--So--> [[Social Security debate in the United States|Social Security debate]] * <!--St--> "[[Starve the beast]]" * <!--Su--> [[Subprime mortgage crisis]] {{endflatlist}} </div> [[2007–2008 financial crisis]] {{flatlist}} * <!--D--> [[United States debt-ceiling crisis (disambiguation)|Debt-ceiling crises]] ** [[2011 United States debt-ceiling crisis|2011]] ** [[2013 United States debt-ceiling crisis|2013]] ** [[2023 United States debt-ceiling crisis|2023]] {{endflatlist}} [[2013 United States budget sequestration|2013 budget sequestration]] {{flatlist}} * <!--G--> [[Government shutdowns in the United States|Government shutdowns]] ** [[1980 United States federal government shutdown|1980]] ** [[1981, 1984, and 1986 U.S. federal government shutdowns|1981, 1984, 1986]] ** [[1990 United States federal government shutdown|1990]] ** [[1995–1996 United States federal government shutdowns|1995–1996]] ** [[2013 United States federal government shutdown|2013]] ** [[January 2018 United States federal government shutdown|Jan 2018]] ** [[2018–2019 United States federal government shutdown|2018–2019]] {{endflatlist}} Related events {{flatlist}} *<!--E-->[[Removal of Kevin McCarthy as Speaker of the House|2023 Removal of Kevin McCarthy]] {{endflatlist}}|list4name=terminology|list4title=Terminology|list4class=hlist skin-invert|list4=Cumulative [[Government budget balance|deficit]] + [[National debt of the United States#Debates|Interest]] ≈ [[Government debt|Debt]] * [[Balance of payments]] * [[Inflation]] * [[Continuing resolution]]}} [[w:Deficit_reduction_in_the_United_States|Deficit reduction in the United States]] == Deregulate the Economy == The legal theory that this can be done through the executive branch is found in the U.S. Supreme Court’s ''[[w:West_Virginia_v._EPA|West Virginia v. EPA]]'' and ''[[w:Loper_Bright|Loper Bright]]'' rulings, which rein in the administrative state and mean that much of what the federal government now does is illegal.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.wsj.com/opinion/department-of-government-efficiency-elon-musk-vivek-ramaswamy-donald-trump-1e086dab|website=[[w:Wall Street Journal]]|title=The Musk-Ramaswamy Project Could Be Trump’s Best Idea}}</ref> Mr. Trump has set a goal of eliminating 10 regulations for every new one. The [[w:Competitive_Enterprise_Institute|Competitive Enterprise Institute]]’s Wayne Crews says 217,565 rules have been issued since the [[w:Federal_Register|Federal Register]] first began itemizing them in 1976, with 89,368 pages added last year. [https://sgp.fas.org/crs/misc/R43056.pdf 3,000-4,500 rules are added each year]. DOGE’s first order will be to pause enforcement of overreaching rules while starting the process to roll them back. Mr. Trump and DOGE could direct agencies to settle legal challenges to Biden rules by vacating them. This could ease the laborious process of undoing them by rule-making through the [[w:Administrative_Procedure_Act|Administrative Procedure Act]]. A source tells the WSJ they’ll do whatever they think they legally can without the APA. The [[w:Congressional_Review_Act|Congressional Review Act]]—which allows Congress to overturn recently issued agency regulations—had been used only once, prior to [[w:First_presidency_of_Donald_Trump|Trump's first term]]. While in office, he and the Republican Congress used it on 16 rules. This time, there will be more than 56 regulatory actions recent enough to be repealed. The [[w:Chevron_deference|''Chevron'' deference]] had required federal courts to defer to agencies’ interpretations of ambiguous statutes, but this was overturned in 2024. Taken together, with some other recent [[w:SCOTUS|SCOTUS]] rulings, we now have, says the WSJ, the biggest opportunity to cut regulatory red tape in more than 40 years.<ref>[https://www.wsj.com/opinion/let-the-trump-deregulation-begin-us-chamber-of-commerce-second-term-economic-growth-73f24387?cx_testId=3&cx_testVariant=cx_166&cx_artPos=0]</ref><blockquote>"Most legal edicts aren’t laws enacted by Congress but “rules and regulations” promulgated by unelected bureaucrats—tens of thousands of them each year. Most government enforcement decisions and discretionary expenditures aren’t made by the democratically elected president or even his political appointees but by millions of unelected, unappointed civil servants within government agencies who view themselves as immune from firing thanks to civil-service protections." "This is antidemocratic and antithetical to the Founders’ vision. It imposes massive direct and indirect costs on taxpayers." "When the president nullifies thousands of such regulations, critics will allege executive overreach. In fact, it will be ''correcting'' the executive overreach of thousands of regulations promulgated by administrative fiat that were never authorized by Congress. The president owes lawmaking deference to Congress, not to bureaucrats deep within federal agencies. The use of executive orders to substitute for lawmaking by adding burdensome new rules is a constitutional affront, but the use of executive orders to roll back regulations that wrongly bypassed Congress is legitimate and necessary to comply with the Supreme Court’s recent mandates. And after those regulations are fully rescinded, a future president couldn’t simply flip the switch and revive them but would instead have to ask Congress to do so"<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/opinion/musk-and-ramaswamy-the-doge-plan-to-reform-government-supreme-court-guidance-end-executive-power-grab-fa51c020?cx_testId=3&cx_testVariant=cx_165&cx_artPos=5|title=Elon Musk and Vivek Ramaswamy: The DOGE Plan to Reform Government|last=Musk|first=Elon|date=20 November 2024|work=The Wall Street Journal|last2=Ramaswamy|first2=Vivek}}</ref> </blockquote> == Shrink the federal civil service == The government has around three million [[w:United_States_federal_civil_service|federal civil service]] employees, with an average salary of $106,000. Dr. Anthony Fauci made $481,000 in 2022. The federal head count has ballooned by 120,800 during the Biden years. Civil service and union protections make it hard to fire workers. Mr. Trump intends to quickly resurrect the [[w:Schedule_F|Schedule F]] reform that he sought to implement at the end of his first term but was scrapped by Mr. Biden. These would high-level federal employees to be removed like political appointees, by eliminating their job protections. WSJ proposals[https://www.wsj.com/opinion/the-doge-cheat-sheet-elon-musk-vivek-ramaswamy-department-of-government-efficiency-1c231783#cxrecs_s] The [[w:Administrative_Procedures_Act|Administrative Procedures Act]] statute protects federal employees from political retaliation, but allows for “reductions in force” that don’t target specific employees. The statute further empowers the president to “prescribe rules governing the competitive service.” The Supreme Court has held—in ''[[w:Franklin_v._Massachusetts|Franklin v. Massachusetts]]'' (1992) and ''[[w:Collins_v._Yellen|Collins v. Yellen]]'' (2021) that when revious presidents have used this power to amend the civil service rules by executive order, they weren’t constrained by the APA when they did so. Mr. Trump can, with this authority, implement any number of “rules governing the competitive service” that would curtail administrative overgrowth, from large-scale firings to relocation of federal agencies out of the Washington area. The DOGE welcomes voluntary terminations once the President begins requiring federal employees to come to the office five days a week, because American taxpayers shouldn’t pay federal employees for the Covid-era privilege of staying home.<ref>[https://www.wsj.com/opinion/musk-and-ramaswamy-the-doge-plan-to-reform-government-supreme-court-guidance-end-executive-power-grab-fa51c020?cx_testId=3&cx_testVariant=cx_165&cx_artPos=5 Elon Musk and Vivek Ramaswamy: The DOGE Plan to Reform Government: Following the Supreme Court’s guidance, we’ll reverse a decadeslong executive power grab. Musk & Ramaswamy 11/20/2024]</ref> == Reduce the deficit and debt by impounding appropriated funds == === Impound appropriated funds === Reports suggest that president-elect Trump intends to override Congress’s power of the purse by [[w:Impoundment_of_appropriated_funds|impoundment of appropriated funds]], that is, refusing to spend them. the president may [[wikipedia:Rescission_bill|propose rescission]] of specific funds, but that rescission must be approved by both the [[wikipedia:United_States_House_of_Representatives|House of Representatives]] and [[wikipedia:United_States_Senate|Senate]] within 45 days. [[w:Thomas_Jefferson|Thomas Jefferson]] was the first president to exercise the power of impoundment in 1801, which power was available to all presidents up to and including [[wikipedia:Richard_Nixon|Richard Nixon]], and was regarded as a power inherent to the office, although one with limits. He may ask Congress to repeal The [[w:Congressional_Budget_and_Impoundment_Control_Act_of_1974|Congressional Budget and Impoundment Control Act of 1974]], which was passed in response to Nixon's abuses.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://democrats-budget.house.gov/resources/reports/impoundment-control-act-1974-what-it-why-does-it-matter|title=The Impoundment Control Act of 1974: What Is It? Why Does It Matter? {{!}} House Budget Committee Democrats|date=2019-10-23|website=democrats-budget.house.gov|language=en|access-date=2024-05-19}}</ref> If Congress refuses to do so, president Trump may impound funds anyway and argue in court that the 1974 law is unconstitutional. The matter would likely end up at the Supreme Court, which would have to do more than simply hold the 1974 act unconstitutional in order for Mr. Trump to prevail. The court would also have to overrule [[w:Train_v._City_of_New_York_(1975)|''Train v. City of New York'' (1975)]], which held that impoundment is illegal unless the underlying legislation specifically authorizes it. === Reduce the budget deficit === [[wikipedia:U.S. federal budget|U.S. federal budget]] The [[wikipedia:Fiscal_year|fiscal year]], beginning October 1 and ending on September 30 of the year following. Congress is the body required by law to pass appropriations annually and to submit funding bills passed by both houses to the President for signature. Congressional decisions are governed by rules and legislation regarding the [[wikipedia:United_States_budget_process|federal budget process]]. Budget committees set spending limits for the House and Senate committees and for Appropriations subcommittees, which then approve individual [[wikipedia:Appropriations_bill_(United_States)|appropriations bills]] to During FY2022, the federal government spent $6.3 trillion. Spending as % of GDP is 25.1%, almost 2 percentage points greater than the average over the past 50 years. Major categories of FY 2022 spending included: Medicare and Medicaid ($1.339T or 5.4% of GDP), Social Security ($1.2T or 4.8% of GDP), non-defense discretionary spending used to run federal Departments and Agencies ($910B or 3.6% of GDP), Defense Department ($751B or 3.0% of GDP), and net interest ($475B or 1.9% of GDP).<ref name="CBO_2022">[https://www.cbo.gov/publication/58888 The Federal Budget in Fiscal Year 2022: An Infographic]</ref> CBO projects a federal budget deficit of $1.6 trillion for 2024. In the agency’s projections, deficits generally increase over the coming years; the shortfall in 2034 is $2.6 trillion. The deficit amounts to 5.6 percent of gross domestic product (GDP) in 2024, swells to 6.1 percent of GDP in 2025, and then declines in the two years that follow. After 2027, deficits increase again, reaching 6.1 percent of GDP in 2034.<ref name="CBO_budgetOutlook2024">{{cite web|url=https://www.cbo.gov/publication/59710|title=The Budget and Economic Outlook: 2024 to 2034|date=February 7, 2024|publisher=CBO|access-date=February 7, 2024}}</ref> The following table summarizes several budgetary statistics for the fiscal year 2015-2021 periods as a percent of GDP, including federal tax revenue, outlays or spending, deficits (revenue – outlays), and [[wikipedia:National_debt_of_the_United_States|debt held by the public]]. The historical average for 1969-2018 is also shown. With U.S. GDP of about $21 trillion in 2019, 1% of GDP is about $210 billion.<ref name="CBO_Hist_20">[https://www.cbo.gov/about/products/budget-economic-data#2 CBO-Historical Budget Data-Retrieved January 28, 2020]</ref> Statistics for 2020-2022 are from the CBO Monthly Budget Review for FY 2022.<ref name="CBO_MBRFY2022">{{cite web|url=https://www.cbo.gov/publication/58592|title=Monthly Budget Review: Summary for Fiscal Year 2022|date=November 8, 2022|publisher=CBO|access-date=December 10, 2022}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" !Variable As % GDP !2015 !2016 !2017 !2018 !2019 !2020 !2021 !2022 !Hist Avg |- !Revenue<ref name="CBO_Hist_20">[https://www.cbo.gov/about/products/budget-economic-data#2 CBO-Historical Budget Data-Retrieved January 28, 2020]</ref> |18.0% |17.6% |17.2% |16.4% |16.4% |16.2% |17.9% |19.6% |17.4% |- !Outlays<ref name="CBO_Hist_20" /> |20.4% |20.8% |20.6% |20.2% |21.0% |31.1% |30.1% |25.1% |21.0% |- !Budget Deficit<ref name="CBO_Hist_20" /> | -2.4% | -3.2% | -3.5% | -3.8% | -4.6% | -14.9% | -12.3% | -5.5% | -3.6% |- !Debt Held by Public<ref name="CBO_Hist_20" /> |72.5% |76.4% |76.2% |77.6% |79.4% |100.3% |99.6% |94.7% | |} The [[wikipedia:U.S._Constitution|U.S. Constitution]] ([[wikipedia:Article_One_of_the_United_States_Constitution|Article I]], section 9, clause 7) states that "No money shall be drawn from the Treasury, but in Consequence of Appropriations made by Law; and a regular Statement and Account of Receipts and Expenditures of all public Money shall be published from time to time." Each year, the President of the United States submits a budget request to Congress for the following fiscal year as required by the [[wikipedia:Budget_and_Accounting_Act_of_1921|Budget and Accounting Act of 1921]]. Current law ({{UnitedStatesCode|31|1105}}(a)) requires the president to submit a budget no earlier than the first Monday in January, and no later than the first Monday in February. Typically, presidents submit budgets on the first Monday in February. The budget submission has been delayed, however, in some new presidents' first year when the previous president belonged to a different party. === Reduce the National debt === == Strategic Foreign Policy and Military reform == Nominee for [[w:National_Security_Advisor|National Security Advisor]] [[w:Mike_Waltz|Mike Waltz]] To oversee the [[w:U.S._Intelligence_Community|U.S. Intelligence Community]] and NIP, and the 18 IC agencies, including the CIA, DIA, NSC, the nominee for [[w:Director_of_National_Intelligence|Director of National Intelligence]] is [[w:Tulsi_Gabbard|Tulsi Gabbard]], who is an isolationist of the [[w:Bernie_Sanders#foreign_policy|Bernie Sanders]] camp, with a long record of dogmatically opposing [[w:Foreign_policy_of_the_Trump_administration|President Trump's first term foreign policy]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/opinion/tulsi-gabbard-director-of-national-intelligence-donald-trump-foreign-policy-syria-israel-iran-b37aa3de|title=How Tulsi Gabbard Sees the World|last=Editorial Board|date=10 December 2024|work=The Wall Street Journal}}</ref> === Department of State === {{Main article|w:Second presidency of Donald Trump#Prospective foreign policy|w:State Department}} [[w:Marco_Rubio|Marco Rubio]] has been nominated as [[w:U.S._Secretary_of_State|U.S. Secretary of State]], overseeing $53bn and 77,880 employees ==== [[w:USAID|USAID]] ==== === U.S. Department of Defense === Nominated for [[w:Secretary_of_Defense|Secretary of Defense]] is [[w:Pete_Hegseth|Pete Hegseth]]. The president-elect is reportedly considering a draft executive order that establishes a “warrior board” of retired senior military personnel with the power to review three- and four-star officers “on leadership capability, strategic readiness, and commitment to military excellence," and to recommend removals of any deemed unfit for leadership. This would fast-track the removal of generals and admirals found to be “lacking in requisite leadership qualities,” consistent with his earlier vow to fire “woke” military leaders.<ref>[https://www.wsj.com/politics/national-security/trump-draft-executive-order-would-create-board-to-purge-generals-7ebaa606<nowiki> Trump draft executive order would create a board to purge generals 11/12/2024]</nowiki></ref> There are legal obstacles. The law prohibits the firing of commissioned officers except by “sentence of a general court-martial,” as a “commutation of a sentence of a general court-martial,” or “in time of war, by order of the president.” A commissioned officer who believes he’s been wrongfully dismissed has the right to seek a trial by court-martial, which may find the dismissal baseless. <ref>[https://www.wsj.com/opinion/trump-tests-the-constitutions-limits-checks-balances-government-policy-law-78d0d0f1 &lt;nowiki&gt; Trump test the constitutions limits 11/19/2024]</ref> Musk said, "Some idiots are still building manned fighter jets like the F-35," and later added: "Manned fighter jets are outdated in the age of drones and only put pilots' lives at risk." [[w:Bernie_Sanders|Bernie Sanders]] wrote on X: "Elon Musk is right. The Pentagon, with a budget of $886 billion, just failed its 7th audit in a row. It's lost track of billions. Last year, only 13 senators voted against the Military Industrial Complex and a defense budget full of waste and fraud. That must change."{{sfn|Newsweek 12/02|2024}}. It failed its fifth audit in June 2023.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newsweek.com/fox-news-host-confronts-gop-senator-pentagons-fifth-failed-audit-1804379|title=Fox News host confronts GOP Senator on Pentagon's fifth failed audit|last=Writer|first=Fatma Khaled Staff|date=2023-06-04|website=Newsweek|language=en|access-date=2024-12-02}}</ref> === US Air Force === Air Force is advancing a program called [[w:Collaborative_Combat_Aircraft|Collaborative Combat Aircraft]] to build roughly 1,000 UAVs, with [[w:Anduril|Anduril]] and [[w:General_Atomics|General Atomics]] currently building prototypes, ahead of an Air Force decision on which company or companies will be contracted to build it. The cost quickly exceeded the $2.3 billion approved for last fiscal year’s budget, according to the [[w:Congressional_Research_Service|Congressional Research Service]], prompting calls for more oversight. “''If you want to make real improvements to the defense and security of the United States of America, we would be investing more in drones, we’d be investing more in [[w:Hypersonic_weapon|hypersonic missiles]]'',” said Mr. Ramaswamy. The program for Lockheed-Martin's [[w:F-35|F-35]] stealth jet fighters, now in production, is expected to exceed $2 trillion over several decades. The Air Force on 5 December announced it would delay a decision on which company would build the next-generation crewed fighter, called [[w:Next Generation Air Dominance|Next Generation Air Dominance (NGAD)]], which was planned to replace the [[w:F-22|F-22]] and operate alongside the F-35. Mr. Musk has written that "manned fighter jets are obsolete in the age of drones.” In another post, he claimed “a reusable drone” can do everything a jet fighter can do “without all the overhead of a pilot.” Brigadier General [[w:Doug_Wickert|Doug Wickert]] said in response, “There may be some day when we can completely rely on roboticized warfare but we are a century away.... How long have we thought full self-driving was going to be on the Tesla?” <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/politics/national-security/air-force-jets-vs-drones-trump-administration-8b1620a5?page=1|title=Trump Administration Set to Decide Future of Jet Fighters|last=Seligman|first=Lara|date=6 December 2024|work=The Wall Street Journal}}</ref> === US Space Force === The [[w:US_Space_Force|US Space Force]]'s 2023 budget was ~$26bn and it had 9,400 military personnel. SpaceX had a $14m contract to provide communications to the Ukrainian armed forces and government through 30th Nov 2024.{{sfn|Economist 11/23|2024}} Is also receiving a $733m contract to carry satellites into orbit.{{sfn|Economist 11/23|2024}} The Pentagon plans to incorporate into its own communications network 100 of [[w:Starshield|Starshield]]'s satellites.{{sfn|Economist 11/23|2024}} Starshield also has a $1.8bn contract to help the [[w:National_Reconnaissance_Office|National Reconnaissance Office]] build spy satellites.{{sfn|Economist 11/23|2024}} == NASA == The [[w:National_Air_and_Space_Administration|National Air and Space Administration]] had a 2023 budget of $25.4 bn and 18,000 employees. [[w:Jared_Isaacman|Jared Isaacman]] is nominated director. He had joined a space voyage in 2021 which was the first for an all-civilian crew to reach orbit. He led a four person crew in September on the first commericial spacewalk, testing SpaceX's new spacesuits. He promised to lead NASA in to "usher in an era where humanity becomes a true space-faring civilization." In an interview Isaacman said that NASA will evolve as private space companies set their own priorities and develop technology. NASA could have a certification role for astronauts and vehicles, similar to how the Federal Aviation Administration oversees the commercial airline industry. “The FAA doesn’t build the airplanes. They don’t staff the pilots that fly you from point A to B,” he said. “That is the world that NASA is in, essentially.” He also suggested openness to new and lower cost ways of getting to the Moon and to Mars.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/politics/elections/trump-picks-billionaire-space-traveler-to-run-nasa-4420150b?page=1|title=Trump Picks Billionaire Space Traveler to Run NASA|last=Maidenberg|first=Micah|date=5 December 2024|work=WSJ}}</ref> In September 2026, NASA's [[w:Artemis_program|Artemis program]], established in 2017 via [[wikipedia:Space_Policy_Directive_1|Space Policy Directive 1]], is intended to reestablish a human presence on the Moon for the first time since the [[wikipedia:Apollo_17|Apollo 17]] mission in 1972. The program's stated long-term goal is to establish a [[wikipedia:Moonbase|permanent base on the Moon]] to facilitate [[wikipedia:Human_mission_to_Mars|human missions to Mars]]. The [[w:U.S._National_Academies_of_Sciences,_Engineering,_and_Medicine|U.S. National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine]] in October, put out a report titled "NASA at a Crossroads," which identified myriad issues at the agency, including out-of-date infrastructure, pressures to prioritize short-term objectives and inefficient management practices. NASA's costly [[w:Space_Launch_System|Space Launch System]] (SLS) is the cornerstone of the Artemis program. has a price tag of around $4.1 billion per launch, and is a single-use rocket that can only launch every two years, having debuted in 2022 with the uncrewed [[w:Artemis_1_mission|Artemis 1 mission]] to the moon. In contrast, SpaceX is working to reduce the cost of a single Starship flight to under $10 million. NASA Associate Administrator Jim Free urged the incoming administration to maintain the current plans, in a symposium with the [[w:American_Astronautical_Society|American Astronautical Society]] saying "We need that consistency in purpose. That has not happened since Apollo. If we lose that, I believe we will fall apart and we will wander, and other people in this world will pass us by." NASA has already asked both [[w:SpaceX|SpaceX]] and also Jeff Bezos' [[w:Blue_Origin|Blue Origin]], to develop cargo landers for its Artemis missions and to deliver heavy equipment on them to the Moon by 2033. "Having two lunar lander providers with different approaches for crew and cargo landing capability provides mission flexibility while ensuring a regular cadence of moon landings for continued discovery and scientific opportunity," Stephen D. Creech, NASA's assistant deputy associate administrator for the moon to Mars program, said in an announcement about the partnership. "For all of the money we are spending, NASA should NOT be talking about going to the Moon - We did that 50 years ago. They should be focused on the much bigger things we are doing, including Mars (of which the Moon is a part), Defense and Science!" Trump wrote in a post on X in 2019. Trump has said he would create a [[w:Space_National_Guard|Space National Guard]], an idea that lawmakers in Congress have been proposing since 2021. Critics agree that a focus on spaceflight could come at the expense of "Earth and atmospheric sciences at NASA and the [[w:National_Oceanic_and_Atmospheric_Administration|National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]] (NOAA), which have been cut during the Biden era."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newsweek.com/elon-musk-donald-trump-nasa-space-policy-1990599|title=Donald Trump and Elon Musk could radically reshape NASA. Here's how|last=Reporter|first=Martha McHardy US News|date=2024-11-27|website=Newsweek|language=en|access-date=2024-12-02}}</ref> Regarding his goal and SpaceX's corporate mission of colonising Mars, Mr. Musk has stated that "The DOGE is the only path to extending life beyond earth"{{sfn|Economist 11/23|2024}} == [[w:Federal_Aviation_Administration|Federal Aviation Administration]] == Musk has often complained about the FAA "smothering" innovation, boasting that he can build a rocket faster than the agency can process the "Kafkaesque paperwork" required to make the relevant approvals.{{sfn|Economist 11/23|2024}} == Department of Transportation == Mr. Trump's transition team told advisors that it plans to make a federal framework for self-driving cars. Mr. Trump had a call with Sundar Pichai and Mr. Musk. == Department of Education == [[w:United_States_Department_of_Education|Department of Education]] has 4,400 employees – the smallest staff of the Cabinet agencies<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www2.ed.gov/about/overview/fed/role.html|title=Federal Role in Education|date=2021-06-15|website=www2.ed.gov|language=en|access-date=2022-04-28}}</ref> – and a 2024 budget of $238 billion.<ref name="DOE-mission">{{Cite web|url=https://www.usaspending.gov/agency/department-of-education?fy=2024|title=Agency Profile {{!}} U.S. Department of Education|website=www2.ed.gov|access-date=2024-11-14}}</ref> The 2023 Budget was $274 billion, which included funding for children with disabilities ([[wikipedia:Individuals_with_Disabilities_Education_Act|IDEA]]), pandemic recovery, early childhood education, [[wikipedia:Pell_Grant|Pell Grants]], [[wikipedia:Elementary_and_Secondary_Education_Act|Title I]], work assistance, among other programs. This budget was down from $637.7 billion in 2022.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.future-ed.org/what-the-new-pisa-results-really-say-about-u-s-schools/|title=What the New PISA Results Really Say About U.S. Schools|date=2021-06-15|website=future-ed.com|language=en|access-date=2024-11-14}}</ref> Nominated as [[w:US_Secretary_of_Education|Secretary of Education]] is [[w:Linda_McMahon|Linda McMahon]]. The WSJ proposes that the Civil Rights division be absorbed into the Department of Justice, and that its outstanding loan portolio be handled by the Department of the Treasury. Despite the redundancies, its unlikely that it will be abolished, which would require congressional action and buy-in from Democrats in the Senate; Republicans don’t have enough votes to do it alone. A republican appointee is expected to push back against federal education overreach and progressive policies like DEI. <ref>[https://www.wsj.com/opinion/trump-can-teach-the-education-department-a-lesson-nominee-needs-boldness-back-school-choice-oppose-woke-indoctrination-ddf6a38d<nowiki> Trump can teach the Education Department a Lesson. WSJ 11/20/2024]</nowiki></ref> During his campaign, Trump had pledged to get the "transgender insanity the hell out of schools.” Relying on the district court's decision in ''[[w:Tatel_v._Mount_Lebanon_School_District|Tatel v. Mount Lebanon School District]] , the'' attorney general and education secretary could issue a letter explaining how enforcing gender ideology violates constitutional [[w:Free_exercise_clause|First amendment right to free exercise of religion]] and the [[w:Equal_Protection_Clause|14th Amendment’s Equal Protection Clause]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/opinion/how-trump-can-target-transgenderism-in-schools-law-policy-education-369537a7?page=1|title=How Trump Can Target Transgenderism in Schools|last=Eden|first=Max|date=9 December 2024|work=The Wall Street Journal}}</ref> === CPB, PBS, NPR === Regarding the [[w:Corporation_for_Public_Broadcasting|Corporation for Public Broadcasting]], [[w:Howard_Husock|Howard Husock]] suggest that instead of zeroing its $535 million budget, Republicans reform the [[w:Public_Broadcasting_Act|Public Broadcasting Act]] to eliminate bias and improve local journalism.<ref>https://www.wsj.com/opinion/the-conservative-case-for-public-broadcasting-media-policy-2d4c3c9f?page=1</ref> {{As of|2024|alt=For fiscal year 2024}}, its appropriation was US$525 million, including $10 million in interest earned. The distribution of these funds was as follows:<ref>{{cite web|url=https://cpb.org/aboutcpb/financials/budget/|title=CPB Operating Budget|last=|date=2024|website=www.cpb.org|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=November 27, 2024|url-status=}}</ref> * $262.83M for direct grants to local public television stations; * $95.11M for television programming grants; * $81.77M for direct grants to local public radio stations; * $28.12M for the Radio National Program Production and Acquisition * $9.43M for the Radio Program Fund * $31.50 for system support * $26.25 for administration Public broadcasting stations are funded by a combination of private donations from listeners and viewers, foundations and corporations. Funding for public television comes in roughly equal parts from government (at all levels) and the private sector.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cpb.org/annualreports/2013/|title=CPB 2013 Annual Report|website=www.cpb.org|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160212170045/http://cpb.org/annualreports/2013/|archive-date=February 12, 2016|access-date=May 4, 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref> == U.S. Department of Health and Human Services == Nominated as [[w:United_States_Secretary_of_Health_and_Human_Services|United States Secretary of Health and Human Services]] is [[w:Robert_F._Kennedy_Jr.|Robert F. Kennedy Jr.]], deputy Secretary [[w:Jim_O'Neill_(investor)|Jim O'Neill]]. Nominated for [[w:US_Surgeon_General|US Surgeon General]] is [[w:Janette_Nesheiwat|Janette Nesheiwat]]. [[w:U.S._Department_of_Health_and_Human_Services|U.S. Department of Health and Human Services]] was authorized a budget for [[w:2020_United_States_federal_budget|fiscal year 2020]] of $1.293 trillion. It has 13 operating divisions, 10 of which constitute the [[w:United_States_Public_Health_Service|Public Health Services]], whose budget authorization is broken down as follows:<ref name="hhs_budget_fy2020">{{cite web|url=https://www.hhs.gov/about/budget/fy2020/index.html|title=HHS FY 2020 Budget in Brief|date=October 5, 2019|website=HHS Budget & Performance|publisher=United States Department of Health & Human Services|page=7|access-date=May 9, 2020}}</ref> {| class="wikitable sortable" !Nominee !Program !2020 Budget !2024 Budget ! employees !2025 Budget !2026 Budget |- |[[w:Marty_Makary|Marty Makary]] |[[w:Food and Drug Administration|Food and Drug Administration]] (FDA) |$3,329 MM |- | |[[w:Health Resources and Services Administration|Health Resources and Services Administration]] (HRSA) |$11,004 |- | |[[w:Indian Health Service|Indian Health Service]] (IHS) |$6,104 |- |[[w:Dave_Weldon|Dave Weldon]] |[[w:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]] (CDC) |$6,767 |- |[[w:Jay_Bhattacharya|Jay Bhattacharya]] |[[w:National Institutes of Health|National Institutes of Health]] (NIH) |$33,669 |- | |[[w:Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration|Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration]] (SAMHSA) |$5,535 |- | |[[w:Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality|Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality]] (AHRQ) |$0 |- |[[w:Mehmet_Oz|Mehmet Oz]] |[[w:Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services|Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services]] (CMMS) |$1,169,091 |- | |[[w:Administration for Children and Families|Administration for Children and Families]] (ACF) |$52,121 |- | |[[w:Administration for Community Living|Administration for Community Living]] (ACL) |$1,997 |- |} {| class="wikitable sortable" !Program !2020 Budget !2024 Budget ! employees !2025 Budget !2026 Budget |- |[[w:Departmental Management|Departmental Management]] |$340 |- |Non-Recurring Expense Fund |$-400 |- |[[w:Office of Medicare Hearings and Appeals|Office of Medicare Hearings and Appeals]] |$186 |- |[[w:Office of the National Coordinator|Office of the National Coordinator]] |$43 |- |[[w:Office for Civil Rights|Office for Civil Rights]] |$30 |- |[[w:Office of Inspector General|Office of Inspector General]] |$82 |- |[[w:Public Health and Social Services Emergency Fund|Public Health and Social Services Emergency Fund]] |$2,667 |- |[[w:Program Support Center|Program Support Center]] |$749 |- |Offsetting Collections |$-629 |- |Other Collections |$-163 |- |'''TOTAL''' |'''$1,292,523''' |} The FY2020 budget included a $1.276 billion budget decrease for the Centers for Disease Control, and a $4.533 billion budget decrease for the National Institutes of Health. These budget cuts, along with other changes since 2019, comprised a total decrease of over $24 billion in revised discretionary budget authority across the entire Department of Health and Human Services for Fiscal Year 2020.<ref name="hhs_budget_fy2020" /> Additional details of the budgeted outlays, budget authority, and detailed budgets for other years, can be found at the HHS Budget website.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://WWW.HHS.GOV/BUDGET|title=Health and Human Services: Budget and Performance|publisher=United States Department of Health & Human Services|access-date=May 9, 2020}}</ref> He is an American politician, [[Environmental law|environmental lawyer]], [[anti-vaccine activist]], and anti-packaged food industry activist, anti-pharmaceutical industry activist, who will be nominated to serve as [[United States Secretary of Health and Human Services]],<ref name="v502">{{cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/saradorn/2024/11/14/rfk-jr-launches-independent-2024-run-here-are-all-the-conspiracies-he-promotes-from-vaccines-to-mass-shootings/|title=Trump Taps RFK Jr. As Secretary Of Health And Human Services: Here Are All The Conspiracies He's Promoted|last=Dorn|first=Sara|date=2024-11-14|website=Forbes|access-date=2024-11-15}}</ref> with the mission of "Making America Healthy Again". He is the chairman and founder of [[Children's Health Defense]], an anti-vaccine advocacy group and proponent of [[COVID-19 vaccine misinformation|dubious COVID-19 vaccine information]].<ref name="Smith_12/15/2021" /><ref name="KW" /> === National Institutes of Health === The [[w:NIH|NIH]] distributes grants of ~$50bn per year. Nominated to lead the [[w:National_Institutes_of_Health|National Institutes of Health]] is [[w:Jay_Bhattacharya|Jay Bhattacharya]], who has announced the following priorities for funding: * cutting edge research, saying that the NIH has become "sclerotic", due to a phenomenon has been called [[Eroom’s law]], which explains that career incentives encourage “me-too research,” given that citations by other scientists “have become the dominant way to evaluate scientific contributions and scientists.” That has shifted research “toward incremental science and away from exploratory projects that are more likely to fail, but which are the fuel for future breakthroughs.”<ref name=":3">{{Cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/opinion/jay-bhattacharya-and-the-vindication-of-the-fringe-scientists-pandemic-lockdowns-38b6aec6|title=Jay Bhattacharya and the Vindication of the ‘Fringe’ Scientists|last=Finley|first=Allysia|date=1 December 2024|work=Wall Street Journal}}</ref> Dr. Bhattacharya's February 2020 paper explaining Eroom's law, as possible explanation for slowing of pharmaceutical advances.{{Cn}} * studies aimed at replicating the results of earlier studies, to address the problem of scientific fraud or other factors contributing to the the [[w:Replication_crisis|replication crisis]], encouraging academic freedom among NIH scientists and term limits for NIH leaders. “Those kinds of reforms, I think every scientist would agree, every American would agree, it’s how you turn the NIH from something that is sort of how to control society, into something that is aimed at the discovery of truth to improve the health of Americans,” he said.<ref name=":4">{{Cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/health/healthcare/covid-lockdown-critic-jay-bhattacharya-chosen-to-lead-nih-2958e5e2?page=1|title=Covid-Lockdown Critic Jay Bhattacharya Chosen to Lead NIH|last=Whyte|first=Liz Essley|date=26 November 2024|work=The Wall Street Journal}}</ref> * Refocusing on research on [[w:Chronic_diseases|chronic diseases]], which is underfunded, and away from [[w:Infectious_diseases|infectious diseases]], which is overfunded. * Ending [[w:Gain-of-function|gain-of-function]] research. Jay Bhattacharya wrote a March 25 2020 op-ed "Is the Coronavirus as Deadly as They Say?", with colleague [[w:Eran_Bendavid|Eran Bendavid]], arguing that many asymptomatic cases of COVID-19 were going undetected. The hypothesis was confirmed in April 2020 when he and several colleagues published a study showing that Covid anti-bodies in Santa Clara county were 50 times the recorded infection rate. This implied, he said "a lower inflection mortality rate than public health authorities were pushing at a time when they and the media thought it was a virtue to panic the population".<ref><nowiki><ref></nowiki>{{Cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/opinion/the-man-who-fought-fauci-and-won-trump-nih-nominee-jay-bhattacharya-covid-cancel-culture-4a0650bd?page=1|title=The Man Who Fought Fauci - and Won|last=Varadarajan|first=Tunku|date=6 December 2024|work=WSJ}}&lt;nowiki&gt;</ref> Dr. Bhattacharya, [[w:Martin_Kulldorff|Martin Kulldorff]], then at Harvard, and Oxford’s [[w:Sunetra_Gupta|Sunetra Gupta]] formally expounded this idea in the [[w:Great_Barrington_Declaration|Great Barrington Declaration]] in October 2020, urging the government to focus on protecting the vulnerable while letting others go about their lives, which previous NIH director [[w:Francis_Collins|Francis Collins]] derided as "fringe science its into the political views of certain parts of our confused political establishment," and previous [[w:NIAID|NIAID]] director [[w:Chief_Medical_Advisor_to_the_President|chief medical advisor to the President]] [[w:Anthony_Fauci|Anthony Fauci]] "a quick and devastating public takedown of its premises." Some suggest the same career incentives that lead to scientific group-think in the pharmaceutical industry, also explain conformist behavior during COVID-19, due to the threat against young scientists of losing NIH funding, jobs, and career opportunities, if they were to exercise in independent judgement.<ref name=":3" /> “Dr. Jay Bhattacharya is the ideal leader to restore NIH as the international template for gold-standard science and evidence-based medicine,” DHHS Secretary nominee Kennedy wrote. "We will reform American scientific institutions so that they are worthy of trust again and will deploy the fruits of excellent science to make America healthy again!” said Dr. Bhattacharya. “Dr. Bhattacharya is a strong choice to lead the NIH,” said Dr. [[w:Ned_Sharpless|Ned Sharpless]], a former [[w:National_Cancer_Institute|National Cancer Institute]] director. “The support of moderate Senate Republicans will be critical to NIH funding, and Dr. Bhattacharya’s Covid work will give him credibility with this constituency.”<ref name=":4" /> === Food and Drug Administration === The FDA in 2022 had 18,000 employees<ref name="fy2022">{{cite web|url=https://www.fda.gov/media/149613/download|title=FY 2022 FDA Budget Request|publisher=FDA|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230602090805/https://www.fda.gov/media/149613/download|archive-date=June 2, 2023|access-date=January 14, 2022|url-status=live}}</ref> and a budget of $6.5{{nbsp}}billion (2022)<ref name="fy2022" /> Nominated as director is [[w:Marty_Makary|Marty Makary]]. == Departments of Treasury and Commerce == [[w:Departments_of_Treasury|Departments of Treasury]] has 2023 budget of ____ and ___ employees. [[w:Department_of_Commerce|Department of Commerce]] has 2023 budget of _____ and _____ employees. Nominated for [[w:Secretary_of_the_Treasury|Secretary of the Treasury]] is [[w:Scott_Bessent|Scott Bessent]], for Secretary of Commerce is [[w:Howard_Lutnick|Howard Lutnick]] === Consumer Financial Protection Bureau === The [[w:Consumer_Financial_Protection_Bureau|Consumer Financial Protection Bureau]] (CFPB). Said Mr. Musk "Delete the CFPB. There are too many duplicative regulatory agencies"<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/politics/policy/elon-musk-doge-conflict-of-interest-b1202437?page=1|title=Musk’s DOGE Plans Rely on White House Budget Office. Conflicts Await.|last=Schwartz|first=Brian|work=The Wall Street Journal}}</ref> === Securities and Exchange Commission === [[w:Securities_and_Exchange_Commission|Securities and Exchange Commission]] === Internal Revenue Service === [[w:Internal_Revenue_Service|Internal Revenue Service]] == Departments of Energy and Interior == Nominee for [[w:US_Secretary_of_the_Interior|Secretary of the Interior]] is [[w:Doug_Burgum|Doug Burgum]], who will also be [[w:List_of_U.S._executive_branch_czars|Energy Czar]]. [[w:Department_of_Energy|Department of Energy]] [[w:United_States_Secretary_of_Energy|secretary nominee]] [[w:Chris_Wright_(energy_executive)|Chris Wright]] admits that burning fossil fuels contributes to rising temperatures, but says it poses only a modest threat to humanity, and praises it for increasing plant growth, making the planet greener, and boosting agricultural productivity. He also says that it likely reduces the annual number of temperature-related deaths. (estimates from health researchers say otherwise). He says, "It's probably almost as many positive changes as negative changes... Is it a crisis, is it the world's greatest challenge, or a big threat to the next generation? No. .. A little bit warmer isn’t a threat. If we were 5, 7, 8, 10 degrees [Celsius] warmer, that would be meaningful changes to the planet.” Scientists see a 1.5 degrees Celsius temperature as creating potentially irreversible changes for the planet, and expect to pass that mark later this year, after increasing over several decade. He criticizes the [[w:Paris_climate_agreement|Paris climate agreement]] for empowering "political actors with anti-fossil fuel agendas." Wright favors development of [[w:Geothermal_energy|geothermal energy]] and [[w:Nuclear_energy_policy_of_the_United_States|nuclear energy]], criticizing subsidies to wind and solar energy. <ref><nowiki><ref></nowiki>{{Cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/politics/policy/who-is-chris-wright-trump-energy-secretary-9eb617dc?page=1|title=Trump’s Energy Secretary Pick Preaches the Benefits of Climate Change|last=Morenne|first=Benoit|date=9 December 2024|work=The Wall Street Journal}}&lt;nowiki&gt;</ref> == AI and Cryptocurrency Policy == [[w:David_Sacks|David Sacks]] was named "White House AI and Crypto Czar". == Reform Entitlements == === Healthcare and Medicare === [[w:ObamaCare|ObamaCare]] started as a plausible scheme for universal, cost-effective health insurance with subsidies for the needy. Only the subsidies survive because the ObamaCare policies actually delivered are so overpriced nobody would buy them without a subsidy.<ref>[https://www.wsj.com/opinion/elons-real-trump-mission-protect-growth-department-of-government-efficiency-appointments-cabinet-9e7e62b2]</ref> See below: Department of Health and Human Services === Social Security === Even FDR was aware of its flaw: it discourages working and saving. === Other === Small-government advocate [[w:Ron_Paul|Ron Paul]] has suggested to cut aid to the following "biggest" welfare recipients: * The [[w:Military-industrial_complex|Military-industrial complex]] * The [[w:Pharmaceutical-industrial_complex|Pharmaceutical-industrial complex]] * The [[w:Federal_Reserve|Federal Reserve]] To which Mr. Musk replied, "Needs to be done".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thehill.com/video/ron-paul-vows-to-join-elon-musk-help-eliminate-government-waste-in-a-trump-admin/10191375/|title=Ron Paul vows to join Elon Musk, help eliminate government waste in a Trump admin|date=2024-11-05|website=The Hill|language=en-US|access-date=2024-12-09}}</ref> == Office of Management and Budget == The White House [[w:Office_of_Management_and_Budget|Office of Management and Budget]] (OMB) guides implementation of regulations and analyzes federal spending. Mssrs. Musk and Ramaswamy encouraged President-elect Trump to reappoint his first term director [[w:Russell_Vought|Russell Vought]], which he did on 22nd Nov.<ref name=":0" /> == Government Efficiency Personnel == Transition spokesman [[w:Brian_Hughes|Brian Hughes]] said that "Elon Musk is a once-in-a-generation business leader and our federal bureaucracy will certainly benefit from his ideas and efficiency". About a dozen Musk allies have visited Mar-a-Lago to serve as unofficial advisors to the Trump 47 transition, influencing hiring at many influential government agencies.<ref name=":2"><nowiki><ref></nowiki>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/12/06/us/politics/trump-elon-musk-silicon-valley.html?searchResultPosition=1|title=The Silicon Valley Billionaires Steering Trump’s Transition|date=8 December 2024|work=NYT}}</ref> [[w:Marc_Andreesen|Marc Andreesen]] has interviewed candidates for State, Pentagon, and DHHS, and has been active pushing for rollback of Biden's cryptocurrency regulations, and rollback of Lina Khan anti-trust efforts with the FTC, and calling for contracting reform in Defense dept. [[w:Jared_Birchall|Jared Birchall]] has interviewed candidates for State, and has advised on Space police and has put together councils for AI and Cryptocurrency policy. David Sacks was named "White House AI and Crypto Czar" [[w:Shaun_MacGuire|Shaun MacGuire]] has advised on picks for intelligence community and has interviewed candidates for Defense. Many tech executives are considering part-time roles advising the DOGE. [[w:Antonio_Gracias|Antonio Gracias]] and [[w:Steve_Davis|Steve Davis]] from Musk's "crisis team" have been active, as has investor [[w:John_Hering|John Hering]]. Other Silicon Valley players who have advised Trump or interviewed candidates: * [[w:Larry_Ellison|Larry Ellison]] has sat in on Trump transition 47 meetings at Mar-a-Lago. * [[w:Mark_Pincus|Mark Pincus]] * [[w:David_Marcus|David Marcus]] * [[w:Barry_Akis|Barry Akis]] * [[w:Shervin_Pishevar|Shervin Pishevar]], who has called for privitization of the USPS, NASA, and the federal Bureau of Prisons. Called for creating an American sovereign wealth fund, and has said that DOGE "could lead a revolutionary restructuring of public institutions."<ref name=":2" /> [[w:William_McGinley|William McGinley]] will move to a role with DOGE. Originally nominated for [[w:White_House_counsel|White House counsel]], he will be replaced in that role by [[w:David_Warrington|David Warrington]].<ref>{{Cite news|title=A White House Counsel Replaced before starting|last=Haberman|first=Maggie|date=6 December 2024|work=New York times}}</ref> The WSJ lauded without naming them, comparing them to the "dollar-a-year men" - business leaders who during WWII revolutionized industrial production to help make America the "arsenal of democracy". (WSJ, 10 December 2024) == History and Miscellaneous facts == See also: [[w:Department_of_Government_Efficiency#History|Department of Government Efficiency — History]] DOGE's work will "conclude" no later than July 4, 2026, the 250th anniversary of the signing of the [[United States Declaration of Independence|U.S. Declaration of Independence]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thehill.com/policy/4987402-trump-musk-advisory-group-spending/|title=Elon Musk, Vivek Ramaswamy to lead Trump's Department of Government Efficiency (DOGE)|last=Nazzaro|first=Miranda|date=November 13, 2024|website=The Hill|language=en-US|access-date=November 13, 2024}}</ref> also coinciding with America's [[United States Semiquincentennial|semiquincentennial]] celebrations and a proposed "Great American Fair". Despite its name it is not expected to be a [[wikipedia:United_States_federal_executive_departments|federal executive department]], but rather may operate under the [[Federal Advisory Committee Act]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/trump-department-of-government-efficiency-doge-elon-musk-ramaswamy/|title=What to know about Trump's Department of Government Efficiency, led by Elon Musk and Vivek Ramaswamy - CBS News|last=Picchi|first=Aimee|date=2024-11-14|website=www.cbsnews.com|language=en-US|access-date=2024-11-14}}</ref> so its formation is not expected to require approval from the [[wikipedia:United_States_Congress|U.S. Congress]]. NYT argues that records of its meetings must be made public.{{Cn}} As an advisor rather than a government employee, Mr. Musk will not be subject to various ethics rules.{{sfn|Economist 11/23}} Musk has stated that he believes such a commission could reduce the [[wikipedia:United_States_federal_budget|U.S. federal budget]] by $2 trillion, which would be a reduction of almost one third from its 2023 total. [[Maya MacGuineas]] of the [[Committee for a Responsible Federal Budget]] has said that this saving is "absolutely doable" over a period of 10 years, but it would be difficult to do in a single year "without compromising some of the fundamental objectives of the government that are widely agreed upon".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thehill.com/business/4966789-elon-musk-skepticism-2-trillion-spending-cuts/|title=Elon Musk draws skepticism with call for $2 trillion in spending cuts|last=Folley|first=Aris|date=2024-11-03|website=The Hill|language=en-US|access-date=2024-11-14}}</ref> [[wikipedia:Jamie_Dimon|Jamie Dimon]], the chief executive officer of [[wikipedia:JPMorgan_Chase|JPMorgan Chase]], has supported the idea. Some commentators questioned whether DOGE is a conflict of interest for Musk given that his companies are contractors to the federal government. The body is "unlikely to have any regulatory teeth on its own, but there's little doubt that it can have influence on the incoming administration and how it will determine its budgets".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.vox.com/policy/384904/trumps-department-of-government-efficiency-sounds-like-a-joke-it-isnt|title=Trump tapped Musk to co-lead the "Department of Government Efficiency." What the heck is that?|last=Fayyad|first=Abdallah|date=2024-11-13|website=Vox|language=en-US|access-date=2024-11-14}}</ref> Elon Musk had called [[w:Federico_Sturzenegger|Federico Sturzenegger]], Argentina's [[w:Ministry_of_Deregulation_and_State_Transformation|Minister of Deregulation and Transformation of the State]] ([[w:es:Ministerio_de_Desregulación_y_Transformación_del_Estado|es]]), to discuss imitating his ministry's model.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.infobae.com/economia/2024/11/08/milei-brindo-un-nuevo-apoyo-a-sturzenegger-y-afirmo-que-elon-musk-imitara-su-gestion-en-eeuu/|title=Milei brindó un nuevo apoyo a Sturzenegger y afirmó que Elon Musk imitará su gestión en EEUU|date=November 8, 2024|website=infobae|language=es-ES|access-date=November 13, 2024}}</ref> == Reception and Criticism == See also: [[w:Department_of_Government_Efficiency#Reception|w:Department of Government Efficiency — Reception]] The WSJ reports that Tesla's Texas facility dumped toxic wastewater into the public sewer system, into a lagoon, and into a local river, violated Texas environmental regulations, and fired an employee who attempted to comply with the law.{{Cn}} The Economist estimates that 10% of Mr. Musk's $360bn personal fortune is derived from contracts and benefits from the federal government, and 15% from the Chinese market.{{sfn|Economist 11/23}} == See also == * [[w:Second_presidential_transition_of_Donald_Trump|Second presidential transition of Donald Trump]] * [[w:United_States_federal_budget#Deficits_and_debt|United States federal budget - Deficits and debt]] * [[w:United_States_Bureau_of_Efficiency|United States Bureau of Efficiency]] – United States federal government bureau from 1916 to 1933 * [[w:Brownlow_Committee|Brownlow Committee]] – 1937 commission recommending United States federal government reforms * [[w:Grace_Commission|Grace Commission]] – Investigation to eliminate inefficiency in the United States federal government * [[w:Hoover_Commission|Hoover Commission]] – United States federal commission in 1947 advising on executive reform * [[w:Keep_Commission|Keep Commission]] * [[w:Project_on_National_Security_Reform|Project on National Security Reform]] * [[w:Delivering_Outstanding_Government_Efficiency_Caucus|Delivering Outstanding Government Efficiency Caucus]] == Notes == {{reflist}} == References == {{refbegin}} * {{Cite web|url=https://www.newsweek.com/bernie-sanders-finds-new-common-ground-elon-musk-1993820|title=Bernie Sanders finds new common ground with Elon Musk|last=Reporter|first=Mandy Taheri Weekend|date=2024-12-01|website=Newsweek|language=en|access-date=2024-12-02 |ref={{harvid|Newsweek 12/01|2024}} }} * {{Cite news|url=https://www.economist.com/briefing/2024/11/21/elon-musk-and-donald-trump-seem-besotted-where-is-their-bromance-headed|title=Elon Musk and Donald Trump seem besotted. Where is their bromance headed?|work=The Economist|access-date=2024-12-04|issn=0013-0613 |ref={{harvid|Economist 11/23|2024}} }} <references group="lower-alpha" /> {{refend}} g3e06dgbianpzffnkum2wtkc1tl9y3q 2691556 2691555 2024-12-12T02:34:24Z Jaredscribe 2906761 /* Department of Education */ => /* Department of Education and Propaganda */ 2691556 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Research project}} The U.S. [[w:Department of Government Efficiency]]. {{Infobox Organization |name=Department of Government Efficiency |logo= |logo_size= |logo_caption=Logo on [[Twitter|X]] (formerly Twitter) as of November 14, 2024 |seal= |seal_size= |seal_caption= |formation=Announced on November 12, 2024; yet to be established |abbreviation=DOGE |key_people={{plainlist|[[w:Commissioner of the Department of Government Efficiency|Co-commissioners]]: * [[w:Elon Musk]] * [[w:Vivek Ramaswamy]] }} |website={{URL|https://x.com/DOGE|x.com/DOGE}} |volunteers=* Federico Sturzenegger|services=consulting|headquarters=Mar-A-Lago|organization_type=Presidential Advisory Commission|founder=Donald Trump|extinction=4 July 2026 (planned)|mission=(In the words of president-elect Donald Trump: * dismantle government bureaucracy * slash excess regulations * cut wasteful expenditures * restructure federal agencies, * address "massive waste and fraud" in government spending}} This "'''Wiki Of Government Efficiency'''" (WOGE) is a public interest, non-partisan research project that will [[User:Jaredscribe/Department of Government Efficiency#Reduce the deficit and debt by impounding appropriated funds|analyze the U.S. federal budget]], [[User:Jaredscribe/Department of Government Efficiency#Reform the other Government Bureaus and Departments|federal bureaucracy]], and [[User:Jaredscribe/Department of Government Efficiency#Shrink the federal civil service|federal civil service]], in the context of [[w:Second_presidency_of_Donald_Trump|president-elect Trump']]<nowiki/>s [[w:Agenda_47|Agenda 47]], and will catalogue, evaluate, and critique proposals on how the '''[[w:Department of Government Efficiency|Department of Government Efficiency]]'''{{Efn|Also referred to as '''Government Efficiency Commission'''}} (DOGE) is or is not fulfilling its mission to ''"dismantle government bureaucracy, slash excess regulations, and cut wasteful expenditures and restructure federal agencies"'', in the words of president-elect [[wikipedia:Donald_Trump|Donald Trump]], who called for it to address ''"massive waste and fraud"'' in government spending.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/c93qwn8p0l0o|title=Donald Trump picks Elon Musk for US government cost-cutting role|last1=Faguy|first1=Ana|last2=FitzGerald|first2=James|date=2024-11-13|publisher=BBC News|language=en-GB|access-date=2024-11-13}}</ref> Here's [[User:Jaredscribe/Department of Government Efficiency/How to contribute|how to contribute]] to the WOGE. The DOGE intends to [[User:Jaredscribe/Department of Government Efficiency#Office of Management and Budget|work through the Office of Management and Budget]] as its "policy vector". The [[w:U.S._budget_deficit|U.S. Budget deficit]], (C.f. [[w:Government_budget_balance|fiscal deficit]]), and the [[w:National_debt_of_the_United_States|U.S. National debt]], currently $35.7 Trillion as of 10/2024, which is 99% of the [[w:U.S._GDP|U.S. GDP]],<ref>{{Unbulleted list citebundle|{{cite news|newspaper=Financial Post| title= Musk's $2 Trillion of Budget Cuts Would Have These Stocks Moving|url=https://financialpost.com/pmn/business-pmn/musks-2-trillion-of-budget-cuts-would-have-these-stocks-moving|first=Alexandra|last=Semenova|date=November 4, 2024}}|{{cite news|newspaper= New York Times|title=Elon|url=https://nytimes.com/2024/10/29/us/politics/elon-musk-trump-economy-hardship.html}}|{{Cite web |date=September 5, 2024 |title=Trump says he'd create a government efficiency commission led by Elon Musk |url=https://apnews.com/article/donald-trump-elon-musk-government-efficiency-commission-e831ed5dc2f6a56999e1a70bb0a4eaeb |publisher=AP News}}|{{cite web|first=Jenn|last=Brice|title=How Elon Musk's $130 million investment in Trump's victory could reap a huge payoff for Tesla and the rest of his business empire|url=https://fortune.com/2024/11/06/elon-musk-donald-trump-tesla-spacex-xai-boring-neuralink|website=Fortune}}|{{cite web|url=https://axios.com/2024/11/07/elon-musk-government-efficiency-trump|title=Musk will bring his Twitter management style to government reform}}|{{cite news| access-date =November 9, 2024|work=Reuters|date=September 6, 2024|first1=Helen|first2=Gram|last1=Coster| last2=Slattery|title=Trump says he will tap Musk to lead government efficiency commission if elected| url= https://reuters.com/world/us/trump-adopt-musks-proposal-government-efficiency-commission-wsj-reports-2024-09-05}}|{{cite web|title=Trump says Musk could head 'government efficiency' force|url= https://bbc.com/news/articles/c74lgwkrmrpo|publisher=BBC}}|{{cite web|date =November 5, 2024|title=How Elon Musk could gut the government under Trump|url=https://independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/us-politics/elon-musk-donald-trump-economy-job-cuts-b2641644.html|website= The Independent}}}}</ref> and expected to grow to 134% of GDP by 2034 if current laws remain unchanged, according to the [[w:Congressional_Budget_Office|Congressional Budget Office]]. The DOGE will be a [[wikipedia:Presidential_commission_(United_States)|presidential advisory commission]] led by the billionaire businessmen [[wikipedia:Elon_Musk|Elon Musk]] and [[wikipedia:Vivek_Ramaswamy|Vivek Ramaswamy]], and possibly [[w:Ron_Paul|Ron Paul]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thehill.com/video/ron-paul-vows-to-join-elon-musk-help-eliminate-government-waste-in-a-trump-admin/10191375|title=Ron Paul vows to join Elon Musk, help eliminate government waste in a Trump admin|date=November 5, 2024|website=The Hill}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://usatoday.com/story/business/2024/10/28/patricia-healy-elon-musk-highlights-need-for-government-efficiency/75798556007|title=Elon Musk puts spotlight on ... Department of Government Efficiency? {{!}} Cumberland Comment|last=Healy|first=Patricia|website=USA TODAY|language=en-US|access-date=November 9, 2024}}</ref> with support from many [[w:Political_appointments_of_the_second_Trump_administration|Political and cabinet appointees of the second Trump administration]] and from a Congressional caucus Musk stated his belief that DOGE could remove US$2 trillion from the [[w:United_States_federal_budget|U.S. federal budget]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/live/HysDMs2a-iM?si=92I5LD1FY2PAsSuG&t=15822|title=WATCH LIVE: Trump holds campaign rally at Madison Square Garden in New York|date=October 28, 2024|website=youtube.com|publisher=[[PBS NewsHour]]|language=en|format=video}}</ref> without specifying whether these savings would be made over a single year or a longer period.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/cdj38mekdkgo|title=Can Elon Musk cut $2 trillion from US government spending?|last=Chu|first=Ben|date=2024-11-13|website=BBC News|language=en-GB|access-date=2024-11-14}}</ref> [[File:2023_US_Federal_Budget_Infographic.png|thumb|An infographic on outlays and revenues in the 2023 [[United States federal budget|U.S. federal budget]]]] DOGE could also streamline permitting with “categorical exclusions” from environmental reviews under the National Environmental Policy Act. {{sidebar with collapsible lists|name=U.S. deficit and debt topics|namestyle=background:#bf0a30;|style=width:22.0em; border: 4px double #d69d36; background:var(--background-color-base, #FFFFFF);|bodyclass=vcard|pretitle='''<span class="skin-invert">This article is part of [[:Category:United States|a series]] on the</span>'''|title=[[United States federal budget|<span style="color:var(--color-base, #000000);">Budget and debt in the<br/>United States of America</span>]]|image=[[File:Seal of the United States Congress.svg|90px]] [[File:Seal of the United States Department of the Treasury.svg|90px]]|titlestyle=background:var(--background-color-base, #002868); background-clip:padding-box;|headingstyle=background:var(--background-color-base, #bf0a30); color:var(--color-base, #fff);|listtitlestyle=background:var(--background-color-base, #bf0a30); color:var(--color-base, #fff); text-align:center;|expanded={{{expanded|{{{1|}}}}}}|list1name=dimensions|list1title=Major dimensions|list1class=hlist skin-invert|list1=* [[Economy of the United States|Economy]] * [[Expenditures in the United States federal budget|Expenditures]] * [[United States federal budget|Federal budget]] * [[Financial position of the United States|Financial position]] * [[Military budget of the United States|Military budget]] * [[National debt of the United States|Public debt]] * [[Taxation in the United States|Taxation]] * [[Unemployment in the United States|Unemployment]] * [[Government_spending_in_the_United_States|Gov't spending]]|list2name=programs|list2title=Programs|list2class=hlist skin-invert|list2=* [[Medicare (United States)|Medicare]] * [[Social programs in the United States|Social programs]] * [[Social Security (United States)|Social Security]]|list3name=issues|list3title=Contemporary issues|list3class=skin-invert|list3=<div style="margin-bottom:0.5em"> [[National Commission on Fiscal Responsibility and Reform|Bowles–Simpson Commission]] {{flatlist}} * <!--Bu--> [[Bush tax cuts]] * <!--Deb--> [[United States debt ceiling|Debt ceiling]] ** [[History of the United States debt ceiling|history]] * <!--Def--> [[Deficit reduction in the United States|Deficit reduction]] * <!--F--> [[United States fiscal cliff|Fiscal cliff]] * <!--H--> [[Healthcare reform in the United States|Healthcare reform]] * <!--P--> [[Political debates about the United States federal budget|Political debates]] * <!--So--> [[Social Security debate in the United States|Social Security debate]] * <!--St--> "[[Starve the beast]]" * <!--Su--> [[Subprime mortgage crisis]] {{endflatlist}} </div> [[2007–2008 financial crisis]] {{flatlist}} * <!--D--> [[United States debt-ceiling crisis (disambiguation)|Debt-ceiling crises]] ** [[2011 United States debt-ceiling crisis|2011]] ** [[2013 United States debt-ceiling crisis|2013]] ** [[2023 United States debt-ceiling crisis|2023]] {{endflatlist}} [[2013 United States budget sequestration|2013 budget sequestration]] {{flatlist}} * <!--G--> [[Government shutdowns in the United States|Government shutdowns]] ** [[1980 United States federal government shutdown|1980]] ** [[1981, 1984, and 1986 U.S. federal government shutdowns|1981, 1984, 1986]] ** [[1990 United States federal government shutdown|1990]] ** [[1995–1996 United States federal government shutdowns|1995–1996]] ** [[2013 United States federal government shutdown|2013]] ** [[January 2018 United States federal government shutdown|Jan 2018]] ** [[2018–2019 United States federal government shutdown|2018–2019]] {{endflatlist}} Related events {{flatlist}} *<!--E-->[[Removal of Kevin McCarthy as Speaker of the House|2023 Removal of Kevin McCarthy]] {{endflatlist}}|list4name=terminology|list4title=Terminology|list4class=hlist skin-invert|list4=Cumulative [[Government budget balance|deficit]] + [[National debt of the United States#Debates|Interest]] ≈ [[Government debt|Debt]] * [[Balance of payments]] * [[Inflation]] * [[Continuing resolution]]}} [[w:Deficit_reduction_in_the_United_States|Deficit reduction in the United States]] == Deregulate the Economy == The legal theory that this can be done through the executive branch is found in the U.S. Supreme Court’s ''[[w:West_Virginia_v._EPA|West Virginia v. EPA]]'' and ''[[w:Loper_Bright|Loper Bright]]'' rulings, which rein in the administrative state and mean that much of what the federal government now does is illegal.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.wsj.com/opinion/department-of-government-efficiency-elon-musk-vivek-ramaswamy-donald-trump-1e086dab|website=[[w:Wall Street Journal]]|title=The Musk-Ramaswamy Project Could Be Trump’s Best Idea}}</ref> Mr. Trump has set a goal of eliminating 10 regulations for every new one. The [[w:Competitive_Enterprise_Institute|Competitive Enterprise Institute]]’s Wayne Crews says 217,565 rules have been issued since the [[w:Federal_Register|Federal Register]] first began itemizing them in 1976, with 89,368 pages added last year. [https://sgp.fas.org/crs/misc/R43056.pdf 3,000-4,500 rules are added each year]. DOGE’s first order will be to pause enforcement of overreaching rules while starting the process to roll them back. Mr. Trump and DOGE could direct agencies to settle legal challenges to Biden rules by vacating them. This could ease the laborious process of undoing them by rule-making through the [[w:Administrative_Procedure_Act|Administrative Procedure Act]]. A source tells the WSJ they’ll do whatever they think they legally can without the APA. The [[w:Congressional_Review_Act|Congressional Review Act]]—which allows Congress to overturn recently issued agency regulations—had been used only once, prior to [[w:First_presidency_of_Donald_Trump|Trump's first term]]. While in office, he and the Republican Congress used it on 16 rules. This time, there will be more than 56 regulatory actions recent enough to be repealed. The [[w:Chevron_deference|''Chevron'' deference]] had required federal courts to defer to agencies’ interpretations of ambiguous statutes, but this was overturned in 2024. Taken together, with some other recent [[w:SCOTUS|SCOTUS]] rulings, we now have, says the WSJ, the biggest opportunity to cut regulatory red tape in more than 40 years.<ref>[https://www.wsj.com/opinion/let-the-trump-deregulation-begin-us-chamber-of-commerce-second-term-economic-growth-73f24387?cx_testId=3&cx_testVariant=cx_166&cx_artPos=0]</ref><blockquote>"Most legal edicts aren’t laws enacted by Congress but “rules and regulations” promulgated by unelected bureaucrats—tens of thousands of them each year. Most government enforcement decisions and discretionary expenditures aren’t made by the democratically elected president or even his political appointees but by millions of unelected, unappointed civil servants within government agencies who view themselves as immune from firing thanks to civil-service protections." "This is antidemocratic and antithetical to the Founders’ vision. It imposes massive direct and indirect costs on taxpayers." "When the president nullifies thousands of such regulations, critics will allege executive overreach. In fact, it will be ''correcting'' the executive overreach of thousands of regulations promulgated by administrative fiat that were never authorized by Congress. The president owes lawmaking deference to Congress, not to bureaucrats deep within federal agencies. The use of executive orders to substitute for lawmaking by adding burdensome new rules is a constitutional affront, but the use of executive orders to roll back regulations that wrongly bypassed Congress is legitimate and necessary to comply with the Supreme Court’s recent mandates. And after those regulations are fully rescinded, a future president couldn’t simply flip the switch and revive them but would instead have to ask Congress to do so"<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/opinion/musk-and-ramaswamy-the-doge-plan-to-reform-government-supreme-court-guidance-end-executive-power-grab-fa51c020?cx_testId=3&cx_testVariant=cx_165&cx_artPos=5|title=Elon Musk and Vivek Ramaswamy: The DOGE Plan to Reform Government|last=Musk|first=Elon|date=20 November 2024|work=The Wall Street Journal|last2=Ramaswamy|first2=Vivek}}</ref> </blockquote> == Shrink the federal civil service == The government has around three million [[w:United_States_federal_civil_service|federal civil service]] employees, with an average salary of $106,000. Dr. Anthony Fauci made $481,000 in 2022. The federal head count has ballooned by 120,800 during the Biden years. Civil service and union protections make it hard to fire workers. Mr. Trump intends to quickly resurrect the [[w:Schedule_F|Schedule F]] reform that he sought to implement at the end of his first term but was scrapped by Mr. Biden. These would high-level federal employees to be removed like political appointees, by eliminating their job protections. WSJ proposals[https://www.wsj.com/opinion/the-doge-cheat-sheet-elon-musk-vivek-ramaswamy-department-of-government-efficiency-1c231783#cxrecs_s] The [[w:Administrative_Procedures_Act|Administrative Procedures Act]] statute protects federal employees from political retaliation, but allows for “reductions in force” that don’t target specific employees. The statute further empowers the president to “prescribe rules governing the competitive service.” The Supreme Court has held—in ''[[w:Franklin_v._Massachusetts|Franklin v. Massachusetts]]'' (1992) and ''[[w:Collins_v._Yellen|Collins v. Yellen]]'' (2021) that when revious presidents have used this power to amend the civil service rules by executive order, they weren’t constrained by the APA when they did so. Mr. Trump can, with this authority, implement any number of “rules governing the competitive service” that would curtail administrative overgrowth, from large-scale firings to relocation of federal agencies out of the Washington area. The DOGE welcomes voluntary terminations once the President begins requiring federal employees to come to the office five days a week, because American taxpayers shouldn’t pay federal employees for the Covid-era privilege of staying home.<ref>[https://www.wsj.com/opinion/musk-and-ramaswamy-the-doge-plan-to-reform-government-supreme-court-guidance-end-executive-power-grab-fa51c020?cx_testId=3&cx_testVariant=cx_165&cx_artPos=5 Elon Musk and Vivek Ramaswamy: The DOGE Plan to Reform Government: Following the Supreme Court’s guidance, we’ll reverse a decadeslong executive power grab. Musk & Ramaswamy 11/20/2024]</ref> == Reduce the deficit and debt by impounding appropriated funds == === Impound appropriated funds === Reports suggest that president-elect Trump intends to override Congress’s power of the purse by [[w:Impoundment_of_appropriated_funds|impoundment of appropriated funds]], that is, refusing to spend them. the president may [[wikipedia:Rescission_bill|propose rescission]] of specific funds, but that rescission must be approved by both the [[wikipedia:United_States_House_of_Representatives|House of Representatives]] and [[wikipedia:United_States_Senate|Senate]] within 45 days. [[w:Thomas_Jefferson|Thomas Jefferson]] was the first president to exercise the power of impoundment in 1801, which power was available to all presidents up to and including [[wikipedia:Richard_Nixon|Richard Nixon]], and was regarded as a power inherent to the office, although one with limits. He may ask Congress to repeal The [[w:Congressional_Budget_and_Impoundment_Control_Act_of_1974|Congressional Budget and Impoundment Control Act of 1974]], which was passed in response to Nixon's abuses.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://democrats-budget.house.gov/resources/reports/impoundment-control-act-1974-what-it-why-does-it-matter|title=The Impoundment Control Act of 1974: What Is It? Why Does It Matter? {{!}} House Budget Committee Democrats|date=2019-10-23|website=democrats-budget.house.gov|language=en|access-date=2024-05-19}}</ref> If Congress refuses to do so, president Trump may impound funds anyway and argue in court that the 1974 law is unconstitutional. The matter would likely end up at the Supreme Court, which would have to do more than simply hold the 1974 act unconstitutional in order for Mr. Trump to prevail. The court would also have to overrule [[w:Train_v._City_of_New_York_(1975)|''Train v. City of New York'' (1975)]], which held that impoundment is illegal unless the underlying legislation specifically authorizes it. === Reduce the budget deficit === [[wikipedia:U.S. federal budget|U.S. federal budget]] The [[wikipedia:Fiscal_year|fiscal year]], beginning October 1 and ending on September 30 of the year following. Congress is the body required by law to pass appropriations annually and to submit funding bills passed by both houses to the President for signature. Congressional decisions are governed by rules and legislation regarding the [[wikipedia:United_States_budget_process|federal budget process]]. Budget committees set spending limits for the House and Senate committees and for Appropriations subcommittees, which then approve individual [[wikipedia:Appropriations_bill_(United_States)|appropriations bills]] to During FY2022, the federal government spent $6.3 trillion. Spending as % of GDP is 25.1%, almost 2 percentage points greater than the average over the past 50 years. Major categories of FY 2022 spending included: Medicare and Medicaid ($1.339T or 5.4% of GDP), Social Security ($1.2T or 4.8% of GDP), non-defense discretionary spending used to run federal Departments and Agencies ($910B or 3.6% of GDP), Defense Department ($751B or 3.0% of GDP), and net interest ($475B or 1.9% of GDP).<ref name="CBO_2022">[https://www.cbo.gov/publication/58888 The Federal Budget in Fiscal Year 2022: An Infographic]</ref> CBO projects a federal budget deficit of $1.6 trillion for 2024. In the agency’s projections, deficits generally increase over the coming years; the shortfall in 2034 is $2.6 trillion. The deficit amounts to 5.6 percent of gross domestic product (GDP) in 2024, swells to 6.1 percent of GDP in 2025, and then declines in the two years that follow. After 2027, deficits increase again, reaching 6.1 percent of GDP in 2034.<ref name="CBO_budgetOutlook2024">{{cite web|url=https://www.cbo.gov/publication/59710|title=The Budget and Economic Outlook: 2024 to 2034|date=February 7, 2024|publisher=CBO|access-date=February 7, 2024}}</ref> The following table summarizes several budgetary statistics for the fiscal year 2015-2021 periods as a percent of GDP, including federal tax revenue, outlays or spending, deficits (revenue – outlays), and [[wikipedia:National_debt_of_the_United_States|debt held by the public]]. The historical average for 1969-2018 is also shown. With U.S. GDP of about $21 trillion in 2019, 1% of GDP is about $210 billion.<ref name="CBO_Hist_20">[https://www.cbo.gov/about/products/budget-economic-data#2 CBO-Historical Budget Data-Retrieved January 28, 2020]</ref> Statistics for 2020-2022 are from the CBO Monthly Budget Review for FY 2022.<ref name="CBO_MBRFY2022">{{cite web|url=https://www.cbo.gov/publication/58592|title=Monthly Budget Review: Summary for Fiscal Year 2022|date=November 8, 2022|publisher=CBO|access-date=December 10, 2022}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" !Variable As % GDP !2015 !2016 !2017 !2018 !2019 !2020 !2021 !2022 !Hist Avg |- !Revenue<ref name="CBO_Hist_20">[https://www.cbo.gov/about/products/budget-economic-data#2 CBO-Historical Budget Data-Retrieved January 28, 2020]</ref> |18.0% |17.6% |17.2% |16.4% |16.4% |16.2% |17.9% |19.6% |17.4% |- !Outlays<ref name="CBO_Hist_20" /> |20.4% |20.8% |20.6% |20.2% |21.0% |31.1% |30.1% |25.1% |21.0% |- !Budget Deficit<ref name="CBO_Hist_20" /> | -2.4% | -3.2% | -3.5% | -3.8% | -4.6% | -14.9% | -12.3% | -5.5% | -3.6% |- !Debt Held by Public<ref name="CBO_Hist_20" /> |72.5% |76.4% |76.2% |77.6% |79.4% |100.3% |99.6% |94.7% | |} The [[wikipedia:U.S._Constitution|U.S. Constitution]] ([[wikipedia:Article_One_of_the_United_States_Constitution|Article I]], section 9, clause 7) states that "No money shall be drawn from the Treasury, but in Consequence of Appropriations made by Law; and a regular Statement and Account of Receipts and Expenditures of all public Money shall be published from time to time." Each year, the President of the United States submits a budget request to Congress for the following fiscal year as required by the [[wikipedia:Budget_and_Accounting_Act_of_1921|Budget and Accounting Act of 1921]]. Current law ({{UnitedStatesCode|31|1105}}(a)) requires the president to submit a budget no earlier than the first Monday in January, and no later than the first Monday in February. Typically, presidents submit budgets on the first Monday in February. The budget submission has been delayed, however, in some new presidents' first year when the previous president belonged to a different party. === Reduce the National debt === == Strategic Foreign Policy and Military reform == Nominee for [[w:National_Security_Advisor|National Security Advisor]] [[w:Mike_Waltz|Mike Waltz]] To oversee the [[w:U.S._Intelligence_Community|U.S. Intelligence Community]] and NIP, and the 18 IC agencies, including the CIA, DIA, NSC, the nominee for [[w:Director_of_National_Intelligence|Director of National Intelligence]] is [[w:Tulsi_Gabbard|Tulsi Gabbard]], who is an isolationist of the [[w:Bernie_Sanders#foreign_policy|Bernie Sanders]] camp, with a long record of dogmatically opposing [[w:Foreign_policy_of_the_Trump_administration|President Trump's first term foreign policy]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/opinion/tulsi-gabbard-director-of-national-intelligence-donald-trump-foreign-policy-syria-israel-iran-b37aa3de|title=How Tulsi Gabbard Sees the World|last=Editorial Board|date=10 December 2024|work=The Wall Street Journal}}</ref> === Department of State === {{Main article|w:Second presidency of Donald Trump#Prospective foreign policy|w:State Department}} [[w:Marco_Rubio|Marco Rubio]] has been nominated as [[w:U.S._Secretary_of_State|U.S. Secretary of State]], overseeing $53bn and 77,880 employees ==== [[w:USAID|USAID]] ==== === U.S. Department of Defense === Nominated for [[w:Secretary_of_Defense|Secretary of Defense]] is [[w:Pete_Hegseth|Pete Hegseth]]. The president-elect is reportedly considering a draft executive order that establishes a “warrior board” of retired senior military personnel with the power to review three- and four-star officers “on leadership capability, strategic readiness, and commitment to military excellence," and to recommend removals of any deemed unfit for leadership. This would fast-track the removal of generals and admirals found to be “lacking in requisite leadership qualities,” consistent with his earlier vow to fire “woke” military leaders.<ref>[https://www.wsj.com/politics/national-security/trump-draft-executive-order-would-create-board-to-purge-generals-7ebaa606<nowiki> Trump draft executive order would create a board to purge generals 11/12/2024]</nowiki></ref> There are legal obstacles. The law prohibits the firing of commissioned officers except by “sentence of a general court-martial,” as a “commutation of a sentence of a general court-martial,” or “in time of war, by order of the president.” A commissioned officer who believes he’s been wrongfully dismissed has the right to seek a trial by court-martial, which may find the dismissal baseless. <ref>[https://www.wsj.com/opinion/trump-tests-the-constitutions-limits-checks-balances-government-policy-law-78d0d0f1 &lt;nowiki&gt; Trump test the constitutions limits 11/19/2024]</ref> Musk said, "Some idiots are still building manned fighter jets like the F-35," and later added: "Manned fighter jets are outdated in the age of drones and only put pilots' lives at risk." [[w:Bernie_Sanders|Bernie Sanders]] wrote on X: "Elon Musk is right. The Pentagon, with a budget of $886 billion, just failed its 7th audit in a row. It's lost track of billions. Last year, only 13 senators voted against the Military Industrial Complex and a defense budget full of waste and fraud. That must change."{{sfn|Newsweek 12/02|2024}}. It failed its fifth audit in June 2023.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newsweek.com/fox-news-host-confronts-gop-senator-pentagons-fifth-failed-audit-1804379|title=Fox News host confronts GOP Senator on Pentagon's fifth failed audit|last=Writer|first=Fatma Khaled Staff|date=2023-06-04|website=Newsweek|language=en|access-date=2024-12-02}}</ref> === US Air Force === Air Force is advancing a program called [[w:Collaborative_Combat_Aircraft|Collaborative Combat Aircraft]] to build roughly 1,000 UAVs, with [[w:Anduril|Anduril]] and [[w:General_Atomics|General Atomics]] currently building prototypes, ahead of an Air Force decision on which company or companies will be contracted to build it. The cost quickly exceeded the $2.3 billion approved for last fiscal year’s budget, according to the [[w:Congressional_Research_Service|Congressional Research Service]], prompting calls for more oversight. “''If you want to make real improvements to the defense and security of the United States of America, we would be investing more in drones, we’d be investing more in [[w:Hypersonic_weapon|hypersonic missiles]]'',” said Mr. Ramaswamy. The program for Lockheed-Martin's [[w:F-35|F-35]] stealth jet fighters, now in production, is expected to exceed $2 trillion over several decades. The Air Force on 5 December announced it would delay a decision on which company would build the next-generation crewed fighter, called [[w:Next Generation Air Dominance|Next Generation Air Dominance (NGAD)]], which was planned to replace the [[w:F-22|F-22]] and operate alongside the F-35. Mr. Musk has written that "manned fighter jets are obsolete in the age of drones.” In another post, he claimed “a reusable drone” can do everything a jet fighter can do “without all the overhead of a pilot.” Brigadier General [[w:Doug_Wickert|Doug Wickert]] said in response, “There may be some day when we can completely rely on roboticized warfare but we are a century away.... How long have we thought full self-driving was going to be on the Tesla?” <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/politics/national-security/air-force-jets-vs-drones-trump-administration-8b1620a5?page=1|title=Trump Administration Set to Decide Future of Jet Fighters|last=Seligman|first=Lara|date=6 December 2024|work=The Wall Street Journal}}</ref> === US Space Force === The [[w:US_Space_Force|US Space Force]]'s 2023 budget was ~$26bn and it had 9,400 military personnel. SpaceX had a $14m contract to provide communications to the Ukrainian armed forces and government through 30th Nov 2024.{{sfn|Economist 11/23|2024}} Is also receiving a $733m contract to carry satellites into orbit.{{sfn|Economist 11/23|2024}} The Pentagon plans to incorporate into its own communications network 100 of [[w:Starshield|Starshield]]'s satellites.{{sfn|Economist 11/23|2024}} Starshield also has a $1.8bn contract to help the [[w:National_Reconnaissance_Office|National Reconnaissance Office]] build spy satellites.{{sfn|Economist 11/23|2024}} == NASA == The [[w:National_Air_and_Space_Administration|National Air and Space Administration]] had a 2023 budget of $25.4 bn and 18,000 employees. [[w:Jared_Isaacman|Jared Isaacman]] is nominated director. He had joined a space voyage in 2021 which was the first for an all-civilian crew to reach orbit. He led a four person crew in September on the first commericial spacewalk, testing SpaceX's new spacesuits. He promised to lead NASA in to "usher in an era where humanity becomes a true space-faring civilization." In an interview Isaacman said that NASA will evolve as private space companies set their own priorities and develop technology. NASA could have a certification role for astronauts and vehicles, similar to how the Federal Aviation Administration oversees the commercial airline industry. “The FAA doesn’t build the airplanes. They don’t staff the pilots that fly you from point A to B,” he said. “That is the world that NASA is in, essentially.” He also suggested openness to new and lower cost ways of getting to the Moon and to Mars.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/politics/elections/trump-picks-billionaire-space-traveler-to-run-nasa-4420150b?page=1|title=Trump Picks Billionaire Space Traveler to Run NASA|last=Maidenberg|first=Micah|date=5 December 2024|work=WSJ}}</ref> In September 2026, NASA's [[w:Artemis_program|Artemis program]], established in 2017 via [[wikipedia:Space_Policy_Directive_1|Space Policy Directive 1]], is intended to reestablish a human presence on the Moon for the first time since the [[wikipedia:Apollo_17|Apollo 17]] mission in 1972. The program's stated long-term goal is to establish a [[wikipedia:Moonbase|permanent base on the Moon]] to facilitate [[wikipedia:Human_mission_to_Mars|human missions to Mars]]. The [[w:U.S._National_Academies_of_Sciences,_Engineering,_and_Medicine|U.S. National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine]] in October, put out a report titled "NASA at a Crossroads," which identified myriad issues at the agency, including out-of-date infrastructure, pressures to prioritize short-term objectives and inefficient management practices. NASA's costly [[w:Space_Launch_System|Space Launch System]] (SLS) is the cornerstone of the Artemis program. has a price tag of around $4.1 billion per launch, and is a single-use rocket that can only launch every two years, having debuted in 2022 with the uncrewed [[w:Artemis_1_mission|Artemis 1 mission]] to the moon. In contrast, SpaceX is working to reduce the cost of a single Starship flight to under $10 million. NASA Associate Administrator Jim Free urged the incoming administration to maintain the current plans, in a symposium with the [[w:American_Astronautical_Society|American Astronautical Society]] saying "We need that consistency in purpose. That has not happened since Apollo. If we lose that, I believe we will fall apart and we will wander, and other people in this world will pass us by." NASA has already asked both [[w:SpaceX|SpaceX]] and also Jeff Bezos' [[w:Blue_Origin|Blue Origin]], to develop cargo landers for its Artemis missions and to deliver heavy equipment on them to the Moon by 2033. "Having two lunar lander providers with different approaches for crew and cargo landing capability provides mission flexibility while ensuring a regular cadence of moon landings for continued discovery and scientific opportunity," Stephen D. Creech, NASA's assistant deputy associate administrator for the moon to Mars program, said in an announcement about the partnership. "For all of the money we are spending, NASA should NOT be talking about going to the Moon - We did that 50 years ago. They should be focused on the much bigger things we are doing, including Mars (of which the Moon is a part), Defense and Science!" Trump wrote in a post on X in 2019. Trump has said he would create a [[w:Space_National_Guard|Space National Guard]], an idea that lawmakers in Congress have been proposing since 2021. Critics agree that a focus on spaceflight could come at the expense of "Earth and atmospheric sciences at NASA and the [[w:National_Oceanic_and_Atmospheric_Administration|National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]] (NOAA), which have been cut during the Biden era."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newsweek.com/elon-musk-donald-trump-nasa-space-policy-1990599|title=Donald Trump and Elon Musk could radically reshape NASA. Here's how|last=Reporter|first=Martha McHardy US News|date=2024-11-27|website=Newsweek|language=en|access-date=2024-12-02}}</ref> Regarding his goal and SpaceX's corporate mission of colonising Mars, Mr. Musk has stated that "The DOGE is the only path to extending life beyond earth"{{sfn|Economist 11/23|2024}} == [[w:Federal_Aviation_Administration|Federal Aviation Administration]] == Musk has often complained about the FAA "smothering" innovation, boasting that he can build a rocket faster than the agency can process the "Kafkaesque paperwork" required to make the relevant approvals.{{sfn|Economist 11/23|2024}} == Department of Transportation == Mr. Trump's transition team told advisors that it plans to make a federal framework for self-driving cars. Mr. Trump had a call with Sundar Pichai and Mr. Musk. == Department of Education and Propaganda == [[w:United_States_Department_of_Education|Department of Education]] has 4,400 employees – the smallest staff of the Cabinet agencies<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www2.ed.gov/about/overview/fed/role.html|title=Federal Role in Education|date=2021-06-15|website=www2.ed.gov|language=en|access-date=2022-04-28}}</ref> – and a 2024 budget of $238 billion.<ref name="DOE-mission">{{Cite web|url=https://www.usaspending.gov/agency/department-of-education?fy=2024|title=Agency Profile {{!}} U.S. Department of Education|website=www2.ed.gov|access-date=2024-11-14}}</ref> The 2023 Budget was $274 billion, which included funding for children with disabilities ([[wikipedia:Individuals_with_Disabilities_Education_Act|IDEA]]), pandemic recovery, early childhood education, [[wikipedia:Pell_Grant|Pell Grants]], [[wikipedia:Elementary_and_Secondary_Education_Act|Title I]], work assistance, among other programs. This budget was down from $637.7 billion in 2022.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.future-ed.org/what-the-new-pisa-results-really-say-about-u-s-schools/|title=What the New PISA Results Really Say About U.S. Schools|date=2021-06-15|website=future-ed.com|language=en|access-date=2024-11-14}}</ref> Nominated as [[w:US_Secretary_of_Education|Secretary of Education]] is [[w:Linda_McMahon|Linda McMahon]]. The WSJ proposes that the Civil Rights division be absorbed into the Department of Justice, and that its outstanding loan portolio be handled by the Department of the Treasury. Despite the redundancies, its unlikely that it will be abolished, which would require congressional action and buy-in from Democrats in the Senate; Republicans don’t have enough votes to do it alone. A republican appointee is expected to push back against federal education overreach and progressive policies like DEI. <ref>[https://www.wsj.com/opinion/trump-can-teach-the-education-department-a-lesson-nominee-needs-boldness-back-school-choice-oppose-woke-indoctrination-ddf6a38d<nowiki> Trump can teach the Education Department a Lesson. WSJ 11/20/2024]</nowiki></ref> During his campaign, Trump had pledged to get the "transgender insanity the hell out of schools.” Relying on the district court's decision in ''[[w:Tatel_v._Mount_Lebanon_School_District|Tatel v. Mount Lebanon School District]] , the'' attorney general and education secretary could issue a letter explaining how enforcing gender ideology violates constitutional [[w:Free_exercise_clause|First amendment right to free exercise of religion]] and the [[w:Equal_Protection_Clause|14th Amendment’s Equal Protection Clause]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/opinion/how-trump-can-target-transgenderism-in-schools-law-policy-education-369537a7?page=1|title=How Trump Can Target Transgenderism in Schools|last=Eden|first=Max|date=9 December 2024|work=The Wall Street Journal}}</ref> === CPB, PBS, NPR === Regarding the [[w:Corporation_for_Public_Broadcasting|Corporation for Public Broadcasting]], [[w:Howard_Husock|Howard Husock]] suggest that instead of zeroing its $535 million budget, Republicans reform the [[w:Public_Broadcasting_Act|Public Broadcasting Act]] to eliminate bias and improve local journalism.<ref>https://www.wsj.com/opinion/the-conservative-case-for-public-broadcasting-media-policy-2d4c3c9f?page=1</ref> {{As of|2024|alt=For fiscal year 2024}}, its appropriation was US$525 million, including $10 million in interest earned. The distribution of these funds was as follows:<ref>{{cite web|url=https://cpb.org/aboutcpb/financials/budget/|title=CPB Operating Budget|last=|date=2024|website=www.cpb.org|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=November 27, 2024|url-status=}}</ref> * $262.83M for direct grants to local public television stations; * $95.11M for television programming grants; * $81.77M for direct grants to local public radio stations; * $28.12M for the Radio National Program Production and Acquisition * $9.43M for the Radio Program Fund * $31.50 for system support * $26.25 for administration Public broadcasting stations are funded by a combination of private donations from listeners and viewers, foundations and corporations. Funding for public television comes in roughly equal parts from government (at all levels) and the private sector.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cpb.org/annualreports/2013/|title=CPB 2013 Annual Report|website=www.cpb.org|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160212170045/http://cpb.org/annualreports/2013/|archive-date=February 12, 2016|access-date=May 4, 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref> == U.S. Department of Health and Human Services == Nominated as [[w:United_States_Secretary_of_Health_and_Human_Services|United States Secretary of Health and Human Services]] is [[w:Robert_F._Kennedy_Jr.|Robert F. Kennedy Jr.]], deputy Secretary [[w:Jim_O'Neill_(investor)|Jim O'Neill]]. Nominated for [[w:US_Surgeon_General|US Surgeon General]] is [[w:Janette_Nesheiwat|Janette Nesheiwat]]. [[w:U.S._Department_of_Health_and_Human_Services|U.S. Department of Health and Human Services]] was authorized a budget for [[w:2020_United_States_federal_budget|fiscal year 2020]] of $1.293 trillion. It has 13 operating divisions, 10 of which constitute the [[w:United_States_Public_Health_Service|Public Health Services]], whose budget authorization is broken down as follows:<ref name="hhs_budget_fy2020">{{cite web|url=https://www.hhs.gov/about/budget/fy2020/index.html|title=HHS FY 2020 Budget in Brief|date=October 5, 2019|website=HHS Budget & Performance|publisher=United States Department of Health & Human Services|page=7|access-date=May 9, 2020}}</ref> {| class="wikitable sortable" !Nominee !Program !2020 Budget !2024 Budget ! employees !2025 Budget !2026 Budget |- |[[w:Marty_Makary|Marty Makary]] |[[w:Food and Drug Administration|Food and Drug Administration]] (FDA) |$3,329 MM |- | |[[w:Health Resources and Services Administration|Health Resources and Services Administration]] (HRSA) |$11,004 |- | |[[w:Indian Health Service|Indian Health Service]] (IHS) |$6,104 |- |[[w:Dave_Weldon|Dave Weldon]] |[[w:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]] (CDC) |$6,767 |- |[[w:Jay_Bhattacharya|Jay Bhattacharya]] |[[w:National Institutes of Health|National Institutes of Health]] (NIH) |$33,669 |- | |[[w:Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration|Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration]] (SAMHSA) |$5,535 |- | |[[w:Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality|Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality]] (AHRQ) |$0 |- |[[w:Mehmet_Oz|Mehmet Oz]] |[[w:Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services|Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services]] (CMMS) |$1,169,091 |- | |[[w:Administration for Children and Families|Administration for Children and Families]] (ACF) |$52,121 |- | |[[w:Administration for Community Living|Administration for Community Living]] (ACL) |$1,997 |- |} {| class="wikitable sortable" !Program !2020 Budget !2024 Budget ! employees !2025 Budget !2026 Budget |- |[[w:Departmental Management|Departmental Management]] |$340 |- |Non-Recurring Expense Fund |$-400 |- |[[w:Office of Medicare Hearings and Appeals|Office of Medicare Hearings and Appeals]] |$186 |- |[[w:Office of the National Coordinator|Office of the National Coordinator]] |$43 |- |[[w:Office for Civil Rights|Office for Civil Rights]] |$30 |- |[[w:Office of Inspector General|Office of Inspector General]] |$82 |- |[[w:Public Health and Social Services Emergency Fund|Public Health and Social Services Emergency Fund]] |$2,667 |- |[[w:Program Support Center|Program Support Center]] |$749 |- |Offsetting Collections |$-629 |- |Other Collections |$-163 |- |'''TOTAL''' |'''$1,292,523''' |} The FY2020 budget included a $1.276 billion budget decrease for the Centers for Disease Control, and a $4.533 billion budget decrease for the National Institutes of Health. These budget cuts, along with other changes since 2019, comprised a total decrease of over $24 billion in revised discretionary budget authority across the entire Department of Health and Human Services for Fiscal Year 2020.<ref name="hhs_budget_fy2020" /> Additional details of the budgeted outlays, budget authority, and detailed budgets for other years, can be found at the HHS Budget website.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://WWW.HHS.GOV/BUDGET|title=Health and Human Services: Budget and Performance|publisher=United States Department of Health & Human Services|access-date=May 9, 2020}}</ref> He is an American politician, [[Environmental law|environmental lawyer]], [[anti-vaccine activist]], and anti-packaged food industry activist, anti-pharmaceutical industry activist, who will be nominated to serve as [[United States Secretary of Health and Human Services]],<ref name="v502">{{cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/saradorn/2024/11/14/rfk-jr-launches-independent-2024-run-here-are-all-the-conspiracies-he-promotes-from-vaccines-to-mass-shootings/|title=Trump Taps RFK Jr. As Secretary Of Health And Human Services: Here Are All The Conspiracies He's Promoted|last=Dorn|first=Sara|date=2024-11-14|website=Forbes|access-date=2024-11-15}}</ref> with the mission of "Making America Healthy Again". He is the chairman and founder of [[Children's Health Defense]], an anti-vaccine advocacy group and proponent of [[COVID-19 vaccine misinformation|dubious COVID-19 vaccine information]].<ref name="Smith_12/15/2021" /><ref name="KW" /> === National Institutes of Health === The [[w:NIH|NIH]] distributes grants of ~$50bn per year. Nominated to lead the [[w:National_Institutes_of_Health|National Institutes of Health]] is [[w:Jay_Bhattacharya|Jay Bhattacharya]], who has announced the following priorities for funding: * cutting edge research, saying that the NIH has become "sclerotic", due to a phenomenon has been called [[Eroom’s law]], which explains that career incentives encourage “me-too research,” given that citations by other scientists “have become the dominant way to evaluate scientific contributions and scientists.” That has shifted research “toward incremental science and away from exploratory projects that are more likely to fail, but which are the fuel for future breakthroughs.”<ref name=":3">{{Cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/opinion/jay-bhattacharya-and-the-vindication-of-the-fringe-scientists-pandemic-lockdowns-38b6aec6|title=Jay Bhattacharya and the Vindication of the ‘Fringe’ Scientists|last=Finley|first=Allysia|date=1 December 2024|work=Wall Street Journal}}</ref> Dr. Bhattacharya's February 2020 paper explaining Eroom's law, as possible explanation for slowing of pharmaceutical advances.{{Cn}} * studies aimed at replicating the results of earlier studies, to address the problem of scientific fraud or other factors contributing to the the [[w:Replication_crisis|replication crisis]], encouraging academic freedom among NIH scientists and term limits for NIH leaders. “Those kinds of reforms, I think every scientist would agree, every American would agree, it’s how you turn the NIH from something that is sort of how to control society, into something that is aimed at the discovery of truth to improve the health of Americans,” he said.<ref name=":4">{{Cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/health/healthcare/covid-lockdown-critic-jay-bhattacharya-chosen-to-lead-nih-2958e5e2?page=1|title=Covid-Lockdown Critic Jay Bhattacharya Chosen to Lead NIH|last=Whyte|first=Liz Essley|date=26 November 2024|work=The Wall Street Journal}}</ref> * Refocusing on research on [[w:Chronic_diseases|chronic diseases]], which is underfunded, and away from [[w:Infectious_diseases|infectious diseases]], which is overfunded. * Ending [[w:Gain-of-function|gain-of-function]] research. Jay Bhattacharya wrote a March 25 2020 op-ed "Is the Coronavirus as Deadly as They Say?", with colleague [[w:Eran_Bendavid|Eran Bendavid]], arguing that many asymptomatic cases of COVID-19 were going undetected. The hypothesis was confirmed in April 2020 when he and several colleagues published a study showing that Covid anti-bodies in Santa Clara county were 50 times the recorded infection rate. This implied, he said "a lower inflection mortality rate than public health authorities were pushing at a time when they and the media thought it was a virtue to panic the population".<ref><nowiki><ref></nowiki>{{Cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/opinion/the-man-who-fought-fauci-and-won-trump-nih-nominee-jay-bhattacharya-covid-cancel-culture-4a0650bd?page=1|title=The Man Who Fought Fauci - and Won|last=Varadarajan|first=Tunku|date=6 December 2024|work=WSJ}}&lt;nowiki&gt;</ref> Dr. Bhattacharya, [[w:Martin_Kulldorff|Martin Kulldorff]], then at Harvard, and Oxford’s [[w:Sunetra_Gupta|Sunetra Gupta]] formally expounded this idea in the [[w:Great_Barrington_Declaration|Great Barrington Declaration]] in October 2020, urging the government to focus on protecting the vulnerable while letting others go about their lives, which previous NIH director [[w:Francis_Collins|Francis Collins]] derided as "fringe science its into the political views of certain parts of our confused political establishment," and previous [[w:NIAID|NIAID]] director [[w:Chief_Medical_Advisor_to_the_President|chief medical advisor to the President]] [[w:Anthony_Fauci|Anthony Fauci]] "a quick and devastating public takedown of its premises." Some suggest the same career incentives that lead to scientific group-think in the pharmaceutical industry, also explain conformist behavior during COVID-19, due to the threat against young scientists of losing NIH funding, jobs, and career opportunities, if they were to exercise in independent judgement.<ref name=":3" /> “Dr. Jay Bhattacharya is the ideal leader to restore NIH as the international template for gold-standard science and evidence-based medicine,” DHHS Secretary nominee Kennedy wrote. "We will reform American scientific institutions so that they are worthy of trust again and will deploy the fruits of excellent science to make America healthy again!” said Dr. Bhattacharya. “Dr. Bhattacharya is a strong choice to lead the NIH,” said Dr. [[w:Ned_Sharpless|Ned Sharpless]], a former [[w:National_Cancer_Institute|National Cancer Institute]] director. “The support of moderate Senate Republicans will be critical to NIH funding, and Dr. Bhattacharya’s Covid work will give him credibility with this constituency.”<ref name=":4" /> === Food and Drug Administration === The FDA in 2022 had 18,000 employees<ref name="fy2022">{{cite web|url=https://www.fda.gov/media/149613/download|title=FY 2022 FDA Budget Request|publisher=FDA|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230602090805/https://www.fda.gov/media/149613/download|archive-date=June 2, 2023|access-date=January 14, 2022|url-status=live}}</ref> and a budget of $6.5{{nbsp}}billion (2022)<ref name="fy2022" /> Nominated as director is [[w:Marty_Makary|Marty Makary]]. == Departments of Treasury and Commerce == [[w:Departments_of_Treasury|Departments of Treasury]] has 2023 budget of ____ and ___ employees. [[w:Department_of_Commerce|Department of Commerce]] has 2023 budget of _____ and _____ employees. Nominated for [[w:Secretary_of_the_Treasury|Secretary of the Treasury]] is [[w:Scott_Bessent|Scott Bessent]], for Secretary of Commerce is [[w:Howard_Lutnick|Howard Lutnick]] === Consumer Financial Protection Bureau === The [[w:Consumer_Financial_Protection_Bureau|Consumer Financial Protection Bureau]] (CFPB). Said Mr. Musk "Delete the CFPB. There are too many duplicative regulatory agencies"<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/politics/policy/elon-musk-doge-conflict-of-interest-b1202437?page=1|title=Musk’s DOGE Plans Rely on White House Budget Office. Conflicts Await.|last=Schwartz|first=Brian|work=The Wall Street Journal}}</ref> === Securities and Exchange Commission === [[w:Securities_and_Exchange_Commission|Securities and Exchange Commission]] === Internal Revenue Service === [[w:Internal_Revenue_Service|Internal Revenue Service]] == Departments of Energy and Interior == Nominee for [[w:US_Secretary_of_the_Interior|Secretary of the Interior]] is [[w:Doug_Burgum|Doug Burgum]], who will also be [[w:List_of_U.S._executive_branch_czars|Energy Czar]]. [[w:Department_of_Energy|Department of Energy]] [[w:United_States_Secretary_of_Energy|secretary nominee]] [[w:Chris_Wright_(energy_executive)|Chris Wright]] admits that burning fossil fuels contributes to rising temperatures, but says it poses only a modest threat to humanity, and praises it for increasing plant growth, making the planet greener, and boosting agricultural productivity. He also says that it likely reduces the annual number of temperature-related deaths. (estimates from health researchers say otherwise). He says, "It's probably almost as many positive changes as negative changes... Is it a crisis, is it the world's greatest challenge, or a big threat to the next generation? No. .. A little bit warmer isn’t a threat. If we were 5, 7, 8, 10 degrees [Celsius] warmer, that would be meaningful changes to the planet.” Scientists see a 1.5 degrees Celsius temperature as creating potentially irreversible changes for the planet, and expect to pass that mark later this year, after increasing over several decade. He criticizes the [[w:Paris_climate_agreement|Paris climate agreement]] for empowering "political actors with anti-fossil fuel agendas." Wright favors development of [[w:Geothermal_energy|geothermal energy]] and [[w:Nuclear_energy_policy_of_the_United_States|nuclear energy]], criticizing subsidies to wind and solar energy. <ref><nowiki><ref></nowiki>{{Cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/politics/policy/who-is-chris-wright-trump-energy-secretary-9eb617dc?page=1|title=Trump’s Energy Secretary Pick Preaches the Benefits of Climate Change|last=Morenne|first=Benoit|date=9 December 2024|work=The Wall Street Journal}}&lt;nowiki&gt;</ref> == AI and Cryptocurrency Policy == [[w:David_Sacks|David Sacks]] was named "White House AI and Crypto Czar". == Reform Entitlements == === Healthcare and Medicare === [[w:ObamaCare|ObamaCare]] started as a plausible scheme for universal, cost-effective health insurance with subsidies for the needy. Only the subsidies survive because the ObamaCare policies actually delivered are so overpriced nobody would buy them without a subsidy.<ref>[https://www.wsj.com/opinion/elons-real-trump-mission-protect-growth-department-of-government-efficiency-appointments-cabinet-9e7e62b2]</ref> See below: Department of Health and Human Services === Social Security === Even FDR was aware of its flaw: it discourages working and saving. === Other === Small-government advocate [[w:Ron_Paul|Ron Paul]] has suggested to cut aid to the following "biggest" welfare recipients: * The [[w:Military-industrial_complex|Military-industrial complex]] * The [[w:Pharmaceutical-industrial_complex|Pharmaceutical-industrial complex]] * The [[w:Federal_Reserve|Federal Reserve]] To which Mr. Musk replied, "Needs to be done".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thehill.com/video/ron-paul-vows-to-join-elon-musk-help-eliminate-government-waste-in-a-trump-admin/10191375/|title=Ron Paul vows to join Elon Musk, help eliminate government waste in a Trump admin|date=2024-11-05|website=The Hill|language=en-US|access-date=2024-12-09}}</ref> == Office of Management and Budget == The White House [[w:Office_of_Management_and_Budget|Office of Management and Budget]] (OMB) guides implementation of regulations and analyzes federal spending. Mssrs. Musk and Ramaswamy encouraged President-elect Trump to reappoint his first term director [[w:Russell_Vought|Russell Vought]], which he did on 22nd Nov.<ref name=":0" /> == Government Efficiency Personnel == Transition spokesman [[w:Brian_Hughes|Brian Hughes]] said that "Elon Musk is a once-in-a-generation business leader and our federal bureaucracy will certainly benefit from his ideas and efficiency". About a dozen Musk allies have visited Mar-a-Lago to serve as unofficial advisors to the Trump 47 transition, influencing hiring at many influential government agencies.<ref name=":2"><nowiki><ref></nowiki>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/12/06/us/politics/trump-elon-musk-silicon-valley.html?searchResultPosition=1|title=The Silicon Valley Billionaires Steering Trump’s Transition|date=8 December 2024|work=NYT}}</ref> [[w:Marc_Andreesen|Marc Andreesen]] has interviewed candidates for State, Pentagon, and DHHS, and has been active pushing for rollback of Biden's cryptocurrency regulations, and rollback of Lina Khan anti-trust efforts with the FTC, and calling for contracting reform in Defense dept. [[w:Jared_Birchall|Jared Birchall]] has interviewed candidates for State, and has advised on Space police and has put together councils for AI and Cryptocurrency policy. David Sacks was named "White House AI and Crypto Czar" [[w:Shaun_MacGuire|Shaun MacGuire]] has advised on picks for intelligence community and has interviewed candidates for Defense. Many tech executives are considering part-time roles advising the DOGE. [[w:Antonio_Gracias|Antonio Gracias]] and [[w:Steve_Davis|Steve Davis]] from Musk's "crisis team" have been active, as has investor [[w:John_Hering|John Hering]]. Other Silicon Valley players who have advised Trump or interviewed candidates: * [[w:Larry_Ellison|Larry Ellison]] has sat in on Trump transition 47 meetings at Mar-a-Lago. * [[w:Mark_Pincus|Mark Pincus]] * [[w:David_Marcus|David Marcus]] * [[w:Barry_Akis|Barry Akis]] * [[w:Shervin_Pishevar|Shervin Pishevar]], who has called for privitization of the USPS, NASA, and the federal Bureau of Prisons. Called for creating an American sovereign wealth fund, and has said that DOGE "could lead a revolutionary restructuring of public institutions."<ref name=":2" /> [[w:William_McGinley|William McGinley]] will move to a role with DOGE. Originally nominated for [[w:White_House_counsel|White House counsel]], he will be replaced in that role by [[w:David_Warrington|David Warrington]].<ref>{{Cite news|title=A White House Counsel Replaced before starting|last=Haberman|first=Maggie|date=6 December 2024|work=New York times}}</ref> The WSJ lauded without naming them, comparing them to the "dollar-a-year men" - business leaders who during WWII revolutionized industrial production to help make America the "arsenal of democracy". (WSJ, 10 December 2024) == History and Miscellaneous facts == See also: [[w:Department_of_Government_Efficiency#History|Department of Government Efficiency — History]] DOGE's work will "conclude" no later than July 4, 2026, the 250th anniversary of the signing of the [[United States Declaration of Independence|U.S. Declaration of Independence]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thehill.com/policy/4987402-trump-musk-advisory-group-spending/|title=Elon Musk, Vivek Ramaswamy to lead Trump's Department of Government Efficiency (DOGE)|last=Nazzaro|first=Miranda|date=November 13, 2024|website=The Hill|language=en-US|access-date=November 13, 2024}}</ref> also coinciding with America's [[United States Semiquincentennial|semiquincentennial]] celebrations and a proposed "Great American Fair". Despite its name it is not expected to be a [[wikipedia:United_States_federal_executive_departments|federal executive department]], but rather may operate under the [[Federal Advisory Committee Act]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/trump-department-of-government-efficiency-doge-elon-musk-ramaswamy/|title=What to know about Trump's Department of Government Efficiency, led by Elon Musk and Vivek Ramaswamy - CBS News|last=Picchi|first=Aimee|date=2024-11-14|website=www.cbsnews.com|language=en-US|access-date=2024-11-14}}</ref> so its formation is not expected to require approval from the [[wikipedia:United_States_Congress|U.S. Congress]]. NYT argues that records of its meetings must be made public.{{Cn}} As an advisor rather than a government employee, Mr. Musk will not be subject to various ethics rules.{{sfn|Economist 11/23}} Musk has stated that he believes such a commission could reduce the [[wikipedia:United_States_federal_budget|U.S. federal budget]] by $2 trillion, which would be a reduction of almost one third from its 2023 total. [[Maya MacGuineas]] of the [[Committee for a Responsible Federal Budget]] has said that this saving is "absolutely doable" over a period of 10 years, but it would be difficult to do in a single year "without compromising some of the fundamental objectives of the government that are widely agreed upon".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thehill.com/business/4966789-elon-musk-skepticism-2-trillion-spending-cuts/|title=Elon Musk draws skepticism with call for $2 trillion in spending cuts|last=Folley|first=Aris|date=2024-11-03|website=The Hill|language=en-US|access-date=2024-11-14}}</ref> [[wikipedia:Jamie_Dimon|Jamie Dimon]], the chief executive officer of [[wikipedia:JPMorgan_Chase|JPMorgan Chase]], has supported the idea. Some commentators questioned whether DOGE is a conflict of interest for Musk given that his companies are contractors to the federal government. The body is "unlikely to have any regulatory teeth on its own, but there's little doubt that it can have influence on the incoming administration and how it will determine its budgets".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.vox.com/policy/384904/trumps-department-of-government-efficiency-sounds-like-a-joke-it-isnt|title=Trump tapped Musk to co-lead the "Department of Government Efficiency." What the heck is that?|last=Fayyad|first=Abdallah|date=2024-11-13|website=Vox|language=en-US|access-date=2024-11-14}}</ref> Elon Musk had called [[w:Federico_Sturzenegger|Federico Sturzenegger]], Argentina's [[w:Ministry_of_Deregulation_and_State_Transformation|Minister of Deregulation and Transformation of the State]] ([[w:es:Ministerio_de_Desregulación_y_Transformación_del_Estado|es]]), to discuss imitating his ministry's model.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.infobae.com/economia/2024/11/08/milei-brindo-un-nuevo-apoyo-a-sturzenegger-y-afirmo-que-elon-musk-imitara-su-gestion-en-eeuu/|title=Milei brindó un nuevo apoyo a Sturzenegger y afirmó que Elon Musk imitará su gestión en EEUU|date=November 8, 2024|website=infobae|language=es-ES|access-date=November 13, 2024}}</ref> == Reception and Criticism == See also: [[w:Department_of_Government_Efficiency#Reception|w:Department of Government Efficiency — Reception]] The WSJ reports that Tesla's Texas facility dumped toxic wastewater into the public sewer system, into a lagoon, and into a local river, violated Texas environmental regulations, and fired an employee who attempted to comply with the law.{{Cn}} The Economist estimates that 10% of Mr. Musk's $360bn personal fortune is derived from contracts and benefits from the federal government, and 15% from the Chinese market.{{sfn|Economist 11/23}} == See also == * [[w:Second_presidential_transition_of_Donald_Trump|Second presidential transition of Donald Trump]] * [[w:United_States_federal_budget#Deficits_and_debt|United States federal budget - Deficits and debt]] * [[w:United_States_Bureau_of_Efficiency|United States Bureau of Efficiency]] – United States federal government bureau from 1916 to 1933 * [[w:Brownlow_Committee|Brownlow Committee]] – 1937 commission recommending United States federal government reforms * [[w:Grace_Commission|Grace Commission]] – Investigation to eliminate inefficiency in the United States federal government * [[w:Hoover_Commission|Hoover Commission]] – United States federal commission in 1947 advising on executive reform * [[w:Keep_Commission|Keep Commission]] * [[w:Project_on_National_Security_Reform|Project on National Security Reform]] * [[w:Delivering_Outstanding_Government_Efficiency_Caucus|Delivering Outstanding Government Efficiency Caucus]] == Notes == {{reflist}} == References == {{refbegin}} * {{Cite web|url=https://www.newsweek.com/bernie-sanders-finds-new-common-ground-elon-musk-1993820|title=Bernie Sanders finds new common ground with Elon Musk|last=Reporter|first=Mandy Taheri Weekend|date=2024-12-01|website=Newsweek|language=en|access-date=2024-12-02 |ref={{harvid|Newsweek 12/01|2024}} }} * {{Cite news|url=https://www.economist.com/briefing/2024/11/21/elon-musk-and-donald-trump-seem-besotted-where-is-their-bromance-headed|title=Elon Musk and Donald Trump seem besotted. Where is their bromance headed?|work=The Economist|access-date=2024-12-04|issn=0013-0613 |ref={{harvid|Economist 11/23|2024}} }} <references group="lower-alpha" /> {{refend}} mnpmgu0tlyyhvqfylm1hy7bzftv83dh 2691557 2691556 2024-12-12T02:44:09Z Jaredscribe 2906761 /* NASA */ under /* Department of Space Transportation */ 2691557 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Research project}} The U.S. [[w:Department of Government Efficiency]]. {{Infobox Organization |name=Department of Government Efficiency |logo= |logo_size= |logo_caption=Logo on [[Twitter|X]] (formerly Twitter) as of November 14, 2024 |seal= |seal_size= |seal_caption= |formation=Announced on November 12, 2024; yet to be established |abbreviation=DOGE |key_people={{plainlist|[[w:Commissioner of the Department of Government Efficiency|Co-commissioners]]: * [[w:Elon Musk]] * [[w:Vivek Ramaswamy]] }} |website={{URL|https://x.com/DOGE|x.com/DOGE}} |volunteers=* Federico Sturzenegger|services=consulting|headquarters=Mar-A-Lago|organization_type=Presidential Advisory Commission|founder=Donald Trump|extinction=4 July 2026 (planned)|mission=(In the words of president-elect Donald Trump: * dismantle government bureaucracy * slash excess regulations * cut wasteful expenditures * restructure federal agencies, * address "massive waste and fraud" in government spending}} This "'''Wiki Of Government Efficiency'''" (WOGE) is a public interest, non-partisan research project that will [[User:Jaredscribe/Department of Government Efficiency#Reduce the deficit and debt by impounding appropriated funds|analyze the U.S. federal budget]], [[User:Jaredscribe/Department of Government Efficiency#Reform the other Government Bureaus and Departments|federal bureaucracy]], and [[User:Jaredscribe/Department of Government Efficiency#Shrink the federal civil service|federal civil service]], in the context of [[w:Second_presidency_of_Donald_Trump|president-elect Trump']]<nowiki/>s [[w:Agenda_47|Agenda 47]], and will catalogue, evaluate, and critique proposals on how the '''[[w:Department of Government Efficiency|Department of Government Efficiency]]'''{{Efn|Also referred to as '''Government Efficiency Commission'''}} (DOGE) is or is not fulfilling its mission to ''"dismantle government bureaucracy, slash excess regulations, and cut wasteful expenditures and restructure federal agencies"'', in the words of president-elect [[wikipedia:Donald_Trump|Donald Trump]], who called for it to address ''"massive waste and fraud"'' in government spending.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/c93qwn8p0l0o|title=Donald Trump picks Elon Musk for US government cost-cutting role|last1=Faguy|first1=Ana|last2=FitzGerald|first2=James|date=2024-11-13|publisher=BBC News|language=en-GB|access-date=2024-11-13}}</ref> Here's [[User:Jaredscribe/Department of Government Efficiency/How to contribute|how to contribute]] to the WOGE. The DOGE intends to [[User:Jaredscribe/Department of Government Efficiency#Office of Management and Budget|work through the Office of Management and Budget]] as its "policy vector". The [[w:U.S._budget_deficit|U.S. Budget deficit]], (C.f. [[w:Government_budget_balance|fiscal deficit]]), and the [[w:National_debt_of_the_United_States|U.S. National debt]], currently $35.7 Trillion as of 10/2024, which is 99% of the [[w:U.S._GDP|U.S. GDP]],<ref>{{Unbulleted list citebundle|{{cite news|newspaper=Financial Post| title= Musk's $2 Trillion of Budget Cuts Would Have These Stocks Moving|url=https://financialpost.com/pmn/business-pmn/musks-2-trillion-of-budget-cuts-would-have-these-stocks-moving|first=Alexandra|last=Semenova|date=November 4, 2024}}|{{cite news|newspaper= New York Times|title=Elon|url=https://nytimes.com/2024/10/29/us/politics/elon-musk-trump-economy-hardship.html}}|{{Cite web |date=September 5, 2024 |title=Trump says he'd create a government efficiency commission led by Elon Musk |url=https://apnews.com/article/donald-trump-elon-musk-government-efficiency-commission-e831ed5dc2f6a56999e1a70bb0a4eaeb |publisher=AP News}}|{{cite web|first=Jenn|last=Brice|title=How Elon Musk's $130 million investment in Trump's victory could reap a huge payoff for Tesla and the rest of his business empire|url=https://fortune.com/2024/11/06/elon-musk-donald-trump-tesla-spacex-xai-boring-neuralink|website=Fortune}}|{{cite web|url=https://axios.com/2024/11/07/elon-musk-government-efficiency-trump|title=Musk will bring his Twitter management style to government reform}}|{{cite news| access-date =November 9, 2024|work=Reuters|date=September 6, 2024|first1=Helen|first2=Gram|last1=Coster| last2=Slattery|title=Trump says he will tap Musk to lead government efficiency commission if elected| url= https://reuters.com/world/us/trump-adopt-musks-proposal-government-efficiency-commission-wsj-reports-2024-09-05}}|{{cite web|title=Trump says Musk could head 'government efficiency' force|url= https://bbc.com/news/articles/c74lgwkrmrpo|publisher=BBC}}|{{cite web|date =November 5, 2024|title=How Elon Musk could gut the government under Trump|url=https://independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/us-politics/elon-musk-donald-trump-economy-job-cuts-b2641644.html|website= The Independent}}}}</ref> and expected to grow to 134% of GDP by 2034 if current laws remain unchanged, according to the [[w:Congressional_Budget_Office|Congressional Budget Office]]. The DOGE will be a [[wikipedia:Presidential_commission_(United_States)|presidential advisory commission]] led by the billionaire businessmen [[wikipedia:Elon_Musk|Elon Musk]] and [[wikipedia:Vivek_Ramaswamy|Vivek Ramaswamy]], and possibly [[w:Ron_Paul|Ron Paul]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thehill.com/video/ron-paul-vows-to-join-elon-musk-help-eliminate-government-waste-in-a-trump-admin/10191375|title=Ron Paul vows to join Elon Musk, help eliminate government waste in a Trump admin|date=November 5, 2024|website=The Hill}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://usatoday.com/story/business/2024/10/28/patricia-healy-elon-musk-highlights-need-for-government-efficiency/75798556007|title=Elon Musk puts spotlight on ... Department of Government Efficiency? {{!}} Cumberland Comment|last=Healy|first=Patricia|website=USA TODAY|language=en-US|access-date=November 9, 2024}}</ref> with support from many [[w:Political_appointments_of_the_second_Trump_administration|Political and cabinet appointees of the second Trump administration]] and from a Congressional caucus Musk stated his belief that DOGE could remove US$2 trillion from the [[w:United_States_federal_budget|U.S. federal budget]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/live/HysDMs2a-iM?si=92I5LD1FY2PAsSuG&t=15822|title=WATCH LIVE: Trump holds campaign rally at Madison Square Garden in New York|date=October 28, 2024|website=youtube.com|publisher=[[PBS NewsHour]]|language=en|format=video}}</ref> without specifying whether these savings would be made over a single year or a longer period.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/cdj38mekdkgo|title=Can Elon Musk cut $2 trillion from US government spending?|last=Chu|first=Ben|date=2024-11-13|website=BBC News|language=en-GB|access-date=2024-11-14}}</ref> [[File:2023_US_Federal_Budget_Infographic.png|thumb|An infographic on outlays and revenues in the 2023 [[United States federal budget|U.S. federal budget]]]] DOGE could also streamline permitting with “categorical exclusions” from environmental reviews under the National Environmental Policy Act. {{sidebar with collapsible lists|name=U.S. deficit and debt topics|namestyle=background:#bf0a30;|style=width:22.0em; border: 4px double #d69d36; background:var(--background-color-base, #FFFFFF);|bodyclass=vcard|pretitle='''<span class="skin-invert">This article is part of [[:Category:United States|a series]] on the</span>'''|title=[[United States federal budget|<span style="color:var(--color-base, #000000);">Budget and debt in the<br/>United States of America</span>]]|image=[[File:Seal of the United States Congress.svg|90px]] [[File:Seal of the United States Department of the Treasury.svg|90px]]|titlestyle=background:var(--background-color-base, #002868); background-clip:padding-box;|headingstyle=background:var(--background-color-base, #bf0a30); color:var(--color-base, #fff);|listtitlestyle=background:var(--background-color-base, #bf0a30); color:var(--color-base, #fff); text-align:center;|expanded={{{expanded|{{{1|}}}}}}|list1name=dimensions|list1title=Major dimensions|list1class=hlist skin-invert|list1=* [[Economy of the United States|Economy]] * [[Expenditures in the United States federal budget|Expenditures]] * [[United States federal budget|Federal budget]] * [[Financial position of the United States|Financial position]] * [[Military budget of the United States|Military budget]] * [[National debt of the United States|Public debt]] * [[Taxation in the United States|Taxation]] * [[Unemployment in the United States|Unemployment]] * [[Government_spending_in_the_United_States|Gov't spending]]|list2name=programs|list2title=Programs|list2class=hlist skin-invert|list2=* [[Medicare (United States)|Medicare]] * [[Social programs in the United States|Social programs]] * [[Social Security (United States)|Social Security]]|list3name=issues|list3title=Contemporary issues|list3class=skin-invert|list3=<div style="margin-bottom:0.5em"> [[National Commission on Fiscal Responsibility and Reform|Bowles–Simpson Commission]] {{flatlist}} * <!--Bu--> [[Bush tax cuts]] * <!--Deb--> [[United States debt ceiling|Debt ceiling]] ** [[History of the United States debt ceiling|history]] * <!--Def--> [[Deficit reduction in the United States|Deficit reduction]] * <!--F--> [[United States fiscal cliff|Fiscal cliff]] * <!--H--> [[Healthcare reform in the United States|Healthcare reform]] * <!--P--> [[Political debates about the United States federal budget|Political debates]] * <!--So--> [[Social Security debate in the United States|Social Security debate]] * <!--St--> "[[Starve the beast]]" * <!--Su--> [[Subprime mortgage crisis]] {{endflatlist}} </div> [[2007–2008 financial crisis]] {{flatlist}} * <!--D--> [[United States debt-ceiling crisis (disambiguation)|Debt-ceiling crises]] ** [[2011 United States debt-ceiling crisis|2011]] ** [[2013 United States debt-ceiling crisis|2013]] ** [[2023 United States debt-ceiling crisis|2023]] {{endflatlist}} [[2013 United States budget sequestration|2013 budget sequestration]] {{flatlist}} * <!--G--> [[Government shutdowns in the United States|Government shutdowns]] ** [[1980 United States federal government shutdown|1980]] ** [[1981, 1984, and 1986 U.S. federal government shutdowns|1981, 1984, 1986]] ** [[1990 United States federal government shutdown|1990]] ** [[1995–1996 United States federal government shutdowns|1995–1996]] ** [[2013 United States federal government shutdown|2013]] ** [[January 2018 United States federal government shutdown|Jan 2018]] ** [[2018–2019 United States federal government shutdown|2018–2019]] {{endflatlist}} Related events {{flatlist}} *<!--E-->[[Removal of Kevin McCarthy as Speaker of the House|2023 Removal of Kevin McCarthy]] {{endflatlist}}|list4name=terminology|list4title=Terminology|list4class=hlist skin-invert|list4=Cumulative [[Government budget balance|deficit]] + [[National debt of the United States#Debates|Interest]] ≈ [[Government debt|Debt]] * [[Balance of payments]] * [[Inflation]] * [[Continuing resolution]]}} [[w:Deficit_reduction_in_the_United_States|Deficit reduction in the United States]] == Deregulate the Economy == The legal theory that this can be done through the executive branch is found in the U.S. Supreme Court’s ''[[w:West_Virginia_v._EPA|West Virginia v. EPA]]'' and ''[[w:Loper_Bright|Loper Bright]]'' rulings, which rein in the administrative state and mean that much of what the federal government now does is illegal.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.wsj.com/opinion/department-of-government-efficiency-elon-musk-vivek-ramaswamy-donald-trump-1e086dab|website=[[w:Wall Street Journal]]|title=The Musk-Ramaswamy Project Could Be Trump’s Best Idea}}</ref> Mr. Trump has set a goal of eliminating 10 regulations for every new one. The [[w:Competitive_Enterprise_Institute|Competitive Enterprise Institute]]’s Wayne Crews says 217,565 rules have been issued since the [[w:Federal_Register|Federal Register]] first began itemizing them in 1976, with 89,368 pages added last year. [https://sgp.fas.org/crs/misc/R43056.pdf 3,000-4,500 rules are added each year]. DOGE’s first order will be to pause enforcement of overreaching rules while starting the process to roll them back. Mr. Trump and DOGE could direct agencies to settle legal challenges to Biden rules by vacating them. This could ease the laborious process of undoing them by rule-making through the [[w:Administrative_Procedure_Act|Administrative Procedure Act]]. A source tells the WSJ they’ll do whatever they think they legally can without the APA. The [[w:Congressional_Review_Act|Congressional Review Act]]—which allows Congress to overturn recently issued agency regulations—had been used only once, prior to [[w:First_presidency_of_Donald_Trump|Trump's first term]]. While in office, he and the Republican Congress used it on 16 rules. This time, there will be more than 56 regulatory actions recent enough to be repealed. The [[w:Chevron_deference|''Chevron'' deference]] had required federal courts to defer to agencies’ interpretations of ambiguous statutes, but this was overturned in 2024. Taken together, with some other recent [[w:SCOTUS|SCOTUS]] rulings, we now have, says the WSJ, the biggest opportunity to cut regulatory red tape in more than 40 years.<ref>[https://www.wsj.com/opinion/let-the-trump-deregulation-begin-us-chamber-of-commerce-second-term-economic-growth-73f24387?cx_testId=3&cx_testVariant=cx_166&cx_artPos=0]</ref><blockquote>"Most legal edicts aren’t laws enacted by Congress but “rules and regulations” promulgated by unelected bureaucrats—tens of thousands of them each year. Most government enforcement decisions and discretionary expenditures aren’t made by the democratically elected president or even his political appointees but by millions of unelected, unappointed civil servants within government agencies who view themselves as immune from firing thanks to civil-service protections." "This is antidemocratic and antithetical to the Founders’ vision. It imposes massive direct and indirect costs on taxpayers." "When the president nullifies thousands of such regulations, critics will allege executive overreach. In fact, it will be ''correcting'' the executive overreach of thousands of regulations promulgated by administrative fiat that were never authorized by Congress. The president owes lawmaking deference to Congress, not to bureaucrats deep within federal agencies. The use of executive orders to substitute for lawmaking by adding burdensome new rules is a constitutional affront, but the use of executive orders to roll back regulations that wrongly bypassed Congress is legitimate and necessary to comply with the Supreme Court’s recent mandates. And after those regulations are fully rescinded, a future president couldn’t simply flip the switch and revive them but would instead have to ask Congress to do so"<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/opinion/musk-and-ramaswamy-the-doge-plan-to-reform-government-supreme-court-guidance-end-executive-power-grab-fa51c020?cx_testId=3&cx_testVariant=cx_165&cx_artPos=5|title=Elon Musk and Vivek Ramaswamy: The DOGE Plan to Reform Government|last=Musk|first=Elon|date=20 November 2024|work=The Wall Street Journal|last2=Ramaswamy|first2=Vivek}}</ref> </blockquote> == Shrink the federal civil service == The government has around three million [[w:United_States_federal_civil_service|federal civil service]] employees, with an average salary of $106,000. Dr. Anthony Fauci made $481,000 in 2022. The federal head count has ballooned by 120,800 during the Biden years. Civil service and union protections make it hard to fire workers. Mr. Trump intends to quickly resurrect the [[w:Schedule_F|Schedule F]] reform that he sought to implement at the end of his first term but was scrapped by Mr. Biden. These would high-level federal employees to be removed like political appointees, by eliminating their job protections. WSJ proposals[https://www.wsj.com/opinion/the-doge-cheat-sheet-elon-musk-vivek-ramaswamy-department-of-government-efficiency-1c231783#cxrecs_s] The [[w:Administrative_Procedures_Act|Administrative Procedures Act]] statute protects federal employees from political retaliation, but allows for “reductions in force” that don’t target specific employees. The statute further empowers the president to “prescribe rules governing the competitive service.” The Supreme Court has held—in ''[[w:Franklin_v._Massachusetts|Franklin v. Massachusetts]]'' (1992) and ''[[w:Collins_v._Yellen|Collins v. Yellen]]'' (2021) that when revious presidents have used this power to amend the civil service rules by executive order, they weren’t constrained by the APA when they did so. Mr. Trump can, with this authority, implement any number of “rules governing the competitive service” that would curtail administrative overgrowth, from large-scale firings to relocation of federal agencies out of the Washington area. The DOGE welcomes voluntary terminations once the President begins requiring federal employees to come to the office five days a week, because American taxpayers shouldn’t pay federal employees for the Covid-era privilege of staying home.<ref>[https://www.wsj.com/opinion/musk-and-ramaswamy-the-doge-plan-to-reform-government-supreme-court-guidance-end-executive-power-grab-fa51c020?cx_testId=3&cx_testVariant=cx_165&cx_artPos=5 Elon Musk and Vivek Ramaswamy: The DOGE Plan to Reform Government: Following the Supreme Court’s guidance, we’ll reverse a decadeslong executive power grab. Musk & Ramaswamy 11/20/2024]</ref> == Reduce the deficit and debt by impounding appropriated funds == === Impound appropriated funds === Reports suggest that president-elect Trump intends to override Congress’s power of the purse by [[w:Impoundment_of_appropriated_funds|impoundment of appropriated funds]], that is, refusing to spend them. the president may [[wikipedia:Rescission_bill|propose rescission]] of specific funds, but that rescission must be approved by both the [[wikipedia:United_States_House_of_Representatives|House of Representatives]] and [[wikipedia:United_States_Senate|Senate]] within 45 days. [[w:Thomas_Jefferson|Thomas Jefferson]] was the first president to exercise the power of impoundment in 1801, which power was available to all presidents up to and including [[wikipedia:Richard_Nixon|Richard Nixon]], and was regarded as a power inherent to the office, although one with limits. He may ask Congress to repeal The [[w:Congressional_Budget_and_Impoundment_Control_Act_of_1974|Congressional Budget and Impoundment Control Act of 1974]], which was passed in response to Nixon's abuses.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://democrats-budget.house.gov/resources/reports/impoundment-control-act-1974-what-it-why-does-it-matter|title=The Impoundment Control Act of 1974: What Is It? Why Does It Matter? {{!}} House Budget Committee Democrats|date=2019-10-23|website=democrats-budget.house.gov|language=en|access-date=2024-05-19}}</ref> If Congress refuses to do so, president Trump may impound funds anyway and argue in court that the 1974 law is unconstitutional. The matter would likely end up at the Supreme Court, which would have to do more than simply hold the 1974 act unconstitutional in order for Mr. Trump to prevail. The court would also have to overrule [[w:Train_v._City_of_New_York_(1975)|''Train v. City of New York'' (1975)]], which held that impoundment is illegal unless the underlying legislation specifically authorizes it. === Reduce the budget deficit === [[wikipedia:U.S. federal budget|U.S. federal budget]] The [[wikipedia:Fiscal_year|fiscal year]], beginning October 1 and ending on September 30 of the year following. Congress is the body required by law to pass appropriations annually and to submit funding bills passed by both houses to the President for signature. Congressional decisions are governed by rules and legislation regarding the [[wikipedia:United_States_budget_process|federal budget process]]. Budget committees set spending limits for the House and Senate committees and for Appropriations subcommittees, which then approve individual [[wikipedia:Appropriations_bill_(United_States)|appropriations bills]] to During FY2022, the federal government spent $6.3 trillion. Spending as % of GDP is 25.1%, almost 2 percentage points greater than the average over the past 50 years. Major categories of FY 2022 spending included: Medicare and Medicaid ($1.339T or 5.4% of GDP), Social Security ($1.2T or 4.8% of GDP), non-defense discretionary spending used to run federal Departments and Agencies ($910B or 3.6% of GDP), Defense Department ($751B or 3.0% of GDP), and net interest ($475B or 1.9% of GDP).<ref name="CBO_2022">[https://www.cbo.gov/publication/58888 The Federal Budget in Fiscal Year 2022: An Infographic]</ref> CBO projects a federal budget deficit of $1.6 trillion for 2024. In the agency’s projections, deficits generally increase over the coming years; the shortfall in 2034 is $2.6 trillion. The deficit amounts to 5.6 percent of gross domestic product (GDP) in 2024, swells to 6.1 percent of GDP in 2025, and then declines in the two years that follow. After 2027, deficits increase again, reaching 6.1 percent of GDP in 2034.<ref name="CBO_budgetOutlook2024">{{cite web|url=https://www.cbo.gov/publication/59710|title=The Budget and Economic Outlook: 2024 to 2034|date=February 7, 2024|publisher=CBO|access-date=February 7, 2024}}</ref> The following table summarizes several budgetary statistics for the fiscal year 2015-2021 periods as a percent of GDP, including federal tax revenue, outlays or spending, deficits (revenue – outlays), and [[wikipedia:National_debt_of_the_United_States|debt held by the public]]. The historical average for 1969-2018 is also shown. With U.S. GDP of about $21 trillion in 2019, 1% of GDP is about $210 billion.<ref name="CBO_Hist_20">[https://www.cbo.gov/about/products/budget-economic-data#2 CBO-Historical Budget Data-Retrieved January 28, 2020]</ref> Statistics for 2020-2022 are from the CBO Monthly Budget Review for FY 2022.<ref name="CBO_MBRFY2022">{{cite web|url=https://www.cbo.gov/publication/58592|title=Monthly Budget Review: Summary for Fiscal Year 2022|date=November 8, 2022|publisher=CBO|access-date=December 10, 2022}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" !Variable As % GDP !2015 !2016 !2017 !2018 !2019 !2020 !2021 !2022 !Hist Avg |- !Revenue<ref name="CBO_Hist_20">[https://www.cbo.gov/about/products/budget-economic-data#2 CBO-Historical Budget Data-Retrieved January 28, 2020]</ref> |18.0% |17.6% |17.2% |16.4% |16.4% |16.2% |17.9% |19.6% |17.4% |- !Outlays<ref name="CBO_Hist_20" /> |20.4% |20.8% |20.6% |20.2% |21.0% |31.1% |30.1% |25.1% |21.0% |- !Budget Deficit<ref name="CBO_Hist_20" /> | -2.4% | -3.2% | -3.5% | -3.8% | -4.6% | -14.9% | -12.3% | -5.5% | -3.6% |- !Debt Held by Public<ref name="CBO_Hist_20" /> |72.5% |76.4% |76.2% |77.6% |79.4% |100.3% |99.6% |94.7% | |} The [[wikipedia:U.S._Constitution|U.S. Constitution]] ([[wikipedia:Article_One_of_the_United_States_Constitution|Article I]], section 9, clause 7) states that "No money shall be drawn from the Treasury, but in Consequence of Appropriations made by Law; and a regular Statement and Account of Receipts and Expenditures of all public Money shall be published from time to time." Each year, the President of the United States submits a budget request to Congress for the following fiscal year as required by the [[wikipedia:Budget_and_Accounting_Act_of_1921|Budget and Accounting Act of 1921]]. Current law ({{UnitedStatesCode|31|1105}}(a)) requires the president to submit a budget no earlier than the first Monday in January, and no later than the first Monday in February. Typically, presidents submit budgets on the first Monday in February. The budget submission has been delayed, however, in some new presidents' first year when the previous president belonged to a different party. === Reduce the National debt === == Strategic Foreign Policy and Military reform == Nominee for [[w:National_Security_Advisor|National Security Advisor]] [[w:Mike_Waltz|Mike Waltz]] To oversee the [[w:U.S._Intelligence_Community|U.S. Intelligence Community]] and NIP, and the 18 IC agencies, including the CIA, DIA, NSC, the nominee for [[w:Director_of_National_Intelligence|Director of National Intelligence]] is [[w:Tulsi_Gabbard|Tulsi Gabbard]], who is an isolationist of the [[w:Bernie_Sanders#foreign_policy|Bernie Sanders]] camp, with a long record of dogmatically opposing [[w:Foreign_policy_of_the_Trump_administration|President Trump's first term foreign policy]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/opinion/tulsi-gabbard-director-of-national-intelligence-donald-trump-foreign-policy-syria-israel-iran-b37aa3de|title=How Tulsi Gabbard Sees the World|last=Editorial Board|date=10 December 2024|work=The Wall Street Journal}}</ref> === Department of State === {{Main article|w:Second presidency of Donald Trump#Prospective foreign policy|w:State Department}} [[w:Marco_Rubio|Marco Rubio]] has been nominated as [[w:U.S._Secretary_of_State|U.S. Secretary of State]], overseeing $53bn and 77,880 employees ==== [[w:USAID|USAID]] ==== === U.S. Department of Defense === Nominated for [[w:Secretary_of_Defense|Secretary of Defense]] is [[w:Pete_Hegseth|Pete Hegseth]]. The president-elect is reportedly considering a draft executive order that establishes a “warrior board” of retired senior military personnel with the power to review three- and four-star officers “on leadership capability, strategic readiness, and commitment to military excellence," and to recommend removals of any deemed unfit for leadership. This would fast-track the removal of generals and admirals found to be “lacking in requisite leadership qualities,” consistent with his earlier vow to fire “woke” military leaders.<ref>[https://www.wsj.com/politics/national-security/trump-draft-executive-order-would-create-board-to-purge-generals-7ebaa606<nowiki> Trump draft executive order would create a board to purge generals 11/12/2024]</nowiki></ref> There are legal obstacles. The law prohibits the firing of commissioned officers except by “sentence of a general court-martial,” as a “commutation of a sentence of a general court-martial,” or “in time of war, by order of the president.” A commissioned officer who believes he’s been wrongfully dismissed has the right to seek a trial by court-martial, which may find the dismissal baseless. <ref>[https://www.wsj.com/opinion/trump-tests-the-constitutions-limits-checks-balances-government-policy-law-78d0d0f1 &lt;nowiki&gt; Trump test the constitutions limits 11/19/2024]</ref> Musk said, "Some idiots are still building manned fighter jets like the F-35," and later added: "Manned fighter jets are outdated in the age of drones and only put pilots' lives at risk." [[w:Bernie_Sanders|Bernie Sanders]] wrote on X: "Elon Musk is right. The Pentagon, with a budget of $886 billion, just failed its 7th audit in a row. It's lost track of billions. Last year, only 13 senators voted against the Military Industrial Complex and a defense budget full of waste and fraud. That must change."{{sfn|Newsweek 12/02|2024}}. It failed its fifth audit in June 2023.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newsweek.com/fox-news-host-confronts-gop-senator-pentagons-fifth-failed-audit-1804379|title=Fox News host confronts GOP Senator on Pentagon's fifth failed audit|last=Writer|first=Fatma Khaled Staff|date=2023-06-04|website=Newsweek|language=en|access-date=2024-12-02}}</ref> === US Air Force === Air Force is advancing a program called [[w:Collaborative_Combat_Aircraft|Collaborative Combat Aircraft]] to build roughly 1,000 UAVs, with [[w:Anduril|Anduril]] and [[w:General_Atomics|General Atomics]] currently building prototypes, ahead of an Air Force decision on which company or companies will be contracted to build it. The cost quickly exceeded the $2.3 billion approved for last fiscal year’s budget, according to the [[w:Congressional_Research_Service|Congressional Research Service]], prompting calls for more oversight. “''If you want to make real improvements to the defense and security of the United States of America, we would be investing more in drones, we’d be investing more in [[w:Hypersonic_weapon|hypersonic missiles]]'',” said Mr. Ramaswamy. The program for Lockheed-Martin's [[w:F-35|F-35]] stealth jet fighters, now in production, is expected to exceed $2 trillion over several decades. The Air Force on 5 December announced it would delay a decision on which company would build the next-generation crewed fighter, called [[w:Next Generation Air Dominance|Next Generation Air Dominance (NGAD)]], which was planned to replace the [[w:F-22|F-22]] and operate alongside the F-35. Mr. Musk has written that "manned fighter jets are obsolete in the age of drones.” In another post, he claimed “a reusable drone” can do everything a jet fighter can do “without all the overhead of a pilot.” Brigadier General [[w:Doug_Wickert|Doug Wickert]] said in response, “There may be some day when we can completely rely on roboticized warfare but we are a century away.... How long have we thought full self-driving was going to be on the Tesla?” <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/politics/national-security/air-force-jets-vs-drones-trump-administration-8b1620a5?page=1|title=Trump Administration Set to Decide Future of Jet Fighters|last=Seligman|first=Lara|date=6 December 2024|work=The Wall Street Journal}}</ref> === US Space Force === The [[w:US_Space_Force|US Space Force]]'s 2023 budget was ~$26bn and it had 9,400 military personnel. SpaceX had a $14m contract to provide communications to the Ukrainian armed forces and government through 30th Nov 2024.{{sfn|Economist 11/23|2024}} Is also receiving a $733m contract to carry satellites into orbit.{{sfn|Economist 11/23|2024}} The Pentagon plans to incorporate into its own communications network 100 of [[w:Starshield|Starshield]]'s satellites.{{sfn|Economist 11/23|2024}} Starshield also has a $1.8bn contract to help the [[w:National_Reconnaissance_Office|National Reconnaissance Office]] build spy satellites.{{sfn|Economist 11/23|2024}} == Department of Space Transportation == Mr. Trump's transition team told advisors that it plans to make a federal framework for self-driving cars. Mr. Trump had a call with Sundar Pichai and Mr. Musk. === Rail and Tunnel Authority === === Ports Authority === === Interstate Highway Authority === === [[w:Federal_Aviation_Administration|Federal Aviation Administration]] === Musk has often complained about the FAA "smothering" innovation, boasting that he can build a rocket faster than the agency can process the "Kafkaesque paperwork" required to make the relevant approvals.{{sfn|Economist 11/23|2024}} === National Air and Space Administration === The [[w:National_Air_and_Space_Administration|National Air and Space Administration]] (NASA) had a 2023 budget of $25.4 bn and 18,000 employees. [[w:Jared_Isaacman|Jared Isaacman]] is nominated director. He had joined a space voyage in 2021 which was the first for an all-civilian crew to reach orbit. He led a four person crew in September on the first commericial spacewalk, testing SpaceX's new spacesuits. He promised to lead NASA in to "usher in an era where humanity becomes a true space-faring civilization." In an interview Isaacman said that NASA will evolve as private space companies set their own priorities and develop technology. NASA could have a certification role for astronauts and vehicles, similar to how the Federal Aviation Administration oversees the commercial airline industry. “The FAA doesn’t build the airplanes. They don’t staff the pilots that fly you from point A to B,” he said. “That is the world that NASA is in, essentially.” He also suggested openness to new and lower cost ways of getting to the Moon and to Mars.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/politics/elections/trump-picks-billionaire-space-traveler-to-run-nasa-4420150b?page=1|title=Trump Picks Billionaire Space Traveler to Run NASA|last=Maidenberg|first=Micah|date=5 December 2024|work=WSJ}}</ref> In September 2026, NASA's [[w:Artemis_program|Artemis program]], established in 2017 via [[wikipedia:Space_Policy_Directive_1|Space Policy Directive 1]], is intended to reestablish a human presence on the Moon for the first time since the [[wikipedia:Apollo_17|Apollo 17]] mission in 1972. The program's stated long-term goal is to establish a [[wikipedia:Moonbase|permanent base on the Moon]] to facilitate [[wikipedia:Human_mission_to_Mars|human missions to Mars]]. The [[w:U.S._National_Academies_of_Sciences,_Engineering,_and_Medicine|U.S. National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine]] in October, put out a report titled "NASA at a Crossroads," which identified myriad issues at the agency, including out-of-date infrastructure, pressures to prioritize short-term objectives and inefficient management practices. NASA's costly [[w:Space_Launch_System|Space Launch System]] (SLS) is the cornerstone of the Artemis program. has a price tag of around $4.1 billion per launch, and is a single-use rocket that can only launch every two years, having debuted in 2022 with the uncrewed [[w:Artemis_1_mission|Artemis 1 mission]] to the moon. In contrast, SpaceX is working to reduce the cost of a single Starship flight to under $10 million. NASA Associate Administrator Jim Free urged the incoming administration to maintain the current plans, in a symposium with the [[w:American_Astronautical_Society|American Astronautical Society]] saying "We need that consistency in purpose. That has not happened since Apollo. If we lose that, I believe we will fall apart and we will wander, and other people in this world will pass us by." NASA has already asked both [[w:SpaceX|SpaceX]] and also Jeff Bezos' [[w:Blue_Origin|Blue Origin]], to develop cargo landers for its Artemis missions and to deliver heavy equipment on them to the Moon by 2033. "Having two lunar lander providers with different approaches for crew and cargo landing capability provides mission flexibility while ensuring a regular cadence of moon landings for continued discovery and scientific opportunity," Stephen D. Creech, NASA's assistant deputy associate administrator for the moon to Mars program, said in an announcement about the partnership. "For all of the money we are spending, NASA should NOT be talking about going to the Moon - We did that 50 years ago. They should be focused on the much bigger things we are doing, including Mars (of which the Moon is a part), Defense and Science!" Trump wrote in a post on X in 2019. Trump has said he would create a [[w:Space_National_Guard|Space National Guard]], an idea that lawmakers in Congress have been proposing since 2021. Critics agree that a focus on spaceflight could come at the expense of "Earth and atmospheric sciences at NASA and the [[w:National_Oceanic_and_Atmospheric_Administration|National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]] (NOAA), which have been cut during the Biden era."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newsweek.com/elon-musk-donald-trump-nasa-space-policy-1990599|title=Donald Trump and Elon Musk could radically reshape NASA. Here's how|last=Reporter|first=Martha McHardy US News|date=2024-11-27|website=Newsweek|language=en|access-date=2024-12-02}}</ref> Regarding his goal and SpaceX's corporate mission of colonising Mars, Mr. Musk has stated that "The DOGE is the only path to extending life beyond earth"{{sfn|Economist 11/23|2024}} === National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration === == Department of Education and Propaganda == [[w:United_States_Department_of_Education|Department of Education]] has 4,400 employees – the smallest staff of the Cabinet agencies<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www2.ed.gov/about/overview/fed/role.html|title=Federal Role in Education|date=2021-06-15|website=www2.ed.gov|language=en|access-date=2022-04-28}}</ref> – and a 2024 budget of $238 billion.<ref name="DOE-mission">{{Cite web|url=https://www.usaspending.gov/agency/department-of-education?fy=2024|title=Agency Profile {{!}} U.S. Department of Education|website=www2.ed.gov|access-date=2024-11-14}}</ref> The 2023 Budget was $274 billion, which included funding for children with disabilities ([[wikipedia:Individuals_with_Disabilities_Education_Act|IDEA]]), pandemic recovery, early childhood education, [[wikipedia:Pell_Grant|Pell Grants]], [[wikipedia:Elementary_and_Secondary_Education_Act|Title I]], work assistance, among other programs. This budget was down from $637.7 billion in 2022.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.future-ed.org/what-the-new-pisa-results-really-say-about-u-s-schools/|title=What the New PISA Results Really Say About U.S. Schools|date=2021-06-15|website=future-ed.com|language=en|access-date=2024-11-14}}</ref> Nominated as [[w:US_Secretary_of_Education|Secretary of Education]] is [[w:Linda_McMahon|Linda McMahon]]. The WSJ proposes that the Civil Rights division be absorbed into the Department of Justice, and that its outstanding loan portolio be handled by the Department of the Treasury. Despite the redundancies, its unlikely that it will be abolished, which would require congressional action and buy-in from Democrats in the Senate; Republicans don’t have enough votes to do it alone. A republican appointee is expected to push back against federal education overreach and progressive policies like DEI. <ref>[https://www.wsj.com/opinion/trump-can-teach-the-education-department-a-lesson-nominee-needs-boldness-back-school-choice-oppose-woke-indoctrination-ddf6a38d<nowiki> Trump can teach the Education Department a Lesson. WSJ 11/20/2024]</nowiki></ref> During his campaign, Trump had pledged to get the "transgender insanity the hell out of schools.” Relying on the district court's decision in ''[[w:Tatel_v._Mount_Lebanon_School_District|Tatel v. Mount Lebanon School District]] , the'' attorney general and education secretary could issue a letter explaining how enforcing gender ideology violates constitutional [[w:Free_exercise_clause|First amendment right to free exercise of religion]] and the [[w:Equal_Protection_Clause|14th Amendment’s Equal Protection Clause]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/opinion/how-trump-can-target-transgenderism-in-schools-law-policy-education-369537a7?page=1|title=How Trump Can Target Transgenderism in Schools|last=Eden|first=Max|date=9 December 2024|work=The Wall Street Journal}}</ref> === CPB, PBS, NPR === Regarding the [[w:Corporation_for_Public_Broadcasting|Corporation for Public Broadcasting]], [[w:Howard_Husock|Howard Husock]] suggest that instead of zeroing its $535 million budget, Republicans reform the [[w:Public_Broadcasting_Act|Public Broadcasting Act]] to eliminate bias and improve local journalism.<ref>https://www.wsj.com/opinion/the-conservative-case-for-public-broadcasting-media-policy-2d4c3c9f?page=1</ref> {{As of|2024|alt=For fiscal year 2024}}, its appropriation was US$525 million, including $10 million in interest earned. The distribution of these funds was as follows:<ref>{{cite web|url=https://cpb.org/aboutcpb/financials/budget/|title=CPB Operating Budget|last=|date=2024|website=www.cpb.org|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=November 27, 2024|url-status=}}</ref> * $262.83M for direct grants to local public television stations; * $95.11M for television programming grants; * $81.77M for direct grants to local public radio stations; * $28.12M for the Radio National Program Production and Acquisition * $9.43M for the Radio Program Fund * $31.50 for system support * $26.25 for administration Public broadcasting stations are funded by a combination of private donations from listeners and viewers, foundations and corporations. Funding for public television comes in roughly equal parts from government (at all levels) and the private sector.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cpb.org/annualreports/2013/|title=CPB 2013 Annual Report|website=www.cpb.org|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160212170045/http://cpb.org/annualreports/2013/|archive-date=February 12, 2016|access-date=May 4, 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref> == U.S. Department of Health and Human Services == Nominated as [[w:United_States_Secretary_of_Health_and_Human_Services|United States Secretary of Health and Human Services]] is [[w:Robert_F._Kennedy_Jr.|Robert F. Kennedy Jr.]], deputy Secretary [[w:Jim_O'Neill_(investor)|Jim O'Neill]]. Nominated for [[w:US_Surgeon_General|US Surgeon General]] is [[w:Janette_Nesheiwat|Janette Nesheiwat]]. [[w:U.S._Department_of_Health_and_Human_Services|U.S. Department of Health and Human Services]] was authorized a budget for [[w:2020_United_States_federal_budget|fiscal year 2020]] of $1.293 trillion. It has 13 operating divisions, 10 of which constitute the [[w:United_States_Public_Health_Service|Public Health Services]], whose budget authorization is broken down as follows:<ref name="hhs_budget_fy2020">{{cite web|url=https://www.hhs.gov/about/budget/fy2020/index.html|title=HHS FY 2020 Budget in Brief|date=October 5, 2019|website=HHS Budget & Performance|publisher=United States Department of Health & Human Services|page=7|access-date=May 9, 2020}}</ref> {| class="wikitable sortable" !Nominee !Program !2020 Budget !2024 Budget ! employees !2025 Budget !2026 Budget |- |[[w:Marty_Makary|Marty Makary]] |[[w:Food and Drug Administration|Food and Drug Administration]] (FDA) |$3,329 MM |- | |[[w:Health Resources and Services Administration|Health Resources and Services Administration]] (HRSA) |$11,004 |- | |[[w:Indian Health Service|Indian Health Service]] (IHS) |$6,104 |- |[[w:Dave_Weldon|Dave Weldon]] |[[w:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]] (CDC) |$6,767 |- |[[w:Jay_Bhattacharya|Jay Bhattacharya]] |[[w:National Institutes of Health|National Institutes of Health]] (NIH) |$33,669 |- | |[[w:Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration|Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration]] (SAMHSA) |$5,535 |- | |[[w:Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality|Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality]] (AHRQ) |$0 |- |[[w:Mehmet_Oz|Mehmet Oz]] |[[w:Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services|Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services]] (CMMS) |$1,169,091 |- | |[[w:Administration for Children and Families|Administration for Children and Families]] (ACF) |$52,121 |- | |[[w:Administration for Community Living|Administration for Community Living]] (ACL) |$1,997 |- |} {| class="wikitable sortable" !Program !2020 Budget !2024 Budget ! employees !2025 Budget !2026 Budget |- |[[w:Departmental Management|Departmental Management]] |$340 |- |Non-Recurring Expense Fund |$-400 |- |[[w:Office of Medicare Hearings and Appeals|Office of Medicare Hearings and Appeals]] |$186 |- |[[w:Office of the National Coordinator|Office of the National Coordinator]] |$43 |- |[[w:Office for Civil Rights|Office for Civil Rights]] |$30 |- |[[w:Office of Inspector General|Office of Inspector General]] |$82 |- |[[w:Public Health and Social Services Emergency Fund|Public Health and Social Services Emergency Fund]] |$2,667 |- |[[w:Program Support Center|Program Support Center]] |$749 |- |Offsetting Collections |$-629 |- |Other Collections |$-163 |- |'''TOTAL''' |'''$1,292,523''' |} The FY2020 budget included a $1.276 billion budget decrease for the Centers for Disease Control, and a $4.533 billion budget decrease for the National Institutes of Health. These budget cuts, along with other changes since 2019, comprised a total decrease of over $24 billion in revised discretionary budget authority across the entire Department of Health and Human Services for Fiscal Year 2020.<ref name="hhs_budget_fy2020" /> Additional details of the budgeted outlays, budget authority, and detailed budgets for other years, can be found at the HHS Budget website.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://WWW.HHS.GOV/BUDGET|title=Health and Human Services: Budget and Performance|publisher=United States Department of Health & Human Services|access-date=May 9, 2020}}</ref> He is an American politician, [[Environmental law|environmental lawyer]], [[anti-vaccine activist]], and anti-packaged food industry activist, anti-pharmaceutical industry activist, who will be nominated to serve as [[United States Secretary of Health and Human Services]],<ref name="v502">{{cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/saradorn/2024/11/14/rfk-jr-launches-independent-2024-run-here-are-all-the-conspiracies-he-promotes-from-vaccines-to-mass-shootings/|title=Trump Taps RFK Jr. As Secretary Of Health And Human Services: Here Are All The Conspiracies He's Promoted|last=Dorn|first=Sara|date=2024-11-14|website=Forbes|access-date=2024-11-15}}</ref> with the mission of "Making America Healthy Again". He is the chairman and founder of [[Children's Health Defense]], an anti-vaccine advocacy group and proponent of [[COVID-19 vaccine misinformation|dubious COVID-19 vaccine information]].<ref name="Smith_12/15/2021" /><ref name="KW" /> === National Institutes of Health === The [[w:NIH|NIH]] distributes grants of ~$50bn per year. Nominated to lead the [[w:National_Institutes_of_Health|National Institutes of Health]] is [[w:Jay_Bhattacharya|Jay Bhattacharya]], who has announced the following priorities for funding: * cutting edge research, saying that the NIH has become "sclerotic", due to a phenomenon has been called [[Eroom’s law]], which explains that career incentives encourage “me-too research,” given that citations by other scientists “have become the dominant way to evaluate scientific contributions and scientists.” That has shifted research “toward incremental science and away from exploratory projects that are more likely to fail, but which are the fuel for future breakthroughs.”<ref name=":3">{{Cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/opinion/jay-bhattacharya-and-the-vindication-of-the-fringe-scientists-pandemic-lockdowns-38b6aec6|title=Jay Bhattacharya and the Vindication of the ‘Fringe’ Scientists|last=Finley|first=Allysia|date=1 December 2024|work=Wall Street Journal}}</ref> Dr. Bhattacharya's February 2020 paper explaining Eroom's law, as possible explanation for slowing of pharmaceutical advances.{{Cn}} * studies aimed at replicating the results of earlier studies, to address the problem of scientific fraud or other factors contributing to the the [[w:Replication_crisis|replication crisis]], encouraging academic freedom among NIH scientists and term limits for NIH leaders. “Those kinds of reforms, I think every scientist would agree, every American would agree, it’s how you turn the NIH from something that is sort of how to control society, into something that is aimed at the discovery of truth to improve the health of Americans,” he said.<ref name=":4">{{Cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/health/healthcare/covid-lockdown-critic-jay-bhattacharya-chosen-to-lead-nih-2958e5e2?page=1|title=Covid-Lockdown Critic Jay Bhattacharya Chosen to Lead NIH|last=Whyte|first=Liz Essley|date=26 November 2024|work=The Wall Street Journal}}</ref> * Refocusing on research on [[w:Chronic_diseases|chronic diseases]], which is underfunded, and away from [[w:Infectious_diseases|infectious diseases]], which is overfunded. * Ending [[w:Gain-of-function|gain-of-function]] research. Jay Bhattacharya wrote a March 25 2020 op-ed "Is the Coronavirus as Deadly as They Say?", with colleague [[w:Eran_Bendavid|Eran Bendavid]], arguing that many asymptomatic cases of COVID-19 were going undetected. The hypothesis was confirmed in April 2020 when he and several colleagues published a study showing that Covid anti-bodies in Santa Clara county were 50 times the recorded infection rate. This implied, he said "a lower inflection mortality rate than public health authorities were pushing at a time when they and the media thought it was a virtue to panic the population".<ref><nowiki><ref></nowiki>{{Cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/opinion/the-man-who-fought-fauci-and-won-trump-nih-nominee-jay-bhattacharya-covid-cancel-culture-4a0650bd?page=1|title=The Man Who Fought Fauci - and Won|last=Varadarajan|first=Tunku|date=6 December 2024|work=WSJ}}&lt;nowiki&gt;</ref> Dr. Bhattacharya, [[w:Martin_Kulldorff|Martin Kulldorff]], then at Harvard, and Oxford’s [[w:Sunetra_Gupta|Sunetra Gupta]] formally expounded this idea in the [[w:Great_Barrington_Declaration|Great Barrington Declaration]] in October 2020, urging the government to focus on protecting the vulnerable while letting others go about their lives, which previous NIH director [[w:Francis_Collins|Francis Collins]] derided as "fringe science its into the political views of certain parts of our confused political establishment," and previous [[w:NIAID|NIAID]] director [[w:Chief_Medical_Advisor_to_the_President|chief medical advisor to the President]] [[w:Anthony_Fauci|Anthony Fauci]] "a quick and devastating public takedown of its premises." Some suggest the same career incentives that lead to scientific group-think in the pharmaceutical industry, also explain conformist behavior during COVID-19, due to the threat against young scientists of losing NIH funding, jobs, and career opportunities, if they were to exercise in independent judgement.<ref name=":3" /> “Dr. Jay Bhattacharya is the ideal leader to restore NIH as the international template for gold-standard science and evidence-based medicine,” DHHS Secretary nominee Kennedy wrote. "We will reform American scientific institutions so that they are worthy of trust again and will deploy the fruits of excellent science to make America healthy again!” said Dr. Bhattacharya. “Dr. Bhattacharya is a strong choice to lead the NIH,” said Dr. [[w:Ned_Sharpless|Ned Sharpless]], a former [[w:National_Cancer_Institute|National Cancer Institute]] director. “The support of moderate Senate Republicans will be critical to NIH funding, and Dr. Bhattacharya’s Covid work will give him credibility with this constituency.”<ref name=":4" /> === Food and Drug Administration === The FDA in 2022 had 18,000 employees<ref name="fy2022">{{cite web|url=https://www.fda.gov/media/149613/download|title=FY 2022 FDA Budget Request|publisher=FDA|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230602090805/https://www.fda.gov/media/149613/download|archive-date=June 2, 2023|access-date=January 14, 2022|url-status=live}}</ref> and a budget of $6.5{{nbsp}}billion (2022)<ref name="fy2022" /> Nominated as director is [[w:Marty_Makary|Marty Makary]]. == Department of Treasury and Commerce == [[w:Departments_of_Treasury|Departments of Treasury]] has 2023 budget of ____ and ___ employees. [[w:Department_of_Commerce|Department of Commerce]] has 2023 budget of _____ and _____ employees. Nominated for [[w:Secretary_of_the_Treasury|Secretary of the Treasury]] is [[w:Scott_Bessent|Scott Bessent]], for Secretary of Commerce is [[w:Howard_Lutnick|Howard Lutnick]] === Consumer Financial Protection Bureau === The [[w:Consumer_Financial_Protection_Bureau|Consumer Financial Protection Bureau]] (CFPB). Said Mr. Musk "Delete the CFPB. There are too many duplicative regulatory agencies"<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/politics/policy/elon-musk-doge-conflict-of-interest-b1202437?page=1|title=Musk’s DOGE Plans Rely on White House Budget Office. Conflicts Await.|last=Schwartz|first=Brian|work=The Wall Street Journal}}</ref> === Securities and Exchange Commission === [[w:Securities_and_Exchange_Commission|Securities and Exchange Commission]] === Internal Revenue Service === [[w:Internal_Revenue_Service|Internal Revenue Service]] == Departments of Energy and Interior == Nominee for [[w:US_Secretary_of_the_Interior|Secretary of the Interior]] is [[w:Doug_Burgum|Doug Burgum]], who will also be [[w:List_of_U.S._executive_branch_czars|Energy Czar]]. [[w:Department_of_Energy|Department of Energy]] [[w:United_States_Secretary_of_Energy|secretary nominee]] [[w:Chris_Wright_(energy_executive)|Chris Wright]] admits that burning fossil fuels contributes to rising temperatures, but says it poses only a modest threat to humanity, and praises it for increasing plant growth, making the planet greener, and boosting agricultural productivity. He also says that it likely reduces the annual number of temperature-related deaths. (estimates from health researchers say otherwise). He says, "It's probably almost as many positive changes as negative changes... Is it a crisis, is it the world's greatest challenge, or a big threat to the next generation? No. .. A little bit warmer isn’t a threat. If we were 5, 7, 8, 10 degrees [Celsius] warmer, that would be meaningful changes to the planet.” Scientists see a 1.5 degrees Celsius temperature as creating potentially irreversible changes for the planet, and expect to pass that mark later this year, after increasing over several decade. He criticizes the [[w:Paris_climate_agreement|Paris climate agreement]] for empowering "political actors with anti-fossil fuel agendas." Wright favors development of [[w:Geothermal_energy|geothermal energy]] and [[w:Nuclear_energy_policy_of_the_United_States|nuclear energy]], criticizing subsidies to wind and solar energy. <ref><nowiki><ref></nowiki>{{Cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/politics/policy/who-is-chris-wright-trump-energy-secretary-9eb617dc?page=1|title=Trump’s Energy Secretary Pick Preaches the Benefits of Climate Change|last=Morenne|first=Benoit|date=9 December 2024|work=The Wall Street Journal}}&lt;nowiki&gt;</ref> === Bureau of Land Management === === Forest Service === === National Parks === == AI and Cryptocurrency Policy == [[w:David_Sacks|David Sacks]] was named "White House AI and Crypto Czar". == Reform Entitlements == === Healthcare and Medicare === [[w:ObamaCare|ObamaCare]] started as a plausible scheme for universal, cost-effective health insurance with subsidies for the needy. Only the subsidies survive because the ObamaCare policies actually delivered are so overpriced nobody would buy them without a subsidy.<ref>[https://www.wsj.com/opinion/elons-real-trump-mission-protect-growth-department-of-government-efficiency-appointments-cabinet-9e7e62b2]</ref> See below: Department of Health and Human Services === Social Security === Even FDR was aware of its flaw: it discourages working and saving. === Other === Small-government advocate [[w:Ron_Paul|Ron Paul]] has suggested to cut aid to the following "biggest" welfare recipients: * The [[w:Military-industrial_complex|Military-industrial complex]] * The [[w:Pharmaceutical-industrial_complex|Pharmaceutical-industrial complex]] * The [[w:Federal_Reserve|Federal Reserve]] To which Mr. Musk replied, "Needs to be done".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thehill.com/video/ron-paul-vows-to-join-elon-musk-help-eliminate-government-waste-in-a-trump-admin/10191375/|title=Ron Paul vows to join Elon Musk, help eliminate government waste in a Trump admin|date=2024-11-05|website=The Hill|language=en-US|access-date=2024-12-09}}</ref> == Office of Management and Budget == The White House [[w:Office_of_Management_and_Budget|Office of Management and Budget]] (OMB) guides implementation of regulations and analyzes federal spending. Mssrs. Musk and Ramaswamy encouraged President-elect Trump to reappoint his first term director [[w:Russell_Vought|Russell Vought]], which he did on 22nd Nov.<ref name=":0" /> == Government Efficiency Personnel == Transition spokesman [[w:Brian_Hughes|Brian Hughes]] said that "Elon Musk is a once-in-a-generation business leader and our federal bureaucracy will certainly benefit from his ideas and efficiency". About a dozen Musk allies have visited Mar-a-Lago to serve as unofficial advisors to the Trump 47 transition, influencing hiring at many influential government agencies.<ref name=":2"><nowiki><ref></nowiki>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/12/06/us/politics/trump-elon-musk-silicon-valley.html?searchResultPosition=1|title=The Silicon Valley Billionaires Steering Trump’s Transition|date=8 December 2024|work=NYT}}</ref> [[w:Marc_Andreesen|Marc Andreesen]] has interviewed candidates for State, Pentagon, and DHHS, and has been active pushing for rollback of Biden's cryptocurrency regulations, and rollback of Lina Khan anti-trust efforts with the FTC, and calling for contracting reform in Defense dept. [[w:Jared_Birchall|Jared Birchall]] has interviewed candidates for State, and has advised on Space police and has put together councils for AI and Cryptocurrency policy. David Sacks was named "White House AI and Crypto Czar" [[w:Shaun_MacGuire|Shaun MacGuire]] has advised on picks for intelligence community and has interviewed candidates for Defense. Many tech executives are considering part-time roles advising the DOGE. [[w:Antonio_Gracias|Antonio Gracias]] and [[w:Steve_Davis|Steve Davis]] from Musk's "crisis team" have been active, as has investor [[w:John_Hering|John Hering]]. Other Silicon Valley players who have advised Trump or interviewed candidates: * [[w:Larry_Ellison|Larry Ellison]] has sat in on Trump transition 47 meetings at Mar-a-Lago. * [[w:Mark_Pincus|Mark Pincus]] * [[w:David_Marcus|David Marcus]] * [[w:Barry_Akis|Barry Akis]] * [[w:Shervin_Pishevar|Shervin Pishevar]], who has called for privitization of the USPS, NASA, and the federal Bureau of Prisons. Called for creating an American sovereign wealth fund, and has said that DOGE "could lead a revolutionary restructuring of public institutions."<ref name=":2" /> [[w:William_McGinley|William McGinley]] will move to a role with DOGE. Originally nominated for [[w:White_House_counsel|White House counsel]], he will be replaced in that role by [[w:David_Warrington|David Warrington]].<ref>{{Cite news|title=A White House Counsel Replaced before starting|last=Haberman|first=Maggie|date=6 December 2024|work=New York times}}</ref> The WSJ lauded without naming them, comparing them to the "dollar-a-year men" - business leaders who during WWII revolutionized industrial production to help make America the "arsenal of democracy". (WSJ, 10 December 2024) == History and Miscellaneous facts == See also: [[w:Department_of_Government_Efficiency#History|Department of Government Efficiency — History]] DOGE's work will "conclude" no later than July 4, 2026, the 250th anniversary of the signing of the [[United States Declaration of Independence|U.S. Declaration of Independence]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thehill.com/policy/4987402-trump-musk-advisory-group-spending/|title=Elon Musk, Vivek Ramaswamy to lead Trump's Department of Government Efficiency (DOGE)|last=Nazzaro|first=Miranda|date=November 13, 2024|website=The Hill|language=en-US|access-date=November 13, 2024}}</ref> also coinciding with America's [[United States Semiquincentennial|semiquincentennial]] celebrations and a proposed "Great American Fair". Despite its name it is not expected to be a [[wikipedia:United_States_federal_executive_departments|federal executive department]], but rather may operate under the [[Federal Advisory Committee Act]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/trump-department-of-government-efficiency-doge-elon-musk-ramaswamy/|title=What to know about Trump's Department of Government Efficiency, led by Elon Musk and Vivek Ramaswamy - CBS News|last=Picchi|first=Aimee|date=2024-11-14|website=www.cbsnews.com|language=en-US|access-date=2024-11-14}}</ref> so its formation is not expected to require approval from the [[wikipedia:United_States_Congress|U.S. Congress]]. NYT argues that records of its meetings must be made public.{{Cn}} As an advisor rather than a government employee, Mr. Musk will not be subject to various ethics rules.{{sfn|Economist 11/23}} Musk has stated that he believes such a commission could reduce the [[wikipedia:United_States_federal_budget|U.S. federal budget]] by $2 trillion, which would be a reduction of almost one third from its 2023 total. [[Maya MacGuineas]] of the [[Committee for a Responsible Federal Budget]] has said that this saving is "absolutely doable" over a period of 10 years, but it would be difficult to do in a single year "without compromising some of the fundamental objectives of the government that are widely agreed upon".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thehill.com/business/4966789-elon-musk-skepticism-2-trillion-spending-cuts/|title=Elon Musk draws skepticism with call for $2 trillion in spending cuts|last=Folley|first=Aris|date=2024-11-03|website=The Hill|language=en-US|access-date=2024-11-14}}</ref> [[wikipedia:Jamie_Dimon|Jamie Dimon]], the chief executive officer of [[wikipedia:JPMorgan_Chase|JPMorgan Chase]], has supported the idea. Some commentators questioned whether DOGE is a conflict of interest for Musk given that his companies are contractors to the federal government. The body is "unlikely to have any regulatory teeth on its own, but there's little doubt that it can have influence on the incoming administration and how it will determine its budgets".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.vox.com/policy/384904/trumps-department-of-government-efficiency-sounds-like-a-joke-it-isnt|title=Trump tapped Musk to co-lead the "Department of Government Efficiency." What the heck is that?|last=Fayyad|first=Abdallah|date=2024-11-13|website=Vox|language=en-US|access-date=2024-11-14}}</ref> Elon Musk had called [[w:Federico_Sturzenegger|Federico Sturzenegger]], Argentina's [[w:Ministry_of_Deregulation_and_State_Transformation|Minister of Deregulation and Transformation of the State]] ([[w:es:Ministerio_de_Desregulación_y_Transformación_del_Estado|es]]), to discuss imitating his ministry's model.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.infobae.com/economia/2024/11/08/milei-brindo-un-nuevo-apoyo-a-sturzenegger-y-afirmo-que-elon-musk-imitara-su-gestion-en-eeuu/|title=Milei brindó un nuevo apoyo a Sturzenegger y afirmó que Elon Musk imitará su gestión en EEUU|date=November 8, 2024|website=infobae|language=es-ES|access-date=November 13, 2024}}</ref> == Reception and Criticism == See also: [[w:Department_of_Government_Efficiency#Reception|w:Department of Government Efficiency — Reception]] The WSJ reports that Tesla's Texas facility dumped toxic wastewater into the public sewer system, into a lagoon, and into a local river, violated Texas environmental regulations, and fired an employee who attempted to comply with the law.{{Cn}} The Economist estimates that 10% of Mr. Musk's $360bn personal fortune is derived from contracts and benefits from the federal government, and 15% from the Chinese market.{{sfn|Economist 11/23}} == See also == * [[w:Second_presidential_transition_of_Donald_Trump|Second presidential transition of Donald Trump]] * [[w:United_States_federal_budget#Deficits_and_debt|United States federal budget - Deficits and debt]] * [[w:United_States_Bureau_of_Efficiency|United States Bureau of Efficiency]] – United States federal government bureau from 1916 to 1933 * [[w:Brownlow_Committee|Brownlow Committee]] – 1937 commission recommending United States federal government reforms * [[w:Grace_Commission|Grace Commission]] – Investigation to eliminate inefficiency in the United States federal government * [[w:Hoover_Commission|Hoover Commission]] – United States federal commission in 1947 advising on executive reform * [[w:Keep_Commission|Keep Commission]] * [[w:Project_on_National_Security_Reform|Project on National Security Reform]] * [[w:Delivering_Outstanding_Government_Efficiency_Caucus|Delivering Outstanding Government Efficiency Caucus]] == Notes == {{reflist}} == References == {{refbegin}} * {{Cite web|url=https://www.newsweek.com/bernie-sanders-finds-new-common-ground-elon-musk-1993820|title=Bernie Sanders finds new common ground with Elon Musk|last=Reporter|first=Mandy Taheri Weekend|date=2024-12-01|website=Newsweek|language=en|access-date=2024-12-02 |ref={{harvid|Newsweek 12/01|2024}} }} * {{Cite news|url=https://www.economist.com/briefing/2024/11/21/elon-musk-and-donald-trump-seem-besotted-where-is-their-bromance-headed|title=Elon Musk and Donald Trump seem besotted. Where is their bromance headed?|work=The Economist|access-date=2024-12-04|issn=0013-0613 |ref={{harvid|Economist 11/23|2024}} }} <references group="lower-alpha" /> {{refend}} ru36aod64zahuw52n6qh5h2j3xdf1vb 2691558 2691557 2024-12-12T02:48:56Z Jaredscribe 2906761 /* Department of Agriculture */ Nominated for Secretary of Agriculture is Brooke Rollins, who had earlier served on the Office of American Innovation under Jared Kushner, and served as director of Domestic Policy Council 2691558 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Research project}} The U.S. [[w:Department of Government Efficiency]]. {{Infobox Organization |name=Department of Government Efficiency |logo= |logo_size= |logo_caption=Logo on [[Twitter|X]] (formerly Twitter) as of November 14, 2024 |seal= |seal_size= |seal_caption= |formation=Announced on November 12, 2024; yet to be established |abbreviation=DOGE |key_people={{plainlist|[[w:Commissioner of the Department of Government Efficiency|Co-commissioners]]: * [[w:Elon Musk]] * [[w:Vivek Ramaswamy]] }} |website={{URL|https://x.com/DOGE|x.com/DOGE}} |volunteers=* Federico Sturzenegger|services=consulting|headquarters=Mar-A-Lago|organization_type=Presidential Advisory Commission|founder=Donald Trump|extinction=4 July 2026 (planned)|mission=(In the words of president-elect Donald Trump: * dismantle government bureaucracy * slash excess regulations * cut wasteful expenditures * restructure federal agencies, * address "massive waste and fraud" in government spending}} This "'''Wiki Of Government Efficiency'''" (WOGE) is a public interest, non-partisan research project that will [[User:Jaredscribe/Department of Government Efficiency#Reduce the deficit and debt by impounding appropriated funds|analyze the U.S. federal budget]], [[User:Jaredscribe/Department of Government Efficiency#Reform the other Government Bureaus and Departments|federal bureaucracy]], and [[User:Jaredscribe/Department of Government Efficiency#Shrink the federal civil service|federal civil service]], in the context of [[w:Second_presidency_of_Donald_Trump|president-elect Trump']]<nowiki/>s [[w:Agenda_47|Agenda 47]], and will catalogue, evaluate, and critique proposals on how the '''[[w:Department of Government Efficiency|Department of Government Efficiency]]'''{{Efn|Also referred to as '''Government Efficiency Commission'''}} (DOGE) is or is not fulfilling its mission to ''"dismantle government bureaucracy, slash excess regulations, and cut wasteful expenditures and restructure federal agencies"'', in the words of president-elect [[wikipedia:Donald_Trump|Donald Trump]], who called for it to address ''"massive waste and fraud"'' in government spending.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/c93qwn8p0l0o|title=Donald Trump picks Elon Musk for US government cost-cutting role|last1=Faguy|first1=Ana|last2=FitzGerald|first2=James|date=2024-11-13|publisher=BBC News|language=en-GB|access-date=2024-11-13}}</ref> Here's [[User:Jaredscribe/Department of Government Efficiency/How to contribute|how to contribute]] to the WOGE. The DOGE intends to [[User:Jaredscribe/Department of Government Efficiency#Office of Management and Budget|work through the Office of Management and Budget]] as its "policy vector". The [[w:U.S._budget_deficit|U.S. Budget deficit]], (C.f. [[w:Government_budget_balance|fiscal deficit]]), and the [[w:National_debt_of_the_United_States|U.S. National debt]], currently $35.7 Trillion as of 10/2024, which is 99% of the [[w:U.S._GDP|U.S. GDP]],<ref>{{Unbulleted list citebundle|{{cite news|newspaper=Financial Post| title= Musk's $2 Trillion of Budget Cuts Would Have These Stocks Moving|url=https://financialpost.com/pmn/business-pmn/musks-2-trillion-of-budget-cuts-would-have-these-stocks-moving|first=Alexandra|last=Semenova|date=November 4, 2024}}|{{cite news|newspaper= New York Times|title=Elon|url=https://nytimes.com/2024/10/29/us/politics/elon-musk-trump-economy-hardship.html}}|{{Cite web |date=September 5, 2024 |title=Trump says he'd create a government efficiency commission led by Elon Musk |url=https://apnews.com/article/donald-trump-elon-musk-government-efficiency-commission-e831ed5dc2f6a56999e1a70bb0a4eaeb |publisher=AP News}}|{{cite web|first=Jenn|last=Brice|title=How Elon Musk's $130 million investment in Trump's victory could reap a huge payoff for Tesla and the rest of his business empire|url=https://fortune.com/2024/11/06/elon-musk-donald-trump-tesla-spacex-xai-boring-neuralink|website=Fortune}}|{{cite web|url=https://axios.com/2024/11/07/elon-musk-government-efficiency-trump|title=Musk will bring his Twitter management style to government reform}}|{{cite news| access-date =November 9, 2024|work=Reuters|date=September 6, 2024|first1=Helen|first2=Gram|last1=Coster| last2=Slattery|title=Trump says he will tap Musk to lead government efficiency commission if elected| url= https://reuters.com/world/us/trump-adopt-musks-proposal-government-efficiency-commission-wsj-reports-2024-09-05}}|{{cite web|title=Trump says Musk could head 'government efficiency' force|url= https://bbc.com/news/articles/c74lgwkrmrpo|publisher=BBC}}|{{cite web|date =November 5, 2024|title=How Elon Musk could gut the government under Trump|url=https://independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/us-politics/elon-musk-donald-trump-economy-job-cuts-b2641644.html|website= The Independent}}}}</ref> and expected to grow to 134% of GDP by 2034 if current laws remain unchanged, according to the [[w:Congressional_Budget_Office|Congressional Budget Office]]. The DOGE will be a [[wikipedia:Presidential_commission_(United_States)|presidential advisory commission]] led by the billionaire businessmen [[wikipedia:Elon_Musk|Elon Musk]] and [[wikipedia:Vivek_Ramaswamy|Vivek Ramaswamy]], and possibly [[w:Ron_Paul|Ron Paul]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thehill.com/video/ron-paul-vows-to-join-elon-musk-help-eliminate-government-waste-in-a-trump-admin/10191375|title=Ron Paul vows to join Elon Musk, help eliminate government waste in a Trump admin|date=November 5, 2024|website=The Hill}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://usatoday.com/story/business/2024/10/28/patricia-healy-elon-musk-highlights-need-for-government-efficiency/75798556007|title=Elon Musk puts spotlight on ... Department of Government Efficiency? {{!}} Cumberland Comment|last=Healy|first=Patricia|website=USA TODAY|language=en-US|access-date=November 9, 2024}}</ref> with support from many [[w:Political_appointments_of_the_second_Trump_administration|Political and cabinet appointees of the second Trump administration]] and from a Congressional caucus Musk stated his belief that DOGE could remove US$2 trillion from the [[w:United_States_federal_budget|U.S. federal budget]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/live/HysDMs2a-iM?si=92I5LD1FY2PAsSuG&t=15822|title=WATCH LIVE: Trump holds campaign rally at Madison Square Garden in New York|date=October 28, 2024|website=youtube.com|publisher=[[PBS NewsHour]]|language=en|format=video}}</ref> without specifying whether these savings would be made over a single year or a longer period.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/cdj38mekdkgo|title=Can Elon Musk cut $2 trillion from US government spending?|last=Chu|first=Ben|date=2024-11-13|website=BBC News|language=en-GB|access-date=2024-11-14}}</ref> [[File:2023_US_Federal_Budget_Infographic.png|thumb|An infographic on outlays and revenues in the 2023 [[United States federal budget|U.S. federal budget]]]] DOGE could also streamline permitting with “categorical exclusions” from environmental reviews under the National Environmental Policy Act. {{sidebar with collapsible lists|name=U.S. deficit and debt topics|namestyle=background:#bf0a30;|style=width:22.0em; border: 4px double #d69d36; background:var(--background-color-base, #FFFFFF);|bodyclass=vcard|pretitle='''<span class="skin-invert">This article is part of [[:Category:United States|a series]] on the</span>'''|title=[[United States federal budget|<span style="color:var(--color-base, #000000);">Budget and debt in the<br/>United States of America</span>]]|image=[[File:Seal of the United States Congress.svg|90px]] [[File:Seal of the United States Department of the Treasury.svg|90px]]|titlestyle=background:var(--background-color-base, #002868); background-clip:padding-box;|headingstyle=background:var(--background-color-base, #bf0a30); color:var(--color-base, #fff);|listtitlestyle=background:var(--background-color-base, #bf0a30); color:var(--color-base, #fff); text-align:center;|expanded={{{expanded|{{{1|}}}}}}|list1name=dimensions|list1title=Major dimensions|list1class=hlist skin-invert|list1=* [[Economy of the United States|Economy]] * [[Expenditures in the United States federal budget|Expenditures]] * [[United States federal budget|Federal budget]] * [[Financial position of the United States|Financial position]] * [[Military budget of the United States|Military budget]] * [[National debt of the United States|Public debt]] * [[Taxation in the United States|Taxation]] * [[Unemployment in the United States|Unemployment]] * [[Government_spending_in_the_United_States|Gov't spending]]|list2name=programs|list2title=Programs|list2class=hlist skin-invert|list2=* [[Medicare (United States)|Medicare]] * [[Social programs in the United States|Social programs]] * [[Social Security (United States)|Social Security]]|list3name=issues|list3title=Contemporary issues|list3class=skin-invert|list3=<div style="margin-bottom:0.5em"> [[National Commission on Fiscal Responsibility and Reform|Bowles–Simpson Commission]] {{flatlist}} * <!--Bu--> [[Bush tax cuts]] * <!--Deb--> [[United States debt ceiling|Debt ceiling]] ** [[History of the United States debt ceiling|history]] * <!--Def--> [[Deficit reduction in the United States|Deficit reduction]] * <!--F--> [[United States fiscal cliff|Fiscal cliff]] * <!--H--> [[Healthcare reform in the United States|Healthcare reform]] * <!--P--> [[Political debates about the United States federal budget|Political debates]] * <!--So--> [[Social Security debate in the United States|Social Security debate]] * <!--St--> "[[Starve the beast]]" * <!--Su--> [[Subprime mortgage crisis]] {{endflatlist}} </div> [[2007–2008 financial crisis]] {{flatlist}} * <!--D--> [[United States debt-ceiling crisis (disambiguation)|Debt-ceiling crises]] ** [[2011 United States debt-ceiling crisis|2011]] ** [[2013 United States debt-ceiling crisis|2013]] ** [[2023 United States debt-ceiling crisis|2023]] {{endflatlist}} [[2013 United States budget sequestration|2013 budget sequestration]] {{flatlist}} * <!--G--> [[Government shutdowns in the United States|Government shutdowns]] ** [[1980 United States federal government shutdown|1980]] ** [[1981, 1984, and 1986 U.S. federal government shutdowns|1981, 1984, 1986]] ** [[1990 United States federal government shutdown|1990]] ** [[1995–1996 United States federal government shutdowns|1995–1996]] ** [[2013 United States federal government shutdown|2013]] ** [[January 2018 United States federal government shutdown|Jan 2018]] ** [[2018–2019 United States federal government shutdown|2018–2019]] {{endflatlist}} Related events {{flatlist}} *<!--E-->[[Removal of Kevin McCarthy as Speaker of the House|2023 Removal of Kevin McCarthy]] {{endflatlist}}|list4name=terminology|list4title=Terminology|list4class=hlist skin-invert|list4=Cumulative [[Government budget balance|deficit]] + [[National debt of the United States#Debates|Interest]] ≈ [[Government debt|Debt]] * [[Balance of payments]] * [[Inflation]] * [[Continuing resolution]]}} [[w:Deficit_reduction_in_the_United_States|Deficit reduction in the United States]] == Deregulate the Economy == The legal theory that this can be done through the executive branch is found in the U.S. Supreme Court’s ''[[w:West_Virginia_v._EPA|West Virginia v. EPA]]'' and ''[[w:Loper_Bright|Loper Bright]]'' rulings, which rein in the administrative state and mean that much of what the federal government now does is illegal.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.wsj.com/opinion/department-of-government-efficiency-elon-musk-vivek-ramaswamy-donald-trump-1e086dab|website=[[w:Wall Street Journal]]|title=The Musk-Ramaswamy Project Could Be Trump’s Best Idea}}</ref> Mr. Trump has set a goal of eliminating 10 regulations for every new one. The [[w:Competitive_Enterprise_Institute|Competitive Enterprise Institute]]’s Wayne Crews says 217,565 rules have been issued since the [[w:Federal_Register|Federal Register]] first began itemizing them in 1976, with 89,368 pages added last year. [https://sgp.fas.org/crs/misc/R43056.pdf 3,000-4,500 rules are added each year]. DOGE’s first order will be to pause enforcement of overreaching rules while starting the process to roll them back. Mr. Trump and DOGE could direct agencies to settle legal challenges to Biden rules by vacating them. This could ease the laborious process of undoing them by rule-making through the [[w:Administrative_Procedure_Act|Administrative Procedure Act]]. A source tells the WSJ they’ll do whatever they think they legally can without the APA. The [[w:Congressional_Review_Act|Congressional Review Act]]—which allows Congress to overturn recently issued agency regulations—had been used only once, prior to [[w:First_presidency_of_Donald_Trump|Trump's first term]]. While in office, he and the Republican Congress used it on 16 rules. This time, there will be more than 56 regulatory actions recent enough to be repealed. The [[w:Chevron_deference|''Chevron'' deference]] had required federal courts to defer to agencies’ interpretations of ambiguous statutes, but this was overturned in 2024. Taken together, with some other recent [[w:SCOTUS|SCOTUS]] rulings, we now have, says the WSJ, the biggest opportunity to cut regulatory red tape in more than 40 years.<ref>[https://www.wsj.com/opinion/let-the-trump-deregulation-begin-us-chamber-of-commerce-second-term-economic-growth-73f24387?cx_testId=3&cx_testVariant=cx_166&cx_artPos=0]</ref><blockquote>"Most legal edicts aren’t laws enacted by Congress but “rules and regulations” promulgated by unelected bureaucrats—tens of thousands of them each year. Most government enforcement decisions and discretionary expenditures aren’t made by the democratically elected president or even his political appointees but by millions of unelected, unappointed civil servants within government agencies who view themselves as immune from firing thanks to civil-service protections." "This is antidemocratic and antithetical to the Founders’ vision. It imposes massive direct and indirect costs on taxpayers." "When the president nullifies thousands of such regulations, critics will allege executive overreach. In fact, it will be ''correcting'' the executive overreach of thousands of regulations promulgated by administrative fiat that were never authorized by Congress. The president owes lawmaking deference to Congress, not to bureaucrats deep within federal agencies. The use of executive orders to substitute for lawmaking by adding burdensome new rules is a constitutional affront, but the use of executive orders to roll back regulations that wrongly bypassed Congress is legitimate and necessary to comply with the Supreme Court’s recent mandates. And after those regulations are fully rescinded, a future president couldn’t simply flip the switch and revive them but would instead have to ask Congress to do so"<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/opinion/musk-and-ramaswamy-the-doge-plan-to-reform-government-supreme-court-guidance-end-executive-power-grab-fa51c020?cx_testId=3&cx_testVariant=cx_165&cx_artPos=5|title=Elon Musk and Vivek Ramaswamy: The DOGE Plan to Reform Government|last=Musk|first=Elon|date=20 November 2024|work=The Wall Street Journal|last2=Ramaswamy|first2=Vivek}}</ref> </blockquote> == Shrink the federal civil service == The government has around three million [[w:United_States_federal_civil_service|federal civil service]] employees, with an average salary of $106,000. Dr. Anthony Fauci made $481,000 in 2022. The federal head count has ballooned by 120,800 during the Biden years. Civil service and union protections make it hard to fire workers. Mr. Trump intends to quickly resurrect the [[w:Schedule_F|Schedule F]] reform that he sought to implement at the end of his first term but was scrapped by Mr. Biden. These would high-level federal employees to be removed like political appointees, by eliminating their job protections. WSJ proposals[https://www.wsj.com/opinion/the-doge-cheat-sheet-elon-musk-vivek-ramaswamy-department-of-government-efficiency-1c231783#cxrecs_s] The [[w:Administrative_Procedures_Act|Administrative Procedures Act]] statute protects federal employees from political retaliation, but allows for “reductions in force” that don’t target specific employees. The statute further empowers the president to “prescribe rules governing the competitive service.” The Supreme Court has held—in ''[[w:Franklin_v._Massachusetts|Franklin v. Massachusetts]]'' (1992) and ''[[w:Collins_v._Yellen|Collins v. Yellen]]'' (2021) that when revious presidents have used this power to amend the civil service rules by executive order, they weren’t constrained by the APA when they did so. Mr. Trump can, with this authority, implement any number of “rules governing the competitive service” that would curtail administrative overgrowth, from large-scale firings to relocation of federal agencies out of the Washington area. The DOGE welcomes voluntary terminations once the President begins requiring federal employees to come to the office five days a week, because American taxpayers shouldn’t pay federal employees for the Covid-era privilege of staying home.<ref>[https://www.wsj.com/opinion/musk-and-ramaswamy-the-doge-plan-to-reform-government-supreme-court-guidance-end-executive-power-grab-fa51c020?cx_testId=3&cx_testVariant=cx_165&cx_artPos=5 Elon Musk and Vivek Ramaswamy: The DOGE Plan to Reform Government: Following the Supreme Court’s guidance, we’ll reverse a decadeslong executive power grab. Musk & Ramaswamy 11/20/2024]</ref> == Reduce the deficit and debt by impounding appropriated funds == === Impound appropriated funds === Reports suggest that president-elect Trump intends to override Congress’s power of the purse by [[w:Impoundment_of_appropriated_funds|impoundment of appropriated funds]], that is, refusing to spend them. the president may [[wikipedia:Rescission_bill|propose rescission]] of specific funds, but that rescission must be approved by both the [[wikipedia:United_States_House_of_Representatives|House of Representatives]] and [[wikipedia:United_States_Senate|Senate]] within 45 days. [[w:Thomas_Jefferson|Thomas Jefferson]] was the first president to exercise the power of impoundment in 1801, which power was available to all presidents up to and including [[wikipedia:Richard_Nixon|Richard Nixon]], and was regarded as a power inherent to the office, although one with limits. He may ask Congress to repeal The [[w:Congressional_Budget_and_Impoundment_Control_Act_of_1974|Congressional Budget and Impoundment Control Act of 1974]], which was passed in response to Nixon's abuses.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://democrats-budget.house.gov/resources/reports/impoundment-control-act-1974-what-it-why-does-it-matter|title=The Impoundment Control Act of 1974: What Is It? Why Does It Matter? {{!}} House Budget Committee Democrats|date=2019-10-23|website=democrats-budget.house.gov|language=en|access-date=2024-05-19}}</ref> If Congress refuses to do so, president Trump may impound funds anyway and argue in court that the 1974 law is unconstitutional. The matter would likely end up at the Supreme Court, which would have to do more than simply hold the 1974 act unconstitutional in order for Mr. Trump to prevail. The court would also have to overrule [[w:Train_v._City_of_New_York_(1975)|''Train v. City of New York'' (1975)]], which held that impoundment is illegal unless the underlying legislation specifically authorizes it. === Reduce the budget deficit === [[wikipedia:U.S. federal budget|U.S. federal budget]] The [[wikipedia:Fiscal_year|fiscal year]], beginning October 1 and ending on September 30 of the year following. Congress is the body required by law to pass appropriations annually and to submit funding bills passed by both houses to the President for signature. Congressional decisions are governed by rules and legislation regarding the [[wikipedia:United_States_budget_process|federal budget process]]. Budget committees set spending limits for the House and Senate committees and for Appropriations subcommittees, which then approve individual [[wikipedia:Appropriations_bill_(United_States)|appropriations bills]] to During FY2022, the federal government spent $6.3 trillion. Spending as % of GDP is 25.1%, almost 2 percentage points greater than the average over the past 50 years. Major categories of FY 2022 spending included: Medicare and Medicaid ($1.339T or 5.4% of GDP), Social Security ($1.2T or 4.8% of GDP), non-defense discretionary spending used to run federal Departments and Agencies ($910B or 3.6% of GDP), Defense Department ($751B or 3.0% of GDP), and net interest ($475B or 1.9% of GDP).<ref name="CBO_2022">[https://www.cbo.gov/publication/58888 The Federal Budget in Fiscal Year 2022: An Infographic]</ref> CBO projects a federal budget deficit of $1.6 trillion for 2024. In the agency’s projections, deficits generally increase over the coming years; the shortfall in 2034 is $2.6 trillion. The deficit amounts to 5.6 percent of gross domestic product (GDP) in 2024, swells to 6.1 percent of GDP in 2025, and then declines in the two years that follow. After 2027, deficits increase again, reaching 6.1 percent of GDP in 2034.<ref name="CBO_budgetOutlook2024">{{cite web|url=https://www.cbo.gov/publication/59710|title=The Budget and Economic Outlook: 2024 to 2034|date=February 7, 2024|publisher=CBO|access-date=February 7, 2024}}</ref> The following table summarizes several budgetary statistics for the fiscal year 2015-2021 periods as a percent of GDP, including federal tax revenue, outlays or spending, deficits (revenue – outlays), and [[wikipedia:National_debt_of_the_United_States|debt held by the public]]. The historical average for 1969-2018 is also shown. With U.S. GDP of about $21 trillion in 2019, 1% of GDP is about $210 billion.<ref name="CBO_Hist_20">[https://www.cbo.gov/about/products/budget-economic-data#2 CBO-Historical Budget Data-Retrieved January 28, 2020]</ref> Statistics for 2020-2022 are from the CBO Monthly Budget Review for FY 2022.<ref name="CBO_MBRFY2022">{{cite web|url=https://www.cbo.gov/publication/58592|title=Monthly Budget Review: Summary for Fiscal Year 2022|date=November 8, 2022|publisher=CBO|access-date=December 10, 2022}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" !Variable As % GDP !2015 !2016 !2017 !2018 !2019 !2020 !2021 !2022 !Hist Avg |- !Revenue<ref name="CBO_Hist_20">[https://www.cbo.gov/about/products/budget-economic-data#2 CBO-Historical Budget Data-Retrieved January 28, 2020]</ref> |18.0% |17.6% |17.2% |16.4% |16.4% |16.2% |17.9% |19.6% |17.4% |- !Outlays<ref name="CBO_Hist_20" /> |20.4% |20.8% |20.6% |20.2% |21.0% |31.1% |30.1% |25.1% |21.0% |- !Budget Deficit<ref name="CBO_Hist_20" /> | -2.4% | -3.2% | -3.5% | -3.8% | -4.6% | -14.9% | -12.3% | -5.5% | -3.6% |- !Debt Held by Public<ref name="CBO_Hist_20" /> |72.5% |76.4% |76.2% |77.6% |79.4% |100.3% |99.6% |94.7% | |} The [[wikipedia:U.S._Constitution|U.S. Constitution]] ([[wikipedia:Article_One_of_the_United_States_Constitution|Article I]], section 9, clause 7) states that "No money shall be drawn from the Treasury, but in Consequence of Appropriations made by Law; and a regular Statement and Account of Receipts and Expenditures of all public Money shall be published from time to time." Each year, the President of the United States submits a budget request to Congress for the following fiscal year as required by the [[wikipedia:Budget_and_Accounting_Act_of_1921|Budget and Accounting Act of 1921]]. Current law ({{UnitedStatesCode|31|1105}}(a)) requires the president to submit a budget no earlier than the first Monday in January, and no later than the first Monday in February. Typically, presidents submit budgets on the first Monday in February. The budget submission has been delayed, however, in some new presidents' first year when the previous president belonged to a different party. === Reduce the National debt === == Strategic Foreign Policy and Military reform == Nominee for [[w:National_Security_Advisor|National Security Advisor]] [[w:Mike_Waltz|Mike Waltz]] To oversee the [[w:U.S._Intelligence_Community|U.S. Intelligence Community]] and NIP, and the 18 IC agencies, including the CIA, DIA, NSC, the nominee for [[w:Director_of_National_Intelligence|Director of National Intelligence]] is [[w:Tulsi_Gabbard|Tulsi Gabbard]], who is an isolationist of the [[w:Bernie_Sanders#foreign_policy|Bernie Sanders]] camp, with a long record of dogmatically opposing [[w:Foreign_policy_of_the_Trump_administration|President Trump's first term foreign policy]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/opinion/tulsi-gabbard-director-of-national-intelligence-donald-trump-foreign-policy-syria-israel-iran-b37aa3de|title=How Tulsi Gabbard Sees the World|last=Editorial Board|date=10 December 2024|work=The Wall Street Journal}}</ref> === Department of State === {{Main article|w:Second presidency of Donald Trump#Prospective foreign policy|w:State Department}} [[w:Marco_Rubio|Marco Rubio]] has been nominated as [[w:U.S._Secretary_of_State|U.S. Secretary of State]], overseeing $53bn and 77,880 employees ==== [[w:USAID|USAID]] ==== === U.S. Department of Defense === Nominated for [[w:Secretary_of_Defense|Secretary of Defense]] is [[w:Pete_Hegseth|Pete Hegseth]]. The president-elect is reportedly considering a draft executive order that establishes a “warrior board” of retired senior military personnel with the power to review three- and four-star officers “on leadership capability, strategic readiness, and commitment to military excellence," and to recommend removals of any deemed unfit for leadership. This would fast-track the removal of generals and admirals found to be “lacking in requisite leadership qualities,” consistent with his earlier vow to fire “woke” military leaders.<ref>[https://www.wsj.com/politics/national-security/trump-draft-executive-order-would-create-board-to-purge-generals-7ebaa606<nowiki> Trump draft executive order would create a board to purge generals 11/12/2024]</nowiki></ref> There are legal obstacles. The law prohibits the firing of commissioned officers except by “sentence of a general court-martial,” as a “commutation of a sentence of a general court-martial,” or “in time of war, by order of the president.” A commissioned officer who believes he’s been wrongfully dismissed has the right to seek a trial by court-martial, which may find the dismissal baseless. <ref>[https://www.wsj.com/opinion/trump-tests-the-constitutions-limits-checks-balances-government-policy-law-78d0d0f1 &lt;nowiki&gt; Trump test the constitutions limits 11/19/2024]</ref> Musk said, "Some idiots are still building manned fighter jets like the F-35," and later added: "Manned fighter jets are outdated in the age of drones and only put pilots' lives at risk." [[w:Bernie_Sanders|Bernie Sanders]] wrote on X: "Elon Musk is right. The Pentagon, with a budget of $886 billion, just failed its 7th audit in a row. It's lost track of billions. Last year, only 13 senators voted against the Military Industrial Complex and a defense budget full of waste and fraud. That must change."{{sfn|Newsweek 12/02|2024}}. It failed its fifth audit in June 2023.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newsweek.com/fox-news-host-confronts-gop-senator-pentagons-fifth-failed-audit-1804379|title=Fox News host confronts GOP Senator on Pentagon's fifth failed audit|last=Writer|first=Fatma Khaled Staff|date=2023-06-04|website=Newsweek|language=en|access-date=2024-12-02}}</ref> === US Air Force === Air Force is advancing a program called [[w:Collaborative_Combat_Aircraft|Collaborative Combat Aircraft]] to build roughly 1,000 UAVs, with [[w:Anduril|Anduril]] and [[w:General_Atomics|General Atomics]] currently building prototypes, ahead of an Air Force decision on which company or companies will be contracted to build it. The cost quickly exceeded the $2.3 billion approved for last fiscal year’s budget, according to the [[w:Congressional_Research_Service|Congressional Research Service]], prompting calls for more oversight. “''If you want to make real improvements to the defense and security of the United States of America, we would be investing more in drones, we’d be investing more in [[w:Hypersonic_weapon|hypersonic missiles]]'',” said Mr. Ramaswamy. The program for Lockheed-Martin's [[w:F-35|F-35]] stealth jet fighters, now in production, is expected to exceed $2 trillion over several decades. The Air Force on 5 December announced it would delay a decision on which company would build the next-generation crewed fighter, called [[w:Next Generation Air Dominance|Next Generation Air Dominance (NGAD)]], which was planned to replace the [[w:F-22|F-22]] and operate alongside the F-35. Mr. Musk has written that "manned fighter jets are obsolete in the age of drones.” In another post, he claimed “a reusable drone” can do everything a jet fighter can do “without all the overhead of a pilot.” Brigadier General [[w:Doug_Wickert|Doug Wickert]] said in response, “There may be some day when we can completely rely on roboticized warfare but we are a century away.... How long have we thought full self-driving was going to be on the Tesla?” <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/politics/national-security/air-force-jets-vs-drones-trump-administration-8b1620a5?page=1|title=Trump Administration Set to Decide Future of Jet Fighters|last=Seligman|first=Lara|date=6 December 2024|work=The Wall Street Journal}}</ref> === US Space Force === The [[w:US_Space_Force|US Space Force]]'s 2023 budget was ~$26bn and it had 9,400 military personnel. SpaceX had a $14m contract to provide communications to the Ukrainian armed forces and government through 30th Nov 2024.{{sfn|Economist 11/23|2024}} Is also receiving a $733m contract to carry satellites into orbit.{{sfn|Economist 11/23|2024}} The Pentagon plans to incorporate into its own communications network 100 of [[w:Starshield|Starshield]]'s satellites.{{sfn|Economist 11/23|2024}} Starshield also has a $1.8bn contract to help the [[w:National_Reconnaissance_Office|National Reconnaissance Office]] build spy satellites.{{sfn|Economist 11/23|2024}} == Department of Space Transportation == Mr. Trump's transition team told advisors that it plans to make a federal framework for self-driving cars. Mr. Trump had a call with Sundar Pichai and Mr. Musk. === Rail and Tunnel Authority === === Ports Authority === === Interstate Highway Authority === === [[w:Federal_Aviation_Administration|Federal Aviation Administration]] === Musk has often complained about the FAA "smothering" innovation, boasting that he can build a rocket faster than the agency can process the "Kafkaesque paperwork" required to make the relevant approvals.{{sfn|Economist 11/23|2024}} === National Air and Space Administration === The [[w:National_Air_and_Space_Administration|National Air and Space Administration]] (NASA) had a 2023 budget of $25.4 bn and 18,000 employees. [[w:Jared_Isaacman|Jared Isaacman]] is nominated director. He had joined a space voyage in 2021 which was the first for an all-civilian crew to reach orbit. He led a four person crew in September on the first commericial spacewalk, testing SpaceX's new spacesuits. He promised to lead NASA in to "usher in an era where humanity becomes a true space-faring civilization." In an interview Isaacman said that NASA will evolve as private space companies set their own priorities and develop technology. NASA could have a certification role for astronauts and vehicles, similar to how the Federal Aviation Administration oversees the commercial airline industry. “The FAA doesn’t build the airplanes. They don’t staff the pilots that fly you from point A to B,” he said. “That is the world that NASA is in, essentially.” He also suggested openness to new and lower cost ways of getting to the Moon and to Mars.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/politics/elections/trump-picks-billionaire-space-traveler-to-run-nasa-4420150b?page=1|title=Trump Picks Billionaire Space Traveler to Run NASA|last=Maidenberg|first=Micah|date=5 December 2024|work=WSJ}}</ref> In September 2026, NASA's [[w:Artemis_program|Artemis program]], established in 2017 via [[wikipedia:Space_Policy_Directive_1|Space Policy Directive 1]], is intended to reestablish a human presence on the Moon for the first time since the [[wikipedia:Apollo_17|Apollo 17]] mission in 1972. The program's stated long-term goal is to establish a [[wikipedia:Moonbase|permanent base on the Moon]] to facilitate [[wikipedia:Human_mission_to_Mars|human missions to Mars]]. The [[w:U.S._National_Academies_of_Sciences,_Engineering,_and_Medicine|U.S. National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine]] in October, put out a report titled "NASA at a Crossroads," which identified myriad issues at the agency, including out-of-date infrastructure, pressures to prioritize short-term objectives and inefficient management practices. NASA's costly [[w:Space_Launch_System|Space Launch System]] (SLS) is the cornerstone of the Artemis program. has a price tag of around $4.1 billion per launch, and is a single-use rocket that can only launch every two years, having debuted in 2022 with the uncrewed [[w:Artemis_1_mission|Artemis 1 mission]] to the moon. In contrast, SpaceX is working to reduce the cost of a single Starship flight to under $10 million. NASA Associate Administrator Jim Free urged the incoming administration to maintain the current plans, in a symposium with the [[w:American_Astronautical_Society|American Astronautical Society]] saying "We need that consistency in purpose. That has not happened since Apollo. If we lose that, I believe we will fall apart and we will wander, and other people in this world will pass us by." NASA has already asked both [[w:SpaceX|SpaceX]] and also Jeff Bezos' [[w:Blue_Origin|Blue Origin]], to develop cargo landers for its Artemis missions and to deliver heavy equipment on them to the Moon by 2033. "Having two lunar lander providers with different approaches for crew and cargo landing capability provides mission flexibility while ensuring a regular cadence of moon landings for continued discovery and scientific opportunity," Stephen D. Creech, NASA's assistant deputy associate administrator for the moon to Mars program, said in an announcement about the partnership. "For all of the money we are spending, NASA should NOT be talking about going to the Moon - We did that 50 years ago. They should be focused on the much bigger things we are doing, including Mars (of which the Moon is a part), Defense and Science!" Trump wrote in a post on X in 2019. Trump has said he would create a [[w:Space_National_Guard|Space National Guard]], an idea that lawmakers in Congress have been proposing since 2021. Critics agree that a focus on spaceflight could come at the expense of "Earth and atmospheric sciences at NASA and the [[w:National_Oceanic_and_Atmospheric_Administration|National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]] (NOAA), which have been cut during the Biden era."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newsweek.com/elon-musk-donald-trump-nasa-space-policy-1990599|title=Donald Trump and Elon Musk could radically reshape NASA. Here's how|last=Reporter|first=Martha McHardy US News|date=2024-11-27|website=Newsweek|language=en|access-date=2024-12-02}}</ref> Regarding his goal and SpaceX's corporate mission of colonising Mars, Mr. Musk has stated that "The DOGE is the only path to extending life beyond earth"{{sfn|Economist 11/23|2024}} === National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration === == Department of Education and Propaganda == [[w:United_States_Department_of_Education|Department of Education]] has 4,400 employees – the smallest staff of the Cabinet agencies<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www2.ed.gov/about/overview/fed/role.html|title=Federal Role in Education|date=2021-06-15|website=www2.ed.gov|language=en|access-date=2022-04-28}}</ref> – and a 2024 budget of $238 billion.<ref name="DOE-mission">{{Cite web|url=https://www.usaspending.gov/agency/department-of-education?fy=2024|title=Agency Profile {{!}} U.S. Department of Education|website=www2.ed.gov|access-date=2024-11-14}}</ref> The 2023 Budget was $274 billion, which included funding for children with disabilities ([[wikipedia:Individuals_with_Disabilities_Education_Act|IDEA]]), pandemic recovery, early childhood education, [[wikipedia:Pell_Grant|Pell Grants]], [[wikipedia:Elementary_and_Secondary_Education_Act|Title I]], work assistance, among other programs. This budget was down from $637.7 billion in 2022.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.future-ed.org/what-the-new-pisa-results-really-say-about-u-s-schools/|title=What the New PISA Results Really Say About U.S. Schools|date=2021-06-15|website=future-ed.com|language=en|access-date=2024-11-14}}</ref> Nominated as [[w:US_Secretary_of_Education|Secretary of Education]] is [[w:Linda_McMahon|Linda McMahon]]. The WSJ proposes that the Civil Rights division be absorbed into the Department of Justice, and that its outstanding loan portolio be handled by the Department of the Treasury. Despite the redundancies, its unlikely that it will be abolished, which would require congressional action and buy-in from Democrats in the Senate; Republicans don’t have enough votes to do it alone. A republican appointee is expected to push back against federal education overreach and progressive policies like DEI. <ref>[https://www.wsj.com/opinion/trump-can-teach-the-education-department-a-lesson-nominee-needs-boldness-back-school-choice-oppose-woke-indoctrination-ddf6a38d<nowiki> Trump can teach the Education Department a Lesson. WSJ 11/20/2024]</nowiki></ref> During his campaign, Trump had pledged to get the "transgender insanity the hell out of schools.” Relying on the district court's decision in ''[[w:Tatel_v._Mount_Lebanon_School_District|Tatel v. Mount Lebanon School District]] , the'' attorney general and education secretary could issue a letter explaining how enforcing gender ideology violates constitutional [[w:Free_exercise_clause|First amendment right to free exercise of religion]] and the [[w:Equal_Protection_Clause|14th Amendment’s Equal Protection Clause]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/opinion/how-trump-can-target-transgenderism-in-schools-law-policy-education-369537a7?page=1|title=How Trump Can Target Transgenderism in Schools|last=Eden|first=Max|date=9 December 2024|work=The Wall Street Journal}}</ref> === CPB, PBS, NPR === Regarding the [[w:Corporation_for_Public_Broadcasting|Corporation for Public Broadcasting]], [[w:Howard_Husock|Howard Husock]] suggest that instead of zeroing its $535 million budget, Republicans reform the [[w:Public_Broadcasting_Act|Public Broadcasting Act]] to eliminate bias and improve local journalism.<ref>https://www.wsj.com/opinion/the-conservative-case-for-public-broadcasting-media-policy-2d4c3c9f?page=1</ref> {{As of|2024|alt=For fiscal year 2024}}, its appropriation was US$525 million, including $10 million in interest earned. The distribution of these funds was as follows:<ref>{{cite web|url=https://cpb.org/aboutcpb/financials/budget/|title=CPB Operating Budget|last=|date=2024|website=www.cpb.org|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=November 27, 2024|url-status=}}</ref> * $262.83M for direct grants to local public television stations; * $95.11M for television programming grants; * $81.77M for direct grants to local public radio stations; * $28.12M for the Radio National Program Production and Acquisition * $9.43M for the Radio Program Fund * $31.50 for system support * $26.25 for administration Public broadcasting stations are funded by a combination of private donations from listeners and viewers, foundations and corporations. Funding for public television comes in roughly equal parts from government (at all levels) and the private sector.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cpb.org/annualreports/2013/|title=CPB 2013 Annual Report|website=www.cpb.org|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160212170045/http://cpb.org/annualreports/2013/|archive-date=February 12, 2016|access-date=May 4, 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref> == U.S. Department of Health and Human Services == Nominated as [[w:United_States_Secretary_of_Health_and_Human_Services|United States Secretary of Health and Human Services]] is [[w:Robert_F._Kennedy_Jr.|Robert F. Kennedy Jr.]], deputy Secretary [[w:Jim_O'Neill_(investor)|Jim O'Neill]]. Nominated for [[w:US_Surgeon_General|US Surgeon General]] is [[w:Janette_Nesheiwat|Janette Nesheiwat]]. [[w:U.S._Department_of_Health_and_Human_Services|U.S. Department of Health and Human Services]] was authorized a budget for [[w:2020_United_States_federal_budget|fiscal year 2020]] of $1.293 trillion. It has 13 operating divisions, 10 of which constitute the [[w:United_States_Public_Health_Service|Public Health Services]], whose budget authorization is broken down as follows:<ref name="hhs_budget_fy2020">{{cite web|url=https://www.hhs.gov/about/budget/fy2020/index.html|title=HHS FY 2020 Budget in Brief|date=October 5, 2019|website=HHS Budget & Performance|publisher=United States Department of Health & Human Services|page=7|access-date=May 9, 2020}}</ref> {| class="wikitable sortable" !Nominee !Program !2020 Budget !2024 Budget ! employees !2025 Budget !2026 Budget |- |[[w:Marty_Makary|Marty Makary]] |[[w:Food and Drug Administration|Food and Drug Administration]] (FDA) |$3,329 MM |- | |[[w:Health Resources and Services Administration|Health Resources and Services Administration]] (HRSA) |$11,004 |- | |[[w:Indian Health Service|Indian Health Service]] (IHS) |$6,104 |- |[[w:Dave_Weldon|Dave Weldon]] |[[w:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]] (CDC) |$6,767 |- |[[w:Jay_Bhattacharya|Jay Bhattacharya]] |[[w:National Institutes of Health|National Institutes of Health]] (NIH) |$33,669 |- | |[[w:Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration|Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration]] (SAMHSA) |$5,535 |- | |[[w:Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality|Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality]] (AHRQ) |$0 |- |[[w:Mehmet_Oz|Mehmet Oz]] |[[w:Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services|Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services]] (CMMS) |$1,169,091 |- | |[[w:Administration for Children and Families|Administration for Children and Families]] (ACF) |$52,121 |- | |[[w:Administration for Community Living|Administration for Community Living]] (ACL) |$1,997 |- |} {| class="wikitable sortable" !Program !2020 Budget !2024 Budget ! employees !2025 Budget !2026 Budget |- |[[w:Departmental Management|Departmental Management]] |$340 |- |Non-Recurring Expense Fund |$-400 |- |[[w:Office of Medicare Hearings and Appeals|Office of Medicare Hearings and Appeals]] |$186 |- |[[w:Office of the National Coordinator|Office of the National Coordinator]] |$43 |- |[[w:Office for Civil Rights|Office for Civil Rights]] |$30 |- |[[w:Office of Inspector General|Office of Inspector General]] |$82 |- |[[w:Public Health and Social Services Emergency Fund|Public Health and Social Services Emergency Fund]] |$2,667 |- |[[w:Program Support Center|Program Support Center]] |$749 |- |Offsetting Collections |$-629 |- |Other Collections |$-163 |- |'''TOTAL''' |'''$1,292,523''' |} The FY2020 budget included a $1.276 billion budget decrease for the Centers for Disease Control, and a $4.533 billion budget decrease for the National Institutes of Health. These budget cuts, along with other changes since 2019, comprised a total decrease of over $24 billion in revised discretionary budget authority across the entire Department of Health and Human Services for Fiscal Year 2020.<ref name="hhs_budget_fy2020" /> Additional details of the budgeted outlays, budget authority, and detailed budgets for other years, can be found at the HHS Budget website.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://WWW.HHS.GOV/BUDGET|title=Health and Human Services: Budget and Performance|publisher=United States Department of Health & Human Services|access-date=May 9, 2020}}</ref> He is an American politician, [[Environmental law|environmental lawyer]], [[anti-vaccine activist]], and anti-packaged food industry activist, anti-pharmaceutical industry activist, who will be nominated to serve as [[United States Secretary of Health and Human Services]],<ref name="v502">{{cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/saradorn/2024/11/14/rfk-jr-launches-independent-2024-run-here-are-all-the-conspiracies-he-promotes-from-vaccines-to-mass-shootings/|title=Trump Taps RFK Jr. As Secretary Of Health And Human Services: Here Are All The Conspiracies He's Promoted|last=Dorn|first=Sara|date=2024-11-14|website=Forbes|access-date=2024-11-15}}</ref> with the mission of "Making America Healthy Again". He is the chairman and founder of [[Children's Health Defense]], an anti-vaccine advocacy group and proponent of [[COVID-19 vaccine misinformation|dubious COVID-19 vaccine information]].<ref name="Smith_12/15/2021" /><ref name="KW" /> === National Institutes of Health === The [[w:NIH|NIH]] distributes grants of ~$50bn per year. Nominated to lead the [[w:National_Institutes_of_Health|National Institutes of Health]] is [[w:Jay_Bhattacharya|Jay Bhattacharya]], who has announced the following priorities for funding: * cutting edge research, saying that the NIH has become "sclerotic", due to a phenomenon has been called [[Eroom’s law]], which explains that career incentives encourage “me-too research,” given that citations by other scientists “have become the dominant way to evaluate scientific contributions and scientists.” That has shifted research “toward incremental science and away from exploratory projects that are more likely to fail, but which are the fuel for future breakthroughs.”<ref name=":3">{{Cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/opinion/jay-bhattacharya-and-the-vindication-of-the-fringe-scientists-pandemic-lockdowns-38b6aec6|title=Jay Bhattacharya and the Vindication of the ‘Fringe’ Scientists|last=Finley|first=Allysia|date=1 December 2024|work=Wall Street Journal}}</ref> Dr. Bhattacharya's February 2020 paper explaining Eroom's law, as possible explanation for slowing of pharmaceutical advances.{{Cn}} * studies aimed at replicating the results of earlier studies, to address the problem of scientific fraud or other factors contributing to the the [[w:Replication_crisis|replication crisis]], encouraging academic freedom among NIH scientists and term limits for NIH leaders. “Those kinds of reforms, I think every scientist would agree, every American would agree, it’s how you turn the NIH from something that is sort of how to control society, into something that is aimed at the discovery of truth to improve the health of Americans,” he said.<ref name=":4">{{Cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/health/healthcare/covid-lockdown-critic-jay-bhattacharya-chosen-to-lead-nih-2958e5e2?page=1|title=Covid-Lockdown Critic Jay Bhattacharya Chosen to Lead NIH|last=Whyte|first=Liz Essley|date=26 November 2024|work=The Wall Street Journal}}</ref> * Refocusing on research on [[w:Chronic_diseases|chronic diseases]], which is underfunded, and away from [[w:Infectious_diseases|infectious diseases]], which is overfunded. * Ending [[w:Gain-of-function|gain-of-function]] research. Jay Bhattacharya wrote a March 25 2020 op-ed "Is the Coronavirus as Deadly as They Say?", with colleague [[w:Eran_Bendavid|Eran Bendavid]], arguing that many asymptomatic cases of COVID-19 were going undetected. The hypothesis was confirmed in April 2020 when he and several colleagues published a study showing that Covid anti-bodies in Santa Clara county were 50 times the recorded infection rate. This implied, he said "a lower inflection mortality rate than public health authorities were pushing at a time when they and the media thought it was a virtue to panic the population".<ref><nowiki><ref></nowiki>{{Cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/opinion/the-man-who-fought-fauci-and-won-trump-nih-nominee-jay-bhattacharya-covid-cancel-culture-4a0650bd?page=1|title=The Man Who Fought Fauci - and Won|last=Varadarajan|first=Tunku|date=6 December 2024|work=WSJ}}&lt;nowiki&gt;</ref> Dr. Bhattacharya, [[w:Martin_Kulldorff|Martin Kulldorff]], then at Harvard, and Oxford’s [[w:Sunetra_Gupta|Sunetra Gupta]] formally expounded this idea in the [[w:Great_Barrington_Declaration|Great Barrington Declaration]] in October 2020, urging the government to focus on protecting the vulnerable while letting others go about their lives, which previous NIH director [[w:Francis_Collins|Francis Collins]] derided as "fringe science its into the political views of certain parts of our confused political establishment," and previous [[w:NIAID|NIAID]] director [[w:Chief_Medical_Advisor_to_the_President|chief medical advisor to the President]] [[w:Anthony_Fauci|Anthony Fauci]] "a quick and devastating public takedown of its premises." Some suggest the same career incentives that lead to scientific group-think in the pharmaceutical industry, also explain conformist behavior during COVID-19, due to the threat against young scientists of losing NIH funding, jobs, and career opportunities, if they were to exercise in independent judgement.<ref name=":3" /> “Dr. Jay Bhattacharya is the ideal leader to restore NIH as the international template for gold-standard science and evidence-based medicine,” DHHS Secretary nominee Kennedy wrote. "We will reform American scientific institutions so that they are worthy of trust again and will deploy the fruits of excellent science to make America healthy again!” said Dr. Bhattacharya. “Dr. Bhattacharya is a strong choice to lead the NIH,” said Dr. [[w:Ned_Sharpless|Ned Sharpless]], a former [[w:National_Cancer_Institute|National Cancer Institute]] director. “The support of moderate Senate Republicans will be critical to NIH funding, and Dr. Bhattacharya’s Covid work will give him credibility with this constituency.”<ref name=":4" /> === Food and Drug Administration === The FDA in 2022 had 18,000 employees<ref name="fy2022">{{cite web|url=https://www.fda.gov/media/149613/download|title=FY 2022 FDA Budget Request|publisher=FDA|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230602090805/https://www.fda.gov/media/149613/download|archive-date=June 2, 2023|access-date=January 14, 2022|url-status=live}}</ref> and a budget of $6.5{{nbsp}}billion (2022)<ref name="fy2022" /> Nominated as director is [[w:Marty_Makary|Marty Makary]]. == Department of Agriculture and Food == [[w:Department_of_Agriculture|Department of Agriculture]] (USDA) had 2023 budget of ___ and ____ employees. Nominated for [[w:Secretary_of_Agriculture|Secretary of Agriculture]] is [[w:Brooke_Rollins|Brooke Rollins]], who had earlier served on the [[w:Office_of_American_Innovation|Office of American Innovation]] under [[w:Jared_Kushner|Jared Kushner]], and served as director of [[w:Domestic_Policy_Council|Domestic Policy Council]] == Department of Treasury and Commerce == [[w:Departments_of_Treasury|Departments of Treasury]] has 2023 budget of ____ and ___ employees. [[w:Department_of_Commerce|Department of Commerce]] has 2023 budget of _____ and _____ employees. Nominated for [[w:Secretary_of_the_Treasury|Secretary of the Treasury]] is [[w:Scott_Bessent|Scott Bessent]], for Secretary of Commerce is [[w:Howard_Lutnick|Howard Lutnick]] === Consumer Financial Protection Bureau === The [[w:Consumer_Financial_Protection_Bureau|Consumer Financial Protection Bureau]] (CFPB). Said Mr. Musk "Delete the CFPB. There are too many duplicative regulatory agencies"<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/politics/policy/elon-musk-doge-conflict-of-interest-b1202437?page=1|title=Musk’s DOGE Plans Rely on White House Budget Office. Conflicts Await.|last=Schwartz|first=Brian|work=The Wall Street Journal}}</ref> === Securities and Exchange Commission === [[w:Securities_and_Exchange_Commission|Securities and Exchange Commission]] === Internal Revenue Service === [[w:Internal_Revenue_Service|Internal Revenue Service]] == Departments of Energy and Interior == Nominee for [[w:US_Secretary_of_the_Interior|Secretary of the Interior]] is [[w:Doug_Burgum|Doug Burgum]], who will also be [[w:List_of_U.S._executive_branch_czars|Energy Czar]]. [[w:Department_of_Energy|Department of Energy]] [[w:United_States_Secretary_of_Energy|secretary nominee]] [[w:Chris_Wright_(energy_executive)|Chris Wright]] admits that burning fossil fuels contributes to rising temperatures, but says it poses only a modest threat to humanity, and praises it for increasing plant growth, making the planet greener, and boosting agricultural productivity. He also says that it likely reduces the annual number of temperature-related deaths. (estimates from health researchers say otherwise). He says, "It's probably almost as many positive changes as negative changes... Is it a crisis, is it the world's greatest challenge, or a big threat to the next generation? No. .. A little bit warmer isn’t a threat. If we were 5, 7, 8, 10 degrees [Celsius] warmer, that would be meaningful changes to the planet.” Scientists see a 1.5 degrees Celsius temperature as creating potentially irreversible changes for the planet, and expect to pass that mark later this year, after increasing over several decade. He criticizes the [[w:Paris_climate_agreement|Paris climate agreement]] for empowering "political actors with anti-fossil fuel agendas." Wright favors development of [[w:Geothermal_energy|geothermal energy]] and [[w:Nuclear_energy_policy_of_the_United_States|nuclear energy]], criticizing subsidies to wind and solar energy. <ref><nowiki><ref></nowiki>{{Cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/politics/policy/who-is-chris-wright-trump-energy-secretary-9eb617dc?page=1|title=Trump’s Energy Secretary Pick Preaches the Benefits of Climate Change|last=Morenne|first=Benoit|date=9 December 2024|work=The Wall Street Journal}}&lt;nowiki&gt;</ref> === Bureau of Land Management === === Forest Service === === National Parks === == AI and Cryptocurrency Policy == [[w:David_Sacks|David Sacks]] was named "White House AI and Crypto Czar". == Reform Entitlements == === Healthcare and Medicare === [[w:ObamaCare|ObamaCare]] started as a plausible scheme for universal, cost-effective health insurance with subsidies for the needy. Only the subsidies survive because the ObamaCare policies actually delivered are so overpriced nobody would buy them without a subsidy.<ref>[https://www.wsj.com/opinion/elons-real-trump-mission-protect-growth-department-of-government-efficiency-appointments-cabinet-9e7e62b2]</ref> See below: Department of Health and Human Services === Social Security === Even FDR was aware of its flaw: it discourages working and saving. === Other === Small-government advocate [[w:Ron_Paul|Ron Paul]] has suggested to cut aid to the following "biggest" welfare recipients: * The [[w:Military-industrial_complex|Military-industrial complex]] * The [[w:Pharmaceutical-industrial_complex|Pharmaceutical-industrial complex]] * The [[w:Federal_Reserve|Federal Reserve]] To which Mr. Musk replied, "Needs to be done".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thehill.com/video/ron-paul-vows-to-join-elon-musk-help-eliminate-government-waste-in-a-trump-admin/10191375/|title=Ron Paul vows to join Elon Musk, help eliminate government waste in a Trump admin|date=2024-11-05|website=The Hill|language=en-US|access-date=2024-12-09}}</ref> == Office of Management and Budget == The White House [[w:Office_of_Management_and_Budget|Office of Management and Budget]] (OMB) guides implementation of regulations and analyzes federal spending. Mssrs. Musk and Ramaswamy encouraged President-elect Trump to reappoint his first term director [[w:Russell_Vought|Russell Vought]], which he did on 22nd Nov.<ref name=":0" /> == Government Efficiency Personnel == Transition spokesman [[w:Brian_Hughes|Brian Hughes]] said that "Elon Musk is a once-in-a-generation business leader and our federal bureaucracy will certainly benefit from his ideas and efficiency". About a dozen Musk allies have visited Mar-a-Lago to serve as unofficial advisors to the Trump 47 transition, influencing hiring at many influential government agencies.<ref name=":2"><nowiki><ref></nowiki>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/12/06/us/politics/trump-elon-musk-silicon-valley.html?searchResultPosition=1|title=The Silicon Valley Billionaires Steering Trump’s Transition|date=8 December 2024|work=NYT}}</ref> [[w:Marc_Andreesen|Marc Andreesen]] has interviewed candidates for State, Pentagon, and DHHS, and has been active pushing for rollback of Biden's cryptocurrency regulations, and rollback of Lina Khan anti-trust efforts with the FTC, and calling for contracting reform in Defense dept. [[w:Jared_Birchall|Jared Birchall]] has interviewed candidates for State, and has advised on Space police and has put together councils for AI and Cryptocurrency policy. David Sacks was named "White House AI and Crypto Czar" [[w:Shaun_MacGuire|Shaun MacGuire]] has advised on picks for intelligence community and has interviewed candidates for Defense. Many tech executives are considering part-time roles advising the DOGE. [[w:Antonio_Gracias|Antonio Gracias]] and [[w:Steve_Davis|Steve Davis]] from Musk's "crisis team" have been active, as has investor [[w:John_Hering|John Hering]]. Other Silicon Valley players who have advised Trump or interviewed candidates: * [[w:Larry_Ellison|Larry Ellison]] has sat in on Trump transition 47 meetings at Mar-a-Lago. * [[w:Mark_Pincus|Mark Pincus]] * [[w:David_Marcus|David Marcus]] * [[w:Barry_Akis|Barry Akis]] * [[w:Shervin_Pishevar|Shervin Pishevar]], who has called for privitization of the USPS, NASA, and the federal Bureau of Prisons. Called for creating an American sovereign wealth fund, and has said that DOGE "could lead a revolutionary restructuring of public institutions."<ref name=":2" /> [[w:William_McGinley|William McGinley]] will move to a role with DOGE. Originally nominated for [[w:White_House_counsel|White House counsel]], he will be replaced in that role by [[w:David_Warrington|David Warrington]].<ref>{{Cite news|title=A White House Counsel Replaced before starting|last=Haberman|first=Maggie|date=6 December 2024|work=New York times}}</ref> The WSJ lauded without naming them, comparing them to the "dollar-a-year men" - business leaders who during WWII revolutionized industrial production to help make America the "arsenal of democracy". (WSJ, 10 December 2024) == History and Miscellaneous facts == See also: [[w:Department_of_Government_Efficiency#History|Department of Government Efficiency — History]] DOGE's work will "conclude" no later than July 4, 2026, the 250th anniversary of the signing of the [[United States Declaration of Independence|U.S. Declaration of Independence]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thehill.com/policy/4987402-trump-musk-advisory-group-spending/|title=Elon Musk, Vivek Ramaswamy to lead Trump's Department of Government Efficiency (DOGE)|last=Nazzaro|first=Miranda|date=November 13, 2024|website=The Hill|language=en-US|access-date=November 13, 2024}}</ref> also coinciding with America's [[United States Semiquincentennial|semiquincentennial]] celebrations and a proposed "Great American Fair". Despite its name it is not expected to be a [[wikipedia:United_States_federal_executive_departments|federal executive department]], but rather may operate under the [[Federal Advisory Committee Act]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/trump-department-of-government-efficiency-doge-elon-musk-ramaswamy/|title=What to know about Trump's Department of Government Efficiency, led by Elon Musk and Vivek Ramaswamy - CBS News|last=Picchi|first=Aimee|date=2024-11-14|website=www.cbsnews.com|language=en-US|access-date=2024-11-14}}</ref> so its formation is not expected to require approval from the [[wikipedia:United_States_Congress|U.S. Congress]]. NYT argues that records of its meetings must be made public.{{Cn}} As an advisor rather than a government employee, Mr. Musk will not be subject to various ethics rules.{{sfn|Economist 11/23}} Musk has stated that he believes such a commission could reduce the [[wikipedia:United_States_federal_budget|U.S. federal budget]] by $2 trillion, which would be a reduction of almost one third from its 2023 total. [[Maya MacGuineas]] of the [[Committee for a Responsible Federal Budget]] has said that this saving is "absolutely doable" over a period of 10 years, but it would be difficult to do in a single year "without compromising some of the fundamental objectives of the government that are widely agreed upon".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thehill.com/business/4966789-elon-musk-skepticism-2-trillion-spending-cuts/|title=Elon Musk draws skepticism with call for $2 trillion in spending cuts|last=Folley|first=Aris|date=2024-11-03|website=The Hill|language=en-US|access-date=2024-11-14}}</ref> [[wikipedia:Jamie_Dimon|Jamie Dimon]], the chief executive officer of [[wikipedia:JPMorgan_Chase|JPMorgan Chase]], has supported the idea. Some commentators questioned whether DOGE is a conflict of interest for Musk given that his companies are contractors to the federal government. The body is "unlikely to have any regulatory teeth on its own, but there's little doubt that it can have influence on the incoming administration and how it will determine its budgets".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.vox.com/policy/384904/trumps-department-of-government-efficiency-sounds-like-a-joke-it-isnt|title=Trump tapped Musk to co-lead the "Department of Government Efficiency." What the heck is that?|last=Fayyad|first=Abdallah|date=2024-11-13|website=Vox|language=en-US|access-date=2024-11-14}}</ref> Elon Musk had called [[w:Federico_Sturzenegger|Federico Sturzenegger]], Argentina's [[w:Ministry_of_Deregulation_and_State_Transformation|Minister of Deregulation and Transformation of the State]] ([[w:es:Ministerio_de_Desregulación_y_Transformación_del_Estado|es]]), to discuss imitating his ministry's model.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.infobae.com/economia/2024/11/08/milei-brindo-un-nuevo-apoyo-a-sturzenegger-y-afirmo-que-elon-musk-imitara-su-gestion-en-eeuu/|title=Milei brindó un nuevo apoyo a Sturzenegger y afirmó que Elon Musk imitará su gestión en EEUU|date=November 8, 2024|website=infobae|language=es-ES|access-date=November 13, 2024}}</ref> == Reception and Criticism == See also: [[w:Department_of_Government_Efficiency#Reception|w:Department of Government Efficiency — Reception]] The WSJ reports that Tesla's Texas facility dumped toxic wastewater into the public sewer system, into a lagoon, and into a local river, violated Texas environmental regulations, and fired an employee who attempted to comply with the law.{{Cn}} The Economist estimates that 10% of Mr. Musk's $360bn personal fortune is derived from contracts and benefits from the federal government, and 15% from the Chinese market.{{sfn|Economist 11/23}} == See also == * [[w:Second_presidential_transition_of_Donald_Trump|Second presidential transition of Donald Trump]] * [[w:United_States_federal_budget#Deficits_and_debt|United States federal budget - Deficits and debt]] * [[w:United_States_Bureau_of_Efficiency|United States Bureau of Efficiency]] – United States federal government bureau from 1916 to 1933 * [[w:Brownlow_Committee|Brownlow Committee]] – 1937 commission recommending United States federal government reforms * [[w:Grace_Commission|Grace Commission]] – Investigation to eliminate inefficiency in the United States federal government * [[w:Hoover_Commission|Hoover Commission]] – United States federal commission in 1947 advising on executive reform * [[w:Keep_Commission|Keep Commission]] * [[w:Project_on_National_Security_Reform|Project on National Security Reform]] * [[w:Delivering_Outstanding_Government_Efficiency_Caucus|Delivering Outstanding Government Efficiency Caucus]] == Notes == {{reflist}} == References == {{refbegin}} * {{Cite web|url=https://www.newsweek.com/bernie-sanders-finds-new-common-ground-elon-musk-1993820|title=Bernie Sanders finds new common ground with Elon Musk|last=Reporter|first=Mandy Taheri Weekend|date=2024-12-01|website=Newsweek|language=en|access-date=2024-12-02 |ref={{harvid|Newsweek 12/01|2024}} }} * {{Cite news|url=https://www.economist.com/briefing/2024/11/21/elon-musk-and-donald-trump-seem-besotted-where-is-their-bromance-headed|title=Elon Musk and Donald Trump seem besotted. Where is their bromance headed?|work=The Economist|access-date=2024-12-04|issn=0013-0613 |ref={{harvid|Economist 11/23|2024}} }} <references group="lower-alpha" /> {{refend}} dbmu6r3thx0dai8mlnximpwkblj5njb 2691560 2691558 2024-12-12T02:56:06Z Jaredscribe 2906761 /* Department of Agriculture and Food */ She has not endorsed the "Make America Healthy Again" agenda of RFK Jr. (and his colleagues Jay Bhattacharcya and others) who promised to "reverse 80 years of farm policy" and complains of the $30 billion/year farms subsidies. Kennedy wants to remove soda from food aid, and ultra-processed food from both food-stamp benefits and school meals. 2691560 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Research project}} The U.S. [[w:Department of Government Efficiency]]. {{Infobox Organization |name=Department of Government Efficiency |logo= |logo_size= |logo_caption=Logo on [[Twitter|X]] (formerly Twitter) as of November 14, 2024 |seal= |seal_size= |seal_caption= |formation=Announced on November 12, 2024; yet to be established |abbreviation=DOGE |key_people={{plainlist|[[w:Commissioner of the Department of Government Efficiency|Co-commissioners]]: * [[w:Elon Musk]] * [[w:Vivek Ramaswamy]] }} |website={{URL|https://x.com/DOGE|x.com/DOGE}} |volunteers=* Federico Sturzenegger|services=consulting|headquarters=Mar-A-Lago|organization_type=Presidential Advisory Commission|founder=Donald Trump|extinction=4 July 2026 (planned)|mission=(In the words of president-elect Donald Trump: * dismantle government bureaucracy * slash excess regulations * cut wasteful expenditures * restructure federal agencies, * address "massive waste and fraud" in government spending}} This "'''Wiki Of Government Efficiency'''" (WOGE) is a public interest, non-partisan research project that will [[User:Jaredscribe/Department of Government Efficiency#Reduce the deficit and debt by impounding appropriated funds|analyze the U.S. federal budget]], [[User:Jaredscribe/Department of Government Efficiency#Reform the other Government Bureaus and Departments|federal bureaucracy]], and [[User:Jaredscribe/Department of Government Efficiency#Shrink the federal civil service|federal civil service]], in the context of [[w:Second_presidency_of_Donald_Trump|president-elect Trump']]<nowiki/>s [[w:Agenda_47|Agenda 47]], and will catalogue, evaluate, and critique proposals on how the '''[[w:Department of Government Efficiency|Department of Government Efficiency]]'''{{Efn|Also referred to as '''Government Efficiency Commission'''}} (DOGE) is or is not fulfilling its mission to ''"dismantle government bureaucracy, slash excess regulations, and cut wasteful expenditures and restructure federal agencies"'', in the words of president-elect [[wikipedia:Donald_Trump|Donald Trump]], who called for it to address ''"massive waste and fraud"'' in government spending.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/c93qwn8p0l0o|title=Donald Trump picks Elon Musk for US government cost-cutting role|last1=Faguy|first1=Ana|last2=FitzGerald|first2=James|date=2024-11-13|publisher=BBC News|language=en-GB|access-date=2024-11-13}}</ref> Here's [[User:Jaredscribe/Department of Government Efficiency/How to contribute|how to contribute]] to the WOGE. The DOGE intends to [[User:Jaredscribe/Department of Government Efficiency#Office of Management and Budget|work through the Office of Management and Budget]] as its "policy vector". The [[w:U.S._budget_deficit|U.S. Budget deficit]], (C.f. [[w:Government_budget_balance|fiscal deficit]]), and the [[w:National_debt_of_the_United_States|U.S. National debt]], currently $35.7 Trillion as of 10/2024, which is 99% of the [[w:U.S._GDP|U.S. GDP]],<ref>{{Unbulleted list citebundle|{{cite news|newspaper=Financial Post| title= Musk's $2 Trillion of Budget Cuts Would Have These Stocks Moving|url=https://financialpost.com/pmn/business-pmn/musks-2-trillion-of-budget-cuts-would-have-these-stocks-moving|first=Alexandra|last=Semenova|date=November 4, 2024}}|{{cite news|newspaper= New York Times|title=Elon|url=https://nytimes.com/2024/10/29/us/politics/elon-musk-trump-economy-hardship.html}}|{{Cite web |date=September 5, 2024 |title=Trump says he'd create a government efficiency commission led by Elon Musk |url=https://apnews.com/article/donald-trump-elon-musk-government-efficiency-commission-e831ed5dc2f6a56999e1a70bb0a4eaeb |publisher=AP News}}|{{cite web|first=Jenn|last=Brice|title=How Elon Musk's $130 million investment in Trump's victory could reap a huge payoff for Tesla and the rest of his business empire|url=https://fortune.com/2024/11/06/elon-musk-donald-trump-tesla-spacex-xai-boring-neuralink|website=Fortune}}|{{cite web|url=https://axios.com/2024/11/07/elon-musk-government-efficiency-trump|title=Musk will bring his Twitter management style to government reform}}|{{cite news| access-date =November 9, 2024|work=Reuters|date=September 6, 2024|first1=Helen|first2=Gram|last1=Coster| last2=Slattery|title=Trump says he will tap Musk to lead government efficiency commission if elected| url= https://reuters.com/world/us/trump-adopt-musks-proposal-government-efficiency-commission-wsj-reports-2024-09-05}}|{{cite web|title=Trump says Musk could head 'government efficiency' force|url= https://bbc.com/news/articles/c74lgwkrmrpo|publisher=BBC}}|{{cite web|date =November 5, 2024|title=How Elon Musk could gut the government under Trump|url=https://independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/us-politics/elon-musk-donald-trump-economy-job-cuts-b2641644.html|website= The Independent}}}}</ref> and expected to grow to 134% of GDP by 2034 if current laws remain unchanged, according to the [[w:Congressional_Budget_Office|Congressional Budget Office]]. The DOGE will be a [[wikipedia:Presidential_commission_(United_States)|presidential advisory commission]] led by the billionaire businessmen [[wikipedia:Elon_Musk|Elon Musk]] and [[wikipedia:Vivek_Ramaswamy|Vivek Ramaswamy]], and possibly [[w:Ron_Paul|Ron Paul]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thehill.com/video/ron-paul-vows-to-join-elon-musk-help-eliminate-government-waste-in-a-trump-admin/10191375|title=Ron Paul vows to join Elon Musk, help eliminate government waste in a Trump admin|date=November 5, 2024|website=The Hill}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://usatoday.com/story/business/2024/10/28/patricia-healy-elon-musk-highlights-need-for-government-efficiency/75798556007|title=Elon Musk puts spotlight on ... Department of Government Efficiency? {{!}} Cumberland Comment|last=Healy|first=Patricia|website=USA TODAY|language=en-US|access-date=November 9, 2024}}</ref> with support from many [[w:Political_appointments_of_the_second_Trump_administration|Political and cabinet appointees of the second Trump administration]] and from a Congressional caucus Musk stated his belief that DOGE could remove US$2 trillion from the [[w:United_States_federal_budget|U.S. federal budget]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/live/HysDMs2a-iM?si=92I5LD1FY2PAsSuG&t=15822|title=WATCH LIVE: Trump holds campaign rally at Madison Square Garden in New York|date=October 28, 2024|website=youtube.com|publisher=[[PBS NewsHour]]|language=en|format=video}}</ref> without specifying whether these savings would be made over a single year or a longer period.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/cdj38mekdkgo|title=Can Elon Musk cut $2 trillion from US government spending?|last=Chu|first=Ben|date=2024-11-13|website=BBC News|language=en-GB|access-date=2024-11-14}}</ref> [[File:2023_US_Federal_Budget_Infographic.png|thumb|An infographic on outlays and revenues in the 2023 [[United States federal budget|U.S. federal budget]]]] DOGE could also streamline permitting with “categorical exclusions” from environmental reviews under the National Environmental Policy Act. {{sidebar with collapsible lists|name=U.S. deficit and debt topics|namestyle=background:#bf0a30;|style=width:22.0em; border: 4px double #d69d36; background:var(--background-color-base, #FFFFFF);|bodyclass=vcard|pretitle='''<span class="skin-invert">This article is part of [[:Category:United States|a series]] on the</span>'''|title=[[United States federal budget|<span style="color:var(--color-base, #000000);">Budget and debt in the<br/>United States of America</span>]]|image=[[File:Seal of the United States Congress.svg|90px]] [[File:Seal of the United States Department of the Treasury.svg|90px]]|titlestyle=background:var(--background-color-base, #002868); background-clip:padding-box;|headingstyle=background:var(--background-color-base, #bf0a30); color:var(--color-base, #fff);|listtitlestyle=background:var(--background-color-base, #bf0a30); color:var(--color-base, #fff); text-align:center;|expanded={{{expanded|{{{1|}}}}}}|list1name=dimensions|list1title=Major dimensions|list1class=hlist skin-invert|list1=* [[Economy of the United States|Economy]] * [[Expenditures in the United States federal budget|Expenditures]] * [[United States federal budget|Federal budget]] * [[Financial position of the United States|Financial position]] * [[Military budget of the United States|Military budget]] * [[National debt of the United States|Public debt]] * [[Taxation in the United States|Taxation]] * [[Unemployment in the United States|Unemployment]] * [[Government_spending_in_the_United_States|Gov't spending]]|list2name=programs|list2title=Programs|list2class=hlist skin-invert|list2=* [[Medicare (United States)|Medicare]] * [[Social programs in the United States|Social programs]] * [[Social Security (United States)|Social Security]]|list3name=issues|list3title=Contemporary issues|list3class=skin-invert|list3=<div style="margin-bottom:0.5em"> [[National Commission on Fiscal Responsibility and Reform|Bowles–Simpson Commission]] {{flatlist}} * <!--Bu--> [[Bush tax cuts]] * <!--Deb--> [[United States debt ceiling|Debt ceiling]] ** [[History of the United States debt ceiling|history]] * <!--Def--> [[Deficit reduction in the United States|Deficit reduction]] * <!--F--> [[United States fiscal cliff|Fiscal cliff]] * <!--H--> [[Healthcare reform in the United States|Healthcare reform]] * <!--P--> [[Political debates about the United States federal budget|Political debates]] * <!--So--> [[Social Security debate in the United States|Social Security debate]] * <!--St--> "[[Starve the beast]]" * <!--Su--> [[Subprime mortgage crisis]] {{endflatlist}} </div> [[2007–2008 financial crisis]] {{flatlist}} * <!--D--> [[United States debt-ceiling crisis (disambiguation)|Debt-ceiling crises]] ** [[2011 United States debt-ceiling crisis|2011]] ** [[2013 United States debt-ceiling crisis|2013]] ** [[2023 United States debt-ceiling crisis|2023]] {{endflatlist}} [[2013 United States budget sequestration|2013 budget sequestration]] {{flatlist}} * <!--G--> [[Government shutdowns in the United States|Government shutdowns]] ** [[1980 United States federal government shutdown|1980]] ** [[1981, 1984, and 1986 U.S. federal government shutdowns|1981, 1984, 1986]] ** [[1990 United States federal government shutdown|1990]] ** [[1995–1996 United States federal government shutdowns|1995–1996]] ** [[2013 United States federal government shutdown|2013]] ** [[January 2018 United States federal government shutdown|Jan 2018]] ** [[2018–2019 United States federal government shutdown|2018–2019]] {{endflatlist}} Related events {{flatlist}} *<!--E-->[[Removal of Kevin McCarthy as Speaker of the House|2023 Removal of Kevin McCarthy]] {{endflatlist}}|list4name=terminology|list4title=Terminology|list4class=hlist skin-invert|list4=Cumulative [[Government budget balance|deficit]] + [[National debt of the United States#Debates|Interest]] ≈ [[Government debt|Debt]] * [[Balance of payments]] * [[Inflation]] * [[Continuing resolution]]}} [[w:Deficit_reduction_in_the_United_States|Deficit reduction in the United States]] == Deregulate the Economy == The legal theory that this can be done through the executive branch is found in the U.S. Supreme Court’s ''[[w:West_Virginia_v._EPA|West Virginia v. EPA]]'' and ''[[w:Loper_Bright|Loper Bright]]'' rulings, which rein in the administrative state and mean that much of what the federal government now does is illegal.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.wsj.com/opinion/department-of-government-efficiency-elon-musk-vivek-ramaswamy-donald-trump-1e086dab|website=[[w:Wall Street Journal]]|title=The Musk-Ramaswamy Project Could Be Trump’s Best Idea}}</ref> Mr. Trump has set a goal of eliminating 10 regulations for every new one. The [[w:Competitive_Enterprise_Institute|Competitive Enterprise Institute]]’s Wayne Crews says 217,565 rules have been issued since the [[w:Federal_Register|Federal Register]] first began itemizing them in 1976, with 89,368 pages added last year. [https://sgp.fas.org/crs/misc/R43056.pdf 3,000-4,500 rules are added each year]. DOGE’s first order will be to pause enforcement of overreaching rules while starting the process to roll them back. Mr. Trump and DOGE could direct agencies to settle legal challenges to Biden rules by vacating them. This could ease the laborious process of undoing them by rule-making through the [[w:Administrative_Procedure_Act|Administrative Procedure Act]]. A source tells the WSJ they’ll do whatever they think they legally can without the APA. The [[w:Congressional_Review_Act|Congressional Review Act]]—which allows Congress to overturn recently issued agency regulations—had been used only once, prior to [[w:First_presidency_of_Donald_Trump|Trump's first term]]. While in office, he and the Republican Congress used it on 16 rules. This time, there will be more than 56 regulatory actions recent enough to be repealed. The [[w:Chevron_deference|''Chevron'' deference]] had required federal courts to defer to agencies’ interpretations of ambiguous statutes, but this was overturned in 2024. Taken together, with some other recent [[w:SCOTUS|SCOTUS]] rulings, we now have, says the WSJ, the biggest opportunity to cut regulatory red tape in more than 40 years.<ref>[https://www.wsj.com/opinion/let-the-trump-deregulation-begin-us-chamber-of-commerce-second-term-economic-growth-73f24387?cx_testId=3&cx_testVariant=cx_166&cx_artPos=0]</ref><blockquote>"Most legal edicts aren’t laws enacted by Congress but “rules and regulations” promulgated by unelected bureaucrats—tens of thousands of them each year. Most government enforcement decisions and discretionary expenditures aren’t made by the democratically elected president or even his political appointees but by millions of unelected, unappointed civil servants within government agencies who view themselves as immune from firing thanks to civil-service protections." "This is antidemocratic and antithetical to the Founders’ vision. It imposes massive direct and indirect costs on taxpayers." "When the president nullifies thousands of such regulations, critics will allege executive overreach. In fact, it will be ''correcting'' the executive overreach of thousands of regulations promulgated by administrative fiat that were never authorized by Congress. The president owes lawmaking deference to Congress, not to bureaucrats deep within federal agencies. The use of executive orders to substitute for lawmaking by adding burdensome new rules is a constitutional affront, but the use of executive orders to roll back regulations that wrongly bypassed Congress is legitimate and necessary to comply with the Supreme Court’s recent mandates. And after those regulations are fully rescinded, a future president couldn’t simply flip the switch and revive them but would instead have to ask Congress to do so"<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/opinion/musk-and-ramaswamy-the-doge-plan-to-reform-government-supreme-court-guidance-end-executive-power-grab-fa51c020?cx_testId=3&cx_testVariant=cx_165&cx_artPos=5|title=Elon Musk and Vivek Ramaswamy: The DOGE Plan to Reform Government|last=Musk|first=Elon|date=20 November 2024|work=The Wall Street Journal|last2=Ramaswamy|first2=Vivek}}</ref> </blockquote> == Shrink the federal civil service == The government has around three million [[w:United_States_federal_civil_service|federal civil service]] employees, with an average salary of $106,000. Dr. Anthony Fauci made $481,000 in 2022. The federal head count has ballooned by 120,800 during the Biden years. Civil service and union protections make it hard to fire workers. Mr. Trump intends to quickly resurrect the [[w:Schedule_F|Schedule F]] reform that he sought to implement at the end of his first term but was scrapped by Mr. Biden. These would high-level federal employees to be removed like political appointees, by eliminating their job protections. WSJ proposals[https://www.wsj.com/opinion/the-doge-cheat-sheet-elon-musk-vivek-ramaswamy-department-of-government-efficiency-1c231783#cxrecs_s] The [[w:Administrative_Procedures_Act|Administrative Procedures Act]] statute protects federal employees from political retaliation, but allows for “reductions in force” that don’t target specific employees. The statute further empowers the president to “prescribe rules governing the competitive service.” The Supreme Court has held—in ''[[w:Franklin_v._Massachusetts|Franklin v. Massachusetts]]'' (1992) and ''[[w:Collins_v._Yellen|Collins v. Yellen]]'' (2021) that when revious presidents have used this power to amend the civil service rules by executive order, they weren’t constrained by the APA when they did so. Mr. Trump can, with this authority, implement any number of “rules governing the competitive service” that would curtail administrative overgrowth, from large-scale firings to relocation of federal agencies out of the Washington area. The DOGE welcomes voluntary terminations once the President begins requiring federal employees to come to the office five days a week, because American taxpayers shouldn’t pay federal employees for the Covid-era privilege of staying home.<ref>[https://www.wsj.com/opinion/musk-and-ramaswamy-the-doge-plan-to-reform-government-supreme-court-guidance-end-executive-power-grab-fa51c020?cx_testId=3&cx_testVariant=cx_165&cx_artPos=5 Elon Musk and Vivek Ramaswamy: The DOGE Plan to Reform Government: Following the Supreme Court’s guidance, we’ll reverse a decadeslong executive power grab. Musk & Ramaswamy 11/20/2024]</ref> == Reduce the deficit and debt by impounding appropriated funds == === Impound appropriated funds === Reports suggest that president-elect Trump intends to override Congress’s power of the purse by [[w:Impoundment_of_appropriated_funds|impoundment of appropriated funds]], that is, refusing to spend them. the president may [[wikipedia:Rescission_bill|propose rescission]] of specific funds, but that rescission must be approved by both the [[wikipedia:United_States_House_of_Representatives|House of Representatives]] and [[wikipedia:United_States_Senate|Senate]] within 45 days. [[w:Thomas_Jefferson|Thomas Jefferson]] was the first president to exercise the power of impoundment in 1801, which power was available to all presidents up to and including [[wikipedia:Richard_Nixon|Richard Nixon]], and was regarded as a power inherent to the office, although one with limits. He may ask Congress to repeal The [[w:Congressional_Budget_and_Impoundment_Control_Act_of_1974|Congressional Budget and Impoundment Control Act of 1974]], which was passed in response to Nixon's abuses.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://democrats-budget.house.gov/resources/reports/impoundment-control-act-1974-what-it-why-does-it-matter|title=The Impoundment Control Act of 1974: What Is It? Why Does It Matter? {{!}} House Budget Committee Democrats|date=2019-10-23|website=democrats-budget.house.gov|language=en|access-date=2024-05-19}}</ref> If Congress refuses to do so, president Trump may impound funds anyway and argue in court that the 1974 law is unconstitutional. The matter would likely end up at the Supreme Court, which would have to do more than simply hold the 1974 act unconstitutional in order for Mr. Trump to prevail. The court would also have to overrule [[w:Train_v._City_of_New_York_(1975)|''Train v. City of New York'' (1975)]], which held that impoundment is illegal unless the underlying legislation specifically authorizes it. === Reduce the budget deficit === [[wikipedia:U.S. federal budget|U.S. federal budget]] The [[wikipedia:Fiscal_year|fiscal year]], beginning October 1 and ending on September 30 of the year following. Congress is the body required by law to pass appropriations annually and to submit funding bills passed by both houses to the President for signature. Congressional decisions are governed by rules and legislation regarding the [[wikipedia:United_States_budget_process|federal budget process]]. Budget committees set spending limits for the House and Senate committees and for Appropriations subcommittees, which then approve individual [[wikipedia:Appropriations_bill_(United_States)|appropriations bills]] to During FY2022, the federal government spent $6.3 trillion. Spending as % of GDP is 25.1%, almost 2 percentage points greater than the average over the past 50 years. Major categories of FY 2022 spending included: Medicare and Medicaid ($1.339T or 5.4% of GDP), Social Security ($1.2T or 4.8% of GDP), non-defense discretionary spending used to run federal Departments and Agencies ($910B or 3.6% of GDP), Defense Department ($751B or 3.0% of GDP), and net interest ($475B or 1.9% of GDP).<ref name="CBO_2022">[https://www.cbo.gov/publication/58888 The Federal Budget in Fiscal Year 2022: An Infographic]</ref> CBO projects a federal budget deficit of $1.6 trillion for 2024. In the agency’s projections, deficits generally increase over the coming years; the shortfall in 2034 is $2.6 trillion. The deficit amounts to 5.6 percent of gross domestic product (GDP) in 2024, swells to 6.1 percent of GDP in 2025, and then declines in the two years that follow. After 2027, deficits increase again, reaching 6.1 percent of GDP in 2034.<ref name="CBO_budgetOutlook2024">{{cite web|url=https://www.cbo.gov/publication/59710|title=The Budget and Economic Outlook: 2024 to 2034|date=February 7, 2024|publisher=CBO|access-date=February 7, 2024}}</ref> The following table summarizes several budgetary statistics for the fiscal year 2015-2021 periods as a percent of GDP, including federal tax revenue, outlays or spending, deficits (revenue – outlays), and [[wikipedia:National_debt_of_the_United_States|debt held by the public]]. The historical average for 1969-2018 is also shown. With U.S. GDP of about $21 trillion in 2019, 1% of GDP is about $210 billion.<ref name="CBO_Hist_20">[https://www.cbo.gov/about/products/budget-economic-data#2 CBO-Historical Budget Data-Retrieved January 28, 2020]</ref> Statistics for 2020-2022 are from the CBO Monthly Budget Review for FY 2022.<ref name="CBO_MBRFY2022">{{cite web|url=https://www.cbo.gov/publication/58592|title=Monthly Budget Review: Summary for Fiscal Year 2022|date=November 8, 2022|publisher=CBO|access-date=December 10, 2022}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" !Variable As % GDP !2015 !2016 !2017 !2018 !2019 !2020 !2021 !2022 !Hist Avg |- !Revenue<ref name="CBO_Hist_20">[https://www.cbo.gov/about/products/budget-economic-data#2 CBO-Historical Budget Data-Retrieved January 28, 2020]</ref> |18.0% |17.6% |17.2% |16.4% |16.4% |16.2% |17.9% |19.6% |17.4% |- !Outlays<ref name="CBO_Hist_20" /> |20.4% |20.8% |20.6% |20.2% |21.0% |31.1% |30.1% |25.1% |21.0% |- !Budget Deficit<ref name="CBO_Hist_20" /> | -2.4% | -3.2% | -3.5% | -3.8% | -4.6% | -14.9% | -12.3% | -5.5% | -3.6% |- !Debt Held by Public<ref name="CBO_Hist_20" /> |72.5% |76.4% |76.2% |77.6% |79.4% |100.3% |99.6% |94.7% | |} The [[wikipedia:U.S._Constitution|U.S. Constitution]] ([[wikipedia:Article_One_of_the_United_States_Constitution|Article I]], section 9, clause 7) states that "No money shall be drawn from the Treasury, but in Consequence of Appropriations made by Law; and a regular Statement and Account of Receipts and Expenditures of all public Money shall be published from time to time." Each year, the President of the United States submits a budget request to Congress for the following fiscal year as required by the [[wikipedia:Budget_and_Accounting_Act_of_1921|Budget and Accounting Act of 1921]]. Current law ({{UnitedStatesCode|31|1105}}(a)) requires the president to submit a budget no earlier than the first Monday in January, and no later than the first Monday in February. Typically, presidents submit budgets on the first Monday in February. The budget submission has been delayed, however, in some new presidents' first year when the previous president belonged to a different party. === Reduce the National debt === == Strategic Foreign Policy and Military reform == Nominee for [[w:National_Security_Advisor|National Security Advisor]] [[w:Mike_Waltz|Mike Waltz]] To oversee the [[w:U.S._Intelligence_Community|U.S. Intelligence Community]] and NIP, and the 18 IC agencies, including the CIA, DIA, NSC, the nominee for [[w:Director_of_National_Intelligence|Director of National Intelligence]] is [[w:Tulsi_Gabbard|Tulsi Gabbard]], who is an isolationist of the [[w:Bernie_Sanders#foreign_policy|Bernie Sanders]] camp, with a long record of dogmatically opposing [[w:Foreign_policy_of_the_Trump_administration|President Trump's first term foreign policy]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/opinion/tulsi-gabbard-director-of-national-intelligence-donald-trump-foreign-policy-syria-israel-iran-b37aa3de|title=How Tulsi Gabbard Sees the World|last=Editorial Board|date=10 December 2024|work=The Wall Street Journal}}</ref> === Department of State === {{Main article|w:Second presidency of Donald Trump#Prospective foreign policy|w:State Department}} [[w:Marco_Rubio|Marco Rubio]] has been nominated as [[w:U.S._Secretary_of_State|U.S. Secretary of State]], overseeing $53bn and 77,880 employees ==== [[w:USAID|USAID]] ==== === U.S. Department of Defense === Nominated for [[w:Secretary_of_Defense|Secretary of Defense]] is [[w:Pete_Hegseth|Pete Hegseth]]. The president-elect is reportedly considering a draft executive order that establishes a “warrior board” of retired senior military personnel with the power to review three- and four-star officers “on leadership capability, strategic readiness, and commitment to military excellence," and to recommend removals of any deemed unfit for leadership. This would fast-track the removal of generals and admirals found to be “lacking in requisite leadership qualities,” consistent with his earlier vow to fire “woke” military leaders.<ref>[https://www.wsj.com/politics/national-security/trump-draft-executive-order-would-create-board-to-purge-generals-7ebaa606<nowiki> Trump draft executive order would create a board to purge generals 11/12/2024]</nowiki></ref> There are legal obstacles. The law prohibits the firing of commissioned officers except by “sentence of a general court-martial,” as a “commutation of a sentence of a general court-martial,” or “in time of war, by order of the president.” A commissioned officer who believes he’s been wrongfully dismissed has the right to seek a trial by court-martial, which may find the dismissal baseless. <ref>[https://www.wsj.com/opinion/trump-tests-the-constitutions-limits-checks-balances-government-policy-law-78d0d0f1 &lt;nowiki&gt; Trump test the constitutions limits 11/19/2024]</ref> Musk said, "Some idiots are still building manned fighter jets like the F-35," and later added: "Manned fighter jets are outdated in the age of drones and only put pilots' lives at risk." [[w:Bernie_Sanders|Bernie Sanders]] wrote on X: "Elon Musk is right. The Pentagon, with a budget of $886 billion, just failed its 7th audit in a row. It's lost track of billions. Last year, only 13 senators voted against the Military Industrial Complex and a defense budget full of waste and fraud. That must change."{{sfn|Newsweek 12/02|2024}}. It failed its fifth audit in June 2023.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newsweek.com/fox-news-host-confronts-gop-senator-pentagons-fifth-failed-audit-1804379|title=Fox News host confronts GOP Senator on Pentagon's fifth failed audit|last=Writer|first=Fatma Khaled Staff|date=2023-06-04|website=Newsweek|language=en|access-date=2024-12-02}}</ref> === US Air Force === Air Force is advancing a program called [[w:Collaborative_Combat_Aircraft|Collaborative Combat Aircraft]] to build roughly 1,000 UAVs, with [[w:Anduril|Anduril]] and [[w:General_Atomics|General Atomics]] currently building prototypes, ahead of an Air Force decision on which company or companies will be contracted to build it. The cost quickly exceeded the $2.3 billion approved for last fiscal year’s budget, according to the [[w:Congressional_Research_Service|Congressional Research Service]], prompting calls for more oversight. “''If you want to make real improvements to the defense and security of the United States of America, we would be investing more in drones, we’d be investing more in [[w:Hypersonic_weapon|hypersonic missiles]]'',” said Mr. Ramaswamy. The program for Lockheed-Martin's [[w:F-35|F-35]] stealth jet fighters, now in production, is expected to exceed $2 trillion over several decades. The Air Force on 5 December announced it would delay a decision on which company would build the next-generation crewed fighter, called [[w:Next Generation Air Dominance|Next Generation Air Dominance (NGAD)]], which was planned to replace the [[w:F-22|F-22]] and operate alongside the F-35. Mr. Musk has written that "manned fighter jets are obsolete in the age of drones.” In another post, he claimed “a reusable drone” can do everything a jet fighter can do “without all the overhead of a pilot.” Brigadier General [[w:Doug_Wickert|Doug Wickert]] said in response, “There may be some day when we can completely rely on roboticized warfare but we are a century away.... How long have we thought full self-driving was going to be on the Tesla?” <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/politics/national-security/air-force-jets-vs-drones-trump-administration-8b1620a5?page=1|title=Trump Administration Set to Decide Future of Jet Fighters|last=Seligman|first=Lara|date=6 December 2024|work=The Wall Street Journal}}</ref> === US Space Force === The [[w:US_Space_Force|US Space Force]]'s 2023 budget was ~$26bn and it had 9,400 military personnel. SpaceX had a $14m contract to provide communications to the Ukrainian armed forces and government through 30th Nov 2024.{{sfn|Economist 11/23|2024}} Is also receiving a $733m contract to carry satellites into orbit.{{sfn|Economist 11/23|2024}} The Pentagon plans to incorporate into its own communications network 100 of [[w:Starshield|Starshield]]'s satellites.{{sfn|Economist 11/23|2024}} Starshield also has a $1.8bn contract to help the [[w:National_Reconnaissance_Office|National Reconnaissance Office]] build spy satellites.{{sfn|Economist 11/23|2024}} == Department of Space Transportation == Mr. Trump's transition team told advisors that it plans to make a federal framework for self-driving cars. Mr. Trump had a call with Sundar Pichai and Mr. Musk. === Rail and Tunnel Authority === === Ports Authority === === Interstate Highway Authority === === [[w:Federal_Aviation_Administration|Federal Aviation Administration]] === Musk has often complained about the FAA "smothering" innovation, boasting that he can build a rocket faster than the agency can process the "Kafkaesque paperwork" required to make the relevant approvals.{{sfn|Economist 11/23|2024}} === National Air and Space Administration === The [[w:National_Air_and_Space_Administration|National Air and Space Administration]] (NASA) had a 2023 budget of $25.4 bn and 18,000 employees. [[w:Jared_Isaacman|Jared Isaacman]] is nominated director. He had joined a space voyage in 2021 which was the first for an all-civilian crew to reach orbit. He led a four person crew in September on the first commericial spacewalk, testing SpaceX's new spacesuits. He promised to lead NASA in to "usher in an era where humanity becomes a true space-faring civilization." In an interview Isaacman said that NASA will evolve as private space companies set their own priorities and develop technology. NASA could have a certification role for astronauts and vehicles, similar to how the Federal Aviation Administration oversees the commercial airline industry. “The FAA doesn’t build the airplanes. They don’t staff the pilots that fly you from point A to B,” he said. “That is the world that NASA is in, essentially.” He also suggested openness to new and lower cost ways of getting to the Moon and to Mars.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/politics/elections/trump-picks-billionaire-space-traveler-to-run-nasa-4420150b?page=1|title=Trump Picks Billionaire Space Traveler to Run NASA|last=Maidenberg|first=Micah|date=5 December 2024|work=WSJ}}</ref> In September 2026, NASA's [[w:Artemis_program|Artemis program]], established in 2017 via [[wikipedia:Space_Policy_Directive_1|Space Policy Directive 1]], is intended to reestablish a human presence on the Moon for the first time since the [[wikipedia:Apollo_17|Apollo 17]] mission in 1972. The program's stated long-term goal is to establish a [[wikipedia:Moonbase|permanent base on the Moon]] to facilitate [[wikipedia:Human_mission_to_Mars|human missions to Mars]]. The [[w:U.S._National_Academies_of_Sciences,_Engineering,_and_Medicine|U.S. National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine]] in October, put out a report titled "NASA at a Crossroads," which identified myriad issues at the agency, including out-of-date infrastructure, pressures to prioritize short-term objectives and inefficient management practices. NASA's costly [[w:Space_Launch_System|Space Launch System]] (SLS) is the cornerstone of the Artemis program. has a price tag of around $4.1 billion per launch, and is a single-use rocket that can only launch every two years, having debuted in 2022 with the uncrewed [[w:Artemis_1_mission|Artemis 1 mission]] to the moon. In contrast, SpaceX is working to reduce the cost of a single Starship flight to under $10 million. NASA Associate Administrator Jim Free urged the incoming administration to maintain the current plans, in a symposium with the [[w:American_Astronautical_Society|American Astronautical Society]] saying "We need that consistency in purpose. That has not happened since Apollo. If we lose that, I believe we will fall apart and we will wander, and other people in this world will pass us by." NASA has already asked both [[w:SpaceX|SpaceX]] and also Jeff Bezos' [[w:Blue_Origin|Blue Origin]], to develop cargo landers for its Artemis missions and to deliver heavy equipment on them to the Moon by 2033. "Having two lunar lander providers with different approaches for crew and cargo landing capability provides mission flexibility while ensuring a regular cadence of moon landings for continued discovery and scientific opportunity," Stephen D. Creech, NASA's assistant deputy associate administrator for the moon to Mars program, said in an announcement about the partnership. "For all of the money we are spending, NASA should NOT be talking about going to the Moon - We did that 50 years ago. They should be focused on the much bigger things we are doing, including Mars (of which the Moon is a part), Defense and Science!" Trump wrote in a post on X in 2019. Trump has said he would create a [[w:Space_National_Guard|Space National Guard]], an idea that lawmakers in Congress have been proposing since 2021. Critics agree that a focus on spaceflight could come at the expense of "Earth and atmospheric sciences at NASA and the [[w:National_Oceanic_and_Atmospheric_Administration|National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]] (NOAA), which have been cut during the Biden era."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newsweek.com/elon-musk-donald-trump-nasa-space-policy-1990599|title=Donald Trump and Elon Musk could radically reshape NASA. Here's how|last=Reporter|first=Martha McHardy US News|date=2024-11-27|website=Newsweek|language=en|access-date=2024-12-02}}</ref> Regarding his goal and SpaceX's corporate mission of colonising Mars, Mr. Musk has stated that "The DOGE is the only path to extending life beyond earth"{{sfn|Economist 11/23|2024}} === National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration === == Department of Education and Propaganda == [[w:United_States_Department_of_Education|Department of Education]] has 4,400 employees – the smallest staff of the Cabinet agencies<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www2.ed.gov/about/overview/fed/role.html|title=Federal Role in Education|date=2021-06-15|website=www2.ed.gov|language=en|access-date=2022-04-28}}</ref> – and a 2024 budget of $238 billion.<ref name="DOE-mission">{{Cite web|url=https://www.usaspending.gov/agency/department-of-education?fy=2024|title=Agency Profile {{!}} U.S. Department of Education|website=www2.ed.gov|access-date=2024-11-14}}</ref> The 2023 Budget was $274 billion, which included funding for children with disabilities ([[wikipedia:Individuals_with_Disabilities_Education_Act|IDEA]]), pandemic recovery, early childhood education, [[wikipedia:Pell_Grant|Pell Grants]], [[wikipedia:Elementary_and_Secondary_Education_Act|Title I]], work assistance, among other programs. This budget was down from $637.7 billion in 2022.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.future-ed.org/what-the-new-pisa-results-really-say-about-u-s-schools/|title=What the New PISA Results Really Say About U.S. Schools|date=2021-06-15|website=future-ed.com|language=en|access-date=2024-11-14}}</ref> Nominated as [[w:US_Secretary_of_Education|Secretary of Education]] is [[w:Linda_McMahon|Linda McMahon]]. The WSJ proposes that the Civil Rights division be absorbed into the Department of Justice, and that its outstanding loan portolio be handled by the Department of the Treasury. Despite the redundancies, its unlikely that it will be abolished, which would require congressional action and buy-in from Democrats in the Senate; Republicans don’t have enough votes to do it alone. A republican appointee is expected to push back against federal education overreach and progressive policies like DEI. <ref>[https://www.wsj.com/opinion/trump-can-teach-the-education-department-a-lesson-nominee-needs-boldness-back-school-choice-oppose-woke-indoctrination-ddf6a38d<nowiki> Trump can teach the Education Department a Lesson. WSJ 11/20/2024]</nowiki></ref> During his campaign, Trump had pledged to get the "transgender insanity the hell out of schools.” Relying on the district court's decision in ''[[w:Tatel_v._Mount_Lebanon_School_District|Tatel v. Mount Lebanon School District]] , the'' attorney general and education secretary could issue a letter explaining how enforcing gender ideology violates constitutional [[w:Free_exercise_clause|First amendment right to free exercise of religion]] and the [[w:Equal_Protection_Clause|14th Amendment’s Equal Protection Clause]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/opinion/how-trump-can-target-transgenderism-in-schools-law-policy-education-369537a7?page=1|title=How Trump Can Target Transgenderism in Schools|last=Eden|first=Max|date=9 December 2024|work=The Wall Street Journal}}</ref> === CPB, PBS, NPR === Regarding the [[w:Corporation_for_Public_Broadcasting|Corporation for Public Broadcasting]], [[w:Howard_Husock|Howard Husock]] suggest that instead of zeroing its $535 million budget, Republicans reform the [[w:Public_Broadcasting_Act|Public Broadcasting Act]] to eliminate bias and improve local journalism.<ref>https://www.wsj.com/opinion/the-conservative-case-for-public-broadcasting-media-policy-2d4c3c9f?page=1</ref> {{As of|2024|alt=For fiscal year 2024}}, its appropriation was US$525 million, including $10 million in interest earned. The distribution of these funds was as follows:<ref>{{cite web|url=https://cpb.org/aboutcpb/financials/budget/|title=CPB Operating Budget|last=|date=2024|website=www.cpb.org|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=November 27, 2024|url-status=}}</ref> * $262.83M for direct grants to local public television stations; * $95.11M for television programming grants; * $81.77M for direct grants to local public radio stations; * $28.12M for the Radio National Program Production and Acquisition * $9.43M for the Radio Program Fund * $31.50 for system support * $26.25 for administration Public broadcasting stations are funded by a combination of private donations from listeners and viewers, foundations and corporations. Funding for public television comes in roughly equal parts from government (at all levels) and the private sector.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cpb.org/annualreports/2013/|title=CPB 2013 Annual Report|website=www.cpb.org|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160212170045/http://cpb.org/annualreports/2013/|archive-date=February 12, 2016|access-date=May 4, 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref> == U.S. Department of Health and Human Services == Nominated as [[w:United_States_Secretary_of_Health_and_Human_Services|United States Secretary of Health and Human Services]] is [[w:Robert_F._Kennedy_Jr.|Robert F. Kennedy Jr.]], deputy Secretary [[w:Jim_O'Neill_(investor)|Jim O'Neill]]. Nominated for [[w:US_Surgeon_General|US Surgeon General]] is [[w:Janette_Nesheiwat|Janette Nesheiwat]]. [[w:U.S._Department_of_Health_and_Human_Services|U.S. Department of Health and Human Services]] was authorized a budget for [[w:2020_United_States_federal_budget|fiscal year 2020]] of $1.293 trillion. It has 13 operating divisions, 10 of which constitute the [[w:United_States_Public_Health_Service|Public Health Services]], whose budget authorization is broken down as follows:<ref name="hhs_budget_fy2020">{{cite web|url=https://www.hhs.gov/about/budget/fy2020/index.html|title=HHS FY 2020 Budget in Brief|date=October 5, 2019|website=HHS Budget & Performance|publisher=United States Department of Health & Human Services|page=7|access-date=May 9, 2020}}</ref> {| class="wikitable sortable" !Nominee !Program !2020 Budget !2024 Budget ! employees !2025 Budget !2026 Budget |- |[[w:Marty_Makary|Marty Makary]] |[[w:Food and Drug Administration|Food and Drug Administration]] (FDA) |$3,329 MM |- | |[[w:Health Resources and Services Administration|Health Resources and Services Administration]] (HRSA) |$11,004 |- | |[[w:Indian Health Service|Indian Health Service]] (IHS) |$6,104 |- |[[w:Dave_Weldon|Dave Weldon]] |[[w:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]] (CDC) |$6,767 |- |[[w:Jay_Bhattacharya|Jay Bhattacharya]] |[[w:National Institutes of Health|National Institutes of Health]] (NIH) |$33,669 |- | |[[w:Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration|Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration]] (SAMHSA) |$5,535 |- | |[[w:Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality|Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality]] (AHRQ) |$0 |- |[[w:Mehmet_Oz|Mehmet Oz]] |[[w:Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services|Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services]] (CMMS) |$1,169,091 |- | |[[w:Administration for Children and Families|Administration for Children and Families]] (ACF) |$52,121 |- | |[[w:Administration for Community Living|Administration for Community Living]] (ACL) |$1,997 |- |} {| class="wikitable sortable" !Program !2020 Budget !2024 Budget ! employees !2025 Budget !2026 Budget |- |[[w:Departmental Management|Departmental Management]] |$340 |- |Non-Recurring Expense Fund |$-400 |- |[[w:Office of Medicare Hearings and Appeals|Office of Medicare Hearings and Appeals]] |$186 |- |[[w:Office of the National Coordinator|Office of the National Coordinator]] |$43 |- |[[w:Office for Civil Rights|Office for Civil Rights]] |$30 |- |[[w:Office of Inspector General|Office of Inspector General]] |$82 |- |[[w:Public Health and Social Services Emergency Fund|Public Health and Social Services Emergency Fund]] |$2,667 |- |[[w:Program Support Center|Program Support Center]] |$749 |- |Offsetting Collections |$-629 |- |Other Collections |$-163 |- |'''TOTAL''' |'''$1,292,523''' |} The FY2020 budget included a $1.276 billion budget decrease for the Centers for Disease Control, and a $4.533 billion budget decrease for the National Institutes of Health. These budget cuts, along with other changes since 2019, comprised a total decrease of over $24 billion in revised discretionary budget authority across the entire Department of Health and Human Services for Fiscal Year 2020.<ref name="hhs_budget_fy2020" /> Additional details of the budgeted outlays, budget authority, and detailed budgets for other years, can be found at the HHS Budget website.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://WWW.HHS.GOV/BUDGET|title=Health and Human Services: Budget and Performance|publisher=United States Department of Health & Human Services|access-date=May 9, 2020}}</ref> He is an American politician, [[Environmental law|environmental lawyer]], [[anti-vaccine activist]], and anti-packaged food industry activist, anti-pharmaceutical industry activist, who will be nominated to serve as [[United States Secretary of Health and Human Services]],<ref name="v502">{{cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/saradorn/2024/11/14/rfk-jr-launches-independent-2024-run-here-are-all-the-conspiracies-he-promotes-from-vaccines-to-mass-shootings/|title=Trump Taps RFK Jr. As Secretary Of Health And Human Services: Here Are All The Conspiracies He's Promoted|last=Dorn|first=Sara|date=2024-11-14|website=Forbes|access-date=2024-11-15}}</ref> with the mission of "Making America Healthy Again". He is the chairman and founder of [[Children's Health Defense]], an anti-vaccine advocacy group and proponent of [[COVID-19 vaccine misinformation|dubious COVID-19 vaccine information]].<ref name="Smith_12/15/2021" /><ref name="KW" /> === National Institutes of Health === The [[w:NIH|NIH]] distributes grants of ~$50bn per year. Nominated to lead the [[w:National_Institutes_of_Health|National Institutes of Health]] is [[w:Jay_Bhattacharya|Jay Bhattacharya]], who has announced the following priorities for funding: * cutting edge research, saying that the NIH has become "sclerotic", due to a phenomenon has been called [[Eroom’s law]], which explains that career incentives encourage “me-too research,” given that citations by other scientists “have become the dominant way to evaluate scientific contributions and scientists.” That has shifted research “toward incremental science and away from exploratory projects that are more likely to fail, but which are the fuel for future breakthroughs.”<ref name=":3">{{Cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/opinion/jay-bhattacharya-and-the-vindication-of-the-fringe-scientists-pandemic-lockdowns-38b6aec6|title=Jay Bhattacharya and the Vindication of the ‘Fringe’ Scientists|last=Finley|first=Allysia|date=1 December 2024|work=Wall Street Journal}}</ref> Dr. Bhattacharya's February 2020 paper explaining Eroom's law, as possible explanation for slowing of pharmaceutical advances.{{Cn}} * studies aimed at replicating the results of earlier studies, to address the problem of scientific fraud or other factors contributing to the the [[w:Replication_crisis|replication crisis]], encouraging academic freedom among NIH scientists and term limits for NIH leaders. “Those kinds of reforms, I think every scientist would agree, every American would agree, it’s how you turn the NIH from something that is sort of how to control society, into something that is aimed at the discovery of truth to improve the health of Americans,” he said.<ref name=":4">{{Cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/health/healthcare/covid-lockdown-critic-jay-bhattacharya-chosen-to-lead-nih-2958e5e2?page=1|title=Covid-Lockdown Critic Jay Bhattacharya Chosen to Lead NIH|last=Whyte|first=Liz Essley|date=26 November 2024|work=The Wall Street Journal}}</ref> * Refocusing on research on [[w:Chronic_diseases|chronic diseases]], which is underfunded, and away from [[w:Infectious_diseases|infectious diseases]], which is overfunded. * Ending [[w:Gain-of-function|gain-of-function]] research. Jay Bhattacharya wrote a March 25 2020 op-ed "Is the Coronavirus as Deadly as They Say?", with colleague [[w:Eran_Bendavid|Eran Bendavid]], arguing that many asymptomatic cases of COVID-19 were going undetected. The hypothesis was confirmed in April 2020 when he and several colleagues published a study showing that Covid anti-bodies in Santa Clara county were 50 times the recorded infection rate. This implied, he said "a lower inflection mortality rate than public health authorities were pushing at a time when they and the media thought it was a virtue to panic the population".<ref><nowiki><ref></nowiki>{{Cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/opinion/the-man-who-fought-fauci-and-won-trump-nih-nominee-jay-bhattacharya-covid-cancel-culture-4a0650bd?page=1|title=The Man Who Fought Fauci - and Won|last=Varadarajan|first=Tunku|date=6 December 2024|work=WSJ}}&lt;nowiki&gt;</ref> Dr. Bhattacharya, [[w:Martin_Kulldorff|Martin Kulldorff]], then at Harvard, and Oxford’s [[w:Sunetra_Gupta|Sunetra Gupta]] formally expounded this idea in the [[w:Great_Barrington_Declaration|Great Barrington Declaration]] in October 2020, urging the government to focus on protecting the vulnerable while letting others go about their lives, which previous NIH director [[w:Francis_Collins|Francis Collins]] derided as "fringe science its into the political views of certain parts of our confused political establishment," and previous [[w:NIAID|NIAID]] director [[w:Chief_Medical_Advisor_to_the_President|chief medical advisor to the President]] [[w:Anthony_Fauci|Anthony Fauci]] "a quick and devastating public takedown of its premises." Some suggest the same career incentives that lead to scientific group-think in the pharmaceutical industry, also explain conformist behavior during COVID-19, due to the threat against young scientists of losing NIH funding, jobs, and career opportunities, if they were to exercise in independent judgement.<ref name=":3" /> “Dr. Jay Bhattacharya is the ideal leader to restore NIH as the international template for gold-standard science and evidence-based medicine,” DHHS Secretary nominee Kennedy wrote. "We will reform American scientific institutions so that they are worthy of trust again and will deploy the fruits of excellent science to make America healthy again!” said Dr. Bhattacharya. “Dr. Bhattacharya is a strong choice to lead the NIH,” said Dr. [[w:Ned_Sharpless|Ned Sharpless]], a former [[w:National_Cancer_Institute|National Cancer Institute]] director. “The support of moderate Senate Republicans will be critical to NIH funding, and Dr. Bhattacharya’s Covid work will give him credibility with this constituency.”<ref name=":4" /> === Food and Drug Administration === The FDA in 2022 had 18,000 employees<ref name="fy2022">{{cite web|url=https://www.fda.gov/media/149613/download|title=FY 2022 FDA Budget Request|publisher=FDA|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230602090805/https://www.fda.gov/media/149613/download|archive-date=June 2, 2023|access-date=January 14, 2022|url-status=live}}</ref> and a budget of $6.5{{nbsp}}billion (2022)<ref name="fy2022" /> Nominated as director is [[w:Marty_Makary|Marty Makary]]. == Department of Agriculture and Food == [[w:Department_of_Agriculture|Department of Agriculture]] (USDA) had 2023 budget of ___ and ____ employees. Nominated for [[w:Secretary_of_Agriculture|Secretary of Agriculture]] is [[w:Brooke_Rollins|Brooke Rollins]], who had earlier served on the [[w:Office_of_American_Innovation|Office of American Innovation]] under [[w:Jared_Kushner|Jared Kushner]], and served as director of [[w:Domestic_Policy_Council|Domestic Policy Council]]. She has not endorsed the "[[w:Make_America_Healthy_Again|Make America Healthy Again]]" agenda of RFK Jr. (and his colleagues Jay Bhattacharcya and others) who promised to "reverse 80 years of farm policy" and complains of the $30 billion/year farms subsidies. Kennedy wants to remove soda from food aid, and ultra-processed food from both [[w:Food-stamps|food-stamp]] benefits and [[w:School_meals|school meals]]. == Department of Treasury and Commerce == [[w:Departments_of_Treasury|Departments of Treasury]] has 2023 budget of ____ and ___ employees. [[w:Department_of_Commerce|Department of Commerce]] has 2023 budget of _____ and _____ employees. Nominated for [[w:Secretary_of_the_Treasury|Secretary of the Treasury]] is [[w:Scott_Bessent|Scott Bessent]], for Secretary of Commerce is [[w:Howard_Lutnick|Howard Lutnick]] === Consumer Financial Protection Bureau === The [[w:Consumer_Financial_Protection_Bureau|Consumer Financial Protection Bureau]] (CFPB). Said Mr. Musk "Delete the CFPB. There are too many duplicative regulatory agencies"<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/politics/policy/elon-musk-doge-conflict-of-interest-b1202437?page=1|title=Musk’s DOGE Plans Rely on White House Budget Office. Conflicts Await.|last=Schwartz|first=Brian|work=The Wall Street Journal}}</ref> === Securities and Exchange Commission === [[w:Securities_and_Exchange_Commission|Securities and Exchange Commission]] === Internal Revenue Service === [[w:Internal_Revenue_Service|Internal Revenue Service]] == Departments of Energy and Interior == Nominee for [[w:US_Secretary_of_the_Interior|Secretary of the Interior]] is [[w:Doug_Burgum|Doug Burgum]], who will also be [[w:List_of_U.S._executive_branch_czars|Energy Czar]]. [[w:Department_of_Energy|Department of Energy]] [[w:United_States_Secretary_of_Energy|secretary nominee]] [[w:Chris_Wright_(energy_executive)|Chris Wright]] admits that burning fossil fuels contributes to rising temperatures, but says it poses only a modest threat to humanity, and praises it for increasing plant growth, making the planet greener, and boosting agricultural productivity. He also says that it likely reduces the annual number of temperature-related deaths. (estimates from health researchers say otherwise). He says, "It's probably almost as many positive changes as negative changes... Is it a crisis, is it the world's greatest challenge, or a big threat to the next generation? No. .. A little bit warmer isn’t a threat. If we were 5, 7, 8, 10 degrees [Celsius] warmer, that would be meaningful changes to the planet.” Scientists see a 1.5 degrees Celsius temperature as creating potentially irreversible changes for the planet, and expect to pass that mark later this year, after increasing over several decade. He criticizes the [[w:Paris_climate_agreement|Paris climate agreement]] for empowering "political actors with anti-fossil fuel agendas." Wright favors development of [[w:Geothermal_energy|geothermal energy]] and [[w:Nuclear_energy_policy_of_the_United_States|nuclear energy]], criticizing subsidies to wind and solar energy. <ref><nowiki><ref></nowiki>{{Cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/politics/policy/who-is-chris-wright-trump-energy-secretary-9eb617dc?page=1|title=Trump’s Energy Secretary Pick Preaches the Benefits of Climate Change|last=Morenne|first=Benoit|date=9 December 2024|work=The Wall Street Journal}}&lt;nowiki&gt;</ref> === Bureau of Land Management === === Forest Service === === National Parks === == AI and Cryptocurrency Policy == [[w:David_Sacks|David Sacks]] was named "White House AI and Crypto Czar". == Reform Entitlements == === Healthcare and Medicare === [[w:ObamaCare|ObamaCare]] started as a plausible scheme for universal, cost-effective health insurance with subsidies for the needy. Only the subsidies survive because the ObamaCare policies actually delivered are so overpriced nobody would buy them without a subsidy.<ref>[https://www.wsj.com/opinion/elons-real-trump-mission-protect-growth-department-of-government-efficiency-appointments-cabinet-9e7e62b2]</ref> See below: Department of Health and Human Services === Social Security === Even FDR was aware of its flaw: it discourages working and saving. === Other === Small-government advocate [[w:Ron_Paul|Ron Paul]] has suggested to cut aid to the following "biggest" welfare recipients: * The [[w:Military-industrial_complex|Military-industrial complex]] * The [[w:Pharmaceutical-industrial_complex|Pharmaceutical-industrial complex]] * The [[w:Federal_Reserve|Federal Reserve]] To which Mr. Musk replied, "Needs to be done".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thehill.com/video/ron-paul-vows-to-join-elon-musk-help-eliminate-government-waste-in-a-trump-admin/10191375/|title=Ron Paul vows to join Elon Musk, help eliminate government waste in a Trump admin|date=2024-11-05|website=The Hill|language=en-US|access-date=2024-12-09}}</ref> == Office of Management and Budget == The White House [[w:Office_of_Management_and_Budget|Office of Management and Budget]] (OMB) guides implementation of regulations and analyzes federal spending. Mssrs. Musk and Ramaswamy encouraged President-elect Trump to reappoint his first term director [[w:Russell_Vought|Russell Vought]], which he did on 22nd Nov.<ref name=":0" /> == Government Efficiency Personnel == Transition spokesman [[w:Brian_Hughes|Brian Hughes]] said that "Elon Musk is a once-in-a-generation business leader and our federal bureaucracy will certainly benefit from his ideas and efficiency". About a dozen Musk allies have visited Mar-a-Lago to serve as unofficial advisors to the Trump 47 transition, influencing hiring at many influential government agencies.<ref name=":2"><nowiki><ref></nowiki>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/12/06/us/politics/trump-elon-musk-silicon-valley.html?searchResultPosition=1|title=The Silicon Valley Billionaires Steering Trump’s Transition|date=8 December 2024|work=NYT}}</ref> [[w:Marc_Andreesen|Marc Andreesen]] has interviewed candidates for State, Pentagon, and DHHS, and has been active pushing for rollback of Biden's cryptocurrency regulations, and rollback of Lina Khan anti-trust efforts with the FTC, and calling for contracting reform in Defense dept. [[w:Jared_Birchall|Jared Birchall]] has interviewed candidates for State, and has advised on Space police and has put together councils for AI and Cryptocurrency policy. David Sacks was named "White House AI and Crypto Czar" [[w:Shaun_MacGuire|Shaun MacGuire]] has advised on picks for intelligence community and has interviewed candidates for Defense. Many tech executives are considering part-time roles advising the DOGE. [[w:Antonio_Gracias|Antonio Gracias]] and [[w:Steve_Davis|Steve Davis]] from Musk's "crisis team" have been active, as has investor [[w:John_Hering|John Hering]]. Other Silicon Valley players who have advised Trump or interviewed candidates: * [[w:Larry_Ellison|Larry Ellison]] has sat in on Trump transition 47 meetings at Mar-a-Lago. * [[w:Mark_Pincus|Mark Pincus]] * [[w:David_Marcus|David Marcus]] * [[w:Barry_Akis|Barry Akis]] * [[w:Shervin_Pishevar|Shervin Pishevar]], who has called for privitization of the USPS, NASA, and the federal Bureau of Prisons. Called for creating an American sovereign wealth fund, and has said that DOGE "could lead a revolutionary restructuring of public institutions."<ref name=":2" /> [[w:William_McGinley|William McGinley]] will move to a role with DOGE. Originally nominated for [[w:White_House_counsel|White House counsel]], he will be replaced in that role by [[w:David_Warrington|David Warrington]].<ref>{{Cite news|title=A White House Counsel Replaced before starting|last=Haberman|first=Maggie|date=6 December 2024|work=New York times}}</ref> The WSJ lauded without naming them, comparing them to the "dollar-a-year men" - business leaders who during WWII revolutionized industrial production to help make America the "arsenal of democracy". (WSJ, 10 December 2024) == History and Miscellaneous facts == See also: [[w:Department_of_Government_Efficiency#History|Department of Government Efficiency — History]] DOGE's work will "conclude" no later than July 4, 2026, the 250th anniversary of the signing of the [[United States Declaration of Independence|U.S. Declaration of Independence]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thehill.com/policy/4987402-trump-musk-advisory-group-spending/|title=Elon Musk, Vivek Ramaswamy to lead Trump's Department of Government Efficiency (DOGE)|last=Nazzaro|first=Miranda|date=November 13, 2024|website=The Hill|language=en-US|access-date=November 13, 2024}}</ref> also coinciding with America's [[United States Semiquincentennial|semiquincentennial]] celebrations and a proposed "Great American Fair". Despite its name it is not expected to be a [[wikipedia:United_States_federal_executive_departments|federal executive department]], but rather may operate under the [[Federal Advisory Committee Act]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/trump-department-of-government-efficiency-doge-elon-musk-ramaswamy/|title=What to know about Trump's Department of Government Efficiency, led by Elon Musk and Vivek Ramaswamy - CBS News|last=Picchi|first=Aimee|date=2024-11-14|website=www.cbsnews.com|language=en-US|access-date=2024-11-14}}</ref> so its formation is not expected to require approval from the [[wikipedia:United_States_Congress|U.S. Congress]]. NYT argues that records of its meetings must be made public.{{Cn}} As an advisor rather than a government employee, Mr. Musk will not be subject to various ethics rules.{{sfn|Economist 11/23}} Musk has stated that he believes such a commission could reduce the [[wikipedia:United_States_federal_budget|U.S. federal budget]] by $2 trillion, which would be a reduction of almost one third from its 2023 total. [[Maya MacGuineas]] of the [[Committee for a Responsible Federal Budget]] has said that this saving is "absolutely doable" over a period of 10 years, but it would be difficult to do in a single year "without compromising some of the fundamental objectives of the government that are widely agreed upon".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thehill.com/business/4966789-elon-musk-skepticism-2-trillion-spending-cuts/|title=Elon Musk draws skepticism with call for $2 trillion in spending cuts|last=Folley|first=Aris|date=2024-11-03|website=The Hill|language=en-US|access-date=2024-11-14}}</ref> [[wikipedia:Jamie_Dimon|Jamie Dimon]], the chief executive officer of [[wikipedia:JPMorgan_Chase|JPMorgan Chase]], has supported the idea. Some commentators questioned whether DOGE is a conflict of interest for Musk given that his companies are contractors to the federal government. The body is "unlikely to have any regulatory teeth on its own, but there's little doubt that it can have influence on the incoming administration and how it will determine its budgets".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.vox.com/policy/384904/trumps-department-of-government-efficiency-sounds-like-a-joke-it-isnt|title=Trump tapped Musk to co-lead the "Department of Government Efficiency." What the heck is that?|last=Fayyad|first=Abdallah|date=2024-11-13|website=Vox|language=en-US|access-date=2024-11-14}}</ref> Elon Musk had called [[w:Federico_Sturzenegger|Federico Sturzenegger]], Argentina's [[w:Ministry_of_Deregulation_and_State_Transformation|Minister of Deregulation and Transformation of the State]] ([[w:es:Ministerio_de_Desregulación_y_Transformación_del_Estado|es]]), to discuss imitating his ministry's model.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.infobae.com/economia/2024/11/08/milei-brindo-un-nuevo-apoyo-a-sturzenegger-y-afirmo-que-elon-musk-imitara-su-gestion-en-eeuu/|title=Milei brindó un nuevo apoyo a Sturzenegger y afirmó que Elon Musk imitará su gestión en EEUU|date=November 8, 2024|website=infobae|language=es-ES|access-date=November 13, 2024}}</ref> == Reception and Criticism == See also: [[w:Department_of_Government_Efficiency#Reception|w:Department of Government Efficiency — Reception]] The WSJ reports that Tesla's Texas facility dumped toxic wastewater into the public sewer system, into a lagoon, and into a local river, violated Texas environmental regulations, and fired an employee who attempted to comply with the law.{{Cn}} The Economist estimates that 10% of Mr. Musk's $360bn personal fortune is derived from contracts and benefits from the federal government, and 15% from the Chinese market.{{sfn|Economist 11/23}} == See also == * [[w:Second_presidential_transition_of_Donald_Trump|Second presidential transition of Donald Trump]] * [[w:United_States_federal_budget#Deficits_and_debt|United States federal budget - Deficits and debt]] * [[w:United_States_Bureau_of_Efficiency|United States Bureau of Efficiency]] – United States federal government bureau from 1916 to 1933 * [[w:Brownlow_Committee|Brownlow Committee]] – 1937 commission recommending United States federal government reforms * [[w:Grace_Commission|Grace Commission]] – Investigation to eliminate inefficiency in the United States federal government * [[w:Hoover_Commission|Hoover Commission]] – United States federal commission in 1947 advising on executive reform * [[w:Keep_Commission|Keep Commission]] * [[w:Project_on_National_Security_Reform|Project on National Security Reform]] * [[w:Delivering_Outstanding_Government_Efficiency_Caucus|Delivering Outstanding Government Efficiency Caucus]] == Notes == {{reflist}} == References == {{refbegin}} * {{Cite web|url=https://www.newsweek.com/bernie-sanders-finds-new-common-ground-elon-musk-1993820|title=Bernie Sanders finds new common ground with Elon Musk|last=Reporter|first=Mandy Taheri Weekend|date=2024-12-01|website=Newsweek|language=en|access-date=2024-12-02 |ref={{harvid|Newsweek 12/01|2024}} }} * {{Cite news|url=https://www.economist.com/briefing/2024/11/21/elon-musk-and-donald-trump-seem-besotted-where-is-their-bromance-headed|title=Elon Musk and Donald Trump seem besotted. Where is their bromance headed?|work=The Economist|access-date=2024-12-04|issn=0013-0613 |ref={{harvid|Economist 11/23|2024}} }} <references group="lower-alpha" /> {{refend}} okf1aoet4ocycjtvyq6j4hx8klqceiq 2691561 2691560 2024-12-12T03:07:20Z Jaredscribe 2906761 /* Department of Agriculture and Food */ Cite WSJ 2691561 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Research project}} The U.S. [[w:Department of Government Efficiency]]. {{Infobox Organization |name=Department of Government Efficiency |logo= |logo_size= |logo_caption=Logo on [[Twitter|X]] (formerly Twitter) as of November 14, 2024 |seal= |seal_size= |seal_caption= |formation=Announced on November 12, 2024; yet to be established |abbreviation=DOGE |key_people={{plainlist|[[w:Commissioner of the Department of Government Efficiency|Co-commissioners]]: * [[w:Elon Musk]] * [[w:Vivek Ramaswamy]] }} |website={{URL|https://x.com/DOGE|x.com/DOGE}} |volunteers=* Federico Sturzenegger|services=consulting|headquarters=Mar-A-Lago|organization_type=Presidential Advisory Commission|founder=Donald Trump|extinction=4 July 2026 (planned)|mission=(In the words of president-elect Donald Trump: * dismantle government bureaucracy * slash excess regulations * cut wasteful expenditures * restructure federal agencies, * address "massive waste and fraud" in government spending}} This "'''Wiki Of Government Efficiency'''" (WOGE) is a public interest, non-partisan research project that will [[User:Jaredscribe/Department of Government Efficiency#Reduce the deficit and debt by impounding appropriated funds|analyze the U.S. federal budget]], [[User:Jaredscribe/Department of Government Efficiency#Reform the other Government Bureaus and Departments|federal bureaucracy]], and [[User:Jaredscribe/Department of Government Efficiency#Shrink the federal civil service|federal civil service]], in the context of [[w:Second_presidency_of_Donald_Trump|president-elect Trump']]<nowiki/>s [[w:Agenda_47|Agenda 47]], and will catalogue, evaluate, and critique proposals on how the '''[[w:Department of Government Efficiency|Department of Government Efficiency]]'''{{Efn|Also referred to as '''Government Efficiency Commission'''}} (DOGE) is or is not fulfilling its mission to ''"dismantle government bureaucracy, slash excess regulations, and cut wasteful expenditures and restructure federal agencies"'', in the words of president-elect [[wikipedia:Donald_Trump|Donald Trump]], who called for it to address ''"massive waste and fraud"'' in government spending.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/c93qwn8p0l0o|title=Donald Trump picks Elon Musk for US government cost-cutting role|last1=Faguy|first1=Ana|last2=FitzGerald|first2=James|date=2024-11-13|publisher=BBC News|language=en-GB|access-date=2024-11-13}}</ref> Here's [[User:Jaredscribe/Department of Government Efficiency/How to contribute|how to contribute]] to the WOGE. The DOGE intends to [[User:Jaredscribe/Department of Government Efficiency#Office of Management and Budget|work through the Office of Management and Budget]] as its "policy vector". The [[w:U.S._budget_deficit|U.S. Budget deficit]], (C.f. [[w:Government_budget_balance|fiscal deficit]]), and the [[w:National_debt_of_the_United_States|U.S. National debt]], currently $35.7 Trillion as of 10/2024, which is 99% of the [[w:U.S._GDP|U.S. GDP]],<ref>{{Unbulleted list citebundle|{{cite news|newspaper=Financial Post| title= Musk's $2 Trillion of Budget Cuts Would Have These Stocks Moving|url=https://financialpost.com/pmn/business-pmn/musks-2-trillion-of-budget-cuts-would-have-these-stocks-moving|first=Alexandra|last=Semenova|date=November 4, 2024}}|{{cite news|newspaper= New York Times|title=Elon|url=https://nytimes.com/2024/10/29/us/politics/elon-musk-trump-economy-hardship.html}}|{{Cite web |date=September 5, 2024 |title=Trump says he'd create a government efficiency commission led by Elon Musk |url=https://apnews.com/article/donald-trump-elon-musk-government-efficiency-commission-e831ed5dc2f6a56999e1a70bb0a4eaeb |publisher=AP News}}|{{cite web|first=Jenn|last=Brice|title=How Elon Musk's $130 million investment in Trump's victory could reap a huge payoff for Tesla and the rest of his business empire|url=https://fortune.com/2024/11/06/elon-musk-donald-trump-tesla-spacex-xai-boring-neuralink|website=Fortune}}|{{cite web|url=https://axios.com/2024/11/07/elon-musk-government-efficiency-trump|title=Musk will bring his Twitter management style to government reform}}|{{cite news| access-date =November 9, 2024|work=Reuters|date=September 6, 2024|first1=Helen|first2=Gram|last1=Coster| last2=Slattery|title=Trump says he will tap Musk to lead government efficiency commission if elected| url= https://reuters.com/world/us/trump-adopt-musks-proposal-government-efficiency-commission-wsj-reports-2024-09-05}}|{{cite web|title=Trump says Musk could head 'government efficiency' force|url= https://bbc.com/news/articles/c74lgwkrmrpo|publisher=BBC}}|{{cite web|date =November 5, 2024|title=How Elon Musk could gut the government under Trump|url=https://independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/us-politics/elon-musk-donald-trump-economy-job-cuts-b2641644.html|website= The Independent}}}}</ref> and expected to grow to 134% of GDP by 2034 if current laws remain unchanged, according to the [[w:Congressional_Budget_Office|Congressional Budget Office]]. The DOGE will be a [[wikipedia:Presidential_commission_(United_States)|presidential advisory commission]] led by the billionaire businessmen [[wikipedia:Elon_Musk|Elon Musk]] and [[wikipedia:Vivek_Ramaswamy|Vivek Ramaswamy]], and possibly [[w:Ron_Paul|Ron Paul]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thehill.com/video/ron-paul-vows-to-join-elon-musk-help-eliminate-government-waste-in-a-trump-admin/10191375|title=Ron Paul vows to join Elon Musk, help eliminate government waste in a Trump admin|date=November 5, 2024|website=The Hill}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://usatoday.com/story/business/2024/10/28/patricia-healy-elon-musk-highlights-need-for-government-efficiency/75798556007|title=Elon Musk puts spotlight on ... Department of Government Efficiency? {{!}} Cumberland Comment|last=Healy|first=Patricia|website=USA TODAY|language=en-US|access-date=November 9, 2024}}</ref> with support from many [[w:Political_appointments_of_the_second_Trump_administration|Political and cabinet appointees of the second Trump administration]] and from a Congressional caucus Musk stated his belief that DOGE could remove US$2 trillion from the [[w:United_States_federal_budget|U.S. federal budget]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/live/HysDMs2a-iM?si=92I5LD1FY2PAsSuG&t=15822|title=WATCH LIVE: Trump holds campaign rally at Madison Square Garden in New York|date=October 28, 2024|website=youtube.com|publisher=[[PBS NewsHour]]|language=en|format=video}}</ref> without specifying whether these savings would be made over a single year or a longer period.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/cdj38mekdkgo|title=Can Elon Musk cut $2 trillion from US government spending?|last=Chu|first=Ben|date=2024-11-13|website=BBC News|language=en-GB|access-date=2024-11-14}}</ref> [[File:2023_US_Federal_Budget_Infographic.png|thumb|An infographic on outlays and revenues in the 2023 [[United States federal budget|U.S. federal budget]]]] DOGE could also streamline permitting with “categorical exclusions” from environmental reviews under the National Environmental Policy Act. {{sidebar with collapsible lists|name=U.S. deficit and debt topics|namestyle=background:#bf0a30;|style=width:22.0em; border: 4px double #d69d36; background:var(--background-color-base, #FFFFFF);|bodyclass=vcard|pretitle='''<span class="skin-invert">This article is part of [[:Category:United States|a series]] on the</span>'''|title=[[United States federal budget|<span style="color:var(--color-base, #000000);">Budget and debt in the<br/>United States of America</span>]]|image=[[File:Seal of the United States Congress.svg|90px]] [[File:Seal of the United States Department of the Treasury.svg|90px]]|titlestyle=background:var(--background-color-base, #002868); background-clip:padding-box;|headingstyle=background:var(--background-color-base, #bf0a30); color:var(--color-base, #fff);|listtitlestyle=background:var(--background-color-base, #bf0a30); color:var(--color-base, #fff); text-align:center;|expanded={{{expanded|{{{1|}}}}}}|list1name=dimensions|list1title=Major dimensions|list1class=hlist skin-invert|list1=* [[Economy of the United States|Economy]] * [[Expenditures in the United States federal budget|Expenditures]] * [[United States federal budget|Federal budget]] * [[Financial position of the United States|Financial position]] * [[Military budget of the United States|Military budget]] * [[National debt of the United States|Public debt]] * [[Taxation in the United States|Taxation]] * [[Unemployment in the United States|Unemployment]] * [[Government_spending_in_the_United_States|Gov't spending]]|list2name=programs|list2title=Programs|list2class=hlist skin-invert|list2=* [[Medicare (United States)|Medicare]] * [[Social programs in the United States|Social programs]] * [[Social Security (United States)|Social Security]]|list3name=issues|list3title=Contemporary issues|list3class=skin-invert|list3=<div style="margin-bottom:0.5em"> [[National Commission on Fiscal Responsibility and Reform|Bowles–Simpson Commission]] {{flatlist}} * <!--Bu--> [[Bush tax cuts]] * <!--Deb--> [[United States debt ceiling|Debt ceiling]] ** [[History of the United States debt ceiling|history]] * <!--Def--> [[Deficit reduction in the United States|Deficit reduction]] * <!--F--> [[United States fiscal cliff|Fiscal cliff]] * <!--H--> [[Healthcare reform in the United States|Healthcare reform]] * <!--P--> [[Political debates about the United States federal budget|Political debates]] * <!--So--> [[Social Security debate in the United States|Social Security debate]] * <!--St--> "[[Starve the beast]]" * <!--Su--> [[Subprime mortgage crisis]] {{endflatlist}} </div> [[2007–2008 financial crisis]] {{flatlist}} * <!--D--> [[United States debt-ceiling crisis (disambiguation)|Debt-ceiling crises]] ** [[2011 United States debt-ceiling crisis|2011]] ** [[2013 United States debt-ceiling crisis|2013]] ** [[2023 United States debt-ceiling crisis|2023]] {{endflatlist}} [[2013 United States budget sequestration|2013 budget sequestration]] {{flatlist}} * <!--G--> [[Government shutdowns in the United States|Government shutdowns]] ** [[1980 United States federal government shutdown|1980]] ** [[1981, 1984, and 1986 U.S. federal government shutdowns|1981, 1984, 1986]] ** [[1990 United States federal government shutdown|1990]] ** [[1995–1996 United States federal government shutdowns|1995–1996]] ** [[2013 United States federal government shutdown|2013]] ** [[January 2018 United States federal government shutdown|Jan 2018]] ** [[2018–2019 United States federal government shutdown|2018–2019]] {{endflatlist}} Related events {{flatlist}} *<!--E-->[[Removal of Kevin McCarthy as Speaker of the House|2023 Removal of Kevin McCarthy]] {{endflatlist}}|list4name=terminology|list4title=Terminology|list4class=hlist skin-invert|list4=Cumulative [[Government budget balance|deficit]] + [[National debt of the United States#Debates|Interest]] ≈ [[Government debt|Debt]] * [[Balance of payments]] * [[Inflation]] * [[Continuing resolution]]}} [[w:Deficit_reduction_in_the_United_States|Deficit reduction in the United States]] == Deregulate the Economy == The legal theory that this can be done through the executive branch is found in the U.S. Supreme Court’s ''[[w:West_Virginia_v._EPA|West Virginia v. EPA]]'' and ''[[w:Loper_Bright|Loper Bright]]'' rulings, which rein in the administrative state and mean that much of what the federal government now does is illegal.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.wsj.com/opinion/department-of-government-efficiency-elon-musk-vivek-ramaswamy-donald-trump-1e086dab|website=[[w:Wall Street Journal]]|title=The Musk-Ramaswamy Project Could Be Trump’s Best Idea}}</ref> Mr. Trump has set a goal of eliminating 10 regulations for every new one. The [[w:Competitive_Enterprise_Institute|Competitive Enterprise Institute]]’s Wayne Crews says 217,565 rules have been issued since the [[w:Federal_Register|Federal Register]] first began itemizing them in 1976, with 89,368 pages added last year. [https://sgp.fas.org/crs/misc/R43056.pdf 3,000-4,500 rules are added each year]. DOGE’s first order will be to pause enforcement of overreaching rules while starting the process to roll them back. Mr. Trump and DOGE could direct agencies to settle legal challenges to Biden rules by vacating them. This could ease the laborious process of undoing them by rule-making through the [[w:Administrative_Procedure_Act|Administrative Procedure Act]]. A source tells the WSJ they’ll do whatever they think they legally can without the APA. The [[w:Congressional_Review_Act|Congressional Review Act]]—which allows Congress to overturn recently issued agency regulations—had been used only once, prior to [[w:First_presidency_of_Donald_Trump|Trump's first term]]. While in office, he and the Republican Congress used it on 16 rules. This time, there will be more than 56 regulatory actions recent enough to be repealed. The [[w:Chevron_deference|''Chevron'' deference]] had required federal courts to defer to agencies’ interpretations of ambiguous statutes, but this was overturned in 2024. Taken together, with some other recent [[w:SCOTUS|SCOTUS]] rulings, we now have, says the WSJ, the biggest opportunity to cut regulatory red tape in more than 40 years.<ref>[https://www.wsj.com/opinion/let-the-trump-deregulation-begin-us-chamber-of-commerce-second-term-economic-growth-73f24387?cx_testId=3&cx_testVariant=cx_166&cx_artPos=0]</ref><blockquote>"Most legal edicts aren’t laws enacted by Congress but “rules and regulations” promulgated by unelected bureaucrats—tens of thousands of them each year. Most government enforcement decisions and discretionary expenditures aren’t made by the democratically elected president or even his political appointees but by millions of unelected, unappointed civil servants within government agencies who view themselves as immune from firing thanks to civil-service protections." "This is antidemocratic and antithetical to the Founders’ vision. It imposes massive direct and indirect costs on taxpayers." "When the president nullifies thousands of such regulations, critics will allege executive overreach. In fact, it will be ''correcting'' the executive overreach of thousands of regulations promulgated by administrative fiat that were never authorized by Congress. The president owes lawmaking deference to Congress, not to bureaucrats deep within federal agencies. The use of executive orders to substitute for lawmaking by adding burdensome new rules is a constitutional affront, but the use of executive orders to roll back regulations that wrongly bypassed Congress is legitimate and necessary to comply with the Supreme Court’s recent mandates. And after those regulations are fully rescinded, a future president couldn’t simply flip the switch and revive them but would instead have to ask Congress to do so"<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/opinion/musk-and-ramaswamy-the-doge-plan-to-reform-government-supreme-court-guidance-end-executive-power-grab-fa51c020?cx_testId=3&cx_testVariant=cx_165&cx_artPos=5|title=Elon Musk and Vivek Ramaswamy: The DOGE Plan to Reform Government|last=Musk|first=Elon|date=20 November 2024|work=The Wall Street Journal|last2=Ramaswamy|first2=Vivek}}</ref> </blockquote> == Shrink the federal civil service == The government has around three million [[w:United_States_federal_civil_service|federal civil service]] employees, with an average salary of $106,000. Dr. Anthony Fauci made $481,000 in 2022. The federal head count has ballooned by 120,800 during the Biden years. Civil service and union protections make it hard to fire workers. Mr. Trump intends to quickly resurrect the [[w:Schedule_F|Schedule F]] reform that he sought to implement at the end of his first term but was scrapped by Mr. Biden. These would high-level federal employees to be removed like political appointees, by eliminating their job protections. WSJ proposals[https://www.wsj.com/opinion/the-doge-cheat-sheet-elon-musk-vivek-ramaswamy-department-of-government-efficiency-1c231783#cxrecs_s] The [[w:Administrative_Procedures_Act|Administrative Procedures Act]] statute protects federal employees from political retaliation, but allows for “reductions in force” that don’t target specific employees. The statute further empowers the president to “prescribe rules governing the competitive service.” The Supreme Court has held—in ''[[w:Franklin_v._Massachusetts|Franklin v. Massachusetts]]'' (1992) and ''[[w:Collins_v._Yellen|Collins v. Yellen]]'' (2021) that when revious presidents have used this power to amend the civil service rules by executive order, they weren’t constrained by the APA when they did so. Mr. Trump can, with this authority, implement any number of “rules governing the competitive service” that would curtail administrative overgrowth, from large-scale firings to relocation of federal agencies out of the Washington area. The DOGE welcomes voluntary terminations once the President begins requiring federal employees to come to the office five days a week, because American taxpayers shouldn’t pay federal employees for the Covid-era privilege of staying home.<ref>[https://www.wsj.com/opinion/musk-and-ramaswamy-the-doge-plan-to-reform-government-supreme-court-guidance-end-executive-power-grab-fa51c020?cx_testId=3&cx_testVariant=cx_165&cx_artPos=5 Elon Musk and Vivek Ramaswamy: The DOGE Plan to Reform Government: Following the Supreme Court’s guidance, we’ll reverse a decadeslong executive power grab. Musk & Ramaswamy 11/20/2024]</ref> == Reduce the deficit and debt by impounding appropriated funds == === Impound appropriated funds === Reports suggest that president-elect Trump intends to override Congress’s power of the purse by [[w:Impoundment_of_appropriated_funds|impoundment of appropriated funds]], that is, refusing to spend them. the president may [[wikipedia:Rescission_bill|propose rescission]] of specific funds, but that rescission must be approved by both the [[wikipedia:United_States_House_of_Representatives|House of Representatives]] and [[wikipedia:United_States_Senate|Senate]] within 45 days. [[w:Thomas_Jefferson|Thomas Jefferson]] was the first president to exercise the power of impoundment in 1801, which power was available to all presidents up to and including [[wikipedia:Richard_Nixon|Richard Nixon]], and was regarded as a power inherent to the office, although one with limits. He may ask Congress to repeal The [[w:Congressional_Budget_and_Impoundment_Control_Act_of_1974|Congressional Budget and Impoundment Control Act of 1974]], which was passed in response to Nixon's abuses.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://democrats-budget.house.gov/resources/reports/impoundment-control-act-1974-what-it-why-does-it-matter|title=The Impoundment Control Act of 1974: What Is It? Why Does It Matter? {{!}} House Budget Committee Democrats|date=2019-10-23|website=democrats-budget.house.gov|language=en|access-date=2024-05-19}}</ref> If Congress refuses to do so, president Trump may impound funds anyway and argue in court that the 1974 law is unconstitutional. The matter would likely end up at the Supreme Court, which would have to do more than simply hold the 1974 act unconstitutional in order for Mr. Trump to prevail. The court would also have to overrule [[w:Train_v._City_of_New_York_(1975)|''Train v. City of New York'' (1975)]], which held that impoundment is illegal unless the underlying legislation specifically authorizes it. === Reduce the budget deficit === [[wikipedia:U.S. federal budget|U.S. federal budget]] The [[wikipedia:Fiscal_year|fiscal year]], beginning October 1 and ending on September 30 of the year following. Congress is the body required by law to pass appropriations annually and to submit funding bills passed by both houses to the President for signature. Congressional decisions are governed by rules and legislation regarding the [[wikipedia:United_States_budget_process|federal budget process]]. Budget committees set spending limits for the House and Senate committees and for Appropriations subcommittees, which then approve individual [[wikipedia:Appropriations_bill_(United_States)|appropriations bills]] to During FY2022, the federal government spent $6.3 trillion. Spending as % of GDP is 25.1%, almost 2 percentage points greater than the average over the past 50 years. Major categories of FY 2022 spending included: Medicare and Medicaid ($1.339T or 5.4% of GDP), Social Security ($1.2T or 4.8% of GDP), non-defense discretionary spending used to run federal Departments and Agencies ($910B or 3.6% of GDP), Defense Department ($751B or 3.0% of GDP), and net interest ($475B or 1.9% of GDP).<ref name="CBO_2022">[https://www.cbo.gov/publication/58888 The Federal Budget in Fiscal Year 2022: An Infographic]</ref> CBO projects a federal budget deficit of $1.6 trillion for 2024. In the agency’s projections, deficits generally increase over the coming years; the shortfall in 2034 is $2.6 trillion. The deficit amounts to 5.6 percent of gross domestic product (GDP) in 2024, swells to 6.1 percent of GDP in 2025, and then declines in the two years that follow. After 2027, deficits increase again, reaching 6.1 percent of GDP in 2034.<ref name="CBO_budgetOutlook2024">{{cite web|url=https://www.cbo.gov/publication/59710|title=The Budget and Economic Outlook: 2024 to 2034|date=February 7, 2024|publisher=CBO|access-date=February 7, 2024}}</ref> The following table summarizes several budgetary statistics for the fiscal year 2015-2021 periods as a percent of GDP, including federal tax revenue, outlays or spending, deficits (revenue – outlays), and [[wikipedia:National_debt_of_the_United_States|debt held by the public]]. The historical average for 1969-2018 is also shown. With U.S. GDP of about $21 trillion in 2019, 1% of GDP is about $210 billion.<ref name="CBO_Hist_20">[https://www.cbo.gov/about/products/budget-economic-data#2 CBO-Historical Budget Data-Retrieved January 28, 2020]</ref> Statistics for 2020-2022 are from the CBO Monthly Budget Review for FY 2022.<ref name="CBO_MBRFY2022">{{cite web|url=https://www.cbo.gov/publication/58592|title=Monthly Budget Review: Summary for Fiscal Year 2022|date=November 8, 2022|publisher=CBO|access-date=December 10, 2022}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" !Variable As % GDP !2015 !2016 !2017 !2018 !2019 !2020 !2021 !2022 !Hist Avg |- !Revenue<ref name="CBO_Hist_20">[https://www.cbo.gov/about/products/budget-economic-data#2 CBO-Historical Budget Data-Retrieved January 28, 2020]</ref> |18.0% |17.6% |17.2% |16.4% |16.4% |16.2% |17.9% |19.6% |17.4% |- !Outlays<ref name="CBO_Hist_20" /> |20.4% |20.8% |20.6% |20.2% |21.0% |31.1% |30.1% |25.1% |21.0% |- !Budget Deficit<ref name="CBO_Hist_20" /> | -2.4% | -3.2% | -3.5% | -3.8% | -4.6% | -14.9% | -12.3% | -5.5% | -3.6% |- !Debt Held by Public<ref name="CBO_Hist_20" /> |72.5% |76.4% |76.2% |77.6% |79.4% |100.3% |99.6% |94.7% | |} The [[wikipedia:U.S._Constitution|U.S. Constitution]] ([[wikipedia:Article_One_of_the_United_States_Constitution|Article I]], section 9, clause 7) states that "No money shall be drawn from the Treasury, but in Consequence of Appropriations made by Law; and a regular Statement and Account of Receipts and Expenditures of all public Money shall be published from time to time." Each year, the President of the United States submits a budget request to Congress for the following fiscal year as required by the [[wikipedia:Budget_and_Accounting_Act_of_1921|Budget and Accounting Act of 1921]]. Current law ({{UnitedStatesCode|31|1105}}(a)) requires the president to submit a budget no earlier than the first Monday in January, and no later than the first Monday in February. Typically, presidents submit budgets on the first Monday in February. The budget submission has been delayed, however, in some new presidents' first year when the previous president belonged to a different party. === Reduce the National debt === == Strategic Foreign Policy and Military reform == Nominee for [[w:National_Security_Advisor|National Security Advisor]] [[w:Mike_Waltz|Mike Waltz]] To oversee the [[w:U.S._Intelligence_Community|U.S. Intelligence Community]] and NIP, and the 18 IC agencies, including the CIA, DIA, NSC, the nominee for [[w:Director_of_National_Intelligence|Director of National Intelligence]] is [[w:Tulsi_Gabbard|Tulsi Gabbard]], who is an isolationist of the [[w:Bernie_Sanders#foreign_policy|Bernie Sanders]] camp, with a long record of dogmatically opposing [[w:Foreign_policy_of_the_Trump_administration|President Trump's first term foreign policy]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/opinion/tulsi-gabbard-director-of-national-intelligence-donald-trump-foreign-policy-syria-israel-iran-b37aa3de|title=How Tulsi Gabbard Sees the World|last=Editorial Board|date=10 December 2024|work=The Wall Street Journal}}</ref> === Department of State === {{Main article|w:Second presidency of Donald Trump#Prospective foreign policy|w:State Department}} [[w:Marco_Rubio|Marco Rubio]] has been nominated as [[w:U.S._Secretary_of_State|U.S. Secretary of State]], overseeing $53bn and 77,880 employees ==== [[w:USAID|USAID]] ==== === U.S. Department of Defense === Nominated for [[w:Secretary_of_Defense|Secretary of Defense]] is [[w:Pete_Hegseth|Pete Hegseth]]. The president-elect is reportedly considering a draft executive order that establishes a “warrior board” of retired senior military personnel with the power to review three- and four-star officers “on leadership capability, strategic readiness, and commitment to military excellence," and to recommend removals of any deemed unfit for leadership. This would fast-track the removal of generals and admirals found to be “lacking in requisite leadership qualities,” consistent with his earlier vow to fire “woke” military leaders.<ref>[https://www.wsj.com/politics/national-security/trump-draft-executive-order-would-create-board-to-purge-generals-7ebaa606<nowiki> Trump draft executive order would create a board to purge generals 11/12/2024]</nowiki></ref> There are legal obstacles. The law prohibits the firing of commissioned officers except by “sentence of a general court-martial,” as a “commutation of a sentence of a general court-martial,” or “in time of war, by order of the president.” A commissioned officer who believes he’s been wrongfully dismissed has the right to seek a trial by court-martial, which may find the dismissal baseless. <ref>[https://www.wsj.com/opinion/trump-tests-the-constitutions-limits-checks-balances-government-policy-law-78d0d0f1 &lt;nowiki&gt; Trump test the constitutions limits 11/19/2024]</ref> Musk said, "Some idiots are still building manned fighter jets like the F-35," and later added: "Manned fighter jets are outdated in the age of drones and only put pilots' lives at risk." [[w:Bernie_Sanders|Bernie Sanders]] wrote on X: "Elon Musk is right. The Pentagon, with a budget of $886 billion, just failed its 7th audit in a row. It's lost track of billions. Last year, only 13 senators voted against the Military Industrial Complex and a defense budget full of waste and fraud. That must change."{{sfn|Newsweek 12/02|2024}}. It failed its fifth audit in June 2023.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newsweek.com/fox-news-host-confronts-gop-senator-pentagons-fifth-failed-audit-1804379|title=Fox News host confronts GOP Senator on Pentagon's fifth failed audit|last=Writer|first=Fatma Khaled Staff|date=2023-06-04|website=Newsweek|language=en|access-date=2024-12-02}}</ref> === US Air Force === Air Force is advancing a program called [[w:Collaborative_Combat_Aircraft|Collaborative Combat Aircraft]] to build roughly 1,000 UAVs, with [[w:Anduril|Anduril]] and [[w:General_Atomics|General Atomics]] currently building prototypes, ahead of an Air Force decision on which company or companies will be contracted to build it. The cost quickly exceeded the $2.3 billion approved for last fiscal year’s budget, according to the [[w:Congressional_Research_Service|Congressional Research Service]], prompting calls for more oversight. “''If you want to make real improvements to the defense and security of the United States of America, we would be investing more in drones, we’d be investing more in [[w:Hypersonic_weapon|hypersonic missiles]]'',” said Mr. Ramaswamy. The program for Lockheed-Martin's [[w:F-35|F-35]] stealth jet fighters, now in production, is expected to exceed $2 trillion over several decades. The Air Force on 5 December announced it would delay a decision on which company would build the next-generation crewed fighter, called [[w:Next Generation Air Dominance|Next Generation Air Dominance (NGAD)]], which was planned to replace the [[w:F-22|F-22]] and operate alongside the F-35. Mr. Musk has written that "manned fighter jets are obsolete in the age of drones.” In another post, he claimed “a reusable drone” can do everything a jet fighter can do “without all the overhead of a pilot.” Brigadier General [[w:Doug_Wickert|Doug Wickert]] said in response, “There may be some day when we can completely rely on roboticized warfare but we are a century away.... How long have we thought full self-driving was going to be on the Tesla?” <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/politics/national-security/air-force-jets-vs-drones-trump-administration-8b1620a5?page=1|title=Trump Administration Set to Decide Future of Jet Fighters|last=Seligman|first=Lara|date=6 December 2024|work=The Wall Street Journal}}</ref> === US Space Force === The [[w:US_Space_Force|US Space Force]]'s 2023 budget was ~$26bn and it had 9,400 military personnel. SpaceX had a $14m contract to provide communications to the Ukrainian armed forces and government through 30th Nov 2024.{{sfn|Economist 11/23|2024}} Is also receiving a $733m contract to carry satellites into orbit.{{sfn|Economist 11/23|2024}} The Pentagon plans to incorporate into its own communications network 100 of [[w:Starshield|Starshield]]'s satellites.{{sfn|Economist 11/23|2024}} Starshield also has a $1.8bn contract to help the [[w:National_Reconnaissance_Office|National Reconnaissance Office]] build spy satellites.{{sfn|Economist 11/23|2024}} == Department of Space Transportation == Mr. Trump's transition team told advisors that it plans to make a federal framework for self-driving cars. Mr. Trump had a call with Sundar Pichai and Mr. Musk. === Rail and Tunnel Authority === === Ports Authority === === Interstate Highway Authority === === [[w:Federal_Aviation_Administration|Federal Aviation Administration]] === Musk has often complained about the FAA "smothering" innovation, boasting that he can build a rocket faster than the agency can process the "Kafkaesque paperwork" required to make the relevant approvals.{{sfn|Economist 11/23|2024}} === National Air and Space Administration === The [[w:National_Air_and_Space_Administration|National Air and Space Administration]] (NASA) had a 2023 budget of $25.4 bn and 18,000 employees. [[w:Jared_Isaacman|Jared Isaacman]] is nominated director. He had joined a space voyage in 2021 which was the first for an all-civilian crew to reach orbit. He led a four person crew in September on the first commericial spacewalk, testing SpaceX's new spacesuits. He promised to lead NASA in to "usher in an era where humanity becomes a true space-faring civilization." In an interview Isaacman said that NASA will evolve as private space companies set their own priorities and develop technology. NASA could have a certification role for astronauts and vehicles, similar to how the Federal Aviation Administration oversees the commercial airline industry. “The FAA doesn’t build the airplanes. They don’t staff the pilots that fly you from point A to B,” he said. “That is the world that NASA is in, essentially.” He also suggested openness to new and lower cost ways of getting to the Moon and to Mars.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/politics/elections/trump-picks-billionaire-space-traveler-to-run-nasa-4420150b?page=1|title=Trump Picks Billionaire Space Traveler to Run NASA|last=Maidenberg|first=Micah|date=5 December 2024|work=WSJ}}</ref> In September 2026, NASA's [[w:Artemis_program|Artemis program]], established in 2017 via [[wikipedia:Space_Policy_Directive_1|Space Policy Directive 1]], is intended to reestablish a human presence on the Moon for the first time since the [[wikipedia:Apollo_17|Apollo 17]] mission in 1972. The program's stated long-term goal is to establish a [[wikipedia:Moonbase|permanent base on the Moon]] to facilitate [[wikipedia:Human_mission_to_Mars|human missions to Mars]]. The [[w:U.S._National_Academies_of_Sciences,_Engineering,_and_Medicine|U.S. National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine]] in October, put out a report titled "NASA at a Crossroads," which identified myriad issues at the agency, including out-of-date infrastructure, pressures to prioritize short-term objectives and inefficient management practices. NASA's costly [[w:Space_Launch_System|Space Launch System]] (SLS) is the cornerstone of the Artemis program. has a price tag of around $4.1 billion per launch, and is a single-use rocket that can only launch every two years, having debuted in 2022 with the uncrewed [[w:Artemis_1_mission|Artemis 1 mission]] to the moon. In contrast, SpaceX is working to reduce the cost of a single Starship flight to under $10 million. NASA Associate Administrator Jim Free urged the incoming administration to maintain the current plans, in a symposium with the [[w:American_Astronautical_Society|American Astronautical Society]] saying "We need that consistency in purpose. That has not happened since Apollo. If we lose that, I believe we will fall apart and we will wander, and other people in this world will pass us by." NASA has already asked both [[w:SpaceX|SpaceX]] and also Jeff Bezos' [[w:Blue_Origin|Blue Origin]], to develop cargo landers for its Artemis missions and to deliver heavy equipment on them to the Moon by 2033. "Having two lunar lander providers with different approaches for crew and cargo landing capability provides mission flexibility while ensuring a regular cadence of moon landings for continued discovery and scientific opportunity," Stephen D. Creech, NASA's assistant deputy associate administrator for the moon to Mars program, said in an announcement about the partnership. "For all of the money we are spending, NASA should NOT be talking about going to the Moon - We did that 50 years ago. They should be focused on the much bigger things we are doing, including Mars (of which the Moon is a part), Defense and Science!" Trump wrote in a post on X in 2019. Trump has said he would create a [[w:Space_National_Guard|Space National Guard]], an idea that lawmakers in Congress have been proposing since 2021. Critics agree that a focus on spaceflight could come at the expense of "Earth and atmospheric sciences at NASA and the [[w:National_Oceanic_and_Atmospheric_Administration|National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]] (NOAA), which have been cut during the Biden era."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newsweek.com/elon-musk-donald-trump-nasa-space-policy-1990599|title=Donald Trump and Elon Musk could radically reshape NASA. Here's how|last=Reporter|first=Martha McHardy US News|date=2024-11-27|website=Newsweek|language=en|access-date=2024-12-02}}</ref> Regarding his goal and SpaceX's corporate mission of colonising Mars, Mr. Musk has stated that "The DOGE is the only path to extending life beyond earth"{{sfn|Economist 11/23|2024}} === National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration === == Department of Education and Propaganda == [[w:United_States_Department_of_Education|Department of Education]] has 4,400 employees – the smallest staff of the Cabinet agencies<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www2.ed.gov/about/overview/fed/role.html|title=Federal Role in Education|date=2021-06-15|website=www2.ed.gov|language=en|access-date=2022-04-28}}</ref> – and a 2024 budget of $238 billion.<ref name="DOE-mission">{{Cite web|url=https://www.usaspending.gov/agency/department-of-education?fy=2024|title=Agency Profile {{!}} U.S. Department of Education|website=www2.ed.gov|access-date=2024-11-14}}</ref> The 2023 Budget was $274 billion, which included funding for children with disabilities ([[wikipedia:Individuals_with_Disabilities_Education_Act|IDEA]]), pandemic recovery, early childhood education, [[wikipedia:Pell_Grant|Pell Grants]], [[wikipedia:Elementary_and_Secondary_Education_Act|Title I]], work assistance, among other programs. This budget was down from $637.7 billion in 2022.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.future-ed.org/what-the-new-pisa-results-really-say-about-u-s-schools/|title=What the New PISA Results Really Say About U.S. Schools|date=2021-06-15|website=future-ed.com|language=en|access-date=2024-11-14}}</ref> Nominated as [[w:US_Secretary_of_Education|Secretary of Education]] is [[w:Linda_McMahon|Linda McMahon]]. The WSJ proposes that the Civil Rights division be absorbed into the Department of Justice, and that its outstanding loan portolio be handled by the Department of the Treasury. Despite the redundancies, its unlikely that it will be abolished, which would require congressional action and buy-in from Democrats in the Senate; Republicans don’t have enough votes to do it alone. A republican appointee is expected to push back against federal education overreach and progressive policies like DEI. <ref>[https://www.wsj.com/opinion/trump-can-teach-the-education-department-a-lesson-nominee-needs-boldness-back-school-choice-oppose-woke-indoctrination-ddf6a38d<nowiki> Trump can teach the Education Department a Lesson. WSJ 11/20/2024]</nowiki></ref> During his campaign, Trump had pledged to get the "transgender insanity the hell out of schools.” Relying on the district court's decision in ''[[w:Tatel_v._Mount_Lebanon_School_District|Tatel v. Mount Lebanon School District]] , the'' attorney general and education secretary could issue a letter explaining how enforcing gender ideology violates constitutional [[w:Free_exercise_clause|First amendment right to free exercise of religion]] and the [[w:Equal_Protection_Clause|14th Amendment’s Equal Protection Clause]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/opinion/how-trump-can-target-transgenderism-in-schools-law-policy-education-369537a7?page=1|title=How Trump Can Target Transgenderism in Schools|last=Eden|first=Max|date=9 December 2024|work=The Wall Street Journal}}</ref> === CPB, PBS, NPR === Regarding the [[w:Corporation_for_Public_Broadcasting|Corporation for Public Broadcasting]], [[w:Howard_Husock|Howard Husock]] suggest that instead of zeroing its $535 million budget, Republicans reform the [[w:Public_Broadcasting_Act|Public Broadcasting Act]] to eliminate bias and improve local journalism.<ref>https://www.wsj.com/opinion/the-conservative-case-for-public-broadcasting-media-policy-2d4c3c9f?page=1</ref> {{As of|2024|alt=For fiscal year 2024}}, its appropriation was US$525 million, including $10 million in interest earned. The distribution of these funds was as follows:<ref>{{cite web|url=https://cpb.org/aboutcpb/financials/budget/|title=CPB Operating Budget|last=|date=2024|website=www.cpb.org|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=November 27, 2024|url-status=}}</ref> * $262.83M for direct grants to local public television stations; * $95.11M for television programming grants; * $81.77M for direct grants to local public radio stations; * $28.12M for the Radio National Program Production and Acquisition * $9.43M for the Radio Program Fund * $31.50 for system support * $26.25 for administration Public broadcasting stations are funded by a combination of private donations from listeners and viewers, foundations and corporations. Funding for public television comes in roughly equal parts from government (at all levels) and the private sector.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cpb.org/annualreports/2013/|title=CPB 2013 Annual Report|website=www.cpb.org|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160212170045/http://cpb.org/annualreports/2013/|archive-date=February 12, 2016|access-date=May 4, 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref> == U.S. Department of Health and Human Services == Nominated as [[w:United_States_Secretary_of_Health_and_Human_Services|United States Secretary of Health and Human Services]] is [[w:Robert_F._Kennedy_Jr.|Robert F. Kennedy Jr.]], deputy Secretary [[w:Jim_O'Neill_(investor)|Jim O'Neill]]. Nominated for [[w:US_Surgeon_General|US Surgeon General]] is [[w:Janette_Nesheiwat|Janette Nesheiwat]]. [[w:U.S._Department_of_Health_and_Human_Services|U.S. Department of Health and Human Services]] was authorized a budget for [[w:2020_United_States_federal_budget|fiscal year 2020]] of $1.293 trillion. It has 13 operating divisions, 10 of which constitute the [[w:United_States_Public_Health_Service|Public Health Services]], whose budget authorization is broken down as follows:<ref name="hhs_budget_fy2020">{{cite web|url=https://www.hhs.gov/about/budget/fy2020/index.html|title=HHS FY 2020 Budget in Brief|date=October 5, 2019|website=HHS Budget & Performance|publisher=United States Department of Health & Human Services|page=7|access-date=May 9, 2020}}</ref> {| class="wikitable sortable" !Nominee !Program !2020 Budget !2024 Budget ! employees !2025 Budget !2026 Budget |- |[[w:Marty_Makary|Marty Makary]] |[[w:Food and Drug Administration|Food and Drug Administration]] (FDA) |$3,329 MM |- | |[[w:Health Resources and Services Administration|Health Resources and Services Administration]] (HRSA) |$11,004 |- | |[[w:Indian Health Service|Indian Health Service]] (IHS) |$6,104 |- |[[w:Dave_Weldon|Dave Weldon]] |[[w:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]] (CDC) |$6,767 |- |[[w:Jay_Bhattacharya|Jay Bhattacharya]] |[[w:National Institutes of Health|National Institutes of Health]] (NIH) |$33,669 |- | |[[w:Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration|Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration]] (SAMHSA) |$5,535 |- | |[[w:Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality|Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality]] (AHRQ) |$0 |- |[[w:Mehmet_Oz|Mehmet Oz]] |[[w:Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services|Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services]] (CMMS) |$1,169,091 |- | |[[w:Administration for Children and Families|Administration for Children and Families]] (ACF) |$52,121 |- | |[[w:Administration for Community Living|Administration for Community Living]] (ACL) |$1,997 |- |} {| class="wikitable sortable" !Program !2020 Budget !2024 Budget ! employees !2025 Budget !2026 Budget |- |[[w:Departmental Management|Departmental Management]] |$340 |- |Non-Recurring Expense Fund |$-400 |- |[[w:Office of Medicare Hearings and Appeals|Office of Medicare Hearings and Appeals]] |$186 |- |[[w:Office of the National Coordinator|Office of the National Coordinator]] |$43 |- |[[w:Office for Civil Rights|Office for Civil Rights]] |$30 |- |[[w:Office of Inspector General|Office of Inspector General]] |$82 |- |[[w:Public Health and Social Services Emergency Fund|Public Health and Social Services Emergency Fund]] |$2,667 |- |[[w:Program Support Center|Program Support Center]] |$749 |- |Offsetting Collections |$-629 |- |Other Collections |$-163 |- |'''TOTAL''' |'''$1,292,523''' |} The FY2020 budget included a $1.276 billion budget decrease for the Centers for Disease Control, and a $4.533 billion budget decrease for the National Institutes of Health. These budget cuts, along with other changes since 2019, comprised a total decrease of over $24 billion in revised discretionary budget authority across the entire Department of Health and Human Services for Fiscal Year 2020.<ref name="hhs_budget_fy2020" /> Additional details of the budgeted outlays, budget authority, and detailed budgets for other years, can be found at the HHS Budget website.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://WWW.HHS.GOV/BUDGET|title=Health and Human Services: Budget and Performance|publisher=United States Department of Health & Human Services|access-date=May 9, 2020}}</ref> He is an American politician, [[Environmental law|environmental lawyer]], [[anti-vaccine activist]], and anti-packaged food industry activist, anti-pharmaceutical industry activist, who will be nominated to serve as [[United States Secretary of Health and Human Services]],<ref name="v502">{{cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/saradorn/2024/11/14/rfk-jr-launches-independent-2024-run-here-are-all-the-conspiracies-he-promotes-from-vaccines-to-mass-shootings/|title=Trump Taps RFK Jr. As Secretary Of Health And Human Services: Here Are All The Conspiracies He's Promoted|last=Dorn|first=Sara|date=2024-11-14|website=Forbes|access-date=2024-11-15}}</ref> with the mission of "Making America Healthy Again". He is the chairman and founder of [[Children's Health Defense]], an anti-vaccine advocacy group and proponent of [[COVID-19 vaccine misinformation|dubious COVID-19 vaccine information]].<ref name="Smith_12/15/2021" /><ref name="KW" /> === National Institutes of Health === The [[w:NIH|NIH]] distributes grants of ~$50bn per year. Nominated to lead the [[w:National_Institutes_of_Health|National Institutes of Health]] is [[w:Jay_Bhattacharya|Jay Bhattacharya]], who has announced the following priorities for funding: * cutting edge research, saying that the NIH has become "sclerotic", due to a phenomenon has been called [[Eroom’s law]], which explains that career incentives encourage “me-too research,” given that citations by other scientists “have become the dominant way to evaluate scientific contributions and scientists.” That has shifted research “toward incremental science and away from exploratory projects that are more likely to fail, but which are the fuel for future breakthroughs.”<ref name=":3">{{Cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/opinion/jay-bhattacharya-and-the-vindication-of-the-fringe-scientists-pandemic-lockdowns-38b6aec6|title=Jay Bhattacharya and the Vindication of the ‘Fringe’ Scientists|last=Finley|first=Allysia|date=1 December 2024|work=Wall Street Journal}}</ref> Dr. Bhattacharya's February 2020 paper explaining Eroom's law, as possible explanation for slowing of pharmaceutical advances.{{Cn}} * studies aimed at replicating the results of earlier studies, to address the problem of scientific fraud or other factors contributing to the the [[w:Replication_crisis|replication crisis]], encouraging academic freedom among NIH scientists and term limits for NIH leaders. “Those kinds of reforms, I think every scientist would agree, every American would agree, it’s how you turn the NIH from something that is sort of how to control society, into something that is aimed at the discovery of truth to improve the health of Americans,” he said.<ref name=":4">{{Cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/health/healthcare/covid-lockdown-critic-jay-bhattacharya-chosen-to-lead-nih-2958e5e2?page=1|title=Covid-Lockdown Critic Jay Bhattacharya Chosen to Lead NIH|last=Whyte|first=Liz Essley|date=26 November 2024|work=The Wall Street Journal}}</ref> * Refocusing on research on [[w:Chronic_diseases|chronic diseases]], which is underfunded, and away from [[w:Infectious_diseases|infectious diseases]], which is overfunded. * Ending [[w:Gain-of-function|gain-of-function]] research. Jay Bhattacharya wrote a March 25 2020 op-ed "Is the Coronavirus as Deadly as They Say?", with colleague [[w:Eran_Bendavid|Eran Bendavid]], arguing that many asymptomatic cases of COVID-19 were going undetected. The hypothesis was confirmed in April 2020 when he and several colleagues published a study showing that Covid anti-bodies in Santa Clara county were 50 times the recorded infection rate. This implied, he said "a lower inflection mortality rate than public health authorities were pushing at a time when they and the media thought it was a virtue to panic the population".<ref><nowiki><ref></nowiki>{{Cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/opinion/the-man-who-fought-fauci-and-won-trump-nih-nominee-jay-bhattacharya-covid-cancel-culture-4a0650bd?page=1|title=The Man Who Fought Fauci - and Won|last=Varadarajan|first=Tunku|date=6 December 2024|work=WSJ}}&lt;nowiki&gt;</ref> Dr. Bhattacharya, [[w:Martin_Kulldorff|Martin Kulldorff]], then at Harvard, and Oxford’s [[w:Sunetra_Gupta|Sunetra Gupta]] formally expounded this idea in the [[w:Great_Barrington_Declaration|Great Barrington Declaration]] in October 2020, urging the government to focus on protecting the vulnerable while letting others go about their lives, which previous NIH director [[w:Francis_Collins|Francis Collins]] derided as "fringe science its into the political views of certain parts of our confused political establishment," and previous [[w:NIAID|NIAID]] director [[w:Chief_Medical_Advisor_to_the_President|chief medical advisor to the President]] [[w:Anthony_Fauci|Anthony Fauci]] "a quick and devastating public takedown of its premises." Some suggest the same career incentives that lead to scientific group-think in the pharmaceutical industry, also explain conformist behavior during COVID-19, due to the threat against young scientists of losing NIH funding, jobs, and career opportunities, if they were to exercise in independent judgement.<ref name=":3" /> “Dr. Jay Bhattacharya is the ideal leader to restore NIH as the international template for gold-standard science and evidence-based medicine,” DHHS Secretary nominee Kennedy wrote. "We will reform American scientific institutions so that they are worthy of trust again and will deploy the fruits of excellent science to make America healthy again!” said Dr. Bhattacharya. “Dr. Bhattacharya is a strong choice to lead the NIH,” said Dr. [[w:Ned_Sharpless|Ned Sharpless]], a former [[w:National_Cancer_Institute|National Cancer Institute]] director. “The support of moderate Senate Republicans will be critical to NIH funding, and Dr. Bhattacharya’s Covid work will give him credibility with this constituency.”<ref name=":4" /> === Food and Drug Administration === The FDA in 2022 had 18,000 employees<ref name="fy2022">{{cite web|url=https://www.fda.gov/media/149613/download|title=FY 2022 FDA Budget Request|publisher=FDA|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230602090805/https://www.fda.gov/media/149613/download|archive-date=June 2, 2023|access-date=January 14, 2022|url-status=live}}</ref> and a budget of $6.5{{nbsp}}billion (2022)<ref name="fy2022" /> Nominated as director is [[w:Marty_Makary|Marty Makary]]. == Department of Food and Agriculture == [[w:Department_of_Agriculture|Department of Agriculture]] (USDA) had 2023 budget of ___ and ____ employees. Nominated for [[w:Secretary_of_Agriculture|Secretary of Agriculture]] is [[w:Brooke_Rollins|Brooke Rollins]], who had earlier served on the [[w:Office_of_American_Innovation|Office of American Innovation]] under [[w:Jared_Kushner|Jared Kushner]], and served as director of [[w:Domestic_Policy_Council|Domestic Policy Council]]. She has not endorsed the "[[w:Make_America_Healthy_Again|Make America Healthy Again]]" agenda of RFK Jr. (and his colleagues Jay Bhattacharcya and others) who promised to "reverse 80 years of farm policy" and complains of the $30 billion/year farms subsidies. Kennedy wants to remove soda from food aid, and ultra-processed food from both [[w:Food-stamps|food-stamp]] benefits and [[w:School_meals|school meals]], both of which are overseen by the USDA; an effort that in the past has been opposed by the food industry, lawmakers, and some anti-hunger advocacy groups. RFK Jr.'s team had recommended [[w:Sid_Miller|Sid Miller]] for the role, and a group of farmers he had asked to vet candidates had proposed [[w:John_Kempf|John Kempf]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/politics/policy/trump-agriculture-pick-brooke-rollins-rfk-jr-1a85beda?page=1|title=RFK Jr. Team Skeptical About USDA Pick|last=Andrews|first=Natalie|date=11 December 2024|work=The Wall Street Journal|others=et al}}</ref> === Food Stamps === === School Meals === === Farm Subsidies === == Department of Treasury and Commerce == [[w:Departments_of_Treasury|Departments of Treasury]] has 2023 budget of ____ and ___ employees. [[w:Department_of_Commerce|Department of Commerce]] has 2023 budget of _____ and _____ employees. Nominated for [[w:Secretary_of_the_Treasury|Secretary of the Treasury]] is [[w:Scott_Bessent|Scott Bessent]], for Secretary of Commerce is [[w:Howard_Lutnick|Howard Lutnick]] === Consumer Financial Protection Bureau === The [[w:Consumer_Financial_Protection_Bureau|Consumer Financial Protection Bureau]] (CFPB). Said Mr. Musk "Delete the CFPB. There are too many duplicative regulatory agencies"<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/politics/policy/elon-musk-doge-conflict-of-interest-b1202437?page=1|title=Musk’s DOGE Plans Rely on White House Budget Office. Conflicts Await.|last=Schwartz|first=Brian|work=The Wall Street Journal}}</ref> === Securities and Exchange Commission === [[w:Securities_and_Exchange_Commission|Securities and Exchange Commission]] === Internal Revenue Service === [[w:Internal_Revenue_Service|Internal Revenue Service]] == Departments of Energy and Interior == Nominee for [[w:US_Secretary_of_the_Interior|Secretary of the Interior]] is [[w:Doug_Burgum|Doug Burgum]], who will also be [[w:List_of_U.S._executive_branch_czars|Energy Czar]]. [[w:Department_of_Energy|Department of Energy]] [[w:United_States_Secretary_of_Energy|secretary nominee]] [[w:Chris_Wright_(energy_executive)|Chris Wright]] admits that burning fossil fuels contributes to rising temperatures, but says it poses only a modest threat to humanity, and praises it for increasing plant growth, making the planet greener, and boosting agricultural productivity. He also says that it likely reduces the annual number of temperature-related deaths. (estimates from health researchers say otherwise). He says, "It's probably almost as many positive changes as negative changes... Is it a crisis, is it the world's greatest challenge, or a big threat to the next generation? No. .. A little bit warmer isn’t a threat. If we were 5, 7, 8, 10 degrees [Celsius] warmer, that would be meaningful changes to the planet.” Scientists see a 1.5 degrees Celsius temperature as creating potentially irreversible changes for the planet, and expect to pass that mark later this year, after increasing over several decade. He criticizes the [[w:Paris_climate_agreement|Paris climate agreement]] for empowering "political actors with anti-fossil fuel agendas." Wright favors development of [[w:Geothermal_energy|geothermal energy]] and [[w:Nuclear_energy_policy_of_the_United_States|nuclear energy]], criticizing subsidies to wind and solar energy. <ref><nowiki><ref></nowiki>{{Cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/politics/policy/who-is-chris-wright-trump-energy-secretary-9eb617dc?page=1|title=Trump’s Energy Secretary Pick Preaches the Benefits of Climate Change|last=Morenne|first=Benoit|date=9 December 2024|work=The Wall Street Journal}}&lt;nowiki&gt;</ref> === Bureau of Land Management === === Forest Service === === National Parks === == AI and Cryptocurrency Policy == [[w:David_Sacks|David Sacks]] was named "White House AI and Crypto Czar". == Reform Entitlements == === Healthcare and Medicare === [[w:ObamaCare|ObamaCare]] started as a plausible scheme for universal, cost-effective health insurance with subsidies for the needy. Only the subsidies survive because the ObamaCare policies actually delivered are so overpriced nobody would buy them without a subsidy.<ref>[https://www.wsj.com/opinion/elons-real-trump-mission-protect-growth-department-of-government-efficiency-appointments-cabinet-9e7e62b2]</ref> See below: Department of Health and Human Services === Social Security === Even FDR was aware of its flaw: it discourages working and saving. === Other === Small-government advocate [[w:Ron_Paul|Ron Paul]] has suggested to cut aid to the following "biggest" welfare recipients: * The [[w:Military-industrial_complex|Military-industrial complex]] * The [[w:Pharmaceutical-industrial_complex|Pharmaceutical-industrial complex]] * The [[w:Federal_Reserve|Federal Reserve]] To which Mr. Musk replied, "Needs to be done".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thehill.com/video/ron-paul-vows-to-join-elon-musk-help-eliminate-government-waste-in-a-trump-admin/10191375/|title=Ron Paul vows to join Elon Musk, help eliminate government waste in a Trump admin|date=2024-11-05|website=The Hill|language=en-US|access-date=2024-12-09}}</ref> == Office of Management and Budget == The White House [[w:Office_of_Management_and_Budget|Office of Management and Budget]] (OMB) guides implementation of regulations and analyzes federal spending. Mssrs. Musk and Ramaswamy encouraged President-elect Trump to reappoint his first term director [[w:Russell_Vought|Russell Vought]], which he did on 22nd Nov.<ref name=":0" /> == Government Efficiency Personnel == Transition spokesman [[w:Brian_Hughes|Brian Hughes]] said that "Elon Musk is a once-in-a-generation business leader and our federal bureaucracy will certainly benefit from his ideas and efficiency". About a dozen Musk allies have visited Mar-a-Lago to serve as unofficial advisors to the Trump 47 transition, influencing hiring at many influential government agencies.<ref name=":2"><nowiki><ref></nowiki>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/12/06/us/politics/trump-elon-musk-silicon-valley.html?searchResultPosition=1|title=The Silicon Valley Billionaires Steering Trump’s Transition|date=8 December 2024|work=NYT}}</ref> [[w:Marc_Andreesen|Marc Andreesen]] has interviewed candidates for State, Pentagon, and DHHS, and has been active pushing for rollback of Biden's cryptocurrency regulations, and rollback of Lina Khan anti-trust efforts with the FTC, and calling for contracting reform in Defense dept. [[w:Jared_Birchall|Jared Birchall]] has interviewed candidates for State, and has advised on Space police and has put together councils for AI and Cryptocurrency policy. David Sacks was named "White House AI and Crypto Czar" [[w:Shaun_MacGuire|Shaun MacGuire]] has advised on picks for intelligence community and has interviewed candidates for Defense. Many tech executives are considering part-time roles advising the DOGE. [[w:Antonio_Gracias|Antonio Gracias]] and [[w:Steve_Davis|Steve Davis]] from Musk's "crisis team" have been active, as has investor [[w:John_Hering|John Hering]]. Other Silicon Valley players who have advised Trump or interviewed candidates: * [[w:Larry_Ellison|Larry Ellison]] has sat in on Trump transition 47 meetings at Mar-a-Lago. * [[w:Mark_Pincus|Mark Pincus]] * [[w:David_Marcus|David Marcus]] * [[w:Barry_Akis|Barry Akis]] * [[w:Shervin_Pishevar|Shervin Pishevar]], who has called for privitization of the USPS, NASA, and the federal Bureau of Prisons. Called for creating an American sovereign wealth fund, and has said that DOGE "could lead a revolutionary restructuring of public institutions."<ref name=":2" /> [[w:William_McGinley|William McGinley]] will move to a role with DOGE. Originally nominated for [[w:White_House_counsel|White House counsel]], he will be replaced in that role by [[w:David_Warrington|David Warrington]].<ref>{{Cite news|title=A White House Counsel Replaced before starting|last=Haberman|first=Maggie|date=6 December 2024|work=New York times}}</ref> The WSJ lauded without naming them, comparing them to the "dollar-a-year men" - business leaders who during WWII revolutionized industrial production to help make America the "arsenal of democracy". (WSJ, 10 December 2024) == History and Miscellaneous facts == See also: [[w:Department_of_Government_Efficiency#History|Department of Government Efficiency — History]] DOGE's work will "conclude" no later than July 4, 2026, the 250th anniversary of the signing of the [[United States Declaration of Independence|U.S. Declaration of Independence]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thehill.com/policy/4987402-trump-musk-advisory-group-spending/|title=Elon Musk, Vivek Ramaswamy to lead Trump's Department of Government Efficiency (DOGE)|last=Nazzaro|first=Miranda|date=November 13, 2024|website=The Hill|language=en-US|access-date=November 13, 2024}}</ref> also coinciding with America's [[United States Semiquincentennial|semiquincentennial]] celebrations and a proposed "Great American Fair". Despite its name it is not expected to be a [[wikipedia:United_States_federal_executive_departments|federal executive department]], but rather may operate under the [[Federal Advisory Committee Act]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/trump-department-of-government-efficiency-doge-elon-musk-ramaswamy/|title=What to know about Trump's Department of Government Efficiency, led by Elon Musk and Vivek Ramaswamy - CBS News|last=Picchi|first=Aimee|date=2024-11-14|website=www.cbsnews.com|language=en-US|access-date=2024-11-14}}</ref> so its formation is not expected to require approval from the [[wikipedia:United_States_Congress|U.S. Congress]]. NYT argues that records of its meetings must be made public.{{Cn}} As an advisor rather than a government employee, Mr. Musk will not be subject to various ethics rules.{{sfn|Economist 11/23}} Musk has stated that he believes such a commission could reduce the [[wikipedia:United_States_federal_budget|U.S. federal budget]] by $2 trillion, which would be a reduction of almost one third from its 2023 total. [[Maya MacGuineas]] of the [[Committee for a Responsible Federal Budget]] has said that this saving is "absolutely doable" over a period of 10 years, but it would be difficult to do in a single year "without compromising some of the fundamental objectives of the government that are widely agreed upon".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thehill.com/business/4966789-elon-musk-skepticism-2-trillion-spending-cuts/|title=Elon Musk draws skepticism with call for $2 trillion in spending cuts|last=Folley|first=Aris|date=2024-11-03|website=The Hill|language=en-US|access-date=2024-11-14}}</ref> [[wikipedia:Jamie_Dimon|Jamie Dimon]], the chief executive officer of [[wikipedia:JPMorgan_Chase|JPMorgan Chase]], has supported the idea. Some commentators questioned whether DOGE is a conflict of interest for Musk given that his companies are contractors to the federal government. The body is "unlikely to have any regulatory teeth on its own, but there's little doubt that it can have influence on the incoming administration and how it will determine its budgets".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.vox.com/policy/384904/trumps-department-of-government-efficiency-sounds-like-a-joke-it-isnt|title=Trump tapped Musk to co-lead the "Department of Government Efficiency." What the heck is that?|last=Fayyad|first=Abdallah|date=2024-11-13|website=Vox|language=en-US|access-date=2024-11-14}}</ref> Elon Musk had called [[w:Federico_Sturzenegger|Federico Sturzenegger]], Argentina's [[w:Ministry_of_Deregulation_and_State_Transformation|Minister of Deregulation and Transformation of the State]] ([[w:es:Ministerio_de_Desregulación_y_Transformación_del_Estado|es]]), to discuss imitating his ministry's model.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.infobae.com/economia/2024/11/08/milei-brindo-un-nuevo-apoyo-a-sturzenegger-y-afirmo-que-elon-musk-imitara-su-gestion-en-eeuu/|title=Milei brindó un nuevo apoyo a Sturzenegger y afirmó que Elon Musk imitará su gestión en EEUU|date=November 8, 2024|website=infobae|language=es-ES|access-date=November 13, 2024}}</ref> == Reception and Criticism == See also: [[w:Department_of_Government_Efficiency#Reception|w:Department of Government Efficiency — Reception]] The WSJ reports that Tesla's Texas facility dumped toxic wastewater into the public sewer system, into a lagoon, and into a local river, violated Texas environmental regulations, and fired an employee who attempted to comply with the law.{{Cn}} The Economist estimates that 10% of Mr. Musk's $360bn personal fortune is derived from contracts and benefits from the federal government, and 15% from the Chinese market.{{sfn|Economist 11/23}} == See also == * [[w:Second_presidential_transition_of_Donald_Trump|Second presidential transition of Donald Trump]] * [[w:United_States_federal_budget#Deficits_and_debt|United States federal budget - Deficits and debt]] * [[w:United_States_Bureau_of_Efficiency|United States Bureau of Efficiency]] – United States federal government bureau from 1916 to 1933 * [[w:Brownlow_Committee|Brownlow Committee]] – 1937 commission recommending United States federal government reforms * [[w:Grace_Commission|Grace Commission]] – Investigation to eliminate inefficiency in the United States federal government * [[w:Hoover_Commission|Hoover Commission]] – United States federal commission in 1947 advising on executive reform * [[w:Keep_Commission|Keep Commission]] * [[w:Project_on_National_Security_Reform|Project on National Security Reform]] * [[w:Delivering_Outstanding_Government_Efficiency_Caucus|Delivering Outstanding Government Efficiency Caucus]] == Notes == {{reflist}} == References == {{refbegin}} * {{Cite web|url=https://www.newsweek.com/bernie-sanders-finds-new-common-ground-elon-musk-1993820|title=Bernie Sanders finds new common ground with Elon Musk|last=Reporter|first=Mandy Taheri Weekend|date=2024-12-01|website=Newsweek|language=en|access-date=2024-12-02 |ref={{harvid|Newsweek 12/01|2024}} }} * {{Cite news|url=https://www.economist.com/briefing/2024/11/21/elon-musk-and-donald-trump-seem-besotted-where-is-their-bromance-headed|title=Elon Musk and Donald Trump seem besotted. Where is their bromance headed?|work=The Economist|access-date=2024-12-04|issn=0013-0613 |ref={{harvid|Economist 11/23|2024}} }} <references group="lower-alpha" /> {{refend}} i066d9etza53k1xtb4mclty1ppxcw56 2691562 2691561 2024-12-12T03:11:34Z Jaredscribe 2906761 /* Department of Food and Agriculture */ He has also called for re-examining the the standards regulating the use of pesticides, especially glyphosate, the world's most widely used herbicide and the active ingredient in Roundup, used as a weedkiller in major U.S. commodity crops.herbicide[1] 2691562 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Research project}} The U.S. [[w:Department of Government Efficiency]]. {{Infobox Organization |name=Department of Government Efficiency |logo= |logo_size= |logo_caption=Logo on [[Twitter|X]] (formerly Twitter) as of November 14, 2024 |seal= |seal_size= |seal_caption= |formation=Announced on November 12, 2024; yet to be established |abbreviation=DOGE |key_people={{plainlist|[[w:Commissioner of the Department of Government Efficiency|Co-commissioners]]: * [[w:Elon Musk]] * [[w:Vivek Ramaswamy]] }} |website={{URL|https://x.com/DOGE|x.com/DOGE}} |volunteers=* Federico Sturzenegger|services=consulting|headquarters=Mar-A-Lago|organization_type=Presidential Advisory Commission|founder=Donald Trump|extinction=4 July 2026 (planned)|mission=(In the words of president-elect Donald Trump: * dismantle government bureaucracy * slash excess regulations * cut wasteful expenditures * restructure federal agencies, * address "massive waste and fraud" in government spending}} This "'''Wiki Of Government Efficiency'''" (WOGE) is a public interest, non-partisan research project that will [[User:Jaredscribe/Department of Government Efficiency#Reduce the deficit and debt by impounding appropriated funds|analyze the U.S. federal budget]], [[User:Jaredscribe/Department of Government Efficiency#Reform the other Government Bureaus and Departments|federal bureaucracy]], and [[User:Jaredscribe/Department of Government Efficiency#Shrink the federal civil service|federal civil service]], in the context of [[w:Second_presidency_of_Donald_Trump|president-elect Trump']]<nowiki/>s [[w:Agenda_47|Agenda 47]], and will catalogue, evaluate, and critique proposals on how the '''[[w:Department of Government Efficiency|Department of Government Efficiency]]'''{{Efn|Also referred to as '''Government Efficiency Commission'''}} (DOGE) is or is not fulfilling its mission to ''"dismantle government bureaucracy, slash excess regulations, and cut wasteful expenditures and restructure federal agencies"'', in the words of president-elect [[wikipedia:Donald_Trump|Donald Trump]], who called for it to address ''"massive waste and fraud"'' in government spending.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/c93qwn8p0l0o|title=Donald Trump picks Elon Musk for US government cost-cutting role|last1=Faguy|first1=Ana|last2=FitzGerald|first2=James|date=2024-11-13|publisher=BBC News|language=en-GB|access-date=2024-11-13}}</ref> Here's [[User:Jaredscribe/Department of Government Efficiency/How to contribute|how to contribute]] to the WOGE. The DOGE intends to [[User:Jaredscribe/Department of Government Efficiency#Office of Management and Budget|work through the Office of Management and Budget]] as its "policy vector". The [[w:U.S._budget_deficit|U.S. Budget deficit]], (C.f. [[w:Government_budget_balance|fiscal deficit]]), and the [[w:National_debt_of_the_United_States|U.S. National debt]], currently $35.7 Trillion as of 10/2024, which is 99% of the [[w:U.S._GDP|U.S. GDP]],<ref>{{Unbulleted list citebundle|{{cite news|newspaper=Financial Post| title= Musk's $2 Trillion of Budget Cuts Would Have These Stocks Moving|url=https://financialpost.com/pmn/business-pmn/musks-2-trillion-of-budget-cuts-would-have-these-stocks-moving|first=Alexandra|last=Semenova|date=November 4, 2024}}|{{cite news|newspaper= New York Times|title=Elon|url=https://nytimes.com/2024/10/29/us/politics/elon-musk-trump-economy-hardship.html}}|{{Cite web |date=September 5, 2024 |title=Trump says he'd create a government efficiency commission led by Elon Musk |url=https://apnews.com/article/donald-trump-elon-musk-government-efficiency-commission-e831ed5dc2f6a56999e1a70bb0a4eaeb |publisher=AP News}}|{{cite web|first=Jenn|last=Brice|title=How Elon Musk's $130 million investment in Trump's victory could reap a huge payoff for Tesla and the rest of his business empire|url=https://fortune.com/2024/11/06/elon-musk-donald-trump-tesla-spacex-xai-boring-neuralink|website=Fortune}}|{{cite web|url=https://axios.com/2024/11/07/elon-musk-government-efficiency-trump|title=Musk will bring his Twitter management style to government reform}}|{{cite news| access-date =November 9, 2024|work=Reuters|date=September 6, 2024|first1=Helen|first2=Gram|last1=Coster| last2=Slattery|title=Trump says he will tap Musk to lead government efficiency commission if elected| url= https://reuters.com/world/us/trump-adopt-musks-proposal-government-efficiency-commission-wsj-reports-2024-09-05}}|{{cite web|title=Trump says Musk could head 'government efficiency' force|url= https://bbc.com/news/articles/c74lgwkrmrpo|publisher=BBC}}|{{cite web|date =November 5, 2024|title=How Elon Musk could gut the government under Trump|url=https://independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/us-politics/elon-musk-donald-trump-economy-job-cuts-b2641644.html|website= The Independent}}}}</ref> and expected to grow to 134% of GDP by 2034 if current laws remain unchanged, according to the [[w:Congressional_Budget_Office|Congressional Budget Office]]. The DOGE will be a [[wikipedia:Presidential_commission_(United_States)|presidential advisory commission]] led by the billionaire businessmen [[wikipedia:Elon_Musk|Elon Musk]] and [[wikipedia:Vivek_Ramaswamy|Vivek Ramaswamy]], and possibly [[w:Ron_Paul|Ron Paul]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thehill.com/video/ron-paul-vows-to-join-elon-musk-help-eliminate-government-waste-in-a-trump-admin/10191375|title=Ron Paul vows to join Elon Musk, help eliminate government waste in a Trump admin|date=November 5, 2024|website=The Hill}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://usatoday.com/story/business/2024/10/28/patricia-healy-elon-musk-highlights-need-for-government-efficiency/75798556007|title=Elon Musk puts spotlight on ... Department of Government Efficiency? {{!}} Cumberland Comment|last=Healy|first=Patricia|website=USA TODAY|language=en-US|access-date=November 9, 2024}}</ref> with support from many [[w:Political_appointments_of_the_second_Trump_administration|Political and cabinet appointees of the second Trump administration]] and from a Congressional caucus Musk stated his belief that DOGE could remove US$2 trillion from the [[w:United_States_federal_budget|U.S. federal budget]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/live/HysDMs2a-iM?si=92I5LD1FY2PAsSuG&t=15822|title=WATCH LIVE: Trump holds campaign rally at Madison Square Garden in New York|date=October 28, 2024|website=youtube.com|publisher=[[PBS NewsHour]]|language=en|format=video}}</ref> without specifying whether these savings would be made over a single year or a longer period.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/cdj38mekdkgo|title=Can Elon Musk cut $2 trillion from US government spending?|last=Chu|first=Ben|date=2024-11-13|website=BBC News|language=en-GB|access-date=2024-11-14}}</ref> [[File:2023_US_Federal_Budget_Infographic.png|thumb|An infographic on outlays and revenues in the 2023 [[United States federal budget|U.S. federal budget]]]] DOGE could also streamline permitting with “categorical exclusions” from environmental reviews under the National Environmental Policy Act. {{sidebar with collapsible lists|name=U.S. deficit and debt topics|namestyle=background:#bf0a30;|style=width:22.0em; border: 4px double #d69d36; background:var(--background-color-base, #FFFFFF);|bodyclass=vcard|pretitle='''<span class="skin-invert">This article is part of [[:Category:United States|a series]] on the</span>'''|title=[[United States federal budget|<span style="color:var(--color-base, #000000);">Budget and debt in the<br/>United States of America</span>]]|image=[[File:Seal of the United States Congress.svg|90px]] [[File:Seal of the United States Department of the Treasury.svg|90px]]|titlestyle=background:var(--background-color-base, #002868); background-clip:padding-box;|headingstyle=background:var(--background-color-base, #bf0a30); color:var(--color-base, #fff);|listtitlestyle=background:var(--background-color-base, #bf0a30); color:var(--color-base, #fff); text-align:center;|expanded={{{expanded|{{{1|}}}}}}|list1name=dimensions|list1title=Major dimensions|list1class=hlist skin-invert|list1=* [[Economy of the United States|Economy]] * [[Expenditures in the United States federal budget|Expenditures]] * [[United States federal budget|Federal budget]] * [[Financial position of the United States|Financial position]] * [[Military budget of the United States|Military budget]] * [[National debt of the United States|Public debt]] * [[Taxation in the United States|Taxation]] * [[Unemployment in the United States|Unemployment]] * [[Government_spending_in_the_United_States|Gov't spending]]|list2name=programs|list2title=Programs|list2class=hlist skin-invert|list2=* [[Medicare (United States)|Medicare]] * [[Social programs in the United States|Social programs]] * [[Social Security (United States)|Social Security]]|list3name=issues|list3title=Contemporary issues|list3class=skin-invert|list3=<div style="margin-bottom:0.5em"> [[National Commission on Fiscal Responsibility and Reform|Bowles–Simpson Commission]] {{flatlist}} * <!--Bu--> [[Bush tax cuts]] * <!--Deb--> [[United States debt ceiling|Debt ceiling]] ** [[History of the United States debt ceiling|history]] * <!--Def--> [[Deficit reduction in the United States|Deficit reduction]] * <!--F--> [[United States fiscal cliff|Fiscal cliff]] * <!--H--> [[Healthcare reform in the United States|Healthcare reform]] * <!--P--> [[Political debates about the United States federal budget|Political debates]] * <!--So--> [[Social Security debate in the United States|Social Security debate]] * <!--St--> "[[Starve the beast]]" * <!--Su--> [[Subprime mortgage crisis]] {{endflatlist}} </div> [[2007–2008 financial crisis]] {{flatlist}} * <!--D--> [[United States debt-ceiling crisis (disambiguation)|Debt-ceiling crises]] ** [[2011 United States debt-ceiling crisis|2011]] ** [[2013 United States debt-ceiling crisis|2013]] ** [[2023 United States debt-ceiling crisis|2023]] {{endflatlist}} [[2013 United States budget sequestration|2013 budget sequestration]] {{flatlist}} * <!--G--> [[Government shutdowns in the United States|Government shutdowns]] ** [[1980 United States federal government shutdown|1980]] ** [[1981, 1984, and 1986 U.S. federal government shutdowns|1981, 1984, 1986]] ** [[1990 United States federal government shutdown|1990]] ** [[1995–1996 United States federal government shutdowns|1995–1996]] ** [[2013 United States federal government shutdown|2013]] ** [[January 2018 United States federal government shutdown|Jan 2018]] ** [[2018–2019 United States federal government shutdown|2018–2019]] {{endflatlist}} Related events {{flatlist}} *<!--E-->[[Removal of Kevin McCarthy as Speaker of the House|2023 Removal of Kevin McCarthy]] {{endflatlist}}|list4name=terminology|list4title=Terminology|list4class=hlist skin-invert|list4=Cumulative [[Government budget balance|deficit]] + [[National debt of the United States#Debates|Interest]] ≈ [[Government debt|Debt]] * [[Balance of payments]] * [[Inflation]] * [[Continuing resolution]]}} [[w:Deficit_reduction_in_the_United_States|Deficit reduction in the United States]] == Deregulate the Economy == The legal theory that this can be done through the executive branch is found in the U.S. Supreme Court’s ''[[w:West_Virginia_v._EPA|West Virginia v. EPA]]'' and ''[[w:Loper_Bright|Loper Bright]]'' rulings, which rein in the administrative state and mean that much of what the federal government now does is illegal.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.wsj.com/opinion/department-of-government-efficiency-elon-musk-vivek-ramaswamy-donald-trump-1e086dab|website=[[w:Wall Street Journal]]|title=The Musk-Ramaswamy Project Could Be Trump’s Best Idea}}</ref> Mr. Trump has set a goal of eliminating 10 regulations for every new one. The [[w:Competitive_Enterprise_Institute|Competitive Enterprise Institute]]’s Wayne Crews says 217,565 rules have been issued since the [[w:Federal_Register|Federal Register]] first began itemizing them in 1976, with 89,368 pages added last year. [https://sgp.fas.org/crs/misc/R43056.pdf 3,000-4,500 rules are added each year]. DOGE’s first order will be to pause enforcement of overreaching rules while starting the process to roll them back. Mr. Trump and DOGE could direct agencies to settle legal challenges to Biden rules by vacating them. This could ease the laborious process of undoing them by rule-making through the [[w:Administrative_Procedure_Act|Administrative Procedure Act]]. A source tells the WSJ they’ll do whatever they think they legally can without the APA. The [[w:Congressional_Review_Act|Congressional Review Act]]—which allows Congress to overturn recently issued agency regulations—had been used only once, prior to [[w:First_presidency_of_Donald_Trump|Trump's first term]]. While in office, he and the Republican Congress used it on 16 rules. This time, there will be more than 56 regulatory actions recent enough to be repealed. The [[w:Chevron_deference|''Chevron'' deference]] had required federal courts to defer to agencies’ interpretations of ambiguous statutes, but this was overturned in 2024. Taken together, with some other recent [[w:SCOTUS|SCOTUS]] rulings, we now have, says the WSJ, the biggest opportunity to cut regulatory red tape in more than 40 years.<ref>[https://www.wsj.com/opinion/let-the-trump-deregulation-begin-us-chamber-of-commerce-second-term-economic-growth-73f24387?cx_testId=3&cx_testVariant=cx_166&cx_artPos=0]</ref><blockquote>"Most legal edicts aren’t laws enacted by Congress but “rules and regulations” promulgated by unelected bureaucrats—tens of thousands of them each year. Most government enforcement decisions and discretionary expenditures aren’t made by the democratically elected president or even his political appointees but by millions of unelected, unappointed civil servants within government agencies who view themselves as immune from firing thanks to civil-service protections." "This is antidemocratic and antithetical to the Founders’ vision. It imposes massive direct and indirect costs on taxpayers." "When the president nullifies thousands of such regulations, critics will allege executive overreach. In fact, it will be ''correcting'' the executive overreach of thousands of regulations promulgated by administrative fiat that were never authorized by Congress. The president owes lawmaking deference to Congress, not to bureaucrats deep within federal agencies. The use of executive orders to substitute for lawmaking by adding burdensome new rules is a constitutional affront, but the use of executive orders to roll back regulations that wrongly bypassed Congress is legitimate and necessary to comply with the Supreme Court’s recent mandates. And after those regulations are fully rescinded, a future president couldn’t simply flip the switch and revive them but would instead have to ask Congress to do so"<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/opinion/musk-and-ramaswamy-the-doge-plan-to-reform-government-supreme-court-guidance-end-executive-power-grab-fa51c020?cx_testId=3&cx_testVariant=cx_165&cx_artPos=5|title=Elon Musk and Vivek Ramaswamy: The DOGE Plan to Reform Government|last=Musk|first=Elon|date=20 November 2024|work=The Wall Street Journal|last2=Ramaswamy|first2=Vivek}}</ref> </blockquote> == Shrink the federal civil service == The government has around three million [[w:United_States_federal_civil_service|federal civil service]] employees, with an average salary of $106,000. Dr. Anthony Fauci made $481,000 in 2022. The federal head count has ballooned by 120,800 during the Biden years. Civil service and union protections make it hard to fire workers. Mr. Trump intends to quickly resurrect the [[w:Schedule_F|Schedule F]] reform that he sought to implement at the end of his first term but was scrapped by Mr. Biden. These would high-level federal employees to be removed like political appointees, by eliminating their job protections. WSJ proposals[https://www.wsj.com/opinion/the-doge-cheat-sheet-elon-musk-vivek-ramaswamy-department-of-government-efficiency-1c231783#cxrecs_s] The [[w:Administrative_Procedures_Act|Administrative Procedures Act]] statute protects federal employees from political retaliation, but allows for “reductions in force” that don’t target specific employees. The statute further empowers the president to “prescribe rules governing the competitive service.” The Supreme Court has held—in ''[[w:Franklin_v._Massachusetts|Franklin v. Massachusetts]]'' (1992) and ''[[w:Collins_v._Yellen|Collins v. Yellen]]'' (2021) that when revious presidents have used this power to amend the civil service rules by executive order, they weren’t constrained by the APA when they did so. Mr. Trump can, with this authority, implement any number of “rules governing the competitive service” that would curtail administrative overgrowth, from large-scale firings to relocation of federal agencies out of the Washington area. The DOGE welcomes voluntary terminations once the President begins requiring federal employees to come to the office five days a week, because American taxpayers shouldn’t pay federal employees for the Covid-era privilege of staying home.<ref>[https://www.wsj.com/opinion/musk-and-ramaswamy-the-doge-plan-to-reform-government-supreme-court-guidance-end-executive-power-grab-fa51c020?cx_testId=3&cx_testVariant=cx_165&cx_artPos=5 Elon Musk and Vivek Ramaswamy: The DOGE Plan to Reform Government: Following the Supreme Court’s guidance, we’ll reverse a decadeslong executive power grab. Musk & Ramaswamy 11/20/2024]</ref> == Reduce the deficit and debt by impounding appropriated funds == === Impound appropriated funds === Reports suggest that president-elect Trump intends to override Congress’s power of the purse by [[w:Impoundment_of_appropriated_funds|impoundment of appropriated funds]], that is, refusing to spend them. the president may [[wikipedia:Rescission_bill|propose rescission]] of specific funds, but that rescission must be approved by both the [[wikipedia:United_States_House_of_Representatives|House of Representatives]] and [[wikipedia:United_States_Senate|Senate]] within 45 days. [[w:Thomas_Jefferson|Thomas Jefferson]] was the first president to exercise the power of impoundment in 1801, which power was available to all presidents up to and including [[wikipedia:Richard_Nixon|Richard Nixon]], and was regarded as a power inherent to the office, although one with limits. He may ask Congress to repeal The [[w:Congressional_Budget_and_Impoundment_Control_Act_of_1974|Congressional Budget and Impoundment Control Act of 1974]], which was passed in response to Nixon's abuses.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://democrats-budget.house.gov/resources/reports/impoundment-control-act-1974-what-it-why-does-it-matter|title=The Impoundment Control Act of 1974: What Is It? Why Does It Matter? {{!}} House Budget Committee Democrats|date=2019-10-23|website=democrats-budget.house.gov|language=en|access-date=2024-05-19}}</ref> If Congress refuses to do so, president Trump may impound funds anyway and argue in court that the 1974 law is unconstitutional. The matter would likely end up at the Supreme Court, which would have to do more than simply hold the 1974 act unconstitutional in order for Mr. Trump to prevail. The court would also have to overrule [[w:Train_v._City_of_New_York_(1975)|''Train v. City of New York'' (1975)]], which held that impoundment is illegal unless the underlying legislation specifically authorizes it. === Reduce the budget deficit === [[wikipedia:U.S. federal budget|U.S. federal budget]] The [[wikipedia:Fiscal_year|fiscal year]], beginning October 1 and ending on September 30 of the year following. Congress is the body required by law to pass appropriations annually and to submit funding bills passed by both houses to the President for signature. Congressional decisions are governed by rules and legislation regarding the [[wikipedia:United_States_budget_process|federal budget process]]. Budget committees set spending limits for the House and Senate committees and for Appropriations subcommittees, which then approve individual [[wikipedia:Appropriations_bill_(United_States)|appropriations bills]] to During FY2022, the federal government spent $6.3 trillion. Spending as % of GDP is 25.1%, almost 2 percentage points greater than the average over the past 50 years. Major categories of FY 2022 spending included: Medicare and Medicaid ($1.339T or 5.4% of GDP), Social Security ($1.2T or 4.8% of GDP), non-defense discretionary spending used to run federal Departments and Agencies ($910B or 3.6% of GDP), Defense Department ($751B or 3.0% of GDP), and net interest ($475B or 1.9% of GDP).<ref name="CBO_2022">[https://www.cbo.gov/publication/58888 The Federal Budget in Fiscal Year 2022: An Infographic]</ref> CBO projects a federal budget deficit of $1.6 trillion for 2024. In the agency’s projections, deficits generally increase over the coming years; the shortfall in 2034 is $2.6 trillion. The deficit amounts to 5.6 percent of gross domestic product (GDP) in 2024, swells to 6.1 percent of GDP in 2025, and then declines in the two years that follow. After 2027, deficits increase again, reaching 6.1 percent of GDP in 2034.<ref name="CBO_budgetOutlook2024">{{cite web|url=https://www.cbo.gov/publication/59710|title=The Budget and Economic Outlook: 2024 to 2034|date=February 7, 2024|publisher=CBO|access-date=February 7, 2024}}</ref> The following table summarizes several budgetary statistics for the fiscal year 2015-2021 periods as a percent of GDP, including federal tax revenue, outlays or spending, deficits (revenue – outlays), and [[wikipedia:National_debt_of_the_United_States|debt held by the public]]. The historical average for 1969-2018 is also shown. With U.S. GDP of about $21 trillion in 2019, 1% of GDP is about $210 billion.<ref name="CBO_Hist_20">[https://www.cbo.gov/about/products/budget-economic-data#2 CBO-Historical Budget Data-Retrieved January 28, 2020]</ref> Statistics for 2020-2022 are from the CBO Monthly Budget Review for FY 2022.<ref name="CBO_MBRFY2022">{{cite web|url=https://www.cbo.gov/publication/58592|title=Monthly Budget Review: Summary for Fiscal Year 2022|date=November 8, 2022|publisher=CBO|access-date=December 10, 2022}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" !Variable As % GDP !2015 !2016 !2017 !2018 !2019 !2020 !2021 !2022 !Hist Avg |- !Revenue<ref name="CBO_Hist_20">[https://www.cbo.gov/about/products/budget-economic-data#2 CBO-Historical Budget Data-Retrieved January 28, 2020]</ref> |18.0% |17.6% |17.2% |16.4% |16.4% |16.2% |17.9% |19.6% |17.4% |- !Outlays<ref name="CBO_Hist_20" /> |20.4% |20.8% |20.6% |20.2% |21.0% |31.1% |30.1% |25.1% |21.0% |- !Budget Deficit<ref name="CBO_Hist_20" /> | -2.4% | -3.2% | -3.5% | -3.8% | -4.6% | -14.9% | -12.3% | -5.5% | -3.6% |- !Debt Held by Public<ref name="CBO_Hist_20" /> |72.5% |76.4% |76.2% |77.6% |79.4% |100.3% |99.6% |94.7% | |} The [[wikipedia:U.S._Constitution|U.S. Constitution]] ([[wikipedia:Article_One_of_the_United_States_Constitution|Article I]], section 9, clause 7) states that "No money shall be drawn from the Treasury, but in Consequence of Appropriations made by Law; and a regular Statement and Account of Receipts and Expenditures of all public Money shall be published from time to time." Each year, the President of the United States submits a budget request to Congress for the following fiscal year as required by the [[wikipedia:Budget_and_Accounting_Act_of_1921|Budget and Accounting Act of 1921]]. Current law ({{UnitedStatesCode|31|1105}}(a)) requires the president to submit a budget no earlier than the first Monday in January, and no later than the first Monday in February. Typically, presidents submit budgets on the first Monday in February. The budget submission has been delayed, however, in some new presidents' first year when the previous president belonged to a different party. === Reduce the National debt === == Strategic Foreign Policy and Military reform == Nominee for [[w:National_Security_Advisor|National Security Advisor]] [[w:Mike_Waltz|Mike Waltz]] To oversee the [[w:U.S._Intelligence_Community|U.S. Intelligence Community]] and NIP, and the 18 IC agencies, including the CIA, DIA, NSC, the nominee for [[w:Director_of_National_Intelligence|Director of National Intelligence]] is [[w:Tulsi_Gabbard|Tulsi Gabbard]], who is an isolationist of the [[w:Bernie_Sanders#foreign_policy|Bernie Sanders]] camp, with a long record of dogmatically opposing [[w:Foreign_policy_of_the_Trump_administration|President Trump's first term foreign policy]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/opinion/tulsi-gabbard-director-of-national-intelligence-donald-trump-foreign-policy-syria-israel-iran-b37aa3de|title=How Tulsi Gabbard Sees the World|last=Editorial Board|date=10 December 2024|work=The Wall Street Journal}}</ref> === Department of State === {{Main article|w:Second presidency of Donald Trump#Prospective foreign policy|w:State Department}} [[w:Marco_Rubio|Marco Rubio]] has been nominated as [[w:U.S._Secretary_of_State|U.S. Secretary of State]], overseeing $53bn and 77,880 employees ==== [[w:USAID|USAID]] ==== === U.S. Department of Defense === Nominated for [[w:Secretary_of_Defense|Secretary of Defense]] is [[w:Pete_Hegseth|Pete Hegseth]]. The president-elect is reportedly considering a draft executive order that establishes a “warrior board” of retired senior military personnel with the power to review three- and four-star officers “on leadership capability, strategic readiness, and commitment to military excellence," and to recommend removals of any deemed unfit for leadership. This would fast-track the removal of generals and admirals found to be “lacking in requisite leadership qualities,” consistent with his earlier vow to fire “woke” military leaders.<ref>[https://www.wsj.com/politics/national-security/trump-draft-executive-order-would-create-board-to-purge-generals-7ebaa606<nowiki> Trump draft executive order would create a board to purge generals 11/12/2024]</nowiki></ref> There are legal obstacles. The law prohibits the firing of commissioned officers except by “sentence of a general court-martial,” as a “commutation of a sentence of a general court-martial,” or “in time of war, by order of the president.” A commissioned officer who believes he’s been wrongfully dismissed has the right to seek a trial by court-martial, which may find the dismissal baseless. <ref>[https://www.wsj.com/opinion/trump-tests-the-constitutions-limits-checks-balances-government-policy-law-78d0d0f1 &lt;nowiki&gt; Trump test the constitutions limits 11/19/2024]</ref> Musk said, "Some idiots are still building manned fighter jets like the F-35," and later added: "Manned fighter jets are outdated in the age of drones and only put pilots' lives at risk." [[w:Bernie_Sanders|Bernie Sanders]] wrote on X: "Elon Musk is right. The Pentagon, with a budget of $886 billion, just failed its 7th audit in a row. It's lost track of billions. Last year, only 13 senators voted against the Military Industrial Complex and a defense budget full of waste and fraud. That must change."{{sfn|Newsweek 12/02|2024}}. It failed its fifth audit in June 2023.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newsweek.com/fox-news-host-confronts-gop-senator-pentagons-fifth-failed-audit-1804379|title=Fox News host confronts GOP Senator on Pentagon's fifth failed audit|last=Writer|first=Fatma Khaled Staff|date=2023-06-04|website=Newsweek|language=en|access-date=2024-12-02}}</ref> === US Air Force === Air Force is advancing a program called [[w:Collaborative_Combat_Aircraft|Collaborative Combat Aircraft]] to build roughly 1,000 UAVs, with [[w:Anduril|Anduril]] and [[w:General_Atomics|General Atomics]] currently building prototypes, ahead of an Air Force decision on which company or companies will be contracted to build it. The cost quickly exceeded the $2.3 billion approved for last fiscal year’s budget, according to the [[w:Congressional_Research_Service|Congressional Research Service]], prompting calls for more oversight. “''If you want to make real improvements to the defense and security of the United States of America, we would be investing more in drones, we’d be investing more in [[w:Hypersonic_weapon|hypersonic missiles]]'',” said Mr. Ramaswamy. The program for Lockheed-Martin's [[w:F-35|F-35]] stealth jet fighters, now in production, is expected to exceed $2 trillion over several decades. The Air Force on 5 December announced it would delay a decision on which company would build the next-generation crewed fighter, called [[w:Next Generation Air Dominance|Next Generation Air Dominance (NGAD)]], which was planned to replace the [[w:F-22|F-22]] and operate alongside the F-35. Mr. Musk has written that "manned fighter jets are obsolete in the age of drones.” In another post, he claimed “a reusable drone” can do everything a jet fighter can do “without all the overhead of a pilot.” Brigadier General [[w:Doug_Wickert|Doug Wickert]] said in response, “There may be some day when we can completely rely on roboticized warfare but we are a century away.... How long have we thought full self-driving was going to be on the Tesla?” <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/politics/national-security/air-force-jets-vs-drones-trump-administration-8b1620a5?page=1|title=Trump Administration Set to Decide Future of Jet Fighters|last=Seligman|first=Lara|date=6 December 2024|work=The Wall Street Journal}}</ref> === US Space Force === The [[w:US_Space_Force|US Space Force]]'s 2023 budget was ~$26bn and it had 9,400 military personnel. SpaceX had a $14m contract to provide communications to the Ukrainian armed forces and government through 30th Nov 2024.{{sfn|Economist 11/23|2024}} Is also receiving a $733m contract to carry satellites into orbit.{{sfn|Economist 11/23|2024}} The Pentagon plans to incorporate into its own communications network 100 of [[w:Starshield|Starshield]]'s satellites.{{sfn|Economist 11/23|2024}} Starshield also has a $1.8bn contract to help the [[w:National_Reconnaissance_Office|National Reconnaissance Office]] build spy satellites.{{sfn|Economist 11/23|2024}} == Department of Space Transportation == Mr. Trump's transition team told advisors that it plans to make a federal framework for self-driving cars. Mr. Trump had a call with Sundar Pichai and Mr. Musk. === Rail and Tunnel Authority === === Ports Authority === === Interstate Highway Authority === === [[w:Federal_Aviation_Administration|Federal Aviation Administration]] === Musk has often complained about the FAA "smothering" innovation, boasting that he can build a rocket faster than the agency can process the "Kafkaesque paperwork" required to make the relevant approvals.{{sfn|Economist 11/23|2024}} === National Air and Space Administration === The [[w:National_Air_and_Space_Administration|National Air and Space Administration]] (NASA) had a 2023 budget of $25.4 bn and 18,000 employees. [[w:Jared_Isaacman|Jared Isaacman]] is nominated director. He had joined a space voyage in 2021 which was the first for an all-civilian crew to reach orbit. He led a four person crew in September on the first commericial spacewalk, testing SpaceX's new spacesuits. He promised to lead NASA in to "usher in an era where humanity becomes a true space-faring civilization." In an interview Isaacman said that NASA will evolve as private space companies set their own priorities and develop technology. NASA could have a certification role for astronauts and vehicles, similar to how the Federal Aviation Administration oversees the commercial airline industry. “The FAA doesn’t build the airplanes. They don’t staff the pilots that fly you from point A to B,” he said. “That is the world that NASA is in, essentially.” He also suggested openness to new and lower cost ways of getting to the Moon and to Mars.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/politics/elections/trump-picks-billionaire-space-traveler-to-run-nasa-4420150b?page=1|title=Trump Picks Billionaire Space Traveler to Run NASA|last=Maidenberg|first=Micah|date=5 December 2024|work=WSJ}}</ref> In September 2026, NASA's [[w:Artemis_program|Artemis program]], established in 2017 via [[wikipedia:Space_Policy_Directive_1|Space Policy Directive 1]], is intended to reestablish a human presence on the Moon for the first time since the [[wikipedia:Apollo_17|Apollo 17]] mission in 1972. The program's stated long-term goal is to establish a [[wikipedia:Moonbase|permanent base on the Moon]] to facilitate [[wikipedia:Human_mission_to_Mars|human missions to Mars]]. The [[w:U.S._National_Academies_of_Sciences,_Engineering,_and_Medicine|U.S. National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine]] in October, put out a report titled "NASA at a Crossroads," which identified myriad issues at the agency, including out-of-date infrastructure, pressures to prioritize short-term objectives and inefficient management practices. NASA's costly [[w:Space_Launch_System|Space Launch System]] (SLS) is the cornerstone of the Artemis program. has a price tag of around $4.1 billion per launch, and is a single-use rocket that can only launch every two years, having debuted in 2022 with the uncrewed [[w:Artemis_1_mission|Artemis 1 mission]] to the moon. In contrast, SpaceX is working to reduce the cost of a single Starship flight to under $10 million. NASA Associate Administrator Jim Free urged the incoming administration to maintain the current plans, in a symposium with the [[w:American_Astronautical_Society|American Astronautical Society]] saying "We need that consistency in purpose. That has not happened since Apollo. If we lose that, I believe we will fall apart and we will wander, and other people in this world will pass us by." NASA has already asked both [[w:SpaceX|SpaceX]] and also Jeff Bezos' [[w:Blue_Origin|Blue Origin]], to develop cargo landers for its Artemis missions and to deliver heavy equipment on them to the Moon by 2033. "Having two lunar lander providers with different approaches for crew and cargo landing capability provides mission flexibility while ensuring a regular cadence of moon landings for continued discovery and scientific opportunity," Stephen D. Creech, NASA's assistant deputy associate administrator for the moon to Mars program, said in an announcement about the partnership. "For all of the money we are spending, NASA should NOT be talking about going to the Moon - We did that 50 years ago. They should be focused on the much bigger things we are doing, including Mars (of which the Moon is a part), Defense and Science!" Trump wrote in a post on X in 2019. Trump has said he would create a [[w:Space_National_Guard|Space National Guard]], an idea that lawmakers in Congress have been proposing since 2021. Critics agree that a focus on spaceflight could come at the expense of "Earth and atmospheric sciences at NASA and the [[w:National_Oceanic_and_Atmospheric_Administration|National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]] (NOAA), which have been cut during the Biden era."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newsweek.com/elon-musk-donald-trump-nasa-space-policy-1990599|title=Donald Trump and Elon Musk could radically reshape NASA. Here's how|last=Reporter|first=Martha McHardy US News|date=2024-11-27|website=Newsweek|language=en|access-date=2024-12-02}}</ref> Regarding his goal and SpaceX's corporate mission of colonising Mars, Mr. Musk has stated that "The DOGE is the only path to extending life beyond earth"{{sfn|Economist 11/23|2024}} === National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration === == Department of Education and Propaganda == [[w:United_States_Department_of_Education|Department of Education]] has 4,400 employees – the smallest staff of the Cabinet agencies<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www2.ed.gov/about/overview/fed/role.html|title=Federal Role in Education|date=2021-06-15|website=www2.ed.gov|language=en|access-date=2022-04-28}}</ref> – and a 2024 budget of $238 billion.<ref name="DOE-mission">{{Cite web|url=https://www.usaspending.gov/agency/department-of-education?fy=2024|title=Agency Profile {{!}} U.S. Department of Education|website=www2.ed.gov|access-date=2024-11-14}}</ref> The 2023 Budget was $274 billion, which included funding for children with disabilities ([[wikipedia:Individuals_with_Disabilities_Education_Act|IDEA]]), pandemic recovery, early childhood education, [[wikipedia:Pell_Grant|Pell Grants]], [[wikipedia:Elementary_and_Secondary_Education_Act|Title I]], work assistance, among other programs. This budget was down from $637.7 billion in 2022.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.future-ed.org/what-the-new-pisa-results-really-say-about-u-s-schools/|title=What the New PISA Results Really Say About U.S. Schools|date=2021-06-15|website=future-ed.com|language=en|access-date=2024-11-14}}</ref> Nominated as [[w:US_Secretary_of_Education|Secretary of Education]] is [[w:Linda_McMahon|Linda McMahon]]. The WSJ proposes that the Civil Rights division be absorbed into the Department of Justice, and that its outstanding loan portolio be handled by the Department of the Treasury. Despite the redundancies, its unlikely that it will be abolished, which would require congressional action and buy-in from Democrats in the Senate; Republicans don’t have enough votes to do it alone. A republican appointee is expected to push back against federal education overreach and progressive policies like DEI. <ref>[https://www.wsj.com/opinion/trump-can-teach-the-education-department-a-lesson-nominee-needs-boldness-back-school-choice-oppose-woke-indoctrination-ddf6a38d<nowiki> Trump can teach the Education Department a Lesson. WSJ 11/20/2024]</nowiki></ref> During his campaign, Trump had pledged to get the "transgender insanity the hell out of schools.” Relying on the district court's decision in ''[[w:Tatel_v._Mount_Lebanon_School_District|Tatel v. Mount Lebanon School District]] , the'' attorney general and education secretary could issue a letter explaining how enforcing gender ideology violates constitutional [[w:Free_exercise_clause|First amendment right to free exercise of religion]] and the [[w:Equal_Protection_Clause|14th Amendment’s Equal Protection Clause]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/opinion/how-trump-can-target-transgenderism-in-schools-law-policy-education-369537a7?page=1|title=How Trump Can Target Transgenderism in Schools|last=Eden|first=Max|date=9 December 2024|work=The Wall Street Journal}}</ref> === CPB, PBS, NPR === Regarding the [[w:Corporation_for_Public_Broadcasting|Corporation for Public Broadcasting]], [[w:Howard_Husock|Howard Husock]] suggest that instead of zeroing its $535 million budget, Republicans reform the [[w:Public_Broadcasting_Act|Public Broadcasting Act]] to eliminate bias and improve local journalism.<ref>https://www.wsj.com/opinion/the-conservative-case-for-public-broadcasting-media-policy-2d4c3c9f?page=1</ref> {{As of|2024|alt=For fiscal year 2024}}, its appropriation was US$525 million, including $10 million in interest earned. The distribution of these funds was as follows:<ref>{{cite web|url=https://cpb.org/aboutcpb/financials/budget/|title=CPB Operating Budget|last=|date=2024|website=www.cpb.org|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=November 27, 2024|url-status=}}</ref> * $262.83M for direct grants to local public television stations; * $95.11M for television programming grants; * $81.77M for direct grants to local public radio stations; * $28.12M for the Radio National Program Production and Acquisition * $9.43M for the Radio Program Fund * $31.50 for system support * $26.25 for administration Public broadcasting stations are funded by a combination of private donations from listeners and viewers, foundations and corporations. Funding for public television comes in roughly equal parts from government (at all levels) and the private sector.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cpb.org/annualreports/2013/|title=CPB 2013 Annual Report|website=www.cpb.org|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160212170045/http://cpb.org/annualreports/2013/|archive-date=February 12, 2016|access-date=May 4, 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref> == U.S. Department of Health and Human Services == Nominated as [[w:United_States_Secretary_of_Health_and_Human_Services|United States Secretary of Health and Human Services]] is [[w:Robert_F._Kennedy_Jr.|Robert F. Kennedy Jr.]], deputy Secretary [[w:Jim_O'Neill_(investor)|Jim O'Neill]]. Nominated for [[w:US_Surgeon_General|US Surgeon General]] is [[w:Janette_Nesheiwat|Janette Nesheiwat]]. [[w:U.S._Department_of_Health_and_Human_Services|U.S. Department of Health and Human Services]] was authorized a budget for [[w:2020_United_States_federal_budget|fiscal year 2020]] of $1.293 trillion. It has 13 operating divisions, 10 of which constitute the [[w:United_States_Public_Health_Service|Public Health Services]], whose budget authorization is broken down as follows:<ref name="hhs_budget_fy2020">{{cite web|url=https://www.hhs.gov/about/budget/fy2020/index.html|title=HHS FY 2020 Budget in Brief|date=October 5, 2019|website=HHS Budget & Performance|publisher=United States Department of Health & Human Services|page=7|access-date=May 9, 2020}}</ref> {| class="wikitable sortable" !Nominee !Program !2020 Budget !2024 Budget ! employees !2025 Budget !2026 Budget |- |[[w:Marty_Makary|Marty Makary]] |[[w:Food and Drug Administration|Food and Drug Administration]] (FDA) |$3,329 MM |- | |[[w:Health Resources and Services Administration|Health Resources and Services Administration]] (HRSA) |$11,004 |- | |[[w:Indian Health Service|Indian Health Service]] (IHS) |$6,104 |- |[[w:Dave_Weldon|Dave Weldon]] |[[w:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]] (CDC) |$6,767 |- |[[w:Jay_Bhattacharya|Jay Bhattacharya]] |[[w:National Institutes of Health|National Institutes of Health]] (NIH) |$33,669 |- | |[[w:Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration|Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration]] (SAMHSA) |$5,535 |- | |[[w:Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality|Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality]] (AHRQ) |$0 |- |[[w:Mehmet_Oz|Mehmet Oz]] |[[w:Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services|Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services]] (CMMS) |$1,169,091 |- | |[[w:Administration for Children and Families|Administration for Children and Families]] (ACF) |$52,121 |- | |[[w:Administration for Community Living|Administration for Community Living]] (ACL) |$1,997 |- |} {| class="wikitable sortable" !Program !2020 Budget !2024 Budget ! employees !2025 Budget !2026 Budget |- |[[w:Departmental Management|Departmental Management]] |$340 |- |Non-Recurring Expense Fund |$-400 |- |[[w:Office of Medicare Hearings and Appeals|Office of Medicare Hearings and Appeals]] |$186 |- |[[w:Office of the National Coordinator|Office of the National Coordinator]] |$43 |- |[[w:Office for Civil Rights|Office for Civil Rights]] |$30 |- |[[w:Office of Inspector General|Office of Inspector General]] |$82 |- |[[w:Public Health and Social Services Emergency Fund|Public Health and Social Services Emergency Fund]] |$2,667 |- |[[w:Program Support Center|Program Support Center]] |$749 |- |Offsetting Collections |$-629 |- |Other Collections |$-163 |- |'''TOTAL''' |'''$1,292,523''' |} The FY2020 budget included a $1.276 billion budget decrease for the Centers for Disease Control, and a $4.533 billion budget decrease for the National Institutes of Health. These budget cuts, along with other changes since 2019, comprised a total decrease of over $24 billion in revised discretionary budget authority across the entire Department of Health and Human Services for Fiscal Year 2020.<ref name="hhs_budget_fy2020" /> Additional details of the budgeted outlays, budget authority, and detailed budgets for other years, can be found at the HHS Budget website.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://WWW.HHS.GOV/BUDGET|title=Health and Human Services: Budget and Performance|publisher=United States Department of Health & Human Services|access-date=May 9, 2020}}</ref> He is an American politician, [[Environmental law|environmental lawyer]], [[anti-vaccine activist]], and anti-packaged food industry activist, anti-pharmaceutical industry activist, who will be nominated to serve as [[United States Secretary of Health and Human Services]],<ref name="v502">{{cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/saradorn/2024/11/14/rfk-jr-launches-independent-2024-run-here-are-all-the-conspiracies-he-promotes-from-vaccines-to-mass-shootings/|title=Trump Taps RFK Jr. As Secretary Of Health And Human Services: Here Are All The Conspiracies He's Promoted|last=Dorn|first=Sara|date=2024-11-14|website=Forbes|access-date=2024-11-15}}</ref> with the mission of "Making America Healthy Again". He is the chairman and founder of [[Children's Health Defense]], an anti-vaccine advocacy group and proponent of [[COVID-19 vaccine misinformation|dubious COVID-19 vaccine information]].<ref name="Smith_12/15/2021" /><ref name="KW" /> === National Institutes of Health === The [[w:NIH|NIH]] distributes grants of ~$50bn per year. Nominated to lead the [[w:National_Institutes_of_Health|National Institutes of Health]] is [[w:Jay_Bhattacharya|Jay Bhattacharya]], who has announced the following priorities for funding: * cutting edge research, saying that the NIH has become "sclerotic", due to a phenomenon has been called [[Eroom’s law]], which explains that career incentives encourage “me-too research,” given that citations by other scientists “have become the dominant way to evaluate scientific contributions and scientists.” That has shifted research “toward incremental science and away from exploratory projects that are more likely to fail, but which are the fuel for future breakthroughs.”<ref name=":3">{{Cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/opinion/jay-bhattacharya-and-the-vindication-of-the-fringe-scientists-pandemic-lockdowns-38b6aec6|title=Jay Bhattacharya and the Vindication of the ‘Fringe’ Scientists|last=Finley|first=Allysia|date=1 December 2024|work=Wall Street Journal}}</ref> Dr. Bhattacharya's February 2020 paper explaining Eroom's law, as possible explanation for slowing of pharmaceutical advances.{{Cn}} * studies aimed at replicating the results of earlier studies, to address the problem of scientific fraud or other factors contributing to the the [[w:Replication_crisis|replication crisis]], encouraging academic freedom among NIH scientists and term limits for NIH leaders. “Those kinds of reforms, I think every scientist would agree, every American would agree, it’s how you turn the NIH from something that is sort of how to control society, into something that is aimed at the discovery of truth to improve the health of Americans,” he said.<ref name=":4">{{Cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/health/healthcare/covid-lockdown-critic-jay-bhattacharya-chosen-to-lead-nih-2958e5e2?page=1|title=Covid-Lockdown Critic Jay Bhattacharya Chosen to Lead NIH|last=Whyte|first=Liz Essley|date=26 November 2024|work=The Wall Street Journal}}</ref> * Refocusing on research on [[w:Chronic_diseases|chronic diseases]], which is underfunded, and away from [[w:Infectious_diseases|infectious diseases]], which is overfunded. * Ending [[w:Gain-of-function|gain-of-function]] research. Jay Bhattacharya wrote a March 25 2020 op-ed "Is the Coronavirus as Deadly as They Say?", with colleague [[w:Eran_Bendavid|Eran Bendavid]], arguing that many asymptomatic cases of COVID-19 were going undetected. The hypothesis was confirmed in April 2020 when he and several colleagues published a study showing that Covid anti-bodies in Santa Clara county were 50 times the recorded infection rate. This implied, he said "a lower inflection mortality rate than public health authorities were pushing at a time when they and the media thought it was a virtue to panic the population".<ref><nowiki><ref></nowiki>{{Cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/opinion/the-man-who-fought-fauci-and-won-trump-nih-nominee-jay-bhattacharya-covid-cancel-culture-4a0650bd?page=1|title=The Man Who Fought Fauci - and Won|last=Varadarajan|first=Tunku|date=6 December 2024|work=WSJ}}&lt;nowiki&gt;</ref> Dr. Bhattacharya, [[w:Martin_Kulldorff|Martin Kulldorff]], then at Harvard, and Oxford’s [[w:Sunetra_Gupta|Sunetra Gupta]] formally expounded this idea in the [[w:Great_Barrington_Declaration|Great Barrington Declaration]] in October 2020, urging the government to focus on protecting the vulnerable while letting others go about their lives, which previous NIH director [[w:Francis_Collins|Francis Collins]] derided as "fringe science its into the political views of certain parts of our confused political establishment," and previous [[w:NIAID|NIAID]] director [[w:Chief_Medical_Advisor_to_the_President|chief medical advisor to the President]] [[w:Anthony_Fauci|Anthony Fauci]] "a quick and devastating public takedown of its premises." Some suggest the same career incentives that lead to scientific group-think in the pharmaceutical industry, also explain conformist behavior during COVID-19, due to the threat against young scientists of losing NIH funding, jobs, and career opportunities, if they were to exercise in independent judgement.<ref name=":3" /> “Dr. Jay Bhattacharya is the ideal leader to restore NIH as the international template for gold-standard science and evidence-based medicine,” DHHS Secretary nominee Kennedy wrote. "We will reform American scientific institutions so that they are worthy of trust again and will deploy the fruits of excellent science to make America healthy again!” said Dr. Bhattacharya. “Dr. Bhattacharya is a strong choice to lead the NIH,” said Dr. [[w:Ned_Sharpless|Ned Sharpless]], a former [[w:National_Cancer_Institute|National Cancer Institute]] director. “The support of moderate Senate Republicans will be critical to NIH funding, and Dr. Bhattacharya’s Covid work will give him credibility with this constituency.”<ref name=":4" /> === Food and Drug Administration === The FDA in 2022 had 18,000 employees<ref name="fy2022">{{cite web|url=https://www.fda.gov/media/149613/download|title=FY 2022 FDA Budget Request|publisher=FDA|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230602090805/https://www.fda.gov/media/149613/download|archive-date=June 2, 2023|access-date=January 14, 2022|url-status=live}}</ref> and a budget of $6.5{{nbsp}}billion (2022)<ref name="fy2022" /> Nominated as director is [[w:Marty_Makary|Marty Makary]]. == Department of Food and Agriculture == [[w:Department_of_Agriculture|Department of Agriculture]] (USDA) had 2023 budget of ___ and ____ employees. Nominated for [[w:Secretary_of_Agriculture|Secretary of Agriculture]] is [[w:Brooke_Rollins|Brooke Rollins]], who had earlier served on the [[w:Office_of_American_Innovation|Office of American Innovation]] under [[w:Jared_Kushner|Jared Kushner]], and served as director of [[w:Domestic_Policy_Council|Domestic Policy Council]]. She has not endorsed the "[[w:Make_America_Healthy_Again|Make America Healthy Again]]" agenda of RFK Jr. (and his colleagues Jay Bhattacharcya and others) who promised to "reverse 80 years of farm policy" and complains of the $30 billion/year farms subsidies. Kennedy wants to remove soda from food aid, and ultra-processed food from both [[w:Food-stamps|food-stamp]] benefits and [[w:School_meals|school meals]], both of which are overseen by the USDA; an effort that in the past has been opposed by the food industry, lawmakers, and some anti-hunger advocacy groups.<ref name=":5" /> RFK Jr.'s team had recommended [[w:Sid_Miller|Sid Miller]] for the role, and a group of farmers he had asked to vet candidates had proposed [[w:John_Kempf|John Kempf]].<ref name=":5">{{Cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/politics/policy/trump-agriculture-pick-brooke-rollins-rfk-jr-1a85beda?page=1|title=RFK Jr. Team Skeptical About USDA Pick|last=Andrews|first=Natalie|date=11 December 2024|work=The Wall Street Journal|others=et al}}</ref> He has also called for re-examining the the [[standards regulating the use of pesticides]], especially [[w:Glyphosate|glyphosate]], the world's most widely used [[w:Herbicide|herbicide]] and the active ingredient in [[w:Roundup|Roundup]], used as a weedkiller in major [[w:U.S._commodity_crops|U.S. commodity crops]].[[w:Herbicide|herbicide]]<ref name=":5" /> === Food Stamps === === School Meals === === Farm Subsidies === == Department of Treasury and Commerce == [[w:Departments_of_Treasury|Departments of Treasury]] has 2023 budget of ____ and ___ employees. [[w:Department_of_Commerce|Department of Commerce]] has 2023 budget of _____ and _____ employees. Nominated for [[w:Secretary_of_the_Treasury|Secretary of the Treasury]] is [[w:Scott_Bessent|Scott Bessent]], for Secretary of Commerce is [[w:Howard_Lutnick|Howard Lutnick]] === Consumer Financial Protection Bureau === The [[w:Consumer_Financial_Protection_Bureau|Consumer Financial Protection Bureau]] (CFPB). Said Mr. Musk "Delete the CFPB. There are too many duplicative regulatory agencies"<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/politics/policy/elon-musk-doge-conflict-of-interest-b1202437?page=1|title=Musk’s DOGE Plans Rely on White House Budget Office. Conflicts Await.|last=Schwartz|first=Brian|work=The Wall Street Journal}}</ref> === Securities and Exchange Commission === [[w:Securities_and_Exchange_Commission|Securities and Exchange Commission]] === Internal Revenue Service === [[w:Internal_Revenue_Service|Internal Revenue Service]] == Departments of Energy and Interior == Nominee for [[w:US_Secretary_of_the_Interior|Secretary of the Interior]] is [[w:Doug_Burgum|Doug Burgum]], who will also be [[w:List_of_U.S._executive_branch_czars|Energy Czar]]. [[w:Department_of_Energy|Department of Energy]] [[w:United_States_Secretary_of_Energy|secretary nominee]] [[w:Chris_Wright_(energy_executive)|Chris Wright]] admits that burning fossil fuels contributes to rising temperatures, but says it poses only a modest threat to humanity, and praises it for increasing plant growth, making the planet greener, and boosting agricultural productivity. He also says that it likely reduces the annual number of temperature-related deaths. (estimates from health researchers say otherwise). He says, "It's probably almost as many positive changes as negative changes... Is it a crisis, is it the world's greatest challenge, or a big threat to the next generation? No. .. A little bit warmer isn’t a threat. If we were 5, 7, 8, 10 degrees [Celsius] warmer, that would be meaningful changes to the planet.” Scientists see a 1.5 degrees Celsius temperature as creating potentially irreversible changes for the planet, and expect to pass that mark later this year, after increasing over several decade. He criticizes the [[w:Paris_climate_agreement|Paris climate agreement]] for empowering "political actors with anti-fossil fuel agendas." Wright favors development of [[w:Geothermal_energy|geothermal energy]] and [[w:Nuclear_energy_policy_of_the_United_States|nuclear energy]], criticizing subsidies to wind and solar energy. <ref><nowiki><ref></nowiki>{{Cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/politics/policy/who-is-chris-wright-trump-energy-secretary-9eb617dc?page=1|title=Trump’s Energy Secretary Pick Preaches the Benefits of Climate Change|last=Morenne|first=Benoit|date=9 December 2024|work=The Wall Street Journal}}&lt;nowiki&gt;</ref> === Bureau of Land Management === === Forest Service === === National Parks === == AI and Cryptocurrency Policy == [[w:David_Sacks|David Sacks]] was named "White House AI and Crypto Czar". == Reform Entitlements == === Healthcare and Medicare === [[w:ObamaCare|ObamaCare]] started as a plausible scheme for universal, cost-effective health insurance with subsidies for the needy. Only the subsidies survive because the ObamaCare policies actually delivered are so overpriced nobody would buy them without a subsidy.<ref>[https://www.wsj.com/opinion/elons-real-trump-mission-protect-growth-department-of-government-efficiency-appointments-cabinet-9e7e62b2]</ref> See below: Department of Health and Human Services === Social Security === Even FDR was aware of its flaw: it discourages working and saving. === Other === Small-government advocate [[w:Ron_Paul|Ron Paul]] has suggested to cut aid to the following "biggest" welfare recipients: * The [[w:Military-industrial_complex|Military-industrial complex]] * The [[w:Pharmaceutical-industrial_complex|Pharmaceutical-industrial complex]] * The [[w:Federal_Reserve|Federal Reserve]] To which Mr. Musk replied, "Needs to be done".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thehill.com/video/ron-paul-vows-to-join-elon-musk-help-eliminate-government-waste-in-a-trump-admin/10191375/|title=Ron Paul vows to join Elon Musk, help eliminate government waste in a Trump admin|date=2024-11-05|website=The Hill|language=en-US|access-date=2024-12-09}}</ref> == Office of Management and Budget == The White House [[w:Office_of_Management_and_Budget|Office of Management and Budget]] (OMB) guides implementation of regulations and analyzes federal spending. Mssrs. Musk and Ramaswamy encouraged President-elect Trump to reappoint his first term director [[w:Russell_Vought|Russell Vought]], which he did on 22nd Nov.<ref name=":0" /> == Government Efficiency Personnel == Transition spokesman [[w:Brian_Hughes|Brian Hughes]] said that "Elon Musk is a once-in-a-generation business leader and our federal bureaucracy will certainly benefit from his ideas and efficiency". About a dozen Musk allies have visited Mar-a-Lago to serve as unofficial advisors to the Trump 47 transition, influencing hiring at many influential government agencies.<ref name=":2"><nowiki><ref></nowiki>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/12/06/us/politics/trump-elon-musk-silicon-valley.html?searchResultPosition=1|title=The Silicon Valley Billionaires Steering Trump’s Transition|date=8 December 2024|work=NYT}}</ref> [[w:Marc_Andreesen|Marc Andreesen]] has interviewed candidates for State, Pentagon, and DHHS, and has been active pushing for rollback of Biden's cryptocurrency regulations, and rollback of Lina Khan anti-trust efforts with the FTC, and calling for contracting reform in Defense dept. [[w:Jared_Birchall|Jared Birchall]] has interviewed candidates for State, and has advised on Space police and has put together councils for AI and Cryptocurrency policy. David Sacks was named "White House AI and Crypto Czar" [[w:Shaun_MacGuire|Shaun MacGuire]] has advised on picks for intelligence community and has interviewed candidates for Defense. Many tech executives are considering part-time roles advising the DOGE. [[w:Antonio_Gracias|Antonio Gracias]] and [[w:Steve_Davis|Steve Davis]] from Musk's "crisis team" have been active, as has investor [[w:John_Hering|John Hering]]. Other Silicon Valley players who have advised Trump or interviewed candidates: * [[w:Larry_Ellison|Larry Ellison]] has sat in on Trump transition 47 meetings at Mar-a-Lago. * [[w:Mark_Pincus|Mark Pincus]] * [[w:David_Marcus|David Marcus]] * [[w:Barry_Akis|Barry Akis]] * [[w:Shervin_Pishevar|Shervin Pishevar]], who has called for privitization of the USPS, NASA, and the federal Bureau of Prisons. Called for creating an American sovereign wealth fund, and has said that DOGE "could lead a revolutionary restructuring of public institutions."<ref name=":2" /> [[w:William_McGinley|William McGinley]] will move to a role with DOGE. Originally nominated for [[w:White_House_counsel|White House counsel]], he will be replaced in that role by [[w:David_Warrington|David Warrington]].<ref>{{Cite news|title=A White House Counsel Replaced before starting|last=Haberman|first=Maggie|date=6 December 2024|work=New York times}}</ref> The WSJ lauded without naming them, comparing them to the "dollar-a-year men" - business leaders who during WWII revolutionized industrial production to help make America the "arsenal of democracy". (WSJ, 10 December 2024) == History and Miscellaneous facts == See also: [[w:Department_of_Government_Efficiency#History|Department of Government Efficiency — History]] DOGE's work will "conclude" no later than July 4, 2026, the 250th anniversary of the signing of the [[United States Declaration of Independence|U.S. Declaration of Independence]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thehill.com/policy/4987402-trump-musk-advisory-group-spending/|title=Elon Musk, Vivek Ramaswamy to lead Trump's Department of Government Efficiency (DOGE)|last=Nazzaro|first=Miranda|date=November 13, 2024|website=The Hill|language=en-US|access-date=November 13, 2024}}</ref> also coinciding with America's [[United States Semiquincentennial|semiquincentennial]] celebrations and a proposed "Great American Fair". Despite its name it is not expected to be a [[wikipedia:United_States_federal_executive_departments|federal executive department]], but rather may operate under the [[Federal Advisory Committee Act]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/trump-department-of-government-efficiency-doge-elon-musk-ramaswamy/|title=What to know about Trump's Department of Government Efficiency, led by Elon Musk and Vivek Ramaswamy - CBS News|last=Picchi|first=Aimee|date=2024-11-14|website=www.cbsnews.com|language=en-US|access-date=2024-11-14}}</ref> so its formation is not expected to require approval from the [[wikipedia:United_States_Congress|U.S. Congress]]. NYT argues that records of its meetings must be made public.{{Cn}} As an advisor rather than a government employee, Mr. Musk will not be subject to various ethics rules.{{sfn|Economist 11/23}} Musk has stated that he believes such a commission could reduce the [[wikipedia:United_States_federal_budget|U.S. federal budget]] by $2 trillion, which would be a reduction of almost one third from its 2023 total. [[Maya MacGuineas]] of the [[Committee for a Responsible Federal Budget]] has said that this saving is "absolutely doable" over a period of 10 years, but it would be difficult to do in a single year "without compromising some of the fundamental objectives of the government that are widely agreed upon".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thehill.com/business/4966789-elon-musk-skepticism-2-trillion-spending-cuts/|title=Elon Musk draws skepticism with call for $2 trillion in spending cuts|last=Folley|first=Aris|date=2024-11-03|website=The Hill|language=en-US|access-date=2024-11-14}}</ref> [[wikipedia:Jamie_Dimon|Jamie Dimon]], the chief executive officer of [[wikipedia:JPMorgan_Chase|JPMorgan Chase]], has supported the idea. Some commentators questioned whether DOGE is a conflict of interest for Musk given that his companies are contractors to the federal government. The body is "unlikely to have any regulatory teeth on its own, but there's little doubt that it can have influence on the incoming administration and how it will determine its budgets".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.vox.com/policy/384904/trumps-department-of-government-efficiency-sounds-like-a-joke-it-isnt|title=Trump tapped Musk to co-lead the "Department of Government Efficiency." What the heck is that?|last=Fayyad|first=Abdallah|date=2024-11-13|website=Vox|language=en-US|access-date=2024-11-14}}</ref> Elon Musk had called [[w:Federico_Sturzenegger|Federico Sturzenegger]], Argentina's [[w:Ministry_of_Deregulation_and_State_Transformation|Minister of Deregulation and Transformation of the State]] ([[w:es:Ministerio_de_Desregulación_y_Transformación_del_Estado|es]]), to discuss imitating his ministry's model.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.infobae.com/economia/2024/11/08/milei-brindo-un-nuevo-apoyo-a-sturzenegger-y-afirmo-que-elon-musk-imitara-su-gestion-en-eeuu/|title=Milei brindó un nuevo apoyo a Sturzenegger y afirmó que Elon Musk imitará su gestión en EEUU|date=November 8, 2024|website=infobae|language=es-ES|access-date=November 13, 2024}}</ref> == Reception and Criticism == See also: [[w:Department_of_Government_Efficiency#Reception|w:Department of Government Efficiency — Reception]] The WSJ reports that Tesla's Texas facility dumped toxic wastewater into the public sewer system, into a lagoon, and into a local river, violated Texas environmental regulations, and fired an employee who attempted to comply with the law.{{Cn}} The Economist estimates that 10% of Mr. Musk's $360bn personal fortune is derived from contracts and benefits from the federal government, and 15% from the Chinese market.{{sfn|Economist 11/23}} == See also == * [[w:Second_presidential_transition_of_Donald_Trump|Second presidential transition of Donald Trump]] * [[w:United_States_federal_budget#Deficits_and_debt|United States federal budget - Deficits and debt]] * [[w:United_States_Bureau_of_Efficiency|United States Bureau of Efficiency]] – United States federal government bureau from 1916 to 1933 * [[w:Brownlow_Committee|Brownlow Committee]] – 1937 commission recommending United States federal government reforms * [[w:Grace_Commission|Grace Commission]] – Investigation to eliminate inefficiency in the United States federal government * [[w:Hoover_Commission|Hoover Commission]] – United States federal commission in 1947 advising on executive reform * [[w:Keep_Commission|Keep Commission]] * [[w:Project_on_National_Security_Reform|Project on National Security Reform]] * [[w:Delivering_Outstanding_Government_Efficiency_Caucus|Delivering Outstanding Government Efficiency Caucus]] == Notes == {{reflist}} == References == {{refbegin}} * {{Cite web|url=https://www.newsweek.com/bernie-sanders-finds-new-common-ground-elon-musk-1993820|title=Bernie Sanders finds new common ground with Elon Musk|last=Reporter|first=Mandy Taheri Weekend|date=2024-12-01|website=Newsweek|language=en|access-date=2024-12-02 |ref={{harvid|Newsweek 12/01|2024}} }} * {{Cite news|url=https://www.economist.com/briefing/2024/11/21/elon-musk-and-donald-trump-seem-besotted-where-is-their-bromance-headed|title=Elon Musk and Donald Trump seem besotted. Where is their bromance headed?|work=The Economist|access-date=2024-12-04|issn=0013-0613 |ref={{harvid|Economist 11/23|2024}} }} <references group="lower-alpha" /> {{refend}} q6resh6u06vmicj0utx0if7zrkxfakb 2691563 2691562 2024-12-12T03:22:54Z Jaredscribe 2906761 National Endowment for Democracy The National Endowment for Democracy is grant-making foundation organized as a private non-profit corporation overseen by congress, a project of Ronald Reagan announced in a 1982 speech to British Parliament, and is reportedly near the top of the DOGE's hit list.[1] 2691563 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Research project}} The U.S. [[w:Department of Government Efficiency]]. {{Infobox Organization |name=Department of Government Efficiency |logo= |logo_size= |logo_caption=Logo on [[Twitter|X]] (formerly Twitter) as of November 14, 2024 |seal= |seal_size= |seal_caption= |formation=Announced on November 12, 2024; yet to be established |abbreviation=DOGE |key_people={{plainlist|[[w:Commissioner of the Department of Government Efficiency|Co-commissioners]]: * [[w:Elon Musk]] * [[w:Vivek Ramaswamy]] }} |website={{URL|https://x.com/DOGE|x.com/DOGE}} |volunteers=* Federico Sturzenegger|services=consulting|headquarters=Mar-A-Lago|organization_type=Presidential Advisory Commission|founder=Donald Trump|extinction=4 July 2026 (planned)|mission=(In the words of president-elect Donald Trump: * dismantle government bureaucracy * slash excess regulations * cut wasteful expenditures * restructure federal agencies, * address "massive waste and fraud" in government spending}} This "'''Wiki Of Government Efficiency'''" (WOGE) is a public interest, non-partisan research project that will [[User:Jaredscribe/Department of Government Efficiency#Reduce the deficit and debt by impounding appropriated funds|analyze the U.S. federal budget]], [[User:Jaredscribe/Department of Government Efficiency#Reform the other Government Bureaus and Departments|federal bureaucracy]], and [[User:Jaredscribe/Department of Government Efficiency#Shrink the federal civil service|federal civil service]], in the context of [[w:Second_presidency_of_Donald_Trump|president-elect Trump']]<nowiki/>s [[w:Agenda_47|Agenda 47]], and will catalogue, evaluate, and critique proposals on how the '''[[w:Department of Government Efficiency|Department of Government Efficiency]]'''{{Efn|Also referred to as '''Government Efficiency Commission'''}} (DOGE) is or is not fulfilling its mission to ''"dismantle government bureaucracy, slash excess regulations, and cut wasteful expenditures and restructure federal agencies"'', in the words of president-elect [[wikipedia:Donald_Trump|Donald Trump]], who called for it to address ''"massive waste and fraud"'' in government spending.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/c93qwn8p0l0o|title=Donald Trump picks Elon Musk for US government cost-cutting role|last1=Faguy|first1=Ana|last2=FitzGerald|first2=James|date=2024-11-13|publisher=BBC News|language=en-GB|access-date=2024-11-13}}</ref> Here's [[User:Jaredscribe/Department of Government Efficiency/How to contribute|how to contribute]] to the WOGE. The DOGE intends to [[User:Jaredscribe/Department of Government Efficiency#Office of Management and Budget|work through the Office of Management and Budget]] as its "policy vector". The [[w:U.S._budget_deficit|U.S. Budget deficit]], (C.f. [[w:Government_budget_balance|fiscal deficit]]), and the [[w:National_debt_of_the_United_States|U.S. National debt]], currently $35.7 Trillion as of 10/2024, which is 99% of the [[w:U.S._GDP|U.S. GDP]],<ref>{{Unbulleted list citebundle|{{cite news|newspaper=Financial Post| title= Musk's $2 Trillion of Budget Cuts Would Have These Stocks Moving|url=https://financialpost.com/pmn/business-pmn/musks-2-trillion-of-budget-cuts-would-have-these-stocks-moving|first=Alexandra|last=Semenova|date=November 4, 2024}}|{{cite news|newspaper= New York Times|title=Elon|url=https://nytimes.com/2024/10/29/us/politics/elon-musk-trump-economy-hardship.html}}|{{Cite web |date=September 5, 2024 |title=Trump says he'd create a government efficiency commission led by Elon Musk |url=https://apnews.com/article/donald-trump-elon-musk-government-efficiency-commission-e831ed5dc2f6a56999e1a70bb0a4eaeb |publisher=AP News}}|{{cite web|first=Jenn|last=Brice|title=How Elon Musk's $130 million investment in Trump's victory could reap a huge payoff for Tesla and the rest of his business empire|url=https://fortune.com/2024/11/06/elon-musk-donald-trump-tesla-spacex-xai-boring-neuralink|website=Fortune}}|{{cite web|url=https://axios.com/2024/11/07/elon-musk-government-efficiency-trump|title=Musk will bring his Twitter management style to government reform}}|{{cite news| access-date =November 9, 2024|work=Reuters|date=September 6, 2024|first1=Helen|first2=Gram|last1=Coster| last2=Slattery|title=Trump says he will tap Musk to lead government efficiency commission if elected| url= https://reuters.com/world/us/trump-adopt-musks-proposal-government-efficiency-commission-wsj-reports-2024-09-05}}|{{cite web|title=Trump says Musk could head 'government efficiency' force|url= https://bbc.com/news/articles/c74lgwkrmrpo|publisher=BBC}}|{{cite web|date =November 5, 2024|title=How Elon Musk could gut the government under Trump|url=https://independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/us-politics/elon-musk-donald-trump-economy-job-cuts-b2641644.html|website= The Independent}}}}</ref> and expected to grow to 134% of GDP by 2034 if current laws remain unchanged, according to the [[w:Congressional_Budget_Office|Congressional Budget Office]]. The DOGE will be a [[wikipedia:Presidential_commission_(United_States)|presidential advisory commission]] led by the billionaire businessmen [[wikipedia:Elon_Musk|Elon Musk]] and [[wikipedia:Vivek_Ramaswamy|Vivek Ramaswamy]], and possibly [[w:Ron_Paul|Ron Paul]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thehill.com/video/ron-paul-vows-to-join-elon-musk-help-eliminate-government-waste-in-a-trump-admin/10191375|title=Ron Paul vows to join Elon Musk, help eliminate government waste in a Trump admin|date=November 5, 2024|website=The Hill}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://usatoday.com/story/business/2024/10/28/patricia-healy-elon-musk-highlights-need-for-government-efficiency/75798556007|title=Elon Musk puts spotlight on ... Department of Government Efficiency? {{!}} Cumberland Comment|last=Healy|first=Patricia|website=USA TODAY|language=en-US|access-date=November 9, 2024}}</ref> with support from many [[w:Political_appointments_of_the_second_Trump_administration|Political and cabinet appointees of the second Trump administration]] and from a Congressional caucus Musk stated his belief that DOGE could remove US$2 trillion from the [[w:United_States_federal_budget|U.S. federal budget]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/live/HysDMs2a-iM?si=92I5LD1FY2PAsSuG&t=15822|title=WATCH LIVE: Trump holds campaign rally at Madison Square Garden in New York|date=October 28, 2024|website=youtube.com|publisher=[[PBS NewsHour]]|language=en|format=video}}</ref> without specifying whether these savings would be made over a single year or a longer period.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/cdj38mekdkgo|title=Can Elon Musk cut $2 trillion from US government spending?|last=Chu|first=Ben|date=2024-11-13|website=BBC News|language=en-GB|access-date=2024-11-14}}</ref> [[File:2023_US_Federal_Budget_Infographic.png|thumb|An infographic on outlays and revenues in the 2023 [[United States federal budget|U.S. federal budget]]]] DOGE could also streamline permitting with “categorical exclusions” from environmental reviews under the National Environmental Policy Act. {{sidebar with collapsible lists|name=U.S. deficit and debt topics|namestyle=background:#bf0a30;|style=width:22.0em; border: 4px double #d69d36; background:var(--background-color-base, #FFFFFF);|bodyclass=vcard|pretitle='''<span class="skin-invert">This article is part of [[:Category:United States|a series]] on the</span>'''|title=[[United States federal budget|<span style="color:var(--color-base, #000000);">Budget and debt in the<br/>United States of America</span>]]|image=[[File:Seal of the United States Congress.svg|90px]] [[File:Seal of the United States Department of the Treasury.svg|90px]]|titlestyle=background:var(--background-color-base, #002868); background-clip:padding-box;|headingstyle=background:var(--background-color-base, #bf0a30); color:var(--color-base, #fff);|listtitlestyle=background:var(--background-color-base, #bf0a30); color:var(--color-base, #fff); text-align:center;|expanded={{{expanded|{{{1|}}}}}}|list1name=dimensions|list1title=Major dimensions|list1class=hlist skin-invert|list1=* [[Economy of the United States|Economy]] * [[Expenditures in the United States federal budget|Expenditures]] * [[United States federal budget|Federal budget]] * [[Financial position of the United States|Financial position]] * [[Military budget of the United States|Military budget]] * [[National debt of the United States|Public debt]] * [[Taxation in the United States|Taxation]] * [[Unemployment in the United States|Unemployment]] * [[Government_spending_in_the_United_States|Gov't spending]]|list2name=programs|list2title=Programs|list2class=hlist skin-invert|list2=* [[Medicare (United States)|Medicare]] * [[Social programs in the United States|Social programs]] * [[Social Security (United States)|Social Security]]|list3name=issues|list3title=Contemporary issues|list3class=skin-invert|list3=<div style="margin-bottom:0.5em"> [[National Commission on Fiscal Responsibility and Reform|Bowles–Simpson Commission]] {{flatlist}} * <!--Bu--> [[Bush tax cuts]] * <!--Deb--> [[United States debt ceiling|Debt ceiling]] ** [[History of the United States debt ceiling|history]] * <!--Def--> [[Deficit reduction in the United States|Deficit reduction]] * <!--F--> [[United States fiscal cliff|Fiscal cliff]] * <!--H--> [[Healthcare reform in the United States|Healthcare reform]] * <!--P--> [[Political debates about the United States federal budget|Political debates]] * <!--So--> [[Social Security debate in the United States|Social Security debate]] * <!--St--> "[[Starve the beast]]" * <!--Su--> [[Subprime mortgage crisis]] {{endflatlist}} </div> [[2007–2008 financial crisis]] {{flatlist}} * <!--D--> [[United States debt-ceiling crisis (disambiguation)|Debt-ceiling crises]] ** [[2011 United States debt-ceiling crisis|2011]] ** [[2013 United States debt-ceiling crisis|2013]] ** [[2023 United States debt-ceiling crisis|2023]] {{endflatlist}} [[2013 United States budget sequestration|2013 budget sequestration]] {{flatlist}} * <!--G--> [[Government shutdowns in the United States|Government shutdowns]] ** [[1980 United States federal government shutdown|1980]] ** [[1981, 1984, and 1986 U.S. federal government shutdowns|1981, 1984, 1986]] ** [[1990 United States federal government shutdown|1990]] ** [[1995–1996 United States federal government shutdowns|1995–1996]] ** [[2013 United States federal government shutdown|2013]] ** [[January 2018 United States federal government shutdown|Jan 2018]] ** [[2018–2019 United States federal government shutdown|2018–2019]] {{endflatlist}} Related events {{flatlist}} *<!--E-->[[Removal of Kevin McCarthy as Speaker of the House|2023 Removal of Kevin McCarthy]] {{endflatlist}}|list4name=terminology|list4title=Terminology|list4class=hlist skin-invert|list4=Cumulative [[Government budget balance|deficit]] + [[National debt of the United States#Debates|Interest]] ≈ [[Government debt|Debt]] * [[Balance of payments]] * [[Inflation]] * [[Continuing resolution]]}} [[w:Deficit_reduction_in_the_United_States|Deficit reduction in the United States]] == Deregulate the Economy == The legal theory that this can be done through the executive branch is found in the U.S. Supreme Court’s ''[[w:West_Virginia_v._EPA|West Virginia v. EPA]]'' and ''[[w:Loper_Bright|Loper Bright]]'' rulings, which rein in the administrative state and mean that much of what the federal government now does is illegal.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.wsj.com/opinion/department-of-government-efficiency-elon-musk-vivek-ramaswamy-donald-trump-1e086dab|website=[[w:Wall Street Journal]]|title=The Musk-Ramaswamy Project Could Be Trump’s Best Idea}}</ref> Mr. Trump has set a goal of eliminating 10 regulations for every new one. The [[w:Competitive_Enterprise_Institute|Competitive Enterprise Institute]]’s Wayne Crews says 217,565 rules have been issued since the [[w:Federal_Register|Federal Register]] first began itemizing them in 1976, with 89,368 pages added last year. [https://sgp.fas.org/crs/misc/R43056.pdf 3,000-4,500 rules are added each year]. DOGE’s first order will be to pause enforcement of overreaching rules while starting the process to roll them back. Mr. Trump and DOGE could direct agencies to settle legal challenges to Biden rules by vacating them. This could ease the laborious process of undoing them by rule-making through the [[w:Administrative_Procedure_Act|Administrative Procedure Act]]. A source tells the WSJ they’ll do whatever they think they legally can without the APA. The [[w:Congressional_Review_Act|Congressional Review Act]]—which allows Congress to overturn recently issued agency regulations—had been used only once, prior to [[w:First_presidency_of_Donald_Trump|Trump's first term]]. While in office, he and the Republican Congress used it on 16 rules. This time, there will be more than 56 regulatory actions recent enough to be repealed. The [[w:Chevron_deference|''Chevron'' deference]] had required federal courts to defer to agencies’ interpretations of ambiguous statutes, but this was overturned in 2024. Taken together, with some other recent [[w:SCOTUS|SCOTUS]] rulings, we now have, says the WSJ, the biggest opportunity to cut regulatory red tape in more than 40 years.<ref>[https://www.wsj.com/opinion/let-the-trump-deregulation-begin-us-chamber-of-commerce-second-term-economic-growth-73f24387?cx_testId=3&cx_testVariant=cx_166&cx_artPos=0]</ref><blockquote>"Most legal edicts aren’t laws enacted by Congress but “rules and regulations” promulgated by unelected bureaucrats—tens of thousands of them each year. Most government enforcement decisions and discretionary expenditures aren’t made by the democratically elected president or even his political appointees but by millions of unelected, unappointed civil servants within government agencies who view themselves as immune from firing thanks to civil-service protections." "This is antidemocratic and antithetical to the Founders’ vision. It imposes massive direct and indirect costs on taxpayers." "When the president nullifies thousands of such regulations, critics will allege executive overreach. In fact, it will be ''correcting'' the executive overreach of thousands of regulations promulgated by administrative fiat that were never authorized by Congress. The president owes lawmaking deference to Congress, not to bureaucrats deep within federal agencies. The use of executive orders to substitute for lawmaking by adding burdensome new rules is a constitutional affront, but the use of executive orders to roll back regulations that wrongly bypassed Congress is legitimate and necessary to comply with the Supreme Court’s recent mandates. And after those regulations are fully rescinded, a future president couldn’t simply flip the switch and revive them but would instead have to ask Congress to do so"<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/opinion/musk-and-ramaswamy-the-doge-plan-to-reform-government-supreme-court-guidance-end-executive-power-grab-fa51c020?cx_testId=3&cx_testVariant=cx_165&cx_artPos=5|title=Elon Musk and Vivek Ramaswamy: The DOGE Plan to Reform Government|last=Musk|first=Elon|date=20 November 2024|work=The Wall Street Journal|last2=Ramaswamy|first2=Vivek}}</ref> </blockquote> == Shrink the federal civil service == The government has around three million [[w:United_States_federal_civil_service|federal civil service]] employees, with an average salary of $106,000. Dr. Anthony Fauci made $481,000 in 2022. The federal head count has ballooned by 120,800 during the Biden years. Civil service and union protections make it hard to fire workers. Mr. Trump intends to quickly resurrect the [[w:Schedule_F|Schedule F]] reform that he sought to implement at the end of his first term but was scrapped by Mr. Biden. These would high-level federal employees to be removed like political appointees, by eliminating their job protections. WSJ proposals[https://www.wsj.com/opinion/the-doge-cheat-sheet-elon-musk-vivek-ramaswamy-department-of-government-efficiency-1c231783#cxrecs_s] The [[w:Administrative_Procedures_Act|Administrative Procedures Act]] statute protects federal employees from political retaliation, but allows for “reductions in force” that don’t target specific employees. The statute further empowers the president to “prescribe rules governing the competitive service.” The Supreme Court has held—in ''[[w:Franklin_v._Massachusetts|Franklin v. Massachusetts]]'' (1992) and ''[[w:Collins_v._Yellen|Collins v. Yellen]]'' (2021) that when revious presidents have used this power to amend the civil service rules by executive order, they weren’t constrained by the APA when they did so. Mr. Trump can, with this authority, implement any number of “rules governing the competitive service” that would curtail administrative overgrowth, from large-scale firings to relocation of federal agencies out of the Washington area. The DOGE welcomes voluntary terminations once the President begins requiring federal employees to come to the office five days a week, because American taxpayers shouldn’t pay federal employees for the Covid-era privilege of staying home.<ref>[https://www.wsj.com/opinion/musk-and-ramaswamy-the-doge-plan-to-reform-government-supreme-court-guidance-end-executive-power-grab-fa51c020?cx_testId=3&cx_testVariant=cx_165&cx_artPos=5 Elon Musk and Vivek Ramaswamy: The DOGE Plan to Reform Government: Following the Supreme Court’s guidance, we’ll reverse a decadeslong executive power grab. Musk & Ramaswamy 11/20/2024]</ref> == Reduce the deficit and debt by impounding appropriated funds == === Impound appropriated funds === Reports suggest that president-elect Trump intends to override Congress’s power of the purse by [[w:Impoundment_of_appropriated_funds|impoundment of appropriated funds]], that is, refusing to spend them. the president may [[wikipedia:Rescission_bill|propose rescission]] of specific funds, but that rescission must be approved by both the [[wikipedia:United_States_House_of_Representatives|House of Representatives]] and [[wikipedia:United_States_Senate|Senate]] within 45 days. [[w:Thomas_Jefferson|Thomas Jefferson]] was the first president to exercise the power of impoundment in 1801, which power was available to all presidents up to and including [[wikipedia:Richard_Nixon|Richard Nixon]], and was regarded as a power inherent to the office, although one with limits. He may ask Congress to repeal The [[w:Congressional_Budget_and_Impoundment_Control_Act_of_1974|Congressional Budget and Impoundment Control Act of 1974]], which was passed in response to Nixon's abuses.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://democrats-budget.house.gov/resources/reports/impoundment-control-act-1974-what-it-why-does-it-matter|title=The Impoundment Control Act of 1974: What Is It? Why Does It Matter? {{!}} House Budget Committee Democrats|date=2019-10-23|website=democrats-budget.house.gov|language=en|access-date=2024-05-19}}</ref> If Congress refuses to do so, president Trump may impound funds anyway and argue in court that the 1974 law is unconstitutional. The matter would likely end up at the Supreme Court, which would have to do more than simply hold the 1974 act unconstitutional in order for Mr. Trump to prevail. The court would also have to overrule [[w:Train_v._City_of_New_York_(1975)|''Train v. City of New York'' (1975)]], which held that impoundment is illegal unless the underlying legislation specifically authorizes it. === Reduce the budget deficit === [[wikipedia:U.S. federal budget|U.S. federal budget]] The [[wikipedia:Fiscal_year|fiscal year]], beginning October 1 and ending on September 30 of the year following. Congress is the body required by law to pass appropriations annually and to submit funding bills passed by both houses to the President for signature. Congressional decisions are governed by rules and legislation regarding the [[wikipedia:United_States_budget_process|federal budget process]]. Budget committees set spending limits for the House and Senate committees and for Appropriations subcommittees, which then approve individual [[wikipedia:Appropriations_bill_(United_States)|appropriations bills]] to During FY2022, the federal government spent $6.3 trillion. Spending as % of GDP is 25.1%, almost 2 percentage points greater than the average over the past 50 years. Major categories of FY 2022 spending included: Medicare and Medicaid ($1.339T or 5.4% of GDP), Social Security ($1.2T or 4.8% of GDP), non-defense discretionary spending used to run federal Departments and Agencies ($910B or 3.6% of GDP), Defense Department ($751B or 3.0% of GDP), and net interest ($475B or 1.9% of GDP).<ref name="CBO_2022">[https://www.cbo.gov/publication/58888 The Federal Budget in Fiscal Year 2022: An Infographic]</ref> CBO projects a federal budget deficit of $1.6 trillion for 2024. In the agency’s projections, deficits generally increase over the coming years; the shortfall in 2034 is $2.6 trillion. The deficit amounts to 5.6 percent of gross domestic product (GDP) in 2024, swells to 6.1 percent of GDP in 2025, and then declines in the two years that follow. After 2027, deficits increase again, reaching 6.1 percent of GDP in 2034.<ref name="CBO_budgetOutlook2024">{{cite web|url=https://www.cbo.gov/publication/59710|title=The Budget and Economic Outlook: 2024 to 2034|date=February 7, 2024|publisher=CBO|access-date=February 7, 2024}}</ref> The following table summarizes several budgetary statistics for the fiscal year 2015-2021 periods as a percent of GDP, including federal tax revenue, outlays or spending, deficits (revenue – outlays), and [[wikipedia:National_debt_of_the_United_States|debt held by the public]]. The historical average for 1969-2018 is also shown. With U.S. GDP of about $21 trillion in 2019, 1% of GDP is about $210 billion.<ref name="CBO_Hist_20">[https://www.cbo.gov/about/products/budget-economic-data#2 CBO-Historical Budget Data-Retrieved January 28, 2020]</ref> Statistics for 2020-2022 are from the CBO Monthly Budget Review for FY 2022.<ref name="CBO_MBRFY2022">{{cite web|url=https://www.cbo.gov/publication/58592|title=Monthly Budget Review: Summary for Fiscal Year 2022|date=November 8, 2022|publisher=CBO|access-date=December 10, 2022}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" !Variable As % GDP !2015 !2016 !2017 !2018 !2019 !2020 !2021 !2022 !Hist Avg |- !Revenue<ref name="CBO_Hist_20">[https://www.cbo.gov/about/products/budget-economic-data#2 CBO-Historical Budget Data-Retrieved January 28, 2020]</ref> |18.0% |17.6% |17.2% |16.4% |16.4% |16.2% |17.9% |19.6% |17.4% |- !Outlays<ref name="CBO_Hist_20" /> |20.4% |20.8% |20.6% |20.2% |21.0% |31.1% |30.1% |25.1% |21.0% |- !Budget Deficit<ref name="CBO_Hist_20" /> | -2.4% | -3.2% | -3.5% | -3.8% | -4.6% | -14.9% | -12.3% | -5.5% | -3.6% |- !Debt Held by Public<ref name="CBO_Hist_20" /> |72.5% |76.4% |76.2% |77.6% |79.4% |100.3% |99.6% |94.7% | |} The [[wikipedia:U.S._Constitution|U.S. Constitution]] ([[wikipedia:Article_One_of_the_United_States_Constitution|Article I]], section 9, clause 7) states that "No money shall be drawn from the Treasury, but in Consequence of Appropriations made by Law; and a regular Statement and Account of Receipts and Expenditures of all public Money shall be published from time to time." Each year, the President of the United States submits a budget request to Congress for the following fiscal year as required by the [[wikipedia:Budget_and_Accounting_Act_of_1921|Budget and Accounting Act of 1921]]. Current law ({{UnitedStatesCode|31|1105}}(a)) requires the president to submit a budget no earlier than the first Monday in January, and no later than the first Monday in February. Typically, presidents submit budgets on the first Monday in February. The budget submission has been delayed, however, in some new presidents' first year when the previous president belonged to a different party. === Reduce the National debt === == Strategic Foreign Policy and Military reform == Nominee for [[w:National_Security_Advisor|National Security Advisor]] [[w:Mike_Waltz|Mike Waltz]] To oversee the [[w:U.S._Intelligence_Community|U.S. Intelligence Community]] and NIP, and the 18 IC agencies, including the CIA, DIA, NSC, the nominee for [[w:Director_of_National_Intelligence|Director of National Intelligence]] is [[w:Tulsi_Gabbard|Tulsi Gabbard]], who is an isolationist of the [[w:Bernie_Sanders#foreign_policy|Bernie Sanders]] camp, with a long record of dogmatically opposing [[w:Foreign_policy_of_the_Trump_administration|President Trump's first term foreign policy]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/opinion/tulsi-gabbard-director-of-national-intelligence-donald-trump-foreign-policy-syria-israel-iran-b37aa3de|title=How Tulsi Gabbard Sees the World|last=Editorial Board|date=10 December 2024|work=The Wall Street Journal}}</ref> === Department of State === {{Main article|w:Second presidency of Donald Trump#Prospective foreign policy|w:State Department}} [[w:Marco_Rubio|Marco Rubio]] has been nominated as [[w:U.S._Secretary_of_State|U.S. Secretary of State]], overseeing $53bn and 77,880 employees ==== [[w:USAID|USAID]] ==== === National Endowment for Democracy === The [[w:National_Endowment_for_Democracy|National Endowment for Democracy]] is grant-making foundation organized as a private non-profit corporation overseen by congress, a project of Ronald Reagan announced in a [[1982 speech to British Parliament]], and is reportedly near the top of the DOGE's hit list.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/opinion/save-a-reagan-initiative-from-the-doge-national-endowment-for-democracy-funding-2b6cc072?page=1|title=Save a Reagan Initiative From Musk and Ramaswamy|last=Galston|first=William|date=11 December 2024|work=The Wall Street Journal}}</ref> === U.S. Department of Defense === U.S. DoD employees ____ civilian personel, ___ civilian contractors, and oversees a budget of _____. Nominated for [[w:Secretary_of_Defense|Secretary of Defense]] is [[w:Pete_Hegseth|Pete Hegseth]], who has been doubted by many Republican Senators{{Cn}} and supported by Trump's base.{{Cn}} The president-elect is reportedly considering a draft executive order that establishes a “warrior board” of retired senior military personnel with the power to review three- and four-star officers “on leadership capability, strategic readiness, and commitment to military excellence," and to recommend removals of any deemed unfit for leadership. This would fast-track the removal of generals and admirals found to be “lacking in requisite leadership qualities,” consistent with his earlier vow to fire “woke” military leaders.<ref>[https://www.wsj.com/politics/national-security/trump-draft-executive-order-would-create-board-to-purge-generals-7ebaa606<nowiki> Trump draft executive order would create a board to purge generals 11/12/2024]</nowiki></ref> There are legal obstacles. The law prohibits the firing of commissioned officers except by “sentence of a general court-martial,” as a “commutation of a sentence of a general court-martial,” or “in time of war, by order of the president.” A commissioned officer who believes he’s been wrongfully dismissed has the right to seek a trial by court-martial, which may find the dismissal baseless. <ref>[https://www.wsj.com/opinion/trump-tests-the-constitutions-limits-checks-balances-government-policy-law-78d0d0f1 &lt;nowiki&gt; Trump test the constitutions limits 11/19/2024]</ref> Musk said, "Some idiots are still building manned fighter jets like the F-35," and later added: "Manned fighter jets are outdated in the age of drones and only put pilots' lives at risk." [[w:Bernie_Sanders|Bernie Sanders]] wrote on X: "Elon Musk is right. The Pentagon, with a budget of $886 billion, just failed its 7th audit in a row. It's lost track of billions. Last year, only 13 senators voted against the Military Industrial Complex and a defense budget full of waste and fraud. That must change."{{sfn|Newsweek 12/02|2024}}. It failed its fifth audit in June 2023.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newsweek.com/fox-news-host-confronts-gop-senator-pentagons-fifth-failed-audit-1804379|title=Fox News host confronts GOP Senator on Pentagon's fifth failed audit|last=Writer|first=Fatma Khaled Staff|date=2023-06-04|website=Newsweek|language=en|access-date=2024-12-02}}</ref> === [[w:DARPA|DARPA]] === === US Air Force === Air Force is advancing a program called [[w:Collaborative_Combat_Aircraft|Collaborative Combat Aircraft]] to build roughly 1,000 UAVs, with [[w:Anduril|Anduril]] and [[w:General_Atomics|General Atomics]] currently building prototypes, ahead of an Air Force decision on which company or companies will be contracted to build it. The cost quickly exceeded the $2.3 billion approved for last fiscal year’s budget, according to the [[w:Congressional_Research_Service|Congressional Research Service]], prompting calls for more oversight. “''If you want to make real improvements to the defense and security of the United States of America, we would be investing more in drones, we’d be investing more in [[w:Hypersonic_weapon|hypersonic missiles]]'',” said Mr. Ramaswamy. The program for Lockheed-Martin's [[w:F-35|F-35]] stealth jet fighters, now in production, is expected to exceed $2 trillion over several decades. The Air Force on 5 December announced it would delay a decision on which company would build the next-generation crewed fighter, called [[w:Next Generation Air Dominance|Next Generation Air Dominance (NGAD)]], which was planned to replace the [[w:F-22|F-22]] and operate alongside the F-35. Mr. Musk has written that "manned fighter jets are obsolete in the age of drones.” In another post, he claimed “a reusable drone” can do everything a jet fighter can do “without all the overhead of a pilot.” Brigadier General [[w:Doug_Wickert|Doug Wickert]] said in response, “There may be some day when we can completely rely on roboticized warfare but we are a century away.... How long have we thought full self-driving was going to be on the Tesla?” <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/politics/national-security/air-force-jets-vs-drones-trump-administration-8b1620a5?page=1|title=Trump Administration Set to Decide Future of Jet Fighters|last=Seligman|first=Lara|date=6 December 2024|work=The Wall Street Journal}}</ref> === US Space Force === The [[w:US_Space_Force|US Space Force]]'s 2023 budget was ~$26bn and it had 9,400 military personnel. SpaceX had a $14m contract to provide communications to the Ukrainian armed forces and government through 30th Nov 2024.{{sfn|Economist 11/23|2024}} Is also receiving a $733m contract to carry satellites into orbit.{{sfn|Economist 11/23|2024}} The Pentagon plans to incorporate into its own communications network 100 of [[w:Starshield|Starshield]]'s satellites.{{sfn|Economist 11/23|2024}} Starshield also has a $1.8bn contract to help the [[w:National_Reconnaissance_Office|National Reconnaissance Office]] build spy satellites.{{sfn|Economist 11/23|2024}} == Department of Space Transportation == Mr. Trump's transition team told advisors that it plans to make a federal framework for self-driving cars. Mr. Trump had a call with Sundar Pichai and Mr. Musk. === Rail and Tunnel Authority === === Ports Authority === === Interstate Highway Authority === === [[w:Federal_Aviation_Administration|Federal Aviation Administration]] === Musk has often complained about the FAA "smothering" innovation, boasting that he can build a rocket faster than the agency can process the "Kafkaesque paperwork" required to make the relevant approvals.{{sfn|Economist 11/23|2024}} === National Air and Space Administration === The [[w:National_Air_and_Space_Administration|National Air and Space Administration]] (NASA) had a 2023 budget of $25.4 bn and 18,000 employees. [[w:Jared_Isaacman|Jared Isaacman]] is nominated director. He had joined a space voyage in 2021 which was the first for an all-civilian crew to reach orbit. He led a four person crew in September on the first commericial spacewalk, testing SpaceX's new spacesuits. He promised to lead NASA in to "usher in an era where humanity becomes a true space-faring civilization." In an interview Isaacman said that NASA will evolve as private space companies set their own priorities and develop technology. NASA could have a certification role for astronauts and vehicles, similar to how the Federal Aviation Administration oversees the commercial airline industry. “The FAA doesn’t build the airplanes. They don’t staff the pilots that fly you from point A to B,” he said. “That is the world that NASA is in, essentially.” He also suggested openness to new and lower cost ways of getting to the Moon and to Mars.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/politics/elections/trump-picks-billionaire-space-traveler-to-run-nasa-4420150b?page=1|title=Trump Picks Billionaire Space Traveler to Run NASA|last=Maidenberg|first=Micah|date=5 December 2024|work=WSJ}}</ref> In September 2026, NASA's [[w:Artemis_program|Artemis program]], established in 2017 via [[wikipedia:Space_Policy_Directive_1|Space Policy Directive 1]], is intended to reestablish a human presence on the Moon for the first time since the [[wikipedia:Apollo_17|Apollo 17]] mission in 1972. The program's stated long-term goal is to establish a [[wikipedia:Moonbase|permanent base on the Moon]] to facilitate [[wikipedia:Human_mission_to_Mars|human missions to Mars]]. The [[w:U.S._National_Academies_of_Sciences,_Engineering,_and_Medicine|U.S. National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine]] in October, put out a report titled "NASA at a Crossroads," which identified myriad issues at the agency, including out-of-date infrastructure, pressures to prioritize short-term objectives and inefficient management practices. NASA's costly [[w:Space_Launch_System|Space Launch System]] (SLS) is the cornerstone of the Artemis program. has a price tag of around $4.1 billion per launch, and is a single-use rocket that can only launch every two years, having debuted in 2022 with the uncrewed [[w:Artemis_1_mission|Artemis 1 mission]] to the moon. In contrast, SpaceX is working to reduce the cost of a single Starship flight to under $10 million. NASA Associate Administrator Jim Free urged the incoming administration to maintain the current plans, in a symposium with the [[w:American_Astronautical_Society|American Astronautical Society]] saying "We need that consistency in purpose. That has not happened since Apollo. If we lose that, I believe we will fall apart and we will wander, and other people in this world will pass us by." NASA has already asked both [[w:SpaceX|SpaceX]] and also Jeff Bezos' [[w:Blue_Origin|Blue Origin]], to develop cargo landers for its Artemis missions and to deliver heavy equipment on them to the Moon by 2033. "Having two lunar lander providers with different approaches for crew and cargo landing capability provides mission flexibility while ensuring a regular cadence of moon landings for continued discovery and scientific opportunity," Stephen D. Creech, NASA's assistant deputy associate administrator for the moon to Mars program, said in an announcement about the partnership. "For all of the money we are spending, NASA should NOT be talking about going to the Moon - We did that 50 years ago. They should be focused on the much bigger things we are doing, including Mars (of which the Moon is a part), Defense and Science!" Trump wrote in a post on X in 2019. Trump has said he would create a [[w:Space_National_Guard|Space National Guard]], an idea that lawmakers in Congress have been proposing since 2021. Critics agree that a focus on spaceflight could come at the expense of "Earth and atmospheric sciences at NASA and the [[w:National_Oceanic_and_Atmospheric_Administration|National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]] (NOAA), which have been cut during the Biden era."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newsweek.com/elon-musk-donald-trump-nasa-space-policy-1990599|title=Donald Trump and Elon Musk could radically reshape NASA. Here's how|last=Reporter|first=Martha McHardy US News|date=2024-11-27|website=Newsweek|language=en|access-date=2024-12-02}}</ref> Regarding his goal and SpaceX's corporate mission of colonising Mars, Mr. Musk has stated that "The DOGE is the only path to extending life beyond earth"{{sfn|Economist 11/23|2024}} === National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration === == Department of Education and Propaganda == [[w:United_States_Department_of_Education|Department of Education]] has 4,400 employees – the smallest staff of the Cabinet agencies<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www2.ed.gov/about/overview/fed/role.html|title=Federal Role in Education|date=2021-06-15|website=www2.ed.gov|language=en|access-date=2022-04-28}}</ref> – and a 2024 budget of $238 billion.<ref name="DOE-mission">{{Cite web|url=https://www.usaspending.gov/agency/department-of-education?fy=2024|title=Agency Profile {{!}} U.S. Department of Education|website=www2.ed.gov|access-date=2024-11-14}}</ref> The 2023 Budget was $274 billion, which included funding for children with disabilities ([[wikipedia:Individuals_with_Disabilities_Education_Act|IDEA]]), pandemic recovery, early childhood education, [[wikipedia:Pell_Grant|Pell Grants]], [[wikipedia:Elementary_and_Secondary_Education_Act|Title I]], work assistance, among other programs. This budget was down from $637.7 billion in 2022.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.future-ed.org/what-the-new-pisa-results-really-say-about-u-s-schools/|title=What the New PISA Results Really Say About U.S. Schools|date=2021-06-15|website=future-ed.com|language=en|access-date=2024-11-14}}</ref> Nominated as [[w:US_Secretary_of_Education|Secretary of Education]] is [[w:Linda_McMahon|Linda McMahon]]. The WSJ proposes that the Civil Rights division be absorbed into the Department of Justice, and that its outstanding loan portolio be handled by the Department of the Treasury. Despite the redundancies, its unlikely that it will be abolished, which would require congressional action and buy-in from Democrats in the Senate; Republicans don’t have enough votes to do it alone. A republican appointee is expected to push back against federal education overreach and progressive policies like DEI. <ref>[https://www.wsj.com/opinion/trump-can-teach-the-education-department-a-lesson-nominee-needs-boldness-back-school-choice-oppose-woke-indoctrination-ddf6a38d<nowiki> Trump can teach the Education Department a Lesson. WSJ 11/20/2024]</nowiki></ref> During his campaign, Trump had pledged to get the "transgender insanity the hell out of schools.” Relying on the district court's decision in ''[[w:Tatel_v._Mount_Lebanon_School_District|Tatel v. Mount Lebanon School District]] , the'' attorney general and education secretary could issue a letter explaining how enforcing gender ideology violates constitutional [[w:Free_exercise_clause|First amendment right to free exercise of religion]] and the [[w:Equal_Protection_Clause|14th Amendment’s Equal Protection Clause]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/opinion/how-trump-can-target-transgenderism-in-schools-law-policy-education-369537a7?page=1|title=How Trump Can Target Transgenderism in Schools|last=Eden|first=Max|date=9 December 2024|work=The Wall Street Journal}}</ref> === CPB, PBS, NPR === Regarding the [[w:Corporation_for_Public_Broadcasting|Corporation for Public Broadcasting]], [[w:Howard_Husock|Howard Husock]] suggest that instead of zeroing its $535 million budget, Republicans reform the [[w:Public_Broadcasting_Act|Public Broadcasting Act]] to eliminate bias and improve local journalism.<ref>https://www.wsj.com/opinion/the-conservative-case-for-public-broadcasting-media-policy-2d4c3c9f?page=1</ref> {{As of|2024|alt=For fiscal year 2024}}, its appropriation was US$525 million, including $10 million in interest earned. The distribution of these funds was as follows:<ref>{{cite web|url=https://cpb.org/aboutcpb/financials/budget/|title=CPB Operating Budget|last=|date=2024|website=www.cpb.org|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=November 27, 2024|url-status=}}</ref> * $262.83M for direct grants to local public television stations; * $95.11M for television programming grants; * $81.77M for direct grants to local public radio stations; * $28.12M for the Radio National Program Production and Acquisition * $9.43M for the Radio Program Fund * $31.50 for system support * $26.25 for administration Public broadcasting stations are funded by a combination of private donations from listeners and viewers, foundations and corporations. Funding for public television comes in roughly equal parts from government (at all levels) and the private sector.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cpb.org/annualreports/2013/|title=CPB 2013 Annual Report|website=www.cpb.org|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160212170045/http://cpb.org/annualreports/2013/|archive-date=February 12, 2016|access-date=May 4, 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref> == U.S. Department of Health and Human Services == Nominated as [[w:United_States_Secretary_of_Health_and_Human_Services|United States Secretary of Health and Human Services]] is [[w:Robert_F._Kennedy_Jr.|Robert F. Kennedy Jr.]], deputy Secretary [[w:Jim_O'Neill_(investor)|Jim O'Neill]]. Nominated for [[w:US_Surgeon_General|US Surgeon General]] is [[w:Janette_Nesheiwat|Janette Nesheiwat]]. [[w:U.S._Department_of_Health_and_Human_Services|U.S. Department of Health and Human Services]] was authorized a budget for [[w:2020_United_States_federal_budget|fiscal year 2020]] of $1.293 trillion. It has 13 operating divisions, 10 of which constitute the [[w:United_States_Public_Health_Service|Public Health Services]], whose budget authorization is broken down as follows:<ref name="hhs_budget_fy2020">{{cite web|url=https://www.hhs.gov/about/budget/fy2020/index.html|title=HHS FY 2020 Budget in Brief|date=October 5, 2019|website=HHS Budget & Performance|publisher=United States Department of Health & Human Services|page=7|access-date=May 9, 2020}}</ref> {| class="wikitable sortable" !Nominee !Program !2020 Budget !2024 Budget ! employees !2025 Budget !2026 Budget |- |[[w:Marty_Makary|Marty Makary]] |[[w:Food and Drug Administration|Food and Drug Administration]] (FDA) |$3,329 MM |- | |[[w:Health Resources and Services Administration|Health Resources and Services Administration]] (HRSA) |$11,004 |- | |[[w:Indian Health Service|Indian Health Service]] (IHS) |$6,104 |- |[[w:Dave_Weldon|Dave Weldon]] |[[w:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]] (CDC) |$6,767 |- |[[w:Jay_Bhattacharya|Jay Bhattacharya]] |[[w:National Institutes of Health|National Institutes of Health]] (NIH) |$33,669 |- | |[[w:Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration|Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration]] (SAMHSA) |$5,535 |- | |[[w:Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality|Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality]] (AHRQ) |$0 |- |[[w:Mehmet_Oz|Mehmet Oz]] |[[w:Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services|Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services]] (CMMS) |$1,169,091 |- | |[[w:Administration for Children and Families|Administration for Children and Families]] (ACF) |$52,121 |- | |[[w:Administration for Community Living|Administration for Community Living]] (ACL) |$1,997 |- |} {| class="wikitable sortable" !Program !2020 Budget !2024 Budget ! employees !2025 Budget !2026 Budget |- |[[w:Departmental Management|Departmental Management]] |$340 |- |Non-Recurring Expense Fund |$-400 |- |[[w:Office of Medicare Hearings and Appeals|Office of Medicare Hearings and Appeals]] |$186 |- |[[w:Office of the National Coordinator|Office of the National Coordinator]] |$43 |- |[[w:Office for Civil Rights|Office for Civil Rights]] |$30 |- |[[w:Office of Inspector General|Office of Inspector General]] |$82 |- |[[w:Public Health and Social Services Emergency Fund|Public Health and Social Services Emergency Fund]] |$2,667 |- |[[w:Program Support Center|Program Support Center]] |$749 |- |Offsetting Collections |$-629 |- |Other Collections |$-163 |- |'''TOTAL''' |'''$1,292,523''' |} The FY2020 budget included a $1.276 billion budget decrease for the Centers for Disease Control, and a $4.533 billion budget decrease for the National Institutes of Health. These budget cuts, along with other changes since 2019, comprised a total decrease of over $24 billion in revised discretionary budget authority across the entire Department of Health and Human Services for Fiscal Year 2020.<ref name="hhs_budget_fy2020" /> Additional details of the budgeted outlays, budget authority, and detailed budgets for other years, can be found at the HHS Budget website.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://WWW.HHS.GOV/BUDGET|title=Health and Human Services: Budget and Performance|publisher=United States Department of Health & Human Services|access-date=May 9, 2020}}</ref> He is an American politician, [[Environmental law|environmental lawyer]], [[anti-vaccine activist]], and anti-packaged food industry activist, anti-pharmaceutical industry activist, who will be nominated to serve as [[United States Secretary of Health and Human Services]],<ref name="v502">{{cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/saradorn/2024/11/14/rfk-jr-launches-independent-2024-run-here-are-all-the-conspiracies-he-promotes-from-vaccines-to-mass-shootings/|title=Trump Taps RFK Jr. As Secretary Of Health And Human Services: Here Are All The Conspiracies He's Promoted|last=Dorn|first=Sara|date=2024-11-14|website=Forbes|access-date=2024-11-15}}</ref> with the mission of "Making America Healthy Again". He is the chairman and founder of [[Children's Health Defense]], an anti-vaccine advocacy group and proponent of [[COVID-19 vaccine misinformation|dubious COVID-19 vaccine information]].<ref name="Smith_12/15/2021" /><ref name="KW" /> === National Institutes of Health === The [[w:NIH|NIH]] distributes grants of ~$50bn per year. Nominated to lead the [[w:National_Institutes_of_Health|National Institutes of Health]] is [[w:Jay_Bhattacharya|Jay Bhattacharya]], who has announced the following priorities for funding: * cutting edge research, saying that the NIH has become "sclerotic", due to a phenomenon has been called [[Eroom’s law]], which explains that career incentives encourage “me-too research,” given that citations by other scientists “have become the dominant way to evaluate scientific contributions and scientists.” That has shifted research “toward incremental science and away from exploratory projects that are more likely to fail, but which are the fuel for future breakthroughs.”<ref name=":3">{{Cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/opinion/jay-bhattacharya-and-the-vindication-of-the-fringe-scientists-pandemic-lockdowns-38b6aec6|title=Jay Bhattacharya and the Vindication of the ‘Fringe’ Scientists|last=Finley|first=Allysia|date=1 December 2024|work=Wall Street Journal}}</ref> Dr. Bhattacharya's February 2020 paper explaining Eroom's law, as possible explanation for slowing of pharmaceutical advances.{{Cn}} * studies aimed at replicating the results of earlier studies, to address the problem of scientific fraud or other factors contributing to the the [[w:Replication_crisis|replication crisis]], encouraging academic freedom among NIH scientists and term limits for NIH leaders. “Those kinds of reforms, I think every scientist would agree, every American would agree, it’s how you turn the NIH from something that is sort of how to control society, into something that is aimed at the discovery of truth to improve the health of Americans,” he said.<ref name=":4">{{Cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/health/healthcare/covid-lockdown-critic-jay-bhattacharya-chosen-to-lead-nih-2958e5e2?page=1|title=Covid-Lockdown Critic Jay Bhattacharya Chosen to Lead NIH|last=Whyte|first=Liz Essley|date=26 November 2024|work=The Wall Street Journal}}</ref> * Refocusing on research on [[w:Chronic_diseases|chronic diseases]], which is underfunded, and away from [[w:Infectious_diseases|infectious diseases]], which is overfunded. * Ending [[w:Gain-of-function|gain-of-function]] research. Jay Bhattacharya wrote a March 25 2020 op-ed "Is the Coronavirus as Deadly as They Say?", with colleague [[w:Eran_Bendavid|Eran Bendavid]], arguing that many asymptomatic cases of COVID-19 were going undetected. The hypothesis was confirmed in April 2020 when he and several colleagues published a study showing that Covid anti-bodies in Santa Clara county were 50 times the recorded infection rate. This implied, he said "a lower inflection mortality rate than public health authorities were pushing at a time when they and the media thought it was a virtue to panic the population".<ref><nowiki><ref></nowiki>{{Cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/opinion/the-man-who-fought-fauci-and-won-trump-nih-nominee-jay-bhattacharya-covid-cancel-culture-4a0650bd?page=1|title=The Man Who Fought Fauci - and Won|last=Varadarajan|first=Tunku|date=6 December 2024|work=WSJ}}&lt;nowiki&gt;</ref> Dr. Bhattacharya, [[w:Martin_Kulldorff|Martin Kulldorff]], then at Harvard, and Oxford’s [[w:Sunetra_Gupta|Sunetra Gupta]] formally expounded this idea in the [[w:Great_Barrington_Declaration|Great Barrington Declaration]] in October 2020, urging the government to focus on protecting the vulnerable while letting others go about their lives, which previous NIH director [[w:Francis_Collins|Francis Collins]] derided as "fringe science its into the political views of certain parts of our confused political establishment," and previous [[w:NIAID|NIAID]] director [[w:Chief_Medical_Advisor_to_the_President|chief medical advisor to the President]] [[w:Anthony_Fauci|Anthony Fauci]] "a quick and devastating public takedown of its premises." Some suggest the same career incentives that lead to scientific group-think in the pharmaceutical industry, also explain conformist behavior during COVID-19, due to the threat against young scientists of losing NIH funding, jobs, and career opportunities, if they were to exercise in independent judgement.<ref name=":3" /> “Dr. Jay Bhattacharya is the ideal leader to restore NIH as the international template for gold-standard science and evidence-based medicine,” DHHS Secretary nominee Kennedy wrote. "We will reform American scientific institutions so that they are worthy of trust again and will deploy the fruits of excellent science to make America healthy again!” said Dr. Bhattacharya. “Dr. Bhattacharya is a strong choice to lead the NIH,” said Dr. [[w:Ned_Sharpless|Ned Sharpless]], a former [[w:National_Cancer_Institute|National Cancer Institute]] director. “The support of moderate Senate Republicans will be critical to NIH funding, and Dr. Bhattacharya’s Covid work will give him credibility with this constituency.”<ref name=":4" /> === Food and Drug Administration === The FDA in 2022 had 18,000 employees<ref name="fy2022">{{cite web|url=https://www.fda.gov/media/149613/download|title=FY 2022 FDA Budget Request|publisher=FDA|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230602090805/https://www.fda.gov/media/149613/download|archive-date=June 2, 2023|access-date=January 14, 2022|url-status=live}}</ref> and a budget of $6.5{{nbsp}}billion (2022)<ref name="fy2022" /> Nominated as director is [[w:Marty_Makary|Marty Makary]]. == Department of Food and Agriculture == [[w:Department_of_Agriculture|Department of Agriculture]] (USDA) had 2023 budget of ___ and ____ employees. Nominated for [[w:Secretary_of_Agriculture|Secretary of Agriculture]] is [[w:Brooke_Rollins|Brooke Rollins]], who had earlier served on the [[w:Office_of_American_Innovation|Office of American Innovation]] under [[w:Jared_Kushner|Jared Kushner]], and served as director of [[w:Domestic_Policy_Council|Domestic Policy Council]]. She has not endorsed the "[[w:Make_America_Healthy_Again|Make America Healthy Again]]" agenda of RFK Jr. (and his colleagues Jay Bhattacharcya and others) who promised to "reverse 80 years of farm policy" and complains of the $30 billion/year farms subsidies. Kennedy wants to remove soda from food aid, and ultra-processed food from both [[w:Food-stamps|food-stamp]] benefits and [[w:School_meals|school meals]], both of which are overseen by the USDA; an effort that in the past has been opposed by the food industry, lawmakers, and some anti-hunger advocacy groups.<ref name=":5" /> RFK Jr.'s team had recommended [[w:Sid_Miller|Sid Miller]] for the role, and a group of farmers he had asked to vet candidates had proposed [[w:John_Kempf|John Kempf]].<ref name=":5">{{Cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/politics/policy/trump-agriculture-pick-brooke-rollins-rfk-jr-1a85beda?page=1|title=RFK Jr. Team Skeptical About USDA Pick|last=Andrews|first=Natalie|date=11 December 2024|work=The Wall Street Journal|others=et al}}</ref> He has also called for re-examining the the [[standards regulating the use of pesticides]], especially [[w:Glyphosate|glyphosate]], the world's most widely used [[w:Herbicide|herbicide]] and the active ingredient in [[w:Roundup|Roundup]], used as a weedkiller in major [[w:U.S._commodity_crops|U.S. commodity crops]].[[w:Herbicide|herbicide]]<ref name=":5" /> === Food Stamps === === School Meals === === Farm Subsidies === == Department of Treasury and Commerce == [[w:Departments_of_Treasury|Departments of Treasury]] has 2023 budget of ____ and ___ employees. [[w:Department_of_Commerce|Department of Commerce]] has 2023 budget of _____ and _____ employees. Nominated for [[w:Secretary_of_the_Treasury|Secretary of the Treasury]] is [[w:Scott_Bessent|Scott Bessent]], for Secretary of Commerce is [[w:Howard_Lutnick|Howard Lutnick]] === Consumer Financial Protection Bureau === The [[w:Consumer_Financial_Protection_Bureau|Consumer Financial Protection Bureau]] (CFPB). Said Mr. Musk "Delete the CFPB. There are too many duplicative regulatory agencies"<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/politics/policy/elon-musk-doge-conflict-of-interest-b1202437?page=1|title=Musk’s DOGE Plans Rely on White House Budget Office. Conflicts Await.|last=Schwartz|first=Brian|work=The Wall Street Journal}}</ref> === Securities and Exchange Commission === [[w:Securities_and_Exchange_Commission|Securities and Exchange Commission]] === Internal Revenue Service === [[w:Internal_Revenue_Service|Internal Revenue Service]] == Departments of Energy and Interior == Nominee for [[w:US_Secretary_of_the_Interior|Secretary of the Interior]] is [[w:Doug_Burgum|Doug Burgum]], who will also be [[w:List_of_U.S._executive_branch_czars|Energy Czar]]. [[w:Department_of_Energy|Department of Energy]] [[w:United_States_Secretary_of_Energy|secretary nominee]] [[w:Chris_Wright_(energy_executive)|Chris Wright]] admits that burning fossil fuels contributes to rising temperatures, but says it poses only a modest threat to humanity, and praises it for increasing plant growth, making the planet greener, and boosting agricultural productivity. He also says that it likely reduces the annual number of temperature-related deaths. (estimates from health researchers say otherwise). He says, "It's probably almost as many positive changes as negative changes... Is it a crisis, is it the world's greatest challenge, or a big threat to the next generation? No. .. A little bit warmer isn’t a threat. If we were 5, 7, 8, 10 degrees [Celsius] warmer, that would be meaningful changes to the planet.” Scientists see a 1.5 degrees Celsius temperature as creating potentially irreversible changes for the planet, and expect to pass that mark later this year, after increasing over several decade. He criticizes the [[w:Paris_climate_agreement|Paris climate agreement]] for empowering "political actors with anti-fossil fuel agendas." Wright favors development of [[w:Geothermal_energy|geothermal energy]] and [[w:Nuclear_energy_policy_of_the_United_States|nuclear energy]], criticizing subsidies to wind and solar energy. <ref><nowiki><ref></nowiki>{{Cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/politics/policy/who-is-chris-wright-trump-energy-secretary-9eb617dc?page=1|title=Trump’s Energy Secretary Pick Preaches the Benefits of Climate Change|last=Morenne|first=Benoit|date=9 December 2024|work=The Wall Street Journal}}&lt;nowiki&gt;</ref> === Bureau of Land Management === === Forest Service === === National Parks === == AI and Cryptocurrency Policy == [[w:David_Sacks|David Sacks]] was named "White House AI and Crypto Czar". == Reform Entitlements == === Healthcare and Medicare === [[w:ObamaCare|ObamaCare]] started as a plausible scheme for universal, cost-effective health insurance with subsidies for the needy. Only the subsidies survive because the ObamaCare policies actually delivered are so overpriced nobody would buy them without a subsidy.<ref>[https://www.wsj.com/opinion/elons-real-trump-mission-protect-growth-department-of-government-efficiency-appointments-cabinet-9e7e62b2]</ref> See below: Department of Health and Human Services === Social Security === Even FDR was aware of its flaw: it discourages working and saving. === Other === Small-government advocate [[w:Ron_Paul|Ron Paul]] has suggested to cut aid to the following "biggest" welfare recipients: * The [[w:Military-industrial_complex|Military-industrial complex]] * The [[w:Pharmaceutical-industrial_complex|Pharmaceutical-industrial complex]] * The [[w:Federal_Reserve|Federal Reserve]] To which Mr. Musk replied, "Needs to be done".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thehill.com/video/ron-paul-vows-to-join-elon-musk-help-eliminate-government-waste-in-a-trump-admin/10191375/|title=Ron Paul vows to join Elon Musk, help eliminate government waste in a Trump admin|date=2024-11-05|website=The Hill|language=en-US|access-date=2024-12-09}}</ref> == Office of Management and Budget == The White House [[w:Office_of_Management_and_Budget|Office of Management and Budget]] (OMB) guides implementation of regulations and analyzes federal spending. Mssrs. Musk and Ramaswamy encouraged President-elect Trump to reappoint his first term director [[w:Russell_Vought|Russell Vought]], which he did on 22nd Nov.<ref name=":0" /> == Government Efficiency Personnel == Transition spokesman [[w:Brian_Hughes|Brian Hughes]] said that "Elon Musk is a once-in-a-generation business leader and our federal bureaucracy will certainly benefit from his ideas and efficiency". About a dozen Musk allies have visited Mar-a-Lago to serve as unofficial advisors to the Trump 47 transition, influencing hiring at many influential government agencies.<ref name=":2"><nowiki><ref></nowiki>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/12/06/us/politics/trump-elon-musk-silicon-valley.html?searchResultPosition=1|title=The Silicon Valley Billionaires Steering Trump’s Transition|date=8 December 2024|work=NYT}}</ref> [[w:Marc_Andreesen|Marc Andreesen]] has interviewed candidates for State, Pentagon, and DHHS, and has been active pushing for rollback of Biden's cryptocurrency regulations, and rollback of Lina Khan anti-trust efforts with the FTC, and calling for contracting reform in Defense dept. [[w:Jared_Birchall|Jared Birchall]] has interviewed candidates for State, and has advised on Space police and has put together councils for AI and Cryptocurrency policy. David Sacks was named "White House AI and Crypto Czar" [[w:Shaun_MacGuire|Shaun MacGuire]] has advised on picks for intelligence community and has interviewed candidates for Defense. Many tech executives are considering part-time roles advising the DOGE. [[w:Antonio_Gracias|Antonio Gracias]] and [[w:Steve_Davis|Steve Davis]] from Musk's "crisis team" have been active, as has investor [[w:John_Hering|John Hering]]. Other Silicon Valley players who have advised Trump or interviewed candidates: * [[w:Larry_Ellison|Larry Ellison]] has sat in on Trump transition 47 meetings at Mar-a-Lago. * [[w:Mark_Pincus|Mark Pincus]] * [[w:David_Marcus|David Marcus]] * [[w:Barry_Akis|Barry Akis]] * [[w:Shervin_Pishevar|Shervin Pishevar]], who has called for privitization of the USPS, NASA, and the federal Bureau of Prisons. Called for creating an American sovereign wealth fund, and has said that DOGE "could lead a revolutionary restructuring of public institutions."<ref name=":2" /> [[w:William_McGinley|William McGinley]] will move to a role with DOGE. Originally nominated for [[w:White_House_counsel|White House counsel]], he will be replaced in that role by [[w:David_Warrington|David Warrington]].<ref>{{Cite news|title=A White House Counsel Replaced before starting|last=Haberman|first=Maggie|date=6 December 2024|work=New York times}}</ref> The WSJ lauded without naming them, comparing them to the "dollar-a-year men" - business leaders who during WWII revolutionized industrial production to help make America the "arsenal of democracy". (WSJ, 10 December 2024) == History and Miscellaneous facts == See also: [[w:Department_of_Government_Efficiency#History|Department of Government Efficiency — History]] DOGE's work will "conclude" no later than July 4, 2026, the 250th anniversary of the signing of the [[United States Declaration of Independence|U.S. Declaration of Independence]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thehill.com/policy/4987402-trump-musk-advisory-group-spending/|title=Elon Musk, Vivek Ramaswamy to lead Trump's Department of Government Efficiency (DOGE)|last=Nazzaro|first=Miranda|date=November 13, 2024|website=The Hill|language=en-US|access-date=November 13, 2024}}</ref> also coinciding with America's [[United States Semiquincentennial|semiquincentennial]] celebrations and a proposed "Great American Fair". Despite its name it is not expected to be a [[wikipedia:United_States_federal_executive_departments|federal executive department]], but rather may operate under the [[Federal Advisory Committee Act]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/trump-department-of-government-efficiency-doge-elon-musk-ramaswamy/|title=What to know about Trump's Department of Government Efficiency, led by Elon Musk and Vivek Ramaswamy - CBS News|last=Picchi|first=Aimee|date=2024-11-14|website=www.cbsnews.com|language=en-US|access-date=2024-11-14}}</ref> so its formation is not expected to require approval from the [[wikipedia:United_States_Congress|U.S. Congress]]. NYT argues that records of its meetings must be made public.{{Cn}} As an advisor rather than a government employee, Mr. Musk will not be subject to various ethics rules.{{sfn|Economist 11/23}} Musk has stated that he believes such a commission could reduce the [[wikipedia:United_States_federal_budget|U.S. federal budget]] by $2 trillion, which would be a reduction of almost one third from its 2023 total. [[Maya MacGuineas]] of the [[Committee for a Responsible Federal Budget]] has said that this saving is "absolutely doable" over a period of 10 years, but it would be difficult to do in a single year "without compromising some of the fundamental objectives of the government that are widely agreed upon".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thehill.com/business/4966789-elon-musk-skepticism-2-trillion-spending-cuts/|title=Elon Musk draws skepticism with call for $2 trillion in spending cuts|last=Folley|first=Aris|date=2024-11-03|website=The Hill|language=en-US|access-date=2024-11-14}}</ref> [[wikipedia:Jamie_Dimon|Jamie Dimon]], the chief executive officer of [[wikipedia:JPMorgan_Chase|JPMorgan Chase]], has supported the idea. Some commentators questioned whether DOGE is a conflict of interest for Musk given that his companies are contractors to the federal government. The body is "unlikely to have any regulatory teeth on its own, but there's little doubt that it can have influence on the incoming administration and how it will determine its budgets".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.vox.com/policy/384904/trumps-department-of-government-efficiency-sounds-like-a-joke-it-isnt|title=Trump tapped Musk to co-lead the "Department of Government Efficiency." What the heck is that?|last=Fayyad|first=Abdallah|date=2024-11-13|website=Vox|language=en-US|access-date=2024-11-14}}</ref> Elon Musk had called [[w:Federico_Sturzenegger|Federico Sturzenegger]], Argentina's [[w:Ministry_of_Deregulation_and_State_Transformation|Minister of Deregulation and Transformation of the State]] ([[w:es:Ministerio_de_Desregulación_y_Transformación_del_Estado|es]]), to discuss imitating his ministry's model.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.infobae.com/economia/2024/11/08/milei-brindo-un-nuevo-apoyo-a-sturzenegger-y-afirmo-que-elon-musk-imitara-su-gestion-en-eeuu/|title=Milei brindó un nuevo apoyo a Sturzenegger y afirmó que Elon Musk imitará su gestión en EEUU|date=November 8, 2024|website=infobae|language=es-ES|access-date=November 13, 2024}}</ref> == Reception and Criticism == See also: [[w:Department_of_Government_Efficiency#Reception|w:Department of Government Efficiency — Reception]] The WSJ reports that Tesla's Texas facility dumped toxic wastewater into the public sewer system, into a lagoon, and into a local river, violated Texas environmental regulations, and fired an employee who attempted to comply with the law.{{Cn}} The Economist estimates that 10% of Mr. Musk's $360bn personal fortune is derived from contracts and benefits from the federal government, and 15% from the Chinese market.{{sfn|Economist 11/23}} == See also == * [[w:Second_presidential_transition_of_Donald_Trump|Second presidential transition of Donald Trump]] * [[w:United_States_federal_budget#Deficits_and_debt|United States federal budget - Deficits and debt]] * [[w:United_States_Bureau_of_Efficiency|United States Bureau of Efficiency]] – United States federal government bureau from 1916 to 1933 * [[w:Brownlow_Committee|Brownlow Committee]] – 1937 commission recommending United States federal government reforms * [[w:Grace_Commission|Grace Commission]] – Investigation to eliminate inefficiency in the United States federal government * [[w:Hoover_Commission|Hoover Commission]] – United States federal commission in 1947 advising on executive reform * [[w:Keep_Commission|Keep Commission]] * [[w:Project_on_National_Security_Reform|Project on National Security Reform]] * [[w:Delivering_Outstanding_Government_Efficiency_Caucus|Delivering Outstanding Government Efficiency Caucus]] == Notes == {{reflist}} == References == {{refbegin}} * {{Cite web|url=https://www.newsweek.com/bernie-sanders-finds-new-common-ground-elon-musk-1993820|title=Bernie Sanders finds new common ground with Elon Musk|last=Reporter|first=Mandy Taheri Weekend|date=2024-12-01|website=Newsweek|language=en|access-date=2024-12-02 |ref={{harvid|Newsweek 12/01|2024}} }} * {{Cite news|url=https://www.economist.com/briefing/2024/11/21/elon-musk-and-donald-trump-seem-besotted-where-is-their-bromance-headed|title=Elon Musk and Donald Trump seem besotted. Where is their bromance headed?|work=The Economist|access-date=2024-12-04|issn=0013-0613 |ref={{harvid|Economist 11/23|2024}} }} <references group="lower-alpha" /> {{refend}} p5s0hcd7wxhwt87ybx2ilkntzl5wwrg 2691564 2691563 2024-12-12T03:30:58Z Jaredscribe 2906761 /* National Endowment for Democracy */ The arguments being made by those in favor of defunding are that it "is a relic of the Cold War that has outlived its usefulness and no longer serves any pressing purpose in terms of advancing national interests", according to James Piereson[citation needed] Congress has raised its funding significanty in 2691564 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Research project}} The U.S. [[w:Department of Government Efficiency]]. {{Infobox Organization |name=Department of Government Efficiency |logo= |logo_size= |logo_caption=Logo on [[Twitter|X]] (formerly Twitter) as of November 14, 2024 |seal= |seal_size= |seal_caption= |formation=Announced on November 12, 2024; yet to be established |abbreviation=DOGE |key_people={{plainlist|[[w:Commissioner of the Department of Government Efficiency|Co-commissioners]]: * [[w:Elon Musk]] * [[w:Vivek Ramaswamy]] }} |website={{URL|https://x.com/DOGE|x.com/DOGE}} |volunteers=* Federico Sturzenegger|services=consulting|headquarters=Mar-A-Lago|organization_type=Presidential Advisory Commission|founder=Donald Trump|extinction=4 July 2026 (planned)|mission=(In the words of president-elect Donald Trump: * dismantle government bureaucracy * slash excess regulations * cut wasteful expenditures * restructure federal agencies, * address "massive waste and fraud" in government spending}} This "'''Wiki Of Government Efficiency'''" (WOGE) is a public interest, non-partisan research project that will [[User:Jaredscribe/Department of Government Efficiency#Reduce the deficit and debt by impounding appropriated funds|analyze the U.S. federal budget]], [[User:Jaredscribe/Department of Government Efficiency#Reform the other Government Bureaus and Departments|federal bureaucracy]], and [[User:Jaredscribe/Department of Government Efficiency#Shrink the federal civil service|federal civil service]], in the context of [[w:Second_presidency_of_Donald_Trump|president-elect Trump']]<nowiki/>s [[w:Agenda_47|Agenda 47]], and will catalogue, evaluate, and critique proposals on how the '''[[w:Department of Government Efficiency|Department of Government Efficiency]]'''{{Efn|Also referred to as '''Government Efficiency Commission'''}} (DOGE) is or is not fulfilling its mission to ''"dismantle government bureaucracy, slash excess regulations, and cut wasteful expenditures and restructure federal agencies"'', in the words of president-elect [[wikipedia:Donald_Trump|Donald Trump]], who called for it to address ''"massive waste and fraud"'' in government spending.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/c93qwn8p0l0o|title=Donald Trump picks Elon Musk for US government cost-cutting role|last1=Faguy|first1=Ana|last2=FitzGerald|first2=James|date=2024-11-13|publisher=BBC News|language=en-GB|access-date=2024-11-13}}</ref> Here's [[User:Jaredscribe/Department of Government Efficiency/How to contribute|how to contribute]] to the WOGE. The DOGE intends to [[User:Jaredscribe/Department of Government Efficiency#Office of Management and Budget|work through the Office of Management and Budget]] as its "policy vector". The [[w:U.S._budget_deficit|U.S. Budget deficit]], (C.f. [[w:Government_budget_balance|fiscal deficit]]), and the [[w:National_debt_of_the_United_States|U.S. National debt]], currently $35.7 Trillion as of 10/2024, which is 99% of the [[w:U.S._GDP|U.S. GDP]],<ref>{{Unbulleted list citebundle|{{cite news|newspaper=Financial Post| title= Musk's $2 Trillion of Budget Cuts Would Have These Stocks Moving|url=https://financialpost.com/pmn/business-pmn/musks-2-trillion-of-budget-cuts-would-have-these-stocks-moving|first=Alexandra|last=Semenova|date=November 4, 2024}}|{{cite news|newspaper= New York Times|title=Elon|url=https://nytimes.com/2024/10/29/us/politics/elon-musk-trump-economy-hardship.html}}|{{Cite web |date=September 5, 2024 |title=Trump says he'd create a government efficiency commission led by Elon Musk |url=https://apnews.com/article/donald-trump-elon-musk-government-efficiency-commission-e831ed5dc2f6a56999e1a70bb0a4eaeb |publisher=AP News}}|{{cite web|first=Jenn|last=Brice|title=How Elon Musk's $130 million investment in Trump's victory could reap a huge payoff for Tesla and the rest of his business empire|url=https://fortune.com/2024/11/06/elon-musk-donald-trump-tesla-spacex-xai-boring-neuralink|website=Fortune}}|{{cite web|url=https://axios.com/2024/11/07/elon-musk-government-efficiency-trump|title=Musk will bring his Twitter management style to government reform}}|{{cite news| access-date =November 9, 2024|work=Reuters|date=September 6, 2024|first1=Helen|first2=Gram|last1=Coster| last2=Slattery|title=Trump says he will tap Musk to lead government efficiency commission if elected| url= https://reuters.com/world/us/trump-adopt-musks-proposal-government-efficiency-commission-wsj-reports-2024-09-05}}|{{cite web|title=Trump says Musk could head 'government efficiency' force|url= https://bbc.com/news/articles/c74lgwkrmrpo|publisher=BBC}}|{{cite web|date =November 5, 2024|title=How Elon Musk could gut the government under Trump|url=https://independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/us-politics/elon-musk-donald-trump-economy-job-cuts-b2641644.html|website= The Independent}}}}</ref> and expected to grow to 134% of GDP by 2034 if current laws remain unchanged, according to the [[w:Congressional_Budget_Office|Congressional Budget Office]]. The DOGE will be a [[wikipedia:Presidential_commission_(United_States)|presidential advisory commission]] led by the billionaire businessmen [[wikipedia:Elon_Musk|Elon Musk]] and [[wikipedia:Vivek_Ramaswamy|Vivek Ramaswamy]], and possibly [[w:Ron_Paul|Ron Paul]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thehill.com/video/ron-paul-vows-to-join-elon-musk-help-eliminate-government-waste-in-a-trump-admin/10191375|title=Ron Paul vows to join Elon Musk, help eliminate government waste in a Trump admin|date=November 5, 2024|website=The Hill}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://usatoday.com/story/business/2024/10/28/patricia-healy-elon-musk-highlights-need-for-government-efficiency/75798556007|title=Elon Musk puts spotlight on ... Department of Government Efficiency? {{!}} Cumberland Comment|last=Healy|first=Patricia|website=USA TODAY|language=en-US|access-date=November 9, 2024}}</ref> with support from many [[w:Political_appointments_of_the_second_Trump_administration|Political and cabinet appointees of the second Trump administration]] and from a Congressional caucus Musk stated his belief that DOGE could remove US$2 trillion from the [[w:United_States_federal_budget|U.S. federal budget]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/live/HysDMs2a-iM?si=92I5LD1FY2PAsSuG&t=15822|title=WATCH LIVE: Trump holds campaign rally at Madison Square Garden in New York|date=October 28, 2024|website=youtube.com|publisher=[[PBS NewsHour]]|language=en|format=video}}</ref> without specifying whether these savings would be made over a single year or a longer period.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/cdj38mekdkgo|title=Can Elon Musk cut $2 trillion from US government spending?|last=Chu|first=Ben|date=2024-11-13|website=BBC News|language=en-GB|access-date=2024-11-14}}</ref> [[File:2023_US_Federal_Budget_Infographic.png|thumb|An infographic on outlays and revenues in the 2023 [[United States federal budget|U.S. federal budget]]]] DOGE could also streamline permitting with “categorical exclusions” from environmental reviews under the National Environmental Policy Act. {{sidebar with collapsible lists|name=U.S. deficit and debt topics|namestyle=background:#bf0a30;|style=width:22.0em; border: 4px double #d69d36; background:var(--background-color-base, #FFFFFF);|bodyclass=vcard|pretitle='''<span class="skin-invert">This article is part of [[:Category:United States|a series]] on the</span>'''|title=[[United States federal budget|<span style="color:var(--color-base, #000000);">Budget and debt in the<br/>United States of America</span>]]|image=[[File:Seal of the United States Congress.svg|90px]] [[File:Seal of the United States Department of the Treasury.svg|90px]]|titlestyle=background:var(--background-color-base, #002868); background-clip:padding-box;|headingstyle=background:var(--background-color-base, #bf0a30); color:var(--color-base, #fff);|listtitlestyle=background:var(--background-color-base, #bf0a30); color:var(--color-base, #fff); text-align:center;|expanded={{{expanded|{{{1|}}}}}}|list1name=dimensions|list1title=Major dimensions|list1class=hlist skin-invert|list1=* [[Economy of the United States|Economy]] * [[Expenditures in the United States federal budget|Expenditures]] * [[United States federal budget|Federal budget]] * [[Financial position of the United States|Financial position]] * [[Military budget of the United States|Military budget]] * [[National debt of the United States|Public debt]] * [[Taxation in the United States|Taxation]] * [[Unemployment in the United States|Unemployment]] * [[Government_spending_in_the_United_States|Gov't spending]]|list2name=programs|list2title=Programs|list2class=hlist skin-invert|list2=* [[Medicare (United States)|Medicare]] * [[Social programs in the United States|Social programs]] * [[Social Security (United States)|Social Security]]|list3name=issues|list3title=Contemporary issues|list3class=skin-invert|list3=<div style="margin-bottom:0.5em"> [[National Commission on Fiscal Responsibility and Reform|Bowles–Simpson Commission]] {{flatlist}} * <!--Bu--> [[Bush tax cuts]] * <!--Deb--> [[United States debt ceiling|Debt ceiling]] ** [[History of the United States debt ceiling|history]] * <!--Def--> [[Deficit reduction in the United States|Deficit reduction]] * <!--F--> [[United States fiscal cliff|Fiscal cliff]] * <!--H--> [[Healthcare reform in the United States|Healthcare reform]] * <!--P--> [[Political debates about the United States federal budget|Political debates]] * <!--So--> [[Social Security debate in the United States|Social Security debate]] * <!--St--> "[[Starve the beast]]" * <!--Su--> [[Subprime mortgage crisis]] {{endflatlist}} </div> [[2007–2008 financial crisis]] {{flatlist}} * <!--D--> [[United States debt-ceiling crisis (disambiguation)|Debt-ceiling crises]] ** [[2011 United States debt-ceiling crisis|2011]] ** [[2013 United States debt-ceiling crisis|2013]] ** [[2023 United States debt-ceiling crisis|2023]] {{endflatlist}} [[2013 United States budget sequestration|2013 budget sequestration]] {{flatlist}} * <!--G--> [[Government shutdowns in the United States|Government shutdowns]] ** [[1980 United States federal government shutdown|1980]] ** [[1981, 1984, and 1986 U.S. federal government shutdowns|1981, 1984, 1986]] ** [[1990 United States federal government shutdown|1990]] ** [[1995–1996 United States federal government shutdowns|1995–1996]] ** [[2013 United States federal government shutdown|2013]] ** [[January 2018 United States federal government shutdown|Jan 2018]] ** [[2018–2019 United States federal government shutdown|2018–2019]] {{endflatlist}} Related events {{flatlist}} *<!--E-->[[Removal of Kevin McCarthy as Speaker of the House|2023 Removal of Kevin McCarthy]] {{endflatlist}}|list4name=terminology|list4title=Terminology|list4class=hlist skin-invert|list4=Cumulative [[Government budget balance|deficit]] + [[National debt of the United States#Debates|Interest]] ≈ [[Government debt|Debt]] * [[Balance of payments]] * [[Inflation]] * [[Continuing resolution]]}} [[w:Deficit_reduction_in_the_United_States|Deficit reduction in the United States]] == Deregulate the Economy == The legal theory that this can be done through the executive branch is found in the U.S. Supreme Court’s ''[[w:West_Virginia_v._EPA|West Virginia v. EPA]]'' and ''[[w:Loper_Bright|Loper Bright]]'' rulings, which rein in the administrative state and mean that much of what the federal government now does is illegal.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.wsj.com/opinion/department-of-government-efficiency-elon-musk-vivek-ramaswamy-donald-trump-1e086dab|website=[[w:Wall Street Journal]]|title=The Musk-Ramaswamy Project Could Be Trump’s Best Idea}}</ref> Mr. Trump has set a goal of eliminating 10 regulations for every new one. The [[w:Competitive_Enterprise_Institute|Competitive Enterprise Institute]]’s Wayne Crews says 217,565 rules have been issued since the [[w:Federal_Register|Federal Register]] first began itemizing them in 1976, with 89,368 pages added last year. [https://sgp.fas.org/crs/misc/R43056.pdf 3,000-4,500 rules are added each year]. DOGE’s first order will be to pause enforcement of overreaching rules while starting the process to roll them back. Mr. Trump and DOGE could direct agencies to settle legal challenges to Biden rules by vacating them. This could ease the laborious process of undoing them by rule-making through the [[w:Administrative_Procedure_Act|Administrative Procedure Act]]. A source tells the WSJ they’ll do whatever they think they legally can without the APA. The [[w:Congressional_Review_Act|Congressional Review Act]]—which allows Congress to overturn recently issued agency regulations—had been used only once, prior to [[w:First_presidency_of_Donald_Trump|Trump's first term]]. While in office, he and the Republican Congress used it on 16 rules. This time, there will be more than 56 regulatory actions recent enough to be repealed. The [[w:Chevron_deference|''Chevron'' deference]] had required federal courts to defer to agencies’ interpretations of ambiguous statutes, but this was overturned in 2024. Taken together, with some other recent [[w:SCOTUS|SCOTUS]] rulings, we now have, says the WSJ, the biggest opportunity to cut regulatory red tape in more than 40 years.<ref>[https://www.wsj.com/opinion/let-the-trump-deregulation-begin-us-chamber-of-commerce-second-term-economic-growth-73f24387?cx_testId=3&cx_testVariant=cx_166&cx_artPos=0]</ref><blockquote>"Most legal edicts aren’t laws enacted by Congress but “rules and regulations” promulgated by unelected bureaucrats—tens of thousands of them each year. Most government enforcement decisions and discretionary expenditures aren’t made by the democratically elected president or even his political appointees but by millions of unelected, unappointed civil servants within government agencies who view themselves as immune from firing thanks to civil-service protections." "This is antidemocratic and antithetical to the Founders’ vision. It imposes massive direct and indirect costs on taxpayers." "When the president nullifies thousands of such regulations, critics will allege executive overreach. In fact, it will be ''correcting'' the executive overreach of thousands of regulations promulgated by administrative fiat that were never authorized by Congress. The president owes lawmaking deference to Congress, not to bureaucrats deep within federal agencies. The use of executive orders to substitute for lawmaking by adding burdensome new rules is a constitutional affront, but the use of executive orders to roll back regulations that wrongly bypassed Congress is legitimate and necessary to comply with the Supreme Court’s recent mandates. And after those regulations are fully rescinded, a future president couldn’t simply flip the switch and revive them but would instead have to ask Congress to do so"<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/opinion/musk-and-ramaswamy-the-doge-plan-to-reform-government-supreme-court-guidance-end-executive-power-grab-fa51c020?cx_testId=3&cx_testVariant=cx_165&cx_artPos=5|title=Elon Musk and Vivek Ramaswamy: The DOGE Plan to Reform Government|last=Musk|first=Elon|date=20 November 2024|work=The Wall Street Journal|last2=Ramaswamy|first2=Vivek}}</ref> </blockquote> == Shrink the federal civil service == The government has around three million [[w:United_States_federal_civil_service|federal civil service]] employees, with an average salary of $106,000. Dr. Anthony Fauci made $481,000 in 2022. The federal head count has ballooned by 120,800 during the Biden years. Civil service and union protections make it hard to fire workers. Mr. Trump intends to quickly resurrect the [[w:Schedule_F|Schedule F]] reform that he sought to implement at the end of his first term but was scrapped by Mr. Biden. These would high-level federal employees to be removed like political appointees, by eliminating their job protections. WSJ proposals[https://www.wsj.com/opinion/the-doge-cheat-sheet-elon-musk-vivek-ramaswamy-department-of-government-efficiency-1c231783#cxrecs_s] The [[w:Administrative_Procedures_Act|Administrative Procedures Act]] statute protects federal employees from political retaliation, but allows for “reductions in force” that don’t target specific employees. The statute further empowers the president to “prescribe rules governing the competitive service.” The Supreme Court has held—in ''[[w:Franklin_v._Massachusetts|Franklin v. Massachusetts]]'' (1992) and ''[[w:Collins_v._Yellen|Collins v. Yellen]]'' (2021) that when revious presidents have used this power to amend the civil service rules by executive order, they weren’t constrained by the APA when they did so. Mr. Trump can, with this authority, implement any number of “rules governing the competitive service” that would curtail administrative overgrowth, from large-scale firings to relocation of federal agencies out of the Washington area. The DOGE welcomes voluntary terminations once the President begins requiring federal employees to come to the office five days a week, because American taxpayers shouldn’t pay federal employees for the Covid-era privilege of staying home.<ref>[https://www.wsj.com/opinion/musk-and-ramaswamy-the-doge-plan-to-reform-government-supreme-court-guidance-end-executive-power-grab-fa51c020?cx_testId=3&cx_testVariant=cx_165&cx_artPos=5 Elon Musk and Vivek Ramaswamy: The DOGE Plan to Reform Government: Following the Supreme Court’s guidance, we’ll reverse a decadeslong executive power grab. Musk & Ramaswamy 11/20/2024]</ref> == Reduce the deficit and debt by impounding appropriated funds == === Impound appropriated funds === Reports suggest that president-elect Trump intends to override Congress’s power of the purse by [[w:Impoundment_of_appropriated_funds|impoundment of appropriated funds]], that is, refusing to spend them. the president may [[wikipedia:Rescission_bill|propose rescission]] of specific funds, but that rescission must be approved by both the [[wikipedia:United_States_House_of_Representatives|House of Representatives]] and [[wikipedia:United_States_Senate|Senate]] within 45 days. [[w:Thomas_Jefferson|Thomas Jefferson]] was the first president to exercise the power of impoundment in 1801, which power was available to all presidents up to and including [[wikipedia:Richard_Nixon|Richard Nixon]], and was regarded as a power inherent to the office, although one with limits. He may ask Congress to repeal The [[w:Congressional_Budget_and_Impoundment_Control_Act_of_1974|Congressional Budget and Impoundment Control Act of 1974]], which was passed in response to Nixon's abuses.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://democrats-budget.house.gov/resources/reports/impoundment-control-act-1974-what-it-why-does-it-matter|title=The Impoundment Control Act of 1974: What Is It? Why Does It Matter? {{!}} House Budget Committee Democrats|date=2019-10-23|website=democrats-budget.house.gov|language=en|access-date=2024-05-19}}</ref> If Congress refuses to do so, president Trump may impound funds anyway and argue in court that the 1974 law is unconstitutional. The matter would likely end up at the Supreme Court, which would have to do more than simply hold the 1974 act unconstitutional in order for Mr. Trump to prevail. The court would also have to overrule [[w:Train_v._City_of_New_York_(1975)|''Train v. City of New York'' (1975)]], which held that impoundment is illegal unless the underlying legislation specifically authorizes it. === Reduce the budget deficit === [[wikipedia:U.S. federal budget|U.S. federal budget]] The [[wikipedia:Fiscal_year|fiscal year]], beginning October 1 and ending on September 30 of the year following. Congress is the body required by law to pass appropriations annually and to submit funding bills passed by both houses to the President for signature. Congressional decisions are governed by rules and legislation regarding the [[wikipedia:United_States_budget_process|federal budget process]]. Budget committees set spending limits for the House and Senate committees and for Appropriations subcommittees, which then approve individual [[wikipedia:Appropriations_bill_(United_States)|appropriations bills]] to During FY2022, the federal government spent $6.3 trillion. Spending as % of GDP is 25.1%, almost 2 percentage points greater than the average over the past 50 years. Major categories of FY 2022 spending included: Medicare and Medicaid ($1.339T or 5.4% of GDP), Social Security ($1.2T or 4.8% of GDP), non-defense discretionary spending used to run federal Departments and Agencies ($910B or 3.6% of GDP), Defense Department ($751B or 3.0% of GDP), and net interest ($475B or 1.9% of GDP).<ref name="CBO_2022">[https://www.cbo.gov/publication/58888 The Federal Budget in Fiscal Year 2022: An Infographic]</ref> CBO projects a federal budget deficit of $1.6 trillion for 2024. In the agency’s projections, deficits generally increase over the coming years; the shortfall in 2034 is $2.6 trillion. The deficit amounts to 5.6 percent of gross domestic product (GDP) in 2024, swells to 6.1 percent of GDP in 2025, and then declines in the two years that follow. After 2027, deficits increase again, reaching 6.1 percent of GDP in 2034.<ref name="CBO_budgetOutlook2024">{{cite web|url=https://www.cbo.gov/publication/59710|title=The Budget and Economic Outlook: 2024 to 2034|date=February 7, 2024|publisher=CBO|access-date=February 7, 2024}}</ref> The following table summarizes several budgetary statistics for the fiscal year 2015-2021 periods as a percent of GDP, including federal tax revenue, outlays or spending, deficits (revenue – outlays), and [[wikipedia:National_debt_of_the_United_States|debt held by the public]]. The historical average for 1969-2018 is also shown. With U.S. GDP of about $21 trillion in 2019, 1% of GDP is about $210 billion.<ref name="CBO_Hist_20">[https://www.cbo.gov/about/products/budget-economic-data#2 CBO-Historical Budget Data-Retrieved January 28, 2020]</ref> Statistics for 2020-2022 are from the CBO Monthly Budget Review for FY 2022.<ref name="CBO_MBRFY2022">{{cite web|url=https://www.cbo.gov/publication/58592|title=Monthly Budget Review: Summary for Fiscal Year 2022|date=November 8, 2022|publisher=CBO|access-date=December 10, 2022}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" !Variable As % GDP !2015 !2016 !2017 !2018 !2019 !2020 !2021 !2022 !Hist Avg |- !Revenue<ref name="CBO_Hist_20">[https://www.cbo.gov/about/products/budget-economic-data#2 CBO-Historical Budget Data-Retrieved January 28, 2020]</ref> |18.0% |17.6% |17.2% |16.4% |16.4% |16.2% |17.9% |19.6% |17.4% |- !Outlays<ref name="CBO_Hist_20" /> |20.4% |20.8% |20.6% |20.2% |21.0% |31.1% |30.1% |25.1% |21.0% |- !Budget Deficit<ref name="CBO_Hist_20" /> | -2.4% | -3.2% | -3.5% | -3.8% | -4.6% | -14.9% | -12.3% | -5.5% | -3.6% |- !Debt Held by Public<ref name="CBO_Hist_20" /> |72.5% |76.4% |76.2% |77.6% |79.4% |100.3% |99.6% |94.7% | |} The [[wikipedia:U.S._Constitution|U.S. Constitution]] ([[wikipedia:Article_One_of_the_United_States_Constitution|Article I]], section 9, clause 7) states that "No money shall be drawn from the Treasury, but in Consequence of Appropriations made by Law; and a regular Statement and Account of Receipts and Expenditures of all public Money shall be published from time to time." Each year, the President of the United States submits a budget request to Congress for the following fiscal year as required by the [[wikipedia:Budget_and_Accounting_Act_of_1921|Budget and Accounting Act of 1921]]. Current law ({{UnitedStatesCode|31|1105}}(a)) requires the president to submit a budget no earlier than the first Monday in January, and no later than the first Monday in February. Typically, presidents submit budgets on the first Monday in February. The budget submission has been delayed, however, in some new presidents' first year when the previous president belonged to a different party. === Reduce the National debt === == Strategic Foreign Policy and Military reform == Nominee for [[w:National_Security_Advisor|National Security Advisor]] [[w:Mike_Waltz|Mike Waltz]] To oversee the [[w:U.S._Intelligence_Community|U.S. Intelligence Community]] and NIP, and the 18 IC agencies, including the CIA, DIA, NSC, the nominee for [[w:Director_of_National_Intelligence|Director of National Intelligence]] is [[w:Tulsi_Gabbard|Tulsi Gabbard]], who is an isolationist of the [[w:Bernie_Sanders#foreign_policy|Bernie Sanders]] camp, with a long record of dogmatically opposing [[w:Foreign_policy_of_the_Trump_administration|President Trump's first term foreign policy]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/opinion/tulsi-gabbard-director-of-national-intelligence-donald-trump-foreign-policy-syria-israel-iran-b37aa3de|title=How Tulsi Gabbard Sees the World|last=Editorial Board|date=10 December 2024|work=The Wall Street Journal}}</ref> === Department of State === {{Main article|w:Second presidency of Donald Trump#Prospective foreign policy|w:State Department}} [[w:Marco_Rubio|Marco Rubio]] has been nominated as [[w:U.S._Secretary_of_State|U.S. Secretary of State]], overseeing $53bn and 77,880 employees ==== [[w:USAID|USAID]] ==== === National Endowment for Democracy === The [[w:National_Endowment_for_Democracy|National Endowment for Democracy]] is grant-making foundation organized as a private non-profit corporation overseen by congress, a project of Ronald Reagan announced in a [[1982 speech to British Parliament]], in which he stated that "freedom is not the sole prerogative of a lucky few, but the inalienable and universal right of all human beings", invoking the Israelites exodus and the Greeks' stand at Thermopylae. The NED is reportedly near the top of the DOGE's hit list.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/opinion/save-a-reagan-initiative-from-the-doge-national-endowment-for-democracy-funding-2b6cc072?page=1|title=Save a Reagan Initiative From Musk and Ramaswamy|last=Galston|first=William|date=11 December 2024|work=The Wall Street Journal}}</ref> It is had a pro-freedom and [[w:Anti-communist|anti-communist]] mission to help pro-democracy leaders and groups in Asia, Africa, and Latin America, and assisted the transition of Eastern and Central European nations. The arguments being made by those in favor of defunding are that it "is a relic of the Cold War that has outlived its usefulness and no longer serves any pressing purpose in terms of advancing national interests", according to [[w:James_Piereson|James Piereson]]{{Cn}} Congress has raised its funding significanty in recent years, in a vote of confidence. === U.S. Department of Defense === U.S. DoD employees ____ civilian personel, ___ civilian contractors, and oversees a budget of _____. Nominated for [[w:Secretary_of_Defense|Secretary of Defense]] is [[w:Pete_Hegseth|Pete Hegseth]], who has been doubted by many Republican Senators{{Cn}} and supported by Trump's base.{{Cn}} The president-elect is reportedly considering a draft executive order that establishes a “warrior board” of retired senior military personnel with the power to review three- and four-star officers “on leadership capability, strategic readiness, and commitment to military excellence," and to recommend removals of any deemed unfit for leadership. This would fast-track the removal of generals and admirals found to be “lacking in requisite leadership qualities,” consistent with his earlier vow to fire “woke” military leaders.<ref>[https://www.wsj.com/politics/national-security/trump-draft-executive-order-would-create-board-to-purge-generals-7ebaa606<nowiki> Trump draft executive order would create a board to purge generals 11/12/2024]</nowiki></ref> There are legal obstacles. The law prohibits the firing of commissioned officers except by “sentence of a general court-martial,” as a “commutation of a sentence of a general court-martial,” or “in time of war, by order of the president.” A commissioned officer who believes he’s been wrongfully dismissed has the right to seek a trial by court-martial, which may find the dismissal baseless. <ref>[https://www.wsj.com/opinion/trump-tests-the-constitutions-limits-checks-balances-government-policy-law-78d0d0f1 &lt;nowiki&gt; Trump test the constitutions limits 11/19/2024]</ref> Musk said, "Some idiots are still building manned fighter jets like the F-35," and later added: "Manned fighter jets are outdated in the age of drones and only put pilots' lives at risk." [[w:Bernie_Sanders|Bernie Sanders]] wrote on X: "Elon Musk is right. The Pentagon, with a budget of $886 billion, just failed its 7th audit in a row. It's lost track of billions. Last year, only 13 senators voted against the Military Industrial Complex and a defense budget full of waste and fraud. That must change."{{sfn|Newsweek 12/02|2024}}. It failed its fifth audit in June 2023.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newsweek.com/fox-news-host-confronts-gop-senator-pentagons-fifth-failed-audit-1804379|title=Fox News host confronts GOP Senator on Pentagon's fifth failed audit|last=Writer|first=Fatma Khaled Staff|date=2023-06-04|website=Newsweek|language=en|access-date=2024-12-02}}</ref> === [[w:DARPA|DARPA]] === === US Air Force === Air Force is advancing a program called [[w:Collaborative_Combat_Aircraft|Collaborative Combat Aircraft]] to build roughly 1,000 UAVs, with [[w:Anduril|Anduril]] and [[w:General_Atomics|General Atomics]] currently building prototypes, ahead of an Air Force decision on which company or companies will be contracted to build it. The cost quickly exceeded the $2.3 billion approved for last fiscal year’s budget, according to the [[w:Congressional_Research_Service|Congressional Research Service]], prompting calls for more oversight. “''If you want to make real improvements to the defense and security of the United States of America, we would be investing more in drones, we’d be investing more in [[w:Hypersonic_weapon|hypersonic missiles]]'',” said Mr. Ramaswamy. The program for Lockheed-Martin's [[w:F-35|F-35]] stealth jet fighters, now in production, is expected to exceed $2 trillion over several decades. The Air Force on 5 December announced it would delay a decision on which company would build the next-generation crewed fighter, called [[w:Next Generation Air Dominance|Next Generation Air Dominance (NGAD)]], which was planned to replace the [[w:F-22|F-22]] and operate alongside the F-35. Mr. Musk has written that "manned fighter jets are obsolete in the age of drones.” In another post, he claimed “a reusable drone” can do everything a jet fighter can do “without all the overhead of a pilot.” Brigadier General [[w:Doug_Wickert|Doug Wickert]] said in response, “There may be some day when we can completely rely on roboticized warfare but we are a century away.... How long have we thought full self-driving was going to be on the Tesla?” <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/politics/national-security/air-force-jets-vs-drones-trump-administration-8b1620a5?page=1|title=Trump Administration Set to Decide Future of Jet Fighters|last=Seligman|first=Lara|date=6 December 2024|work=The Wall Street Journal}}</ref> === US Space Force === The [[w:US_Space_Force|US Space Force]]'s 2023 budget was ~$26bn and it had 9,400 military personnel. SpaceX had a $14m contract to provide communications to the Ukrainian armed forces and government through 30th Nov 2024.{{sfn|Economist 11/23|2024}} Is also receiving a $733m contract to carry satellites into orbit.{{sfn|Economist 11/23|2024}} The Pentagon plans to incorporate into its own communications network 100 of [[w:Starshield|Starshield]]'s satellites.{{sfn|Economist 11/23|2024}} Starshield also has a $1.8bn contract to help the [[w:National_Reconnaissance_Office|National Reconnaissance Office]] build spy satellites.{{sfn|Economist 11/23|2024}} == Department of Space Transportation == Mr. Trump's transition team told advisors that it plans to make a federal framework for self-driving cars. Mr. Trump had a call with Sundar Pichai and Mr. Musk. === Rail and Tunnel Authority === === Ports Authority === === Interstate Highway Authority === === [[w:Federal_Aviation_Administration|Federal Aviation Administration]] === Musk has often complained about the FAA "smothering" innovation, boasting that he can build a rocket faster than the agency can process the "Kafkaesque paperwork" required to make the relevant approvals.{{sfn|Economist 11/23|2024}} === National Air and Space Administration === The [[w:National_Air_and_Space_Administration|National Air and Space Administration]] (NASA) had a 2023 budget of $25.4 bn and 18,000 employees. [[w:Jared_Isaacman|Jared Isaacman]] is nominated director. He had joined a space voyage in 2021 which was the first for an all-civilian crew to reach orbit. He led a four person crew in September on the first commericial spacewalk, testing SpaceX's new spacesuits. He promised to lead NASA in to "usher in an era where humanity becomes a true space-faring civilization." In an interview Isaacman said that NASA will evolve as private space companies set their own priorities and develop technology. NASA could have a certification role for astronauts and vehicles, similar to how the Federal Aviation Administration oversees the commercial airline industry. “The FAA doesn’t build the airplanes. They don’t staff the pilots that fly you from point A to B,” he said. “That is the world that NASA is in, essentially.” He also suggested openness to new and lower cost ways of getting to the Moon and to Mars.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/politics/elections/trump-picks-billionaire-space-traveler-to-run-nasa-4420150b?page=1|title=Trump Picks Billionaire Space Traveler to Run NASA|last=Maidenberg|first=Micah|date=5 December 2024|work=WSJ}}</ref> In September 2026, NASA's [[w:Artemis_program|Artemis program]], established in 2017 via [[wikipedia:Space_Policy_Directive_1|Space Policy Directive 1]], is intended to reestablish a human presence on the Moon for the first time since the [[wikipedia:Apollo_17|Apollo 17]] mission in 1972. The program's stated long-term goal is to establish a [[wikipedia:Moonbase|permanent base on the Moon]] to facilitate [[wikipedia:Human_mission_to_Mars|human missions to Mars]]. The [[w:U.S._National_Academies_of_Sciences,_Engineering,_and_Medicine|U.S. National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine]] in October, put out a report titled "NASA at a Crossroads," which identified myriad issues at the agency, including out-of-date infrastructure, pressures to prioritize short-term objectives and inefficient management practices. NASA's costly [[w:Space_Launch_System|Space Launch System]] (SLS) is the cornerstone of the Artemis program. has a price tag of around $4.1 billion per launch, and is a single-use rocket that can only launch every two years, having debuted in 2022 with the uncrewed [[w:Artemis_1_mission|Artemis 1 mission]] to the moon. In contrast, SpaceX is working to reduce the cost of a single Starship flight to under $10 million. NASA Associate Administrator Jim Free urged the incoming administration to maintain the current plans, in a symposium with the [[w:American_Astronautical_Society|American Astronautical Society]] saying "We need that consistency in purpose. That has not happened since Apollo. If we lose that, I believe we will fall apart and we will wander, and other people in this world will pass us by." NASA has already asked both [[w:SpaceX|SpaceX]] and also Jeff Bezos' [[w:Blue_Origin|Blue Origin]], to develop cargo landers for its Artemis missions and to deliver heavy equipment on them to the Moon by 2033. "Having two lunar lander providers with different approaches for crew and cargo landing capability provides mission flexibility while ensuring a regular cadence of moon landings for continued discovery and scientific opportunity," Stephen D. Creech, NASA's assistant deputy associate administrator for the moon to Mars program, said in an announcement about the partnership. "For all of the money we are spending, NASA should NOT be talking about going to the Moon - We did that 50 years ago. They should be focused on the much bigger things we are doing, including Mars (of which the Moon is a part), Defense and Science!" Trump wrote in a post on X in 2019. Trump has said he would create a [[w:Space_National_Guard|Space National Guard]], an idea that lawmakers in Congress have been proposing since 2021. Critics agree that a focus on spaceflight could come at the expense of "Earth and atmospheric sciences at NASA and the [[w:National_Oceanic_and_Atmospheric_Administration|National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]] (NOAA), which have been cut during the Biden era."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newsweek.com/elon-musk-donald-trump-nasa-space-policy-1990599|title=Donald Trump and Elon Musk could radically reshape NASA. Here's how|last=Reporter|first=Martha McHardy US News|date=2024-11-27|website=Newsweek|language=en|access-date=2024-12-02}}</ref> Regarding his goal and SpaceX's corporate mission of colonising Mars, Mr. Musk has stated that "The DOGE is the only path to extending life beyond earth"{{sfn|Economist 11/23|2024}} === National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration === == Department of Education and Propaganda == [[w:United_States_Department_of_Education|Department of Education]] has 4,400 employees – the smallest staff of the Cabinet agencies<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www2.ed.gov/about/overview/fed/role.html|title=Federal Role in Education|date=2021-06-15|website=www2.ed.gov|language=en|access-date=2022-04-28}}</ref> – and a 2024 budget of $238 billion.<ref name="DOE-mission">{{Cite web|url=https://www.usaspending.gov/agency/department-of-education?fy=2024|title=Agency Profile {{!}} U.S. Department of Education|website=www2.ed.gov|access-date=2024-11-14}}</ref> The 2023 Budget was $274 billion, which included funding for children with disabilities ([[wikipedia:Individuals_with_Disabilities_Education_Act|IDEA]]), pandemic recovery, early childhood education, [[wikipedia:Pell_Grant|Pell Grants]], [[wikipedia:Elementary_and_Secondary_Education_Act|Title I]], work assistance, among other programs. This budget was down from $637.7 billion in 2022.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.future-ed.org/what-the-new-pisa-results-really-say-about-u-s-schools/|title=What the New PISA Results Really Say About U.S. Schools|date=2021-06-15|website=future-ed.com|language=en|access-date=2024-11-14}}</ref> Nominated as [[w:US_Secretary_of_Education|Secretary of Education]] is [[w:Linda_McMahon|Linda McMahon]]. The WSJ proposes that the Civil Rights division be absorbed into the Department of Justice, and that its outstanding loan portolio be handled by the Department of the Treasury. Despite the redundancies, its unlikely that it will be abolished, which would require congressional action and buy-in from Democrats in the Senate; Republicans don’t have enough votes to do it alone. A republican appointee is expected to push back against federal education overreach and progressive policies like DEI. <ref>[https://www.wsj.com/opinion/trump-can-teach-the-education-department-a-lesson-nominee-needs-boldness-back-school-choice-oppose-woke-indoctrination-ddf6a38d<nowiki> Trump can teach the Education Department a Lesson. WSJ 11/20/2024]</nowiki></ref> During his campaign, Trump had pledged to get the "transgender insanity the hell out of schools.” Relying on the district court's decision in ''[[w:Tatel_v._Mount_Lebanon_School_District|Tatel v. Mount Lebanon School District]] , the'' attorney general and education secretary could issue a letter explaining how enforcing gender ideology violates constitutional [[w:Free_exercise_clause|First amendment right to free exercise of religion]] and the [[w:Equal_Protection_Clause|14th Amendment’s Equal Protection Clause]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/opinion/how-trump-can-target-transgenderism-in-schools-law-policy-education-369537a7?page=1|title=How Trump Can Target Transgenderism in Schools|last=Eden|first=Max|date=9 December 2024|work=The Wall Street Journal}}</ref> === CPB, PBS, NPR === Regarding the [[w:Corporation_for_Public_Broadcasting|Corporation for Public Broadcasting]], [[w:Howard_Husock|Howard Husock]] suggest that instead of zeroing its $535 million budget, Republicans reform the [[w:Public_Broadcasting_Act|Public Broadcasting Act]] to eliminate bias and improve local journalism.<ref>https://www.wsj.com/opinion/the-conservative-case-for-public-broadcasting-media-policy-2d4c3c9f?page=1</ref> {{As of|2024|alt=For fiscal year 2024}}, its appropriation was US$525 million, including $10 million in interest earned. The distribution of these funds was as follows:<ref>{{cite web|url=https://cpb.org/aboutcpb/financials/budget/|title=CPB Operating Budget|last=|date=2024|website=www.cpb.org|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=November 27, 2024|url-status=}}</ref> * $262.83M for direct grants to local public television stations; * $95.11M for television programming grants; * $81.77M for direct grants to local public radio stations; * $28.12M for the Radio National Program Production and Acquisition * $9.43M for the Radio Program Fund * $31.50 for system support * $26.25 for administration Public broadcasting stations are funded by a combination of private donations from listeners and viewers, foundations and corporations. Funding for public television comes in roughly equal parts from government (at all levels) and the private sector.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cpb.org/annualreports/2013/|title=CPB 2013 Annual Report|website=www.cpb.org|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160212170045/http://cpb.org/annualreports/2013/|archive-date=February 12, 2016|access-date=May 4, 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref> == U.S. Department of Health and Human Services == Nominated as [[w:United_States_Secretary_of_Health_and_Human_Services|United States Secretary of Health and Human Services]] is [[w:Robert_F._Kennedy_Jr.|Robert F. Kennedy Jr.]], deputy Secretary [[w:Jim_O'Neill_(investor)|Jim O'Neill]]. Nominated for [[w:US_Surgeon_General|US Surgeon General]] is [[w:Janette_Nesheiwat|Janette Nesheiwat]]. [[w:U.S._Department_of_Health_and_Human_Services|U.S. Department of Health and Human Services]] was authorized a budget for [[w:2020_United_States_federal_budget|fiscal year 2020]] of $1.293 trillion. It has 13 operating divisions, 10 of which constitute the [[w:United_States_Public_Health_Service|Public Health Services]], whose budget authorization is broken down as follows:<ref name="hhs_budget_fy2020">{{cite web|url=https://www.hhs.gov/about/budget/fy2020/index.html|title=HHS FY 2020 Budget in Brief|date=October 5, 2019|website=HHS Budget & Performance|publisher=United States Department of Health & Human Services|page=7|access-date=May 9, 2020}}</ref> {| class="wikitable sortable" !Nominee !Program !2020 Budget !2024 Budget ! employees !2025 Budget !2026 Budget |- |[[w:Marty_Makary|Marty Makary]] |[[w:Food and Drug Administration|Food and Drug Administration]] (FDA) |$3,329 MM |- | |[[w:Health Resources and Services Administration|Health Resources and Services Administration]] (HRSA) |$11,004 |- | |[[w:Indian Health Service|Indian Health Service]] (IHS) |$6,104 |- |[[w:Dave_Weldon|Dave Weldon]] |[[w:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]] (CDC) |$6,767 |- |[[w:Jay_Bhattacharya|Jay Bhattacharya]] |[[w:National Institutes of Health|National Institutes of Health]] (NIH) |$33,669 |- | |[[w:Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration|Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration]] (SAMHSA) |$5,535 |- | |[[w:Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality|Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality]] (AHRQ) |$0 |- |[[w:Mehmet_Oz|Mehmet Oz]] |[[w:Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services|Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services]] (CMMS) |$1,169,091 |- | |[[w:Administration for Children and Families|Administration for Children and Families]] (ACF) |$52,121 |- | |[[w:Administration for Community Living|Administration for Community Living]] (ACL) |$1,997 |- |} {| class="wikitable sortable" !Program !2020 Budget !2024 Budget ! employees !2025 Budget !2026 Budget |- |[[w:Departmental Management|Departmental Management]] |$340 |- |Non-Recurring Expense Fund |$-400 |- |[[w:Office of Medicare Hearings and Appeals|Office of Medicare Hearings and Appeals]] |$186 |- |[[w:Office of the National Coordinator|Office of the National Coordinator]] |$43 |- |[[w:Office for Civil Rights|Office for Civil Rights]] |$30 |- |[[w:Office of Inspector General|Office of Inspector General]] |$82 |- |[[w:Public Health and Social Services Emergency Fund|Public Health and Social Services Emergency Fund]] |$2,667 |- |[[w:Program Support Center|Program Support Center]] |$749 |- |Offsetting Collections |$-629 |- |Other Collections |$-163 |- |'''TOTAL''' |'''$1,292,523''' |} The FY2020 budget included a $1.276 billion budget decrease for the Centers for Disease Control, and a $4.533 billion budget decrease for the National Institutes of Health. These budget cuts, along with other changes since 2019, comprised a total decrease of over $24 billion in revised discretionary budget authority across the entire Department of Health and Human Services for Fiscal Year 2020.<ref name="hhs_budget_fy2020" /> Additional details of the budgeted outlays, budget authority, and detailed budgets for other years, can be found at the HHS Budget website.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://WWW.HHS.GOV/BUDGET|title=Health and Human Services: Budget and Performance|publisher=United States Department of Health & Human Services|access-date=May 9, 2020}}</ref> He is an American politician, [[Environmental law|environmental lawyer]], [[anti-vaccine activist]], and anti-packaged food industry activist, anti-pharmaceutical industry activist, who will be nominated to serve as [[United States Secretary of Health and Human Services]],<ref name="v502">{{cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/saradorn/2024/11/14/rfk-jr-launches-independent-2024-run-here-are-all-the-conspiracies-he-promotes-from-vaccines-to-mass-shootings/|title=Trump Taps RFK Jr. As Secretary Of Health And Human Services: Here Are All The Conspiracies He's Promoted|last=Dorn|first=Sara|date=2024-11-14|website=Forbes|access-date=2024-11-15}}</ref> with the mission of "Making America Healthy Again". He is the chairman and founder of [[Children's Health Defense]], an anti-vaccine advocacy group and proponent of [[COVID-19 vaccine misinformation|dubious COVID-19 vaccine information]].<ref name="Smith_12/15/2021" /><ref name="KW" /> === National Institutes of Health === The [[w:NIH|NIH]] distributes grants of ~$50bn per year. Nominated to lead the [[w:National_Institutes_of_Health|National Institutes of Health]] is [[w:Jay_Bhattacharya|Jay Bhattacharya]], who has announced the following priorities for funding: * cutting edge research, saying that the NIH has become "sclerotic", due to a phenomenon has been called [[Eroom’s law]], which explains that career incentives encourage “me-too research,” given that citations by other scientists “have become the dominant way to evaluate scientific contributions and scientists.” That has shifted research “toward incremental science and away from exploratory projects that are more likely to fail, but which are the fuel for future breakthroughs.”<ref name=":3">{{Cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/opinion/jay-bhattacharya-and-the-vindication-of-the-fringe-scientists-pandemic-lockdowns-38b6aec6|title=Jay Bhattacharya and the Vindication of the ‘Fringe’ Scientists|last=Finley|first=Allysia|date=1 December 2024|work=Wall Street Journal}}</ref> Dr. Bhattacharya's February 2020 paper explaining Eroom's law, as possible explanation for slowing of pharmaceutical advances.{{Cn}} * studies aimed at replicating the results of earlier studies, to address the problem of scientific fraud or other factors contributing to the the [[w:Replication_crisis|replication crisis]], encouraging academic freedom among NIH scientists and term limits for NIH leaders. “Those kinds of reforms, I think every scientist would agree, every American would agree, it’s how you turn the NIH from something that is sort of how to control society, into something that is aimed at the discovery of truth to improve the health of Americans,” he said.<ref name=":4">{{Cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/health/healthcare/covid-lockdown-critic-jay-bhattacharya-chosen-to-lead-nih-2958e5e2?page=1|title=Covid-Lockdown Critic Jay Bhattacharya Chosen to Lead NIH|last=Whyte|first=Liz Essley|date=26 November 2024|work=The Wall Street Journal}}</ref> * Refocusing on research on [[w:Chronic_diseases|chronic diseases]], which is underfunded, and away from [[w:Infectious_diseases|infectious diseases]], which is overfunded. * Ending [[w:Gain-of-function|gain-of-function]] research. Jay Bhattacharya wrote a March 25 2020 op-ed "Is the Coronavirus as Deadly as They Say?", with colleague [[w:Eran_Bendavid|Eran Bendavid]], arguing that many asymptomatic cases of COVID-19 were going undetected. The hypothesis was confirmed in April 2020 when he and several colleagues published a study showing that Covid anti-bodies in Santa Clara county were 50 times the recorded infection rate. This implied, he said "a lower inflection mortality rate than public health authorities were pushing at a time when they and the media thought it was a virtue to panic the population".<ref><nowiki><ref></nowiki>{{Cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/opinion/the-man-who-fought-fauci-and-won-trump-nih-nominee-jay-bhattacharya-covid-cancel-culture-4a0650bd?page=1|title=The Man Who Fought Fauci - and Won|last=Varadarajan|first=Tunku|date=6 December 2024|work=WSJ}}&lt;nowiki&gt;</ref> Dr. Bhattacharya, [[w:Martin_Kulldorff|Martin Kulldorff]], then at Harvard, and Oxford’s [[w:Sunetra_Gupta|Sunetra Gupta]] formally expounded this idea in the [[w:Great_Barrington_Declaration|Great Barrington Declaration]] in October 2020, urging the government to focus on protecting the vulnerable while letting others go about their lives, which previous NIH director [[w:Francis_Collins|Francis Collins]] derided as "fringe science its into the political views of certain parts of our confused political establishment," and previous [[w:NIAID|NIAID]] director [[w:Chief_Medical_Advisor_to_the_President|chief medical advisor to the President]] [[w:Anthony_Fauci|Anthony Fauci]] "a quick and devastating public takedown of its premises." Some suggest the same career incentives that lead to scientific group-think in the pharmaceutical industry, also explain conformist behavior during COVID-19, due to the threat against young scientists of losing NIH funding, jobs, and career opportunities, if they were to exercise in independent judgement.<ref name=":3" /> “Dr. Jay Bhattacharya is the ideal leader to restore NIH as the international template for gold-standard science and evidence-based medicine,” DHHS Secretary nominee Kennedy wrote. "We will reform American scientific institutions so that they are worthy of trust again and will deploy the fruits of excellent science to make America healthy again!” said Dr. Bhattacharya. “Dr. Bhattacharya is a strong choice to lead the NIH,” said Dr. [[w:Ned_Sharpless|Ned Sharpless]], a former [[w:National_Cancer_Institute|National Cancer Institute]] director. “The support of moderate Senate Republicans will be critical to NIH funding, and Dr. Bhattacharya’s Covid work will give him credibility with this constituency.”<ref name=":4" /> === Food and Drug Administration === The FDA in 2022 had 18,000 employees<ref name="fy2022">{{cite web|url=https://www.fda.gov/media/149613/download|title=FY 2022 FDA Budget Request|publisher=FDA|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230602090805/https://www.fda.gov/media/149613/download|archive-date=June 2, 2023|access-date=January 14, 2022|url-status=live}}</ref> and a budget of $6.5{{nbsp}}billion (2022)<ref name="fy2022" /> Nominated as director is [[w:Marty_Makary|Marty Makary]]. == Department of Food and Agriculture == [[w:Department_of_Agriculture|Department of Agriculture]] (USDA) had 2023 budget of ___ and ____ employees. Nominated for [[w:Secretary_of_Agriculture|Secretary of Agriculture]] is [[w:Brooke_Rollins|Brooke Rollins]], who had earlier served on the [[w:Office_of_American_Innovation|Office of American Innovation]] under [[w:Jared_Kushner|Jared Kushner]], and served as director of [[w:Domestic_Policy_Council|Domestic Policy Council]]. She has not endorsed the "[[w:Make_America_Healthy_Again|Make America Healthy Again]]" agenda of RFK Jr. (and his colleagues Jay Bhattacharcya and others) who promised to "reverse 80 years of farm policy" and complains of the $30 billion/year farms subsidies. Kennedy wants to remove soda from food aid, and ultra-processed food from both [[w:Food-stamps|food-stamp]] benefits and [[w:School_meals|school meals]], both of which are overseen by the USDA; an effort that in the past has been opposed by the food industry, lawmakers, and some anti-hunger advocacy groups.<ref name=":5" /> RFK Jr.'s team had recommended [[w:Sid_Miller|Sid Miller]] for the role, and a group of farmers he had asked to vet candidates had proposed [[w:John_Kempf|John Kempf]].<ref name=":5">{{Cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/politics/policy/trump-agriculture-pick-brooke-rollins-rfk-jr-1a85beda?page=1|title=RFK Jr. Team Skeptical About USDA Pick|last=Andrews|first=Natalie|date=11 December 2024|work=The Wall Street Journal|others=et al}}</ref> He has also called for re-examining the the [[standards regulating the use of pesticides]], especially [[w:Glyphosate|glyphosate]], the world's most widely used [[w:Herbicide|herbicide]] and the active ingredient in [[w:Roundup|Roundup]], used as a weedkiller in major [[w:U.S._commodity_crops|U.S. commodity crops]].[[w:Herbicide|herbicide]]<ref name=":5" /> === Food Stamps === === School Meals === === Farm Subsidies === == Department of Treasury and Commerce == [[w:Departments_of_Treasury|Departments of Treasury]] has 2023 budget of ____ and ___ employees. [[w:Department_of_Commerce|Department of Commerce]] has 2023 budget of _____ and _____ employees. Nominated for [[w:Secretary_of_the_Treasury|Secretary of the Treasury]] is [[w:Scott_Bessent|Scott Bessent]], for Secretary of Commerce is [[w:Howard_Lutnick|Howard Lutnick]] === Consumer Financial Protection Bureau === The [[w:Consumer_Financial_Protection_Bureau|Consumer Financial Protection Bureau]] (CFPB). Said Mr. Musk "Delete the CFPB. There are too many duplicative regulatory agencies"<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/politics/policy/elon-musk-doge-conflict-of-interest-b1202437?page=1|title=Musk’s DOGE Plans Rely on White House Budget Office. Conflicts Await.|last=Schwartz|first=Brian|work=The Wall Street Journal}}</ref> === Securities and Exchange Commission === [[w:Securities_and_Exchange_Commission|Securities and Exchange Commission]] === Internal Revenue Service === [[w:Internal_Revenue_Service|Internal Revenue Service]] == Departments of Energy and Interior == Nominee for [[w:US_Secretary_of_the_Interior|Secretary of the Interior]] is [[w:Doug_Burgum|Doug Burgum]], who will also be [[w:List_of_U.S._executive_branch_czars|Energy Czar]]. [[w:Department_of_Energy|Department of Energy]] [[w:United_States_Secretary_of_Energy|secretary nominee]] [[w:Chris_Wright_(energy_executive)|Chris Wright]] admits that burning fossil fuels contributes to rising temperatures, but says it poses only a modest threat to humanity, and praises it for increasing plant growth, making the planet greener, and boosting agricultural productivity. He also says that it likely reduces the annual number of temperature-related deaths. (estimates from health researchers say otherwise). He says, "It's probably almost as many positive changes as negative changes... Is it a crisis, is it the world's greatest challenge, or a big threat to the next generation? No. .. A little bit warmer isn’t a threat. If we were 5, 7, 8, 10 degrees [Celsius] warmer, that would be meaningful changes to the planet.” Scientists see a 1.5 degrees Celsius temperature as creating potentially irreversible changes for the planet, and expect to pass that mark later this year, after increasing over several decade. He criticizes the [[w:Paris_climate_agreement|Paris climate agreement]] for empowering "political actors with anti-fossil fuel agendas." Wright favors development of [[w:Geothermal_energy|geothermal energy]] and [[w:Nuclear_energy_policy_of_the_United_States|nuclear energy]], criticizing subsidies to wind and solar energy. <ref><nowiki><ref></nowiki>{{Cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/politics/policy/who-is-chris-wright-trump-energy-secretary-9eb617dc?page=1|title=Trump’s Energy Secretary Pick Preaches the Benefits of Climate Change|last=Morenne|first=Benoit|date=9 December 2024|work=The Wall Street Journal}}&lt;nowiki&gt;</ref> === Bureau of Land Management === === Forest Service === === National Parks === == AI and Cryptocurrency Policy == [[w:David_Sacks|David Sacks]] was named "White House AI and Crypto Czar". == Reform Entitlements == === Healthcare and Medicare === [[w:ObamaCare|ObamaCare]] started as a plausible scheme for universal, cost-effective health insurance with subsidies for the needy. Only the subsidies survive because the ObamaCare policies actually delivered are so overpriced nobody would buy them without a subsidy.<ref>[https://www.wsj.com/opinion/elons-real-trump-mission-protect-growth-department-of-government-efficiency-appointments-cabinet-9e7e62b2]</ref> See below: Department of Health and Human Services === Social Security === Even FDR was aware of its flaw: it discourages working and saving. === Other === Small-government advocate [[w:Ron_Paul|Ron Paul]] has suggested to cut aid to the following "biggest" welfare recipients: * The [[w:Military-industrial_complex|Military-industrial complex]] * The [[w:Pharmaceutical-industrial_complex|Pharmaceutical-industrial complex]] * The [[w:Federal_Reserve|Federal Reserve]] To which Mr. Musk replied, "Needs to be done".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thehill.com/video/ron-paul-vows-to-join-elon-musk-help-eliminate-government-waste-in-a-trump-admin/10191375/|title=Ron Paul vows to join Elon Musk, help eliminate government waste in a Trump admin|date=2024-11-05|website=The Hill|language=en-US|access-date=2024-12-09}}</ref> == Office of Management and Budget == The White House [[w:Office_of_Management_and_Budget|Office of Management and Budget]] (OMB) guides implementation of regulations and analyzes federal spending. Mssrs. Musk and Ramaswamy encouraged President-elect Trump to reappoint his first term director [[w:Russell_Vought|Russell Vought]], which he did on 22nd Nov.<ref name=":0" /> == Government Efficiency Personnel == Transition spokesman [[w:Brian_Hughes|Brian Hughes]] said that "Elon Musk is a once-in-a-generation business leader and our federal bureaucracy will certainly benefit from his ideas and efficiency". About a dozen Musk allies have visited Mar-a-Lago to serve as unofficial advisors to the Trump 47 transition, influencing hiring at many influential government agencies.<ref name=":2"><nowiki><ref></nowiki>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/12/06/us/politics/trump-elon-musk-silicon-valley.html?searchResultPosition=1|title=The Silicon Valley Billionaires Steering Trump’s Transition|date=8 December 2024|work=NYT}}</ref> [[w:Marc_Andreesen|Marc Andreesen]] has interviewed candidates for State, Pentagon, and DHHS, and has been active pushing for rollback of Biden's cryptocurrency regulations, and rollback of Lina Khan anti-trust efforts with the FTC, and calling for contracting reform in Defense dept. [[w:Jared_Birchall|Jared Birchall]] has interviewed candidates for State, and has advised on Space police and has put together councils for AI and Cryptocurrency policy. David Sacks was named "White House AI and Crypto Czar" [[w:Shaun_MacGuire|Shaun MacGuire]] has advised on picks for intelligence community and has interviewed candidates for Defense. Many tech executives are considering part-time roles advising the DOGE. [[w:Antonio_Gracias|Antonio Gracias]] and [[w:Steve_Davis|Steve Davis]] from Musk's "crisis team" have been active, as has investor [[w:John_Hering|John Hering]]. Other Silicon Valley players who have advised Trump or interviewed candidates: * [[w:Larry_Ellison|Larry Ellison]] has sat in on Trump transition 47 meetings at Mar-a-Lago. * [[w:Mark_Pincus|Mark Pincus]] * [[w:David_Marcus|David Marcus]] * [[w:Barry_Akis|Barry Akis]] * [[w:Shervin_Pishevar|Shervin Pishevar]], who has called for privitization of the USPS, NASA, and the federal Bureau of Prisons. Called for creating an American sovereign wealth fund, and has said that DOGE "could lead a revolutionary restructuring of public institutions."<ref name=":2" /> [[w:William_McGinley|William McGinley]] will move to a role with DOGE. Originally nominated for [[w:White_House_counsel|White House counsel]], he will be replaced in that role by [[w:David_Warrington|David Warrington]].<ref>{{Cite news|title=A White House Counsel Replaced before starting|last=Haberman|first=Maggie|date=6 December 2024|work=New York times}}</ref> The WSJ lauded without naming them, comparing them to the "dollar-a-year men" - business leaders who during WWII revolutionized industrial production to help make America the "arsenal of democracy". (WSJ, 10 December 2024) == History and Miscellaneous facts == See also: [[w:Department_of_Government_Efficiency#History|Department of Government Efficiency — History]] DOGE's work will "conclude" no later than July 4, 2026, the 250th anniversary of the signing of the [[United States Declaration of Independence|U.S. Declaration of Independence]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thehill.com/policy/4987402-trump-musk-advisory-group-spending/|title=Elon Musk, Vivek Ramaswamy to lead Trump's Department of Government Efficiency (DOGE)|last=Nazzaro|first=Miranda|date=November 13, 2024|website=The Hill|language=en-US|access-date=November 13, 2024}}</ref> also coinciding with America's [[United States Semiquincentennial|semiquincentennial]] celebrations and a proposed "Great American Fair". Despite its name it is not expected to be a [[wikipedia:United_States_federal_executive_departments|federal executive department]], but rather may operate under the [[Federal Advisory Committee Act]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/trump-department-of-government-efficiency-doge-elon-musk-ramaswamy/|title=What to know about Trump's Department of Government Efficiency, led by Elon Musk and Vivek Ramaswamy - CBS News|last=Picchi|first=Aimee|date=2024-11-14|website=www.cbsnews.com|language=en-US|access-date=2024-11-14}}</ref> so its formation is not expected to require approval from the [[wikipedia:United_States_Congress|U.S. Congress]]. NYT argues that records of its meetings must be made public.{{Cn}} As an advisor rather than a government employee, Mr. Musk will not be subject to various ethics rules.{{sfn|Economist 11/23}} Musk has stated that he believes such a commission could reduce the [[wikipedia:United_States_federal_budget|U.S. federal budget]] by $2 trillion, which would be a reduction of almost one third from its 2023 total. [[Maya MacGuineas]] of the [[Committee for a Responsible Federal Budget]] has said that this saving is "absolutely doable" over a period of 10 years, but it would be difficult to do in a single year "without compromising some of the fundamental objectives of the government that are widely agreed upon".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thehill.com/business/4966789-elon-musk-skepticism-2-trillion-spending-cuts/|title=Elon Musk draws skepticism with call for $2 trillion in spending cuts|last=Folley|first=Aris|date=2024-11-03|website=The Hill|language=en-US|access-date=2024-11-14}}</ref> [[wikipedia:Jamie_Dimon|Jamie Dimon]], the chief executive officer of [[wikipedia:JPMorgan_Chase|JPMorgan Chase]], has supported the idea. Some commentators questioned whether DOGE is a conflict of interest for Musk given that his companies are contractors to the federal government. The body is "unlikely to have any regulatory teeth on its own, but there's little doubt that it can have influence on the incoming administration and how it will determine its budgets".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.vox.com/policy/384904/trumps-department-of-government-efficiency-sounds-like-a-joke-it-isnt|title=Trump tapped Musk to co-lead the "Department of Government Efficiency." What the heck is that?|last=Fayyad|first=Abdallah|date=2024-11-13|website=Vox|language=en-US|access-date=2024-11-14}}</ref> Elon Musk had called [[w:Federico_Sturzenegger|Federico Sturzenegger]], Argentina's [[w:Ministry_of_Deregulation_and_State_Transformation|Minister of Deregulation and Transformation of the State]] ([[w:es:Ministerio_de_Desregulación_y_Transformación_del_Estado|es]]), to discuss imitating his ministry's model.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.infobae.com/economia/2024/11/08/milei-brindo-un-nuevo-apoyo-a-sturzenegger-y-afirmo-que-elon-musk-imitara-su-gestion-en-eeuu/|title=Milei brindó un nuevo apoyo a Sturzenegger y afirmó que Elon Musk imitará su gestión en EEUU|date=November 8, 2024|website=infobae|language=es-ES|access-date=November 13, 2024}}</ref> == Reception and Criticism == See also: [[w:Department_of_Government_Efficiency#Reception|w:Department of Government Efficiency — Reception]] The WSJ reports that Tesla's Texas facility dumped toxic wastewater into the public sewer system, into a lagoon, and into a local river, violated Texas environmental regulations, and fired an employee who attempted to comply with the law.{{Cn}} The Economist estimates that 10% of Mr. Musk's $360bn personal fortune is derived from contracts and benefits from the federal government, and 15% from the Chinese market.{{sfn|Economist 11/23}} == See also == * [[w:Second_presidential_transition_of_Donald_Trump|Second presidential transition of Donald Trump]] * [[w:United_States_federal_budget#Deficits_and_debt|United States federal budget - Deficits and debt]] * [[w:United_States_Bureau_of_Efficiency|United States Bureau of Efficiency]] – United States federal government bureau from 1916 to 1933 * [[w:Brownlow_Committee|Brownlow Committee]] – 1937 commission recommending United States federal government reforms * [[w:Grace_Commission|Grace Commission]] – Investigation to eliminate inefficiency in the United States federal government * [[w:Hoover_Commission|Hoover Commission]] – United States federal commission in 1947 advising on executive reform * [[w:Keep_Commission|Keep Commission]] * [[w:Project_on_National_Security_Reform|Project on National Security Reform]] * [[w:Delivering_Outstanding_Government_Efficiency_Caucus|Delivering Outstanding Government Efficiency Caucus]] == Notes == {{reflist}} == References == {{refbegin}} * {{Cite web|url=https://www.newsweek.com/bernie-sanders-finds-new-common-ground-elon-musk-1993820|title=Bernie Sanders finds new common ground with Elon Musk|last=Reporter|first=Mandy Taheri Weekend|date=2024-12-01|website=Newsweek|language=en|access-date=2024-12-02 |ref={{harvid|Newsweek 12/01|2024}} }} * {{Cite news|url=https://www.economist.com/briefing/2024/11/21/elon-musk-and-donald-trump-seem-besotted-where-is-their-bromance-headed|title=Elon Musk and Donald Trump seem besotted. Where is their bromance headed?|work=The Economist|access-date=2024-12-04|issn=0013-0613 |ref={{harvid|Economist 11/23|2024}} }} <references group="lower-alpha" /> {{refend}} mc1fneddjqavv59e688i185d3ktx66u 2691565 2691564 2024-12-12T03:36:23Z Jaredscribe 2906761 /* Strategic Foreign Policy and Military reform */ President-elect Trump has promised to "put an end to endless wars", to end the Russia-Ukraine war, to make NATO members pay their fair share, to renew the maximum-pressure policy toward Iran, and to free the hostages held in Gaza or make sure that Israel wins the current multi-front war launched by Iran and its proxies. 2691565 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Research project}} The U.S. [[w:Department of Government Efficiency]]. {{Infobox Organization |name=Department of Government Efficiency |logo= |logo_size= |logo_caption=Logo on [[Twitter|X]] (formerly Twitter) as of November 14, 2024 |seal= |seal_size= |seal_caption= |formation=Announced on November 12, 2024; yet to be established |abbreviation=DOGE |key_people={{plainlist|[[w:Commissioner of the Department of Government Efficiency|Co-commissioners]]: * [[w:Elon Musk]] * [[w:Vivek Ramaswamy]] }} |website={{URL|https://x.com/DOGE|x.com/DOGE}} |volunteers=* Federico Sturzenegger|services=consulting|headquarters=Mar-A-Lago|organization_type=Presidential Advisory Commission|founder=Donald Trump|extinction=4 July 2026 (planned)|mission=(In the words of president-elect Donald Trump: * dismantle government bureaucracy * slash excess regulations * cut wasteful expenditures * restructure federal agencies, * address "massive waste and fraud" in government spending}} This "'''Wiki Of Government Efficiency'''" (WOGE) is a public interest, non-partisan research project that will [[User:Jaredscribe/Department of Government Efficiency#Reduce the deficit and debt by impounding appropriated funds|analyze the U.S. federal budget]], [[User:Jaredscribe/Department of Government Efficiency#Reform the other Government Bureaus and Departments|federal bureaucracy]], and [[User:Jaredscribe/Department of Government Efficiency#Shrink the federal civil service|federal civil service]], in the context of [[w:Second_presidency_of_Donald_Trump|president-elect Trump']]<nowiki/>s [[w:Agenda_47|Agenda 47]], and will catalogue, evaluate, and critique proposals on how the '''[[w:Department of Government Efficiency|Department of Government Efficiency]]'''{{Efn|Also referred to as '''Government Efficiency Commission'''}} (DOGE) is or is not fulfilling its mission to ''"dismantle government bureaucracy, slash excess regulations, and cut wasteful expenditures and restructure federal agencies"'', in the words of president-elect [[wikipedia:Donald_Trump|Donald Trump]], who called for it to address ''"massive waste and fraud"'' in government spending.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/c93qwn8p0l0o|title=Donald Trump picks Elon Musk for US government cost-cutting role|last1=Faguy|first1=Ana|last2=FitzGerald|first2=James|date=2024-11-13|publisher=BBC News|language=en-GB|access-date=2024-11-13}}</ref> Here's [[User:Jaredscribe/Department of Government Efficiency/How to contribute|how to contribute]] to the WOGE. The DOGE intends to [[User:Jaredscribe/Department of Government Efficiency#Office of Management and Budget|work through the Office of Management and Budget]] as its "policy vector". The [[w:U.S._budget_deficit|U.S. Budget deficit]], (C.f. [[w:Government_budget_balance|fiscal deficit]]), and the [[w:National_debt_of_the_United_States|U.S. National debt]], currently $35.7 Trillion as of 10/2024, which is 99% of the [[w:U.S._GDP|U.S. GDP]],<ref>{{Unbulleted list citebundle|{{cite news|newspaper=Financial Post| title= Musk's $2 Trillion of Budget Cuts Would Have These Stocks Moving|url=https://financialpost.com/pmn/business-pmn/musks-2-trillion-of-budget-cuts-would-have-these-stocks-moving|first=Alexandra|last=Semenova|date=November 4, 2024}}|{{cite news|newspaper= New York Times|title=Elon|url=https://nytimes.com/2024/10/29/us/politics/elon-musk-trump-economy-hardship.html}}|{{Cite web |date=September 5, 2024 |title=Trump says he'd create a government efficiency commission led by Elon Musk |url=https://apnews.com/article/donald-trump-elon-musk-government-efficiency-commission-e831ed5dc2f6a56999e1a70bb0a4eaeb |publisher=AP News}}|{{cite web|first=Jenn|last=Brice|title=How Elon Musk's $130 million investment in Trump's victory could reap a huge payoff for Tesla and the rest of his business empire|url=https://fortune.com/2024/11/06/elon-musk-donald-trump-tesla-spacex-xai-boring-neuralink|website=Fortune}}|{{cite web|url=https://axios.com/2024/11/07/elon-musk-government-efficiency-trump|title=Musk will bring his Twitter management style to government reform}}|{{cite news| access-date =November 9, 2024|work=Reuters|date=September 6, 2024|first1=Helen|first2=Gram|last1=Coster| last2=Slattery|title=Trump says he will tap Musk to lead government efficiency commission if elected| url= https://reuters.com/world/us/trump-adopt-musks-proposal-government-efficiency-commission-wsj-reports-2024-09-05}}|{{cite web|title=Trump says Musk could head 'government efficiency' force|url= https://bbc.com/news/articles/c74lgwkrmrpo|publisher=BBC}}|{{cite web|date =November 5, 2024|title=How Elon Musk could gut the government under Trump|url=https://independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/us-politics/elon-musk-donald-trump-economy-job-cuts-b2641644.html|website= The Independent}}}}</ref> and expected to grow to 134% of GDP by 2034 if current laws remain unchanged, according to the [[w:Congressional_Budget_Office|Congressional Budget Office]]. The DOGE will be a [[wikipedia:Presidential_commission_(United_States)|presidential advisory commission]] led by the billionaire businessmen [[wikipedia:Elon_Musk|Elon Musk]] and [[wikipedia:Vivek_Ramaswamy|Vivek Ramaswamy]], and possibly [[w:Ron_Paul|Ron Paul]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thehill.com/video/ron-paul-vows-to-join-elon-musk-help-eliminate-government-waste-in-a-trump-admin/10191375|title=Ron Paul vows to join Elon Musk, help eliminate government waste in a Trump admin|date=November 5, 2024|website=The Hill}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://usatoday.com/story/business/2024/10/28/patricia-healy-elon-musk-highlights-need-for-government-efficiency/75798556007|title=Elon Musk puts spotlight on ... Department of Government Efficiency? {{!}} Cumberland Comment|last=Healy|first=Patricia|website=USA TODAY|language=en-US|access-date=November 9, 2024}}</ref> with support from many [[w:Political_appointments_of_the_second_Trump_administration|Political and cabinet appointees of the second Trump administration]] and from a Congressional caucus Musk stated his belief that DOGE could remove US$2 trillion from the [[w:United_States_federal_budget|U.S. federal budget]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/live/HysDMs2a-iM?si=92I5LD1FY2PAsSuG&t=15822|title=WATCH LIVE: Trump holds campaign rally at Madison Square Garden in New York|date=October 28, 2024|website=youtube.com|publisher=[[PBS NewsHour]]|language=en|format=video}}</ref> without specifying whether these savings would be made over a single year or a longer period.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/cdj38mekdkgo|title=Can Elon Musk cut $2 trillion from US government spending?|last=Chu|first=Ben|date=2024-11-13|website=BBC News|language=en-GB|access-date=2024-11-14}}</ref> [[File:2023_US_Federal_Budget_Infographic.png|thumb|An infographic on outlays and revenues in the 2023 [[United States federal budget|U.S. federal budget]]]] DOGE could also streamline permitting with “categorical exclusions” from environmental reviews under the National Environmental Policy Act. {{sidebar with collapsible lists|name=U.S. deficit and debt topics|namestyle=background:#bf0a30;|style=width:22.0em; border: 4px double #d69d36; background:var(--background-color-base, #FFFFFF);|bodyclass=vcard|pretitle='''<span class="skin-invert">This article is part of [[:Category:United States|a series]] on the</span>'''|title=[[United States federal budget|<span style="color:var(--color-base, #000000);">Budget and debt in the<br/>United States of America</span>]]|image=[[File:Seal of the United States Congress.svg|90px]] [[File:Seal of the United States Department of the Treasury.svg|90px]]|titlestyle=background:var(--background-color-base, #002868); background-clip:padding-box;|headingstyle=background:var(--background-color-base, #bf0a30); color:var(--color-base, #fff);|listtitlestyle=background:var(--background-color-base, #bf0a30); color:var(--color-base, #fff); text-align:center;|expanded={{{expanded|{{{1|}}}}}}|list1name=dimensions|list1title=Major dimensions|list1class=hlist skin-invert|list1=* [[Economy of the United States|Economy]] * [[Expenditures in the United States federal budget|Expenditures]] * [[United States federal budget|Federal budget]] * [[Financial position of the United States|Financial position]] * [[Military budget of the United States|Military budget]] * [[National debt of the United States|Public debt]] * [[Taxation in the United States|Taxation]] * [[Unemployment in the United States|Unemployment]] * [[Government_spending_in_the_United_States|Gov't spending]]|list2name=programs|list2title=Programs|list2class=hlist skin-invert|list2=* [[Medicare (United States)|Medicare]] * [[Social programs in the United States|Social programs]] * [[Social Security (United States)|Social Security]]|list3name=issues|list3title=Contemporary issues|list3class=skin-invert|list3=<div style="margin-bottom:0.5em"> [[National Commission on Fiscal Responsibility and Reform|Bowles–Simpson Commission]] {{flatlist}} * <!--Bu--> [[Bush tax cuts]] * <!--Deb--> [[United States debt ceiling|Debt ceiling]] ** [[History of the United States debt ceiling|history]] * <!--Def--> [[Deficit reduction in the United States|Deficit reduction]] * <!--F--> [[United States fiscal cliff|Fiscal cliff]] * <!--H--> [[Healthcare reform in the United States|Healthcare reform]] * <!--P--> [[Political debates about the United States federal budget|Political debates]] * <!--So--> [[Social Security debate in the United States|Social Security debate]] * <!--St--> "[[Starve the beast]]" * <!--Su--> [[Subprime mortgage crisis]] {{endflatlist}} </div> [[2007–2008 financial crisis]] {{flatlist}} * <!--D--> [[United States debt-ceiling crisis (disambiguation)|Debt-ceiling crises]] ** [[2011 United States debt-ceiling crisis|2011]] ** [[2013 United States debt-ceiling crisis|2013]] ** [[2023 United States debt-ceiling crisis|2023]] {{endflatlist}} [[2013 United States budget sequestration|2013 budget sequestration]] {{flatlist}} * <!--G--> [[Government shutdowns in the United States|Government shutdowns]] ** [[1980 United States federal government shutdown|1980]] ** [[1981, 1984, and 1986 U.S. federal government shutdowns|1981, 1984, 1986]] ** [[1990 United States federal government shutdown|1990]] ** [[1995–1996 United States federal government shutdowns|1995–1996]] ** [[2013 United States federal government shutdown|2013]] ** [[January 2018 United States federal government shutdown|Jan 2018]] ** [[2018–2019 United States federal government shutdown|2018–2019]] {{endflatlist}} Related events {{flatlist}} *<!--E-->[[Removal of Kevin McCarthy as Speaker of the House|2023 Removal of Kevin McCarthy]] {{endflatlist}}|list4name=terminology|list4title=Terminology|list4class=hlist skin-invert|list4=Cumulative [[Government budget balance|deficit]] + [[National debt of the United States#Debates|Interest]] ≈ [[Government debt|Debt]] * [[Balance of payments]] * [[Inflation]] * [[Continuing resolution]]}} [[w:Deficit_reduction_in_the_United_States|Deficit reduction in the United States]] == Deregulate the Economy == The legal theory that this can be done through the executive branch is found in the U.S. Supreme Court’s ''[[w:West_Virginia_v._EPA|West Virginia v. EPA]]'' and ''[[w:Loper_Bright|Loper Bright]]'' rulings, which rein in the administrative state and mean that much of what the federal government now does is illegal.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.wsj.com/opinion/department-of-government-efficiency-elon-musk-vivek-ramaswamy-donald-trump-1e086dab|website=[[w:Wall Street Journal]]|title=The Musk-Ramaswamy Project Could Be Trump’s Best Idea}}</ref> Mr. Trump has set a goal of eliminating 10 regulations for every new one. The [[w:Competitive_Enterprise_Institute|Competitive Enterprise Institute]]’s Wayne Crews says 217,565 rules have been issued since the [[w:Federal_Register|Federal Register]] first began itemizing them in 1976, with 89,368 pages added last year. [https://sgp.fas.org/crs/misc/R43056.pdf 3,000-4,500 rules are added each year]. DOGE’s first order will be to pause enforcement of overreaching rules while starting the process to roll them back. Mr. Trump and DOGE could direct agencies to settle legal challenges to Biden rules by vacating them. This could ease the laborious process of undoing them by rule-making through the [[w:Administrative_Procedure_Act|Administrative Procedure Act]]. A source tells the WSJ they’ll do whatever they think they legally can without the APA. The [[w:Congressional_Review_Act|Congressional Review Act]]—which allows Congress to overturn recently issued agency regulations—had been used only once, prior to [[w:First_presidency_of_Donald_Trump|Trump's first term]]. While in office, he and the Republican Congress used it on 16 rules. This time, there will be more than 56 regulatory actions recent enough to be repealed. The [[w:Chevron_deference|''Chevron'' deference]] had required federal courts to defer to agencies’ interpretations of ambiguous statutes, but this was overturned in 2024. Taken together, with some other recent [[w:SCOTUS|SCOTUS]] rulings, we now have, says the WSJ, the biggest opportunity to cut regulatory red tape in more than 40 years.<ref>[https://www.wsj.com/opinion/let-the-trump-deregulation-begin-us-chamber-of-commerce-second-term-economic-growth-73f24387?cx_testId=3&cx_testVariant=cx_166&cx_artPos=0]</ref><blockquote>"Most legal edicts aren’t laws enacted by Congress but “rules and regulations” promulgated by unelected bureaucrats—tens of thousands of them each year. Most government enforcement decisions and discretionary expenditures aren’t made by the democratically elected president or even his political appointees but by millions of unelected, unappointed civil servants within government agencies who view themselves as immune from firing thanks to civil-service protections." "This is antidemocratic and antithetical to the Founders’ vision. It imposes massive direct and indirect costs on taxpayers." "When the president nullifies thousands of such regulations, critics will allege executive overreach. In fact, it will be ''correcting'' the executive overreach of thousands of regulations promulgated by administrative fiat that were never authorized by Congress. The president owes lawmaking deference to Congress, not to bureaucrats deep within federal agencies. The use of executive orders to substitute for lawmaking by adding burdensome new rules is a constitutional affront, but the use of executive orders to roll back regulations that wrongly bypassed Congress is legitimate and necessary to comply with the Supreme Court’s recent mandates. And after those regulations are fully rescinded, a future president couldn’t simply flip the switch and revive them but would instead have to ask Congress to do so"<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/opinion/musk-and-ramaswamy-the-doge-plan-to-reform-government-supreme-court-guidance-end-executive-power-grab-fa51c020?cx_testId=3&cx_testVariant=cx_165&cx_artPos=5|title=Elon Musk and Vivek Ramaswamy: The DOGE Plan to Reform Government|last=Musk|first=Elon|date=20 November 2024|work=The Wall Street Journal|last2=Ramaswamy|first2=Vivek}}</ref> </blockquote> == Shrink the federal civil service == The government has around three million [[w:United_States_federal_civil_service|federal civil service]] employees, with an average salary of $106,000. Dr. Anthony Fauci made $481,000 in 2022. The federal head count has ballooned by 120,800 during the Biden years. Civil service and union protections make it hard to fire workers. Mr. Trump intends to quickly resurrect the [[w:Schedule_F|Schedule F]] reform that he sought to implement at the end of his first term but was scrapped by Mr. Biden. These would high-level federal employees to be removed like political appointees, by eliminating their job protections. WSJ proposals[https://www.wsj.com/opinion/the-doge-cheat-sheet-elon-musk-vivek-ramaswamy-department-of-government-efficiency-1c231783#cxrecs_s] The [[w:Administrative_Procedures_Act|Administrative Procedures Act]] statute protects federal employees from political retaliation, but allows for “reductions in force” that don’t target specific employees. The statute further empowers the president to “prescribe rules governing the competitive service.” The Supreme Court has held—in ''[[w:Franklin_v._Massachusetts|Franklin v. Massachusetts]]'' (1992) and ''[[w:Collins_v._Yellen|Collins v. Yellen]]'' (2021) that when revious presidents have used this power to amend the civil service rules by executive order, they weren’t constrained by the APA when they did so. Mr. Trump can, with this authority, implement any number of “rules governing the competitive service” that would curtail administrative overgrowth, from large-scale firings to relocation of federal agencies out of the Washington area. The DOGE welcomes voluntary terminations once the President begins requiring federal employees to come to the office five days a week, because American taxpayers shouldn’t pay federal employees for the Covid-era privilege of staying home.<ref>[https://www.wsj.com/opinion/musk-and-ramaswamy-the-doge-plan-to-reform-government-supreme-court-guidance-end-executive-power-grab-fa51c020?cx_testId=3&cx_testVariant=cx_165&cx_artPos=5 Elon Musk and Vivek Ramaswamy: The DOGE Plan to Reform Government: Following the Supreme Court’s guidance, we’ll reverse a decadeslong executive power grab. Musk & Ramaswamy 11/20/2024]</ref> == Reduce the deficit and debt by impounding appropriated funds == === Impound appropriated funds === Reports suggest that president-elect Trump intends to override Congress’s power of the purse by [[w:Impoundment_of_appropriated_funds|impoundment of appropriated funds]], that is, refusing to spend them. the president may [[wikipedia:Rescission_bill|propose rescission]] of specific funds, but that rescission must be approved by both the [[wikipedia:United_States_House_of_Representatives|House of Representatives]] and [[wikipedia:United_States_Senate|Senate]] within 45 days. [[w:Thomas_Jefferson|Thomas Jefferson]] was the first president to exercise the power of impoundment in 1801, which power was available to all presidents up to and including [[wikipedia:Richard_Nixon|Richard Nixon]], and was regarded as a power inherent to the office, although one with limits. He may ask Congress to repeal The [[w:Congressional_Budget_and_Impoundment_Control_Act_of_1974|Congressional Budget and Impoundment Control Act of 1974]], which was passed in response to Nixon's abuses.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://democrats-budget.house.gov/resources/reports/impoundment-control-act-1974-what-it-why-does-it-matter|title=The Impoundment Control Act of 1974: What Is It? Why Does It Matter? {{!}} House Budget Committee Democrats|date=2019-10-23|website=democrats-budget.house.gov|language=en|access-date=2024-05-19}}</ref> If Congress refuses to do so, president Trump may impound funds anyway and argue in court that the 1974 law is unconstitutional. The matter would likely end up at the Supreme Court, which would have to do more than simply hold the 1974 act unconstitutional in order for Mr. Trump to prevail. The court would also have to overrule [[w:Train_v._City_of_New_York_(1975)|''Train v. City of New York'' (1975)]], which held that impoundment is illegal unless the underlying legislation specifically authorizes it. === Reduce the budget deficit === [[wikipedia:U.S. federal budget|U.S. federal budget]] The [[wikipedia:Fiscal_year|fiscal year]], beginning October 1 and ending on September 30 of the year following. Congress is the body required by law to pass appropriations annually and to submit funding bills passed by both houses to the President for signature. Congressional decisions are governed by rules and legislation regarding the [[wikipedia:United_States_budget_process|federal budget process]]. Budget committees set spending limits for the House and Senate committees and for Appropriations subcommittees, which then approve individual [[wikipedia:Appropriations_bill_(United_States)|appropriations bills]] to During FY2022, the federal government spent $6.3 trillion. Spending as % of GDP is 25.1%, almost 2 percentage points greater than the average over the past 50 years. Major categories of FY 2022 spending included: Medicare and Medicaid ($1.339T or 5.4% of GDP), Social Security ($1.2T or 4.8% of GDP), non-defense discretionary spending used to run federal Departments and Agencies ($910B or 3.6% of GDP), Defense Department ($751B or 3.0% of GDP), and net interest ($475B or 1.9% of GDP).<ref name="CBO_2022">[https://www.cbo.gov/publication/58888 The Federal Budget in Fiscal Year 2022: An Infographic]</ref> CBO projects a federal budget deficit of $1.6 trillion for 2024. In the agency’s projections, deficits generally increase over the coming years; the shortfall in 2034 is $2.6 trillion. The deficit amounts to 5.6 percent of gross domestic product (GDP) in 2024, swells to 6.1 percent of GDP in 2025, and then declines in the two years that follow. After 2027, deficits increase again, reaching 6.1 percent of GDP in 2034.<ref name="CBO_budgetOutlook2024">{{cite web|url=https://www.cbo.gov/publication/59710|title=The Budget and Economic Outlook: 2024 to 2034|date=February 7, 2024|publisher=CBO|access-date=February 7, 2024}}</ref> The following table summarizes several budgetary statistics for the fiscal year 2015-2021 periods as a percent of GDP, including federal tax revenue, outlays or spending, deficits (revenue – outlays), and [[wikipedia:National_debt_of_the_United_States|debt held by the public]]. The historical average for 1969-2018 is also shown. With U.S. GDP of about $21 trillion in 2019, 1% of GDP is about $210 billion.<ref name="CBO_Hist_20">[https://www.cbo.gov/about/products/budget-economic-data#2 CBO-Historical Budget Data-Retrieved January 28, 2020]</ref> Statistics for 2020-2022 are from the CBO Monthly Budget Review for FY 2022.<ref name="CBO_MBRFY2022">{{cite web|url=https://www.cbo.gov/publication/58592|title=Monthly Budget Review: Summary for Fiscal Year 2022|date=November 8, 2022|publisher=CBO|access-date=December 10, 2022}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" !Variable As % GDP !2015 !2016 !2017 !2018 !2019 !2020 !2021 !2022 !Hist Avg |- !Revenue<ref name="CBO_Hist_20">[https://www.cbo.gov/about/products/budget-economic-data#2 CBO-Historical Budget Data-Retrieved January 28, 2020]</ref> |18.0% |17.6% |17.2% |16.4% |16.4% |16.2% |17.9% |19.6% |17.4% |- !Outlays<ref name="CBO_Hist_20" /> |20.4% |20.8% |20.6% |20.2% |21.0% |31.1% |30.1% |25.1% |21.0% |- !Budget Deficit<ref name="CBO_Hist_20" /> | -2.4% | -3.2% | -3.5% | -3.8% | -4.6% | -14.9% | -12.3% | -5.5% | -3.6% |- !Debt Held by Public<ref name="CBO_Hist_20" /> |72.5% |76.4% |76.2% |77.6% |79.4% |100.3% |99.6% |94.7% | |} The [[wikipedia:U.S._Constitution|U.S. Constitution]] ([[wikipedia:Article_One_of_the_United_States_Constitution|Article I]], section 9, clause 7) states that "No money shall be drawn from the Treasury, but in Consequence of Appropriations made by Law; and a regular Statement and Account of Receipts and Expenditures of all public Money shall be published from time to time." Each year, the President of the United States submits a budget request to Congress for the following fiscal year as required by the [[wikipedia:Budget_and_Accounting_Act_of_1921|Budget and Accounting Act of 1921]]. Current law ({{UnitedStatesCode|31|1105}}(a)) requires the president to submit a budget no earlier than the first Monday in January, and no later than the first Monday in February. Typically, presidents submit budgets on the first Monday in February. The budget submission has been delayed, however, in some new presidents' first year when the previous president belonged to a different party. === Reduce the National debt === == Strategic Foreign Policy and Military reform == President-elect Trump has promised to "put an end to endless wars", to end the Russia-Ukraine war, to make NATO members pay their fair share, to renew the maximum-pressure policy toward Iran, and to free the hostages held in Gaza or make sure that Israel wins the current multi-front war launched by Iran and its proxies. Nominee for [[w:National_Security_Advisor|National Security Advisor]] [[w:Mike_Waltz|Mike Waltz]] To oversee the [[w:U.S._Intelligence_Community|U.S. Intelligence Community]] and NIP, and the 18 IC agencies, including the CIA, DIA, NSC, the nominee for [[w:Director_of_National_Intelligence|Director of National Intelligence]] is [[w:Tulsi_Gabbard|Tulsi Gabbard]], who is an isolationist of the [[w:Bernie_Sanders#foreign_policy|Bernie Sanders]] camp, with a long record of dogmatically opposing [[w:Foreign_policy_of_the_Trump_administration|President Trump's first term foreign policy]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/opinion/tulsi-gabbard-director-of-national-intelligence-donald-trump-foreign-policy-syria-israel-iran-b37aa3de|title=How Tulsi Gabbard Sees the World|last=Editorial Board|date=10 December 2024|work=The Wall Street Journal}}</ref> === Department of State === {{Main article|w:Second presidency of Donald Trump#Prospective foreign policy|w:State Department}} [[w:Marco_Rubio|Marco Rubio]] has been nominated as [[w:U.S._Secretary_of_State|U.S. Secretary of State]], overseeing $53bn and 77,880 employees ==== [[w:USAID|USAID]] ==== === National Endowment for Democracy === The [[w:National_Endowment_for_Democracy|National Endowment for Democracy]] is grant-making foundation organized as a private non-profit corporation overseen by congress, a project of Ronald Reagan announced in a [[1982 speech to British Parliament]], in which he stated that "freedom is not the sole prerogative of a lucky few, but the inalienable and universal right of all human beings", invoking the Israelites exodus and the Greeks' stand at Thermopylae. The NED is reportedly near the top of the DOGE's hit list.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/opinion/save-a-reagan-initiative-from-the-doge-national-endowment-for-democracy-funding-2b6cc072?page=1|title=Save a Reagan Initiative From Musk and Ramaswamy|last=Galston|first=William|date=11 December 2024|work=The Wall Street Journal}}</ref> It is had a pro-freedom and [[w:Anti-communist|anti-communist]] mission to help pro-democracy leaders and groups in Asia, Africa, and Latin America, and assisted the transition of Eastern and Central European nations. The arguments being made by those in favor of defunding are that it "is a relic of the Cold War that has outlived its usefulness and no longer serves any pressing purpose in terms of advancing national interests", according to [[w:James_Piereson|James Piereson]]{{Cn}} Congress has raised its funding significanty in recent years, in a vote of confidence. === U.S. Department of Defense === U.S. DoD employees ____ civilian personel, ___ civilian contractors, and oversees a budget of _____. Nominated for [[w:Secretary_of_Defense|Secretary of Defense]] is [[w:Pete_Hegseth|Pete Hegseth]], who has been doubted by many Republican Senators{{Cn}} and supported by Trump's base.{{Cn}} The president-elect is reportedly considering a draft executive order that establishes a “warrior board” of retired senior military personnel with the power to review three- and four-star officers “on leadership capability, strategic readiness, and commitment to military excellence," and to recommend removals of any deemed unfit for leadership. This would fast-track the removal of generals and admirals found to be “lacking in requisite leadership qualities,” consistent with his earlier vow to fire “woke” military leaders.<ref>[https://www.wsj.com/politics/national-security/trump-draft-executive-order-would-create-board-to-purge-generals-7ebaa606<nowiki> Trump draft executive order would create a board to purge generals 11/12/2024]</nowiki></ref> There are legal obstacles. The law prohibits the firing of commissioned officers except by “sentence of a general court-martial,” as a “commutation of a sentence of a general court-martial,” or “in time of war, by order of the president.” A commissioned officer who believes he’s been wrongfully dismissed has the right to seek a trial by court-martial, which may find the dismissal baseless. <ref>[https://www.wsj.com/opinion/trump-tests-the-constitutions-limits-checks-balances-government-policy-law-78d0d0f1 &lt;nowiki&gt; Trump test the constitutions limits 11/19/2024]</ref> Musk said, "Some idiots are still building manned fighter jets like the F-35," and later added: "Manned fighter jets are outdated in the age of drones and only put pilots' lives at risk." [[w:Bernie_Sanders|Bernie Sanders]] wrote on X: "Elon Musk is right. The Pentagon, with a budget of $886 billion, just failed its 7th audit in a row. It's lost track of billions. Last year, only 13 senators voted against the Military Industrial Complex and a defense budget full of waste and fraud. That must change."{{sfn|Newsweek 12/02|2024}}. It failed its fifth audit in June 2023.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newsweek.com/fox-news-host-confronts-gop-senator-pentagons-fifth-failed-audit-1804379|title=Fox News host confronts GOP Senator on Pentagon's fifth failed audit|last=Writer|first=Fatma Khaled Staff|date=2023-06-04|website=Newsweek|language=en|access-date=2024-12-02}}</ref> === [[w:DARPA|DARPA]] === === US Air Force === Air Force is advancing a program called [[w:Collaborative_Combat_Aircraft|Collaborative Combat Aircraft]] to build roughly 1,000 UAVs, with [[w:Anduril|Anduril]] and [[w:General_Atomics|General Atomics]] currently building prototypes, ahead of an Air Force decision on which company or companies will be contracted to build it. The cost quickly exceeded the $2.3 billion approved for last fiscal year’s budget, according to the [[w:Congressional_Research_Service|Congressional Research Service]], prompting calls for more oversight. “''If you want to make real improvements to the defense and security of the United States of America, we would be investing more in drones, we’d be investing more in [[w:Hypersonic_weapon|hypersonic missiles]]'',” said Mr. Ramaswamy. The program for Lockheed-Martin's [[w:F-35|F-35]] stealth jet fighters, now in production, is expected to exceed $2 trillion over several decades. The Air Force on 5 December announced it would delay a decision on which company would build the next-generation crewed fighter, called [[w:Next Generation Air Dominance|Next Generation Air Dominance (NGAD)]], which was planned to replace the [[w:F-22|F-22]] and operate alongside the F-35. Mr. Musk has written that "manned fighter jets are obsolete in the age of drones.” In another post, he claimed “a reusable drone” can do everything a jet fighter can do “without all the overhead of a pilot.” Brigadier General [[w:Doug_Wickert|Doug Wickert]] said in response, “There may be some day when we can completely rely on roboticized warfare but we are a century away.... How long have we thought full self-driving was going to be on the Tesla?” <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/politics/national-security/air-force-jets-vs-drones-trump-administration-8b1620a5?page=1|title=Trump Administration Set to Decide Future of Jet Fighters|last=Seligman|first=Lara|date=6 December 2024|work=The Wall Street Journal}}</ref> === US Space Force === The [[w:US_Space_Force|US Space Force]]'s 2023 budget was ~$26bn and it had 9,400 military personnel. SpaceX had a $14m contract to provide communications to the Ukrainian armed forces and government through 30th Nov 2024.{{sfn|Economist 11/23|2024}} Is also receiving a $733m contract to carry satellites into orbit.{{sfn|Economist 11/23|2024}} The Pentagon plans to incorporate into its own communications network 100 of [[w:Starshield|Starshield]]'s satellites.{{sfn|Economist 11/23|2024}} Starshield also has a $1.8bn contract to help the [[w:National_Reconnaissance_Office|National Reconnaissance Office]] build spy satellites.{{sfn|Economist 11/23|2024}} == Department of Space Transportation == Mr. Trump's transition team told advisors that it plans to make a federal framework for self-driving cars. Mr. Trump had a call with Sundar Pichai and Mr. Musk. === Rail and Tunnel Authority === === Ports Authority === === Interstate Highway Authority === === [[w:Federal_Aviation_Administration|Federal Aviation Administration]] === Musk has often complained about the FAA "smothering" innovation, boasting that he can build a rocket faster than the agency can process the "Kafkaesque paperwork" required to make the relevant approvals.{{sfn|Economist 11/23|2024}} === National Air and Space Administration === The [[w:National_Air_and_Space_Administration|National Air and Space Administration]] (NASA) had a 2023 budget of $25.4 bn and 18,000 employees. [[w:Jared_Isaacman|Jared Isaacman]] is nominated director. He had joined a space voyage in 2021 which was the first for an all-civilian crew to reach orbit. He led a four person crew in September on the first commericial spacewalk, testing SpaceX's new spacesuits. He promised to lead NASA in to "usher in an era where humanity becomes a true space-faring civilization." In an interview Isaacman said that NASA will evolve as private space companies set their own priorities and develop technology. NASA could have a certification role for astronauts and vehicles, similar to how the Federal Aviation Administration oversees the commercial airline industry. “The FAA doesn’t build the airplanes. They don’t staff the pilots that fly you from point A to B,” he said. “That is the world that NASA is in, essentially.” He also suggested openness to new and lower cost ways of getting to the Moon and to Mars.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/politics/elections/trump-picks-billionaire-space-traveler-to-run-nasa-4420150b?page=1|title=Trump Picks Billionaire Space Traveler to Run NASA|last=Maidenberg|first=Micah|date=5 December 2024|work=WSJ}}</ref> In September 2026, NASA's [[w:Artemis_program|Artemis program]], established in 2017 via [[wikipedia:Space_Policy_Directive_1|Space Policy Directive 1]], is intended to reestablish a human presence on the Moon for the first time since the [[wikipedia:Apollo_17|Apollo 17]] mission in 1972. The program's stated long-term goal is to establish a [[wikipedia:Moonbase|permanent base on the Moon]] to facilitate [[wikipedia:Human_mission_to_Mars|human missions to Mars]]. The [[w:U.S._National_Academies_of_Sciences,_Engineering,_and_Medicine|U.S. National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine]] in October, put out a report titled "NASA at a Crossroads," which identified myriad issues at the agency, including out-of-date infrastructure, pressures to prioritize short-term objectives and inefficient management practices. NASA's costly [[w:Space_Launch_System|Space Launch System]] (SLS) is the cornerstone of the Artemis program. has a price tag of around $4.1 billion per launch, and is a single-use rocket that can only launch every two years, having debuted in 2022 with the uncrewed [[w:Artemis_1_mission|Artemis 1 mission]] to the moon. In contrast, SpaceX is working to reduce the cost of a single Starship flight to under $10 million. NASA Associate Administrator Jim Free urged the incoming administration to maintain the current plans, in a symposium with the [[w:American_Astronautical_Society|American Astronautical Society]] saying "We need that consistency in purpose. That has not happened since Apollo. If we lose that, I believe we will fall apart and we will wander, and other people in this world will pass us by." NASA has already asked both [[w:SpaceX|SpaceX]] and also Jeff Bezos' [[w:Blue_Origin|Blue Origin]], to develop cargo landers for its Artemis missions and to deliver heavy equipment on them to the Moon by 2033. "Having two lunar lander providers with different approaches for crew and cargo landing capability provides mission flexibility while ensuring a regular cadence of moon landings for continued discovery and scientific opportunity," Stephen D. Creech, NASA's assistant deputy associate administrator for the moon to Mars program, said in an announcement about the partnership. "For all of the money we are spending, NASA should NOT be talking about going to the Moon - We did that 50 years ago. They should be focused on the much bigger things we are doing, including Mars (of which the Moon is a part), Defense and Science!" Trump wrote in a post on X in 2019. Trump has said he would create a [[w:Space_National_Guard|Space National Guard]], an idea that lawmakers in Congress have been proposing since 2021. Critics agree that a focus on spaceflight could come at the expense of "Earth and atmospheric sciences at NASA and the [[w:National_Oceanic_and_Atmospheric_Administration|National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]] (NOAA), which have been cut during the Biden era."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newsweek.com/elon-musk-donald-trump-nasa-space-policy-1990599|title=Donald Trump and Elon Musk could radically reshape NASA. Here's how|last=Reporter|first=Martha McHardy US News|date=2024-11-27|website=Newsweek|language=en|access-date=2024-12-02}}</ref> Regarding his goal and SpaceX's corporate mission of colonising Mars, Mr. Musk has stated that "The DOGE is the only path to extending life beyond earth"{{sfn|Economist 11/23|2024}} === National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration === == Department of Education and Propaganda == [[w:United_States_Department_of_Education|Department of Education]] has 4,400 employees – the smallest staff of the Cabinet agencies<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www2.ed.gov/about/overview/fed/role.html|title=Federal Role in Education|date=2021-06-15|website=www2.ed.gov|language=en|access-date=2022-04-28}}</ref> – and a 2024 budget of $238 billion.<ref name="DOE-mission">{{Cite web|url=https://www.usaspending.gov/agency/department-of-education?fy=2024|title=Agency Profile {{!}} U.S. Department of Education|website=www2.ed.gov|access-date=2024-11-14}}</ref> The 2023 Budget was $274 billion, which included funding for children with disabilities ([[wikipedia:Individuals_with_Disabilities_Education_Act|IDEA]]), pandemic recovery, early childhood education, [[wikipedia:Pell_Grant|Pell Grants]], [[wikipedia:Elementary_and_Secondary_Education_Act|Title I]], work assistance, among other programs. This budget was down from $637.7 billion in 2022.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.future-ed.org/what-the-new-pisa-results-really-say-about-u-s-schools/|title=What the New PISA Results Really Say About U.S. Schools|date=2021-06-15|website=future-ed.com|language=en|access-date=2024-11-14}}</ref> Nominated as [[w:US_Secretary_of_Education|Secretary of Education]] is [[w:Linda_McMahon|Linda McMahon]]. The WSJ proposes that the Civil Rights division be absorbed into the Department of Justice, and that its outstanding loan portolio be handled by the Department of the Treasury. Despite the redundancies, its unlikely that it will be abolished, which would require congressional action and buy-in from Democrats in the Senate; Republicans don’t have enough votes to do it alone. A republican appointee is expected to push back against federal education overreach and progressive policies like DEI. <ref>[https://www.wsj.com/opinion/trump-can-teach-the-education-department-a-lesson-nominee-needs-boldness-back-school-choice-oppose-woke-indoctrination-ddf6a38d<nowiki> Trump can teach the Education Department a Lesson. WSJ 11/20/2024]</nowiki></ref> During his campaign, Trump had pledged to get the "transgender insanity the hell out of schools.” Relying on the district court's decision in ''[[w:Tatel_v._Mount_Lebanon_School_District|Tatel v. Mount Lebanon School District]] , the'' attorney general and education secretary could issue a letter explaining how enforcing gender ideology violates constitutional [[w:Free_exercise_clause|First amendment right to free exercise of religion]] and the [[w:Equal_Protection_Clause|14th Amendment’s Equal Protection Clause]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/opinion/how-trump-can-target-transgenderism-in-schools-law-policy-education-369537a7?page=1|title=How Trump Can Target Transgenderism in Schools|last=Eden|first=Max|date=9 December 2024|work=The Wall Street Journal}}</ref> === CPB, PBS, NPR === Regarding the [[w:Corporation_for_Public_Broadcasting|Corporation for Public Broadcasting]], [[w:Howard_Husock|Howard Husock]] suggest that instead of zeroing its $535 million budget, Republicans reform the [[w:Public_Broadcasting_Act|Public Broadcasting Act]] to eliminate bias and improve local journalism.<ref>https://www.wsj.com/opinion/the-conservative-case-for-public-broadcasting-media-policy-2d4c3c9f?page=1</ref> {{As of|2024|alt=For fiscal year 2024}}, its appropriation was US$525 million, including $10 million in interest earned. The distribution of these funds was as follows:<ref>{{cite web|url=https://cpb.org/aboutcpb/financials/budget/|title=CPB Operating Budget|last=|date=2024|website=www.cpb.org|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=November 27, 2024|url-status=}}</ref> * $262.83M for direct grants to local public television stations; * $95.11M for television programming grants; * $81.77M for direct grants to local public radio stations; * $28.12M for the Radio National Program Production and Acquisition * $9.43M for the Radio Program Fund * $31.50 for system support * $26.25 for administration Public broadcasting stations are funded by a combination of private donations from listeners and viewers, foundations and corporations. Funding for public television comes in roughly equal parts from government (at all levels) and the private sector.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cpb.org/annualreports/2013/|title=CPB 2013 Annual Report|website=www.cpb.org|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160212170045/http://cpb.org/annualreports/2013/|archive-date=February 12, 2016|access-date=May 4, 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref> == U.S. Department of Health and Human Services == Nominated as [[w:United_States_Secretary_of_Health_and_Human_Services|United States Secretary of Health and Human Services]] is [[w:Robert_F._Kennedy_Jr.|Robert F. Kennedy Jr.]], deputy Secretary [[w:Jim_O'Neill_(investor)|Jim O'Neill]]. Nominated for [[w:US_Surgeon_General|US Surgeon General]] is [[w:Janette_Nesheiwat|Janette Nesheiwat]]. [[w:U.S._Department_of_Health_and_Human_Services|U.S. Department of Health and Human Services]] was authorized a budget for [[w:2020_United_States_federal_budget|fiscal year 2020]] of $1.293 trillion. It has 13 operating divisions, 10 of which constitute the [[w:United_States_Public_Health_Service|Public Health Services]], whose budget authorization is broken down as follows:<ref name="hhs_budget_fy2020">{{cite web|url=https://www.hhs.gov/about/budget/fy2020/index.html|title=HHS FY 2020 Budget in Brief|date=October 5, 2019|website=HHS Budget & Performance|publisher=United States Department of Health & Human Services|page=7|access-date=May 9, 2020}}</ref> {| class="wikitable sortable" !Nominee !Program !2020 Budget !2024 Budget ! employees !2025 Budget !2026 Budget |- |[[w:Marty_Makary|Marty Makary]] |[[w:Food and Drug Administration|Food and Drug Administration]] (FDA) |$3,329 MM |- | |[[w:Health Resources and Services Administration|Health Resources and Services Administration]] (HRSA) |$11,004 |- | |[[w:Indian Health Service|Indian Health Service]] (IHS) |$6,104 |- |[[w:Dave_Weldon|Dave Weldon]] |[[w:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]] (CDC) |$6,767 |- |[[w:Jay_Bhattacharya|Jay Bhattacharya]] |[[w:National Institutes of Health|National Institutes of Health]] (NIH) |$33,669 |- | |[[w:Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration|Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration]] (SAMHSA) |$5,535 |- | |[[w:Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality|Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality]] (AHRQ) |$0 |- |[[w:Mehmet_Oz|Mehmet Oz]] |[[w:Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services|Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services]] (CMMS) |$1,169,091 |- | |[[w:Administration for Children and Families|Administration for Children and Families]] (ACF) |$52,121 |- | |[[w:Administration for Community Living|Administration for Community Living]] (ACL) |$1,997 |- |} {| class="wikitable sortable" !Program !2020 Budget !2024 Budget ! employees !2025 Budget !2026 Budget |- |[[w:Departmental Management|Departmental Management]] |$340 |- |Non-Recurring Expense Fund |$-400 |- |[[w:Office of Medicare Hearings and Appeals|Office of Medicare Hearings and Appeals]] |$186 |- |[[w:Office of the National Coordinator|Office of the National Coordinator]] |$43 |- |[[w:Office for Civil Rights|Office for Civil Rights]] |$30 |- |[[w:Office of Inspector General|Office of Inspector General]] |$82 |- |[[w:Public Health and Social Services Emergency Fund|Public Health and Social Services Emergency Fund]] |$2,667 |- |[[w:Program Support Center|Program Support Center]] |$749 |- |Offsetting Collections |$-629 |- |Other Collections |$-163 |- |'''TOTAL''' |'''$1,292,523''' |} The FY2020 budget included a $1.276 billion budget decrease for the Centers for Disease Control, and a $4.533 billion budget decrease for the National Institutes of Health. These budget cuts, along with other changes since 2019, comprised a total decrease of over $24 billion in revised discretionary budget authority across the entire Department of Health and Human Services for Fiscal Year 2020.<ref name="hhs_budget_fy2020" /> Additional details of the budgeted outlays, budget authority, and detailed budgets for other years, can be found at the HHS Budget website.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://WWW.HHS.GOV/BUDGET|title=Health and Human Services: Budget and Performance|publisher=United States Department of Health & Human Services|access-date=May 9, 2020}}</ref> He is an American politician, [[Environmental law|environmental lawyer]], [[anti-vaccine activist]], and anti-packaged food industry activist, anti-pharmaceutical industry activist, who will be nominated to serve as [[United States Secretary of Health and Human Services]],<ref name="v502">{{cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/saradorn/2024/11/14/rfk-jr-launches-independent-2024-run-here-are-all-the-conspiracies-he-promotes-from-vaccines-to-mass-shootings/|title=Trump Taps RFK Jr. As Secretary Of Health And Human Services: Here Are All The Conspiracies He's Promoted|last=Dorn|first=Sara|date=2024-11-14|website=Forbes|access-date=2024-11-15}}</ref> with the mission of "Making America Healthy Again". He is the chairman and founder of [[Children's Health Defense]], an anti-vaccine advocacy group and proponent of [[COVID-19 vaccine misinformation|dubious COVID-19 vaccine information]].<ref name="Smith_12/15/2021" /><ref name="KW" /> === National Institutes of Health === The [[w:NIH|NIH]] distributes grants of ~$50bn per year. Nominated to lead the [[w:National_Institutes_of_Health|National Institutes of Health]] is [[w:Jay_Bhattacharya|Jay Bhattacharya]], who has announced the following priorities for funding: * cutting edge research, saying that the NIH has become "sclerotic", due to a phenomenon has been called [[Eroom’s law]], which explains that career incentives encourage “me-too research,” given that citations by other scientists “have become the dominant way to evaluate scientific contributions and scientists.” That has shifted research “toward incremental science and away from exploratory projects that are more likely to fail, but which are the fuel for future breakthroughs.”<ref name=":3">{{Cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/opinion/jay-bhattacharya-and-the-vindication-of-the-fringe-scientists-pandemic-lockdowns-38b6aec6|title=Jay Bhattacharya and the Vindication of the ‘Fringe’ Scientists|last=Finley|first=Allysia|date=1 December 2024|work=Wall Street Journal}}</ref> Dr. Bhattacharya's February 2020 paper explaining Eroom's law, as possible explanation for slowing of pharmaceutical advances.{{Cn}} * studies aimed at replicating the results of earlier studies, to address the problem of scientific fraud or other factors contributing to the the [[w:Replication_crisis|replication crisis]], encouraging academic freedom among NIH scientists and term limits for NIH leaders. “Those kinds of reforms, I think every scientist would agree, every American would agree, it’s how you turn the NIH from something that is sort of how to control society, into something that is aimed at the discovery of truth to improve the health of Americans,” he said.<ref name=":4">{{Cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/health/healthcare/covid-lockdown-critic-jay-bhattacharya-chosen-to-lead-nih-2958e5e2?page=1|title=Covid-Lockdown Critic Jay Bhattacharya Chosen to Lead NIH|last=Whyte|first=Liz Essley|date=26 November 2024|work=The Wall Street Journal}}</ref> * Refocusing on research on [[w:Chronic_diseases|chronic diseases]], which is underfunded, and away from [[w:Infectious_diseases|infectious diseases]], which is overfunded. * Ending [[w:Gain-of-function|gain-of-function]] research. Jay Bhattacharya wrote a March 25 2020 op-ed "Is the Coronavirus as Deadly as They Say?", with colleague [[w:Eran_Bendavid|Eran Bendavid]], arguing that many asymptomatic cases of COVID-19 were going undetected. The hypothesis was confirmed in April 2020 when he and several colleagues published a study showing that Covid anti-bodies in Santa Clara county were 50 times the recorded infection rate. This implied, he said "a lower inflection mortality rate than public health authorities were pushing at a time when they and the media thought it was a virtue to panic the population".<ref><nowiki><ref></nowiki>{{Cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/opinion/the-man-who-fought-fauci-and-won-trump-nih-nominee-jay-bhattacharya-covid-cancel-culture-4a0650bd?page=1|title=The Man Who Fought Fauci - and Won|last=Varadarajan|first=Tunku|date=6 December 2024|work=WSJ}}&lt;nowiki&gt;</ref> Dr. Bhattacharya, [[w:Martin_Kulldorff|Martin Kulldorff]], then at Harvard, and Oxford’s [[w:Sunetra_Gupta|Sunetra Gupta]] formally expounded this idea in the [[w:Great_Barrington_Declaration|Great Barrington Declaration]] in October 2020, urging the government to focus on protecting the vulnerable while letting others go about their lives, which previous NIH director [[w:Francis_Collins|Francis Collins]] derided as "fringe science its into the political views of certain parts of our confused political establishment," and previous [[w:NIAID|NIAID]] director [[w:Chief_Medical_Advisor_to_the_President|chief medical advisor to the President]] [[w:Anthony_Fauci|Anthony Fauci]] "a quick and devastating public takedown of its premises." Some suggest the same career incentives that lead to scientific group-think in the pharmaceutical industry, also explain conformist behavior during COVID-19, due to the threat against young scientists of losing NIH funding, jobs, and career opportunities, if they were to exercise in independent judgement.<ref name=":3" /> “Dr. Jay Bhattacharya is the ideal leader to restore NIH as the international template for gold-standard science and evidence-based medicine,” DHHS Secretary nominee Kennedy wrote. "We will reform American scientific institutions so that they are worthy of trust again and will deploy the fruits of excellent science to make America healthy again!” said Dr. Bhattacharya. “Dr. Bhattacharya is a strong choice to lead the NIH,” said Dr. [[w:Ned_Sharpless|Ned Sharpless]], a former [[w:National_Cancer_Institute|National Cancer Institute]] director. “The support of moderate Senate Republicans will be critical to NIH funding, and Dr. Bhattacharya’s Covid work will give him credibility with this constituency.”<ref name=":4" /> === Food and Drug Administration === The FDA in 2022 had 18,000 employees<ref name="fy2022">{{cite web|url=https://www.fda.gov/media/149613/download|title=FY 2022 FDA Budget Request|publisher=FDA|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230602090805/https://www.fda.gov/media/149613/download|archive-date=June 2, 2023|access-date=January 14, 2022|url-status=live}}</ref> and a budget of $6.5{{nbsp}}billion (2022)<ref name="fy2022" /> Nominated as director is [[w:Marty_Makary|Marty Makary]]. == Department of Food and Agriculture == [[w:Department_of_Agriculture|Department of Agriculture]] (USDA) had 2023 budget of ___ and ____ employees. Nominated for [[w:Secretary_of_Agriculture|Secretary of Agriculture]] is [[w:Brooke_Rollins|Brooke Rollins]], who had earlier served on the [[w:Office_of_American_Innovation|Office of American Innovation]] under [[w:Jared_Kushner|Jared Kushner]], and served as director of [[w:Domestic_Policy_Council|Domestic Policy Council]]. She has not endorsed the "[[w:Make_America_Healthy_Again|Make America Healthy Again]]" agenda of RFK Jr. (and his colleagues Jay Bhattacharcya and others) who promised to "reverse 80 years of farm policy" and complains of the $30 billion/year farms subsidies. Kennedy wants to remove soda from food aid, and ultra-processed food from both [[w:Food-stamps|food-stamp]] benefits and [[w:School_meals|school meals]], both of which are overseen by the USDA; an effort that in the past has been opposed by the food industry, lawmakers, and some anti-hunger advocacy groups.<ref name=":5" /> RFK Jr.'s team had recommended [[w:Sid_Miller|Sid Miller]] for the role, and a group of farmers he had asked to vet candidates had proposed [[w:John_Kempf|John Kempf]].<ref name=":5">{{Cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/politics/policy/trump-agriculture-pick-brooke-rollins-rfk-jr-1a85beda?page=1|title=RFK Jr. Team Skeptical About USDA Pick|last=Andrews|first=Natalie|date=11 December 2024|work=The Wall Street Journal|others=et al}}</ref> He has also called for re-examining the the [[standards regulating the use of pesticides]], especially [[w:Glyphosate|glyphosate]], the world's most widely used [[w:Herbicide|herbicide]] and the active ingredient in [[w:Roundup|Roundup]], used as a weedkiller in major [[w:U.S._commodity_crops|U.S. commodity crops]].[[w:Herbicide|herbicide]]<ref name=":5" /> === Food Stamps === === School Meals === === Farm Subsidies === == Department of Treasury and Commerce == [[w:Departments_of_Treasury|Departments of Treasury]] has 2023 budget of ____ and ___ employees. [[w:Department_of_Commerce|Department of Commerce]] has 2023 budget of _____ and _____ employees. Nominated for [[w:Secretary_of_the_Treasury|Secretary of the Treasury]] is [[w:Scott_Bessent|Scott Bessent]], for Secretary of Commerce is [[w:Howard_Lutnick|Howard Lutnick]] === Consumer Financial Protection Bureau === The [[w:Consumer_Financial_Protection_Bureau|Consumer Financial Protection Bureau]] (CFPB). Said Mr. Musk "Delete the CFPB. There are too many duplicative regulatory agencies"<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/politics/policy/elon-musk-doge-conflict-of-interest-b1202437?page=1|title=Musk’s DOGE Plans Rely on White House Budget Office. Conflicts Await.|last=Schwartz|first=Brian|work=The Wall Street Journal}}</ref> === Securities and Exchange Commission === [[w:Securities_and_Exchange_Commission|Securities and Exchange Commission]] === Internal Revenue Service === [[w:Internal_Revenue_Service|Internal Revenue Service]] == Departments of Energy and Interior == Nominee for [[w:US_Secretary_of_the_Interior|Secretary of the Interior]] is [[w:Doug_Burgum|Doug Burgum]], who will also be [[w:List_of_U.S._executive_branch_czars|Energy Czar]]. [[w:Department_of_Energy|Department of Energy]] [[w:United_States_Secretary_of_Energy|secretary nominee]] [[w:Chris_Wright_(energy_executive)|Chris Wright]] admits that burning fossil fuels contributes to rising temperatures, but says it poses only a modest threat to humanity, and praises it for increasing plant growth, making the planet greener, and boosting agricultural productivity. He also says that it likely reduces the annual number of temperature-related deaths. (estimates from health researchers say otherwise). He says, "It's probably almost as many positive changes as negative changes... Is it a crisis, is it the world's greatest challenge, or a big threat to the next generation? No. .. A little bit warmer isn’t a threat. If we were 5, 7, 8, 10 degrees [Celsius] warmer, that would be meaningful changes to the planet.” Scientists see a 1.5 degrees Celsius temperature as creating potentially irreversible changes for the planet, and expect to pass that mark later this year, after increasing over several decade. He criticizes the [[w:Paris_climate_agreement|Paris climate agreement]] for empowering "political actors with anti-fossil fuel agendas." Wright favors development of [[w:Geothermal_energy|geothermal energy]] and [[w:Nuclear_energy_policy_of_the_United_States|nuclear energy]], criticizing subsidies to wind and solar energy. <ref><nowiki><ref></nowiki>{{Cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/politics/policy/who-is-chris-wright-trump-energy-secretary-9eb617dc?page=1|title=Trump’s Energy Secretary Pick Preaches the Benefits of Climate Change|last=Morenne|first=Benoit|date=9 December 2024|work=The Wall Street Journal}}&lt;nowiki&gt;</ref> === Bureau of Land Management === === Forest Service === === National Parks === == AI and Cryptocurrency Policy == [[w:David_Sacks|David Sacks]] was named "White House AI and Crypto Czar". == Reform Entitlements == === Healthcare and Medicare === [[w:ObamaCare|ObamaCare]] started as a plausible scheme for universal, cost-effective health insurance with subsidies for the needy. Only the subsidies survive because the ObamaCare policies actually delivered are so overpriced nobody would buy them without a subsidy.<ref>[https://www.wsj.com/opinion/elons-real-trump-mission-protect-growth-department-of-government-efficiency-appointments-cabinet-9e7e62b2]</ref> See below: Department of Health and Human Services === Social Security === Even FDR was aware of its flaw: it discourages working and saving. === Other === Small-government advocate [[w:Ron_Paul|Ron Paul]] has suggested to cut aid to the following "biggest" welfare recipients: * The [[w:Military-industrial_complex|Military-industrial complex]] * The [[w:Pharmaceutical-industrial_complex|Pharmaceutical-industrial complex]] * The [[w:Federal_Reserve|Federal Reserve]] To which Mr. Musk replied, "Needs to be done".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thehill.com/video/ron-paul-vows-to-join-elon-musk-help-eliminate-government-waste-in-a-trump-admin/10191375/|title=Ron Paul vows to join Elon Musk, help eliminate government waste in a Trump admin|date=2024-11-05|website=The Hill|language=en-US|access-date=2024-12-09}}</ref> == Office of Management and Budget == The White House [[w:Office_of_Management_and_Budget|Office of Management and Budget]] (OMB) guides implementation of regulations and analyzes federal spending. Mssrs. Musk and Ramaswamy encouraged President-elect Trump to reappoint his first term director [[w:Russell_Vought|Russell Vought]], which he did on 22nd Nov.<ref name=":0" /> == Government Efficiency Personnel == Transition spokesman [[w:Brian_Hughes|Brian Hughes]] said that "Elon Musk is a once-in-a-generation business leader and our federal bureaucracy will certainly benefit from his ideas and efficiency". About a dozen Musk allies have visited Mar-a-Lago to serve as unofficial advisors to the Trump 47 transition, influencing hiring at many influential government agencies.<ref name=":2"><nowiki><ref></nowiki>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/12/06/us/politics/trump-elon-musk-silicon-valley.html?searchResultPosition=1|title=The Silicon Valley Billionaires Steering Trump’s Transition|date=8 December 2024|work=NYT}}</ref> [[w:Marc_Andreesen|Marc Andreesen]] has interviewed candidates for State, Pentagon, and DHHS, and has been active pushing for rollback of Biden's cryptocurrency regulations, and rollback of Lina Khan anti-trust efforts with the FTC, and calling for contracting reform in Defense dept. [[w:Jared_Birchall|Jared Birchall]] has interviewed candidates for State, and has advised on Space police and has put together councils for AI and Cryptocurrency policy. David Sacks was named "White House AI and Crypto Czar" [[w:Shaun_MacGuire|Shaun MacGuire]] has advised on picks for intelligence community and has interviewed candidates for Defense. Many tech executives are considering part-time roles advising the DOGE. [[w:Antonio_Gracias|Antonio Gracias]] and [[w:Steve_Davis|Steve Davis]] from Musk's "crisis team" have been active, as has investor [[w:John_Hering|John Hering]]. Other Silicon Valley players who have advised Trump or interviewed candidates: * [[w:Larry_Ellison|Larry Ellison]] has sat in on Trump transition 47 meetings at Mar-a-Lago. * [[w:Mark_Pincus|Mark Pincus]] * [[w:David_Marcus|David Marcus]] * [[w:Barry_Akis|Barry Akis]] * [[w:Shervin_Pishevar|Shervin Pishevar]], who has called for privitization of the USPS, NASA, and the federal Bureau of Prisons. Called for creating an American sovereign wealth fund, and has said that DOGE "could lead a revolutionary restructuring of public institutions."<ref name=":2" /> [[w:William_McGinley|William McGinley]] will move to a role with DOGE. Originally nominated for [[w:White_House_counsel|White House counsel]], he will be replaced in that role by [[w:David_Warrington|David Warrington]].<ref>{{Cite news|title=A White House Counsel Replaced before starting|last=Haberman|first=Maggie|date=6 December 2024|work=New York times}}</ref> The WSJ lauded without naming them, comparing them to the "dollar-a-year men" - business leaders who during WWII revolutionized industrial production to help make America the "arsenal of democracy". (WSJ, 10 December 2024) == History and Miscellaneous facts == See also: [[w:Department_of_Government_Efficiency#History|Department of Government Efficiency — History]] DOGE's work will "conclude" no later than July 4, 2026, the 250th anniversary of the signing of the [[United States Declaration of Independence|U.S. Declaration of Independence]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thehill.com/policy/4987402-trump-musk-advisory-group-spending/|title=Elon Musk, Vivek Ramaswamy to lead Trump's Department of Government Efficiency (DOGE)|last=Nazzaro|first=Miranda|date=November 13, 2024|website=The Hill|language=en-US|access-date=November 13, 2024}}</ref> also coinciding with America's [[United States Semiquincentennial|semiquincentennial]] celebrations and a proposed "Great American Fair". Despite its name it is not expected to be a [[wikipedia:United_States_federal_executive_departments|federal executive department]], but rather may operate under the [[Federal Advisory Committee Act]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/trump-department-of-government-efficiency-doge-elon-musk-ramaswamy/|title=What to know about Trump's Department of Government Efficiency, led by Elon Musk and Vivek Ramaswamy - CBS News|last=Picchi|first=Aimee|date=2024-11-14|website=www.cbsnews.com|language=en-US|access-date=2024-11-14}}</ref> so its formation is not expected to require approval from the [[wikipedia:United_States_Congress|U.S. Congress]]. NYT argues that records of its meetings must be made public.{{Cn}} As an advisor rather than a government employee, Mr. Musk will not be subject to various ethics rules.{{sfn|Economist 11/23}} Musk has stated that he believes such a commission could reduce the [[wikipedia:United_States_federal_budget|U.S. federal budget]] by $2 trillion, which would be a reduction of almost one third from its 2023 total. [[Maya MacGuineas]] of the [[Committee for a Responsible Federal Budget]] has said that this saving is "absolutely doable" over a period of 10 years, but it would be difficult to do in a single year "without compromising some of the fundamental objectives of the government that are widely agreed upon".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thehill.com/business/4966789-elon-musk-skepticism-2-trillion-spending-cuts/|title=Elon Musk draws skepticism with call for $2 trillion in spending cuts|last=Folley|first=Aris|date=2024-11-03|website=The Hill|language=en-US|access-date=2024-11-14}}</ref> [[wikipedia:Jamie_Dimon|Jamie Dimon]], the chief executive officer of [[wikipedia:JPMorgan_Chase|JPMorgan Chase]], has supported the idea. Some commentators questioned whether DOGE is a conflict of interest for Musk given that his companies are contractors to the federal government. The body is "unlikely to have any regulatory teeth on its own, but there's little doubt that it can have influence on the incoming administration and how it will determine its budgets".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.vox.com/policy/384904/trumps-department-of-government-efficiency-sounds-like-a-joke-it-isnt|title=Trump tapped Musk to co-lead the "Department of Government Efficiency." What the heck is that?|last=Fayyad|first=Abdallah|date=2024-11-13|website=Vox|language=en-US|access-date=2024-11-14}}</ref> Elon Musk had called [[w:Federico_Sturzenegger|Federico Sturzenegger]], Argentina's [[w:Ministry_of_Deregulation_and_State_Transformation|Minister of Deregulation and Transformation of the State]] ([[w:es:Ministerio_de_Desregulación_y_Transformación_del_Estado|es]]), to discuss imitating his ministry's model.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.infobae.com/economia/2024/11/08/milei-brindo-un-nuevo-apoyo-a-sturzenegger-y-afirmo-que-elon-musk-imitara-su-gestion-en-eeuu/|title=Milei brindó un nuevo apoyo a Sturzenegger y afirmó que Elon Musk imitará su gestión en EEUU|date=November 8, 2024|website=infobae|language=es-ES|access-date=November 13, 2024}}</ref> == Reception and Criticism == See also: [[w:Department_of_Government_Efficiency#Reception|w:Department of Government Efficiency — Reception]] The WSJ reports that Tesla's Texas facility dumped toxic wastewater into the public sewer system, into a lagoon, and into a local river, violated Texas environmental regulations, and fired an employee who attempted to comply with the law.{{Cn}} The Economist estimates that 10% of Mr. Musk's $360bn personal fortune is derived from contracts and benefits from the federal government, and 15% from the Chinese market.{{sfn|Economist 11/23}} == See also == * [[w:Second_presidential_transition_of_Donald_Trump|Second presidential transition of Donald Trump]] * [[w:United_States_federal_budget#Deficits_and_debt|United States federal budget - Deficits and debt]] * [[w:United_States_Bureau_of_Efficiency|United States Bureau of Efficiency]] – United States federal government bureau from 1916 to 1933 * [[w:Brownlow_Committee|Brownlow Committee]] – 1937 commission recommending United States federal government reforms * [[w:Grace_Commission|Grace Commission]] – Investigation to eliminate inefficiency in the United States federal government * [[w:Hoover_Commission|Hoover Commission]] – United States federal commission in 1947 advising on executive reform * [[w:Keep_Commission|Keep Commission]] * [[w:Project_on_National_Security_Reform|Project on National Security Reform]] * [[w:Delivering_Outstanding_Government_Efficiency_Caucus|Delivering Outstanding Government Efficiency Caucus]] == Notes == {{reflist}} == References == {{refbegin}} * {{Cite web|url=https://www.newsweek.com/bernie-sanders-finds-new-common-ground-elon-musk-1993820|title=Bernie Sanders finds new common ground with Elon Musk|last=Reporter|first=Mandy Taheri Weekend|date=2024-12-01|website=Newsweek|language=en|access-date=2024-12-02 |ref={{harvid|Newsweek 12/01|2024}} }} * {{Cite news|url=https://www.economist.com/briefing/2024/11/21/elon-musk-and-donald-trump-seem-besotted-where-is-their-bromance-headed|title=Elon Musk and Donald Trump seem besotted. Where is their bromance headed?|work=The Economist|access-date=2024-12-04|issn=0013-0613 |ref={{harvid|Economist 11/23|2024}} }} <references group="lower-alpha" /> {{refend}} 015acq9v6y5sb5x3xsdboksu1eso2r3 2691567 2691565 2024-12-12T04:44:37Z Jaredscribe 2906761 /* Strategic Foreign Policy and Military reform */ 2691567 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Research project}} The U.S. [[w:Department of Government Efficiency]]. {{Infobox Organization |name=Department of Government Efficiency |logo= |logo_size= |logo_caption=Logo on [[Twitter|X]] (formerly Twitter) as of November 14, 2024 |seal= |seal_size= |seal_caption= |formation=Announced on November 12, 2024; yet to be established |abbreviation=DOGE |key_people={{plainlist|[[w:Commissioner of the Department of Government Efficiency|Co-commissioners]]: * [[w:Elon Musk]] * [[w:Vivek Ramaswamy]] }} |website={{URL|https://x.com/DOGE|x.com/DOGE}} |volunteers=* Federico Sturzenegger|services=consulting|headquarters=Mar-A-Lago|organization_type=Presidential Advisory Commission|founder=Donald Trump|extinction=4 July 2026 (planned)|mission=(In the words of president-elect Donald Trump: * dismantle government bureaucracy * slash excess regulations * cut wasteful expenditures * restructure federal agencies, * address "massive waste and fraud" in government spending}} This "'''Wiki Of Government Efficiency'''" (WOGE) is a public interest, non-partisan research project that will [[User:Jaredscribe/Department of Government Efficiency#Reduce the deficit and debt by impounding appropriated funds|analyze the U.S. federal budget]], [[User:Jaredscribe/Department of Government Efficiency#Reform the other Government Bureaus and Departments|federal bureaucracy]], and [[User:Jaredscribe/Department of Government Efficiency#Shrink the federal civil service|federal civil service]], in the context of [[w:Second_presidency_of_Donald_Trump|president-elect Trump']]<nowiki/>s [[w:Agenda_47|Agenda 47]], and will catalogue, evaluate, and critique proposals on how the '''[[w:Department of Government Efficiency|Department of Government Efficiency]]'''{{Efn|Also referred to as '''Government Efficiency Commission'''}} (DOGE) is or is not fulfilling its mission to ''"dismantle government bureaucracy, slash excess regulations, and cut wasteful expenditures and restructure federal agencies"'', in the words of president-elect [[wikipedia:Donald_Trump|Donald Trump]], who called for it to address ''"massive waste and fraud"'' in government spending.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/c93qwn8p0l0o|title=Donald Trump picks Elon Musk for US government cost-cutting role|last1=Faguy|first1=Ana|last2=FitzGerald|first2=James|date=2024-11-13|publisher=BBC News|language=en-GB|access-date=2024-11-13}}</ref> Here's [[User:Jaredscribe/Department of Government Efficiency/How to contribute|how to contribute]] to the WOGE. The DOGE intends to [[User:Jaredscribe/Department of Government Efficiency#Office of Management and Budget|work through the Office of Management and Budget]] as its "policy vector". The [[w:U.S._budget_deficit|U.S. Budget deficit]], (C.f. [[w:Government_budget_balance|fiscal deficit]]), and the [[w:National_debt_of_the_United_States|U.S. National debt]], currently $35.7 Trillion as of 10/2024, which is 99% of the [[w:U.S._GDP|U.S. GDP]],<ref>{{Unbulleted list citebundle|{{cite news|newspaper=Financial Post| title= Musk's $2 Trillion of Budget Cuts Would Have These Stocks Moving|url=https://financialpost.com/pmn/business-pmn/musks-2-trillion-of-budget-cuts-would-have-these-stocks-moving|first=Alexandra|last=Semenova|date=November 4, 2024}}|{{cite news|newspaper= New York Times|title=Elon|url=https://nytimes.com/2024/10/29/us/politics/elon-musk-trump-economy-hardship.html}}|{{Cite web |date=September 5, 2024 |title=Trump says he'd create a government efficiency commission led by Elon Musk |url=https://apnews.com/article/donald-trump-elon-musk-government-efficiency-commission-e831ed5dc2f6a56999e1a70bb0a4eaeb |publisher=AP News}}|{{cite web|first=Jenn|last=Brice|title=How Elon Musk's $130 million investment in Trump's victory could reap a huge payoff for Tesla and the rest of his business empire|url=https://fortune.com/2024/11/06/elon-musk-donald-trump-tesla-spacex-xai-boring-neuralink|website=Fortune}}|{{cite web|url=https://axios.com/2024/11/07/elon-musk-government-efficiency-trump|title=Musk will bring his Twitter management style to government reform}}|{{cite news| access-date =November 9, 2024|work=Reuters|date=September 6, 2024|first1=Helen|first2=Gram|last1=Coster| last2=Slattery|title=Trump says he will tap Musk to lead government efficiency commission if elected| url= https://reuters.com/world/us/trump-adopt-musks-proposal-government-efficiency-commission-wsj-reports-2024-09-05}}|{{cite web|title=Trump says Musk could head 'government efficiency' force|url= https://bbc.com/news/articles/c74lgwkrmrpo|publisher=BBC}}|{{cite web|date =November 5, 2024|title=How Elon Musk could gut the government under Trump|url=https://independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/us-politics/elon-musk-donald-trump-economy-job-cuts-b2641644.html|website= The Independent}}}}</ref> and expected to grow to 134% of GDP by 2034 if current laws remain unchanged, according to the [[w:Congressional_Budget_Office|Congressional Budget Office]]. The DOGE will be a [[wikipedia:Presidential_commission_(United_States)|presidential advisory commission]] led by the billionaire businessmen [[wikipedia:Elon_Musk|Elon Musk]] and [[wikipedia:Vivek_Ramaswamy|Vivek Ramaswamy]], and possibly [[w:Ron_Paul|Ron Paul]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thehill.com/video/ron-paul-vows-to-join-elon-musk-help-eliminate-government-waste-in-a-trump-admin/10191375|title=Ron Paul vows to join Elon Musk, help eliminate government waste in a Trump admin|date=November 5, 2024|website=The Hill}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://usatoday.com/story/business/2024/10/28/patricia-healy-elon-musk-highlights-need-for-government-efficiency/75798556007|title=Elon Musk puts spotlight on ... Department of Government Efficiency? {{!}} Cumberland Comment|last=Healy|first=Patricia|website=USA TODAY|language=en-US|access-date=November 9, 2024}}</ref> with support from many [[w:Political_appointments_of_the_second_Trump_administration|Political and cabinet appointees of the second Trump administration]] and from a Congressional caucus Musk stated his belief that DOGE could remove US$2 trillion from the [[w:United_States_federal_budget|U.S. federal budget]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/live/HysDMs2a-iM?si=92I5LD1FY2PAsSuG&t=15822|title=WATCH LIVE: Trump holds campaign rally at Madison Square Garden in New York|date=October 28, 2024|website=youtube.com|publisher=[[PBS NewsHour]]|language=en|format=video}}</ref> without specifying whether these savings would be made over a single year or a longer period.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/cdj38mekdkgo|title=Can Elon Musk cut $2 trillion from US government spending?|last=Chu|first=Ben|date=2024-11-13|website=BBC News|language=en-GB|access-date=2024-11-14}}</ref> [[File:2023_US_Federal_Budget_Infographic.png|thumb|An infographic on outlays and revenues in the 2023 [[United States federal budget|U.S. federal budget]]]] DOGE could also streamline permitting with “categorical exclusions” from environmental reviews under the National Environmental Policy Act. {{sidebar with collapsible lists|name=U.S. deficit and debt topics|namestyle=background:#bf0a30;|style=width:22.0em; border: 4px double #d69d36; background:var(--background-color-base, #FFFFFF);|bodyclass=vcard|pretitle='''<span class="skin-invert">This article is part of [[:Category:United States|a series]] on the</span>'''|title=[[United States federal budget|<span style="color:var(--color-base, #000000);">Budget and debt in the<br/>United States of America</span>]]|image=[[File:Seal of the United States Congress.svg|90px]] [[File:Seal of the United States Department of the Treasury.svg|90px]]|titlestyle=background:var(--background-color-base, #002868); background-clip:padding-box;|headingstyle=background:var(--background-color-base, #bf0a30); color:var(--color-base, #fff);|listtitlestyle=background:var(--background-color-base, #bf0a30); color:var(--color-base, #fff); text-align:center;|expanded={{{expanded|{{{1|}}}}}}|list1name=dimensions|list1title=Major dimensions|list1class=hlist skin-invert|list1=* [[Economy of the United States|Economy]] * [[Expenditures in the United States federal budget|Expenditures]] * [[United States federal budget|Federal budget]] * [[Financial position of the United States|Financial position]] * [[Military budget of the United States|Military budget]] * [[National debt of the United States|Public debt]] * [[Taxation in the United States|Taxation]] * [[Unemployment in the United States|Unemployment]] * [[Government_spending_in_the_United_States|Gov't spending]]|list2name=programs|list2title=Programs|list2class=hlist skin-invert|list2=* [[Medicare (United States)|Medicare]] * [[Social programs in the United States|Social programs]] * [[Social Security (United States)|Social Security]]|list3name=issues|list3title=Contemporary issues|list3class=skin-invert|list3=<div style="margin-bottom:0.5em"> [[National Commission on Fiscal Responsibility and Reform|Bowles–Simpson Commission]] {{flatlist}} * <!--Bu--> [[Bush tax cuts]] * <!--Deb--> [[United States debt ceiling|Debt ceiling]] ** [[History of the United States debt ceiling|history]] * <!--Def--> [[Deficit reduction in the United States|Deficit reduction]] * <!--F--> [[United States fiscal cliff|Fiscal cliff]] * <!--H--> [[Healthcare reform in the United States|Healthcare reform]] * <!--P--> [[Political debates about the United States federal budget|Political debates]] * <!--So--> [[Social Security debate in the United States|Social Security debate]] * <!--St--> "[[Starve the beast]]" * <!--Su--> [[Subprime mortgage crisis]] {{endflatlist}} </div> [[2007–2008 financial crisis]] {{flatlist}} * <!--D--> [[United States debt-ceiling crisis (disambiguation)|Debt-ceiling crises]] ** [[2011 United States debt-ceiling crisis|2011]] ** [[2013 United States debt-ceiling crisis|2013]] ** [[2023 United States debt-ceiling crisis|2023]] {{endflatlist}} [[2013 United States budget sequestration|2013 budget sequestration]] {{flatlist}} * <!--G--> [[Government shutdowns in the United States|Government shutdowns]] ** [[1980 United States federal government shutdown|1980]] ** [[1981, 1984, and 1986 U.S. federal government shutdowns|1981, 1984, 1986]] ** [[1990 United States federal government shutdown|1990]] ** [[1995–1996 United States federal government shutdowns|1995–1996]] ** [[2013 United States federal government shutdown|2013]] ** [[January 2018 United States federal government shutdown|Jan 2018]] ** [[2018–2019 United States federal government shutdown|2018–2019]] {{endflatlist}} Related events {{flatlist}} *<!--E-->[[Removal of Kevin McCarthy as Speaker of the House|2023 Removal of Kevin McCarthy]] {{endflatlist}}|list4name=terminology|list4title=Terminology|list4class=hlist skin-invert|list4=Cumulative [[Government budget balance|deficit]] + [[National debt of the United States#Debates|Interest]] ≈ [[Government debt|Debt]] * [[Balance of payments]] * [[Inflation]] * [[Continuing resolution]]}} [[w:Deficit_reduction_in_the_United_States|Deficit reduction in the United States]] == Deregulate the Economy == The legal theory that this can be done through the executive branch is found in the U.S. Supreme Court’s ''[[w:West_Virginia_v._EPA|West Virginia v. EPA]]'' and ''[[w:Loper_Bright|Loper Bright]]'' rulings, which rein in the administrative state and mean that much of what the federal government now does is illegal.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.wsj.com/opinion/department-of-government-efficiency-elon-musk-vivek-ramaswamy-donald-trump-1e086dab|website=[[w:Wall Street Journal]]|title=The Musk-Ramaswamy Project Could Be Trump’s Best Idea}}</ref> Mr. Trump has set a goal of eliminating 10 regulations for every new one. The [[w:Competitive_Enterprise_Institute|Competitive Enterprise Institute]]’s Wayne Crews says 217,565 rules have been issued since the [[w:Federal_Register|Federal Register]] first began itemizing them in 1976, with 89,368 pages added last year. [https://sgp.fas.org/crs/misc/R43056.pdf 3,000-4,500 rules are added each year]. DOGE’s first order will be to pause enforcement of overreaching rules while starting the process to roll them back. Mr. Trump and DOGE could direct agencies to settle legal challenges to Biden rules by vacating them. This could ease the laborious process of undoing them by rule-making through the [[w:Administrative_Procedure_Act|Administrative Procedure Act]]. A source tells the WSJ they’ll do whatever they think they legally can without the APA. The [[w:Congressional_Review_Act|Congressional Review Act]]—which allows Congress to overturn recently issued agency regulations—had been used only once, prior to [[w:First_presidency_of_Donald_Trump|Trump's first term]]. While in office, he and the Republican Congress used it on 16 rules. This time, there will be more than 56 regulatory actions recent enough to be repealed. The [[w:Chevron_deference|''Chevron'' deference]] had required federal courts to defer to agencies’ interpretations of ambiguous statutes, but this was overturned in 2024. Taken together, with some other recent [[w:SCOTUS|SCOTUS]] rulings, we now have, says the WSJ, the biggest opportunity to cut regulatory red tape in more than 40 years.<ref>[https://www.wsj.com/opinion/let-the-trump-deregulation-begin-us-chamber-of-commerce-second-term-economic-growth-73f24387?cx_testId=3&cx_testVariant=cx_166&cx_artPos=0]</ref><blockquote>"Most legal edicts aren’t laws enacted by Congress but “rules and regulations” promulgated by unelected bureaucrats—tens of thousands of them each year. Most government enforcement decisions and discretionary expenditures aren’t made by the democratically elected president or even his political appointees but by millions of unelected, unappointed civil servants within government agencies who view themselves as immune from firing thanks to civil-service protections." "This is antidemocratic and antithetical to the Founders’ vision. It imposes massive direct and indirect costs on taxpayers." "When the president nullifies thousands of such regulations, critics will allege executive overreach. In fact, it will be ''correcting'' the executive overreach of thousands of regulations promulgated by administrative fiat that were never authorized by Congress. The president owes lawmaking deference to Congress, not to bureaucrats deep within federal agencies. The use of executive orders to substitute for lawmaking by adding burdensome new rules is a constitutional affront, but the use of executive orders to roll back regulations that wrongly bypassed Congress is legitimate and necessary to comply with the Supreme Court’s recent mandates. And after those regulations are fully rescinded, a future president couldn’t simply flip the switch and revive them but would instead have to ask Congress to do so"<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/opinion/musk-and-ramaswamy-the-doge-plan-to-reform-government-supreme-court-guidance-end-executive-power-grab-fa51c020?cx_testId=3&cx_testVariant=cx_165&cx_artPos=5|title=Elon Musk and Vivek Ramaswamy: The DOGE Plan to Reform Government|last=Musk|first=Elon|date=20 November 2024|work=The Wall Street Journal|last2=Ramaswamy|first2=Vivek}}</ref> </blockquote> == Shrink the federal civil service == The government has around three million [[w:United_States_federal_civil_service|federal civil service]] employees, with an average salary of $106,000. Dr. Anthony Fauci made $481,000 in 2022. The federal head count has ballooned by 120,800 during the Biden years. Civil service and union protections make it hard to fire workers. Mr. Trump intends to quickly resurrect the [[w:Schedule_F|Schedule F]] reform that he sought to implement at the end of his first term but was scrapped by Mr. Biden. These would high-level federal employees to be removed like political appointees, by eliminating their job protections. WSJ proposals[https://www.wsj.com/opinion/the-doge-cheat-sheet-elon-musk-vivek-ramaswamy-department-of-government-efficiency-1c231783#cxrecs_s] The [[w:Administrative_Procedures_Act|Administrative Procedures Act]] statute protects federal employees from political retaliation, but allows for “reductions in force” that don’t target specific employees. The statute further empowers the president to “prescribe rules governing the competitive service.” The Supreme Court has held—in ''[[w:Franklin_v._Massachusetts|Franklin v. Massachusetts]]'' (1992) and ''[[w:Collins_v._Yellen|Collins v. Yellen]]'' (2021) that when revious presidents have used this power to amend the civil service rules by executive order, they weren’t constrained by the APA when they did so. Mr. Trump can, with this authority, implement any number of “rules governing the competitive service” that would curtail administrative overgrowth, from large-scale firings to relocation of federal agencies out of the Washington area. The DOGE welcomes voluntary terminations once the President begins requiring federal employees to come to the office five days a week, because American taxpayers shouldn’t pay federal employees for the Covid-era privilege of staying home.<ref>[https://www.wsj.com/opinion/musk-and-ramaswamy-the-doge-plan-to-reform-government-supreme-court-guidance-end-executive-power-grab-fa51c020?cx_testId=3&cx_testVariant=cx_165&cx_artPos=5 Elon Musk and Vivek Ramaswamy: The DOGE Plan to Reform Government: Following the Supreme Court’s guidance, we’ll reverse a decadeslong executive power grab. Musk & Ramaswamy 11/20/2024]</ref> == Reduce the deficit and debt by impounding appropriated funds == === Impound appropriated funds === Reports suggest that president-elect Trump intends to override Congress’s power of the purse by [[w:Impoundment_of_appropriated_funds|impoundment of appropriated funds]], that is, refusing to spend them. the president may [[wikipedia:Rescission_bill|propose rescission]] of specific funds, but that rescission must be approved by both the [[wikipedia:United_States_House_of_Representatives|House of Representatives]] and [[wikipedia:United_States_Senate|Senate]] within 45 days. [[w:Thomas_Jefferson|Thomas Jefferson]] was the first president to exercise the power of impoundment in 1801, which power was available to all presidents up to and including [[wikipedia:Richard_Nixon|Richard Nixon]], and was regarded as a power inherent to the office, although one with limits. He may ask Congress to repeal The [[w:Congressional_Budget_and_Impoundment_Control_Act_of_1974|Congressional Budget and Impoundment Control Act of 1974]], which was passed in response to Nixon's abuses.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://democrats-budget.house.gov/resources/reports/impoundment-control-act-1974-what-it-why-does-it-matter|title=The Impoundment Control Act of 1974: What Is It? Why Does It Matter? {{!}} House Budget Committee Democrats|date=2019-10-23|website=democrats-budget.house.gov|language=en|access-date=2024-05-19}}</ref> If Congress refuses to do so, president Trump may impound funds anyway and argue in court that the 1974 law is unconstitutional. The matter would likely end up at the Supreme Court, which would have to do more than simply hold the 1974 act unconstitutional in order for Mr. Trump to prevail. The court would also have to overrule [[w:Train_v._City_of_New_York_(1975)|''Train v. City of New York'' (1975)]], which held that impoundment is illegal unless the underlying legislation specifically authorizes it. === Reduce the budget deficit === [[wikipedia:U.S. federal budget|U.S. federal budget]] The [[wikipedia:Fiscal_year|fiscal year]], beginning October 1 and ending on September 30 of the year following. Congress is the body required by law to pass appropriations annually and to submit funding bills passed by both houses to the President for signature. Congressional decisions are governed by rules and legislation regarding the [[wikipedia:United_States_budget_process|federal budget process]]. Budget committees set spending limits for the House and Senate committees and for Appropriations subcommittees, which then approve individual [[wikipedia:Appropriations_bill_(United_States)|appropriations bills]] to During FY2022, the federal government spent $6.3 trillion. Spending as % of GDP is 25.1%, almost 2 percentage points greater than the average over the past 50 years. Major categories of FY 2022 spending included: Medicare and Medicaid ($1.339T or 5.4% of GDP), Social Security ($1.2T or 4.8% of GDP), non-defense discretionary spending used to run federal Departments and Agencies ($910B or 3.6% of GDP), Defense Department ($751B or 3.0% of GDP), and net interest ($475B or 1.9% of GDP).<ref name="CBO_2022">[https://www.cbo.gov/publication/58888 The Federal Budget in Fiscal Year 2022: An Infographic]</ref> CBO projects a federal budget deficit of $1.6 trillion for 2024. In the agency’s projections, deficits generally increase over the coming years; the shortfall in 2034 is $2.6 trillion. The deficit amounts to 5.6 percent of gross domestic product (GDP) in 2024, swells to 6.1 percent of GDP in 2025, and then declines in the two years that follow. After 2027, deficits increase again, reaching 6.1 percent of GDP in 2034.<ref name="CBO_budgetOutlook2024">{{cite web|url=https://www.cbo.gov/publication/59710|title=The Budget and Economic Outlook: 2024 to 2034|date=February 7, 2024|publisher=CBO|access-date=February 7, 2024}}</ref> The following table summarizes several budgetary statistics for the fiscal year 2015-2021 periods as a percent of GDP, including federal tax revenue, outlays or spending, deficits (revenue – outlays), and [[wikipedia:National_debt_of_the_United_States|debt held by the public]]. The historical average for 1969-2018 is also shown. With U.S. GDP of about $21 trillion in 2019, 1% of GDP is about $210 billion.<ref name="CBO_Hist_20">[https://www.cbo.gov/about/products/budget-economic-data#2 CBO-Historical Budget Data-Retrieved January 28, 2020]</ref> Statistics for 2020-2022 are from the CBO Monthly Budget Review for FY 2022.<ref name="CBO_MBRFY2022">{{cite web|url=https://www.cbo.gov/publication/58592|title=Monthly Budget Review: Summary for Fiscal Year 2022|date=November 8, 2022|publisher=CBO|access-date=December 10, 2022}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" !Variable As % GDP !2015 !2016 !2017 !2018 !2019 !2020 !2021 !2022 !Hist Avg |- !Revenue<ref name="CBO_Hist_20">[https://www.cbo.gov/about/products/budget-economic-data#2 CBO-Historical Budget Data-Retrieved January 28, 2020]</ref> |18.0% |17.6% |17.2% |16.4% |16.4% |16.2% |17.9% |19.6% |17.4% |- !Outlays<ref name="CBO_Hist_20" /> |20.4% |20.8% |20.6% |20.2% |21.0% |31.1% |30.1% |25.1% |21.0% |- !Budget Deficit<ref name="CBO_Hist_20" /> | -2.4% | -3.2% | -3.5% | -3.8% | -4.6% | -14.9% | -12.3% | -5.5% | -3.6% |- !Debt Held by Public<ref name="CBO_Hist_20" /> |72.5% |76.4% |76.2% |77.6% |79.4% |100.3% |99.6% |94.7% | |} The [[wikipedia:U.S._Constitution|U.S. Constitution]] ([[wikipedia:Article_One_of_the_United_States_Constitution|Article I]], section 9, clause 7) states that "No money shall be drawn from the Treasury, but in Consequence of Appropriations made by Law; and a regular Statement and Account of Receipts and Expenditures of all public Money shall be published from time to time." Each year, the President of the United States submits a budget request to Congress for the following fiscal year as required by the [[wikipedia:Budget_and_Accounting_Act_of_1921|Budget and Accounting Act of 1921]]. Current law ({{UnitedStatesCode|31|1105}}(a)) requires the president to submit a budget no earlier than the first Monday in January, and no later than the first Monday in February. Typically, presidents submit budgets on the first Monday in February. The budget submission has been delayed, however, in some new presidents' first year when the previous president belonged to a different party. === Reduce the National debt === == Strategic Foreign Policy and Military reform == President-elect Trump has promised to "put an end to endless wars", to end the Russia-Ukraine war, to make NATO members pay their fair share, to renew the maximum-pressure policy toward Iran, and to free the hostages held in Gaza or make sure that Israel wins the current multi-front war launched by Iran and its proxies. Nominee for [[w:National_Security_Advisor|National Security Advisor]] [[w:Mike_Waltz|Mike Waltz]] To oversee the [[w:U.S._Intelligence_Community|U.S. Intelligence Community]] and NIP, and the 18 IC agencies, including the CIA, DIA, NSC, the nominee for [[w:Director_of_National_Intelligence|Director of National Intelligence]] is [[w:Tulsi_Gabbard|Tulsi Gabbard]], who is an isolationist of the [[w:Bernie_Sanders#foreign_policy|Bernie Sanders]] camp, with a long record of dogmatically opposing [[w:Foreign_policy_of_the_Trump_administration|President Trump's first term foreign policy]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/opinion/tulsi-gabbard-director-of-national-intelligence-donald-trump-foreign-policy-syria-israel-iran-b37aa3de|title=How Tulsi Gabbard Sees the World|last=Editorial Board|date=10 December 2024|work=The Wall Street Journal}}</ref> "The first act of a statesman is to recognize the type of war he is in", according to [[w:Carl_von_Clausewitz|Clausewitz]], given that human determination outweighs material advantages. Therefore he is advised to four common foreign-policy fallacies: the "abacus fallacy" that wars are won by superior resources (counterexample Vietnam), the "vampire fallacy" that wars are won by superior technology (c.e. Ukraine); the "Zero Dark Thirty" fallacy that elevates precision strikes and special ops to the level of grand strategy or above, and the "Peace table fallacy", which believes that all wars end in negotiation. (Biden et al)<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/opinion/stopping-endless-wars-is-easier-said-than-done-trump-second-term-2cab9c7a?page=1|title=Stopping ‘Endless Wars’ Is Easier Said Than Done|last=Spencer|first=John|date=11 December 2024|work=The Wall Street Journal}}</ref> === Department of State === {{Main article|w:Second presidency of Donald Trump#Prospective foreign policy|w:State Department}} [[w:Marco_Rubio|Marco Rubio]] has been nominated as [[w:U.S._Secretary_of_State|U.S. Secretary of State]], overseeing $53bn and 77,880 employees ==== [[w:USAID|USAID]] ==== ==== National Endowment for Democracy ==== The [[w:National_Endowment_for_Democracy|National Endowment for Democracy]] is grant-making foundation organized as a private non-profit corporation overseen by congress, a project of Ronald Reagan announced in a [[1982 speech to British Parliament]], in which he stated that "freedom is not the sole prerogative of a lucky few, but the inalienable and universal right of all human beings", invoking the Israelites exodus and the Greeks' stand at Thermopylae. The NED is reportedly near the top of the DOGE's hit list.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/opinion/save-a-reagan-initiative-from-the-doge-national-endowment-for-democracy-funding-2b6cc072?page=1|title=Save a Reagan Initiative From Musk and Ramaswamy|last=Galston|first=William|date=11 December 2024|work=The Wall Street Journal}}</ref> It is had a pro-freedom and [[w:Anti-communist|anti-communist]] mission to help pro-democracy leaders and groups in Asia, Africa, and Latin America, and assisted the transition of Eastern and Central European nations. The arguments being made by those in favor of defunding are that it "is a relic of the Cold War that has outlived its usefulness and no longer serves any pressing purpose in terms of advancing national interests", according to [[w:James_Piereson|James Piereson]]{{Cn}} Congress has raised its funding significanty in recent years, in a vote of confidence. === U.S. Department of Defense === U.S. DoD employees ____ civilian personel, ___ civilian contractors, and oversees a budget of _____. Nominated for [[w:Secretary_of_Defense|Secretary of Defense]] is [[w:Pete_Hegseth|Pete Hegseth]], who has been doubted by many Republican Senators{{Cn}} and supported by Trump's base.{{Cn}} The president-elect is reportedly considering a draft executive order that establishes a “warrior board” of retired senior military personnel with the power to review three- and four-star officers “on leadership capability, strategic readiness, and commitment to military excellence," and to recommend removals of any deemed unfit for leadership. This would fast-track the removal of generals and admirals found to be “lacking in requisite leadership qualities,” consistent with his earlier vow to fire “woke” military leaders.<ref>[https://www.wsj.com/politics/national-security/trump-draft-executive-order-would-create-board-to-purge-generals-7ebaa606<nowiki> Trump draft executive order would create a board to purge generals 11/12/2024]</nowiki></ref> There are legal obstacles. The law prohibits the firing of commissioned officers except by “sentence of a general court-martial,” as a “commutation of a sentence of a general court-martial,” or “in time of war, by order of the president.” A commissioned officer who believes he’s been wrongfully dismissed has the right to seek a trial by court-martial, which may find the dismissal baseless. <ref>[https://www.wsj.com/opinion/trump-tests-the-constitutions-limits-checks-balances-government-policy-law-78d0d0f1 &lt;nowiki&gt; Trump test the constitutions limits 11/19/2024]</ref> Musk said, "Some idiots are still building manned fighter jets like the F-35," and later added: "Manned fighter jets are outdated in the age of drones and only put pilots' lives at risk." [[w:Bernie_Sanders|Bernie Sanders]] wrote on X: "Elon Musk is right. The Pentagon, with a budget of $886 billion, just failed its 7th audit in a row. It's lost track of billions. Last year, only 13 senators voted against the Military Industrial Complex and a defense budget full of waste and fraud. That must change."{{sfn|Newsweek 12/02|2024}}. It failed its fifth audit in June 2023.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newsweek.com/fox-news-host-confronts-gop-senator-pentagons-fifth-failed-audit-1804379|title=Fox News host confronts GOP Senator on Pentagon's fifth failed audit|last=Writer|first=Fatma Khaled Staff|date=2023-06-04|website=Newsweek|language=en|access-date=2024-12-02}}</ref> === [[w:DARPA|DARPA]] === === US Air Force === Air Force is advancing a program called [[w:Collaborative_Combat_Aircraft|Collaborative Combat Aircraft]] to build roughly 1,000 UAVs, with [[w:Anduril|Anduril]] and [[w:General_Atomics|General Atomics]] currently building prototypes, ahead of an Air Force decision on which company or companies will be contracted to build it. The cost quickly exceeded the $2.3 billion approved for last fiscal year’s budget, according to the [[w:Congressional_Research_Service|Congressional Research Service]], prompting calls for more oversight. “''If you want to make real improvements to the defense and security of the United States of America, we would be investing more in drones, we’d be investing more in [[w:Hypersonic_weapon|hypersonic missiles]]'',” said Mr. Ramaswamy. The program for Lockheed-Martin's [[w:F-35|F-35]] stealth jet fighters, now in production, is expected to exceed $2 trillion over several decades. The Air Force on 5 December announced it would delay a decision on which company would build the next-generation crewed fighter, called [[w:Next Generation Air Dominance|Next Generation Air Dominance (NGAD)]], which was planned to replace the [[w:F-22|F-22]] and operate alongside the F-35. Mr. Musk has written that "manned fighter jets are obsolete in the age of drones.” In another post, he claimed “a reusable drone” can do everything a jet fighter can do “without all the overhead of a pilot.” Brigadier General [[w:Doug_Wickert|Doug Wickert]] said in response, “There may be some day when we can completely rely on roboticized warfare but we are a century away.... How long have we thought full self-driving was going to be on the Tesla?” <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/politics/national-security/air-force-jets-vs-drones-trump-administration-8b1620a5?page=1|title=Trump Administration Set to Decide Future of Jet Fighters|last=Seligman|first=Lara|date=6 December 2024|work=The Wall Street Journal}}</ref> === US Space Force === The [[w:US_Space_Force|US Space Force]]'s 2023 budget was ~$26bn and it had 9,400 military personnel. SpaceX had a $14m contract to provide communications to the Ukrainian armed forces and government through 30th Nov 2024.{{sfn|Economist 11/23|2024}} Is also receiving a $733m contract to carry satellites into orbit.{{sfn|Economist 11/23|2024}} The Pentagon plans to incorporate into its own communications network 100 of [[w:Starshield|Starshield]]'s satellites.{{sfn|Economist 11/23|2024}} Starshield also has a $1.8bn contract to help the [[w:National_Reconnaissance_Office|National Reconnaissance Office]] build spy satellites.{{sfn|Economist 11/23|2024}} == Department of Space Transportation == Mr. Trump's transition team told advisors that it plans to make a federal framework for self-driving cars. Mr. Trump had a call with Sundar Pichai and Mr. Musk. === Rail and Tunnel Authority === === Ports Authority === === Interstate Highway Authority === === [[w:Federal_Aviation_Administration|Federal Aviation Administration]] === Musk has often complained about the FAA "smothering" innovation, boasting that he can build a rocket faster than the agency can process the "Kafkaesque paperwork" required to make the relevant approvals.{{sfn|Economist 11/23|2024}} === National Air and Space Administration === The [[w:National_Air_and_Space_Administration|National Air and Space Administration]] (NASA) had a 2023 budget of $25.4 bn and 18,000 employees. [[w:Jared_Isaacman|Jared Isaacman]] is nominated director. He had joined a space voyage in 2021 which was the first for an all-civilian crew to reach orbit. He led a four person crew in September on the first commericial spacewalk, testing SpaceX's new spacesuits. He promised to lead NASA in to "usher in an era where humanity becomes a true space-faring civilization." In an interview Isaacman said that NASA will evolve as private space companies set their own priorities and develop technology. NASA could have a certification role for astronauts and vehicles, similar to how the Federal Aviation Administration oversees the commercial airline industry. “The FAA doesn’t build the airplanes. They don’t staff the pilots that fly you from point A to B,” he said. “That is the world that NASA is in, essentially.” He also suggested openness to new and lower cost ways of getting to the Moon and to Mars.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/politics/elections/trump-picks-billionaire-space-traveler-to-run-nasa-4420150b?page=1|title=Trump Picks Billionaire Space Traveler to Run NASA|last=Maidenberg|first=Micah|date=5 December 2024|work=WSJ}}</ref> In September 2026, NASA's [[w:Artemis_program|Artemis program]], established in 2017 via [[wikipedia:Space_Policy_Directive_1|Space Policy Directive 1]], is intended to reestablish a human presence on the Moon for the first time since the [[wikipedia:Apollo_17|Apollo 17]] mission in 1972. The program's stated long-term goal is to establish a [[wikipedia:Moonbase|permanent base on the Moon]] to facilitate [[wikipedia:Human_mission_to_Mars|human missions to Mars]]. The [[w:U.S._National_Academies_of_Sciences,_Engineering,_and_Medicine|U.S. National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine]] in October, put out a report titled "NASA at a Crossroads," which identified myriad issues at the agency, including out-of-date infrastructure, pressures to prioritize short-term objectives and inefficient management practices. NASA's costly [[w:Space_Launch_System|Space Launch System]] (SLS) is the cornerstone of the Artemis program. has a price tag of around $4.1 billion per launch, and is a single-use rocket that can only launch every two years, having debuted in 2022 with the uncrewed [[w:Artemis_1_mission|Artemis 1 mission]] to the moon. In contrast, SpaceX is working to reduce the cost of a single Starship flight to under $10 million. NASA Associate Administrator Jim Free urged the incoming administration to maintain the current plans, in a symposium with the [[w:American_Astronautical_Society|American Astronautical Society]] saying "We need that consistency in purpose. That has not happened since Apollo. If we lose that, I believe we will fall apart and we will wander, and other people in this world will pass us by." NASA has already asked both [[w:SpaceX|SpaceX]] and also Jeff Bezos' [[w:Blue_Origin|Blue Origin]], to develop cargo landers for its Artemis missions and to deliver heavy equipment on them to the Moon by 2033. "Having two lunar lander providers with different approaches for crew and cargo landing capability provides mission flexibility while ensuring a regular cadence of moon landings for continued discovery and scientific opportunity," Stephen D. Creech, NASA's assistant deputy associate administrator for the moon to Mars program, said in an announcement about the partnership. "For all of the money we are spending, NASA should NOT be talking about going to the Moon - We did that 50 years ago. They should be focused on the much bigger things we are doing, including Mars (of which the Moon is a part), Defense and Science!" Trump wrote in a post on X in 2019. Trump has said he would create a [[w:Space_National_Guard|Space National Guard]], an idea that lawmakers in Congress have been proposing since 2021. Critics agree that a focus on spaceflight could come at the expense of "Earth and atmospheric sciences at NASA and the [[w:National_Oceanic_and_Atmospheric_Administration|National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]] (NOAA), which have been cut during the Biden era."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newsweek.com/elon-musk-donald-trump-nasa-space-policy-1990599|title=Donald Trump and Elon Musk could radically reshape NASA. Here's how|last=Reporter|first=Martha McHardy US News|date=2024-11-27|website=Newsweek|language=en|access-date=2024-12-02}}</ref> Regarding his goal and SpaceX's corporate mission of colonising Mars, Mr. Musk has stated that "The DOGE is the only path to extending life beyond earth"{{sfn|Economist 11/23|2024}} === National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration === == Department of Education and Propaganda == [[w:United_States_Department_of_Education|Department of Education]] has 4,400 employees – the smallest staff of the Cabinet agencies<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www2.ed.gov/about/overview/fed/role.html|title=Federal Role in Education|date=2021-06-15|website=www2.ed.gov|language=en|access-date=2022-04-28}}</ref> – and a 2024 budget of $238 billion.<ref name="DOE-mission">{{Cite web|url=https://www.usaspending.gov/agency/department-of-education?fy=2024|title=Agency Profile {{!}} U.S. Department of Education|website=www2.ed.gov|access-date=2024-11-14}}</ref> The 2023 Budget was $274 billion, which included funding for children with disabilities ([[wikipedia:Individuals_with_Disabilities_Education_Act|IDEA]]), pandemic recovery, early childhood education, [[wikipedia:Pell_Grant|Pell Grants]], [[wikipedia:Elementary_and_Secondary_Education_Act|Title I]], work assistance, among other programs. This budget was down from $637.7 billion in 2022.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.future-ed.org/what-the-new-pisa-results-really-say-about-u-s-schools/|title=What the New PISA Results Really Say About U.S. Schools|date=2021-06-15|website=future-ed.com|language=en|access-date=2024-11-14}}</ref> Nominated as [[w:US_Secretary_of_Education|Secretary of Education]] is [[w:Linda_McMahon|Linda McMahon]]. The WSJ proposes that the Civil Rights division be absorbed into the Department of Justice, and that its outstanding loan portolio be handled by the Department of the Treasury. Despite the redundancies, its unlikely that it will be abolished, which would require congressional action and buy-in from Democrats in the Senate; Republicans don’t have enough votes to do it alone. A republican appointee is expected to push back against federal education overreach and progressive policies like DEI. <ref>[https://www.wsj.com/opinion/trump-can-teach-the-education-department-a-lesson-nominee-needs-boldness-back-school-choice-oppose-woke-indoctrination-ddf6a38d<nowiki> Trump can teach the Education Department a Lesson. WSJ 11/20/2024]</nowiki></ref> During his campaign, Trump had pledged to get the "transgender insanity the hell out of schools.” Relying on the district court's decision in ''[[w:Tatel_v._Mount_Lebanon_School_District|Tatel v. Mount Lebanon School District]] , the'' attorney general and education secretary could issue a letter explaining how enforcing gender ideology violates constitutional [[w:Free_exercise_clause|First amendment right to free exercise of religion]] and the [[w:Equal_Protection_Clause|14th Amendment’s Equal Protection Clause]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/opinion/how-trump-can-target-transgenderism-in-schools-law-policy-education-369537a7?page=1|title=How Trump Can Target Transgenderism in Schools|last=Eden|first=Max|date=9 December 2024|work=The Wall Street Journal}}</ref> === CPB, PBS, NPR === Regarding the [[w:Corporation_for_Public_Broadcasting|Corporation for Public Broadcasting]], [[w:Howard_Husock|Howard Husock]] suggest that instead of zeroing its $535 million budget, Republicans reform the [[w:Public_Broadcasting_Act|Public Broadcasting Act]] to eliminate bias and improve local journalism.<ref>https://www.wsj.com/opinion/the-conservative-case-for-public-broadcasting-media-policy-2d4c3c9f?page=1</ref> {{As of|2024|alt=For fiscal year 2024}}, its appropriation was US$525 million, including $10 million in interest earned. The distribution of these funds was as follows:<ref>{{cite web|url=https://cpb.org/aboutcpb/financials/budget/|title=CPB Operating Budget|last=|date=2024|website=www.cpb.org|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=November 27, 2024|url-status=}}</ref> * $262.83M for direct grants to local public television stations; * $95.11M for television programming grants; * $81.77M for direct grants to local public radio stations; * $28.12M for the Radio National Program Production and Acquisition * $9.43M for the Radio Program Fund * $31.50 for system support * $26.25 for administration Public broadcasting stations are funded by a combination of private donations from listeners and viewers, foundations and corporations. Funding for public television comes in roughly equal parts from government (at all levels) and the private sector.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cpb.org/annualreports/2013/|title=CPB 2013 Annual Report|website=www.cpb.org|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160212170045/http://cpb.org/annualreports/2013/|archive-date=February 12, 2016|access-date=May 4, 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref> == U.S. Department of Health and Human Services == Nominated as [[w:United_States_Secretary_of_Health_and_Human_Services|United States Secretary of Health and Human Services]] is [[w:Robert_F._Kennedy_Jr.|Robert F. Kennedy Jr.]], deputy Secretary [[w:Jim_O'Neill_(investor)|Jim O'Neill]]. Nominated for [[w:US_Surgeon_General|US Surgeon General]] is [[w:Janette_Nesheiwat|Janette Nesheiwat]]. [[w:U.S._Department_of_Health_and_Human_Services|U.S. Department of Health and Human Services]] was authorized a budget for [[w:2020_United_States_federal_budget|fiscal year 2020]] of $1.293 trillion. It has 13 operating divisions, 10 of which constitute the [[w:United_States_Public_Health_Service|Public Health Services]], whose budget authorization is broken down as follows:<ref name="hhs_budget_fy2020">{{cite web|url=https://www.hhs.gov/about/budget/fy2020/index.html|title=HHS FY 2020 Budget in Brief|date=October 5, 2019|website=HHS Budget & Performance|publisher=United States Department of Health & Human Services|page=7|access-date=May 9, 2020}}</ref> {| class="wikitable sortable" !Nominee !Program !2020 Budget !2024 Budget ! employees !2025 Budget !2026 Budget |- |[[w:Marty_Makary|Marty Makary]] |[[w:Food and Drug Administration|Food and Drug Administration]] (FDA) |$3,329 MM |- | |[[w:Health Resources and Services Administration|Health Resources and Services Administration]] (HRSA) |$11,004 |- | |[[w:Indian Health Service|Indian Health Service]] (IHS) |$6,104 |- |[[w:Dave_Weldon|Dave Weldon]] |[[w:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]] (CDC) |$6,767 |- |[[w:Jay_Bhattacharya|Jay Bhattacharya]] |[[w:National Institutes of Health|National Institutes of Health]] (NIH) |$33,669 |- | |[[w:Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration|Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration]] (SAMHSA) |$5,535 |- | |[[w:Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality|Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality]] (AHRQ) |$0 |- |[[w:Mehmet_Oz|Mehmet Oz]] |[[w:Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services|Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services]] (CMMS) |$1,169,091 |- | |[[w:Administration for Children and Families|Administration for Children and Families]] (ACF) |$52,121 |- | |[[w:Administration for Community Living|Administration for Community Living]] (ACL) |$1,997 |- |} {| class="wikitable sortable" !Program !2020 Budget !2024 Budget ! employees !2025 Budget !2026 Budget |- |[[w:Departmental Management|Departmental Management]] |$340 |- |Non-Recurring Expense Fund |$-400 |- |[[w:Office of Medicare Hearings and Appeals|Office of Medicare Hearings and Appeals]] |$186 |- |[[w:Office of the National Coordinator|Office of the National Coordinator]] |$43 |- |[[w:Office for Civil Rights|Office for Civil Rights]] |$30 |- |[[w:Office of Inspector General|Office of Inspector General]] |$82 |- |[[w:Public Health and Social Services Emergency Fund|Public Health and Social Services Emergency Fund]] |$2,667 |- |[[w:Program Support Center|Program Support Center]] |$749 |- |Offsetting Collections |$-629 |- |Other Collections |$-163 |- |'''TOTAL''' |'''$1,292,523''' |} The FY2020 budget included a $1.276 billion budget decrease for the Centers for Disease Control, and a $4.533 billion budget decrease for the National Institutes of Health. These budget cuts, along with other changes since 2019, comprised a total decrease of over $24 billion in revised discretionary budget authority across the entire Department of Health and Human Services for Fiscal Year 2020.<ref name="hhs_budget_fy2020" /> Additional details of the budgeted outlays, budget authority, and detailed budgets for other years, can be found at the HHS Budget website.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://WWW.HHS.GOV/BUDGET|title=Health and Human Services: Budget and Performance|publisher=United States Department of Health & Human Services|access-date=May 9, 2020}}</ref> He is an American politician, [[Environmental law|environmental lawyer]], [[anti-vaccine activist]], and anti-packaged food industry activist, anti-pharmaceutical industry activist, who will be nominated to serve as [[United States Secretary of Health and Human Services]],<ref name="v502">{{cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/saradorn/2024/11/14/rfk-jr-launches-independent-2024-run-here-are-all-the-conspiracies-he-promotes-from-vaccines-to-mass-shootings/|title=Trump Taps RFK Jr. As Secretary Of Health And Human Services: Here Are All The Conspiracies He's Promoted|last=Dorn|first=Sara|date=2024-11-14|website=Forbes|access-date=2024-11-15}}</ref> with the mission of "Making America Healthy Again". He is the chairman and founder of [[Children's Health Defense]], an anti-vaccine advocacy group and proponent of [[COVID-19 vaccine misinformation|dubious COVID-19 vaccine information]].<ref name="Smith_12/15/2021" /><ref name="KW" /> === National Institutes of Health === The [[w:NIH|NIH]] distributes grants of ~$50bn per year. Nominated to lead the [[w:National_Institutes_of_Health|National Institutes of Health]] is [[w:Jay_Bhattacharya|Jay Bhattacharya]], who has announced the following priorities for funding: * cutting edge research, saying that the NIH has become "sclerotic", due to a phenomenon has been called [[Eroom’s law]], which explains that career incentives encourage “me-too research,” given that citations by other scientists “have become the dominant way to evaluate scientific contributions and scientists.” That has shifted research “toward incremental science and away from exploratory projects that are more likely to fail, but which are the fuel for future breakthroughs.”<ref name=":3">{{Cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/opinion/jay-bhattacharya-and-the-vindication-of-the-fringe-scientists-pandemic-lockdowns-38b6aec6|title=Jay Bhattacharya and the Vindication of the ‘Fringe’ Scientists|last=Finley|first=Allysia|date=1 December 2024|work=Wall Street Journal}}</ref> Dr. Bhattacharya's February 2020 paper explaining Eroom's law, as possible explanation for slowing of pharmaceutical advances.{{Cn}} * studies aimed at replicating the results of earlier studies, to address the problem of scientific fraud or other factors contributing to the the [[w:Replication_crisis|replication crisis]], encouraging academic freedom among NIH scientists and term limits for NIH leaders. “Those kinds of reforms, I think every scientist would agree, every American would agree, it’s how you turn the NIH from something that is sort of how to control society, into something that is aimed at the discovery of truth to improve the health of Americans,” he said.<ref name=":4">{{Cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/health/healthcare/covid-lockdown-critic-jay-bhattacharya-chosen-to-lead-nih-2958e5e2?page=1|title=Covid-Lockdown Critic Jay Bhattacharya Chosen to Lead NIH|last=Whyte|first=Liz Essley|date=26 November 2024|work=The Wall Street Journal}}</ref> * Refocusing on research on [[w:Chronic_diseases|chronic diseases]], which is underfunded, and away from [[w:Infectious_diseases|infectious diseases]], which is overfunded. * Ending [[w:Gain-of-function|gain-of-function]] research. Jay Bhattacharya wrote a March 25 2020 op-ed "Is the Coronavirus as Deadly as They Say?", with colleague [[w:Eran_Bendavid|Eran Bendavid]], arguing that many asymptomatic cases of COVID-19 were going undetected. The hypothesis was confirmed in April 2020 when he and several colleagues published a study showing that Covid anti-bodies in Santa Clara county were 50 times the recorded infection rate. This implied, he said "a lower inflection mortality rate than public health authorities were pushing at a time when they and the media thought it was a virtue to panic the population".<ref><nowiki><ref></nowiki>{{Cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/opinion/the-man-who-fought-fauci-and-won-trump-nih-nominee-jay-bhattacharya-covid-cancel-culture-4a0650bd?page=1|title=The Man Who Fought Fauci - and Won|last=Varadarajan|first=Tunku|date=6 December 2024|work=WSJ}}&lt;nowiki&gt;</ref> Dr. Bhattacharya, [[w:Martin_Kulldorff|Martin Kulldorff]], then at Harvard, and Oxford’s [[w:Sunetra_Gupta|Sunetra Gupta]] formally expounded this idea in the [[w:Great_Barrington_Declaration|Great Barrington Declaration]] in October 2020, urging the government to focus on protecting the vulnerable while letting others go about their lives, which previous NIH director [[w:Francis_Collins|Francis Collins]] derided as "fringe science its into the political views of certain parts of our confused political establishment," and previous [[w:NIAID|NIAID]] director [[w:Chief_Medical_Advisor_to_the_President|chief medical advisor to the President]] [[w:Anthony_Fauci|Anthony Fauci]] "a quick and devastating public takedown of its premises." Some suggest the same career incentives that lead to scientific group-think in the pharmaceutical industry, also explain conformist behavior during COVID-19, due to the threat against young scientists of losing NIH funding, jobs, and career opportunities, if they were to exercise in independent judgement.<ref name=":3" /> “Dr. Jay Bhattacharya is the ideal leader to restore NIH as the international template for gold-standard science and evidence-based medicine,” DHHS Secretary nominee Kennedy wrote. "We will reform American scientific institutions so that they are worthy of trust again and will deploy the fruits of excellent science to make America healthy again!” said Dr. Bhattacharya. “Dr. Bhattacharya is a strong choice to lead the NIH,” said Dr. [[w:Ned_Sharpless|Ned Sharpless]], a former [[w:National_Cancer_Institute|National Cancer Institute]] director. “The support of moderate Senate Republicans will be critical to NIH funding, and Dr. Bhattacharya’s Covid work will give him credibility with this constituency.”<ref name=":4" /> === Food and Drug Administration === The FDA in 2022 had 18,000 employees<ref name="fy2022">{{cite web|url=https://www.fda.gov/media/149613/download|title=FY 2022 FDA Budget Request|publisher=FDA|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230602090805/https://www.fda.gov/media/149613/download|archive-date=June 2, 2023|access-date=January 14, 2022|url-status=live}}</ref> and a budget of $6.5{{nbsp}}billion (2022)<ref name="fy2022" /> Nominated as director is [[w:Marty_Makary|Marty Makary]]. == Department of Food and Agriculture == [[w:Department_of_Agriculture|Department of Agriculture]] (USDA) had 2023 budget of ___ and ____ employees. Nominated for [[w:Secretary_of_Agriculture|Secretary of Agriculture]] is [[w:Brooke_Rollins|Brooke Rollins]], who had earlier served on the [[w:Office_of_American_Innovation|Office of American Innovation]] under [[w:Jared_Kushner|Jared Kushner]], and served as director of [[w:Domestic_Policy_Council|Domestic Policy Council]]. She has not endorsed the "[[w:Make_America_Healthy_Again|Make America Healthy Again]]" agenda of RFK Jr. (and his colleagues Jay Bhattacharcya and others) who promised to "reverse 80 years of farm policy" and complains of the $30 billion/year farms subsidies. Kennedy wants to remove soda from food aid, and ultra-processed food from both [[w:Food-stamps|food-stamp]] benefits and [[w:School_meals|school meals]], both of which are overseen by the USDA; an effort that in the past has been opposed by the food industry, lawmakers, and some anti-hunger advocacy groups.<ref name=":5" /> RFK Jr.'s team had recommended [[w:Sid_Miller|Sid Miller]] for the role, and a group of farmers he had asked to vet candidates had proposed [[w:John_Kempf|John Kempf]].<ref name=":5">{{Cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/politics/policy/trump-agriculture-pick-brooke-rollins-rfk-jr-1a85beda?page=1|title=RFK Jr. Team Skeptical About USDA Pick|last=Andrews|first=Natalie|date=11 December 2024|work=The Wall Street Journal|others=et al}}</ref> He has also called for re-examining the the [[standards regulating the use of pesticides]], especially [[w:Glyphosate|glyphosate]], the world's most widely used [[w:Herbicide|herbicide]] and the active ingredient in [[w:Roundup|Roundup]], used as a weedkiller in major [[w:U.S._commodity_crops|U.S. commodity crops]].[[w:Herbicide|herbicide]]<ref name=":5" /> === Food Stamps === === School Meals === === Farm Subsidies === == Department of Treasury and Commerce == [[w:Departments_of_Treasury|Departments of Treasury]] has 2023 budget of ____ and ___ employees. [[w:Department_of_Commerce|Department of Commerce]] has 2023 budget of _____ and _____ employees. Nominated for [[w:Secretary_of_the_Treasury|Secretary of the Treasury]] is [[w:Scott_Bessent|Scott Bessent]], for Secretary of Commerce is [[w:Howard_Lutnick|Howard Lutnick]] === Consumer Financial Protection Bureau === The [[w:Consumer_Financial_Protection_Bureau|Consumer Financial Protection Bureau]] (CFPB). Said Mr. Musk "Delete the CFPB. There are too many duplicative regulatory agencies"<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/politics/policy/elon-musk-doge-conflict-of-interest-b1202437?page=1|title=Musk’s DOGE Plans Rely on White House Budget Office. Conflicts Await.|last=Schwartz|first=Brian|work=The Wall Street Journal}}</ref> === Securities and Exchange Commission === [[w:Securities_and_Exchange_Commission|Securities and Exchange Commission]] === Internal Revenue Service === [[w:Internal_Revenue_Service|Internal Revenue Service]] == Departments of Energy and Interior == Nominee for [[w:US_Secretary_of_the_Interior|Secretary of the Interior]] is [[w:Doug_Burgum|Doug Burgum]], who will also be [[w:List_of_U.S._executive_branch_czars|Energy Czar]]. [[w:Department_of_Energy|Department of Energy]] [[w:United_States_Secretary_of_Energy|secretary nominee]] [[w:Chris_Wright_(energy_executive)|Chris Wright]] admits that burning fossil fuels contributes to rising temperatures, but says it poses only a modest threat to humanity, and praises it for increasing plant growth, making the planet greener, and boosting agricultural productivity. He also says that it likely reduces the annual number of temperature-related deaths. (estimates from health researchers say otherwise). He says, "It's probably almost as many positive changes as negative changes... Is it a crisis, is it the world's greatest challenge, or a big threat to the next generation? No. .. A little bit warmer isn’t a threat. If we were 5, 7, 8, 10 degrees [Celsius] warmer, that would be meaningful changes to the planet.” Scientists see a 1.5 degrees Celsius temperature as creating potentially irreversible changes for the planet, and expect to pass that mark later this year, after increasing over several decade. He criticizes the [[w:Paris_climate_agreement|Paris climate agreement]] for empowering "political actors with anti-fossil fuel agendas." Wright favors development of [[w:Geothermal_energy|geothermal energy]] and [[w:Nuclear_energy_policy_of_the_United_States|nuclear energy]], criticizing subsidies to wind and solar energy. <ref><nowiki><ref></nowiki>{{Cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/politics/policy/who-is-chris-wright-trump-energy-secretary-9eb617dc?page=1|title=Trump’s Energy Secretary Pick Preaches the Benefits of Climate Change|last=Morenne|first=Benoit|date=9 December 2024|work=The Wall Street Journal}}&lt;nowiki&gt;</ref> === Bureau of Land Management === === Forest Service === === National Parks === == AI and Cryptocurrency Policy == [[w:David_Sacks|David Sacks]] was named "White House AI and Crypto Czar". == Reform Entitlements == === Healthcare and Medicare === [[w:ObamaCare|ObamaCare]] started as a plausible scheme for universal, cost-effective health insurance with subsidies for the needy. Only the subsidies survive because the ObamaCare policies actually delivered are so overpriced nobody would buy them without a subsidy.<ref>[https://www.wsj.com/opinion/elons-real-trump-mission-protect-growth-department-of-government-efficiency-appointments-cabinet-9e7e62b2]</ref> See below: Department of Health and Human Services === Social Security === Even FDR was aware of its flaw: it discourages working and saving. === Other === Small-government advocate [[w:Ron_Paul|Ron Paul]] has suggested to cut aid to the following "biggest" welfare recipients: * The [[w:Military-industrial_complex|Military-industrial complex]] * The [[w:Pharmaceutical-industrial_complex|Pharmaceutical-industrial complex]] * The [[w:Federal_Reserve|Federal Reserve]] To which Mr. Musk replied, "Needs to be done".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thehill.com/video/ron-paul-vows-to-join-elon-musk-help-eliminate-government-waste-in-a-trump-admin/10191375/|title=Ron Paul vows to join Elon Musk, help eliminate government waste in a Trump admin|date=2024-11-05|website=The Hill|language=en-US|access-date=2024-12-09}}</ref> == Office of Management and Budget == The White House [[w:Office_of_Management_and_Budget|Office of Management and Budget]] (OMB) guides implementation of regulations and analyzes federal spending. Mssrs. Musk and Ramaswamy encouraged President-elect Trump to reappoint his first term director [[w:Russell_Vought|Russell Vought]], which he did on 22nd Nov.<ref name=":0" /> == Government Efficiency Personnel == Transition spokesman [[w:Brian_Hughes|Brian Hughes]] said that "Elon Musk is a once-in-a-generation business leader and our federal bureaucracy will certainly benefit from his ideas and efficiency". About a dozen Musk allies have visited Mar-a-Lago to serve as unofficial advisors to the Trump 47 transition, influencing hiring at many influential government agencies.<ref name=":2"><nowiki><ref></nowiki>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/12/06/us/politics/trump-elon-musk-silicon-valley.html?searchResultPosition=1|title=The Silicon Valley Billionaires Steering Trump’s Transition|date=8 December 2024|work=NYT}}</ref> [[w:Marc_Andreesen|Marc Andreesen]] has interviewed candidates for State, Pentagon, and DHHS, and has been active pushing for rollback of Biden's cryptocurrency regulations, and rollback of Lina Khan anti-trust efforts with the FTC, and calling for contracting reform in Defense dept. [[w:Jared_Birchall|Jared Birchall]] has interviewed candidates for State, and has advised on Space police and has put together councils for AI and Cryptocurrency policy. David Sacks was named "White House AI and Crypto Czar" [[w:Shaun_MacGuire|Shaun MacGuire]] has advised on picks for intelligence community and has interviewed candidates for Defense. Many tech executives are considering part-time roles advising the DOGE. [[w:Antonio_Gracias|Antonio Gracias]] and [[w:Steve_Davis|Steve Davis]] from Musk's "crisis team" have been active, as has investor [[w:John_Hering|John Hering]]. Other Silicon Valley players who have advised Trump or interviewed candidates: * [[w:Larry_Ellison|Larry Ellison]] has sat in on Trump transition 47 meetings at Mar-a-Lago. * [[w:Mark_Pincus|Mark Pincus]] * [[w:David_Marcus|David Marcus]] * [[w:Barry_Akis|Barry Akis]] * [[w:Shervin_Pishevar|Shervin Pishevar]], who has called for privitization of the USPS, NASA, and the federal Bureau of Prisons. Called for creating an American sovereign wealth fund, and has said that DOGE "could lead a revolutionary restructuring of public institutions."<ref name=":2" /> [[w:William_McGinley|William McGinley]] will move to a role with DOGE. Originally nominated for [[w:White_House_counsel|White House counsel]], he will be replaced in that role by [[w:David_Warrington|David Warrington]].<ref>{{Cite news|title=A White House Counsel Replaced before starting|last=Haberman|first=Maggie|date=6 December 2024|work=New York times}}</ref> The WSJ lauded without naming them, comparing them to the "dollar-a-year men" - business leaders who during WWII revolutionized industrial production to help make America the "arsenal of democracy". (WSJ, 10 December 2024) == History and Miscellaneous facts == See also: [[w:Department_of_Government_Efficiency#History|Department of Government Efficiency — History]] DOGE's work will "conclude" no later than July 4, 2026, the 250th anniversary of the signing of the [[United States Declaration of Independence|U.S. Declaration of Independence]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thehill.com/policy/4987402-trump-musk-advisory-group-spending/|title=Elon Musk, Vivek Ramaswamy to lead Trump's Department of Government Efficiency (DOGE)|last=Nazzaro|first=Miranda|date=November 13, 2024|website=The Hill|language=en-US|access-date=November 13, 2024}}</ref> also coinciding with America's [[United States Semiquincentennial|semiquincentennial]] celebrations and a proposed "Great American Fair". Despite its name it is not expected to be a [[wikipedia:United_States_federal_executive_departments|federal executive department]], but rather may operate under the [[Federal Advisory Committee Act]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/trump-department-of-government-efficiency-doge-elon-musk-ramaswamy/|title=What to know about Trump's Department of Government Efficiency, led by Elon Musk and Vivek Ramaswamy - CBS News|last=Picchi|first=Aimee|date=2024-11-14|website=www.cbsnews.com|language=en-US|access-date=2024-11-14}}</ref> so its formation is not expected to require approval from the [[wikipedia:United_States_Congress|U.S. Congress]]. NYT argues that records of its meetings must be made public.{{Cn}} As an advisor rather than a government employee, Mr. Musk will not be subject to various ethics rules.{{sfn|Economist 11/23}} Musk has stated that he believes such a commission could reduce the [[wikipedia:United_States_federal_budget|U.S. federal budget]] by $2 trillion, which would be a reduction of almost one third from its 2023 total. [[Maya MacGuineas]] of the [[Committee for a Responsible Federal Budget]] has said that this saving is "absolutely doable" over a period of 10 years, but it would be difficult to do in a single year "without compromising some of the fundamental objectives of the government that are widely agreed upon".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thehill.com/business/4966789-elon-musk-skepticism-2-trillion-spending-cuts/|title=Elon Musk draws skepticism with call for $2 trillion in spending cuts|last=Folley|first=Aris|date=2024-11-03|website=The Hill|language=en-US|access-date=2024-11-14}}</ref> [[wikipedia:Jamie_Dimon|Jamie Dimon]], the chief executive officer of [[wikipedia:JPMorgan_Chase|JPMorgan Chase]], has supported the idea. Some commentators questioned whether DOGE is a conflict of interest for Musk given that his companies are contractors to the federal government. The body is "unlikely to have any regulatory teeth on its own, but there's little doubt that it can have influence on the incoming administration and how it will determine its budgets".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.vox.com/policy/384904/trumps-department-of-government-efficiency-sounds-like-a-joke-it-isnt|title=Trump tapped Musk to co-lead the "Department of Government Efficiency." What the heck is that?|last=Fayyad|first=Abdallah|date=2024-11-13|website=Vox|language=en-US|access-date=2024-11-14}}</ref> Elon Musk had called [[w:Federico_Sturzenegger|Federico Sturzenegger]], Argentina's [[w:Ministry_of_Deregulation_and_State_Transformation|Minister of Deregulation and Transformation of the State]] ([[w:es:Ministerio_de_Desregulación_y_Transformación_del_Estado|es]]), to discuss imitating his ministry's model.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.infobae.com/economia/2024/11/08/milei-brindo-un-nuevo-apoyo-a-sturzenegger-y-afirmo-que-elon-musk-imitara-su-gestion-en-eeuu/|title=Milei brindó un nuevo apoyo a Sturzenegger y afirmó que Elon Musk imitará su gestión en EEUU|date=November 8, 2024|website=infobae|language=es-ES|access-date=November 13, 2024}}</ref> == Reception and Criticism == See also: [[w:Department_of_Government_Efficiency#Reception|w:Department of Government Efficiency — Reception]] The WSJ reports that Tesla's Texas facility dumped toxic wastewater into the public sewer system, into a lagoon, and into a local river, violated Texas environmental regulations, and fired an employee who attempted to comply with the law.{{Cn}} The Economist estimates that 10% of Mr. Musk's $360bn personal fortune is derived from contracts and benefits from the federal government, and 15% from the Chinese market.{{sfn|Economist 11/23}} == See also == * [[w:Second_presidential_transition_of_Donald_Trump|Second presidential transition of Donald Trump]] * [[w:United_States_federal_budget#Deficits_and_debt|United States federal budget - Deficits and debt]] * [[w:United_States_Bureau_of_Efficiency|United States Bureau of Efficiency]] – United States federal government bureau from 1916 to 1933 * [[w:Brownlow_Committee|Brownlow Committee]] – 1937 commission recommending United States federal government reforms * [[w:Grace_Commission|Grace Commission]] – Investigation to eliminate inefficiency in the United States federal government * [[w:Hoover_Commission|Hoover Commission]] – United States federal commission in 1947 advising on executive reform * [[w:Keep_Commission|Keep Commission]] * [[w:Project_on_National_Security_Reform|Project on National Security Reform]] * [[w:Delivering_Outstanding_Government_Efficiency_Caucus|Delivering Outstanding Government Efficiency Caucus]] == Notes == {{reflist}} == References == {{refbegin}} * {{Cite web|url=https://www.newsweek.com/bernie-sanders-finds-new-common-ground-elon-musk-1993820|title=Bernie Sanders finds new common ground with Elon Musk|last=Reporter|first=Mandy Taheri Weekend|date=2024-12-01|website=Newsweek|language=en|access-date=2024-12-02 |ref={{harvid|Newsweek 12/01|2024}} }} * {{Cite news|url=https://www.economist.com/briefing/2024/11/21/elon-musk-and-donald-trump-seem-besotted-where-is-their-bromance-headed|title=Elon Musk and Donald Trump seem besotted. Where is their bromance headed?|work=The Economist|access-date=2024-12-04|issn=0013-0613 |ref={{harvid|Economist 11/23|2024}} }} <references group="lower-alpha" /> {{refend}} aucwwvvgwuw213y1ov04j5fgbmlnbz2 2691568 2691567 2024-12-12T05:14:39Z Jaredscribe 2906761 /* DOJ */ /* FBI */ Cite WSJ on Kash Patel 2691568 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Research project}} The U.S. [[w:Department of Government Efficiency]]. {{Infobox Organization |name=Department of Government Efficiency |logo= |logo_size= |logo_caption=Logo on [[Twitter|X]] (formerly Twitter) as of November 14, 2024 |seal= |seal_size= |seal_caption= |formation=Announced on November 12, 2024; yet to be established |abbreviation=DOGE |key_people={{plainlist|[[w:Commissioner of the Department of Government Efficiency|Co-commissioners]]: * [[w:Elon Musk]] * [[w:Vivek Ramaswamy]] }} |website={{URL|https://x.com/DOGE|x.com/DOGE}} |volunteers=* Federico Sturzenegger|services=consulting|headquarters=Mar-A-Lago|organization_type=Presidential Advisory Commission|founder=Donald Trump|extinction=4 July 2026 (planned)|mission=(In the words of president-elect Donald Trump: * dismantle government bureaucracy * slash excess regulations * cut wasteful expenditures * restructure federal agencies, * address "massive waste and fraud" in government spending}} This "'''Wiki Of Government Efficiency'''" (WOGE) is a public interest, non-partisan research project that will [[User:Jaredscribe/Department of Government Efficiency#Reduce the deficit and debt by impounding appropriated funds|analyze the U.S. federal budget]], [[User:Jaredscribe/Department of Government Efficiency#Reform the other Government Bureaus and Departments|federal bureaucracy]], and [[User:Jaredscribe/Department of Government Efficiency#Shrink the federal civil service|federal civil service]], in the context of [[w:Second_presidency_of_Donald_Trump|president-elect Trump']]<nowiki/>s [[w:Agenda_47|Agenda 47]], and will catalogue, evaluate, and critique proposals on how the '''[[w:Department of Government Efficiency|Department of Government Efficiency]]'''{{Efn|Also referred to as '''Government Efficiency Commission'''}} (DOGE) is or is not fulfilling its mission to ''"dismantle government bureaucracy, slash excess regulations, and cut wasteful expenditures and restructure federal agencies"'', in the words of president-elect [[wikipedia:Donald_Trump|Donald Trump]], who called for it to address ''"massive waste and fraud"'' in government spending.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/c93qwn8p0l0o|title=Donald Trump picks Elon Musk for US government cost-cutting role|last1=Faguy|first1=Ana|last2=FitzGerald|first2=James|date=2024-11-13|publisher=BBC News|language=en-GB|access-date=2024-11-13}}</ref> Here's [[User:Jaredscribe/Department of Government Efficiency/How to contribute|how to contribute]] to the WOGE. The DOGE intends to [[User:Jaredscribe/Department of Government Efficiency#Office of Management and Budget|work through the Office of Management and Budget]] as its "policy vector". The [[w:U.S._budget_deficit|U.S. Budget deficit]], (C.f. [[w:Government_budget_balance|fiscal deficit]]), and the [[w:National_debt_of_the_United_States|U.S. National debt]], currently $35.7 Trillion as of 10/2024, which is 99% of the [[w:U.S._GDP|U.S. GDP]],<ref>{{Unbulleted list citebundle|{{cite news|newspaper=Financial Post| title= Musk's $2 Trillion of Budget Cuts Would Have These Stocks Moving|url=https://financialpost.com/pmn/business-pmn/musks-2-trillion-of-budget-cuts-would-have-these-stocks-moving|first=Alexandra|last=Semenova|date=November 4, 2024}}|{{cite news|newspaper= New York Times|title=Elon|url=https://nytimes.com/2024/10/29/us/politics/elon-musk-trump-economy-hardship.html}}|{{Cite web |date=September 5, 2024 |title=Trump says he'd create a government efficiency commission led by Elon Musk |url=https://apnews.com/article/donald-trump-elon-musk-government-efficiency-commission-e831ed5dc2f6a56999e1a70bb0a4eaeb |publisher=AP News}}|{{cite web|first=Jenn|last=Brice|title=How Elon Musk's $130 million investment in Trump's victory could reap a huge payoff for Tesla and the rest of his business empire|url=https://fortune.com/2024/11/06/elon-musk-donald-trump-tesla-spacex-xai-boring-neuralink|website=Fortune}}|{{cite web|url=https://axios.com/2024/11/07/elon-musk-government-efficiency-trump|title=Musk will bring his Twitter management style to government reform}}|{{cite news| access-date =November 9, 2024|work=Reuters|date=September 6, 2024|first1=Helen|first2=Gram|last1=Coster| last2=Slattery|title=Trump says he will tap Musk to lead government efficiency commission if elected| url= https://reuters.com/world/us/trump-adopt-musks-proposal-government-efficiency-commission-wsj-reports-2024-09-05}}|{{cite web|title=Trump says Musk could head 'government efficiency' force|url= https://bbc.com/news/articles/c74lgwkrmrpo|publisher=BBC}}|{{cite web|date =November 5, 2024|title=How Elon Musk could gut the government under Trump|url=https://independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/us-politics/elon-musk-donald-trump-economy-job-cuts-b2641644.html|website= The Independent}}}}</ref> and expected to grow to 134% of GDP by 2034 if current laws remain unchanged, according to the [[w:Congressional_Budget_Office|Congressional Budget Office]]. The DOGE will be a [[wikipedia:Presidential_commission_(United_States)|presidential advisory commission]] led by the billionaire businessmen [[wikipedia:Elon_Musk|Elon Musk]] and [[wikipedia:Vivek_Ramaswamy|Vivek Ramaswamy]], and possibly [[w:Ron_Paul|Ron Paul]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thehill.com/video/ron-paul-vows-to-join-elon-musk-help-eliminate-government-waste-in-a-trump-admin/10191375|title=Ron Paul vows to join Elon Musk, help eliminate government waste in a Trump admin|date=November 5, 2024|website=The Hill}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://usatoday.com/story/business/2024/10/28/patricia-healy-elon-musk-highlights-need-for-government-efficiency/75798556007|title=Elon Musk puts spotlight on ... Department of Government Efficiency? {{!}} Cumberland Comment|last=Healy|first=Patricia|website=USA TODAY|language=en-US|access-date=November 9, 2024}}</ref> with support from many [[w:Political_appointments_of_the_second_Trump_administration|Political and cabinet appointees of the second Trump administration]] and from a Congressional caucus Musk stated his belief that DOGE could remove US$2 trillion from the [[w:United_States_federal_budget|U.S. federal budget]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/live/HysDMs2a-iM?si=92I5LD1FY2PAsSuG&t=15822|title=WATCH LIVE: Trump holds campaign rally at Madison Square Garden in New York|date=October 28, 2024|website=youtube.com|publisher=[[PBS NewsHour]]|language=en|format=video}}</ref> without specifying whether these savings would be made over a single year or a longer period.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/cdj38mekdkgo|title=Can Elon Musk cut $2 trillion from US government spending?|last=Chu|first=Ben|date=2024-11-13|website=BBC News|language=en-GB|access-date=2024-11-14}}</ref> [[File:2023_US_Federal_Budget_Infographic.png|thumb|An infographic on outlays and revenues in the 2023 [[United States federal budget|U.S. federal budget]]]] DOGE could also streamline permitting with “categorical exclusions” from environmental reviews under the National Environmental Policy Act. {{sidebar with collapsible lists|name=U.S. deficit and debt topics|namestyle=background:#bf0a30;|style=width:22.0em; border: 4px double #d69d36; background:var(--background-color-base, #FFFFFF);|bodyclass=vcard|pretitle='''<span class="skin-invert">This article is part of [[:Category:United States|a series]] on the</span>'''|title=[[United States federal budget|<span style="color:var(--color-base, #000000);">Budget and debt in the<br/>United States of America</span>]]|image=[[File:Seal of the United States Congress.svg|90px]] [[File:Seal of the United States Department of the Treasury.svg|90px]]|titlestyle=background:var(--background-color-base, #002868); background-clip:padding-box;|headingstyle=background:var(--background-color-base, #bf0a30); color:var(--color-base, #fff);|listtitlestyle=background:var(--background-color-base, #bf0a30); color:var(--color-base, #fff); text-align:center;|expanded={{{expanded|{{{1|}}}}}}|list1name=dimensions|list1title=Major dimensions|list1class=hlist skin-invert|list1=* [[Economy of the United States|Economy]] * [[Expenditures in the United States federal budget|Expenditures]] * [[United States federal budget|Federal budget]] * [[Financial position of the United States|Financial position]] * [[Military budget of the United States|Military budget]] * [[National debt of the United States|Public debt]] * [[Taxation in the United States|Taxation]] * [[Unemployment in the United States|Unemployment]] * [[Government_spending_in_the_United_States|Gov't spending]]|list2name=programs|list2title=Programs|list2class=hlist skin-invert|list2=* [[Medicare (United States)|Medicare]] * [[Social programs in the United States|Social programs]] * [[Social Security (United States)|Social Security]]|list3name=issues|list3title=Contemporary issues|list3class=skin-invert|list3=<div style="margin-bottom:0.5em"> [[National Commission on Fiscal Responsibility and Reform|Bowles–Simpson Commission]] {{flatlist}} * <!--Bu--> [[Bush tax cuts]] * <!--Deb--> [[United States debt ceiling|Debt ceiling]] ** [[History of the United States debt ceiling|history]] * <!--Def--> [[Deficit reduction in the United States|Deficit reduction]] * <!--F--> [[United States fiscal cliff|Fiscal cliff]] * <!--H--> [[Healthcare reform in the United States|Healthcare reform]] * <!--P--> [[Political debates about the United States federal budget|Political debates]] * <!--So--> [[Social Security debate in the United States|Social Security debate]] * <!--St--> "[[Starve the beast]]" * <!--Su--> [[Subprime mortgage crisis]] {{endflatlist}} </div> [[2007–2008 financial crisis]] {{flatlist}} * <!--D--> [[United States debt-ceiling crisis (disambiguation)|Debt-ceiling crises]] ** [[2011 United States debt-ceiling crisis|2011]] ** [[2013 United States debt-ceiling crisis|2013]] ** [[2023 United States debt-ceiling crisis|2023]] {{endflatlist}} [[2013 United States budget sequestration|2013 budget sequestration]] {{flatlist}} * <!--G--> [[Government shutdowns in the United States|Government shutdowns]] ** [[1980 United States federal government shutdown|1980]] ** [[1981, 1984, and 1986 U.S. federal government shutdowns|1981, 1984, 1986]] ** [[1990 United States federal government shutdown|1990]] ** [[1995–1996 United States federal government shutdowns|1995–1996]] ** [[2013 United States federal government shutdown|2013]] ** [[January 2018 United States federal government shutdown|Jan 2018]] ** [[2018–2019 United States federal government shutdown|2018–2019]] {{endflatlist}} Related events {{flatlist}} *<!--E-->[[Removal of Kevin McCarthy as Speaker of the House|2023 Removal of Kevin McCarthy]] {{endflatlist}}|list4name=terminology|list4title=Terminology|list4class=hlist skin-invert|list4=Cumulative [[Government budget balance|deficit]] + [[National debt of the United States#Debates|Interest]] ≈ [[Government debt|Debt]] * [[Balance of payments]] * [[Inflation]] * [[Continuing resolution]]}} [[w:Deficit_reduction_in_the_United_States|Deficit reduction in the United States]] == Deregulate the Economy == The legal theory that this can be done through the executive branch is found in the U.S. Supreme Court’s ''[[w:West_Virginia_v._EPA|West Virginia v. EPA]]'' and ''[[w:Loper_Bright|Loper Bright]]'' rulings, which rein in the administrative state and mean that much of what the federal government now does is illegal.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.wsj.com/opinion/department-of-government-efficiency-elon-musk-vivek-ramaswamy-donald-trump-1e086dab|website=[[w:Wall Street Journal]]|title=The Musk-Ramaswamy Project Could Be Trump’s Best Idea}}</ref> Mr. Trump has set a goal of eliminating 10 regulations for every new one. The [[w:Competitive_Enterprise_Institute|Competitive Enterprise Institute]]’s Wayne Crews says 217,565 rules have been issued since the [[w:Federal_Register|Federal Register]] first began itemizing them in 1976, with 89,368 pages added last year. [https://sgp.fas.org/crs/misc/R43056.pdf 3,000-4,500 rules are added each year]. DOGE’s first order will be to pause enforcement of overreaching rules while starting the process to roll them back. Mr. Trump and DOGE could direct agencies to settle legal challenges to Biden rules by vacating them. This could ease the laborious process of undoing them by rule-making through the [[w:Administrative_Procedure_Act|Administrative Procedure Act]]. A source tells the WSJ they’ll do whatever they think they legally can without the APA. The [[w:Congressional_Review_Act|Congressional Review Act]]—which allows Congress to overturn recently issued agency regulations—had been used only once, prior to [[w:First_presidency_of_Donald_Trump|Trump's first term]]. While in office, he and the Republican Congress used it on 16 rules. This time, there will be more than 56 regulatory actions recent enough to be repealed. The [[w:Chevron_deference|''Chevron'' deference]] had required federal courts to defer to agencies’ interpretations of ambiguous statutes, but this was overturned in 2024. Taken together, with some other recent [[w:SCOTUS|SCOTUS]] rulings, we now have, says the WSJ, the biggest opportunity to cut regulatory red tape in more than 40 years.<ref>[https://www.wsj.com/opinion/let-the-trump-deregulation-begin-us-chamber-of-commerce-second-term-economic-growth-73f24387?cx_testId=3&cx_testVariant=cx_166&cx_artPos=0]</ref><blockquote>"Most legal edicts aren’t laws enacted by Congress but “rules and regulations” promulgated by unelected bureaucrats—tens of thousands of them each year. Most government enforcement decisions and discretionary expenditures aren’t made by the democratically elected president or even his political appointees but by millions of unelected, unappointed civil servants within government agencies who view themselves as immune from firing thanks to civil-service protections." "This is antidemocratic and antithetical to the Founders’ vision. It imposes massive direct and indirect costs on taxpayers." "When the president nullifies thousands of such regulations, critics will allege executive overreach. In fact, it will be ''correcting'' the executive overreach of thousands of regulations promulgated by administrative fiat that were never authorized by Congress. The president owes lawmaking deference to Congress, not to bureaucrats deep within federal agencies. The use of executive orders to substitute for lawmaking by adding burdensome new rules is a constitutional affront, but the use of executive orders to roll back regulations that wrongly bypassed Congress is legitimate and necessary to comply with the Supreme Court’s recent mandates. And after those regulations are fully rescinded, a future president couldn’t simply flip the switch and revive them but would instead have to ask Congress to do so"<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/opinion/musk-and-ramaswamy-the-doge-plan-to-reform-government-supreme-court-guidance-end-executive-power-grab-fa51c020?cx_testId=3&cx_testVariant=cx_165&cx_artPos=5|title=Elon Musk and Vivek Ramaswamy: The DOGE Plan to Reform Government|last=Musk|first=Elon|date=20 November 2024|work=The Wall Street Journal|last2=Ramaswamy|first2=Vivek}}</ref> </blockquote> == Shrink the federal civil service == The government has around three million [[w:United_States_federal_civil_service|federal civil service]] employees, with an average salary of $106,000. Dr. Anthony Fauci made $481,000 in 2022. The federal head count has ballooned by 120,800 during the Biden years. Civil service and union protections make it hard to fire workers. Mr. Trump intends to quickly resurrect the [[w:Schedule_F|Schedule F]] reform that he sought to implement at the end of his first term but was scrapped by Mr. Biden. These would high-level federal employees to be removed like political appointees, by eliminating their job protections. WSJ proposals[https://www.wsj.com/opinion/the-doge-cheat-sheet-elon-musk-vivek-ramaswamy-department-of-government-efficiency-1c231783#cxrecs_s] The [[w:Administrative_Procedures_Act|Administrative Procedures Act]] statute protects federal employees from political retaliation, but allows for “reductions in force” that don’t target specific employees. The statute further empowers the president to “prescribe rules governing the competitive service.” The Supreme Court has held—in ''[[w:Franklin_v._Massachusetts|Franklin v. Massachusetts]]'' (1992) and ''[[w:Collins_v._Yellen|Collins v. Yellen]]'' (2021) that when revious presidents have used this power to amend the civil service rules by executive order, they weren’t constrained by the APA when they did so. Mr. Trump can, with this authority, implement any number of “rules governing the competitive service” that would curtail administrative overgrowth, from large-scale firings to relocation of federal agencies out of the Washington area. The DOGE welcomes voluntary terminations once the President begins requiring federal employees to come to the office five days a week, because American taxpayers shouldn’t pay federal employees for the Covid-era privilege of staying home.<ref>[https://www.wsj.com/opinion/musk-and-ramaswamy-the-doge-plan-to-reform-government-supreme-court-guidance-end-executive-power-grab-fa51c020?cx_testId=3&cx_testVariant=cx_165&cx_artPos=5 Elon Musk and Vivek Ramaswamy: The DOGE Plan to Reform Government: Following the Supreme Court’s guidance, we’ll reverse a decadeslong executive power grab. Musk & Ramaswamy 11/20/2024]</ref> == Reduce the deficit and debt by impounding appropriated funds == === Impound appropriated funds === Reports suggest that president-elect Trump intends to override Congress’s power of the purse by [[w:Impoundment_of_appropriated_funds|impoundment of appropriated funds]], that is, refusing to spend them. the president may [[wikipedia:Rescission_bill|propose rescission]] of specific funds, but that rescission must be approved by both the [[wikipedia:United_States_House_of_Representatives|House of Representatives]] and [[wikipedia:United_States_Senate|Senate]] within 45 days. [[w:Thomas_Jefferson|Thomas Jefferson]] was the first president to exercise the power of impoundment in 1801, which power was available to all presidents up to and including [[wikipedia:Richard_Nixon|Richard Nixon]], and was regarded as a power inherent to the office, although one with limits. He may ask Congress to repeal The [[w:Congressional_Budget_and_Impoundment_Control_Act_of_1974|Congressional Budget and Impoundment Control Act of 1974]], which was passed in response to Nixon's abuses.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://democrats-budget.house.gov/resources/reports/impoundment-control-act-1974-what-it-why-does-it-matter|title=The Impoundment Control Act of 1974: What Is It? Why Does It Matter? {{!}} House Budget Committee Democrats|date=2019-10-23|website=democrats-budget.house.gov|language=en|access-date=2024-05-19}}</ref> If Congress refuses to do so, president Trump may impound funds anyway and argue in court that the 1974 law is unconstitutional. The matter would likely end up at the Supreme Court, which would have to do more than simply hold the 1974 act unconstitutional in order for Mr. Trump to prevail. The court would also have to overrule [[w:Train_v._City_of_New_York_(1975)|''Train v. City of New York'' (1975)]], which held that impoundment is illegal unless the underlying legislation specifically authorizes it. === Reduce the budget deficit === [[wikipedia:U.S. federal budget|U.S. federal budget]] The [[wikipedia:Fiscal_year|fiscal year]], beginning October 1 and ending on September 30 of the year following. Congress is the body required by law to pass appropriations annually and to submit funding bills passed by both houses to the President for signature. Congressional decisions are governed by rules and legislation regarding the [[wikipedia:United_States_budget_process|federal budget process]]. Budget committees set spending limits for the House and Senate committees and for Appropriations subcommittees, which then approve individual [[wikipedia:Appropriations_bill_(United_States)|appropriations bills]] to During FY2022, the federal government spent $6.3 trillion. Spending as % of GDP is 25.1%, almost 2 percentage points greater than the average over the past 50 years. Major categories of FY 2022 spending included: Medicare and Medicaid ($1.339T or 5.4% of GDP), Social Security ($1.2T or 4.8% of GDP), non-defense discretionary spending used to run federal Departments and Agencies ($910B or 3.6% of GDP), Defense Department ($751B or 3.0% of GDP), and net interest ($475B or 1.9% of GDP).<ref name="CBO_2022">[https://www.cbo.gov/publication/58888 The Federal Budget in Fiscal Year 2022: An Infographic]</ref> CBO projects a federal budget deficit of $1.6 trillion for 2024. In the agency’s projections, deficits generally increase over the coming years; the shortfall in 2034 is $2.6 trillion. The deficit amounts to 5.6 percent of gross domestic product (GDP) in 2024, swells to 6.1 percent of GDP in 2025, and then declines in the two years that follow. After 2027, deficits increase again, reaching 6.1 percent of GDP in 2034.<ref name="CBO_budgetOutlook2024">{{cite web|url=https://www.cbo.gov/publication/59710|title=The Budget and Economic Outlook: 2024 to 2034|date=February 7, 2024|publisher=CBO|access-date=February 7, 2024}}</ref> The following table summarizes several budgetary statistics for the fiscal year 2015-2021 periods as a percent of GDP, including federal tax revenue, outlays or spending, deficits (revenue – outlays), and [[wikipedia:National_debt_of_the_United_States|debt held by the public]]. The historical average for 1969-2018 is also shown. With U.S. GDP of about $21 trillion in 2019, 1% of GDP is about $210 billion.<ref name="CBO_Hist_20">[https://www.cbo.gov/about/products/budget-economic-data#2 CBO-Historical Budget Data-Retrieved January 28, 2020]</ref> Statistics for 2020-2022 are from the CBO Monthly Budget Review for FY 2022.<ref name="CBO_MBRFY2022">{{cite web|url=https://www.cbo.gov/publication/58592|title=Monthly Budget Review: Summary for Fiscal Year 2022|date=November 8, 2022|publisher=CBO|access-date=December 10, 2022}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" !Variable As % GDP !2015 !2016 !2017 !2018 !2019 !2020 !2021 !2022 !Hist Avg |- !Revenue<ref name="CBO_Hist_20">[https://www.cbo.gov/about/products/budget-economic-data#2 CBO-Historical Budget Data-Retrieved January 28, 2020]</ref> |18.0% |17.6% |17.2% |16.4% |16.4% |16.2% |17.9% |19.6% |17.4% |- !Outlays<ref name="CBO_Hist_20" /> |20.4% |20.8% |20.6% |20.2% |21.0% |31.1% |30.1% |25.1% |21.0% |- !Budget Deficit<ref name="CBO_Hist_20" /> | -2.4% | -3.2% | -3.5% | -3.8% | -4.6% | -14.9% | -12.3% | -5.5% | -3.6% |- !Debt Held by Public<ref name="CBO_Hist_20" /> |72.5% |76.4% |76.2% |77.6% |79.4% |100.3% |99.6% |94.7% | |} The [[wikipedia:U.S._Constitution|U.S. Constitution]] ([[wikipedia:Article_One_of_the_United_States_Constitution|Article I]], section 9, clause 7) states that "No money shall be drawn from the Treasury, but in Consequence of Appropriations made by Law; and a regular Statement and Account of Receipts and Expenditures of all public Money shall be published from time to time." Each year, the President of the United States submits a budget request to Congress for the following fiscal year as required by the [[wikipedia:Budget_and_Accounting_Act_of_1921|Budget and Accounting Act of 1921]]. Current law ({{UnitedStatesCode|31|1105}}(a)) requires the president to submit a budget no earlier than the first Monday in January, and no later than the first Monday in February. Typically, presidents submit budgets on the first Monday in February. The budget submission has been delayed, however, in some new presidents' first year when the previous president belonged to a different party. === Reduce the National debt === == Strategic Foreign Policy and Military reform == President-elect Trump has promised to "put an end to endless wars", to end the Russia-Ukraine war, to make NATO members pay their fair share, to renew the maximum-pressure policy toward Iran, and to free the hostages held in Gaza or make sure that Israel wins the current multi-front war launched by Iran and its proxies. Nominee for [[w:National_Security_Advisor|National Security Advisor]] [[w:Mike_Waltz|Mike Waltz]] To oversee the [[w:U.S._Intelligence_Community|U.S. Intelligence Community]] and NIP, and the 18 IC agencies, including the CIA, DIA, NSC, the nominee for [[w:Director_of_National_Intelligence|Director of National Intelligence]] is [[w:Tulsi_Gabbard|Tulsi Gabbard]], who is an isolationist of the [[w:Bernie_Sanders#foreign_policy|Bernie Sanders]] camp, with a long record of dogmatically opposing [[w:Foreign_policy_of_the_Trump_administration|President Trump's first term foreign policy]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/opinion/tulsi-gabbard-director-of-national-intelligence-donald-trump-foreign-policy-syria-israel-iran-b37aa3de|title=How Tulsi Gabbard Sees the World|last=Editorial Board|date=10 December 2024|work=The Wall Street Journal}}</ref> "The first act of a statesman is to recognize the type of war he is in", according to [[w:Carl_von_Clausewitz|Clausewitz]], given that human determination outweighs material advantages. Therefore he is advised to four common foreign-policy fallacies: the "abacus fallacy" that wars are won by superior resources (counterexample Vietnam), the "vampire fallacy" that wars are won by superior technology (c.e. Ukraine); the "Zero Dark Thirty" fallacy that elevates precision strikes and special ops to the level of grand strategy or above, and the "Peace table fallacy", which believes that all wars end in negotiation. (Biden et al)<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/opinion/stopping-endless-wars-is-easier-said-than-done-trump-second-term-2cab9c7a?page=1|title=Stopping ‘Endless Wars’ Is Easier Said Than Done|last=Spencer|first=John|date=11 December 2024|work=The Wall Street Journal}}</ref> === Department of State === {{Main article|w:Second presidency of Donald Trump#Prospective foreign policy|w:State Department}} [[w:Marco_Rubio|Marco Rubio]] has been nominated as [[w:U.S._Secretary_of_State|U.S. Secretary of State]], overseeing $53bn and 77,880 employees ==== [[w:USAID|USAID]] ==== ==== National Endowment for Democracy ==== The [[w:National_Endowment_for_Democracy|National Endowment for Democracy]] is grant-making foundation organized as a private non-profit corporation overseen by congress, a project of Ronald Reagan announced in a [[1982 speech to British Parliament]], in which he stated that "freedom is not the sole prerogative of a lucky few, but the inalienable and universal right of all human beings", invoking the Israelites exodus and the Greeks' stand at Thermopylae. The NED is reportedly near the top of the DOGE's hit list.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/opinion/save-a-reagan-initiative-from-the-doge-national-endowment-for-democracy-funding-2b6cc072?page=1|title=Save a Reagan Initiative From Musk and Ramaswamy|last=Galston|first=William|date=11 December 2024|work=The Wall Street Journal}}</ref> It is had a pro-freedom and [[w:Anti-communist|anti-communist]] mission to help pro-democracy leaders and groups in Asia, Africa, and Latin America, and assisted the transition of Eastern and Central European nations. The arguments being made by those in favor of defunding are that it "is a relic of the Cold War that has outlived its usefulness and no longer serves any pressing purpose in terms of advancing national interests", according to [[w:James_Piereson|James Piereson]]{{Cn}} Congress has raised its funding significanty in recent years, in a vote of confidence. === U.S. Department of Defense === U.S. DoD employees ____ civilian personel, ___ civilian contractors, and oversees a budget of _____. Nominated for [[w:Secretary_of_Defense|Secretary of Defense]] is [[w:Pete_Hegseth|Pete Hegseth]], who has been doubted by many Republican Senators{{Cn}} and supported by Trump's base.{{Cn}} The president-elect is reportedly considering a draft executive order that establishes a “warrior board” of retired senior military personnel with the power to review three- and four-star officers “on leadership capability, strategic readiness, and commitment to military excellence," and to recommend removals of any deemed unfit for leadership. This would fast-track the removal of generals and admirals found to be “lacking in requisite leadership qualities,” consistent with his earlier vow to fire “woke” military leaders.<ref>[https://www.wsj.com/politics/national-security/trump-draft-executive-order-would-create-board-to-purge-generals-7ebaa606<nowiki> Trump draft executive order would create a board to purge generals 11/12/2024]</nowiki></ref> There are legal obstacles. The law prohibits the firing of commissioned officers except by “sentence of a general court-martial,” as a “commutation of a sentence of a general court-martial,” or “in time of war, by order of the president.” A commissioned officer who believes he’s been wrongfully dismissed has the right to seek a trial by court-martial, which may find the dismissal baseless. <ref>[https://www.wsj.com/opinion/trump-tests-the-constitutions-limits-checks-balances-government-policy-law-78d0d0f1 &lt;nowiki&gt; Trump test the constitutions limits 11/19/2024]</ref> Musk said, "Some idiots are still building manned fighter jets like the F-35," and later added: "Manned fighter jets are outdated in the age of drones and only put pilots' lives at risk." [[w:Bernie_Sanders|Bernie Sanders]] wrote on X: "Elon Musk is right. The Pentagon, with a budget of $886 billion, just failed its 7th audit in a row. It's lost track of billions. Last year, only 13 senators voted against the Military Industrial Complex and a defense budget full of waste and fraud. That must change."{{sfn|Newsweek 12/02|2024}}. It failed its fifth audit in June 2023.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newsweek.com/fox-news-host-confronts-gop-senator-pentagons-fifth-failed-audit-1804379|title=Fox News host confronts GOP Senator on Pentagon's fifth failed audit|last=Writer|first=Fatma Khaled Staff|date=2023-06-04|website=Newsweek|language=en|access-date=2024-12-02}}</ref> === [[w:DARPA|DARPA]] === === US Air Force === Air Force is advancing a program called [[w:Collaborative_Combat_Aircraft|Collaborative Combat Aircraft]] to build roughly 1,000 UAVs, with [[w:Anduril|Anduril]] and [[w:General_Atomics|General Atomics]] currently building prototypes, ahead of an Air Force decision on which company or companies will be contracted to build it. The cost quickly exceeded the $2.3 billion approved for last fiscal year’s budget, according to the [[w:Congressional_Research_Service|Congressional Research Service]], prompting calls for more oversight. “''If you want to make real improvements to the defense and security of the United States of America, we would be investing more in drones, we’d be investing more in [[w:Hypersonic_weapon|hypersonic missiles]]'',” said Mr. Ramaswamy. The program for Lockheed-Martin's [[w:F-35|F-35]] stealth jet fighters, now in production, is expected to exceed $2 trillion over several decades. The Air Force on 5 December announced it would delay a decision on which company would build the next-generation crewed fighter, called [[w:Next Generation Air Dominance|Next Generation Air Dominance (NGAD)]], which was planned to replace the [[w:F-22|F-22]] and operate alongside the F-35. Mr. Musk has written that "manned fighter jets are obsolete in the age of drones.” In another post, he claimed “a reusable drone” can do everything a jet fighter can do “without all the overhead of a pilot.” Brigadier General [[w:Doug_Wickert|Doug Wickert]] said in response, “There may be some day when we can completely rely on roboticized warfare but we are a century away.... How long have we thought full self-driving was going to be on the Tesla?” <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/politics/national-security/air-force-jets-vs-drones-trump-administration-8b1620a5?page=1|title=Trump Administration Set to Decide Future of Jet Fighters|last=Seligman|first=Lara|date=6 December 2024|work=The Wall Street Journal}}</ref> === US Space Force === The [[w:US_Space_Force|US Space Force]]'s 2023 budget was ~$26bn and it had 9,400 military personnel. SpaceX had a $14m contract to provide communications to the Ukrainian armed forces and government through 30th Nov 2024.{{sfn|Economist 11/23|2024}} Is also receiving a $733m contract to carry satellites into orbit.{{sfn|Economist 11/23|2024}} The Pentagon plans to incorporate into its own communications network 100 of [[w:Starshield|Starshield]]'s satellites.{{sfn|Economist 11/23|2024}} Starshield also has a $1.8bn contract to help the [[w:National_Reconnaissance_Office|National Reconnaissance Office]] build spy satellites.{{sfn|Economist 11/23|2024}} == Department of Space Transportation == Mr. Trump's transition team told advisors that it plans to make a federal framework for self-driving cars. Mr. Trump had a call with Sundar Pichai and Mr. Musk. === Rail and Tunnel Authority === === Ports Authority === === Interstate Highway Authority === === [[w:Federal_Aviation_Administration|Federal Aviation Administration]] === Musk has often complained about the FAA "smothering" innovation, boasting that he can build a rocket faster than the agency can process the "Kafkaesque paperwork" required to make the relevant approvals.{{sfn|Economist 11/23|2024}} === National Air and Space Administration === The [[w:National_Air_and_Space_Administration|National Air and Space Administration]] (NASA) had a 2023 budget of $25.4 bn and 18,000 employees. [[w:Jared_Isaacman|Jared Isaacman]] is nominated director. He had joined a space voyage in 2021 which was the first for an all-civilian crew to reach orbit. He led a four person crew in September on the first commericial spacewalk, testing SpaceX's new spacesuits. He promised to lead NASA in to "usher in an era where humanity becomes a true space-faring civilization." In an interview Isaacman said that NASA will evolve as private space companies set their own priorities and develop technology. NASA could have a certification role for astronauts and vehicles, similar to how the Federal Aviation Administration oversees the commercial airline industry. “The FAA doesn’t build the airplanes. They don’t staff the pilots that fly you from point A to B,” he said. “That is the world that NASA is in, essentially.” He also suggested openness to new and lower cost ways of getting to the Moon and to Mars.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/politics/elections/trump-picks-billionaire-space-traveler-to-run-nasa-4420150b?page=1|title=Trump Picks Billionaire Space Traveler to Run NASA|last=Maidenberg|first=Micah|date=5 December 2024|work=WSJ}}</ref> In September 2026, NASA's [[w:Artemis_program|Artemis program]], established in 2017 via [[wikipedia:Space_Policy_Directive_1|Space Policy Directive 1]], is intended to reestablish a human presence on the Moon for the first time since the [[wikipedia:Apollo_17|Apollo 17]] mission in 1972. The program's stated long-term goal is to establish a [[wikipedia:Moonbase|permanent base on the Moon]] to facilitate [[wikipedia:Human_mission_to_Mars|human missions to Mars]]. The [[w:U.S._National_Academies_of_Sciences,_Engineering,_and_Medicine|U.S. National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine]] in October, put out a report titled "NASA at a Crossroads," which identified myriad issues at the agency, including out-of-date infrastructure, pressures to prioritize short-term objectives and inefficient management practices. NASA's costly [[w:Space_Launch_System|Space Launch System]] (SLS) is the cornerstone of the Artemis program. has a price tag of around $4.1 billion per launch, and is a single-use rocket that can only launch every two years, having debuted in 2022 with the uncrewed [[w:Artemis_1_mission|Artemis 1 mission]] to the moon. In contrast, SpaceX is working to reduce the cost of a single Starship flight to under $10 million. NASA Associate Administrator Jim Free urged the incoming administration to maintain the current plans, in a symposium with the [[w:American_Astronautical_Society|American Astronautical Society]] saying "We need that consistency in purpose. That has not happened since Apollo. If we lose that, I believe we will fall apart and we will wander, and other people in this world will pass us by." NASA has already asked both [[w:SpaceX|SpaceX]] and also Jeff Bezos' [[w:Blue_Origin|Blue Origin]], to develop cargo landers for its Artemis missions and to deliver heavy equipment on them to the Moon by 2033. "Having two lunar lander providers with different approaches for crew and cargo landing capability provides mission flexibility while ensuring a regular cadence of moon landings for continued discovery and scientific opportunity," Stephen D. Creech, NASA's assistant deputy associate administrator for the moon to Mars program, said in an announcement about the partnership. "For all of the money we are spending, NASA should NOT be talking about going to the Moon - We did that 50 years ago. They should be focused on the much bigger things we are doing, including Mars (of which the Moon is a part), Defense and Science!" Trump wrote in a post on X in 2019. Trump has said he would create a [[w:Space_National_Guard|Space National Guard]], an idea that lawmakers in Congress have been proposing since 2021. Critics agree that a focus on spaceflight could come at the expense of "Earth and atmospheric sciences at NASA and the [[w:National_Oceanic_and_Atmospheric_Administration|National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]] (NOAA), which have been cut during the Biden era."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newsweek.com/elon-musk-donald-trump-nasa-space-policy-1990599|title=Donald Trump and Elon Musk could radically reshape NASA. Here's how|last=Reporter|first=Martha McHardy US News|date=2024-11-27|website=Newsweek|language=en|access-date=2024-12-02}}</ref> Regarding his goal and SpaceX's corporate mission of colonising Mars, Mr. Musk has stated that "The DOGE is the only path to extending life beyond earth"{{sfn|Economist 11/23|2024}} === National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration === == Department of Education and Propaganda == [[w:United_States_Department_of_Education|Department of Education]] has 4,400 employees – the smallest staff of the Cabinet agencies<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www2.ed.gov/about/overview/fed/role.html|title=Federal Role in Education|date=2021-06-15|website=www2.ed.gov|language=en|access-date=2022-04-28}}</ref> – and a 2024 budget of $238 billion.<ref name="DOE-mission">{{Cite web|url=https://www.usaspending.gov/agency/department-of-education?fy=2024|title=Agency Profile {{!}} U.S. Department of Education|website=www2.ed.gov|access-date=2024-11-14}}</ref> The 2023 Budget was $274 billion, which included funding for children with disabilities ([[wikipedia:Individuals_with_Disabilities_Education_Act|IDEA]]), pandemic recovery, early childhood education, [[wikipedia:Pell_Grant|Pell Grants]], [[wikipedia:Elementary_and_Secondary_Education_Act|Title I]], work assistance, among other programs. This budget was down from $637.7 billion in 2022.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.future-ed.org/what-the-new-pisa-results-really-say-about-u-s-schools/|title=What the New PISA Results Really Say About U.S. Schools|date=2021-06-15|website=future-ed.com|language=en|access-date=2024-11-14}}</ref> Nominated as [[w:US_Secretary_of_Education|Secretary of Education]] is [[w:Linda_McMahon|Linda McMahon]]. The WSJ proposes that the Civil Rights division be absorbed into the Department of Justice, and that its outstanding loan portolio be handled by the Department of the Treasury. Despite the redundancies, its unlikely that it will be abolished, which would require congressional action and buy-in from Democrats in the Senate; Republicans don’t have enough votes to do it alone. A republican appointee is expected to push back against federal education overreach and progressive policies like DEI. <ref>[https://www.wsj.com/opinion/trump-can-teach-the-education-department-a-lesson-nominee-needs-boldness-back-school-choice-oppose-woke-indoctrination-ddf6a38d<nowiki> Trump can teach the Education Department a Lesson. WSJ 11/20/2024]</nowiki></ref> During his campaign, Trump had pledged to get the "transgender insanity the hell out of schools.” Relying on the district court's decision in ''[[w:Tatel_v._Mount_Lebanon_School_District|Tatel v. Mount Lebanon School District]] , the'' attorney general and education secretary could issue a letter explaining how enforcing gender ideology violates constitutional [[w:Free_exercise_clause|First amendment right to free exercise of religion]] and the [[w:Equal_Protection_Clause|14th Amendment’s Equal Protection Clause]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/opinion/how-trump-can-target-transgenderism-in-schools-law-policy-education-369537a7?page=1|title=How Trump Can Target Transgenderism in Schools|last=Eden|first=Max|date=9 December 2024|work=The Wall Street Journal}}</ref> === CPB, PBS, NPR === Regarding the [[w:Corporation_for_Public_Broadcasting|Corporation for Public Broadcasting]], [[w:Howard_Husock|Howard Husock]] suggest that instead of zeroing its $535 million budget, Republicans reform the [[w:Public_Broadcasting_Act|Public Broadcasting Act]] to eliminate bias and improve local journalism.<ref>https://www.wsj.com/opinion/the-conservative-case-for-public-broadcasting-media-policy-2d4c3c9f?page=1</ref> {{As of|2024|alt=For fiscal year 2024}}, its appropriation was US$525 million, including $10 million in interest earned. The distribution of these funds was as follows:<ref>{{cite web|url=https://cpb.org/aboutcpb/financials/budget/|title=CPB Operating Budget|last=|date=2024|website=www.cpb.org|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=November 27, 2024|url-status=}}</ref> * $262.83M for direct grants to local public television stations; * $95.11M for television programming grants; * $81.77M for direct grants to local public radio stations; * $28.12M for the Radio National Program Production and Acquisition * $9.43M for the Radio Program Fund * $31.50 for system support * $26.25 for administration Public broadcasting stations are funded by a combination of private donations from listeners and viewers, foundations and corporations. Funding for public television comes in roughly equal parts from government (at all levels) and the private sector.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cpb.org/annualreports/2013/|title=CPB 2013 Annual Report|website=www.cpb.org|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160212170045/http://cpb.org/annualreports/2013/|archive-date=February 12, 2016|access-date=May 4, 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Department of Justice (DOJ) == The US. [[w:Department_of_Justice|Department of Justice]] has a 2023 budget of _____ and ___ employees. Nominated as [[w:Attorney_General|Attorney General]] is Florida AG [[w:Pam_Bondi|Pam Bondi]]{{Cn}}, after Matt Gaetz withdrew his candidacy after pressure.{{Cn}} === Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) === With 35,000 employees the [[w:FBI|FBI]] made a 2021 budget request for $9.8 billion. Nominated as director is [[w:Kash_Patel|Kash Patel]], who promised to "shut down the FBI Hoover building on day one, and open it the next day as a museum of the deep state. He said "I would take the 7,000 employees that work in that building and send them out across the America to chase criminals", saying "Go be cops." He promised to retaliate against journalists and government employees who "helped Joe Biden rig the election" in 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.wsj.com/video/series/wsj-explains/who-is-kash-patel-donald-trumps-pick-to-lead-the-fbi/F4D38D41-013A-4B05-A170-D7394AA91C2B|title=Who Is Kash Patel, Donald Trump’s Pick to Lead the FBI?|date=6 December 2024|website=WSJ.com Video}}</ref> == U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS) == Nominated as [[w:United_States_Secretary_of_Health_and_Human_Services|United States Secretary of Health and Human Services]] is [[w:Robert_F._Kennedy_Jr.|Robert F. Kennedy Jr.]], deputy Secretary [[w:Jim_O'Neill_(investor)|Jim O'Neill]]. Nominated for [[w:US_Surgeon_General|US Surgeon General]] is [[w:Janette_Nesheiwat|Janette Nesheiwat]]. [[w:U.S._Department_of_Health_and_Human_Services|U.S. Department of Health and Human Services]] was authorized a budget for [[w:2020_United_States_federal_budget|fiscal year 2020]] of $1.293 trillion. It has 13 operating divisions, 10 of which constitute the [[w:United_States_Public_Health_Service|Public Health Services]], whose budget authorization is broken down as follows:<ref name="hhs_budget_fy2020">{{cite web|url=https://www.hhs.gov/about/budget/fy2020/index.html|title=HHS FY 2020 Budget in Brief|date=October 5, 2019|website=HHS Budget & Performance|publisher=United States Department of Health & Human Services|page=7|access-date=May 9, 2020}}</ref> {| class="wikitable sortable" !Nominee !Program !2020 Budget !2024 Budget ! employees !2025 Budget !2026 Budget |- |[[w:Marty_Makary|Marty Makary]] |[[w:Food and Drug Administration|Food and Drug Administration]] (FDA) |$3,329 MM |- | |[[w:Health Resources and Services Administration|Health Resources and Services Administration]] (HRSA) |$11,004 |- | |[[w:Indian Health Service|Indian Health Service]] (IHS) |$6,104 |- |[[w:Dave_Weldon|Dave Weldon]] |[[w:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]] (CDC) |$6,767 |- |[[w:Jay_Bhattacharya|Jay Bhattacharya]] |[[w:National Institutes of Health|National Institutes of Health]] (NIH) |$33,669 |- | |[[w:Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration|Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration]] (SAMHSA) |$5,535 |- | |[[w:Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality|Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality]] (AHRQ) |$0 |- |[[w:Mehmet_Oz|Mehmet Oz]] |[[w:Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services|Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services]] (CMMS) |$1,169,091 |- | |[[w:Administration for Children and Families|Administration for Children and Families]] (ACF) |$52,121 |- | |[[w:Administration for Community Living|Administration for Community Living]] (ACL) |$1,997 |- |} {| class="wikitable sortable" !Program !2020 Budget !2024 Budget ! employees !2025 Budget !2026 Budget |- |[[w:Departmental Management|Departmental Management]] |$340 |- |Non-Recurring Expense Fund |$-400 |- |[[w:Office of Medicare Hearings and Appeals|Office of Medicare Hearings and Appeals]] |$186 |- |[[w:Office of the National Coordinator|Office of the National Coordinator]] |$43 |- |[[w:Office for Civil Rights|Office for Civil Rights]] |$30 |- |[[w:Office of Inspector General|Office of Inspector General]] |$82 |- |[[w:Public Health and Social Services Emergency Fund|Public Health and Social Services Emergency Fund]] |$2,667 |- |[[w:Program Support Center|Program Support Center]] |$749 |- |Offsetting Collections |$-629 |- |Other Collections |$-163 |- |'''TOTAL''' |'''$1,292,523''' |} The FY2020 budget included a $1.276 billion budget decrease for the Centers for Disease Control, and a $4.533 billion budget decrease for the National Institutes of Health. These budget cuts, along with other changes since 2019, comprised a total decrease of over $24 billion in revised discretionary budget authority across the entire Department of Health and Human Services for Fiscal Year 2020.<ref name="hhs_budget_fy2020" /> Additional details of the budgeted outlays, budget authority, and detailed budgets for other years, can be found at the HHS Budget website.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://WWW.HHS.GOV/BUDGET|title=Health and Human Services: Budget and Performance|publisher=United States Department of Health & Human Services|access-date=May 9, 2020}}</ref> He is an American politician, [[Environmental law|environmental lawyer]], [[anti-vaccine activist]], and anti-packaged food industry activist, anti-pharmaceutical industry activist, who will be nominated to serve as [[United States Secretary of Health and Human Services]],<ref name="v502">{{cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/saradorn/2024/11/14/rfk-jr-launches-independent-2024-run-here-are-all-the-conspiracies-he-promotes-from-vaccines-to-mass-shootings/|title=Trump Taps RFK Jr. As Secretary Of Health And Human Services: Here Are All The Conspiracies He's Promoted|last=Dorn|first=Sara|date=2024-11-14|website=Forbes|access-date=2024-11-15}}</ref> with the mission of "Making America Healthy Again". He is the chairman and founder of [[Children's Health Defense]], an anti-vaccine advocacy group and proponent of [[COVID-19 vaccine misinformation|dubious COVID-19 vaccine information]].<ref name="Smith_12/15/2021" /><ref name="KW" /> === National Institutes of Health === The [[w:NIH|NIH]] distributes grants of ~$50bn per year. Nominated to lead the [[w:National_Institutes_of_Health|National Institutes of Health]] is [[w:Jay_Bhattacharya|Jay Bhattacharya]], who has announced the following priorities for funding: * cutting edge research, saying that the NIH has become "sclerotic", due to a phenomenon has been called [[Eroom’s law]], which explains that career incentives encourage “me-too research,” given that citations by other scientists “have become the dominant way to evaluate scientific contributions and scientists.” That has shifted research “toward incremental science and away from exploratory projects that are more likely to fail, but which are the fuel for future breakthroughs.”<ref name=":3">{{Cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/opinion/jay-bhattacharya-and-the-vindication-of-the-fringe-scientists-pandemic-lockdowns-38b6aec6|title=Jay Bhattacharya and the Vindication of the ‘Fringe’ Scientists|last=Finley|first=Allysia|date=1 December 2024|work=Wall Street Journal}}</ref> Dr. Bhattacharya's February 2020 paper explaining Eroom's law, as possible explanation for slowing of pharmaceutical advances.{{Cn}} * studies aimed at replicating the results of earlier studies, to address the problem of scientific fraud or other factors contributing to the the [[w:Replication_crisis|replication crisis]], encouraging academic freedom among NIH scientists and term limits for NIH leaders. “Those kinds of reforms, I think every scientist would agree, every American would agree, it’s how you turn the NIH from something that is sort of how to control society, into something that is aimed at the discovery of truth to improve the health of Americans,” he said.<ref name=":4">{{Cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/health/healthcare/covid-lockdown-critic-jay-bhattacharya-chosen-to-lead-nih-2958e5e2?page=1|title=Covid-Lockdown Critic Jay Bhattacharya Chosen to Lead NIH|last=Whyte|first=Liz Essley|date=26 November 2024|work=The Wall Street Journal}}</ref> * Refocusing on research on [[w:Chronic_diseases|chronic diseases]], which is underfunded, and away from [[w:Infectious_diseases|infectious diseases]], which is overfunded. * Ending [[w:Gain-of-function|gain-of-function]] research. Jay Bhattacharya wrote a March 25 2020 op-ed "Is the Coronavirus as Deadly as They Say?", with colleague [[w:Eran_Bendavid|Eran Bendavid]], arguing that many asymptomatic cases of COVID-19 were going undetected. The hypothesis was confirmed in April 2020 when he and several colleagues published a study showing that Covid anti-bodies in Santa Clara county were 50 times the recorded infection rate. This implied, he said "a lower inflection mortality rate than public health authorities were pushing at a time when they and the media thought it was a virtue to panic the population".<ref><nowiki><ref></nowiki>{{Cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/opinion/the-man-who-fought-fauci-and-won-trump-nih-nominee-jay-bhattacharya-covid-cancel-culture-4a0650bd?page=1|title=The Man Who Fought Fauci - and Won|last=Varadarajan|first=Tunku|date=6 December 2024|work=WSJ}}&lt;nowiki&gt;</ref> Dr. Bhattacharya, [[w:Martin_Kulldorff|Martin Kulldorff]], then at Harvard, and Oxford’s [[w:Sunetra_Gupta|Sunetra Gupta]] formally expounded this idea in the [[w:Great_Barrington_Declaration|Great Barrington Declaration]] in October 2020, urging the government to focus on protecting the vulnerable while letting others go about their lives, which previous NIH director [[w:Francis_Collins|Francis Collins]] derided as "fringe science its into the political views of certain parts of our confused political establishment," and previous [[w:NIAID|NIAID]] director [[w:Chief_Medical_Advisor_to_the_President|chief medical advisor to the President]] [[w:Anthony_Fauci|Anthony Fauci]] "a quick and devastating public takedown of its premises." Some suggest the same career incentives that lead to scientific group-think in the pharmaceutical industry, also explain conformist behavior during COVID-19, due to the threat against young scientists of losing NIH funding, jobs, and career opportunities, if they were to exercise in independent judgement.<ref name=":3" /> “Dr. Jay Bhattacharya is the ideal leader to restore NIH as the international template for gold-standard science and evidence-based medicine,” DHHS Secretary nominee Kennedy wrote. "We will reform American scientific institutions so that they are worthy of trust again and will deploy the fruits of excellent science to make America healthy again!” said Dr. Bhattacharya. “Dr. Bhattacharya is a strong choice to lead the NIH,” said Dr. [[w:Ned_Sharpless|Ned Sharpless]], a former [[w:National_Cancer_Institute|National Cancer Institute]] director. “The support of moderate Senate Republicans will be critical to NIH funding, and Dr. Bhattacharya’s Covid work will give him credibility with this constituency.”<ref name=":4" /> === Food and Drug Administration === The FDA in 2022 had 18,000 employees<ref name="fy2022">{{cite web|url=https://www.fda.gov/media/149613/download|title=FY 2022 FDA Budget Request|publisher=FDA|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230602090805/https://www.fda.gov/media/149613/download|archive-date=June 2, 2023|access-date=January 14, 2022|url-status=live}}</ref> and a budget of $6.5{{nbsp}}billion (2022)<ref name="fy2022" /> Nominated as director is [[w:Marty_Makary|Marty Makary]]. == Department of Food and Agriculture == [[w:Department_of_Agriculture|Department of Agriculture]] (USDA) had 2023 budget of ___ and ____ employees. Nominated for [[w:Secretary_of_Agriculture|Secretary of Agriculture]] is [[w:Brooke_Rollins|Brooke Rollins]], who had earlier served on the [[w:Office_of_American_Innovation|Office of American Innovation]] under [[w:Jared_Kushner|Jared Kushner]], and served as director of [[w:Domestic_Policy_Council|Domestic Policy Council]]. She has not endorsed the "[[w:Make_America_Healthy_Again|Make America Healthy Again]]" agenda of RFK Jr. (and his colleagues Jay Bhattacharcya and others) who promised to "reverse 80 years of farm policy" and complains of the $30 billion/year farms subsidies. Kennedy wants to remove soda from food aid, and ultra-processed food from both [[w:Food-stamps|food-stamp]] benefits and [[w:School_meals|school meals]], both of which are overseen by the USDA; an effort that in the past has been opposed by the food industry, lawmakers, and some anti-hunger advocacy groups.<ref name=":5" /> RFK Jr.'s team had recommended [[w:Sid_Miller|Sid Miller]] for the role, and a group of farmers he had asked to vet candidates had proposed [[w:John_Kempf|John Kempf]].<ref name=":5">{{Cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/politics/policy/trump-agriculture-pick-brooke-rollins-rfk-jr-1a85beda?page=1|title=RFK Jr. Team Skeptical About USDA Pick|last=Andrews|first=Natalie|date=11 December 2024|work=The Wall Street Journal|others=et al}}</ref> He has also called for re-examining the the [[standards regulating the use of pesticides]], especially [[w:Glyphosate|glyphosate]], the world's most widely used [[w:Herbicide|herbicide]] and the active ingredient in [[w:Roundup|Roundup]], used as a weedkiller in major [[w:U.S._commodity_crops|U.S. commodity crops]].[[w:Herbicide|herbicide]]<ref name=":5" /> === Food Stamps === === School Meals === === Farm Subsidies === == Department of Treasury and Commerce == [[w:Departments_of_Treasury|Departments of Treasury]] has 2023 budget of ____ and ___ employees. [[w:Department_of_Commerce|Department of Commerce]] has 2023 budget of _____ and _____ employees. Nominated for [[w:Secretary_of_the_Treasury|Secretary of the Treasury]] is [[w:Scott_Bessent|Scott Bessent]], for Secretary of Commerce is [[w:Howard_Lutnick|Howard Lutnick]] === Consumer Financial Protection Bureau === The [[w:Consumer_Financial_Protection_Bureau|Consumer Financial Protection Bureau]] (CFPB). Said Mr. Musk "Delete the CFPB. There are too many duplicative regulatory agencies"<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/politics/policy/elon-musk-doge-conflict-of-interest-b1202437?page=1|title=Musk’s DOGE Plans Rely on White House Budget Office. Conflicts Await.|last=Schwartz|first=Brian|work=The Wall Street Journal}}</ref> === Securities and Exchange Commission === [[w:Securities_and_Exchange_Commission|Securities and Exchange Commission]] === Internal Revenue Service === [[w:Internal_Revenue_Service|Internal Revenue Service]] == Departments of Energy and Interior == Nominee for [[w:US_Secretary_of_the_Interior|Secretary of the Interior]] is [[w:Doug_Burgum|Doug Burgum]], who will also be [[w:List_of_U.S._executive_branch_czars|Energy Czar]]. [[w:Department_of_Energy|Department of Energy]] [[w:United_States_Secretary_of_Energy|secretary nominee]] [[w:Chris_Wright_(energy_executive)|Chris Wright]] admits that burning fossil fuels contributes to rising temperatures, but says it poses only a modest threat to humanity, and praises it for increasing plant growth, making the planet greener, and boosting agricultural productivity. He also says that it likely reduces the annual number of temperature-related deaths. (estimates from health researchers say otherwise). He says, "It's probably almost as many positive changes as negative changes... Is it a crisis, is it the world's greatest challenge, or a big threat to the next generation? No. .. A little bit warmer isn’t a threat. If we were 5, 7, 8, 10 degrees [Celsius] warmer, that would be meaningful changes to the planet.” Scientists see a 1.5 degrees Celsius temperature as creating potentially irreversible changes for the planet, and expect to pass that mark later this year, after increasing over several decade. He criticizes the [[w:Paris_climate_agreement|Paris climate agreement]] for empowering "political actors with anti-fossil fuel agendas." Wright favors development of [[w:Geothermal_energy|geothermal energy]] and [[w:Nuclear_energy_policy_of_the_United_States|nuclear energy]], criticizing subsidies to wind and solar energy. <ref><nowiki><ref></nowiki>{{Cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/politics/policy/who-is-chris-wright-trump-energy-secretary-9eb617dc?page=1|title=Trump’s Energy Secretary Pick Preaches the Benefits of Climate Change|last=Morenne|first=Benoit|date=9 December 2024|work=The Wall Street Journal}}&lt;nowiki&gt;</ref> === Bureau of Land Management === === Forest Service === === National Parks === == AI and Cryptocurrency Policy == [[w:David_Sacks|David Sacks]] was named "White House AI and Crypto Czar". == Reform Entitlements == === Healthcare and Medicare === [[w:ObamaCare|ObamaCare]] started as a plausible scheme for universal, cost-effective health insurance with subsidies for the needy. Only the subsidies survive because the ObamaCare policies actually delivered are so overpriced nobody would buy them without a subsidy.<ref>[https://www.wsj.com/opinion/elons-real-trump-mission-protect-growth-department-of-government-efficiency-appointments-cabinet-9e7e62b2]</ref> See below: Department of Health and Human Services === Social Security === Even FDR was aware of its flaw: it discourages working and saving. === Other === Small-government advocate [[w:Ron_Paul|Ron Paul]] has suggested to cut aid to the following "biggest" welfare recipients: * The [[w:Military-industrial_complex|Military-industrial complex]] * The [[w:Pharmaceutical-industrial_complex|Pharmaceutical-industrial complex]] * The [[w:Federal_Reserve|Federal Reserve]] To which Mr. Musk replied, "Needs to be done".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thehill.com/video/ron-paul-vows-to-join-elon-musk-help-eliminate-government-waste-in-a-trump-admin/10191375/|title=Ron Paul vows to join Elon Musk, help eliminate government waste in a Trump admin|date=2024-11-05|website=The Hill|language=en-US|access-date=2024-12-09}}</ref> == Office of Management and Budget == The White House [[w:Office_of_Management_and_Budget|Office of Management and Budget]] (OMB) guides implementation of regulations and analyzes federal spending. Mssrs. Musk and Ramaswamy encouraged President-elect Trump to reappoint his first term director [[w:Russell_Vought|Russell Vought]], which he did on 22nd Nov.<ref name=":0" /> == Government Efficiency Personnel == Transition spokesman [[w:Brian_Hughes|Brian Hughes]] said that "Elon Musk is a once-in-a-generation business leader and our federal bureaucracy will certainly benefit from his ideas and efficiency". About a dozen Musk allies have visited Mar-a-Lago to serve as unofficial advisors to the Trump 47 transition, influencing hiring at many influential government agencies.<ref name=":2"><nowiki><ref></nowiki>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/12/06/us/politics/trump-elon-musk-silicon-valley.html?searchResultPosition=1|title=The Silicon Valley Billionaires Steering Trump’s Transition|date=8 December 2024|work=NYT}}</ref> [[w:Marc_Andreesen|Marc Andreesen]] has interviewed candidates for State, Pentagon, and DHHS, and has been active pushing for rollback of Biden's cryptocurrency regulations, and rollback of Lina Khan anti-trust efforts with the FTC, and calling for contracting reform in Defense dept. [[w:Jared_Birchall|Jared Birchall]] has interviewed candidates for State, and has advised on Space police and has put together councils for AI and Cryptocurrency policy. David Sacks was named "White House AI and Crypto Czar" [[w:Shaun_MacGuire|Shaun MacGuire]] has advised on picks for intelligence community and has interviewed candidates for Defense. Many tech executives are considering part-time roles advising the DOGE. [[w:Antonio_Gracias|Antonio Gracias]] and [[w:Steve_Davis|Steve Davis]] from Musk's "crisis team" have been active, as has investor [[w:John_Hering|John Hering]]. Other Silicon Valley players who have advised Trump or interviewed candidates: * [[w:Larry_Ellison|Larry Ellison]] has sat in on Trump transition 47 meetings at Mar-a-Lago. * [[w:Mark_Pincus|Mark Pincus]] * [[w:David_Marcus|David Marcus]] * [[w:Barry_Akis|Barry Akis]] * [[w:Shervin_Pishevar|Shervin Pishevar]], who has called for privitization of the USPS, NASA, and the federal Bureau of Prisons. Called for creating an American sovereign wealth fund, and has said that DOGE "could lead a revolutionary restructuring of public institutions."<ref name=":2" /> [[w:William_McGinley|William McGinley]] will move to a role with DOGE. Originally nominated for [[w:White_House_counsel|White House counsel]], he will be replaced in that role by [[w:David_Warrington|David Warrington]].<ref>{{Cite news|title=A White House Counsel Replaced before starting|last=Haberman|first=Maggie|date=6 December 2024|work=New York times}}</ref> The WSJ lauded without naming them, comparing them to the "dollar-a-year men" - business leaders who during WWII revolutionized industrial production to help make America the "arsenal of democracy". (WSJ, 10 December 2024) == History and Miscellaneous facts == See also: [[w:Department_of_Government_Efficiency#History|Department of Government Efficiency — History]] DOGE's work will "conclude" no later than July 4, 2026, the 250th anniversary of the signing of the [[United States Declaration of Independence|U.S. Declaration of Independence]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thehill.com/policy/4987402-trump-musk-advisory-group-spending/|title=Elon Musk, Vivek Ramaswamy to lead Trump's Department of Government Efficiency (DOGE)|last=Nazzaro|first=Miranda|date=November 13, 2024|website=The Hill|language=en-US|access-date=November 13, 2024}}</ref> also coinciding with America's [[United States Semiquincentennial|semiquincentennial]] celebrations and a proposed "Great American Fair". Despite its name it is not expected to be a [[wikipedia:United_States_federal_executive_departments|federal executive department]], but rather may operate under the [[Federal Advisory Committee Act]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/trump-department-of-government-efficiency-doge-elon-musk-ramaswamy/|title=What to know about Trump's Department of Government Efficiency, led by Elon Musk and Vivek Ramaswamy - CBS News|last=Picchi|first=Aimee|date=2024-11-14|website=www.cbsnews.com|language=en-US|access-date=2024-11-14}}</ref> so its formation is not expected to require approval from the [[wikipedia:United_States_Congress|U.S. Congress]]. NYT argues that records of its meetings must be made public.{{Cn}} As an advisor rather than a government employee, Mr. Musk will not be subject to various ethics rules.{{sfn|Economist 11/23}} Musk has stated that he believes such a commission could reduce the [[wikipedia:United_States_federal_budget|U.S. federal budget]] by $2 trillion, which would be a reduction of almost one third from its 2023 total. [[Maya MacGuineas]] of the [[Committee for a Responsible Federal Budget]] has said that this saving is "absolutely doable" over a period of 10 years, but it would be difficult to do in a single year "without compromising some of the fundamental objectives of the government that are widely agreed upon".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thehill.com/business/4966789-elon-musk-skepticism-2-trillion-spending-cuts/|title=Elon Musk draws skepticism with call for $2 trillion in spending cuts|last=Folley|first=Aris|date=2024-11-03|website=The Hill|language=en-US|access-date=2024-11-14}}</ref> [[wikipedia:Jamie_Dimon|Jamie Dimon]], the chief executive officer of [[wikipedia:JPMorgan_Chase|JPMorgan Chase]], has supported the idea. Some commentators questioned whether DOGE is a conflict of interest for Musk given that his companies are contractors to the federal government. The body is "unlikely to have any regulatory teeth on its own, but there's little doubt that it can have influence on the incoming administration and how it will determine its budgets".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.vox.com/policy/384904/trumps-department-of-government-efficiency-sounds-like-a-joke-it-isnt|title=Trump tapped Musk to co-lead the "Department of Government Efficiency." What the heck is that?|last=Fayyad|first=Abdallah|date=2024-11-13|website=Vox|language=en-US|access-date=2024-11-14}}</ref> Elon Musk had called [[w:Federico_Sturzenegger|Federico Sturzenegger]], Argentina's [[w:Ministry_of_Deregulation_and_State_Transformation|Minister of Deregulation and Transformation of the State]] ([[w:es:Ministerio_de_Desregulación_y_Transformación_del_Estado|es]]), to discuss imitating his ministry's model.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.infobae.com/economia/2024/11/08/milei-brindo-un-nuevo-apoyo-a-sturzenegger-y-afirmo-que-elon-musk-imitara-su-gestion-en-eeuu/|title=Milei brindó un nuevo apoyo a Sturzenegger y afirmó que Elon Musk imitará su gestión en EEUU|date=November 8, 2024|website=infobae|language=es-ES|access-date=November 13, 2024}}</ref> == Reception and Criticism == See also: [[w:Department_of_Government_Efficiency#Reception|w:Department of Government Efficiency — Reception]] The WSJ reports that Tesla's Texas facility dumped toxic wastewater into the public sewer system, into a lagoon, and into a local river, violated Texas environmental regulations, and fired an employee who attempted to comply with the law.{{Cn}} The Economist estimates that 10% of Mr. Musk's $360bn personal fortune is derived from contracts and benefits from the federal government, and 15% from the Chinese market.{{sfn|Economist 11/23}} == See also == * [[w:Second_presidential_transition_of_Donald_Trump|Second presidential transition of Donald Trump]] * [[w:United_States_federal_budget#Deficits_and_debt|United States federal budget - Deficits and debt]] * [[w:United_States_Bureau_of_Efficiency|United States Bureau of Efficiency]] – United States federal government bureau from 1916 to 1933 * [[w:Brownlow_Committee|Brownlow Committee]] – 1937 commission recommending United States federal government reforms * [[w:Grace_Commission|Grace Commission]] – Investigation to eliminate inefficiency in the United States federal government * [[w:Hoover_Commission|Hoover Commission]] – United States federal commission in 1947 advising on executive reform * [[w:Keep_Commission|Keep Commission]] * [[w:Project_on_National_Security_Reform|Project on National Security Reform]] * [[w:Delivering_Outstanding_Government_Efficiency_Caucus|Delivering Outstanding Government Efficiency Caucus]] == Notes == {{reflist}} == References == {{refbegin}} * {{Cite web|url=https://www.newsweek.com/bernie-sanders-finds-new-common-ground-elon-musk-1993820|title=Bernie Sanders finds new common ground with Elon Musk|last=Reporter|first=Mandy Taheri Weekend|date=2024-12-01|website=Newsweek|language=en|access-date=2024-12-02 |ref={{harvid|Newsweek 12/01|2024}} }} * {{Cite news|url=https://www.economist.com/briefing/2024/11/21/elon-musk-and-donald-trump-seem-besotted-where-is-their-bromance-headed|title=Elon Musk and Donald Trump seem besotted. Where is their bromance headed?|work=The Economist|access-date=2024-12-04|issn=0013-0613 |ref={{harvid|Economist 11/23|2024}} }} <references group="lower-alpha" /> {{refend}} con4z9k2zv3p9thzdj5cpmk41t6uf6o 2691569 2691568 2024-12-12T05:39:48Z Jaredscribe 2906761 /* Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) */ 2691569 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Research project}} The U.S. [[w:Department of Government Efficiency]]. {{Infobox Organization |name=Department of Government Efficiency |logo= |logo_size= |logo_caption=Logo on [[Twitter|X]] (formerly Twitter) as of November 14, 2024 |seal= |seal_size= |seal_caption= |formation=Announced on November 12, 2024; yet to be established |abbreviation=DOGE |key_people={{plainlist|[[w:Commissioner of the Department of Government Efficiency|Co-commissioners]]: * [[w:Elon Musk]] * [[w:Vivek Ramaswamy]] }} |website={{URL|https://x.com/DOGE|x.com/DOGE}} |volunteers=* Federico Sturzenegger|services=consulting|headquarters=Mar-A-Lago|organization_type=Presidential Advisory Commission|founder=Donald Trump|extinction=4 July 2026 (planned)|mission=(In the words of president-elect Donald Trump: * dismantle government bureaucracy * slash excess regulations * cut wasteful expenditures * restructure federal agencies, * address "massive waste and fraud" in government spending}} This "'''Wiki Of Government Efficiency'''" (WOGE) is a public interest, non-partisan research project that will [[User:Jaredscribe/Department of Government Efficiency#Reduce the deficit and debt by impounding appropriated funds|analyze the U.S. federal budget]], [[User:Jaredscribe/Department of Government Efficiency#Reform the other Government Bureaus and Departments|federal bureaucracy]], and [[User:Jaredscribe/Department of Government Efficiency#Shrink the federal civil service|federal civil service]], in the context of [[w:Second_presidency_of_Donald_Trump|president-elect Trump']]<nowiki/>s [[w:Agenda_47|Agenda 47]], and will catalogue, evaluate, and critique proposals on how the '''[[w:Department of Government Efficiency|Department of Government Efficiency]]'''{{Efn|Also referred to as '''Government Efficiency Commission'''}} (DOGE) is or is not fulfilling its mission to ''"dismantle government bureaucracy, slash excess regulations, and cut wasteful expenditures and restructure federal agencies"'', in the words of president-elect [[wikipedia:Donald_Trump|Donald Trump]], who called for it to address ''"massive waste and fraud"'' in government spending.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/c93qwn8p0l0o|title=Donald Trump picks Elon Musk for US government cost-cutting role|last1=Faguy|first1=Ana|last2=FitzGerald|first2=James|date=2024-11-13|publisher=BBC News|language=en-GB|access-date=2024-11-13}}</ref> Here's [[User:Jaredscribe/Department of Government Efficiency/How to contribute|how to contribute]] to the WOGE. The DOGE intends to [[User:Jaredscribe/Department of Government Efficiency#Office of Management and Budget|work through the Office of Management and Budget]] as its "policy vector". The [[w:U.S._budget_deficit|U.S. Budget deficit]], (C.f. [[w:Government_budget_balance|fiscal deficit]]), and the [[w:National_debt_of_the_United_States|U.S. National debt]], currently $35.7 Trillion as of 10/2024, which is 99% of the [[w:U.S._GDP|U.S. GDP]],<ref>{{Unbulleted list citebundle|{{cite news|newspaper=Financial Post| title= Musk's $2 Trillion of Budget Cuts Would Have These Stocks Moving|url=https://financialpost.com/pmn/business-pmn/musks-2-trillion-of-budget-cuts-would-have-these-stocks-moving|first=Alexandra|last=Semenova|date=November 4, 2024}}|{{cite news|newspaper= New York Times|title=Elon|url=https://nytimes.com/2024/10/29/us/politics/elon-musk-trump-economy-hardship.html}}|{{Cite web |date=September 5, 2024 |title=Trump says he'd create a government efficiency commission led by Elon Musk |url=https://apnews.com/article/donald-trump-elon-musk-government-efficiency-commission-e831ed5dc2f6a56999e1a70bb0a4eaeb |publisher=AP News}}|{{cite web|first=Jenn|last=Brice|title=How Elon Musk's $130 million investment in Trump's victory could reap a huge payoff for Tesla and the rest of his business empire|url=https://fortune.com/2024/11/06/elon-musk-donald-trump-tesla-spacex-xai-boring-neuralink|website=Fortune}}|{{cite web|url=https://axios.com/2024/11/07/elon-musk-government-efficiency-trump|title=Musk will bring his Twitter management style to government reform}}|{{cite news| access-date =November 9, 2024|work=Reuters|date=September 6, 2024|first1=Helen|first2=Gram|last1=Coster| last2=Slattery|title=Trump says he will tap Musk to lead government efficiency commission if elected| url= https://reuters.com/world/us/trump-adopt-musks-proposal-government-efficiency-commission-wsj-reports-2024-09-05}}|{{cite web|title=Trump says Musk could head 'government efficiency' force|url= https://bbc.com/news/articles/c74lgwkrmrpo|publisher=BBC}}|{{cite web|date =November 5, 2024|title=How Elon Musk could gut the government under Trump|url=https://independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/us-politics/elon-musk-donald-trump-economy-job-cuts-b2641644.html|website= The Independent}}}}</ref> and expected to grow to 134% of GDP by 2034 if current laws remain unchanged, according to the [[w:Congressional_Budget_Office|Congressional Budget Office]]. The DOGE will be a [[wikipedia:Presidential_commission_(United_States)|presidential advisory commission]] led by the billionaire businessmen [[wikipedia:Elon_Musk|Elon Musk]] and [[wikipedia:Vivek_Ramaswamy|Vivek Ramaswamy]], and possibly [[w:Ron_Paul|Ron Paul]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thehill.com/video/ron-paul-vows-to-join-elon-musk-help-eliminate-government-waste-in-a-trump-admin/10191375|title=Ron Paul vows to join Elon Musk, help eliminate government waste in a Trump admin|date=November 5, 2024|website=The Hill}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://usatoday.com/story/business/2024/10/28/patricia-healy-elon-musk-highlights-need-for-government-efficiency/75798556007|title=Elon Musk puts spotlight on ... Department of Government Efficiency? {{!}} Cumberland Comment|last=Healy|first=Patricia|website=USA TODAY|language=en-US|access-date=November 9, 2024}}</ref> with support from many [[w:Political_appointments_of_the_second_Trump_administration|Political and cabinet appointees of the second Trump administration]] and from a Congressional caucus Musk stated his belief that DOGE could remove US$2 trillion from the [[w:United_States_federal_budget|U.S. federal budget]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/live/HysDMs2a-iM?si=92I5LD1FY2PAsSuG&t=15822|title=WATCH LIVE: Trump holds campaign rally at Madison Square Garden in New York|date=October 28, 2024|website=youtube.com|publisher=[[PBS NewsHour]]|language=en|format=video}}</ref> without specifying whether these savings would be made over a single year or a longer period.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/cdj38mekdkgo|title=Can Elon Musk cut $2 trillion from US government spending?|last=Chu|first=Ben|date=2024-11-13|website=BBC News|language=en-GB|access-date=2024-11-14}}</ref> [[File:2023_US_Federal_Budget_Infographic.png|thumb|An infographic on outlays and revenues in the 2023 [[United States federal budget|U.S. federal budget]]]] DOGE could also streamline permitting with “categorical exclusions” from environmental reviews under the National Environmental Policy Act. {{sidebar with collapsible lists|name=U.S. deficit and debt topics|namestyle=background:#bf0a30;|style=width:22.0em; border: 4px double #d69d36; background:var(--background-color-base, #FFFFFF);|bodyclass=vcard|pretitle='''<span class="skin-invert">This article is part of [[:Category:United States|a series]] on the</span>'''|title=[[United States federal budget|<span style="color:var(--color-base, #000000);">Budget and debt in the<br/>United States of America</span>]]|image=[[File:Seal of the United States Congress.svg|90px]] [[File:Seal of the United States Department of the Treasury.svg|90px]]|titlestyle=background:var(--background-color-base, #002868); background-clip:padding-box;|headingstyle=background:var(--background-color-base, #bf0a30); color:var(--color-base, #fff);|listtitlestyle=background:var(--background-color-base, #bf0a30); color:var(--color-base, #fff); text-align:center;|expanded={{{expanded|{{{1|}}}}}}|list1name=dimensions|list1title=Major dimensions|list1class=hlist skin-invert|list1=* [[Economy of the United States|Economy]] * [[Expenditures in the United States federal budget|Expenditures]] * [[United States federal budget|Federal budget]] * [[Financial position of the United States|Financial position]] * [[Military budget of the United States|Military budget]] * [[National debt of the United States|Public debt]] * [[Taxation in the United States|Taxation]] * [[Unemployment in the United States|Unemployment]] * [[Government_spending_in_the_United_States|Gov't spending]]|list2name=programs|list2title=Programs|list2class=hlist skin-invert|list2=* [[Medicare (United States)|Medicare]] * [[Social programs in the United States|Social programs]] * [[Social Security (United States)|Social Security]]|list3name=issues|list3title=Contemporary issues|list3class=skin-invert|list3=<div style="margin-bottom:0.5em"> [[National Commission on Fiscal Responsibility and Reform|Bowles–Simpson Commission]] {{flatlist}} * <!--Bu--> [[Bush tax cuts]] * <!--Deb--> [[United States debt ceiling|Debt ceiling]] ** [[History of the United States debt ceiling|history]] * <!--Def--> [[Deficit reduction in the United States|Deficit reduction]] * <!--F--> [[United States fiscal cliff|Fiscal cliff]] * <!--H--> [[Healthcare reform in the United States|Healthcare reform]] * <!--P--> [[Political debates about the United States federal budget|Political debates]] * <!--So--> [[Social Security debate in the United States|Social Security debate]] * <!--St--> "[[Starve the beast]]" * <!--Su--> [[Subprime mortgage crisis]] {{endflatlist}} </div> [[2007–2008 financial crisis]] {{flatlist}} * <!--D--> [[United States debt-ceiling crisis (disambiguation)|Debt-ceiling crises]] ** [[2011 United States debt-ceiling crisis|2011]] ** [[2013 United States debt-ceiling crisis|2013]] ** [[2023 United States debt-ceiling crisis|2023]] {{endflatlist}} [[2013 United States budget sequestration|2013 budget sequestration]] {{flatlist}} * <!--G--> [[Government shutdowns in the United States|Government shutdowns]] ** [[1980 United States federal government shutdown|1980]] ** [[1981, 1984, and 1986 U.S. federal government shutdowns|1981, 1984, 1986]] ** [[1990 United States federal government shutdown|1990]] ** [[1995–1996 United States federal government shutdowns|1995–1996]] ** [[2013 United States federal government shutdown|2013]] ** [[January 2018 United States federal government shutdown|Jan 2018]] ** [[2018–2019 United States federal government shutdown|2018–2019]] {{endflatlist}} Related events {{flatlist}} *<!--E-->[[Removal of Kevin McCarthy as Speaker of the House|2023 Removal of Kevin McCarthy]] {{endflatlist}}|list4name=terminology|list4title=Terminology|list4class=hlist skin-invert|list4=Cumulative [[Government budget balance|deficit]] + [[National debt of the United States#Debates|Interest]] ≈ [[Government debt|Debt]] * [[Balance of payments]] * [[Inflation]] * [[Continuing resolution]]}} [[w:Deficit_reduction_in_the_United_States|Deficit reduction in the United States]] == Deregulate the Economy == The legal theory that this can be done through the executive branch is found in the U.S. Supreme Court’s ''[[w:West_Virginia_v._EPA|West Virginia v. EPA]]'' and ''[[w:Loper_Bright|Loper Bright]]'' rulings, which rein in the administrative state and mean that much of what the federal government now does is illegal.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.wsj.com/opinion/department-of-government-efficiency-elon-musk-vivek-ramaswamy-donald-trump-1e086dab|website=[[w:Wall Street Journal]]|title=The Musk-Ramaswamy Project Could Be Trump’s Best Idea}}</ref> Mr. Trump has set a goal of eliminating 10 regulations for every new one. The [[w:Competitive_Enterprise_Institute|Competitive Enterprise Institute]]’s Wayne Crews says 217,565 rules have been issued since the [[w:Federal_Register|Federal Register]] first began itemizing them in 1976, with 89,368 pages added last year. [https://sgp.fas.org/crs/misc/R43056.pdf 3,000-4,500 rules are added each year]. DOGE’s first order will be to pause enforcement of overreaching rules while starting the process to roll them back. Mr. Trump and DOGE could direct agencies to settle legal challenges to Biden rules by vacating them. This could ease the laborious process of undoing them by rule-making through the [[w:Administrative_Procedure_Act|Administrative Procedure Act]]. A source tells the WSJ they’ll do whatever they think they legally can without the APA. The [[w:Congressional_Review_Act|Congressional Review Act]]—which allows Congress to overturn recently issued agency regulations—had been used only once, prior to [[w:First_presidency_of_Donald_Trump|Trump's first term]]. While in office, he and the Republican Congress used it on 16 rules. This time, there will be more than 56 regulatory actions recent enough to be repealed. The [[w:Chevron_deference|''Chevron'' deference]] had required federal courts to defer to agencies’ interpretations of ambiguous statutes, but this was overturned in 2024. Taken together, with some other recent [[w:SCOTUS|SCOTUS]] rulings, we now have, says the WSJ, the biggest opportunity to cut regulatory red tape in more than 40 years.<ref>[https://www.wsj.com/opinion/let-the-trump-deregulation-begin-us-chamber-of-commerce-second-term-economic-growth-73f24387?cx_testId=3&cx_testVariant=cx_166&cx_artPos=0]</ref><blockquote>"Most legal edicts aren’t laws enacted by Congress but “rules and regulations” promulgated by unelected bureaucrats—tens of thousands of them each year. Most government enforcement decisions and discretionary expenditures aren’t made by the democratically elected president or even his political appointees but by millions of unelected, unappointed civil servants within government agencies who view themselves as immune from firing thanks to civil-service protections." "This is antidemocratic and antithetical to the Founders’ vision. It imposes massive direct and indirect costs on taxpayers." "When the president nullifies thousands of such regulations, critics will allege executive overreach. In fact, it will be ''correcting'' the executive overreach of thousands of regulations promulgated by administrative fiat that were never authorized by Congress. The president owes lawmaking deference to Congress, not to bureaucrats deep within federal agencies. The use of executive orders to substitute for lawmaking by adding burdensome new rules is a constitutional affront, but the use of executive orders to roll back regulations that wrongly bypassed Congress is legitimate and necessary to comply with the Supreme Court’s recent mandates. And after those regulations are fully rescinded, a future president couldn’t simply flip the switch and revive them but would instead have to ask Congress to do so"<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/opinion/musk-and-ramaswamy-the-doge-plan-to-reform-government-supreme-court-guidance-end-executive-power-grab-fa51c020?cx_testId=3&cx_testVariant=cx_165&cx_artPos=5|title=Elon Musk and Vivek Ramaswamy: The DOGE Plan to Reform Government|last=Musk|first=Elon|date=20 November 2024|work=The Wall Street Journal|last2=Ramaswamy|first2=Vivek}}</ref> </blockquote> == Shrink the federal civil service == The government has around three million [[w:United_States_federal_civil_service|federal civil service]] employees, with an average salary of $106,000. Dr. Anthony Fauci made $481,000 in 2022. The federal head count has ballooned by 120,800 during the Biden years. Civil service and union protections make it hard to fire workers. Mr. Trump intends to quickly resurrect the [[w:Schedule_F|Schedule F]] reform that he sought to implement at the end of his first term but was scrapped by Mr. Biden. These would high-level federal employees to be removed like political appointees, by eliminating their job protections. WSJ proposals[https://www.wsj.com/opinion/the-doge-cheat-sheet-elon-musk-vivek-ramaswamy-department-of-government-efficiency-1c231783#cxrecs_s] The [[w:Administrative_Procedures_Act|Administrative Procedures Act]] statute protects federal employees from political retaliation, but allows for “reductions in force” that don’t target specific employees. The statute further empowers the president to “prescribe rules governing the competitive service.” The Supreme Court has held—in ''[[w:Franklin_v._Massachusetts|Franklin v. Massachusetts]]'' (1992) and ''[[w:Collins_v._Yellen|Collins v. Yellen]]'' (2021) that when revious presidents have used this power to amend the civil service rules by executive order, they weren’t constrained by the APA when they did so. Mr. Trump can, with this authority, implement any number of “rules governing the competitive service” that would curtail administrative overgrowth, from large-scale firings to relocation of federal agencies out of the Washington area. The DOGE welcomes voluntary terminations once the President begins requiring federal employees to come to the office five days a week, because American taxpayers shouldn’t pay federal employees for the Covid-era privilege of staying home.<ref>[https://www.wsj.com/opinion/musk-and-ramaswamy-the-doge-plan-to-reform-government-supreme-court-guidance-end-executive-power-grab-fa51c020?cx_testId=3&cx_testVariant=cx_165&cx_artPos=5 Elon Musk and Vivek Ramaswamy: The DOGE Plan to Reform Government: Following the Supreme Court’s guidance, we’ll reverse a decadeslong executive power grab. Musk & Ramaswamy 11/20/2024]</ref> == Reduce the deficit and debt by impounding appropriated funds == === Impound appropriated funds === Reports suggest that president-elect Trump intends to override Congress’s power of the purse by [[w:Impoundment_of_appropriated_funds|impoundment of appropriated funds]], that is, refusing to spend them. the president may [[wikipedia:Rescission_bill|propose rescission]] of specific funds, but that rescission must be approved by both the [[wikipedia:United_States_House_of_Representatives|House of Representatives]] and [[wikipedia:United_States_Senate|Senate]] within 45 days. [[w:Thomas_Jefferson|Thomas Jefferson]] was the first president to exercise the power of impoundment in 1801, which power was available to all presidents up to and including [[wikipedia:Richard_Nixon|Richard Nixon]], and was regarded as a power inherent to the office, although one with limits. He may ask Congress to repeal The [[w:Congressional_Budget_and_Impoundment_Control_Act_of_1974|Congressional Budget and Impoundment Control Act of 1974]], which was passed in response to Nixon's abuses.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://democrats-budget.house.gov/resources/reports/impoundment-control-act-1974-what-it-why-does-it-matter|title=The Impoundment Control Act of 1974: What Is It? Why Does It Matter? {{!}} House Budget Committee Democrats|date=2019-10-23|website=democrats-budget.house.gov|language=en|access-date=2024-05-19}}</ref> If Congress refuses to do so, president Trump may impound funds anyway and argue in court that the 1974 law is unconstitutional. The matter would likely end up at the Supreme Court, which would have to do more than simply hold the 1974 act unconstitutional in order for Mr. Trump to prevail. The court would also have to overrule [[w:Train_v._City_of_New_York_(1975)|''Train v. City of New York'' (1975)]], which held that impoundment is illegal unless the underlying legislation specifically authorizes it. === Reduce the budget deficit === [[wikipedia:U.S. federal budget|U.S. federal budget]] The [[wikipedia:Fiscal_year|fiscal year]], beginning October 1 and ending on September 30 of the year following. Congress is the body required by law to pass appropriations annually and to submit funding bills passed by both houses to the President for signature. Congressional decisions are governed by rules and legislation regarding the [[wikipedia:United_States_budget_process|federal budget process]]. Budget committees set spending limits for the House and Senate committees and for Appropriations subcommittees, which then approve individual [[wikipedia:Appropriations_bill_(United_States)|appropriations bills]] to During FY2022, the federal government spent $6.3 trillion. Spending as % of GDP is 25.1%, almost 2 percentage points greater than the average over the past 50 years. Major categories of FY 2022 spending included: Medicare and Medicaid ($1.339T or 5.4% of GDP), Social Security ($1.2T or 4.8% of GDP), non-defense discretionary spending used to run federal Departments and Agencies ($910B or 3.6% of GDP), Defense Department ($751B or 3.0% of GDP), and net interest ($475B or 1.9% of GDP).<ref name="CBO_2022">[https://www.cbo.gov/publication/58888 The Federal Budget in Fiscal Year 2022: An Infographic]</ref> CBO projects a federal budget deficit of $1.6 trillion for 2024. In the agency’s projections, deficits generally increase over the coming years; the shortfall in 2034 is $2.6 trillion. The deficit amounts to 5.6 percent of gross domestic product (GDP) in 2024, swells to 6.1 percent of GDP in 2025, and then declines in the two years that follow. After 2027, deficits increase again, reaching 6.1 percent of GDP in 2034.<ref name="CBO_budgetOutlook2024">{{cite web|url=https://www.cbo.gov/publication/59710|title=The Budget and Economic Outlook: 2024 to 2034|date=February 7, 2024|publisher=CBO|access-date=February 7, 2024}}</ref> The following table summarizes several budgetary statistics for the fiscal year 2015-2021 periods as a percent of GDP, including federal tax revenue, outlays or spending, deficits (revenue – outlays), and [[wikipedia:National_debt_of_the_United_States|debt held by the public]]. The historical average for 1969-2018 is also shown. With U.S. GDP of about $21 trillion in 2019, 1% of GDP is about $210 billion.<ref name="CBO_Hist_20">[https://www.cbo.gov/about/products/budget-economic-data#2 CBO-Historical Budget Data-Retrieved January 28, 2020]</ref> Statistics for 2020-2022 are from the CBO Monthly Budget Review for FY 2022.<ref name="CBO_MBRFY2022">{{cite web|url=https://www.cbo.gov/publication/58592|title=Monthly Budget Review: Summary for Fiscal Year 2022|date=November 8, 2022|publisher=CBO|access-date=December 10, 2022}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" !Variable As % GDP !2015 !2016 !2017 !2018 !2019 !2020 !2021 !2022 !Hist Avg |- !Revenue<ref name="CBO_Hist_20">[https://www.cbo.gov/about/products/budget-economic-data#2 CBO-Historical Budget Data-Retrieved January 28, 2020]</ref> |18.0% |17.6% |17.2% |16.4% |16.4% |16.2% |17.9% |19.6% |17.4% |- !Outlays<ref name="CBO_Hist_20" /> |20.4% |20.8% |20.6% |20.2% |21.0% |31.1% |30.1% |25.1% |21.0% |- !Budget Deficit<ref name="CBO_Hist_20" /> | -2.4% | -3.2% | -3.5% | -3.8% | -4.6% | -14.9% | -12.3% | -5.5% | -3.6% |- !Debt Held by Public<ref name="CBO_Hist_20" /> |72.5% |76.4% |76.2% |77.6% |79.4% |100.3% |99.6% |94.7% | |} The [[wikipedia:U.S._Constitution|U.S. Constitution]] ([[wikipedia:Article_One_of_the_United_States_Constitution|Article I]], section 9, clause 7) states that "No money shall be drawn from the Treasury, but in Consequence of Appropriations made by Law; and a regular Statement and Account of Receipts and Expenditures of all public Money shall be published from time to time." Each year, the President of the United States submits a budget request to Congress for the following fiscal year as required by the [[wikipedia:Budget_and_Accounting_Act_of_1921|Budget and Accounting Act of 1921]]. Current law ({{UnitedStatesCode|31|1105}}(a)) requires the president to submit a budget no earlier than the first Monday in January, and no later than the first Monday in February. Typically, presidents submit budgets on the first Monday in February. The budget submission has been delayed, however, in some new presidents' first year when the previous president belonged to a different party. === Reduce the National debt === == Strategic Foreign Policy and Military reform == President-elect Trump has promised to "put an end to endless wars", to end the Russia-Ukraine war, to make NATO members pay their fair share, to renew the maximum-pressure policy toward Iran, and to free the hostages held in Gaza or make sure that Israel wins the current multi-front war launched by Iran and its proxies. Nominee for [[w:National_Security_Advisor|National Security Advisor]] [[w:Mike_Waltz|Mike Waltz]] To oversee the [[w:U.S._Intelligence_Community|U.S. Intelligence Community]] and NIP, and the 18 IC agencies, including the CIA, DIA, NSC, the nominee for [[w:Director_of_National_Intelligence|Director of National Intelligence]] is [[w:Tulsi_Gabbard|Tulsi Gabbard]], who is an isolationist of the [[w:Bernie_Sanders#foreign_policy|Bernie Sanders]] camp, with a long record of dogmatically opposing [[w:Foreign_policy_of_the_Trump_administration|President Trump's first term foreign policy]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/opinion/tulsi-gabbard-director-of-national-intelligence-donald-trump-foreign-policy-syria-israel-iran-b37aa3de|title=How Tulsi Gabbard Sees the World|last=Editorial Board|date=10 December 2024|work=The Wall Street Journal}}</ref> "The first act of a statesman is to recognize the type of war he is in", according to [[w:Carl_von_Clausewitz|Clausewitz]], given that human determination outweighs material advantages. Therefore he is advised to four common foreign-policy fallacies: the "abacus fallacy" that wars are won by superior resources (counterexample Vietnam), the "vampire fallacy" that wars are won by superior technology (c.e. Ukraine); the "Zero Dark Thirty" fallacy that elevates precision strikes and special ops to the level of grand strategy or above, and the "Peace table fallacy", which believes that all wars end in negotiation. (Biden et al)<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/opinion/stopping-endless-wars-is-easier-said-than-done-trump-second-term-2cab9c7a?page=1|title=Stopping ‘Endless Wars’ Is Easier Said Than Done|last=Spencer|first=John|date=11 December 2024|work=The Wall Street Journal}}</ref> === Department of State === {{Main article|w:Second presidency of Donald Trump#Prospective foreign policy|w:State Department}} [[w:Marco_Rubio|Marco Rubio]] has been nominated as [[w:U.S._Secretary_of_State|U.S. Secretary of State]], overseeing $53bn and 77,880 employees ==== [[w:USAID|USAID]] ==== ==== National Endowment for Democracy ==== The [[w:National_Endowment_for_Democracy|National Endowment for Democracy]] is grant-making foundation organized as a private non-profit corporation overseen by congress, a project of Ronald Reagan announced in a [[1982 speech to British Parliament]], in which he stated that "freedom is not the sole prerogative of a lucky few, but the inalienable and universal right of all human beings", invoking the Israelites exodus and the Greeks' stand at Thermopylae. The NED is reportedly near the top of the DOGE's hit list.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/opinion/save-a-reagan-initiative-from-the-doge-national-endowment-for-democracy-funding-2b6cc072?page=1|title=Save a Reagan Initiative From Musk and Ramaswamy|last=Galston|first=William|date=11 December 2024|work=The Wall Street Journal}}</ref> It is had a pro-freedom and [[w:Anti-communist|anti-communist]] mission to help pro-democracy leaders and groups in Asia, Africa, and Latin America, and assisted the transition of Eastern and Central European nations. The arguments being made by those in favor of defunding are that it "is a relic of the Cold War that has outlived its usefulness and no longer serves any pressing purpose in terms of advancing national interests", according to [[w:James_Piereson|James Piereson]]{{Cn}} Congress has raised its funding significanty in recent years, in a vote of confidence. === U.S. Department of Defense === U.S. DoD employees ____ civilian personel, ___ civilian contractors, and oversees a budget of _____. Nominated for [[w:Secretary_of_Defense|Secretary of Defense]] is [[w:Pete_Hegseth|Pete Hegseth]], who has been doubted by many Republican Senators{{Cn}} and supported by Trump's base.{{Cn}} The president-elect is reportedly considering a draft executive order that establishes a “warrior board” of retired senior military personnel with the power to review three- and four-star officers “on leadership capability, strategic readiness, and commitment to military excellence," and to recommend removals of any deemed unfit for leadership. This would fast-track the removal of generals and admirals found to be “lacking in requisite leadership qualities,” consistent with his earlier vow to fire “woke” military leaders.<ref>[https://www.wsj.com/politics/national-security/trump-draft-executive-order-would-create-board-to-purge-generals-7ebaa606<nowiki> Trump draft executive order would create a board to purge generals 11/12/2024]</nowiki></ref> There are legal obstacles. The law prohibits the firing of commissioned officers except by “sentence of a general court-martial,” as a “commutation of a sentence of a general court-martial,” or “in time of war, by order of the president.” A commissioned officer who believes he’s been wrongfully dismissed has the right to seek a trial by court-martial, which may find the dismissal baseless. <ref>[https://www.wsj.com/opinion/trump-tests-the-constitutions-limits-checks-balances-government-policy-law-78d0d0f1 &lt;nowiki&gt; Trump test the constitutions limits 11/19/2024]</ref> Musk said, "Some idiots are still building manned fighter jets like the F-35," and later added: "Manned fighter jets are outdated in the age of drones and only put pilots' lives at risk." [[w:Bernie_Sanders|Bernie Sanders]] wrote on X: "Elon Musk is right. The Pentagon, with a budget of $886 billion, just failed its 7th audit in a row. It's lost track of billions. Last year, only 13 senators voted against the Military Industrial Complex and a defense budget full of waste and fraud. That must change."{{sfn|Newsweek 12/02|2024}}. It failed its fifth audit in June 2023.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newsweek.com/fox-news-host-confronts-gop-senator-pentagons-fifth-failed-audit-1804379|title=Fox News host confronts GOP Senator on Pentagon's fifth failed audit|last=Writer|first=Fatma Khaled Staff|date=2023-06-04|website=Newsweek|language=en|access-date=2024-12-02}}</ref> === [[w:DARPA|DARPA]] === === US Air Force === Air Force is advancing a program called [[w:Collaborative_Combat_Aircraft|Collaborative Combat Aircraft]] to build roughly 1,000 UAVs, with [[w:Anduril|Anduril]] and [[w:General_Atomics|General Atomics]] currently building prototypes, ahead of an Air Force decision on which company or companies will be contracted to build it. The cost quickly exceeded the $2.3 billion approved for last fiscal year’s budget, according to the [[w:Congressional_Research_Service|Congressional Research Service]], prompting calls for more oversight. “''If you want to make real improvements to the defense and security of the United States of America, we would be investing more in drones, we’d be investing more in [[w:Hypersonic_weapon|hypersonic missiles]]'',” said Mr. Ramaswamy. The program for Lockheed-Martin's [[w:F-35|F-35]] stealth jet fighters, now in production, is expected to exceed $2 trillion over several decades. The Air Force on 5 December announced it would delay a decision on which company would build the next-generation crewed fighter, called [[w:Next Generation Air Dominance|Next Generation Air Dominance (NGAD)]], which was planned to replace the [[w:F-22|F-22]] and operate alongside the F-35. Mr. Musk has written that "manned fighter jets are obsolete in the age of drones.” In another post, he claimed “a reusable drone” can do everything a jet fighter can do “without all the overhead of a pilot.” Brigadier General [[w:Doug_Wickert|Doug Wickert]] said in response, “There may be some day when we can completely rely on roboticized warfare but we are a century away.... How long have we thought full self-driving was going to be on the Tesla?” <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/politics/national-security/air-force-jets-vs-drones-trump-administration-8b1620a5?page=1|title=Trump Administration Set to Decide Future of Jet Fighters|last=Seligman|first=Lara|date=6 December 2024|work=The Wall Street Journal}}</ref> === US Space Force === The [[w:US_Space_Force|US Space Force]]'s 2023 budget was ~$26bn and it had 9,400 military personnel. SpaceX had a $14m contract to provide communications to the Ukrainian armed forces and government through 30th Nov 2024.{{sfn|Economist 11/23|2024}} Is also receiving a $733m contract to carry satellites into orbit.{{sfn|Economist 11/23|2024}} The Pentagon plans to incorporate into its own communications network 100 of [[w:Starshield|Starshield]]'s satellites.{{sfn|Economist 11/23|2024}} Starshield also has a $1.8bn contract to help the [[w:National_Reconnaissance_Office|National Reconnaissance Office]] build spy satellites.{{sfn|Economist 11/23|2024}} == Department of Space Transportation == Mr. Trump's transition team told advisors that it plans to make a federal framework for self-driving cars. Mr. Trump had a call with Sundar Pichai and Mr. Musk. === Rail and Tunnel Authority === === Ports Authority === === Interstate Highway Authority === === [[w:Federal_Aviation_Administration|Federal Aviation Administration]] === Musk has often complained about the FAA "smothering" innovation, boasting that he can build a rocket faster than the agency can process the "Kafkaesque paperwork" required to make the relevant approvals.{{sfn|Economist 11/23|2024}} === National Air and Space Administration === The [[w:National_Air_and_Space_Administration|National Air and Space Administration]] (NASA) had a 2023 budget of $25.4 bn and 18,000 employees. [[w:Jared_Isaacman|Jared Isaacman]] is nominated director. He had joined a space voyage in 2021 which was the first for an all-civilian crew to reach orbit. He led a four person crew in September on the first commericial spacewalk, testing SpaceX's new spacesuits. He promised to lead NASA in to "usher in an era where humanity becomes a true space-faring civilization." In an interview Isaacman said that NASA will evolve as private space companies set their own priorities and develop technology. NASA could have a certification role for astronauts and vehicles, similar to how the Federal Aviation Administration oversees the commercial airline industry. “The FAA doesn’t build the airplanes. They don’t staff the pilots that fly you from point A to B,” he said. “That is the world that NASA is in, essentially.” He also suggested openness to new and lower cost ways of getting to the Moon and to Mars.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/politics/elections/trump-picks-billionaire-space-traveler-to-run-nasa-4420150b?page=1|title=Trump Picks Billionaire Space Traveler to Run NASA|last=Maidenberg|first=Micah|date=5 December 2024|work=WSJ}}</ref> In September 2026, NASA's [[w:Artemis_program|Artemis program]], established in 2017 via [[wikipedia:Space_Policy_Directive_1|Space Policy Directive 1]], is intended to reestablish a human presence on the Moon for the first time since the [[wikipedia:Apollo_17|Apollo 17]] mission in 1972. The program's stated long-term goal is to establish a [[wikipedia:Moonbase|permanent base on the Moon]] to facilitate [[wikipedia:Human_mission_to_Mars|human missions to Mars]]. The [[w:U.S._National_Academies_of_Sciences,_Engineering,_and_Medicine|U.S. National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine]] in October, put out a report titled "NASA at a Crossroads," which identified myriad issues at the agency, including out-of-date infrastructure, pressures to prioritize short-term objectives and inefficient management practices. NASA's costly [[w:Space_Launch_System|Space Launch System]] (SLS) is the cornerstone of the Artemis program. has a price tag of around $4.1 billion per launch, and is a single-use rocket that can only launch every two years, having debuted in 2022 with the uncrewed [[w:Artemis_1_mission|Artemis 1 mission]] to the moon. In contrast, SpaceX is working to reduce the cost of a single Starship flight to under $10 million. NASA Associate Administrator Jim Free urged the incoming administration to maintain the current plans, in a symposium with the [[w:American_Astronautical_Society|American Astronautical Society]] saying "We need that consistency in purpose. That has not happened since Apollo. If we lose that, I believe we will fall apart and we will wander, and other people in this world will pass us by." NASA has already asked both [[w:SpaceX|SpaceX]] and also Jeff Bezos' [[w:Blue_Origin|Blue Origin]], to develop cargo landers for its Artemis missions and to deliver heavy equipment on them to the Moon by 2033. "Having two lunar lander providers with different approaches for crew and cargo landing capability provides mission flexibility while ensuring a regular cadence of moon landings for continued discovery and scientific opportunity," Stephen D. Creech, NASA's assistant deputy associate administrator for the moon to Mars program, said in an announcement about the partnership. "For all of the money we are spending, NASA should NOT be talking about going to the Moon - We did that 50 years ago. They should be focused on the much bigger things we are doing, including Mars (of which the Moon is a part), Defense and Science!" Trump wrote in a post on X in 2019. Trump has said he would create a [[w:Space_National_Guard|Space National Guard]], an idea that lawmakers in Congress have been proposing since 2021. Critics agree that a focus on spaceflight could come at the expense of "Earth and atmospheric sciences at NASA and the [[w:National_Oceanic_and_Atmospheric_Administration|National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]] (NOAA), which have been cut during the Biden era."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newsweek.com/elon-musk-donald-trump-nasa-space-policy-1990599|title=Donald Trump and Elon Musk could radically reshape NASA. Here's how|last=Reporter|first=Martha McHardy US News|date=2024-11-27|website=Newsweek|language=en|access-date=2024-12-02}}</ref> Regarding his goal and SpaceX's corporate mission of colonising Mars, Mr. Musk has stated that "The DOGE is the only path to extending life beyond earth"{{sfn|Economist 11/23|2024}} === National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration === == Department of Education and Propaganda == [[w:United_States_Department_of_Education|Department of Education]] has 4,400 employees – the smallest staff of the Cabinet agencies<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www2.ed.gov/about/overview/fed/role.html|title=Federal Role in Education|date=2021-06-15|website=www2.ed.gov|language=en|access-date=2022-04-28}}</ref> – and a 2024 budget of $238 billion.<ref name="DOE-mission">{{Cite web|url=https://www.usaspending.gov/agency/department-of-education?fy=2024|title=Agency Profile {{!}} U.S. Department of Education|website=www2.ed.gov|access-date=2024-11-14}}</ref> The 2023 Budget was $274 billion, which included funding for children with disabilities ([[wikipedia:Individuals_with_Disabilities_Education_Act|IDEA]]), pandemic recovery, early childhood education, [[wikipedia:Pell_Grant|Pell Grants]], [[wikipedia:Elementary_and_Secondary_Education_Act|Title I]], work assistance, among other programs. This budget was down from $637.7 billion in 2022.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.future-ed.org/what-the-new-pisa-results-really-say-about-u-s-schools/|title=What the New PISA Results Really Say About U.S. Schools|date=2021-06-15|website=future-ed.com|language=en|access-date=2024-11-14}}</ref> Nominated as [[w:US_Secretary_of_Education|Secretary of Education]] is [[w:Linda_McMahon|Linda McMahon]]. The WSJ proposes that the Civil Rights division be absorbed into the Department of Justice, and that its outstanding loan portolio be handled by the Department of the Treasury. Despite the redundancies, its unlikely that it will be abolished, which would require congressional action and buy-in from Democrats in the Senate; Republicans don’t have enough votes to do it alone. A republican appointee is expected to push back against federal education overreach and progressive policies like DEI. <ref>[https://www.wsj.com/opinion/trump-can-teach-the-education-department-a-lesson-nominee-needs-boldness-back-school-choice-oppose-woke-indoctrination-ddf6a38d<nowiki> Trump can teach the Education Department a Lesson. WSJ 11/20/2024]</nowiki></ref> During his campaign, Trump had pledged to get the "transgender insanity the hell out of schools.” Relying on the district court's decision in ''[[w:Tatel_v._Mount_Lebanon_School_District|Tatel v. Mount Lebanon School District]] , the'' attorney general and education secretary could issue a letter explaining how enforcing gender ideology violates constitutional [[w:Free_exercise_clause|First amendment right to free exercise of religion]] and the [[w:Equal_Protection_Clause|14th Amendment’s Equal Protection Clause]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/opinion/how-trump-can-target-transgenderism-in-schools-law-policy-education-369537a7?page=1|title=How Trump Can Target Transgenderism in Schools|last=Eden|first=Max|date=9 December 2024|work=The Wall Street Journal}}</ref> === CPB, PBS, NPR === Regarding the [[w:Corporation_for_Public_Broadcasting|Corporation for Public Broadcasting]], [[w:Howard_Husock|Howard Husock]] suggest that instead of zeroing its $535 million budget, Republicans reform the [[w:Public_Broadcasting_Act|Public Broadcasting Act]] to eliminate bias and improve local journalism.<ref>https://www.wsj.com/opinion/the-conservative-case-for-public-broadcasting-media-policy-2d4c3c9f?page=1</ref> {{As of|2024|alt=For fiscal year 2024}}, its appropriation was US$525 million, including $10 million in interest earned. The distribution of these funds was as follows:<ref>{{cite web|url=https://cpb.org/aboutcpb/financials/budget/|title=CPB Operating Budget|last=|date=2024|website=www.cpb.org|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=November 27, 2024|url-status=}}</ref> * $262.83M for direct grants to local public television stations; * $95.11M for television programming grants; * $81.77M for direct grants to local public radio stations; * $28.12M for the Radio National Program Production and Acquisition * $9.43M for the Radio Program Fund * $31.50 for system support * $26.25 for administration Public broadcasting stations are funded by a combination of private donations from listeners and viewers, foundations and corporations. Funding for public television comes in roughly equal parts from government (at all levels) and the private sector.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cpb.org/annualreports/2013/|title=CPB 2013 Annual Report|website=www.cpb.org|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160212170045/http://cpb.org/annualreports/2013/|archive-date=February 12, 2016|access-date=May 4, 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Department of Justice (DOJ) == The US. [[w:Department_of_Justice|Department of Justice]] has a 2023 budget of _____ and ___ employees. Nominated as [[w:Attorney_General|Attorney General]] is Florida AG [[w:Pam_Bondi|Pam Bondi]]{{Cn}}, after Matt Gaetz withdrew his candidacy after pressure.{{Cn}} === Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) === With 35,000 employees the [[w:FBI|FBI]] made a 2021 budget request for $9.8 billion. Nominated as director is [[w:Kash_Patel|Kash Patel]], who promised to "shut down the FBI [[w:Hoover_building|Hoover building]] on day one, and open it the next day as a museum of the deep state. He said "''I would take the 7,000 employees that work in that building and send them out across the America to chase criminals"'', saying ''"Go be cops."'' He promised to retaliate against journalists and government employees who "helped Joe Biden rig the election" in 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.wsj.com/video/series/wsj-explains/who-is-kash-patel-donald-trumps-pick-to-lead-the-fbi/F4D38D41-013A-4B05-A170-D7394AA91C2B|title=Who Is Kash Patel, Donald Trump’s Pick to Lead the FBI?|date=6 December 2024|website=WSJ.com Video}}</ref> ===== Reception and Analysis ===== His nomination "sent shock waves" through the DOJ, and his nomination has been opposed by many Republican lawmakers{{Cn}}, including former CIA director [[w:Gina_Haspell|Gina Haspell]] and AG [[w:Willliam_Barr|Willliam Barr]], who had threatened to resign if Mr. Patel were to be forced on them as a deputy, during Mr. Trump's first term.<ref name=":6">{{Cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/opinion/kash-patel-doesnt-belong-at-the-fbi-cabinet-nominee-5ef655eb?page=1|title=Kash Patel Doesn’t Belong at the FBI: At the NSC, he was less interested in his assigned duties than in proving his loyalty to Donald Trump.|last=Bolton|first=John|date=11 December 2024|work=The Wall Street Journal}}</ref> As an author he wrote a polemical children's book lionizing "King Donald" with himself in the role of "Wizard", despite the Constitution's republican values and its prohibition on granting titles of nobility.<ref>Original synthethic statement, with constitutional context provided by <nowiki>[[User:Jaredscribe]]</nowiki></ref> He has been accused of exaggerating his roles and accomplishments, and deliberate vowing to violate the [[w:Article_Two_of_the_United_States_Constitution#Clause_5:_Caring_for_the_faithful_execution_of_the_law|"Take care" clause of Article II.3]], "''that the Laws be faithfully executed"'' by placing personal loyalties, vendettas, and hunches above his oath to the Constitution.<ref name=":6" /> He has also been accused of lying about national intelligence by [[w:Mark_Esper|Mark Esper]] in his memoir, recently again by Pence aide [[w:Olivia_Troye|Olivia Troye]], although former SoS [[w:Mike_Pompeo|Mike Pompeo]] has not yet clarified the incident in question.  He was called upon to do so in a 11 December WSJ piece by former National Security Advisor [[w:John_Bolton|John Bolton]], who also wrote, "''If illegitimate partisan prosecutions were launched [by the Biden administration], then those responsible should be held accountable in a reasoned, professional manner, not in a counter-witch hunt.  The worst response is for Mr. Trump to engage in the prosecutorial [mis]conduct he condemns [which further] politicizes and degrades the American people's faith in evenhanded law enforcement.''"<ref name=":6" /> He has received support from _____ who wrote that _______.{{Cn}} == U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS) == Nominated as [[w:United_States_Secretary_of_Health_and_Human_Services|United States Secretary of Health and Human Services]] is [[w:Robert_F._Kennedy_Jr.|Robert F. Kennedy Jr.]], deputy Secretary [[w:Jim_O'Neill_(investor)|Jim O'Neill]]. Nominated for [[w:US_Surgeon_General|US Surgeon General]] is [[w:Janette_Nesheiwat|Janette Nesheiwat]]. [[w:U.S._Department_of_Health_and_Human_Services|U.S. Department of Health and Human Services]] was authorized a budget for [[w:2020_United_States_federal_budget|fiscal year 2020]] of $1.293 trillion. It has 13 operating divisions, 10 of which constitute the [[w:United_States_Public_Health_Service|Public Health Services]], whose budget authorization is broken down as follows:<ref name="hhs_budget_fy2020">{{cite web|url=https://www.hhs.gov/about/budget/fy2020/index.html|title=HHS FY 2020 Budget in Brief|date=October 5, 2019|website=HHS Budget & Performance|publisher=United States Department of Health & Human Services|page=7|access-date=May 9, 2020}}</ref> {| class="wikitable sortable" !Nominee !Program !2020 Budget !2024 Budget ! employees !2025 Budget !2026 Budget |- |[[w:Marty_Makary|Marty Makary]] |[[w:Food and Drug Administration|Food and Drug Administration]] (FDA) |$3,329 MM |- | |[[w:Health Resources and Services Administration|Health Resources and Services Administration]] (HRSA) |$11,004 |- | |[[w:Indian Health Service|Indian Health Service]] (IHS) |$6,104 |- |[[w:Dave_Weldon|Dave Weldon]] |[[w:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]] (CDC) |$6,767 |- |[[w:Jay_Bhattacharya|Jay Bhattacharya]] |[[w:National Institutes of Health|National Institutes of Health]] (NIH) |$33,669 |- | |[[w:Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration|Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration]] (SAMHSA) |$5,535 |- | |[[w:Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality|Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality]] (AHRQ) |$0 |- |[[w:Mehmet_Oz|Mehmet Oz]] |[[w:Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services|Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services]] (CMMS) |$1,169,091 |- | |[[w:Administration for Children and Families|Administration for Children and Families]] (ACF) |$52,121 |- | |[[w:Administration for Community Living|Administration for Community Living]] (ACL) |$1,997 |- |} {| class="wikitable sortable" !Program !2020 Budget !2024 Budget ! employees !2025 Budget !2026 Budget |- |[[w:Departmental Management|Departmental Management]] |$340 |- |Non-Recurring Expense Fund |$-400 |- |[[w:Office of Medicare Hearings and Appeals|Office of Medicare Hearings and Appeals]] |$186 |- |[[w:Office of the National Coordinator|Office of the National Coordinator]] |$43 |- |[[w:Office for Civil Rights|Office for Civil Rights]] |$30 |- |[[w:Office of Inspector General|Office of Inspector General]] |$82 |- |[[w:Public Health and Social Services Emergency Fund|Public Health and Social Services Emergency Fund]] |$2,667 |- |[[w:Program Support Center|Program Support Center]] |$749 |- |Offsetting Collections |$-629 |- |Other Collections |$-163 |- |'''TOTAL''' |'''$1,292,523''' |} The FY2020 budget included a $1.276 billion budget decrease for the Centers for Disease Control, and a $4.533 billion budget decrease for the National Institutes of Health. These budget cuts, along with other changes since 2019, comprised a total decrease of over $24 billion in revised discretionary budget authority across the entire Department of Health and Human Services for Fiscal Year 2020.<ref name="hhs_budget_fy2020" /> Additional details of the budgeted outlays, budget authority, and detailed budgets for other years, can be found at the HHS Budget website.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://WWW.HHS.GOV/BUDGET|title=Health and Human Services: Budget and Performance|publisher=United States Department of Health & Human Services|access-date=May 9, 2020}}</ref> He is an American politician, [[Environmental law|environmental lawyer]], [[anti-vaccine activist]], and anti-packaged food industry activist, anti-pharmaceutical industry activist, who will be nominated to serve as [[United States Secretary of Health and Human Services]],<ref name="v502">{{cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/saradorn/2024/11/14/rfk-jr-launches-independent-2024-run-here-are-all-the-conspiracies-he-promotes-from-vaccines-to-mass-shootings/|title=Trump Taps RFK Jr. As Secretary Of Health And Human Services: Here Are All The Conspiracies He's Promoted|last=Dorn|first=Sara|date=2024-11-14|website=Forbes|access-date=2024-11-15}}</ref> with the mission of "Making America Healthy Again". He is the chairman and founder of [[Children's Health Defense]], an anti-vaccine advocacy group and proponent of [[COVID-19 vaccine misinformation|dubious COVID-19 vaccine information]].<ref name="Smith_12/15/2021" /><ref name="KW" /> === National Institutes of Health === The [[w:NIH|NIH]] distributes grants of ~$50bn per year. Nominated to lead the [[w:National_Institutes_of_Health|National Institutes of Health]] is [[w:Jay_Bhattacharya|Jay Bhattacharya]], who has announced the following priorities for funding: * cutting edge research, saying that the NIH has become "sclerotic", due to a phenomenon has been called [[Eroom’s law]], which explains that career incentives encourage “me-too research,” given that citations by other scientists “have become the dominant way to evaluate scientific contributions and scientists.” That has shifted research “toward incremental science and away from exploratory projects that are more likely to fail, but which are the fuel for future breakthroughs.”<ref name=":3">{{Cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/opinion/jay-bhattacharya-and-the-vindication-of-the-fringe-scientists-pandemic-lockdowns-38b6aec6|title=Jay Bhattacharya and the Vindication of the ‘Fringe’ Scientists|last=Finley|first=Allysia|date=1 December 2024|work=Wall Street Journal}}</ref> Dr. Bhattacharya's February 2020 paper explaining Eroom's law, as possible explanation for slowing of pharmaceutical advances.{{Cn}} * studies aimed at replicating the results of earlier studies, to address the problem of scientific fraud or other factors contributing to the the [[w:Replication_crisis|replication crisis]], encouraging academic freedom among NIH scientists and term limits for NIH leaders. “Those kinds of reforms, I think every scientist would agree, every American would agree, it’s how you turn the NIH from something that is sort of how to control society, into something that is aimed at the discovery of truth to improve the health of Americans,” he said.<ref name=":4">{{Cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/health/healthcare/covid-lockdown-critic-jay-bhattacharya-chosen-to-lead-nih-2958e5e2?page=1|title=Covid-Lockdown Critic Jay Bhattacharya Chosen to Lead NIH|last=Whyte|first=Liz Essley|date=26 November 2024|work=The Wall Street Journal}}</ref> * Refocusing on research on [[w:Chronic_diseases|chronic diseases]], which is underfunded, and away from [[w:Infectious_diseases|infectious diseases]], which is overfunded. * Ending [[w:Gain-of-function|gain-of-function]] research. Jay Bhattacharya wrote a March 25 2020 op-ed "Is the Coronavirus as Deadly as They Say?", with colleague [[w:Eran_Bendavid|Eran Bendavid]], arguing that many asymptomatic cases of COVID-19 were going undetected. The hypothesis was confirmed in April 2020 when he and several colleagues published a study showing that Covid anti-bodies in Santa Clara county were 50 times the recorded infection rate. This implied, he said "a lower inflection mortality rate than public health authorities were pushing at a time when they and the media thought it was a virtue to panic the population".<ref><nowiki><ref></nowiki>{{Cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/opinion/the-man-who-fought-fauci-and-won-trump-nih-nominee-jay-bhattacharya-covid-cancel-culture-4a0650bd?page=1|title=The Man Who Fought Fauci - and Won|last=Varadarajan|first=Tunku|date=6 December 2024|work=WSJ}}&lt;nowiki&gt;</ref> Dr. Bhattacharya, [[w:Martin_Kulldorff|Martin Kulldorff]], then at Harvard, and Oxford’s [[w:Sunetra_Gupta|Sunetra Gupta]] formally expounded this idea in the [[w:Great_Barrington_Declaration|Great Barrington Declaration]] in October 2020, urging the government to focus on protecting the vulnerable while letting others go about their lives, which previous NIH director [[w:Francis_Collins|Francis Collins]] derided as "fringe science its into the political views of certain parts of our confused political establishment," and previous [[w:NIAID|NIAID]] director [[w:Chief_Medical_Advisor_to_the_President|chief medical advisor to the President]] [[w:Anthony_Fauci|Anthony Fauci]] "a quick and devastating public takedown of its premises." Some suggest the same career incentives that lead to scientific group-think in the pharmaceutical industry, also explain conformist behavior during COVID-19, due to the threat against young scientists of losing NIH funding, jobs, and career opportunities, if they were to exercise in independent judgement.<ref name=":3" /> “Dr. Jay Bhattacharya is the ideal leader to restore NIH as the international template for gold-standard science and evidence-based medicine,” DHHS Secretary nominee Kennedy wrote. "We will reform American scientific institutions so that they are worthy of trust again and will deploy the fruits of excellent science to make America healthy again!” said Dr. Bhattacharya. “Dr. Bhattacharya is a strong choice to lead the NIH,” said Dr. [[w:Ned_Sharpless|Ned Sharpless]], a former [[w:National_Cancer_Institute|National Cancer Institute]] director. “The support of moderate Senate Republicans will be critical to NIH funding, and Dr. Bhattacharya’s Covid work will give him credibility with this constituency.”<ref name=":4" /> === Food and Drug Administration === The FDA in 2022 had 18,000 employees<ref name="fy2022">{{cite web|url=https://www.fda.gov/media/149613/download|title=FY 2022 FDA Budget Request|publisher=FDA|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230602090805/https://www.fda.gov/media/149613/download|archive-date=June 2, 2023|access-date=January 14, 2022|url-status=live}}</ref> and a budget of $6.5{{nbsp}}billion (2022)<ref name="fy2022" /> Nominated as director is [[w:Marty_Makary|Marty Makary]]. == Department of Food and Agriculture == [[w:Department_of_Agriculture|Department of Agriculture]] (USDA) had 2023 budget of ___ and ____ employees. Nominated for [[w:Secretary_of_Agriculture|Secretary of Agriculture]] is [[w:Brooke_Rollins|Brooke Rollins]], who had earlier served on the [[w:Office_of_American_Innovation|Office of American Innovation]] under [[w:Jared_Kushner|Jared Kushner]], and served as director of [[w:Domestic_Policy_Council|Domestic Policy Council]]. She has not endorsed the "[[w:Make_America_Healthy_Again|Make America Healthy Again]]" agenda of RFK Jr. (and his colleagues Jay Bhattacharcya and others) who promised to "reverse 80 years of farm policy" and complains of the $30 billion/year farms subsidies. Kennedy wants to remove soda from food aid, and ultra-processed food from both [[w:Food-stamps|food-stamp]] benefits and [[w:School_meals|school meals]], both of which are overseen by the USDA; an effort that in the past has been opposed by the food industry, lawmakers, and some anti-hunger advocacy groups.<ref name=":5" /> RFK Jr.'s team had recommended [[w:Sid_Miller|Sid Miller]] for the role, and a group of farmers he had asked to vet candidates had proposed [[w:John_Kempf|John Kempf]].<ref name=":5">{{Cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/politics/policy/trump-agriculture-pick-brooke-rollins-rfk-jr-1a85beda?page=1|title=RFK Jr. Team Skeptical About USDA Pick|last=Andrews|first=Natalie|date=11 December 2024|work=The Wall Street Journal|others=et al}}</ref> He has also called for re-examining the the [[standards regulating the use of pesticides]], especially [[w:Glyphosate|glyphosate]], the world's most widely used [[w:Herbicide|herbicide]] and the active ingredient in [[w:Roundup|Roundup]], used as a weedkiller in major [[w:U.S._commodity_crops|U.S. commodity crops]].[[w:Herbicide|herbicide]]<ref name=":5" /> === Food Stamps === === School Meals === === Farm Subsidies === == Department of Treasury and Commerce == [[w:Departments_of_Treasury|Departments of Treasury]] has 2023 budget of ____ and ___ employees. [[w:Department_of_Commerce|Department of Commerce]] has 2023 budget of _____ and _____ employees. Nominated for [[w:Secretary_of_the_Treasury|Secretary of the Treasury]] is [[w:Scott_Bessent|Scott Bessent]], for Secretary of Commerce is [[w:Howard_Lutnick|Howard Lutnick]] === Consumer Financial Protection Bureau === The [[w:Consumer_Financial_Protection_Bureau|Consumer Financial Protection Bureau]] (CFPB). Said Mr. Musk "Delete the CFPB. There are too many duplicative regulatory agencies"<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/politics/policy/elon-musk-doge-conflict-of-interest-b1202437?page=1|title=Musk’s DOGE Plans Rely on White House Budget Office. Conflicts Await.|last=Schwartz|first=Brian|work=The Wall Street Journal}}</ref> === Securities and Exchange Commission === [[w:Securities_and_Exchange_Commission|Securities and Exchange Commission]] === Internal Revenue Service === [[w:Internal_Revenue_Service|Internal Revenue Service]] == Departments of Energy and Interior == Nominee for [[w:US_Secretary_of_the_Interior|Secretary of the Interior]] is [[w:Doug_Burgum|Doug Burgum]], who will also be [[w:List_of_U.S._executive_branch_czars|Energy Czar]]. [[w:Department_of_Energy|Department of Energy]] [[w:United_States_Secretary_of_Energy|secretary nominee]] [[w:Chris_Wright_(energy_executive)|Chris Wright]] admits that burning fossil fuels contributes to rising temperatures, but says it poses only a modest threat to humanity, and praises it for increasing plant growth, making the planet greener, and boosting agricultural productivity. He also says that it likely reduces the annual number of temperature-related deaths. (estimates from health researchers say otherwise). He says, "It's probably almost as many positive changes as negative changes... Is it a crisis, is it the world's greatest challenge, or a big threat to the next generation? No. .. A little bit warmer isn’t a threat. If we were 5, 7, 8, 10 degrees [Celsius] warmer, that would be meaningful changes to the planet.” Scientists see a 1.5 degrees Celsius temperature as creating potentially irreversible changes for the planet, and expect to pass that mark later this year, after increasing over several decade. He criticizes the [[w:Paris_climate_agreement|Paris climate agreement]] for empowering "political actors with anti-fossil fuel agendas." Wright favors development of [[w:Geothermal_energy|geothermal energy]] and [[w:Nuclear_energy_policy_of_the_United_States|nuclear energy]], criticizing subsidies to wind and solar energy. <ref><nowiki><ref></nowiki>{{Cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/politics/policy/who-is-chris-wright-trump-energy-secretary-9eb617dc?page=1|title=Trump’s Energy Secretary Pick Preaches the Benefits of Climate Change|last=Morenne|first=Benoit|date=9 December 2024|work=The Wall Street Journal}}&lt;nowiki&gt;</ref> === Bureau of Land Management === === Forest Service === === National Parks === == AI and Cryptocurrency Policy == [[w:David_Sacks|David Sacks]] was named "White House AI and Crypto Czar". == Reform Entitlements == === Healthcare and Medicare === [[w:ObamaCare|ObamaCare]] started as a plausible scheme for universal, cost-effective health insurance with subsidies for the needy. Only the subsidies survive because the ObamaCare policies actually delivered are so overpriced nobody would buy them without a subsidy.<ref>[https://www.wsj.com/opinion/elons-real-trump-mission-protect-growth-department-of-government-efficiency-appointments-cabinet-9e7e62b2]</ref> See below: Department of Health and Human Services === Social Security === Even FDR was aware of its flaw: it discourages working and saving. === Other === Small-government advocate [[w:Ron_Paul|Ron Paul]] has suggested to cut aid to the following "biggest" welfare recipients: * The [[w:Military-industrial_complex|Military-industrial complex]] * The [[w:Pharmaceutical-industrial_complex|Pharmaceutical-industrial complex]] * The [[w:Federal_Reserve|Federal Reserve]] To which Mr. Musk replied, "Needs to be done".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thehill.com/video/ron-paul-vows-to-join-elon-musk-help-eliminate-government-waste-in-a-trump-admin/10191375/|title=Ron Paul vows to join Elon Musk, help eliminate government waste in a Trump admin|date=2024-11-05|website=The Hill|language=en-US|access-date=2024-12-09}}</ref> == Office of Management and Budget == The White House [[w:Office_of_Management_and_Budget|Office of Management and Budget]] (OMB) guides implementation of regulations and analyzes federal spending. Mssrs. Musk and Ramaswamy encouraged President-elect Trump to reappoint his first term director [[w:Russell_Vought|Russell Vought]], which he did on 22nd Nov.<ref name=":0" /> == Government Efficiency Personnel == Transition spokesman [[w:Brian_Hughes|Brian Hughes]] said that "Elon Musk is a once-in-a-generation business leader and our federal bureaucracy will certainly benefit from his ideas and efficiency". About a dozen Musk allies have visited Mar-a-Lago to serve as unofficial advisors to the Trump 47 transition, influencing hiring at many influential government agencies.<ref name=":2"><nowiki><ref></nowiki>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/12/06/us/politics/trump-elon-musk-silicon-valley.html?searchResultPosition=1|title=The Silicon Valley Billionaires Steering Trump’s Transition|date=8 December 2024|work=NYT}}</ref> [[w:Marc_Andreesen|Marc Andreesen]] has interviewed candidates for State, Pentagon, and DHHS, and has been active pushing for rollback of Biden's cryptocurrency regulations, and rollback of Lina Khan anti-trust efforts with the FTC, and calling for contracting reform in Defense dept. [[w:Jared_Birchall|Jared Birchall]] has interviewed candidates for State, and has advised on Space police and has put together councils for AI and Cryptocurrency policy. David Sacks was named "White House AI and Crypto Czar" [[w:Shaun_MacGuire|Shaun MacGuire]] has advised on picks for intelligence community and has interviewed candidates for Defense. Many tech executives are considering part-time roles advising the DOGE. [[w:Antonio_Gracias|Antonio Gracias]] and [[w:Steve_Davis|Steve Davis]] from Musk's "crisis team" have been active, as has investor [[w:John_Hering|John Hering]]. Other Silicon Valley players who have advised Trump or interviewed candidates: * [[w:Larry_Ellison|Larry Ellison]] has sat in on Trump transition 47 meetings at Mar-a-Lago. * [[w:Mark_Pincus|Mark Pincus]] * [[w:David_Marcus|David Marcus]] * [[w:Barry_Akis|Barry Akis]] * [[w:Shervin_Pishevar|Shervin Pishevar]], who has called for privitization of the USPS, NASA, and the federal Bureau of Prisons. Called for creating an American sovereign wealth fund, and has said that DOGE "could lead a revolutionary restructuring of public institutions."<ref name=":2" /> [[w:William_McGinley|William McGinley]] will move to a role with DOGE. Originally nominated for [[w:White_House_counsel|White House counsel]], he will be replaced in that role by [[w:David_Warrington|David Warrington]].<ref>{{Cite news|title=A White House Counsel Replaced before starting|last=Haberman|first=Maggie|date=6 December 2024|work=New York times}}</ref> The WSJ lauded without naming them, comparing them to the "dollar-a-year men" - business leaders who during WWII revolutionized industrial production to help make America the "arsenal of democracy". (WSJ, 10 December 2024) == History and Miscellaneous facts == See also: [[w:Department_of_Government_Efficiency#History|Department of Government Efficiency — History]] DOGE's work will "conclude" no later than July 4, 2026, the 250th anniversary of the signing of the [[United States Declaration of Independence|U.S. Declaration of Independence]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thehill.com/policy/4987402-trump-musk-advisory-group-spending/|title=Elon Musk, Vivek Ramaswamy to lead Trump's Department of Government Efficiency (DOGE)|last=Nazzaro|first=Miranda|date=November 13, 2024|website=The Hill|language=en-US|access-date=November 13, 2024}}</ref> also coinciding with America's [[United States Semiquincentennial|semiquincentennial]] celebrations and a proposed "Great American Fair". Despite its name it is not expected to be a [[wikipedia:United_States_federal_executive_departments|federal executive department]], but rather may operate under the [[Federal Advisory Committee Act]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/trump-department-of-government-efficiency-doge-elon-musk-ramaswamy/|title=What to know about Trump's Department of Government Efficiency, led by Elon Musk and Vivek Ramaswamy - CBS News|last=Picchi|first=Aimee|date=2024-11-14|website=www.cbsnews.com|language=en-US|access-date=2024-11-14}}</ref> so its formation is not expected to require approval from the [[wikipedia:United_States_Congress|U.S. Congress]]. NYT argues that records of its meetings must be made public.{{Cn}} As an advisor rather than a government employee, Mr. Musk will not be subject to various ethics rules.{{sfn|Economist 11/23}} Musk has stated that he believes such a commission could reduce the [[wikipedia:United_States_federal_budget|U.S. federal budget]] by $2 trillion, which would be a reduction of almost one third from its 2023 total. [[Maya MacGuineas]] of the [[Committee for a Responsible Federal Budget]] has said that this saving is "absolutely doable" over a period of 10 years, but it would be difficult to do in a single year "without compromising some of the fundamental objectives of the government that are widely agreed upon".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thehill.com/business/4966789-elon-musk-skepticism-2-trillion-spending-cuts/|title=Elon Musk draws skepticism with call for $2 trillion in spending cuts|last=Folley|first=Aris|date=2024-11-03|website=The Hill|language=en-US|access-date=2024-11-14}}</ref> [[wikipedia:Jamie_Dimon|Jamie Dimon]], the chief executive officer of [[wikipedia:JPMorgan_Chase|JPMorgan Chase]], has supported the idea. Some commentators questioned whether DOGE is a conflict of interest for Musk given that his companies are contractors to the federal government. The body is "unlikely to have any regulatory teeth on its own, but there's little doubt that it can have influence on the incoming administration and how it will determine its budgets".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.vox.com/policy/384904/trumps-department-of-government-efficiency-sounds-like-a-joke-it-isnt|title=Trump tapped Musk to co-lead the "Department of Government Efficiency." What the heck is that?|last=Fayyad|first=Abdallah|date=2024-11-13|website=Vox|language=en-US|access-date=2024-11-14}}</ref> Elon Musk had called [[w:Federico_Sturzenegger|Federico Sturzenegger]], Argentina's [[w:Ministry_of_Deregulation_and_State_Transformation|Minister of Deregulation and Transformation of the State]] ([[w:es:Ministerio_de_Desregulación_y_Transformación_del_Estado|es]]), to discuss imitating his ministry's model.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.infobae.com/economia/2024/11/08/milei-brindo-un-nuevo-apoyo-a-sturzenegger-y-afirmo-que-elon-musk-imitara-su-gestion-en-eeuu/|title=Milei brindó un nuevo apoyo a Sturzenegger y afirmó que Elon Musk imitará su gestión en EEUU|date=November 8, 2024|website=infobae|language=es-ES|access-date=November 13, 2024}}</ref> == Reception and Criticism == See also: [[w:Department_of_Government_Efficiency#Reception|w:Department of Government Efficiency — Reception]] The WSJ reports that Tesla's Texas facility dumped toxic wastewater into the public sewer system, into a lagoon, and into a local river, violated Texas environmental regulations, and fired an employee who attempted to comply with the law.{{Cn}} The Economist estimates that 10% of Mr. Musk's $360bn personal fortune is derived from contracts and benefits from the federal government, and 15% from the Chinese market.{{sfn|Economist 11/23}} == See also == * [[w:Second_presidential_transition_of_Donald_Trump|Second presidential transition of Donald Trump]] * [[w:United_States_federal_budget#Deficits_and_debt|United States federal budget - Deficits and debt]] * [[w:United_States_Bureau_of_Efficiency|United States Bureau of Efficiency]] – United States federal government bureau from 1916 to 1933 * [[w:Brownlow_Committee|Brownlow Committee]] – 1937 commission recommending United States federal government reforms * [[w:Grace_Commission|Grace Commission]] – Investigation to eliminate inefficiency in the United States federal government * [[w:Hoover_Commission|Hoover Commission]] – United States federal commission in 1947 advising on executive reform * [[w:Keep_Commission|Keep Commission]] * [[w:Project_on_National_Security_Reform|Project on National Security Reform]] * [[w:Delivering_Outstanding_Government_Efficiency_Caucus|Delivering Outstanding Government Efficiency Caucus]] == Notes == {{reflist}} == References == {{refbegin}} * {{Cite web|url=https://www.newsweek.com/bernie-sanders-finds-new-common-ground-elon-musk-1993820|title=Bernie Sanders finds new common ground with Elon Musk|last=Reporter|first=Mandy Taheri Weekend|date=2024-12-01|website=Newsweek|language=en|access-date=2024-12-02 |ref={{harvid|Newsweek 12/01|2024}} }} * {{Cite news|url=https://www.economist.com/briefing/2024/11/21/elon-musk-and-donald-trump-seem-besotted-where-is-their-bromance-headed|title=Elon Musk and Donald Trump seem besotted. Where is their bromance headed?|work=The Economist|access-date=2024-12-04|issn=0013-0613 |ref={{harvid|Economist 11/23|2024}} }} <references group="lower-alpha" /> {{refend}} or5ggrnya9q76hm5n6o59dm4m94pqbg 2691570 2691569 2024-12-12T05:51:12Z Jaredscribe 2906761 /* Department of Treasury and Reserve */ Federal Reserve vs. American Sovereign Wealth Fund 2691570 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Research project}} The U.S. [[w:Department of Government Efficiency]]. {{Infobox Organization |name=Department of Government Efficiency |logo= |logo_size= |logo_caption=Logo on [[Twitter|X]] (formerly Twitter) as of November 14, 2024 |seal= |seal_size= |seal_caption= |formation=Announced on November 12, 2024; yet to be established |abbreviation=DOGE |key_people={{plainlist|[[w:Commissioner of the Department of Government Efficiency|Co-commissioners]]: * [[w:Elon Musk]] * [[w:Vivek Ramaswamy]] }} |website={{URL|https://x.com/DOGE|x.com/DOGE}} |volunteers=* Federico Sturzenegger|services=consulting|headquarters=Mar-A-Lago|organization_type=Presidential Advisory Commission|founder=Donald Trump|extinction=4 July 2026 (planned)|mission=(In the words of president-elect Donald Trump: * dismantle government bureaucracy * slash excess regulations * cut wasteful expenditures * restructure federal agencies, * address "massive waste and fraud" in government spending}} This "'''Wiki Of Government Efficiency'''" (WOGE) is a public interest, non-partisan research project that will [[User:Jaredscribe/Department of Government Efficiency#Reduce the deficit and debt by impounding appropriated funds|analyze the U.S. federal budget]], [[User:Jaredscribe/Department of Government Efficiency#Reform the other Government Bureaus and Departments|federal bureaucracy]], and [[User:Jaredscribe/Department of Government Efficiency#Shrink the federal civil service|federal civil service]], in the context of [[w:Second_presidency_of_Donald_Trump|president-elect Trump']]<nowiki/>s [[w:Agenda_47|Agenda 47]], and will catalogue, evaluate, and critique proposals on how the '''[[w:Department of Government Efficiency|Department of Government Efficiency]]'''{{Efn|Also referred to as '''Government Efficiency Commission'''}} (DOGE) is or is not fulfilling its mission to ''"dismantle government bureaucracy, slash excess regulations, and cut wasteful expenditures and restructure federal agencies"'', in the words of president-elect [[wikipedia:Donald_Trump|Donald Trump]], who called for it to address ''"massive waste and fraud"'' in government spending.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/c93qwn8p0l0o|title=Donald Trump picks Elon Musk for US government cost-cutting role|last1=Faguy|first1=Ana|last2=FitzGerald|first2=James|date=2024-11-13|publisher=BBC News|language=en-GB|access-date=2024-11-13}}</ref> Here's [[User:Jaredscribe/Department of Government Efficiency/How to contribute|how to contribute]] to the WOGE. The DOGE intends to [[User:Jaredscribe/Department of Government Efficiency#Office of Management and Budget|work through the Office of Management and Budget]] as its "policy vector". The [[w:U.S._budget_deficit|U.S. Budget deficit]], (C.f. [[w:Government_budget_balance|fiscal deficit]]), and the [[w:National_debt_of_the_United_States|U.S. National debt]], currently $35.7 Trillion as of 10/2024, which is 99% of the [[w:U.S._GDP|U.S. GDP]],<ref>{{Unbulleted list citebundle|{{cite news|newspaper=Financial Post| title= Musk's $2 Trillion of Budget Cuts Would Have These Stocks Moving|url=https://financialpost.com/pmn/business-pmn/musks-2-trillion-of-budget-cuts-would-have-these-stocks-moving|first=Alexandra|last=Semenova|date=November 4, 2024}}|{{cite news|newspaper= New York Times|title=Elon|url=https://nytimes.com/2024/10/29/us/politics/elon-musk-trump-economy-hardship.html}}|{{Cite web |date=September 5, 2024 |title=Trump says he'd create a government efficiency commission led by Elon Musk |url=https://apnews.com/article/donald-trump-elon-musk-government-efficiency-commission-e831ed5dc2f6a56999e1a70bb0a4eaeb |publisher=AP News}}|{{cite web|first=Jenn|last=Brice|title=How Elon Musk's $130 million investment in Trump's victory could reap a huge payoff for Tesla and the rest of his business empire|url=https://fortune.com/2024/11/06/elon-musk-donald-trump-tesla-spacex-xai-boring-neuralink|website=Fortune}}|{{cite web|url=https://axios.com/2024/11/07/elon-musk-government-efficiency-trump|title=Musk will bring his Twitter management style to government reform}}|{{cite news| access-date =November 9, 2024|work=Reuters|date=September 6, 2024|first1=Helen|first2=Gram|last1=Coster| last2=Slattery|title=Trump says he will tap Musk to lead government efficiency commission if elected| url= https://reuters.com/world/us/trump-adopt-musks-proposal-government-efficiency-commission-wsj-reports-2024-09-05}}|{{cite web|title=Trump says Musk could head 'government efficiency' force|url= https://bbc.com/news/articles/c74lgwkrmrpo|publisher=BBC}}|{{cite web|date =November 5, 2024|title=How Elon Musk could gut the government under Trump|url=https://independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/us-politics/elon-musk-donald-trump-economy-job-cuts-b2641644.html|website= The Independent}}}}</ref> and expected to grow to 134% of GDP by 2034 if current laws remain unchanged, according to the [[w:Congressional_Budget_Office|Congressional Budget Office]]. The DOGE will be a [[wikipedia:Presidential_commission_(United_States)|presidential advisory commission]] led by the billionaire businessmen [[wikipedia:Elon_Musk|Elon Musk]] and [[wikipedia:Vivek_Ramaswamy|Vivek Ramaswamy]], and possibly [[w:Ron_Paul|Ron Paul]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thehill.com/video/ron-paul-vows-to-join-elon-musk-help-eliminate-government-waste-in-a-trump-admin/10191375|title=Ron Paul vows to join Elon Musk, help eliminate government waste in a Trump admin|date=November 5, 2024|website=The Hill}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://usatoday.com/story/business/2024/10/28/patricia-healy-elon-musk-highlights-need-for-government-efficiency/75798556007|title=Elon Musk puts spotlight on ... Department of Government Efficiency? {{!}} Cumberland Comment|last=Healy|first=Patricia|website=USA TODAY|language=en-US|access-date=November 9, 2024}}</ref> with support from many [[w:Political_appointments_of_the_second_Trump_administration|Political and cabinet appointees of the second Trump administration]] and from a Congressional caucus Musk stated his belief that DOGE could remove US$2 trillion from the [[w:United_States_federal_budget|U.S. federal budget]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/live/HysDMs2a-iM?si=92I5LD1FY2PAsSuG&t=15822|title=WATCH LIVE: Trump holds campaign rally at Madison Square Garden in New York|date=October 28, 2024|website=youtube.com|publisher=[[PBS NewsHour]]|language=en|format=video}}</ref> without specifying whether these savings would be made over a single year or a longer period.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/cdj38mekdkgo|title=Can Elon Musk cut $2 trillion from US government spending?|last=Chu|first=Ben|date=2024-11-13|website=BBC News|language=en-GB|access-date=2024-11-14}}</ref> [[File:2023_US_Federal_Budget_Infographic.png|thumb|An infographic on outlays and revenues in the 2023 [[United States federal budget|U.S. federal budget]]]] DOGE could also streamline permitting with “categorical exclusions” from environmental reviews under the National Environmental Policy Act. {{sidebar with collapsible lists|name=U.S. deficit and debt topics|namestyle=background:#bf0a30;|style=width:22.0em; border: 4px double #d69d36; background:var(--background-color-base, #FFFFFF);|bodyclass=vcard|pretitle='''<span class="skin-invert">This article is part of [[:Category:United States|a series]] on the</span>'''|title=[[United States federal budget|<span style="color:var(--color-base, #000000);">Budget and debt in the<br/>United States of America</span>]]|image=[[File:Seal of the United States Congress.svg|90px]] [[File:Seal of the United States Department of the Treasury.svg|90px]]|titlestyle=background:var(--background-color-base, #002868); background-clip:padding-box;|headingstyle=background:var(--background-color-base, #bf0a30); color:var(--color-base, #fff);|listtitlestyle=background:var(--background-color-base, #bf0a30); color:var(--color-base, #fff); text-align:center;|expanded={{{expanded|{{{1|}}}}}}|list1name=dimensions|list1title=Major dimensions|list1class=hlist skin-invert|list1=* [[Economy of the United States|Economy]] * [[Expenditures in the United States federal budget|Expenditures]] * [[United States federal budget|Federal budget]] * [[Financial position of the United States|Financial position]] * [[Military budget of the United States|Military budget]] * [[National debt of the United States|Public debt]] * [[Taxation in the United States|Taxation]] * [[Unemployment in the United States|Unemployment]] * [[Government_spending_in_the_United_States|Gov't spending]]|list2name=programs|list2title=Programs|list2class=hlist skin-invert|list2=* [[Medicare (United States)|Medicare]] * [[Social programs in the United States|Social programs]] * [[Social Security (United States)|Social Security]]|list3name=issues|list3title=Contemporary issues|list3class=skin-invert|list3=<div style="margin-bottom:0.5em"> [[National Commission on Fiscal Responsibility and Reform|Bowles–Simpson Commission]] {{flatlist}} * <!--Bu--> [[Bush tax cuts]] * <!--Deb--> [[United States debt ceiling|Debt ceiling]] ** [[History of the United States debt ceiling|history]] * <!--Def--> [[Deficit reduction in the United States|Deficit reduction]] * <!--F--> [[United States fiscal cliff|Fiscal cliff]] * <!--H--> [[Healthcare reform in the United States|Healthcare reform]] * <!--P--> [[Political debates about the United States federal budget|Political debates]] * <!--So--> [[Social Security debate in the United States|Social Security debate]] * <!--St--> "[[Starve the beast]]" * <!--Su--> [[Subprime mortgage crisis]] {{endflatlist}} </div> [[2007–2008 financial crisis]] {{flatlist}} * <!--D--> [[United States debt-ceiling crisis (disambiguation)|Debt-ceiling crises]] ** [[2011 United States debt-ceiling crisis|2011]] ** [[2013 United States debt-ceiling crisis|2013]] ** [[2023 United States debt-ceiling crisis|2023]] {{endflatlist}} [[2013 United States budget sequestration|2013 budget sequestration]] {{flatlist}} * <!--G--> [[Government shutdowns in the United States|Government shutdowns]] ** [[1980 United States federal government shutdown|1980]] ** [[1981, 1984, and 1986 U.S. federal government shutdowns|1981, 1984, 1986]] ** [[1990 United States federal government shutdown|1990]] ** [[1995–1996 United States federal government shutdowns|1995–1996]] ** [[2013 United States federal government shutdown|2013]] ** [[January 2018 United States federal government shutdown|Jan 2018]] ** [[2018–2019 United States federal government shutdown|2018–2019]] {{endflatlist}} Related events {{flatlist}} *<!--E-->[[Removal of Kevin McCarthy as Speaker of the House|2023 Removal of Kevin McCarthy]] {{endflatlist}}|list4name=terminology|list4title=Terminology|list4class=hlist skin-invert|list4=Cumulative [[Government budget balance|deficit]] + [[National debt of the United States#Debates|Interest]] ≈ [[Government debt|Debt]] * [[Balance of payments]] * [[Inflation]] * [[Continuing resolution]]}} [[w:Deficit_reduction_in_the_United_States|Deficit reduction in the United States]] == Deregulate the Economy == The legal theory that this can be done through the executive branch is found in the U.S. Supreme Court’s ''[[w:West_Virginia_v._EPA|West Virginia v. EPA]]'' and ''[[w:Loper_Bright|Loper Bright]]'' rulings, which rein in the administrative state and mean that much of what the federal government now does is illegal.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.wsj.com/opinion/department-of-government-efficiency-elon-musk-vivek-ramaswamy-donald-trump-1e086dab|website=[[w:Wall Street Journal]]|title=The Musk-Ramaswamy Project Could Be Trump’s Best Idea}}</ref> Mr. Trump has set a goal of eliminating 10 regulations for every new one. The [[w:Competitive_Enterprise_Institute|Competitive Enterprise Institute]]’s Wayne Crews says 217,565 rules have been issued since the [[w:Federal_Register|Federal Register]] first began itemizing them in 1976, with 89,368 pages added last year. [https://sgp.fas.org/crs/misc/R43056.pdf 3,000-4,500 rules are added each year]. DOGE’s first order will be to pause enforcement of overreaching rules while starting the process to roll them back. Mr. Trump and DOGE could direct agencies to settle legal challenges to Biden rules by vacating them. This could ease the laborious process of undoing them by rule-making through the [[w:Administrative_Procedure_Act|Administrative Procedure Act]]. A source tells the WSJ they’ll do whatever they think they legally can without the APA. The [[w:Congressional_Review_Act|Congressional Review Act]]—which allows Congress to overturn recently issued agency regulations—had been used only once, prior to [[w:First_presidency_of_Donald_Trump|Trump's first term]]. While in office, he and the Republican Congress used it on 16 rules. This time, there will be more than 56 regulatory actions recent enough to be repealed. The [[w:Chevron_deference|''Chevron'' deference]] had required federal courts to defer to agencies’ interpretations of ambiguous statutes, but this was overturned in 2024. Taken together, with some other recent [[w:SCOTUS|SCOTUS]] rulings, we now have, says the WSJ, the biggest opportunity to cut regulatory red tape in more than 40 years.<ref>[https://www.wsj.com/opinion/let-the-trump-deregulation-begin-us-chamber-of-commerce-second-term-economic-growth-73f24387?cx_testId=3&cx_testVariant=cx_166&cx_artPos=0]</ref><blockquote>"Most legal edicts aren’t laws enacted by Congress but “rules and regulations” promulgated by unelected bureaucrats—tens of thousands of them each year. Most government enforcement decisions and discretionary expenditures aren’t made by the democratically elected president or even his political appointees but by millions of unelected, unappointed civil servants within government agencies who view themselves as immune from firing thanks to civil-service protections." "This is antidemocratic and antithetical to the Founders’ vision. It imposes massive direct and indirect costs on taxpayers." "When the president nullifies thousands of such regulations, critics will allege executive overreach. In fact, it will be ''correcting'' the executive overreach of thousands of regulations promulgated by administrative fiat that were never authorized by Congress. The president owes lawmaking deference to Congress, not to bureaucrats deep within federal agencies. The use of executive orders to substitute for lawmaking by adding burdensome new rules is a constitutional affront, but the use of executive orders to roll back regulations that wrongly bypassed Congress is legitimate and necessary to comply with the Supreme Court’s recent mandates. And after those regulations are fully rescinded, a future president couldn’t simply flip the switch and revive them but would instead have to ask Congress to do so"<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/opinion/musk-and-ramaswamy-the-doge-plan-to-reform-government-supreme-court-guidance-end-executive-power-grab-fa51c020?cx_testId=3&cx_testVariant=cx_165&cx_artPos=5|title=Elon Musk and Vivek Ramaswamy: The DOGE Plan to Reform Government|last=Musk|first=Elon|date=20 November 2024|work=The Wall Street Journal|last2=Ramaswamy|first2=Vivek}}</ref> </blockquote> == Shrink the federal civil service == The government has around three million [[w:United_States_federal_civil_service|federal civil service]] employees, with an average salary of $106,000. Dr. Anthony Fauci made $481,000 in 2022. The federal head count has ballooned by 120,800 during the Biden years. Civil service and union protections make it hard to fire workers. Mr. Trump intends to quickly resurrect the [[w:Schedule_F|Schedule F]] reform that he sought to implement at the end of his first term but was scrapped by Mr. Biden. These would high-level federal employees to be removed like political appointees, by eliminating their job protections. WSJ proposals[https://www.wsj.com/opinion/the-doge-cheat-sheet-elon-musk-vivek-ramaswamy-department-of-government-efficiency-1c231783#cxrecs_s] The [[w:Administrative_Procedures_Act|Administrative Procedures Act]] statute protects federal employees from political retaliation, but allows for “reductions in force” that don’t target specific employees. The statute further empowers the president to “prescribe rules governing the competitive service.” The Supreme Court has held—in ''[[w:Franklin_v._Massachusetts|Franklin v. Massachusetts]]'' (1992) and ''[[w:Collins_v._Yellen|Collins v. Yellen]]'' (2021) that when revious presidents have used this power to amend the civil service rules by executive order, they weren’t constrained by the APA when they did so. Mr. Trump can, with this authority, implement any number of “rules governing the competitive service” that would curtail administrative overgrowth, from large-scale firings to relocation of federal agencies out of the Washington area. The DOGE welcomes voluntary terminations once the President begins requiring federal employees to come to the office five days a week, because American taxpayers shouldn’t pay federal employees for the Covid-era privilege of staying home.<ref>[https://www.wsj.com/opinion/musk-and-ramaswamy-the-doge-plan-to-reform-government-supreme-court-guidance-end-executive-power-grab-fa51c020?cx_testId=3&cx_testVariant=cx_165&cx_artPos=5 Elon Musk and Vivek Ramaswamy: The DOGE Plan to Reform Government: Following the Supreme Court’s guidance, we’ll reverse a decadeslong executive power grab. Musk & Ramaswamy 11/20/2024]</ref> == Reduce the deficit and debt by impounding appropriated funds == === Impound appropriated funds === Reports suggest that president-elect Trump intends to override Congress’s power of the purse by [[w:Impoundment_of_appropriated_funds|impoundment of appropriated funds]], that is, refusing to spend them. the president may [[wikipedia:Rescission_bill|propose rescission]] of specific funds, but that rescission must be approved by both the [[wikipedia:United_States_House_of_Representatives|House of Representatives]] and [[wikipedia:United_States_Senate|Senate]] within 45 days. [[w:Thomas_Jefferson|Thomas Jefferson]] was the first president to exercise the power of impoundment in 1801, which power was available to all presidents up to and including [[wikipedia:Richard_Nixon|Richard Nixon]], and was regarded as a power inherent to the office, although one with limits. He may ask Congress to repeal The [[w:Congressional_Budget_and_Impoundment_Control_Act_of_1974|Congressional Budget and Impoundment Control Act of 1974]], which was passed in response to Nixon's abuses.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://democrats-budget.house.gov/resources/reports/impoundment-control-act-1974-what-it-why-does-it-matter|title=The Impoundment Control Act of 1974: What Is It? Why Does It Matter? {{!}} House Budget Committee Democrats|date=2019-10-23|website=democrats-budget.house.gov|language=en|access-date=2024-05-19}}</ref> If Congress refuses to do so, president Trump may impound funds anyway and argue in court that the 1974 law is unconstitutional. The matter would likely end up at the Supreme Court, which would have to do more than simply hold the 1974 act unconstitutional in order for Mr. Trump to prevail. The court would also have to overrule [[w:Train_v._City_of_New_York_(1975)|''Train v. City of New York'' (1975)]], which held that impoundment is illegal unless the underlying legislation specifically authorizes it. === Reduce the budget deficit === [[wikipedia:U.S. federal budget|U.S. federal budget]] The [[wikipedia:Fiscal_year|fiscal year]], beginning October 1 and ending on September 30 of the year following. Congress is the body required by law to pass appropriations annually and to submit funding bills passed by both houses to the President for signature. Congressional decisions are governed by rules and legislation regarding the [[wikipedia:United_States_budget_process|federal budget process]]. Budget committees set spending limits for the House and Senate committees and for Appropriations subcommittees, which then approve individual [[wikipedia:Appropriations_bill_(United_States)|appropriations bills]] to During FY2022, the federal government spent $6.3 trillion. Spending as % of GDP is 25.1%, almost 2 percentage points greater than the average over the past 50 years. Major categories of FY 2022 spending included: Medicare and Medicaid ($1.339T or 5.4% of GDP), Social Security ($1.2T or 4.8% of GDP), non-defense discretionary spending used to run federal Departments and Agencies ($910B or 3.6% of GDP), Defense Department ($751B or 3.0% of GDP), and net interest ($475B or 1.9% of GDP).<ref name="CBO_2022">[https://www.cbo.gov/publication/58888 The Federal Budget in Fiscal Year 2022: An Infographic]</ref> CBO projects a federal budget deficit of $1.6 trillion for 2024. In the agency’s projections, deficits generally increase over the coming years; the shortfall in 2034 is $2.6 trillion. The deficit amounts to 5.6 percent of gross domestic product (GDP) in 2024, swells to 6.1 percent of GDP in 2025, and then declines in the two years that follow. After 2027, deficits increase again, reaching 6.1 percent of GDP in 2034.<ref name="CBO_budgetOutlook2024">{{cite web|url=https://www.cbo.gov/publication/59710|title=The Budget and Economic Outlook: 2024 to 2034|date=February 7, 2024|publisher=CBO|access-date=February 7, 2024}}</ref> The following table summarizes several budgetary statistics for the fiscal year 2015-2021 periods as a percent of GDP, including federal tax revenue, outlays or spending, deficits (revenue – outlays), and [[wikipedia:National_debt_of_the_United_States|debt held by the public]]. The historical average for 1969-2018 is also shown. With U.S. GDP of about $21 trillion in 2019, 1% of GDP is about $210 billion.<ref name="CBO_Hist_20">[https://www.cbo.gov/about/products/budget-economic-data#2 CBO-Historical Budget Data-Retrieved January 28, 2020]</ref> Statistics for 2020-2022 are from the CBO Monthly Budget Review for FY 2022.<ref name="CBO_MBRFY2022">{{cite web|url=https://www.cbo.gov/publication/58592|title=Monthly Budget Review: Summary for Fiscal Year 2022|date=November 8, 2022|publisher=CBO|access-date=December 10, 2022}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" !Variable As % GDP !2015 !2016 !2017 !2018 !2019 !2020 !2021 !2022 !Hist Avg |- !Revenue<ref name="CBO_Hist_20">[https://www.cbo.gov/about/products/budget-economic-data#2 CBO-Historical Budget Data-Retrieved January 28, 2020]</ref> |18.0% |17.6% |17.2% |16.4% |16.4% |16.2% |17.9% |19.6% |17.4% |- !Outlays<ref name="CBO_Hist_20" /> |20.4% |20.8% |20.6% |20.2% |21.0% |31.1% |30.1% |25.1% |21.0% |- !Budget Deficit<ref name="CBO_Hist_20" /> | -2.4% | -3.2% | -3.5% | -3.8% | -4.6% | -14.9% | -12.3% | -5.5% | -3.6% |- !Debt Held by Public<ref name="CBO_Hist_20" /> |72.5% |76.4% |76.2% |77.6% |79.4% |100.3% |99.6% |94.7% | |} The [[wikipedia:U.S._Constitution|U.S. Constitution]] ([[wikipedia:Article_One_of_the_United_States_Constitution|Article I]], section 9, clause 7) states that "No money shall be drawn from the Treasury, but in Consequence of Appropriations made by Law; and a regular Statement and Account of Receipts and Expenditures of all public Money shall be published from time to time." Each year, the President of the United States submits a budget request to Congress for the following fiscal year as required by the [[wikipedia:Budget_and_Accounting_Act_of_1921|Budget and Accounting Act of 1921]]. Current law ({{UnitedStatesCode|31|1105}}(a)) requires the president to submit a budget no earlier than the first Monday in January, and no later than the first Monday in February. Typically, presidents submit budgets on the first Monday in February. The budget submission has been delayed, however, in some new presidents' first year when the previous president belonged to a different party. === Reduce the National debt === == Strategic Foreign Policy and Military reform == President-elect Trump has promised to "put an end to endless wars", to end the Russia-Ukraine war, to make NATO members pay their fair share, to renew the maximum-pressure policy toward Iran, and to free the hostages held in Gaza or make sure that Israel wins the current multi-front war launched by Iran and its proxies. Nominee for [[w:National_Security_Advisor|National Security Advisor]] [[w:Mike_Waltz|Mike Waltz]] To oversee the [[w:U.S._Intelligence_Community|U.S. Intelligence Community]] and NIP, and the 18 IC agencies, including the CIA, DIA, NSC, the nominee for [[w:Director_of_National_Intelligence|Director of National Intelligence]] is [[w:Tulsi_Gabbard|Tulsi Gabbard]], who is an isolationist of the [[w:Bernie_Sanders#foreign_policy|Bernie Sanders]] camp, with a long record of dogmatically opposing [[w:Foreign_policy_of_the_Trump_administration|President Trump's first term foreign policy]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/opinion/tulsi-gabbard-director-of-national-intelligence-donald-trump-foreign-policy-syria-israel-iran-b37aa3de|title=How Tulsi Gabbard Sees the World|last=Editorial Board|date=10 December 2024|work=The Wall Street Journal}}</ref> "The first act of a statesman is to recognize the type of war he is in", according to [[w:Carl_von_Clausewitz|Clausewitz]], given that human determination outweighs material advantages. Therefore he is advised to four common foreign-policy fallacies: the "abacus fallacy" that wars are won by superior resources (counterexample Vietnam), the "vampire fallacy" that wars are won by superior technology (c.e. Ukraine); the "Zero Dark Thirty" fallacy that elevates precision strikes and special ops to the level of grand strategy or above, and the "Peace table fallacy", which believes that all wars end in negotiation. (Biden et al)<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/opinion/stopping-endless-wars-is-easier-said-than-done-trump-second-term-2cab9c7a?page=1|title=Stopping ‘Endless Wars’ Is Easier Said Than Done|last=Spencer|first=John|date=11 December 2024|work=The Wall Street Journal}}</ref> === Department of State === {{Main article|w:Second presidency of Donald Trump#Prospective foreign policy|w:State Department}} [[w:Marco_Rubio|Marco Rubio]] has been nominated as [[w:U.S._Secretary_of_State|U.S. Secretary of State]], overseeing $53bn and 77,880 employees ==== [[w:USAID|USAID]] ==== ==== National Endowment for Democracy ==== The [[w:National_Endowment_for_Democracy|National Endowment for Democracy]] is grant-making foundation organized as a private non-profit corporation overseen by congress, a project of Ronald Reagan announced in a [[1982 speech to British Parliament]], in which he stated that "freedom is not the sole prerogative of a lucky few, but the inalienable and universal right of all human beings", invoking the Israelites exodus and the Greeks' stand at Thermopylae. The NED is reportedly near the top of the DOGE's hit list.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/opinion/save-a-reagan-initiative-from-the-doge-national-endowment-for-democracy-funding-2b6cc072?page=1|title=Save a Reagan Initiative From Musk and Ramaswamy|last=Galston|first=William|date=11 December 2024|work=The Wall Street Journal}}</ref> It is had a pro-freedom and [[w:Anti-communist|anti-communist]] mission to help pro-democracy leaders and groups in Asia, Africa, and Latin America, and assisted the transition of Eastern and Central European nations. The arguments being made by those in favor of defunding are that it "is a relic of the Cold War that has outlived its usefulness and no longer serves any pressing purpose in terms of advancing national interests", according to [[w:James_Piereson|James Piereson]]{{Cn}} Congress has raised its funding significanty in recent years, in a vote of confidence. === U.S. Department of Defense === U.S. DoD employees ____ civilian personel, ___ civilian contractors, and oversees a budget of _____. Nominated for [[w:Secretary_of_Defense|Secretary of Defense]] is [[w:Pete_Hegseth|Pete Hegseth]], who has been doubted by many Republican Senators{{Cn}} and supported by Trump's base.{{Cn}} The president-elect is reportedly considering a draft executive order that establishes a “warrior board” of retired senior military personnel with the power to review three- and four-star officers “on leadership capability, strategic readiness, and commitment to military excellence," and to recommend removals of any deemed unfit for leadership. This would fast-track the removal of generals and admirals found to be “lacking in requisite leadership qualities,” consistent with his earlier vow to fire “woke” military leaders.<ref>[https://www.wsj.com/politics/national-security/trump-draft-executive-order-would-create-board-to-purge-generals-7ebaa606<nowiki> Trump draft executive order would create a board to purge generals 11/12/2024]</nowiki></ref> There are legal obstacles. The law prohibits the firing of commissioned officers except by “sentence of a general court-martial,” as a “commutation of a sentence of a general court-martial,” or “in time of war, by order of the president.” A commissioned officer who believes he’s been wrongfully dismissed has the right to seek a trial by court-martial, which may find the dismissal baseless. <ref>[https://www.wsj.com/opinion/trump-tests-the-constitutions-limits-checks-balances-government-policy-law-78d0d0f1 &lt;nowiki&gt; Trump test the constitutions limits 11/19/2024]</ref> Musk said, "Some idiots are still building manned fighter jets like the F-35," and later added: "Manned fighter jets are outdated in the age of drones and only put pilots' lives at risk." [[w:Bernie_Sanders|Bernie Sanders]] wrote on X: "Elon Musk is right. The Pentagon, with a budget of $886 billion, just failed its 7th audit in a row. It's lost track of billions. Last year, only 13 senators voted against the Military Industrial Complex and a defense budget full of waste and fraud. That must change."{{sfn|Newsweek 12/02|2024}}. It failed its fifth audit in June 2023.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newsweek.com/fox-news-host-confronts-gop-senator-pentagons-fifth-failed-audit-1804379|title=Fox News host confronts GOP Senator on Pentagon's fifth failed audit|last=Writer|first=Fatma Khaled Staff|date=2023-06-04|website=Newsweek|language=en|access-date=2024-12-02}}</ref> === [[w:DARPA|DARPA]] === === US Air Force === Air Force is advancing a program called [[w:Collaborative_Combat_Aircraft|Collaborative Combat Aircraft]] to build roughly 1,000 UAVs, with [[w:Anduril|Anduril]] and [[w:General_Atomics|General Atomics]] currently building prototypes, ahead of an Air Force decision on which company or companies will be contracted to build it. The cost quickly exceeded the $2.3 billion approved for last fiscal year’s budget, according to the [[w:Congressional_Research_Service|Congressional Research Service]], prompting calls for more oversight. “''If you want to make real improvements to the defense and security of the United States of America, we would be investing more in drones, we’d be investing more in [[w:Hypersonic_weapon|hypersonic missiles]]'',” said Mr. Ramaswamy. The program for Lockheed-Martin's [[w:F-35|F-35]] stealth jet fighters, now in production, is expected to exceed $2 trillion over several decades. The Air Force on 5 December announced it would delay a decision on which company would build the next-generation crewed fighter, called [[w:Next Generation Air Dominance|Next Generation Air Dominance (NGAD)]], which was planned to replace the [[w:F-22|F-22]] and operate alongside the F-35. Mr. Musk has written that "manned fighter jets are obsolete in the age of drones.” In another post, he claimed “a reusable drone” can do everything a jet fighter can do “without all the overhead of a pilot.” Brigadier General [[w:Doug_Wickert|Doug Wickert]] said in response, “There may be some day when we can completely rely on roboticized warfare but we are a century away.... How long have we thought full self-driving was going to be on the Tesla?” <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/politics/national-security/air-force-jets-vs-drones-trump-administration-8b1620a5?page=1|title=Trump Administration Set to Decide Future of Jet Fighters|last=Seligman|first=Lara|date=6 December 2024|work=The Wall Street Journal}}</ref> === US Space Force === The [[w:US_Space_Force|US Space Force]]'s 2023 budget was ~$26bn and it had 9,400 military personnel. SpaceX had a $14m contract to provide communications to the Ukrainian armed forces and government through 30th Nov 2024.{{sfn|Economist 11/23|2024}} Is also receiving a $733m contract to carry satellites into orbit.{{sfn|Economist 11/23|2024}} The Pentagon plans to incorporate into its own communications network 100 of [[w:Starshield|Starshield]]'s satellites.{{sfn|Economist 11/23|2024}} Starshield also has a $1.8bn contract to help the [[w:National_Reconnaissance_Office|National Reconnaissance Office]] build spy satellites.{{sfn|Economist 11/23|2024}} == Department of Space Transportation == Mr. Trump's transition team told advisors that it plans to make a federal framework for self-driving cars. Mr. Trump had a call with Sundar Pichai and Mr. Musk. === Rail and Tunnel Authority === === Ports Authority === === Interstate Highway Authority === === [[w:Federal_Aviation_Administration|Federal Aviation Administration]] === Musk has often complained about the FAA "smothering" innovation, boasting that he can build a rocket faster than the agency can process the "Kafkaesque paperwork" required to make the relevant approvals.{{sfn|Economist 11/23|2024}} === National Air and Space Administration === The [[w:National_Air_and_Space_Administration|National Air and Space Administration]] (NASA) had a 2023 budget of $25.4 bn and 18,000 employees. [[w:Jared_Isaacman|Jared Isaacman]] is nominated director. He had joined a space voyage in 2021 which was the first for an all-civilian crew to reach orbit. He led a four person crew in September on the first commericial spacewalk, testing SpaceX's new spacesuits. He promised to lead NASA in to "usher in an era where humanity becomes a true space-faring civilization." In an interview Isaacman said that NASA will evolve as private space companies set their own priorities and develop technology. NASA could have a certification role for astronauts and vehicles, similar to how the Federal Aviation Administration oversees the commercial airline industry. “The FAA doesn’t build the airplanes. They don’t staff the pilots that fly you from point A to B,” he said. “That is the world that NASA is in, essentially.” He also suggested openness to new and lower cost ways of getting to the Moon and to Mars.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/politics/elections/trump-picks-billionaire-space-traveler-to-run-nasa-4420150b?page=1|title=Trump Picks Billionaire Space Traveler to Run NASA|last=Maidenberg|first=Micah|date=5 December 2024|work=WSJ}}</ref> In September 2026, NASA's [[w:Artemis_program|Artemis program]], established in 2017 via [[wikipedia:Space_Policy_Directive_1|Space Policy Directive 1]], is intended to reestablish a human presence on the Moon for the first time since the [[wikipedia:Apollo_17|Apollo 17]] mission in 1972. The program's stated long-term goal is to establish a [[wikipedia:Moonbase|permanent base on the Moon]] to facilitate [[wikipedia:Human_mission_to_Mars|human missions to Mars]]. The [[w:U.S._National_Academies_of_Sciences,_Engineering,_and_Medicine|U.S. National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine]] in October, put out a report titled "NASA at a Crossroads," which identified myriad issues at the agency, including out-of-date infrastructure, pressures to prioritize short-term objectives and inefficient management practices. NASA's costly [[w:Space_Launch_System|Space Launch System]] (SLS) is the cornerstone of the Artemis program. has a price tag of around $4.1 billion per launch, and is a single-use rocket that can only launch every two years, having debuted in 2022 with the uncrewed [[w:Artemis_1_mission|Artemis 1 mission]] to the moon. In contrast, SpaceX is working to reduce the cost of a single Starship flight to under $10 million. NASA Associate Administrator Jim Free urged the incoming administration to maintain the current plans, in a symposium with the [[w:American_Astronautical_Society|American Astronautical Society]] saying "We need that consistency in purpose. That has not happened since Apollo. If we lose that, I believe we will fall apart and we will wander, and other people in this world will pass us by." NASA has already asked both [[w:SpaceX|SpaceX]] and also Jeff Bezos' [[w:Blue_Origin|Blue Origin]], to develop cargo landers for its Artemis missions and to deliver heavy equipment on them to the Moon by 2033. "Having two lunar lander providers with different approaches for crew and cargo landing capability provides mission flexibility while ensuring a regular cadence of moon landings for continued discovery and scientific opportunity," Stephen D. Creech, NASA's assistant deputy associate administrator for the moon to Mars program, said in an announcement about the partnership. "For all of the money we are spending, NASA should NOT be talking about going to the Moon - We did that 50 years ago. They should be focused on the much bigger things we are doing, including Mars (of which the Moon is a part), Defense and Science!" Trump wrote in a post on X in 2019. Trump has said he would create a [[w:Space_National_Guard|Space National Guard]], an idea that lawmakers in Congress have been proposing since 2021. Critics agree that a focus on spaceflight could come at the expense of "Earth and atmospheric sciences at NASA and the [[w:National_Oceanic_and_Atmospheric_Administration|National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]] (NOAA), which have been cut during the Biden era."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newsweek.com/elon-musk-donald-trump-nasa-space-policy-1990599|title=Donald Trump and Elon Musk could radically reshape NASA. Here's how|last=Reporter|first=Martha McHardy US News|date=2024-11-27|website=Newsweek|language=en|access-date=2024-12-02}}</ref> Regarding his goal and SpaceX's corporate mission of colonising Mars, Mr. Musk has stated that "The DOGE is the only path to extending life beyond earth"{{sfn|Economist 11/23|2024}} === National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration === == Department of Education and Propaganda == [[w:United_States_Department_of_Education|Department of Education]] has 4,400 employees – the smallest staff of the Cabinet agencies<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www2.ed.gov/about/overview/fed/role.html|title=Federal Role in Education|date=2021-06-15|website=www2.ed.gov|language=en|access-date=2022-04-28}}</ref> – and a 2024 budget of $238 billion.<ref name="DOE-mission">{{Cite web|url=https://www.usaspending.gov/agency/department-of-education?fy=2024|title=Agency Profile {{!}} U.S. Department of Education|website=www2.ed.gov|access-date=2024-11-14}}</ref> The 2023 Budget was $274 billion, which included funding for children with disabilities ([[wikipedia:Individuals_with_Disabilities_Education_Act|IDEA]]), pandemic recovery, early childhood education, [[wikipedia:Pell_Grant|Pell Grants]], [[wikipedia:Elementary_and_Secondary_Education_Act|Title I]], work assistance, among other programs. This budget was down from $637.7 billion in 2022.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.future-ed.org/what-the-new-pisa-results-really-say-about-u-s-schools/|title=What the New PISA Results Really Say About U.S. Schools|date=2021-06-15|website=future-ed.com|language=en|access-date=2024-11-14}}</ref> Nominated as [[w:US_Secretary_of_Education|Secretary of Education]] is [[w:Linda_McMahon|Linda McMahon]]. The WSJ proposes that the Civil Rights division be absorbed into the Department of Justice, and that its outstanding loan portolio be handled by the Department of the Treasury. Despite the redundancies, its unlikely that it will be abolished, which would require congressional action and buy-in from Democrats in the Senate; Republicans don’t have enough votes to do it alone. A republican appointee is expected to push back against federal education overreach and progressive policies like DEI. <ref>[https://www.wsj.com/opinion/trump-can-teach-the-education-department-a-lesson-nominee-needs-boldness-back-school-choice-oppose-woke-indoctrination-ddf6a38d<nowiki> Trump can teach the Education Department a Lesson. WSJ 11/20/2024]</nowiki></ref> During his campaign, Trump had pledged to get the "transgender insanity the hell out of schools.” Relying on the district court's decision in ''[[w:Tatel_v._Mount_Lebanon_School_District|Tatel v. Mount Lebanon School District]] , the'' attorney general and education secretary could issue a letter explaining how enforcing gender ideology violates constitutional [[w:Free_exercise_clause|First amendment right to free exercise of religion]] and the [[w:Equal_Protection_Clause|14th Amendment’s Equal Protection Clause]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/opinion/how-trump-can-target-transgenderism-in-schools-law-policy-education-369537a7?page=1|title=How Trump Can Target Transgenderism in Schools|last=Eden|first=Max|date=9 December 2024|work=The Wall Street Journal}}</ref> === CPB, PBS, NPR === Regarding the [[w:Corporation_for_Public_Broadcasting|Corporation for Public Broadcasting]], [[w:Howard_Husock|Howard Husock]] suggest that instead of zeroing its $535 million budget, Republicans reform the [[w:Public_Broadcasting_Act|Public Broadcasting Act]] to eliminate bias and improve local journalism.<ref>https://www.wsj.com/opinion/the-conservative-case-for-public-broadcasting-media-policy-2d4c3c9f?page=1</ref> {{As of|2024|alt=For fiscal year 2024}}, its appropriation was US$525 million, including $10 million in interest earned. The distribution of these funds was as follows:<ref>{{cite web|url=https://cpb.org/aboutcpb/financials/budget/|title=CPB Operating Budget|last=|date=2024|website=www.cpb.org|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=November 27, 2024|url-status=}}</ref> * $262.83M for direct grants to local public television stations; * $95.11M for television programming grants; * $81.77M for direct grants to local public radio stations; * $28.12M for the Radio National Program Production and Acquisition * $9.43M for the Radio Program Fund * $31.50 for system support * $26.25 for administration Public broadcasting stations are funded by a combination of private donations from listeners and viewers, foundations and corporations. Funding for public television comes in roughly equal parts from government (at all levels) and the private sector.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cpb.org/annualreports/2013/|title=CPB 2013 Annual Report|website=www.cpb.org|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160212170045/http://cpb.org/annualreports/2013/|archive-date=February 12, 2016|access-date=May 4, 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Department of Justice (DOJ) == The US. [[w:Department_of_Justice|Department of Justice]] has a 2023 budget of _____ and ___ employees. Nominated as [[w:Attorney_General|Attorney General]] is Florida AG [[w:Pam_Bondi|Pam Bondi]]{{Cn}}, after Matt Gaetz withdrew his candidacy after pressure.{{Cn}} === Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) === With 35,000 employees the [[w:FBI|FBI]] made a 2021 budget request for $9.8 billion. Nominated as director is [[w:Kash_Patel|Kash Patel]], who promised to "shut down the FBI [[w:Hoover_building|Hoover building]] on day one, and open it the next day as a museum of the deep state. He said "''I would take the 7,000 employees that work in that building and send them out across the America to chase criminals"'', saying ''"Go be cops."'' He promised to retaliate against journalists and government employees who "helped Joe Biden rig the election" in 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.wsj.com/video/series/wsj-explains/who-is-kash-patel-donald-trumps-pick-to-lead-the-fbi/F4D38D41-013A-4B05-A170-D7394AA91C2B|title=Who Is Kash Patel, Donald Trump’s Pick to Lead the FBI?|date=6 December 2024|website=WSJ.com Video}}</ref> ===== Reception and Analysis ===== His nomination "sent shock waves" through the DOJ, and his nomination has been opposed by many Republican lawmakers{{Cn}}, including former CIA director [[w:Gina_Haspell|Gina Haspell]] and AG [[w:Willliam_Barr|Willliam Barr]], who had threatened to resign if Mr. Patel were to be forced on them as a deputy, during Mr. Trump's first term.<ref name=":6">{{Cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/opinion/kash-patel-doesnt-belong-at-the-fbi-cabinet-nominee-5ef655eb?page=1|title=Kash Patel Doesn’t Belong at the FBI: At the NSC, he was less interested in his assigned duties than in proving his loyalty to Donald Trump.|last=Bolton|first=John|date=11 December 2024|work=The Wall Street Journal}}</ref> As an author he wrote a polemical children's book lionizing "King Donald" with himself in the role of "Wizard", despite the Constitution's republican values and its prohibition on granting titles of nobility.<ref>Original synthethic statement, with constitutional context provided by <nowiki>[[User:Jaredscribe]]</nowiki></ref> He has been accused of exaggerating his roles and accomplishments, and deliberate vowing to violate the [[w:Article_Two_of_the_United_States_Constitution#Clause_5:_Caring_for_the_faithful_execution_of_the_law|"Take care" clause of Article II.3]], "''that the Laws be faithfully executed"'' by placing personal loyalties, vendettas, and hunches above his oath to the Constitution.<ref name=":6" /> He has also been accused of lying about national intelligence by [[w:Mark_Esper|Mark Esper]] in his memoir, recently again by Pence aide [[w:Olivia_Troye|Olivia Troye]], although former SoS [[w:Mike_Pompeo|Mike Pompeo]] has not yet clarified the incident in question.  He was called upon to do so in a 11 December WSJ piece by former National Security Advisor [[w:John_Bolton|John Bolton]], who also wrote, "''If illegitimate partisan prosecutions were launched [by the Biden administration], then those responsible should be held accountable in a reasoned, professional manner, not in a counter-witch hunt.  The worst response is for Mr. Trump to engage in the prosecutorial [mis]conduct he condemns [which further] politicizes and degrades the American people's faith in evenhanded law enforcement.''"<ref name=":6" /> He has received support from _____ who wrote that _______.{{Cn}} == U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS) == Nominated as [[w:United_States_Secretary_of_Health_and_Human_Services|United States Secretary of Health and Human Services]] is [[w:Robert_F._Kennedy_Jr.|Robert F. Kennedy Jr.]], deputy Secretary [[w:Jim_O'Neill_(investor)|Jim O'Neill]]. Nominated for [[w:US_Surgeon_General|US Surgeon General]] is [[w:Janette_Nesheiwat|Janette Nesheiwat]]. [[w:U.S._Department_of_Health_and_Human_Services|U.S. Department of Health and Human Services]] was authorized a budget for [[w:2020_United_States_federal_budget|fiscal year 2020]] of $1.293 trillion. It has 13 operating divisions, 10 of which constitute the [[w:United_States_Public_Health_Service|Public Health Services]], whose budget authorization is broken down as follows:<ref name="hhs_budget_fy2020">{{cite web|url=https://www.hhs.gov/about/budget/fy2020/index.html|title=HHS FY 2020 Budget in Brief|date=October 5, 2019|website=HHS Budget & Performance|publisher=United States Department of Health & Human Services|page=7|access-date=May 9, 2020}}</ref> {| class="wikitable sortable" !Nominee !Program !2020 Budget !2024 Budget ! employees !2025 Budget !2026 Budget |- |[[w:Marty_Makary|Marty Makary]] |[[w:Food and Drug Administration|Food and Drug Administration]] (FDA) |$3,329 MM |- | |[[w:Health Resources and Services Administration|Health Resources and Services Administration]] (HRSA) |$11,004 |- | |[[w:Indian Health Service|Indian Health Service]] (IHS) |$6,104 |- |[[w:Dave_Weldon|Dave Weldon]] |[[w:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]] (CDC) |$6,767 |- |[[w:Jay_Bhattacharya|Jay Bhattacharya]] |[[w:National Institutes of Health|National Institutes of Health]] (NIH) |$33,669 |- | |[[w:Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration|Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration]] (SAMHSA) |$5,535 |- | |[[w:Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality|Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality]] (AHRQ) |$0 |- |[[w:Mehmet_Oz|Mehmet Oz]] |[[w:Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services|Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services]] (CMMS) |$1,169,091 |- | |[[w:Administration for Children and Families|Administration for Children and Families]] (ACF) |$52,121 |- | |[[w:Administration for Community Living|Administration for Community Living]] (ACL) |$1,997 |- |} {| class="wikitable sortable" !Program !2020 Budget !2024 Budget ! employees !2025 Budget !2026 Budget |- |[[w:Departmental Management|Departmental Management]] |$340 |- |Non-Recurring Expense Fund |$-400 |- |[[w:Office of Medicare Hearings and Appeals|Office of Medicare Hearings and Appeals]] |$186 |- |[[w:Office of the National Coordinator|Office of the National Coordinator]] |$43 |- |[[w:Office for Civil Rights|Office for Civil Rights]] |$30 |- |[[w:Office of Inspector General|Office of Inspector General]] |$82 |- |[[w:Public Health and Social Services Emergency Fund|Public Health and Social Services Emergency Fund]] |$2,667 |- |[[w:Program Support Center|Program Support Center]] |$749 |- |Offsetting Collections |$-629 |- |Other Collections |$-163 |- |'''TOTAL''' |'''$1,292,523''' |} The FY2020 budget included a $1.276 billion budget decrease for the Centers for Disease Control, and a $4.533 billion budget decrease for the National Institutes of Health. These budget cuts, along with other changes since 2019, comprised a total decrease of over $24 billion in revised discretionary budget authority across the entire Department of Health and Human Services for Fiscal Year 2020.<ref name="hhs_budget_fy2020" /> Additional details of the budgeted outlays, budget authority, and detailed budgets for other years, can be found at the HHS Budget website.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://WWW.HHS.GOV/BUDGET|title=Health and Human Services: Budget and Performance|publisher=United States Department of Health & Human Services|access-date=May 9, 2020}}</ref> He is an American politician, [[Environmental law|environmental lawyer]], [[anti-vaccine activist]], and anti-packaged food industry activist, anti-pharmaceutical industry activist, who will be nominated to serve as [[United States Secretary of Health and Human Services]],<ref name="v502">{{cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/saradorn/2024/11/14/rfk-jr-launches-independent-2024-run-here-are-all-the-conspiracies-he-promotes-from-vaccines-to-mass-shootings/|title=Trump Taps RFK Jr. As Secretary Of Health And Human Services: Here Are All The Conspiracies He's Promoted|last=Dorn|first=Sara|date=2024-11-14|website=Forbes|access-date=2024-11-15}}</ref> with the mission of "Making America Healthy Again". He is the chairman and founder of [[Children's Health Defense]], an anti-vaccine advocacy group and proponent of [[COVID-19 vaccine misinformation|dubious COVID-19 vaccine information]].<ref name="Smith_12/15/2021" /><ref name="KW" /> === National Institutes of Health === The [[w:NIH|NIH]] distributes grants of ~$50bn per year. Nominated to lead the [[w:National_Institutes_of_Health|National Institutes of Health]] is [[w:Jay_Bhattacharya|Jay Bhattacharya]], who has announced the following priorities for funding: * cutting edge research, saying that the NIH has become "sclerotic", due to a phenomenon has been called [[Eroom’s law]], which explains that career incentives encourage “me-too research,” given that citations by other scientists “have become the dominant way to evaluate scientific contributions and scientists.” That has shifted research “toward incremental science and away from exploratory projects that are more likely to fail, but which are the fuel for future breakthroughs.”<ref name=":3">{{Cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/opinion/jay-bhattacharya-and-the-vindication-of-the-fringe-scientists-pandemic-lockdowns-38b6aec6|title=Jay Bhattacharya and the Vindication of the ‘Fringe’ Scientists|last=Finley|first=Allysia|date=1 December 2024|work=Wall Street Journal}}</ref> Dr. Bhattacharya's February 2020 paper explaining Eroom's law, as possible explanation for slowing of pharmaceutical advances.{{Cn}} * studies aimed at replicating the results of earlier studies, to address the problem of scientific fraud or other factors contributing to the the [[w:Replication_crisis|replication crisis]], encouraging academic freedom among NIH scientists and term limits for NIH leaders. “Those kinds of reforms, I think every scientist would agree, every American would agree, it’s how you turn the NIH from something that is sort of how to control society, into something that is aimed at the discovery of truth to improve the health of Americans,” he said.<ref name=":4">{{Cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/health/healthcare/covid-lockdown-critic-jay-bhattacharya-chosen-to-lead-nih-2958e5e2?page=1|title=Covid-Lockdown Critic Jay Bhattacharya Chosen to Lead NIH|last=Whyte|first=Liz Essley|date=26 November 2024|work=The Wall Street Journal}}</ref> * Refocusing on research on [[w:Chronic_diseases|chronic diseases]], which is underfunded, and away from [[w:Infectious_diseases|infectious diseases]], which is overfunded. * Ending [[w:Gain-of-function|gain-of-function]] research. Jay Bhattacharya wrote a March 25 2020 op-ed "Is the Coronavirus as Deadly as They Say?", with colleague [[w:Eran_Bendavid|Eran Bendavid]], arguing that many asymptomatic cases of COVID-19 were going undetected. The hypothesis was confirmed in April 2020 when he and several colleagues published a study showing that Covid anti-bodies in Santa Clara county were 50 times the recorded infection rate. This implied, he said "a lower inflection mortality rate than public health authorities were pushing at a time when they and the media thought it was a virtue to panic the population".<ref><nowiki><ref></nowiki>{{Cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/opinion/the-man-who-fought-fauci-and-won-trump-nih-nominee-jay-bhattacharya-covid-cancel-culture-4a0650bd?page=1|title=The Man Who Fought Fauci - and Won|last=Varadarajan|first=Tunku|date=6 December 2024|work=WSJ}}&lt;nowiki&gt;</ref> Dr. Bhattacharya, [[w:Martin_Kulldorff|Martin Kulldorff]], then at Harvard, and Oxford’s [[w:Sunetra_Gupta|Sunetra Gupta]] formally expounded this idea in the [[w:Great_Barrington_Declaration|Great Barrington Declaration]] in October 2020, urging the government to focus on protecting the vulnerable while letting others go about their lives, which previous NIH director [[w:Francis_Collins|Francis Collins]] derided as "fringe science its into the political views of certain parts of our confused political establishment," and previous [[w:NIAID|NIAID]] director [[w:Chief_Medical_Advisor_to_the_President|chief medical advisor to the President]] [[w:Anthony_Fauci|Anthony Fauci]] "a quick and devastating public takedown of its premises." Some suggest the same career incentives that lead to scientific group-think in the pharmaceutical industry, also explain conformist behavior during COVID-19, due to the threat against young scientists of losing NIH funding, jobs, and career opportunities, if they were to exercise in independent judgement.<ref name=":3" /> “Dr. Jay Bhattacharya is the ideal leader to restore NIH as the international template for gold-standard science and evidence-based medicine,” DHHS Secretary nominee Kennedy wrote. "We will reform American scientific institutions so that they are worthy of trust again and will deploy the fruits of excellent science to make America healthy again!” said Dr. Bhattacharya. “Dr. Bhattacharya is a strong choice to lead the NIH,” said Dr. [[w:Ned_Sharpless|Ned Sharpless]], a former [[w:National_Cancer_Institute|National Cancer Institute]] director. “The support of moderate Senate Republicans will be critical to NIH funding, and Dr. Bhattacharya’s Covid work will give him credibility with this constituency.”<ref name=":4" /> === Food and Drug Administration === The FDA in 2022 had 18,000 employees<ref name="fy2022">{{cite web|url=https://www.fda.gov/media/149613/download|title=FY 2022 FDA Budget Request|publisher=FDA|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230602090805/https://www.fda.gov/media/149613/download|archive-date=June 2, 2023|access-date=January 14, 2022|url-status=live}}</ref> and a budget of $6.5{{nbsp}}billion (2022)<ref name="fy2022" /> Nominated as director is [[w:Marty_Makary|Marty Makary]]. == Department of Agriculture and Food == [[w:Department_of_Agriculture|Department of Agriculture]] (USDA) had 2023 budget of ___ and ____ employees. Nominated for [[w:Secretary_of_Agriculture|Secretary of Agriculture]] is [[w:Brooke_Rollins|Brooke Rollins]], who had earlier served on the [[w:Office_of_American_Innovation|Office of American Innovation]] under [[w:Jared_Kushner|Jared Kushner]], and served as director of [[w:Domestic_Policy_Council|Domestic Policy Council]]. She has not endorsed the "[[w:Make_America_Healthy_Again|Make America Healthy Again]]" agenda of RFK Jr. (and his colleagues Jay Bhattacharcya and others) who promised to "reverse 80 years of farm policy" and complains of the $30 billion/year farms subsidies. Kennedy wants to remove soda from food aid, and ultra-processed food from both [[w:Food-stamps|food-stamp]] benefits and [[w:School_meals|school meals]], both of which are overseen by the USDA; an effort that in the past has been opposed by the food industry, lawmakers, and some anti-hunger advocacy groups.<ref name=":5" /> RFK Jr.'s team had recommended [[w:Sid_Miller|Sid Miller]] for the role, and a group of farmers he had asked to vet candidates had proposed [[w:John_Kempf|John Kempf]].<ref name=":5">{{Cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/politics/policy/trump-agriculture-pick-brooke-rollins-rfk-jr-1a85beda?page=1|title=RFK Jr. Team Skeptical About USDA Pick|last=Andrews|first=Natalie|date=11 December 2024|work=The Wall Street Journal|others=et al}}</ref> He has also called for re-examining the the [[standards regulating the use of pesticides]], especially [[w:Glyphosate|glyphosate]], the world's most widely used [[w:Herbicide|herbicide]] and the active ingredient in [[w:Roundup|Roundup]], used as a weedkiller in major [[w:U.S._commodity_crops|U.S. commodity crops]].[[w:Herbicide|herbicide]]<ref name=":5" /> === Food Stamps === === School Meals === === Farm Subsidies === == Department of Treasury and Reserve == [[w:Departments_of_Treasury|Departments of Treasury]] has 2023 budget of ____ and ___ employees. Nominated for [[w:Secretary_of_the_Treasury|Secretary of the Treasury]] is [[w:Scott_Bessent|Scott Bessent]]. === Consumer Financial Protection Bureau === The [[w:Consumer_Financial_Protection_Bureau|Consumer Financial Protection Bureau]] (CFPB). Said Mr. Musk "Delete the CFPB. There are too many duplicative regulatory agencies"<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/politics/policy/elon-musk-doge-conflict-of-interest-b1202437?page=1|title=Musk’s DOGE Plans Rely on White House Budget Office. Conflicts Await.|last=Schwartz|first=Brian|work=The Wall Street Journal}}</ref> === Securities and Exchange Commission === [[w:Securities_and_Exchange_Commission|Securities and Exchange Commission]] === Internal Revenue Service === [[w:Internal_Revenue_Service|Internal Revenue Service]] === Federal Reserve === Mr. Musk has suggested starting a "[[w:Sovereign_Wealth_Fund|Sovereign Wealth Fund]]" like Texas and other U.S. states, instead of hosting a [[w:National_debt|national debt]]. Ron Paul and others have called for abolishing America's [[w:Central_Bank|Central Bank]], the [[w:Federal_Reserve|Federal Reserve System]], which Mr. Musk appeared to endorse. === American Sovereign Wealth Fund === == Department of Industry, Labor, and Commerce == [[w:Department_of_Commerce|Department of Commerce]] has 2023 budget of _____ and _____ employees. Nominated as [[w:Secretary_of_Commerce|Secretary of Commerce]] is [[w:Howard_Lutnick|Howard Lutnick]] [[w:Department_of_Labor|Department of Labor]] has 2023 budget of _____ and ____ employees. Nominated as [[w:Secretary_of_Labor|Secretary of Labor]] is [[w:Lori_Chavez-Remer|Lori Chavez-Remer]] == Departments of Energy and Interior == Nominee for [[w:US_Secretary_of_the_Interior|Secretary of the Interior]] is [[w:Doug_Burgum|Doug Burgum]], who will also be [[w:List_of_U.S._executive_branch_czars|Energy Czar]]. [[w:Department_of_Energy|Department of Energy]] [[w:United_States_Secretary_of_Energy|secretary nominee]] [[w:Chris_Wright_(energy_executive)|Chris Wright]] admits that burning fossil fuels contributes to rising temperatures, but says it poses only a modest threat to humanity, and praises it for increasing plant growth, making the planet greener, and boosting agricultural productivity. He also says that it likely reduces the annual number of temperature-related deaths. (estimates from health researchers say otherwise). He says, "It's probably almost as many positive changes as negative changes... Is it a crisis, is it the world's greatest challenge, or a big threat to the next generation? No. .. A little bit warmer isn’t a threat. If we were 5, 7, 8, 10 degrees [Celsius] warmer, that would be meaningful changes to the planet.” Scientists see a 1.5 degrees Celsius temperature as creating potentially irreversible changes for the planet, and expect to pass that mark later this year, after increasing over several decade. He criticizes the [[w:Paris_climate_agreement|Paris climate agreement]] for empowering "political actors with anti-fossil fuel agendas." Wright favors development of [[w:Geothermal_energy|geothermal energy]] and [[w:Nuclear_energy_policy_of_the_United_States|nuclear energy]], criticizing subsidies to wind and solar energy. <ref><nowiki><ref></nowiki>{{Cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/politics/policy/who-is-chris-wright-trump-energy-secretary-9eb617dc?page=1|title=Trump’s Energy Secretary Pick Preaches the Benefits of Climate Change|last=Morenne|first=Benoit|date=9 December 2024|work=The Wall Street Journal}}&lt;nowiki&gt;</ref> === Bureau of Land Management === === Forest Service === === National Parks === == AI and Cryptocurrency Policy == [[w:David_Sacks|David Sacks]] was named "White House AI and Crypto Czar". == Reform Entitlements == === Healthcare and Medicare === [[w:ObamaCare|ObamaCare]] started as a plausible scheme for universal, cost-effective health insurance with subsidies for the needy. Only the subsidies survive because the ObamaCare policies actually delivered are so overpriced nobody would buy them without a subsidy.<ref>[https://www.wsj.com/opinion/elons-real-trump-mission-protect-growth-department-of-government-efficiency-appointments-cabinet-9e7e62b2]</ref> See below: Department of Health and Human Services === Social Security === Even FDR was aware of its flaw: it discourages working and saving. === Other === Small-government advocate [[w:Ron_Paul|Ron Paul]] has suggested to cut aid to the following "biggest" welfare recipients: * The [[w:Military-industrial_complex|Military-industrial complex]] * The [[w:Pharmaceutical-industrial_complex|Pharmaceutical-industrial complex]] * The [[w:Federal_Reserve|Federal Reserve]] To which Mr. Musk replied, "Needs to be done".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thehill.com/video/ron-paul-vows-to-join-elon-musk-help-eliminate-government-waste-in-a-trump-admin/10191375/|title=Ron Paul vows to join Elon Musk, help eliminate government waste in a Trump admin|date=2024-11-05|website=The Hill|language=en-US|access-date=2024-12-09}}</ref> == Office of Management and Budget == The White House [[w:Office_of_Management_and_Budget|Office of Management and Budget]] (OMB) guides implementation of regulations and analyzes federal spending. Mssrs. Musk and Ramaswamy encouraged President-elect Trump to reappoint his first term director [[w:Russell_Vought|Russell Vought]], which he did on 22nd Nov.<ref name=":0" /> == Government Efficiency Personnel == Transition spokesman [[w:Brian_Hughes|Brian Hughes]] said that "Elon Musk is a once-in-a-generation business leader and our federal bureaucracy will certainly benefit from his ideas and efficiency". About a dozen Musk allies have visited Mar-a-Lago to serve as unofficial advisors to the Trump 47 transition, influencing hiring at many influential government agencies.<ref name=":2"><nowiki><ref></nowiki>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/12/06/us/politics/trump-elon-musk-silicon-valley.html?searchResultPosition=1|title=The Silicon Valley Billionaires Steering Trump’s Transition|date=8 December 2024|work=NYT}}</ref> [[w:Marc_Andreesen|Marc Andreesen]] has interviewed candidates for State, Pentagon, and DHHS, and has been active pushing for rollback of Biden's cryptocurrency regulations, and rollback of Lina Khan anti-trust efforts with the FTC, and calling for contracting reform in Defense dept. [[w:Jared_Birchall|Jared Birchall]] has interviewed candidates for State, and has advised on Space police and has put together councils for AI and Cryptocurrency policy. David Sacks was named "White House AI and Crypto Czar" [[w:Shaun_MacGuire|Shaun MacGuire]] has advised on picks for intelligence community and has interviewed candidates for Defense. Many tech executives are considering part-time roles advising the DOGE. [[w:Antonio_Gracias|Antonio Gracias]] and [[w:Steve_Davis|Steve Davis]] from Musk's "crisis team" have been active, as has investor [[w:John_Hering|John Hering]]. Other Silicon Valley players who have advised Trump or interviewed candidates: * [[w:Larry_Ellison|Larry Ellison]] has sat in on Trump transition 47 meetings at Mar-a-Lago. * [[w:Mark_Pincus|Mark Pincus]] * [[w:David_Marcus|David Marcus]] * [[w:Barry_Akis|Barry Akis]] * [[w:Shervin_Pishevar|Shervin Pishevar]], who has called for privitization of the USPS, NASA, and the federal Bureau of Prisons. Called for creating an American sovereign wealth fund, and has said that DOGE "could lead a revolutionary restructuring of public institutions."<ref name=":2" /> [[w:William_McGinley|William McGinley]] will move to a role with DOGE. Originally nominated for [[w:White_House_counsel|White House counsel]], he will be replaced in that role by [[w:David_Warrington|David Warrington]].<ref>{{Cite news|title=A White House Counsel Replaced before starting|last=Haberman|first=Maggie|date=6 December 2024|work=New York times}}</ref> The WSJ lauded without naming them, comparing them to the "dollar-a-year men" - business leaders who during WWII revolutionized industrial production to help make America the "arsenal of democracy". (WSJ, 10 December 2024) == History and Miscellaneous facts == See also: [[w:Department_of_Government_Efficiency#History|Department of Government Efficiency — History]] DOGE's work will "conclude" no later than July 4, 2026, the 250th anniversary of the signing of the [[United States Declaration of Independence|U.S. Declaration of Independence]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thehill.com/policy/4987402-trump-musk-advisory-group-spending/|title=Elon Musk, Vivek Ramaswamy to lead Trump's Department of Government Efficiency (DOGE)|last=Nazzaro|first=Miranda|date=November 13, 2024|website=The Hill|language=en-US|access-date=November 13, 2024}}</ref> also coinciding with America's [[United States Semiquincentennial|semiquincentennial]] celebrations and a proposed "Great American Fair". Despite its name it is not expected to be a [[wikipedia:United_States_federal_executive_departments|federal executive department]], but rather may operate under the [[Federal Advisory Committee Act]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/trump-department-of-government-efficiency-doge-elon-musk-ramaswamy/|title=What to know about Trump's Department of Government Efficiency, led by Elon Musk and Vivek Ramaswamy - CBS News|last=Picchi|first=Aimee|date=2024-11-14|website=www.cbsnews.com|language=en-US|access-date=2024-11-14}}</ref> so its formation is not expected to require approval from the [[wikipedia:United_States_Congress|U.S. Congress]]. NYT argues that records of its meetings must be made public.{{Cn}} As an advisor rather than a government employee, Mr. Musk will not be subject to various ethics rules.{{sfn|Economist 11/23}} Musk has stated that he believes such a commission could reduce the [[wikipedia:United_States_federal_budget|U.S. federal budget]] by $2 trillion, which would be a reduction of almost one third from its 2023 total. [[Maya MacGuineas]] of the [[Committee for a Responsible Federal Budget]] has said that this saving is "absolutely doable" over a period of 10 years, but it would be difficult to do in a single year "without compromising some of the fundamental objectives of the government that are widely agreed upon".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thehill.com/business/4966789-elon-musk-skepticism-2-trillion-spending-cuts/|title=Elon Musk draws skepticism with call for $2 trillion in spending cuts|last=Folley|first=Aris|date=2024-11-03|website=The Hill|language=en-US|access-date=2024-11-14}}</ref> [[wikipedia:Jamie_Dimon|Jamie Dimon]], the chief executive officer of [[wikipedia:JPMorgan_Chase|JPMorgan Chase]], has supported the idea. Some commentators questioned whether DOGE is a conflict of interest for Musk given that his companies are contractors to the federal government. The body is "unlikely to have any regulatory teeth on its own, but there's little doubt that it can have influence on the incoming administration and how it will determine its budgets".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.vox.com/policy/384904/trumps-department-of-government-efficiency-sounds-like-a-joke-it-isnt|title=Trump tapped Musk to co-lead the "Department of Government Efficiency." What the heck is that?|last=Fayyad|first=Abdallah|date=2024-11-13|website=Vox|language=en-US|access-date=2024-11-14}}</ref> Elon Musk had called [[w:Federico_Sturzenegger|Federico Sturzenegger]], Argentina's [[w:Ministry_of_Deregulation_and_State_Transformation|Minister of Deregulation and Transformation of the State]] ([[w:es:Ministerio_de_Desregulación_y_Transformación_del_Estado|es]]), to discuss imitating his ministry's model.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.infobae.com/economia/2024/11/08/milei-brindo-un-nuevo-apoyo-a-sturzenegger-y-afirmo-que-elon-musk-imitara-su-gestion-en-eeuu/|title=Milei brindó un nuevo apoyo a Sturzenegger y afirmó que Elon Musk imitará su gestión en EEUU|date=November 8, 2024|website=infobae|language=es-ES|access-date=November 13, 2024}}</ref> == Reception and Criticism == See also: [[w:Department_of_Government_Efficiency#Reception|w:Department of Government Efficiency — Reception]] The WSJ reports that Tesla's Texas facility dumped toxic wastewater into the public sewer system, into a lagoon, and into a local river, violated Texas environmental regulations, and fired an employee who attempted to comply with the law.{{Cn}} The Economist estimates that 10% of Mr. Musk's $360bn personal fortune is derived from contracts and benefits from the federal government, and 15% from the Chinese market.{{sfn|Economist 11/23}} == See also == * [[w:Second_presidential_transition_of_Donald_Trump|Second presidential transition of Donald Trump]] * [[w:United_States_federal_budget#Deficits_and_debt|United States federal budget - Deficits and debt]] * [[w:United_States_Bureau_of_Efficiency|United States Bureau of Efficiency]] – United States federal government bureau from 1916 to 1933 * [[w:Brownlow_Committee|Brownlow Committee]] – 1937 commission recommending United States federal government reforms * [[w:Grace_Commission|Grace Commission]] – Investigation to eliminate inefficiency in the United States federal government * [[w:Hoover_Commission|Hoover Commission]] – United States federal commission in 1947 advising on executive reform * [[w:Keep_Commission|Keep Commission]] * [[w:Project_on_National_Security_Reform|Project on National Security Reform]] * [[w:Delivering_Outstanding_Government_Efficiency_Caucus|Delivering Outstanding Government Efficiency Caucus]] == Notes == {{reflist}} == References == {{refbegin}} * {{Cite web|url=https://www.newsweek.com/bernie-sanders-finds-new-common-ground-elon-musk-1993820|title=Bernie Sanders finds new common ground with Elon Musk|last=Reporter|first=Mandy Taheri Weekend|date=2024-12-01|website=Newsweek|language=en|access-date=2024-12-02 |ref={{harvid|Newsweek 12/01|2024}} }} * {{Cite news|url=https://www.economist.com/briefing/2024/11/21/elon-musk-and-donald-trump-seem-besotted-where-is-their-bromance-headed|title=Elon Musk and Donald Trump seem besotted. Where is their bromance headed?|work=The Economist|access-date=2024-12-04|issn=0013-0613 |ref={{harvid|Economist 11/23|2024}} }} <references group="lower-alpha" /> {{refend}} jlrfa4oyl5mzb998x1zxs20uopsl3nn 2691572 2691570 2024-12-12T07:10:52Z Jaredscribe 2906761 /* Strategic Foreign Policy and Military reform */ 2691572 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Research project}} The U.S. [[w:Department of Government Efficiency]]. {{Infobox Organization |name=Department of Government Efficiency |logo= |logo_size= |logo_caption=Logo on [[Twitter|X]] (formerly Twitter) as of November 14, 2024 |seal= |seal_size= |seal_caption= |formation=Announced on November 12, 2024; yet to be established |abbreviation=DOGE |key_people={{plainlist|[[w:Commissioner of the Department of Government Efficiency|Co-commissioners]]: * [[w:Elon Musk]] * [[w:Vivek Ramaswamy]] }} |website={{URL|https://x.com/DOGE|x.com/DOGE}} |volunteers=* Federico Sturzenegger|services=consulting|headquarters=Mar-A-Lago|organization_type=Presidential Advisory Commission|founder=Donald Trump|extinction=4 July 2026 (planned)|mission=(In the words of president-elect Donald Trump: * dismantle government bureaucracy * slash excess regulations * cut wasteful expenditures * restructure federal agencies, * address "massive waste and fraud" in government spending}} This "'''Wiki Of Government Efficiency'''" (WOGE) is a public interest, non-partisan research project that will [[User:Jaredscribe/Department of Government Efficiency#Reduce the deficit and debt by impounding appropriated funds|analyze the U.S. federal budget]], [[User:Jaredscribe/Department of Government Efficiency#Reform the other Government Bureaus and Departments|federal bureaucracy]], and [[User:Jaredscribe/Department of Government Efficiency#Shrink the federal civil service|federal civil service]], in the context of [[w:Second_presidency_of_Donald_Trump|president-elect Trump']]<nowiki/>s [[w:Agenda_47|Agenda 47]], and will catalogue, evaluate, and critique proposals on how the '''[[w:Department of Government Efficiency|Department of Government Efficiency]]'''{{Efn|Also referred to as '''Government Efficiency Commission'''}} (DOGE) is or is not fulfilling its mission to ''"dismantle government bureaucracy, slash excess regulations, and cut wasteful expenditures and restructure federal agencies"'', in the words of president-elect [[wikipedia:Donald_Trump|Donald Trump]], who called for it to address ''"massive waste and fraud"'' in government spending.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/c93qwn8p0l0o|title=Donald Trump picks Elon Musk for US government cost-cutting role|last1=Faguy|first1=Ana|last2=FitzGerald|first2=James|date=2024-11-13|publisher=BBC News|language=en-GB|access-date=2024-11-13}}</ref> Here's [[User:Jaredscribe/Department of Government Efficiency/How to contribute|how to contribute]] to the WOGE. The DOGE intends to [[User:Jaredscribe/Department of Government Efficiency#Office of Management and Budget|work through the Office of Management and Budget]] as its "policy vector". The [[w:U.S._budget_deficit|U.S. Budget deficit]], (C.f. [[w:Government_budget_balance|fiscal deficit]]), and the [[w:National_debt_of_the_United_States|U.S. National debt]], currently $35.7 Trillion as of 10/2024, which is 99% of the [[w:U.S._GDP|U.S. GDP]],<ref>{{Unbulleted list citebundle|{{cite news|newspaper=Financial Post| title= Musk's $2 Trillion of Budget Cuts Would Have These Stocks Moving|url=https://financialpost.com/pmn/business-pmn/musks-2-trillion-of-budget-cuts-would-have-these-stocks-moving|first=Alexandra|last=Semenova|date=November 4, 2024}}|{{cite news|newspaper= New York Times|title=Elon|url=https://nytimes.com/2024/10/29/us/politics/elon-musk-trump-economy-hardship.html}}|{{Cite web |date=September 5, 2024 |title=Trump says he'd create a government efficiency commission led by Elon Musk |url=https://apnews.com/article/donald-trump-elon-musk-government-efficiency-commission-e831ed5dc2f6a56999e1a70bb0a4eaeb |publisher=AP News}}|{{cite web|first=Jenn|last=Brice|title=How Elon Musk's $130 million investment in Trump's victory could reap a huge payoff for Tesla and the rest of his business empire|url=https://fortune.com/2024/11/06/elon-musk-donald-trump-tesla-spacex-xai-boring-neuralink|website=Fortune}}|{{cite web|url=https://axios.com/2024/11/07/elon-musk-government-efficiency-trump|title=Musk will bring his Twitter management style to government reform}}|{{cite news| access-date =November 9, 2024|work=Reuters|date=September 6, 2024|first1=Helen|first2=Gram|last1=Coster| last2=Slattery|title=Trump says he will tap Musk to lead government efficiency commission if elected| url= https://reuters.com/world/us/trump-adopt-musks-proposal-government-efficiency-commission-wsj-reports-2024-09-05}}|{{cite web|title=Trump says Musk could head 'government efficiency' force|url= https://bbc.com/news/articles/c74lgwkrmrpo|publisher=BBC}}|{{cite web|date =November 5, 2024|title=How Elon Musk could gut the government under Trump|url=https://independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/us-politics/elon-musk-donald-trump-economy-job-cuts-b2641644.html|website= The Independent}}}}</ref> and expected to grow to 134% of GDP by 2034 if current laws remain unchanged, according to the [[w:Congressional_Budget_Office|Congressional Budget Office]]. The DOGE will be a [[wikipedia:Presidential_commission_(United_States)|presidential advisory commission]] led by the billionaire businessmen [[wikipedia:Elon_Musk|Elon Musk]] and [[wikipedia:Vivek_Ramaswamy|Vivek Ramaswamy]], and possibly [[w:Ron_Paul|Ron Paul]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thehill.com/video/ron-paul-vows-to-join-elon-musk-help-eliminate-government-waste-in-a-trump-admin/10191375|title=Ron Paul vows to join Elon Musk, help eliminate government waste in a Trump admin|date=November 5, 2024|website=The Hill}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://usatoday.com/story/business/2024/10/28/patricia-healy-elon-musk-highlights-need-for-government-efficiency/75798556007|title=Elon Musk puts spotlight on ... Department of Government Efficiency? {{!}} Cumberland Comment|last=Healy|first=Patricia|website=USA TODAY|language=en-US|access-date=November 9, 2024}}</ref> with support from many [[w:Political_appointments_of_the_second_Trump_administration|Political and cabinet appointees of the second Trump administration]] and from a Congressional caucus Musk stated his belief that DOGE could remove US$2 trillion from the [[w:United_States_federal_budget|U.S. federal budget]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/live/HysDMs2a-iM?si=92I5LD1FY2PAsSuG&t=15822|title=WATCH LIVE: Trump holds campaign rally at Madison Square Garden in New York|date=October 28, 2024|website=youtube.com|publisher=[[PBS NewsHour]]|language=en|format=video}}</ref> without specifying whether these savings would be made over a single year or a longer period.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/cdj38mekdkgo|title=Can Elon Musk cut $2 trillion from US government spending?|last=Chu|first=Ben|date=2024-11-13|website=BBC News|language=en-GB|access-date=2024-11-14}}</ref> [[File:2023_US_Federal_Budget_Infographic.png|thumb|An infographic on outlays and revenues in the 2023 [[United States federal budget|U.S. federal budget]]]] DOGE could also streamline permitting with “categorical exclusions” from environmental reviews under the National Environmental Policy Act. {{sidebar with collapsible lists|name=U.S. deficit and debt topics|namestyle=background:#bf0a30;|style=width:22.0em; border: 4px double #d69d36; background:var(--background-color-base, #FFFFFF);|bodyclass=vcard|pretitle='''<span class="skin-invert">This article is part of [[:Category:United States|a series]] on the</span>'''|title=[[United States federal budget|<span style="color:var(--color-base, #000000);">Budget and debt in the<br/>United States of America</span>]]|image=[[File:Seal of the United States Congress.svg|90px]] [[File:Seal of the United States Department of the Treasury.svg|90px]]|titlestyle=background:var(--background-color-base, #002868); background-clip:padding-box;|headingstyle=background:var(--background-color-base, #bf0a30); color:var(--color-base, #fff);|listtitlestyle=background:var(--background-color-base, #bf0a30); color:var(--color-base, #fff); text-align:center;|expanded={{{expanded|{{{1|}}}}}}|list1name=dimensions|list1title=Major dimensions|list1class=hlist skin-invert|list1=* [[Economy of the United States|Economy]] * [[Expenditures in the United States federal budget|Expenditures]] * [[United States federal budget|Federal budget]] * [[Financial position of the United States|Financial position]] * [[Military budget of the United States|Military budget]] * [[National debt of the United States|Public debt]] * [[Taxation in the United States|Taxation]] * [[Unemployment in the United States|Unemployment]] * [[Government_spending_in_the_United_States|Gov't spending]]|list2name=programs|list2title=Programs|list2class=hlist skin-invert|list2=* [[Medicare (United States)|Medicare]] * [[Social programs in the United States|Social programs]] * [[Social Security (United States)|Social Security]]|list3name=issues|list3title=Contemporary issues|list3class=skin-invert|list3=<div style="margin-bottom:0.5em"> [[National Commission on Fiscal Responsibility and Reform|Bowles–Simpson Commission]] {{flatlist}} * <!--Bu--> [[Bush tax cuts]] * <!--Deb--> [[United States debt ceiling|Debt ceiling]] ** [[History of the United States debt ceiling|history]] * <!--Def--> [[Deficit reduction in the United States|Deficit reduction]] * <!--F--> [[United States fiscal cliff|Fiscal cliff]] * <!--H--> [[Healthcare reform in the United States|Healthcare reform]] * <!--P--> [[Political debates about the United States federal budget|Political debates]] * <!--So--> [[Social Security debate in the United States|Social Security debate]] * <!--St--> "[[Starve the beast]]" * <!--Su--> [[Subprime mortgage crisis]] {{endflatlist}} </div> [[2007–2008 financial crisis]] {{flatlist}} * <!--D--> [[United States debt-ceiling crisis (disambiguation)|Debt-ceiling crises]] ** [[2011 United States debt-ceiling crisis|2011]] ** [[2013 United States debt-ceiling crisis|2013]] ** [[2023 United States debt-ceiling crisis|2023]] {{endflatlist}} [[2013 United States budget sequestration|2013 budget sequestration]] {{flatlist}} * <!--G--> [[Government shutdowns in the United States|Government shutdowns]] ** [[1980 United States federal government shutdown|1980]] ** [[1981, 1984, and 1986 U.S. federal government shutdowns|1981, 1984, 1986]] ** [[1990 United States federal government shutdown|1990]] ** [[1995–1996 United States federal government shutdowns|1995–1996]] ** [[2013 United States federal government shutdown|2013]] ** [[January 2018 United States federal government shutdown|Jan 2018]] ** [[2018–2019 United States federal government shutdown|2018–2019]] {{endflatlist}} Related events {{flatlist}} *<!--E-->[[Removal of Kevin McCarthy as Speaker of the House|2023 Removal of Kevin McCarthy]] {{endflatlist}}|list4name=terminology|list4title=Terminology|list4class=hlist skin-invert|list4=Cumulative [[Government budget balance|deficit]] + [[National debt of the United States#Debates|Interest]] ≈ [[Government debt|Debt]] * [[Balance of payments]] * [[Inflation]] * [[Continuing resolution]]}} [[w:Deficit_reduction_in_the_United_States|Deficit reduction in the United States]] == Deregulate the Economy == The legal theory that this can be done through the executive branch is found in the U.S. Supreme Court’s ''[[w:West_Virginia_v._EPA|West Virginia v. EPA]]'' and ''[[w:Loper_Bright|Loper Bright]]'' rulings, which rein in the administrative state and mean that much of what the federal government now does is illegal.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.wsj.com/opinion/department-of-government-efficiency-elon-musk-vivek-ramaswamy-donald-trump-1e086dab|website=[[w:Wall Street Journal]]|title=The Musk-Ramaswamy Project Could Be Trump’s Best Idea}}</ref> Mr. Trump has set a goal of eliminating 10 regulations for every new one. The [[w:Competitive_Enterprise_Institute|Competitive Enterprise Institute]]’s Wayne Crews says 217,565 rules have been issued since the [[w:Federal_Register|Federal Register]] first began itemizing them in 1976, with 89,368 pages added last year. [https://sgp.fas.org/crs/misc/R43056.pdf 3,000-4,500 rules are added each year]. DOGE’s first order will be to pause enforcement of overreaching rules while starting the process to roll them back. Mr. Trump and DOGE could direct agencies to settle legal challenges to Biden rules by vacating them. This could ease the laborious process of undoing them by rule-making through the [[w:Administrative_Procedure_Act|Administrative Procedure Act]]. A source tells the WSJ they’ll do whatever they think they legally can without the APA. The [[w:Congressional_Review_Act|Congressional Review Act]]—which allows Congress to overturn recently issued agency regulations—had been used only once, prior to [[w:First_presidency_of_Donald_Trump|Trump's first term]]. While in office, he and the Republican Congress used it on 16 rules. This time, there will be more than 56 regulatory actions recent enough to be repealed. The [[w:Chevron_deference|''Chevron'' deference]] had required federal courts to defer to agencies’ interpretations of ambiguous statutes, but this was overturned in 2024. Taken together, with some other recent [[w:SCOTUS|SCOTUS]] rulings, we now have, says the WSJ, the biggest opportunity to cut regulatory red tape in more than 40 years.<ref>[https://www.wsj.com/opinion/let-the-trump-deregulation-begin-us-chamber-of-commerce-second-term-economic-growth-73f24387?cx_testId=3&cx_testVariant=cx_166&cx_artPos=0]</ref><blockquote>"Most legal edicts aren’t laws enacted by Congress but “rules and regulations” promulgated by unelected bureaucrats—tens of thousands of them each year. Most government enforcement decisions and discretionary expenditures aren’t made by the democratically elected president or even his political appointees but by millions of unelected, unappointed civil servants within government agencies who view themselves as immune from firing thanks to civil-service protections." "This is antidemocratic and antithetical to the Founders’ vision. It imposes massive direct and indirect costs on taxpayers." "When the president nullifies thousands of such regulations, critics will allege executive overreach. In fact, it will be ''correcting'' the executive overreach of thousands of regulations promulgated by administrative fiat that were never authorized by Congress. The president owes lawmaking deference to Congress, not to bureaucrats deep within federal agencies. The use of executive orders to substitute for lawmaking by adding burdensome new rules is a constitutional affront, but the use of executive orders to roll back regulations that wrongly bypassed Congress is legitimate and necessary to comply with the Supreme Court’s recent mandates. And after those regulations are fully rescinded, a future president couldn’t simply flip the switch and revive them but would instead have to ask Congress to do so"<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/opinion/musk-and-ramaswamy-the-doge-plan-to-reform-government-supreme-court-guidance-end-executive-power-grab-fa51c020?cx_testId=3&cx_testVariant=cx_165&cx_artPos=5|title=Elon Musk and Vivek Ramaswamy: The DOGE Plan to Reform Government|last=Musk|first=Elon|date=20 November 2024|work=The Wall Street Journal|last2=Ramaswamy|first2=Vivek}}</ref> </blockquote> == Shrink the federal civil service == The government has around three million [[w:United_States_federal_civil_service|federal civil service]] employees, with an average salary of $106,000. Dr. Anthony Fauci made $481,000 in 2022. The federal head count has ballooned by 120,800 during the Biden years. Civil service and union protections make it hard to fire workers. Mr. Trump intends to quickly resurrect the [[w:Schedule_F|Schedule F]] reform that he sought to implement at the end of his first term but was scrapped by Mr. Biden. These would high-level federal employees to be removed like political appointees, by eliminating their job protections. WSJ proposals[https://www.wsj.com/opinion/the-doge-cheat-sheet-elon-musk-vivek-ramaswamy-department-of-government-efficiency-1c231783#cxrecs_s] The [[w:Administrative_Procedures_Act|Administrative Procedures Act]] statute protects federal employees from political retaliation, but allows for “reductions in force” that don’t target specific employees. The statute further empowers the president to “prescribe rules governing the competitive service.” The Supreme Court has held—in ''[[w:Franklin_v._Massachusetts|Franklin v. Massachusetts]]'' (1992) and ''[[w:Collins_v._Yellen|Collins v. Yellen]]'' (2021) that when revious presidents have used this power to amend the civil service rules by executive order, they weren’t constrained by the APA when they did so. Mr. Trump can, with this authority, implement any number of “rules governing the competitive service” that would curtail administrative overgrowth, from large-scale firings to relocation of federal agencies out of the Washington area. The DOGE welcomes voluntary terminations once the President begins requiring federal employees to come to the office five days a week, because American taxpayers shouldn’t pay federal employees for the Covid-era privilege of staying home.<ref>[https://www.wsj.com/opinion/musk-and-ramaswamy-the-doge-plan-to-reform-government-supreme-court-guidance-end-executive-power-grab-fa51c020?cx_testId=3&cx_testVariant=cx_165&cx_artPos=5 Elon Musk and Vivek Ramaswamy: The DOGE Plan to Reform Government: Following the Supreme Court’s guidance, we’ll reverse a decadeslong executive power grab. Musk & Ramaswamy 11/20/2024]</ref> == Reduce the deficit and debt by impounding appropriated funds == === Impound appropriated funds === Reports suggest that president-elect Trump intends to override Congress’s power of the purse by [[w:Impoundment_of_appropriated_funds|impoundment of appropriated funds]], that is, refusing to spend them. the president may [[wikipedia:Rescission_bill|propose rescission]] of specific funds, but that rescission must be approved by both the [[wikipedia:United_States_House_of_Representatives|House of Representatives]] and [[wikipedia:United_States_Senate|Senate]] within 45 days. [[w:Thomas_Jefferson|Thomas Jefferson]] was the first president to exercise the power of impoundment in 1801, which power was available to all presidents up to and including [[wikipedia:Richard_Nixon|Richard Nixon]], and was regarded as a power inherent to the office, although one with limits. He may ask Congress to repeal The [[w:Congressional_Budget_and_Impoundment_Control_Act_of_1974|Congressional Budget and Impoundment Control Act of 1974]], which was passed in response to Nixon's abuses.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://democrats-budget.house.gov/resources/reports/impoundment-control-act-1974-what-it-why-does-it-matter|title=The Impoundment Control Act of 1974: What Is It? Why Does It Matter? {{!}} House Budget Committee Democrats|date=2019-10-23|website=democrats-budget.house.gov|language=en|access-date=2024-05-19}}</ref> If Congress refuses to do so, president Trump may impound funds anyway and argue in court that the 1974 law is unconstitutional. The matter would likely end up at the Supreme Court, which would have to do more than simply hold the 1974 act unconstitutional in order for Mr. Trump to prevail. The court would also have to overrule [[w:Train_v._City_of_New_York_(1975)|''Train v. City of New York'' (1975)]], which held that impoundment is illegal unless the underlying legislation specifically authorizes it. === Reduce the budget deficit === [[wikipedia:U.S. federal budget|U.S. federal budget]] The [[wikipedia:Fiscal_year|fiscal year]], beginning October 1 and ending on September 30 of the year following. Congress is the body required by law to pass appropriations annually and to submit funding bills passed by both houses to the President for signature. Congressional decisions are governed by rules and legislation regarding the [[wikipedia:United_States_budget_process|federal budget process]]. Budget committees set spending limits for the House and Senate committees and for Appropriations subcommittees, which then approve individual [[wikipedia:Appropriations_bill_(United_States)|appropriations bills]] to During FY2022, the federal government spent $6.3 trillion. Spending as % of GDP is 25.1%, almost 2 percentage points greater than the average over the past 50 years. Major categories of FY 2022 spending included: Medicare and Medicaid ($1.339T or 5.4% of GDP), Social Security ($1.2T or 4.8% of GDP), non-defense discretionary spending used to run federal Departments and Agencies ($910B or 3.6% of GDP), Defense Department ($751B or 3.0% of GDP), and net interest ($475B or 1.9% of GDP).<ref name="CBO_2022">[https://www.cbo.gov/publication/58888 The Federal Budget in Fiscal Year 2022: An Infographic]</ref> CBO projects a federal budget deficit of $1.6 trillion for 2024. In the agency’s projections, deficits generally increase over the coming years; the shortfall in 2034 is $2.6 trillion. The deficit amounts to 5.6 percent of gross domestic product (GDP) in 2024, swells to 6.1 percent of GDP in 2025, and then declines in the two years that follow. After 2027, deficits increase again, reaching 6.1 percent of GDP in 2034.<ref name="CBO_budgetOutlook2024">{{cite web|url=https://www.cbo.gov/publication/59710|title=The Budget and Economic Outlook: 2024 to 2034|date=February 7, 2024|publisher=CBO|access-date=February 7, 2024}}</ref> The following table summarizes several budgetary statistics for the fiscal year 2015-2021 periods as a percent of GDP, including federal tax revenue, outlays or spending, deficits (revenue – outlays), and [[wikipedia:National_debt_of_the_United_States|debt held by the public]]. The historical average for 1969-2018 is also shown. With U.S. GDP of about $21 trillion in 2019, 1% of GDP is about $210 billion.<ref name="CBO_Hist_20">[https://www.cbo.gov/about/products/budget-economic-data#2 CBO-Historical Budget Data-Retrieved January 28, 2020]</ref> Statistics for 2020-2022 are from the CBO Monthly Budget Review for FY 2022.<ref name="CBO_MBRFY2022">{{cite web|url=https://www.cbo.gov/publication/58592|title=Monthly Budget Review: Summary for Fiscal Year 2022|date=November 8, 2022|publisher=CBO|access-date=December 10, 2022}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" !Variable As % GDP !2015 !2016 !2017 !2018 !2019 !2020 !2021 !2022 !Hist Avg |- !Revenue<ref name="CBO_Hist_20">[https://www.cbo.gov/about/products/budget-economic-data#2 CBO-Historical Budget Data-Retrieved January 28, 2020]</ref> |18.0% |17.6% |17.2% |16.4% |16.4% |16.2% |17.9% |19.6% |17.4% |- !Outlays<ref name="CBO_Hist_20" /> |20.4% |20.8% |20.6% |20.2% |21.0% |31.1% |30.1% |25.1% |21.0% |- !Budget Deficit<ref name="CBO_Hist_20" /> | -2.4% | -3.2% | -3.5% | -3.8% | -4.6% | -14.9% | -12.3% | -5.5% | -3.6% |- !Debt Held by Public<ref name="CBO_Hist_20" /> |72.5% |76.4% |76.2% |77.6% |79.4% |100.3% |99.6% |94.7% | |} The [[wikipedia:U.S._Constitution|U.S. Constitution]] ([[wikipedia:Article_One_of_the_United_States_Constitution|Article I]], section 9, clause 7) states that "No money shall be drawn from the Treasury, but in Consequence of Appropriations made by Law; and a regular Statement and Account of Receipts and Expenditures of all public Money shall be published from time to time." Each year, the President of the United States submits a budget request to Congress for the following fiscal year as required by the [[wikipedia:Budget_and_Accounting_Act_of_1921|Budget and Accounting Act of 1921]]. Current law ({{UnitedStatesCode|31|1105}}(a)) requires the president to submit a budget no earlier than the first Monday in January, and no later than the first Monday in February. Typically, presidents submit budgets on the first Monday in February. The budget submission has been delayed, however, in some new presidents' first year when the previous president belonged to a different party. === Reduce the National debt === == Strategic Foreign Policy and Military reform == President-elect Trump has promised to "put an end to endless wars", to make [[w:NATO#NATO_defence_expenditure|NATO members pay their fair share]], end the [[w:Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine|current Russian invasion of Ukraine]], to renew the maximum-pressure policy toward Iran, and to free the hostages held in Gaza and/or ensure Israeli victory in the [[w:Israel–Hamas_war|current multi-front war launched by Iran and its proxies]]. Nominee for [[w:National_Security_Advisor|National Security Advisor]] [[w:Mike_Waltz|Mike Waltz]] To oversee the [[w:U.S._Intelligence_Community|U.S. Intelligence Community]] and NIP, and the 18 IC agencies, including the CIA, DIA, NSC, the nominee for [[w:Director_of_National_Intelligence|Director of National Intelligence]] is [[w:Tulsi_Gabbard|Tulsi Gabbard]], who is an isolationist of the [[w:Bernie_Sanders#foreign_policy|Bernie Sanders]] camp, with a long record of dogmatically opposing [[w:Foreign_policy_of_the_Trump_administration|President Trump's first term foreign policy]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/opinion/tulsi-gabbard-director-of-national-intelligence-donald-trump-foreign-policy-syria-israel-iran-b37aa3de|title=How Tulsi Gabbard Sees the World|last=Editorial Board|date=10 December 2024|work=The Wall Street Journal}}</ref> ''"The first act of a statesman is to recognize the type of war he is in"'', according to [[w:Carl_von_Clausewitz|Clausewitz]], given that human determination outweighs material advantages. Therefore he is advised by [[w:West_Point|West Point]] strategist [[w:John_Spencer|John Spencer]] writing in the WSJ to avoid four common foreign-policy fallacies: * the "abacus fallacy" that wars are won by superior resources (counterexample Vietnam) * the "vampire fallacy" that wars are won by superior technology (c.e. Russia's failure in Ukraine); * the "Zero Dark Thirty" fallacy that elevates precision strikes and special ops to the level of grand strategy or above, * and the "Peace table fallacy", which believes that all wars end in negotiation.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/opinion/stopping-endless-wars-is-easier-said-than-done-trump-second-term-2cab9c7a?page=1|title=Stopping ‘Endless Wars’ Is Easier Said Than Done|last=Spencer|first=John|date=11 December 2024|work=The Wall Street Journal}}</ref> === Department of State === {{Main article|w:Second presidency of Donald Trump#Prospective foreign policy|w:State Department}} [[w:Marco_Rubio|Marco Rubio]] has been nominated as [[w:U.S._Secretary_of_State|U.S. Secretary of State]], overseeing $53bn and 77,880 employees ==== [[w:USAID|USAID]] ==== ==== National Endowment for Democracy ==== The [[w:National_Endowment_for_Democracy|National Endowment for Democracy]] is grant-making foundation organized as a private non-profit corporation overseen by congress, a project of Ronald Reagan announced in a [[1982 speech to British Parliament]], in which he stated that "freedom is not the sole prerogative of a lucky few, but the inalienable and universal right of all human beings", invoking the Israelites exodus and the Greeks' stand at Thermopylae. The NED is reportedly near the top of the DOGE's hit list.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/opinion/save-a-reagan-initiative-from-the-doge-national-endowment-for-democracy-funding-2b6cc072?page=1|title=Save a Reagan Initiative From Musk and Ramaswamy|last=Galston|first=William|date=11 December 2024|work=The Wall Street Journal}}</ref> It is had a pro-freedom and [[w:Anti-communist|anti-communist]] mission to help pro-democracy leaders and groups in Asia, Africa, and Latin America, and assisted the transition of Eastern and Central European nations. The arguments being made by those in favor of defunding are that it "is a relic of the Cold War that has outlived its usefulness and no longer serves any pressing purpose in terms of advancing national interests", according to [[w:James_Piereson|James Piereson]]{{Cn}} Congress has raised its funding significanty in recent years, in a vote of confidence. === U.S. Department of Defense === U.S. DoD employees ____ civilian personel, ___ civilian contractors, and oversees a budget of _____. Nominated for [[w:Secretary_of_Defense|Secretary of Defense]] is [[w:Pete_Hegseth|Pete Hegseth]], who has been doubted by many Republican Senators{{Cn}} and supported by Trump's base.{{Cn}} The president-elect is reportedly considering a draft executive order that establishes a “warrior board” of retired senior military personnel with the power to review three- and four-star officers “on leadership capability, strategic readiness, and commitment to military excellence," and to recommend removals of any deemed unfit for leadership. This would fast-track the removal of generals and admirals found to be “lacking in requisite leadership qualities,” consistent with his earlier vow to fire “woke” military leaders.<ref>[https://www.wsj.com/politics/national-security/trump-draft-executive-order-would-create-board-to-purge-generals-7ebaa606<nowiki> Trump draft executive order would create a board to purge generals 11/12/2024]</nowiki></ref> There are legal obstacles. The law prohibits the firing of commissioned officers except by “sentence of a general court-martial,” as a “commutation of a sentence of a general court-martial,” or “in time of war, by order of the president.” A commissioned officer who believes he’s been wrongfully dismissed has the right to seek a trial by court-martial, which may find the dismissal baseless. <ref>[https://www.wsj.com/opinion/trump-tests-the-constitutions-limits-checks-balances-government-policy-law-78d0d0f1 &lt;nowiki&gt; Trump test the constitutions limits 11/19/2024]</ref> Musk said, "Some idiots are still building manned fighter jets like the F-35," and later added: "Manned fighter jets are outdated in the age of drones and only put pilots' lives at risk." [[w:Bernie_Sanders|Bernie Sanders]] wrote on X: "Elon Musk is right. The Pentagon, with a budget of $886 billion, just failed its 7th audit in a row. It's lost track of billions. Last year, only 13 senators voted against the Military Industrial Complex and a defense budget full of waste and fraud. That must change."{{sfn|Newsweek 12/02|2024}}. It failed its fifth audit in June 2023.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newsweek.com/fox-news-host-confronts-gop-senator-pentagons-fifth-failed-audit-1804379|title=Fox News host confronts GOP Senator on Pentagon's fifth failed audit|last=Writer|first=Fatma Khaled Staff|date=2023-06-04|website=Newsweek|language=en|access-date=2024-12-02}}</ref> === [[w:DARPA|DARPA]] === === US Air Force === Air Force is advancing a program called [[w:Collaborative_Combat_Aircraft|Collaborative Combat Aircraft]] to build roughly 1,000 UAVs, with [[w:Anduril|Anduril]] and [[w:General_Atomics|General Atomics]] currently building prototypes, ahead of an Air Force decision on which company or companies will be contracted to build it. The cost quickly exceeded the $2.3 billion approved for last fiscal year’s budget, according to the [[w:Congressional_Research_Service|Congressional Research Service]], prompting calls for more oversight. “''If you want to make real improvements to the defense and security of the United States of America, we would be investing more in drones, we’d be investing more in [[w:Hypersonic_weapon|hypersonic missiles]]'',” said Mr. Ramaswamy. The program for Lockheed-Martin's [[w:F-35|F-35]] stealth jet fighters, now in production, is expected to exceed $2 trillion over several decades. The Air Force on 5 December announced it would delay a decision on which company would build the next-generation crewed fighter, called [[w:Next Generation Air Dominance|Next Generation Air Dominance (NGAD)]], which was planned to replace the [[w:F-22|F-22]] and operate alongside the F-35. Mr. Musk has written that "manned fighter jets are obsolete in the age of drones.” In another post, he claimed “a reusable drone” can do everything a jet fighter can do “without all the overhead of a pilot.” Brigadier General [[w:Doug_Wickert|Doug Wickert]] said in response, “There may be some day when we can completely rely on roboticized warfare but we are a century away.... How long have we thought full self-driving was going to be on the Tesla?” <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/politics/national-security/air-force-jets-vs-drones-trump-administration-8b1620a5?page=1|title=Trump Administration Set to Decide Future of Jet Fighters|last=Seligman|first=Lara|date=6 December 2024|work=The Wall Street Journal}}</ref> === US Space Force === The [[w:US_Space_Force|US Space Force]]'s 2023 budget was ~$26bn and it had 9,400 military personnel. SpaceX had a $14m contract to provide communications to the Ukrainian armed forces and government through 30th Nov 2024.{{sfn|Economist 11/23|2024}} Is also receiving a $733m contract to carry satellites into orbit.{{sfn|Economist 11/23|2024}} The Pentagon plans to incorporate into its own communications network 100 of [[w:Starshield|Starshield]]'s satellites.{{sfn|Economist 11/23|2024}} Starshield also has a $1.8bn contract to help the [[w:National_Reconnaissance_Office|National Reconnaissance Office]] build spy satellites.{{sfn|Economist 11/23|2024}} == Department of Space Transportation == Mr. Trump's transition team told advisors that it plans to make a federal framework for self-driving cars. Mr. Trump had a call with Sundar Pichai and Mr. Musk. === Rail and Tunnel Authority === === Ports Authority === === Interstate Highway Authority === === [[w:Federal_Aviation_Administration|Federal Aviation Administration]] === Musk has often complained about the FAA "smothering" innovation, boasting that he can build a rocket faster than the agency can process the "Kafkaesque paperwork" required to make the relevant approvals.{{sfn|Economist 11/23|2024}} === National Air and Space Administration === The [[w:National_Air_and_Space_Administration|National Air and Space Administration]] (NASA) had a 2023 budget of $25.4 bn and 18,000 employees. [[w:Jared_Isaacman|Jared Isaacman]] is nominated director. He had joined a space voyage in 2021 which was the first for an all-civilian crew to reach orbit. He led a four person crew in September on the first commericial spacewalk, testing SpaceX's new spacesuits. He promised to lead NASA in to "usher in an era where humanity becomes a true space-faring civilization." In an interview Isaacman said that NASA will evolve as private space companies set their own priorities and develop technology. NASA could have a certification role for astronauts and vehicles, similar to how the Federal Aviation Administration oversees the commercial airline industry. “The FAA doesn’t build the airplanes. They don’t staff the pilots that fly you from point A to B,” he said. “That is the world that NASA is in, essentially.” He also suggested openness to new and lower cost ways of getting to the Moon and to Mars.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/politics/elections/trump-picks-billionaire-space-traveler-to-run-nasa-4420150b?page=1|title=Trump Picks Billionaire Space Traveler to Run NASA|last=Maidenberg|first=Micah|date=5 December 2024|work=WSJ}}</ref> In September 2026, NASA's [[w:Artemis_program|Artemis program]], established in 2017 via [[wikipedia:Space_Policy_Directive_1|Space Policy Directive 1]], is intended to reestablish a human presence on the Moon for the first time since the [[wikipedia:Apollo_17|Apollo 17]] mission in 1972. The program's stated long-term goal is to establish a [[wikipedia:Moonbase|permanent base on the Moon]] to facilitate [[wikipedia:Human_mission_to_Mars|human missions to Mars]]. The [[w:U.S._National_Academies_of_Sciences,_Engineering,_and_Medicine|U.S. National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine]] in October, put out a report titled "NASA at a Crossroads," which identified myriad issues at the agency, including out-of-date infrastructure, pressures to prioritize short-term objectives and inefficient management practices. NASA's costly [[w:Space_Launch_System|Space Launch System]] (SLS) is the cornerstone of the Artemis program. has a price tag of around $4.1 billion per launch, and is a single-use rocket that can only launch every two years, having debuted in 2022 with the uncrewed [[w:Artemis_1_mission|Artemis 1 mission]] to the moon. In contrast, SpaceX is working to reduce the cost of a single Starship flight to under $10 million. NASA Associate Administrator Jim Free urged the incoming administration to maintain the current plans, in a symposium with the [[w:American_Astronautical_Society|American Astronautical Society]] saying "We need that consistency in purpose. That has not happened since Apollo. If we lose that, I believe we will fall apart and we will wander, and other people in this world will pass us by." NASA has already asked both [[w:SpaceX|SpaceX]] and also Jeff Bezos' [[w:Blue_Origin|Blue Origin]], to develop cargo landers for its Artemis missions and to deliver heavy equipment on them to the Moon by 2033. "Having two lunar lander providers with different approaches for crew and cargo landing capability provides mission flexibility while ensuring a regular cadence of moon landings for continued discovery and scientific opportunity," Stephen D. Creech, NASA's assistant deputy associate administrator for the moon to Mars program, said in an announcement about the partnership. "For all of the money we are spending, NASA should NOT be talking about going to the Moon - We did that 50 years ago. They should be focused on the much bigger things we are doing, including Mars (of which the Moon is a part), Defense and Science!" Trump wrote in a post on X in 2019. Trump has said he would create a [[w:Space_National_Guard|Space National Guard]], an idea that lawmakers in Congress have been proposing since 2021. Critics agree that a focus on spaceflight could come at the expense of "Earth and atmospheric sciences at NASA and the [[w:National_Oceanic_and_Atmospheric_Administration|National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]] (NOAA), which have been cut during the Biden era."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newsweek.com/elon-musk-donald-trump-nasa-space-policy-1990599|title=Donald Trump and Elon Musk could radically reshape NASA. Here's how|last=Reporter|first=Martha McHardy US News|date=2024-11-27|website=Newsweek|language=en|access-date=2024-12-02}}</ref> Regarding his goal and SpaceX's corporate mission of colonising Mars, Mr. Musk has stated that "The DOGE is the only path to extending life beyond earth"{{sfn|Economist 11/23|2024}} === National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration === == Department of Education and Propaganda == [[w:United_States_Department_of_Education|Department of Education]] has 4,400 employees – the smallest staff of the Cabinet agencies<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www2.ed.gov/about/overview/fed/role.html|title=Federal Role in Education|date=2021-06-15|website=www2.ed.gov|language=en|access-date=2022-04-28}}</ref> – and a 2024 budget of $238 billion.<ref name="DOE-mission">{{Cite web|url=https://www.usaspending.gov/agency/department-of-education?fy=2024|title=Agency Profile {{!}} U.S. Department of Education|website=www2.ed.gov|access-date=2024-11-14}}</ref> The 2023 Budget was $274 billion, which included funding for children with disabilities ([[wikipedia:Individuals_with_Disabilities_Education_Act|IDEA]]), pandemic recovery, early childhood education, [[wikipedia:Pell_Grant|Pell Grants]], [[wikipedia:Elementary_and_Secondary_Education_Act|Title I]], work assistance, among other programs. This budget was down from $637.7 billion in 2022.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.future-ed.org/what-the-new-pisa-results-really-say-about-u-s-schools/|title=What the New PISA Results Really Say About U.S. Schools|date=2021-06-15|website=future-ed.com|language=en|access-date=2024-11-14}}</ref> Nominated as [[w:US_Secretary_of_Education|Secretary of Education]] is [[w:Linda_McMahon|Linda McMahon]]. The WSJ proposes that the Civil Rights division be absorbed into the Department of Justice, and that its outstanding loan portolio be handled by the Department of the Treasury. Despite the redundancies, its unlikely that it will be abolished, which would require congressional action and buy-in from Democrats in the Senate; Republicans don’t have enough votes to do it alone. A republican appointee is expected to push back against federal education overreach and progressive policies like DEI. <ref>[https://www.wsj.com/opinion/trump-can-teach-the-education-department-a-lesson-nominee-needs-boldness-back-school-choice-oppose-woke-indoctrination-ddf6a38d<nowiki> Trump can teach the Education Department a Lesson. WSJ 11/20/2024]</nowiki></ref> During his campaign, Trump had pledged to get the "transgender insanity the hell out of schools.” Relying on the district court's decision in ''[[w:Tatel_v._Mount_Lebanon_School_District|Tatel v. Mount Lebanon School District]] , the'' attorney general and education secretary could issue a letter explaining how enforcing gender ideology violates constitutional [[w:Free_exercise_clause|First amendment right to free exercise of religion]] and the [[w:Equal_Protection_Clause|14th Amendment’s Equal Protection Clause]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/opinion/how-trump-can-target-transgenderism-in-schools-law-policy-education-369537a7?page=1|title=How Trump Can Target Transgenderism in Schools|last=Eden|first=Max|date=9 December 2024|work=The Wall Street Journal}}</ref> === CPB, PBS, NPR === Regarding the [[w:Corporation_for_Public_Broadcasting|Corporation for Public Broadcasting]], [[w:Howard_Husock|Howard Husock]] suggest that instead of zeroing its $535 million budget, Republicans reform the [[w:Public_Broadcasting_Act|Public Broadcasting Act]] to eliminate bias and improve local journalism.<ref>https://www.wsj.com/opinion/the-conservative-case-for-public-broadcasting-media-policy-2d4c3c9f?page=1</ref> {{As of|2024|alt=For fiscal year 2024}}, its appropriation was US$525 million, including $10 million in interest earned. The distribution of these funds was as follows:<ref>{{cite web|url=https://cpb.org/aboutcpb/financials/budget/|title=CPB Operating Budget|last=|date=2024|website=www.cpb.org|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=November 27, 2024|url-status=}}</ref> * $262.83M for direct grants to local public television stations; * $95.11M for television programming grants; * $81.77M for direct grants to local public radio stations; * $28.12M for the Radio National Program Production and Acquisition * $9.43M for the Radio Program Fund * $31.50 for system support * $26.25 for administration Public broadcasting stations are funded by a combination of private donations from listeners and viewers, foundations and corporations. Funding for public television comes in roughly equal parts from government (at all levels) and the private sector.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cpb.org/annualreports/2013/|title=CPB 2013 Annual Report|website=www.cpb.org|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160212170045/http://cpb.org/annualreports/2013/|archive-date=February 12, 2016|access-date=May 4, 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Department of Justice (DOJ) == The US. [[w:Department_of_Justice|Department of Justice]] has a 2023 budget of _____ and ___ employees. Nominated as [[w:Attorney_General|Attorney General]] is Florida AG [[w:Pam_Bondi|Pam Bondi]]{{Cn}}, after Matt Gaetz withdrew his candidacy after pressure.{{Cn}} === Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) === With 35,000 employees the [[w:FBI|FBI]] made a 2021 budget request for $9.8 billion. Nominated as director is [[w:Kash_Patel|Kash Patel]], who promised to "shut down the FBI [[w:Hoover_building|Hoover building]] on day one, and open it the next day as a museum of the deep state. He said "''I would take the 7,000 employees that work in that building and send them out across the America to chase criminals"'', saying ''"Go be cops."'' He promised to retaliate against journalists and government employees who "helped Joe Biden rig the election" in 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.wsj.com/video/series/wsj-explains/who-is-kash-patel-donald-trumps-pick-to-lead-the-fbi/F4D38D41-013A-4B05-A170-D7394AA91C2B|title=Who Is Kash Patel, Donald Trump’s Pick to Lead the FBI?|date=6 December 2024|website=WSJ.com Video}}</ref> ===== Reception and Analysis ===== His nomination "sent shock waves" through the DOJ, and his nomination has been opposed by many Republican lawmakers{{Cn}}, including former CIA director [[w:Gina_Haspell|Gina Haspell]] and AG [[w:Willliam_Barr|Willliam Barr]], who had threatened to resign if Mr. Patel were to be forced on them as a deputy, during Mr. Trump's first term.<ref name=":6">{{Cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/opinion/kash-patel-doesnt-belong-at-the-fbi-cabinet-nominee-5ef655eb?page=1|title=Kash Patel Doesn’t Belong at the FBI: At the NSC, he was less interested in his assigned duties than in proving his loyalty to Donald Trump.|last=Bolton|first=John|date=11 December 2024|work=The Wall Street Journal}}</ref> As an author he wrote a polemical children's book lionizing "King Donald" with himself in the role of "Wizard", despite the Constitution's republican values and its prohibition on granting titles of nobility.<ref>Original synthethic statement, with constitutional context provided by <nowiki>[[User:Jaredscribe]]</nowiki></ref> He has been accused of exaggerating his roles and accomplishments, and deliberate vowing to violate the [[w:Article_Two_of_the_United_States_Constitution#Clause_5:_Caring_for_the_faithful_execution_of_the_law|"Take care" clause of Article II.3]], "''that the Laws be faithfully executed"'' by placing personal loyalties, vendettas, and hunches above his oath to the Constitution.<ref name=":6" /> He has also been accused of lying about national intelligence by [[w:Mark_Esper|Mark Esper]] in his memoir, recently again by Pence aide [[w:Olivia_Troye|Olivia Troye]], although former SoS [[w:Mike_Pompeo|Mike Pompeo]] has not yet clarified the incident in question.  He was called upon to do so in a 11 December WSJ piece by former National Security Advisor [[w:John_Bolton|John Bolton]], who also wrote, "''If illegitimate partisan prosecutions were launched [by the Biden administration], then those responsible should be held accountable in a reasoned, professional manner, not in a counter-witch hunt.  The worst response is for Mr. Trump to engage in the prosecutorial [mis]conduct he condemns [which further] politicizes and degrades the American people's faith in evenhanded law enforcement.''"<ref name=":6" /> He has received support from _____ who wrote that _______.{{Cn}} == U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS) == Nominated as [[w:United_States_Secretary_of_Health_and_Human_Services|United States Secretary of Health and Human Services]] is [[w:Robert_F._Kennedy_Jr.|Robert F. Kennedy Jr.]], deputy Secretary [[w:Jim_O'Neill_(investor)|Jim O'Neill]]. Nominated for [[w:US_Surgeon_General|US Surgeon General]] is [[w:Janette_Nesheiwat|Janette Nesheiwat]]. [[w:U.S._Department_of_Health_and_Human_Services|U.S. Department of Health and Human Services]] was authorized a budget for [[w:2020_United_States_federal_budget|fiscal year 2020]] of $1.293 trillion. It has 13 operating divisions, 10 of which constitute the [[w:United_States_Public_Health_Service|Public Health Services]], whose budget authorization is broken down as follows:<ref name="hhs_budget_fy2020">{{cite web|url=https://www.hhs.gov/about/budget/fy2020/index.html|title=HHS FY 2020 Budget in Brief|date=October 5, 2019|website=HHS Budget & Performance|publisher=United States Department of Health & Human Services|page=7|access-date=May 9, 2020}}</ref> {| class="wikitable sortable" !Nominee !Program !2020 Budget !2024 Budget ! employees !2025 Budget !2026 Budget |- |[[w:Marty_Makary|Marty Makary]] |[[w:Food and Drug Administration|Food and Drug Administration]] (FDA) |$3,329 MM |- | |[[w:Health Resources and Services Administration|Health Resources and Services Administration]] (HRSA) |$11,004 |- | |[[w:Indian Health Service|Indian Health Service]] (IHS) |$6,104 |- |[[w:Dave_Weldon|Dave Weldon]] |[[w:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]] (CDC) |$6,767 |- |[[w:Jay_Bhattacharya|Jay Bhattacharya]] |[[w:National Institutes of Health|National Institutes of Health]] (NIH) |$33,669 |- | |[[w:Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration|Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration]] (SAMHSA) |$5,535 |- | |[[w:Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality|Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality]] (AHRQ) |$0 |- |[[w:Mehmet_Oz|Mehmet Oz]] |[[w:Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services|Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services]] (CMMS) |$1,169,091 |- | |[[w:Administration for Children and Families|Administration for Children and Families]] (ACF) |$52,121 |- | |[[w:Administration for Community Living|Administration for Community Living]] (ACL) |$1,997 |- |} {| class="wikitable sortable" !Program !2020 Budget !2024 Budget ! employees !2025 Budget !2026 Budget |- |[[w:Departmental Management|Departmental Management]] |$340 |- |Non-Recurring Expense Fund |$-400 |- |[[w:Office of Medicare Hearings and Appeals|Office of Medicare Hearings and Appeals]] |$186 |- |[[w:Office of the National Coordinator|Office of the National Coordinator]] |$43 |- |[[w:Office for Civil Rights|Office for Civil Rights]] |$30 |- |[[w:Office of Inspector General|Office of Inspector General]] |$82 |- |[[w:Public Health and Social Services Emergency Fund|Public Health and Social Services Emergency Fund]] |$2,667 |- |[[w:Program Support Center|Program Support Center]] |$749 |- |Offsetting Collections |$-629 |- |Other Collections |$-163 |- |'''TOTAL''' |'''$1,292,523''' |} The FY2020 budget included a $1.276 billion budget decrease for the Centers for Disease Control, and a $4.533 billion budget decrease for the National Institutes of Health. These budget cuts, along with other changes since 2019, comprised a total decrease of over $24 billion in revised discretionary budget authority across the entire Department of Health and Human Services for Fiscal Year 2020.<ref name="hhs_budget_fy2020" /> Additional details of the budgeted outlays, budget authority, and detailed budgets for other years, can be found at the HHS Budget website.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://WWW.HHS.GOV/BUDGET|title=Health and Human Services: Budget and Performance|publisher=United States Department of Health & Human Services|access-date=May 9, 2020}}</ref> He is an American politician, [[Environmental law|environmental lawyer]], [[anti-vaccine activist]], and anti-packaged food industry activist, anti-pharmaceutical industry activist, who will be nominated to serve as [[United States Secretary of Health and Human Services]],<ref name="v502">{{cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/saradorn/2024/11/14/rfk-jr-launches-independent-2024-run-here-are-all-the-conspiracies-he-promotes-from-vaccines-to-mass-shootings/|title=Trump Taps RFK Jr. As Secretary Of Health And Human Services: Here Are All The Conspiracies He's Promoted|last=Dorn|first=Sara|date=2024-11-14|website=Forbes|access-date=2024-11-15}}</ref> with the mission of "Making America Healthy Again". He is the chairman and founder of [[Children's Health Defense]], an anti-vaccine advocacy group and proponent of [[COVID-19 vaccine misinformation|dubious COVID-19 vaccine information]].<ref name="Smith_12/15/2021" /><ref name="KW" /> === National Institutes of Health === The [[w:NIH|NIH]] distributes grants of ~$50bn per year. Nominated to lead the [[w:National_Institutes_of_Health|National Institutes of Health]] is [[w:Jay_Bhattacharya|Jay Bhattacharya]], who has announced the following priorities for funding: * cutting edge research, saying that the NIH has become "sclerotic", due to a phenomenon has been called [[Eroom’s law]], which explains that career incentives encourage “me-too research,” given that citations by other scientists “have become the dominant way to evaluate scientific contributions and scientists.” That has shifted research “toward incremental science and away from exploratory projects that are more likely to fail, but which are the fuel for future breakthroughs.”<ref name=":3">{{Cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/opinion/jay-bhattacharya-and-the-vindication-of-the-fringe-scientists-pandemic-lockdowns-38b6aec6|title=Jay Bhattacharya and the Vindication of the ‘Fringe’ Scientists|last=Finley|first=Allysia|date=1 December 2024|work=Wall Street Journal}}</ref> Dr. Bhattacharya's February 2020 paper explaining Eroom's law, as possible explanation for slowing of pharmaceutical advances.{{Cn}} * studies aimed at replicating the results of earlier studies, to address the problem of scientific fraud or other factors contributing to the the [[w:Replication_crisis|replication crisis]], encouraging academic freedom among NIH scientists and term limits for NIH leaders. “Those kinds of reforms, I think every scientist would agree, every American would agree, it’s how you turn the NIH from something that is sort of how to control society, into something that is aimed at the discovery of truth to improve the health of Americans,” he said.<ref name=":4">{{Cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/health/healthcare/covid-lockdown-critic-jay-bhattacharya-chosen-to-lead-nih-2958e5e2?page=1|title=Covid-Lockdown Critic Jay Bhattacharya Chosen to Lead NIH|last=Whyte|first=Liz Essley|date=26 November 2024|work=The Wall Street Journal}}</ref> * Refocusing on research on [[w:Chronic_diseases|chronic diseases]], which is underfunded, and away from [[w:Infectious_diseases|infectious diseases]], which is overfunded. * Ending [[w:Gain-of-function|gain-of-function]] research. Jay Bhattacharya wrote a March 25 2020 op-ed "Is the Coronavirus as Deadly as They Say?", with colleague [[w:Eran_Bendavid|Eran Bendavid]], arguing that many asymptomatic cases of COVID-19 were going undetected. The hypothesis was confirmed in April 2020 when he and several colleagues published a study showing that Covid anti-bodies in Santa Clara county were 50 times the recorded infection rate. This implied, he said "a lower inflection mortality rate than public health authorities were pushing at a time when they and the media thought it was a virtue to panic the population".<ref><nowiki><ref></nowiki>{{Cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/opinion/the-man-who-fought-fauci-and-won-trump-nih-nominee-jay-bhattacharya-covid-cancel-culture-4a0650bd?page=1|title=The Man Who Fought Fauci - and Won|last=Varadarajan|first=Tunku|date=6 December 2024|work=WSJ}}&lt;nowiki&gt;</ref> Dr. Bhattacharya, [[w:Martin_Kulldorff|Martin Kulldorff]], then at Harvard, and Oxford’s [[w:Sunetra_Gupta|Sunetra Gupta]] formally expounded this idea in the [[w:Great_Barrington_Declaration|Great Barrington Declaration]] in October 2020, urging the government to focus on protecting the vulnerable while letting others go about their lives, which previous NIH director [[w:Francis_Collins|Francis Collins]] derided as "fringe science its into the political views of certain parts of our confused political establishment," and previous [[w:NIAID|NIAID]] director [[w:Chief_Medical_Advisor_to_the_President|chief medical advisor to the President]] [[w:Anthony_Fauci|Anthony Fauci]] "a quick and devastating public takedown of its premises." Some suggest the same career incentives that lead to scientific group-think in the pharmaceutical industry, also explain conformist behavior during COVID-19, due to the threat against young scientists of losing NIH funding, jobs, and career opportunities, if they were to exercise in independent judgement.<ref name=":3" /> “Dr. Jay Bhattacharya is the ideal leader to restore NIH as the international template for gold-standard science and evidence-based medicine,” DHHS Secretary nominee Kennedy wrote. "We will reform American scientific institutions so that they are worthy of trust again and will deploy the fruits of excellent science to make America healthy again!” said Dr. Bhattacharya. “Dr. Bhattacharya is a strong choice to lead the NIH,” said Dr. [[w:Ned_Sharpless|Ned Sharpless]], a former [[w:National_Cancer_Institute|National Cancer Institute]] director. “The support of moderate Senate Republicans will be critical to NIH funding, and Dr. Bhattacharya’s Covid work will give him credibility with this constituency.”<ref name=":4" /> === Food and Drug Administration === The FDA in 2022 had 18,000 employees<ref name="fy2022">{{cite web|url=https://www.fda.gov/media/149613/download|title=FY 2022 FDA Budget Request|publisher=FDA|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230602090805/https://www.fda.gov/media/149613/download|archive-date=June 2, 2023|access-date=January 14, 2022|url-status=live}}</ref> and a budget of $6.5{{nbsp}}billion (2022)<ref name="fy2022" /> Nominated as director is [[w:Marty_Makary|Marty Makary]]. == Department of Agriculture and Food == [[w:Department_of_Agriculture|Department of Agriculture]] (USDA) had 2023 budget of ___ and ____ employees. Nominated for [[w:Secretary_of_Agriculture|Secretary of Agriculture]] is [[w:Brooke_Rollins|Brooke Rollins]], who had earlier served on the [[w:Office_of_American_Innovation|Office of American Innovation]] under [[w:Jared_Kushner|Jared Kushner]], and served as director of [[w:Domestic_Policy_Council|Domestic Policy Council]]. She has not endorsed the "[[w:Make_America_Healthy_Again|Make America Healthy Again]]" agenda of RFK Jr. (and his colleagues Jay Bhattacharcya and others) who promised to "reverse 80 years of farm policy" and complains of the $30 billion/year farms subsidies. Kennedy wants to remove soda from food aid, and ultra-processed food from both [[w:Food-stamps|food-stamp]] benefits and [[w:School_meals|school meals]], both of which are overseen by the USDA; an effort that in the past has been opposed by the food industry, lawmakers, and some anti-hunger advocacy groups.<ref name=":5" /> RFK Jr.'s team had recommended [[w:Sid_Miller|Sid Miller]] for the role, and a group of farmers he had asked to vet candidates had proposed [[w:John_Kempf|John Kempf]].<ref name=":5">{{Cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/politics/policy/trump-agriculture-pick-brooke-rollins-rfk-jr-1a85beda?page=1|title=RFK Jr. Team Skeptical About USDA Pick|last=Andrews|first=Natalie|date=11 December 2024|work=The Wall Street Journal|others=et al}}</ref> He has also called for re-examining the the [[standards regulating the use of pesticides]], especially [[w:Glyphosate|glyphosate]], the world's most widely used [[w:Herbicide|herbicide]] and the active ingredient in [[w:Roundup|Roundup]], used as a weedkiller in major [[w:U.S._commodity_crops|U.S. commodity crops]].[[w:Herbicide|herbicide]]<ref name=":5" /> === Food Stamps === === School Meals === === Farm Subsidies === == Department of Treasury and Reserve == [[w:Departments_of_Treasury|Departments of Treasury]] has 2023 budget of ____ and ___ employees. Nominated for [[w:Secretary_of_the_Treasury|Secretary of the Treasury]] is [[w:Scott_Bessent|Scott Bessent]]. === Consumer Financial Protection Bureau === The [[w:Consumer_Financial_Protection_Bureau|Consumer Financial Protection Bureau]] (CFPB). Said Mr. Musk "Delete the CFPB. There are too many duplicative regulatory agencies"<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/politics/policy/elon-musk-doge-conflict-of-interest-b1202437?page=1|title=Musk’s DOGE Plans Rely on White House Budget Office. Conflicts Await.|last=Schwartz|first=Brian|work=The Wall Street Journal}}</ref> === Securities and Exchange Commission === [[w:Securities_and_Exchange_Commission|Securities and Exchange Commission]] === Internal Revenue Service === [[w:Internal_Revenue_Service|Internal Revenue Service]] === Federal Reserve === Mr. Musk has suggested starting a "[[w:Sovereign_Wealth_Fund|Sovereign Wealth Fund]]" like Texas and other U.S. states, instead of hosting a [[w:National_debt|national debt]]. Ron Paul and others have called for abolishing America's [[w:Central_Bank|Central Bank]], the [[w:Federal_Reserve|Federal Reserve System]], which Mr. Musk appeared to endorse. === American Sovereign Wealth Fund === == Department of Industry, Labor, and Commerce == [[w:Department_of_Commerce|Department of Commerce]] has 2023 budget of _____ and _____ employees. Nominated as [[w:Secretary_of_Commerce|Secretary of Commerce]] is [[w:Howard_Lutnick|Howard Lutnick]] [[w:Department_of_Labor|Department of Labor]] has 2023 budget of _____ and ____ employees. Nominated as [[w:Secretary_of_Labor|Secretary of Labor]] is [[w:Lori_Chavez-Remer|Lori Chavez-Remer]] == Departments of Energy and Interior == Nominee for [[w:US_Secretary_of_the_Interior|Secretary of the Interior]] is [[w:Doug_Burgum|Doug Burgum]], who will also be [[w:List_of_U.S._executive_branch_czars|Energy Czar]]. [[w:Department_of_Energy|Department of Energy]] [[w:United_States_Secretary_of_Energy|secretary nominee]] [[w:Chris_Wright_(energy_executive)|Chris Wright]] admits that burning fossil fuels contributes to rising temperatures, but says it poses only a modest threat to humanity, and praises it for increasing plant growth, making the planet greener, and boosting agricultural productivity. He also says that it likely reduces the annual number of temperature-related deaths. (estimates from health researchers say otherwise). He says, "It's probably almost as many positive changes as negative changes... Is it a crisis, is it the world's greatest challenge, or a big threat to the next generation? No. .. A little bit warmer isn’t a threat. If we were 5, 7, 8, 10 degrees [Celsius] warmer, that would be meaningful changes to the planet.” Scientists see a 1.5 degrees Celsius temperature as creating potentially irreversible changes for the planet, and expect to pass that mark later this year, after increasing over several decade. He criticizes the [[w:Paris_climate_agreement|Paris climate agreement]] for empowering "political actors with anti-fossil fuel agendas." Wright favors development of [[w:Geothermal_energy|geothermal energy]] and [[w:Nuclear_energy_policy_of_the_United_States|nuclear energy]], criticizing subsidies to wind and solar energy. <ref><nowiki><ref></nowiki>{{Cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/politics/policy/who-is-chris-wright-trump-energy-secretary-9eb617dc?page=1|title=Trump’s Energy Secretary Pick Preaches the Benefits of Climate Change|last=Morenne|first=Benoit|date=9 December 2024|work=The Wall Street Journal}}&lt;nowiki&gt;</ref> === Bureau of Land Management === === Forest Service === === National Parks === == AI and Cryptocurrency Policy == [[w:David_Sacks|David Sacks]] was named "White House AI and Crypto Czar". == Reform Entitlements == === Healthcare and Medicare === [[w:ObamaCare|ObamaCare]] started as a plausible scheme for universal, cost-effective health insurance with subsidies for the needy. Only the subsidies survive because the ObamaCare policies actually delivered are so overpriced nobody would buy them without a subsidy.<ref>[https://www.wsj.com/opinion/elons-real-trump-mission-protect-growth-department-of-government-efficiency-appointments-cabinet-9e7e62b2]</ref> See below: Department of Health and Human Services === Social Security === Even FDR was aware of its flaw: it discourages working and saving. === Other === Small-government advocate [[w:Ron_Paul|Ron Paul]] has suggested to cut aid to the following "biggest" welfare recipients: * The [[w:Military-industrial_complex|Military-industrial complex]] * The [[w:Pharmaceutical-industrial_complex|Pharmaceutical-industrial complex]] * The [[w:Federal_Reserve|Federal Reserve]] To which Mr. Musk replied, "Needs to be done".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thehill.com/video/ron-paul-vows-to-join-elon-musk-help-eliminate-government-waste-in-a-trump-admin/10191375/|title=Ron Paul vows to join Elon Musk, help eliminate government waste in a Trump admin|date=2024-11-05|website=The Hill|language=en-US|access-date=2024-12-09}}</ref> == Office of Management and Budget == The White House [[w:Office_of_Management_and_Budget|Office of Management and Budget]] (OMB) guides implementation of regulations and analyzes federal spending. Mssrs. Musk and Ramaswamy encouraged President-elect Trump to reappoint his first term director [[w:Russell_Vought|Russell Vought]], which he did on 22nd Nov.<ref name=":0" /> == Government Efficiency Personnel == Transition spokesman [[w:Brian_Hughes|Brian Hughes]] said that "Elon Musk is a once-in-a-generation business leader and our federal bureaucracy will certainly benefit from his ideas and efficiency". About a dozen Musk allies have visited Mar-a-Lago to serve as unofficial advisors to the Trump 47 transition, influencing hiring at many influential government agencies.<ref name=":2"><nowiki><ref></nowiki>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/12/06/us/politics/trump-elon-musk-silicon-valley.html?searchResultPosition=1|title=The Silicon Valley Billionaires Steering Trump’s Transition|date=8 December 2024|work=NYT}}</ref> [[w:Marc_Andreesen|Marc Andreesen]] has interviewed candidates for State, Pentagon, and DHHS, and has been active pushing for rollback of Biden's cryptocurrency regulations, and rollback of Lina Khan anti-trust efforts with the FTC, and calling for contracting reform in Defense dept. [[w:Jared_Birchall|Jared Birchall]] has interviewed candidates for State, and has advised on Space police and has put together councils for AI and Cryptocurrency policy. David Sacks was named "White House AI and Crypto Czar" [[w:Shaun_MacGuire|Shaun MacGuire]] has advised on picks for intelligence community and has interviewed candidates for Defense. Many tech executives are considering part-time roles advising the DOGE. [[w:Antonio_Gracias|Antonio Gracias]] and [[w:Steve_Davis|Steve Davis]] from Musk's "crisis team" have been active, as has investor [[w:John_Hering|John Hering]]. Other Silicon Valley players who have advised Trump or interviewed candidates: * [[w:Larry_Ellison|Larry Ellison]] has sat in on Trump transition 47 meetings at Mar-a-Lago. * [[w:Mark_Pincus|Mark Pincus]] * [[w:David_Marcus|David Marcus]] * [[w:Barry_Akis|Barry Akis]] * [[w:Shervin_Pishevar|Shervin Pishevar]], who has called for privitization of the USPS, NASA, and the federal Bureau of Prisons. Called for creating an American sovereign wealth fund, and has said that DOGE "could lead a revolutionary restructuring of public institutions."<ref name=":2" /> [[w:William_McGinley|William McGinley]] will move to a role with DOGE. Originally nominated for [[w:White_House_counsel|White House counsel]], he will be replaced in that role by [[w:David_Warrington|David Warrington]].<ref>{{Cite news|title=A White House Counsel Replaced before starting|last=Haberman|first=Maggie|date=6 December 2024|work=New York times}}</ref> The WSJ lauded without naming them, comparing them to the "dollar-a-year men" - business leaders who during WWII revolutionized industrial production to help make America the "arsenal of democracy". (WSJ, 10 December 2024) == History and Miscellaneous facts == See also: [[w:Department_of_Government_Efficiency#History|Department of Government Efficiency — History]] DOGE's work will "conclude" no later than July 4, 2026, the 250th anniversary of the signing of the [[United States Declaration of Independence|U.S. Declaration of Independence]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thehill.com/policy/4987402-trump-musk-advisory-group-spending/|title=Elon Musk, Vivek Ramaswamy to lead Trump's Department of Government Efficiency (DOGE)|last=Nazzaro|first=Miranda|date=November 13, 2024|website=The Hill|language=en-US|access-date=November 13, 2024}}</ref> also coinciding with America's [[United States Semiquincentennial|semiquincentennial]] celebrations and a proposed "Great American Fair". Despite its name it is not expected to be a [[wikipedia:United_States_federal_executive_departments|federal executive department]], but rather may operate under the [[Federal Advisory Committee Act]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/trump-department-of-government-efficiency-doge-elon-musk-ramaswamy/|title=What to know about Trump's Department of Government Efficiency, led by Elon Musk and Vivek Ramaswamy - CBS News|last=Picchi|first=Aimee|date=2024-11-14|website=www.cbsnews.com|language=en-US|access-date=2024-11-14}}</ref> so its formation is not expected to require approval from the [[wikipedia:United_States_Congress|U.S. Congress]]. NYT argues that records of its meetings must be made public.{{Cn}} As an advisor rather than a government employee, Mr. Musk will not be subject to various ethics rules.{{sfn|Economist 11/23}} Musk has stated that he believes such a commission could reduce the [[wikipedia:United_States_federal_budget|U.S. federal budget]] by $2 trillion, which would be a reduction of almost one third from its 2023 total. [[Maya MacGuineas]] of the [[Committee for a Responsible Federal Budget]] has said that this saving is "absolutely doable" over a period of 10 years, but it would be difficult to do in a single year "without compromising some of the fundamental objectives of the government that are widely agreed upon".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thehill.com/business/4966789-elon-musk-skepticism-2-trillion-spending-cuts/|title=Elon Musk draws skepticism with call for $2 trillion in spending cuts|last=Folley|first=Aris|date=2024-11-03|website=The Hill|language=en-US|access-date=2024-11-14}}</ref> [[wikipedia:Jamie_Dimon|Jamie Dimon]], the chief executive officer of [[wikipedia:JPMorgan_Chase|JPMorgan Chase]], has supported the idea. Some commentators questioned whether DOGE is a conflict of interest for Musk given that his companies are contractors to the federal government. The body is "unlikely to have any regulatory teeth on its own, but there's little doubt that it can have influence on the incoming administration and how it will determine its budgets".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.vox.com/policy/384904/trumps-department-of-government-efficiency-sounds-like-a-joke-it-isnt|title=Trump tapped Musk to co-lead the "Department of Government Efficiency." What the heck is that?|last=Fayyad|first=Abdallah|date=2024-11-13|website=Vox|language=en-US|access-date=2024-11-14}}</ref> Elon Musk had called [[w:Federico_Sturzenegger|Federico Sturzenegger]], Argentina's [[w:Ministry_of_Deregulation_and_State_Transformation|Minister of Deregulation and Transformation of the State]] ([[w:es:Ministerio_de_Desregulación_y_Transformación_del_Estado|es]]), to discuss imitating his ministry's model.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.infobae.com/economia/2024/11/08/milei-brindo-un-nuevo-apoyo-a-sturzenegger-y-afirmo-que-elon-musk-imitara-su-gestion-en-eeuu/|title=Milei brindó un nuevo apoyo a Sturzenegger y afirmó que Elon Musk imitará su gestión en EEUU|date=November 8, 2024|website=infobae|language=es-ES|access-date=November 13, 2024}}</ref> == Reception and Criticism == See also: [[w:Department_of_Government_Efficiency#Reception|w:Department of Government Efficiency — Reception]] The WSJ reports that Tesla's Texas facility dumped toxic wastewater into the public sewer system, into a lagoon, and into a local river, violated Texas environmental regulations, and fired an employee who attempted to comply with the law.{{Cn}} The Economist estimates that 10% of Mr. Musk's $360bn personal fortune is derived from contracts and benefits from the federal government, and 15% from the Chinese market.{{sfn|Economist 11/23}} == See also == * [[w:Second_presidential_transition_of_Donald_Trump|Second presidential transition of Donald Trump]] * [[w:United_States_federal_budget#Deficits_and_debt|United States federal budget - Deficits and debt]] * [[w:United_States_Bureau_of_Efficiency|United States Bureau of Efficiency]] – United States federal government bureau from 1916 to 1933 * [[w:Brownlow_Committee|Brownlow Committee]] – 1937 commission recommending United States federal government reforms * [[w:Grace_Commission|Grace Commission]] – Investigation to eliminate inefficiency in the United States federal government * [[w:Hoover_Commission|Hoover Commission]] – United States federal commission in 1947 advising on executive reform * [[w:Keep_Commission|Keep Commission]] * [[w:Project_on_National_Security_Reform|Project on National Security Reform]] * [[w:Delivering_Outstanding_Government_Efficiency_Caucus|Delivering Outstanding Government Efficiency Caucus]] == Notes == {{reflist}} == References == {{refbegin}} * {{Cite web|url=https://www.newsweek.com/bernie-sanders-finds-new-common-ground-elon-musk-1993820|title=Bernie Sanders finds new common ground with Elon Musk|last=Reporter|first=Mandy Taheri Weekend|date=2024-12-01|website=Newsweek|language=en|access-date=2024-12-02 |ref={{harvid|Newsweek 12/01|2024}} }} * {{Cite news|url=https://www.economist.com/briefing/2024/11/21/elon-musk-and-donald-trump-seem-besotted-where-is-their-bromance-headed|title=Elon Musk and Donald Trump seem besotted. Where is their bromance headed?|work=The Economist|access-date=2024-12-04|issn=0013-0613 |ref={{harvid|Economist 11/23|2024}} }} <references group="lower-alpha" /> {{refend}} h1wyc1d179oftk96qc927jlktth93fh 2691573 2691572 2024-12-12T07:14:33Z Jaredscribe 2906761 /* Strategic Foreign Policy and Military reform */ 2691573 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Research project}} The U.S. [[w:Department of Government Efficiency]]. {{Infobox Organization |name=Department of Government Efficiency |logo= |logo_size= |logo_caption=Logo on [[Twitter|X]] (formerly Twitter) as of November 14, 2024 |seal= |seal_size= |seal_caption= |formation=Announced on November 12, 2024; yet to be established |abbreviation=DOGE |key_people={{plainlist|[[w:Commissioner of the Department of Government Efficiency|Co-commissioners]]: * [[w:Elon Musk]] * [[w:Vivek Ramaswamy]] }} |website={{URL|https://x.com/DOGE|x.com/DOGE}} |volunteers=* Federico Sturzenegger|services=consulting|headquarters=Mar-A-Lago|organization_type=Presidential Advisory Commission|founder=Donald Trump|extinction=4 July 2026 (planned)|mission=(In the words of president-elect Donald Trump: * dismantle government bureaucracy * slash excess regulations * cut wasteful expenditures * restructure federal agencies, * address "massive waste and fraud" in government spending}} This "'''Wiki Of Government Efficiency'''" (WOGE) is a public interest, non-partisan research project that will [[User:Jaredscribe/Department of Government Efficiency#Reduce the deficit and debt by impounding appropriated funds|analyze the U.S. federal budget]], [[User:Jaredscribe/Department of Government Efficiency#Reform the other Government Bureaus and Departments|federal bureaucracy]], and [[User:Jaredscribe/Department of Government Efficiency#Shrink the federal civil service|federal civil service]], in the context of [[w:Second_presidency_of_Donald_Trump|president-elect Trump']]<nowiki/>s [[w:Agenda_47|Agenda 47]], and will catalogue, evaluate, and critique proposals on how the '''[[w:Department of Government Efficiency|Department of Government Efficiency]]'''{{Efn|Also referred to as '''Government Efficiency Commission'''}} (DOGE) is or is not fulfilling its mission to ''"dismantle government bureaucracy, slash excess regulations, and cut wasteful expenditures and restructure federal agencies"'', in the words of president-elect [[wikipedia:Donald_Trump|Donald Trump]], who called for it to address ''"massive waste and fraud"'' in government spending.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/c93qwn8p0l0o|title=Donald Trump picks Elon Musk for US government cost-cutting role|last1=Faguy|first1=Ana|last2=FitzGerald|first2=James|date=2024-11-13|publisher=BBC News|language=en-GB|access-date=2024-11-13}}</ref> Here's [[User:Jaredscribe/Department of Government Efficiency/How to contribute|how to contribute]] to the WOGE. The DOGE intends to [[User:Jaredscribe/Department of Government Efficiency#Office of Management and Budget|work through the Office of Management and Budget]] as its "policy vector". The [[w:U.S._budget_deficit|U.S. Budget deficit]], (C.f. [[w:Government_budget_balance|fiscal deficit]]), and the [[w:National_debt_of_the_United_States|U.S. National debt]], currently $35.7 Trillion as of 10/2024, which is 99% of the [[w:U.S._GDP|U.S. GDP]],<ref>{{Unbulleted list citebundle|{{cite news|newspaper=Financial Post| title= Musk's $2 Trillion of Budget Cuts Would Have These Stocks Moving|url=https://financialpost.com/pmn/business-pmn/musks-2-trillion-of-budget-cuts-would-have-these-stocks-moving|first=Alexandra|last=Semenova|date=November 4, 2024}}|{{cite news|newspaper= New York Times|title=Elon|url=https://nytimes.com/2024/10/29/us/politics/elon-musk-trump-economy-hardship.html}}|{{Cite web |date=September 5, 2024 |title=Trump says he'd create a government efficiency commission led by Elon Musk |url=https://apnews.com/article/donald-trump-elon-musk-government-efficiency-commission-e831ed5dc2f6a56999e1a70bb0a4eaeb |publisher=AP News}}|{{cite web|first=Jenn|last=Brice|title=How Elon Musk's $130 million investment in Trump's victory could reap a huge payoff for Tesla and the rest of his business empire|url=https://fortune.com/2024/11/06/elon-musk-donald-trump-tesla-spacex-xai-boring-neuralink|website=Fortune}}|{{cite web|url=https://axios.com/2024/11/07/elon-musk-government-efficiency-trump|title=Musk will bring his Twitter management style to government reform}}|{{cite news| access-date =November 9, 2024|work=Reuters|date=September 6, 2024|first1=Helen|first2=Gram|last1=Coster| last2=Slattery|title=Trump says he will tap Musk to lead government efficiency commission if elected| url= https://reuters.com/world/us/trump-adopt-musks-proposal-government-efficiency-commission-wsj-reports-2024-09-05}}|{{cite web|title=Trump says Musk could head 'government efficiency' force|url= https://bbc.com/news/articles/c74lgwkrmrpo|publisher=BBC}}|{{cite web|date =November 5, 2024|title=How Elon Musk could gut the government under Trump|url=https://independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/us-politics/elon-musk-donald-trump-economy-job-cuts-b2641644.html|website= The Independent}}}}</ref> and expected to grow to 134% of GDP by 2034 if current laws remain unchanged, according to the [[w:Congressional_Budget_Office|Congressional Budget Office]]. The DOGE will be a [[wikipedia:Presidential_commission_(United_States)|presidential advisory commission]] led by the billionaire businessmen [[wikipedia:Elon_Musk|Elon Musk]] and [[wikipedia:Vivek_Ramaswamy|Vivek Ramaswamy]], and possibly [[w:Ron_Paul|Ron Paul]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thehill.com/video/ron-paul-vows-to-join-elon-musk-help-eliminate-government-waste-in-a-trump-admin/10191375|title=Ron Paul vows to join Elon Musk, help eliminate government waste in a Trump admin|date=November 5, 2024|website=The Hill}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://usatoday.com/story/business/2024/10/28/patricia-healy-elon-musk-highlights-need-for-government-efficiency/75798556007|title=Elon Musk puts spotlight on ... Department of Government Efficiency? {{!}} Cumberland Comment|last=Healy|first=Patricia|website=USA TODAY|language=en-US|access-date=November 9, 2024}}</ref> with support from many [[w:Political_appointments_of_the_second_Trump_administration|Political and cabinet appointees of the second Trump administration]] and from a Congressional caucus Musk stated his belief that DOGE could remove US$2 trillion from the [[w:United_States_federal_budget|U.S. federal budget]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/live/HysDMs2a-iM?si=92I5LD1FY2PAsSuG&t=15822|title=WATCH LIVE: Trump holds campaign rally at Madison Square Garden in New York|date=October 28, 2024|website=youtube.com|publisher=[[PBS NewsHour]]|language=en|format=video}}</ref> without specifying whether these savings would be made over a single year or a longer period.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/cdj38mekdkgo|title=Can Elon Musk cut $2 trillion from US government spending?|last=Chu|first=Ben|date=2024-11-13|website=BBC News|language=en-GB|access-date=2024-11-14}}</ref> [[File:2023_US_Federal_Budget_Infographic.png|thumb|An infographic on outlays and revenues in the 2023 [[United States federal budget|U.S. federal budget]]]] DOGE could also streamline permitting with “categorical exclusions” from environmental reviews under the National Environmental Policy Act. {{sidebar with collapsible lists|name=U.S. deficit and debt topics|namestyle=background:#bf0a30;|style=width:22.0em; border: 4px double #d69d36; background:var(--background-color-base, #FFFFFF);|bodyclass=vcard|pretitle='''<span class="skin-invert">This article is part of [[:Category:United States|a series]] on the</span>'''|title=[[United States federal budget|<span style="color:var(--color-base, #000000);">Budget and debt in the<br/>United States of America</span>]]|image=[[File:Seal of the United States Congress.svg|90px]] [[File:Seal of the United States Department of the Treasury.svg|90px]]|titlestyle=background:var(--background-color-base, #002868); background-clip:padding-box;|headingstyle=background:var(--background-color-base, #bf0a30); color:var(--color-base, #fff);|listtitlestyle=background:var(--background-color-base, #bf0a30); color:var(--color-base, #fff); text-align:center;|expanded={{{expanded|{{{1|}}}}}}|list1name=dimensions|list1title=Major dimensions|list1class=hlist skin-invert|list1=* [[Economy of the United States|Economy]] * [[Expenditures in the United States federal budget|Expenditures]] * [[United States federal budget|Federal budget]] * [[Financial position of the United States|Financial position]] * [[Military budget of the United States|Military budget]] * [[National debt of the United States|Public debt]] * [[Taxation in the United States|Taxation]] * [[Unemployment in the United States|Unemployment]] * [[Government_spending_in_the_United_States|Gov't spending]]|list2name=programs|list2title=Programs|list2class=hlist skin-invert|list2=* [[Medicare (United States)|Medicare]] * [[Social programs in the United States|Social programs]] * [[Social Security (United States)|Social Security]]|list3name=issues|list3title=Contemporary issues|list3class=skin-invert|list3=<div style="margin-bottom:0.5em"> [[National Commission on Fiscal Responsibility and Reform|Bowles–Simpson Commission]] {{flatlist}} * <!--Bu--> [[Bush tax cuts]] * <!--Deb--> [[United States debt ceiling|Debt ceiling]] ** [[History of the United States debt ceiling|history]] * <!--Def--> [[Deficit reduction in the United States|Deficit reduction]] * <!--F--> [[United States fiscal cliff|Fiscal cliff]] * <!--H--> [[Healthcare reform in the United States|Healthcare reform]] * <!--P--> [[Political debates about the United States federal budget|Political debates]] * <!--So--> [[Social Security debate in the United States|Social Security debate]] * <!--St--> "[[Starve the beast]]" * <!--Su--> [[Subprime mortgage crisis]] {{endflatlist}} </div> [[2007–2008 financial crisis]] {{flatlist}} * <!--D--> [[United States debt-ceiling crisis (disambiguation)|Debt-ceiling crises]] ** [[2011 United States debt-ceiling crisis|2011]] ** [[2013 United States debt-ceiling crisis|2013]] ** [[2023 United States debt-ceiling crisis|2023]] {{endflatlist}} [[2013 United States budget sequestration|2013 budget sequestration]] {{flatlist}} * <!--G--> [[Government shutdowns in the United States|Government shutdowns]] ** [[1980 United States federal government shutdown|1980]] ** [[1981, 1984, and 1986 U.S. federal government shutdowns|1981, 1984, 1986]] ** [[1990 United States federal government shutdown|1990]] ** [[1995–1996 United States federal government shutdowns|1995–1996]] ** [[2013 United States federal government shutdown|2013]] ** [[January 2018 United States federal government shutdown|Jan 2018]] ** [[2018–2019 United States federal government shutdown|2018–2019]] {{endflatlist}} Related events {{flatlist}} *<!--E-->[[Removal of Kevin McCarthy as Speaker of the House|2023 Removal of Kevin McCarthy]] {{endflatlist}}|list4name=terminology|list4title=Terminology|list4class=hlist skin-invert|list4=Cumulative [[Government budget balance|deficit]] + [[National debt of the United States#Debates|Interest]] ≈ [[Government debt|Debt]] * [[Balance of payments]] * [[Inflation]] * [[Continuing resolution]]}} [[w:Deficit_reduction_in_the_United_States|Deficit reduction in the United States]] == Deregulate the Economy == The legal theory that this can be done through the executive branch is found in the U.S. Supreme Court’s ''[[w:West_Virginia_v._EPA|West Virginia v. EPA]]'' and ''[[w:Loper_Bright|Loper Bright]]'' rulings, which rein in the administrative state and mean that much of what the federal government now does is illegal.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.wsj.com/opinion/department-of-government-efficiency-elon-musk-vivek-ramaswamy-donald-trump-1e086dab|website=[[w:Wall Street Journal]]|title=The Musk-Ramaswamy Project Could Be Trump’s Best Idea}}</ref> Mr. Trump has set a goal of eliminating 10 regulations for every new one. The [[w:Competitive_Enterprise_Institute|Competitive Enterprise Institute]]’s Wayne Crews says 217,565 rules have been issued since the [[w:Federal_Register|Federal Register]] first began itemizing them in 1976, with 89,368 pages added last year. [https://sgp.fas.org/crs/misc/R43056.pdf 3,000-4,500 rules are added each year]. DOGE’s first order will be to pause enforcement of overreaching rules while starting the process to roll them back. Mr. Trump and DOGE could direct agencies to settle legal challenges to Biden rules by vacating them. This could ease the laborious process of undoing them by rule-making through the [[w:Administrative_Procedure_Act|Administrative Procedure Act]]. A source tells the WSJ they’ll do whatever they think they legally can without the APA. The [[w:Congressional_Review_Act|Congressional Review Act]]—which allows Congress to overturn recently issued agency regulations—had been used only once, prior to [[w:First_presidency_of_Donald_Trump|Trump's first term]]. While in office, he and the Republican Congress used it on 16 rules. This time, there will be more than 56 regulatory actions recent enough to be repealed. The [[w:Chevron_deference|''Chevron'' deference]] had required federal courts to defer to agencies’ interpretations of ambiguous statutes, but this was overturned in 2024. Taken together, with some other recent [[w:SCOTUS|SCOTUS]] rulings, we now have, says the WSJ, the biggest opportunity to cut regulatory red tape in more than 40 years.<ref>[https://www.wsj.com/opinion/let-the-trump-deregulation-begin-us-chamber-of-commerce-second-term-economic-growth-73f24387?cx_testId=3&cx_testVariant=cx_166&cx_artPos=0]</ref><blockquote>"Most legal edicts aren’t laws enacted by Congress but “rules and regulations” promulgated by unelected bureaucrats—tens of thousands of them each year. Most government enforcement decisions and discretionary expenditures aren’t made by the democratically elected president or even his political appointees but by millions of unelected, unappointed civil servants within government agencies who view themselves as immune from firing thanks to civil-service protections." "This is antidemocratic and antithetical to the Founders’ vision. It imposes massive direct and indirect costs on taxpayers." "When the president nullifies thousands of such regulations, critics will allege executive overreach. In fact, it will be ''correcting'' the executive overreach of thousands of regulations promulgated by administrative fiat that were never authorized by Congress. The president owes lawmaking deference to Congress, not to bureaucrats deep within federal agencies. The use of executive orders to substitute for lawmaking by adding burdensome new rules is a constitutional affront, but the use of executive orders to roll back regulations that wrongly bypassed Congress is legitimate and necessary to comply with the Supreme Court’s recent mandates. And after those regulations are fully rescinded, a future president couldn’t simply flip the switch and revive them but would instead have to ask Congress to do so"<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/opinion/musk-and-ramaswamy-the-doge-plan-to-reform-government-supreme-court-guidance-end-executive-power-grab-fa51c020?cx_testId=3&cx_testVariant=cx_165&cx_artPos=5|title=Elon Musk and Vivek Ramaswamy: The DOGE Plan to Reform Government|last=Musk|first=Elon|date=20 November 2024|work=The Wall Street Journal|last2=Ramaswamy|first2=Vivek}}</ref> </blockquote> == Shrink the federal civil service == The government has around three million [[w:United_States_federal_civil_service|federal civil service]] employees, with an average salary of $106,000. Dr. Anthony Fauci made $481,000 in 2022. The federal head count has ballooned by 120,800 during the Biden years. Civil service and union protections make it hard to fire workers. Mr. Trump intends to quickly resurrect the [[w:Schedule_F|Schedule F]] reform that he sought to implement at the end of his first term but was scrapped by Mr. Biden. These would high-level federal employees to be removed like political appointees, by eliminating their job protections. WSJ proposals[https://www.wsj.com/opinion/the-doge-cheat-sheet-elon-musk-vivek-ramaswamy-department-of-government-efficiency-1c231783#cxrecs_s] The [[w:Administrative_Procedures_Act|Administrative Procedures Act]] statute protects federal employees from political retaliation, but allows for “reductions in force” that don’t target specific employees. The statute further empowers the president to “prescribe rules governing the competitive service.” The Supreme Court has held—in ''[[w:Franklin_v._Massachusetts|Franklin v. Massachusetts]]'' (1992) and ''[[w:Collins_v._Yellen|Collins v. Yellen]]'' (2021) that when revious presidents have used this power to amend the civil service rules by executive order, they weren’t constrained by the APA when they did so. Mr. Trump can, with this authority, implement any number of “rules governing the competitive service” that would curtail administrative overgrowth, from large-scale firings to relocation of federal agencies out of the Washington area. The DOGE welcomes voluntary terminations once the President begins requiring federal employees to come to the office five days a week, because American taxpayers shouldn’t pay federal employees for the Covid-era privilege of staying home.<ref>[https://www.wsj.com/opinion/musk-and-ramaswamy-the-doge-plan-to-reform-government-supreme-court-guidance-end-executive-power-grab-fa51c020?cx_testId=3&cx_testVariant=cx_165&cx_artPos=5 Elon Musk and Vivek Ramaswamy: The DOGE Plan to Reform Government: Following the Supreme Court’s guidance, we’ll reverse a decadeslong executive power grab. Musk & Ramaswamy 11/20/2024]</ref> == Reduce the deficit and debt by impounding appropriated funds == === Impound appropriated funds === Reports suggest that president-elect Trump intends to override Congress’s power of the purse by [[w:Impoundment_of_appropriated_funds|impoundment of appropriated funds]], that is, refusing to spend them. the president may [[wikipedia:Rescission_bill|propose rescission]] of specific funds, but that rescission must be approved by both the [[wikipedia:United_States_House_of_Representatives|House of Representatives]] and [[wikipedia:United_States_Senate|Senate]] within 45 days. [[w:Thomas_Jefferson|Thomas Jefferson]] was the first president to exercise the power of impoundment in 1801, which power was available to all presidents up to and including [[wikipedia:Richard_Nixon|Richard Nixon]], and was regarded as a power inherent to the office, although one with limits. He may ask Congress to repeal The [[w:Congressional_Budget_and_Impoundment_Control_Act_of_1974|Congressional Budget and Impoundment Control Act of 1974]], which was passed in response to Nixon's abuses.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://democrats-budget.house.gov/resources/reports/impoundment-control-act-1974-what-it-why-does-it-matter|title=The Impoundment Control Act of 1974: What Is It? Why Does It Matter? {{!}} House Budget Committee Democrats|date=2019-10-23|website=democrats-budget.house.gov|language=en|access-date=2024-05-19}}</ref> If Congress refuses to do so, president Trump may impound funds anyway and argue in court that the 1974 law is unconstitutional. The matter would likely end up at the Supreme Court, which would have to do more than simply hold the 1974 act unconstitutional in order for Mr. Trump to prevail. The court would also have to overrule [[w:Train_v._City_of_New_York_(1975)|''Train v. City of New York'' (1975)]], which held that impoundment is illegal unless the underlying legislation specifically authorizes it. === Reduce the budget deficit === [[wikipedia:U.S. federal budget|U.S. federal budget]] The [[wikipedia:Fiscal_year|fiscal year]], beginning October 1 and ending on September 30 of the year following. Congress is the body required by law to pass appropriations annually and to submit funding bills passed by both houses to the President for signature. Congressional decisions are governed by rules and legislation regarding the [[wikipedia:United_States_budget_process|federal budget process]]. Budget committees set spending limits for the House and Senate committees and for Appropriations subcommittees, which then approve individual [[wikipedia:Appropriations_bill_(United_States)|appropriations bills]] to During FY2022, the federal government spent $6.3 trillion. Spending as % of GDP is 25.1%, almost 2 percentage points greater than the average over the past 50 years. Major categories of FY 2022 spending included: Medicare and Medicaid ($1.339T or 5.4% of GDP), Social Security ($1.2T or 4.8% of GDP), non-defense discretionary spending used to run federal Departments and Agencies ($910B or 3.6% of GDP), Defense Department ($751B or 3.0% of GDP), and net interest ($475B or 1.9% of GDP).<ref name="CBO_2022">[https://www.cbo.gov/publication/58888 The Federal Budget in Fiscal Year 2022: An Infographic]</ref> CBO projects a federal budget deficit of $1.6 trillion for 2024. In the agency’s projections, deficits generally increase over the coming years; the shortfall in 2034 is $2.6 trillion. The deficit amounts to 5.6 percent of gross domestic product (GDP) in 2024, swells to 6.1 percent of GDP in 2025, and then declines in the two years that follow. After 2027, deficits increase again, reaching 6.1 percent of GDP in 2034.<ref name="CBO_budgetOutlook2024">{{cite web|url=https://www.cbo.gov/publication/59710|title=The Budget and Economic Outlook: 2024 to 2034|date=February 7, 2024|publisher=CBO|access-date=February 7, 2024}}</ref> The following table summarizes several budgetary statistics for the fiscal year 2015-2021 periods as a percent of GDP, including federal tax revenue, outlays or spending, deficits (revenue – outlays), and [[wikipedia:National_debt_of_the_United_States|debt held by the public]]. The historical average for 1969-2018 is also shown. With U.S. GDP of about $21 trillion in 2019, 1% of GDP is about $210 billion.<ref name="CBO_Hist_20">[https://www.cbo.gov/about/products/budget-economic-data#2 CBO-Historical Budget Data-Retrieved January 28, 2020]</ref> Statistics for 2020-2022 are from the CBO Monthly Budget Review for FY 2022.<ref name="CBO_MBRFY2022">{{cite web|url=https://www.cbo.gov/publication/58592|title=Monthly Budget Review: Summary for Fiscal Year 2022|date=November 8, 2022|publisher=CBO|access-date=December 10, 2022}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" !Variable As % GDP !2015 !2016 !2017 !2018 !2019 !2020 !2021 !2022 !Hist Avg |- !Revenue<ref name="CBO_Hist_20">[https://www.cbo.gov/about/products/budget-economic-data#2 CBO-Historical Budget Data-Retrieved January 28, 2020]</ref> |18.0% |17.6% |17.2% |16.4% |16.4% |16.2% |17.9% |19.6% |17.4% |- !Outlays<ref name="CBO_Hist_20" /> |20.4% |20.8% |20.6% |20.2% |21.0% |31.1% |30.1% |25.1% |21.0% |- !Budget Deficit<ref name="CBO_Hist_20" /> | -2.4% | -3.2% | -3.5% | -3.8% | -4.6% | -14.9% | -12.3% | -5.5% | -3.6% |- !Debt Held by Public<ref name="CBO_Hist_20" /> |72.5% |76.4% |76.2% |77.6% |79.4% |100.3% |99.6% |94.7% | |} The [[wikipedia:U.S._Constitution|U.S. Constitution]] ([[wikipedia:Article_One_of_the_United_States_Constitution|Article I]], section 9, clause 7) states that "No money shall be drawn from the Treasury, but in Consequence of Appropriations made by Law; and a regular Statement and Account of Receipts and Expenditures of all public Money shall be published from time to time." Each year, the President of the United States submits a budget request to Congress for the following fiscal year as required by the [[wikipedia:Budget_and_Accounting_Act_of_1921|Budget and Accounting Act of 1921]]. Current law ({{UnitedStatesCode|31|1105}}(a)) requires the president to submit a budget no earlier than the first Monday in January, and no later than the first Monday in February. Typically, presidents submit budgets on the first Monday in February. The budget submission has been delayed, however, in some new presidents' first year when the previous president belonged to a different party. === Reduce the National debt === == Strategic Foreign Policy and Military reform == President-elect Trump has promised to "put an end to endless wars", to make [[w:NATO#NATO_defence_expenditure|NATO members pay their fair share]], end the [[w:Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine|current Russian invasion of Ukraine]], to renew the maximum-pressure policy toward Iran, and to free the hostages held in Gaza and/or ensure Israeli victory in the [[w:Israel–Hamas_war|current multi-front war launched by Iran and its proxies]]. Nominee for [[w:National_Security_Advisor|National Security Advisor]] [[w:Mike_Waltz|Mike Waltz]] To oversee the [[w:U.S._Intelligence_Community|U.S. Intelligence Community]] and NIP, and the 18 IC agencies, including the CIA, DIA, NSC, the nominee for [[w:Director_of_National_Intelligence|Director of National Intelligence]] is [[w:Tulsi_Gabbard|Tulsi Gabbard]], who is an isolationist of the [[w:Bernie_Sanders#foreign_policy|Bernie Sanders]] camp, with a long record of dogmatically opposing [[w:Foreign_policy_of_the_Trump_administration|President Trump's first term foreign policy]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/opinion/tulsi-gabbard-director-of-national-intelligence-donald-trump-foreign-policy-syria-israel-iran-b37aa3de|title=How Tulsi Gabbard Sees the World|last=Editorial Board|date=10 December 2024|work=The Wall Street Journal}}</ref> ''"The first act of a statesman is to recognize the type of war he is in"'', according to [[w:Carl_von_Clausewitz|Clausewitz]], given that human determination outweighs material advantages. Therefore he is advised by [[w:West_Point|West Point]] strategist [[w:John_Spencer|John Spencer]] writing in the WSJ to avoid four common foreign-policy fallacies: * the "abacus fallacy" that wars are won by superior resources, counterexample Vietnam * the "vampire fallacy" that wars are won by superior technology, counterexample Russia's failure in Ukraine, (c.f. Lt. Gen [[w:H.R._McMaster|H.R. McMaster]], 2014) * the "Zero Dark Thirty" fallacy that elevates precision strikes and special ops to the level of grand strategy or above (ibid) * and the "Peace table fallacy", which believes that all wars end in negotiation.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/opinion/stopping-endless-wars-is-easier-said-than-done-trump-second-term-2cab9c7a?page=1|title=Stopping ‘Endless Wars’ Is Easier Said Than Done|last=Spencer|first=John|date=11 December 2024|work=The Wall Street Journal}}</ref> === Department of State === {{Main article|w:Second presidency of Donald Trump#Prospective foreign policy|w:State Department}} [[w:Marco_Rubio|Marco Rubio]] has been nominated as [[w:U.S._Secretary_of_State|U.S. Secretary of State]], overseeing $53bn and 77,880 employees ==== [[w:USAID|USAID]] ==== ==== National Endowment for Democracy ==== The [[w:National_Endowment_for_Democracy|National Endowment for Democracy]] is grant-making foundation organized as a private non-profit corporation overseen by congress, a project of Ronald Reagan announced in a [[1982 speech to British Parliament]], in which he stated that "freedom is not the sole prerogative of a lucky few, but the inalienable and universal right of all human beings", invoking the Israelites exodus and the Greeks' stand at Thermopylae. The NED is reportedly near the top of the DOGE's hit list.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/opinion/save-a-reagan-initiative-from-the-doge-national-endowment-for-democracy-funding-2b6cc072?page=1|title=Save a Reagan Initiative From Musk and Ramaswamy|last=Galston|first=William|date=11 December 2024|work=The Wall Street Journal}}</ref> It is had a pro-freedom and [[w:Anti-communist|anti-communist]] mission to help pro-democracy leaders and groups in Asia, Africa, and Latin America, and assisted the transition of Eastern and Central European nations. The arguments being made by those in favor of defunding are that it "is a relic of the Cold War that has outlived its usefulness and no longer serves any pressing purpose in terms of advancing national interests", according to [[w:James_Piereson|James Piereson]]{{Cn}} Congress has raised its funding significanty in recent years, in a vote of confidence. === U.S. Department of Defense === U.S. DoD employees ____ civilian personel, ___ civilian contractors, and oversees a budget of _____. Nominated for [[w:Secretary_of_Defense|Secretary of Defense]] is [[w:Pete_Hegseth|Pete Hegseth]], who has been doubted by many Republican Senators{{Cn}} and supported by Trump's base.{{Cn}} The president-elect is reportedly considering a draft executive order that establishes a “warrior board” of retired senior military personnel with the power to review three- and four-star officers “on leadership capability, strategic readiness, and commitment to military excellence," and to recommend removals of any deemed unfit for leadership. This would fast-track the removal of generals and admirals found to be “lacking in requisite leadership qualities,” consistent with his earlier vow to fire “woke” military leaders.<ref>[https://www.wsj.com/politics/national-security/trump-draft-executive-order-would-create-board-to-purge-generals-7ebaa606<nowiki> Trump draft executive order would create a board to purge generals 11/12/2024]</nowiki></ref> There are legal obstacles. The law prohibits the firing of commissioned officers except by “sentence of a general court-martial,” as a “commutation of a sentence of a general court-martial,” or “in time of war, by order of the president.” A commissioned officer who believes he’s been wrongfully dismissed has the right to seek a trial by court-martial, which may find the dismissal baseless. <ref>[https://www.wsj.com/opinion/trump-tests-the-constitutions-limits-checks-balances-government-policy-law-78d0d0f1 &lt;nowiki&gt; Trump test the constitutions limits 11/19/2024]</ref> Musk said, "Some idiots are still building manned fighter jets like the F-35," and later added: "Manned fighter jets are outdated in the age of drones and only put pilots' lives at risk." [[w:Bernie_Sanders|Bernie Sanders]] wrote on X: "Elon Musk is right. The Pentagon, with a budget of $886 billion, just failed its 7th audit in a row. It's lost track of billions. Last year, only 13 senators voted against the Military Industrial Complex and a defense budget full of waste and fraud. That must change."{{sfn|Newsweek 12/02|2024}}. It failed its fifth audit in June 2023.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newsweek.com/fox-news-host-confronts-gop-senator-pentagons-fifth-failed-audit-1804379|title=Fox News host confronts GOP Senator on Pentagon's fifth failed audit|last=Writer|first=Fatma Khaled Staff|date=2023-06-04|website=Newsweek|language=en|access-date=2024-12-02}}</ref> === [[w:DARPA|DARPA]] === === US Air Force === Air Force is advancing a program called [[w:Collaborative_Combat_Aircraft|Collaborative Combat Aircraft]] to build roughly 1,000 UAVs, with [[w:Anduril|Anduril]] and [[w:General_Atomics|General Atomics]] currently building prototypes, ahead of an Air Force decision on which company or companies will be contracted to build it. The cost quickly exceeded the $2.3 billion approved for last fiscal year’s budget, according to the [[w:Congressional_Research_Service|Congressional Research Service]], prompting calls for more oversight. “''If you want to make real improvements to the defense and security of the United States of America, we would be investing more in drones, we’d be investing more in [[w:Hypersonic_weapon|hypersonic missiles]]'',” said Mr. Ramaswamy. The program for Lockheed-Martin's [[w:F-35|F-35]] stealth jet fighters, now in production, is expected to exceed $2 trillion over several decades. The Air Force on 5 December announced it would delay a decision on which company would build the next-generation crewed fighter, called [[w:Next Generation Air Dominance|Next Generation Air Dominance (NGAD)]], which was planned to replace the [[w:F-22|F-22]] and operate alongside the F-35. Mr. Musk has written that "manned fighter jets are obsolete in the age of drones.” In another post, he claimed “a reusable drone” can do everything a jet fighter can do “without all the overhead of a pilot.” Brigadier General [[w:Doug_Wickert|Doug Wickert]] said in response, “There may be some day when we can completely rely on roboticized warfare but we are a century away.... How long have we thought full self-driving was going to be on the Tesla?” <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/politics/national-security/air-force-jets-vs-drones-trump-administration-8b1620a5?page=1|title=Trump Administration Set to Decide Future of Jet Fighters|last=Seligman|first=Lara|date=6 December 2024|work=The Wall Street Journal}}</ref> === US Space Force === The [[w:US_Space_Force|US Space Force]]'s 2023 budget was ~$26bn and it had 9,400 military personnel. SpaceX had a $14m contract to provide communications to the Ukrainian armed forces and government through 30th Nov 2024.{{sfn|Economist 11/23|2024}} Is also receiving a $733m contract to carry satellites into orbit.{{sfn|Economist 11/23|2024}} The Pentagon plans to incorporate into its own communications network 100 of [[w:Starshield|Starshield]]'s satellites.{{sfn|Economist 11/23|2024}} Starshield also has a $1.8bn contract to help the [[w:National_Reconnaissance_Office|National Reconnaissance Office]] build spy satellites.{{sfn|Economist 11/23|2024}} == Department of Space Transportation == Mr. Trump's transition team told advisors that it plans to make a federal framework for self-driving cars. Mr. Trump had a call with Sundar Pichai and Mr. Musk. === Rail and Tunnel Authority === === Ports Authority === === Interstate Highway Authority === === [[w:Federal_Aviation_Administration|Federal Aviation Administration]] === Musk has often complained about the FAA "smothering" innovation, boasting that he can build a rocket faster than the agency can process the "Kafkaesque paperwork" required to make the relevant approvals.{{sfn|Economist 11/23|2024}} === National Air and Space Administration === The [[w:National_Air_and_Space_Administration|National Air and Space Administration]] (NASA) had a 2023 budget of $25.4 bn and 18,000 employees. [[w:Jared_Isaacman|Jared Isaacman]] is nominated director. He had joined a space voyage in 2021 which was the first for an all-civilian crew to reach orbit. He led a four person crew in September on the first commericial spacewalk, testing SpaceX's new spacesuits. He promised to lead NASA in to "usher in an era where humanity becomes a true space-faring civilization." In an interview Isaacman said that NASA will evolve as private space companies set their own priorities and develop technology. NASA could have a certification role for astronauts and vehicles, similar to how the Federal Aviation Administration oversees the commercial airline industry. “The FAA doesn’t build the airplanes. They don’t staff the pilots that fly you from point A to B,” he said. “That is the world that NASA is in, essentially.” He also suggested openness to new and lower cost ways of getting to the Moon and to Mars.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/politics/elections/trump-picks-billionaire-space-traveler-to-run-nasa-4420150b?page=1|title=Trump Picks Billionaire Space Traveler to Run NASA|last=Maidenberg|first=Micah|date=5 December 2024|work=WSJ}}</ref> In September 2026, NASA's [[w:Artemis_program|Artemis program]], established in 2017 via [[wikipedia:Space_Policy_Directive_1|Space Policy Directive 1]], is intended to reestablish a human presence on the Moon for the first time since the [[wikipedia:Apollo_17|Apollo 17]] mission in 1972. The program's stated long-term goal is to establish a [[wikipedia:Moonbase|permanent base on the Moon]] to facilitate [[wikipedia:Human_mission_to_Mars|human missions to Mars]]. The [[w:U.S._National_Academies_of_Sciences,_Engineering,_and_Medicine|U.S. National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine]] in October, put out a report titled "NASA at a Crossroads," which identified myriad issues at the agency, including out-of-date infrastructure, pressures to prioritize short-term objectives and inefficient management practices. NASA's costly [[w:Space_Launch_System|Space Launch System]] (SLS) is the cornerstone of the Artemis program. has a price tag of around $4.1 billion per launch, and is a single-use rocket that can only launch every two years, having debuted in 2022 with the uncrewed [[w:Artemis_1_mission|Artemis 1 mission]] to the moon. In contrast, SpaceX is working to reduce the cost of a single Starship flight to under $10 million. NASA Associate Administrator Jim Free urged the incoming administration to maintain the current plans, in a symposium with the [[w:American_Astronautical_Society|American Astronautical Society]] saying "We need that consistency in purpose. That has not happened since Apollo. If we lose that, I believe we will fall apart and we will wander, and other people in this world will pass us by." NASA has already asked both [[w:SpaceX|SpaceX]] and also Jeff Bezos' [[w:Blue_Origin|Blue Origin]], to develop cargo landers for its Artemis missions and to deliver heavy equipment on them to the Moon by 2033. "Having two lunar lander providers with different approaches for crew and cargo landing capability provides mission flexibility while ensuring a regular cadence of moon landings for continued discovery and scientific opportunity," Stephen D. Creech, NASA's assistant deputy associate administrator for the moon to Mars program, said in an announcement about the partnership. "For all of the money we are spending, NASA should NOT be talking about going to the Moon - We did that 50 years ago. They should be focused on the much bigger things we are doing, including Mars (of which the Moon is a part), Defense and Science!" Trump wrote in a post on X in 2019. Trump has said he would create a [[w:Space_National_Guard|Space National Guard]], an idea that lawmakers in Congress have been proposing since 2021. Critics agree that a focus on spaceflight could come at the expense of "Earth and atmospheric sciences at NASA and the [[w:National_Oceanic_and_Atmospheric_Administration|National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]] (NOAA), which have been cut during the Biden era."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newsweek.com/elon-musk-donald-trump-nasa-space-policy-1990599|title=Donald Trump and Elon Musk could radically reshape NASA. Here's how|last=Reporter|first=Martha McHardy US News|date=2024-11-27|website=Newsweek|language=en|access-date=2024-12-02}}</ref> Regarding his goal and SpaceX's corporate mission of colonising Mars, Mr. Musk has stated that "The DOGE is the only path to extending life beyond earth"{{sfn|Economist 11/23|2024}} === National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration === == Department of Education and Propaganda == [[w:United_States_Department_of_Education|Department of Education]] has 4,400 employees – the smallest staff of the Cabinet agencies<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www2.ed.gov/about/overview/fed/role.html|title=Federal Role in Education|date=2021-06-15|website=www2.ed.gov|language=en|access-date=2022-04-28}}</ref> – and a 2024 budget of $238 billion.<ref name="DOE-mission">{{Cite web|url=https://www.usaspending.gov/agency/department-of-education?fy=2024|title=Agency Profile {{!}} U.S. Department of Education|website=www2.ed.gov|access-date=2024-11-14}}</ref> The 2023 Budget was $274 billion, which included funding for children with disabilities ([[wikipedia:Individuals_with_Disabilities_Education_Act|IDEA]]), pandemic recovery, early childhood education, [[wikipedia:Pell_Grant|Pell Grants]], [[wikipedia:Elementary_and_Secondary_Education_Act|Title I]], work assistance, among other programs. This budget was down from $637.7 billion in 2022.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.future-ed.org/what-the-new-pisa-results-really-say-about-u-s-schools/|title=What the New PISA Results Really Say About U.S. Schools|date=2021-06-15|website=future-ed.com|language=en|access-date=2024-11-14}}</ref> Nominated as [[w:US_Secretary_of_Education|Secretary of Education]] is [[w:Linda_McMahon|Linda McMahon]]. The WSJ proposes that the Civil Rights division be absorbed into the Department of Justice, and that its outstanding loan portolio be handled by the Department of the Treasury. Despite the redundancies, its unlikely that it will be abolished, which would require congressional action and buy-in from Democrats in the Senate; Republicans don’t have enough votes to do it alone. A republican appointee is expected to push back against federal education overreach and progressive policies like DEI. <ref>[https://www.wsj.com/opinion/trump-can-teach-the-education-department-a-lesson-nominee-needs-boldness-back-school-choice-oppose-woke-indoctrination-ddf6a38d<nowiki> Trump can teach the Education Department a Lesson. WSJ 11/20/2024]</nowiki></ref> During his campaign, Trump had pledged to get the "transgender insanity the hell out of schools.” Relying on the district court's decision in ''[[w:Tatel_v._Mount_Lebanon_School_District|Tatel v. Mount Lebanon School District]] , the'' attorney general and education secretary could issue a letter explaining how enforcing gender ideology violates constitutional [[w:Free_exercise_clause|First amendment right to free exercise of religion]] and the [[w:Equal_Protection_Clause|14th Amendment’s Equal Protection Clause]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/opinion/how-trump-can-target-transgenderism-in-schools-law-policy-education-369537a7?page=1|title=How Trump Can Target Transgenderism in Schools|last=Eden|first=Max|date=9 December 2024|work=The Wall Street Journal}}</ref> === CPB, PBS, NPR === Regarding the [[w:Corporation_for_Public_Broadcasting|Corporation for Public Broadcasting]], [[w:Howard_Husock|Howard Husock]] suggest that instead of zeroing its $535 million budget, Republicans reform the [[w:Public_Broadcasting_Act|Public Broadcasting Act]] to eliminate bias and improve local journalism.<ref>https://www.wsj.com/opinion/the-conservative-case-for-public-broadcasting-media-policy-2d4c3c9f?page=1</ref> {{As of|2024|alt=For fiscal year 2024}}, its appropriation was US$525 million, including $10 million in interest earned. The distribution of these funds was as follows:<ref>{{cite web|url=https://cpb.org/aboutcpb/financials/budget/|title=CPB Operating Budget|last=|date=2024|website=www.cpb.org|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=November 27, 2024|url-status=}}</ref> * $262.83M for direct grants to local public television stations; * $95.11M for television programming grants; * $81.77M for direct grants to local public radio stations; * $28.12M for the Radio National Program Production and Acquisition * $9.43M for the Radio Program Fund * $31.50 for system support * $26.25 for administration Public broadcasting stations are funded by a combination of private donations from listeners and viewers, foundations and corporations. Funding for public television comes in roughly equal parts from government (at all levels) and the private sector.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cpb.org/annualreports/2013/|title=CPB 2013 Annual Report|website=www.cpb.org|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160212170045/http://cpb.org/annualreports/2013/|archive-date=February 12, 2016|access-date=May 4, 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Department of Justice (DOJ) == The US. [[w:Department_of_Justice|Department of Justice]] has a 2023 budget of _____ and ___ employees. Nominated as [[w:Attorney_General|Attorney General]] is Florida AG [[w:Pam_Bondi|Pam Bondi]]{{Cn}}, after Matt Gaetz withdrew his candidacy after pressure.{{Cn}} === Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) === With 35,000 employees the [[w:FBI|FBI]] made a 2021 budget request for $9.8 billion. Nominated as director is [[w:Kash_Patel|Kash Patel]], who promised to "shut down the FBI [[w:Hoover_building|Hoover building]] on day one, and open it the next day as a museum of the deep state. He said "''I would take the 7,000 employees that work in that building and send them out across the America to chase criminals"'', saying ''"Go be cops."'' He promised to retaliate against journalists and government employees who "helped Joe Biden rig the election" in 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.wsj.com/video/series/wsj-explains/who-is-kash-patel-donald-trumps-pick-to-lead-the-fbi/F4D38D41-013A-4B05-A170-D7394AA91C2B|title=Who Is Kash Patel, Donald Trump’s Pick to Lead the FBI?|date=6 December 2024|website=WSJ.com Video}}</ref> ===== Reception and Analysis ===== His nomination "sent shock waves" through the DOJ, and his nomination has been opposed by many Republican lawmakers{{Cn}}, including former CIA director [[w:Gina_Haspell|Gina Haspell]] and AG [[w:Willliam_Barr|Willliam Barr]], who had threatened to resign if Mr. Patel were to be forced on them as a deputy, during Mr. Trump's first term.<ref name=":6">{{Cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/opinion/kash-patel-doesnt-belong-at-the-fbi-cabinet-nominee-5ef655eb?page=1|title=Kash Patel Doesn’t Belong at the FBI: At the NSC, he was less interested in his assigned duties than in proving his loyalty to Donald Trump.|last=Bolton|first=John|date=11 December 2024|work=The Wall Street Journal}}</ref> As an author he wrote a polemical children's book lionizing "King Donald" with himself in the role of "Wizard", despite the Constitution's republican values and its prohibition on granting titles of nobility.<ref>Original synthethic statement, with constitutional context provided by <nowiki>[[User:Jaredscribe]]</nowiki></ref> He has been accused of exaggerating his roles and accomplishments, and deliberate vowing to violate the [[w:Article_Two_of_the_United_States_Constitution#Clause_5:_Caring_for_the_faithful_execution_of_the_law|"Take care" clause of Article II.3]], "''that the Laws be faithfully executed"'' by placing personal loyalties, vendettas, and hunches above his oath to the Constitution.<ref name=":6" /> He has also been accused of lying about national intelligence by [[w:Mark_Esper|Mark Esper]] in his memoir, recently again by Pence aide [[w:Olivia_Troye|Olivia Troye]], although former SoS [[w:Mike_Pompeo|Mike Pompeo]] has not yet clarified the incident in question.  He was called upon to do so in a 11 December WSJ piece by former National Security Advisor [[w:John_Bolton|John Bolton]], who also wrote, "''If illegitimate partisan prosecutions were launched [by the Biden administration], then those responsible should be held accountable in a reasoned, professional manner, not in a counter-witch hunt.  The worst response is for Mr. Trump to engage in the prosecutorial [mis]conduct he condemns [which further] politicizes and degrades the American people's faith in evenhanded law enforcement.''"<ref name=":6" /> He has received support from _____ who wrote that _______.{{Cn}} == U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS) == Nominated as [[w:United_States_Secretary_of_Health_and_Human_Services|United States Secretary of Health and Human Services]] is [[w:Robert_F._Kennedy_Jr.|Robert F. Kennedy Jr.]], deputy Secretary [[w:Jim_O'Neill_(investor)|Jim O'Neill]]. Nominated for [[w:US_Surgeon_General|US Surgeon General]] is [[w:Janette_Nesheiwat|Janette Nesheiwat]]. [[w:U.S._Department_of_Health_and_Human_Services|U.S. Department of Health and Human Services]] was authorized a budget for [[w:2020_United_States_federal_budget|fiscal year 2020]] of $1.293 trillion. It has 13 operating divisions, 10 of which constitute the [[w:United_States_Public_Health_Service|Public Health Services]], whose budget authorization is broken down as follows:<ref name="hhs_budget_fy2020">{{cite web|url=https://www.hhs.gov/about/budget/fy2020/index.html|title=HHS FY 2020 Budget in Brief|date=October 5, 2019|website=HHS Budget & Performance|publisher=United States Department of Health & Human Services|page=7|access-date=May 9, 2020}}</ref> {| class="wikitable sortable" !Nominee !Program !2020 Budget !2024 Budget ! employees !2025 Budget !2026 Budget |- |[[w:Marty_Makary|Marty Makary]] |[[w:Food and Drug Administration|Food and Drug Administration]] (FDA) |$3,329 MM |- | |[[w:Health Resources and Services Administration|Health Resources and Services Administration]] (HRSA) |$11,004 |- | |[[w:Indian Health Service|Indian Health Service]] (IHS) |$6,104 |- |[[w:Dave_Weldon|Dave Weldon]] |[[w:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]] (CDC) |$6,767 |- |[[w:Jay_Bhattacharya|Jay Bhattacharya]] |[[w:National Institutes of Health|National Institutes of Health]] (NIH) |$33,669 |- | |[[w:Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration|Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration]] (SAMHSA) |$5,535 |- | |[[w:Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality|Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality]] (AHRQ) |$0 |- |[[w:Mehmet_Oz|Mehmet Oz]] |[[w:Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services|Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services]] (CMMS) |$1,169,091 |- | |[[w:Administration for Children and Families|Administration for Children and Families]] (ACF) |$52,121 |- | |[[w:Administration for Community Living|Administration for Community Living]] (ACL) |$1,997 |- |} {| class="wikitable sortable" !Program !2020 Budget !2024 Budget ! employees !2025 Budget !2026 Budget |- |[[w:Departmental Management|Departmental Management]] |$340 |- |Non-Recurring Expense Fund |$-400 |- |[[w:Office of Medicare Hearings and Appeals|Office of Medicare Hearings and Appeals]] |$186 |- |[[w:Office of the National Coordinator|Office of the National Coordinator]] |$43 |- |[[w:Office for Civil Rights|Office for Civil Rights]] |$30 |- |[[w:Office of Inspector General|Office of Inspector General]] |$82 |- |[[w:Public Health and Social Services Emergency Fund|Public Health and Social Services Emergency Fund]] |$2,667 |- |[[w:Program Support Center|Program Support Center]] |$749 |- |Offsetting Collections |$-629 |- |Other Collections |$-163 |- |'''TOTAL''' |'''$1,292,523''' |} The FY2020 budget included a $1.276 billion budget decrease for the Centers for Disease Control, and a $4.533 billion budget decrease for the National Institutes of Health. These budget cuts, along with other changes since 2019, comprised a total decrease of over $24 billion in revised discretionary budget authority across the entire Department of Health and Human Services for Fiscal Year 2020.<ref name="hhs_budget_fy2020" /> Additional details of the budgeted outlays, budget authority, and detailed budgets for other years, can be found at the HHS Budget website.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://WWW.HHS.GOV/BUDGET|title=Health and Human Services: Budget and Performance|publisher=United States Department of Health & Human Services|access-date=May 9, 2020}}</ref> He is an American politician, [[Environmental law|environmental lawyer]], [[anti-vaccine activist]], and anti-packaged food industry activist, anti-pharmaceutical industry activist, who will be nominated to serve as [[United States Secretary of Health and Human Services]],<ref name="v502">{{cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/saradorn/2024/11/14/rfk-jr-launches-independent-2024-run-here-are-all-the-conspiracies-he-promotes-from-vaccines-to-mass-shootings/|title=Trump Taps RFK Jr. As Secretary Of Health And Human Services: Here Are All The Conspiracies He's Promoted|last=Dorn|first=Sara|date=2024-11-14|website=Forbes|access-date=2024-11-15}}</ref> with the mission of "Making America Healthy Again". He is the chairman and founder of [[Children's Health Defense]], an anti-vaccine advocacy group and proponent of [[COVID-19 vaccine misinformation|dubious COVID-19 vaccine information]].<ref name="Smith_12/15/2021" /><ref name="KW" /> === National Institutes of Health === The [[w:NIH|NIH]] distributes grants of ~$50bn per year. Nominated to lead the [[w:National_Institutes_of_Health|National Institutes of Health]] is [[w:Jay_Bhattacharya|Jay Bhattacharya]], who has announced the following priorities for funding: * cutting edge research, saying that the NIH has become "sclerotic", due to a phenomenon has been called [[Eroom’s law]], which explains that career incentives encourage “me-too research,” given that citations by other scientists “have become the dominant way to evaluate scientific contributions and scientists.” That has shifted research “toward incremental science and away from exploratory projects that are more likely to fail, but which are the fuel for future breakthroughs.”<ref name=":3">{{Cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/opinion/jay-bhattacharya-and-the-vindication-of-the-fringe-scientists-pandemic-lockdowns-38b6aec6|title=Jay Bhattacharya and the Vindication of the ‘Fringe’ Scientists|last=Finley|first=Allysia|date=1 December 2024|work=Wall Street Journal}}</ref> Dr. Bhattacharya's February 2020 paper explaining Eroom's law, as possible explanation for slowing of pharmaceutical advances.{{Cn}} * studies aimed at replicating the results of earlier studies, to address the problem of scientific fraud or other factors contributing to the the [[w:Replication_crisis|replication crisis]], encouraging academic freedom among NIH scientists and term limits for NIH leaders. “Those kinds of reforms, I think every scientist would agree, every American would agree, it’s how you turn the NIH from something that is sort of how to control society, into something that is aimed at the discovery of truth to improve the health of Americans,” he said.<ref name=":4">{{Cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/health/healthcare/covid-lockdown-critic-jay-bhattacharya-chosen-to-lead-nih-2958e5e2?page=1|title=Covid-Lockdown Critic Jay Bhattacharya Chosen to Lead NIH|last=Whyte|first=Liz Essley|date=26 November 2024|work=The Wall Street Journal}}</ref> * Refocusing on research on [[w:Chronic_diseases|chronic diseases]], which is underfunded, and away from [[w:Infectious_diseases|infectious diseases]], which is overfunded. * Ending [[w:Gain-of-function|gain-of-function]] research. Jay Bhattacharya wrote a March 25 2020 op-ed "Is the Coronavirus as Deadly as They Say?", with colleague [[w:Eran_Bendavid|Eran Bendavid]], arguing that many asymptomatic cases of COVID-19 were going undetected. The hypothesis was confirmed in April 2020 when he and several colleagues published a study showing that Covid anti-bodies in Santa Clara county were 50 times the recorded infection rate. This implied, he said "a lower inflection mortality rate than public health authorities were pushing at a time when they and the media thought it was a virtue to panic the population".<ref><nowiki><ref></nowiki>{{Cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/opinion/the-man-who-fought-fauci-and-won-trump-nih-nominee-jay-bhattacharya-covid-cancel-culture-4a0650bd?page=1|title=The Man Who Fought Fauci - and Won|last=Varadarajan|first=Tunku|date=6 December 2024|work=WSJ}}&lt;nowiki&gt;</ref> Dr. Bhattacharya, [[w:Martin_Kulldorff|Martin Kulldorff]], then at Harvard, and Oxford’s [[w:Sunetra_Gupta|Sunetra Gupta]] formally expounded this idea in the [[w:Great_Barrington_Declaration|Great Barrington Declaration]] in October 2020, urging the government to focus on protecting the vulnerable while letting others go about their lives, which previous NIH director [[w:Francis_Collins|Francis Collins]] derided as "fringe science its into the political views of certain parts of our confused political establishment," and previous [[w:NIAID|NIAID]] director [[w:Chief_Medical_Advisor_to_the_President|chief medical advisor to the President]] [[w:Anthony_Fauci|Anthony Fauci]] "a quick and devastating public takedown of its premises." Some suggest the same career incentives that lead to scientific group-think in the pharmaceutical industry, also explain conformist behavior during COVID-19, due to the threat against young scientists of losing NIH funding, jobs, and career opportunities, if they were to exercise in independent judgement.<ref name=":3" /> “Dr. Jay Bhattacharya is the ideal leader to restore NIH as the international template for gold-standard science and evidence-based medicine,” DHHS Secretary nominee Kennedy wrote. "We will reform American scientific institutions so that they are worthy of trust again and will deploy the fruits of excellent science to make America healthy again!” said Dr. Bhattacharya. “Dr. Bhattacharya is a strong choice to lead the NIH,” said Dr. [[w:Ned_Sharpless|Ned Sharpless]], a former [[w:National_Cancer_Institute|National Cancer Institute]] director. “The support of moderate Senate Republicans will be critical to NIH funding, and Dr. Bhattacharya’s Covid work will give him credibility with this constituency.”<ref name=":4" /> === Food and Drug Administration === The FDA in 2022 had 18,000 employees<ref name="fy2022">{{cite web|url=https://www.fda.gov/media/149613/download|title=FY 2022 FDA Budget Request|publisher=FDA|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230602090805/https://www.fda.gov/media/149613/download|archive-date=June 2, 2023|access-date=January 14, 2022|url-status=live}}</ref> and a budget of $6.5{{nbsp}}billion (2022)<ref name="fy2022" /> Nominated as director is [[w:Marty_Makary|Marty Makary]]. == Department of Agriculture and Food == [[w:Department_of_Agriculture|Department of Agriculture]] (USDA) had 2023 budget of ___ and ____ employees. Nominated for [[w:Secretary_of_Agriculture|Secretary of Agriculture]] is [[w:Brooke_Rollins|Brooke Rollins]], who had earlier served on the [[w:Office_of_American_Innovation|Office of American Innovation]] under [[w:Jared_Kushner|Jared Kushner]], and served as director of [[w:Domestic_Policy_Council|Domestic Policy Council]]. She has not endorsed the "[[w:Make_America_Healthy_Again|Make America Healthy Again]]" agenda of RFK Jr. (and his colleagues Jay Bhattacharcya and others) who promised to "reverse 80 years of farm policy" and complains of the $30 billion/year farms subsidies. Kennedy wants to remove soda from food aid, and ultra-processed food from both [[w:Food-stamps|food-stamp]] benefits and [[w:School_meals|school meals]], both of which are overseen by the USDA; an effort that in the past has been opposed by the food industry, lawmakers, and some anti-hunger advocacy groups.<ref name=":5" /> RFK Jr.'s team had recommended [[w:Sid_Miller|Sid Miller]] for the role, and a group of farmers he had asked to vet candidates had proposed [[w:John_Kempf|John Kempf]].<ref name=":5">{{Cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/politics/policy/trump-agriculture-pick-brooke-rollins-rfk-jr-1a85beda?page=1|title=RFK Jr. Team Skeptical About USDA Pick|last=Andrews|first=Natalie|date=11 December 2024|work=The Wall Street Journal|others=et al}}</ref> He has also called for re-examining the the [[standards regulating the use of pesticides]], especially [[w:Glyphosate|glyphosate]], the world's most widely used [[w:Herbicide|herbicide]] and the active ingredient in [[w:Roundup|Roundup]], used as a weedkiller in major [[w:U.S._commodity_crops|U.S. commodity crops]].[[w:Herbicide|herbicide]]<ref name=":5" /> === Food Stamps === === School Meals === === Farm Subsidies === == Department of Treasury and Reserve == [[w:Departments_of_Treasury|Departments of Treasury]] has 2023 budget of ____ and ___ employees. Nominated for [[w:Secretary_of_the_Treasury|Secretary of the Treasury]] is [[w:Scott_Bessent|Scott Bessent]]. === Consumer Financial Protection Bureau === The [[w:Consumer_Financial_Protection_Bureau|Consumer Financial Protection Bureau]] (CFPB). Said Mr. Musk "Delete the CFPB. There are too many duplicative regulatory agencies"<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/politics/policy/elon-musk-doge-conflict-of-interest-b1202437?page=1|title=Musk’s DOGE Plans Rely on White House Budget Office. Conflicts Await.|last=Schwartz|first=Brian|work=The Wall Street Journal}}</ref> === Securities and Exchange Commission === [[w:Securities_and_Exchange_Commission|Securities and Exchange Commission]] === Internal Revenue Service === [[w:Internal_Revenue_Service|Internal Revenue Service]] === Federal Reserve === Mr. Musk has suggested starting a "[[w:Sovereign_Wealth_Fund|Sovereign Wealth Fund]]" like Texas and other U.S. states, instead of hosting a [[w:National_debt|national debt]]. Ron Paul and others have called for abolishing America's [[w:Central_Bank|Central Bank]], the [[w:Federal_Reserve|Federal Reserve System]], which Mr. Musk appeared to endorse. === American Sovereign Wealth Fund === == Department of Industry, Labor, and Commerce == [[w:Department_of_Commerce|Department of Commerce]] has 2023 budget of _____ and _____ employees. Nominated as [[w:Secretary_of_Commerce|Secretary of Commerce]] is [[w:Howard_Lutnick|Howard Lutnick]] [[w:Department_of_Labor|Department of Labor]] has 2023 budget of _____ and ____ employees. Nominated as [[w:Secretary_of_Labor|Secretary of Labor]] is [[w:Lori_Chavez-Remer|Lori Chavez-Remer]] == Departments of Energy and Interior == Nominee for [[w:US_Secretary_of_the_Interior|Secretary of the Interior]] is [[w:Doug_Burgum|Doug Burgum]], who will also be [[w:List_of_U.S._executive_branch_czars|Energy Czar]]. [[w:Department_of_Energy|Department of Energy]] [[w:United_States_Secretary_of_Energy|secretary nominee]] [[w:Chris_Wright_(energy_executive)|Chris Wright]] admits that burning fossil fuels contributes to rising temperatures, but says it poses only a modest threat to humanity, and praises it for increasing plant growth, making the planet greener, and boosting agricultural productivity. He also says that it likely reduces the annual number of temperature-related deaths. (estimates from health researchers say otherwise). He says, "It's probably almost as many positive changes as negative changes... Is it a crisis, is it the world's greatest challenge, or a big threat to the next generation? No. .. A little bit warmer isn’t a threat. If we were 5, 7, 8, 10 degrees [Celsius] warmer, that would be meaningful changes to the planet.” Scientists see a 1.5 degrees Celsius temperature as creating potentially irreversible changes for the planet, and expect to pass that mark later this year, after increasing over several decade. He criticizes the [[w:Paris_climate_agreement|Paris climate agreement]] for empowering "political actors with anti-fossil fuel agendas." Wright favors development of [[w:Geothermal_energy|geothermal energy]] and [[w:Nuclear_energy_policy_of_the_United_States|nuclear energy]], criticizing subsidies to wind and solar energy. <ref><nowiki><ref></nowiki>{{Cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/politics/policy/who-is-chris-wright-trump-energy-secretary-9eb617dc?page=1|title=Trump’s Energy Secretary Pick Preaches the Benefits of Climate Change|last=Morenne|first=Benoit|date=9 December 2024|work=The Wall Street Journal}}&lt;nowiki&gt;</ref> === Bureau of Land Management === === Forest Service === === National Parks === == AI and Cryptocurrency Policy == [[w:David_Sacks|David Sacks]] was named "White House AI and Crypto Czar". == Reform Entitlements == === Healthcare and Medicare === [[w:ObamaCare|ObamaCare]] started as a plausible scheme for universal, cost-effective health insurance with subsidies for the needy. Only the subsidies survive because the ObamaCare policies actually delivered are so overpriced nobody would buy them without a subsidy.<ref>[https://www.wsj.com/opinion/elons-real-trump-mission-protect-growth-department-of-government-efficiency-appointments-cabinet-9e7e62b2]</ref> See below: Department of Health and Human Services === Social Security === Even FDR was aware of its flaw: it discourages working and saving. === Other === Small-government advocate [[w:Ron_Paul|Ron Paul]] has suggested to cut aid to the following "biggest" welfare recipients: * The [[w:Military-industrial_complex|Military-industrial complex]] * The [[w:Pharmaceutical-industrial_complex|Pharmaceutical-industrial complex]] * The [[w:Federal_Reserve|Federal Reserve]] To which Mr. Musk replied, "Needs to be done".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thehill.com/video/ron-paul-vows-to-join-elon-musk-help-eliminate-government-waste-in-a-trump-admin/10191375/|title=Ron Paul vows to join Elon Musk, help eliminate government waste in a Trump admin|date=2024-11-05|website=The Hill|language=en-US|access-date=2024-12-09}}</ref> == Office of Management and Budget == The White House [[w:Office_of_Management_and_Budget|Office of Management and Budget]] (OMB) guides implementation of regulations and analyzes federal spending. Mssrs. Musk and Ramaswamy encouraged President-elect Trump to reappoint his first term director [[w:Russell_Vought|Russell Vought]], which he did on 22nd Nov.<ref name=":0" /> == Government Efficiency Personnel == Transition spokesman [[w:Brian_Hughes|Brian Hughes]] said that "Elon Musk is a once-in-a-generation business leader and our federal bureaucracy will certainly benefit from his ideas and efficiency". About a dozen Musk allies have visited Mar-a-Lago to serve as unofficial advisors to the Trump 47 transition, influencing hiring at many influential government agencies.<ref name=":2"><nowiki><ref></nowiki>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/12/06/us/politics/trump-elon-musk-silicon-valley.html?searchResultPosition=1|title=The Silicon Valley Billionaires Steering Trump’s Transition|date=8 December 2024|work=NYT}}</ref> [[w:Marc_Andreesen|Marc Andreesen]] has interviewed candidates for State, Pentagon, and DHHS, and has been active pushing for rollback of Biden's cryptocurrency regulations, and rollback of Lina Khan anti-trust efforts with the FTC, and calling for contracting reform in Defense dept. [[w:Jared_Birchall|Jared Birchall]] has interviewed candidates for State, and has advised on Space police and has put together councils for AI and Cryptocurrency policy. David Sacks was named "White House AI and Crypto Czar" [[w:Shaun_MacGuire|Shaun MacGuire]] has advised on picks for intelligence community and has interviewed candidates for Defense. Many tech executives are considering part-time roles advising the DOGE. [[w:Antonio_Gracias|Antonio Gracias]] and [[w:Steve_Davis|Steve Davis]] from Musk's "crisis team" have been active, as has investor [[w:John_Hering|John Hering]]. Other Silicon Valley players who have advised Trump or interviewed candidates: * [[w:Larry_Ellison|Larry Ellison]] has sat in on Trump transition 47 meetings at Mar-a-Lago. * [[w:Mark_Pincus|Mark Pincus]] * [[w:David_Marcus|David Marcus]] * [[w:Barry_Akis|Barry Akis]] * [[w:Shervin_Pishevar|Shervin Pishevar]], who has called for privitization of the USPS, NASA, and the federal Bureau of Prisons. Called for creating an American sovereign wealth fund, and has said that DOGE "could lead a revolutionary restructuring of public institutions."<ref name=":2" /> [[w:William_McGinley|William McGinley]] will move to a role with DOGE. Originally nominated for [[w:White_House_counsel|White House counsel]], he will be replaced in that role by [[w:David_Warrington|David Warrington]].<ref>{{Cite news|title=A White House Counsel Replaced before starting|last=Haberman|first=Maggie|date=6 December 2024|work=New York times}}</ref> The WSJ lauded without naming them, comparing them to the "dollar-a-year men" - business leaders who during WWII revolutionized industrial production to help make America the "arsenal of democracy". (WSJ, 10 December 2024) == History and Miscellaneous facts == See also: [[w:Department_of_Government_Efficiency#History|Department of Government Efficiency — History]] DOGE's work will "conclude" no later than July 4, 2026, the 250th anniversary of the signing of the [[United States Declaration of Independence|U.S. Declaration of Independence]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thehill.com/policy/4987402-trump-musk-advisory-group-spending/|title=Elon Musk, Vivek Ramaswamy to lead Trump's Department of Government Efficiency (DOGE)|last=Nazzaro|first=Miranda|date=November 13, 2024|website=The Hill|language=en-US|access-date=November 13, 2024}}</ref> also coinciding with America's [[United States Semiquincentennial|semiquincentennial]] celebrations and a proposed "Great American Fair". Despite its name it is not expected to be a [[wikipedia:United_States_federal_executive_departments|federal executive department]], but rather may operate under the [[Federal Advisory Committee Act]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/trump-department-of-government-efficiency-doge-elon-musk-ramaswamy/|title=What to know about Trump's Department of Government Efficiency, led by Elon Musk and Vivek Ramaswamy - CBS News|last=Picchi|first=Aimee|date=2024-11-14|website=www.cbsnews.com|language=en-US|access-date=2024-11-14}}</ref> so its formation is not expected to require approval from the [[wikipedia:United_States_Congress|U.S. Congress]]. NYT argues that records of its meetings must be made public.{{Cn}} As an advisor rather than a government employee, Mr. Musk will not be subject to various ethics rules.{{sfn|Economist 11/23}} Musk has stated that he believes such a commission could reduce the [[wikipedia:United_States_federal_budget|U.S. federal budget]] by $2 trillion, which would be a reduction of almost one third from its 2023 total. [[Maya MacGuineas]] of the [[Committee for a Responsible Federal Budget]] has said that this saving is "absolutely doable" over a period of 10 years, but it would be difficult to do in a single year "without compromising some of the fundamental objectives of the government that are widely agreed upon".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thehill.com/business/4966789-elon-musk-skepticism-2-trillion-spending-cuts/|title=Elon Musk draws skepticism with call for $2 trillion in spending cuts|last=Folley|first=Aris|date=2024-11-03|website=The Hill|language=en-US|access-date=2024-11-14}}</ref> [[wikipedia:Jamie_Dimon|Jamie Dimon]], the chief executive officer of [[wikipedia:JPMorgan_Chase|JPMorgan Chase]], has supported the idea. Some commentators questioned whether DOGE is a conflict of interest for Musk given that his companies are contractors to the federal government. The body is "unlikely to have any regulatory teeth on its own, but there's little doubt that it can have influence on the incoming administration and how it will determine its budgets".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.vox.com/policy/384904/trumps-department-of-government-efficiency-sounds-like-a-joke-it-isnt|title=Trump tapped Musk to co-lead the "Department of Government Efficiency." What the heck is that?|last=Fayyad|first=Abdallah|date=2024-11-13|website=Vox|language=en-US|access-date=2024-11-14}}</ref> Elon Musk had called [[w:Federico_Sturzenegger|Federico Sturzenegger]], Argentina's [[w:Ministry_of_Deregulation_and_State_Transformation|Minister of Deregulation and Transformation of the State]] ([[w:es:Ministerio_de_Desregulación_y_Transformación_del_Estado|es]]), to discuss imitating his ministry's model.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.infobae.com/economia/2024/11/08/milei-brindo-un-nuevo-apoyo-a-sturzenegger-y-afirmo-que-elon-musk-imitara-su-gestion-en-eeuu/|title=Milei brindó un nuevo apoyo a Sturzenegger y afirmó que Elon Musk imitará su gestión en EEUU|date=November 8, 2024|website=infobae|language=es-ES|access-date=November 13, 2024}}</ref> == Reception and Criticism == See also: [[w:Department_of_Government_Efficiency#Reception|w:Department of Government Efficiency — Reception]] The WSJ reports that Tesla's Texas facility dumped toxic wastewater into the public sewer system, into a lagoon, and into a local river, violated Texas environmental regulations, and fired an employee who attempted to comply with the law.{{Cn}} The Economist estimates that 10% of Mr. Musk's $360bn personal fortune is derived from contracts and benefits from the federal government, and 15% from the Chinese market.{{sfn|Economist 11/23}} == See also == * [[w:Second_presidential_transition_of_Donald_Trump|Second presidential transition of Donald Trump]] * [[w:United_States_federal_budget#Deficits_and_debt|United States federal budget - Deficits and debt]] * [[w:United_States_Bureau_of_Efficiency|United States Bureau of Efficiency]] – United States federal government bureau from 1916 to 1933 * [[w:Brownlow_Committee|Brownlow Committee]] – 1937 commission recommending United States federal government reforms * [[w:Grace_Commission|Grace Commission]] – Investigation to eliminate inefficiency in the United States federal government * [[w:Hoover_Commission|Hoover Commission]] – United States federal commission in 1947 advising on executive reform * [[w:Keep_Commission|Keep Commission]] * [[w:Project_on_National_Security_Reform|Project on National Security Reform]] * [[w:Delivering_Outstanding_Government_Efficiency_Caucus|Delivering Outstanding Government Efficiency Caucus]] == Notes == {{reflist}} == References == {{refbegin}} * {{Cite web|url=https://www.newsweek.com/bernie-sanders-finds-new-common-ground-elon-musk-1993820|title=Bernie Sanders finds new common ground with Elon Musk|last=Reporter|first=Mandy Taheri Weekend|date=2024-12-01|website=Newsweek|language=en|access-date=2024-12-02 |ref={{harvid|Newsweek 12/01|2024}} }} * {{Cite news|url=https://www.economist.com/briefing/2024/11/21/elon-musk-and-donald-trump-seem-besotted-where-is-their-bromance-headed|title=Elon Musk and Donald Trump seem besotted. Where is their bromance headed?|work=The Economist|access-date=2024-12-04|issn=0013-0613 |ref={{harvid|Economist 11/23|2024}} }} <references group="lower-alpha" /> {{refend}} 42d4gabfnxpyk2g167cw632kxaex83l 2691574 2691573 2024-12-12T07:48:59Z Jaredscribe 2906761 NATO Secretary General Mark Rutte publicly thanked Trump for stimulating Europe to increase national defense spending above 2%, saying "this is his doing, his success, and we need to do more, we notice." 2691574 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Research project}} The U.S. [[w:Department of Government Efficiency]]. {{Infobox Organization |name=Department of Government Efficiency |logo= |logo_size= |logo_caption=Logo on [[Twitter|X]] (formerly Twitter) as of November 14, 2024 |seal= |seal_size= |seal_caption= |formation=Announced on November 12, 2024; yet to be established |abbreviation=DOGE |key_people={{plainlist|[[w:Commissioner of the Department of Government Efficiency|Co-commissioners]]: * [[w:Elon Musk]] * [[w:Vivek Ramaswamy]] }} |website={{URL|https://x.com/DOGE|x.com/DOGE}} |volunteers=* Federico Sturzenegger|services=consulting|headquarters=Mar-A-Lago|organization_type=Presidential Advisory Commission|founder=Donald Trump|extinction=4 July 2026 (planned)|mission=(In the words of president-elect Donald Trump: * dismantle government bureaucracy * slash excess regulations * cut wasteful expenditures * restructure federal agencies, * address "massive waste and fraud" in government spending}} This "'''Wiki Of Government Efficiency'''" (WOGE) is a public interest, non-partisan research project that will [[User:Jaredscribe/Department of Government Efficiency#Reduce the deficit and debt by impounding appropriated funds|analyze the U.S. federal budget]], [[User:Jaredscribe/Department of Government Efficiency#Reform the other Government Bureaus and Departments|federal bureaucracy]], and [[User:Jaredscribe/Department of Government Efficiency#Shrink the federal civil service|federal civil service]], in the context of [[w:Second_presidency_of_Donald_Trump|president-elect Trump']]<nowiki/>s [[w:Agenda_47|Agenda 47]], and will catalogue, evaluate, and critique proposals on how the '''[[w:Department of Government Efficiency|Department of Government Efficiency]]'''{{Efn|Also referred to as '''Government Efficiency Commission'''}} (DOGE) is or is not fulfilling its mission to ''"dismantle government bureaucracy, slash excess regulations, and cut wasteful expenditures and restructure federal agencies"'', in the words of president-elect [[wikipedia:Donald_Trump|Donald Trump]], who called for it to address ''"massive waste and fraud"'' in government spending.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/c93qwn8p0l0o|title=Donald Trump picks Elon Musk for US government cost-cutting role|last1=Faguy|first1=Ana|last2=FitzGerald|first2=James|date=2024-11-13|publisher=BBC News|language=en-GB|access-date=2024-11-13}}</ref> Here's [[User:Jaredscribe/Department of Government Efficiency/How to contribute|how to contribute]] to the WOGE. The DOGE intends to [[User:Jaredscribe/Department of Government Efficiency#Office of Management and Budget|work through the Office of Management and Budget]] as its "policy vector". The [[w:U.S._budget_deficit|U.S. Budget deficit]], (C.f. [[w:Government_budget_balance|fiscal deficit]]), and the [[w:National_debt_of_the_United_States|U.S. National debt]], currently $35.7 Trillion as of 10/2024, which is 99% of the [[w:U.S._GDP|U.S. GDP]],<ref>{{Unbulleted list citebundle|{{cite news|newspaper=Financial Post| title= Musk's $2 Trillion of Budget Cuts Would Have These Stocks Moving|url=https://financialpost.com/pmn/business-pmn/musks-2-trillion-of-budget-cuts-would-have-these-stocks-moving|first=Alexandra|last=Semenova|date=November 4, 2024}}|{{cite news|newspaper= New York Times|title=Elon|url=https://nytimes.com/2024/10/29/us/politics/elon-musk-trump-economy-hardship.html}}|{{Cite web |date=September 5, 2024 |title=Trump says he'd create a government efficiency commission led by Elon Musk |url=https://apnews.com/article/donald-trump-elon-musk-government-efficiency-commission-e831ed5dc2f6a56999e1a70bb0a4eaeb |publisher=AP News}}|{{cite web|first=Jenn|last=Brice|title=How Elon Musk's $130 million investment in Trump's victory could reap a huge payoff for Tesla and the rest of his business empire|url=https://fortune.com/2024/11/06/elon-musk-donald-trump-tesla-spacex-xai-boring-neuralink|website=Fortune}}|{{cite web|url=https://axios.com/2024/11/07/elon-musk-government-efficiency-trump|title=Musk will bring his Twitter management style to government reform}}|{{cite news| access-date =November 9, 2024|work=Reuters|date=September 6, 2024|first1=Helen|first2=Gram|last1=Coster| last2=Slattery|title=Trump says he will tap Musk to lead government efficiency commission if elected| url= https://reuters.com/world/us/trump-adopt-musks-proposal-government-efficiency-commission-wsj-reports-2024-09-05}}|{{cite web|title=Trump says Musk could head 'government efficiency' force|url= https://bbc.com/news/articles/c74lgwkrmrpo|publisher=BBC}}|{{cite web|date =November 5, 2024|title=How Elon Musk could gut the government under Trump|url=https://independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/us-politics/elon-musk-donald-trump-economy-job-cuts-b2641644.html|website= The Independent}}}}</ref> and expected to grow to 134% of GDP by 2034 if current laws remain unchanged, according to the [[w:Congressional_Budget_Office|Congressional Budget Office]]. The DOGE will be a [[wikipedia:Presidential_commission_(United_States)|presidential advisory commission]] led by the billionaire businessmen [[wikipedia:Elon_Musk|Elon Musk]] and [[wikipedia:Vivek_Ramaswamy|Vivek Ramaswamy]], and possibly [[w:Ron_Paul|Ron Paul]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thehill.com/video/ron-paul-vows-to-join-elon-musk-help-eliminate-government-waste-in-a-trump-admin/10191375|title=Ron Paul vows to join Elon Musk, help eliminate government waste in a Trump admin|date=November 5, 2024|website=The Hill}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://usatoday.com/story/business/2024/10/28/patricia-healy-elon-musk-highlights-need-for-government-efficiency/75798556007|title=Elon Musk puts spotlight on ... Department of Government Efficiency? {{!}} Cumberland Comment|last=Healy|first=Patricia|website=USA TODAY|language=en-US|access-date=November 9, 2024}}</ref> with support from many [[w:Political_appointments_of_the_second_Trump_administration|Political and cabinet appointees of the second Trump administration]] and from a Congressional caucus Musk stated his belief that DOGE could remove US$2 trillion from the [[w:United_States_federal_budget|U.S. federal budget]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/live/HysDMs2a-iM?si=92I5LD1FY2PAsSuG&t=15822|title=WATCH LIVE: Trump holds campaign rally at Madison Square Garden in New York|date=October 28, 2024|website=youtube.com|publisher=[[PBS NewsHour]]|language=en|format=video}}</ref> without specifying whether these savings would be made over a single year or a longer period.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/cdj38mekdkgo|title=Can Elon Musk cut $2 trillion from US government spending?|last=Chu|first=Ben|date=2024-11-13|website=BBC News|language=en-GB|access-date=2024-11-14}}</ref> [[File:2023_US_Federal_Budget_Infographic.png|thumb|An infographic on outlays and revenues in the 2023 [[United States federal budget|U.S. federal budget]]]] DOGE could also streamline permitting with “categorical exclusions” from environmental reviews under the National Environmental Policy Act. {{sidebar with collapsible lists|name=U.S. deficit and debt topics|namestyle=background:#bf0a30;|style=width:22.0em; border: 4px double #d69d36; background:var(--background-color-base, #FFFFFF);|bodyclass=vcard|pretitle='''<span class="skin-invert">This article is part of [[:Category:United States|a series]] on the</span>'''|title=[[United States federal budget|<span style="color:var(--color-base, #000000);">Budget and debt in the<br/>United States of America</span>]]|image=[[File:Seal of the United States Congress.svg|90px]] [[File:Seal of the United States Department of the Treasury.svg|90px]]|titlestyle=background:var(--background-color-base, #002868); background-clip:padding-box;|headingstyle=background:var(--background-color-base, #bf0a30); color:var(--color-base, #fff);|listtitlestyle=background:var(--background-color-base, #bf0a30); color:var(--color-base, #fff); text-align:center;|expanded={{{expanded|{{{1|}}}}}}|list1name=dimensions|list1title=Major dimensions|list1class=hlist skin-invert|list1=* [[Economy of the United States|Economy]] * [[Expenditures in the United States federal budget|Expenditures]] * [[United States federal budget|Federal budget]] * [[Financial position of the United States|Financial position]] * [[Military budget of the United States|Military budget]] * [[National debt of the United States|Public debt]] * [[Taxation in the United States|Taxation]] * [[Unemployment in the United States|Unemployment]] * [[Government_spending_in_the_United_States|Gov't spending]]|list2name=programs|list2title=Programs|list2class=hlist skin-invert|list2=* [[Medicare (United States)|Medicare]] * [[Social programs in the United States|Social programs]] * [[Social Security (United States)|Social Security]]|list3name=issues|list3title=Contemporary issues|list3class=skin-invert|list3=<div style="margin-bottom:0.5em"> [[National Commission on Fiscal Responsibility and Reform|Bowles–Simpson Commission]] {{flatlist}} * <!--Bu--> [[Bush tax cuts]] * <!--Deb--> [[United States debt ceiling|Debt ceiling]] ** [[History of the United States debt ceiling|history]] * <!--Def--> [[Deficit reduction in the United States|Deficit reduction]] * <!--F--> [[United States fiscal cliff|Fiscal cliff]] * <!--H--> [[Healthcare reform in the United States|Healthcare reform]] * <!--P--> [[Political debates about the United States federal budget|Political debates]] * <!--So--> [[Social Security debate in the United States|Social Security debate]] * <!--St--> "[[Starve the beast]]" * <!--Su--> [[Subprime mortgage crisis]] {{endflatlist}} </div> [[2007–2008 financial crisis]] {{flatlist}} * <!--D--> [[United States debt-ceiling crisis (disambiguation)|Debt-ceiling crises]] ** [[2011 United States debt-ceiling crisis|2011]] ** [[2013 United States debt-ceiling crisis|2013]] ** [[2023 United States debt-ceiling crisis|2023]] {{endflatlist}} [[2013 United States budget sequestration|2013 budget sequestration]] {{flatlist}} * <!--G--> [[Government shutdowns in the United States|Government shutdowns]] ** [[1980 United States federal government shutdown|1980]] ** [[1981, 1984, and 1986 U.S. federal government shutdowns|1981, 1984, 1986]] ** [[1990 United States federal government shutdown|1990]] ** [[1995–1996 United States federal government shutdowns|1995–1996]] ** [[2013 United States federal government shutdown|2013]] ** [[January 2018 United States federal government shutdown|Jan 2018]] ** [[2018–2019 United States federal government shutdown|2018–2019]] {{endflatlist}} Related events {{flatlist}} *<!--E-->[[Removal of Kevin McCarthy as Speaker of the House|2023 Removal of Kevin McCarthy]] {{endflatlist}}|list4name=terminology|list4title=Terminology|list4class=hlist skin-invert|list4=Cumulative [[Government budget balance|deficit]] + [[National debt of the United States#Debates|Interest]] ≈ [[Government debt|Debt]] * [[Balance of payments]] * [[Inflation]] * [[Continuing resolution]]}} [[w:Deficit_reduction_in_the_United_States|Deficit reduction in the United States]] == Deregulate the Economy == The legal theory that this can be done through the executive branch is found in the U.S. Supreme Court’s ''[[w:West_Virginia_v._EPA|West Virginia v. EPA]]'' and ''[[w:Loper_Bright|Loper Bright]]'' rulings, which rein in the administrative state and mean that much of what the federal government now does is illegal.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.wsj.com/opinion/department-of-government-efficiency-elon-musk-vivek-ramaswamy-donald-trump-1e086dab|website=[[w:Wall Street Journal]]|title=The Musk-Ramaswamy Project Could Be Trump’s Best Idea}}</ref> Mr. Trump has set a goal of eliminating 10 regulations for every new one. The [[w:Competitive_Enterprise_Institute|Competitive Enterprise Institute]]’s Wayne Crews says 217,565 rules have been issued since the [[w:Federal_Register|Federal Register]] first began itemizing them in 1976, with 89,368 pages added last year. [https://sgp.fas.org/crs/misc/R43056.pdf 3,000-4,500 rules are added each year]. DOGE’s first order will be to pause enforcement of overreaching rules while starting the process to roll them back. Mr. Trump and DOGE could direct agencies to settle legal challenges to Biden rules by vacating them. This could ease the laborious process of undoing them by rule-making through the [[w:Administrative_Procedure_Act|Administrative Procedure Act]]. A source tells the WSJ they’ll do whatever they think they legally can without the APA. The [[w:Congressional_Review_Act|Congressional Review Act]]—which allows Congress to overturn recently issued agency regulations—had been used only once, prior to [[w:First_presidency_of_Donald_Trump|Trump's first term]]. While in office, he and the Republican Congress used it on 16 rules. This time, there will be more than 56 regulatory actions recent enough to be repealed. The [[w:Chevron_deference|''Chevron'' deference]] had required federal courts to defer to agencies’ interpretations of ambiguous statutes, but this was overturned in 2024. Taken together, with some other recent [[w:SCOTUS|SCOTUS]] rulings, we now have, says the WSJ, the biggest opportunity to cut regulatory red tape in more than 40 years.<ref>[https://www.wsj.com/opinion/let-the-trump-deregulation-begin-us-chamber-of-commerce-second-term-economic-growth-73f24387?cx_testId=3&cx_testVariant=cx_166&cx_artPos=0]</ref><blockquote>"Most legal edicts aren’t laws enacted by Congress but “rules and regulations” promulgated by unelected bureaucrats—tens of thousands of them each year. Most government enforcement decisions and discretionary expenditures aren’t made by the democratically elected president or even his political appointees but by millions of unelected, unappointed civil servants within government agencies who view themselves as immune from firing thanks to civil-service protections." "This is antidemocratic and antithetical to the Founders’ vision. It imposes massive direct and indirect costs on taxpayers." "When the president nullifies thousands of such regulations, critics will allege executive overreach. In fact, it will be ''correcting'' the executive overreach of thousands of regulations promulgated by administrative fiat that were never authorized by Congress. The president owes lawmaking deference to Congress, not to bureaucrats deep within federal agencies. The use of executive orders to substitute for lawmaking by adding burdensome new rules is a constitutional affront, but the use of executive orders to roll back regulations that wrongly bypassed Congress is legitimate and necessary to comply with the Supreme Court’s recent mandates. And after those regulations are fully rescinded, a future president couldn’t simply flip the switch and revive them but would instead have to ask Congress to do so"<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/opinion/musk-and-ramaswamy-the-doge-plan-to-reform-government-supreme-court-guidance-end-executive-power-grab-fa51c020?cx_testId=3&cx_testVariant=cx_165&cx_artPos=5|title=Elon Musk and Vivek Ramaswamy: The DOGE Plan to Reform Government|last=Musk|first=Elon|date=20 November 2024|work=The Wall Street Journal|last2=Ramaswamy|first2=Vivek}}</ref> </blockquote> == Shrink the federal civil service == The government has around three million [[w:United_States_federal_civil_service|federal civil service]] employees, with an average salary of $106,000. Dr. Anthony Fauci made $481,000 in 2022. The federal head count has ballooned by 120,800 during the Biden years. Civil service and union protections make it hard to fire workers. Mr. Trump intends to quickly resurrect the [[w:Schedule_F|Schedule F]] reform that he sought to implement at the end of his first term but was scrapped by Mr. Biden. These would high-level federal employees to be removed like political appointees, by eliminating their job protections. WSJ proposals[https://www.wsj.com/opinion/the-doge-cheat-sheet-elon-musk-vivek-ramaswamy-department-of-government-efficiency-1c231783#cxrecs_s] The [[w:Administrative_Procedures_Act|Administrative Procedures Act]] statute protects federal employees from political retaliation, but allows for “reductions in force” that don’t target specific employees. The statute further empowers the president to “prescribe rules governing the competitive service.” The Supreme Court has held—in ''[[w:Franklin_v._Massachusetts|Franklin v. Massachusetts]]'' (1992) and ''[[w:Collins_v._Yellen|Collins v. Yellen]]'' (2021) that when revious presidents have used this power to amend the civil service rules by executive order, they weren’t constrained by the APA when they did so. Mr. Trump can, with this authority, implement any number of “rules governing the competitive service” that would curtail administrative overgrowth, from large-scale firings to relocation of federal agencies out of the Washington area. The DOGE welcomes voluntary terminations once the President begins requiring federal employees to come to the office five days a week, because American taxpayers shouldn’t pay federal employees for the Covid-era privilege of staying home.<ref>[https://www.wsj.com/opinion/musk-and-ramaswamy-the-doge-plan-to-reform-government-supreme-court-guidance-end-executive-power-grab-fa51c020?cx_testId=3&cx_testVariant=cx_165&cx_artPos=5 Elon Musk and Vivek Ramaswamy: The DOGE Plan to Reform Government: Following the Supreme Court’s guidance, we’ll reverse a decadeslong executive power grab. Musk & Ramaswamy 11/20/2024]</ref> == Reduce the deficit and debt by impounding appropriated funds == === Impound appropriated funds === Reports suggest that president-elect Trump intends to override Congress’s power of the purse by [[w:Impoundment_of_appropriated_funds|impoundment of appropriated funds]], that is, refusing to spend them. the president may [[wikipedia:Rescission_bill|propose rescission]] of specific funds, but that rescission must be approved by both the [[wikipedia:United_States_House_of_Representatives|House of Representatives]] and [[wikipedia:United_States_Senate|Senate]] within 45 days. [[w:Thomas_Jefferson|Thomas Jefferson]] was the first president to exercise the power of impoundment in 1801, which power was available to all presidents up to and including [[wikipedia:Richard_Nixon|Richard Nixon]], and was regarded as a power inherent to the office, although one with limits. He may ask Congress to repeal The [[w:Congressional_Budget_and_Impoundment_Control_Act_of_1974|Congressional Budget and Impoundment Control Act of 1974]], which was passed in response to Nixon's abuses.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://democrats-budget.house.gov/resources/reports/impoundment-control-act-1974-what-it-why-does-it-matter|title=The Impoundment Control Act of 1974: What Is It? Why Does It Matter? {{!}} House Budget Committee Democrats|date=2019-10-23|website=democrats-budget.house.gov|language=en|access-date=2024-05-19}}</ref> If Congress refuses to do so, president Trump may impound funds anyway and argue in court that the 1974 law is unconstitutional. The matter would likely end up at the Supreme Court, which would have to do more than simply hold the 1974 act unconstitutional in order for Mr. Trump to prevail. The court would also have to overrule [[w:Train_v._City_of_New_York_(1975)|''Train v. City of New York'' (1975)]], which held that impoundment is illegal unless the underlying legislation specifically authorizes it. === Reduce the budget deficit === [[wikipedia:U.S. federal budget|U.S. federal budget]] The [[wikipedia:Fiscal_year|fiscal year]], beginning October 1 and ending on September 30 of the year following. Congress is the body required by law to pass appropriations annually and to submit funding bills passed by both houses to the President for signature. Congressional decisions are governed by rules and legislation regarding the [[wikipedia:United_States_budget_process|federal budget process]]. Budget committees set spending limits for the House and Senate committees and for Appropriations subcommittees, which then approve individual [[wikipedia:Appropriations_bill_(United_States)|appropriations bills]] to During FY2022, the federal government spent $6.3 trillion. Spending as % of GDP is 25.1%, almost 2 percentage points greater than the average over the past 50 years. Major categories of FY 2022 spending included: Medicare and Medicaid ($1.339T or 5.4% of GDP), Social Security ($1.2T or 4.8% of GDP), non-defense discretionary spending used to run federal Departments and Agencies ($910B or 3.6% of GDP), Defense Department ($751B or 3.0% of GDP), and net interest ($475B or 1.9% of GDP).<ref name="CBO_2022">[https://www.cbo.gov/publication/58888 The Federal Budget in Fiscal Year 2022: An Infographic]</ref> CBO projects a federal budget deficit of $1.6 trillion for 2024. In the agency’s projections, deficits generally increase over the coming years; the shortfall in 2034 is $2.6 trillion. The deficit amounts to 5.6 percent of gross domestic product (GDP) in 2024, swells to 6.1 percent of GDP in 2025, and then declines in the two years that follow. After 2027, deficits increase again, reaching 6.1 percent of GDP in 2034.<ref name="CBO_budgetOutlook2024">{{cite web|url=https://www.cbo.gov/publication/59710|title=The Budget and Economic Outlook: 2024 to 2034|date=February 7, 2024|publisher=CBO|access-date=February 7, 2024}}</ref> The following table summarizes several budgetary statistics for the fiscal year 2015-2021 periods as a percent of GDP, including federal tax revenue, outlays or spending, deficits (revenue – outlays), and [[wikipedia:National_debt_of_the_United_States|debt held by the public]]. The historical average for 1969-2018 is also shown. With U.S. GDP of about $21 trillion in 2019, 1% of GDP is about $210 billion.<ref name="CBO_Hist_20">[https://www.cbo.gov/about/products/budget-economic-data#2 CBO-Historical Budget Data-Retrieved January 28, 2020]</ref> Statistics for 2020-2022 are from the CBO Monthly Budget Review for FY 2022.<ref name="CBO_MBRFY2022">{{cite web|url=https://www.cbo.gov/publication/58592|title=Monthly Budget Review: Summary for Fiscal Year 2022|date=November 8, 2022|publisher=CBO|access-date=December 10, 2022}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" !Variable As % GDP !2015 !2016 !2017 !2018 !2019 !2020 !2021 !2022 !Hist Avg |- !Revenue<ref name="CBO_Hist_20">[https://www.cbo.gov/about/products/budget-economic-data#2 CBO-Historical Budget Data-Retrieved January 28, 2020]</ref> |18.0% |17.6% |17.2% |16.4% |16.4% |16.2% |17.9% |19.6% |17.4% |- !Outlays<ref name="CBO_Hist_20" /> |20.4% |20.8% |20.6% |20.2% |21.0% |31.1% |30.1% |25.1% |21.0% |- !Budget Deficit<ref name="CBO_Hist_20" /> | -2.4% | -3.2% | -3.5% | -3.8% | -4.6% | -14.9% | -12.3% | -5.5% | -3.6% |- !Debt Held by Public<ref name="CBO_Hist_20" /> |72.5% |76.4% |76.2% |77.6% |79.4% |100.3% |99.6% |94.7% | |} The [[wikipedia:U.S._Constitution|U.S. Constitution]] ([[wikipedia:Article_One_of_the_United_States_Constitution|Article I]], section 9, clause 7) states that "No money shall be drawn from the Treasury, but in Consequence of Appropriations made by Law; and a regular Statement and Account of Receipts and Expenditures of all public Money shall be published from time to time." Each year, the President of the United States submits a budget request to Congress for the following fiscal year as required by the [[wikipedia:Budget_and_Accounting_Act_of_1921|Budget and Accounting Act of 1921]]. Current law ({{UnitedStatesCode|31|1105}}(a)) requires the president to submit a budget no earlier than the first Monday in January, and no later than the first Monday in February. Typically, presidents submit budgets on the first Monday in February. The budget submission has been delayed, however, in some new presidents' first year when the previous president belonged to a different party. === Reduce the National debt === == Strategic Foreign Policy and Military reform == President-elect Trump has promised to "put an end to endless wars", to make [[w:NATO#NATO_defence_expenditure|NATO members pay their fair share]], end the [[w:Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine|current Russian invasion of Ukraine]], to renew the maximum-pressure policy toward Iran, and to free the hostages held in Gaza and/or ensure Israeli victory in the [[w:Israel–Hamas_war|current multi-front war launched by Iran and its proxies]]. NATO Secretary General [[w:Mark_Rutte|Mark Rutte]] publicly thanked Trump for stimulating Europe to increase national defense spending above 2%, saying "this is his doing, his success, and we need to do more, we notice."<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/video/wsj-opinion-twilight-of-the-trans-atlantic-relationship/FA4C937B-57AF-4E1D-BAC4-7293607577D1?page=1|title=WSJ Opinion: Twilight of the Trans-Atlantic Relationship|last=WSJ Opinion|date=26 November 2024|work=The Wall Street Journal}}</ref> Nominee for [[w:National_Security_Advisor|National Security Advisor]] [[w:Mike_Waltz|Mike Waltz]] To oversee the [[w:U.S._Intelligence_Community|U.S. Intelligence Community]] and NIP, and the 18 IC agencies, including the CIA, DIA, NSC, the nominee for [[w:Director_of_National_Intelligence|Director of National Intelligence]] is [[w:Tulsi_Gabbard|Tulsi Gabbard]], who is an isolationist of the [[w:Bernie_Sanders#foreign_policy|Bernie Sanders]] camp, with a long record of dogmatically opposing [[w:Foreign_policy_of_the_Trump_administration|President Trump's first term foreign policy]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/opinion/tulsi-gabbard-director-of-national-intelligence-donald-trump-foreign-policy-syria-israel-iran-b37aa3de|title=How Tulsi Gabbard Sees the World|last=Editorial Board|date=10 December 2024|work=The Wall Street Journal}}</ref> ''"The first act of a statesman is to recognize the type of war he is in"'', according to [[w:Carl_von_Clausewitz|Clausewitz]], given that human determination outweighs material advantages. Therefore he is advised by [[w:West_Point|West Point]] strategist [[w:John_Spencer|John Spencer]] writing in the WSJ to avoid four common foreign-policy fallacies: * the "abacus fallacy" that wars are won by superior resources, counterexample Vietnam * the "vampire fallacy" that wars are won by superior technology, counterexample Russia's failure in Ukraine, (c.f. Lt. Gen [[w:H.R._McMaster|H.R. McMaster]], 2014) * the "Zero Dark Thirty" fallacy that elevates precision strikes and special ops to the level of grand strategy or above (ibid) * and the "Peace table fallacy", which believes that all wars end in negotiation.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/opinion/stopping-endless-wars-is-easier-said-than-done-trump-second-term-2cab9c7a?page=1|title=Stopping ‘Endless Wars’ Is Easier Said Than Done|last=Spencer|first=John|date=11 December 2024|work=The Wall Street Journal}}</ref> === Department of State === {{Main article|w:Second presidency of Donald Trump#Prospective foreign policy|w:State Department}} [[w:Marco_Rubio|Marco Rubio]] has been nominated as [[w:U.S._Secretary_of_State|U.S. Secretary of State]], overseeing $53bn and 77,880 employees ==== [[w:USAID|USAID]] ==== ==== National Endowment for Democracy ==== The [[w:National_Endowment_for_Democracy|National Endowment for Democracy]] is grant-making foundation organized as a private non-profit corporation overseen by congress, a project of Ronald Reagan announced in a [[1982 speech to British Parliament]], in which he stated that "freedom is not the sole prerogative of a lucky few, but the inalienable and universal right of all human beings", invoking the Israelites exodus and the Greeks' stand at Thermopylae. The NED is reportedly near the top of the DOGE's hit list.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/opinion/save-a-reagan-initiative-from-the-doge-national-endowment-for-democracy-funding-2b6cc072?page=1|title=Save a Reagan Initiative From Musk and Ramaswamy|last=Galston|first=William|date=11 December 2024|work=The Wall Street Journal}}</ref> It is had a pro-freedom and [[w:Anti-communist|anti-communist]] mission to help pro-democracy leaders and groups in Asia, Africa, and Latin America, and assisted the transition of Eastern and Central European nations. The arguments being made by those in favor of defunding are that it "is a relic of the Cold War that has outlived its usefulness and no longer serves any pressing purpose in terms of advancing national interests", according to [[w:James_Piereson|James Piereson]]{{Cn}} Congress has raised its funding significanty in recent years, in a vote of confidence. === U.S. Department of Defense === U.S. DoD employees ____ civilian personel, ___ civilian contractors, and oversees a budget of _____. Nominated for [[w:Secretary_of_Defense|Secretary of Defense]] is [[w:Pete_Hegseth|Pete Hegseth]], who has been doubted by many Republican Senators{{Cn}} and supported by Trump's base.{{Cn}} The president-elect is reportedly considering a draft executive order that establishes a “warrior board” of retired senior military personnel with the power to review three- and four-star officers “on leadership capability, strategic readiness, and commitment to military excellence," and to recommend removals of any deemed unfit for leadership. This would fast-track the removal of generals and admirals found to be “lacking in requisite leadership qualities,” consistent with his earlier vow to fire “woke” military leaders.<ref>[https://www.wsj.com/politics/national-security/trump-draft-executive-order-would-create-board-to-purge-generals-7ebaa606<nowiki> Trump draft executive order would create a board to purge generals 11/12/2024]</nowiki></ref> There are legal obstacles. The law prohibits the firing of commissioned officers except by “sentence of a general court-martial,” as a “commutation of a sentence of a general court-martial,” or “in time of war, by order of the president.” A commissioned officer who believes he’s been wrongfully dismissed has the right to seek a trial by court-martial, which may find the dismissal baseless. <ref>[https://www.wsj.com/opinion/trump-tests-the-constitutions-limits-checks-balances-government-policy-law-78d0d0f1 &lt;nowiki&gt; Trump test the constitutions limits 11/19/2024]</ref> Musk said, "Some idiots are still building manned fighter jets like the F-35," and later added: "Manned fighter jets are outdated in the age of drones and only put pilots' lives at risk." [[w:Bernie_Sanders|Bernie Sanders]] wrote on X: "Elon Musk is right. The Pentagon, with a budget of $886 billion, just failed its 7th audit in a row. It's lost track of billions. Last year, only 13 senators voted against the Military Industrial Complex and a defense budget full of waste and fraud. That must change."{{sfn|Newsweek 12/02|2024}}. It failed its fifth audit in June 2023.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newsweek.com/fox-news-host-confronts-gop-senator-pentagons-fifth-failed-audit-1804379|title=Fox News host confronts GOP Senator on Pentagon's fifth failed audit|last=Writer|first=Fatma Khaled Staff|date=2023-06-04|website=Newsweek|language=en|access-date=2024-12-02}}</ref> === [[w:DARPA|DARPA]] === === US Air Force === Air Force is advancing a program called [[w:Collaborative_Combat_Aircraft|Collaborative Combat Aircraft]] to build roughly 1,000 UAVs, with [[w:Anduril|Anduril]] and [[w:General_Atomics|General Atomics]] currently building prototypes, ahead of an Air Force decision on which company or companies will be contracted to build it. The cost quickly exceeded the $2.3 billion approved for last fiscal year’s budget, according to the [[w:Congressional_Research_Service|Congressional Research Service]], prompting calls for more oversight. “''If you want to make real improvements to the defense and security of the United States of America, we would be investing more in drones, we’d be investing more in [[w:Hypersonic_weapon|hypersonic missiles]]'',” said Mr. Ramaswamy. The program for Lockheed-Martin's [[w:F-35|F-35]] stealth jet fighters, now in production, is expected to exceed $2 trillion over several decades. The Air Force on 5 December announced it would delay a decision on which company would build the next-generation crewed fighter, called [[w:Next Generation Air Dominance|Next Generation Air Dominance (NGAD)]], which was planned to replace the [[w:F-22|F-22]] and operate alongside the F-35. Mr. Musk has written that "manned fighter jets are obsolete in the age of drones.” In another post, he claimed “a reusable drone” can do everything a jet fighter can do “without all the overhead of a pilot.” Brigadier General [[w:Doug_Wickert|Doug Wickert]] said in response, “There may be some day when we can completely rely on roboticized warfare but we are a century away.... How long have we thought full self-driving was going to be on the Tesla?” <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/politics/national-security/air-force-jets-vs-drones-trump-administration-8b1620a5?page=1|title=Trump Administration Set to Decide Future of Jet Fighters|last=Seligman|first=Lara|date=6 December 2024|work=The Wall Street Journal}}</ref> === US Space Force === The [[w:US_Space_Force|US Space Force]]'s 2023 budget was ~$26bn and it had 9,400 military personnel. SpaceX had a $14m contract to provide communications to the Ukrainian armed forces and government through 30th Nov 2024.{{sfn|Economist 11/23|2024}} Is also receiving a $733m contract to carry satellites into orbit.{{sfn|Economist 11/23|2024}} The Pentagon plans to incorporate into its own communications network 100 of [[w:Starshield|Starshield]]'s satellites.{{sfn|Economist 11/23|2024}} Starshield also has a $1.8bn contract to help the [[w:National_Reconnaissance_Office|National Reconnaissance Office]] build spy satellites.{{sfn|Economist 11/23|2024}} == Department of Space Transportation == Mr. Trump's transition team told advisors that it plans to make a federal framework for self-driving cars. Mr. Trump had a call with Sundar Pichai and Mr. Musk. === Rail and Tunnel Authority === === Ports Authority === === Interstate Highway Authority === === [[w:Federal_Aviation_Administration|Federal Aviation Administration]] === Musk has often complained about the FAA "smothering" innovation, boasting that he can build a rocket faster than the agency can process the "Kafkaesque paperwork" required to make the relevant approvals.{{sfn|Economist 11/23|2024}} === National Air and Space Administration === The [[w:National_Air_and_Space_Administration|National Air and Space Administration]] (NASA) had a 2023 budget of $25.4 bn and 18,000 employees. [[w:Jared_Isaacman|Jared Isaacman]] is nominated director. He had joined a space voyage in 2021 which was the first for an all-civilian crew to reach orbit. He led a four person crew in September on the first commericial spacewalk, testing SpaceX's new spacesuits. He promised to lead NASA in to "usher in an era where humanity becomes a true space-faring civilization." In an interview Isaacman said that NASA will evolve as private space companies set their own priorities and develop technology. NASA could have a certification role for astronauts and vehicles, similar to how the Federal Aviation Administration oversees the commercial airline industry. “The FAA doesn’t build the airplanes. They don’t staff the pilots that fly you from point A to B,” he said. “That is the world that NASA is in, essentially.” He also suggested openness to new and lower cost ways of getting to the Moon and to Mars.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/politics/elections/trump-picks-billionaire-space-traveler-to-run-nasa-4420150b?page=1|title=Trump Picks Billionaire Space Traveler to Run NASA|last=Maidenberg|first=Micah|date=5 December 2024|work=WSJ}}</ref> In September 2026, NASA's [[w:Artemis_program|Artemis program]], established in 2017 via [[wikipedia:Space_Policy_Directive_1|Space Policy Directive 1]], is intended to reestablish a human presence on the Moon for the first time since the [[wikipedia:Apollo_17|Apollo 17]] mission in 1972. The program's stated long-term goal is to establish a [[wikipedia:Moonbase|permanent base on the Moon]] to facilitate [[wikipedia:Human_mission_to_Mars|human missions to Mars]]. The [[w:U.S._National_Academies_of_Sciences,_Engineering,_and_Medicine|U.S. National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine]] in October, put out a report titled "NASA at a Crossroads," which identified myriad issues at the agency, including out-of-date infrastructure, pressures to prioritize short-term objectives and inefficient management practices. NASA's costly [[w:Space_Launch_System|Space Launch System]] (SLS) is the cornerstone of the Artemis program. has a price tag of around $4.1 billion per launch, and is a single-use rocket that can only launch every two years, having debuted in 2022 with the uncrewed [[w:Artemis_1_mission|Artemis 1 mission]] to the moon. In contrast, SpaceX is working to reduce the cost of a single Starship flight to under $10 million. NASA Associate Administrator Jim Free urged the incoming administration to maintain the current plans, in a symposium with the [[w:American_Astronautical_Society|American Astronautical Society]] saying "We need that consistency in purpose. That has not happened since Apollo. If we lose that, I believe we will fall apart and we will wander, and other people in this world will pass us by." NASA has already asked both [[w:SpaceX|SpaceX]] and also Jeff Bezos' [[w:Blue_Origin|Blue Origin]], to develop cargo landers for its Artemis missions and to deliver heavy equipment on them to the Moon by 2033. "Having two lunar lander providers with different approaches for crew and cargo landing capability provides mission flexibility while ensuring a regular cadence of moon landings for continued discovery and scientific opportunity," Stephen D. Creech, NASA's assistant deputy associate administrator for the moon to Mars program, said in an announcement about the partnership. "For all of the money we are spending, NASA should NOT be talking about going to the Moon - We did that 50 years ago. They should be focused on the much bigger things we are doing, including Mars (of which the Moon is a part), Defense and Science!" Trump wrote in a post on X in 2019. Trump has said he would create a [[w:Space_National_Guard|Space National Guard]], an idea that lawmakers in Congress have been proposing since 2021. Critics agree that a focus on spaceflight could come at the expense of "Earth and atmospheric sciences at NASA and the [[w:National_Oceanic_and_Atmospheric_Administration|National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]] (NOAA), which have been cut during the Biden era."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newsweek.com/elon-musk-donald-trump-nasa-space-policy-1990599|title=Donald Trump and Elon Musk could radically reshape NASA. Here's how|last=Reporter|first=Martha McHardy US News|date=2024-11-27|website=Newsweek|language=en|access-date=2024-12-02}}</ref> Regarding his goal and SpaceX's corporate mission of colonising Mars, Mr. Musk has stated that "The DOGE is the only path to extending life beyond earth"{{sfn|Economist 11/23|2024}} === National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration === == Department of Education and Propaganda == [[w:United_States_Department_of_Education|Department of Education]] has 4,400 employees – the smallest staff of the Cabinet agencies<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www2.ed.gov/about/overview/fed/role.html|title=Federal Role in Education|date=2021-06-15|website=www2.ed.gov|language=en|access-date=2022-04-28}}</ref> – and a 2024 budget of $238 billion.<ref name="DOE-mission">{{Cite web|url=https://www.usaspending.gov/agency/department-of-education?fy=2024|title=Agency Profile {{!}} U.S. Department of Education|website=www2.ed.gov|access-date=2024-11-14}}</ref> The 2023 Budget was $274 billion, which included funding for children with disabilities ([[wikipedia:Individuals_with_Disabilities_Education_Act|IDEA]]), pandemic recovery, early childhood education, [[wikipedia:Pell_Grant|Pell Grants]], [[wikipedia:Elementary_and_Secondary_Education_Act|Title I]], work assistance, among other programs. This budget was down from $637.7 billion in 2022.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.future-ed.org/what-the-new-pisa-results-really-say-about-u-s-schools/|title=What the New PISA Results Really Say About U.S. Schools|date=2021-06-15|website=future-ed.com|language=en|access-date=2024-11-14}}</ref> Nominated as [[w:US_Secretary_of_Education|Secretary of Education]] is [[w:Linda_McMahon|Linda McMahon]]. The WSJ proposes that the Civil Rights division be absorbed into the Department of Justice, and that its outstanding loan portolio be handled by the Department of the Treasury. Despite the redundancies, its unlikely that it will be abolished, which would require congressional action and buy-in from Democrats in the Senate; Republicans don’t have enough votes to do it alone. A republican appointee is expected to push back against federal education overreach and progressive policies like DEI. <ref>[https://www.wsj.com/opinion/trump-can-teach-the-education-department-a-lesson-nominee-needs-boldness-back-school-choice-oppose-woke-indoctrination-ddf6a38d<nowiki> Trump can teach the Education Department a Lesson. WSJ 11/20/2024]</nowiki></ref> During his campaign, Trump had pledged to get the "transgender insanity the hell out of schools.” Relying on the district court's decision in ''[[w:Tatel_v._Mount_Lebanon_School_District|Tatel v. Mount Lebanon School District]] , the'' attorney general and education secretary could issue a letter explaining how enforcing gender ideology violates constitutional [[w:Free_exercise_clause|First amendment right to free exercise of religion]] and the [[w:Equal_Protection_Clause|14th Amendment’s Equal Protection Clause]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/opinion/how-trump-can-target-transgenderism-in-schools-law-policy-education-369537a7?page=1|title=How Trump Can Target Transgenderism in Schools|last=Eden|first=Max|date=9 December 2024|work=The Wall Street Journal}}</ref> === CPB, PBS, NPR === Regarding the [[w:Corporation_for_Public_Broadcasting|Corporation for Public Broadcasting]], [[w:Howard_Husock|Howard Husock]] suggest that instead of zeroing its $535 million budget, Republicans reform the [[w:Public_Broadcasting_Act|Public Broadcasting Act]] to eliminate bias and improve local journalism.<ref>https://www.wsj.com/opinion/the-conservative-case-for-public-broadcasting-media-policy-2d4c3c9f?page=1</ref> {{As of|2024|alt=For fiscal year 2024}}, its appropriation was US$525 million, including $10 million in interest earned. The distribution of these funds was as follows:<ref>{{cite web|url=https://cpb.org/aboutcpb/financials/budget/|title=CPB Operating Budget|last=|date=2024|website=www.cpb.org|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=November 27, 2024|url-status=}}</ref> * $262.83M for direct grants to local public television stations; * $95.11M for television programming grants; * $81.77M for direct grants to local public radio stations; * $28.12M for the Radio National Program Production and Acquisition * $9.43M for the Radio Program Fund * $31.50 for system support * $26.25 for administration Public broadcasting stations are funded by a combination of private donations from listeners and viewers, foundations and corporations. Funding for public television comes in roughly equal parts from government (at all levels) and the private sector.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cpb.org/annualreports/2013/|title=CPB 2013 Annual Report|website=www.cpb.org|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160212170045/http://cpb.org/annualreports/2013/|archive-date=February 12, 2016|access-date=May 4, 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Department of Justice (DOJ) == The US. [[w:Department_of_Justice|Department of Justice]] has a 2023 budget of _____ and ___ employees. Nominated as [[w:Attorney_General|Attorney General]] is Florida AG [[w:Pam_Bondi|Pam Bondi]]{{Cn}}, after Matt Gaetz withdrew his candidacy after pressure.{{Cn}} === Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) === With 35,000 employees the [[w:FBI|FBI]] made a 2021 budget request for $9.8 billion. Nominated as director is [[w:Kash_Patel|Kash Patel]], who promised to "shut down the FBI [[w:Hoover_building|Hoover building]] on day one, and open it the next day as a museum of the deep state. He said "''I would take the 7,000 employees that work in that building and send them out across the America to chase criminals"'', saying ''"Go be cops."'' He promised to retaliate against journalists and government employees who "helped Joe Biden rig the election" in 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.wsj.com/video/series/wsj-explains/who-is-kash-patel-donald-trumps-pick-to-lead-the-fbi/F4D38D41-013A-4B05-A170-D7394AA91C2B|title=Who Is Kash Patel, Donald Trump’s Pick to Lead the FBI?|date=6 December 2024|website=WSJ.com Video}}</ref> ===== Reception and Analysis ===== His nomination "sent shock waves" through the DOJ, and his nomination has been opposed by many Republican lawmakers{{Cn}}, including former CIA director [[w:Gina_Haspell|Gina Haspell]] and AG [[w:Willliam_Barr|Willliam Barr]], who had threatened to resign if Mr. Patel were to be forced on them as a deputy, during Mr. Trump's first term.<ref name=":6">{{Cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/opinion/kash-patel-doesnt-belong-at-the-fbi-cabinet-nominee-5ef655eb?page=1|title=Kash Patel Doesn’t Belong at the FBI: At the NSC, he was less interested in his assigned duties than in proving his loyalty to Donald Trump.|last=Bolton|first=John|date=11 December 2024|work=The Wall Street Journal}}</ref> As an author he wrote a polemical children's book lionizing "King Donald" with himself in the role of "Wizard", despite the Constitution's republican values and its prohibition on granting titles of nobility.<ref>Original synthethic statement, with constitutional context provided by <nowiki>[[User:Jaredscribe]]</nowiki></ref> He has been accused of exaggerating his roles and accomplishments, and deliberate vowing to violate the [[w:Article_Two_of_the_United_States_Constitution#Clause_5:_Caring_for_the_faithful_execution_of_the_law|"Take care" clause of Article II.3]], "''that the Laws be faithfully executed"'' by placing personal loyalties, vendettas, and hunches above his oath to the Constitution.<ref name=":6" /> He has also been accused of lying about national intelligence by [[w:Mark_Esper|Mark Esper]] in his memoir, recently again by Pence aide [[w:Olivia_Troye|Olivia Troye]], although former SoS [[w:Mike_Pompeo|Mike Pompeo]] has not yet clarified the incident in question.  He was called upon to do so in a 11 December WSJ piece by former National Security Advisor [[w:John_Bolton|John Bolton]], who also wrote, "''If illegitimate partisan prosecutions were launched [by the Biden administration], then those responsible should be held accountable in a reasoned, professional manner, not in a counter-witch hunt.  The worst response is for Mr. Trump to engage in the prosecutorial [mis]conduct he condemns [which further] politicizes and degrades the American people's faith in evenhanded law enforcement.''"<ref name=":6" /> He has received support from _____ who wrote that _______.{{Cn}} == U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS) == Nominated as [[w:United_States_Secretary_of_Health_and_Human_Services|United States Secretary of Health and Human Services]] is [[w:Robert_F._Kennedy_Jr.|Robert F. Kennedy Jr.]], deputy Secretary [[w:Jim_O'Neill_(investor)|Jim O'Neill]]. Nominated for [[w:US_Surgeon_General|US Surgeon General]] is [[w:Janette_Nesheiwat|Janette Nesheiwat]]. [[w:U.S._Department_of_Health_and_Human_Services|U.S. Department of Health and Human Services]] was authorized a budget for [[w:2020_United_States_federal_budget|fiscal year 2020]] of $1.293 trillion. It has 13 operating divisions, 10 of which constitute the [[w:United_States_Public_Health_Service|Public Health Services]], whose budget authorization is broken down as follows:<ref name="hhs_budget_fy2020">{{cite web|url=https://www.hhs.gov/about/budget/fy2020/index.html|title=HHS FY 2020 Budget in Brief|date=October 5, 2019|website=HHS Budget & Performance|publisher=United States Department of Health & Human Services|page=7|access-date=May 9, 2020}}</ref> {| class="wikitable sortable" !Nominee !Program !2020 Budget !2024 Budget ! employees !2025 Budget !2026 Budget |- |[[w:Marty_Makary|Marty Makary]] |[[w:Food and Drug Administration|Food and Drug Administration]] (FDA) |$3,329 MM |- | |[[w:Health Resources and Services Administration|Health Resources and Services Administration]] (HRSA) |$11,004 |- | |[[w:Indian Health Service|Indian Health Service]] (IHS) |$6,104 |- |[[w:Dave_Weldon|Dave Weldon]] |[[w:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]] (CDC) |$6,767 |- |[[w:Jay_Bhattacharya|Jay Bhattacharya]] |[[w:National Institutes of Health|National Institutes of Health]] (NIH) |$33,669 |- | |[[w:Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration|Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration]] (SAMHSA) |$5,535 |- | |[[w:Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality|Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality]] (AHRQ) |$0 |- |[[w:Mehmet_Oz|Mehmet Oz]] |[[w:Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services|Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services]] (CMMS) |$1,169,091 |- | |[[w:Administration for Children and Families|Administration for Children and Families]] (ACF) |$52,121 |- | |[[w:Administration for Community Living|Administration for Community Living]] (ACL) |$1,997 |- |} {| class="wikitable sortable" !Program !2020 Budget !2024 Budget ! employees !2025 Budget !2026 Budget |- |[[w:Departmental Management|Departmental Management]] |$340 |- |Non-Recurring Expense Fund |$-400 |- |[[w:Office of Medicare Hearings and Appeals|Office of Medicare Hearings and Appeals]] |$186 |- |[[w:Office of the National Coordinator|Office of the National Coordinator]] |$43 |- |[[w:Office for Civil Rights|Office for Civil Rights]] |$30 |- |[[w:Office of Inspector General|Office of Inspector General]] |$82 |- |[[w:Public Health and Social Services Emergency Fund|Public Health and Social Services Emergency Fund]] |$2,667 |- |[[w:Program Support Center|Program Support Center]] |$749 |- |Offsetting Collections |$-629 |- |Other Collections |$-163 |- |'''TOTAL''' |'''$1,292,523''' |} The FY2020 budget included a $1.276 billion budget decrease for the Centers for Disease Control, and a $4.533 billion budget decrease for the National Institutes of Health. These budget cuts, along with other changes since 2019, comprised a total decrease of over $24 billion in revised discretionary budget authority across the entire Department of Health and Human Services for Fiscal Year 2020.<ref name="hhs_budget_fy2020" /> Additional details of the budgeted outlays, budget authority, and detailed budgets for other years, can be found at the HHS Budget website.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://WWW.HHS.GOV/BUDGET|title=Health and Human Services: Budget and Performance|publisher=United States Department of Health & Human Services|access-date=May 9, 2020}}</ref> He is an American politician, [[Environmental law|environmental lawyer]], [[anti-vaccine activist]], and anti-packaged food industry activist, anti-pharmaceutical industry activist, who will be nominated to serve as [[United States Secretary of Health and Human Services]],<ref name="v502">{{cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/saradorn/2024/11/14/rfk-jr-launches-independent-2024-run-here-are-all-the-conspiracies-he-promotes-from-vaccines-to-mass-shootings/|title=Trump Taps RFK Jr. As Secretary Of Health And Human Services: Here Are All The Conspiracies He's Promoted|last=Dorn|first=Sara|date=2024-11-14|website=Forbes|access-date=2024-11-15}}</ref> with the mission of "Making America Healthy Again". He is the chairman and founder of [[Children's Health Defense]], an anti-vaccine advocacy group and proponent of [[COVID-19 vaccine misinformation|dubious COVID-19 vaccine information]].<ref name="Smith_12/15/2021" /><ref name="KW" /> === National Institutes of Health === The [[w:NIH|NIH]] distributes grants of ~$50bn per year. Nominated to lead the [[w:National_Institutes_of_Health|National Institutes of Health]] is [[w:Jay_Bhattacharya|Jay Bhattacharya]], who has announced the following priorities for funding: * cutting edge research, saying that the NIH has become "sclerotic", due to a phenomenon has been called [[Eroom’s law]], which explains that career incentives encourage “me-too research,” given that citations by other scientists “have become the dominant way to evaluate scientific contributions and scientists.” That has shifted research “toward incremental science and away from exploratory projects that are more likely to fail, but which are the fuel for future breakthroughs.”<ref name=":3">{{Cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/opinion/jay-bhattacharya-and-the-vindication-of-the-fringe-scientists-pandemic-lockdowns-38b6aec6|title=Jay Bhattacharya and the Vindication of the ‘Fringe’ Scientists|last=Finley|first=Allysia|date=1 December 2024|work=Wall Street Journal}}</ref> Dr. Bhattacharya's February 2020 paper explaining Eroom's law, as possible explanation for slowing of pharmaceutical advances.{{Cn}} * studies aimed at replicating the results of earlier studies, to address the problem of scientific fraud or other factors contributing to the the [[w:Replication_crisis|replication crisis]], encouraging academic freedom among NIH scientists and term limits for NIH leaders. “Those kinds of reforms, I think every scientist would agree, every American would agree, it’s how you turn the NIH from something that is sort of how to control society, into something that is aimed at the discovery of truth to improve the health of Americans,” he said.<ref name=":4">{{Cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/health/healthcare/covid-lockdown-critic-jay-bhattacharya-chosen-to-lead-nih-2958e5e2?page=1|title=Covid-Lockdown Critic Jay Bhattacharya Chosen to Lead NIH|last=Whyte|first=Liz Essley|date=26 November 2024|work=The Wall Street Journal}}</ref> * Refocusing on research on [[w:Chronic_diseases|chronic diseases]], which is underfunded, and away from [[w:Infectious_diseases|infectious diseases]], which is overfunded. * Ending [[w:Gain-of-function|gain-of-function]] research. Jay Bhattacharya wrote a March 25 2020 op-ed "Is the Coronavirus as Deadly as They Say?", with colleague [[w:Eran_Bendavid|Eran Bendavid]], arguing that many asymptomatic cases of COVID-19 were going undetected. The hypothesis was confirmed in April 2020 when he and several colleagues published a study showing that Covid anti-bodies in Santa Clara county were 50 times the recorded infection rate. This implied, he said "a lower inflection mortality rate than public health authorities were pushing at a time when they and the media thought it was a virtue to panic the population".<ref><nowiki><ref></nowiki>{{Cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/opinion/the-man-who-fought-fauci-and-won-trump-nih-nominee-jay-bhattacharya-covid-cancel-culture-4a0650bd?page=1|title=The Man Who Fought Fauci - and Won|last=Varadarajan|first=Tunku|date=6 December 2024|work=WSJ}}&lt;nowiki&gt;</ref> Dr. Bhattacharya, [[w:Martin_Kulldorff|Martin Kulldorff]], then at Harvard, and Oxford’s [[w:Sunetra_Gupta|Sunetra Gupta]] formally expounded this idea in the [[w:Great_Barrington_Declaration|Great Barrington Declaration]] in October 2020, urging the government to focus on protecting the vulnerable while letting others go about their lives, which previous NIH director [[w:Francis_Collins|Francis Collins]] derided as "fringe science its into the political views of certain parts of our confused political establishment," and previous [[w:NIAID|NIAID]] director [[w:Chief_Medical_Advisor_to_the_President|chief medical advisor to the President]] [[w:Anthony_Fauci|Anthony Fauci]] "a quick and devastating public takedown of its premises." Some suggest the same career incentives that lead to scientific group-think in the pharmaceutical industry, also explain conformist behavior during COVID-19, due to the threat against young scientists of losing NIH funding, jobs, and career opportunities, if they were to exercise in independent judgement.<ref name=":3" /> “Dr. Jay Bhattacharya is the ideal leader to restore NIH as the international template for gold-standard science and evidence-based medicine,” DHHS Secretary nominee Kennedy wrote. "We will reform American scientific institutions so that they are worthy of trust again and will deploy the fruits of excellent science to make America healthy again!” said Dr. Bhattacharya. “Dr. Bhattacharya is a strong choice to lead the NIH,” said Dr. [[w:Ned_Sharpless|Ned Sharpless]], a former [[w:National_Cancer_Institute|National Cancer Institute]] director. “The support of moderate Senate Republicans will be critical to NIH funding, and Dr. Bhattacharya’s Covid work will give him credibility with this constituency.”<ref name=":4" /> === Food and Drug Administration === The FDA in 2022 had 18,000 employees<ref name="fy2022">{{cite web|url=https://www.fda.gov/media/149613/download|title=FY 2022 FDA Budget Request|publisher=FDA|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230602090805/https://www.fda.gov/media/149613/download|archive-date=June 2, 2023|access-date=January 14, 2022|url-status=live}}</ref> and a budget of $6.5{{nbsp}}billion (2022)<ref name="fy2022" /> Nominated as director is [[w:Marty_Makary|Marty Makary]]. == Department of Agriculture and Food == [[w:Department_of_Agriculture|Department of Agriculture]] (USDA) had 2023 budget of ___ and ____ employees. Nominated for [[w:Secretary_of_Agriculture|Secretary of Agriculture]] is [[w:Brooke_Rollins|Brooke Rollins]], who had earlier served on the [[w:Office_of_American_Innovation|Office of American Innovation]] under [[w:Jared_Kushner|Jared Kushner]], and served as director of [[w:Domestic_Policy_Council|Domestic Policy Council]]. She has not endorsed the "[[w:Make_America_Healthy_Again|Make America Healthy Again]]" agenda of RFK Jr. (and his colleagues Jay Bhattacharcya and others) who promised to "reverse 80 years of farm policy" and complains of the $30 billion/year farms subsidies. Kennedy wants to remove soda from food aid, and ultra-processed food from both [[w:Food-stamps|food-stamp]] benefits and [[w:School_meals|school meals]], both of which are overseen by the USDA; an effort that in the past has been opposed by the food industry, lawmakers, and some anti-hunger advocacy groups.<ref name=":5" /> RFK Jr.'s team had recommended [[w:Sid_Miller|Sid Miller]] for the role, and a group of farmers he had asked to vet candidates had proposed [[w:John_Kempf|John Kempf]].<ref name=":5">{{Cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/politics/policy/trump-agriculture-pick-brooke-rollins-rfk-jr-1a85beda?page=1|title=RFK Jr. Team Skeptical About USDA Pick|last=Andrews|first=Natalie|date=11 December 2024|work=The Wall Street Journal|others=et al}}</ref> He has also called for re-examining the the [[standards regulating the use of pesticides]], especially [[w:Glyphosate|glyphosate]], the world's most widely used [[w:Herbicide|herbicide]] and the active ingredient in [[w:Roundup|Roundup]], used as a weedkiller in major [[w:U.S._commodity_crops|U.S. commodity crops]].[[w:Herbicide|herbicide]]<ref name=":5" /> === Food Stamps === === School Meals === === Farm Subsidies === == Department of Treasury and Reserve == [[w:Departments_of_Treasury|Departments of Treasury]] has 2023 budget of ____ and ___ employees. Nominated for [[w:Secretary_of_the_Treasury|Secretary of the Treasury]] is [[w:Scott_Bessent|Scott Bessent]]. === Consumer Financial Protection Bureau === The [[w:Consumer_Financial_Protection_Bureau|Consumer Financial Protection Bureau]] (CFPB). Said Mr. Musk "Delete the CFPB. There are too many duplicative regulatory agencies"<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/politics/policy/elon-musk-doge-conflict-of-interest-b1202437?page=1|title=Musk’s DOGE Plans Rely on White House Budget Office. Conflicts Await.|last=Schwartz|first=Brian|work=The Wall Street Journal}}</ref> === Securities and Exchange Commission === [[w:Securities_and_Exchange_Commission|Securities and Exchange Commission]] === Internal Revenue Service === [[w:Internal_Revenue_Service|Internal Revenue Service]] === Federal Reserve === Mr. Musk has suggested starting a "[[w:Sovereign_Wealth_Fund|Sovereign Wealth Fund]]" like Texas and other U.S. states, instead of hosting a [[w:National_debt|national debt]]. Ron Paul and others have called for abolishing America's [[w:Central_Bank|Central Bank]], the [[w:Federal_Reserve|Federal Reserve System]], which Mr. Musk appeared to endorse. === American Sovereign Wealth Fund === == Department of Industry, Labor, and Commerce == [[w:Department_of_Commerce|Department of Commerce]] has 2023 budget of _____ and _____ employees. Nominated as [[w:Secretary_of_Commerce|Secretary of Commerce]] is [[w:Howard_Lutnick|Howard Lutnick]] [[w:Department_of_Labor|Department of Labor]] has 2023 budget of _____ and ____ employees. Nominated as [[w:Secretary_of_Labor|Secretary of Labor]] is [[w:Lori_Chavez-Remer|Lori Chavez-Remer]] == Departments of Energy and Interior == Nominee for [[w:US_Secretary_of_the_Interior|Secretary of the Interior]] is [[w:Doug_Burgum|Doug Burgum]], who will also be [[w:List_of_U.S._executive_branch_czars|Energy Czar]]. [[w:Department_of_Energy|Department of Energy]] [[w:United_States_Secretary_of_Energy|secretary nominee]] [[w:Chris_Wright_(energy_executive)|Chris Wright]] admits that burning fossil fuels contributes to rising temperatures, but says it poses only a modest threat to humanity, and praises it for increasing plant growth, making the planet greener, and boosting agricultural productivity. He also says that it likely reduces the annual number of temperature-related deaths. (estimates from health researchers say otherwise). He says, "It's probably almost as many positive changes as negative changes... Is it a crisis, is it the world's greatest challenge, or a big threat to the next generation? No. .. A little bit warmer isn’t a threat. If we were 5, 7, 8, 10 degrees [Celsius] warmer, that would be meaningful changes to the planet.” Scientists see a 1.5 degrees Celsius temperature as creating potentially irreversible changes for the planet, and expect to pass that mark later this year, after increasing over several decade. He criticizes the [[w:Paris_climate_agreement|Paris climate agreement]] for empowering "political actors with anti-fossil fuel agendas." Wright favors development of [[w:Geothermal_energy|geothermal energy]] and [[w:Nuclear_energy_policy_of_the_United_States|nuclear energy]], criticizing subsidies to wind and solar energy. <ref><nowiki><ref></nowiki>{{Cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/politics/policy/who-is-chris-wright-trump-energy-secretary-9eb617dc?page=1|title=Trump’s Energy Secretary Pick Preaches the Benefits of Climate Change|last=Morenne|first=Benoit|date=9 December 2024|work=The Wall Street Journal}}&lt;nowiki&gt;</ref> === Bureau of Land Management === === Forest Service === === National Parks === == AI and Cryptocurrency Policy == [[w:David_Sacks|David Sacks]] was named "White House AI and Crypto Czar". == Reform Entitlements == === Healthcare and Medicare === [[w:ObamaCare|ObamaCare]] started as a plausible scheme for universal, cost-effective health insurance with subsidies for the needy. Only the subsidies survive because the ObamaCare policies actually delivered are so overpriced nobody would buy them without a subsidy.<ref>[https://www.wsj.com/opinion/elons-real-trump-mission-protect-growth-department-of-government-efficiency-appointments-cabinet-9e7e62b2]</ref> See below: Department of Health and Human Services === Social Security === Even FDR was aware of its flaw: it discourages working and saving. === Other === Small-government advocate [[w:Ron_Paul|Ron Paul]] has suggested to cut aid to the following "biggest" welfare recipients: * The [[w:Military-industrial_complex|Military-industrial complex]] * The [[w:Pharmaceutical-industrial_complex|Pharmaceutical-industrial complex]] * The [[w:Federal_Reserve|Federal Reserve]] To which Mr. Musk replied, "Needs to be done".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thehill.com/video/ron-paul-vows-to-join-elon-musk-help-eliminate-government-waste-in-a-trump-admin/10191375/|title=Ron Paul vows to join Elon Musk, help eliminate government waste in a Trump admin|date=2024-11-05|website=The Hill|language=en-US|access-date=2024-12-09}}</ref> == Office of Management and Budget == The White House [[w:Office_of_Management_and_Budget|Office of Management and Budget]] (OMB) guides implementation of regulations and analyzes federal spending. Mssrs. Musk and Ramaswamy encouraged President-elect Trump to reappoint his first term director [[w:Russell_Vought|Russell Vought]], which he did on 22nd Nov.<ref name=":0" /> == Government Efficiency Personnel == Transition spokesman [[w:Brian_Hughes|Brian Hughes]] said that "Elon Musk is a once-in-a-generation business leader and our federal bureaucracy will certainly benefit from his ideas and efficiency". About a dozen Musk allies have visited Mar-a-Lago to serve as unofficial advisors to the Trump 47 transition, influencing hiring at many influential government agencies.<ref name=":2"><nowiki><ref></nowiki>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/12/06/us/politics/trump-elon-musk-silicon-valley.html?searchResultPosition=1|title=The Silicon Valley Billionaires Steering Trump’s Transition|date=8 December 2024|work=NYT}}</ref> [[w:Marc_Andreesen|Marc Andreesen]] has interviewed candidates for State, Pentagon, and DHHS, and has been active pushing for rollback of Biden's cryptocurrency regulations, and rollback of Lina Khan anti-trust efforts with the FTC, and calling for contracting reform in Defense dept. [[w:Jared_Birchall|Jared Birchall]] has interviewed candidates for State, and has advised on Space police and has put together councils for AI and Cryptocurrency policy. David Sacks was named "White House AI and Crypto Czar" [[w:Shaun_MacGuire|Shaun MacGuire]] has advised on picks for intelligence community and has interviewed candidates for Defense. Many tech executives are considering part-time roles advising the DOGE. [[w:Antonio_Gracias|Antonio Gracias]] and [[w:Steve_Davis|Steve Davis]] from Musk's "crisis team" have been active, as has investor [[w:John_Hering|John Hering]]. Other Silicon Valley players who have advised Trump or interviewed candidates: * [[w:Larry_Ellison|Larry Ellison]] has sat in on Trump transition 47 meetings at Mar-a-Lago. * [[w:Mark_Pincus|Mark Pincus]] * [[w:David_Marcus|David Marcus]] * [[w:Barry_Akis|Barry Akis]] * [[w:Shervin_Pishevar|Shervin Pishevar]], who has called for privitization of the USPS, NASA, and the federal Bureau of Prisons. Called for creating an American sovereign wealth fund, and has said that DOGE "could lead a revolutionary restructuring of public institutions."<ref name=":2" /> [[w:William_McGinley|William McGinley]] will move to a role with DOGE. Originally nominated for [[w:White_House_counsel|White House counsel]], he will be replaced in that role by [[w:David_Warrington|David Warrington]].<ref>{{Cite news|title=A White House Counsel Replaced before starting|last=Haberman|first=Maggie|date=6 December 2024|work=New York times}}</ref> The WSJ lauded without naming them, comparing them to the "dollar-a-year men" - business leaders who during WWII revolutionized industrial production to help make America the "arsenal of democracy". (WSJ, 10 December 2024) == History and Miscellaneous facts == See also: [[w:Department_of_Government_Efficiency#History|Department of Government Efficiency — History]] DOGE's work will "conclude" no later than July 4, 2026, the 250th anniversary of the signing of the [[United States Declaration of Independence|U.S. Declaration of Independence]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thehill.com/policy/4987402-trump-musk-advisory-group-spending/|title=Elon Musk, Vivek Ramaswamy to lead Trump's Department of Government Efficiency (DOGE)|last=Nazzaro|first=Miranda|date=November 13, 2024|website=The Hill|language=en-US|access-date=November 13, 2024}}</ref> also coinciding with America's [[United States Semiquincentennial|semiquincentennial]] celebrations and a proposed "Great American Fair". Despite its name it is not expected to be a [[wikipedia:United_States_federal_executive_departments|federal executive department]], but rather may operate under the [[Federal Advisory Committee Act]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/trump-department-of-government-efficiency-doge-elon-musk-ramaswamy/|title=What to know about Trump's Department of Government Efficiency, led by Elon Musk and Vivek Ramaswamy - CBS News|last=Picchi|first=Aimee|date=2024-11-14|website=www.cbsnews.com|language=en-US|access-date=2024-11-14}}</ref> so its formation is not expected to require approval from the [[wikipedia:United_States_Congress|U.S. Congress]]. NYT argues that records of its meetings must be made public.{{Cn}} As an advisor rather than a government employee, Mr. Musk will not be subject to various ethics rules.{{sfn|Economist 11/23}} Musk has stated that he believes such a commission could reduce the [[wikipedia:United_States_federal_budget|U.S. federal budget]] by $2 trillion, which would be a reduction of almost one third from its 2023 total. [[Maya MacGuineas]] of the [[Committee for a Responsible Federal Budget]] has said that this saving is "absolutely doable" over a period of 10 years, but it would be difficult to do in a single year "without compromising some of the fundamental objectives of the government that are widely agreed upon".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thehill.com/business/4966789-elon-musk-skepticism-2-trillion-spending-cuts/|title=Elon Musk draws skepticism with call for $2 trillion in spending cuts|last=Folley|first=Aris|date=2024-11-03|website=The Hill|language=en-US|access-date=2024-11-14}}</ref> [[wikipedia:Jamie_Dimon|Jamie Dimon]], the chief executive officer of [[wikipedia:JPMorgan_Chase|JPMorgan Chase]], has supported the idea. Some commentators questioned whether DOGE is a conflict of interest for Musk given that his companies are contractors to the federal government. The body is "unlikely to have any regulatory teeth on its own, but there's little doubt that it can have influence on the incoming administration and how it will determine its budgets".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.vox.com/policy/384904/trumps-department-of-government-efficiency-sounds-like-a-joke-it-isnt|title=Trump tapped Musk to co-lead the "Department of Government Efficiency." What the heck is that?|last=Fayyad|first=Abdallah|date=2024-11-13|website=Vox|language=en-US|access-date=2024-11-14}}</ref> Elon Musk had called [[w:Federico_Sturzenegger|Federico Sturzenegger]], Argentina's [[w:Ministry_of_Deregulation_and_State_Transformation|Minister of Deregulation and Transformation of the State]] ([[w:es:Ministerio_de_Desregulación_y_Transformación_del_Estado|es]]), to discuss imitating his ministry's model.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.infobae.com/economia/2024/11/08/milei-brindo-un-nuevo-apoyo-a-sturzenegger-y-afirmo-que-elon-musk-imitara-su-gestion-en-eeuu/|title=Milei brindó un nuevo apoyo a Sturzenegger y afirmó que Elon Musk imitará su gestión en EEUU|date=November 8, 2024|website=infobae|language=es-ES|access-date=November 13, 2024}}</ref> == Reception and Criticism == See also: [[w:Department_of_Government_Efficiency#Reception|w:Department of Government Efficiency — Reception]] The WSJ reports that Tesla's Texas facility dumped toxic wastewater into the public sewer system, into a lagoon, and into a local river, violated Texas environmental regulations, and fired an employee who attempted to comply with the law.{{Cn}} The Economist estimates that 10% of Mr. Musk's $360bn personal fortune is derived from contracts and benefits from the federal government, and 15% from the Chinese market.{{sfn|Economist 11/23}} == See also == * [[w:Second_presidential_transition_of_Donald_Trump|Second presidential transition of Donald Trump]] * [[w:United_States_federal_budget#Deficits_and_debt|United States federal budget - Deficits and debt]] * [[w:United_States_Bureau_of_Efficiency|United States Bureau of Efficiency]] – United States federal government bureau from 1916 to 1933 * [[w:Brownlow_Committee|Brownlow Committee]] – 1937 commission recommending United States federal government reforms * [[w:Grace_Commission|Grace Commission]] – Investigation to eliminate inefficiency in the United States federal government * [[w:Hoover_Commission|Hoover Commission]] – United States federal commission in 1947 advising on executive reform * [[w:Keep_Commission|Keep Commission]] * [[w:Project_on_National_Security_Reform|Project on National Security Reform]] * [[w:Delivering_Outstanding_Government_Efficiency_Caucus|Delivering Outstanding Government Efficiency Caucus]] == Notes == {{reflist}} == References == {{refbegin}} * {{Cite web|url=https://www.newsweek.com/bernie-sanders-finds-new-common-ground-elon-musk-1993820|title=Bernie Sanders finds new common ground with Elon Musk|last=Reporter|first=Mandy Taheri Weekend|date=2024-12-01|website=Newsweek|language=en|access-date=2024-12-02 |ref={{harvid|Newsweek 12/01|2024}} }} * {{Cite news|url=https://www.economist.com/briefing/2024/11/21/elon-musk-and-donald-trump-seem-besotted-where-is-their-bromance-headed|title=Elon Musk and Donald Trump seem besotted. Where is their bromance headed?|work=The Economist|access-date=2024-12-04|issn=0013-0613 |ref={{harvid|Economist 11/23|2024}} }} <references group="lower-alpha" /> {{refend}} gw1cmyetfmjf9cj3dy1mcgk8a06mdym 0 316595 2691416 2691380 2024-12-11T15:45:56Z Bert Niehaus 2387134 2691416 wikitext text/x-wiki ==Introduction== The ''Curve'', ''Line'', ''Path'' or ''Contour integral'' expands the standard integral term for the [[w:de:Integralrechnung|Integration]] in the complex plane ([[w:en:Complex analysis|Complex Analysis]]) or in the multidimensional space <math>\mathbb{R}^n</math> or <math>\mathbb{C}^n</math>. The [[w:en:Path (topology)|path]], the line or the [[w:en:Curve|curve]], via which is integrated, is called the ''integration path''<ref name="cite2"> Klaus Knothe, Heribert Wessels: Finite Elemente. Eine Einführung für Ingenieure. 3. Auflage. 1999, ISBN 3-540-64491-1, S. 524.</ref>. The line integral over a closed path are written with the symbol <math display="inline"> \textstyle \oint </math>. ==Real-valued Line Integrale== A path <math display="inline"> \gamma\colon[a,b]\to\mathbb{R}^n </math> is given which is imaged from an interval (e.g. interpreted as a time interval) into the vector space <math display="inline"> \mathbb{R}^n </math>. <math display="inline"> \gamma(t) \in \mathbb{R}^n </math> indicates the place where the value is <math display="inline"> t\in [a,b] </math>. The difference is * Line integral first type and * Line integral second type. ==Pathintegral first type== [[File:Line_integral_of_scalar_field.gif|thumb|Animation for a line integral of first type over a scalar field]] The path integral of a continuous [[w:en:function (Mathematics)|Function]] : <math display="inline"> f\colon\mathbb{R}^n \rightarrow \mathbb{R} </math> along a continuously differentiable piece [[w:de:Weg (Mathematik)|path]] <math display="inline"> \gamma\colon[a,b]\to\mathbb{R}^n </math> is defined as :<math display="block"> \int\limits_\gamma \! f \,\mathrm{d} s := \int\limits_a^b \! f(\gamma(t)) \, \| {\gamma \,}'(t) \|_2 \,\mathrm{d} t. </math> ===Deduction of the path=== <math display="inline"> {\gamma \,}' </math> refers to the derivation from <math display="inline"> \gamma </math> to <math display="inline"> t </math>. <math display="inline"> \gamma(t)\in \mathbb{R}^n </math> and <math display="inline"> {\gamma \,}'(t)\in \mathbb{R}^n </math> are a vectors. The derivation vector <math display="inline"> {\gamma \,}'(t)\in \mathbb{R}^n </math> indicates the change behavior in each component function of <math display="inline"> \gamma =(\gamma_1 ,\dots ,\gamma_n) </math>. ===Remark - Component functions=== The component functions <math display="inline"> \gamma_i : [a,b] \to \mathbb{R} </math> are illustrations for which the derivation with the knowledge from the real analysis can be calculated. ===Example of a path and its derivation=== A differentiable path is defined first <math display="inline"> \gamma </math> with :<math display="block"> \begin{array}{rrcl} \gamma: & [0 ,2\pi] & \rightarrow & \mathbb{R}^2 \\ & t & \mapsto & \gamma \left( t \right) = \begin{pmatrix} 5 \cdot \cos(t) \\ 3 \cdot \sin(t) \end{pmatrix} \end{array} </math> The track of the path forms an ellipse with the half axes 5 and 3. ====Derivation of the path in the two-dimensional space==== The derivation <math display="inline"> {\gamma }' </math> of the path <math display="inline"> \gamma </math> results directly from the derivation of the component functions :<math display="block"> \begin{array}{rrcl} {\gamma }': & [0 ,2\pi] & \rightarrow & \mathbb{R}^2 \\ & t & \mapsto & {\gamma }' \left( t \right) = \begin{pmatrix} - 5 \cdot \sin(t) \\ 3 \cdot \cos(t) \end{pmatrix} \end{array} </math> ===Example - Deduction of the Way in the Three-dimensional Space=== Now a vector is <math display="inline"> \gamma(t)= (\cos(t),\sin(t),t) \in \mathbb{R}^3 </math> and <math display="inline"> {\gamma \,}'(t) = (- \sin(t),\cos(t), 1)\in \mathbb{R}^3 </math>. The derivation vector <math display="inline"> {\gamma \,}'(t)\in \mathbb{R}^3 </math> indicates the change behavior in each component function of <math display="inline"> \gamma =(\gamma_1 ,\gamma_2,\gamma_3) </math>. ==Task== Draw the trail of the path in <math display="inline"> \mathbb{R}^2 </math> (Ellipse) and plotted the trail of the path in <math display="inline"> \mathbb{R}^3 </math> with [[CAS4Wiki|CAS4Wiki]] plots. ===Vector length of the derivation vector of the path=== <math display="inline"> \|{\gamma \,}'(t)\|_2 </math> indicates the [[w:en:Euclidean_space#Euclidean_norm|Euclidian norm]] of the vector <math display="inline"> {\gamma\,}'(t)\in \mathbb{R}^n </math>. ===Picture of the path - track=== The [[w:en:Image (mathematics)|image set]] <math display="inline"> \mbox{Spur}(\gamma) := \mathcal C := \gamma([a,b]) </math> of one piece [[w:en:Curve#Differential_geometry|differentiable curve]] in <math display="inline"> \mathbb{R}^n </math> should not be confused with the graph of a curve which is a part of the <math display="inline"> [a,b] \times \mathbb{R}^n </math>. ===Notes=== * An example of such a function <math display="inline"> f </math> is a [[w:en:scalar field|scalar field]] with [[w:en:Cartesian coordinate system|cartesischen coordinaten]]. * A path <math display="inline"> \gamma </math> can pass through a curve <math display="inline"> \mathcal C </math> either as a whole or only in sections several times. * For <math display="inline"> f \equiv 1 </math>, the path integral of the first type gives the length of the path <math display="inline"> \gamma </math>. * The path <math display="inline"> \gamma </math> forms, inter alia <math display="inline"> a \in \mathbb{R} </math> on the starting point of the curve and <math display="inline"> b \in \mathbb{R} </math> on its end point. * <math display="inline"> t \in [a,b] </math> is an element of the definition set of <math display="inline"> \gamma </math> and is generally ''not' for time. <math display="inline"> \mathrm dt </math> is the corresponding [[w:de:Differential (Mathematik)|Differential]]. ==Pathintegral second type== [[File:Line_integral_of_vector_field.gif|thumb|Visualization of a line integral of second type over Gradient vector field]] The line integral over a continuous [[w:en:Gradient vector field|gradient vector field]] : <math display="inline"> \mathbf f\colon\mathbb{R}^n \rightarrow \mathbb{R}^n </math> with a curve also parameterized in this way is defined as the integral over the [[w:en:Scalar product|scalar product]] of <math display="inline"> \mathbf{f} \circ \gamma </math> and <math display="inline"> \gamma\, ' </math>: : <math display="inline"> \int\limits_\gamma \! \mathbf{f}(\mathbf{x}) \cdot \mathrm{d} \mathbf{x} := \int\limits_a^b \! \langle \mathbf{f}(\gamma(t)) , {{\gamma}\,}'(t) \rangle \,\mathrm{d} t </math> ===Influence of parameterization=== If <math display="inline"> \gamma\colon[a,b]\to\mathbb{R}^n </math> and <math display="inline"> \eta\colon[c,d]\to\mathbb R^n </math> 'simplified' (d. h, <math display="inline"> \gamma_{|(a,b)} </math> and <math display="inline"> \eta_{|(c,d)} </math> are identical This justifies the name c''urve integral''; if the direction of integration is visible or irrelevant, the path in the notation can be suppressed. ===Curve integrals=== Since a curve <math display="inline"> \mathcal C </math> is the image of a path <math display="inline"> \gamma </math>, the definitions of the curve integrals essentially correspond to the path integrals. ====Curve integral 1. type==== : <math display="inline"> \int\limits_{\mathcal C} \! f \,\mathrm{d} s := \int\limits_a^b \! f(\gamma(t)) \cdot \| {{\gamma}\,}'(t) \|_2 \, \mathrm{d} t </math> ====Curve integral 2. type==== : <math display="inline"> \int\limits_\mathcal C \mathbf{f}(\mathbf{x})\cdot\mathrm d\mathbf{x} := \int\limits_a^b \langle \mathbf{f}(\gamma(t)) , {{\gamma}\,}'(t) \rangle \,\mathrm dt </math> ====Length of curve==== A special case is again the length of the curve parameterized by <math display="inline"> \gamma </math> <math display="inline"> \mathcal C </math>: : <math display="inline"> \mathrm{L\ddot ange\ von\ }\mathcal C = \int\limits_{\mathcal C} 1 \, \mathrm{d}s = \int\limits_a^b\| {\gamma\,}'(t) \|_2\,\mathrm dt </math> ===Displacement element and length element=== The expression occurring in the first type of curves : <math display="inline"> \mathrm ds= \|{\gamma\,}'(t)\|_2 \, \mathrm dt </math> is called ''scalar path element' or 'length element''.The expression occurring in the second type of curve integrals :<math display="block"> \mathrm d\mathbf{x} = {\gamma\,}' (t)\,\mathrm dt </math> is called 'vectorial path element'. ===Rules of Procedure=== Be <math display="inline"> \int\limits_\gamma \mathbf{f}(\mathbf{x}) </math>, <math display="inline"> \int\limits_\gamma \mathbf{g}(\mathbf{x}) </math> Curve integrals of the same type (i.e. either both first or second type), be the original image of the two functions <math display="inline"> \mathbf{f} </math> and <math display="inline"> \mathbf{g} </math> of the same dimension and be (698104789). The following rules apply to <math display="inline"> \alpha </math>, <math display="inline"> \beta\in \mathbb R </math> and <math display="inline"> c\in\mathbb [a, b] </math>: * <math display="inline"> \alpha\int\limits_\gamma \mathbf{f}(\mathbf{x}) + \beta\int\limits_\gamma \mathbf{g}(\mathbf{x}) = \int\limits_\gamma (\alpha\mathbf{f}(\mathbf{x}) + \beta\mathbf{g}(\mathbf{x})) </math> * <math display="inline"> \int\limits_\gamma \mathbf{f}(\mathbf{x}) = \int\limits_{\gamma|_{[a, c]}} \mathbf{f}(\mathbf{x}) + \int\limits_{\gamma|_{[c, b]}} \mathbf{f}(\mathbf{x}) </math> ==Notation for curve integrals of closed curves== If <math display="inline"> \gamma </math> is a closed way, you write : instead of <math display="inline"> \displaystyle\int\limits_\gamma </math> also <math display="inline"> \displaystyle\oint\limits_\gamma </math> and similar for closed curves <math display="inline"> \mathcal C </math> : instead of <math display="inline"> \displaystyle \int\limits_\mathcal C </math> also <math display="inline"> \displaystyle\oint\limits_\mathcal C </math>. With the circle in the Integral one would like to make clear that <math display="inline"> \gamma </math> is closed. The only difference is in the notation. ==Examples== * If <math display="inline"> \mathcal C </math> is the [[w:en:Graph of a function|graph]] of a function <math display="inline"> f\colon[a,b]\to\mathbb R </math>, this curve will be passed through the path :: <math display="inline"> \gamma\colon[a,b]\to\mathbb R^2,\quad t\mapsto(t,f(t)) </math> : parametrized. About :: <math display="inline"> \|\dot\gamma(t)\|_2=\sqrt{1+f'(t)^2} </math> : the length of the curve is equal :: <math display="inline"> \int\limits_\mathcal C\mathrm ds = \int\limits_a^b\sqrt{1+f'(t)^2}\,\mathrm dt. </math> * A [[w:en:ellipse|ellipse]] with large half-axis <math display="inline"> a </math> and small half-axis <math display="inline"> b </math> is parameterized by <math display="inline"> (a\cos t, \, b\sin t) </math> for <math display="inline"> t\in[0,2\pi] </math>. Your scope is therefore :: <math display="inline"> \int\limits_0^{2\pi}\sqrt{a^2\sin^2t+b^2\cos^2t}\,\mathrm dt = 4a\int\limits_0^{\frac{\pi}{2}}\sqrt{1-\varepsilon^2\cos^2t}\;\mathrm dt </math>. : In this case <math display="inline"> \varepsilon </math> refers to the [[w:en:Eccentricity (mathematics)|numerical eccenttricity]] <math display="inline"> \sqrt{1-b^2/a^2} </math> of the ellipse. The integral on the right is referred to as [[w:en:elliptic Integral|elliptic tntegral]] due to this connection. ==Way-independent== If a vector field <math display="inline"> \mathbf{F} </math> is a ''[[w:en:gradient field|Gradient field]]'', i.e.'' : <math display="inline"> \mathbf{\nabla} V = \mathbf{F} </math>, This applies to [[w:en:Derivation (differential algebra)|derivation]] of [[w:en:Function composition|function composition]] of <math display="inline"> V </math> and <math display="inline"> \mathbf{r}(t) </math> : <math display="inline"> \frac{\mathrm d}{\mathrm dt} V(\mathbf{r}(t)) = \mathbf{\nabla} V(\mathbf{r}(t)) \cdot \dot{\mathbf{r}}(t) = \mathbf{F}(\mathbf{r}(t)) \cdot \dot{\mathbf{r}}(t) </math>, which exactly corresponds to the integral of the path integral over <math display="inline"> \mathbf{F} </math> to <math display="inline"> \mathbf{r}(t) </math>. ===Dependence of integral boundaries 1=== This follows for a given curve <math display="inline"> \mathcal S </math> : <math display="inline"> \int\limits_{\mathcal S} \mathbf{F}(\mathbf{x})\cdot\,\mathrm d\mathbf{x} = \int\limits_a^b \mathbf{F}(\mathbf{r}(t))\cdot \dot{\mathbf{r}}(t)\,\mathrm dt = \int\limits_a^b \frac{\mathrm d}{\mathrm dt} V(\mathbf{r}(t)) \,\mathrm dt = V(\mathbf{r}(b)) - V(\mathbf{r}(a)). </math> === Visualization === The following image show two arbitrary curves <math>S1</math> and <math>S2</math> in a Gradient vector field connecting point <math>1</math> with point <math>2</math>. [[File:Konservative_Kraft_Wege.svg|350px|center|two arbitrary curves 'S1' and 'S2' in a Gradient vector field connecting point 1 with point 2.]] ===Dependence of integral boundaries 2=== This means that the integral of <math display="inline"> \mathbf{F} </math> over <math display="inline"> \mathcal S </math> depends solely on points <math display="inline"> \mathbf{r}(b) </math> and <math display="inline"> \mathbf{r}(a) </math> and the path between them is irrelevant to the result. For this reason, the integral of a gradient field is referred to as “displaced”. ===Remark - closed paths - Ringintegral=== In particular, the ring integral applies to the closed curve <math display="inline"> \mathcal S </math> with two arbitrary paths <math display="inline"> \mathcal S_1 </math> and <math display="inline"> \mathcal S_2 </math>: : <math display="inline"> \oint\limits_{\mathcal S} \mathbf{F}(\mathbf{x})\, \mathrm d\mathbf{x} = \int\limits_{1,\mathcal{S}_1}^2 \mathbf{F}(\mathbf{x})\, \mathrm d\mathbf{x} + \int\limits_{2,\mathcal{S}_2}^1 \mathbf{F}(\mathbf{x})\, \mathrm d\mathbf{x} = 0 </math> ===Application in Physics=== This is particularly important in [[w:en:Physics|Physics]], since, for example, the [[w:en:Gravitation|Gravitation]] has these properties. Since the energy in these force fields is always a conservation variable, they are referred to in physics as [[w:en:conservative force|conservative force]]. ===Scaler fields - Potential energy=== The scalar field <math display="inline"> V </math> is the [[w:de:Skalarpotential|Potential]] or the [[w:de:potentielle Energie|potential Energy]]. Conservative force fields receive the mechanical energy, i.e. the sum of [[w:de:Kinetische Energie|kinetic Energy]] and potential energy. According to the above integral, a work of 0 J is applied on a closed curve overall. ===Number of revolutions=== Path independence can also be shown with the application of the [[w:en:Conservative_vector_field#Path_independence|Integrability condition]]. [[Image:Winding Number Around Point.svg|thumb|right|250px|This curve has winding number two around the point ''p''.]] if the vector field is not possible as a gradient field only in a (small) environment <math display="inline"> U </math> of a point, the closed path integral of curves outside <math display="inline"> U </math> is proportional to the number of turns around this point and otherwise independent of the exact curve (see [[w:en:Algebraic_topology#Method_of_algebraic_invariants|Algebraic Topology: Methodology]]). ===Remark - Complex pathintegrale=== If <math display="inline"> \mathbb{R}^n </math> is replaced by <math display="inline"> \mathbb{C} </math>, complex path integrals are treated which are treated in the [[Complex Analysis]]. ==Literature== * [[w:en:Harro Heuser|Harro Heuser]]: Lehrbuch der Analysis – Teil 2. 1981, 5. Auflage, Teubner 1990, ISBN 3-519-42222-0. p. 369, Theorem 180.1; p. 391, Theorem 184.1; p. 393, Theorem 185.1. === References === <references /> ==See also== * [[Complex Analysis]] * [[Topological vector space]] == Page Information == You can display this page as '''[https://niebert.github.io/Wiki2Reveal/wiki2reveal.html?domain=wikiversity&title=Line%20integral&author=Calculus&language=en&audioslide=yes&shorttitle=Line%20integral&coursetitle=Calculus Wiki2Reveal slides]''' === Wiki2Reveal === The '''[https://niebert.github.io/Wiki2Reveal/index.html?domain=wikiversity&title=Line%20integral&author=Calculus&language=en&audioslide=yes&shorttitle=Line%20integral&coursetitle=Calculus Wiki2Reveal slides]''' were created for the '''[https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Calculus Calculus]'''' and the Link for the [[v:en:Wiki2Reveal|Wiki2Reveal Slides]] was created with the [https://niebert.github.io/Wiki2Reveal/ link generator]. <!-- * Contents of the page are based on: ** [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Line%20integral https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Line%20integral] --> * [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Line%20integral This page] is designed as a [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/PanDocElectron-Presentation PanDocElectron-SLIDE] document type. * Source: Wikiversity https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Line%20integral * see [[v:en:Wiki2Reveal|Wiki2Reveal]] for the functionality of [https://niebert.github.io/Wiki2Reveal/index.html?domain=wikiversity&title=Line%20integral&author=Calculus&language=en&audioslide=yes&shorttitle=Line%20integral&coursetitle=Calculus Wiki2Reveal]. <!-- * Next contents of the course are [[]] -->; === Translation and Version Control === This page was translated based on the following [https://de.wikiversity.org/wiki/Kurvenintegral Wikiversity source page] and uses the concept of [[Translation and Version Control]] for a transparent language fork in a Wikiversity: * [[v:en::Curvenintegral|Curveintegral]] - URL: https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Curveintegral * Date: 11/20/2024 * [https://niebert.github.com/Wikipedia2Wikiversity Wikipedia2Wikiversity-Converter]: https://niebert.github.com/Wikipedia2Wikiversity <span type="translate" src="Kurvenintegral" srclang="de" date="11/20/2024" time="17:04" status="inprogress"></span> <noinclude> [[en:Curveintegral]] </noinclude> <!-- <noinclude>[[en:Curve integral]]</noinclude> --> [[Category:Wiki2Reveal]] cpkopzp1prk49impw4ll7j6lbnzayp8 2691417 2691416 2024-12-11T15:47:08Z Bert Niehaus 2387134 /* Translation and Version Control */ 2691417 wikitext text/x-wiki ==Introduction== The ''Curve'', ''Line'', ''Path'' or ''Contour integral'' expands the standard integral term for the [[w:de:Integralrechnung|Integration]] in the complex plane ([[w:en:Complex analysis|Complex Analysis]]) or in the multidimensional space <math>\mathbb{R}^n</math> or <math>\mathbb{C}^n</math>. The [[w:en:Path (topology)|path]], the line or the [[w:en:Curve|curve]], via which is integrated, is called the ''integration path''<ref name="cite2"> Klaus Knothe, Heribert Wessels: Finite Elemente. Eine Einführung für Ingenieure. 3. Auflage. 1999, ISBN 3-540-64491-1, S. 524.</ref>. The line integral over a closed path are written with the symbol <math display="inline"> \textstyle \oint </math>. ==Real-valued Line Integrale== A path <math display="inline"> \gamma\colon[a,b]\to\mathbb{R}^n </math> is given which is imaged from an interval (e.g. interpreted as a time interval) into the vector space <math display="inline"> \mathbb{R}^n </math>. <math display="inline"> \gamma(t) \in \mathbb{R}^n </math> indicates the place where the value is <math display="inline"> t\in [a,b] </math>. The difference is * Line integral first type and * Line integral second type. ==Pathintegral first type== [[File:Line_integral_of_scalar_field.gif|thumb|Animation for a line integral of first type over a scalar field]] The path integral of a continuous [[w:en:function (Mathematics)|Function]] : <math display="inline"> f\colon\mathbb{R}^n \rightarrow \mathbb{R} </math> along a continuously differentiable piece [[w:de:Weg (Mathematik)|path]] <math display="inline"> \gamma\colon[a,b]\to\mathbb{R}^n </math> is defined as :<math display="block"> \int\limits_\gamma \! f \,\mathrm{d} s := \int\limits_a^b \! f(\gamma(t)) \, \| {\gamma \,}'(t) \|_2 \,\mathrm{d} t. </math> ===Deduction of the path=== <math display="inline"> {\gamma \,}' </math> refers to the derivation from <math display="inline"> \gamma </math> to <math display="inline"> t </math>. <math display="inline"> \gamma(t)\in \mathbb{R}^n </math> and <math display="inline"> {\gamma \,}'(t)\in \mathbb{R}^n </math> are a vectors. The derivation vector <math display="inline"> {\gamma \,}'(t)\in \mathbb{R}^n </math> indicates the change behavior in each component function of <math display="inline"> \gamma =(\gamma_1 ,\dots ,\gamma_n) </math>. ===Remark - Component functions=== The component functions <math display="inline"> \gamma_i : [a,b] \to \mathbb{R} </math> are illustrations for which the derivation with the knowledge from the real analysis can be calculated. ===Example of a path and its derivation=== A differentiable path is defined first <math display="inline"> \gamma </math> with :<math display="block"> \begin{array}{rrcl} \gamma: & [0 ,2\pi] & \rightarrow & \mathbb{R}^2 \\ & t & \mapsto & \gamma \left( t \right) = \begin{pmatrix} 5 \cdot \cos(t) \\ 3 \cdot \sin(t) \end{pmatrix} \end{array} </math> The track of the path forms an ellipse with the half axes 5 and 3. ====Derivation of the path in the two-dimensional space==== The derivation <math display="inline"> {\gamma }' </math> of the path <math display="inline"> \gamma </math> results directly from the derivation of the component functions :<math display="block"> \begin{array}{rrcl} {\gamma }': & [0 ,2\pi] & \rightarrow & \mathbb{R}^2 \\ & t & \mapsto & {\gamma }' \left( t \right) = \begin{pmatrix} - 5 \cdot \sin(t) \\ 3 \cdot \cos(t) \end{pmatrix} \end{array} </math> ===Example - Deduction of the Way in the Three-dimensional Space=== Now a vector is <math display="inline"> \gamma(t)= (\cos(t),\sin(t),t) \in \mathbb{R}^3 </math> and <math display="inline"> {\gamma \,}'(t) = (- \sin(t),\cos(t), 1)\in \mathbb{R}^3 </math>. The derivation vector <math display="inline"> {\gamma \,}'(t)\in \mathbb{R}^3 </math> indicates the change behavior in each component function of <math display="inline"> \gamma =(\gamma_1 ,\gamma_2,\gamma_3) </math>. ==Task== Draw the trail of the path in <math display="inline"> \mathbb{R}^2 </math> (Ellipse) and plotted the trail of the path in <math display="inline"> \mathbb{R}^3 </math> with [[CAS4Wiki|CAS4Wiki]] plots. ===Vector length of the derivation vector of the path=== <math display="inline"> \|{\gamma \,}'(t)\|_2 </math> indicates the [[w:en:Euclidean_space#Euclidean_norm|Euclidian norm]] of the vector <math display="inline"> {\gamma\,}'(t)\in \mathbb{R}^n </math>. ===Picture of the path - track=== The [[w:en:Image (mathematics)|image set]] <math display="inline"> \mbox{Spur}(\gamma) := \mathcal C := \gamma([a,b]) </math> of one piece [[w:en:Curve#Differential_geometry|differentiable curve]] in <math display="inline"> \mathbb{R}^n </math> should not be confused with the graph of a curve which is a part of the <math display="inline"> [a,b] \times \mathbb{R}^n </math>. ===Notes=== * An example of such a function <math display="inline"> f </math> is a [[w:en:scalar field|scalar field]] with [[w:en:Cartesian coordinate system|cartesischen coordinaten]]. * A path <math display="inline"> \gamma </math> can pass through a curve <math display="inline"> \mathcal C </math> either as a whole or only in sections several times. * For <math display="inline"> f \equiv 1 </math>, the path integral of the first type gives the length of the path <math display="inline"> \gamma </math>. * The path <math display="inline"> \gamma </math> forms, inter alia <math display="inline"> a \in \mathbb{R} </math> on the starting point of the curve and <math display="inline"> b \in \mathbb{R} </math> on its end point. * <math display="inline"> t \in [a,b] </math> is an element of the definition set of <math display="inline"> \gamma </math> and is generally ''not' for time. <math display="inline"> \mathrm dt </math> is the corresponding [[w:de:Differential (Mathematik)|Differential]]. ==Pathintegral second type== [[File:Line_integral_of_vector_field.gif|thumb|Visualization of a line integral of second type over Gradient vector field]] The line integral over a continuous [[w:en:Gradient vector field|gradient vector field]] : <math display="inline"> \mathbf f\colon\mathbb{R}^n \rightarrow \mathbb{R}^n </math> with a curve also parameterized in this way is defined as the integral over the [[w:en:Scalar product|scalar product]] of <math display="inline"> \mathbf{f} \circ \gamma </math> and <math display="inline"> \gamma\, ' </math>: : <math display="inline"> \int\limits_\gamma \! \mathbf{f}(\mathbf{x}) \cdot \mathrm{d} \mathbf{x} := \int\limits_a^b \! \langle \mathbf{f}(\gamma(t)) , {{\gamma}\,}'(t) \rangle \,\mathrm{d} t </math> ===Influence of parameterization=== If <math display="inline"> \gamma\colon[a,b]\to\mathbb{R}^n </math> and <math display="inline"> \eta\colon[c,d]\to\mathbb R^n </math> 'simplified' (d. h, <math display="inline"> \gamma_{|(a,b)} </math> and <math display="inline"> \eta_{|(c,d)} </math> are identical This justifies the name c''urve integral''; if the direction of integration is visible or irrelevant, the path in the notation can be suppressed. ===Curve integrals=== Since a curve <math display="inline"> \mathcal C </math> is the image of a path <math display="inline"> \gamma </math>, the definitions of the curve integrals essentially correspond to the path integrals. ====Curve integral 1. type==== : <math display="inline"> \int\limits_{\mathcal C} \! f \,\mathrm{d} s := \int\limits_a^b \! f(\gamma(t)) \cdot \| {{\gamma}\,}'(t) \|_2 \, \mathrm{d} t </math> ====Curve integral 2. type==== : <math display="inline"> \int\limits_\mathcal C \mathbf{f}(\mathbf{x})\cdot\mathrm d\mathbf{x} := \int\limits_a^b \langle \mathbf{f}(\gamma(t)) , {{\gamma}\,}'(t) \rangle \,\mathrm dt </math> ====Length of curve==== A special case is again the length of the curve parameterized by <math display="inline"> \gamma </math> <math display="inline"> \mathcal C </math>: : <math display="inline"> \mathrm{L\ddot ange\ von\ }\mathcal C = \int\limits_{\mathcal C} 1 \, \mathrm{d}s = \int\limits_a^b\| {\gamma\,}'(t) \|_2\,\mathrm dt </math> ===Displacement element and length element=== The expression occurring in the first type of curves : <math display="inline"> \mathrm ds= \|{\gamma\,}'(t)\|_2 \, \mathrm dt </math> is called ''scalar path element' or 'length element''.The expression occurring in the second type of curve integrals :<math display="block"> \mathrm d\mathbf{x} = {\gamma\,}' (t)\,\mathrm dt </math> is called 'vectorial path element'. ===Rules of Procedure=== Be <math display="inline"> \int\limits_\gamma \mathbf{f}(\mathbf{x}) </math>, <math display="inline"> \int\limits_\gamma \mathbf{g}(\mathbf{x}) </math> Curve integrals of the same type (i.e. either both first or second type), be the original image of the two functions <math display="inline"> \mathbf{f} </math> and <math display="inline"> \mathbf{g} </math> of the same dimension and be (698104789). The following rules apply to <math display="inline"> \alpha </math>, <math display="inline"> \beta\in \mathbb R </math> and <math display="inline"> c\in\mathbb [a, b] </math>: * <math display="inline"> \alpha\int\limits_\gamma \mathbf{f}(\mathbf{x}) + \beta\int\limits_\gamma \mathbf{g}(\mathbf{x}) = \int\limits_\gamma (\alpha\mathbf{f}(\mathbf{x}) + \beta\mathbf{g}(\mathbf{x})) </math> * <math display="inline"> \int\limits_\gamma \mathbf{f}(\mathbf{x}) = \int\limits_{\gamma|_{[a, c]}} \mathbf{f}(\mathbf{x}) + \int\limits_{\gamma|_{[c, b]}} \mathbf{f}(\mathbf{x}) </math> ==Notation for curve integrals of closed curves== If <math display="inline"> \gamma </math> is a closed way, you write : instead of <math display="inline"> \displaystyle\int\limits_\gamma </math> also <math display="inline"> \displaystyle\oint\limits_\gamma </math> and similar for closed curves <math display="inline"> \mathcal C </math> : instead of <math display="inline"> \displaystyle \int\limits_\mathcal C </math> also <math display="inline"> \displaystyle\oint\limits_\mathcal C </math>. With the circle in the Integral one would like to make clear that <math display="inline"> \gamma </math> is closed. The only difference is in the notation. ==Examples== * If <math display="inline"> \mathcal C </math> is the [[w:en:Graph of a function|graph]] of a function <math display="inline"> f\colon[a,b]\to\mathbb R </math>, this curve will be passed through the path :: <math display="inline"> \gamma\colon[a,b]\to\mathbb R^2,\quad t\mapsto(t,f(t)) </math> : parametrized. About :: <math display="inline"> \|\dot\gamma(t)\|_2=\sqrt{1+f'(t)^2} </math> : the length of the curve is equal :: <math display="inline"> \int\limits_\mathcal C\mathrm ds = \int\limits_a^b\sqrt{1+f'(t)^2}\,\mathrm dt. </math> * A [[w:en:ellipse|ellipse]] with large half-axis <math display="inline"> a </math> and small half-axis <math display="inline"> b </math> is parameterized by <math display="inline"> (a\cos t, \, b\sin t) </math> for <math display="inline"> t\in[0,2\pi] </math>. Your scope is therefore :: <math display="inline"> \int\limits_0^{2\pi}\sqrt{a^2\sin^2t+b^2\cos^2t}\,\mathrm dt = 4a\int\limits_0^{\frac{\pi}{2}}\sqrt{1-\varepsilon^2\cos^2t}\;\mathrm dt </math>. : In this case <math display="inline"> \varepsilon </math> refers to the [[w:en:Eccentricity (mathematics)|numerical eccenttricity]] <math display="inline"> \sqrt{1-b^2/a^2} </math> of the ellipse. The integral on the right is referred to as [[w:en:elliptic Integral|elliptic tntegral]] due to this connection. ==Way-independent== If a vector field <math display="inline"> \mathbf{F} </math> is a ''[[w:en:gradient field|Gradient field]]'', i.e.'' : <math display="inline"> \mathbf{\nabla} V = \mathbf{F} </math>, This applies to [[w:en:Derivation (differential algebra)|derivation]] of [[w:en:Function composition|function composition]] of <math display="inline"> V </math> and <math display="inline"> \mathbf{r}(t) </math> : <math display="inline"> \frac{\mathrm d}{\mathrm dt} V(\mathbf{r}(t)) = \mathbf{\nabla} V(\mathbf{r}(t)) \cdot \dot{\mathbf{r}}(t) = \mathbf{F}(\mathbf{r}(t)) \cdot \dot{\mathbf{r}}(t) </math>, which exactly corresponds to the integral of the path integral over <math display="inline"> \mathbf{F} </math> to <math display="inline"> \mathbf{r}(t) </math>. ===Dependence of integral boundaries 1=== This follows for a given curve <math display="inline"> \mathcal S </math> : <math display="inline"> \int\limits_{\mathcal S} \mathbf{F}(\mathbf{x})\cdot\,\mathrm d\mathbf{x} = \int\limits_a^b \mathbf{F}(\mathbf{r}(t))\cdot \dot{\mathbf{r}}(t)\,\mathrm dt = \int\limits_a^b \frac{\mathrm d}{\mathrm dt} V(\mathbf{r}(t)) \,\mathrm dt = V(\mathbf{r}(b)) - V(\mathbf{r}(a)). </math> === Visualization === The following image show two arbitrary curves <math>S1</math> and <math>S2</math> in a Gradient vector field connecting point <math>1</math> with point <math>2</math>. [[File:Konservative_Kraft_Wege.svg|350px|center|two arbitrary curves 'S1' and 'S2' in a Gradient vector field connecting point 1 with point 2.]] ===Dependence of integral boundaries 2=== This means that the integral of <math display="inline"> \mathbf{F} </math> over <math display="inline"> \mathcal S </math> depends solely on points <math display="inline"> \mathbf{r}(b) </math> and <math display="inline"> \mathbf{r}(a) </math> and the path between them is irrelevant to the result. For this reason, the integral of a gradient field is referred to as “displaced”. ===Remark - closed paths - Ringintegral=== In particular, the ring integral applies to the closed curve <math display="inline"> \mathcal S </math> with two arbitrary paths <math display="inline"> \mathcal S_1 </math> and <math display="inline"> \mathcal S_2 </math>: : <math display="inline"> \oint\limits_{\mathcal S} \mathbf{F}(\mathbf{x})\, \mathrm d\mathbf{x} = \int\limits_{1,\mathcal{S}_1}^2 \mathbf{F}(\mathbf{x})\, \mathrm d\mathbf{x} + \int\limits_{2,\mathcal{S}_2}^1 \mathbf{F}(\mathbf{x})\, \mathrm d\mathbf{x} = 0 </math> ===Application in Physics=== This is particularly important in [[w:en:Physics|Physics]], since, for example, the [[w:en:Gravitation|Gravitation]] has these properties. Since the energy in these force fields is always a conservation variable, they are referred to in physics as [[w:en:conservative force|conservative force]]. ===Scaler fields - Potential energy=== The scalar field <math display="inline"> V </math> is the [[w:de:Skalarpotential|Potential]] or the [[w:de:potentielle Energie|potential Energy]]. Conservative force fields receive the mechanical energy, i.e. the sum of [[w:de:Kinetische Energie|kinetic Energy]] and potential energy. According to the above integral, a work of 0 J is applied on a closed curve overall. ===Number of revolutions=== Path independence can also be shown with the application of the [[w:en:Conservative_vector_field#Path_independence|Integrability condition]]. [[Image:Winding Number Around Point.svg|thumb|right|250px|This curve has winding number two around the point ''p''.]] if the vector field is not possible as a gradient field only in a (small) environment <math display="inline"> U </math> of a point, the closed path integral of curves outside <math display="inline"> U </math> is proportional to the number of turns around this point and otherwise independent of the exact curve (see [[w:en:Algebraic_topology#Method_of_algebraic_invariants|Algebraic Topology: Methodology]]). ===Remark - Complex pathintegrale=== If <math display="inline"> \mathbb{R}^n </math> is replaced by <math display="inline"> \mathbb{C} </math>, complex path integrals are treated which are treated in the [[Complex Analysis]]. ==Literature== * [[w:en:Harro Heuser|Harro Heuser]]: Lehrbuch der Analysis – Teil 2. 1981, 5. Auflage, Teubner 1990, ISBN 3-519-42222-0. p. 369, Theorem 180.1; p. 391, Theorem 184.1; p. 393, Theorem 185.1. === References === <references /> ==See also== * [[Complex Analysis]] * [[Topological vector space]] == Page Information == You can display this page as '''[https://niebert.github.io/Wiki2Reveal/wiki2reveal.html?domain=wikiversity&title=Line%20integral&author=Calculus&language=en&audioslide=yes&shorttitle=Line%20integral&coursetitle=Calculus Wiki2Reveal slides]''' === Wiki2Reveal === The '''[https://niebert.github.io/Wiki2Reveal/index.html?domain=wikiversity&title=Line%20integral&author=Calculus&language=en&audioslide=yes&shorttitle=Line%20integral&coursetitle=Calculus Wiki2Reveal slides]''' were created for the '''[https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Calculus Calculus]'''' and the Link for the [[v:en:Wiki2Reveal|Wiki2Reveal Slides]] was created with the [https://niebert.github.io/Wiki2Reveal/ link generator]. <!-- * Contents of the page are based on: ** [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Line%20integral https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Line%20integral] --> * [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Line%20integral This page] is designed as a [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/PanDocElectron-Presentation PanDocElectron-SLIDE] document type. * Source: Wikiversity https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Line%20integral * see [[v:en:Wiki2Reveal|Wiki2Reveal]] for the functionality of [https://niebert.github.io/Wiki2Reveal/index.html?domain=wikiversity&title=Line%20integral&author=Calculus&language=en&audioslide=yes&shorttitle=Line%20integral&coursetitle=Calculus Wiki2Reveal]. <!-- * Next contents of the course are [[]] -->; === Translation and Version Control === This page was translated based on the following [https://de.wikiversity.org/wiki/Kurvenintegral Wikiversity source page] and uses the concept of [[Translation and Version Control]] for a transparent language fork in a Wikiversity: * [[v:en::Curvenintegral|Curveintegral]] - URL: https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Curveintegral * Date: 11/20/2024 * [https://niebert.github.com/Wikipedia2Wikiversity Wikipedia2Wikiversity-Converter]: https://niebert.github.com/Wikipedia2Wikiversity <span type="translate" src="Kurvenintegral" srclang="de" date="11/20/2024" time="17:04" status="inprogress"></span> <noinclude>[[de:Wegintegral]]</noinclude> <!-- <noinclude>[[en:Curve integral]]</noinclude> --> [[Category:Wiki2Reveal]] cm3u10lnznt5pgp9486iaswndiiufvd 2691419 2691417 2024-12-11T15:47:55Z Bert Niehaus 2387134 /* Translation and Version Control */ 2691419 wikitext text/x-wiki ==Introduction== The ''Curve'', ''Line'', ''Path'' or ''Contour integral'' expands the standard integral term for the [[w:de:Integralrechnung|Integration]] in the complex plane ([[w:en:Complex analysis|Complex Analysis]]) or in the multidimensional space <math>\mathbb{R}^n</math> or <math>\mathbb{C}^n</math>. The [[w:en:Path (topology)|path]], the line or the [[w:en:Curve|curve]], via which is integrated, is called the ''integration path''<ref name="cite2"> Klaus Knothe, Heribert Wessels: Finite Elemente. Eine Einführung für Ingenieure. 3. Auflage. 1999, ISBN 3-540-64491-1, S. 524.</ref>. The line integral over a closed path are written with the symbol <math display="inline"> \textstyle \oint </math>. ==Real-valued Line Integrale== A path <math display="inline"> \gamma\colon[a,b]\to\mathbb{R}^n </math> is given which is imaged from an interval (e.g. interpreted as a time interval) into the vector space <math display="inline"> \mathbb{R}^n </math>. <math display="inline"> \gamma(t) \in \mathbb{R}^n </math> indicates the place where the value is <math display="inline"> t\in [a,b] </math>. The difference is * Line integral first type and * Line integral second type. ==Pathintegral first type== [[File:Line_integral_of_scalar_field.gif|thumb|Animation for a line integral of first type over a scalar field]] The path integral of a continuous [[w:en:function (Mathematics)|Function]] : <math display="inline"> f\colon\mathbb{R}^n \rightarrow \mathbb{R} </math> along a continuously differentiable piece [[w:de:Weg (Mathematik)|path]] <math display="inline"> \gamma\colon[a,b]\to\mathbb{R}^n </math> is defined as :<math display="block"> \int\limits_\gamma \! f \,\mathrm{d} s := \int\limits_a^b \! f(\gamma(t)) \, \| {\gamma \,}'(t) \|_2 \,\mathrm{d} t. </math> ===Deduction of the path=== <math display="inline"> {\gamma \,}' </math> refers to the derivation from <math display="inline"> \gamma </math> to <math display="inline"> t </math>. <math display="inline"> \gamma(t)\in \mathbb{R}^n </math> and <math display="inline"> {\gamma \,}'(t)\in \mathbb{R}^n </math> are a vectors. The derivation vector <math display="inline"> {\gamma \,}'(t)\in \mathbb{R}^n </math> indicates the change behavior in each component function of <math display="inline"> \gamma =(\gamma_1 ,\dots ,\gamma_n) </math>. ===Remark - Component functions=== The component functions <math display="inline"> \gamma_i : [a,b] \to \mathbb{R} </math> are illustrations for which the derivation with the knowledge from the real analysis can be calculated. ===Example of a path and its derivation=== A differentiable path is defined first <math display="inline"> \gamma </math> with :<math display="block"> \begin{array}{rrcl} \gamma: & [0 ,2\pi] & \rightarrow & \mathbb{R}^2 \\ & t & \mapsto & \gamma \left( t \right) = \begin{pmatrix} 5 \cdot \cos(t) \\ 3 \cdot \sin(t) \end{pmatrix} \end{array} </math> The track of the path forms an ellipse with the half axes 5 and 3. ====Derivation of the path in the two-dimensional space==== The derivation <math display="inline"> {\gamma }' </math> of the path <math display="inline"> \gamma </math> results directly from the derivation of the component functions :<math display="block"> \begin{array}{rrcl} {\gamma }': & [0 ,2\pi] & \rightarrow & \mathbb{R}^2 \\ & t & \mapsto & {\gamma }' \left( t \right) = \begin{pmatrix} - 5 \cdot \sin(t) \\ 3 \cdot \cos(t) \end{pmatrix} \end{array} </math> ===Example - Deduction of the Way in the Three-dimensional Space=== Now a vector is <math display="inline"> \gamma(t)= (\cos(t),\sin(t),t) \in \mathbb{R}^3 </math> and <math display="inline"> {\gamma \,}'(t) = (- \sin(t),\cos(t), 1)\in \mathbb{R}^3 </math>. The derivation vector <math display="inline"> {\gamma \,}'(t)\in \mathbb{R}^3 </math> indicates the change behavior in each component function of <math display="inline"> \gamma =(\gamma_1 ,\gamma_2,\gamma_3) </math>. ==Task== Draw the trail of the path in <math display="inline"> \mathbb{R}^2 </math> (Ellipse) and plotted the trail of the path in <math display="inline"> \mathbb{R}^3 </math> with [[CAS4Wiki|CAS4Wiki]] plots. ===Vector length of the derivation vector of the path=== <math display="inline"> \|{\gamma \,}'(t)\|_2 </math> indicates the [[w:en:Euclidean_space#Euclidean_norm|Euclidian norm]] of the vector <math display="inline"> {\gamma\,}'(t)\in \mathbb{R}^n </math>. ===Picture of the path - track=== The [[w:en:Image (mathematics)|image set]] <math display="inline"> \mbox{Spur}(\gamma) := \mathcal C := \gamma([a,b]) </math> of one piece [[w:en:Curve#Differential_geometry|differentiable curve]] in <math display="inline"> \mathbb{R}^n </math> should not be confused with the graph of a curve which is a part of the <math display="inline"> [a,b] \times \mathbb{R}^n </math>. ===Notes=== * An example of such a function <math display="inline"> f </math> is a [[w:en:scalar field|scalar field]] with [[w:en:Cartesian coordinate system|cartesischen coordinaten]]. * A path <math display="inline"> \gamma </math> can pass through a curve <math display="inline"> \mathcal C </math> either as a whole or only in sections several times. * For <math display="inline"> f \equiv 1 </math>, the path integral of the first type gives the length of the path <math display="inline"> \gamma </math>. * The path <math display="inline"> \gamma </math> forms, inter alia <math display="inline"> a \in \mathbb{R} </math> on the starting point of the curve and <math display="inline"> b \in \mathbb{R} </math> on its end point. * <math display="inline"> t \in [a,b] </math> is an element of the definition set of <math display="inline"> \gamma </math> and is generally ''not' for time. <math display="inline"> \mathrm dt </math> is the corresponding [[w:de:Differential (Mathematik)|Differential]]. ==Pathintegral second type== [[File:Line_integral_of_vector_field.gif|thumb|Visualization of a line integral of second type over Gradient vector field]] The line integral over a continuous [[w:en:Gradient vector field|gradient vector field]] : <math display="inline"> \mathbf f\colon\mathbb{R}^n \rightarrow \mathbb{R}^n </math> with a curve also parameterized in this way is defined as the integral over the [[w:en:Scalar product|scalar product]] of <math display="inline"> \mathbf{f} \circ \gamma </math> and <math display="inline"> \gamma\, ' </math>: : <math display="inline"> \int\limits_\gamma \! \mathbf{f}(\mathbf{x}) \cdot \mathrm{d} \mathbf{x} := \int\limits_a^b \! \langle \mathbf{f}(\gamma(t)) , {{\gamma}\,}'(t) \rangle \,\mathrm{d} t </math> ===Influence of parameterization=== If <math display="inline"> \gamma\colon[a,b]\to\mathbb{R}^n </math> and <math display="inline"> \eta\colon[c,d]\to\mathbb R^n </math> 'simplified' (d. h, <math display="inline"> \gamma_{|(a,b)} </math> and <math display="inline"> \eta_{|(c,d)} </math> are identical This justifies the name c''urve integral''; if the direction of integration is visible or irrelevant, the path in the notation can be suppressed. ===Curve integrals=== Since a curve <math display="inline"> \mathcal C </math> is the image of a path <math display="inline"> \gamma </math>, the definitions of the curve integrals essentially correspond to the path integrals. ====Curve integral 1. type==== : <math display="inline"> \int\limits_{\mathcal C} \! f \,\mathrm{d} s := \int\limits_a^b \! f(\gamma(t)) \cdot \| {{\gamma}\,}'(t) \|_2 \, \mathrm{d} t </math> ====Curve integral 2. type==== : <math display="inline"> \int\limits_\mathcal C \mathbf{f}(\mathbf{x})\cdot\mathrm d\mathbf{x} := \int\limits_a^b \langle \mathbf{f}(\gamma(t)) , {{\gamma}\,}'(t) \rangle \,\mathrm dt </math> ====Length of curve==== A special case is again the length of the curve parameterized by <math display="inline"> \gamma </math> <math display="inline"> \mathcal C </math>: : <math display="inline"> \mathrm{L\ddot ange\ von\ }\mathcal C = \int\limits_{\mathcal C} 1 \, \mathrm{d}s = \int\limits_a^b\| {\gamma\,}'(t) \|_2\,\mathrm dt </math> ===Displacement element and length element=== The expression occurring in the first type of curves : <math display="inline"> \mathrm ds= \|{\gamma\,}'(t)\|_2 \, \mathrm dt </math> is called ''scalar path element' or 'length element''.The expression occurring in the second type of curve integrals :<math display="block"> \mathrm d\mathbf{x} = {\gamma\,}' (t)\,\mathrm dt </math> is called 'vectorial path element'. ===Rules of Procedure=== Be <math display="inline"> \int\limits_\gamma \mathbf{f}(\mathbf{x}) </math>, <math display="inline"> \int\limits_\gamma \mathbf{g}(\mathbf{x}) </math> Curve integrals of the same type (i.e. either both first or second type), be the original image of the two functions <math display="inline"> \mathbf{f} </math> and <math display="inline"> \mathbf{g} </math> of the same dimension and be (698104789). The following rules apply to <math display="inline"> \alpha </math>, <math display="inline"> \beta\in \mathbb R </math> and <math display="inline"> c\in\mathbb [a, b] </math>: * <math display="inline"> \alpha\int\limits_\gamma \mathbf{f}(\mathbf{x}) + \beta\int\limits_\gamma \mathbf{g}(\mathbf{x}) = \int\limits_\gamma (\alpha\mathbf{f}(\mathbf{x}) + \beta\mathbf{g}(\mathbf{x})) </math> * <math display="inline"> \int\limits_\gamma \mathbf{f}(\mathbf{x}) = \int\limits_{\gamma|_{[a, c]}} \mathbf{f}(\mathbf{x}) + \int\limits_{\gamma|_{[c, b]}} \mathbf{f}(\mathbf{x}) </math> ==Notation for curve integrals of closed curves== If <math display="inline"> \gamma </math> is a closed way, you write : instead of <math display="inline"> \displaystyle\int\limits_\gamma </math> also <math display="inline"> \displaystyle\oint\limits_\gamma </math> and similar for closed curves <math display="inline"> \mathcal C </math> : instead of <math display="inline"> \displaystyle \int\limits_\mathcal C </math> also <math display="inline"> \displaystyle\oint\limits_\mathcal C </math>. With the circle in the Integral one would like to make clear that <math display="inline"> \gamma </math> is closed. The only difference is in the notation. ==Examples== * If <math display="inline"> \mathcal C </math> is the [[w:en:Graph of a function|graph]] of a function <math display="inline"> f\colon[a,b]\to\mathbb R </math>, this curve will be passed through the path :: <math display="inline"> \gamma\colon[a,b]\to\mathbb R^2,\quad t\mapsto(t,f(t)) </math> : parametrized. About :: <math display="inline"> \|\dot\gamma(t)\|_2=\sqrt{1+f'(t)^2} </math> : the length of the curve is equal :: <math display="inline"> \int\limits_\mathcal C\mathrm ds = \int\limits_a^b\sqrt{1+f'(t)^2}\,\mathrm dt. </math> * A [[w:en:ellipse|ellipse]] with large half-axis <math display="inline"> a </math> and small half-axis <math display="inline"> b </math> is parameterized by <math display="inline"> (a\cos t, \, b\sin t) </math> for <math display="inline"> t\in[0,2\pi] </math>. Your scope is therefore :: <math display="inline"> \int\limits_0^{2\pi}\sqrt{a^2\sin^2t+b^2\cos^2t}\,\mathrm dt = 4a\int\limits_0^{\frac{\pi}{2}}\sqrt{1-\varepsilon^2\cos^2t}\;\mathrm dt </math>. : In this case <math display="inline"> \varepsilon </math> refers to the [[w:en:Eccentricity (mathematics)|numerical eccenttricity]] <math display="inline"> \sqrt{1-b^2/a^2} </math> of the ellipse. The integral on the right is referred to as [[w:en:elliptic Integral|elliptic tntegral]] due to this connection. ==Way-independent== If a vector field <math display="inline"> \mathbf{F} </math> is a ''[[w:en:gradient field|Gradient field]]'', i.e.'' : <math display="inline"> \mathbf{\nabla} V = \mathbf{F} </math>, This applies to [[w:en:Derivation (differential algebra)|derivation]] of [[w:en:Function composition|function composition]] of <math display="inline"> V </math> and <math display="inline"> \mathbf{r}(t) </math> : <math display="inline"> \frac{\mathrm d}{\mathrm dt} V(\mathbf{r}(t)) = \mathbf{\nabla} V(\mathbf{r}(t)) \cdot \dot{\mathbf{r}}(t) = \mathbf{F}(\mathbf{r}(t)) \cdot \dot{\mathbf{r}}(t) </math>, which exactly corresponds to the integral of the path integral over <math display="inline"> \mathbf{F} </math> to <math display="inline"> \mathbf{r}(t) </math>. ===Dependence of integral boundaries 1=== This follows for a given curve <math display="inline"> \mathcal S </math> : <math display="inline"> \int\limits_{\mathcal S} \mathbf{F}(\mathbf{x})\cdot\,\mathrm d\mathbf{x} = \int\limits_a^b \mathbf{F}(\mathbf{r}(t))\cdot \dot{\mathbf{r}}(t)\,\mathrm dt = \int\limits_a^b \frac{\mathrm d}{\mathrm dt} V(\mathbf{r}(t)) \,\mathrm dt = V(\mathbf{r}(b)) - V(\mathbf{r}(a)). </math> === Visualization === The following image show two arbitrary curves <math>S1</math> and <math>S2</math> in a Gradient vector field connecting point <math>1</math> with point <math>2</math>. [[File:Konservative_Kraft_Wege.svg|350px|center|two arbitrary curves 'S1' and 'S2' in a Gradient vector field connecting point 1 with point 2.]] ===Dependence of integral boundaries 2=== This means that the integral of <math display="inline"> \mathbf{F} </math> over <math display="inline"> \mathcal S </math> depends solely on points <math display="inline"> \mathbf{r}(b) </math> and <math display="inline"> \mathbf{r}(a) </math> and the path between them is irrelevant to the result. For this reason, the integral of a gradient field is referred to as “displaced”. ===Remark - closed paths - Ringintegral=== In particular, the ring integral applies to the closed curve <math display="inline"> \mathcal S </math> with two arbitrary paths <math display="inline"> \mathcal S_1 </math> and <math display="inline"> \mathcal S_2 </math>: : <math display="inline"> \oint\limits_{\mathcal S} \mathbf{F}(\mathbf{x})\, \mathrm d\mathbf{x} = \int\limits_{1,\mathcal{S}_1}^2 \mathbf{F}(\mathbf{x})\, \mathrm d\mathbf{x} + \int\limits_{2,\mathcal{S}_2}^1 \mathbf{F}(\mathbf{x})\, \mathrm d\mathbf{x} = 0 </math> ===Application in Physics=== This is particularly important in [[w:en:Physics|Physics]], since, for example, the [[w:en:Gravitation|Gravitation]] has these properties. Since the energy in these force fields is always a conservation variable, they are referred to in physics as [[w:en:conservative force|conservative force]]. ===Scaler fields - Potential energy=== The scalar field <math display="inline"> V </math> is the [[w:de:Skalarpotential|Potential]] or the [[w:de:potentielle Energie|potential Energy]]. Conservative force fields receive the mechanical energy, i.e. the sum of [[w:de:Kinetische Energie|kinetic Energy]] and potential energy. According to the above integral, a work of 0 J is applied on a closed curve overall. ===Number of revolutions=== Path independence can also be shown with the application of the [[w:en:Conservative_vector_field#Path_independence|Integrability condition]]. [[Image:Winding Number Around Point.svg|thumb|right|250px|This curve has winding number two around the point ''p''.]] if the vector field is not possible as a gradient field only in a (small) environment <math display="inline"> U </math> of a point, the closed path integral of curves outside <math display="inline"> U </math> is proportional to the number of turns around this point and otherwise independent of the exact curve (see [[w:en:Algebraic_topology#Method_of_algebraic_invariants|Algebraic Topology: Methodology]]). ===Remark - Complex pathintegrale=== If <math display="inline"> \mathbb{R}^n </math> is replaced by <math display="inline"> \mathbb{C} </math>, complex path integrals are treated which are treated in the [[Complex Analysis]]. ==Literature== * [[w:en:Harro Heuser|Harro Heuser]]: Lehrbuch der Analysis – Teil 2. 1981, 5. Auflage, Teubner 1990, ISBN 3-519-42222-0. p. 369, Theorem 180.1; p. 391, Theorem 184.1; p. 393, Theorem 185.1. === References === <references /> ==See also== * [[Complex Analysis]] * [[Topological vector space]] == Page Information == You can display this page as '''[https://niebert.github.io/Wiki2Reveal/wiki2reveal.html?domain=wikiversity&title=Line%20integral&author=Calculus&language=en&audioslide=yes&shorttitle=Line%20integral&coursetitle=Calculus Wiki2Reveal slides]''' === Wiki2Reveal === The '''[https://niebert.github.io/Wiki2Reveal/index.html?domain=wikiversity&title=Line%20integral&author=Calculus&language=en&audioslide=yes&shorttitle=Line%20integral&coursetitle=Calculus Wiki2Reveal slides]''' were created for the '''[https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Calculus Calculus]'''' and the Link for the [[v:en:Wiki2Reveal|Wiki2Reveal Slides]] was created with the [https://niebert.github.io/Wiki2Reveal/ link generator]. <!-- * Contents of the page are based on: ** [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Line%20integral https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Line%20integral] --> * [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Line%20integral This page] is designed as a [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/PanDocElectron-Presentation PanDocElectron-SLIDE] document type. * Source: Wikiversity https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Line%20integral * see [[v:en:Wiki2Reveal|Wiki2Reveal]] for the functionality of [https://niebert.github.io/Wiki2Reveal/index.html?domain=wikiversity&title=Line%20integral&author=Calculus&language=en&audioslide=yes&shorttitle=Line%20integral&coursetitle=Calculus Wiki2Reveal]. <!-- * Next contents of the course are [[]] -->; === Translation and Version Control === This page was translated based on the following [https://de.wikiversity.org/wiki/Kurvenintegral Wikiversity source page] and uses the concept of [[Translation and Version Control]] for a transparent language fork in a Wikiversity: * Source: [[v:de:Wegintegral|Wegintegral]] - URL: https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Wegintegral * Date: 11/20/2024 <span type="translate" src="Kurvenintegral" srclang="de" date="11/20/2024" time="17:04" status="inprogress"></span> <noinclude>[[de:Wegintegral]]</noinclude> <!-- <noinclude>[[en:Curve integral]]</noinclude> --> [[Category:Wiki2Reveal]] 2s1ye54w8dgremyjuenq4dy4i8gj69j 2691421 2691419 2024-12-11T15:53:15Z Bert Niehaus 2387134 /* Examples */ 2691421 wikitext text/x-wiki ==Introduction== The ''Curve'', ''Line'', ''Path'' or ''Contour integral'' expands the standard integral term for the [[w:de:Integralrechnung|Integration]] in the complex plane ([[w:en:Complex analysis|Complex Analysis]]) or in the multidimensional space <math>\mathbb{R}^n</math> or <math>\mathbb{C}^n</math>. The [[w:en:Path (topology)|path]], the line or the [[w:en:Curve|curve]], via which is integrated, is called the ''integration path''<ref name="cite2"> Klaus Knothe, Heribert Wessels: Finite Elemente. Eine Einführung für Ingenieure. 3. Auflage. 1999, ISBN 3-540-64491-1, S. 524.</ref>. The line integral over a closed path are written with the symbol <math display="inline"> \textstyle \oint </math>. ==Real-valued Line Integrale== A path <math display="inline"> \gamma\colon[a,b]\to\mathbb{R}^n </math> is given which is imaged from an interval (e.g. interpreted as a time interval) into the vector space <math display="inline"> \mathbb{R}^n </math>. <math display="inline"> \gamma(t) \in \mathbb{R}^n </math> indicates the place where the value is <math display="inline"> t\in [a,b] </math>. The difference is * Line integral first type and * Line integral second type. ==Pathintegral first type== [[File:Line_integral_of_scalar_field.gif|thumb|Animation for a line integral of first type over a scalar field]] The path integral of a continuous [[w:en:function (Mathematics)|Function]] : <math display="inline"> f\colon\mathbb{R}^n \rightarrow \mathbb{R} </math> along a continuously differentiable piece [[w:de:Weg (Mathematik)|path]] <math display="inline"> \gamma\colon[a,b]\to\mathbb{R}^n </math> is defined as :<math display="block"> \int\limits_\gamma \! f \,\mathrm{d} s := \int\limits_a^b \! f(\gamma(t)) \, \| {\gamma \,}'(t) \|_2 \,\mathrm{d} t. </math> ===Deduction of the path=== <math display="inline"> {\gamma \,}' </math> refers to the derivation from <math display="inline"> \gamma </math> to <math display="inline"> t </math>. <math display="inline"> \gamma(t)\in \mathbb{R}^n </math> and <math display="inline"> {\gamma \,}'(t)\in \mathbb{R}^n </math> are a vectors. The derivation vector <math display="inline"> {\gamma \,}'(t)\in \mathbb{R}^n </math> indicates the change behavior in each component function of <math display="inline"> \gamma =(\gamma_1 ,\dots ,\gamma_n) </math>. ===Remark - Component functions=== The component functions <math display="inline"> \gamma_i : [a,b] \to \mathbb{R} </math> are illustrations for which the derivation with the knowledge from the real analysis can be calculated. ===Example of a path and its derivation=== A differentiable path is defined first <math display="inline"> \gamma </math> with :<math display="block"> \begin{array}{rrcl} \gamma: & [0 ,2\pi] & \rightarrow & \mathbb{R}^2 \\ & t & \mapsto & \gamma \left( t \right) = \begin{pmatrix} 5 \cdot \cos(t) \\ 3 \cdot \sin(t) \end{pmatrix} \end{array} </math> The track of the path forms an ellipse with the half axes 5 and 3. ====Derivation of the path in the two-dimensional space==== The derivation <math display="inline"> {\gamma }' </math> of the path <math display="inline"> \gamma </math> results directly from the derivation of the component functions :<math display="block"> \begin{array}{rrcl} {\gamma }': & [0 ,2\pi] & \rightarrow & \mathbb{R}^2 \\ & t & \mapsto & {\gamma }' \left( t \right) = \begin{pmatrix} - 5 \cdot \sin(t) \\ 3 \cdot \cos(t) \end{pmatrix} \end{array} </math> ===Example - Deduction of the Way in the Three-dimensional Space=== Now a vector is <math display="inline"> \gamma(t)= (\cos(t),\sin(t),t) \in \mathbb{R}^3 </math> and <math display="inline"> {\gamma \,}'(t) = (- \sin(t),\cos(t), 1)\in \mathbb{R}^3 </math>. The derivation vector <math display="inline"> {\gamma \,}'(t)\in \mathbb{R}^3 </math> indicates the change behavior in each component function of <math display="inline"> \gamma =(\gamma_1 ,\gamma_2,\gamma_3) </math>. ==Task== Draw the trail of the path in <math display="inline"> \mathbb{R}^2 </math> (Ellipse) and plotted the trail of the path in <math display="inline"> \mathbb{R}^3 </math> with [[CAS4Wiki|CAS4Wiki]] plots. ===Vector length of the derivation vector of the path=== <math display="inline"> \|{\gamma \,}'(t)\|_2 </math> indicates the [[w:en:Euclidean_space#Euclidean_norm|Euclidian norm]] of the vector <math display="inline"> {\gamma\,}'(t)\in \mathbb{R}^n </math>. ===Picture of the path - track=== The [[w:en:Image (mathematics)|image set]] <math display="inline"> \mbox{Spur}(\gamma) := \mathcal C := \gamma([a,b]) </math> of one piece [[w:en:Curve#Differential_geometry|differentiable curve]] in <math display="inline"> \mathbb{R}^n </math> should not be confused with the graph of a curve which is a part of the <math display="inline"> [a,b] \times \mathbb{R}^n </math>. ===Notes=== * An example of such a function <math display="inline"> f </math> is a [[w:en:scalar field|scalar field]] with [[w:en:Cartesian coordinate system|cartesischen coordinaten]]. * A path <math display="inline"> \gamma </math> can pass through a curve <math display="inline"> \mathcal C </math> either as a whole or only in sections several times. * For <math display="inline"> f \equiv 1 </math>, the path integral of the first type gives the length of the path <math display="inline"> \gamma </math>. * The path <math display="inline"> \gamma </math> forms, inter alia <math display="inline"> a \in \mathbb{R} </math> on the starting point of the curve and <math display="inline"> b \in \mathbb{R} </math> on its end point. * <math display="inline"> t \in [a,b] </math> is an element of the definition set of <math display="inline"> \gamma </math> and is generally ''not' for time. <math display="inline"> \mathrm dt </math> is the corresponding [[w:de:Differential (Mathematik)|Differential]]. ==Pathintegral second type== [[File:Line_integral_of_vector_field.gif|thumb|Visualization of a line integral of second type over Gradient vector field]] The line integral over a continuous [[w:en:Gradient vector field|gradient vector field]] : <math display="inline"> \mathbf f\colon\mathbb{R}^n \rightarrow \mathbb{R}^n </math> with a curve also parameterized in this way is defined as the integral over the [[w:en:Scalar product|scalar product]] of <math display="inline"> \mathbf{f} \circ \gamma </math> and <math display="inline"> \gamma\, ' </math>: : <math display="inline"> \int\limits_\gamma \! \mathbf{f}(\mathbf{x}) \cdot \mathrm{d} \mathbf{x} := \int\limits_a^b \! \langle \mathbf{f}(\gamma(t)) , {{\gamma}\,}'(t) \rangle \,\mathrm{d} t </math> ===Influence of parameterization=== If <math display="inline"> \gamma\colon[a,b]\to\mathbb{R}^n </math> and <math display="inline"> \eta\colon[c,d]\to\mathbb R^n </math> 'simplified' (d. h, <math display="inline"> \gamma_{|(a,b)} </math> and <math display="inline"> \eta_{|(c,d)} </math> are identical This justifies the name c''urve integral''; if the direction of integration is visible or irrelevant, the path in the notation can be suppressed. ===Curve integrals=== Since a curve <math display="inline"> \mathcal C </math> is the image of a path <math display="inline"> \gamma </math>, the definitions of the curve integrals essentially correspond to the path integrals. ====Curve integral 1. type==== : <math display="inline"> \int\limits_{\mathcal C} \! f \,\mathrm{d} s := \int\limits_a^b \! f(\gamma(t)) \cdot \| {{\gamma}\,}'(t) \|_2 \, \mathrm{d} t </math> ====Curve integral 2. type==== : <math display="inline"> \int\limits_\mathcal C \mathbf{f}(\mathbf{x})\cdot\mathrm d\mathbf{x} := \int\limits_a^b \langle \mathbf{f}(\gamma(t)) , {{\gamma}\,}'(t) \rangle \,\mathrm dt </math> ====Length of curve==== A special case is again the length of the curve parameterized by <math display="inline"> \gamma </math> <math display="inline"> \mathcal C </math>: : <math display="inline"> \mathrm{L\ddot ange\ von\ }\mathcal C = \int\limits_{\mathcal C} 1 \, \mathrm{d}s = \int\limits_a^b\| {\gamma\,}'(t) \|_2\,\mathrm dt </math> ===Displacement element and length element=== The expression occurring in the first type of curves : <math display="inline"> \mathrm ds= \|{\gamma\,}'(t)\|_2 \, \mathrm dt </math> is called ''scalar path element' or 'length element''.The expression occurring in the second type of curve integrals :<math display="block"> \mathrm d\mathbf{x} = {\gamma\,}' (t)\,\mathrm dt </math> is called 'vectorial path element'. ===Rules of Procedure=== Be <math display="inline"> \int\limits_\gamma \mathbf{f}(\mathbf{x}) </math>, <math display="inline"> \int\limits_\gamma \mathbf{g}(\mathbf{x}) </math> Curve integrals of the same type (i.e. either both first or second type), be the original image of the two functions <math display="inline"> \mathbf{f} </math> and <math display="inline"> \mathbf{g} </math> of the same dimension and be (698104789). The following rules apply to <math display="inline"> \alpha </math>, <math display="inline"> \beta\in \mathbb R </math> and <math display="inline"> c\in\mathbb [a, b] </math>: * <math display="inline"> \alpha\int\limits_\gamma \mathbf{f}(\mathbf{x}) + \beta\int\limits_\gamma \mathbf{g}(\mathbf{x}) = \int\limits_\gamma (\alpha\mathbf{f}(\mathbf{x}) + \beta\mathbf{g}(\mathbf{x})) </math> * <math display="inline"> \int\limits_\gamma \mathbf{f}(\mathbf{x}) = \int\limits_{\gamma|_{[a, c]}} \mathbf{f}(\mathbf{x}) + \int\limits_{\gamma|_{[c, b]}} \mathbf{f}(\mathbf{x}) </math> ==Notation for curve integrals of closed curves== If <math display="inline"> \gamma </math> is a closed way, you write : instead of <math display="inline"> \displaystyle\int\limits_\gamma </math> also <math display="inline"> \displaystyle\oint\limits_\gamma </math> and similar for closed curves <math display="inline"> \mathcal C </math> : instead of <math display="inline"> \displaystyle \int\limits_\mathcal C </math> also <math display="inline"> \displaystyle\oint\limits_\mathcal C </math>. With the circle in the Integral one would like to make clear that <math display="inline"> \gamma </math> is closed. The only difference is in the notation. ==Examples== * If <math display="inline"> \mathcal C </math> is the [[w:en:Graph of a function|graph]] of a function <math display="inline"> f\colon[a,b]\to\mathbb R </math>, this curve will be passed through the path :: <math display="inline"> \gamma\colon[a,b]\to\mathbb{R}^2,\quad t\mapsto(t,f(t)) </math> : parametrized with <math>(t,f(t)) \in \mathbb{R}^3</math>. About :: <math display="inline"> \|\dot\gamma(t)\|_2=\sqrt{1+f'(t)^2} </math> : the length of the curve is equal :: <math display="inline"> \int\limits_\mathcal C\mathrm ds = \int\limits_a^b\sqrt{1+f'(t)^2}\,\mathrm dt. </math> * A [[w:en:ellipse|ellipse]] with large half-axis <math display="inline"> a </math> and small half-axis <math display="inline"> b </math> is parameterized by <math display="inline"> (a\cos t, \, b\sin t) </math> for <math display="inline"> t\in[0,2\pi] </math>. Your scope is therefore :: <math display="inline"> \int\limits_0^{2\pi}\sqrt{a^2\sin^2t+b^2\cos^2t}\,\mathrm dt = 4a\int\limits_0^{\frac{\pi}{2}}\sqrt{1-\varepsilon^2\cos^2t}\;\mathrm dt </math>. : In this case <math display="inline"> \varepsilon </math> refers to the [[w:en:Eccentricity (mathematics)|numerical eccenttricity]] <math display="inline"> \sqrt{1-b^2/a^2} </math> of the ellipse. The integral on the right is referred to as [[w:en:elliptic Integral|elliptic tntegral]] due to this connection. ==Way-independent== If a vector field <math display="inline"> \mathbf{F} </math> is a ''[[w:en:gradient field|Gradient field]]'', i.e.'' : <math display="inline"> \mathbf{\nabla} V = \mathbf{F} </math>, This applies to [[w:en:Derivation (differential algebra)|derivation]] of [[w:en:Function composition|function composition]] of <math display="inline"> V </math> and <math display="inline"> \mathbf{r}(t) </math> : <math display="inline"> \frac{\mathrm d}{\mathrm dt} V(\mathbf{r}(t)) = \mathbf{\nabla} V(\mathbf{r}(t)) \cdot \dot{\mathbf{r}}(t) = \mathbf{F}(\mathbf{r}(t)) \cdot \dot{\mathbf{r}}(t) </math>, which exactly corresponds to the integral of the path integral over <math display="inline"> \mathbf{F} </math> to <math display="inline"> \mathbf{r}(t) </math>. ===Dependence of integral boundaries 1=== This follows for a given curve <math display="inline"> \mathcal S </math> : <math display="inline"> \int\limits_{\mathcal S} \mathbf{F}(\mathbf{x})\cdot\,\mathrm d\mathbf{x} = \int\limits_a^b \mathbf{F}(\mathbf{r}(t))\cdot \dot{\mathbf{r}}(t)\,\mathrm dt = \int\limits_a^b \frac{\mathrm d}{\mathrm dt} V(\mathbf{r}(t)) \,\mathrm dt = V(\mathbf{r}(b)) - V(\mathbf{r}(a)). </math> === Visualization === The following image show two arbitrary curves <math>S1</math> and <math>S2</math> in a Gradient vector field connecting point <math>1</math> with point <math>2</math>. [[File:Konservative_Kraft_Wege.svg|350px|center|two arbitrary curves 'S1' and 'S2' in a Gradient vector field connecting point 1 with point 2.]] ===Dependence of integral boundaries 2=== This means that the integral of <math display="inline"> \mathbf{F} </math> over <math display="inline"> \mathcal S </math> depends solely on points <math display="inline"> \mathbf{r}(b) </math> and <math display="inline"> \mathbf{r}(a) </math> and the path between them is irrelevant to the result. For this reason, the integral of a gradient field is referred to as “displaced”. ===Remark - closed paths - Ringintegral=== In particular, the ring integral applies to the closed curve <math display="inline"> \mathcal S </math> with two arbitrary paths <math display="inline"> \mathcal S_1 </math> and <math display="inline"> \mathcal S_2 </math>: : <math display="inline"> \oint\limits_{\mathcal S} \mathbf{F}(\mathbf{x})\, \mathrm d\mathbf{x} = \int\limits_{1,\mathcal{S}_1}^2 \mathbf{F}(\mathbf{x})\, \mathrm d\mathbf{x} + \int\limits_{2,\mathcal{S}_2}^1 \mathbf{F}(\mathbf{x})\, \mathrm d\mathbf{x} = 0 </math> ===Application in Physics=== This is particularly important in [[w:en:Physics|Physics]], since, for example, the [[w:en:Gravitation|Gravitation]] has these properties. Since the energy in these force fields is always a conservation variable, they are referred to in physics as [[w:en:conservative force|conservative force]]. ===Scaler fields - Potential energy=== The scalar field <math display="inline"> V </math> is the [[w:de:Skalarpotential|Potential]] or the [[w:de:potentielle Energie|potential Energy]]. Conservative force fields receive the mechanical energy, i.e. the sum of [[w:de:Kinetische Energie|kinetic Energy]] and potential energy. According to the above integral, a work of 0 J is applied on a closed curve overall. ===Number of revolutions=== Path independence can also be shown with the application of the [[w:en:Conservative_vector_field#Path_independence|Integrability condition]]. [[Image:Winding Number Around Point.svg|thumb|right|250px|This curve has winding number two around the point ''p''.]] if the vector field is not possible as a gradient field only in a (small) environment <math display="inline"> U </math> of a point, the closed path integral of curves outside <math display="inline"> U </math> is proportional to the number of turns around this point and otherwise independent of the exact curve (see [[w:en:Algebraic_topology#Method_of_algebraic_invariants|Algebraic Topology: Methodology]]). ===Remark - Complex pathintegrale=== If <math display="inline"> \mathbb{R}^n </math> is replaced by <math display="inline"> \mathbb{C} </math>, complex path integrals are treated which are treated in the [[Complex Analysis]]. ==Literature== * [[w:en:Harro Heuser|Harro Heuser]]: Lehrbuch der Analysis – Teil 2. 1981, 5. Auflage, Teubner 1990, ISBN 3-519-42222-0. p. 369, Theorem 180.1; p. 391, Theorem 184.1; p. 393, Theorem 185.1. === References === <references /> ==See also== * [[Complex Analysis]] * [[Topological vector space]] == Page Information == You can display this page as '''[https://niebert.github.io/Wiki2Reveal/wiki2reveal.html?domain=wikiversity&title=Line%20integral&author=Calculus&language=en&audioslide=yes&shorttitle=Line%20integral&coursetitle=Calculus Wiki2Reveal slides]''' === Wiki2Reveal === The '''[https://niebert.github.io/Wiki2Reveal/index.html?domain=wikiversity&title=Line%20integral&author=Calculus&language=en&audioslide=yes&shorttitle=Line%20integral&coursetitle=Calculus Wiki2Reveal slides]''' were created for the '''[https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Calculus Calculus]'''' and the Link for the [[v:en:Wiki2Reveal|Wiki2Reveal Slides]] was created with the [https://niebert.github.io/Wiki2Reveal/ link generator]. <!-- * Contents of the page are based on: ** [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Line%20integral https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Line%20integral] --> * [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Line%20integral This page] is designed as a [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/PanDocElectron-Presentation PanDocElectron-SLIDE] document type. * Source: Wikiversity https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Line%20integral * see [[v:en:Wiki2Reveal|Wiki2Reveal]] for the functionality of [https://niebert.github.io/Wiki2Reveal/index.html?domain=wikiversity&title=Line%20integral&author=Calculus&language=en&audioslide=yes&shorttitle=Line%20integral&coursetitle=Calculus Wiki2Reveal]. <!-- * Next contents of the course are [[]] -->; === Translation and Version Control === This page was translated based on the following [https://de.wikiversity.org/wiki/Kurvenintegral Wikiversity source page] and uses the concept of [[Translation and Version Control]] for a transparent language fork in a Wikiversity: * Source: [[v:de:Wegintegral|Wegintegral]] - URL: https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Wegintegral * Date: 11/20/2024 <span type="translate" src="Kurvenintegral" srclang="de" date="11/20/2024" time="17:04" status="inprogress"></span> <noinclude>[[de:Wegintegral]]</noinclude> <!-- <noinclude>[[en:Curve integral]]</noinclude> --> [[Category:Wiki2Reveal]] asg3wywatodjoovybl55jlda53rx2nm 2691422 2691421 2024-12-11T15:54:00Z Bert Niehaus 2387134 /* Examples */ 2691422 wikitext text/x-wiki ==Introduction== The ''Curve'', ''Line'', ''Path'' or ''Contour integral'' expands the standard integral term for the [[w:de:Integralrechnung|Integration]] in the complex plane ([[w:en:Complex analysis|Complex Analysis]]) or in the multidimensional space <math>\mathbb{R}^n</math> or <math>\mathbb{C}^n</math>. The [[w:en:Path (topology)|path]], the line or the [[w:en:Curve|curve]], via which is integrated, is called the ''integration path''<ref name="cite2"> Klaus Knothe, Heribert Wessels: Finite Elemente. Eine Einführung für Ingenieure. 3. Auflage. 1999, ISBN 3-540-64491-1, S. 524.</ref>. The line integral over a closed path are written with the symbol <math display="inline"> \textstyle \oint </math>. ==Real-valued Line Integrale== A path <math display="inline"> \gamma\colon[a,b]\to\mathbb{R}^n </math> is given which is imaged from an interval (e.g. interpreted as a time interval) into the vector space <math display="inline"> \mathbb{R}^n </math>. <math display="inline"> \gamma(t) \in \mathbb{R}^n </math> indicates the place where the value is <math display="inline"> t\in [a,b] </math>. The difference is * Line integral first type and * Line integral second type. ==Pathintegral first type== [[File:Line_integral_of_scalar_field.gif|thumb|Animation for a line integral of first type over a scalar field]] The path integral of a continuous [[w:en:function (Mathematics)|Function]] : <math display="inline"> f\colon\mathbb{R}^n \rightarrow \mathbb{R} </math> along a continuously differentiable piece [[w:de:Weg (Mathematik)|path]] <math display="inline"> \gamma\colon[a,b]\to\mathbb{R}^n </math> is defined as :<math display="block"> \int\limits_\gamma \! f \,\mathrm{d} s := \int\limits_a^b \! f(\gamma(t)) \, \| {\gamma \,}'(t) \|_2 \,\mathrm{d} t. </math> ===Deduction of the path=== <math display="inline"> {\gamma \,}' </math> refers to the derivation from <math display="inline"> \gamma </math> to <math display="inline"> t </math>. <math display="inline"> \gamma(t)\in \mathbb{R}^n </math> and <math display="inline"> {\gamma \,}'(t)\in \mathbb{R}^n </math> are a vectors. The derivation vector <math display="inline"> {\gamma \,}'(t)\in \mathbb{R}^n </math> indicates the change behavior in each component function of <math display="inline"> \gamma =(\gamma_1 ,\dots ,\gamma_n) </math>. ===Remark - Component functions=== The component functions <math display="inline"> \gamma_i : [a,b] \to \mathbb{R} </math> are illustrations for which the derivation with the knowledge from the real analysis can be calculated. ===Example of a path and its derivation=== A differentiable path is defined first <math display="inline"> \gamma </math> with :<math display="block"> \begin{array}{rrcl} \gamma: & [0 ,2\pi] & \rightarrow & \mathbb{R}^2 \\ & t & \mapsto & \gamma \left( t \right) = \begin{pmatrix} 5 \cdot \cos(t) \\ 3 \cdot \sin(t) \end{pmatrix} \end{array} </math> The track of the path forms an ellipse with the half axes 5 and 3. ====Derivation of the path in the two-dimensional space==== The derivation <math display="inline"> {\gamma }' </math> of the path <math display="inline"> \gamma </math> results directly from the derivation of the component functions :<math display="block"> \begin{array}{rrcl} {\gamma }': & [0 ,2\pi] & \rightarrow & \mathbb{R}^2 \\ & t & \mapsto & {\gamma }' \left( t \right) = \begin{pmatrix} - 5 \cdot \sin(t) \\ 3 \cdot \cos(t) \end{pmatrix} \end{array} </math> ===Example - Deduction of the Way in the Three-dimensional Space=== Now a vector is <math display="inline"> \gamma(t)= (\cos(t),\sin(t),t) \in \mathbb{R}^3 </math> and <math display="inline"> {\gamma \,}'(t) = (- \sin(t),\cos(t), 1)\in \mathbb{R}^3 </math>. The derivation vector <math display="inline"> {\gamma \,}'(t)\in \mathbb{R}^3 </math> indicates the change behavior in each component function of <math display="inline"> \gamma =(\gamma_1 ,\gamma_2,\gamma_3) </math>. ==Task== Draw the trail of the path in <math display="inline"> \mathbb{R}^2 </math> (Ellipse) and plotted the trail of the path in <math display="inline"> \mathbb{R}^3 </math> with [[CAS4Wiki|CAS4Wiki]] plots. ===Vector length of the derivation vector of the path=== <math display="inline"> \|{\gamma \,}'(t)\|_2 </math> indicates the [[w:en:Euclidean_space#Euclidean_norm|Euclidian norm]] of the vector <math display="inline"> {\gamma\,}'(t)\in \mathbb{R}^n </math>. ===Picture of the path - track=== The [[w:en:Image (mathematics)|image set]] <math display="inline"> \mbox{Spur}(\gamma) := \mathcal C := \gamma([a,b]) </math> of one piece [[w:en:Curve#Differential_geometry|differentiable curve]] in <math display="inline"> \mathbb{R}^n </math> should not be confused with the graph of a curve which is a part of the <math display="inline"> [a,b] \times \mathbb{R}^n </math>. ===Notes=== * An example of such a function <math display="inline"> f </math> is a [[w:en:scalar field|scalar field]] with [[w:en:Cartesian coordinate system|cartesischen coordinaten]]. * A path <math display="inline"> \gamma </math> can pass through a curve <math display="inline"> \mathcal C </math> either as a whole or only in sections several times. * For <math display="inline"> f \equiv 1 </math>, the path integral of the first type gives the length of the path <math display="inline"> \gamma </math>. * The path <math display="inline"> \gamma </math> forms, inter alia <math display="inline"> a \in \mathbb{R} </math> on the starting point of the curve and <math display="inline"> b \in \mathbb{R} </math> on its end point. * <math display="inline"> t \in [a,b] </math> is an element of the definition set of <math display="inline"> \gamma </math> and is generally ''not' for time. <math display="inline"> \mathrm dt </math> is the corresponding [[w:de:Differential (Mathematik)|Differential]]. ==Pathintegral second type== [[File:Line_integral_of_vector_field.gif|thumb|Visualization of a line integral of second type over Gradient vector field]] The line integral over a continuous [[w:en:Gradient vector field|gradient vector field]] : <math display="inline"> \mathbf f\colon\mathbb{R}^n \rightarrow \mathbb{R}^n </math> with a curve also parameterized in this way is defined as the integral over the [[w:en:Scalar product|scalar product]] of <math display="inline"> \mathbf{f} \circ \gamma </math> and <math display="inline"> \gamma\, ' </math>: : <math display="inline"> \int\limits_\gamma \! \mathbf{f}(\mathbf{x}) \cdot \mathrm{d} \mathbf{x} := \int\limits_a^b \! \langle \mathbf{f}(\gamma(t)) , {{\gamma}\,}'(t) \rangle \,\mathrm{d} t </math> ===Influence of parameterization=== If <math display="inline"> \gamma\colon[a,b]\to\mathbb{R}^n </math> and <math display="inline"> \eta\colon[c,d]\to\mathbb R^n </math> 'simplified' (d. h, <math display="inline"> \gamma_{|(a,b)} </math> and <math display="inline"> \eta_{|(c,d)} </math> are identical This justifies the name c''urve integral''; if the direction of integration is visible or irrelevant, the path in the notation can be suppressed. ===Curve integrals=== Since a curve <math display="inline"> \mathcal C </math> is the image of a path <math display="inline"> \gamma </math>, the definitions of the curve integrals essentially correspond to the path integrals. ====Curve integral 1. type==== : <math display="inline"> \int\limits_{\mathcal C} \! f \,\mathrm{d} s := \int\limits_a^b \! f(\gamma(t)) \cdot \| {{\gamma}\,}'(t) \|_2 \, \mathrm{d} t </math> ====Curve integral 2. type==== : <math display="inline"> \int\limits_\mathcal C \mathbf{f}(\mathbf{x})\cdot\mathrm d\mathbf{x} := \int\limits_a^b \langle \mathbf{f}(\gamma(t)) , {{\gamma}\,}'(t) \rangle \,\mathrm dt </math> ====Length of curve==== A special case is again the length of the curve parameterized by <math display="inline"> \gamma </math> <math display="inline"> \mathcal C </math>: : <math display="inline"> \mathrm{L\ddot ange\ von\ }\mathcal C = \int\limits_{\mathcal C} 1 \, \mathrm{d}s = \int\limits_a^b\| {\gamma\,}'(t) \|_2\,\mathrm dt </math> ===Displacement element and length element=== The expression occurring in the first type of curves : <math display="inline"> \mathrm ds= \|{\gamma\,}'(t)\|_2 \, \mathrm dt </math> is called ''scalar path element' or 'length element''.The expression occurring in the second type of curve integrals :<math display="block"> \mathrm d\mathbf{x} = {\gamma\,}' (t)\,\mathrm dt </math> is called 'vectorial path element'. ===Rules of Procedure=== Be <math display="inline"> \int\limits_\gamma \mathbf{f}(\mathbf{x}) </math>, <math display="inline"> \int\limits_\gamma \mathbf{g}(\mathbf{x}) </math> Curve integrals of the same type (i.e. either both first or second type), be the original image of the two functions <math display="inline"> \mathbf{f} </math> and <math display="inline"> \mathbf{g} </math> of the same dimension and be (698104789). The following rules apply to <math display="inline"> \alpha </math>, <math display="inline"> \beta\in \mathbb R </math> and <math display="inline"> c\in\mathbb [a, b] </math>: * <math display="inline"> \alpha\int\limits_\gamma \mathbf{f}(\mathbf{x}) + \beta\int\limits_\gamma \mathbf{g}(\mathbf{x}) = \int\limits_\gamma (\alpha\mathbf{f}(\mathbf{x}) + \beta\mathbf{g}(\mathbf{x})) </math> * <math display="inline"> \int\limits_\gamma \mathbf{f}(\mathbf{x}) = \int\limits_{\gamma|_{[a, c]}} \mathbf{f}(\mathbf{x}) + \int\limits_{\gamma|_{[c, b]}} \mathbf{f}(\mathbf{x}) </math> ==Notation for curve integrals of closed curves== If <math display="inline"> \gamma </math> is a closed way, you write : instead of <math display="inline"> \displaystyle\int\limits_\gamma </math> also <math display="inline"> \displaystyle\oint\limits_\gamma </math> and similar for closed curves <math display="inline"> \mathcal C </math> : instead of <math display="inline"> \displaystyle \int\limits_\mathcal C </math> also <math display="inline"> \displaystyle\oint\limits_\mathcal C </math>. With the circle in the Integral one would like to make clear that <math display="inline"> \gamma </math> is closed. The only difference is in the notation. ==Examples== * If <math display="inline"> \mathcal C </math> is the [[w:en:Graph of a function|graph]] of a function <math display="inline"> f\colon[a,b]\to\mathbb R </math>, this curve will be passed through the path :: <math display="inline"> \gamma\colon[a,b]\to\mathbb{R}^2,\quad t\mapsto(t,f(t)) </math> : parametrized with <math>(t,f(t)) \in \mathbb{R}^3</math>. About :: <math display="inline"> \|\gamma{\,}'(t)\|_2=\sqrt{1+f'(t)^2} </math> : the length of the curve is equal :: <math display="inline"> \int\limits_\mathcal C\mathrm ds = \int\limits_a^b\sqrt{1+f'(t)^2}\,\mathrm dt. </math> * A [[w:en:ellipse|ellipse]] with large half-axis <math display="inline"> a </math> and small half-axis <math display="inline"> b </math> is parameterized by <math display="inline"> (a\cos t, \, b\sin t) </math> for <math display="inline"> t\in[0,2\pi] </math>. Your scope is therefore :: <math display="inline"> \int\limits_0^{2\pi}\sqrt{a^2\sin^2t+b^2\cos^2t}\,\mathrm dt = 4a\int\limits_0^{\frac{\pi}{2}}\sqrt{1-\varepsilon^2\cos^2t}\;\mathrm dt </math>. : In this case <math display="inline"> \varepsilon </math> refers to the [[w:en:Eccentricity (mathematics)|numerical eccenttricity]] <math display="inline"> \sqrt{1-b^2/a^2} </math> of the ellipse. The integral on the right is referred to as [[w:en:elliptic Integral|elliptic tntegral]] due to this connection. ==Way-independent== If a vector field <math display="inline"> \mathbf{F} </math> is a ''[[w:en:gradient field|Gradient field]]'', i.e.'' : <math display="inline"> \mathbf{\nabla} V = \mathbf{F} </math>, This applies to [[w:en:Derivation (differential algebra)|derivation]] of [[w:en:Function composition|function composition]] of <math display="inline"> V </math> and <math display="inline"> \mathbf{r}(t) </math> : <math display="inline"> \frac{\mathrm d}{\mathrm dt} V(\mathbf{r}(t)) = \mathbf{\nabla} V(\mathbf{r}(t)) \cdot \dot{\mathbf{r}}(t) = \mathbf{F}(\mathbf{r}(t)) \cdot \dot{\mathbf{r}}(t) </math>, which exactly corresponds to the integral of the path integral over <math display="inline"> \mathbf{F} </math> to <math display="inline"> \mathbf{r}(t) </math>. ===Dependence of integral boundaries 1=== This follows for a given curve <math display="inline"> \mathcal S </math> : <math display="inline"> \int\limits_{\mathcal S} \mathbf{F}(\mathbf{x})\cdot\,\mathrm d\mathbf{x} = \int\limits_a^b \mathbf{F}(\mathbf{r}(t))\cdot \dot{\mathbf{r}}(t)\,\mathrm dt = \int\limits_a^b \frac{\mathrm d}{\mathrm dt} V(\mathbf{r}(t)) \,\mathrm dt = V(\mathbf{r}(b)) - V(\mathbf{r}(a)). </math> === Visualization === The following image show two arbitrary curves <math>S1</math> and <math>S2</math> in a Gradient vector field connecting point <math>1</math> with point <math>2</math>. [[File:Konservative_Kraft_Wege.svg|350px|center|two arbitrary curves 'S1' and 'S2' in a Gradient vector field connecting point 1 with point 2.]] ===Dependence of integral boundaries 2=== This means that the integral of <math display="inline"> \mathbf{F} </math> over <math display="inline"> \mathcal S </math> depends solely on points <math display="inline"> \mathbf{r}(b) </math> and <math display="inline"> \mathbf{r}(a) </math> and the path between them is irrelevant to the result. For this reason, the integral of a gradient field is referred to as “displaced”. ===Remark - closed paths - Ringintegral=== In particular, the ring integral applies to the closed curve <math display="inline"> \mathcal S </math> with two arbitrary paths <math display="inline"> \mathcal S_1 </math> and <math display="inline"> \mathcal S_2 </math>: : <math display="inline"> \oint\limits_{\mathcal S} \mathbf{F}(\mathbf{x})\, \mathrm d\mathbf{x} = \int\limits_{1,\mathcal{S}_1}^2 \mathbf{F}(\mathbf{x})\, \mathrm d\mathbf{x} + \int\limits_{2,\mathcal{S}_2}^1 \mathbf{F}(\mathbf{x})\, \mathrm d\mathbf{x} = 0 </math> ===Application in Physics=== This is particularly important in [[w:en:Physics|Physics]], since, for example, the [[w:en:Gravitation|Gravitation]] has these properties. Since the energy in these force fields is always a conservation variable, they are referred to in physics as [[w:en:conservative force|conservative force]]. ===Scaler fields - Potential energy=== The scalar field <math display="inline"> V </math> is the [[w:de:Skalarpotential|Potential]] or the [[w:de:potentielle Energie|potential Energy]]. Conservative force fields receive the mechanical energy, i.e. the sum of [[w:de:Kinetische Energie|kinetic Energy]] and potential energy. According to the above integral, a work of 0 J is applied on a closed curve overall. ===Number of revolutions=== Path independence can also be shown with the application of the [[w:en:Conservative_vector_field#Path_independence|Integrability condition]]. [[Image:Winding Number Around Point.svg|thumb|right|250px|This curve has winding number two around the point ''p''.]] if the vector field is not possible as a gradient field only in a (small) environment <math display="inline"> U </math> of a point, the closed path integral of curves outside <math display="inline"> U </math> is proportional to the number of turns around this point and otherwise independent of the exact curve (see [[w:en:Algebraic_topology#Method_of_algebraic_invariants|Algebraic Topology: Methodology]]). ===Remark - Complex pathintegrale=== If <math display="inline"> \mathbb{R}^n </math> is replaced by <math display="inline"> \mathbb{C} </math>, complex path integrals are treated which are treated in the [[Complex Analysis]]. ==Literature== * [[w:en:Harro Heuser|Harro Heuser]]: Lehrbuch der Analysis – Teil 2. 1981, 5. Auflage, Teubner 1990, ISBN 3-519-42222-0. p. 369, Theorem 180.1; p. 391, Theorem 184.1; p. 393, Theorem 185.1. === References === <references /> ==See also== * [[Complex Analysis]] * [[Topological vector space]] == Page Information == You can display this page as '''[https://niebert.github.io/Wiki2Reveal/wiki2reveal.html?domain=wikiversity&title=Line%20integral&author=Calculus&language=en&audioslide=yes&shorttitle=Line%20integral&coursetitle=Calculus Wiki2Reveal slides]''' === Wiki2Reveal === The '''[https://niebert.github.io/Wiki2Reveal/index.html?domain=wikiversity&title=Line%20integral&author=Calculus&language=en&audioslide=yes&shorttitle=Line%20integral&coursetitle=Calculus Wiki2Reveal slides]''' were created for the '''[https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Calculus Calculus]'''' and the Link for the [[v:en:Wiki2Reveal|Wiki2Reveal Slides]] was created with the [https://niebert.github.io/Wiki2Reveal/ link generator]. <!-- * Contents of the page are based on: ** [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Line%20integral https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Line%20integral] --> * [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Line%20integral This page] is designed as a [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/PanDocElectron-Presentation PanDocElectron-SLIDE] document type. * Source: Wikiversity https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Line%20integral * see [[v:en:Wiki2Reveal|Wiki2Reveal]] for the functionality of [https://niebert.github.io/Wiki2Reveal/index.html?domain=wikiversity&title=Line%20integral&author=Calculus&language=en&audioslide=yes&shorttitle=Line%20integral&coursetitle=Calculus Wiki2Reveal]. <!-- * Next contents of the course are [[]] -->; === Translation and Version Control === This page was translated based on the following [https://de.wikiversity.org/wiki/Kurvenintegral Wikiversity source page] and uses the concept of [[Translation and Version Control]] for a transparent language fork in a Wikiversity: * Source: [[v:de:Wegintegral|Wegintegral]] - URL: https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Wegintegral * Date: 11/20/2024 <span type="translate" src="Kurvenintegral" srclang="de" date="11/20/2024" time="17:04" status="inprogress"></span> <noinclude>[[de:Wegintegral]]</noinclude> <!-- <noinclude>[[en:Curve integral]]</noinclude> --> [[Category:Wiki2Reveal]] a9y9vh64hv81atmte6jl0wkirmuavtv 2691423 2691422 2024-12-11T15:55:15Z Bert Niehaus 2387134 /* Way-independent */ 2691423 wikitext text/x-wiki ==Introduction== The ''Curve'', ''Line'', ''Path'' or ''Contour integral'' expands the standard integral term for the [[w:de:Integralrechnung|Integration]] in the complex plane ([[w:en:Complex analysis|Complex Analysis]]) or in the multidimensional space <math>\mathbb{R}^n</math> or <math>\mathbb{C}^n</math>. The [[w:en:Path (topology)|path]], the line or the [[w:en:Curve|curve]], via which is integrated, is called the ''integration path''<ref name="cite2"> Klaus Knothe, Heribert Wessels: Finite Elemente. Eine Einführung für Ingenieure. 3. Auflage. 1999, ISBN 3-540-64491-1, S. 524.</ref>. The line integral over a closed path are written with the symbol <math display="inline"> \textstyle \oint </math>. ==Real-valued Line Integrale== A path <math display="inline"> \gamma\colon[a,b]\to\mathbb{R}^n </math> is given which is imaged from an interval (e.g. interpreted as a time interval) into the vector space <math display="inline"> \mathbb{R}^n </math>. <math display="inline"> \gamma(t) \in \mathbb{R}^n </math> indicates the place where the value is <math display="inline"> t\in [a,b] </math>. The difference is * Line integral first type and * Line integral second type. ==Pathintegral first type== [[File:Line_integral_of_scalar_field.gif|thumb|Animation for a line integral of first type over a scalar field]] The path integral of a continuous [[w:en:function (Mathematics)|Function]] : <math display="inline"> f\colon\mathbb{R}^n \rightarrow \mathbb{R} </math> along a continuously differentiable piece [[w:de:Weg (Mathematik)|path]] <math display="inline"> \gamma\colon[a,b]\to\mathbb{R}^n </math> is defined as :<math display="block"> \int\limits_\gamma \! f \,\mathrm{d} s := \int\limits_a^b \! f(\gamma(t)) \, \| {\gamma \,}'(t) \|_2 \,\mathrm{d} t. </math> ===Deduction of the path=== <math display="inline"> {\gamma \,}' </math> refers to the derivation from <math display="inline"> \gamma </math> to <math display="inline"> t </math>. <math display="inline"> \gamma(t)\in \mathbb{R}^n </math> and <math display="inline"> {\gamma \,}'(t)\in \mathbb{R}^n </math> are a vectors. The derivation vector <math display="inline"> {\gamma \,}'(t)\in \mathbb{R}^n </math> indicates the change behavior in each component function of <math display="inline"> \gamma =(\gamma_1 ,\dots ,\gamma_n) </math>. ===Remark - Component functions=== The component functions <math display="inline"> \gamma_i : [a,b] \to \mathbb{R} </math> are illustrations for which the derivation with the knowledge from the real analysis can be calculated. ===Example of a path and its derivation=== A differentiable path is defined first <math display="inline"> \gamma </math> with :<math display="block"> \begin{array}{rrcl} \gamma: & [0 ,2\pi] & \rightarrow & \mathbb{R}^2 \\ & t & \mapsto & \gamma \left( t \right) = \begin{pmatrix} 5 \cdot \cos(t) \\ 3 \cdot \sin(t) \end{pmatrix} \end{array} </math> The track of the path forms an ellipse with the half axes 5 and 3. ====Derivation of the path in the two-dimensional space==== The derivation <math display="inline"> {\gamma }' </math> of the path <math display="inline"> \gamma </math> results directly from the derivation of the component functions :<math display="block"> \begin{array}{rrcl} {\gamma }': & [0 ,2\pi] & \rightarrow & \mathbb{R}^2 \\ & t & \mapsto & {\gamma }' \left( t \right) = \begin{pmatrix} - 5 \cdot \sin(t) \\ 3 \cdot \cos(t) \end{pmatrix} \end{array} </math> ===Example - Deduction of the Way in the Three-dimensional Space=== Now a vector is <math display="inline"> \gamma(t)= (\cos(t),\sin(t),t) \in \mathbb{R}^3 </math> and <math display="inline"> {\gamma \,}'(t) = (- \sin(t),\cos(t), 1)\in \mathbb{R}^3 </math>. The derivation vector <math display="inline"> {\gamma \,}'(t)\in \mathbb{R}^3 </math> indicates the change behavior in each component function of <math display="inline"> \gamma =(\gamma_1 ,\gamma_2,\gamma_3) </math>. ==Task== Draw the trail of the path in <math display="inline"> \mathbb{R}^2 </math> (Ellipse) and plotted the trail of the path in <math display="inline"> \mathbb{R}^3 </math> with [[CAS4Wiki|CAS4Wiki]] plots. ===Vector length of the derivation vector of the path=== <math display="inline"> \|{\gamma \,}'(t)\|_2 </math> indicates the [[w:en:Euclidean_space#Euclidean_norm|Euclidian norm]] of the vector <math display="inline"> {\gamma\,}'(t)\in \mathbb{R}^n </math>. ===Picture of the path - track=== The [[w:en:Image (mathematics)|image set]] <math display="inline"> \mbox{Spur}(\gamma) := \mathcal C := \gamma([a,b]) </math> of one piece [[w:en:Curve#Differential_geometry|differentiable curve]] in <math display="inline"> \mathbb{R}^n </math> should not be confused with the graph of a curve which is a part of the <math display="inline"> [a,b] \times \mathbb{R}^n </math>. ===Notes=== * An example of such a function <math display="inline"> f </math> is a [[w:en:scalar field|scalar field]] with [[w:en:Cartesian coordinate system|cartesischen coordinaten]]. * A path <math display="inline"> \gamma </math> can pass through a curve <math display="inline"> \mathcal C </math> either as a whole or only in sections several times. * For <math display="inline"> f \equiv 1 </math>, the path integral of the first type gives the length of the path <math display="inline"> \gamma </math>. * The path <math display="inline"> \gamma </math> forms, inter alia <math display="inline"> a \in \mathbb{R} </math> on the starting point of the curve and <math display="inline"> b \in \mathbb{R} </math> on its end point. * <math display="inline"> t \in [a,b] </math> is an element of the definition set of <math display="inline"> \gamma </math> and is generally ''not' for time. <math display="inline"> \mathrm dt </math> is the corresponding [[w:de:Differential (Mathematik)|Differential]]. ==Pathintegral second type== [[File:Line_integral_of_vector_field.gif|thumb|Visualization of a line integral of second type over Gradient vector field]] The line integral over a continuous [[w:en:Gradient vector field|gradient vector field]] : <math display="inline"> \mathbf f\colon\mathbb{R}^n \rightarrow \mathbb{R}^n </math> with a curve also parameterized in this way is defined as the integral over the [[w:en:Scalar product|scalar product]] of <math display="inline"> \mathbf{f} \circ \gamma </math> and <math display="inline"> \gamma\, ' </math>: : <math display="inline"> \int\limits_\gamma \! \mathbf{f}(\mathbf{x}) \cdot \mathrm{d} \mathbf{x} := \int\limits_a^b \! \langle \mathbf{f}(\gamma(t)) , {{\gamma}\,}'(t) \rangle \,\mathrm{d} t </math> ===Influence of parameterization=== If <math display="inline"> \gamma\colon[a,b]\to\mathbb{R}^n </math> and <math display="inline"> \eta\colon[c,d]\to\mathbb R^n </math> 'simplified' (d. h, <math display="inline"> \gamma_{|(a,b)} </math> and <math display="inline"> \eta_{|(c,d)} </math> are identical This justifies the name c''urve integral''; if the direction of integration is visible or irrelevant, the path in the notation can be suppressed. ===Curve integrals=== Since a curve <math display="inline"> \mathcal C </math> is the image of a path <math display="inline"> \gamma </math>, the definitions of the curve integrals essentially correspond to the path integrals. ====Curve integral 1. type==== : <math display="inline"> \int\limits_{\mathcal C} \! f \,\mathrm{d} s := \int\limits_a^b \! f(\gamma(t)) \cdot \| {{\gamma}\,}'(t) \|_2 \, \mathrm{d} t </math> ====Curve integral 2. type==== : <math display="inline"> \int\limits_\mathcal C \mathbf{f}(\mathbf{x})\cdot\mathrm d\mathbf{x} := \int\limits_a^b \langle \mathbf{f}(\gamma(t)) , {{\gamma}\,}'(t) \rangle \,\mathrm dt </math> ====Length of curve==== A special case is again the length of the curve parameterized by <math display="inline"> \gamma </math> <math display="inline"> \mathcal C </math>: : <math display="inline"> \mathrm{L\ddot ange\ von\ }\mathcal C = \int\limits_{\mathcal C} 1 \, \mathrm{d}s = \int\limits_a^b\| {\gamma\,}'(t) \|_2\,\mathrm dt </math> ===Displacement element and length element=== The expression occurring in the first type of curves : <math display="inline"> \mathrm ds= \|{\gamma\,}'(t)\|_2 \, \mathrm dt </math> is called ''scalar path element' or 'length element''.The expression occurring in the second type of curve integrals :<math display="block"> \mathrm d\mathbf{x} = {\gamma\,}' (t)\,\mathrm dt </math> is called 'vectorial path element'. ===Rules of Procedure=== Be <math display="inline"> \int\limits_\gamma \mathbf{f}(\mathbf{x}) </math>, <math display="inline"> \int\limits_\gamma \mathbf{g}(\mathbf{x}) </math> Curve integrals of the same type (i.e. either both first or second type), be the original image of the two functions <math display="inline"> \mathbf{f} </math> and <math display="inline"> \mathbf{g} </math> of the same dimension and be (698104789). The following rules apply to <math display="inline"> \alpha </math>, <math display="inline"> \beta\in \mathbb R </math> and <math display="inline"> c\in\mathbb [a, b] </math>: * <math display="inline"> \alpha\int\limits_\gamma \mathbf{f}(\mathbf{x}) + \beta\int\limits_\gamma \mathbf{g}(\mathbf{x}) = \int\limits_\gamma (\alpha\mathbf{f}(\mathbf{x}) + \beta\mathbf{g}(\mathbf{x})) </math> * <math display="inline"> \int\limits_\gamma \mathbf{f}(\mathbf{x}) = \int\limits_{\gamma|_{[a, c]}} \mathbf{f}(\mathbf{x}) + \int\limits_{\gamma|_{[c, b]}} \mathbf{f}(\mathbf{x}) </math> ==Notation for curve integrals of closed curves== If <math display="inline"> \gamma </math> is a closed way, you write : instead of <math display="inline"> \displaystyle\int\limits_\gamma </math> also <math display="inline"> \displaystyle\oint\limits_\gamma </math> and similar for closed curves <math display="inline"> \mathcal C </math> : instead of <math display="inline"> \displaystyle \int\limits_\mathcal C </math> also <math display="inline"> \displaystyle\oint\limits_\mathcal C </math>. With the circle in the Integral one would like to make clear that <math display="inline"> \gamma </math> is closed. The only difference is in the notation. ==Examples== * If <math display="inline"> \mathcal C </math> is the [[w:en:Graph of a function|graph]] of a function <math display="inline"> f\colon[a,b]\to\mathbb R </math>, this curve will be passed through the path :: <math display="inline"> \gamma\colon[a,b]\to\mathbb{R}^2,\quad t\mapsto(t,f(t)) </math> : parametrized with <math>(t,f(t)) \in \mathbb{R}^3</math>. About :: <math display="inline"> \|\gamma{\,}'(t)\|_2=\sqrt{1+f'(t)^2} </math> : the length of the curve is equal :: <math display="inline"> \int\limits_\mathcal C\mathrm ds = \int\limits_a^b\sqrt{1+f'(t)^2}\,\mathrm dt. </math> * A [[w:en:ellipse|ellipse]] with large half-axis <math display="inline"> a </math> and small half-axis <math display="inline"> b </math> is parameterized by <math display="inline"> (a\cos t, \, b\sin t) </math> for <math display="inline"> t\in[0,2\pi] </math>. Your scope is therefore :: <math display="inline"> \int\limits_0^{2\pi}\sqrt{a^2\sin^2t+b^2\cos^2t}\,\mathrm dt = 4a\int\limits_0^{\frac{\pi}{2}}\sqrt{1-\varepsilon^2\cos^2t}\;\mathrm dt </math>. : In this case <math display="inline"> \varepsilon </math> refers to the [[w:en:Eccentricity (mathematics)|numerical eccenttricity]] <math display="inline"> \sqrt{1-b^2/a^2} </math> of the ellipse. The integral on the right is referred to as [[w:en:elliptic Integral|elliptic tntegral]] due to this connection. ==Path Independency== If a vector field <math display="inline"> \mathbf{F} </math> is a ''[[w:en:gradient field|Gradient field]]'', i.e.'' : <math display="inline"> \mathbf{\nabla} V = \mathbf{F} </math>, This applies to [[w:en:Derivation (differential algebra)|derivation]] of [[w:en:Function composition|function composition]] of <math display="inline"> V </math> and <math display="inline"> \mathbf{r}(t) </math> : <math display="inline"> \frac{\mathrm d}{\mathrm dt} V(\mathbf{r}(t)) = \mathbf{\nabla} V(\mathbf{r}(t)) \cdot \dot{\mathbf{r}}(t) = \mathbf{F}(\mathbf{r}(t)) \cdot \dot{\mathbf{r}}(t) </math>, which exactly corresponds to the integral of the path integral over <math display="inline"> \mathbf{F} </math> to <math display="inline"> \mathbf{r}(t) </math>. ===Dependence of integral boundaries 1=== This follows for a given curve <math display="inline"> \mathcal S </math> : <math display="inline"> \int\limits_{\mathcal S} \mathbf{F}(\mathbf{x})\cdot\,\mathrm d\mathbf{x} = \int\limits_a^b \mathbf{F}(\mathbf{r}(t))\cdot \dot{\mathbf{r}}(t)\,\mathrm dt = \int\limits_a^b \frac{\mathrm d}{\mathrm dt} V(\mathbf{r}(t)) \,\mathrm dt = V(\mathbf{r}(b)) - V(\mathbf{r}(a)). </math> === Visualization === The following image show two arbitrary curves <math>S1</math> and <math>S2</math> in a Gradient vector field connecting point <math>1</math> with point <math>2</math>. [[File:Konservative_Kraft_Wege.svg|350px|center|two arbitrary curves 'S1' and 'S2' in a Gradient vector field connecting point 1 with point 2.]] ===Dependence of integral boundaries 2=== This means that the integral of <math display="inline"> \mathbf{F} </math> over <math display="inline"> \mathcal S </math> depends solely on points <math display="inline"> \mathbf{r}(b) </math> and <math display="inline"> \mathbf{r}(a) </math> and the path between them is irrelevant to the result. For this reason, the integral of a gradient field is referred to as “displaced”. ===Remark - closed paths - Ringintegral=== In particular, the ring integral applies to the closed curve <math display="inline"> \mathcal S </math> with two arbitrary paths <math display="inline"> \mathcal S_1 </math> and <math display="inline"> \mathcal S_2 </math>: : <math display="inline"> \oint\limits_{\mathcal S} \mathbf{F}(\mathbf{x})\, \mathrm d\mathbf{x} = \int\limits_{1,\mathcal{S}_1}^2 \mathbf{F}(\mathbf{x})\, \mathrm d\mathbf{x} + \int\limits_{2,\mathcal{S}_2}^1 \mathbf{F}(\mathbf{x})\, \mathrm d\mathbf{x} = 0 </math> ===Application in Physics=== This is particularly important in [[w:en:Physics|Physics]], since, for example, the [[w:en:Gravitation|Gravitation]] has these properties. Since the energy in these force fields is always a conservation variable, they are referred to in physics as [[w:en:conservative force|conservative force]]. ===Scaler fields - Potential energy=== The scalar field <math display="inline"> V </math> is the [[w:de:Skalarpotential|Potential]] or the [[w:de:potentielle Energie|potential Energy]]. Conservative force fields receive the mechanical energy, i.e. the sum of [[w:de:Kinetische Energie|kinetic Energy]] and potential energy. According to the above integral, a work of 0 J is applied on a closed curve overall. ===Number of revolutions=== Path independence can also be shown with the application of the [[w:en:Conservative_vector_field#Path_independence|Integrability condition]]. [[Image:Winding Number Around Point.svg|thumb|right|250px|This curve has winding number two around the point ''p''.]] if the vector field is not possible as a gradient field only in a (small) environment <math display="inline"> U </math> of a point, the closed path integral of curves outside <math display="inline"> U </math> is proportional to the number of turns around this point and otherwise independent of the exact curve (see [[w:en:Algebraic_topology#Method_of_algebraic_invariants|Algebraic Topology: Methodology]]). ===Remark - Complex pathintegrale=== If <math display="inline"> \mathbb{R}^n </math> is replaced by <math display="inline"> \mathbb{C} </math>, complex path integrals are treated which are treated in the [[Complex Analysis]]. ==Literature== * [[w:en:Harro Heuser|Harro Heuser]]: Lehrbuch der Analysis – Teil 2. 1981, 5. Auflage, Teubner 1990, ISBN 3-519-42222-0. p. 369, Theorem 180.1; p. 391, Theorem 184.1; p. 393, Theorem 185.1. === References === <references /> ==See also== * [[Complex Analysis]] * [[Topological vector space]] == Page Information == You can display this page as '''[https://niebert.github.io/Wiki2Reveal/wiki2reveal.html?domain=wikiversity&title=Line%20integral&author=Calculus&language=en&audioslide=yes&shorttitle=Line%20integral&coursetitle=Calculus Wiki2Reveal slides]''' === Wiki2Reveal === The '''[https://niebert.github.io/Wiki2Reveal/index.html?domain=wikiversity&title=Line%20integral&author=Calculus&language=en&audioslide=yes&shorttitle=Line%20integral&coursetitle=Calculus Wiki2Reveal slides]''' were created for the '''[https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Calculus Calculus]'''' and the Link for the [[v:en:Wiki2Reveal|Wiki2Reveal Slides]] was created with the [https://niebert.github.io/Wiki2Reveal/ link generator]. <!-- * Contents of the page are based on: ** [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Line%20integral https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Line%20integral] --> * [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Line%20integral This page] is designed as a [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/PanDocElectron-Presentation PanDocElectron-SLIDE] document type. * Source: Wikiversity https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Line%20integral * see [[v:en:Wiki2Reveal|Wiki2Reveal]] for the functionality of [https://niebert.github.io/Wiki2Reveal/index.html?domain=wikiversity&title=Line%20integral&author=Calculus&language=en&audioslide=yes&shorttitle=Line%20integral&coursetitle=Calculus Wiki2Reveal]. <!-- * Next contents of the course are [[]] -->; === Translation and Version Control === This page was translated based on the following [https://de.wikiversity.org/wiki/Kurvenintegral Wikiversity source page] and uses the concept of [[Translation and Version Control]] for a transparent language fork in a Wikiversity: * Source: [[v:de:Wegintegral|Wegintegral]] - URL: https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Wegintegral * Date: 11/20/2024 <span type="translate" src="Kurvenintegral" srclang="de" date="11/20/2024" time="17:04" status="inprogress"></span> <noinclude>[[de:Wegintegral]]</noinclude> <!-- <noinclude>[[en:Curve integral]]</noinclude> --> [[Category:Wiki2Reveal]] tk3aa89e85h89w6ajdqy4un3r1g3p3j 2691424 2691423 2024-12-11T15:55:37Z Bert Niehaus 2387134 /* Path Independency */ 2691424 wikitext text/x-wiki ==Introduction== The ''Curve'', ''Line'', ''Path'' or ''Contour integral'' expands the standard integral term for the [[w:de:Integralrechnung|Integration]] in the complex plane ([[w:en:Complex analysis|Complex Analysis]]) or in the multidimensional space <math>\mathbb{R}^n</math> or <math>\mathbb{C}^n</math>. The [[w:en:Path (topology)|path]], the line or the [[w:en:Curve|curve]], via which is integrated, is called the ''integration path''<ref name="cite2"> Klaus Knothe, Heribert Wessels: Finite Elemente. Eine Einführung für Ingenieure. 3. Auflage. 1999, ISBN 3-540-64491-1, S. 524.</ref>. The line integral over a closed path are written with the symbol <math display="inline"> \textstyle \oint </math>. ==Real-valued Line Integrale== A path <math display="inline"> \gamma\colon[a,b]\to\mathbb{R}^n </math> is given which is imaged from an interval (e.g. interpreted as a time interval) into the vector space <math display="inline"> \mathbb{R}^n </math>. <math display="inline"> \gamma(t) \in \mathbb{R}^n </math> indicates the place where the value is <math display="inline"> t\in [a,b] </math>. The difference is * Line integral first type and * Line integral second type. ==Pathintegral first type== [[File:Line_integral_of_scalar_field.gif|thumb|Animation for a line integral of first type over a scalar field]] The path integral of a continuous [[w:en:function (Mathematics)|Function]] : <math display="inline"> f\colon\mathbb{R}^n \rightarrow \mathbb{R} </math> along a continuously differentiable piece [[w:de:Weg (Mathematik)|path]] <math display="inline"> \gamma\colon[a,b]\to\mathbb{R}^n </math> is defined as :<math display="block"> \int\limits_\gamma \! f \,\mathrm{d} s := \int\limits_a^b \! f(\gamma(t)) \, \| {\gamma \,}'(t) \|_2 \,\mathrm{d} t. </math> ===Deduction of the path=== <math display="inline"> {\gamma \,}' </math> refers to the derivation from <math display="inline"> \gamma </math> to <math display="inline"> t </math>. <math display="inline"> \gamma(t)\in \mathbb{R}^n </math> and <math display="inline"> {\gamma \,}'(t)\in \mathbb{R}^n </math> are a vectors. The derivation vector <math display="inline"> {\gamma \,}'(t)\in \mathbb{R}^n </math> indicates the change behavior in each component function of <math display="inline"> \gamma =(\gamma_1 ,\dots ,\gamma_n) </math>. ===Remark - Component functions=== The component functions <math display="inline"> \gamma_i : [a,b] \to \mathbb{R} </math> are illustrations for which the derivation with the knowledge from the real analysis can be calculated. ===Example of a path and its derivation=== A differentiable path is defined first <math display="inline"> \gamma </math> with :<math display="block"> \begin{array}{rrcl} \gamma: & [0 ,2\pi] & \rightarrow & \mathbb{R}^2 \\ & t & \mapsto & \gamma \left( t \right) = \begin{pmatrix} 5 \cdot \cos(t) \\ 3 \cdot \sin(t) \end{pmatrix} \end{array} </math> The track of the path forms an ellipse with the half axes 5 and 3. ====Derivation of the path in the two-dimensional space==== The derivation <math display="inline"> {\gamma }' </math> of the path <math display="inline"> \gamma </math> results directly from the derivation of the component functions :<math display="block"> \begin{array}{rrcl} {\gamma }': & [0 ,2\pi] & \rightarrow & \mathbb{R}^2 \\ & t & \mapsto & {\gamma }' \left( t \right) = \begin{pmatrix} - 5 \cdot \sin(t) \\ 3 \cdot \cos(t) \end{pmatrix} \end{array} </math> ===Example - Deduction of the Way in the Three-dimensional Space=== Now a vector is <math display="inline"> \gamma(t)= (\cos(t),\sin(t),t) \in \mathbb{R}^3 </math> and <math display="inline"> {\gamma \,}'(t) = (- \sin(t),\cos(t), 1)\in \mathbb{R}^3 </math>. The derivation vector <math display="inline"> {\gamma \,}'(t)\in \mathbb{R}^3 </math> indicates the change behavior in each component function of <math display="inline"> \gamma =(\gamma_1 ,\gamma_2,\gamma_3) </math>. ==Task== Draw the trail of the path in <math display="inline"> \mathbb{R}^2 </math> (Ellipse) and plotted the trail of the path in <math display="inline"> \mathbb{R}^3 </math> with [[CAS4Wiki|CAS4Wiki]] plots. ===Vector length of the derivation vector of the path=== <math display="inline"> \|{\gamma \,}'(t)\|_2 </math> indicates the [[w:en:Euclidean_space#Euclidean_norm|Euclidian norm]] of the vector <math display="inline"> {\gamma\,}'(t)\in \mathbb{R}^n </math>. ===Picture of the path - track=== The [[w:en:Image (mathematics)|image set]] <math display="inline"> \mbox{Spur}(\gamma) := \mathcal C := \gamma([a,b]) </math> of one piece [[w:en:Curve#Differential_geometry|differentiable curve]] in <math display="inline"> \mathbb{R}^n </math> should not be confused with the graph of a curve which is a part of the <math display="inline"> [a,b] \times \mathbb{R}^n </math>. ===Notes=== * An example of such a function <math display="inline"> f </math> is a [[w:en:scalar field|scalar field]] with [[w:en:Cartesian coordinate system|cartesischen coordinaten]]. * A path <math display="inline"> \gamma </math> can pass through a curve <math display="inline"> \mathcal C </math> either as a whole or only in sections several times. * For <math display="inline"> f \equiv 1 </math>, the path integral of the first type gives the length of the path <math display="inline"> \gamma </math>. * The path <math display="inline"> \gamma </math> forms, inter alia <math display="inline"> a \in \mathbb{R} </math> on the starting point of the curve and <math display="inline"> b \in \mathbb{R} </math> on its end point. * <math display="inline"> t \in [a,b] </math> is an element of the definition set of <math display="inline"> \gamma </math> and is generally ''not' for time. <math display="inline"> \mathrm dt </math> is the corresponding [[w:de:Differential (Mathematik)|Differential]]. ==Pathintegral second type== [[File:Line_integral_of_vector_field.gif|thumb|Visualization of a line integral of second type over Gradient vector field]] The line integral over a continuous [[w:en:Gradient vector field|gradient vector field]] : <math display="inline"> \mathbf f\colon\mathbb{R}^n \rightarrow \mathbb{R}^n </math> with a curve also parameterized in this way is defined as the integral over the [[w:en:Scalar product|scalar product]] of <math display="inline"> \mathbf{f} \circ \gamma </math> and <math display="inline"> \gamma\, ' </math>: : <math display="inline"> \int\limits_\gamma \! \mathbf{f}(\mathbf{x}) \cdot \mathrm{d} \mathbf{x} := \int\limits_a^b \! \langle \mathbf{f}(\gamma(t)) , {{\gamma}\,}'(t) \rangle \,\mathrm{d} t </math> ===Influence of parameterization=== If <math display="inline"> \gamma\colon[a,b]\to\mathbb{R}^n </math> and <math display="inline"> \eta\colon[c,d]\to\mathbb R^n </math> 'simplified' (d. h, <math display="inline"> \gamma_{|(a,b)} </math> and <math display="inline"> \eta_{|(c,d)} </math> are identical This justifies the name c''urve integral''; if the direction of integration is visible or irrelevant, the path in the notation can be suppressed. ===Curve integrals=== Since a curve <math display="inline"> \mathcal C </math> is the image of a path <math display="inline"> \gamma </math>, the definitions of the curve integrals essentially correspond to the path integrals. ====Curve integral 1. type==== : <math display="inline"> \int\limits_{\mathcal C} \! f \,\mathrm{d} s := \int\limits_a^b \! f(\gamma(t)) \cdot \| {{\gamma}\,}'(t) \|_2 \, \mathrm{d} t </math> ====Curve integral 2. type==== : <math display="inline"> \int\limits_\mathcal C \mathbf{f}(\mathbf{x})\cdot\mathrm d\mathbf{x} := \int\limits_a^b \langle \mathbf{f}(\gamma(t)) , {{\gamma}\,}'(t) \rangle \,\mathrm dt </math> ====Length of curve==== A special case is again the length of the curve parameterized by <math display="inline"> \gamma </math> <math display="inline"> \mathcal C </math>: : <math display="inline"> \mathrm{L\ddot ange\ von\ }\mathcal C = \int\limits_{\mathcal C} 1 \, \mathrm{d}s = \int\limits_a^b\| {\gamma\,}'(t) \|_2\,\mathrm dt </math> ===Displacement element and length element=== The expression occurring in the first type of curves : <math display="inline"> \mathrm ds= \|{\gamma\,}'(t)\|_2 \, \mathrm dt </math> is called ''scalar path element' or 'length element''.The expression occurring in the second type of curve integrals :<math display="block"> \mathrm d\mathbf{x} = {\gamma\,}' (t)\,\mathrm dt </math> is called 'vectorial path element'. ===Rules of Procedure=== Be <math display="inline"> \int\limits_\gamma \mathbf{f}(\mathbf{x}) </math>, <math display="inline"> \int\limits_\gamma \mathbf{g}(\mathbf{x}) </math> Curve integrals of the same type (i.e. either both first or second type), be the original image of the two functions <math display="inline"> \mathbf{f} </math> and <math display="inline"> \mathbf{g} </math> of the same dimension and be (698104789). The following rules apply to <math display="inline"> \alpha </math>, <math display="inline"> \beta\in \mathbb R </math> and <math display="inline"> c\in\mathbb [a, b] </math>: * <math display="inline"> \alpha\int\limits_\gamma \mathbf{f}(\mathbf{x}) + \beta\int\limits_\gamma \mathbf{g}(\mathbf{x}) = \int\limits_\gamma (\alpha\mathbf{f}(\mathbf{x}) + \beta\mathbf{g}(\mathbf{x})) </math> * <math display="inline"> \int\limits_\gamma \mathbf{f}(\mathbf{x}) = \int\limits_{\gamma|_{[a, c]}} \mathbf{f}(\mathbf{x}) + \int\limits_{\gamma|_{[c, b]}} \mathbf{f}(\mathbf{x}) </math> ==Notation for curve integrals of closed curves== If <math display="inline"> \gamma </math> is a closed way, you write : instead of <math display="inline"> \displaystyle\int\limits_\gamma </math> also <math display="inline"> \displaystyle\oint\limits_\gamma </math> and similar for closed curves <math display="inline"> \mathcal C </math> : instead of <math display="inline"> \displaystyle \int\limits_\mathcal C </math> also <math display="inline"> \displaystyle\oint\limits_\mathcal C </math>. With the circle in the Integral one would like to make clear that <math display="inline"> \gamma </math> is closed. The only difference is in the notation. ==Examples== * If <math display="inline"> \mathcal C </math> is the [[w:en:Graph of a function|graph]] of a function <math display="inline"> f\colon[a,b]\to\mathbb R </math>, this curve will be passed through the path :: <math display="inline"> \gamma\colon[a,b]\to\mathbb{R}^2,\quad t\mapsto(t,f(t)) </math> : parametrized with <math>(t,f(t)) \in \mathbb{R}^3</math>. About :: <math display="inline"> \|\gamma{\,}'(t)\|_2=\sqrt{1+f'(t)^2} </math> : the length of the curve is equal :: <math display="inline"> \int\limits_\mathcal C\mathrm ds = \int\limits_a^b\sqrt{1+f'(t)^2}\,\mathrm dt. </math> * A [[w:en:ellipse|ellipse]] with large half-axis <math display="inline"> a </math> and small half-axis <math display="inline"> b </math> is parameterized by <math display="inline"> (a\cos t, \, b\sin t) </math> for <math display="inline"> t\in[0,2\pi] </math>. Your scope is therefore :: <math display="inline"> \int\limits_0^{2\pi}\sqrt{a^2\sin^2t+b^2\cos^2t}\,\mathrm dt = 4a\int\limits_0^{\frac{\pi}{2}}\sqrt{1-\varepsilon^2\cos^2t}\;\mathrm dt </math>. : In this case <math display="inline"> \varepsilon </math> refers to the [[w:en:Eccentricity (mathematics)|numerical eccenttricity]] <math display="inline"> \sqrt{1-b^2/a^2} </math> of the ellipse. The integral on the right is referred to as [[w:en:elliptic Integral|elliptic tntegral]] due to this connection. ==Path Independency on Integral== If a vector field <math display="inline"> \mathbf{F} </math> is a ''[[w:en:gradient field|Gradient field]]'', i.e.'' : <math display="inline"> \mathbf{\nabla} V = \mathbf{F} </math>, This applies to [[w:en:Derivation (differential algebra)|derivation]] of [[w:en:Function composition|function composition]] of <math display="inline"> V </math> and <math display="inline"> \mathbf{r}(t) </math> : <math display="inline"> \frac{\mathrm d}{\mathrm dt} V(\mathbf{r}(t)) = \mathbf{\nabla} V(\mathbf{r}(t)) \cdot \dot{\mathbf{r}}(t) = \mathbf{F}(\mathbf{r}(t)) \cdot \dot{\mathbf{r}}(t) </math>, which exactly corresponds to the integral of the path integral over <math display="inline"> \mathbf{F} </math> to <math display="inline"> \mathbf{r}(t) </math>. ===Dependence of integral boundaries 1=== This follows for a given curve <math display="inline"> \mathcal S </math> : <math display="inline"> \int\limits_{\mathcal S} \mathbf{F}(\mathbf{x})\cdot\,\mathrm d\mathbf{x} = \int\limits_a^b \mathbf{F}(\mathbf{r}(t))\cdot \dot{\mathbf{r}}(t)\,\mathrm dt = \int\limits_a^b \frac{\mathrm d}{\mathrm dt} V(\mathbf{r}(t)) \,\mathrm dt = V(\mathbf{r}(b)) - V(\mathbf{r}(a)). </math> === Visualization === The following image show two arbitrary curves <math>S1</math> and <math>S2</math> in a Gradient vector field connecting point <math>1</math> with point <math>2</math>. [[File:Konservative_Kraft_Wege.svg|350px|center|two arbitrary curves 'S1' and 'S2' in a Gradient vector field connecting point 1 with point 2.]] ===Dependence of integral boundaries 2=== This means that the integral of <math display="inline"> \mathbf{F} </math> over <math display="inline"> \mathcal S </math> depends solely on points <math display="inline"> \mathbf{r}(b) </math> and <math display="inline"> \mathbf{r}(a) </math> and the path between them is irrelevant to the result. For this reason, the integral of a gradient field is referred to as “displaced”. ===Remark - closed paths - Ringintegral=== In particular, the ring integral applies to the closed curve <math display="inline"> \mathcal S </math> with two arbitrary paths <math display="inline"> \mathcal S_1 </math> and <math display="inline"> \mathcal S_2 </math>: : <math display="inline"> \oint\limits_{\mathcal S} \mathbf{F}(\mathbf{x})\, \mathrm d\mathbf{x} = \int\limits_{1,\mathcal{S}_1}^2 \mathbf{F}(\mathbf{x})\, \mathrm d\mathbf{x} + \int\limits_{2,\mathcal{S}_2}^1 \mathbf{F}(\mathbf{x})\, \mathrm d\mathbf{x} = 0 </math> ===Application in Physics=== This is particularly important in [[w:en:Physics|Physics]], since, for example, the [[w:en:Gravitation|Gravitation]] has these properties. Since the energy in these force fields is always a conservation variable, they are referred to in physics as [[w:en:conservative force|conservative force]]. ===Scaler fields - Potential energy=== The scalar field <math display="inline"> V </math> is the [[w:de:Skalarpotential|Potential]] or the [[w:de:potentielle Energie|potential Energy]]. Conservative force fields receive the mechanical energy, i.e. the sum of [[w:de:Kinetische Energie|kinetic Energy]] and potential energy. According to the above integral, a work of 0 J is applied on a closed curve overall. ===Number of revolutions=== Path independence can also be shown with the application of the [[w:en:Conservative_vector_field#Path_independence|Integrability condition]]. [[Image:Winding Number Around Point.svg|thumb|right|250px|This curve has winding number two around the point ''p''.]] if the vector field is not possible as a gradient field only in a (small) environment <math display="inline"> U </math> of a point, the closed path integral of curves outside <math display="inline"> U </math> is proportional to the number of turns around this point and otherwise independent of the exact curve (see [[w:en:Algebraic_topology#Method_of_algebraic_invariants|Algebraic Topology: Methodology]]). ===Remark - Complex pathintegrale=== If <math display="inline"> \mathbb{R}^n </math> is replaced by <math display="inline"> \mathbb{C} </math>, complex path integrals are treated which are treated in the [[Complex Analysis]]. ==Literature== * [[w:en:Harro Heuser|Harro Heuser]]: Lehrbuch der Analysis – Teil 2. 1981, 5. Auflage, Teubner 1990, ISBN 3-519-42222-0. p. 369, Theorem 180.1; p. 391, Theorem 184.1; p. 393, Theorem 185.1. === References === <references /> ==See also== * [[Complex Analysis]] * [[Topological vector space]] == Page Information == You can display this page as '''[https://niebert.github.io/Wiki2Reveal/wiki2reveal.html?domain=wikiversity&title=Line%20integral&author=Calculus&language=en&audioslide=yes&shorttitle=Line%20integral&coursetitle=Calculus Wiki2Reveal slides]''' === Wiki2Reveal === The '''[https://niebert.github.io/Wiki2Reveal/index.html?domain=wikiversity&title=Line%20integral&author=Calculus&language=en&audioslide=yes&shorttitle=Line%20integral&coursetitle=Calculus Wiki2Reveal slides]''' were created for the '''[https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Calculus Calculus]'''' and the Link for the [[v:en:Wiki2Reveal|Wiki2Reveal Slides]] was created with the [https://niebert.github.io/Wiki2Reveal/ link generator]. <!-- * Contents of the page are based on: ** [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Line%20integral https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Line%20integral] --> * [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Line%20integral This page] is designed as a [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/PanDocElectron-Presentation PanDocElectron-SLIDE] document type. * Source: Wikiversity https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Line%20integral * see [[v:en:Wiki2Reveal|Wiki2Reveal]] for the functionality of [https://niebert.github.io/Wiki2Reveal/index.html?domain=wikiversity&title=Line%20integral&author=Calculus&language=en&audioslide=yes&shorttitle=Line%20integral&coursetitle=Calculus Wiki2Reveal]. <!-- * Next contents of the course are [[]] -->; === Translation and Version Control === This page was translated based on the following [https://de.wikiversity.org/wiki/Kurvenintegral Wikiversity source page] and uses the concept of [[Translation and Version Control]] for a transparent language fork in a Wikiversity: * Source: [[v:de:Wegintegral|Wegintegral]] - URL: https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Wegintegral * Date: 11/20/2024 <span type="translate" src="Kurvenintegral" srclang="de" date="11/20/2024" time="17:04" status="inprogress"></span> <noinclude>[[de:Wegintegral]]</noinclude> <!-- <noinclude>[[en:Curve integral]]</noinclude> --> [[Category:Wiki2Reveal]] s54b0lxcbo62pi9hx0m5fq06sez0e4f 119 316904 2691497 2690111 2024-12-11T19:50:18Z Eyoungstrom 1933979 Eyoungstrom moved page [[Talk:Institute for Mental and Behavioral Health Research (IMBHR) at Nationwide Children's Hospital]] to [[Draft talk:Institute for Mental and Behavioral Health Research (IMBHR) at Nationwide Children's Hospital]]: Marking as draft pending internal discussions with leadership and marketing at NCH 2690111 wikitext text/x-wiki == Please do not speedy delete! == Hi! This page is intended to be an area where resources can be shared to help educate and disseminate information about research in mental and behavioral health and allied disciplines. The vision is to have a set of pages that are linked back to this as the top of the page pile, using it to organize information about scales, benchmarks for clinical application, and links to OSF repositories with code and deidentified data. There is an overlapping set of tools that have been built out in the EBA and OTOPS sections of Wikiversity that are already in use at Nationwide Children's Hospital. Having a set of Wikiversity pages (not Wikipedia!) creates helpful interstitial material for organization and linking. There is obvious potential COI for me editing pages on Wikipedia about NCH or OSU, as I am now employed by them, so I invite people to watch these pages and help maintain NPOV. Having Wikiversity pages as a staging area also creates an opportunity to have new, demographically diverse and clinically sophisticated editors join the community and learn how to make contributions to Wiki platforms, while sharing more aspects of their work with a larger audience in an open science and teaching framework. [[User:Eyoungstrom|Eyoungstrom]] ([[User talk:Eyoungstrom|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Eyoungstrom|contribs]]) 14:43, 2 December 2024 (UTC) :Hello {{ping|Eyoungstrom}} there was a reason why I personally did not act upon the speedy requests. It seems to have been done by a user who is not native to English Wikiversity, so they may not be familiar with what is allowed/what is not allowed on this project. I'm sure the user had good intentions, but Wikiversity's content is quite unique to other Wikimedia projects - and what may seem as "advertisements" on other wikis, are perfectly fine here as long as there is a clear [[Wikiversity:Learning resources|learning objective]] (which you've demonstrated). I'm inclined to remove the speedy requests, but I am currently on vacation at the moment. When I return, I will be removing the speedy deletion requests per your rationale and [[Wikiversity:What is Wikiversity?]]. Thanks! —[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] [[User talk:Atcovi|(Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Atcovi|Contribs)]] 15:08, 2 December 2024 (UTC) ::Much appreciated! If any additional information would be helpful from us, just let me know. Meanwhile, have a wonderful vacation! [[User:Eyoungstrom|Eyoungstrom]] ([[User talk:Eyoungstrom|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Eyoungstrom|contribs]]) 13:40, 3 December 2024 (UTC) ni2g86hs5nx94c5sz5euxwbpazcu80v 0 316907 2691514 2691165 2024-12-11T22:05:05Z Eshaa2024 2993595 2691514 wikitext text/x-wiki ==Introduction== In the [[w:en:Mathematics|Mathematics]] a ''curve'' (of [[w:en:Latin|lat.]] ''curvus'' for "bent", "curved") is a [[w:en:Dimension (mathematics)|one dimensionals]] [[w:en:Mathematical object|object]] in a two-dimensional plane (i.e. a curve in the plane) or in a higher-dimensional space. ==Parameter representations== * Multidimensional analysis: A continuous mapping <math display="inline"> f:[a,b]\to \mathbb{R}^n </math> is a curve in the <math display="inline"> \mathbb{R}^n </math>. * Complex Analysis: Continuous mapping <math display="inline"> f:[a,b] \to \mathbb{C} </math> is a path in <math display="inline"> \mathbb{C} </math> (see also [[w:en:Path_(topology)|path for integration]]). ==Explanatory notes== A curve/a way is a mapping. It is necessary to distinguish the track of the path or the [[w:en:Image (mathematics)|image]] of a path from the mapping graph. A path is a steady mapping of a [[w:en:Interval (mathematics)|interval]] in the space considered (e.g. <math display="inline"> \mathbb{R}^n </math> or <math display="inline"> \mathbb{C} </math>). ===Example 1 - Plot=== [[File:Cubic_with_double_point.svg|Cubic_with_double_point.svg]] <math display="inline"> \gamma_{1} \colon \mathbb{R} \to \mathbb{R}^2, </math> <math display="inline"> t\mapsto \gamma_1(t) =\big(t^2-1,t(t^2-1)\big) </math> ===Example 1 Curve as a solution of an algebraic equation=== <table> <tr> <td> [[File:Cubic with double point.svg|150px|Cubic with double point]] </td> <td vslign="top"> <math> \gamma_{1} \colon \mathbb{R} \to \mathbb{R}^2,</math> <math> t\mapsto \gamma_1(t) =\big(t^2-1,t(t^2-1)\big)</math> resp. <math>y^2 = x^2 (x+1)</math>. Determine for the curve all <math display="inline"> (t_1,t_2) \in \mathbb{R}^2 </math> with <math display="inline"> \gamma_1(t_1)=\gamma_1(t_2) \in \mathbb{R}^2 </math> </td></tr></table> ===Examples 2=== The mapping * <math display="inline"> \widetilde{\gamma_2} \colon [ 0,2\pi ) \to \mathbb{R}^2,\quad t\mapsto \widetilde{\gamma_2}(t) =(\cos t,\sin t) </math> describes the [[w:en:Unit circle|Unit circle]] in the plane <math display="inline"> \mathbb{R}^2 </math>. * <math display="inline"> \gamma_2 \colon [ 0,2\pi ) \to \mathbb{C},\quad t\mapsto \gamma_2(t) = \cos (t) + i\sin (t) </math> describes the [[w:en:Unit circle|Unit circle]] in the Gaussian number level <math display="inline"> \mathbb{C} </math>. ===Examples 3=== The mapping : <math display="inline"> \gamma_{3} \colon \mathbb{R} \to \mathbb{R}^2,\quad t\mapsto \gamma_3(t) =\big(t^2-1,t(t^2-1)\big) </math> describes a curve with a simple double point at <math display="inline"> (0,0) </math>, corresponding to the parameter values <math display="inline"> t=1 </math> and <math display="inline"> t=-1 </math>. ===Direction=== As a result of the parameter representation, the curve receives a ''directional direction'' in the direction of increasing parameter.<ref name="CITE1">H. Neunzert, W.G. Eschmann, A. Blickensdörfer-Ehlers, K. Schelkes: Analysis 2: Mit einer Einführung in die Vektor- und Matrizenrechnung. Ein Lehr- und Arbeitsbuch. 2. Auflage. Springer, 2013, lSBN 978-3-642-97840-1, 23.5</ref><ref name="cite2">H. Wörle, H.-J. Rumpf, J. Erven: Taschenbuch der Mathematics. 12. Auflage. Walter de Gruyter, 1994, lSBN 978-3-486-78544-9 </ref> ==Curve as Image of Path== Let <math display="inline"> \gamma:[a,b] \to \mathbb{C} </math> or <math display="inline"> \gamma:[a,b] \to \mathbb{R}^n </math> be a path. is the image of a path : <math display="inline"> Trace ( \gamma ) := \left\{ \gamma(t) \ | \ a \leq t \leq b \right\} </math>. === Difference - Graph und Curve === For a curve <math>\gamma:[a,b] \to \mathbb{R}^2</math> the Supr or curve is a subset of <math> \mathbb{R}^2 </math>, while the graph of function <math> Graph(\gamma) \subset \mathbb{R}^3 </math> is. === Task - Plot Graph und Curve === use [[CAS4Wiki]] : :<math> \begin{array}{rrcl} \gamma: & [0,6\pi] & \rightarrow & \mathbb{R}^2 \\ & t & \mapsto & \gamma(t) = \left( 3\cdot \cos(t), \sin(t) \right) \end{array} </math> ===Animation of the track=== [[File:Ani Hypocyloid-deltoid.gif|250px|Animation: Abrollkurve]] ==Curves in Geogebra== First create a slider for the variable <math display="inline"> t\in [0,2\pi] </math> and two points <math display="inline"> K_1=(2 \cos(t), 2 \sin(t)) \in \mathbb{R}^2 </math> or <math display="inline"> K_2=(\cos(3 t), \sin(3t)) \in \mathbb{R}^2 </math> and generate with <math display="inline"> K := K_1 + K_2 </math> the sum of both location vectors of <math display="inline"> K_1 </math> and <math display="inline"> K_2 </math>. Analyze the parameterization of the curves. ==== Geogebra - Interactive Implementation ==== Create a value slider in Geogebra with the variable name <math>t</math> and create the following 3 points step by step in the command line of Geogebra and move the value slider for <math>t</math> after that. <code><pre> K_1:(2*cos(t),2 * sin(t)) K_2:(cos(3*t),sin(3*t)) K: K_1+K_2 </pre></code> The construction about will create an interactive representation of the the follow path <math display="inline"> \gamma_4 </math>. Observe the point <math>K</math> in Geogebra. :<math display="block"> \gamma_4(t):= (2 \cos(t), 2 \sin(t)) + (\cos(3 t), \sin(3t)) \in \mathbb{R}^2 </math> See also [https://www.geogebra.org/m/ppuvs3ge interaktive Example in Geogebra] ==Representations of Image Sets by Equations == A curve can also be described by one or more equations in the coordinates. The solution of the equations represents the curve: * The equation <math display="inline"> x^2+y^2=1 </math> describes the unit circle in the plane. * The equation <math display="inline"> y^2=x^2(x+1) </math> describes the curve indicated above in parameter representation with double point. If the equation is given by a [[w:en:Polynomial|Polynomial]], the curve is called ''[[w:en:Algebraic|algebraic]]''. == Graph of a function== [[w:en:Functiongraph|Functiongraphs]] are a special case of the two forms indicated above: The graph of a function : <math display="inline"> f \colon D\to\mathbb{R},\quad x\mapsto f(x) </math> can be either as a parameter representation <math display="inline"> \gamma \colon D \to \mathbb R^2,\quad t\mapsto(t,f(t)) \} </math> or as equation <math display="inline"> y=f(x) </math>, wherein the solution quantity of the equation represents the curve by <math display="inline"> \{ (x,y) \in \mathbb R^2\mid y=f(x) \} </math>. If the[[w:en:Mathematics education|Mathematics education]] of [[w:en:Curve sketching|Curve sketching]] is spoken, this special case is usually only said. ==Closed curves== Closed curves <math display="inline"> \gamma \colon [a,b]\to\mathbb C </math> are continuous mappings with <math display="inline"> \gamma(a) = \gamma(b) </math>. In the function theory, we need curves <math display="inline"> \gamma \colon [a,b]\to\mathbb C </math> in <math display="inline"> \mathbb C </math>, which can be continuously differentiated. These are called integration paths. ===Number of circulations in the complex numbers=== Smooth closed curves can be assigned a further number, the[[w:en:number of revolutions|number of revolutions]], which curve is parameterized according to the arc curve <math display="inline"> \gamma \colon [a,b]\to\mathbb C </math> by :<math display="block"> \mu(\gamma,z):= \frac{1}{2\pi i}\int_\gamma \frac{1}{\xi - z}\,d\xi := \int_a^b \frac{1}{\gamma(t) - z}\cdot \gamma'(t)\,dt </math> is given. The [[w:en:circulation theorem|circulation theorem]] analogously to a curve in <math display="inline"> R^2 </math>, states that a simple closed curve has the number of revolutions <math display="inline"> 1 </math> or <math display="inline"> -1 </math>. == Curves as Independent Objects == Curves without an ambient space are relatively uninteresting in [[w:en:Differential Geometry]] because every one-dimensional [[w:en:Manifold|manifold]] is [[w:en:Diffeomorphism|diffeomorphic]] to the real line <math> \mathbb{R} </math> or to the unit circle <math>S^1</math>. Also, properties like the [[w:en:Curvature|curvature]] of a curve are intrinsically undetectable. In [[w:en:Algebraic Geometry|algebraic geometry]] and, correspondingly, in [[w:en:Complex Analysis|complex analysis]], "curves" typically refer to one-dimensional [[w:en:Complex Manifold|complex manifolds]], often also called [[w:en:Riemann Surface|Riemann surfaces]]. These curves are independent objects of study, with the most prominent example being [[w:en:Elliptic Curve|elliptic curves]]. See [[w:en:Curve (algebraic geometry)|curve (algebraic geometry)]] == Historical == The first book of [[w:en:Elements (Euclid)|Elements]] by [[w:en:Euclid|Euclid]] began with the definition: :: "A point is that which has no parts. A curve is a length without breadth." This definition can no longer be upheld today because, for example, there are [[w:en:Peano Curve|Peano curves]], i.e., continuous [[w:en:Surjective|surjective]] mappings <math> f\colon\mathbb{R} \to \mathbb{R}^2 </math> that fill the entire plane <math> \mathbb{R}^2 </math>. On the other hand, the [[w:en:Sard's Lemma|Sard's Lemma]] implies that every differentiable curve has zero area, i.e., as Euclid demanded, it truly has ''no breadth.'' == Interactive Representations of Curves in GeoGebra == *[https://www.geogebra.org/m/e3hhdrvq Tangent vector of a curve] in <math>\mathbb{R}^2</math> for a curve <math>\gamma:[a,b]\to \mathbb{R}^2</math> with tangent vector <math>\gamma':[a,b]\to \mathbb{R}^2</math> *[https://www.geogebra.org/m/srmgcsZX Rolling curves Bicycle reflectors] as an example of curves - [[w:en:Cycloid|Cycloid]] *[https://www.geogebra.org/m/ppuvs3ge Rolling curve for Example 2] == See also == *[[w:en:Curve_(mathematics)#Space_curves|Space curves]] in <math>\mathbb{R}^3</math> *[[w:en:Category:Curve_(geometry)|Curves in geometry]] *[[w:en:Curve_(mathematics)#Differentiable_curves,_curvature|Differentiable curves, curvature]] *[[w:en:Cycloid|Cycloid]] == Literature == *Ethan D. Bloch: ''A First Course in Geometric Topology and Differential Geometry''. Birkhäuser, Boston 1997. *Wilhelm Klingenberg: ''A Course in Differential Geometry''. Springer, New York 1978. == References == <references /> == External Links == * Figures for Curves in WikiCommons - {{Commonscat|Curves|Curves}} * Dictionary entry for "Curve" {{Wiktionary|Curve}} == Page Information == You can display this page as '''[https://niebert.github.io/Wiki2Reveal/wiki2reveal.html?domain=wikiversity&title=%20Complex%20Analysis/Curves&author=%20Complex%20Analysis&language=en&audioslide=yes&shorttitle=Curves&coursetitle=%20Complex%20Analysis Wiki2Reveal slides]''' === Wiki2Reveal === The '''[https://niebert.github.io/Wiki2Reveal/index.html?domain=wikiversity&title=%20Complex%20Analysis/Curves&author=%20Complex%20Analysis&language=en&audioslide=yes&shorttitle=Curves&coursetitle=%20Complex%20Analysis Wiki2Reveal slides]''' were created for the '''[https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/%20Complex%20Analysis Complex Analysis]'''' and the Link for the [[v:en:Wiki2Reveal|Wiki2Reveal Slides]] was created with the [https://niebert.github.io/Wiki2Reveal/ link generator]. <!-- * Contents of the page are based on: ** [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%20Complex%20Analysis/Curves https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/%20Complex%20Analysis/Curves] --> * [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/%20Complex%20Analysis/Curves This page] is designed as a [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/PanDocElectron-Presentation PanDocElectron-SLIDE] document type. * Source: Wikiversity https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/%20Complex%20Analysis/Curves * see [[w:en:Wiki2Reveal|Wiki2Reveal]] for the functionality of [https://niebert.github.io/Wiki2Reveal/index.html?domain=wikiversity&title=%20Complex%20Analysis/Curves&author=%20Complex%20Analysis&language=en&audioslide=yes&shorttitle=Curves&coursetitle=%20Complex%20Analysis Wiki2Reveal]. <!-- * Next contents of the course are [[]] -->; === Translation and Version Control === This page was translated based on the following [https://de.wikiversity.org/wiki/Course:Complex_Analysis/Curve| Wikiversity source page] and uses the concept of [[Translation and Version Control]] for a transparent language fork in a Wikiversity: * Source: [[w:en:Course:Complex_Analysis/Curve|Course:Complex_Analysis/Curve]] - URL: https://de.wikiversity.org/wiki/Course:Complex_Analysis/Curve * Date: 12/9/2024 <span type="translate" src="Course:Complex_Analysis/Curve" srclang="de" date="12/9/2024" time="14:06" status="inprogress"></span> <noinclude> [[Complex Analysis|Complex Analysis]] </noinclude> [[Category:Wiki2Reveal]] ==Wikipedia2Wikiversity == This page was created based on the following [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurve%20(Mathematik) Wikipedia source]: * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurve%20(Mathematik) Curve (Mathematics)] https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curve%20(Mathematik) Date: 11.11.2018 * [https://niebert.github.com/Wikipedia2Wikiversity Wikipedia2Wikiversity-Converter]: https://niebert.github.com/Wikipedia2Wikiversity <span type="translate" src="Course:Complex_Analysis/Curve|" srclang="de" date="12/2/2024" time="17:45" status="inprogress"></span> [[Category:Wiki2Reveal]] <noinclude> [[Complex Analysis|Complex Analysis]] </noinclude> <!-- <noinclude>[[en:Complex Analysis/Curves]]</noinclude> --> [[Category:Wiki2Reveal]] [[Category:Mathematics]] [[Category:Complex analysis]] [[Category:Curve]] hu3fz1cx3teoorcezk0vazr0lu6sgc9 0 316963 2691413 2690685 2024-12-11T15:37:16Z RockTransport 2992610 2691413 wikitext text/x-wiki Food tests are tests for different biological molecules (food groups). Examples of food groups include protein, carbohydrates and s. Different types of solutions, such as iodine, benedict's solution, and biuret are used to test for products in certain food groups. == Testing for Starch (experiment) == Iodine is used to test for starch in food products. This test involves different types of foods, which include pasta, biscuits, crisps, cereal hoops, salt, mustard powder and sugar, though any types of food (such as sweet sprinkles and condiments) will work in this experiment to test for starch in these products. === Preparations: === Before conducting '''any''' biology or science experiment, make sure to define your dependent, independent and control variables before testing. === Safety Precautions: === Iodine is very toxic to aquatic life and it is harmful to humans in large quantities, so take these precautions into account before conducting this experiment. Make sure you do not eat the food while it is being experimented on, because this may ruin the results of the experiment and may be harmful. === Conducting the Experiment: === Make sure you have prepared all of the required foods and iodine before conducting this experiment. Start by taking the food and adding iodine to one of the foods. Notice how one of the foods change colours. What does this show? Continue the experiment with the other foods. What do these findings show? Make sure to record these results on a piece of paper. === Conclusion: === The findings show that if foods have starch in them, the iodine turns black, while if they do not have starch in them, they will go orange. What are you able to learn from this experiment? What does this show? Can you further elaborate on this? h6lr1nyzbac5fmbfy3cyp682cyu9rc1 2691425 2691413 2024-12-11T16:00:04Z RockTransport 2992610 2691425 wikitext text/x-wiki Food tests are tests for different biological molecules (food groups). Examples of food groups include protein, carbohydrates and s. Different types of solutions, such as iodine, benedict's solution, and biuret are used to test for products in certain food groups. == Testing for Starch (experiment) == Iodine is used to test for starch in food products. This test involves different types of foods, which include pasta, biscuits, crisps, cereal hoops, salt, mustard powder and sugar, though any types of food (such as sweet sprinkles and condiments) will work in this experiment to test for starch in these products. === Preparations: === Before conducting '''any''' biology or science experiment, make sure to define your dependent, independent and control variables before testing. === Safety Precautions: === Iodine is very toxic to aquatic life and it is harmful to humans in large quantities, so take these precautions into account before conducting this experiment. Make sure you do not eat the food while it is being experimented on, because this may ruin the results of the experiment and may be harmful. === Conducting the Experiment: === Make sure you have prepared all of the required foods and iodine before conducting this experiment. Start by taking the food and adding iodine to one of the foods. Notice how one of the foods change colours. What does this show? Continue the experiment with the other foods. What do these findings show? Make sure to record these results on a piece of paper. === Conclusion: === The findings show that if foods have starch in them, the iodine turns black, while if they do not have starch in them, they will go orange. What are you able to learn from this experiment? What does this show? Can you further elaborate on this? == Testing for Sugar == Benedict's solution is used to test for glucose (sugar) in food products, unlike iodine which tests for starch. === Equipment and Preparations: === For this experiment you will require a Bunsen burner, benedict's solution, a beaker, water ,a tripod, a gauze, test tubes and a wide variety of food products. As mentioned in the first experiment, make sure to define your dependent, independent and your control variables. === Safety Precautions: === Benedict's solution is an irritant to the body, so be careful before putting it into certain objects. Bunsen burners also pose a hazard, due to it posing a risk of burning certain objects, so make sure to keep it away from parts of the body. === Conducting the Experiment: === Before you conduct the experiment, make sure you have set up your resources., as these will be important for the experiment. Start by putting the Benedict's solution in the test tubes, making sure you put an equal amount into each. pixyepoy6bv3ijwelkydy50l3y18ahx 0 316997 2691598 2690403 2024-12-12T09:27:26Z Bocardodarapti 289675 2691598 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ Mathematical section{{{opt|}}} |Content= Due to {{ Factlink |Factname= Commutative ring/Ring homomorphism/Kernel/Ideal/Fact |pm=, }} the {{ Definitionlink |kernel| |Context=ring| |pm= }} of a {{ Definitionlink |ring homomorphism| |Context=| |pm= }} is an {{ Definitionlink |ideal| |Context=commutative| |pm=. }} We will construct, for any given ideal {{ Relationchain |I |\subseteq|R || || || |pm= }} in a {{ Extra/Bracket |text=commutative| |pm= }} ring, a commutative ring {{mathl|term= R/I |pm=}} and a surjective ring homomorphism {{ Mapping/display |name= |R|R/I || |pm=, }} dessen kernel is the ideal {{mat|term= I |pm=.}} Therefore, ideals and kernels of ring homomorphisms are essentially equivalent objects, in the same way as, in group theory, normal subgroups and kernels of group homomorphisms are the same. In fact, the same homomorphism theorems hold again, and follow easily from the group situation. {{inputdefinition |Commutative ring/Coset for ideal/Definition|}} These cosets are just the {{ Definitionlink |cosets| |Context=group| |pm= }} of the {{ Extra/Bracket |text=additive| |Ipm=|Epm= }} subgroup {{ Relationchain |I |\subseteq|R || || || |pm=, }} which is a {{ Definitionlink |normal subgroup| |Context=| |pm=, }} as {{mat|term= (R,+,0) |pm=}} is a commutative group. Two elements {{ Relationchain | a,b |\in| R || || || |pm= }} define the same coset, that is, {{ Relationchain | a+I || b+I || || || |pm=, }} if and only if their difference {{mathl|term= a-b |pm= }} belongs to the ideal. We also say that {{ Mathcor|term1= a |and|term2= b |pm= }} {{Keyword|represent|pm=}} the same coset. {{inputdefinition |Commutative ring/Residue class ring/Definition|}} We have to show that these mappings {{ Extra/Bracket |text=that is, addition and multiplication| |Ipm=|Epm= }} are well-defined, that is, independent of the choice of representatives, and that the ring axioms are fulfilled. As {{mat|term= I |pm=}} is, in particular, a subgroup of the commutative group {{mathl|term= (R,+,0) |pm=,}} it is a normal subgroup, so that {{mathl|term= R/I |pm=}} is a group and that the residue class mapping {{ Mapping/display |name= |R| R/I |a| a+ I {{defeqr}} \bar{a} |pm=, }} is a group homomorphism. The only new feature compared with the group situation is that we now have also a multiplication. That the multiplication is well-defined can been seen as follows: Let two residue classes be given with different representatives, that is, {{ Mathcor|term1= {{op:cl|a|}}={{op:cl|a'|}} |and|term2= {{op:cl|b|}}={{op:cl|b'|}} |pm=. }} Then {{ Mathcor|term1= a-a' \in I |and|term2= b-b' \in I |pm=, }} and {{ Mathcor|term1= a'=a+x |and|term2= b'=b+y |pm= }} with {{ Relationchain | x,y |\in| I || || || |pm=. }} This implies {{ Relationchain/display | a'b' || (a+x)(b+y) || ab+ay+xb+xy |pm=. }} The three summands on the right belong to the ideal, so that the difference {{ Relationchain | a'b'-ab |\in| I || || || |pm=. }} From the well-definedness, the other properties follows, in particular, that we have a ring homomorphism to the residue class ring. Again, this morphism is called the {{Word of definition|residue class mapping|pm=,}} or the {{Word of definition|residue class homomorphism|pm=.}} The image of {{ Relationchain | a |\in| R || || || |pm= }} in {{mathl|term= R/I |pm= }} is often denoted by {{mat|term= [a] |pm=,}} {{mat|term= \bar{a} |pm=,}} or just by {{mat|term= a |pm=}} again, and it is called the {{Word of definition|residue class}} of {{mat|term= a |pm=.}} Under this mapping, exactly the elements from the ideal are sent to {{mat|term= 0 |pm=,}} that is, the kernel of the residue class mapping is the given ideal. The simplest example of this process is the mapping that sends an integer number {{mat|term= a |pm=}} to its remainder after division by a fixed number {{mat|term= d |pm=.}} Every remainder is represented by one of the numbers {{mathl|term= 0,1,2 {{commadots|}} d-1 |pm=.}} In general, there does not always exist such a nice system of representatives. |Textform=Section |Category= |}} e71bqiamtpnzyrs3nycx43jpoqe4mgf 3 317038 2691428 2690597 2024-12-11T16:04:11Z RockTransport 2992610 /* Welcome to Wikiversity */ new section 2691428 wikitext text/x-wiki == Hello there == Are you doing well? Let's make a course together! [[User:RockTransport|RockTransport]] ([[User talk:RockTransport|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/RockTransport|contribs]]) 17:12, 6 December 2024 (UTC) :Cool [[User:DerLearner1|DerLearner1]] ([[User talk:DerLearner1|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/DerLearner1|contribs]]) 17:12, 6 December 2024 (UTC) == Welcome to Wikiversity == {{Welcome}} [[User:RockTransport|RockTransport]] ([[User talk:RockTransport|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/RockTransport|contribs]]) 16:04, 11 December 2024 (UTC) 7u2v1k3qvvxgynffxb7g6f8h06urzyf 0 317042 2691597 2690627 2024-12-12T09:27:23Z MathXplore 2888076 +prod 2691597 wikitext text/x-wiki <!-- TO CONTEST THIS PROPOSED DELETION, remove the following template, including this comment, up to the CLOSING COMMENT --> {{Ombox | type = delete | image = [[File:Orologio rosso.svg|45x45px|center|No license|link=]] | text = Please [{{fullurl:{{FULLPAGENAME}}|action=edit}} help improve] the [[WV:WIW|educational quality]] of this resource to increase [[Wikiversity:Learning|engagement]] by [[Wikiversity:Who are Wikiversity participants?|participants]]. Any concrete improvements made by '''{{#time:F j, Y|{{REVISIONTIMESTAMP}} +90 days}}''' may allow it to be [[WV:PROD|kept]]. <br> You may remove {{tl|proposed deletion}} from this resource's source text to contest this proposal, with or without [[{{TALKPAGENAME}}|discussion]]. {{#if:|---- <div style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:0em;"> ''The Nominator gave the following reason for their nomination'': {{cquote|{{{1}}}}} </div> }}}}{{center|[[Special:PrefixIndex/{{FULLPAGENAME}}/|''Link to any subpages this page might have'']]}} {{event trigger|date=December 12, 2024|when=90 days|[[Category:Pending deletions|{{PAGENAME}}]]}} {{event trigger|date=December 12, 2024|when=60 days|[[Category:60-day proposed deletions|{{PAGENAME}}]]}} [[Category:Proposed deletions|{{PAGENAME}}]] <!-- CLOSING COMMENT, remove up to and including this comment --> Here, we will do some discussions about ethics and I will summarize the main points in the end. To be continued soon... '''Discussion 0001''' 7mrrzmfzbykxc964xq4ooamawmg0uix 2 317046 2691554 2691068 2024-12-12T02:25:10Z Jaredscribe 2906761 2691554 wikitext text/x-wiki {{proposed policy}} A "table of contents" is a "selection and arrangement" (and as such may be copyrighted). This essay argues that the reproduction of a book's table of contents on wikiversity is fair use. * [[Wikiversity:Uploading files#Fair use considerations]] * [[Wikiversity:Academic freedom]] * [[Wikiversity:Copyrights]] * [[Wikiversity:Copyright issues]] * [[Meta:Avoid copyright paranoia]] * The article on [[w:Harry_Potter_and_the_Philosopher's_Stone#Podcast_version|Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone]], a fictional book, lists its table of contents. * [[Wikivesity:Book report]] * [[Wikiversity:Original historical research]] * [[Wikiversity:Original research in current events]] * [[Wikiversity:Original criticism]] commentaries on notable works of philosophy, literature, and religion that may or may not yet be in the public domain. * we encourage use of [[w:Wikipedia:Primary sources]], and unlike wikipedia, allow [[w:Template:AEIS]], assuming that scholarly ethics and intellectual honesty are in practice. * Adler's is a [[w:Wikipedia:FAQ/Copyright#Derivative_works]] of public domain. * Uncertain whether his "second table of contents" is [[w:Free_content|free content]] or [[w:Wikipedia:Non-free_content|non-free content]]. * If non-free, it may be permissible as "fair use" [[w:Wikipedia:FAQ/Copyright#What_is_fair_use?]] * [[w:Wikipedia:Copyrights#Using_copyrighted_work_from_others]] * [[w:Wikipedia:Close_paraphrasing#When_there_are_a_limited_number_of_ways_to_say_the_same_thing|Wikipedia:Close_paraphrasing#When_there_are_a_limited_number_of_ways_to_say_the_same_thing]] * [[w:User:Jaredscribe/WV:Toc_is_fair_use|User:Jaredscribe/WV:Toc is fair use]] * [[Wikipedia:Copyrights#Re-use_of_text]] *[[Wikipedia:FAQ/Copyright#What_is_fair_use?]] : Under US copyright law, the primary things to consider when asking if something is fair use (set forth in Title 17, Chapter 1, Section 107) are: :# The purpose and character of the use, including whether such use is of a commercial nature or is for nonprofit educational purposes; :# The nature of the copyrighted work; :# The amount and substantiality of the portion used in relation to the copyrighted work as a whole; and :# The effect of the use upon the potential market for or value of the copyrighted work. : Asking yourself these questions might help you determine if something is fair use: :# ''Is it a for profit competitor or not? Is it for criticism, comment, news reporting, teaching, scholarship, or research? Is the use transformative (of a different nature to the original publication)?'' :# ''Is it a highly original creative work with lots of novel ideas or a relatively unoriginal work or listing of facts? Is the work published (to a non-restricted audience)?'' If not, fair use is much less likely. :# ''How much of the original work are you copying? Does the portion that you are copying constitute the "heart" of the work and/or its most powerful and significant part? Are you copying more or less than the minimum required for your purpose?'' The more you exceed this minimum, the less likely the use is to be fair. ''Are you reducing the quality or originality, perhaps by using a reduced size version?'' :# ''Does this use hurt or help the original author's ability to sell it; in particular, does it replace the market for authorized copies? Did they intend to or were they trying to make the work widely republished (as with a press release)? Are you making it easy to find and buy the work if a viewer is interested in doing so?'' If non-free, and if under some legal theory this is not allowed under fair use, then requesting the publisher: * [[w:Wikipedia:Requesting_copyright_permission#For_text|Wikipedia:Requesting_copyright_permission#For_text]] * [[w:Wikipedia:Example_requests_for_permission#Generalized_Formal_Letter|Wikipedia:Example_requests_for_permission#Generalized_Formal_Letter]] * [[w:Wikipedia:Declaration_of_consent_for_all_enquiries|Wikipedia:Declaration_of_consent_for_all_enquiries]]. o1n7wlgkeh4p5nhkg4s5nfygklut0u2 0 317067 2691516 2691382 2024-12-11T22:07:29Z Eshaa2024 2993595 2691516 wikitext text/x-wiki == Definition: Path == Let <math>U \subset \mathbb{C}</math> be a subset. A path in <math>U</math> is a [[w:en:continuous function|continuous mapping]] with: :<math>\gamma \colon [a,b] \rightarrow U </math> with <math>a < b</math> and <math>a,b \in \mathbb{R}</math>. == Definition: Trace of a Path == The trace of a path <math>\gamma \colon [a,b] \rightarrow U </math> in <math>U \subset \mathbb{C}</math> is the [[w:en:Range of a function|image or range]] of the function <math>\gamma</math>: :<math>\mathrm{{Trace}}(\gamma):= { \gamma(t) \in \mathbb{C} \ | \ t \in [a,b] }</math> == Definition: Closed Path == Let <math>\gamma \colon [a,b] \rightarrow U </math> be a path in <math>U \subset \mathbb{C}</math>. The mapping <math>\gamma</math> is called a closed path if: :<math>\gamma(a) = \gamma(b)</math> == Definition: Region == Let <math>U \subset \mathbb{C}</math> be an open subset of <math>\mathbb{C}</math>. Then <math>U</math> is called a region. == Definition: Path-Connected == Let <math>U \subset \mathbb{C}</math> be a non-empty set. :<math>U</math> is path-connected <math>:\Longleftrightarrow \ \forall_{z_1,z_2 \in U }\exists_{\gamma\colon [a,b]\rightarrow U}: \ \gamma(a)=z_1 \wedge \gamma(b)=z_2 \wedge{{Spur}}(\gamma) \subseteq U</math> == Definition: Domain == Let <math>G \subset \mathbb{C}</math> be a non-empty subset of <math>\mathbb{C}</math>. If *<math>G</math> is open *<math>G</math> is path-connected Then <math>G</math> is called a domain in <math>\mathbb{C}</math>. == Example (Circular Paths) == Let <math>z_o \in \mathbb{C}</math> be a complex number, and let <math>r > 0</math> be a radius. A circular path <math>\gamma_{z_o,r}\colon [0,2\pi] \rightarrow \mathbb{C}</math> around <math>z_o \in \mathbb{C}</math> is defined as: :<math>\gamma_{z_o,r}(t):= z_o + r\cdot e^{i\cdot t}</math> == Example - Paths with Ellipse as Trace == Let <math>z_o \in \mathbb{C}</math> be a complex number, and let <math>a, b > 0</math> be the semi-axes of an ellipse. An elliptical path <math>\gamma_{z_o,a,b}\colon [0,2\pi] \rightarrow \mathbb{C}</math> around <math>z_o \in \mathbb{C}</math> is defined as: :<math>\gamma_{z_o,a,b}(t):= z_o + a\cdot \cos(t) + i\cdot b\cdot \sin(t)</math> == Gardener's Construction of an Ellipse == [[File:Elliko-g.svg|350px|Gardener's Construction of an Ellipse]] == Convex Combinations == Let <math>z_1,z_2 \in \mathbb{C}</math> be complex numbers, and let <math>t \in [0,1]</math> be a scalar. A path <math>\gamma_{z_1,z_2}\colon [0,1] \rightarrow \mathbb{C}</math> is defined such that its trace is the line segment connecting <math>z_1,z_2 \in \mathbb{C}</math>: :<math>\gamma_{z_1,z2}(t):= (1-t)\cdot z_1 + t\cdot z_2</math> Such a path is called a convex combination of the first order (see also [[Convex Combination|Convex Combinations of higher order]]). === Animation of a Convex Combination of Two Vectors as Mapping === [[File:Convex combination 1 ord with geogebra.gif|450px|center|Convex Combination as Mapping in an Animated GIF]] == Integration Path == Let <math>G \subset \mathbb{C}</math> be a domain. An integration path in <math>G</math> is a path that is piecewise continuously differentiable with :<math>\gamma \colon [a,b] \rightarrow U </math> with <math>a < b</math> and <math>a,b \in \mathbb{R}</math>. === Remark === An integration path can, for example, be expressed piecewise as convex combinations between multiple points <math>z_1, \ldots z_n \in \mathbb{C}</math>. The overall path does not need to be differentiable at points <math>z_1, \ldots z_n \in \mathbb{C}</math>. The trace of such a path is also called a polygonal path. == See Also == * [[w:en:Ellipse|Ellipse]] * [[Convex Combination]] * [[Topological vector space]] ==Page Information== This learning resource can be presented as a '''[https://niebert.github.io/Wiki2Reveal/wiki2reveal.html?domain=wikiversity&title=Course:Complex Analysis/Paths&author=Course:Complex Analysis&language=en&audioslide=yes&shorttitle=Paths&coursetitle=Course:Complex Analysis Wiki2Reveal presentation set]'''. ==Wiki2Reveal== This '''[https://niebert.github.io/Wiki2Reveal/wiki2reveal.html?domain=wikiversity&title=Course:Complex Analysis/Paths&author=Course:Complex Analysis&language=en&audioslide=yes&shorttitle=Paths&coursetitle=Course:Complex Analysis Wiki2Reveal presentation set]''' was created for the learning unit '''[https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Course:Complex Analysis Course:Complex Analysis]'''' using the link for the [[w:en:Wiki2Reveal|Wiki2Reveal slides]] was created with the [https://niebert.github.io/Wiki2Reveal/ Wiki2Reveal link generator]. <!-- * The contents of the page are based on the following contents: ** [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurs:Funktionentheorie/Wege https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Course:Complex Analysis/Paths] --> * [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Course:Complex Analysis/Paths The page] was created as a document type [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/PanDocElectron-Presentation PanDocElectron SLIDE]. * Link to the source in Wikiversity: https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Course:Complex Analysis/Paths * see also further information about [[v:en:Wiki2Reveal|Wiki2Reveal]] and under [https://niebert.github.io/Wiki2Reveal/index.html?domain=wikiversity&title=Course:Complex Analysis/Paths&author=Course:Complex Analysis&language=en&audioslide=yes&shorttitle=Paths&coursetitle=Course:Complex Analysis Wiki2Reveal link generator]. <!-- * Next content of the course is [[]] --> [[Category:Wiki2Reveal]] r3rksnxg2s84f4e6i7lxzcekjuj2rbo 118 317116 2691460 2691157 2024-12-11T18:02:26Z Jaredscribe 2906761 /* Historic Antecedents */ reorganize 2691460 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Democracy movements''' in [[Iran]] and its diaspora comprise a diverse range of dissidents, political and cultural leaders, and militants working for [[w:Regime_change|regime change]], with new constitutional frameworks and transition plans proposed, since the [[w:2016_Cyrus_the_Great_Revolt|2016 Cyrus the Great Revolt]] through the [[w:2017–2021_Iranian_protests|2017–2021 Iranian protests]] to the present, including notable episodes [[w:Ukraine_International_Airlines_Flight_752_protests|Ukraine International Airlines Flight 752 protests]] and [[w:2019–2020_Iranian_protests|Bloody Aban protests and crackdown]]. During the [[w:Mahsa_Amini_protests|Mahsa Amini protests]] which occurred in Iran as a response to the [[w:Death_of_Mahsa_Amini|death of Mahsa Amini]], the chant [[w:Woman,_Life,_Freedom|Woman, Life, Freedom]] ({{Langx|ku|Jin, Jiyan, Azadî}}, {{Lang|ku|ژن، ژیان، ئازادی}}) became widely used, a [[w:Kurds|Kurdish]] slogan used in both the [[w:Kurdish_Nationalism|Kurdish independence]] and [[w:Democratic_confederalism|democratic confederalist]] movements.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Dirik |first=Dilar |title=The Kurdish Women's Movement: History, Theory, and Practice |publisher=Pluto Press |year=2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Bocheńska |first=Joanna |title=Rediscovering Kurdistan's Cultures and Identities: The Call of the Cricket |publisher=[[Palgrave Macmillan]] |year=2018 |pages=47}}</ref><ref name=":32">{{Cite book |last=Çağlayan |first=Handan |title=Women in the Kurdish Movement: Mothers, Comrades, Goddesses |publisher=[[Springer Nature]] |year=2019 |pages=197}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last1=Bayram |first1=Seyma |last2=Mohtasham |first2=Diba |date=27 October 2022 |title=Iran's protesters find inspiration in a Kurdish revolutionary slogan |url=https://wusfnews.wusf.usf.edu/2022-10-27/irans-protesters-find-inspiration-in-a-kurdish-revolutionary-slogan |access-date=19 November 2022 |publisher=[[University of South Florida]]}}</ref> The [[Draft:Iranian democracy movements#2023 U.S. House Resolution 100|US House Resolution 100]] has broad bipartisan support for the 10 point plan put forward by the [[Draft:Iranian democracy movements#National Council of Resistance of Iran|National Council of Resistance of Iran]]'s leader [[Maryam Rajavi]], which calls for the universal right to vote, free elections, and a market economy, and advocates gender, religious, and ethnic equality, a foreign policy based on peaceful coexistence, and a nonnuclear Iran. A summit of prominent diaspora opposition leaders recently presented a [[Iranian Democracy Movement#2023 Diaspora Summit and Joint Charter|vision for Iran's future at a summit]] in Washington, which included [[Reza Pahlavi, Crown Prince of Iran|Reza Pahlavi]], who has pledged his support for the peoples will. He has long advocated for free elections to form a [[constituent assembly]] that could determine the future form of governance in Iran. Of the more than 390,000 supporters of a change.org petition declaring Pahlavi "my representative", many emphasized that they only backed him as an “interim figure” who could bring about a democratic transition away from the Islamic Republic, not to restore the fallen monarchy.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dagres |first=Holly |date=2023-01-24 |title=Can Reza Pahlavi help unite the Iranian opposition? A hashtag is suggesting so. |url=https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/blogs/iransource/can-reza-pahlavi-help-unite-the-iranian-opposition-a-hashtag-is-suggesting-so/ |access-date=2023-03-13 |website=Atlantic Council |language=en-US}}</ref> Invited to speak on Iran's future at the [[59th Munich Security Conference]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Woman, Life, Freedom: Visions for Iran - Munich Security Conference |url=https://securityconference.org/en/medialibrary/asset/woman-life-freedom-visions-for-iran-20230218-1616/ |access-date=2023-03-17 |website=securityconference.org |language=en-GB}}</ref>, one of Pahlavi's cohorts denounced the MEK/NCRI. The [[International Business Times]] comments that he has no expereince, and is trying to "pluck the fruits of others labor".<ref>{{Cite web |last=McColm |first=R. Bruce |date=2023-03-05 |title=In Iran, Why The Son Of A Deposed Dictator Is Not The Answer |url=https://www.ibtimes.com/illusion-relevance-why-son-deposed-dictator-not-answer-3673282 |access-date=2023-03-15 |website=International Business Times |language=en-US}}</ref> The NCRI has denounced the son of the former Shah. The MEK Spokesperson called on him "to first return the billions of dollars his father stole from the nation, denounce the atrocities committed by his grandfather and father and distance himself from the [[Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps|IRGC]] and the [[Basij]], which he had previously praised as guardians of Iran’s territorial integrity and law and order in society".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Writer |first=Staff |date=2023-01-22 |title=Selling a Dead Horse: Reza Pahlavi's Bid to Market a Trashed Dictatorship |url=https://www.ncr-iran.org/en/news/anews/who-is-who/selling-a-dead-horse-reza-pahlavis-bid-to-market-a-trashed-monarchy/ |access-date=2023-03-15 |website=NCRI |language=en-US}}</ref> Twenty independent Iranian trade unions, feminist groups and student organizations published a [[Iranian Democracy Movement#Trade Unions Joint Charter|Joint Charter with a list of 12 minimum demands]]. == Mousavi's Call for A Referendum == Former prime minister and reformist leader of the [[Green Revolution (Iran)|Green Revolution]], [[Mir-Hossein Mousavi|Mir Hussein Mousavi]] put out a call 3 February 2023, for a referendum and end to clerical rule.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sunni Leader Lauds Call For Referendum By Former Iran PM |url=https://www.iranintl.com/en/202302095136 |access-date=2023-03-14 |website=Iran International |language=en}}</ref> Signed by over 400 political activists and journalists, the statement said, "With the current social awakening, and the society’s disillusionment with reforms within the current [political] structure, there is no other way than allowing the people to decide their own destiny." Expressing its support of Mousavi’s three-stage proposal and a “peaceful and non-violent transition” to a democratic government and the “Woman, Life, Freedom” Movement.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hundreds Of Activists Support Mousavi's Call To End Clerical Rule |url=https://www.iranintl.com/en/202302132030 |access-date=2023-03-14 |website=Iran International |language=en}}</ref> Although not supporting regime change, he supports calling a [[constituent assembly]], and a new constitution. According to [[Iran International]] he "seemed to reject reform as an alternative, urguing fundamental change." And "implicitly repeated what exiled Prince Reza Pahlavi has been saying for years, and other opposition activists have echoed in the past five months – transition from the Islamic Republic."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Opposition Figure In Iran Calls For Fundamental Change, New Constitution |url=https://www.iranintl.com/en/202302049934 |access-date=2023-03-14 |website=Iran International |language=en}}</ref> Pahlavi has embraced Mousavi's call for a new constitution, and says that the opposition must be "big tent" willing to embrace defectors. According to [[Al Arabiya]] the opposition is "stronger and more unified than ever".<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-03-02 |title=Mousavi deserts Iran's regime |url=https://english.alarabiya.net/views/2023/03/02/Mousavi-deserts-Iran-s-regime- |access-date=2023-03-14 |website=Al Arabiya English |language=en}}</ref> Mousavi announced that "''he no longer supports the current [[Constitution of Iran|Islamic Republic constitution]]"'', and asked for a widespread referendum to fully change the constitution and make a fundamental change in Iran's political system.<ref>{{Cite news |title=میرحسین موسوی خواهان قانون اساسی جدید و تشکیل مجلس موسسان «برای نجات ایران» شد |language=fa |work=BBC News فارسی |url=https://www.bbc.com/persian/iran-64522691 |access-date=2023-02-05}}</ref> Among many leading dissidents who publicly endorsed Mousavi’s call for a referendum, Iran’s top Sunni cleric, Mowlavi Abdolhamid stated, “With his recent statement, Mousavi showed that he understood the realities of society. It’s time for other politicians and ulema (religious scholars) to think about saving the country and see the facts.”<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bijan Ahmadi |first=Opinion Contributor |date=2023-02-17 |title=From reform to revolution: What is the future of Iran's democracy movement? |url=https://thehill.com/opinion/international/3862909-from-reform-to-revolution-what-is-the-future-of-irans-democracy-movement/ |access-date=2023-03-14 |website=The Hill |language=en-US}}</ref> == 2023 "Future of the Movement" Summit and Joint "Mahsa Charter" == [[The future of Iran’s democracy movement]] was a conference hosted by the Georgetown Institute for Women, Peace and Security ([[Georgetown Institute for Women, Peace and Security|GIWPS)]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Prominent Iranian Dissidents Unite to Discuss Democracy Movement |url=https://www.voanews.com/a/prominent-iranian-dissidents-unite-to-discuss-democracy-movement-/6959274.html |access-date=2023-03-13 |website=VOA |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The Future of Iran's Democracy Movement |url=https://giwps.georgetown.edu/event/the-future-of-irans-democracy-movement-event/ |access-date=2023-03-04 |website=GIWPS |language=en-US}}</ref> The [https://adfiran.com/en/docs/mahsa-charter Joint charter] was released in early march, on a website for the group that now styles itself the '''"Alliance for Democracy and Freedom in Iran"''' (ADFI), and declares this to be the "'''[[Woman, Life, Freedom]] revolution'''". Attending the summit meeting were 8 prominent diaspora leaders of the movement: actresses [[Nazanin Boniadi]] and [[Golshifteh Farahani]], Nobel Peace Prize Laureate [[Shirin Ebadi]], activists [[Masih Alinejad]] and Dr. [[Hamed Esmaeilion]]; former soccer captain Ali Karimi, former [[Reza Pahlavi, Crown Prince of Iran|crown prince Reza Pahlavi]], and Kurdish leader [[Abdullah Mohtadi]]. They claim to represent the country's "democracy movement". Mr. Pahlavi insists that whoever Iranians then elect in a free and open referendum is up to them, saying, "The role that I'm offering in this process of transition is to be of help to maintain a smooth process — to maximise the participation of democratic forces in this process."<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-02-13 |title=Why the exiled crown prince of Iran thinks the Islamic Republic is coming to an end |language=en-AU |work=ABC News |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2023-02-14/iran-exiled-crown-prince-reza-pahlavi-revolution-regime-change/101961372 |access-date=2023-03-13}}</ref> This effort received some attention from the press,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Women, Life, Freedom {{!}} History Today |url=https://www.historytoday.com/archive/history-matters/women-life-freedom |access-date=2023-03-04 |website=www.historytoday.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Bijan Ahmadi |first=Opinion Contributor |date=2023-02-17 |title=From reform to revolution: What is the future of Iran's democracy movement? |url=https://thehill.com/opinion/international/3862909-from-reform-to-revolution-what-is-the-future-of-irans-democracy-movement/ |access-date=2023-03-04 |website=The Hill |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Security |first=Georgetown Institute for Women, Peace and |date=2023-02-17 |title=The Future of Iran's Democracy Movement |url=https://msmagazine.com/2023/02/17/iran-democracy/ |access-date=2023-03-04 |website=Ms. Magazine |language=en-US}}</ref> and are seeking support from the international community.<ref>{{Cite web |title=How to Support Iran's Democracy Movement |url=https://freedomhouse.org/article/how-support-irans-democracy-movement |access-date=2023-03-04 |website=Freedom House |language=en}}</ref> == Trade Unions Joint Charter == A joint charter with a list of 12 "minimum demands” has been published and signed by twenty independent Iranian trade unions, feminist groups and student organizations.<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 February 2023 |title=Trade Unions Issue Charter Of Minimum Demands |url=https://iranwire.com/en/politics/113866-iranian-trade-unions-civic-groups-issue-charter-of-minimum-demands |website=Iran Wire}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Dagres |first=Holly |date=2023-02-23 |title=Iran's 'women, life, freedom' revolution has a manifesto. Here are the next steps. |url=https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/blogs/iransource/irans-women-life-freedom-revolution-has-a-manifesto-here-are-the-next-steps/ |access-date=2023-03-13 |website=Atlantic Council |language=en-US}}</ref> Signatories include: * The Coordinating Council of Iran's Teachers Trade Unions * The Free Union of Iran Workers * The Union of Free Students * The Center for Human Rights Defenders * The Syndicate of Workers of Nishekar Heft Tepeh Company * The Organization Council of Oil Contractual Workers’ Protests * Iran Cultural House (Khafa) * Bidarzani * The Call of Iranian Women * The Independent Voice of Ahvaz National Steel Group Workers * The Labor Rights Defenders Center * The Kermanshah Electric and Metal Workers’ Union * The Coordination Committee to help create labor organizations * The Union of Pensioners * The Council of Pensioners of Iran * The Progressive Students Organization * The Council of Free-Thinking Students of Iran * The Alborz Province Painters’ Syndicate * The Committee to Follow up on the Creation of Labor Organizations of Iran * The Council of Retirees of the Social Security Administration (BASTA) == 2023 U.S. House Resolution 100 == House Resolution 100 was introduced by Rep. Tom McClintock, R-Calif., expresses [https://www.congress.gov/bill/118th-congress/house-resolution/100/text?s=2&r=10 Congress’ support of a democratic, secular and non-nuclear republic]. There are 75 Democrats signed onto the resolution, among 222 members of the 435-member House.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Shaw |first=Adam |date=2023-03-09 |title=Resolution backing secular, democratic Iran republic picks up majority bipartisan support in House |url=https://www.foxnews.com/politics/resolution-backing-secular-democratic-iran-picks-majority-bipartisan-support-in-house |access-date=2023-03-13 |website=Fox News |language=en-US}}</ref> The resolution voices “support for the opposition leader Mrs. Maryam Rajavi’s 10-point plan for the future of Iran, which calls for the universal right to vote, free elections, and a market economy, and advocates gender, religious, and ethnic equality, a foreign policy based on peaceful coexistence, and a nonnuclear Iran.”<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-02-08 |title=McClintock Introduced House Resolution With Over 160 Co-sponsors in Support of a Free, Democratic, and Secular Republic in Iran |url=https://mcclintock.house.gov/newsroom/press-releases/mcclintock-introduced-house-resolution-with-over-160-co-sponsors-in-support |access-date=2023-03-13 |website=Congressman Tom McClintock |language=en}}</ref> == 2022 Free Iran World Summit == The [https://iranfreedom.org/en/freeiran2022/ 2022 Free Iran World Summit] was a three-day international event 22-24 July, and featured speeches by many foreign dignataries. Advertised speakers were: * Former Jordanian Minister of Development and Ambassador to Iran, Dr. Bassam Al-Omoush * [[Michael Mukasey|Michael Mukaesey]], US Attorney General 2007-2009 * First US Secretary of Homeland Security [[Tom Ridge]] * Former US Senator [[Joe Lieberman]] * [[Linda Chavez]], former Director of White House Office of Public Liaison * Former French Foreign Minster [[Bernard Kouchner]] * Former French Minister of Foreign Affairs, Defense, Justice, [[Michèle Alliot-Marie]] * Presidential candidate of Colombia, [[Íngrid Betancourt|Ingrid Betancour]]<nowiki/>t * Former Speaker of British House of Commons, Rt. Hon [[John Bercow]] * Former Canadian Minister of Industry, Health, Hon. [[Tony Clement]] * Former US Amb to Morocco [[Marc C. Ginsberg|Marc Ginsberg]] * Former US Undersecretary of State for Arms Control and International Security [[Robert Joseph]] * Former Candian Minister of Foreign Affairs [[John Baird (Canadian politician)|John Baird]] * US Amb to UN Human Rights Commission [[Ken Blackwell]] {{Expand section|date=March 2023}} == 2021 Free Iran World Summit == The [https://iranfreedom.org/en/freeiran/ Free Iran World Summit] was an international event dedicated to liberating Iran from its oppressive leadership and paving the way for a free and democratic Iran.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Free Iran World Summit 2021 |url=https://iranfreedom.org/en/freeiran/ |access-date=2022-05-23 |website=Iran Freedom |language=en-US}}</ref> It was supported by the OAIC{{Cn|date=March 2023}} and NCRI. Foreign dignitaries in attendance included: Janez Janša, Prime Minister of Slovenia, Michael Pompeo, former US Secretary of State (2018-2021), Stephen Harper, former Prime Minister of Canada; former Foreign Ministers for France, Italy, and Poland; and Defense Ministers of United Kingdom and France. and included speeches by 30 US lawmakers, including Senators Robert Menendez, Ted Cruz, Roy Blunt; and Congressmen Kevin McCarthy, and Hakeem Jeffries.<ref>{{Cite web |last=https://www.washingtontimes.com |first=The Washington Times |title=Rhetoric from 'Free Iran' summit strikes nerve, sparks regime's ire |url=https://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2021/jul/11/free-iran-world-summit-2021-sparks-iran-regimes-ir/ |access-date=2023-03-11 |website=The Washington Times |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-07-10 |title=The Free Iran World Summit 2021 |url=https://www.ncr-iran.org/en/ncri-statements/statement-iran-resistance/the-free-iran-world-summit-2021-statement-no-2/ |access-date=2022-05-23 |website=NCRI |language=en-US}}</ref> {{Expand section|date=March 2023}} == 2020 Free Iran World Summit == In a [https://iranfreedom.org/en/free-iran-global-summit/ virtual gathering] during COVID-19 Pandemic, Iranians and 1000 current, former officials, international dignitaries, and bipartisan lawmakers, "called on the world community to adopt a more resolute policy".<ref>{{Cite web |last=https://www.washingtontimes.com |first=The Washington Times |title=Free Iran Global Summit |url=https://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2020/jul/13/free-iran-global-summit/ |access-date=2023-03-11 |website=The Washington Times |language=en-US}}</ref> == U.S. House Resolution 374 == The HR 374 introduced in 2019 is a bill with broad bipartisan support, [https://www.congress.gov/bill/116th-congress/house-resolution/374?r=8&s=1 Condemning Iranian state-sponsored terrorism and expressing support for the Iranian people's desire for a democratic, secular, and non-nuclear republic of Iran] It offers support for National Council of Resistance of Iran (NCRI) leader Maryam Rajavi’s 10-point plan for a future Iran - including a universal right to vote, market economy and a non-nuclear Iran.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Shaw |first=Adam |date=2020-06-17 |title=Majority of House members back resolution supporting Iranian opposition, condemning regime's terror |url=https://www.foxnews.com/politics/majority-house-members-back-resolution-supporting-iranian-opposition |access-date=2023-03-11 |website=Fox News |language=en-US}}</ref> It has 221 lawmakers backing it, and was introduced by [[Tom McClintock|Rep. Tom McClintock]] who said in a speech to the OAIC, “There is a reason why a strong bipartisan majority in the United States House of Representatives has come together to co-sponsor this resolution condemning Iran’s terrorist acts,” McClintock said. “It’s because the world is watching the struggle for freedom in Iran, and it is cheering for your cause," observing that Iranian citizens have “taken to the streets and the airwaves” to protest against Ayatollah Ali Khamenei’s regime, which he said has “lost any claim to legitimacy.”<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-06-17 |title='The world is watching': Lawmakers tout bipartisan resolution condemning Iran |url=https://www.washingtonexaminer.com/news/the-world-is-watching-lawmakers-tout-bipartisan-resolution-condemning-iran |access-date=2023-03-11 |website=Washington Examiner |language=en}}</ref> == Organized Resistance Groups == === National Council of Resistance of Iran === The [[National Council of Resistance of Iran]] is recognized as the diplomatic wing of the MEK, [[People's Mojahedin Organization of Iran]], opposing the Islamic Republic.<ref>{{citation |last1=Cohen |first1=Ronen A. |title=The Mojahedin-e Khalq versus the Islamic Republic of Iran: from war to propaganda and the war on propaganda and diplomacy |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/00263206.2018.1478813 |journal=Middle Eastern Studies |volume=54 |issue=6 |pages=1000–1014 |year=2018 |doi=10.1080/00263206.2018.1478813 |s2cid=149542445}}</ref><ref name="Katzman2012">Kenneth Katzman, [https://books.google.com/books?id=cfdMAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA317 Document No.9 Iran:U.S. Concerns and Policy: Responses, CRS Report RL32048], in Kristen Boon, Aziz Z. Huq, Douglas Lovelace (eds.) ''Global Stability and U.S. National Security,'' [[Oxford University Press]], 2012 pp.297-383 p.317.</ref><ref name="Fayazmanesh">Sasan Fayazmanesh, [https://books.google.com/books?id=SMiTAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA79 ''The United States and Iran: Sanctions, Wars and the Policy of Dual Containment,''] [[Routledge]], 2008 pp.79,81.</ref> They have articulated a [[National Council of Resistance of Iran#Constitutional platform|Constitutional platform]]. A majority of members of the US House of Representatives backed a “bipartisan resolution” in June 2020 supporting [[Maryam Rajavi]] and the NCRI's “call for a secular, democratic Iran” while “condemning Iranian [[state-sponsored terrorism]]”. The resolution, backed by 221 lawmakers, gave support to the Rajavi's 10-point plan for Iran's future (which include “a universal right to vote, market economy, and a non-nuclear Iran”) while calling on the prevention of “malign activities of the Iranian regime’s diplomatic missions.” The resolution also called on the U.S. to stand “with the people of Iran who are continuing to hold legitimate and peaceful protests” against the Iranian government.<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 June 2020 |title=Majority of House members back resolution supporting Iranian opposition, condemning regime's terror |url=https://www.foxnews.com/politics/majority-house-members-back-resolution-supporting-iranian-opposition |website=[[Fox News]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=17 June 2020 |title='The world is watching': Lawmakers tout bipartisan resolution condemning Iran |url=https://www.washingtonexaminer.com/news/the-world-is-watching-lawmakers-tout-bipartisan-resolution-condemning-iran}}</ref> === Organization of Iranian American Communities === The [[Organization of Iranian American Communities]] is allied with the [[People's Mujahedin of Iran|People's Mojahedin Organization of Iran]], or the Mojahedin-e Khalq (MEK), which advocates the overthrow of the [[government of Iran]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lipin |first=Michael |date=17 March 2018 |title=US Senators Pledge Help to Iranian Group Seeking End to Iran's Islamist Rule |url=https://www.voanews.com/a/us-iran-opposition/4303135.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181217191816/https://www.voanews.com/a/us-iran-opposition/4303135.html |archive-date=17 December 2018 |access-date=17 December 2018 |website=VOA}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last1=Gharib |first1=Ali |last2=Clifton |first2=Eli |date=26 February 2015 |title=Long March of the Yellow Jackets: How a One-Time Terrorist Group Prevailed on Capitol Hill |url=https://theintercept.com/2015/02/26/long-march-yellow/ |access-date=17 December 2018 |website=The Intercept}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Ackerman |first=Spencer |date=19 September 2018 |title=Giuliani to Speak Beside Leader of Accused Iranian 'Cult' |url=https://www.thedailybeast.com/giuliani-to-speak-beside-leader-of-accused-iranian-cult |access-date=17 December 2018 |website=Daily Beast}}</ref> The OIAC does not support a foreign war, nor does it support an appeasement policy towards Iran. More specifically, OIAC supports the 10-point plans by Mrs. Maryam Rajavi<ref>{{Cite web |title=Maryam Rajavi {{!}} President-elect of the National Council of Resistance of Iran (NCRI) |url=https://www.maryam-rajavi.com/en/ |access-date=2022-05-23 |website=Maryam Rajavi |language=en-US}}</ref> for a democratic Iran that aligns with security for America and peace in the Middle East and beyond. OIAC works in collaboration with all Iranian-Americans and concerned citizens across the country to achieve its mission and vision. OIAC holds yearly protests outside the [[United Nations]] building against Iranian Presidents<ref>[https://www.usnews.com/news/best-states/new-york/articles/2017-09-20/protesters-rally-against-iranian-president-at-un Protesters Rally Against Iranian President at United Nations] by REBECCA GIBIAN, [[Associated Press]]; 20 September 2017</ref> and at times outside the [[White House]] "in solidarity with [[2017–18 Iranian protests|protesters in Iran]]".<ref>[https://wtop.com/white-house/2018/01/demonstrators-gather-wh-support-iranian-liberty-democracy/slide/1/ Demonstrators gather at White House to support Iranian ‘liberty, democracy’]; By Dick Uliano, [[WTOP-FM]], 6 January 2018</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Laipson |first=Ellen |date=January 9, 2018 |title=The Foreign Policy Aftermath of the Iran Protests, in Tehran and Washington |url=https://www.worldpoliticsreview.com/the-foreign-policy-aftermath-of-the-iran-protests-in-tehran-and-washington/}}</ref> According to Joanne Stocker, "the Organization of Iranian American Communities have played a crucial role in securing broad, bipartisan support in the United States for the opposition group by successfully portraying the group as a democratic, human rights-supporting alternative to the current regime."<ref>{{Cite news |title=The White House Once Labeled Them Terrorists. Now They're Being Called Iran's Next Government |newspaper=Haaretz |url=https://www.haaretz.com/middle-east-news/iran/2019-08-13/ty-article/.premium/white-house-once-labeled-them-terrorists-now-it-calls-them-irans-next-government/0000017f-dc2a-db5a-a57f-dc6a244b0000}}</ref> === Democratic Party of Iranian Kurdistan === The [[Democratic Party of Iranian Kurdistan]] (KDPI), is an armed leftist [[ethnic party]] of [[Kurds in Iran]], exiled in northern [[Iraq]].<ref name="WRI">{{Citation |last1=Buchta |first1=Wilfried |title=Who rules Iran?: the structure of power in the Islamic Republic |pages=102, 104 |year=2000 |place=Washington DC |publisher=The Washington Institute for Near East Policy, The Konrad Adenauer Stiftung |isbn=978-0-944029-39-8}}</ref> It is banned in Iran and thus not able to operate openly.<ref>United Kingdom: Home Office, Country Information and Guidance - Iran: Kurds and Kurdish political groups, July 2016, Version 2.0, available at: http://www.refworld.org/docid/578f67c34.html [accessed 18 March 2017]</ref> The group calls for [[self-determination]] of Kurdish people<ref name="merip">{{cite web|url=http://www.merip.org/mer/mer141/major-kurdish-organizations-iran|title=Major Kurdish Organizations in Iran|author=Martin Van Bruinessen|date=20 July 1986|publisher=[[Middle East Research and Information Project]]|access-date=29 January 2017}}</ref> and has been described as seeking either [[Kurdish separatism in Iran|separatism]]<ref name="stratfor">{{cite web |date=29 July 2016 |title=Iranian Kurds Return to Arms |url=https://www.stratfor.com/analysis/iranian-kurds-return-arms |access-date=29 September 2016 |publisher=[[Stratfor]]}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Freedom in the World 2011: The Annual Survey of Political Rights and Civil Liberties |page=321 |year=2011 |contribution=[[Freedom House]] |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield Publishers |isbn=9781442209961}}</ref><ref name="APS">{{cite book|author1=Alex Peter Schmid|author2=A. J. Jongman|title=Political terrorism: a new guide to actors, authors, concepts, data bases, theories, & literature|year=2005|publisher=Transaction Publishers|isbn=978-1-4128-0469-1|page=579|entry=Kurdish Democratic Party of Iran}}</ref> or [[autonomy]] within a [[Federalism|federal]] system.<ref name="WRI" /><ref>{{cite encyclopedia |title=QĀSEMLU, ʿABD-AL-RAḤMĀN |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Iranica]] |publisher=Bibliotheca Persica Press |url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/qasemlu |access-date=August 1, 2016 |last=Prunhuber |first=Carol |date=February 18, 2012 |editor-last=Yarshater |editor-first=Ehsan |editor-link=Ehsan Yarshater}}</ref> Since 1979, KDPI has waged a persistent guerrilla war against the [[Government of the Islamic Republic of Iran]].<ref name="WRI" /> This included the [[1979 Kurdish rebellion in Iran|1979–1983 Kurdish insurgency]], its [[KDPI insurgency (1989–96)|1989–1996 insurgency]] and [[2016 West Iran clashes|recent clashes in 2016]]. === National Council of Iran === The [[National Council of Iran]], according to ''[[Observer.com|The Observer]]'', serves as [[Reza Pahlavi, Crown Prince of Iran|Reza Pahlavi]]'s [[government in exile]] in order to reclaim the former throne after overthrowing the current government.<ref name="Observer">{{cite web |author=Parker Richards |date=29 January 2016 |title=Pahlavi, Elie Wiesel, Rev. King to Be Honored for Promoting Peace |url=http://observer.com/2016/01/breaking-yoko-ono-iranian-prince-and-others-to-be-honored-for-promoting-peace/ |access-date=1 June 2017 |website=[[New York Observer|Observer]]}}</ref> It has also been described as an organization that profiles him as "the new [[president of Iran]]".<ref name="Milczanowski">{{citation |author=Maciej Milczanowski |title=US Policy towards Iran under President Barack Obama's Administration |date=2014 |url=http://www.iksiopan.pl/images/czasopisma/hemispheres/hemispheres_29_4.pdf |journal=Hemispheres: Studies on Cultures and Societies |volume=29 |number=4 |pages=53–66 |publisher=Institute of Mediterranean and Oriental Cultures Polish Academy of Sciences |issn=0239-8818}}</ref> The "self-styled"<ref name="Milczanowski" /> National Council claims to have gathered "tens of thousands of pro-democracy proponents from both inside and outside Iran."<ref name="AP">{{cite web |author=Jon Gambrell |date=9 April 2017 |title=Iran's long-exiled prince wants a revolution in age of Trump |url=http://bigstory.ap.org/article/aabda1d7582d49b784c7ec7ee2e96e6e/irans-long-exiled-prince-wants-revolution-age-trump |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170409074842/http://bigstory.ap.org/article/aabda1d7582d49b784c7ec7ee2e96e6e/irans-long-exiled-prince-wants-revolution-age-trump |archive-date=9 April 2017 |access-date=25 January 2019 |publisher=Associated Press}}</ref> It also claims to represent religious and ethnic minorities.<ref>{{cite web |author=Sonia Verma |date=6 June 2014 |title=Shah's son seeks support for people's revolution against Iran |url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/world/shahs-son-seeks-support-for-peoples-revolution-against-iran/article19059694/ |access-date=17 June 2017 |publisher=The Globe and Mail}}</ref> According to Kenneth Katzman, in 2017 the group which was established with over 30 groups has "suffered defections and its activity level appears minimal".<ref name="KK">{{citation |author=Kenneth Katzman |title=Iran: Politics, Human Rights, and U.S. Policy |date=2 June 2017 |url=https://fas.org/sgp/crs/mideast/RL32048.pdf |page=27 |access-date=16 June 2017 |publisher=Federation of American Scientists}}</ref> == Protests 2016 - Present == {{Expand section|date=March 2023}} [[2016 Cyrus the Great Revolt|2016 Cyrus the Great revolt]] {{Expand section|date=March 2023}} [[2017–2021 Iranian protests]]{{Relevance|date=March 2023}} {{Expand section|date=March 2023}} [[2019–2020 Iranian protests|Bloody Aban protests and crackdown]]{{Relevance|date=March 2023}} {{Expand section|date=March 2023}} [[Ukraine International Airlines Flight 752 protests]]{{Relevance|date=March 2023}} {{Expand section|date=March 2023}} [[2017–2021 Iranian protests]]{{Relevance|date=March 2023}} {{Expand section|date=March 2023}} [[Mahsa Amini protests#Historical Background]]{{Relevance|date=March 2023}} {{Expand section|date=March 2023}} == 1950's Democratic Election and Monarchist Coup == [[w:Mohammad_Mosaddegh|Mohammed Mossadegh]] was democratically elected, but overthrown in the [[w:1953_Iranian_coup_d'état|1953 Iranian coup d'etat]] instigated by the U.K. and assisted by the U.S. CIA. {{Expand section|date=March 2023}} == Democratic movements and the Revolution of '79 == [[w:Freedom_Movement_of_Iran|Freedom Movement of Iran]] (FMI), or '''Liberation Movement of Iran''' (LMI) is an Iranian pro-[[democracy]] political organization founded in 1961, by members describing themselves as "Muslims, Iranians, Constitutionalists and [[w:Mohammad_Mossadegh|Mossadeghists]]". [[w:Ruhollah_Khomeini|Ruhollah Khomeini]] was exiled in 1964 for opposing the [[w:Mohammad_Reza_Pahlavi|shah Pahlavi]]'s monarchist rule, he later became the [[w:Supreme_Leader_of_Iran|Supreme Leader of Iran]] after the [[w:Iranian_Revolution|1979 revolution]]. {{Expand section}} == Criticism == Remarking on the initial international response to the Tehran protests, Iranian-American journalist and activist [[Masih Alinejad]] said, "The first group who came to the streets were women of Afghanistan, can you believe that? The Western feminists who actually went to my country, wore a hijab, and bowed to the Taliban—they didn’t take to the streets.” “Most of them have never gone and lived under Sharia law,” she said of Western feminists. “And they don’t even let us talk about our own experiences. Here they tell me, ‘Shh! If you talk about this, you’re going to cause Islamophobia.’ Phobia is irrational, but believe me my fear and the fear of millions of Iranian women is rational.”<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-03-11 |title=Self-centered feminists have forgotten the women of Iran |url=https://nypost.com/2023/03/11/self-centered-feminists-have-forgotten-the-women-of-iran/ |access-date=2023-03-13 |language=en-US}}</ref> == Bibliography and References == {{refbegin}} * {{Cite news |last= |date=2023-02-10 |title=Iran exiled opposition figures in talks to unite against government |language=en |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/iran-exiled-opposition-figures-talks-unite-against-government-2023-02-10/ |access-date=2023-02-12}}{{Relevance?|date=March 2023}} * {{Cite web |title=Prominent Iranian Opposition Figures Pledge Unity, Urge World Support |url=https://www.iranintl.com/en/202302109922 |access-date=2023-02-12 |website=Iran International |language=en}}{{Relevance?|date=March 2023}} * {{Cite web |last= |date=2023-02-07 |title=Gauging the future of Iran's democracy movement |url=https://www.demdigest.org/gauging-the-future-of-irans-democracy-movement/ |access-date=2023-02-12 |website=Democracy Digest |language=en-US}}{{Relevance?|date=March 2023}} * {{cite journal |last=Sherrill |first=Clifton |year=2011 |title=After Khamenei: Who Will Succeed Iran's Supreme Leader? |journal=Orbis |volume=55 |issue=4 |pages=631–47 |doi=10.1016/j.orbis.2011.07.002}}{{Relevance?|date=March 2023}} {{expand section|date=March 2023}} {{refend}} ==Notes== {{Reflist}}{{Protests in Iran}} 55h8uv1ieh4w7q1zqfuzyg05znlpg7p 2691463 2691460 2024-12-11T18:12:03Z Jaredscribe 2906761 reorganize for chronological 2691463 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Democracy movements''' in [[Iran]] and its diaspora comprise a diverse range of dissidents, political and cultural leaders, and militants working for [[w:Regime_change|regime change]], with new constitutional frameworks and transition plans proposed, since the [[w:2016_Cyrus_the_Great_Revolt|2016 Cyrus the Great Revolt]] through the [[w:2017–2021_Iranian_protests|2017–2021 Iranian protests]] to the present, including notable episodes [[w:Ukraine_International_Airlines_Flight_752_protests|Ukraine International Airlines Flight 752 protests]] and [[w:2019–2020_Iranian_protests|Bloody Aban protests and crackdown]]. During the [[w:Mahsa_Amini_protests|Mahsa Amini protests]] which occurred in Iran as a response to the [[w:Death_of_Mahsa_Amini|death of Mahsa Amini]], the chant [[w:Woman,_Life,_Freedom|Woman, Life, Freedom]] ({{Langx|ku|Jin, Jiyan, Azadî}}, {{Lang|ku|ژن، ژیان، ئازادی}}) became widely used, a [[w:Kurds|Kurdish]] slogan used in both the [[w:Kurdish_Nationalism|Kurdish independence]] and [[w:Democratic_confederalism|democratic confederalist]] movements.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Dirik |first=Dilar |title=The Kurdish Women's Movement: History, Theory, and Practice |publisher=Pluto Press |year=2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Bocheńska |first=Joanna |title=Rediscovering Kurdistan's Cultures and Identities: The Call of the Cricket |publisher=[[Palgrave Macmillan]] |year=2018 |pages=47}}</ref><ref name=":32">{{Cite book |last=Çağlayan |first=Handan |title=Women in the Kurdish Movement: Mothers, Comrades, Goddesses |publisher=[[Springer Nature]] |year=2019 |pages=197}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last1=Bayram |first1=Seyma |last2=Mohtasham |first2=Diba |date=27 October 2022 |title=Iran's protesters find inspiration in a Kurdish revolutionary slogan |url=https://wusfnews.wusf.usf.edu/2022-10-27/irans-protesters-find-inspiration-in-a-kurdish-revolutionary-slogan |access-date=19 November 2022 |publisher=[[University of South Florida]]}}</ref> The [[Draft:Iranian democracy movements#2023 U.S. House Resolution 100|US House Resolution 100]] has broad bipartisan support for the 10 point plan put forward by the [[Draft:Iranian democracy movements#National Council of Resistance of Iran|National Council of Resistance of Iran]]'s leader [[Maryam Rajavi]], which calls for the universal right to vote, free elections, and a market economy, and advocates gender, religious, and ethnic equality, a foreign policy based on peaceful coexistence, and a nonnuclear Iran. A summit of prominent diaspora opposition leaders recently presented a [[Iranian Democracy Movement#2023 Diaspora Summit and Joint Charter|vision for Iran's future at a summit]] in Washington, which included [[Reza Pahlavi, Crown Prince of Iran|Reza Pahlavi]], who has pledged his support for the peoples will. He has long advocated for free elections to form a [[constituent assembly]] that could determine the future form of governance in Iran. Of the more than 390,000 supporters of a change.org petition declaring Pahlavi "my representative", many emphasized that they only backed him as an “interim figure” who could bring about a democratic transition away from the Islamic Republic, not to restore the fallen monarchy.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dagres |first=Holly |date=2023-01-24 |title=Can Reza Pahlavi help unite the Iranian opposition? A hashtag is suggesting so. |url=https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/blogs/iransource/can-reza-pahlavi-help-unite-the-iranian-opposition-a-hashtag-is-suggesting-so/ |access-date=2023-03-13 |website=Atlantic Council |language=en-US}}</ref> Invited to speak on Iran's future at the [[59th Munich Security Conference]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Woman, Life, Freedom: Visions for Iran - Munich Security Conference |url=https://securityconference.org/en/medialibrary/asset/woman-life-freedom-visions-for-iran-20230218-1616/ |access-date=2023-03-17 |website=securityconference.org |language=en-GB}}</ref>, one of Pahlavi's cohorts denounced the MEK/NCRI. The [[International Business Times]] comments that he has no expereince, and is trying to "pluck the fruits of others labor".<ref>{{Cite web |last=McColm |first=R. Bruce |date=2023-03-05 |title=In Iran, Why The Son Of A Deposed Dictator Is Not The Answer |url=https://www.ibtimes.com/illusion-relevance-why-son-deposed-dictator-not-answer-3673282 |access-date=2023-03-15 |website=International Business Times |language=en-US}}</ref> The NCRI has denounced the son of the former Shah. The MEK Spokesperson called on him "to first return the billions of dollars his father stole from the nation, denounce the atrocities committed by his grandfather and father and distance himself from the [[Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps|IRGC]] and the [[Basij]], which he had previously praised as guardians of Iran’s territorial integrity and law and order in society".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Writer |first=Staff |date=2023-01-22 |title=Selling a Dead Horse: Reza Pahlavi's Bid to Market a Trashed Dictatorship |url=https://www.ncr-iran.org/en/news/anews/who-is-who/selling-a-dead-horse-reza-pahlavis-bid-to-market-a-trashed-monarchy/ |access-date=2023-03-15 |website=NCRI |language=en-US}}</ref> Twenty independent Iranian trade unions, feminist groups and student organizations published a [[Iranian Democracy Movement#Trade Unions Joint Charter|Joint Charter with a list of 12 minimum demands]]. == 1950's Democratic Election and Monarchist Coup == [[w:Mohammad_Mosaddegh|Mohammed Mossadegh]] was democratically elected, but overthrown in the [[w:1953_Iranian_coup_d'état|1953 Iranian coup d'etat]] instigated by the U.K. and assisted by the U.S. CIA. {{Expand section|date=March 2023}} == Democratic movements and the Revolution of '79 == [[w:Freedom_Movement_of_Iran|Freedom Movement of Iran]] (FMI), or '''Liberation Movement of Iran''' (LMI) is an Iranian pro-[[democracy]] political organization founded in 1961, by members describing themselves as "Muslims, Iranians, Constitutionalists and [[w:Mohammad_Mossadegh|Mossadeghists]]". [[w:Ruhollah_Khomeini|Ruhollah Khomeini]] was exiled in 1964 for opposing the [[w:Mohammad_Reza_Pahlavi|shah Pahlavi]]'s monarchist rule, he later became the [[w:Supreme_Leader_of_Iran|Supreme Leader of Iran]] after the [[w:Iranian_Revolution|1979 revolution]]. {{Expand section}} == 2016 Cyrus the Great revolt through 2023 Mahsa Amini protests == {{Expand section|date=March 2023}} [[2016 Cyrus the Great Revolt|2016 Cyrus the Great revolt]] {{Expand section|date=March 2023}} [[2017–2021 Iranian protests]]{{Relevance|date=March 2023}} {{Expand section|date=March 2023}} [[2019–2020 Iranian protests|Bloody Aban protests and crackdown]]{{Relevance|date=March 2023}} {{Expand section|date=March 2023}} [[Ukraine International Airlines Flight 752 protests]]{{Relevance|date=March 2023}} {{Expand section|date=March 2023}} [[2017–2021 Iranian protests]]{{Relevance|date=March 2023}} {{Expand section|date=March 2023}} [[Mahsa Amini protests#Historical Background]]{{Relevance|date=March 2023}} {{Expand section|date=March 2023}} == 2022 Free Iran World Summit == The [https://iranfreedom.org/en/freeiran2022/ 2022 Free Iran World Summit] was a three-day international event 22-24 July, and featured speeches by many foreign dignataries. Advertised speakers were: * Former Jordanian Minister of Development and Ambassador to Iran, Dr. Bassam Al-Omoush * [[Michael Mukasey|Michael Mukaesey]], US Attorney General 2007-2009 * First US Secretary of Homeland Security [[Tom Ridge]] * Former US Senator [[Joe Lieberman]] * [[Linda Chavez]], former Director of White House Office of Public Liaison * Former French Foreign Minster [[Bernard Kouchner]] * Former French Minister of Foreign Affairs, Defense, Justice, [[Michèle Alliot-Marie]] * Presidential candidate of Colombia, [[Íngrid Betancourt|Ingrid Betancour]]<nowiki/>t * Former Speaker of British House of Commons, Rt. Hon [[John Bercow]] * Former Canadian Minister of Industry, Health, Hon. [[Tony Clement]] * Former US Amb to Morocco [[Marc C. Ginsberg|Marc Ginsberg]] * Former US Undersecretary of State for Arms Control and International Security [[Robert Joseph]] * Former Candian Minister of Foreign Affairs [[John Baird (Canadian politician)|John Baird]] * US Amb to UN Human Rights Commission [[Ken Blackwell]] {{Expand section|date=March 2023}} == 2021 Free Iran World Summit == The [https://iranfreedom.org/en/freeiran/ Free Iran World Summit] was an international event dedicated to liberating Iran from its oppressive leadership and paving the way for a free and democratic Iran.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Free Iran World Summit 2021 |url=https://iranfreedom.org/en/freeiran/ |access-date=2022-05-23 |website=Iran Freedom |language=en-US}}</ref> It was supported by the OAIC{{Cn|date=March 2023}} and NCRI. Foreign dignitaries in attendance included: Janez Janša, Prime Minister of Slovenia, Michael Pompeo, former US Secretary of State (2018-2021), Stephen Harper, former Prime Minister of Canada; former Foreign Ministers for France, Italy, and Poland; and Defense Ministers of United Kingdom and France. and included speeches by 30 US lawmakers, including Senators Robert Menendez, Ted Cruz, Roy Blunt; and Congressmen Kevin McCarthy, and Hakeem Jeffries.<ref>{{Cite web |last=https://www.washingtontimes.com |first=The Washington Times |title=Rhetoric from 'Free Iran' summit strikes nerve, sparks regime's ire |url=https://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2021/jul/11/free-iran-world-summit-2021-sparks-iran-regimes-ir/ |access-date=2023-03-11 |website=The Washington Times |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-07-10 |title=The Free Iran World Summit 2021 |url=https://www.ncr-iran.org/en/ncri-statements/statement-iran-resistance/the-free-iran-world-summit-2021-statement-no-2/ |access-date=2022-05-23 |website=NCRI |language=en-US}}</ref> {{Expand section|date=March 2023}} == 2020 Free Iran World Summit == In a [https://iranfreedom.org/en/free-iran-global-summit/ virtual gathering] during COVID-19 Pandemic, Iranians and 1000 current, former officials, international dignitaries, and bipartisan lawmakers, "called on the world community to adopt a more resolute policy".<ref>{{Cite web |last=https://www.washingtontimes.com |first=The Washington Times |title=Free Iran Global Summit |url=https://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2020/jul/13/free-iran-global-summit/ |access-date=2023-03-11 |website=The Washington Times |language=en-US}}</ref> == U.S. House Resolution 374 == The HR 374 introduced in 2019 is a bill with broad bipartisan support, [https://www.congress.gov/bill/116th-congress/house-resolution/374?r=8&s=1 Condemning Iranian state-sponsored terrorism and expressing support for the Iranian people's desire for a democratic, secular, and non-nuclear republic of Iran] It offers support for National Council of Resistance of Iran (NCRI) leader Maryam Rajavi’s 10-point plan for a future Iran - including a universal right to vote, market economy and a non-nuclear Iran.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Shaw |first=Adam |date=2020-06-17 |title=Majority of House members back resolution supporting Iranian opposition, condemning regime's terror |url=https://www.foxnews.com/politics/majority-house-members-back-resolution-supporting-iranian-opposition |access-date=2023-03-11 |website=Fox News |language=en-US}}</ref> It has 221 lawmakers backing it, and was introduced by [[Tom McClintock|Rep. Tom McClintock]] who said in a speech to the OAIC, “There is a reason why a strong bipartisan majority in the United States House of Representatives has come together to co-sponsor this resolution condemning Iran’s terrorist acts,” McClintock said. “It’s because the world is watching the struggle for freedom in Iran, and it is cheering for your cause," observing that Iranian citizens have “taken to the streets and the airwaves” to protest against Ayatollah Ali Khamenei’s regime, which he said has “lost any claim to legitimacy.”<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-06-17 |title='The world is watching': Lawmakers tout bipartisan resolution condemning Iran |url=https://www.washingtonexaminer.com/news/the-world-is-watching-lawmakers-tout-bipartisan-resolution-condemning-iran |access-date=2023-03-11 |website=Washington Examiner |language=en}}</ref> == Mousavi's Call for A Referendum == Former prime minister and reformist leader of the [[Green Revolution (Iran)|Green Revolution]], [[Mir-Hossein Mousavi|Mir Hussein Mousavi]] put out a call 3 February 2023, for a referendum and end to clerical rule.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.iranintl.com/en/202302095136|title=Sunni Leader Lauds Call For Referendum By Former Iran PM|website=Iran International|language=en|access-date=2023-03-14}}</ref> Signed by over 400 political activists and journalists, the statement said, "With the current social awakening, and the society’s disillusionment with reforms within the current [political] structure, there is no other way than allowing the people to decide their own destiny." Expressing its support of Mousavi’s three-stage proposal and a “peaceful and non-violent transition” to a democratic government and the “Woman, Life, Freedom” Movement.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.iranintl.com/en/202302132030|title=Hundreds Of Activists Support Mousavi's Call To End Clerical Rule|website=Iran International|language=en|access-date=2023-03-14}}</ref> Although not supporting regime change, he supports calling a [[constituent assembly]], and a new constitution. According to [[Iran International]] he "seemed to reject reform as an alternative, urguing fundamental change." And "implicitly repeated what exiled Prince Reza Pahlavi has been saying for years, and other opposition activists have echoed in the past five months – transition from the Islamic Republic."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.iranintl.com/en/202302049934|title=Opposition Figure In Iran Calls For Fundamental Change, New Constitution|website=Iran International|language=en|access-date=2023-03-14}}</ref> Pahlavi has embraced Mousavi's call for a new constitution, and says that the opposition must be "big tent" willing to embrace defectors. According to [[Al Arabiya]] the opposition is "stronger and more unified than ever".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://english.alarabiya.net/views/2023/03/02/Mousavi-deserts-Iran-s-regime-|title=Mousavi deserts Iran's regime|date=2023-03-02|website=Al Arabiya English|language=en|access-date=2023-03-14}}</ref> Mousavi announced that "''he no longer supports the current [[Constitution of Iran|Islamic Republic constitution]]"'', and asked for a widespread referendum to fully change the constitution and make a fundamental change in Iran's political system.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/persian/iran-64522691|title=میرحسین موسوی خواهان قانون اساسی جدید و تشکیل مجلس موسسان «برای نجات ایران» شد|work=BBC News فارسی|access-date=2023-02-05|language=fa}}</ref> Among many leading dissidents who publicly endorsed Mousavi’s call for a referendum, Iran’s top Sunni cleric, Mowlavi Abdolhamid stated, “With his recent statement, Mousavi showed that he understood the realities of society. It’s time for other politicians and ulema (religious scholars) to think about saving the country and see the facts.”<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thehill.com/opinion/international/3862909-from-reform-to-revolution-what-is-the-future-of-irans-democracy-movement/|title=From reform to revolution: What is the future of Iran's democracy movement?|last=Bijan Ahmadi|first=Opinion Contributor|date=2023-02-17|website=The Hill|language=en-US|access-date=2023-03-14}}</ref> == 2023 "Future of the Movement" Summit and Joint "Mahsa Charter" == [[The future of Iran’s democracy movement]] was a conference hosted by the Georgetown Institute for Women, Peace and Security ([[Georgetown Institute for Women, Peace and Security|GIWPS)]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.voanews.com/a/prominent-iranian-dissidents-unite-to-discuss-democracy-movement-/6959274.html|title=Prominent Iranian Dissidents Unite to Discuss Democracy Movement|website=VOA|language=en|access-date=2023-03-13}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://giwps.georgetown.edu/event/the-future-of-irans-democracy-movement-event/|title=The Future of Iran's Democracy Movement|website=GIWPS|language=en-US|access-date=2023-03-04}}</ref> The [https://adfiran.com/en/docs/mahsa-charter Joint charter] was released in early march, on a website for the group that now styles itself the '''"Alliance for Democracy and Freedom in Iran"''' (ADFI), and declares this to be the "'''[[Woman, Life, Freedom]] revolution'''". Attending the summit meeting were 8 prominent diaspora leaders of the movement: actresses [[Nazanin Boniadi]] and [[Golshifteh Farahani]], Nobel Peace Prize Laureate [[Shirin Ebadi]], activists [[Masih Alinejad]] and Dr. [[Hamed Esmaeilion]]; former soccer captain Ali Karimi, former [[Reza Pahlavi, Crown Prince of Iran|crown prince Reza Pahlavi]], and Kurdish leader [[Abdullah Mohtadi]]. They claim to represent the country's "democracy movement". Mr. Pahlavi insists that whoever Iranians then elect in a free and open referendum is up to them, saying, "The role that I'm offering in this process of transition is to be of help to maintain a smooth process — to maximise the participation of democratic forces in this process."<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2023-02-14/iran-exiled-crown-prince-reza-pahlavi-revolution-regime-change/101961372|title=Why the exiled crown prince of Iran thinks the Islamic Republic is coming to an end|date=2023-02-13|work=ABC News|access-date=2023-03-13|language=en-AU}}</ref> This effort received some attention from the press,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.historytoday.com/archive/history-matters/women-life-freedom|title=Women, Life, Freedom {{!}} History Today|website=www.historytoday.com|access-date=2023-03-04}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thehill.com/opinion/international/3862909-from-reform-to-revolution-what-is-the-future-of-irans-democracy-movement/|title=From reform to revolution: What is the future of Iran's democracy movement?|last=Bijan Ahmadi|first=Opinion Contributor|date=2023-02-17|website=The Hill|language=en-US|access-date=2023-03-04}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://msmagazine.com/2023/02/17/iran-democracy/|title=The Future of Iran's Democracy Movement|last=Security|first=Georgetown Institute for Women, Peace and|date=2023-02-17|website=Ms. Magazine|language=en-US|access-date=2023-03-04}}</ref> and are seeking support from the international community.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://freedomhouse.org/article/how-support-irans-democracy-movement|title=How to Support Iran's Democracy Movement|website=Freedom House|language=en|access-date=2023-03-04}}</ref> == Trade Unions Joint Charter == A joint charter with a list of 12 "minimum demands” has been published and signed by twenty independent Iranian trade unions, feminist groups and student organizations.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://iranwire.com/en/politics/113866-iranian-trade-unions-civic-groups-issue-charter-of-minimum-demands|title=Trade Unions Issue Charter Of Minimum Demands|date=16 February 2023|website=Iran Wire}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/blogs/iransource/irans-women-life-freedom-revolution-has-a-manifesto-here-are-the-next-steps/|title=Iran's 'women, life, freedom' revolution has a manifesto. Here are the next steps.|last=Dagres|first=Holly|date=2023-02-23|website=Atlantic Council|language=en-US|access-date=2023-03-13}}</ref> Signatories include: * The Coordinating Council of Iran's Teachers Trade Unions * The Free Union of Iran Workers * The Union of Free Students * The Center for Human Rights Defenders * The Syndicate of Workers of Nishekar Heft Tepeh Company * The Organization Council of Oil Contractual Workers’ Protests * Iran Cultural House (Khafa) * Bidarzani * The Call of Iranian Women * The Independent Voice of Ahvaz National Steel Group Workers * The Labor Rights Defenders Center * The Kermanshah Electric and Metal Workers’ Union * The Coordination Committee to help create labor organizations * The Union of Pensioners * The Council of Pensioners of Iran * The Progressive Students Organization * The Council of Free-Thinking Students of Iran * The Alborz Province Painters’ Syndicate * The Committee to Follow up on the Creation of Labor Organizations of Iran * The Council of Retirees of the Social Security Administration (BASTA) == 2023 U.S. House Resolution 100 == House Resolution 100 was introduced by Rep. Tom McClintock, R-Calif., expresses [https://www.congress.gov/bill/118th-congress/house-resolution/100/text?s=2&r=10 Congress’ support of a democratic, secular and non-nuclear republic]. There are 75 Democrats signed onto the resolution, among 222 members of the 435-member House.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.foxnews.com/politics/resolution-backing-secular-democratic-iran-picks-majority-bipartisan-support-in-house|title=Resolution backing secular, democratic Iran republic picks up majority bipartisan support in House|last=Shaw|first=Adam|date=2023-03-09|website=Fox News|language=en-US|access-date=2023-03-13}}</ref> The resolution voices “support for the opposition leader Mrs. Maryam Rajavi’s 10-point plan for the future of Iran, which calls for the universal right to vote, free elections, and a market economy, and advocates gender, religious, and ethnic equality, a foreign policy based on peaceful coexistence, and a nonnuclear Iran.”<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://mcclintock.house.gov/newsroom/press-releases/mcclintock-introduced-house-resolution-with-over-160-co-sponsors-in-support|title=McClintock Introduced House Resolution With Over 160 Co-sponsors in Support of a Free, Democratic, and Secular Republic in Iran|date=2023-02-08|website=Congressman Tom McClintock|language=en|access-date=2023-03-13}}</ref> == Organized Resistance Groups == === National Council of Resistance of Iran === The [[National Council of Resistance of Iran]] is recognized as the diplomatic wing of the MEK, [[People's Mojahedin Organization of Iran]], opposing the Islamic Republic.<ref>{{citation |last1=Cohen |first1=Ronen A. |title=The Mojahedin-e Khalq versus the Islamic Republic of Iran: from war to propaganda and the war on propaganda and diplomacy |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/00263206.2018.1478813 |journal=Middle Eastern Studies |volume=54 |issue=6 |pages=1000–1014 |year=2018 |doi=10.1080/00263206.2018.1478813 |s2cid=149542445}}</ref><ref name="Katzman2012">Kenneth Katzman, [https://books.google.com/books?id=cfdMAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA317 Document No.9 Iran:U.S. Concerns and Policy: Responses, CRS Report RL32048], in Kristen Boon, Aziz Z. Huq, Douglas Lovelace (eds.) ''Global Stability and U.S. National Security,'' [[Oxford University Press]], 2012 pp.297-383 p.317.</ref><ref name="Fayazmanesh">Sasan Fayazmanesh, [https://books.google.com/books?id=SMiTAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA79 ''The United States and Iran: Sanctions, Wars and the Policy of Dual Containment,''] [[Routledge]], 2008 pp.79,81.</ref> They have articulated a [[National Council of Resistance of Iran#Constitutional platform|Constitutional platform]]. A majority of members of the US House of Representatives backed a “bipartisan resolution” in June 2020 supporting [[Maryam Rajavi]] and the NCRI's “call for a secular, democratic Iran” while “condemning Iranian [[state-sponsored terrorism]]”. The resolution, backed by 221 lawmakers, gave support to the Rajavi's 10-point plan for Iran's future (which include “a universal right to vote, market economy, and a non-nuclear Iran”) while calling on the prevention of “malign activities of the Iranian regime’s diplomatic missions.” The resolution also called on the U.S. to stand “with the people of Iran who are continuing to hold legitimate and peaceful protests” against the Iranian government.<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 June 2020 |title=Majority of House members back resolution supporting Iranian opposition, condemning regime's terror |url=https://www.foxnews.com/politics/majority-house-members-back-resolution-supporting-iranian-opposition |website=[[Fox News]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=17 June 2020 |title='The world is watching': Lawmakers tout bipartisan resolution condemning Iran |url=https://www.washingtonexaminer.com/news/the-world-is-watching-lawmakers-tout-bipartisan-resolution-condemning-iran}}</ref> === Organization of Iranian American Communities === The [[Organization of Iranian American Communities]] is allied with the [[People's Mujahedin of Iran|People's Mojahedin Organization of Iran]], or the Mojahedin-e Khalq (MEK), which advocates the overthrow of the [[government of Iran]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lipin |first=Michael |date=17 March 2018 |title=US Senators Pledge Help to Iranian Group Seeking End to Iran's Islamist Rule |url=https://www.voanews.com/a/us-iran-opposition/4303135.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181217191816/https://www.voanews.com/a/us-iran-opposition/4303135.html |archive-date=17 December 2018 |access-date=17 December 2018 |website=VOA}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last1=Gharib |first1=Ali |last2=Clifton |first2=Eli |date=26 February 2015 |title=Long March of the Yellow Jackets: How a One-Time Terrorist Group Prevailed on Capitol Hill |url=https://theintercept.com/2015/02/26/long-march-yellow/ |access-date=17 December 2018 |website=The Intercept}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Ackerman |first=Spencer |date=19 September 2018 |title=Giuliani to Speak Beside Leader of Accused Iranian 'Cult' |url=https://www.thedailybeast.com/giuliani-to-speak-beside-leader-of-accused-iranian-cult |access-date=17 December 2018 |website=Daily Beast}}</ref> The OIAC does not support a foreign war, nor does it support an appeasement policy towards Iran. More specifically, OIAC supports the 10-point plans by Mrs. Maryam Rajavi<ref>{{Cite web |title=Maryam Rajavi {{!}} President-elect of the National Council of Resistance of Iran (NCRI) |url=https://www.maryam-rajavi.com/en/ |access-date=2022-05-23 |website=Maryam Rajavi |language=en-US}}</ref> for a democratic Iran that aligns with security for America and peace in the Middle East and beyond. OIAC works in collaboration with all Iranian-Americans and concerned citizens across the country to achieve its mission and vision. OIAC holds yearly protests outside the [[United Nations]] building against Iranian Presidents<ref>[https://www.usnews.com/news/best-states/new-york/articles/2017-09-20/protesters-rally-against-iranian-president-at-un Protesters Rally Against Iranian President at United Nations] by REBECCA GIBIAN, [[Associated Press]]; 20 September 2017</ref> and at times outside the [[White House]] "in solidarity with [[2017–18 Iranian protests|protesters in Iran]]".<ref>[https://wtop.com/white-house/2018/01/demonstrators-gather-wh-support-iranian-liberty-democracy/slide/1/ Demonstrators gather at White House to support Iranian ‘liberty, democracy’]; By Dick Uliano, [[WTOP-FM]], 6 January 2018</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Laipson |first=Ellen |date=January 9, 2018 |title=The Foreign Policy Aftermath of the Iran Protests, in Tehran and Washington |url=https://www.worldpoliticsreview.com/the-foreign-policy-aftermath-of-the-iran-protests-in-tehran-and-washington/}}</ref> According to Joanne Stocker, "the Organization of Iranian American Communities have played a crucial role in securing broad, bipartisan support in the United States for the opposition group by successfully portraying the group as a democratic, human rights-supporting alternative to the current regime."<ref>{{Cite news |title=The White House Once Labeled Them Terrorists. Now They're Being Called Iran's Next Government |newspaper=Haaretz |url=https://www.haaretz.com/middle-east-news/iran/2019-08-13/ty-article/.premium/white-house-once-labeled-them-terrorists-now-it-calls-them-irans-next-government/0000017f-dc2a-db5a-a57f-dc6a244b0000}}</ref> === Democratic Party of Iranian Kurdistan === The [[Democratic Party of Iranian Kurdistan]] (KDPI), is an armed leftist [[ethnic party]] of [[Kurds in Iran]], exiled in northern [[Iraq]].<ref name="WRI">{{Citation |last1=Buchta |first1=Wilfried |title=Who rules Iran?: the structure of power in the Islamic Republic |pages=102, 104 |year=2000 |place=Washington DC |publisher=The Washington Institute for Near East Policy, The Konrad Adenauer Stiftung |isbn=978-0-944029-39-8}}</ref> It is banned in Iran and thus not able to operate openly.<ref>United Kingdom: Home Office, Country Information and Guidance - Iran: Kurds and Kurdish political groups, July 2016, Version 2.0, available at: http://www.refworld.org/docid/578f67c34.html [accessed 18 March 2017]</ref> The group calls for [[self-determination]] of Kurdish people<ref name="merip">{{cite web|url=http://www.merip.org/mer/mer141/major-kurdish-organizations-iran|title=Major Kurdish Organizations in Iran|author=Martin Van Bruinessen|date=20 July 1986|publisher=[[Middle East Research and Information Project]]|access-date=29 January 2017}}</ref> and has been described as seeking either [[Kurdish separatism in Iran|separatism]]<ref name="stratfor">{{cite web |date=29 July 2016 |title=Iranian Kurds Return to Arms |url=https://www.stratfor.com/analysis/iranian-kurds-return-arms |access-date=29 September 2016 |publisher=[[Stratfor]]}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Freedom in the World 2011: The Annual Survey of Political Rights and Civil Liberties |page=321 |year=2011 |contribution=[[Freedom House]] |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield Publishers |isbn=9781442209961}}</ref><ref name="APS">{{cite book|author1=Alex Peter Schmid|author2=A. J. Jongman|title=Political terrorism: a new guide to actors, authors, concepts, data bases, theories, & literature|year=2005|publisher=Transaction Publishers|isbn=978-1-4128-0469-1|page=579|entry=Kurdish Democratic Party of Iran}}</ref> or [[autonomy]] within a [[Federalism|federal]] system.<ref name="WRI" /><ref>{{cite encyclopedia |title=QĀSEMLU, ʿABD-AL-RAḤMĀN |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Iranica]] |publisher=Bibliotheca Persica Press |url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/qasemlu |access-date=August 1, 2016 |last=Prunhuber |first=Carol |date=February 18, 2012 |editor-last=Yarshater |editor-first=Ehsan |editor-link=Ehsan Yarshater}}</ref> Since 1979, KDPI has waged a persistent guerrilla war against the [[Government of the Islamic Republic of Iran]].<ref name="WRI" /> This included the [[1979 Kurdish rebellion in Iran|1979–1983 Kurdish insurgency]], its [[KDPI insurgency (1989–96)|1989–1996 insurgency]] and [[2016 West Iran clashes|recent clashes in 2016]]. === National Council of Iran === The [[National Council of Iran]], according to ''[[Observer.com|The Observer]]'', serves as [[Reza Pahlavi, Crown Prince of Iran|Reza Pahlavi]]'s [[government in exile]] in order to reclaim the former throne after overthrowing the current government.<ref name="Observer">{{cite web |author=Parker Richards |date=29 January 2016 |title=Pahlavi, Elie Wiesel, Rev. King to Be Honored for Promoting Peace |url=http://observer.com/2016/01/breaking-yoko-ono-iranian-prince-and-others-to-be-honored-for-promoting-peace/ |access-date=1 June 2017 |website=[[New York Observer|Observer]]}}</ref> It has also been described as an organization that profiles him as "the new [[president of Iran]]".<ref name="Milczanowski">{{citation |author=Maciej Milczanowski |title=US Policy towards Iran under President Barack Obama's Administration |date=2014 |url=http://www.iksiopan.pl/images/czasopisma/hemispheres/hemispheres_29_4.pdf |journal=Hemispheres: Studies on Cultures and Societies |volume=29 |number=4 |pages=53–66 |publisher=Institute of Mediterranean and Oriental Cultures Polish Academy of Sciences |issn=0239-8818}}</ref> The "self-styled"<ref name="Milczanowski" /> National Council claims to have gathered "tens of thousands of pro-democracy proponents from both inside and outside Iran."<ref name="AP">{{cite web |author=Jon Gambrell |date=9 April 2017 |title=Iran's long-exiled prince wants a revolution in age of Trump |url=http://bigstory.ap.org/article/aabda1d7582d49b784c7ec7ee2e96e6e/irans-long-exiled-prince-wants-revolution-age-trump |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170409074842/http://bigstory.ap.org/article/aabda1d7582d49b784c7ec7ee2e96e6e/irans-long-exiled-prince-wants-revolution-age-trump |archive-date=9 April 2017 |access-date=25 January 2019 |publisher=Associated Press}}</ref> It also claims to represent religious and ethnic minorities.<ref>{{cite web |author=Sonia Verma |date=6 June 2014 |title=Shah's son seeks support for people's revolution against Iran |url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/world/shahs-son-seeks-support-for-peoples-revolution-against-iran/article19059694/ |access-date=17 June 2017 |publisher=The Globe and Mail}}</ref> According to Kenneth Katzman, in 2017 the group which was established with over 30 groups has "suffered defections and its activity level appears minimal".<ref name="KK">{{citation |author=Kenneth Katzman |title=Iran: Politics, Human Rights, and U.S. Policy |date=2 June 2017 |url=https://fas.org/sgp/crs/mideast/RL32048.pdf |page=27 |access-date=16 June 2017 |publisher=Federation of American Scientists}}</ref> == Criticism == Remarking on the initial international response to the Tehran protests, Iranian-American journalist and activist [[Masih Alinejad]] said, "The first group who came to the streets were women of Afghanistan, can you believe that? The Western feminists who actually went to my country, wore a hijab, and bowed to the Taliban—they didn’t take to the streets.” “Most of them have never gone and lived under Sharia law,” she said of Western feminists. “And they don’t even let us talk about our own experiences. Here they tell me, ‘Shh! If you talk about this, you’re going to cause Islamophobia.’ Phobia is irrational, but believe me my fear and the fear of millions of Iranian women is rational.”<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-03-11 |title=Self-centered feminists have forgotten the women of Iran |url=https://nypost.com/2023/03/11/self-centered-feminists-have-forgotten-the-women-of-iran/ |access-date=2023-03-13 |language=en-US}}</ref> == Bibliography and References == {{refbegin}} * {{Cite news |last= |date=2023-02-10 |title=Iran exiled opposition figures in talks to unite against government |language=en |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/iran-exiled-opposition-figures-talks-unite-against-government-2023-02-10/ |access-date=2023-02-12}}{{Relevance?|date=March 2023}} * {{Cite web |title=Prominent Iranian Opposition Figures Pledge Unity, Urge World Support |url=https://www.iranintl.com/en/202302109922 |access-date=2023-02-12 |website=Iran International |language=en}}{{Relevance?|date=March 2023}} * {{Cite web |last= |date=2023-02-07 |title=Gauging the future of Iran's democracy movement |url=https://www.demdigest.org/gauging-the-future-of-irans-democracy-movement/ |access-date=2023-02-12 |website=Democracy Digest |language=en-US}}{{Relevance?|date=March 2023}} * {{cite journal |last=Sherrill |first=Clifton |year=2011 |title=After Khamenei: Who Will Succeed Iran's Supreme Leader? |journal=Orbis |volume=55 |issue=4 |pages=631–47 |doi=10.1016/j.orbis.2011.07.002}}{{Relevance?|date=March 2023}} {{expand section|date=March 2023}} {{refend}} ==Notes== {{Reflist}}{{Protests in Iran}} nitkz5mwttmpn84oeocgsm9ji0wfsog 2691464 2691463 2024-12-11T18:15:10Z Jaredscribe 2906761 /* Free Iran World Summits */ reorganize 2691464 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Democracy movements''' in [[Iran]] and its diaspora comprise a diverse range of dissidents, political and cultural leaders, and militants working for [[w:Regime_change|regime change]], with new constitutional frameworks and transition plans proposed, since the [[w:2016_Cyrus_the_Great_Revolt|2016 Cyrus the Great Revolt]] through the [[w:2017–2021_Iranian_protests|2017–2021 Iranian protests]] to the present, including notable episodes [[w:Ukraine_International_Airlines_Flight_752_protests|Ukraine International Airlines Flight 752 protests]] and [[w:2019–2020_Iranian_protests|Bloody Aban protests and crackdown]]. During the [[w:Mahsa_Amini_protests|Mahsa Amini protests]] which occurred in Iran as a response to the [[w:Death_of_Mahsa_Amini|death of Mahsa Amini]], the chant [[w:Woman,_Life,_Freedom|Woman, Life, Freedom]] ({{Langx|ku|Jin, Jiyan, Azadî}}, {{Lang|ku|ژن، ژیان، ئازادی}}) became widely used, a [[w:Kurds|Kurdish]] slogan used in both the [[w:Kurdish_Nationalism|Kurdish independence]] and [[w:Democratic_confederalism|democratic confederalist]] movements.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Dirik |first=Dilar |title=The Kurdish Women's Movement: History, Theory, and Practice |publisher=Pluto Press |year=2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Bocheńska |first=Joanna |title=Rediscovering Kurdistan's Cultures and Identities: The Call of the Cricket |publisher=[[Palgrave Macmillan]] |year=2018 |pages=47}}</ref><ref name=":32">{{Cite book |last=Çağlayan |first=Handan |title=Women in the Kurdish Movement: Mothers, Comrades, Goddesses |publisher=[[Springer Nature]] |year=2019 |pages=197}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last1=Bayram |first1=Seyma |last2=Mohtasham |first2=Diba |date=27 October 2022 |title=Iran's protesters find inspiration in a Kurdish revolutionary slogan |url=https://wusfnews.wusf.usf.edu/2022-10-27/irans-protesters-find-inspiration-in-a-kurdish-revolutionary-slogan |access-date=19 November 2022 |publisher=[[University of South Florida]]}}</ref> The [[Draft:Iranian democracy movements#2023 U.S. House Resolution 100|US House Resolution 100]] has broad bipartisan support for the 10 point plan put forward by the [[Draft:Iranian democracy movements#National Council of Resistance of Iran|National Council of Resistance of Iran]]'s leader [[Maryam Rajavi]], which calls for the universal right to vote, free elections, and a market economy, and advocates gender, religious, and ethnic equality, a foreign policy based on peaceful coexistence, and a nonnuclear Iran. A summit of prominent diaspora opposition leaders recently presented a [[Iranian Democracy Movement#2023 Diaspora Summit and Joint Charter|vision for Iran's future at a summit]] in Washington, which included [[Reza Pahlavi, Crown Prince of Iran|Reza Pahlavi]], who has pledged his support for the peoples will. He has long advocated for free elections to form a [[constituent assembly]] that could determine the future form of governance in Iran. Of the more than 390,000 supporters of a change.org petition declaring Pahlavi "my representative", many emphasized that they only backed him as an “interim figure” who could bring about a democratic transition away from the Islamic Republic, not to restore the fallen monarchy.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dagres |first=Holly |date=2023-01-24 |title=Can Reza Pahlavi help unite the Iranian opposition? A hashtag is suggesting so. |url=https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/blogs/iransource/can-reza-pahlavi-help-unite-the-iranian-opposition-a-hashtag-is-suggesting-so/ |access-date=2023-03-13 |website=Atlantic Council |language=en-US}}</ref> Invited to speak on Iran's future at the [[59th Munich Security Conference]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Woman, Life, Freedom: Visions for Iran - Munich Security Conference |url=https://securityconference.org/en/medialibrary/asset/woman-life-freedom-visions-for-iran-20230218-1616/ |access-date=2023-03-17 |website=securityconference.org |language=en-GB}}</ref>, one of Pahlavi's cohorts denounced the MEK/NCRI. The [[International Business Times]] comments that he has no expereince, and is trying to "pluck the fruits of others labor".<ref>{{Cite web |last=McColm |first=R. Bruce |date=2023-03-05 |title=In Iran, Why The Son Of A Deposed Dictator Is Not The Answer |url=https://www.ibtimes.com/illusion-relevance-why-son-deposed-dictator-not-answer-3673282 |access-date=2023-03-15 |website=International Business Times |language=en-US}}</ref> The NCRI has denounced the son of the former Shah. The MEK Spokesperson called on him "to first return the billions of dollars his father stole from the nation, denounce the atrocities committed by his grandfather and father and distance himself from the [[Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps|IRGC]] and the [[Basij]], which he had previously praised as guardians of Iran’s territorial integrity and law and order in society".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Writer |first=Staff |date=2023-01-22 |title=Selling a Dead Horse: Reza Pahlavi's Bid to Market a Trashed Dictatorship |url=https://www.ncr-iran.org/en/news/anews/who-is-who/selling-a-dead-horse-reza-pahlavis-bid-to-market-a-trashed-monarchy/ |access-date=2023-03-15 |website=NCRI |language=en-US}}</ref> Twenty independent Iranian trade unions, feminist groups and student organizations published a [[Iranian Democracy Movement#Trade Unions Joint Charter|Joint Charter with a list of 12 minimum demands]]. == 1950's Democratic Election and Monarchist Coup == [[w:Mohammad_Mosaddegh|Mohammed Mossadegh]] was democratically elected, but overthrown in the [[w:1953_Iranian_coup_d'état|1953 Iranian coup d'etat]] instigated by the U.K. and assisted by the U.S. CIA. {{Expand section|date=March 2023}} == Democratic movements and the Revolution of '79 == [[w:Freedom_Movement_of_Iran|Freedom Movement of Iran]] (FMI), or '''Liberation Movement of Iran''' (LMI) is an Iranian pro-[[democracy]] political organization founded in 1961, by members describing themselves as "Muslims, Iranians, Constitutionalists and [[w:Mohammad_Mossadegh|Mossadeghists]]". [[w:Ruhollah_Khomeini|Ruhollah Khomeini]] was exiled in 1964 for opposing the [[w:Mohammad_Reza_Pahlavi|shah Pahlavi]]'s monarchist rule, he later became the [[w:Supreme_Leader_of_Iran|Supreme Leader of Iran]] after the [[w:Iranian_Revolution|1979 revolution]]. {{Expand section}} == 2016 Cyrus the Great revolt through 2023 Mahsa Amini protests == {{Expand section|date=March 2023}} [[2016 Cyrus the Great Revolt|2016 Cyrus the Great revolt]] {{Expand section|date=March 2023}} [[2017–2021 Iranian protests]]{{Relevance|date=March 2023}} {{Expand section|date=March 2023}} [[2019–2020 Iranian protests|Bloody Aban protests and crackdown]]{{Relevance|date=March 2023}} {{Expand section|date=March 2023}} [[Ukraine International Airlines Flight 752 protests]]{{Relevance|date=March 2023}} {{Expand section|date=March 2023}} [[2017–2021 Iranian protests]]{{Relevance|date=March 2023}} {{Expand section|date=March 2023}} [[Mahsa Amini protests#Historical Background]]{{Relevance|date=March 2023}} {{Expand section|date=March 2023}} == 2022 Free Iran World Summit == The [https://iranfreedom.org/en/freeiran2022/ 2022 Free Iran World Summit] was a three-day international event 22-24 July, and featured speeches by many foreign dignataries. Advertised speakers were: * Former Jordanian Minister of Development and Ambassador to Iran, Dr. Bassam Al-Omoush * [[Michael Mukasey|Michael Mukaesey]], US Attorney General 2007-2009 * First US Secretary of Homeland Security [[Tom Ridge]] * Former US Senator [[Joe Lieberman]] * [[Linda Chavez]], former Director of White House Office of Public Liaison * Former French Foreign Minster [[Bernard Kouchner]] * Former French Minister of Foreign Affairs, Defense, Justice, [[Michèle Alliot-Marie]] * Presidential candidate of Colombia, [[Íngrid Betancourt|Ingrid Betancour]]<nowiki/>t * Former Speaker of British House of Commons, Rt. Hon [[John Bercow]] * Former Canadian Minister of Industry, Health, Hon. [[Tony Clement]] * Former US Amb to Morocco [[Marc C. Ginsberg|Marc Ginsberg]] * Former US Undersecretary of State for Arms Control and International Security [[Robert Joseph]] * Former Candian Minister of Foreign Affairs [[John Baird (Canadian politician)|John Baird]] * US Amb to UN Human Rights Commission [[Ken Blackwell]] {{Expand section|date=March 2023}} == U.S. House Resolution 374 == The HR 374 introduced in 2019 is a bill with broad bipartisan support, [https://www.congress.gov/bill/116th-congress/house-resolution/374?r=8&s=1 Condemning Iranian state-sponsored terrorism and expressing support for the Iranian people's desire for a democratic, secular, and non-nuclear republic of Iran] It offers support for National Council of Resistance of Iran (NCRI) leader Maryam Rajavi’s 10-point plan for a future Iran - including a universal right to vote, market economy and a non-nuclear Iran.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.foxnews.com/politics/majority-house-members-back-resolution-supporting-iranian-opposition|title=Majority of House members back resolution supporting Iranian opposition, condemning regime's terror|last=Shaw|first=Adam|date=2020-06-17|website=Fox News|language=en-US|access-date=2023-03-11}}</ref> It has 221 lawmakers backing it, and was introduced by [[Tom McClintock|Rep. Tom McClintock]] who said in a speech to the OAIC, “There is a reason why a strong bipartisan majority in the United States House of Representatives has come together to co-sponsor this resolution condemning Iran’s terrorist acts,” McClintock said. “It’s because the world is watching the struggle for freedom in Iran, and it is cheering for your cause," observing that Iranian citizens have “taken to the streets and the airwaves” to protest against Ayatollah Ali Khamenei’s regime, which he said has “lost any claim to legitimacy.”<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.washingtonexaminer.com/news/the-world-is-watching-lawmakers-tout-bipartisan-resolution-condemning-iran|title='The world is watching': Lawmakers tout bipartisan resolution condemning Iran|date=2020-06-17|website=Washington Examiner|language=en|access-date=2023-03-11}}</ref> == 2020-23 Free Iran World Summits == In a 2020 [https://iranfreedom.org/en/free-iran-global-summit/ virtual gathering] during COVID-19 Pandemic, Iranians and 1000 current, former officials, international dignitaries, and bipartisan lawmakers, "called on the world community to adopt a more resolute policy".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2020/jul/13/free-iran-global-summit/|title=Free Iran Global Summit|last=https://www.washingtontimes.com|first=The Washington Times|website=The Washington Times|language=en-US|access-date=2023-03-11}}</ref> The 2021 [https://iranfreedom.org/en/freeiran/ Free Iran World Summit] was an international event dedicated to liberating Iran from its oppressive leadership and paving the way for a free and democratic Iran.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Free Iran World Summit 2021 |url=https://iranfreedom.org/en/freeiran/ |access-date=2022-05-23 |website=Iran Freedom |language=en-US}}</ref> It was supported by the OAIC{{Cn|date=March 2023}} and NCRI. Foreign dignitaries in attendance included: Janez Janša, Prime Minister of Slovenia, Michael Pompeo, former US Secretary of State (2018-2021), Stephen Harper, former Prime Minister of Canada; former Foreign Ministers for France, Italy, and Poland; and Defense Ministers of United Kingdom and France. and included speeches by 30 US lawmakers, including Senators Robert Menendez, Ted Cruz, Roy Blunt; and Congressmen Kevin McCarthy, and Hakeem Jeffries.<ref>{{Cite web |last=https://www.washingtontimes.com |first=The Washington Times |title=Rhetoric from 'Free Iran' summit strikes nerve, sparks regime's ire |url=https://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2021/jul/11/free-iran-world-summit-2021-sparks-iran-regimes-ir/ |access-date=2023-03-11 |website=The Washington Times |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-07-10 |title=The Free Iran World Summit 2021 |url=https://www.ncr-iran.org/en/ncri-statements/statement-iran-resistance/the-free-iran-world-summit-2021-statement-no-2/ |access-date=2022-05-23 |website=NCRI |language=en-US}}</ref> {{Expand section|date=March 2023}} == Mousavi's Call for A Referendum == Former prime minister and reformist leader of the [[Green Revolution (Iran)|Green Revolution]], [[Mir-Hossein Mousavi|Mir Hussein Mousavi]] put out a call 3 February 2023, for a referendum and end to clerical rule.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.iranintl.com/en/202302095136|title=Sunni Leader Lauds Call For Referendum By Former Iran PM|website=Iran International|language=en|access-date=2023-03-14}}</ref> Signed by over 400 political activists and journalists, the statement said, "With the current social awakening, and the society’s disillusionment with reforms within the current [political] structure, there is no other way than allowing the people to decide their own destiny." Expressing its support of Mousavi’s three-stage proposal and a “peaceful and non-violent transition” to a democratic government and the “Woman, Life, Freedom” Movement.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.iranintl.com/en/202302132030|title=Hundreds Of Activists Support Mousavi's Call To End Clerical Rule|website=Iran International|language=en|access-date=2023-03-14}}</ref> Although not supporting regime change, he supports calling a [[constituent assembly]], and a new constitution. According to [[Iran International]] he "seemed to reject reform as an alternative, urguing fundamental change." And "implicitly repeated what exiled Prince Reza Pahlavi has been saying for years, and other opposition activists have echoed in the past five months – transition from the Islamic Republic."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.iranintl.com/en/202302049934|title=Opposition Figure In Iran Calls For Fundamental Change, New Constitution|website=Iran International|language=en|access-date=2023-03-14}}</ref> Pahlavi has embraced Mousavi's call for a new constitution, and says that the opposition must be "big tent" willing to embrace defectors. According to [[Al Arabiya]] the opposition is "stronger and more unified than ever".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://english.alarabiya.net/views/2023/03/02/Mousavi-deserts-Iran-s-regime-|title=Mousavi deserts Iran's regime|date=2023-03-02|website=Al Arabiya English|language=en|access-date=2023-03-14}}</ref> Mousavi announced that "''he no longer supports the current [[Constitution of Iran|Islamic Republic constitution]]"'', and asked for a widespread referendum to fully change the constitution and make a fundamental change in Iran's political system.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/persian/iran-64522691|title=میرحسین موسوی خواهان قانون اساسی جدید و تشکیل مجلس موسسان «برای نجات ایران» شد|work=BBC News فارسی|access-date=2023-02-05|language=fa}}</ref> Among many leading dissidents who publicly endorsed Mousavi’s call for a referendum, Iran’s top Sunni cleric, Mowlavi Abdolhamid stated, “With his recent statement, Mousavi showed that he understood the realities of society. It’s time for other politicians and ulema (religious scholars) to think about saving the country and see the facts.”<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thehill.com/opinion/international/3862909-from-reform-to-revolution-what-is-the-future-of-irans-democracy-movement/|title=From reform to revolution: What is the future of Iran's democracy movement?|last=Bijan Ahmadi|first=Opinion Contributor|date=2023-02-17|website=The Hill|language=en-US|access-date=2023-03-14}}</ref> == 2023 "Future of the Movement" Summit and Joint "Mahsa Charter" == [[The future of Iran’s democracy movement]] was a conference hosted by the Georgetown Institute for Women, Peace and Security ([[Georgetown Institute for Women, Peace and Security|GIWPS)]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.voanews.com/a/prominent-iranian-dissidents-unite-to-discuss-democracy-movement-/6959274.html|title=Prominent Iranian Dissidents Unite to Discuss Democracy Movement|website=VOA|language=en|access-date=2023-03-13}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://giwps.georgetown.edu/event/the-future-of-irans-democracy-movement-event/|title=The Future of Iran's Democracy Movement|website=GIWPS|language=en-US|access-date=2023-03-04}}</ref> The [https://adfiran.com/en/docs/mahsa-charter Joint charter] was released in early march, on a website for the group that now styles itself the '''"Alliance for Democracy and Freedom in Iran"''' (ADFI), and declares this to be the "'''[[Woman, Life, Freedom]] revolution'''". Attending the summit meeting were 8 prominent diaspora leaders of the movement: actresses [[Nazanin Boniadi]] and [[Golshifteh Farahani]], Nobel Peace Prize Laureate [[Shirin Ebadi]], activists [[Masih Alinejad]] and Dr. [[Hamed Esmaeilion]]; former soccer captain Ali Karimi, former [[Reza Pahlavi, Crown Prince of Iran|crown prince Reza Pahlavi]], and Kurdish leader [[Abdullah Mohtadi]]. They claim to represent the country's "democracy movement". Mr. Pahlavi insists that whoever Iranians then elect in a free and open referendum is up to them, saying, "The role that I'm offering in this process of transition is to be of help to maintain a smooth process — to maximise the participation of democratic forces in this process."<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2023-02-14/iran-exiled-crown-prince-reza-pahlavi-revolution-regime-change/101961372|title=Why the exiled crown prince of Iran thinks the Islamic Republic is coming to an end|date=2023-02-13|work=ABC News|access-date=2023-03-13|language=en-AU}}</ref> This effort received some attention from the press,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.historytoday.com/archive/history-matters/women-life-freedom|title=Women, Life, Freedom {{!}} History Today|website=www.historytoday.com|access-date=2023-03-04}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thehill.com/opinion/international/3862909-from-reform-to-revolution-what-is-the-future-of-irans-democracy-movement/|title=From reform to revolution: What is the future of Iran's democracy movement?|last=Bijan Ahmadi|first=Opinion Contributor|date=2023-02-17|website=The Hill|language=en-US|access-date=2023-03-04}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://msmagazine.com/2023/02/17/iran-democracy/|title=The Future of Iran's Democracy Movement|last=Security|first=Georgetown Institute for Women, Peace and|date=2023-02-17|website=Ms. Magazine|language=en-US|access-date=2023-03-04}}</ref> and are seeking support from the international community.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://freedomhouse.org/article/how-support-irans-democracy-movement|title=How to Support Iran's Democracy Movement|website=Freedom House|language=en|access-date=2023-03-04}}</ref> == Trade Unions Joint Charter == A joint charter with a list of 12 "minimum demands” has been published and signed by twenty independent Iranian trade unions, feminist groups and student organizations.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://iranwire.com/en/politics/113866-iranian-trade-unions-civic-groups-issue-charter-of-minimum-demands|title=Trade Unions Issue Charter Of Minimum Demands|date=16 February 2023|website=Iran Wire}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/blogs/iransource/irans-women-life-freedom-revolution-has-a-manifesto-here-are-the-next-steps/|title=Iran's 'women, life, freedom' revolution has a manifesto. Here are the next steps.|last=Dagres|first=Holly|date=2023-02-23|website=Atlantic Council|language=en-US|access-date=2023-03-13}}</ref> Signatories include: * The Coordinating Council of Iran's Teachers Trade Unions * The Free Union of Iran Workers * The Union of Free Students * The Center for Human Rights Defenders * The Syndicate of Workers of Nishekar Heft Tepeh Company * The Organization Council of Oil Contractual Workers’ Protests * Iran Cultural House (Khafa) * Bidarzani * The Call of Iranian Women * The Independent Voice of Ahvaz National Steel Group Workers * The Labor Rights Defenders Center * The Kermanshah Electric and Metal Workers’ Union * The Coordination Committee to help create labor organizations * The Union of Pensioners * The Council of Pensioners of Iran * The Progressive Students Organization * The Council of Free-Thinking Students of Iran * The Alborz Province Painters’ Syndicate * The Committee to Follow up on the Creation of Labor Organizations of Iran * The Council of Retirees of the Social Security Administration (BASTA) == 2023 U.S. House Resolution 100 == House Resolution 100 was introduced by Rep. Tom McClintock, R-Calif., expresses [https://www.congress.gov/bill/118th-congress/house-resolution/100/text?s=2&r=10 Congress’ support of a democratic, secular and non-nuclear republic]. There are 75 Democrats signed onto the resolution, among 222 members of the 435-member House.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.foxnews.com/politics/resolution-backing-secular-democratic-iran-picks-majority-bipartisan-support-in-house|title=Resolution backing secular, democratic Iran republic picks up majority bipartisan support in House|last=Shaw|first=Adam|date=2023-03-09|website=Fox News|language=en-US|access-date=2023-03-13}}</ref> The resolution voices “support for the opposition leader Mrs. Maryam Rajavi’s 10-point plan for the future of Iran, which calls for the universal right to vote, free elections, and a market economy, and advocates gender, religious, and ethnic equality, a foreign policy based on peaceful coexistence, and a nonnuclear Iran.”<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://mcclintock.house.gov/newsroom/press-releases/mcclintock-introduced-house-resolution-with-over-160-co-sponsors-in-support|title=McClintock Introduced House Resolution With Over 160 Co-sponsors in Support of a Free, Democratic, and Secular Republic in Iran|date=2023-02-08|website=Congressman Tom McClintock|language=en|access-date=2023-03-13}}</ref> == Organized Resistance Groups == === National Council of Resistance of Iran === The [[National Council of Resistance of Iran]] is recognized as the diplomatic wing of the MEK, [[People's Mojahedin Organization of Iran]], opposing the Islamic Republic.<ref>{{citation |last1=Cohen |first1=Ronen A. |title=The Mojahedin-e Khalq versus the Islamic Republic of Iran: from war to propaganda and the war on propaganda and diplomacy |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/00263206.2018.1478813 |journal=Middle Eastern Studies |volume=54 |issue=6 |pages=1000–1014 |year=2018 |doi=10.1080/00263206.2018.1478813 |s2cid=149542445}}</ref><ref name="Katzman2012">Kenneth Katzman, [https://books.google.com/books?id=cfdMAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA317 Document No.9 Iran:U.S. Concerns and Policy: Responses, CRS Report RL32048], in Kristen Boon, Aziz Z. Huq, Douglas Lovelace (eds.) ''Global Stability and U.S. National Security,'' [[Oxford University Press]], 2012 pp.297-383 p.317.</ref><ref name="Fayazmanesh">Sasan Fayazmanesh, [https://books.google.com/books?id=SMiTAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA79 ''The United States and Iran: Sanctions, Wars and the Policy of Dual Containment,''] [[Routledge]], 2008 pp.79,81.</ref> They have articulated a [[National Council of Resistance of Iran#Constitutional platform|Constitutional platform]]. A majority of members of the US House of Representatives backed a “bipartisan resolution” in June 2020 supporting [[Maryam Rajavi]] and the NCRI's “call for a secular, democratic Iran” while “condemning Iranian [[state-sponsored terrorism]]”. The resolution, backed by 221 lawmakers, gave support to the Rajavi's 10-point plan for Iran's future (which include “a universal right to vote, market economy, and a non-nuclear Iran”) while calling on the prevention of “malign activities of the Iranian regime’s diplomatic missions.” The resolution also called on the U.S. to stand “with the people of Iran who are continuing to hold legitimate and peaceful protests” against the Iranian government.<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 June 2020 |title=Majority of House members back resolution supporting Iranian opposition, condemning regime's terror |url=https://www.foxnews.com/politics/majority-house-members-back-resolution-supporting-iranian-opposition |website=[[Fox News]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=17 June 2020 |title='The world is watching': Lawmakers tout bipartisan resolution condemning Iran |url=https://www.washingtonexaminer.com/news/the-world-is-watching-lawmakers-tout-bipartisan-resolution-condemning-iran}}</ref> === Organization of Iranian American Communities === The [[Organization of Iranian American Communities]] is allied with the [[People's Mujahedin of Iran|People's Mojahedin Organization of Iran]], or the Mojahedin-e Khalq (MEK), which advocates the overthrow of the [[government of Iran]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lipin |first=Michael |date=17 March 2018 |title=US Senators Pledge Help to Iranian Group Seeking End to Iran's Islamist Rule |url=https://www.voanews.com/a/us-iran-opposition/4303135.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181217191816/https://www.voanews.com/a/us-iran-opposition/4303135.html |archive-date=17 December 2018 |access-date=17 December 2018 |website=VOA}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last1=Gharib |first1=Ali |last2=Clifton |first2=Eli |date=26 February 2015 |title=Long March of the Yellow Jackets: How a One-Time Terrorist Group Prevailed on Capitol Hill |url=https://theintercept.com/2015/02/26/long-march-yellow/ |access-date=17 December 2018 |website=The Intercept}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Ackerman |first=Spencer |date=19 September 2018 |title=Giuliani to Speak Beside Leader of Accused Iranian 'Cult' |url=https://www.thedailybeast.com/giuliani-to-speak-beside-leader-of-accused-iranian-cult |access-date=17 December 2018 |website=Daily Beast}}</ref> The OIAC does not support a foreign war, nor does it support an appeasement policy towards Iran. More specifically, OIAC supports the 10-point plans by Mrs. Maryam Rajavi<ref>{{Cite web |title=Maryam Rajavi {{!}} President-elect of the National Council of Resistance of Iran (NCRI) |url=https://www.maryam-rajavi.com/en/ |access-date=2022-05-23 |website=Maryam Rajavi |language=en-US}}</ref> for a democratic Iran that aligns with security for America and peace in the Middle East and beyond. OIAC works in collaboration with all Iranian-Americans and concerned citizens across the country to achieve its mission and vision. OIAC holds yearly protests outside the [[United Nations]] building against Iranian Presidents<ref>[https://www.usnews.com/news/best-states/new-york/articles/2017-09-20/protesters-rally-against-iranian-president-at-un Protesters Rally Against Iranian President at United Nations] by REBECCA GIBIAN, [[Associated Press]]; 20 September 2017</ref> and at times outside the [[White House]] "in solidarity with [[2017–18 Iranian protests|protesters in Iran]]".<ref>[https://wtop.com/white-house/2018/01/demonstrators-gather-wh-support-iranian-liberty-democracy/slide/1/ Demonstrators gather at White House to support Iranian ‘liberty, democracy’]; By Dick Uliano, [[WTOP-FM]], 6 January 2018</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Laipson |first=Ellen |date=January 9, 2018 |title=The Foreign Policy Aftermath of the Iran Protests, in Tehran and Washington |url=https://www.worldpoliticsreview.com/the-foreign-policy-aftermath-of-the-iran-protests-in-tehran-and-washington/}}</ref> According to Joanne Stocker, "the Organization of Iranian American Communities have played a crucial role in securing broad, bipartisan support in the United States for the opposition group by successfully portraying the group as a democratic, human rights-supporting alternative to the current regime."<ref>{{Cite news |title=The White House Once Labeled Them Terrorists. Now They're Being Called Iran's Next Government |newspaper=Haaretz |url=https://www.haaretz.com/middle-east-news/iran/2019-08-13/ty-article/.premium/white-house-once-labeled-them-terrorists-now-it-calls-them-irans-next-government/0000017f-dc2a-db5a-a57f-dc6a244b0000}}</ref> === Democratic Party of Iranian Kurdistan === The [[Democratic Party of Iranian Kurdistan]] (KDPI), is an armed leftist [[ethnic party]] of [[Kurds in Iran]], exiled in northern [[Iraq]].<ref name="WRI">{{Citation |last1=Buchta |first1=Wilfried |title=Who rules Iran?: the structure of power in the Islamic Republic |pages=102, 104 |year=2000 |place=Washington DC |publisher=The Washington Institute for Near East Policy, The Konrad Adenauer Stiftung |isbn=978-0-944029-39-8}}</ref> It is banned in Iran and thus not able to operate openly.<ref>United Kingdom: Home Office, Country Information and Guidance - Iran: Kurds and Kurdish political groups, July 2016, Version 2.0, available at: http://www.refworld.org/docid/578f67c34.html [accessed 18 March 2017]</ref> The group calls for [[self-determination]] of Kurdish people<ref name="merip">{{cite web|url=http://www.merip.org/mer/mer141/major-kurdish-organizations-iran|title=Major Kurdish Organizations in Iran|author=Martin Van Bruinessen|date=20 July 1986|publisher=[[Middle East Research and Information Project]]|access-date=29 January 2017}}</ref> and has been described as seeking either [[Kurdish separatism in Iran|separatism]]<ref name="stratfor">{{cite web |date=29 July 2016 |title=Iranian Kurds Return to Arms |url=https://www.stratfor.com/analysis/iranian-kurds-return-arms |access-date=29 September 2016 |publisher=[[Stratfor]]}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Freedom in the World 2011: The Annual Survey of Political Rights and Civil Liberties |page=321 |year=2011 |contribution=[[Freedom House]] |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield Publishers |isbn=9781442209961}}</ref><ref name="APS">{{cite book|author1=Alex Peter Schmid|author2=A. J. Jongman|title=Political terrorism: a new guide to actors, authors, concepts, data bases, theories, & literature|year=2005|publisher=Transaction Publishers|isbn=978-1-4128-0469-1|page=579|entry=Kurdish Democratic Party of Iran}}</ref> or [[autonomy]] within a [[Federalism|federal]] system.<ref name="WRI" /><ref>{{cite encyclopedia |title=QĀSEMLU, ʿABD-AL-RAḤMĀN |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Iranica]] |publisher=Bibliotheca Persica Press |url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/qasemlu |access-date=August 1, 2016 |last=Prunhuber |first=Carol |date=February 18, 2012 |editor-last=Yarshater |editor-first=Ehsan |editor-link=Ehsan Yarshater}}</ref> Since 1979, KDPI has waged a persistent guerrilla war against the [[Government of the Islamic Republic of Iran]].<ref name="WRI" /> This included the [[1979 Kurdish rebellion in Iran|1979–1983 Kurdish insurgency]], its [[KDPI insurgency (1989–96)|1989–1996 insurgency]] and [[2016 West Iran clashes|recent clashes in 2016]]. === National Council of Iran === The [[National Council of Iran]], according to ''[[Observer.com|The Observer]]'', serves as [[Reza Pahlavi, Crown Prince of Iran|Reza Pahlavi]]'s [[government in exile]] in order to reclaim the former throne after overthrowing the current government.<ref name="Observer">{{cite web |author=Parker Richards |date=29 January 2016 |title=Pahlavi, Elie Wiesel, Rev. King to Be Honored for Promoting Peace |url=http://observer.com/2016/01/breaking-yoko-ono-iranian-prince-and-others-to-be-honored-for-promoting-peace/ |access-date=1 June 2017 |website=[[New York Observer|Observer]]}}</ref> It has also been described as an organization that profiles him as "the new [[president of Iran]]".<ref name="Milczanowski">{{citation |author=Maciej Milczanowski |title=US Policy towards Iran under President Barack Obama's Administration |date=2014 |url=http://www.iksiopan.pl/images/czasopisma/hemispheres/hemispheres_29_4.pdf |journal=Hemispheres: Studies on Cultures and Societies |volume=29 |number=4 |pages=53–66 |publisher=Institute of Mediterranean and Oriental Cultures Polish Academy of Sciences |issn=0239-8818}}</ref> The "self-styled"<ref name="Milczanowski" /> National Council claims to have gathered "tens of thousands of pro-democracy proponents from both inside and outside Iran."<ref name="AP">{{cite web |author=Jon Gambrell |date=9 April 2017 |title=Iran's long-exiled prince wants a revolution in age of Trump |url=http://bigstory.ap.org/article/aabda1d7582d49b784c7ec7ee2e96e6e/irans-long-exiled-prince-wants-revolution-age-trump |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170409074842/http://bigstory.ap.org/article/aabda1d7582d49b784c7ec7ee2e96e6e/irans-long-exiled-prince-wants-revolution-age-trump |archive-date=9 April 2017 |access-date=25 January 2019 |publisher=Associated Press}}</ref> It also claims to represent religious and ethnic minorities.<ref>{{cite web |author=Sonia Verma |date=6 June 2014 |title=Shah's son seeks support for people's revolution against Iran |url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/world/shahs-son-seeks-support-for-peoples-revolution-against-iran/article19059694/ |access-date=17 June 2017 |publisher=The Globe and Mail}}</ref> According to Kenneth Katzman, in 2017 the group which was established with over 30 groups has "suffered defections and its activity level appears minimal".<ref name="KK">{{citation |author=Kenneth Katzman |title=Iran: Politics, Human Rights, and U.S. Policy |date=2 June 2017 |url=https://fas.org/sgp/crs/mideast/RL32048.pdf |page=27 |access-date=16 June 2017 |publisher=Federation of American Scientists}}</ref> == Criticism == Remarking on the initial international response to the Tehran protests, Iranian-American journalist and activist [[Masih Alinejad]] said, "The first group who came to the streets were women of Afghanistan, can you believe that? The Western feminists who actually went to my country, wore a hijab, and bowed to the Taliban—they didn’t take to the streets.” “Most of them have never gone and lived under Sharia law,” she said of Western feminists. “And they don’t even let us talk about our own experiences. Here they tell me, ‘Shh! If you talk about this, you’re going to cause Islamophobia.’ Phobia is irrational, but believe me my fear and the fear of millions of Iranian women is rational.”<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-03-11 |title=Self-centered feminists have forgotten the women of Iran |url=https://nypost.com/2023/03/11/self-centered-feminists-have-forgotten-the-women-of-iran/ |access-date=2023-03-13 |language=en-US}}</ref> == Bibliography and References == {{refbegin}} * {{Cite news |last= |date=2023-02-10 |title=Iran exiled opposition figures in talks to unite against government |language=en |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/iran-exiled-opposition-figures-talks-unite-against-government-2023-02-10/ |access-date=2023-02-12}}{{Relevance?|date=March 2023}} * {{Cite web |title=Prominent Iranian Opposition Figures Pledge Unity, Urge World Support |url=https://www.iranintl.com/en/202302109922 |access-date=2023-02-12 |website=Iran International |language=en}}{{Relevance?|date=March 2023}} * {{Cite web |last= |date=2023-02-07 |title=Gauging the future of Iran's democracy movement |url=https://www.demdigest.org/gauging-the-future-of-irans-democracy-movement/ |access-date=2023-02-12 |website=Democracy Digest |language=en-US}}{{Relevance?|date=March 2023}} * {{cite journal |last=Sherrill |first=Clifton |year=2011 |title=After Khamenei: Who Will Succeed Iran's Supreme Leader? |journal=Orbis |volume=55 |issue=4 |pages=631–47 |doi=10.1016/j.orbis.2011.07.002}}{{Relevance?|date=March 2023}} {{expand section|date=March 2023}} {{refend}} ==Notes== {{Reflist}}{{Protests in Iran}} 44ma5ra22esuocvgngy6bjo0lqty2wo 2 317118 2691447 2691158 2024-12-11T17:34:56Z Jaredscribe 2906761 wikilinks 2691447 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|The mission statement and strategic plan of Tesla Inc. for a sustainable energy economy}} The '''Tesla master plan''' is the [[w:Mission_statement|mission statement]] of American electric vehicle and clean energy company [[w:Tesla,_Inc.|Tesla Inc.]] to "accelerate the world's transition to [[w:sustainable energy|sustainable energy]]."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Desjardins |first=Jeff |title=Here's what the future of Tesla could look like |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/heres-what-the-future-of-tesla-could-look-like-2018-4 |access-date=2023-03-27 |website=Business Insider |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Domonske |first=Camila |date=1 March 2023 |title=Tesla has a new master plan. It's not a new car — just big thoughts on planet Earth |work=[[NPR]] |url=https://www.npr.org/2023/03/01/1160376253/tesla-elon-musk-investor-day-master-plan}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=What's in Elon Musk's Master Plan 3 for Tesla investors? Here's what we know |url=https://www.statesman.com/story/business/technology/2023/03/02/tesla-investor-day-updates-cybertruck-elon-musk-master-plan-3/69960147007/ |access-date=2023-03-27 |website=Austin American-Statesman |language=en-US}}</ref> For a $10 trillion investment, Musk claims the entire world can move wholesale to a renewable energy grid to power electric cars, planes, and ships.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Marshall |first=Aarian |title=The Mystery Vehicle at the Heart of Tesla’s New Master Plan |language=en-US |work=Wired |url=https://www.wired.com/story/the-mystery-vehicle-at-the-heart-of-teslas-new-master-plan/ |access-date=2023-03-28 |issn=1059-1028}}</ref> It presents the [[w:Business_model|business model]] of Tesla, Inc. as part of a [[w:Strategic_planning|strategic plan]] for a [[w:Fossil_fuel_phase-out|fossil-fuel phase-out]] leading to a [[w:Energy_transition|renewable energy transition,]] in order to prevent [[w:Civilizational_collapse|civilizational collapse]]. The plan was first introduced in 2006, and updated in 2016 and 2023. A [[w:Sustainable_energy_economy|low-carbon economy]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-03-02 |title=Tesla Unveils Third 'Master Plan' Reaching for Sustainable Energy Economy |url=https://www.caranddriver.com/news/a43150206/tesla-investor-day-master-plan/ |access-date=2023-03-23 |website=Car and Driver |language=en-us}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Shakir |first=Umar |date=2023-03-02 |title=Elon Musk unveils a new Master Plan, a path to sustainable energy future, but no new cars |url=https://www.theverge.com/2023/3/1/23620698/tesla-master-plan-3-elon-musk-ev-solar-fsd-gigafactory-investor-day |access-date=2023-03-23 |website=The Verge |language=en-US}}</ref> == Part one (2006) == On August 2, 2006, it appeared as it appeared on the company website. Stated in the opening sentence:<blockquote>The overarching purpose of Tesla Motors (and the reason I am funding the company) is to help expedite the move from a [[Hydrocarbon economy|mine-and-burn hydrocarbon economy]] towards a [[solar electric]] economy, which I believe to be the primary, but not exclusive, [[Sustainable development|sustainable solution]].</blockquote>Summarized thus:<blockquote> # Build [[sports car]] # Use that money to build an affordable car # Use ''that'' money to build an [[Economy car|even more affordable car]] # While doing above, also provide [[Zero-emissions vehicle|zero emission]] [[electric power generation]] options<ref>{{Cite web |date=2006-08-02 |title=The Secret Tesla Motors Master Plan (just between you and me) |url=https://www.tesla.com/blog/secret-tesla-motors-master-plan-just-between-you-and-me |access-date=2022-08-11 |website=Tesla, Inc. |language=en-us |archive-date=December 4, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171204203140/https://www.tesla.com/blog/secret-tesla-motors-master-plan-just-between-you-and-me |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Alvarez |first=Simon |date=July 28, 2019 |title=Each step of Elon Musk's first Tesla Master Plan visualized in concept video |url=https://www.teslarati.com/elon-musk-tesla-master-plan-concept-video/ |access-date=August 11, 2022 |website=TESLARATI |language=en-US |archive-date=August 11, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220811021713/https://www.teslarati.com/elon-musk-tesla-master-plan-concept-video/ |url-status=live }}</ref> </blockquote> === Landfill-safe batteries === [[Landfill-safe batteries]] which can be sold to recycling companies at the end of their 100,000 mile [[design life]]. {{Expand section|date=March 2023}} === Lowest Power plan emissions === {| class="wikitable" |Tesla Roadster |Nat Gas-Electric |14.4 g/MJ |1.14&nbsp;km/MJ |12.6 g/km |} === Co-marketing photovoltaic cells === [[Photovoltaic cells]] to be provided by [[SolarCity]], of which Musk is the principal financier. Generate enough energy for ~50 miles / day, allowing one who drives under 350 miles / week to become "[[Carbon negative architecture|carbon-negative]]" even push energy back onto the grid.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Elon Musk’s Complete Master Plan |url=https://solartribune.com/master-plan/ |access-date=August 11, 2022 |website=Solar Tribune |archive-date=August 11, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220811022304/https://solartribune.com/master-plan/ |url-status=live }}</ref> == Part deux (2016) == Part deux was released in 2016,<ref>{{Cite news |date=July 21, 2016 |title=Musk’s Master Plan Met With Indifference From Tesla Investors |language=en |work=[[Bloomberg news]] |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2016-07-21/tesla-s-musk-calls-for-building-semi-truck-in-new-master-plan |access-date=August 11, 2022 |archive-date=September 6, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220906004511/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2016-07-21/tesla-s-musk-calls-for-building-semi-truck-in-new-master-plan |url-status=live }}</ref> outlining a plan for vertical integrating the company.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Stewart |first=Jack |title=This Is the Enormous Gigafactory, Where Tesla Will Build Its Future |language=en-US |work=Wired |url=https://www.wired.com/2016/07/tesla-gigafactory-elon-musk/ |access-date=2023-03-27 |issn=1059-1028}}</ref> <blockquote>"By definition, we must at some point achieve a '''[[sustainable energy economy]]''' or we will run out of [[Fossil fuel|fossil fuels]] to burn and [[Civilizational collapse|civilization will collapse]]. Given that we must get off fossil fuels anyway and that virtually all scientists agree that dramatically increasing atmospheric and oceanic carbon levels is insane, the faster we achieve sustainability, the better"<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-07-20 |title=Master Plan, Part Deux |url=https://www.tesla.com/blog/master-plan-part-deux |access-date=2022-08-11 |website=Tesla, Inc. |language=en-us |archive-date=July 2, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170702050117/https://www.tesla.com/blog/master-plan-part-deux |url-status=live }}</ref></blockquote><ref>{{Cite web |last=Staff |first=Ars |date=2016-07-21 |title=Musk: Tesla to become a sustainable energy company |url=https://arstechnica.com/cars/2016/07/musk-tesla-to-become-a-sustainable-energy-company/ |access-date=2023-03-27 |website=Ars Technica |language=en-us}}</ref> === Integrating Energy Generation and Storage === Announcing acquisition/merger with [[SolarCity]]. Plan to "empower the individual as their own utility" by scaling [[Tesla Powerwall|Powerwall]] "thoughout the world". === Expand product line to all major forms of terrestrial transport === Announces a "compact SUV" and a [[Tesla Cybertruck|pickup truck]], to complete its offering to the consumer market. Announces that the [[Tesla Model 3|Model 3]] will be its lowest-cost vehicle. That production volume will scale up "as quickly as possible", by refocusing Tesla engineering on designing [[Gigafactory|the factory that makes the product]]. <blockquote>"A first principles physics analysis of automotive production suggests that somewhere between a 5 to 10 fold improvement is achievable by version 3 on a roughly 2 year iteration cycle. The first Model 3 factory machine should be thought of as version 0.5, with version 1.0 probably in 2018"</blockquote>For cargo, a [[Tesla Semi|semi-trailer truck]]. For high-density urban-transport, a smaller autonomous bus with no center aisles, with acceleration and braking matched to thatof other vehicles, which will reduce inertial impedance to traffic flow. === Autonomous Self-Driving === Announces that all vehicles will have [[Tesla Autopilot]] with [[fail-operational]] capability. Claims that when used correctly it is already safer than human driver. "We expect that worldwide regulatory approval will require something on the order of 6 billion miles (10 billion km). Current fleet learning is ha"ppening at just over 3 million miles (5 million km) per day." Says that when it becomes 10X safer than manual via massive fleet learning, then the "beta" label will be removed. === Ride-sharing === Says that when self-driving is approved, owners will be able to "summon" their car from anywhere. This will allow them to rent their cars, driving down cost of ownership. Says that in some cities, Tesla will operate its own fleet and offer a ride-hailing service. === Analysis and criticisms === Bloomberg observes in July 2022 that although Tesla has become the world's most valuable car company, by a wide margin, since the plan was released, the company has fallen short or completely missed its original four goals.<ref>{{Cite news |date=July 27, 2022 |title=Elon Musk Crafts New Master Plan Before Tesla Pulls Off the Old One |language=en |work=Bloomberg news |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2022-07-27/elon-musk-crafts-new-master-plan-before-tesla-pulls-off-the-old-one |access-date=August 11, 2022 |archive-date=July 27, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220727144410/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2022-07-27/elon-musk-crafts-new-master-plan-before-tesla-pulls-off-the-old-one |url-status=live }}</ref> {{Expand section|date=March 2023}} == Part three (2023) == Was announced in March 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lambert |first=Fred |date=March 17, 2022 |title=Elon Musk says he is going to release Tesla's Master Plan Part 3 |url=https://electrek.co/2022/03/17/elon-musk-release-tesla-master-plan-part-3/ |access-date=August 11, 2022 |website=Electrek |language=en-US |archive-date=August 11, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220811021512/https://electrek.co/2022/03/17/elon-musk-release-tesla-master-plan-part-3/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In a company meeting in June 2022, Musk summarized:<blockquote>That’s what Master Plan Part 3 is: How do you [[Scalability|get to enough scale]] to actually shift the entire [[energy infrastructure]] of earth?<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lambert |first=Fred |date=2022-06-09 |title=Elon Musk reveals what Tesla's Master Plan Part 3 is about |url=https://electrek.co/2022/06/09/elon-musk-reveals-tesla-master-plan-part-3/ |access-date=2022-08-11 |work=[[Electrek]] |language=en-US |archive-date=August 11, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220811021504/https://electrek.co/2022/06/09/elon-musk-reveals-tesla-master-plan-part-3/ |url-status=live }}</ref></blockquote>He announced 7 Feb 2023 that he would present a "the path to a fully sustainable energy future for earth" on 1 March.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Korosec |first=Kirsten |date=2023-02-08 |title=Here's when Tesla CEO Elon Musk will finally reveal his Master Plan 3 |url=https://techcrunch.com/2023/02/08/heres-when-tesla-ceo-elon-musk-will-finally-reveal-his-master-plan-3/ |access-date=2023-03-27 |website=TechCrunch |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Reuters |date=2023-02-08 |title=Elon Musk to unveil Tesla's 'Master Plan 3' at first investor day |language=en |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/technology/elon-musk-unveil-teslas-master-plan-3-first-investor-day-2023-02-08/ |access-date=2023-03-27}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Tayeb |first=Zahra |title=Elon Musk says 'the future is bright' for Tesla as he gets ready to charm disgruntled shareholders at its investor day |url=https://markets.businessinsider.com/news/stocks/elon-musk-tesla-bright-future-investor-day-master-plan-2023-2 |access-date=2023-03-27 |website=Markets Insider |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Analysis {{!}} Musk’s Secret, Secret Master Plan for Tesla Is So Obvious |language=en-US |work=Washington Post |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/musks-secretsecret-master-plan-for-tesla-is-so-obvious/2023/02/24/7bb5d062-b439-11ed-94a0-512954d75716_story.html |access-date=2023-03-28 |issn=0190-8286}}</ref> Revealed at his annual investor day on March 1, he did not reveal a new car model.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ewing |first=Jack |date=2023-03-01 |title=Tesla Offers a New ‘Master Plan’ but Few Big Revelations |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/03/01/business/tesla-musk-investors.html |access-date=2023-03-28 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Balu |first=Nivedita |last2=Sriram |first2=Akash |last3=Sriram |first3=Akash |date=2023-03-02 |title=Elon Musk's 'Master Plan' for Tesla fails to charge up investors |language=en |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/business/autos-transportation/elon-musks-master-plan-tesla-fails-charge-up-investors-2023-03-02/ |access-date=2023-03-28}}</ref> Vowed to half the costs of EV production.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Jin |first=Hyunjoo |last2=White |first2=Joseph |last3=Sriram |first3=Akash |last4=White |first4=Joseph |last5=Sriram |first5=Akash |date=2023-03-02 |title=Tesla vows to halve EV production costs, Musk keeps affordable car plan under wraps |language=en |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/business/autos-transportation/elon-musk-expected-outline-more-affordable-ev-new-tesla-master-plan-2023-03-01/ |access-date=2023-03-28}}</ref> Musk said: “There is a clear path to a [[sustainable-energy Earth]]. It doesn’t require [[Habitat destruction|destroying natural habitats]]. It doesn’t require us to be austere and stop using electricity and be in the cold or anything.” He added, “In fact, you could support a civilization much bigger than Earth, much more than the 8 billion humans could actually be supported sustainably on Earth.”<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kolodny |first=Lora |title=Tesla stock down as investor day falls short on specifics |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2023/03/01/tesla-2023-investor-day-after-the-bell-master-plan-part-3-teased.html |access-date=March 3, 2023 |publisher=[[CNBC]] |language=en |archive-date=March 2, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230302222249/https://www.cnbc.com/2023/03/01/tesla-2023-investor-day-after-the-bell-master-plan-part-3-teased.html |url-status=live }}</ref> {{Expand section|date=March 2023}} === Requirements === {| class="wikitable" |+Requirements for a sustainable energy economy{{Sfn|Musk|2023|p=9}} !Battery Storage !Renewable Power !Manufacturing Investment !Energy Required !Land area required !2022 GDP |- |240 TWh |30TW |$10T |1/2 |<0.2% |10% |} === The plan === # Re-power existing grid with renewables - 24 TWh, 10TW (solar + wind), $.8T # Switch to electric vehicles - 115 TWh (batteries and stationary storage, 4TW (solar + wind) $7.0T (investment) # Switch to [[Heat pump|Heat pumps]] in homes, businesses, and industry. # Electrify high temp heat delivery for industrial use. 48TWh (stationary storage), 6TW, $0.8T # Sustainable fuel planes and boats. 44TWh, 4TW, $0.8T === Next generation vehicle platform === Acknowleged that as transition to clean energy results in increased demand for [[Rare-earth element|rare earth metals]], the mining of these has environmental and health risks. The next generation vehicle's battery will use ''no rare earth metals'', and no silicon carbide. ==== Controllers and Electronics ==== [[Electronic fuses]] replace moving parts with solid state transistors. Allow software to do load shedding, software controlled retries, transient faults, monitoring. [[software-controlled hardware]]: context-awareness, context-specific behavior in hardware. Replaced [[Lead–acid battery|lead acid]] with [[Lithium-ion battery|Lithium-ion]] batteries which will last for the life of the car. Low-voltage architecture. [[42-volt electrical system|48 volt electrical system]] will replace [[12-volt outlet|12 volt]] design. Reduction in current allows smaller wires, smaller e-fuses, controllers, heat sinks. They welcome OEMs and suppliers to join them in this evolution. {{Expand section|date=March 2023}} == Primary Sources == * {{Cite web |last=Musk |first=Elon |date=March 2023 |title=Investor Day 2023 Keynote - Master Plan 3 |url=https://tesla-cdn.thron.com/delivery/public/document/tesla/65f9e56b-62fd-4382-8e7c-2319006c2ef3/S1dbei4/WEB/Investor-Day-2023-Keynote}} *Musk, Elon (2016) [https://www.tesla.com/blog/master-plan-part-deux Master Plan, Part Deux – Tesla, Inc.] *Musk, Elon (2006) [https://www.tesla.com/blog/secret-tesla-motors-master-plan-just-between-you-and-me The Secret Tesla Motors Master Plan (just between you and me) – Tesla, Inc.] == See also == * [[Industrial engineering]] * [[The Toyota Way]] * [[Kaizen]] - [[Continual improvement process|continuous improvement]] process in manufacturing systems * [[Strategic planning]] * [[Mission statement]] * [[Fossil fuel phase-out]] == References == {{Reflist}} 6yzb45hs70rirh4ic7ofuwba8oh65ex 2691449 2691447 2024-12-11T17:38:35Z Jaredscribe 2906761 /* Part one (2006) */ correct wikilinks 2691449 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|The mission statement and strategic plan of Tesla Inc. for a sustainable energy economy}} The '''Tesla master plan''' is the [[w:Mission_statement|mission statement]] of American electric vehicle and clean energy company [[w:Tesla,_Inc.|Tesla Inc.]] to "accelerate the world's transition to [[w:sustainable energy|sustainable energy]]."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Desjardins |first=Jeff |title=Here's what the future of Tesla could look like |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/heres-what-the-future-of-tesla-could-look-like-2018-4 |access-date=2023-03-27 |website=Business Insider |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Domonske |first=Camila |date=1 March 2023 |title=Tesla has a new master plan. It's not a new car — just big thoughts on planet Earth |work=[[NPR]] |url=https://www.npr.org/2023/03/01/1160376253/tesla-elon-musk-investor-day-master-plan}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=What's in Elon Musk's Master Plan 3 for Tesla investors? Here's what we know |url=https://www.statesman.com/story/business/technology/2023/03/02/tesla-investor-day-updates-cybertruck-elon-musk-master-plan-3/69960147007/ |access-date=2023-03-27 |website=Austin American-Statesman |language=en-US}}</ref> For a $10 trillion investment, Musk claims the entire world can move wholesale to a renewable energy grid to power electric cars, planes, and ships.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Marshall |first=Aarian |title=The Mystery Vehicle at the Heart of Tesla’s New Master Plan |language=en-US |work=Wired |url=https://www.wired.com/story/the-mystery-vehicle-at-the-heart-of-teslas-new-master-plan/ |access-date=2023-03-28 |issn=1059-1028}}</ref> It presents the [[w:Business_model|business model]] of Tesla, Inc. as part of a [[w:Strategic_planning|strategic plan]] for a [[w:Fossil_fuel_phase-out|fossil-fuel phase-out]] leading to a [[w:Energy_transition|renewable energy transition,]] in order to prevent [[w:Civilizational_collapse|civilizational collapse]]. The plan was first introduced in 2006, and updated in 2016 and 2023. A [[w:Sustainable_energy_economy|low-carbon economy]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-03-02 |title=Tesla Unveils Third 'Master Plan' Reaching for Sustainable Energy Economy |url=https://www.caranddriver.com/news/a43150206/tesla-investor-day-master-plan/ |access-date=2023-03-23 |website=Car and Driver |language=en-us}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Shakir |first=Umar |date=2023-03-02 |title=Elon Musk unveils a new Master Plan, a path to sustainable energy future, but no new cars |url=https://www.theverge.com/2023/3/1/23620698/tesla-master-plan-3-elon-musk-ev-solar-fsd-gigafactory-investor-day |access-date=2023-03-23 |website=The Verge |language=en-US}}</ref> == Part one (2006) == On August 2, 2006, it appeared as it appeared on the company website. Stated in the opening sentence:<blockquote>The overarching purpose of Tesla Motors (and the reason I am funding the company) is to help expedite the move from a [[w:Hydrocarbon_economy|mine-and-burn hydrocarbon economy]] towards a [[solar electric]] ([[w:solar_electric|w:]]) economy, which I believe to be the primary, but not exclusive, [[Sustainable development|sustainable solution]]. ([[w:Sustainable_development|w:]])</blockquote>Summarized thus:<blockquote> # Build [[w:Sports_car|sports car]] # Use that money to build an affordable car # Use ''that'' money to build an even more affordable car ([[w:Economy_car|economy car]]) # While doing above, also provide [[w:Zero-emissions_vehicle|zero emission]] [[w:Electric_power_generation|electric power generation]] options<ref>{{Cite web |date=2006-08-02 |title=The Secret Tesla Motors Master Plan (just between you and me) |url=https://www.tesla.com/blog/secret-tesla-motors-master-plan-just-between-you-and-me |access-date=2022-08-11 |website=Tesla, Inc. |language=en-us |archive-date=December 4, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171204203140/https://www.tesla.com/blog/secret-tesla-motors-master-plan-just-between-you-and-me |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Alvarez |first=Simon |date=July 28, 2019 |title=Each step of Elon Musk's first Tesla Master Plan visualized in concept video |url=https://www.teslarati.com/elon-musk-tesla-master-plan-concept-video/ |access-date=August 11, 2022 |website=TESLARATI |language=en-US |archive-date=August 11, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220811021713/https://www.teslarati.com/elon-musk-tesla-master-plan-concept-video/ |url-status=live }}</ref> </blockquote> === Landfill-safe batteries === [[w:Landfill-safe_batteries|Landfill-safe batteries]] which can be sold to recycling companies at the end of their 100,000 mile [[w:Design_life|design life]]. {{Expand section|date=March 2023}} === Lowest Power plan emissions === {| class="wikitable" |Tesla Roadster |Nat Gas-Electric |14.4 g/MJ |1.14&nbsp;km/MJ |12.6 g/km |} === Co-marketing photovoltaic cells === [[Photovoltaic cells]] to be provided by [[SolarCity]], of which Musk is the principal financier. Generate enough energy for ~50 miles / day, allowing one who drives under 350 miles / week to become "[[Carbon negative architecture|carbon-negative]]" even push energy back onto the grid.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Elon Musk’s Complete Master Plan |url=https://solartribune.com/master-plan/ |access-date=August 11, 2022 |website=Solar Tribune |archive-date=August 11, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220811022304/https://solartribune.com/master-plan/ |url-status=live }}</ref> == Part deux (2016) == Part deux was released in 2016,<ref>{{Cite news |date=July 21, 2016 |title=Musk’s Master Plan Met With Indifference From Tesla Investors |language=en |work=[[Bloomberg news]] |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2016-07-21/tesla-s-musk-calls-for-building-semi-truck-in-new-master-plan |access-date=August 11, 2022 |archive-date=September 6, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220906004511/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2016-07-21/tesla-s-musk-calls-for-building-semi-truck-in-new-master-plan |url-status=live }}</ref> outlining a plan for vertical integrating the company.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Stewart |first=Jack |title=This Is the Enormous Gigafactory, Where Tesla Will Build Its Future |language=en-US |work=Wired |url=https://www.wired.com/2016/07/tesla-gigafactory-elon-musk/ |access-date=2023-03-27 |issn=1059-1028}}</ref> <blockquote>"By definition, we must at some point achieve a '''[[sustainable energy economy]]''' or we will run out of [[Fossil fuel|fossil fuels]] to burn and [[Civilizational collapse|civilization will collapse]]. Given that we must get off fossil fuels anyway and that virtually all scientists agree that dramatically increasing atmospheric and oceanic carbon levels is insane, the faster we achieve sustainability, the better"<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-07-20 |title=Master Plan, Part Deux |url=https://www.tesla.com/blog/master-plan-part-deux |access-date=2022-08-11 |website=Tesla, Inc. |language=en-us |archive-date=July 2, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170702050117/https://www.tesla.com/blog/master-plan-part-deux |url-status=live }}</ref></blockquote><ref>{{Cite web |last=Staff |first=Ars |date=2016-07-21 |title=Musk: Tesla to become a sustainable energy company |url=https://arstechnica.com/cars/2016/07/musk-tesla-to-become-a-sustainable-energy-company/ |access-date=2023-03-27 |website=Ars Technica |language=en-us}}</ref> === Integrating Energy Generation and Storage === Announcing acquisition/merger with [[SolarCity]]. Plan to "empower the individual as their own utility" by scaling [[Tesla Powerwall|Powerwall]] "thoughout the world". === Expand product line to all major forms of terrestrial transport === Announces a "compact SUV" and a [[Tesla Cybertruck|pickup truck]], to complete its offering to the consumer market. Announces that the [[Tesla Model 3|Model 3]] will be its lowest-cost vehicle. That production volume will scale up "as quickly as possible", by refocusing Tesla engineering on designing [[Gigafactory|the factory that makes the product]]. <blockquote>"A first principles physics analysis of automotive production suggests that somewhere between a 5 to 10 fold improvement is achievable by version 3 on a roughly 2 year iteration cycle. The first Model 3 factory machine should be thought of as version 0.5, with version 1.0 probably in 2018"</blockquote>For cargo, a [[Tesla Semi|semi-trailer truck]]. For high-density urban-transport, a smaller autonomous bus with no center aisles, with acceleration and braking matched to thatof other vehicles, which will reduce inertial impedance to traffic flow. === Autonomous Self-Driving === Announces that all vehicles will have [[Tesla Autopilot]] with [[fail-operational]] capability. Claims that when used correctly it is already safer than human driver. "We expect that worldwide regulatory approval will require something on the order of 6 billion miles (10 billion km). Current fleet learning is ha"ppening at just over 3 million miles (5 million km) per day." Says that when it becomes 10X safer than manual via massive fleet learning, then the "beta" label will be removed. === Ride-sharing === Says that when self-driving is approved, owners will be able to "summon" their car from anywhere. This will allow them to rent their cars, driving down cost of ownership. Says that in some cities, Tesla will operate its own fleet and offer a ride-hailing service. === Analysis and criticisms === Bloomberg observes in July 2022 that although Tesla has become the world's most valuable car company, by a wide margin, since the plan was released, the company has fallen short or completely missed its original four goals.<ref>{{Cite news |date=July 27, 2022 |title=Elon Musk Crafts New Master Plan Before Tesla Pulls Off the Old One |language=en |work=Bloomberg news |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2022-07-27/elon-musk-crafts-new-master-plan-before-tesla-pulls-off-the-old-one |access-date=August 11, 2022 |archive-date=July 27, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220727144410/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2022-07-27/elon-musk-crafts-new-master-plan-before-tesla-pulls-off-the-old-one |url-status=live }}</ref> {{Expand section|date=March 2023}} == Part three (2023) == Was announced in March 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lambert |first=Fred |date=March 17, 2022 |title=Elon Musk says he is going to release Tesla's Master Plan Part 3 |url=https://electrek.co/2022/03/17/elon-musk-release-tesla-master-plan-part-3/ |access-date=August 11, 2022 |website=Electrek |language=en-US |archive-date=August 11, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220811021512/https://electrek.co/2022/03/17/elon-musk-release-tesla-master-plan-part-3/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In a company meeting in June 2022, Musk summarized:<blockquote>That’s what Master Plan Part 3 is: How do you [[Scalability|get to enough scale]] to actually shift the entire [[energy infrastructure]] of earth?<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lambert |first=Fred |date=2022-06-09 |title=Elon Musk reveals what Tesla's Master Plan Part 3 is about |url=https://electrek.co/2022/06/09/elon-musk-reveals-tesla-master-plan-part-3/ |access-date=2022-08-11 |work=[[Electrek]] |language=en-US |archive-date=August 11, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220811021504/https://electrek.co/2022/06/09/elon-musk-reveals-tesla-master-plan-part-3/ |url-status=live }}</ref></blockquote>He announced 7 Feb 2023 that he would present a "the path to a fully sustainable energy future for earth" on 1 March.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Korosec |first=Kirsten |date=2023-02-08 |title=Here's when Tesla CEO Elon Musk will finally reveal his Master Plan 3 |url=https://techcrunch.com/2023/02/08/heres-when-tesla-ceo-elon-musk-will-finally-reveal-his-master-plan-3/ |access-date=2023-03-27 |website=TechCrunch |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Reuters |date=2023-02-08 |title=Elon Musk to unveil Tesla's 'Master Plan 3' at first investor day |language=en |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/technology/elon-musk-unveil-teslas-master-plan-3-first-investor-day-2023-02-08/ |access-date=2023-03-27}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Tayeb |first=Zahra |title=Elon Musk says 'the future is bright' for Tesla as he gets ready to charm disgruntled shareholders at its investor day |url=https://markets.businessinsider.com/news/stocks/elon-musk-tesla-bright-future-investor-day-master-plan-2023-2 |access-date=2023-03-27 |website=Markets Insider |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Analysis {{!}} Musk’s Secret, Secret Master Plan for Tesla Is So Obvious |language=en-US |work=Washington Post |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/musks-secretsecret-master-plan-for-tesla-is-so-obvious/2023/02/24/7bb5d062-b439-11ed-94a0-512954d75716_story.html |access-date=2023-03-28 |issn=0190-8286}}</ref> Revealed at his annual investor day on March 1, he did not reveal a new car model.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ewing |first=Jack |date=2023-03-01 |title=Tesla Offers a New ‘Master Plan’ but Few Big Revelations |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/03/01/business/tesla-musk-investors.html |access-date=2023-03-28 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Balu |first=Nivedita |last2=Sriram |first2=Akash |last3=Sriram |first3=Akash |date=2023-03-02 |title=Elon Musk's 'Master Plan' for Tesla fails to charge up investors |language=en |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/business/autos-transportation/elon-musks-master-plan-tesla-fails-charge-up-investors-2023-03-02/ |access-date=2023-03-28}}</ref> Vowed to half the costs of EV production.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Jin |first=Hyunjoo |last2=White |first2=Joseph |last3=Sriram |first3=Akash |last4=White |first4=Joseph |last5=Sriram |first5=Akash |date=2023-03-02 |title=Tesla vows to halve EV production costs, Musk keeps affordable car plan under wraps |language=en |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/business/autos-transportation/elon-musk-expected-outline-more-affordable-ev-new-tesla-master-plan-2023-03-01/ |access-date=2023-03-28}}</ref> Musk said: “There is a clear path to a [[sustainable-energy Earth]]. It doesn’t require [[Habitat destruction|destroying natural habitats]]. It doesn’t require us to be austere and stop using electricity and be in the cold or anything.” He added, “In fact, you could support a civilization much bigger than Earth, much more than the 8 billion humans could actually be supported sustainably on Earth.”<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kolodny |first=Lora |title=Tesla stock down as investor day falls short on specifics |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2023/03/01/tesla-2023-investor-day-after-the-bell-master-plan-part-3-teased.html |access-date=March 3, 2023 |publisher=[[CNBC]] |language=en |archive-date=March 2, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230302222249/https://www.cnbc.com/2023/03/01/tesla-2023-investor-day-after-the-bell-master-plan-part-3-teased.html |url-status=live }}</ref> {{Expand section|date=March 2023}} === Requirements === {| class="wikitable" |+Requirements for a sustainable energy economy{{Sfn|Musk|2023|p=9}} !Battery Storage !Renewable Power !Manufacturing Investment !Energy Required !Land area required !2022 GDP |- |240 TWh |30TW |$10T |1/2 |<0.2% |10% |} === The plan === # Re-power existing grid with renewables - 24 TWh, 10TW (solar + wind), $.8T # Switch to electric vehicles - 115 TWh (batteries and stationary storage, 4TW (solar + wind) $7.0T (investment) # Switch to [[Heat pump|Heat pumps]] in homes, businesses, and industry. # Electrify high temp heat delivery for industrial use. 48TWh (stationary storage), 6TW, $0.8T # Sustainable fuel planes and boats. 44TWh, 4TW, $0.8T === Next generation vehicle platform === Acknowleged that as transition to clean energy results in increased demand for [[Rare-earth element|rare earth metals]], the mining of these has environmental and health risks. The next generation vehicle's battery will use ''no rare earth metals'', and no silicon carbide. ==== Controllers and Electronics ==== [[Electronic fuses]] replace moving parts with solid state transistors. Allow software to do load shedding, software controlled retries, transient faults, monitoring. [[software-controlled hardware]]: context-awareness, context-specific behavior in hardware. Replaced [[Lead–acid battery|lead acid]] with [[Lithium-ion battery|Lithium-ion]] batteries which will last for the life of the car. Low-voltage architecture. [[42-volt electrical system|48 volt electrical system]] will replace [[12-volt outlet|12 volt]] design. Reduction in current allows smaller wires, smaller e-fuses, controllers, heat sinks. They welcome OEMs and suppliers to join them in this evolution. {{Expand section|date=March 2023}} == Primary Sources == * {{Cite web |last=Musk |first=Elon |date=March 2023 |title=Investor Day 2023 Keynote - Master Plan 3 |url=https://tesla-cdn.thron.com/delivery/public/document/tesla/65f9e56b-62fd-4382-8e7c-2319006c2ef3/S1dbei4/WEB/Investor-Day-2023-Keynote}} *Musk, Elon (2016) [https://www.tesla.com/blog/master-plan-part-deux Master Plan, Part Deux – Tesla, Inc.] *Musk, Elon (2006) [https://www.tesla.com/blog/secret-tesla-motors-master-plan-just-between-you-and-me The Secret Tesla Motors Master Plan (just between you and me) – Tesla, Inc.] == See also == * [[Industrial engineering]] * [[The Toyota Way]] * [[Kaizen]] - [[Continual improvement process|continuous improvement]] process in manufacturing systems * [[Strategic planning]] * [[Mission statement]] * [[Fossil fuel phase-out]] == References == {{Reflist}} 9goh5k0daq2e7go9pwolwoqhb2z5g2f 2691451 2691449 2024-12-11T17:46:17Z Jaredscribe 2906761 reorganize lede paragraph 2691451 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|The mission statement and strategic plan of Tesla Inc. for a sustainable energy economy}} The '''Tesla [[w:mission_statement|master plan]]''' aims to "accelerate the world's transition to [[w:sustainable energy|sustainable energy]],"<ref>{{Cite web |last=Desjardins |first=Jeff |title=Here's what the future of Tesla could look like |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/heres-what-the-future-of-tesla-could-look-like-2018-4 |access-date=2023-03-27 |website=Business Insider |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Domonske |first=Camila |date=1 March 2023 |title=Tesla has a new master plan. It's not a new car — just big thoughts on planet Earth |work=[[NPR]] |url=https://www.npr.org/2023/03/01/1160376253/tesla-elon-musk-investor-day-master-plan}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=What's in Elon Musk's Master Plan 3 for Tesla investors? Here's what we know |url=https://www.statesman.com/story/business/technology/2023/03/02/tesla-investor-day-updates-cybertruck-elon-musk-master-plan-3/69960147007/ |access-date=2023-03-27 |website=Austin American-Statesman |language=en-US}}</ref> by transforming the worldwide automobile and heating industries into [[w:Sustainable_energy_economy|low-carbon economy]], presenting the [[w:Business_model|business model]] of Tesla, Inc. as part of a [[w:Strategic_planning|strategic plan]] for a [[w:Fossil_fuel_phase-out|fossil-fuel phase-out]] leading to a [[w:Energy_transition|renewable energy transition,]] in order to prevent [[w:Civilizational_collapse|civilizational collapse]]. For a $10 trillion investment, [[w:Elon_Musk|Elon Musk]] claims the entire world can move wholesale to a renewable energy grid to power electric cars, planes, and ships.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.wired.com/story/the-mystery-vehicle-at-the-heart-of-teslas-new-master-plan/|title=The Mystery Vehicle at the Heart of Tesla’s New Master Plan|last=Marshall|first=Aarian|work=Wired|access-date=2023-03-28|language=en-US|issn=1059-1028}}</ref> The plan was first introduced by him in 2006, and updated in 2016 and 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-03-02 |title=Tesla Unveils Third 'Master Plan' Reaching for Sustainable Energy Economy |url=https://www.caranddriver.com/news/a43150206/tesla-investor-day-master-plan/ |access-date=2023-03-23 |website=Car and Driver |language=en-us}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Shakir |first=Umar |date=2023-03-02 |title=Elon Musk unveils a new Master Plan, a path to sustainable energy future, but no new cars |url=https://www.theverge.com/2023/3/1/23620698/tesla-master-plan-3-elon-musk-ev-solar-fsd-gigafactory-investor-day |access-date=2023-03-23 |website=The Verge |language=en-US}}</ref> == Part one (2006) == On August 2, 2006, it appeared as it appeared on the company website. Stated in the opening sentence:<blockquote>The overarching purpose of Tesla Motors (and the reason I am funding the company) is to help expedite the move from a [[w:Hydrocarbon_economy|mine-and-burn hydrocarbon economy]] towards a [[solar electric]] ([[w:solar_electric|w:]]) economy, which I believe to be the primary, but not exclusive, [[Sustainable development|sustainable solution]]. ([[w:Sustainable_development|w:]])</blockquote>Summarized thus:<blockquote> # Build [[w:Sports_car|sports car]] # Use that money to build an affordable car # Use ''that'' money to build an even more affordable car ([[w:Economy_car|economy car]]) # While doing above, also provide [[w:Zero-emissions_vehicle|zero emission]] [[w:Electric_power_generation|electric power generation]] options<ref>{{Cite web |date=2006-08-02 |title=The Secret Tesla Motors Master Plan (just between you and me) |url=https://www.tesla.com/blog/secret-tesla-motors-master-plan-just-between-you-and-me |access-date=2022-08-11 |website=Tesla, Inc. |language=en-us |archive-date=December 4, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171204203140/https://www.tesla.com/blog/secret-tesla-motors-master-plan-just-between-you-and-me |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Alvarez |first=Simon |date=July 28, 2019 |title=Each step of Elon Musk's first Tesla Master Plan visualized in concept video |url=https://www.teslarati.com/elon-musk-tesla-master-plan-concept-video/ |access-date=August 11, 2022 |website=TESLARATI |language=en-US |archive-date=August 11, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220811021713/https://www.teslarati.com/elon-musk-tesla-master-plan-concept-video/ |url-status=live }}</ref> </blockquote> === Landfill-safe batteries === [[w:Landfill-safe_batteries|Landfill-safe batteries]] which can be sold to recycling companies at the end of their 100,000 mile [[w:Design_life|design life]]. {{Expand section|date=March 2023}} === Lowest Power plan emissions === {| class="wikitable" |Tesla Roadster |Nat Gas-Electric |14.4 g/MJ |1.14&nbsp;km/MJ |12.6 g/km |} === Co-marketing photovoltaic cells === [[Photovoltaic cells]] to be provided by [[SolarCity]], of which Musk is the principal financier. Generate enough energy for ~50 miles / day, allowing one who drives under 350 miles / week to become "[[Carbon negative architecture|carbon-negative]]" even push energy back onto the grid.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Elon Musk’s Complete Master Plan |url=https://solartribune.com/master-plan/ |access-date=August 11, 2022 |website=Solar Tribune |archive-date=August 11, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220811022304/https://solartribune.com/master-plan/ |url-status=live }}</ref> == Part deux (2016) == Part deux was released in 2016,<ref>{{Cite news |date=July 21, 2016 |title=Musk’s Master Plan Met With Indifference From Tesla Investors |language=en |work=[[Bloomberg news]] |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2016-07-21/tesla-s-musk-calls-for-building-semi-truck-in-new-master-plan |access-date=August 11, 2022 |archive-date=September 6, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220906004511/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2016-07-21/tesla-s-musk-calls-for-building-semi-truck-in-new-master-plan |url-status=live }}</ref> outlining a plan for vertical integrating the company.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Stewart |first=Jack |title=This Is the Enormous Gigafactory, Where Tesla Will Build Its Future |language=en-US |work=Wired |url=https://www.wired.com/2016/07/tesla-gigafactory-elon-musk/ |access-date=2023-03-27 |issn=1059-1028}}</ref> <blockquote>"By definition, we must at some point achieve a '''[[sustainable energy economy]]''' or we will run out of [[Fossil fuel|fossil fuels]] to burn and [[Civilizational collapse|civilization will collapse]]. Given that we must get off fossil fuels anyway and that virtually all scientists agree that dramatically increasing atmospheric and oceanic carbon levels is insane, the faster we achieve sustainability, the better"<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-07-20 |title=Master Plan, Part Deux |url=https://www.tesla.com/blog/master-plan-part-deux |access-date=2022-08-11 |website=Tesla, Inc. |language=en-us |archive-date=July 2, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170702050117/https://www.tesla.com/blog/master-plan-part-deux |url-status=live }}</ref></blockquote><ref>{{Cite web |last=Staff |first=Ars |date=2016-07-21 |title=Musk: Tesla to become a sustainable energy company |url=https://arstechnica.com/cars/2016/07/musk-tesla-to-become-a-sustainable-energy-company/ |access-date=2023-03-27 |website=Ars Technica |language=en-us}}</ref> === Integrating Energy Generation and Storage === Announcing acquisition/merger with [[SolarCity]]. Plan to "empower the individual as their own utility" by scaling [[Tesla Powerwall|Powerwall]] "thoughout the world". === Expand product line to all major forms of terrestrial transport === Announces a "compact SUV" and a [[Tesla Cybertruck|pickup truck]], to complete its offering to the consumer market. Announces that the [[Tesla Model 3|Model 3]] will be its lowest-cost vehicle. That production volume will scale up "as quickly as possible", by refocusing Tesla engineering on designing [[Gigafactory|the factory that makes the product]]. <blockquote>"A first principles physics analysis of automotive production suggests that somewhere between a 5 to 10 fold improvement is achievable by version 3 on a roughly 2 year iteration cycle. The first Model 3 factory machine should be thought of as version 0.5, with version 1.0 probably in 2018"</blockquote>For cargo, a [[Tesla Semi|semi-trailer truck]]. For high-density urban-transport, a smaller autonomous bus with no center aisles, with acceleration and braking matched to thatof other vehicles, which will reduce inertial impedance to traffic flow. === Autonomous Self-Driving === Announces that all vehicles will have [[Tesla Autopilot]] with [[fail-operational]] capability. Claims that when used correctly it is already safer than human driver. "We expect that worldwide regulatory approval will require something on the order of 6 billion miles (10 billion km). Current fleet learning is ha"ppening at just over 3 million miles (5 million km) per day." Says that when it becomes 10X safer than manual via massive fleet learning, then the "beta" label will be removed. === Ride-sharing === Says that when self-driving is approved, owners will be able to "summon" their car from anywhere. This will allow them to rent their cars, driving down cost of ownership. Says that in some cities, Tesla will operate its own fleet and offer a ride-hailing service. === Analysis and criticisms === Bloomberg observes in July 2022 that although Tesla has become the world's most valuable car company, by a wide margin, since the plan was released, the company has fallen short or completely missed its original four goals.<ref>{{Cite news |date=July 27, 2022 |title=Elon Musk Crafts New Master Plan Before Tesla Pulls Off the Old One |language=en |work=Bloomberg news |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2022-07-27/elon-musk-crafts-new-master-plan-before-tesla-pulls-off-the-old-one |access-date=August 11, 2022 |archive-date=July 27, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220727144410/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2022-07-27/elon-musk-crafts-new-master-plan-before-tesla-pulls-off-the-old-one |url-status=live }}</ref> {{Expand section|date=March 2023}} == Part three (2023) == Was announced in March 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lambert |first=Fred |date=March 17, 2022 |title=Elon Musk says he is going to release Tesla's Master Plan Part 3 |url=https://electrek.co/2022/03/17/elon-musk-release-tesla-master-plan-part-3/ |access-date=August 11, 2022 |website=Electrek |language=en-US |archive-date=August 11, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220811021512/https://electrek.co/2022/03/17/elon-musk-release-tesla-master-plan-part-3/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In a company meeting in June 2022, Musk summarized:<blockquote>That’s what Master Plan Part 3 is: How do you [[Scalability|get to enough scale]] to actually shift the entire [[energy infrastructure]] of earth?<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lambert |first=Fred |date=2022-06-09 |title=Elon Musk reveals what Tesla's Master Plan Part 3 is about |url=https://electrek.co/2022/06/09/elon-musk-reveals-tesla-master-plan-part-3/ |access-date=2022-08-11 |work=[[Electrek]] |language=en-US |archive-date=August 11, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220811021504/https://electrek.co/2022/06/09/elon-musk-reveals-tesla-master-plan-part-3/ |url-status=live }}</ref></blockquote>He announced 7 Feb 2023 that he would present a "the path to a fully sustainable energy future for earth" on 1 March.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Korosec |first=Kirsten |date=2023-02-08 |title=Here's when Tesla CEO Elon Musk will finally reveal his Master Plan 3 |url=https://techcrunch.com/2023/02/08/heres-when-tesla-ceo-elon-musk-will-finally-reveal-his-master-plan-3/ |access-date=2023-03-27 |website=TechCrunch |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Reuters |date=2023-02-08 |title=Elon Musk to unveil Tesla's 'Master Plan 3' at first investor day |language=en |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/technology/elon-musk-unveil-teslas-master-plan-3-first-investor-day-2023-02-08/ |access-date=2023-03-27}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Tayeb |first=Zahra |title=Elon Musk says 'the future is bright' for Tesla as he gets ready to charm disgruntled shareholders at its investor day |url=https://markets.businessinsider.com/news/stocks/elon-musk-tesla-bright-future-investor-day-master-plan-2023-2 |access-date=2023-03-27 |website=Markets Insider |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Analysis {{!}} Musk’s Secret, Secret Master Plan for Tesla Is So Obvious |language=en-US |work=Washington Post |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/musks-secretsecret-master-plan-for-tesla-is-so-obvious/2023/02/24/7bb5d062-b439-11ed-94a0-512954d75716_story.html |access-date=2023-03-28 |issn=0190-8286}}</ref> Revealed at his annual investor day on March 1, he did not reveal a new car model.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ewing |first=Jack |date=2023-03-01 |title=Tesla Offers a New ‘Master Plan’ but Few Big Revelations |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/03/01/business/tesla-musk-investors.html |access-date=2023-03-28 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Balu |first=Nivedita |last2=Sriram |first2=Akash |last3=Sriram |first3=Akash |date=2023-03-02 |title=Elon Musk's 'Master Plan' for Tesla fails to charge up investors |language=en |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/business/autos-transportation/elon-musks-master-plan-tesla-fails-charge-up-investors-2023-03-02/ |access-date=2023-03-28}}</ref> Vowed to half the costs of EV production.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Jin |first=Hyunjoo |last2=White |first2=Joseph |last3=Sriram |first3=Akash |last4=White |first4=Joseph |last5=Sriram |first5=Akash |date=2023-03-02 |title=Tesla vows to halve EV production costs, Musk keeps affordable car plan under wraps |language=en |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/business/autos-transportation/elon-musk-expected-outline-more-affordable-ev-new-tesla-master-plan-2023-03-01/ |access-date=2023-03-28}}</ref> Musk said: “There is a clear path to a [[sustainable-energy Earth]]. It doesn’t require [[Habitat destruction|destroying natural habitats]]. It doesn’t require us to be austere and stop using electricity and be in the cold or anything.” He added, “In fact, you could support a civilization much bigger than Earth, much more than the 8 billion humans could actually be supported sustainably on Earth.”<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kolodny |first=Lora |title=Tesla stock down as investor day falls short on specifics |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2023/03/01/tesla-2023-investor-day-after-the-bell-master-plan-part-3-teased.html |access-date=March 3, 2023 |publisher=[[CNBC]] |language=en |archive-date=March 2, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230302222249/https://www.cnbc.com/2023/03/01/tesla-2023-investor-day-after-the-bell-master-plan-part-3-teased.html |url-status=live }}</ref> {{Expand section|date=March 2023}} === Requirements === {| class="wikitable" |+Requirements for a sustainable energy economy{{Sfn|Musk|2023|p=9}} !Battery Storage !Renewable Power !Manufacturing Investment !Energy Required !Land area required !2022 GDP |- |240 TWh |30TW |$10T |1/2 |<0.2% |10% |} === The plan === # Re-power existing grid with renewables - 24 TWh, 10TW (solar + wind), $.8T # Switch to electric vehicles - 115 TWh (batteries and stationary storage, 4TW (solar + wind) $7.0T (investment) # Switch to [[Heat pump|Heat pumps]] in homes, businesses, and industry. # Electrify high temp heat delivery for industrial use. 48TWh (stationary storage), 6TW, $0.8T # Sustainable fuel planes and boats. 44TWh, 4TW, $0.8T === Next generation vehicle platform === Acknowleged that as transition to clean energy results in increased demand for [[Rare-earth element|rare earth metals]], the mining of these has environmental and health risks. The next generation vehicle's battery will use ''no rare earth metals'', and no silicon carbide. ==== Controllers and Electronics ==== [[Electronic fuses]] replace moving parts with solid state transistors. Allow software to do load shedding, software controlled retries, transient faults, monitoring. [[software-controlled hardware]]: context-awareness, context-specific behavior in hardware. Replaced [[Lead–acid battery|lead acid]] with [[Lithium-ion battery|Lithium-ion]] batteries which will last for the life of the car. Low-voltage architecture. [[42-volt electrical system|48 volt electrical system]] will replace [[12-volt outlet|12 volt]] design. Reduction in current allows smaller wires, smaller e-fuses, controllers, heat sinks. They welcome OEMs and suppliers to join them in this evolution. {{Expand section|date=March 2023}} == Primary Sources == * {{Cite web |last=Musk |first=Elon |date=March 2023 |title=Investor Day 2023 Keynote - Master Plan 3 |url=https://tesla-cdn.thron.com/delivery/public/document/tesla/65f9e56b-62fd-4382-8e7c-2319006c2ef3/S1dbei4/WEB/Investor-Day-2023-Keynote}} *Musk, Elon (2016) [https://www.tesla.com/blog/master-plan-part-deux Master Plan, Part Deux – Tesla, Inc.] *Musk, Elon (2006) [https://www.tesla.com/blog/secret-tesla-motors-master-plan-just-between-you-and-me The Secret Tesla Motors Master Plan (just between you and me) – Tesla, Inc.] == See also == * [[Industrial engineering]] * [[The Toyota Way]] * [[Kaizen]] - [[Continual improvement process|continuous improvement]] process in manufacturing systems * [[Strategic planning]] * [[Mission statement]] * [[Fossil fuel phase-out]] == References == {{Reflist}} 0bxjam18rdltpogjyu4im7e1px1teo6 2691456 2691451 2024-12-11T17:55:07Z Jaredscribe 2906761 reorganize lede again 2691456 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|The mission statement and strategic plan of Tesla Inc. for a sustainable energy economy}} The '''Tesla [[w:mission_statement|master plan]]''' aims to "accelerate the world's transition to [[w:sustainable energy|sustainable energy]],"<ref>{{Cite web |last=Desjardins |first=Jeff |title=Here's what the future of Tesla could look like |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/heres-what-the-future-of-tesla-could-look-like-2018-4 |access-date=2023-03-27 |website=Business Insider |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Domonske |first=Camila |date=1 March 2023 |title=Tesla has a new master plan. It's not a new car — just big thoughts on planet Earth |work=[[NPR]] |url=https://www.npr.org/2023/03/01/1160376253/tesla-elon-musk-investor-day-master-plan}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=What's in Elon Musk's Master Plan 3 for Tesla investors? Here's what we know |url=https://www.statesman.com/story/business/technology/2023/03/02/tesla-investor-day-updates-cybertruck-elon-musk-master-plan-3/69960147007/ |access-date=2023-03-27 |website=Austin American-Statesman |language=en-US}}</ref> by transforming multiple industries worldwide and systematizing a [[w:Sustainable_energy_economy|low-carbon economy]]. It aims for a [[w:Fossil_fuel_phase-out|fossil-fuel phase-out]] leading to a [[w:Energy_transition|renewable energy transition,]] and presents the [[w:Business_model|business model]] of [[w:Tesla,_Inc|Tesla, Inc]]. as a [[w:Case_study|case study]] for other companies and industries to adopt, as part of a humanitarian [[w:Strategic_planning|strategic plan]] to prevent [[w:Civilizational_collapse|civilizational collapse]]. For a $10 trillion investment, [[w:Elon_Musk|Elon Musk]] claims the entire world can move wholesale to a renewable energy grid to power electric cars, planes, and ships.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.wired.com/story/the-mystery-vehicle-at-the-heart-of-teslas-new-master-plan/|title=The Mystery Vehicle at the Heart of Tesla’s New Master Plan|last=Marshall|first=Aarian|work=Wired|access-date=2023-03-28|language=en-US|issn=1059-1028}}</ref> The plan was first introduced by him in 2006, and updated with [[User:Jaredscribe/Tesla Master Plan#Part deux (2016)|part deux in 2016]], and [[w:Part_three_(2023)|part three in 2023]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-03-02 |title=Tesla Unveils Third 'Master Plan' Reaching for Sustainable Energy Economy |url=https://www.caranddriver.com/news/a43150206/tesla-investor-day-master-plan/ |access-date=2023-03-23 |website=Car and Driver |language=en-us}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Shakir |first=Umar |date=2023-03-02 |title=Elon Musk unveils a new Master Plan, a path to sustainable energy future, but no new cars |url=https://www.theverge.com/2023/3/1/23620698/tesla-master-plan-3-elon-musk-ev-solar-fsd-gigafactory-investor-day |access-date=2023-03-23 |website=The Verge |language=en-US}}</ref> == Part one (2006) == On August 2, 2006, it appeared as it appeared on the company website. Stated in the opening sentence:<blockquote>The overarching purpose of Tesla Motors (and the reason I am funding the company) is to help expedite the move from a [[w:Hydrocarbon_economy|mine-and-burn hydrocarbon economy]] towards a [[solar electric]] ([[w:solar_electric|w:]]) economy, which I believe to be the primary, but not exclusive, [[Sustainable development|sustainable solution]]. ([[w:Sustainable_development|w:]])</blockquote>Summarized thus:<blockquote> # Build [[w:Sports_car|sports car]] # Use that money to build an affordable car # Use ''that'' money to build an even more affordable car ([[w:Economy_car|economy car]]) # While doing above, also provide [[w:Zero-emissions_vehicle|zero emission]] [[w:Electric_power_generation|electric power generation]] options<ref>{{Cite web |date=2006-08-02 |title=The Secret Tesla Motors Master Plan (just between you and me) |url=https://www.tesla.com/blog/secret-tesla-motors-master-plan-just-between-you-and-me |access-date=2022-08-11 |website=Tesla, Inc. |language=en-us |archive-date=December 4, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171204203140/https://www.tesla.com/blog/secret-tesla-motors-master-plan-just-between-you-and-me |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Alvarez |first=Simon |date=July 28, 2019 |title=Each step of Elon Musk's first Tesla Master Plan visualized in concept video |url=https://www.teslarati.com/elon-musk-tesla-master-plan-concept-video/ |access-date=August 11, 2022 |website=TESLARATI |language=en-US |archive-date=August 11, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220811021713/https://www.teslarati.com/elon-musk-tesla-master-plan-concept-video/ |url-status=live }}</ref> </blockquote> === Landfill-safe batteries === [[w:Landfill-safe_batteries|Landfill-safe batteries]] which can be sold to recycling companies at the end of their 100,000 mile [[w:Design_life|design life]]. {{Expand section|date=March 2023}} === Lowest Power plan emissions === {| class="wikitable" |Tesla Roadster |Nat Gas-Electric |14.4 g/MJ |1.14&nbsp;km/MJ |12.6 g/km |} === Co-marketing photovoltaic cells === [[Photovoltaic cells]] to be provided by [[SolarCity]], of which Musk is the principal financier. Generate enough energy for ~50 miles / day, allowing one who drives under 350 miles / week to become "[[Carbon negative architecture|carbon-negative]]" even push energy back onto the grid.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Elon Musk’s Complete Master Plan |url=https://solartribune.com/master-plan/ |access-date=August 11, 2022 |website=Solar Tribune |archive-date=August 11, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220811022304/https://solartribune.com/master-plan/ |url-status=live }}</ref> == Part deux (2016) == Part deux was released in 2016,<ref>{{Cite news |date=July 21, 2016 |title=Musk’s Master Plan Met With Indifference From Tesla Investors |language=en |work=[[Bloomberg news]] |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2016-07-21/tesla-s-musk-calls-for-building-semi-truck-in-new-master-plan |access-date=August 11, 2022 |archive-date=September 6, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220906004511/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2016-07-21/tesla-s-musk-calls-for-building-semi-truck-in-new-master-plan |url-status=live }}</ref> outlining a plan for vertical integrating the company.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Stewart |first=Jack |title=This Is the Enormous Gigafactory, Where Tesla Will Build Its Future |language=en-US |work=Wired |url=https://www.wired.com/2016/07/tesla-gigafactory-elon-musk/ |access-date=2023-03-27 |issn=1059-1028}}</ref> <blockquote>"By definition, we must at some point achieve a '''[[sustainable energy economy]]''' or we will run out of [[Fossil fuel|fossil fuels]] to burn and [[Civilizational collapse|civilization will collapse]]. Given that we must get off fossil fuels anyway and that virtually all scientists agree that dramatically increasing atmospheric and oceanic carbon levels is insane, the faster we achieve sustainability, the better"<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-07-20 |title=Master Plan, Part Deux |url=https://www.tesla.com/blog/master-plan-part-deux |access-date=2022-08-11 |website=Tesla, Inc. |language=en-us |archive-date=July 2, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170702050117/https://www.tesla.com/blog/master-plan-part-deux |url-status=live }}</ref></blockquote><ref>{{Cite web |last=Staff |first=Ars |date=2016-07-21 |title=Musk: Tesla to become a sustainable energy company |url=https://arstechnica.com/cars/2016/07/musk-tesla-to-become-a-sustainable-energy-company/ |access-date=2023-03-27 |website=Ars Technica |language=en-us}}</ref> === Integrating Energy Generation and Storage === Announcing acquisition/merger with [[SolarCity]]. Plan to "empower the individual as their own utility" by scaling [[Tesla Powerwall|Powerwall]] "thoughout the world". === Expand product line to all major forms of terrestrial transport === Announces a "compact SUV" and a [[Tesla Cybertruck|pickup truck]], to complete its offering to the consumer market. Announces that the [[Tesla Model 3|Model 3]] will be its lowest-cost vehicle. That production volume will scale up "as quickly as possible", by refocusing Tesla engineering on designing [[Gigafactory|the factory that makes the product]]. <blockquote>"A first principles physics analysis of automotive production suggests that somewhere between a 5 to 10 fold improvement is achievable by version 3 on a roughly 2 year iteration cycle. The first Model 3 factory machine should be thought of as version 0.5, with version 1.0 probably in 2018"</blockquote>For cargo, a [[Tesla Semi|semi-trailer truck]]. For high-density urban-transport, a smaller autonomous bus with no center aisles, with acceleration and braking matched to thatof other vehicles, which will reduce inertial impedance to traffic flow. === Autonomous Self-Driving === Announces that all vehicles will have [[Tesla Autopilot]] with [[fail-operational]] capability. Claims that when used correctly it is already safer than human driver. "We expect that worldwide regulatory approval will require something on the order of 6 billion miles (10 billion km). Current fleet learning is ha"ppening at just over 3 million miles (5 million km) per day." Says that when it becomes 10X safer than manual via massive fleet learning, then the "beta" label will be removed. === Ride-sharing === Says that when self-driving is approved, owners will be able to "summon" their car from anywhere. This will allow them to rent their cars, driving down cost of ownership. Says that in some cities, Tesla will operate its own fleet and offer a ride-hailing service. === Analysis and criticisms === Bloomberg observes in July 2022 that although Tesla has become the world's most valuable car company, by a wide margin, since the plan was released, the company has fallen short or completely missed its original four goals.<ref>{{Cite news |date=July 27, 2022 |title=Elon Musk Crafts New Master Plan Before Tesla Pulls Off the Old One |language=en |work=Bloomberg news |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2022-07-27/elon-musk-crafts-new-master-plan-before-tesla-pulls-off-the-old-one |access-date=August 11, 2022 |archive-date=July 27, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220727144410/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2022-07-27/elon-musk-crafts-new-master-plan-before-tesla-pulls-off-the-old-one |url-status=live }}</ref> {{Expand section|date=March 2023}} == Part three (2023) == Was announced in March 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lambert |first=Fred |date=March 17, 2022 |title=Elon Musk says he is going to release Tesla's Master Plan Part 3 |url=https://electrek.co/2022/03/17/elon-musk-release-tesla-master-plan-part-3/ |access-date=August 11, 2022 |website=Electrek |language=en-US |archive-date=August 11, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220811021512/https://electrek.co/2022/03/17/elon-musk-release-tesla-master-plan-part-3/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In a company meeting in June 2022, Musk summarized:<blockquote>That’s what Master Plan Part 3 is: How do you [[Scalability|get to enough scale]] to actually shift the entire [[energy infrastructure]] of earth?<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lambert |first=Fred |date=2022-06-09 |title=Elon Musk reveals what Tesla's Master Plan Part 3 is about |url=https://electrek.co/2022/06/09/elon-musk-reveals-tesla-master-plan-part-3/ |access-date=2022-08-11 |work=[[Electrek]] |language=en-US |archive-date=August 11, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220811021504/https://electrek.co/2022/06/09/elon-musk-reveals-tesla-master-plan-part-3/ |url-status=live }}</ref></blockquote>He announced 7 Feb 2023 that he would present a "the path to a fully sustainable energy future for earth" on 1 March.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Korosec |first=Kirsten |date=2023-02-08 |title=Here's when Tesla CEO Elon Musk will finally reveal his Master Plan 3 |url=https://techcrunch.com/2023/02/08/heres-when-tesla-ceo-elon-musk-will-finally-reveal-his-master-plan-3/ |access-date=2023-03-27 |website=TechCrunch |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Reuters |date=2023-02-08 |title=Elon Musk to unveil Tesla's 'Master Plan 3' at first investor day |language=en |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/technology/elon-musk-unveil-teslas-master-plan-3-first-investor-day-2023-02-08/ |access-date=2023-03-27}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Tayeb |first=Zahra |title=Elon Musk says 'the future is bright' for Tesla as he gets ready to charm disgruntled shareholders at its investor day |url=https://markets.businessinsider.com/news/stocks/elon-musk-tesla-bright-future-investor-day-master-plan-2023-2 |access-date=2023-03-27 |website=Markets Insider |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Analysis {{!}} Musk’s Secret, Secret Master Plan for Tesla Is So Obvious |language=en-US |work=Washington Post |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/musks-secretsecret-master-plan-for-tesla-is-so-obvious/2023/02/24/7bb5d062-b439-11ed-94a0-512954d75716_story.html |access-date=2023-03-28 |issn=0190-8286}}</ref> Revealed at his annual investor day on March 1, he did not reveal a new car model.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ewing |first=Jack |date=2023-03-01 |title=Tesla Offers a New ‘Master Plan’ but Few Big Revelations |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/03/01/business/tesla-musk-investors.html |access-date=2023-03-28 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Balu |first=Nivedita |last2=Sriram |first2=Akash |last3=Sriram |first3=Akash |date=2023-03-02 |title=Elon Musk's 'Master Plan' for Tesla fails to charge up investors |language=en |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/business/autos-transportation/elon-musks-master-plan-tesla-fails-charge-up-investors-2023-03-02/ |access-date=2023-03-28}}</ref> Vowed to half the costs of EV production.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Jin |first=Hyunjoo |last2=White |first2=Joseph |last3=Sriram |first3=Akash |last4=White |first4=Joseph |last5=Sriram |first5=Akash |date=2023-03-02 |title=Tesla vows to halve EV production costs, Musk keeps affordable car plan under wraps |language=en |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/business/autos-transportation/elon-musk-expected-outline-more-affordable-ev-new-tesla-master-plan-2023-03-01/ |access-date=2023-03-28}}</ref> Musk said: “There is a clear path to a [[sustainable-energy Earth]]. It doesn’t require [[Habitat destruction|destroying natural habitats]]. It doesn’t require us to be austere and stop using electricity and be in the cold or anything.” He added, “In fact, you could support a civilization much bigger than Earth, much more than the 8 billion humans could actually be supported sustainably on Earth.”<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kolodny |first=Lora |title=Tesla stock down as investor day falls short on specifics |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2023/03/01/tesla-2023-investor-day-after-the-bell-master-plan-part-3-teased.html |access-date=March 3, 2023 |publisher=[[CNBC]] |language=en |archive-date=March 2, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230302222249/https://www.cnbc.com/2023/03/01/tesla-2023-investor-day-after-the-bell-master-plan-part-3-teased.html |url-status=live }}</ref> {{Expand section|date=March 2023}} === Requirements === {| class="wikitable" |+Requirements for a sustainable energy economy{{Sfn|Musk|2023|p=9}} !Battery Storage !Renewable Power !Manufacturing Investment !Energy Required !Land area required !2022 GDP |- |240 TWh |30TW |$10T |1/2 |<0.2% |10% |} === The plan === # Re-power existing grid with renewables - 24 TWh, 10TW (solar + wind), $.8T # Switch to electric vehicles - 115 TWh (batteries and stationary storage, 4TW (solar + wind) $7.0T (investment) # Switch to [[Heat pump|Heat pumps]] in homes, businesses, and industry. # Electrify high temp heat delivery for industrial use. 48TWh (stationary storage), 6TW, $0.8T # Sustainable fuel planes and boats. 44TWh, 4TW, $0.8T === Next generation vehicle platform === Acknowleged that as transition to clean energy results in increased demand for [[Rare-earth element|rare earth metals]], the mining of these has environmental and health risks. The next generation vehicle's battery will use ''no rare earth metals'', and no silicon carbide. ==== Controllers and Electronics ==== [[Electronic fuses]] replace moving parts with solid state transistors. Allow software to do load shedding, software controlled retries, transient faults, monitoring. [[software-controlled hardware]]: context-awareness, context-specific behavior in hardware. Replaced [[Lead–acid battery|lead acid]] with [[Lithium-ion battery|Lithium-ion]] batteries which will last for the life of the car. Low-voltage architecture. [[42-volt electrical system|48 volt electrical system]] will replace [[12-volt outlet|12 volt]] design. Reduction in current allows smaller wires, smaller e-fuses, controllers, heat sinks. They welcome OEMs and suppliers to join them in this evolution. {{Expand section|date=March 2023}} == Primary Sources == * {{Cite web |last=Musk |first=Elon |date=March 2023 |title=Investor Day 2023 Keynote - Master Plan 3 |url=https://tesla-cdn.thron.com/delivery/public/document/tesla/65f9e56b-62fd-4382-8e7c-2319006c2ef3/S1dbei4/WEB/Investor-Day-2023-Keynote}} *Musk, Elon (2016) [https://www.tesla.com/blog/master-plan-part-deux Master Plan, Part Deux – Tesla, Inc.] *Musk, Elon (2006) [https://www.tesla.com/blog/secret-tesla-motors-master-plan-just-between-you-and-me The Secret Tesla Motors Master Plan (just between you and me) – Tesla, Inc.] == See also == * [[Industrial engineering]] * [[The Toyota Way]] * [[Kaizen]] - [[Continual improvement process|continuous improvement]] process in manufacturing systems * [[Strategic planning]] * [[Mission statement]] * [[Fossil fuel phase-out]] == References == {{Reflist}} 3lltfeb2vhi473c3523v2orcab6s90i 0 317124 2691392 2691367 2024-12-11T12:38:24Z Dan Polansky 33469 /* Proof and evidence */ 2691392 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Original research}} This article by Dan Polansky contains various notes on epistemology, the philosophical inquiry into knowledge. A key inspiration is Karl Popper. Various observations will be sort of trivial, but one may sometimes benefit from going over platitutes. Epistemology is to cover both any knowledge in general and scientific knowledge in particular. It therefore overlaps with philosophy of science. Epistemology can be a worthwhile exercise. Its results can be at least in part counterintuitive. To me, the Popperian doctrine that we can never really conclusively verify scientific theories and that any genuine verification is an attempted falsification is very instructive and revealing. (Popper sometimes uses the word corroboration instead of verification to emphasize the inconclusive character.) == Certain knowledge == One doctrine states that mathematics possesses certain knowledge whereas empirical sciences possess uncertain knowledge. Einstein made a point to that effect. Lakatos extended Popperian falsificationism in part to mathematics, in his ''Proofs and Refutations''. Thus, there can be certain tentativeness even in mathematics. The uncertainty of knowledge is demonstrated by the overcoming of Newtonian mechanics with Einstein's mechanics. Newtoning mechanics seemed to be so convincing verified and final, yet it turned out to be merely approximate, failing e.g. for high velocities. (One does not need to study philosophy to note as much; study of physics suffices. One may thus claim that this result does not stem from the field of philosophy and that philosophers merely reflect on what physics would have made clear without them anyway. But it is perhaps still useful to drive the point home as forcefully as Popper did, against Marx, Freud and Adler. Popper does not state that all that e.g. Freud states is wrong; his point is that it is not scientific.) == Everyday knowledge == There are countless examples of everyday knowledge for which we feel certain from direct sensory experience that we know something. Thus, we think to know that e.g. there is a domestic cat over there or that the tree over there is a fir. In addition to sensory experience, we also often rely on verbal reports (whether auditory or in writing) and call the result knowledge, but this use of the word knowledge appears rather debatable to me. Nonetheless, Wikipedia aims to collect knowledge, or so it says. A simple heuristic scheme one can sometimes find in literature is this: * To see --> to know. * To have heard --> to believe (without necessarily knowing). Of course, the mapping is merely heuristic; one can read something (and thus see) and merely believe what one sees and one can hear the sound of the motorcycle engine and thus know (rather than being subject to hearsay). == Knowledge in mathematics == Mathematics is thought to have certain knowledge due to using conclusive proofs. But one can put this to doubt, as is suggested by Hofstadter. Since, we do not have perfect certainty (in principle) that the systems of proof that we are using are consistent, meaning contradiction free. One can also argue as follows: human minds are mammalian brains evolved as part of natural selection. Human methods of knowing may be merely adequate for survival and reproduction (and other gene support). It may turn out that the human brain hardware contains platform-wide defects that would lead all practicing mathematicians to recognize the same kinds of proofs as conclusive which in fact were inconclusive. I find this line of argument interesting and thought-provoking but very hard to accept. I tend to side with those who claim that mathematics has certain knowledge. Or at least some mathematics; Lakatos criticism is to be taken seriously. And one can recall that Newton's and Leibniz calculus was originally in, say, somewhat provisional state, lacking the rigor that modern mathematics requires. Perhaps the picture is more complicated and varied than one would want to believe. == Unprovable knowledge == Unprovable knowledge exists. If I roll a die, observe the result, remember the result, and roll the die several times again, I know the outcome bar failure of memory but I have no way of proving it to anyone. This applies to a range of situations. It seems plausible that someone may succeed in committing, say, a murder and hiding all traces or traces of having done so. == Documented knowledge == Above, I noted the thought experiment with rolling a die, and then having no means of proving the outcome. I can improve my chances of proving that by taking a record of the outcome. I could then show the record in the court of law. The proof/evidence would be inconclusive since I could have cheated or make some wild mistake when taking the record. But the record is stronger evidence than memory, since human experience generally shows human memory to be all too often frail. I can use the record later not only to convince the court but also myself. Since I too know that human memory is frail, whereas sheets of paper with writing or typing do not undergo a change in which some words get changed or similar. Textual record necessarily leads to considerable loss. Knowledge obtained through eyesight about an object is much richer than the propositional knowledge captured in sentences. This is in part addressed by photography and videorecording as well as sound recording. == Induction == I believe Popper is correct in stating that induction does not work to demarcate science from non-science. Moreover, it seems to me that induction hardly ever works at all. That is to say, if we have a predicate F, no amount of affirming instances of F would alone lead us to conclusion that for all x, F x (F is true of X). This also obtains for the more narrow form where F is in fact F ==> G. This is obvious in mathematics: we can have an arbitrarily large number of even numbers, but this does not lead us to conclude that all positive integers are even numbers; in this case, F is positive integer and G is even number. That is to say, we have a large set of examples meeting F and G, and thus meeting F ==> G, but that does not lead us to generalize that for all x, F x ==> G x. The situation is similar in sciences. Since, let us take F to be mammal and G to be domestic cat. Our seeing additional cats (examples of F and G) does not lead us to conclude that universally F ==> G, that is, that all mammals are cats. Instead, we consider the existence of refuting instances (e.g. dogs) and close the case as rejected. A meaningful investigation of a hypothesis of the form for "all x, F x ==> G x" involves above all considering the store of all observations (in the mind or elsewhere) to check whether there are refuting instances. Additional step involves trying to find as many or varied instances of F since these are the ones that can lead to discovery of additional falsifiers, F x and not G x. That's how it seems to me. A proper research in the literature on induction could perhaps lead me to a different conclusion or a correction of the above. By induction I here mean induction in sciences, not mathematical induction. I constrained the concept of induction to exclude extrapolation and interpolation; it could perhaps be used more broadly to include those. == Incompleteness of knowledge == Some of the Gödel's results are sometimes used to point out necessary incompleteness of mathematical knowledge. Thus, not only cannot human mind achieve all mathematical knowledge, not even machines can ever achieve it. One may trivialize the matter by pointing out that we cannot even know all the statements of the form X + Y = Z for three integers for lack of memory and such, but that is not the point. It seems also likely that we will never have complete (empirical) scientific knowledge. At a minimum, predictive knowledge about future will be out of bounds dues to chaos or computational irreducibility. One could still hope to discover the ultimate fundamental physical laws, without being able to use them to predict everything. == Authority and sourcing from publications == One often uses sourcing from publications. Interestingly enough, Popper scorns this as a method of doing science at least in one piece of writing. The theory of scientific method is not usually concerned with sourcing from publications. Einstein's famous special relativity paper does not contain much sourcing, if I remember correctly; better find the paper. I view sourcing with a heavy dose of skepticism. Yet I cannot do without it. Things can be improved by differentiation: are we sourcing math or are we sourcing nutrition science (spinach has iron?). One can investigate various fields and their history of success and treat them accordingly, with higher skepticism as justified by the experience with the field. One can for instance suspect that math results will be more international or interculturar than history, where nations have strong interest to skew things or spin them in their favor or direction. In mathematics classes in the high school and university, we almost never worked with "reliable sources"; we instead proved everything or almost everything. The teachers hardly ever invoked their authority, if at all; the authority was there of the proof, and the student had to verify the proof. Of course, this is perhaps somewhat idealized; the authority of the teacher perhaps does play a role, even in mathematics. == Justified true belief == Knowledge is sometimes defined as justified true belief. That is to say, I know X if I believe it, X is true and I am justified in believing it. There is criticism of this definition/characterization. For one thing, as long as we use the word knowledge to refer to uncertain knowledge, things known to be true are not logically necessarily true (which seems like a paradox or contradiction since the word to know implies perfect certainty, but that cannot really be the case). Another criticism concerns the requirement of justification. Popper denies that knowledge is justified. But the idea of justification is plausible; in mathematics, we only know a theorem to be true if we have a proof. One could counter that axioms are not proven, to which one may respond that axioms are definitions in disguise and that theorems in ultimate analysis point to statements of the form, if axioms such-and-such are true, the following theorems are true. Yet another criticism applies to the genus of belief. As long as knowledge can be contains in a book, it does not seem to be belief. By contrast, knowledge in a mind does seem to be species of belief if one extends the concept of belief enought to include knowledge. This extension is perhaps required since otherwise, one would say that if one believes something, it implies one does not know it; and thus, knowledge and belief would be coordinate terms rather than one being subordinate to the other. == Knowledge in plants == From what I remember, Popper indicates innate expectations of organism to be something like knowledge. Thus, a plant adapted to presence of sunlight via chlorophyl as if states, there is sunlight in the environment. I find this point interesting, but it perhaps stretches the concept of knowledge. == Knowledge in animals == Knowledge in some animals, e.g. chimpanzees, seems plausible, including concepts. The concepts would be there, but not names for concepts. Even simple animals can have knowledge or quasi-knowledge, including innate one in the form of innate expectations about the environemnt. == Knowledge of historical statements == According to Popper, existential statements in sciences are not falsifiable and therefore not scientific. This seems rather counter-intuitive, but has some force. Thus, the statement that there is a teapot orbiting the Earth (Russell? Dawkins?) is not falsifiable/testable and does not have a scientific character. This can be extended to historical statements. The statements of historiography would then be non-scientific. This seems strange but also not entirely so. Since, e.g. Newton's mechanics applies at all locations and all time points, so it runs the risk of being refuted in future. By contrast, the statement that the battle of Waterloo took place in year so-and-so and was between parties so-and-so does not directly run the risk of being refuted by a future event; it is not universally quantified. The textul historical record becomes an important source of (putative) knowledge, but that is not so in physics, chemistry or biology. I should perhaps learn more about the matter by studying methodology of historical and historiographic fields. == Reason vs. experience == There is some kind of discussion about reason vs. experience in how we know things, relating to rationalism vs. empiricism. I cannot make much sense of it. I would argue that all or nearly all epistemic processes contain both elements of experience and reason. Since, concerning everyday knowledge, we recieve perceptual objects in the mind, e.g. the visual perception of a cat. The visual perception appears raw in a sense, uninterpreted. But in fact, what is really uninterpreted is the retinal image; what enters the mind is merely based on that retinal image, enriched with inferred physical properties. And thus, something like reason (inference) is part of the perceptual cat, before anything like reason in narrow sense was applied. Let us consider mirage. The raw sensory experience tells us we see something we do not see. And we use reason (informed by other experience) that what we see cannot be real. Both elements are present. In mathematics, one could argue that it is based on reason and not experience. But I do not find that convincing. We know that our proving methods work in part from experience. That said, I fully recognize the contrast between mathematical knowledge and empirical knowledge. We know very little by reason or critical thinking alone. Never direct your eyes to the sky and never engage in careful observation. Instead, lock yourself in an ivory tower and have a computer to do large-scale speculative simulations and analysis. You may find out about e.g. mathematical fractals or the road to chaos, but never about the stars. No amount of analysis can compensate for missing observation and experiment and for the missing observational and experimental instrumentation. == Instrumentation == Large portions of science do not get very far without instrumentation, including telescopes, microscopes, measuring devices but also computers (computing and information storage and retrieval devices). These instruments enhance our getting to know, or make it possible in the first place. == Revisionism and scientific revolutions == Inspired by Kuhn and Popper. In general, scientific knowledge does not grow merely by extension/expansion but also by modification. It is in general not cumulative in this sense. One cannot hope to establish a method so good that it will only lead to statements in no need of revision. In a geographic analogy, one could naively think of science as map maping where one only fills in the white blanks and never has to redraw any parts of the map. History of science shows that redrawing is necessary once in a while. But the cumulative character is far from absent. The filling of periodic table was probably not a process of continual scientific revolution; once the concept of chemical element was well established, the process of finding additional chemical elements was probably relatively cumulative. (But I would need to check relevant literature to learn more and be sure I know what I am talking about.) Kuhn makes the point that a certain degree of resistance to refutation and sticking to theories that appear to be refuted by observation does not need to be a bad or unscientific thing. The apparent refuting observation may later turn out not to have been refuting after all. On the other hand, the contrast between religious dogma and scientific successive modification of tentative knowledge is real, and one characteristic of good science is that it does not stick to refuted theory beyond what is reasonable (for some value of reasonable). == Proof and evidence == As part of inquiry into knowledge, one can include inquiry into what serves as proof and evidence, in relation to the ''justified'' part of the characterization of knowledge. This concerns not only science but also courts of law. Courts accept witness evidence although it is logically very inconclusive. Mathematics provides one idea for what a proof is. This idea does not seem to directly carry over to other fields. In the field of software, automatic test suite run against the software is a form of proof or evidence that the software meets the requirements/works as required. Educational examination provides something like a proof or evidence that the student has learned the matter. Industrial testing is another case. In another section, I supported Popperian falsificationism as a standard. There, one does not prove things; one tries to refute them. How, then, can one substantiate corroboration (attempted falsification) of a hypothesis? For instance by submitting documentary or data evidence indicating what attepts at refutation were attempted, what observations and experiments and with what results. That is the first idea; a better elaboration would be preferable. Further reading: * [https://www.britannica.com/topic/evidence-law evidence], britannica.com * [https://www.britannica.com/topic/proof-logic proof], britannica.com == Certificates == Certificates seem to be something like evidence or proof. They can perhaps be thought of as written testimonies of the entity issuing the certificate. Educational diplomas are one class of certificates, it seems. Identity documents are a related concept. Certificates are subject to the risk of forgery. This is one source of their being less than fully conclusive as evidence. Even so, one may say: I know that his name is so-and-so since he showed me his identity card. This is one piece of evidence supporting a weakened use of the verb to know. The utility of certificates depends in part on our willingness to run the risk of being deceived by them. Indeed, if authorities and other organizations did not see any addition of certitute resulting from their use, they would not use them. Obtaining a forged document requires additional effort and expenditure compared to merely making an untrue statement. Further reading: * {{W|Identity document forgery}}, wikipedia.org == Procedural knowledge == Apart from declarative knowledge (e.g. knowing there is a cat over there), there is also procedural knowledge or know-how. Procedural knowledge can have a non-propositional form; thus, one may know how to dance jive without being able to give verbal instructions. Even human ability to walk can be seen as a procedural knowledge. Tigers can be thought of knowing how to run, thus having procedural knowledge. Alternatively, one could distinguish knowledge from skil and consider ability to dance jive to be skill, not knowledge. Some procedural knowledge does have a propositional form, form of sentences. == Innate knowledge == Some knowledge is innate, given by the genes. Knowledge-acquisition aparatus (e.g. eyes and the visual cortext) is innate. Knowledge being innate does not make it necessarily accurate. Thus, it seems likely that the innate geometry in human vision and understanding of space is approximately Euclidean; the human environment under which it evolved seems unlikely to contain anything to give stimulus to evolution of Einstenian geometry (which is needed in GPS). These considerations can lead to deep skepticism. One may think that human knowledge acquisition faculties are only good enough for survival and reproduction (and other support of the genes) and that they may fail miserably when used outside of their bounds. Part of this skepticism is perhaps healthy. One can launch a defense: how do you know that humans originated by evolution by natural selection? If the human faculties are so frail, you should not be so certain. And then you should not be so certain about your skepticism either. It is an entersting twist, pointing to certain apparent circularity in attempts to reason about knowledge with the use of Darwinism. Since, one needed an initial knowledge theory to learn about evolution by natural selection, but the results can then impinge on the knowledge theory itself. I sense this is not a grave defect, but I acknowledge the line of reasoning as not without merit. == Knowledge of word meaning == The knowledge of word meaning is an interesting problem. In order to formulate an observation in language, one needs to have knowledge of word meaning. But word meanings are not trivially objectively observable entities, unlike e.g. cats or rivers. The knowledge of word meaning does not need to be explicitly represented in words; thus, one may be able to use language productively without being able to give plausible definitions. Lexicography seems to posit that word meaning can be extracted from quotations of use. But this seems to be far from trivially obvious. It seems one has to insert a lot of conceptual interpretive analysis to extract the word meaning. Knowledge of word meaning cannot be innate since words are not innate. But some general concepts could be innate rather than obtained from experience. A child could be trying to map the words heard to the naive observational ontology (or entitology?) given by the senses, especially sight, and then refine the ontology based on the language use. It seems doubtful that the child's naive observational ontology would contain the nodes of mammal or feline, but it could well contain animal and cat. The node of animal could be innate; cat perhaps not. These questions would need to be seriously investiated. == Cybernetics == One could use the ideas from cybernetics to investigate knowledge. Thus, one could set up two abstract systems, one trying to learn about the other and try to figure out what that learning would consist in. In relation to that, I seem to remember that Ashby indicates that being a model is given by isomorphism or homomorphism. == Scientific models == The concept of a scientific model seems to point to the idea that elements of scientific knowledge are rather imperfect representations of reality. Both Newtonian and Eistenian mechanics can be seen as models. But also Ptolemaic astronomy can be seen as a model, one that has been made increasingly observationally adequate by subsequent modifications during its use. A visual analogy for the concept of scientific model can be a toy model of a car. The toy model bears some resemblance to the real thing, but key aspects are missing. To what extent this analogy is apt would need to be clarified. Further reading: * [https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/models-science/ Models in Science], Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy == Counting and calculation == Counting and calculation are both epistemic processes. Counting is additional to seeing. Thus, one can see e.g. many cows, but to know exactly one many, one has to count, unless the cows are only few. Calculation with numbers can answer arithmetic questions. Some indicate this results in no true additional knowledge, which makes sense from the perspective of empirical knowledge, but sounds strange anyway. Logical derivation using logical calculus is an analogue to calculation with numbers. In any case, it is a mechanical manipulation of symbolic encodings. Calculation is a key part of computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging. Without calculation, the medical doctor would not be able to see much. Revisiting the argument sometimes made that calculation adds no true knowledge, that is all nice and perhaps superficially plausible, but here calculation makes a difference between seeing something (on the display or other visual representation) and seeing nothing at all. == Measurement == Measurement is an epistemic process. Like counting, it yields a quantitative characterization of something. There seems to be the field of metrology concerned with this subject. Measurement adds information beyond mere visual inspection. Thus, there is a difference e.g. between estimating the length of a table from looking at it and measuring the length using meter. == Knowledge of the knowing agent and apparatus == Something like metaknowledge can contribute to epistemology, knowledge of the knowing agent and apparatus. Thus, one may empirically study limitations of human cognition, limitations of measuring instruments and measuring procedures, etc. One could object that part of such inquiry is no longer philosophical but rather psychological. Nonetheless, I am wary of strictly separating philosophy from psychology. Perhaps someone can execute such a separation well enough; let them then present what they have done and how and let us see whether the result is satisfactory. == Epistemology vs. history of knowledge == One could want to separate epistemology from history of knowledge and history of science. One could want to prohibit input from the latter to the former; the former would be purely philosophical. I can see the attraction of doing so from something like architecture of inquiry standpoint, but I do not think it a good idea. For instance, one can hardly fail to observe the impact of Einsteinian special relativity on the philosophy of scientific knowledge. The history of human theories about the world is very instructive, revealing incredible fallibility and openness to wrong suggestion. One can say: I am fallible. My analyses of knowledge are tentative. Their being philosophical is not a good thing per se. If findings of special sciences can shed some light on the questions being asked, so much better. Thus, it is e.g. all fine to use Darwinian thinking to speculate about quasi-knowledge embedded in plants. == Failed epistemic methods == It is instructive to consider not only what is likely to work well but also what has demonstrably failed. Torture is one thing that does not necessarily make one say truth. There are other absurd methods that were sometimes used in history, to be added later. == Epistemology of philosophy == If philosophy contains a key non-empirical element, one can wonder whether there is a separate epistemology of philosophy, different from epistemology of empirical sciences. For philosophy, one can use something like proposals and refutations, arguments and counter-arguments. The basis for making them is not constrained, but it usually contains both empirical and deliberative element. It is understood that the proposals are too likely to be wrong too often. It is also understood that running the proposals through the acid test of counter-arguments does not establish anything like certainty or validity. The results do not resemble science with its marked progress, e.g. from before the concept of chemical element to the concept and discovery of the individual chemical elements. Be it as it may, the human brain has this remarkable capacity of coming up with ideas formulated as sentences, without knowing whether they are true or right. The brain seems to use some fantasy or inventive method: figure out something half-plausible and say it. And then, see whether we can refute or effectively criticize the thing said. This is hardly satisfactory. We should have something better. == Reviewing == Reviewing is a powerful method for reducing mistakes. A review can take place when there is something to be reviewed, e.g. a document such as a draft of a scientific article. One can review one's own writing, but bringing in other people generally makes a remarkable difference. There may be a subliminal block or resistance to seriously and earnestly looking for mistakes in one's own creation; other people may be more openly adversary (and pointing out mistakes is adversary in principle). Moreover, other people may happen to see things from a different perspective. And they may be more experienced and know better. == Evolutionary epistemology == The phrase evolutionary epistemology could refer to epistemology informed by biological evolution, e.g. one emphasizing the evolutionary origin of organs that play a key role in knowledge acquisition, including eyes and the brain. Or it could refer to epistemology that sees scientific theories are objects undergoing evolution somewhat similar to biological evolution. It seems to refer to both, as per SEP. Further reading: * [https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/epistemology-evolutionary/ Evolutionary Epistemology], Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy == Artificial intelligence == One would expect artificial intelligence to be able to produce something like knowledge from observation. Sufficiently capable artificial (general) intelligence should be able to use e.g. camera to produce observational reports in natural language. One would naturally ask whether the machine really knows anything or merely imitates knowledge or pretends to know. Study of design of an AGI machine would seem to be a contribution to study of knowledge processes. One would be forced to technically clarify issues instead of waffling about them. One would be forced to discover sets of technically formulated principles, rules and algorithms. Alas, one thing one would discover would be artificial neural networks, which can be trained, but from which it seems hard to extract anything like human-intelligible sets of rules or principles. Machines can produce mathematical knowledge without having anything like human-like subjective knowledge states. Thus, machines can do arithmetic calculations. Moreover, machines can do computer algebra, including derivation. There are theorem provers. That is to say, whenever the knowledge production (reliable production of true statements) can be supported by a reasonably small set of mechanical rules, it can be done by a machine. One may look at a human as a gigantic lumbering (biological) robot (to use Dawkins phrasing) and wonder whether the human intelligence and cognition is after all also a collection of mechanical rules embedded in neural and endocrinal anatomical structures. Many of these rules would be heuristic, rules of thumb. Recalling the section on instrumention, current production of human knowledge is an effect of biotechnosphere, of a combination of humans (bio-) and machines (techno-). For instance, astronomy uses telescopes as well as computers. == See also == * [[Epistemology]] == Further reading == * {{W|Epistemology}}, wikipedia.org * [https://www.britannica.com/topic/epistemology epistemology], britannica.com * [https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/epistemology/ Epistemology], plato.stanford.edu [[Category:Epistemology]] 2dqgv0rtsasxs5wtex9itcj3tnbypjk 2691396 2691392 2024-12-11T12:55:41Z Dan Polansky 33469 2691396 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Original research}} This article by Dan Polansky contains various notes on epistemology, the philosophical inquiry into knowledge. A key inspiration is Karl Popper. Various observations will be sort of trivial, but one may sometimes benefit from going over platitutes. Epistemology is to cover both any knowledge in general and scientific knowledge in particular. It therefore overlaps with philosophy of science. Epistemology can be a worthwhile exercise. Its results can be at least in part counterintuitive. To me, the Popperian doctrine that we can never really conclusively verify scientific theories and that any genuine verification is an attempted falsification is very instructive and revealing. (Popper sometimes uses the word corroboration instead of verification to emphasize the inconclusive character.) == Certain knowledge == One doctrine states that mathematics possesses certain knowledge whereas empirical sciences possess uncertain knowledge. Einstein made a point to that effect. Lakatos extended Popperian falsificationism in part to mathematics, in his ''Proofs and Refutations''. Thus, there can be certain tentativeness even in mathematics. The uncertainty of knowledge is demonstrated by the overcoming of Newtonian mechanics with Einstein's mechanics. Newtoning mechanics seemed to be so convincing verified and final, yet it turned out to be merely approximate, failing e.g. for high velocities. (One does not need to study philosophy to note as much; study of physics suffices. One may thus claim that this result does not stem from the field of philosophy and that philosophers merely reflect on what physics would have made clear without them anyway. But it is perhaps still useful to drive the point home as forcefully as Popper did, against Marx, Freud and Adler. Popper does not state that all that e.g. Freud states is wrong; his point is that it is not scientific.) == Everyday knowledge == There are countless examples of everyday knowledge for which we feel certain from direct sensory experience that we know something. Thus, we think to know that e.g. there is a domestic cat over there or that the tree over there is a fir. In addition to sensory experience, we also often rely on verbal reports (whether auditory or in writing) and call the result knowledge, but this use of the word knowledge appears rather debatable to me. Nonetheless, Wikipedia aims to collect knowledge, or so it says. A simple heuristic scheme one can sometimes find in literature is this: * To see --> to know. * To have heard --> to believe (without necessarily knowing). Of course, the mapping is merely heuristic; one can read something (and thus see) and merely believe what one sees and one can hear the sound of the motorcycle engine and thus know (rather than being subject to hearsay). == Knowledge in mathematics == Mathematics is thought to have certain knowledge due to using conclusive proofs. But one can put this to doubt, as is suggested by Hofstadter. Since, we do not have perfect certainty (in principle) that the systems of proof that we are using are consistent, meaning contradiction free. One can also argue as follows: human minds are mammalian brains evolved as part of natural selection. Human methods of knowing may be merely adequate for survival and reproduction (and other gene support). It may turn out that the human brain hardware contains platform-wide defects that would lead all practicing mathematicians to recognize the same kinds of proofs as conclusive which in fact were inconclusive. I find this line of argument interesting and thought-provoking but very hard to accept. I tend to side with those who claim that mathematics has certain knowledge. Or at least some mathematics; Lakatos criticism is to be taken seriously. And one can recall that Newton's and Leibniz calculus was originally in, say, somewhat provisional state, lacking the rigor that modern mathematics requires. Perhaps the picture is more complicated and varied than one would want to believe. == Unprovable knowledge == Unprovable knowledge exists. If I roll a die, observe the result, remember the result, and roll the die several times again, I know the outcome bar failure of memory but I have no way of proving it to anyone. This applies to a range of situations. It seems plausible that someone may succeed in committing, say, a murder and hiding all traces or traces of having done so. == Documented knowledge == Above, I noted the thought experiment with rolling a die, and then having no means of proving the outcome. I can improve my chances of proving that by taking a record of the outcome. I could then show the record in the court of law. The proof/evidence would be inconclusive since I could have cheated or make some wild mistake when taking the record. But the record is stronger evidence than memory, since human experience generally shows human memory to be all too often frail. I can use the record later not only to convince the court but also myself. Since I too know that human memory is frail, whereas sheets of paper with writing or typing do not undergo a change in which some words get changed or similar. Textual record necessarily leads to considerable loss. Knowledge obtained through eyesight about an object is much richer than the propositional knowledge captured in sentences. This is in part addressed by photography and videorecording as well as sound recording. == Induction == I believe Popper is correct in stating that induction does not work to demarcate science from non-science. Moreover, it seems to me that induction hardly ever works at all. That is to say, if we have a predicate F, no amount of affirming instances of F would alone lead us to conclusion that for all x, F x (F is true of X). This also obtains for the more narrow form where F is in fact F ==> G. This is obvious in mathematics: we can have an arbitrarily large number of even numbers, but this does not lead us to conclude that all positive integers are even numbers; in this case, F is positive integer and G is even number. That is to say, we have a large set of examples meeting F and G, and thus meeting F ==> G, but that does not lead us to generalize that for all x, F x ==> G x. The situation is similar in sciences. Since, let us take F to be mammal and G to be domestic cat. Our seeing additional cats (examples of F and G) does not lead us to conclude that universally F ==> G, that is, that all mammals are cats. Instead, we consider the existence of refuting instances (e.g. dogs) and close the case as rejected. A meaningful investigation of a hypothesis of the form for "all x, F x ==> G x" involves above all considering the store of all observations (in the mind or elsewhere) to check whether there are refuting instances. Additional step involves trying to find as many or varied instances of F since these are the ones that can lead to discovery of additional falsifiers, F x and not G x. That's how it seems to me. A proper research in the literature on induction could perhaps lead me to a different conclusion or a correction of the above. By induction I here mean induction in sciences, not mathematical induction. I constrained the concept of induction to exclude extrapolation and interpolation; it could perhaps be used more broadly to include those. == Incompleteness of knowledge == Some of the Gödel's results are sometimes used to point out necessary incompleteness of mathematical knowledge. Thus, not only cannot human mind achieve all mathematical knowledge, not even machines can ever achieve it. One may trivialize the matter by pointing out that we cannot even know all the statements of the form X + Y = Z for three integers for lack of memory and such, but that is not the point. It seems also likely that we will never have complete (empirical) scientific knowledge. At a minimum, predictive knowledge about future will be out of bounds dues to chaos or computational irreducibility. One could still hope to discover the ultimate fundamental physical laws, without being able to use them to predict everything. == Authority and sourcing from publications == One often uses sourcing from publications. Interestingly enough, Popper scorns this as a method of doing science at least in one piece of writing. The theory of scientific method is not usually concerned with sourcing from publications. Einstein's famous special relativity paper does not contain much sourcing, if I remember correctly; better find the paper. I view sourcing with a heavy dose of skepticism. Yet I cannot do without it. Things can be improved by differentiation: are we sourcing math or are we sourcing nutrition science (spinach has iron?). One can investigate various fields and their history of success and treat them accordingly, with higher skepticism as justified by the experience with the field. One can for instance suspect that math results will be more international or interculturar than history, where nations have strong interest to skew things or spin them in their favor or direction. In mathematics classes in the high school and university, we almost never worked with "reliable sources"; we instead proved everything or almost everything. The teachers hardly ever invoked their authority, if at all; the authority was there of the proof, and the student had to verify the proof. Of course, this is perhaps somewhat idealized; the authority of the teacher perhaps does play a role, even in mathematics. == Justified true belief == Knowledge is sometimes defined as justified true belief. That is to say, I know X if I believe it, X is true and I am justified in believing it. There is criticism of this definition/characterization. For one thing, as long as we use the word knowledge to refer to uncertain knowledge, things known to be true are not logically necessarily true (which seems like a paradox or contradiction since the word to know implies perfect certainty, but that cannot really be the case). Another criticism concerns the requirement of justification. Popper denies that knowledge is justified. But the idea of justification is plausible; in mathematics, we only know a theorem to be true if we have a proof. One could counter that axioms are not proven, to which one may respond that axioms are definitions in disguise and that theorems in ultimate analysis point to statements of the form, if axioms such-and-such are true, the following theorems are true. Yet another criticism applies to the genus of belief. As long as knowledge can be contains in a book, it does not seem to be belief. By contrast, knowledge in a mind does seem to be species of belief if one extends the concept of belief enought to include knowledge. This extension is perhaps required since otherwise, one would say that if one believes something, it implies one does not know it; and thus, knowledge and belief would be coordinate terms rather than one being subordinate to the other. == Knowledge in plants == From what I remember, Popper indicates innate expectations of organism to be something like knowledge. Thus, a plant adapted to presence of sunlight via chlorophyl as if states, there is sunlight in the environment. I find this point interesting, but it perhaps stretches the concept of knowledge. == Knowledge in animals == Knowledge in some animals, e.g. chimpanzees, seems plausible, including concepts. The concepts would be there, but not names for concepts. Even simple animals can have knowledge or quasi-knowledge, including innate one in the form of innate expectations about the environemnt. == Knowledge of historical statements == According to Popper, existential statements in sciences are not falsifiable and therefore not scientific. This seems rather counter-intuitive, but has some force. Thus, the statement that there is a teapot orbiting the Earth (Russell? Dawkins?) is not falsifiable/testable and does not have a scientific character. This can be extended to historical statements. The statements of historiography would then be non-scientific. This seems strange but also not entirely so. Since, e.g. Newton's mechanics applies at all locations and all time points, so it runs the risk of being refuted in future. By contrast, the statement that the battle of Waterloo took place in year so-and-so and was between parties so-and-so does not directly run the risk of being refuted by a future event; it is not universally quantified. The textul historical record becomes an important source of (putative) knowledge, but that is not so in physics, chemistry or biology. I should perhaps learn more about the matter by studying methodology of historical and historiographic fields. == Reason vs. experience == There is some kind of discussion about reason vs. experience in how we know things, relating to rationalism vs. empiricism. I cannot make much sense of it. I would argue that all or nearly all epistemic processes contain both elements of experience and reason. Since, concerning everyday knowledge, we recieve perceptual objects in the mind, e.g. the visual perception of a cat. The visual perception appears raw in a sense, uninterpreted. But in fact, what is really uninterpreted is the retinal image; what enters the mind is merely based on that retinal image, enriched with inferred physical properties. And thus, something like reason (inference) is part of the perceptual cat, before anything like reason in narrow sense was applied. Let us consider mirage. The raw sensory experience tells us we see something we do not see. And we use reason (informed by other experience) that what we see cannot be real. Both elements are present. In mathematics, one could argue that it is based on reason and not experience. But I do not find that convincing. We know that our proving methods work in part from experience. That said, I fully recognize the contrast between mathematical knowledge and empirical knowledge. We know very little by reason or critical thinking alone. Never direct your eyes to the sky and never engage in careful observation. Instead, lock yourself in an ivory tower and have a computer to do large-scale speculative simulations and analysis. You may find out about e.g. mathematical fractals or the road to chaos, but never about the stars. No amount of analysis can compensate for missing observation and experiment and for the missing observational and experimental instrumentation. == Instrumentation == Large portions of science do not get very far without instrumentation, including telescopes, microscopes, measuring devices but also computers (computing and information storage and retrieval devices). These instruments enhance our getting to know, or make it possible in the first place. == Revisionism and scientific revolutions == Inspired by Kuhn and Popper. In general, scientific knowledge does not grow merely by extension/expansion but also by modification. It is in general not cumulative in this sense. One cannot hope to establish a method so good that it will only lead to statements in no need of revision. In a geographic analogy, one could naively think of science as map maping where one only fills in the white blanks and never has to redraw any parts of the map. History of science shows that redrawing is necessary once in a while. But the cumulative character is far from absent. The filling of periodic table was probably not a process of continual scientific revolution; once the concept of chemical element was well established, the process of finding additional chemical elements was probably relatively cumulative. (But I would need to check relevant literature to learn more and be sure I know what I am talking about.) Kuhn makes the point that a certain degree of resistance to refutation and sticking to theories that appear to be refuted by observation does not need to be a bad or unscientific thing. The apparent refuting observation may later turn out not to have been refuting after all. On the other hand, the contrast between religious dogma and scientific successive modification of tentative knowledge is real, and one characteristic of good science is that it does not stick to refuted theory beyond what is reasonable (for some value of reasonable). == Proof and evidence == As part of inquiry into knowledge, one can include inquiry into what serves as proof and evidence, in relation to the ''justified'' part of the characterization of knowledge. This concerns not only science but also courts of law. Courts accept witness evidence although it is logically very inconclusive. Mathematics provides one idea for what a proof is. This idea does not seem to directly carry over to other fields. In the field of software, automatic test suite run against the software is a form of proof or evidence that the software meets the requirements/works as required. Educational examination provides something like a proof or evidence that the student has learned the matter. Industrial testing is another case. In another section, I supported Popperian falsificationism as a standard. There, one does not prove things; one tries to refute them. How, then, can one substantiate corroboration (attempted falsification) of a hypothesis? For instance by submitting documentary or data evidence indicating what attepts at refutation were attempted, what observations and experiments and with what results. That is the first idea; a better elaboration would be preferable. Further reading: * [https://www.britannica.com/topic/evidence-law evidence], britannica.com * [https://www.britannica.com/topic/proof-logic proof], britannica.com == Certificates == Certificates seem to be something like evidence or proof. They can perhaps be thought of as written testimonies of the entity issuing the certificate. Educational diplomas are one class of certificates, it seems. Identity documents are a related concept. Certificates are subject to the risk of forgery. This is one source of their being less than fully conclusive as evidence. Even so, one may say: I know that his name is so-and-so since he showed me his identity card. This is one piece of evidence supporting a weakened use of the verb to know. The utility of certificates depends in part on our willingness to run the risk of being deceived by them. Indeed, if authorities and other organizations did not see any addition of certitute resulting from their use, they would not use them. Obtaining a forged document requires additional effort and expenditure compared to merely making an untrue statement. Further reading: * {{W|Identity document forgery}}, wikipedia.org == Procedural knowledge == Apart from declarative knowledge (e.g. knowing there is a cat over there), there is also procedural knowledge or know-how. Procedural knowledge can have a non-propositional form; thus, one may know how to dance jive without being able to give verbal instructions. Even human ability to walk can be seen as a procedural knowledge. Tigers can be thought of knowing how to run, thus having procedural knowledge. Alternatively, one could distinguish knowledge from skil and consider ability to dance jive to be skill, not knowledge. Some procedural knowledge does have a propositional form, form of sentences. == Innate knowledge == Some knowledge is innate, given by the genes. Knowledge-acquisition aparatus (e.g. eyes and the visual cortext) is innate. Knowledge being innate does not make it necessarily accurate. Thus, it seems likely that the innate geometry in human vision and understanding of space is approximately Euclidean; the human environment under which it evolved seems unlikely to contain anything to give stimulus to evolution of Einstenian geometry (which is needed in GPS). These considerations can lead to deep skepticism. One may think that human knowledge acquisition faculties are only good enough for survival and reproduction (and other support of the genes) and that they may fail miserably when used outside of their bounds. Part of this skepticism is perhaps healthy. One can launch a defense: how do you know that humans originated by evolution by natural selection? If the human faculties are so frail, you should not be so certain. And then you should not be so certain about your skepticism either. It is an entersting twist, pointing to certain apparent circularity in attempts to reason about knowledge with the use of Darwinism. Since, one needed an initial knowledge theory to learn about evolution by natural selection, but the results can then impinge on the knowledge theory itself. I sense this is not a grave defect, but I acknowledge the line of reasoning as not without merit. == Knowledge of word meaning == The knowledge of word meaning is an interesting problem. In order to formulate an observation in language, one needs to have knowledge of word meaning. But word meanings are not trivially objectively observable entities, unlike e.g. cats or rivers. The knowledge of word meaning does not need to be explicitly represented in words; thus, one may be able to use language productively without being able to give plausible definitions. Lexicography seems to posit that word meaning can be extracted from quotations of use. But this seems to be far from trivially obvious. It seems one has to insert a lot of conceptual interpretive analysis to extract the word meaning. Knowledge of word meaning cannot be innate since words are not innate. But some general concepts could be innate rather than obtained from experience. A child could be trying to map the words heard to the naive observational ontology (or entitology?) given by the senses, especially sight, and then refine the ontology based on the language use. It seems doubtful that the child's naive observational ontology would contain the nodes of mammal or feline, but it could well contain animal and cat. The node of animal could be innate; cat perhaps not. These questions would need to be seriously investiated. == Cybernetics == One could use the ideas from cybernetics to investigate knowledge. Thus, one could set up two abstract systems, one trying to learn about the other and try to figure out what that learning would consist in. In relation to that, I seem to remember that Ashby indicates that being a model is given by isomorphism or homomorphism. == Scientific models == The concept of a scientific model seems to point to the idea that elements of scientific knowledge are rather imperfect representations of reality. Both Newtonian and Eistenian mechanics can be seen as models. But also Ptolemaic astronomy can be seen as a model, one that has been made increasingly observationally adequate by subsequent modifications during its use. A visual analogy for the concept of scientific model can be a toy model of a car. The toy model bears some resemblance to the real thing, but key aspects are missing. To what extent this analogy is apt would need to be clarified. Further reading: * [https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/models-science/ Models in Science], Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy == Counting and calculation == Counting and calculation are both epistemic processes. Counting is additional to seeing. Thus, one can see e.g. many cows, but to know exactly one many, one has to count, unless the cows are only few. Calculation with numbers can answer arithmetic questions. Some indicate this results in no true additional knowledge, which makes sense from the perspective of empirical knowledge, but sounds strange anyway. Logical derivation using logical calculus is an analogue to calculation with numbers. In any case, it is a mechanical manipulation of symbolic encodings. Calculation is a key part of computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging. Without calculation, the medical doctor would not be able to see much. Revisiting the argument sometimes made that calculation adds no true knowledge, that is all nice and perhaps superficially plausible, but here calculation makes a difference between seeing something (on the display or other visual representation) and seeing nothing at all. == Measurement == Measurement is an epistemic process. Like counting, it yields a quantitative characterization of something. There seems to be the field of metrology concerned with this subject. Measurement adds information beyond mere visual inspection. Thus, there is a difference e.g. between estimating the length of a table from looking at it and measuring the length using meter. == Knowledge of the knowing agent and apparatus == Something like metaknowledge can contribute to epistemology, knowledge of the knowing agent and apparatus. Thus, one may empirically study limitations of human cognition, limitations of measuring instruments and measuring procedures, etc. One could object that part of such inquiry is no longer philosophical but rather psychological. Nonetheless, I am wary of strictly separating philosophy from psychology. Perhaps someone can execute such a separation well enough; let them then present what they have done and how and let us see whether the result is satisfactory. == Epistemology vs. history of knowledge == One could want to separate epistemology from history of knowledge and history of science. One could want to prohibit input from the latter to the former; the former would be purely philosophical. I can see the attraction of doing so from something like architecture of inquiry standpoint, but I do not think it a good idea. For instance, one can hardly fail to observe the impact of Einsteinian special relativity on the philosophy of scientific knowledge. The history of human theories about the world is very instructive, revealing incredible fallibility and openness to wrong suggestion. One can say: I am fallible. My analyses of knowledge are tentative. Their being philosophical is not a good thing per se. If findings of special sciences can shed some light on the questions being asked, so much better. Thus, it is e.g. all fine to use Darwinian thinking to speculate about quasi-knowledge embedded in plants. == Failed epistemic methods == It is instructive to consider not only what is likely to work well but also what has demonstrably failed. Torture is one thing that does not necessarily make one say truth. There are other absurd methods that were sometimes used in history, to be added later. == Epistemology of philosophy == If philosophy contains a key non-empirical element, one can wonder whether there is a separate epistemology of philosophy, different from epistemology of empirical sciences. For philosophy, one can use something like proposals and refutations, arguments and counter-arguments. The basis for making them is not constrained, but it usually contains both empirical and deliberative element. It is understood that the proposals are too likely to be wrong too often. It is also understood that running the proposals through the acid test of counter-arguments does not establish anything like certainty or validity. The results do not resemble science with its marked progress, e.g. from before the concept of chemical element to the concept and discovery of the individual chemical elements. Be it as it may, the human brain has this remarkable capacity of coming up with ideas formulated as sentences, without knowing whether they are true or right. The brain seems to use some fantasy or inventive method: figure out something half-plausible and say it. And then, see whether we can refute or effectively criticize the thing said. This is hardly satisfactory. We should have something better. == Reviewing == Reviewing is a powerful method for reducing mistakes. A review can take place when there is something to be reviewed, e.g. a document such as a draft of a scientific article. One can review one's own writing, but bringing in other people generally makes a remarkable difference. There may be a subliminal block or resistance to seriously and earnestly looking for mistakes in one's own creation; other people may be more openly adversary (and pointing out mistakes is adversary in principle). Moreover, other people may happen to see things from a different perspective. And they may be more experienced and know better. == Evolutionary epistemology == The phrase evolutionary epistemology could refer to epistemology informed by biological evolution, e.g. one emphasizing the evolutionary origin of organs that play a key role in knowledge acquisition, including eyes and the brain. Or it could refer to epistemology that sees scientific theories are objects undergoing evolution somewhat similar to biological evolution. It seems to refer to both, as per SEP. Further reading: * [https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/epistemology-evolutionary/ Evolutionary Epistemology], Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy == Artificial intelligence == One would expect artificial intelligence to be able to produce something like knowledge from observation. Sufficiently capable artificial (general) intelligence should be able to use e.g. camera to produce observational reports in natural language. One would naturally ask whether the machine really knows anything or merely imitates knowledge or pretends to know. Study of design of an AGI machine would seem to be a contribution to study of knowledge processes. One would be forced to technically clarify issues instead of waffling about them. One would be forced to discover sets of technically formulated principles, rules and algorithms. Alas, one thing one would discover would be artificial neural networks, which can be trained, but from which it seems hard to extract anything like human-intelligible sets of rules or principles. Machines can produce mathematical knowledge without having anything like human-like subjective knowledge states. Thus, machines can do arithmetic calculations. Moreover, machines can do computer algebra, including derivation. There are theorem provers. That is to say, whenever the knowledge production (reliable production of true statements) can be supported by a reasonably small set of mechanical rules, it can be done by a machine. One may look at a human as a gigantic lumbering (biological) robot (to use Dawkins phrasing) and wonder whether the human intelligence and cognition is after all also a collection of mechanical rules embedded in neural and endocrinal anatomical structures. Many of these rules would be heuristic, rules of thumb. Recalling the section on instrumention, current production of human knowledge is an effect of biotechnosphere, of a combination of humans (bio-) and machines (techno-). For instance, astronomy uses telescopes as well as computers. == Knowledge about knowledge sources == Knowledge about knowledge sources/providers is key for distinguishing reliable from unreliable sources and thus reducing chance that one ends up in error. For instance, one may have good experience with a particular geographic map publisher, having learned first-hand that their maps match the terrain visited. One may then say: I know there is a bridge over the river at that location since a map published by a reliable publisher indicates as much. He who trusts unreliable sources and makes reports based on them is himself unreliable. Thus, one may feel to have a duty to only trust sources for which one may have good reason to believe they are reliable. And if not because of duty, one may dislike being considered unreliable. == See also == * [[Epistemology]] == Further reading == * {{W|Epistemology}}, wikipedia.org * [https://www.britannica.com/topic/epistemology epistemology], britannica.com * [https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/epistemology/ Epistemology], plato.stanford.edu [[Category:Epistemology]] 0ocetjx24qfah4ok4nhkeq63af85poc 2691397 2691396 2024-12-11T13:03:16Z Dan Polansky 33469 /* Knowledge about knowledge sources */ 2691397 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Original research}} This article by Dan Polansky contains various notes on epistemology, the philosophical inquiry into knowledge. A key inspiration is Karl Popper. Various observations will be sort of trivial, but one may sometimes benefit from going over platitutes. Epistemology is to cover both any knowledge in general and scientific knowledge in particular. It therefore overlaps with philosophy of science. Epistemology can be a worthwhile exercise. Its results can be at least in part counterintuitive. To me, the Popperian doctrine that we can never really conclusively verify scientific theories and that any genuine verification is an attempted falsification is very instructive and revealing. (Popper sometimes uses the word corroboration instead of verification to emphasize the inconclusive character.) == Certain knowledge == One doctrine states that mathematics possesses certain knowledge whereas empirical sciences possess uncertain knowledge. Einstein made a point to that effect. Lakatos extended Popperian falsificationism in part to mathematics, in his ''Proofs and Refutations''. Thus, there can be certain tentativeness even in mathematics. The uncertainty of knowledge is demonstrated by the overcoming of Newtonian mechanics with Einstein's mechanics. Newtoning mechanics seemed to be so convincing verified and final, yet it turned out to be merely approximate, failing e.g. for high velocities. (One does not need to study philosophy to note as much; study of physics suffices. One may thus claim that this result does not stem from the field of philosophy and that philosophers merely reflect on what physics would have made clear without them anyway. But it is perhaps still useful to drive the point home as forcefully as Popper did, against Marx, Freud and Adler. Popper does not state that all that e.g. Freud states is wrong; his point is that it is not scientific.) == Everyday knowledge == There are countless examples of everyday knowledge for which we feel certain from direct sensory experience that we know something. Thus, we think to know that e.g. there is a domestic cat over there or that the tree over there is a fir. In addition to sensory experience, we also often rely on verbal reports (whether auditory or in writing) and call the result knowledge, but this use of the word knowledge appears rather debatable to me. Nonetheless, Wikipedia aims to collect knowledge, or so it says. A simple heuristic scheme one can sometimes find in literature is this: * To see --> to know. * To have heard --> to believe (without necessarily knowing). Of course, the mapping is merely heuristic; one can read something (and thus see) and merely believe what one sees and one can hear the sound of the motorcycle engine and thus know (rather than being subject to hearsay). == Knowledge in mathematics == Mathematics is thought to have certain knowledge due to using conclusive proofs. But one can put this to doubt, as is suggested by Hofstadter. Since, we do not have perfect certainty (in principle) that the systems of proof that we are using are consistent, meaning contradiction free. One can also argue as follows: human minds are mammalian brains evolved as part of natural selection. Human methods of knowing may be merely adequate for survival and reproduction (and other gene support). It may turn out that the human brain hardware contains platform-wide defects that would lead all practicing mathematicians to recognize the same kinds of proofs as conclusive which in fact were inconclusive. I find this line of argument interesting and thought-provoking but very hard to accept. I tend to side with those who claim that mathematics has certain knowledge. Or at least some mathematics; Lakatos criticism is to be taken seriously. And one can recall that Newton's and Leibniz calculus was originally in, say, somewhat provisional state, lacking the rigor that modern mathematics requires. Perhaps the picture is more complicated and varied than one would want to believe. == Unprovable knowledge == Unprovable knowledge exists. If I roll a die, observe the result, remember the result, and roll the die several times again, I know the outcome bar failure of memory but I have no way of proving it to anyone. This applies to a range of situations. It seems plausible that someone may succeed in committing, say, a murder and hiding all traces or traces of having done so. == Documented knowledge == Above, I noted the thought experiment with rolling a die, and then having no means of proving the outcome. I can improve my chances of proving that by taking a record of the outcome. I could then show the record in the court of law. The proof/evidence would be inconclusive since I could have cheated or make some wild mistake when taking the record. But the record is stronger evidence than memory, since human experience generally shows human memory to be all too often frail. I can use the record later not only to convince the court but also myself. Since I too know that human memory is frail, whereas sheets of paper with writing or typing do not undergo a change in which some words get changed or similar. Textual record necessarily leads to considerable loss. Knowledge obtained through eyesight about an object is much richer than the propositional knowledge captured in sentences. This is in part addressed by photography and videorecording as well as sound recording. == Induction == I believe Popper is correct in stating that induction does not work to demarcate science from non-science. Moreover, it seems to me that induction hardly ever works at all. That is to say, if we have a predicate F, no amount of affirming instances of F would alone lead us to conclusion that for all x, F x (F is true of X). This also obtains for the more narrow form where F is in fact F ==> G. This is obvious in mathematics: we can have an arbitrarily large number of even numbers, but this does not lead us to conclude that all positive integers are even numbers; in this case, F is positive integer and G is even number. That is to say, we have a large set of examples meeting F and G, and thus meeting F ==> G, but that does not lead us to generalize that for all x, F x ==> G x. The situation is similar in sciences. Since, let us take F to be mammal and G to be domestic cat. Our seeing additional cats (examples of F and G) does not lead us to conclude that universally F ==> G, that is, that all mammals are cats. Instead, we consider the existence of refuting instances (e.g. dogs) and close the case as rejected. A meaningful investigation of a hypothesis of the form for "all x, F x ==> G x" involves above all considering the store of all observations (in the mind or elsewhere) to check whether there are refuting instances. Additional step involves trying to find as many or varied instances of F since these are the ones that can lead to discovery of additional falsifiers, F x and not G x. That's how it seems to me. A proper research in the literature on induction could perhaps lead me to a different conclusion or a correction of the above. By induction I here mean induction in sciences, not mathematical induction. I constrained the concept of induction to exclude extrapolation and interpolation; it could perhaps be used more broadly to include those. == Incompleteness of knowledge == Some of the Gödel's results are sometimes used to point out necessary incompleteness of mathematical knowledge. Thus, not only cannot human mind achieve all mathematical knowledge, not even machines can ever achieve it. One may trivialize the matter by pointing out that we cannot even know all the statements of the form X + Y = Z for three integers for lack of memory and such, but that is not the point. It seems also likely that we will never have complete (empirical) scientific knowledge. At a minimum, predictive knowledge about future will be out of bounds dues to chaos or computational irreducibility. One could still hope to discover the ultimate fundamental physical laws, without being able to use them to predict everything. == Authority and sourcing from publications == One often uses sourcing from publications. Interestingly enough, Popper scorns this as a method of doing science at least in one piece of writing. The theory of scientific method is not usually concerned with sourcing from publications. Einstein's famous special relativity paper does not contain much sourcing, if I remember correctly; better find the paper. I view sourcing with a heavy dose of skepticism. Yet I cannot do without it. Things can be improved by differentiation: are we sourcing math or are we sourcing nutrition science (spinach has iron?). One can investigate various fields and their history of success and treat them accordingly, with higher skepticism as justified by the experience with the field. One can for instance suspect that math results will be more international or interculturar than history, where nations have strong interest to skew things or spin them in their favor or direction. In mathematics classes in the high school and university, we almost never worked with "reliable sources"; we instead proved everything or almost everything. The teachers hardly ever invoked their authority, if at all; the authority was there of the proof, and the student had to verify the proof. Of course, this is perhaps somewhat idealized; the authority of the teacher perhaps does play a role, even in mathematics. == Justified true belief == Knowledge is sometimes defined as justified true belief. That is to say, I know X if I believe it, X is true and I am justified in believing it. There is criticism of this definition/characterization. For one thing, as long as we use the word knowledge to refer to uncertain knowledge, things known to be true are not logically necessarily true (which seems like a paradox or contradiction since the word to know implies perfect certainty, but that cannot really be the case). Another criticism concerns the requirement of justification. Popper denies that knowledge is justified. But the idea of justification is plausible; in mathematics, we only know a theorem to be true if we have a proof. One could counter that axioms are not proven, to which one may respond that axioms are definitions in disguise and that theorems in ultimate analysis point to statements of the form, if axioms such-and-such are true, the following theorems are true. Yet another criticism applies to the genus of belief. As long as knowledge can be contains in a book, it does not seem to be belief. By contrast, knowledge in a mind does seem to be species of belief if one extends the concept of belief enought to include knowledge. This extension is perhaps required since otherwise, one would say that if one believes something, it implies one does not know it; and thus, knowledge and belief would be coordinate terms rather than one being subordinate to the other. == Knowledge in plants == From what I remember, Popper indicates innate expectations of organism to be something like knowledge. Thus, a plant adapted to presence of sunlight via chlorophyl as if states, there is sunlight in the environment. I find this point interesting, but it perhaps stretches the concept of knowledge. == Knowledge in animals == Knowledge in some animals, e.g. chimpanzees, seems plausible, including concepts. The concepts would be there, but not names for concepts. Even simple animals can have knowledge or quasi-knowledge, including innate one in the form of innate expectations about the environemnt. == Knowledge of historical statements == According to Popper, existential statements in sciences are not falsifiable and therefore not scientific. This seems rather counter-intuitive, but has some force. Thus, the statement that there is a teapot orbiting the Earth (Russell? Dawkins?) is not falsifiable/testable and does not have a scientific character. This can be extended to historical statements. The statements of historiography would then be non-scientific. This seems strange but also not entirely so. Since, e.g. Newton's mechanics applies at all locations and all time points, so it runs the risk of being refuted in future. By contrast, the statement that the battle of Waterloo took place in year so-and-so and was between parties so-and-so does not directly run the risk of being refuted by a future event; it is not universally quantified. The textul historical record becomes an important source of (putative) knowledge, but that is not so in physics, chemistry or biology. I should perhaps learn more about the matter by studying methodology of historical and historiographic fields. == Reason vs. experience == There is some kind of discussion about reason vs. experience in how we know things, relating to rationalism vs. empiricism. I cannot make much sense of it. I would argue that all or nearly all epistemic processes contain both elements of experience and reason. Since, concerning everyday knowledge, we recieve perceptual objects in the mind, e.g. the visual perception of a cat. The visual perception appears raw in a sense, uninterpreted. But in fact, what is really uninterpreted is the retinal image; what enters the mind is merely based on that retinal image, enriched with inferred physical properties. And thus, something like reason (inference) is part of the perceptual cat, before anything like reason in narrow sense was applied. Let us consider mirage. The raw sensory experience tells us we see something we do not see. And we use reason (informed by other experience) that what we see cannot be real. Both elements are present. In mathematics, one could argue that it is based on reason and not experience. But I do not find that convincing. We know that our proving methods work in part from experience. That said, I fully recognize the contrast between mathematical knowledge and empirical knowledge. We know very little by reason or critical thinking alone. Never direct your eyes to the sky and never engage in careful observation. Instead, lock yourself in an ivory tower and have a computer to do large-scale speculative simulations and analysis. You may find out about e.g. mathematical fractals or the road to chaos, but never about the stars. No amount of analysis can compensate for missing observation and experiment and for the missing observational and experimental instrumentation. == Instrumentation == Large portions of science do not get very far without instrumentation, including telescopes, microscopes, measuring devices but also computers (computing and information storage and retrieval devices). These instruments enhance our getting to know, or make it possible in the first place. == Revisionism and scientific revolutions == Inspired by Kuhn and Popper. In general, scientific knowledge does not grow merely by extension/expansion but also by modification. It is in general not cumulative in this sense. One cannot hope to establish a method so good that it will only lead to statements in no need of revision. In a geographic analogy, one could naively think of science as map maping where one only fills in the white blanks and never has to redraw any parts of the map. History of science shows that redrawing is necessary once in a while. But the cumulative character is far from absent. The filling of periodic table was probably not a process of continual scientific revolution; once the concept of chemical element was well established, the process of finding additional chemical elements was probably relatively cumulative. (But I would need to check relevant literature to learn more and be sure I know what I am talking about.) Kuhn makes the point that a certain degree of resistance to refutation and sticking to theories that appear to be refuted by observation does not need to be a bad or unscientific thing. The apparent refuting observation may later turn out not to have been refuting after all. On the other hand, the contrast between religious dogma and scientific successive modification of tentative knowledge is real, and one characteristic of good science is that it does not stick to refuted theory beyond what is reasonable (for some value of reasonable). == Proof and evidence == As part of inquiry into knowledge, one can include inquiry into what serves as proof and evidence, in relation to the ''justified'' part of the characterization of knowledge. This concerns not only science but also courts of law. Courts accept witness evidence although it is logically very inconclusive. Mathematics provides one idea for what a proof is. This idea does not seem to directly carry over to other fields. In the field of software, automatic test suite run against the software is a form of proof or evidence that the software meets the requirements/works as required. Educational examination provides something like a proof or evidence that the student has learned the matter. Industrial testing is another case. In another section, I supported Popperian falsificationism as a standard. There, one does not prove things; one tries to refute them. How, then, can one substantiate corroboration (attempted falsification) of a hypothesis? For instance by submitting documentary or data evidence indicating what attepts at refutation were attempted, what observations and experiments and with what results. That is the first idea; a better elaboration would be preferable. Further reading: * [https://www.britannica.com/topic/evidence-law evidence], britannica.com * [https://www.britannica.com/topic/proof-logic proof], britannica.com == Certificates == Certificates seem to be something like evidence or proof. They can perhaps be thought of as written testimonies of the entity issuing the certificate. Educational diplomas are one class of certificates, it seems. Identity documents are a related concept. Certificates are subject to the risk of forgery. This is one source of their being less than fully conclusive as evidence. Even so, one may say: I know that his name is so-and-so since he showed me his identity card. This is one piece of evidence supporting a weakened use of the verb to know. The utility of certificates depends in part on our willingness to run the risk of being deceived by them. Indeed, if authorities and other organizations did not see any addition of certitute resulting from their use, they would not use them. Obtaining a forged document requires additional effort and expenditure compared to merely making an untrue statement. Further reading: * {{W|Identity document forgery}}, wikipedia.org == Procedural knowledge == Apart from declarative knowledge (e.g. knowing there is a cat over there), there is also procedural knowledge or know-how. Procedural knowledge can have a non-propositional form; thus, one may know how to dance jive without being able to give verbal instructions. Even human ability to walk can be seen as a procedural knowledge. Tigers can be thought of knowing how to run, thus having procedural knowledge. Alternatively, one could distinguish knowledge from skil and consider ability to dance jive to be skill, not knowledge. Some procedural knowledge does have a propositional form, form of sentences. == Innate knowledge == Some knowledge is innate, given by the genes. Knowledge-acquisition aparatus (e.g. eyes and the visual cortext) is innate. Knowledge being innate does not make it necessarily accurate. Thus, it seems likely that the innate geometry in human vision and understanding of space is approximately Euclidean; the human environment under which it evolved seems unlikely to contain anything to give stimulus to evolution of Einstenian geometry (which is needed in GPS). These considerations can lead to deep skepticism. One may think that human knowledge acquisition faculties are only good enough for survival and reproduction (and other support of the genes) and that they may fail miserably when used outside of their bounds. Part of this skepticism is perhaps healthy. One can launch a defense: how do you know that humans originated by evolution by natural selection? If the human faculties are so frail, you should not be so certain. And then you should not be so certain about your skepticism either. It is an entersting twist, pointing to certain apparent circularity in attempts to reason about knowledge with the use of Darwinism. Since, one needed an initial knowledge theory to learn about evolution by natural selection, but the results can then impinge on the knowledge theory itself. I sense this is not a grave defect, but I acknowledge the line of reasoning as not without merit. == Knowledge of word meaning == The knowledge of word meaning is an interesting problem. In order to formulate an observation in language, one needs to have knowledge of word meaning. But word meanings are not trivially objectively observable entities, unlike e.g. cats or rivers. The knowledge of word meaning does not need to be explicitly represented in words; thus, one may be able to use language productively without being able to give plausible definitions. Lexicography seems to posit that word meaning can be extracted from quotations of use. But this seems to be far from trivially obvious. It seems one has to insert a lot of conceptual interpretive analysis to extract the word meaning. Knowledge of word meaning cannot be innate since words are not innate. But some general concepts could be innate rather than obtained from experience. A child could be trying to map the words heard to the naive observational ontology (or entitology?) given by the senses, especially sight, and then refine the ontology based on the language use. It seems doubtful that the child's naive observational ontology would contain the nodes of mammal or feline, but it could well contain animal and cat. The node of animal could be innate; cat perhaps not. These questions would need to be seriously investiated. == Cybernetics == One could use the ideas from cybernetics to investigate knowledge. Thus, one could set up two abstract systems, one trying to learn about the other and try to figure out what that learning would consist in. In relation to that, I seem to remember that Ashby indicates that being a model is given by isomorphism or homomorphism. == Scientific models == The concept of a scientific model seems to point to the idea that elements of scientific knowledge are rather imperfect representations of reality. Both Newtonian and Eistenian mechanics can be seen as models. But also Ptolemaic astronomy can be seen as a model, one that has been made increasingly observationally adequate by subsequent modifications during its use. A visual analogy for the concept of scientific model can be a toy model of a car. The toy model bears some resemblance to the real thing, but key aspects are missing. To what extent this analogy is apt would need to be clarified. Further reading: * [https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/models-science/ Models in Science], Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy == Counting and calculation == Counting and calculation are both epistemic processes. Counting is additional to seeing. Thus, one can see e.g. many cows, but to know exactly one many, one has to count, unless the cows are only few. Calculation with numbers can answer arithmetic questions. Some indicate this results in no true additional knowledge, which makes sense from the perspective of empirical knowledge, but sounds strange anyway. Logical derivation using logical calculus is an analogue to calculation with numbers. In any case, it is a mechanical manipulation of symbolic encodings. Calculation is a key part of computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging. Without calculation, the medical doctor would not be able to see much. Revisiting the argument sometimes made that calculation adds no true knowledge, that is all nice and perhaps superficially plausible, but here calculation makes a difference between seeing something (on the display or other visual representation) and seeing nothing at all. == Measurement == Measurement is an epistemic process. Like counting, it yields a quantitative characterization of something. There seems to be the field of metrology concerned with this subject. Measurement adds information beyond mere visual inspection. Thus, there is a difference e.g. between estimating the length of a table from looking at it and measuring the length using meter. == Knowledge of the knowing agent and apparatus == Something like metaknowledge can contribute to epistemology, knowledge of the knowing agent and apparatus. Thus, one may empirically study limitations of human cognition, limitations of measuring instruments and measuring procedures, etc. One could object that part of such inquiry is no longer philosophical but rather psychological. Nonetheless, I am wary of strictly separating philosophy from psychology. Perhaps someone can execute such a separation well enough; let them then present what they have done and how and let us see whether the result is satisfactory. == Epistemology vs. history of knowledge == One could want to separate epistemology from history of knowledge and history of science. One could want to prohibit input from the latter to the former; the former would be purely philosophical. I can see the attraction of doing so from something like architecture of inquiry standpoint, but I do not think it a good idea. For instance, one can hardly fail to observe the impact of Einsteinian special relativity on the philosophy of scientific knowledge. The history of human theories about the world is very instructive, revealing incredible fallibility and openness to wrong suggestion. One can say: I am fallible. My analyses of knowledge are tentative. Their being philosophical is not a good thing per se. If findings of special sciences can shed some light on the questions being asked, so much better. Thus, it is e.g. all fine to use Darwinian thinking to speculate about quasi-knowledge embedded in plants. == Failed epistemic methods == It is instructive to consider not only what is likely to work well but also what has demonstrably failed. Torture is one thing that does not necessarily make one say truth. There are other absurd methods that were sometimes used in history, to be added later. == Epistemology of philosophy == If philosophy contains a key non-empirical element, one can wonder whether there is a separate epistemology of philosophy, different from epistemology of empirical sciences. For philosophy, one can use something like proposals and refutations, arguments and counter-arguments. The basis for making them is not constrained, but it usually contains both empirical and deliberative element. It is understood that the proposals are too likely to be wrong too often. It is also understood that running the proposals through the acid test of counter-arguments does not establish anything like certainty or validity. The results do not resemble science with its marked progress, e.g. from before the concept of chemical element to the concept and discovery of the individual chemical elements. Be it as it may, the human brain has this remarkable capacity of coming up with ideas formulated as sentences, without knowing whether they are true or right. The brain seems to use some fantasy or inventive method: figure out something half-plausible and say it. And then, see whether we can refute or effectively criticize the thing said. This is hardly satisfactory. We should have something better. == Reviewing == Reviewing is a powerful method for reducing mistakes. A review can take place when there is something to be reviewed, e.g. a document such as a draft of a scientific article. One can review one's own writing, but bringing in other people generally makes a remarkable difference. There may be a subliminal block or resistance to seriously and earnestly looking for mistakes in one's own creation; other people may be more openly adversary (and pointing out mistakes is adversary in principle). Moreover, other people may happen to see things from a different perspective. And they may be more experienced and know better. == Evolutionary epistemology == The phrase evolutionary epistemology could refer to epistemology informed by biological evolution, e.g. one emphasizing the evolutionary origin of organs that play a key role in knowledge acquisition, including eyes and the brain. Or it could refer to epistemology that sees scientific theories are objects undergoing evolution somewhat similar to biological evolution. It seems to refer to both, as per SEP. Further reading: * [https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/epistemology-evolutionary/ Evolutionary Epistemology], Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy == Artificial intelligence == One would expect artificial intelligence to be able to produce something like knowledge from observation. Sufficiently capable artificial (general) intelligence should be able to use e.g. camera to produce observational reports in natural language. One would naturally ask whether the machine really knows anything or merely imitates knowledge or pretends to know. Study of design of an AGI machine would seem to be a contribution to study of knowledge processes. One would be forced to technically clarify issues instead of waffling about them. One would be forced to discover sets of technically formulated principles, rules and algorithms. Alas, one thing one would discover would be artificial neural networks, which can be trained, but from which it seems hard to extract anything like human-intelligible sets of rules or principles. Machines can produce mathematical knowledge without having anything like human-like subjective knowledge states. Thus, machines can do arithmetic calculations. Moreover, machines can do computer algebra, including derivation. There are theorem provers. That is to say, whenever the knowledge production (reliable production of true statements) can be supported by a reasonably small set of mechanical rules, it can be done by a machine. One may look at a human as a gigantic lumbering (biological) robot (to use Dawkins phrasing) and wonder whether the human intelligence and cognition is after all also a collection of mechanical rules embedded in neural and endocrinal anatomical structures. Many of these rules would be heuristic, rules of thumb. Recalling the section on instrumention, current production of human knowledge is an effect of biotechnosphere, of a combination of humans (bio-) and machines (techno-). For instance, astronomy uses telescopes as well as computers. == Knowledge about knowledge sources == Knowledge about knowledge sources/providers is key for distinguishing reliable from unreliable sources and thus reducing chance that one ends up in error. For instance, one may have good experience with a particular geographic map publisher, having learned first-hand that their maps match the terrain visited. One may then say: I know there is a bridge over the river at that location since a map published by a reliable publisher indicates as much. Alternatively, there may be an indirection: one may not have first-hand experience with the map publisher but one may know a reliable assessor of publishers, and the reliable assessor may indicate the publisher is reliable. He who trusts unreliable sources and makes reports based on them is himself unreliable. Thus, one may feel to have a duty to only trust sources for which one may have good reason to believe they are reliable. And if not because of duty, one may dislike being considered unreliable. == See also == * [[Epistemology]] == Further reading == * {{W|Epistemology}}, wikipedia.org * [https://www.britannica.com/topic/epistemology epistemology], britannica.com * [https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/epistemology/ Epistemology], plato.stanford.edu [[Category:Epistemology]] dnggpd80r9y1jetitbivximj5xhrdy5 2691399 2691397 2024-12-11T13:13:04Z Dan Polansky 33469 /* Knowledge about knowledge sources */ 2691399 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Original research}} This article by Dan Polansky contains various notes on epistemology, the philosophical inquiry into knowledge. A key inspiration is Karl Popper. Various observations will be sort of trivial, but one may sometimes benefit from going over platitutes. Epistemology is to cover both any knowledge in general and scientific knowledge in particular. It therefore overlaps with philosophy of science. Epistemology can be a worthwhile exercise. Its results can be at least in part counterintuitive. To me, the Popperian doctrine that we can never really conclusively verify scientific theories and that any genuine verification is an attempted falsification is very instructive and revealing. (Popper sometimes uses the word corroboration instead of verification to emphasize the inconclusive character.) == Certain knowledge == One doctrine states that mathematics possesses certain knowledge whereas empirical sciences possess uncertain knowledge. Einstein made a point to that effect. Lakatos extended Popperian falsificationism in part to mathematics, in his ''Proofs and Refutations''. Thus, there can be certain tentativeness even in mathematics. The uncertainty of knowledge is demonstrated by the overcoming of Newtonian mechanics with Einstein's mechanics. Newtoning mechanics seemed to be so convincing verified and final, yet it turned out to be merely approximate, failing e.g. for high velocities. (One does not need to study philosophy to note as much; study of physics suffices. One may thus claim that this result does not stem from the field of philosophy and that philosophers merely reflect on what physics would have made clear without them anyway. But it is perhaps still useful to drive the point home as forcefully as Popper did, against Marx, Freud and Adler. Popper does not state that all that e.g. Freud states is wrong; his point is that it is not scientific.) == Everyday knowledge == There are countless examples of everyday knowledge for which we feel certain from direct sensory experience that we know something. Thus, we think to know that e.g. there is a domestic cat over there or that the tree over there is a fir. In addition to sensory experience, we also often rely on verbal reports (whether auditory or in writing) and call the result knowledge, but this use of the word knowledge appears rather debatable to me. Nonetheless, Wikipedia aims to collect knowledge, or so it says. A simple heuristic scheme one can sometimes find in literature is this: * To see --> to know. * To have heard --> to believe (without necessarily knowing). Of course, the mapping is merely heuristic; one can read something (and thus see) and merely believe what one sees and one can hear the sound of the motorcycle engine and thus know (rather than being subject to hearsay). == Knowledge in mathematics == Mathematics is thought to have certain knowledge due to using conclusive proofs. But one can put this to doubt, as is suggested by Hofstadter. Since, we do not have perfect certainty (in principle) that the systems of proof that we are using are consistent, meaning contradiction free. One can also argue as follows: human minds are mammalian brains evolved as part of natural selection. Human methods of knowing may be merely adequate for survival and reproduction (and other gene support). It may turn out that the human brain hardware contains platform-wide defects that would lead all practicing mathematicians to recognize the same kinds of proofs as conclusive which in fact were inconclusive. I find this line of argument interesting and thought-provoking but very hard to accept. I tend to side with those who claim that mathematics has certain knowledge. Or at least some mathematics; Lakatos criticism is to be taken seriously. And one can recall that Newton's and Leibniz calculus was originally in, say, somewhat provisional state, lacking the rigor that modern mathematics requires. Perhaps the picture is more complicated and varied than one would want to believe. == Unprovable knowledge == Unprovable knowledge exists. If I roll a die, observe the result, remember the result, and roll the die several times again, I know the outcome bar failure of memory but I have no way of proving it to anyone. This applies to a range of situations. It seems plausible that someone may succeed in committing, say, a murder and hiding all traces or traces of having done so. == Documented knowledge == Above, I noted the thought experiment with rolling a die, and then having no means of proving the outcome. I can improve my chances of proving that by taking a record of the outcome. I could then show the record in the court of law. The proof/evidence would be inconclusive since I could have cheated or make some wild mistake when taking the record. But the record is stronger evidence than memory, since human experience generally shows human memory to be all too often frail. I can use the record later not only to convince the court but also myself. Since I too know that human memory is frail, whereas sheets of paper with writing or typing do not undergo a change in which some words get changed or similar. Textual record necessarily leads to considerable loss. Knowledge obtained through eyesight about an object is much richer than the propositional knowledge captured in sentences. This is in part addressed by photography and videorecording as well as sound recording. == Induction == I believe Popper is correct in stating that induction does not work to demarcate science from non-science. Moreover, it seems to me that induction hardly ever works at all. That is to say, if we have a predicate F, no amount of affirming instances of F would alone lead us to conclusion that for all x, F x (F is true of X). This also obtains for the more narrow form where F is in fact F ==> G. This is obvious in mathematics: we can have an arbitrarily large number of even numbers, but this does not lead us to conclude that all positive integers are even numbers; in this case, F is positive integer and G is even number. That is to say, we have a large set of examples meeting F and G, and thus meeting F ==> G, but that does not lead us to generalize that for all x, F x ==> G x. The situation is similar in sciences. Since, let us take F to be mammal and G to be domestic cat. Our seeing additional cats (examples of F and G) does not lead us to conclude that universally F ==> G, that is, that all mammals are cats. Instead, we consider the existence of refuting instances (e.g. dogs) and close the case as rejected. A meaningful investigation of a hypothesis of the form for "all x, F x ==> G x" involves above all considering the store of all observations (in the mind or elsewhere) to check whether there are refuting instances. Additional step involves trying to find as many or varied instances of F since these are the ones that can lead to discovery of additional falsifiers, F x and not G x. That's how it seems to me. A proper research in the literature on induction could perhaps lead me to a different conclusion or a correction of the above. By induction I here mean induction in sciences, not mathematical induction. I constrained the concept of induction to exclude extrapolation and interpolation; it could perhaps be used more broadly to include those. == Incompleteness of knowledge == Some of the Gödel's results are sometimes used to point out necessary incompleteness of mathematical knowledge. Thus, not only cannot human mind achieve all mathematical knowledge, not even machines can ever achieve it. One may trivialize the matter by pointing out that we cannot even know all the statements of the form X + Y = Z for three integers for lack of memory and such, but that is not the point. It seems also likely that we will never have complete (empirical) scientific knowledge. At a minimum, predictive knowledge about future will be out of bounds dues to chaos or computational irreducibility. One could still hope to discover the ultimate fundamental physical laws, without being able to use them to predict everything. == Authority and sourcing from publications == One often uses sourcing from publications. Interestingly enough, Popper scorns this as a method of doing science at least in one piece of writing. The theory of scientific method is not usually concerned with sourcing from publications. Einstein's famous special relativity paper does not contain much sourcing, if I remember correctly; better find the paper. I view sourcing with a heavy dose of skepticism. Yet I cannot do without it. Things can be improved by differentiation: are we sourcing math or are we sourcing nutrition science (spinach has iron?). One can investigate various fields and their history of success and treat them accordingly, with higher skepticism as justified by the experience with the field. One can for instance suspect that math results will be more international or interculturar than history, where nations have strong interest to skew things or spin them in their favor or direction. In mathematics classes in the high school and university, we almost never worked with "reliable sources"; we instead proved everything or almost everything. The teachers hardly ever invoked their authority, if at all; the authority was there of the proof, and the student had to verify the proof. Of course, this is perhaps somewhat idealized; the authority of the teacher perhaps does play a role, even in mathematics. == Justified true belief == Knowledge is sometimes defined as justified true belief. That is to say, I know X if I believe it, X is true and I am justified in believing it. There is criticism of this definition/characterization. For one thing, as long as we use the word knowledge to refer to uncertain knowledge, things known to be true are not logically necessarily true (which seems like a paradox or contradiction since the word to know implies perfect certainty, but that cannot really be the case). Another criticism concerns the requirement of justification. Popper denies that knowledge is justified. But the idea of justification is plausible; in mathematics, we only know a theorem to be true if we have a proof. One could counter that axioms are not proven, to which one may respond that axioms are definitions in disguise and that theorems in ultimate analysis point to statements of the form, if axioms such-and-such are true, the following theorems are true. Yet another criticism applies to the genus of belief. As long as knowledge can be contains in a book, it does not seem to be belief. By contrast, knowledge in a mind does seem to be species of belief if one extends the concept of belief enought to include knowledge. This extension is perhaps required since otherwise, one would say that if one believes something, it implies one does not know it; and thus, knowledge and belief would be coordinate terms rather than one being subordinate to the other. == Knowledge in plants == From what I remember, Popper indicates innate expectations of organism to be something like knowledge. Thus, a plant adapted to presence of sunlight via chlorophyl as if states, there is sunlight in the environment. I find this point interesting, but it perhaps stretches the concept of knowledge. == Knowledge in animals == Knowledge in some animals, e.g. chimpanzees, seems plausible, including concepts. The concepts would be there, but not names for concepts. Even simple animals can have knowledge or quasi-knowledge, including innate one in the form of innate expectations about the environemnt. == Knowledge of historical statements == According to Popper, existential statements in sciences are not falsifiable and therefore not scientific. This seems rather counter-intuitive, but has some force. Thus, the statement that there is a teapot orbiting the Earth (Russell? Dawkins?) is not falsifiable/testable and does not have a scientific character. This can be extended to historical statements. The statements of historiography would then be non-scientific. This seems strange but also not entirely so. Since, e.g. Newton's mechanics applies at all locations and all time points, so it runs the risk of being refuted in future. By contrast, the statement that the battle of Waterloo took place in year so-and-so and was between parties so-and-so does not directly run the risk of being refuted by a future event; it is not universally quantified. The textul historical record becomes an important source of (putative) knowledge, but that is not so in physics, chemistry or biology. I should perhaps learn more about the matter by studying methodology of historical and historiographic fields. == Reason vs. experience == There is some kind of discussion about reason vs. experience in how we know things, relating to rationalism vs. empiricism. I cannot make much sense of it. I would argue that all or nearly all epistemic processes contain both elements of experience and reason. Since, concerning everyday knowledge, we recieve perceptual objects in the mind, e.g. the visual perception of a cat. The visual perception appears raw in a sense, uninterpreted. But in fact, what is really uninterpreted is the retinal image; what enters the mind is merely based on that retinal image, enriched with inferred physical properties. And thus, something like reason (inference) is part of the perceptual cat, before anything like reason in narrow sense was applied. Let us consider mirage. The raw sensory experience tells us we see something we do not see. And we use reason (informed by other experience) that what we see cannot be real. Both elements are present. In mathematics, one could argue that it is based on reason and not experience. But I do not find that convincing. We know that our proving methods work in part from experience. That said, I fully recognize the contrast between mathematical knowledge and empirical knowledge. We know very little by reason or critical thinking alone. Never direct your eyes to the sky and never engage in careful observation. Instead, lock yourself in an ivory tower and have a computer to do large-scale speculative simulations and analysis. You may find out about e.g. mathematical fractals or the road to chaos, but never about the stars. No amount of analysis can compensate for missing observation and experiment and for the missing observational and experimental instrumentation. == Instrumentation == Large portions of science do not get very far without instrumentation, including telescopes, microscopes, measuring devices but also computers (computing and information storage and retrieval devices). These instruments enhance our getting to know, or make it possible in the first place. == Revisionism and scientific revolutions == Inspired by Kuhn and Popper. In general, scientific knowledge does not grow merely by extension/expansion but also by modification. It is in general not cumulative in this sense. One cannot hope to establish a method so good that it will only lead to statements in no need of revision. In a geographic analogy, one could naively think of science as map maping where one only fills in the white blanks and never has to redraw any parts of the map. History of science shows that redrawing is necessary once in a while. But the cumulative character is far from absent. The filling of periodic table was probably not a process of continual scientific revolution; once the concept of chemical element was well established, the process of finding additional chemical elements was probably relatively cumulative. (But I would need to check relevant literature to learn more and be sure I know what I am talking about.) Kuhn makes the point that a certain degree of resistance to refutation and sticking to theories that appear to be refuted by observation does not need to be a bad or unscientific thing. The apparent refuting observation may later turn out not to have been refuting after all. On the other hand, the contrast between religious dogma and scientific successive modification of tentative knowledge is real, and one characteristic of good science is that it does not stick to refuted theory beyond what is reasonable (for some value of reasonable). == Proof and evidence == As part of inquiry into knowledge, one can include inquiry into what serves as proof and evidence, in relation to the ''justified'' part of the characterization of knowledge. This concerns not only science but also courts of law. Courts accept witness evidence although it is logically very inconclusive. Mathematics provides one idea for what a proof is. This idea does not seem to directly carry over to other fields. In the field of software, automatic test suite run against the software is a form of proof or evidence that the software meets the requirements/works as required. Educational examination provides something like a proof or evidence that the student has learned the matter. Industrial testing is another case. In another section, I supported Popperian falsificationism as a standard. There, one does not prove things; one tries to refute them. How, then, can one substantiate corroboration (attempted falsification) of a hypothesis? For instance by submitting documentary or data evidence indicating what attepts at refutation were attempted, what observations and experiments and with what results. That is the first idea; a better elaboration would be preferable. Further reading: * [https://www.britannica.com/topic/evidence-law evidence], britannica.com * [https://www.britannica.com/topic/proof-logic proof], britannica.com == Certificates == Certificates seem to be something like evidence or proof. They can perhaps be thought of as written testimonies of the entity issuing the certificate. Educational diplomas are one class of certificates, it seems. Identity documents are a related concept. Certificates are subject to the risk of forgery. This is one source of their being less than fully conclusive as evidence. Even so, one may say: I know that his name is so-and-so since he showed me his identity card. This is one piece of evidence supporting a weakened use of the verb to know. The utility of certificates depends in part on our willingness to run the risk of being deceived by them. Indeed, if authorities and other organizations did not see any addition of certitute resulting from their use, they would not use them. Obtaining a forged document requires additional effort and expenditure compared to merely making an untrue statement. Further reading: * {{W|Identity document forgery}}, wikipedia.org == Procedural knowledge == Apart from declarative knowledge (e.g. knowing there is a cat over there), there is also procedural knowledge or know-how. Procedural knowledge can have a non-propositional form; thus, one may know how to dance jive without being able to give verbal instructions. Even human ability to walk can be seen as a procedural knowledge. Tigers can be thought of knowing how to run, thus having procedural knowledge. Alternatively, one could distinguish knowledge from skil and consider ability to dance jive to be skill, not knowledge. Some procedural knowledge does have a propositional form, form of sentences. == Innate knowledge == Some knowledge is innate, given by the genes. Knowledge-acquisition aparatus (e.g. eyes and the visual cortext) is innate. Knowledge being innate does not make it necessarily accurate. Thus, it seems likely that the innate geometry in human vision and understanding of space is approximately Euclidean; the human environment under which it evolved seems unlikely to contain anything to give stimulus to evolution of Einstenian geometry (which is needed in GPS). These considerations can lead to deep skepticism. One may think that human knowledge acquisition faculties are only good enough for survival and reproduction (and other support of the genes) and that they may fail miserably when used outside of their bounds. Part of this skepticism is perhaps healthy. One can launch a defense: how do you know that humans originated by evolution by natural selection? If the human faculties are so frail, you should not be so certain. And then you should not be so certain about your skepticism either. It is an entersting twist, pointing to certain apparent circularity in attempts to reason about knowledge with the use of Darwinism. Since, one needed an initial knowledge theory to learn about evolution by natural selection, but the results can then impinge on the knowledge theory itself. I sense this is not a grave defect, but I acknowledge the line of reasoning as not without merit. == Knowledge of word meaning == The knowledge of word meaning is an interesting problem. In order to formulate an observation in language, one needs to have knowledge of word meaning. But word meanings are not trivially objectively observable entities, unlike e.g. cats or rivers. The knowledge of word meaning does not need to be explicitly represented in words; thus, one may be able to use language productively without being able to give plausible definitions. Lexicography seems to posit that word meaning can be extracted from quotations of use. But this seems to be far from trivially obvious. It seems one has to insert a lot of conceptual interpretive analysis to extract the word meaning. Knowledge of word meaning cannot be innate since words are not innate. But some general concepts could be innate rather than obtained from experience. A child could be trying to map the words heard to the naive observational ontology (or entitology?) given by the senses, especially sight, and then refine the ontology based on the language use. It seems doubtful that the child's naive observational ontology would contain the nodes of mammal or feline, but it could well contain animal and cat. The node of animal could be innate; cat perhaps not. These questions would need to be seriously investiated. == Cybernetics == One could use the ideas from cybernetics to investigate knowledge. Thus, one could set up two abstract systems, one trying to learn about the other and try to figure out what that learning would consist in. In relation to that, I seem to remember that Ashby indicates that being a model is given by isomorphism or homomorphism. == Scientific models == The concept of a scientific model seems to point to the idea that elements of scientific knowledge are rather imperfect representations of reality. Both Newtonian and Eistenian mechanics can be seen as models. But also Ptolemaic astronomy can be seen as a model, one that has been made increasingly observationally adequate by subsequent modifications during its use. A visual analogy for the concept of scientific model can be a toy model of a car. The toy model bears some resemblance to the real thing, but key aspects are missing. To what extent this analogy is apt would need to be clarified. Further reading: * [https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/models-science/ Models in Science], Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy == Counting and calculation == Counting and calculation are both epistemic processes. Counting is additional to seeing. Thus, one can see e.g. many cows, but to know exactly one many, one has to count, unless the cows are only few. Calculation with numbers can answer arithmetic questions. Some indicate this results in no true additional knowledge, which makes sense from the perspective of empirical knowledge, but sounds strange anyway. Logical derivation using logical calculus is an analogue to calculation with numbers. In any case, it is a mechanical manipulation of symbolic encodings. Calculation is a key part of computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging. Without calculation, the medical doctor would not be able to see much. Revisiting the argument sometimes made that calculation adds no true knowledge, that is all nice and perhaps superficially plausible, but here calculation makes a difference between seeing something (on the display or other visual representation) and seeing nothing at all. == Measurement == Measurement is an epistemic process. Like counting, it yields a quantitative characterization of something. There seems to be the field of metrology concerned with this subject. Measurement adds information beyond mere visual inspection. Thus, there is a difference e.g. between estimating the length of a table from looking at it and measuring the length using meter. == Knowledge of the knowing agent and apparatus == Something like metaknowledge can contribute to epistemology, knowledge of the knowing agent and apparatus. Thus, one may empirically study limitations of human cognition, limitations of measuring instruments and measuring procedures, etc. One could object that part of such inquiry is no longer philosophical but rather psychological. Nonetheless, I am wary of strictly separating philosophy from psychology. Perhaps someone can execute such a separation well enough; let them then present what they have done and how and let us see whether the result is satisfactory. == Epistemology vs. history of knowledge == One could want to separate epistemology from history of knowledge and history of science. One could want to prohibit input from the latter to the former; the former would be purely philosophical. I can see the attraction of doing so from something like architecture of inquiry standpoint, but I do not think it a good idea. For instance, one can hardly fail to observe the impact of Einsteinian special relativity on the philosophy of scientific knowledge. The history of human theories about the world is very instructive, revealing incredible fallibility and openness to wrong suggestion. One can say: I am fallible. My analyses of knowledge are tentative. Their being philosophical is not a good thing per se. If findings of special sciences can shed some light on the questions being asked, so much better. Thus, it is e.g. all fine to use Darwinian thinking to speculate about quasi-knowledge embedded in plants. == Failed epistemic methods == It is instructive to consider not only what is likely to work well but also what has demonstrably failed. Torture is one thing that does not necessarily make one say truth. There are other absurd methods that were sometimes used in history, to be added later. == Epistemology of philosophy == If philosophy contains a key non-empirical element, one can wonder whether there is a separate epistemology of philosophy, different from epistemology of empirical sciences. For philosophy, one can use something like proposals and refutations, arguments and counter-arguments. The basis for making them is not constrained, but it usually contains both empirical and deliberative element. It is understood that the proposals are too likely to be wrong too often. It is also understood that running the proposals through the acid test of counter-arguments does not establish anything like certainty or validity. The results do not resemble science with its marked progress, e.g. from before the concept of chemical element to the concept and discovery of the individual chemical elements. Be it as it may, the human brain has this remarkable capacity of coming up with ideas formulated as sentences, without knowing whether they are true or right. The brain seems to use some fantasy or inventive method: figure out something half-plausible and say it. And then, see whether we can refute or effectively criticize the thing said. This is hardly satisfactory. We should have something better. == Reviewing == Reviewing is a powerful method for reducing mistakes. A review can take place when there is something to be reviewed, e.g. a document such as a draft of a scientific article. One can review one's own writing, but bringing in other people generally makes a remarkable difference. There may be a subliminal block or resistance to seriously and earnestly looking for mistakes in one's own creation; other people may be more openly adversary (and pointing out mistakes is adversary in principle). Moreover, other people may happen to see things from a different perspective. And they may be more experienced and know better. == Evolutionary epistemology == The phrase evolutionary epistemology could refer to epistemology informed by biological evolution, e.g. one emphasizing the evolutionary origin of organs that play a key role in knowledge acquisition, including eyes and the brain. Or it could refer to epistemology that sees scientific theories are objects undergoing evolution somewhat similar to biological evolution. It seems to refer to both, as per SEP. Further reading: * [https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/epistemology-evolutionary/ Evolutionary Epistemology], Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy == Artificial intelligence == One would expect artificial intelligence to be able to produce something like knowledge from observation. Sufficiently capable artificial (general) intelligence should be able to use e.g. camera to produce observational reports in natural language. One would naturally ask whether the machine really knows anything or merely imitates knowledge or pretends to know. Study of design of an AGI machine would seem to be a contribution to study of knowledge processes. One would be forced to technically clarify issues instead of waffling about them. One would be forced to discover sets of technically formulated principles, rules and algorithms. Alas, one thing one would discover would be artificial neural networks, which can be trained, but from which it seems hard to extract anything like human-intelligible sets of rules or principles. Machines can produce mathematical knowledge without having anything like human-like subjective knowledge states. Thus, machines can do arithmetic calculations. Moreover, machines can do computer algebra, including derivation. There are theorem provers. That is to say, whenever the knowledge production (reliable production of true statements) can be supported by a reasonably small set of mechanical rules, it can be done by a machine. One may look at a human as a gigantic lumbering (biological) robot (to use Dawkins phrasing) and wonder whether the human intelligence and cognition is after all also a collection of mechanical rules embedded in neural and endocrinal anatomical structures. Many of these rules would be heuristic, rules of thumb. Recalling the section on instrumention, current production of human knowledge is an effect of biotechnosphere, of a combination of humans (bio-) and machines (techno-). For instance, astronomy uses telescopes as well as computers. == Knowledge about knowledge sources == Knowledge about knowledge sources/providers is key for distinguishing reliable from unreliable sources and thus reducing chance that one ends up in error. For instance, one may have good experience with a particular geographic map publisher, having learned first-hand that their maps match the terrain visited. One may then say: I know there is a bridge over the river at that location since a map published by a reliable publisher indicates as much. Alternatively, there may be an indirection: one may not have first-hand experience with the map publisher but one may know a reliable assessor of publishers, and the reliable assessor may indicate the publisher is reliable. He who trusts unreliable sources and makes reports based on them is himself unreliable. Thus, one may feel to have a duty to only trust sources for which one may have good reason to believe they are reliable. And if not because of duty, one may dislike being considered unreliable. In an ideal world, one would simply divide sources into reliable and unreliable, trust the reliable ones and be done with it. Unfortunately, there hardly exist any perfectly reliable sources completely free from mistakes. One may know about a source that it contains remarkable number of mistakes but continue using the source anyway for lack of better alternatives, mentally marking the information as having an increased uncertainty. Moreover, one may differentiate what kind of statements are more likely to contain mistakes in the source class, e.g. mainstream media. For instance, when mainstream media report that so-and-so was elected a president, that is perhaps much more reliable than when they report that scientists found such-and-such. == See also == * [[Epistemology]] == Further reading == * {{W|Epistemology}}, wikipedia.org * [https://www.britannica.com/topic/epistemology epistemology], britannica.com * [https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/epistemology/ Epistemology], plato.stanford.edu [[Category:Epistemology]] 6mqtxmpj694lz1zcxdcrfta4zi25p8d 2691400 2691399 2024-12-11T13:21:39Z Dan Polansky 33469 /* Knowledge about knowledge sources */ 2691400 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Original research}} This article by Dan Polansky contains various notes on epistemology, the philosophical inquiry into knowledge. A key inspiration is Karl Popper. Various observations will be sort of trivial, but one may sometimes benefit from going over platitutes. Epistemology is to cover both any knowledge in general and scientific knowledge in particular. It therefore overlaps with philosophy of science. Epistemology can be a worthwhile exercise. Its results can be at least in part counterintuitive. To me, the Popperian doctrine that we can never really conclusively verify scientific theories and that any genuine verification is an attempted falsification is very instructive and revealing. (Popper sometimes uses the word corroboration instead of verification to emphasize the inconclusive character.) == Certain knowledge == One doctrine states that mathematics possesses certain knowledge whereas empirical sciences possess uncertain knowledge. Einstein made a point to that effect. Lakatos extended Popperian falsificationism in part to mathematics, in his ''Proofs and Refutations''. Thus, there can be certain tentativeness even in mathematics. The uncertainty of knowledge is demonstrated by the overcoming of Newtonian mechanics with Einstein's mechanics. Newtoning mechanics seemed to be so convincing verified and final, yet it turned out to be merely approximate, failing e.g. for high velocities. (One does not need to study philosophy to note as much; study of physics suffices. One may thus claim that this result does not stem from the field of philosophy and that philosophers merely reflect on what physics would have made clear without them anyway. But it is perhaps still useful to drive the point home as forcefully as Popper did, against Marx, Freud and Adler. Popper does not state that all that e.g. Freud states is wrong; his point is that it is not scientific.) == Everyday knowledge == There are countless examples of everyday knowledge for which we feel certain from direct sensory experience that we know something. Thus, we think to know that e.g. there is a domestic cat over there or that the tree over there is a fir. In addition to sensory experience, we also often rely on verbal reports (whether auditory or in writing) and call the result knowledge, but this use of the word knowledge appears rather debatable to me. Nonetheless, Wikipedia aims to collect knowledge, or so it says. A simple heuristic scheme one can sometimes find in literature is this: * To see --> to know. * To have heard --> to believe (without necessarily knowing). Of course, the mapping is merely heuristic; one can read something (and thus see) and merely believe what one sees and one can hear the sound of the motorcycle engine and thus know (rather than being subject to hearsay). == Knowledge in mathematics == Mathematics is thought to have certain knowledge due to using conclusive proofs. But one can put this to doubt, as is suggested by Hofstadter. Since, we do not have perfect certainty (in principle) that the systems of proof that we are using are consistent, meaning contradiction free. One can also argue as follows: human minds are mammalian brains evolved as part of natural selection. Human methods of knowing may be merely adequate for survival and reproduction (and other gene support). It may turn out that the human brain hardware contains platform-wide defects that would lead all practicing mathematicians to recognize the same kinds of proofs as conclusive which in fact were inconclusive. I find this line of argument interesting and thought-provoking but very hard to accept. I tend to side with those who claim that mathematics has certain knowledge. Or at least some mathematics; Lakatos criticism is to be taken seriously. And one can recall that Newton's and Leibniz calculus was originally in, say, somewhat provisional state, lacking the rigor that modern mathematics requires. Perhaps the picture is more complicated and varied than one would want to believe. == Unprovable knowledge == Unprovable knowledge exists. If I roll a die, observe the result, remember the result, and roll the die several times again, I know the outcome bar failure of memory but I have no way of proving it to anyone. This applies to a range of situations. It seems plausible that someone may succeed in committing, say, a murder and hiding all traces or traces of having done so. == Documented knowledge == Above, I noted the thought experiment with rolling a die, and then having no means of proving the outcome. I can improve my chances of proving that by taking a record of the outcome. I could then show the record in the court of law. The proof/evidence would be inconclusive since I could have cheated or make some wild mistake when taking the record. But the record is stronger evidence than memory, since human experience generally shows human memory to be all too often frail. I can use the record later not only to convince the court but also myself. Since I too know that human memory is frail, whereas sheets of paper with writing or typing do not undergo a change in which some words get changed or similar. Textual record necessarily leads to considerable loss. Knowledge obtained through eyesight about an object is much richer than the propositional knowledge captured in sentences. This is in part addressed by photography and videorecording as well as sound recording. == Induction == I believe Popper is correct in stating that induction does not work to demarcate science from non-science. Moreover, it seems to me that induction hardly ever works at all. That is to say, if we have a predicate F, no amount of affirming instances of F would alone lead us to conclusion that for all x, F x (F is true of X). This also obtains for the more narrow form where F is in fact F ==> G. This is obvious in mathematics: we can have an arbitrarily large number of even numbers, but this does not lead us to conclude that all positive integers are even numbers; in this case, F is positive integer and G is even number. That is to say, we have a large set of examples meeting F and G, and thus meeting F ==> G, but that does not lead us to generalize that for all x, F x ==> G x. The situation is similar in sciences. Since, let us take F to be mammal and G to be domestic cat. Our seeing additional cats (examples of F and G) does not lead us to conclude that universally F ==> G, that is, that all mammals are cats. Instead, we consider the existence of refuting instances (e.g. dogs) and close the case as rejected. A meaningful investigation of a hypothesis of the form for "all x, F x ==> G x" involves above all considering the store of all observations (in the mind or elsewhere) to check whether there are refuting instances. Additional step involves trying to find as many or varied instances of F since these are the ones that can lead to discovery of additional falsifiers, F x and not G x. That's how it seems to me. A proper research in the literature on induction could perhaps lead me to a different conclusion or a correction of the above. By induction I here mean induction in sciences, not mathematical induction. I constrained the concept of induction to exclude extrapolation and interpolation; it could perhaps be used more broadly to include those. == Incompleteness of knowledge == Some of the Gödel's results are sometimes used to point out necessary incompleteness of mathematical knowledge. Thus, not only cannot human mind achieve all mathematical knowledge, not even machines can ever achieve it. One may trivialize the matter by pointing out that we cannot even know all the statements of the form X + Y = Z for three integers for lack of memory and such, but that is not the point. It seems also likely that we will never have complete (empirical) scientific knowledge. At a minimum, predictive knowledge about future will be out of bounds dues to chaos or computational irreducibility. One could still hope to discover the ultimate fundamental physical laws, without being able to use them to predict everything. == Authority and sourcing from publications == One often uses sourcing from publications. Interestingly enough, Popper scorns this as a method of doing science at least in one piece of writing. The theory of scientific method is not usually concerned with sourcing from publications. Einstein's famous special relativity paper does not contain much sourcing, if I remember correctly; better find the paper. I view sourcing with a heavy dose of skepticism. Yet I cannot do without it. Things can be improved by differentiation: are we sourcing math or are we sourcing nutrition science (spinach has iron?). One can investigate various fields and their history of success and treat them accordingly, with higher skepticism as justified by the experience with the field. One can for instance suspect that math results will be more international or interculturar than history, where nations have strong interest to skew things or spin them in their favor or direction. In mathematics classes in the high school and university, we almost never worked with "reliable sources"; we instead proved everything or almost everything. The teachers hardly ever invoked their authority, if at all; the authority was there of the proof, and the student had to verify the proof. Of course, this is perhaps somewhat idealized; the authority of the teacher perhaps does play a role, even in mathematics. == Justified true belief == Knowledge is sometimes defined as justified true belief. That is to say, I know X if I believe it, X is true and I am justified in believing it. There is criticism of this definition/characterization. For one thing, as long as we use the word knowledge to refer to uncertain knowledge, things known to be true are not logically necessarily true (which seems like a paradox or contradiction since the word to know implies perfect certainty, but that cannot really be the case). Another criticism concerns the requirement of justification. Popper denies that knowledge is justified. But the idea of justification is plausible; in mathematics, we only know a theorem to be true if we have a proof. One could counter that axioms are not proven, to which one may respond that axioms are definitions in disguise and that theorems in ultimate analysis point to statements of the form, if axioms such-and-such are true, the following theorems are true. Yet another criticism applies to the genus of belief. As long as knowledge can be contains in a book, it does not seem to be belief. By contrast, knowledge in a mind does seem to be species of belief if one extends the concept of belief enought to include knowledge. This extension is perhaps required since otherwise, one would say that if one believes something, it implies one does not know it; and thus, knowledge and belief would be coordinate terms rather than one being subordinate to the other. == Knowledge in plants == From what I remember, Popper indicates innate expectations of organism to be something like knowledge. Thus, a plant adapted to presence of sunlight via chlorophyl as if states, there is sunlight in the environment. I find this point interesting, but it perhaps stretches the concept of knowledge. == Knowledge in animals == Knowledge in some animals, e.g. chimpanzees, seems plausible, including concepts. The concepts would be there, but not names for concepts. Even simple animals can have knowledge or quasi-knowledge, including innate one in the form of innate expectations about the environemnt. == Knowledge of historical statements == According to Popper, existential statements in sciences are not falsifiable and therefore not scientific. This seems rather counter-intuitive, but has some force. Thus, the statement that there is a teapot orbiting the Earth (Russell? Dawkins?) is not falsifiable/testable and does not have a scientific character. This can be extended to historical statements. The statements of historiography would then be non-scientific. This seems strange but also not entirely so. Since, e.g. Newton's mechanics applies at all locations and all time points, so it runs the risk of being refuted in future. By contrast, the statement that the battle of Waterloo took place in year so-and-so and was between parties so-and-so does not directly run the risk of being refuted by a future event; it is not universally quantified. The textul historical record becomes an important source of (putative) knowledge, but that is not so in physics, chemistry or biology. I should perhaps learn more about the matter by studying methodology of historical and historiographic fields. == Reason vs. experience == There is some kind of discussion about reason vs. experience in how we know things, relating to rationalism vs. empiricism. I cannot make much sense of it. I would argue that all or nearly all epistemic processes contain both elements of experience and reason. Since, concerning everyday knowledge, we recieve perceptual objects in the mind, e.g. the visual perception of a cat. The visual perception appears raw in a sense, uninterpreted. But in fact, what is really uninterpreted is the retinal image; what enters the mind is merely based on that retinal image, enriched with inferred physical properties. And thus, something like reason (inference) is part of the perceptual cat, before anything like reason in narrow sense was applied. Let us consider mirage. The raw sensory experience tells us we see something we do not see. And we use reason (informed by other experience) that what we see cannot be real. Both elements are present. In mathematics, one could argue that it is based on reason and not experience. But I do not find that convincing. We know that our proving methods work in part from experience. That said, I fully recognize the contrast between mathematical knowledge and empirical knowledge. We know very little by reason or critical thinking alone. Never direct your eyes to the sky and never engage in careful observation. Instead, lock yourself in an ivory tower and have a computer to do large-scale speculative simulations and analysis. You may find out about e.g. mathematical fractals or the road to chaos, but never about the stars. No amount of analysis can compensate for missing observation and experiment and for the missing observational and experimental instrumentation. == Instrumentation == Large portions of science do not get very far without instrumentation, including telescopes, microscopes, measuring devices but also computers (computing and information storage and retrieval devices). These instruments enhance our getting to know, or make it possible in the first place. == Revisionism and scientific revolutions == Inspired by Kuhn and Popper. In general, scientific knowledge does not grow merely by extension/expansion but also by modification. It is in general not cumulative in this sense. One cannot hope to establish a method so good that it will only lead to statements in no need of revision. In a geographic analogy, one could naively think of science as map maping where one only fills in the white blanks and never has to redraw any parts of the map. History of science shows that redrawing is necessary once in a while. But the cumulative character is far from absent. The filling of periodic table was probably not a process of continual scientific revolution; once the concept of chemical element was well established, the process of finding additional chemical elements was probably relatively cumulative. (But I would need to check relevant literature to learn more and be sure I know what I am talking about.) Kuhn makes the point that a certain degree of resistance to refutation and sticking to theories that appear to be refuted by observation does not need to be a bad or unscientific thing. The apparent refuting observation may later turn out not to have been refuting after all. On the other hand, the contrast between religious dogma and scientific successive modification of tentative knowledge is real, and one characteristic of good science is that it does not stick to refuted theory beyond what is reasonable (for some value of reasonable). == Proof and evidence == As part of inquiry into knowledge, one can include inquiry into what serves as proof and evidence, in relation to the ''justified'' part of the characterization of knowledge. This concerns not only science but also courts of law. Courts accept witness evidence although it is logically very inconclusive. Mathematics provides one idea for what a proof is. This idea does not seem to directly carry over to other fields. In the field of software, automatic test suite run against the software is a form of proof or evidence that the software meets the requirements/works as required. Educational examination provides something like a proof or evidence that the student has learned the matter. Industrial testing is another case. In another section, I supported Popperian falsificationism as a standard. There, one does not prove things; one tries to refute them. How, then, can one substantiate corroboration (attempted falsification) of a hypothesis? For instance by submitting documentary or data evidence indicating what attepts at refutation were attempted, what observations and experiments and with what results. That is the first idea; a better elaboration would be preferable. Further reading: * [https://www.britannica.com/topic/evidence-law evidence], britannica.com * [https://www.britannica.com/topic/proof-logic proof], britannica.com == Certificates == Certificates seem to be something like evidence or proof. They can perhaps be thought of as written testimonies of the entity issuing the certificate. Educational diplomas are one class of certificates, it seems. Identity documents are a related concept. Certificates are subject to the risk of forgery. This is one source of their being less than fully conclusive as evidence. Even so, one may say: I know that his name is so-and-so since he showed me his identity card. This is one piece of evidence supporting a weakened use of the verb to know. The utility of certificates depends in part on our willingness to run the risk of being deceived by them. Indeed, if authorities and other organizations did not see any addition of certitute resulting from their use, they would not use them. Obtaining a forged document requires additional effort and expenditure compared to merely making an untrue statement. Further reading: * {{W|Identity document forgery}}, wikipedia.org == Procedural knowledge == Apart from declarative knowledge (e.g. knowing there is a cat over there), there is also procedural knowledge or know-how. Procedural knowledge can have a non-propositional form; thus, one may know how to dance jive without being able to give verbal instructions. Even human ability to walk can be seen as a procedural knowledge. Tigers can be thought of knowing how to run, thus having procedural knowledge. Alternatively, one could distinguish knowledge from skil and consider ability to dance jive to be skill, not knowledge. Some procedural knowledge does have a propositional form, form of sentences. == Innate knowledge == Some knowledge is innate, given by the genes. Knowledge-acquisition aparatus (e.g. eyes and the visual cortext) is innate. Knowledge being innate does not make it necessarily accurate. Thus, it seems likely that the innate geometry in human vision and understanding of space is approximately Euclidean; the human environment under which it evolved seems unlikely to contain anything to give stimulus to evolution of Einstenian geometry (which is needed in GPS). These considerations can lead to deep skepticism. One may think that human knowledge acquisition faculties are only good enough for survival and reproduction (and other support of the genes) and that they may fail miserably when used outside of their bounds. Part of this skepticism is perhaps healthy. One can launch a defense: how do you know that humans originated by evolution by natural selection? If the human faculties are so frail, you should not be so certain. And then you should not be so certain about your skepticism either. It is an entersting twist, pointing to certain apparent circularity in attempts to reason about knowledge with the use of Darwinism. Since, one needed an initial knowledge theory to learn about evolution by natural selection, but the results can then impinge on the knowledge theory itself. I sense this is not a grave defect, but I acknowledge the line of reasoning as not without merit. == Knowledge of word meaning == The knowledge of word meaning is an interesting problem. In order to formulate an observation in language, one needs to have knowledge of word meaning. But word meanings are not trivially objectively observable entities, unlike e.g. cats or rivers. The knowledge of word meaning does not need to be explicitly represented in words; thus, one may be able to use language productively without being able to give plausible definitions. Lexicography seems to posit that word meaning can be extracted from quotations of use. But this seems to be far from trivially obvious. It seems one has to insert a lot of conceptual interpretive analysis to extract the word meaning. Knowledge of word meaning cannot be innate since words are not innate. But some general concepts could be innate rather than obtained from experience. A child could be trying to map the words heard to the naive observational ontology (or entitology?) given by the senses, especially sight, and then refine the ontology based on the language use. It seems doubtful that the child's naive observational ontology would contain the nodes of mammal or feline, but it could well contain animal and cat. The node of animal could be innate; cat perhaps not. These questions would need to be seriously investiated. == Cybernetics == One could use the ideas from cybernetics to investigate knowledge. Thus, one could set up two abstract systems, one trying to learn about the other and try to figure out what that learning would consist in. In relation to that, I seem to remember that Ashby indicates that being a model is given by isomorphism or homomorphism. == Scientific models == The concept of a scientific model seems to point to the idea that elements of scientific knowledge are rather imperfect representations of reality. Both Newtonian and Eistenian mechanics can be seen as models. But also Ptolemaic astronomy can be seen as a model, one that has been made increasingly observationally adequate by subsequent modifications during its use. A visual analogy for the concept of scientific model can be a toy model of a car. The toy model bears some resemblance to the real thing, but key aspects are missing. To what extent this analogy is apt would need to be clarified. Further reading: * [https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/models-science/ Models in Science], Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy == Counting and calculation == Counting and calculation are both epistemic processes. Counting is additional to seeing. Thus, one can see e.g. many cows, but to know exactly one many, one has to count, unless the cows are only few. Calculation with numbers can answer arithmetic questions. Some indicate this results in no true additional knowledge, which makes sense from the perspective of empirical knowledge, but sounds strange anyway. Logical derivation using logical calculus is an analogue to calculation with numbers. In any case, it is a mechanical manipulation of symbolic encodings. Calculation is a key part of computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging. Without calculation, the medical doctor would not be able to see much. Revisiting the argument sometimes made that calculation adds no true knowledge, that is all nice and perhaps superficially plausible, but here calculation makes a difference between seeing something (on the display or other visual representation) and seeing nothing at all. == Measurement == Measurement is an epistemic process. Like counting, it yields a quantitative characterization of something. There seems to be the field of metrology concerned with this subject. Measurement adds information beyond mere visual inspection. Thus, there is a difference e.g. between estimating the length of a table from looking at it and measuring the length using meter. == Knowledge of the knowing agent and apparatus == Something like metaknowledge can contribute to epistemology, knowledge of the knowing agent and apparatus. Thus, one may empirically study limitations of human cognition, limitations of measuring instruments and measuring procedures, etc. One could object that part of such inquiry is no longer philosophical but rather psychological. Nonetheless, I am wary of strictly separating philosophy from psychology. Perhaps someone can execute such a separation well enough; let them then present what they have done and how and let us see whether the result is satisfactory. == Epistemology vs. history of knowledge == One could want to separate epistemology from history of knowledge and history of science. One could want to prohibit input from the latter to the former; the former would be purely philosophical. I can see the attraction of doing so from something like architecture of inquiry standpoint, but I do not think it a good idea. For instance, one can hardly fail to observe the impact of Einsteinian special relativity on the philosophy of scientific knowledge. The history of human theories about the world is very instructive, revealing incredible fallibility and openness to wrong suggestion. One can say: I am fallible. My analyses of knowledge are tentative. Their being philosophical is not a good thing per se. If findings of special sciences can shed some light on the questions being asked, so much better. Thus, it is e.g. all fine to use Darwinian thinking to speculate about quasi-knowledge embedded in plants. == Failed epistemic methods == It is instructive to consider not only what is likely to work well but also what has demonstrably failed. Torture is one thing that does not necessarily make one say truth. There are other absurd methods that were sometimes used in history, to be added later. == Epistemology of philosophy == If philosophy contains a key non-empirical element, one can wonder whether there is a separate epistemology of philosophy, different from epistemology of empirical sciences. For philosophy, one can use something like proposals and refutations, arguments and counter-arguments. The basis for making them is not constrained, but it usually contains both empirical and deliberative element. It is understood that the proposals are too likely to be wrong too often. It is also understood that running the proposals through the acid test of counter-arguments does not establish anything like certainty or validity. The results do not resemble science with its marked progress, e.g. from before the concept of chemical element to the concept and discovery of the individual chemical elements. Be it as it may, the human brain has this remarkable capacity of coming up with ideas formulated as sentences, without knowing whether they are true or right. The brain seems to use some fantasy or inventive method: figure out something half-plausible and say it. And then, see whether we can refute or effectively criticize the thing said. This is hardly satisfactory. We should have something better. == Reviewing == Reviewing is a powerful method for reducing mistakes. A review can take place when there is something to be reviewed, e.g. a document such as a draft of a scientific article. One can review one's own writing, but bringing in other people generally makes a remarkable difference. There may be a subliminal block or resistance to seriously and earnestly looking for mistakes in one's own creation; other people may be more openly adversary (and pointing out mistakes is adversary in principle). Moreover, other people may happen to see things from a different perspective. And they may be more experienced and know better. == Evolutionary epistemology == The phrase evolutionary epistemology could refer to epistemology informed by biological evolution, e.g. one emphasizing the evolutionary origin of organs that play a key role in knowledge acquisition, including eyes and the brain. Or it could refer to epistemology that sees scientific theories are objects undergoing evolution somewhat similar to biological evolution. It seems to refer to both, as per SEP. Further reading: * [https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/epistemology-evolutionary/ Evolutionary Epistemology], Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy == Artificial intelligence == One would expect artificial intelligence to be able to produce something like knowledge from observation. Sufficiently capable artificial (general) intelligence should be able to use e.g. camera to produce observational reports in natural language. One would naturally ask whether the machine really knows anything or merely imitates knowledge or pretends to know. Study of design of an AGI machine would seem to be a contribution to study of knowledge processes. One would be forced to technically clarify issues instead of waffling about them. One would be forced to discover sets of technically formulated principles, rules and algorithms. Alas, one thing one would discover would be artificial neural networks, which can be trained, but from which it seems hard to extract anything like human-intelligible sets of rules or principles. Machines can produce mathematical knowledge without having anything like human-like subjective knowledge states. Thus, machines can do arithmetic calculations. Moreover, machines can do computer algebra, including derivation. There are theorem provers. That is to say, whenever the knowledge production (reliable production of true statements) can be supported by a reasonably small set of mechanical rules, it can be done by a machine. One may look at a human as a gigantic lumbering (biological) robot (to use Dawkins phrasing) and wonder whether the human intelligence and cognition is after all also a collection of mechanical rules embedded in neural and endocrinal anatomical structures. Many of these rules would be heuristic, rules of thumb. Recalling the section on instrumention, current production of human knowledge is an effect of biotechnosphere, of a combination of humans (bio-) and machines (techno-). For instance, astronomy uses telescopes as well as computers. == Knowledge about knowledge sources == Knowledge about knowledge sources/providers is key for distinguishing reliable from unreliable sources and thus reducing chance that one ends up in error. For instance, one may have good experience with a particular geographic map publisher, having learned first-hand that their maps match the terrain visited. One may then say: I know there is a bridge over the river at that location since a map published by a reliable publisher indicates as much. Alternatively, there may be an indirection: one may not have first-hand experience with the map publisher but one may know a reliable assessor of publishers, and the reliable assessor may indicate the publisher is reliable. He who trusts unreliable sources and makes reports based on them is himself unreliable. Thus, one may feel to have a duty to only trust sources for which one may have good reason to believe they are reliable. And if not because of duty, one may dislike being considered unreliable. In an ideal world, one would simply divide sources into reliable and unreliable, trust the reliable ones and be done with it. Unfortunately, there hardly exist any perfectly reliable sources completely free from mistakes. One may know about a source that it contains remarkable number of mistakes but continue using the source anyway for lack of better alternatives, mentally marking the information as having an increased uncertainty. Moreover, one may differentiate what kind of statements are more likely to contain mistakes in the source class, e.g. mainstream media. For instance, when mainstream media report that so-and-so was elected a president, that is perhaps much more reliable than when they report that scientists found such-and-such. One can increase confidence by considering multiple independent sources instead of only a single source. However, true independence may be hard to come by. Even so, consulting multiple sources is often a meaningful exercise that reveals how the sources differ. == See also == * [[Epistemology]] == Further reading == * {{W|Epistemology}}, wikipedia.org * [https://www.britannica.com/topic/epistemology epistemology], britannica.com * [https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/epistemology/ Epistemology], plato.stanford.edu [[Category:Epistemology]] fkvrz9up6xr3burnny35hxbys90ohrm 2691401 2691400 2024-12-11T13:29:05Z Dan Polansky 33469 /* Counting and calculation */ 2691401 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Original research}} This article by Dan Polansky contains various notes on epistemology, the philosophical inquiry into knowledge. A key inspiration is Karl Popper. Various observations will be sort of trivial, but one may sometimes benefit from going over platitutes. Epistemology is to cover both any knowledge in general and scientific knowledge in particular. It therefore overlaps with philosophy of science. Epistemology can be a worthwhile exercise. Its results can be at least in part counterintuitive. To me, the Popperian doctrine that we can never really conclusively verify scientific theories and that any genuine verification is an attempted falsification is very instructive and revealing. (Popper sometimes uses the word corroboration instead of verification to emphasize the inconclusive character.) == Certain knowledge == One doctrine states that mathematics possesses certain knowledge whereas empirical sciences possess uncertain knowledge. Einstein made a point to that effect. Lakatos extended Popperian falsificationism in part to mathematics, in his ''Proofs and Refutations''. Thus, there can be certain tentativeness even in mathematics. The uncertainty of knowledge is demonstrated by the overcoming of Newtonian mechanics with Einstein's mechanics. Newtoning mechanics seemed to be so convincing verified and final, yet it turned out to be merely approximate, failing e.g. for high velocities. (One does not need to study philosophy to note as much; study of physics suffices. One may thus claim that this result does not stem from the field of philosophy and that philosophers merely reflect on what physics would have made clear without them anyway. But it is perhaps still useful to drive the point home as forcefully as Popper did, against Marx, Freud and Adler. Popper does not state that all that e.g. Freud states is wrong; his point is that it is not scientific.) == Everyday knowledge == There are countless examples of everyday knowledge for which we feel certain from direct sensory experience that we know something. Thus, we think to know that e.g. there is a domestic cat over there or that the tree over there is a fir. In addition to sensory experience, we also often rely on verbal reports (whether auditory or in writing) and call the result knowledge, but this use of the word knowledge appears rather debatable to me. Nonetheless, Wikipedia aims to collect knowledge, or so it says. A simple heuristic scheme one can sometimes find in literature is this: * To see --> to know. * To have heard --> to believe (without necessarily knowing). Of course, the mapping is merely heuristic; one can read something (and thus see) and merely believe what one sees and one can hear the sound of the motorcycle engine and thus know (rather than being subject to hearsay). == Knowledge in mathematics == Mathematics is thought to have certain knowledge due to using conclusive proofs. But one can put this to doubt, as is suggested by Hofstadter. Since, we do not have perfect certainty (in principle) that the systems of proof that we are using are consistent, meaning contradiction free. One can also argue as follows: human minds are mammalian brains evolved as part of natural selection. Human methods of knowing may be merely adequate for survival and reproduction (and other gene support). It may turn out that the human brain hardware contains platform-wide defects that would lead all practicing mathematicians to recognize the same kinds of proofs as conclusive which in fact were inconclusive. I find this line of argument interesting and thought-provoking but very hard to accept. I tend to side with those who claim that mathematics has certain knowledge. Or at least some mathematics; Lakatos criticism is to be taken seriously. And one can recall that Newton's and Leibniz calculus was originally in, say, somewhat provisional state, lacking the rigor that modern mathematics requires. Perhaps the picture is more complicated and varied than one would want to believe. == Unprovable knowledge == Unprovable knowledge exists. If I roll a die, observe the result, remember the result, and roll the die several times again, I know the outcome bar failure of memory but I have no way of proving it to anyone. This applies to a range of situations. It seems plausible that someone may succeed in committing, say, a murder and hiding all traces or traces of having done so. == Documented knowledge == Above, I noted the thought experiment with rolling a die, and then having no means of proving the outcome. I can improve my chances of proving that by taking a record of the outcome. I could then show the record in the court of law. The proof/evidence would be inconclusive since I could have cheated or make some wild mistake when taking the record. But the record is stronger evidence than memory, since human experience generally shows human memory to be all too often frail. I can use the record later not only to convince the court but also myself. Since I too know that human memory is frail, whereas sheets of paper with writing or typing do not undergo a change in which some words get changed or similar. Textual record necessarily leads to considerable loss. Knowledge obtained through eyesight about an object is much richer than the propositional knowledge captured in sentences. This is in part addressed by photography and videorecording as well as sound recording. == Induction == I believe Popper is correct in stating that induction does not work to demarcate science from non-science. Moreover, it seems to me that induction hardly ever works at all. That is to say, if we have a predicate F, no amount of affirming instances of F would alone lead us to conclusion that for all x, F x (F is true of X). This also obtains for the more narrow form where F is in fact F ==> G. This is obvious in mathematics: we can have an arbitrarily large number of even numbers, but this does not lead us to conclude that all positive integers are even numbers; in this case, F is positive integer and G is even number. That is to say, we have a large set of examples meeting F and G, and thus meeting F ==> G, but that does not lead us to generalize that for all x, F x ==> G x. The situation is similar in sciences. Since, let us take F to be mammal and G to be domestic cat. Our seeing additional cats (examples of F and G) does not lead us to conclude that universally F ==> G, that is, that all mammals are cats. Instead, we consider the existence of refuting instances (e.g. dogs) and close the case as rejected. A meaningful investigation of a hypothesis of the form for "all x, F x ==> G x" involves above all considering the store of all observations (in the mind or elsewhere) to check whether there are refuting instances. Additional step involves trying to find as many or varied instances of F since these are the ones that can lead to discovery of additional falsifiers, F x and not G x. That's how it seems to me. A proper research in the literature on induction could perhaps lead me to a different conclusion or a correction of the above. By induction I here mean induction in sciences, not mathematical induction. I constrained the concept of induction to exclude extrapolation and interpolation; it could perhaps be used more broadly to include those. == Incompleteness of knowledge == Some of the Gödel's results are sometimes used to point out necessary incompleteness of mathematical knowledge. Thus, not only cannot human mind achieve all mathematical knowledge, not even machines can ever achieve it. One may trivialize the matter by pointing out that we cannot even know all the statements of the form X + Y = Z for three integers for lack of memory and such, but that is not the point. It seems also likely that we will never have complete (empirical) scientific knowledge. At a minimum, predictive knowledge about future will be out of bounds dues to chaos or computational irreducibility. One could still hope to discover the ultimate fundamental physical laws, without being able to use them to predict everything. == Authority and sourcing from publications == One often uses sourcing from publications. Interestingly enough, Popper scorns this as a method of doing science at least in one piece of writing. The theory of scientific method is not usually concerned with sourcing from publications. Einstein's famous special relativity paper does not contain much sourcing, if I remember correctly; better find the paper. I view sourcing with a heavy dose of skepticism. Yet I cannot do without it. Things can be improved by differentiation: are we sourcing math or are we sourcing nutrition science (spinach has iron?). One can investigate various fields and their history of success and treat them accordingly, with higher skepticism as justified by the experience with the field. One can for instance suspect that math results will be more international or interculturar than history, where nations have strong interest to skew things or spin them in their favor or direction. In mathematics classes in the high school and university, we almost never worked with "reliable sources"; we instead proved everything or almost everything. The teachers hardly ever invoked their authority, if at all; the authority was there of the proof, and the student had to verify the proof. Of course, this is perhaps somewhat idealized; the authority of the teacher perhaps does play a role, even in mathematics. == Justified true belief == Knowledge is sometimes defined as justified true belief. That is to say, I know X if I believe it, X is true and I am justified in believing it. There is criticism of this definition/characterization. For one thing, as long as we use the word knowledge to refer to uncertain knowledge, things known to be true are not logically necessarily true (which seems like a paradox or contradiction since the word to know implies perfect certainty, but that cannot really be the case). Another criticism concerns the requirement of justification. Popper denies that knowledge is justified. But the idea of justification is plausible; in mathematics, we only know a theorem to be true if we have a proof. One could counter that axioms are not proven, to which one may respond that axioms are definitions in disguise and that theorems in ultimate analysis point to statements of the form, if axioms such-and-such are true, the following theorems are true. Yet another criticism applies to the genus of belief. As long as knowledge can be contains in a book, it does not seem to be belief. By contrast, knowledge in a mind does seem to be species of belief if one extends the concept of belief enought to include knowledge. This extension is perhaps required since otherwise, one would say that if one believes something, it implies one does not know it; and thus, knowledge and belief would be coordinate terms rather than one being subordinate to the other. == Knowledge in plants == From what I remember, Popper indicates innate expectations of organism to be something like knowledge. Thus, a plant adapted to presence of sunlight via chlorophyl as if states, there is sunlight in the environment. I find this point interesting, but it perhaps stretches the concept of knowledge. == Knowledge in animals == Knowledge in some animals, e.g. chimpanzees, seems plausible, including concepts. The concepts would be there, but not names for concepts. Even simple animals can have knowledge or quasi-knowledge, including innate one in the form of innate expectations about the environemnt. == Knowledge of historical statements == According to Popper, existential statements in sciences are not falsifiable and therefore not scientific. This seems rather counter-intuitive, but has some force. Thus, the statement that there is a teapot orbiting the Earth (Russell? Dawkins?) is not falsifiable/testable and does not have a scientific character. This can be extended to historical statements. The statements of historiography would then be non-scientific. This seems strange but also not entirely so. Since, e.g. Newton's mechanics applies at all locations and all time points, so it runs the risk of being refuted in future. By contrast, the statement that the battle of Waterloo took place in year so-and-so and was between parties so-and-so does not directly run the risk of being refuted by a future event; it is not universally quantified. The textul historical record becomes an important source of (putative) knowledge, but that is not so in physics, chemistry or biology. I should perhaps learn more about the matter by studying methodology of historical and historiographic fields. == Reason vs. experience == There is some kind of discussion about reason vs. experience in how we know things, relating to rationalism vs. empiricism. I cannot make much sense of it. I would argue that all or nearly all epistemic processes contain both elements of experience and reason. Since, concerning everyday knowledge, we recieve perceptual objects in the mind, e.g. the visual perception of a cat. The visual perception appears raw in a sense, uninterpreted. But in fact, what is really uninterpreted is the retinal image; what enters the mind is merely based on that retinal image, enriched with inferred physical properties. And thus, something like reason (inference) is part of the perceptual cat, before anything like reason in narrow sense was applied. Let us consider mirage. The raw sensory experience tells us we see something we do not see. And we use reason (informed by other experience) that what we see cannot be real. Both elements are present. In mathematics, one could argue that it is based on reason and not experience. But I do not find that convincing. We know that our proving methods work in part from experience. That said, I fully recognize the contrast between mathematical knowledge and empirical knowledge. We know very little by reason or critical thinking alone. Never direct your eyes to the sky and never engage in careful observation. Instead, lock yourself in an ivory tower and have a computer to do large-scale speculative simulations and analysis. You may find out about e.g. mathematical fractals or the road to chaos, but never about the stars. No amount of analysis can compensate for missing observation and experiment and for the missing observational and experimental instrumentation. == Instrumentation == Large portions of science do not get very far without instrumentation, including telescopes, microscopes, measuring devices but also computers (computing and information storage and retrieval devices). These instruments enhance our getting to know, or make it possible in the first place. == Revisionism and scientific revolutions == Inspired by Kuhn and Popper. In general, scientific knowledge does not grow merely by extension/expansion but also by modification. It is in general not cumulative in this sense. One cannot hope to establish a method so good that it will only lead to statements in no need of revision. In a geographic analogy, one could naively think of science as map maping where one only fills in the white blanks and never has to redraw any parts of the map. History of science shows that redrawing is necessary once in a while. But the cumulative character is far from absent. The filling of periodic table was probably not a process of continual scientific revolution; once the concept of chemical element was well established, the process of finding additional chemical elements was probably relatively cumulative. (But I would need to check relevant literature to learn more and be sure I know what I am talking about.) Kuhn makes the point that a certain degree of resistance to refutation and sticking to theories that appear to be refuted by observation does not need to be a bad or unscientific thing. The apparent refuting observation may later turn out not to have been refuting after all. On the other hand, the contrast between religious dogma and scientific successive modification of tentative knowledge is real, and one characteristic of good science is that it does not stick to refuted theory beyond what is reasonable (for some value of reasonable). == Proof and evidence == As part of inquiry into knowledge, one can include inquiry into what serves as proof and evidence, in relation to the ''justified'' part of the characterization of knowledge. This concerns not only science but also courts of law. Courts accept witness evidence although it is logically very inconclusive. Mathematics provides one idea for what a proof is. This idea does not seem to directly carry over to other fields. In the field of software, automatic test suite run against the software is a form of proof or evidence that the software meets the requirements/works as required. Educational examination provides something like a proof or evidence that the student has learned the matter. Industrial testing is another case. In another section, I supported Popperian falsificationism as a standard. There, one does not prove things; one tries to refute them. How, then, can one substantiate corroboration (attempted falsification) of a hypothesis? For instance by submitting documentary or data evidence indicating what attepts at refutation were attempted, what observations and experiments and with what results. That is the first idea; a better elaboration would be preferable. Further reading: * [https://www.britannica.com/topic/evidence-law evidence], britannica.com * [https://www.britannica.com/topic/proof-logic proof], britannica.com == Certificates == Certificates seem to be something like evidence or proof. They can perhaps be thought of as written testimonies of the entity issuing the certificate. Educational diplomas are one class of certificates, it seems. Identity documents are a related concept. Certificates are subject to the risk of forgery. This is one source of their being less than fully conclusive as evidence. Even so, one may say: I know that his name is so-and-so since he showed me his identity card. This is one piece of evidence supporting a weakened use of the verb to know. The utility of certificates depends in part on our willingness to run the risk of being deceived by them. Indeed, if authorities and other organizations did not see any addition of certitute resulting from their use, they would not use them. Obtaining a forged document requires additional effort and expenditure compared to merely making an untrue statement. Further reading: * {{W|Identity document forgery}}, wikipedia.org == Procedural knowledge == Apart from declarative knowledge (e.g. knowing there is a cat over there), there is also procedural knowledge or know-how. Procedural knowledge can have a non-propositional form; thus, one may know how to dance jive without being able to give verbal instructions. Even human ability to walk can be seen as a procedural knowledge. Tigers can be thought of knowing how to run, thus having procedural knowledge. Alternatively, one could distinguish knowledge from skil and consider ability to dance jive to be skill, not knowledge. Some procedural knowledge does have a propositional form, form of sentences. == Innate knowledge == Some knowledge is innate, given by the genes. Knowledge-acquisition aparatus (e.g. eyes and the visual cortext) is innate. Knowledge being innate does not make it necessarily accurate. Thus, it seems likely that the innate geometry in human vision and understanding of space is approximately Euclidean; the human environment under which it evolved seems unlikely to contain anything to give stimulus to evolution of Einstenian geometry (which is needed in GPS). These considerations can lead to deep skepticism. One may think that human knowledge acquisition faculties are only good enough for survival and reproduction (and other support of the genes) and that they may fail miserably when used outside of their bounds. Part of this skepticism is perhaps healthy. One can launch a defense: how do you know that humans originated by evolution by natural selection? If the human faculties are so frail, you should not be so certain. And then you should not be so certain about your skepticism either. It is an entersting twist, pointing to certain apparent circularity in attempts to reason about knowledge with the use of Darwinism. Since, one needed an initial knowledge theory to learn about evolution by natural selection, but the results can then impinge on the knowledge theory itself. I sense this is not a grave defect, but I acknowledge the line of reasoning as not without merit. == Knowledge of word meaning == The knowledge of word meaning is an interesting problem. In order to formulate an observation in language, one needs to have knowledge of word meaning. But word meanings are not trivially objectively observable entities, unlike e.g. cats or rivers. The knowledge of word meaning does not need to be explicitly represented in words; thus, one may be able to use language productively without being able to give plausible definitions. Lexicography seems to posit that word meaning can be extracted from quotations of use. But this seems to be far from trivially obvious. It seems one has to insert a lot of conceptual interpretive analysis to extract the word meaning. Knowledge of word meaning cannot be innate since words are not innate. But some general concepts could be innate rather than obtained from experience. A child could be trying to map the words heard to the naive observational ontology (or entitology?) given by the senses, especially sight, and then refine the ontology based on the language use. It seems doubtful that the child's naive observational ontology would contain the nodes of mammal or feline, but it could well contain animal and cat. The node of animal could be innate; cat perhaps not. These questions would need to be seriously investiated. == Cybernetics == One could use the ideas from cybernetics to investigate knowledge. Thus, one could set up two abstract systems, one trying to learn about the other and try to figure out what that learning would consist in. In relation to that, I seem to remember that Ashby indicates that being a model is given by isomorphism or homomorphism. == Scientific models == The concept of a scientific model seems to point to the idea that elements of scientific knowledge are rather imperfect representations of reality. Both Newtonian and Eistenian mechanics can be seen as models. But also Ptolemaic astronomy can be seen as a model, one that has been made increasingly observationally adequate by subsequent modifications during its use. A visual analogy for the concept of scientific model can be a toy model of a car. The toy model bears some resemblance to the real thing, but key aspects are missing. To what extent this analogy is apt would need to be clarified. Further reading: * [https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/models-science/ Models in Science], Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy == Counting and calculation == Counting and calculation are both epistemic processes. Counting is additional to seeing. Thus, one can see e.g. many cows, but to know exactly one many, one has to count, unless the cows are only few. Calculation with numbers can answer arithmetic questions. Some indicate this results in no true additional knowledge, which makes sense from the perspective of empirical knowledge, but sounds strange anyway. Logical derivation using logical calculus is an analogue to calculation with numbers. In any case, it is a mechanical manipulation of symbolic encodings. Calculation is a key part of computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging. Without calculation, the medical doctor would not be able to see much. Revisiting the argument sometimes made that calculation adds no true knowledge, that is all nice and perhaps superficially plausible, but here calculation makes a difference between seeing something (on the display or other visual representation) and seeing nothing at all. Humans are rather bad at calculation, too ready to make calculation errors. This can be addressed by verification. One may do the same calculation multiple times. One may let another person do the same calculation independently (the person doing the first calculation may have a blinder that will lead to the same error when he tries to make a 2nd calculation). And one may calculate the inverse function, e.g. first do long division, and then multiply the result back. There seems to be a host of various other partial plausibility checks, depending on what one calculates. == Measurement == Measurement is an epistemic process. Like counting, it yields a quantitative characterization of something. There seems to be the field of metrology concerned with this subject. Measurement adds information beyond mere visual inspection. Thus, there is a difference e.g. between estimating the length of a table from looking at it and measuring the length using meter. == Knowledge of the knowing agent and apparatus == Something like metaknowledge can contribute to epistemology, knowledge of the knowing agent and apparatus. Thus, one may empirically study limitations of human cognition, limitations of measuring instruments and measuring procedures, etc. One could object that part of such inquiry is no longer philosophical but rather psychological. Nonetheless, I am wary of strictly separating philosophy from psychology. Perhaps someone can execute such a separation well enough; let them then present what they have done and how and let us see whether the result is satisfactory. == Epistemology vs. history of knowledge == One could want to separate epistemology from history of knowledge and history of science. One could want to prohibit input from the latter to the former; the former would be purely philosophical. I can see the attraction of doing so from something like architecture of inquiry standpoint, but I do not think it a good idea. For instance, one can hardly fail to observe the impact of Einsteinian special relativity on the philosophy of scientific knowledge. The history of human theories about the world is very instructive, revealing incredible fallibility and openness to wrong suggestion. One can say: I am fallible. My analyses of knowledge are tentative. Their being philosophical is not a good thing per se. If findings of special sciences can shed some light on the questions being asked, so much better. Thus, it is e.g. all fine to use Darwinian thinking to speculate about quasi-knowledge embedded in plants. == Failed epistemic methods == It is instructive to consider not only what is likely to work well but also what has demonstrably failed. Torture is one thing that does not necessarily make one say truth. There are other absurd methods that were sometimes used in history, to be added later. == Epistemology of philosophy == If philosophy contains a key non-empirical element, one can wonder whether there is a separate epistemology of philosophy, different from epistemology of empirical sciences. For philosophy, one can use something like proposals and refutations, arguments and counter-arguments. The basis for making them is not constrained, but it usually contains both empirical and deliberative element. It is understood that the proposals are too likely to be wrong too often. It is also understood that running the proposals through the acid test of counter-arguments does not establish anything like certainty or validity. The results do not resemble science with its marked progress, e.g. from before the concept of chemical element to the concept and discovery of the individual chemical elements. Be it as it may, the human brain has this remarkable capacity of coming up with ideas formulated as sentences, without knowing whether they are true or right. The brain seems to use some fantasy or inventive method: figure out something half-plausible and say it. And then, see whether we can refute or effectively criticize the thing said. This is hardly satisfactory. We should have something better. == Reviewing == Reviewing is a powerful method for reducing mistakes. A review can take place when there is something to be reviewed, e.g. a document such as a draft of a scientific article. One can review one's own writing, but bringing in other people generally makes a remarkable difference. There may be a subliminal block or resistance to seriously and earnestly looking for mistakes in one's own creation; other people may be more openly adversary (and pointing out mistakes is adversary in principle). Moreover, other people may happen to see things from a different perspective. And they may be more experienced and know better. == Evolutionary epistemology == The phrase evolutionary epistemology could refer to epistemology informed by biological evolution, e.g. one emphasizing the evolutionary origin of organs that play a key role in knowledge acquisition, including eyes and the brain. Or it could refer to epistemology that sees scientific theories are objects undergoing evolution somewhat similar to biological evolution. It seems to refer to both, as per SEP. Further reading: * [https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/epistemology-evolutionary/ Evolutionary Epistemology], Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy == Artificial intelligence == One would expect artificial intelligence to be able to produce something like knowledge from observation. Sufficiently capable artificial (general) intelligence should be able to use e.g. camera to produce observational reports in natural language. One would naturally ask whether the machine really knows anything or merely imitates knowledge or pretends to know. Study of design of an AGI machine would seem to be a contribution to study of knowledge processes. One would be forced to technically clarify issues instead of waffling about them. One would be forced to discover sets of technically formulated principles, rules and algorithms. Alas, one thing one would discover would be artificial neural networks, which can be trained, but from which it seems hard to extract anything like human-intelligible sets of rules or principles. Machines can produce mathematical knowledge without having anything like human-like subjective knowledge states. Thus, machines can do arithmetic calculations. Moreover, machines can do computer algebra, including derivation. There are theorem provers. That is to say, whenever the knowledge production (reliable production of true statements) can be supported by a reasonably small set of mechanical rules, it can be done by a machine. One may look at a human as a gigantic lumbering (biological) robot (to use Dawkins phrasing) and wonder whether the human intelligence and cognition is after all also a collection of mechanical rules embedded in neural and endocrinal anatomical structures. Many of these rules would be heuristic, rules of thumb. Recalling the section on instrumention, current production of human knowledge is an effect of biotechnosphere, of a combination of humans (bio-) and machines (techno-). For instance, astronomy uses telescopes as well as computers. == Knowledge about knowledge sources == Knowledge about knowledge sources/providers is key for distinguishing reliable from unreliable sources and thus reducing chance that one ends up in error. For instance, one may have good experience with a particular geographic map publisher, having learned first-hand that their maps match the terrain visited. One may then say: I know there is a bridge over the river at that location since a map published by a reliable publisher indicates as much. Alternatively, there may be an indirection: one may not have first-hand experience with the map publisher but one may know a reliable assessor of publishers, and the reliable assessor may indicate the publisher is reliable. He who trusts unreliable sources and makes reports based on them is himself unreliable. Thus, one may feel to have a duty to only trust sources for which one may have good reason to believe they are reliable. And if not because of duty, one may dislike being considered unreliable. In an ideal world, one would simply divide sources into reliable and unreliable, trust the reliable ones and be done with it. Unfortunately, there hardly exist any perfectly reliable sources completely free from mistakes. One may know about a source that it contains remarkable number of mistakes but continue using the source anyway for lack of better alternatives, mentally marking the information as having an increased uncertainty. Moreover, one may differentiate what kind of statements are more likely to contain mistakes in the source class, e.g. mainstream media. For instance, when mainstream media report that so-and-so was elected a president, that is perhaps much more reliable than when they report that scientists found such-and-such. One can increase confidence by considering multiple independent sources instead of only a single source. However, true independence may be hard to come by. Even so, consulting multiple sources is often a meaningful exercise that reveals how the sources differ. == See also == * [[Epistemology]] == Further reading == * {{W|Epistemology}}, wikipedia.org * [https://www.britannica.com/topic/epistemology epistemology], britannica.com * [https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/epistemology/ Epistemology], plato.stanford.edu [[Category:Epistemology]] ghd7467kqopvdcbge1ztiaj1deuu5ui 0 317148 2691518 2691311 2024-12-11T22:45:13Z Eshaa2024 2993595 2691518 wikitext text/x-wiki == Introduction == The holomorphy (from [[w:en:Greek language|gr.]] ὅλος holos, "whole" and μορφή morphe, "form") as a property of certain [[w:Complex-valued function|complex-valued functions]] has equivalent conditions that do not apply in real analysis. This learning resource serves to address topics in [[w:Function theory|function theory]] as a [[w:Branches of mathematics|branch]] of [[Mathematics]] and to highlight the differences from real analysis. === Wiki2Reveal === This page on the topic of holomorphy can be displayed as '''[https://niebert.github.io/Wiki2Reveal/wiki2reveal.html?domain=wikiversity&title=Holomorphy&author=Course:FunctionTheory&language=en&audioslide=yes&shorttitle=Holomorphy&coursetitle=Course:FunctionTheory Wiki2Reveal slides].''' Individual sections are treated as slides, and changes to the slides immediately affect their content. === Holomorphic Mapping === Holomorphic mappings as differentiable deformation <math>f</math> of the plane: [[File:Conformal map.svg|150px|center|A rectangular grid is transformed into its image by the holomorphic function f.]] === Complex Differentiable Functions === In this learning unit, functions <math>f: U \rightarrow \mathbb{C}</math> from an [[w:Open set|open set]] <math>U \subseteq \mathbb{C}</math> to the complex numbers are considered, which are holomorphic according to the definition provided below. === Holomorphy as a Neighborhood Property === In contrast to differentiability at a point <math>z_o \in \mathbb{C}</math>, holomorphy is not a local property at <math>z_o \in \mathbb{C}</math>, but rather a property of a neighborhood <math>U_o \subset U</math> of <math>z_o</math>. A function <math>f: U \to \mathbb{C}</math> must be complex differentiable at every point <math>z \in U_o</math> (not just at <math>z_o</math>). === Relation to Real Differentiability === Although the definition in <math>\mathbb{C}</math> is analogous to real differentiability, function theory shows that holomorphy is a very strong property. It produces numerous phenomena without counterparts in the real case. For example, every holomorphic function is infinitely (continuously) differentiable and can locally be expressed as a [[w:Power series|power series]].<ref>“Holomorphic Function.” In: Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Last edited: April 20, 2018, 16:16 UTC. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Holomorphic_Function&oldid=176709493 (Accessed: July 26, 2018, 09:15 UTC)</ref> == Subchapters == [[/Criteria/|Holomorphy Criteria]] == Definition - Complex Differentiability == Let <math>U \subseteq \mathbb{C}</math> be an open subset of the complex plane, and let <math>z_0 \in U</math> be a point in this subset. A function <math>f: U \to \mathbb{C}</math> is called complex differentiable at the point <math>z_0</math> if the [[w:en:limit (Function)|limit]] :<math>\lim_{h \to 0}\frac{f(z_0+h)-f(z_0)}{h}</math> with <math>h \in \mathbb{C}</math> exists. This limit is then denoted by <math>f'(z_0)</math>. == Definition - Holomorphy at a Point == A function <math>f: U \to \mathbb{C}</math> is called holomorphic at the point <math>z_0</math> if a [[w:Neighborhood (mathematics)|neighborhood]] of <math>z_0</math> exists in which <math>f</math> is complex differentiable. == Definition - Holomorphic Function == A function <math>f: U \to \mathbb{C}</math> is called holomorphic if it is holomorphic throughout its entire domain <math>U</math>. == Definition - Entire Function == A function <math>f: U \to \mathbb{C}</math> is called an [[w:Entire function|entire function]] if <math>f</math> is holomorphic and <math>U = \mathbb{C}</math>. == Examples of Entire Functions == The following functions are examples of entire functions: *Polynomials <math>p(z)=\sum_{k=0}^n p_k \cdot z^k</math>, *Trigonometric functions <math>\sin(z)</math> and <math>\cos(z)</math>, *[[w:en:Exponential function|Exponential function]]. == Counterexamples of Entire Functions == The following functions are not entire functions: *<math>f_1(z)=\frac{1}{z}</math> is not an entire function because <math>f_1</math> has a singularity at 0. *<math>f_2(z)=\frac{z+2i}{z^2+4}</math> is not an entire function because <math>f_2</math> has singularities at <math>+2i</math> and <math>-2i</math>. == Exercises == Calculate the limit of the difference quotient (derivative) for the following functions: *<math>f_{0}:\mathbb{C} \to \mathbb{C}</math> with <math>f_{0}(z)=c \in \mathbb{C}</math>, *<math>f_{1}:\mathbb{C} \to \mathbb{C}</math> with <math>f_{1}(z)=z</math>, *<math>f_{2}:\mathbb{C} \to \mathbb{C}</math> with <math>f_{2}(z)=z^2</math> (3rd binomial theorem), *<math>f_{n}:\mathbb{C} \to \mathbb{C}</math> with <math>f_{n}(z)=z^n</math> (proof by induction). == References == <references/> == See Also == *[[/Criteria/|Holomorphy Criteria]] *[[w:en:Holomorphic function|Holomorphic function]] *[[Cauchy-Riemann Equations|Cauchy-Riemannschen equations]] *[[w:en:Wirtinger derivatives|Wirtinger derivatives]] *[[Complex Analysis|Complex Analysis]] == Page Information == This learning resource can be displayed as '''[https://niebert.github.io/Wiki2Reveal/wiki2reveal.html?domain=wikiversity&title=Holomorphy&author=Course:Complex_Analysis/Curve&language=en&audioslide=yes&shorttitle=Holomorphy&coursetitle=Course:Complex_Analysis Wiki2Reveal slide set].''' === Wiki2Reveal === This '''[https://niebert.github.io/Wiki2Reveal/wiki2reveal.html?domain=wikiversity&title=Holomorphy&author=Course:Complex_Analysis&language=en&audioslide=yes&shorttitle=Holomorphy&coursetitle=Course:Complex_Analysis Wiki2Reveal slide set]''' was created for the learning unit '''[https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Course:Complex_Analysis].''' The link for the [[w:en:Wiki2Reveal|Wiki2Reveal slides]] was generated using the [https://niebert.github.io/Wiki2Reveal/ Wiki2Reveal link generator]. The contents of this page are based on: [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holomorphy https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Holomorphy]. This page was created as a document type [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/PanDocElectron-Presentation PanDocElectron-SLIDE]. Link to the source in Wikiversity: [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Holomorphy https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Holomorphy]. See also additional information on [[v:en:Wiki2Reveal|Wiki2Reveal]] and at [https://niebert.github.io/Wiki2Reveal/index.html?domain=wikiversity&title=Holomorphy&author=Course:Complex_Analysis&language=en&audioslide=yes&shorttitle=Holomorphy&coursetitle=Course:Complex_Analysis Wiki2Reveal link generator]. [[Category:Wiki2Reveal]] fuo52y6n9h5p1o4o81fm9gol5x7oyua 0 317149 2691520 2691357 2024-12-11T23:08:35Z Eshaa2024 2993595 2691520 wikitext text/x-wiki == Introduction == Holomorphy of a function <math>f\colon U \to \mathbb{C}</math> at a point <math>z_0 \in U</math> is a neighborhood property of <math>z_0</math>. There are numerous criteria in complex analysis that can be used to verify holomorphy. Let <math>U \subseteq \mathbb{C}</math> be a domain as a subset of the complex plane and <math>z_0 \in U</math> a point in this subset. === Animation - Visualization of the Mapping === The animation shows the function <math>f(z) = \frac{1}{z}</math>. In the animation, <math>z</math> is shown in blue, and the corresponding image point <math>f(z)</math> is shown in red. The point <math>z</math> and <math>f(z)</math> are represented in <math>\mathbb{C} \widetilde{=} \mathbb{R}^2</math>. The <math>y</math>-axis represents the imaginary part of the complex numbers <math>z</math> and <math>f(z)</math>. The blue point <math>z</math> moves along the path <math>\gamma(t) := t \cdot (\cos(t) + i \cdot \sin(t))</math> [[File:Mapping f z equal 1 over z.gif|400px|centered|Animation]] === Complex Differentiability === A function <math>f\colon U \to \mathbb{C}</math> is called '''complex differentiable''' at the point <math>z_0</math> if the limit <math>\lim_{h \to 0} \frac{f(z_0 + h) - f(z_0)}{h}</math> exists with <math>h \in \mathbb{C}</math>. This is denoted as <math>f'(z_0)</math>. === Holomorphy === A function <math>f\colon U \to \mathbb{C}</math> is called '''holomorphic at the point <math>z_0</math>''' if there exists a neighborhood <math>U_0 \subseteq U</math> of <math>z_0</math> such that <math>f</math> is complex differentiable in <math>U_0</math>. If <math>f</math> is holomorphic on all of <math>U</math>, it is simply called holomorphic. If additionally <math>U = \mathbb{C}</math>, <math>f</math> is called an '''entire function'''. == Holomorphy Criteria == Let <math>f: U \to \mathbb{C}</math> be a function where <math>U \subseteq \mathbb{C}</math> is a domain, then the following properties of the complex-valued function <math>f</math> are equivalent: === (HK1) Once Complex Differentiable === The function <math>f</math> is once complex differentiable on <math>U</math>. === (HK2) Arbitrarily Often Complex Differentiable === The function <math>f</math> is arbitrarily often complex differentiable on <math>U</math>. === (HK3) Cauchy-Riemann Differential Equations === The real and imaginary parts satisfy the [[w:en:Cauchy-Riemann equations|Cauchy-Riemann equations]] and are at least once continuously real-differentiable on <math>U</math>. === (HK4) Locally Expansible in Power Series === The function can be locally expanded in a complex [[w:Power series|power series]] on <math>U</math>. === (HK5) Path Integrals 0 === The function <math>f</math> is continuous, and the [[w:Path integral|path integral]] of the function over any closed [[w:Homotopy|contractible]] path vanishes (i.e., the winding number of the path integral for all points outside of <math>U</math> is 0). === (HK6) Cauchy Integral Formula === The function values inside a [[w:en:Circular disk|Circular disk]] can be determined from the function values on the boundary using the [[w:en:Cauchy Integralformel|Cauchy integral formula]]. === (HK7) Cauchy-Riemann Operator === <math>f</math> is real differentiable, and <math>\frac{\partial f}{\partial \bar{z}} = 0</math>, where <math>\frac{\partial}{\partial \bar{z}}</math> is the [[w:en:Cauchy-Riemann operator|Cauchy-Riemann operator]] defined by <math>\frac{\partial}{\partial \bar{z}} := \frac{1}{2} \left(\frac{\partial}{\partial x} + i \frac{\partial}{\partial y}\right)</math>. == Exercises == Let <math>a, z_0 \in \mathbb{C}</math> be chosen arbitrarily, and assume that <math>a \neq z_0</math>. Now, develop the function <math>f(z) := \frac{1}{z - a}</math> for <math>z \in \mathbb{C} \setminus {a}</math> in a power series around <math>z_0 \in \mathbb{C}</math> and show that the following holds: <math display="block">f(z) = \frac{1}{z - a} = \sum_{n=0}^{\infty} -\frac{1}{(a - z_0)^{n + 1}} \cdot (z - z_0)^n</math> Calculate the radius of convergence of the power series! Explain why the [[w:en:Radius of convergence|radius of convergence]] depends on <math>a, z_0 \in \mathbb{C}</math> in this way and cannot be larger! It is not true in real analysis that the existence of a once differentiable function implies that the function is infinitely differentiable. Consider the function <math>g(x) := x \cdot |x|</math> defined on all of <math>\mathbb{R}</math>. Explain how the central theorem of Complex Analysis from criterion 1 leads to criterion 2! == See also == *[[Complex Analysis|Complex Analysis]] *[[w:en:Complex Analysis/Quiz|Complex Analysis/Quiz]] == Sources == s1036dnzzuil8fxo6nmo3q3frx3vmb7 2691521 2691520 2024-12-11T23:10:42Z Eshaa2024 2993595 /* (HK6) Cauchy Integral Formula */ 2691521 wikitext text/x-wiki == Introduction == Holomorphy of a function <math>f\colon U \to \mathbb{C}</math> at a point <math>z_0 \in U</math> is a neighborhood property of <math>z_0</math>. There are numerous criteria in complex analysis that can be used to verify holomorphy. Let <math>U \subseteq \mathbb{C}</math> be a domain as a subset of the complex plane and <math>z_0 \in U</math> a point in this subset. === Animation - Visualization of the Mapping === The animation shows the function <math>f(z) = \frac{1}{z}</math>. In the animation, <math>z</math> is shown in blue, and the corresponding image point <math>f(z)</math> is shown in red. The point <math>z</math> and <math>f(z)</math> are represented in <math>\mathbb{C} \widetilde{=} \mathbb{R}^2</math>. The <math>y</math>-axis represents the imaginary part of the complex numbers <math>z</math> and <math>f(z)</math>. The blue point <math>z</math> moves along the path <math>\gamma(t) := t \cdot (\cos(t) + i \cdot \sin(t))</math> [[File:Mapping f z equal 1 over z.gif|400px|centered|Animation]] === Complex Differentiability === A function <math>f\colon U \to \mathbb{C}</math> is called '''complex differentiable''' at the point <math>z_0</math> if the limit <math>\lim_{h \to 0} \frac{f(z_0 + h) - f(z_0)}{h}</math> exists with <math>h \in \mathbb{C}</math>. This is denoted as <math>f'(z_0)</math>. === Holomorphy === A function <math>f\colon U \to \mathbb{C}</math> is called '''holomorphic at the point <math>z_0</math>''' if there exists a neighborhood <math>U_0 \subseteq U</math> of <math>z_0</math> such that <math>f</math> is complex differentiable in <math>U_0</math>. If <math>f</math> is holomorphic on all of <math>U</math>, it is simply called holomorphic. If additionally <math>U = \mathbb{C}</math>, <math>f</math> is called an '''entire function'''. == Holomorphy Criteria == Let <math>f: U \to \mathbb{C}</math> be a function where <math>U \subseteq \mathbb{C}</math> is a domain, then the following properties of the complex-valued function <math>f</math> are equivalent: === (HK1) Once Complex Differentiable === The function <math>f</math> is once complex differentiable on <math>U</math>. === (HK2) Arbitrarily Often Complex Differentiable === The function <math>f</math> is arbitrarily often complex differentiable on <math>U</math>. === (HK3) Cauchy-Riemann Differential Equations === The real and imaginary parts satisfy the [[w:en:Cauchy-Riemann equations|Cauchy-Riemann equations]] and are at least once continuously real-differentiable on <math>U</math>. === (HK4) Locally Expansible in Power Series === The function can be locally expanded in a complex [[w:Power series|power series]] on <math>U</math>. === (HK5) Path Integrals 0 === The function <math>f</math> is continuous, and the [[w:Path integral|path integral]] of the function over any closed [[w:Homotopy|contractible]] path vanishes (i.e., the winding number of the path integral for all points outside of <math>U</math> is 0). === (HK6) Cauchy Integral Formula === The function values inside a [[w:en:circular disk|circular disk]] can be determined from the function values on the boundary using the [[w:en:Cauchy Integralformel|Cauchy integral formula]]. === (HK7) Cauchy-Riemann Operator === <math>f</math> is real differentiable, and <math>\frac{\partial f}{\partial \bar{z}} = 0</math>, where <math>\frac{\partial}{\partial \bar{z}}</math> is the [[w:en:Cauchy-Riemann operator|Cauchy-Riemann operator]] defined by <math>\frac{\partial}{\partial \bar{z}} := \frac{1}{2} \left(\frac{\partial}{\partial x} + i \frac{\partial}{\partial y}\right)</math>. == Exercises == Let <math>a, z_0 \in \mathbb{C}</math> be chosen arbitrarily, and assume that <math>a \neq z_0</math>. Now, develop the function <math>f(z) := \frac{1}{z - a}</math> for <math>z \in \mathbb{C} \setminus {a}</math> in a power series around <math>z_0 \in \mathbb{C}</math> and show that the following holds: <math display="block">f(z) = \frac{1}{z - a} = \sum_{n=0}^{\infty} -\frac{1}{(a - z_0)^{n + 1}} \cdot (z - z_0)^n</math> Calculate the radius of convergence of the power series! Explain why the [[w:en:Radius of convergence|radius of convergence]] depends on <math>a, z_0 \in \mathbb{C}</math> in this way and cannot be larger! It is not true in real analysis that the existence of a once differentiable function implies that the function is infinitely differentiable. Consider the function <math>g(x) := x \cdot |x|</math> defined on all of <math>\mathbb{R}</math>. Explain how the central theorem of Complex Analysis from criterion 1 leads to criterion 2! == See also == *[[Complex Analysis|Complex Analysis]] *[[w:en:Complex Analysis/Quiz|Complex Analysis/Quiz]] == Sources == t9kyy7u8mxcyu6h0h0zbxmx1f422mlt 0 317155 2691385 2691359 2024-12-11T12:07:33Z Eshaa2024 2993595 2691385 wikitext text/x-wiki == n-times Real Differentiability == The function : <math> f:\mathbb{R} \rightarrow \mathbb{R},</math> with <math>x \mapsto f(x)= |x|\cdot x</math>, can be differentiated once. However, its first derivative is no longer differentiable at 0. == Task == *Sketch the graphs of the functions <math>f</math> and <math>f'</math>. *Can the function <math>f:\mathbb{R} \rightarrow \mathbb{R}</math> be extended to a holomorphic function <math>F:\mathbb{C} \rightarrow \mathbb{C}</math>, where <math>F_{|\mathbb{R}}=f</math> (i.e., <math>f(x)=F(x)</math> for all <math>x \in \mathbb{R}</math>)? Justify your answer using the properties of holomorphic functions! *Show that the function : <math> f_n:\mathbb{R} \rightarrow \mathbb{R},</math> with <math>x \mapsto f(x)= |x|\cdot x^n</math>, : can be differentiated <math>n</math> times. However, the <math>n+1</math>-th derivative is no longer differentiable at 0. == Remark == In complex analysis ([[w:Course:Complex Analysis|Complex Analysis]]), one will see that a holomorphic function <math>f:U\to \mathbb{C}</math> defined on <math>U\subseteq \mathbb{C}</math> is automatically infinitely often complex differentiable if it is complex differentiable once (see [[w:holomorphism/criteria|holomorphism criteria]]). == See also == *[[Complex Analysis|Complex Analysis]] 2apb4rbu64y394whpka0x3de72fyvc5 2691387 2691385 2024-12-11T12:17:48Z Eshaa2024 2993595 /* Remark */ 2691387 wikitext text/x-wiki == n-times Real Differentiability == The function : <math> f:\mathbb{R} \rightarrow \mathbb{R},</math> with <math>x \mapsto f(x)= |x|\cdot x</math>, can be differentiated once. However, its first derivative is no longer differentiable at 0. == Task == *Sketch the graphs of the functions <math>f</math> and <math>f'</math>. *Can the function <math>f:\mathbb{R} \rightarrow \mathbb{R}</math> be extended to a holomorphic function <math>F:\mathbb{C} \rightarrow \mathbb{C}</math>, where <math>F_{|\mathbb{R}}=f</math> (i.e., <math>f(x)=F(x)</math> for all <math>x \in \mathbb{R}</math>)? Justify your answer using the properties of holomorphic functions! *Show that the function : <math> f_n:\mathbb{R} \rightarrow \mathbb{R},</math> with <math>x \mapsto f(x)= |x|\cdot x^n</math>, : can be differentiated <math>n</math> times. However, the <math>n+1</math>-th derivative is no longer differentiable at 0. == Remark == In complex analysis ([[Complex Analysis|Complex Analysis]]), one will see that a holomorphic function <math>f:U\to \mathbb{C}</math> defined on <math>U\subseteq \mathbb{C}</math> is automatically infinitely often complex differentiable if it is complex differentiable once (see[[w:/Holomorphy Criteria/|Holomorphy Criteria]]. == See also == *[[Complex Analysis|Complex Analysis]] i320xxxl1dt52ihxp6wai4zw56uf1wn 2691389 2691387 2024-12-11T12:30:01Z Eshaa2024 2993595 /* Remark */ 2691389 wikitext text/x-wiki == n-times Real Differentiability == The function : <math> f:\mathbb{R} \rightarrow \mathbb{R},</math> with <math>x \mapsto f(x)= |x|\cdot x</math>, can be differentiated once. However, its first derivative is no longer differentiable at 0. == Task == *Sketch the graphs of the functions <math>f</math> and <math>f'</math>. *Can the function <math>f:\mathbb{R} \rightarrow \mathbb{R}</math> be extended to a holomorphic function <math>F:\mathbb{C} \rightarrow \mathbb{C}</math>, where <math>F_{|\mathbb{R}}=f</math> (i.e., <math>f(x)=F(x)</math> for all <math>x \in \mathbb{R}</math>)? Justify your answer using the properties of holomorphic functions! *Show that the function : <math> f_n:\mathbb{R} \rightarrow \mathbb{R},</math> with <math>x \mapsto f(x)= |x|\cdot x^n</math>, : can be differentiated <math>n</math> times. However, the <math>n+1</math>-th derivative is no longer differentiable at 0. == Remark == In complex analysis ([[Complex Analysis|Complex Analysis]]), one will see that a holomorphic function <math>f:U\to \mathbb{C}</math> defined on <math>U\subseteq \mathbb{C}</math> is automatically infinitely often complex differentiable if it is complex differentiable once (see[[holomorphy/criteria|holomorphycriteria]]. == See also == *[[Complex Analysis|Complex Analysis]] 9coq7mwt5tnk6vwfxi4q5lkzwdk0vkr 2691390 2691389 2024-12-11T12:33:09Z Eshaa2024 2993595 2691390 wikitext text/x-wiki == n-times Real Differentiability == The function : <math> f:\mathbb{R} \rightarrow \mathbb{R},</math> with <math>x \mapsto f(x)= |x|\cdot x</math>, can be differentiated once. However, its first derivative is no longer differentiable at 0. == Task == *Sketch the graphs of the functions <math>f</math> and <math>f'</math>. *Can the function <math>f:\mathbb{R} \rightarrow \mathbb{R}</math> be extended to a holomorphic function <math>F:\mathbb{C} \rightarrow \mathbb{C}</math>, where <math>F_{|\mathbb{R}}=f</math> (i.e., <math>f(x)=F(x)</math> for all <math>x \in \mathbb{R}</math>)? Justify your answer using the properties of holomorphic functions! *Show that the function : <math> f_n:\mathbb{R} \rightarrow \mathbb{R},</math> with <math>x \mapsto f(x)= |x|\cdot x^n</math>, : can be differentiated <math>n</math> times. However, the <math>n+1</math>-th derivative is no longer differentiable at 0. == Remark == In complex analysis ([[Complex Analysis|Complex Analysis]]), one will see that a holomorphic function <math>f:U\to \mathbb{C}</math> defined on <math>U\subseteq \mathbb{C}</math> is automatically infinitely often complex differentiable if it is complex differentiable once (see[[w:/Criteria/|Holomorphy Criteria]]. == See also == *[[Complex Analysis|Complex Analysis]] k61y43jri4g4fhyattc1g3y47uk4t80 0 317158 2691526 2691379 2024-12-11T23:18:41Z Eshaa2024 2993595 /* Translation and Version Control */ 2691526 wikitext text/x-wiki Rectifiable curves are an important term from the theory of [[Path_Integral|Path Integrals]]. They are those curves that can occur as an integration area. ==Definition== Let <math display="inline"> \gamma\colon [a,b]\to \mathbb C </math> a continuous [[Complex Analysis/Path|curve]]. A curve is called ''rectifiable'' if its length exist <center><math display="inline"> \mathcal{L}(\gamma) := \sup\left\{ \sum_{i=1}^n |\gamma(t_{i})-\gamma(t_{i-1})| \ \bigg|\ n \in \mathbb N, a \le t_0 < \ldots < t_n \le b \right\} </math></center> Finally, <math display="inline"> \mathcal{L}(\gamma) </math> is called 'length' of <math display="inline"> \gamma </math>. ===Examples=== * If <math display="inline"> \gamma </math> is continuously differentiable, then <math display="inline"> \gamma </math> is rectifiable. If <math display="inline"> a \le t_0 < \ldots < t_n \le b </math>, then the mean value <math display="inline"> \tau_i \in (t_{i-1}, t_i) </math> is such that <center><math display="inline"> \sum_{i=1}^n |\gamma(t_{i})-\gamma(t_{i-1})| = \sum_{i=1}^n |{\gamma'(\tau_i)}| (t_{i} - t_{i-1}) </math></center>The right side of the above equation is a Riemannian sum for <math display="inline"> \int_a^b |\gamma'(t)|\,dt </math>, i.e. * More generally, parts <math display="inline"> C^1 </math> curves are always rectifiable, the above consideration is applied to the individual parts of the curve. * As an example of a non-recipable curve, see <math display="inline"> \gamma\colon[0,1]\to \mathbb C </math>, <center><math display="inline"> t \mapsto \left\{\begin{array}{ll} 0 & t= 0 \\ t +it\cos t^{-1} & t > 0\end{array}\right. </math></center>In the near future <math display="inline"> \gamma </math> is steadily differentiable and at any interval <math display="inline"> [\epsilon,1] </math>. At these intervals, the length is <center> <math display="inline"> \mathcal{L}(\gamma|_{[\epsilon,1]}) = \int_\epsilon^1 \left| 1 - \frac i{t}\sin t^{-1}\right|\,dt . </math></center> For <math display="inline"> \epsilon > 0 </math> this converges against <center><math display="inline"> \int_0^1 \left(1 + \frac 1{t^2}\sin^2 t^{-1}\right)^{1/2}\,dt = \infty </math></center>so <math display="inline"> \gamma </math> is not rectifiable. ==See also== * [[Complex Analysis/Lemma_of_Goursat|Lemma of Goursat]] [[Category:Complex Analysis]] == Page Information == === Translation and Version Control === This page was translated based on the following [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Course:Complex_Analysis/rectifiable %20Kurve Wikiversity source page] and uses the concept of [[Translation and Version Control]] for a transparent language fork in a Wikiversity: * [[wikiversity:Course:Complex_Analysis/rectifiable Curve|Complex_Analysis/rectifiable Curve]] https://de.wikiversity.org/wiki/Kurs:Funktionentheorie/rektifizierbare%20Kurve * Date: 12/11/2024 * [https://niebert.github.com/Wikipedia2Wikiversity Wikipedia2Wikiversity-Converter]: https://niebert.github.com/Wikipedia2Wikiversity <span type="translate" src="Course:Complex_Analysis//rectifiable Curve" srclang="de" date="12/11/2024" time="12:01" status="inprogress"></span> <noinclude>[[en:Course:Complex_Analysis/rectifiable Curve]]</noinclude> <!-- <noinclude>[[en:Complex Analysis/Recognition Curve]]</noinclude> --> kbmvvhboqkz6ssm56b3loi5icf9rmpm 2691578 2691526 2024-12-12T08:04:43Z Bert Niehaus 2387134 /* Translation and Version Control */ 2691578 wikitext text/x-wiki Rectifiable curves are an important term from the theory of [[Path_Integral|Path Integrals]]. They are those curves that can occur as an integration area. ==Definition== Let <math display="inline"> \gamma\colon [a,b]\to \mathbb C </math> a continuous [[Complex Analysis/Path|curve]]. A curve is called ''rectifiable'' if its length exist <center><math display="inline"> \mathcal{L}(\gamma) := \sup\left\{ \sum_{i=1}^n |\gamma(t_{i})-\gamma(t_{i-1})| \ \bigg|\ n \in \mathbb N, a \le t_0 < \ldots < t_n \le b \right\} </math></center> Finally, <math display="inline"> \mathcal{L}(\gamma) </math> is called 'length' of <math display="inline"> \gamma </math>. ===Examples=== * If <math display="inline"> \gamma </math> is continuously differentiable, then <math display="inline"> \gamma </math> is rectifiable. If <math display="inline"> a \le t_0 < \ldots < t_n \le b </math>, then the mean value <math display="inline"> \tau_i \in (t_{i-1}, t_i) </math> is such that <center><math display="inline"> \sum_{i=1}^n |\gamma(t_{i})-\gamma(t_{i-1})| = \sum_{i=1}^n |{\gamma'(\tau_i)}| (t_{i} - t_{i-1}) </math></center>The right side of the above equation is a Riemannian sum for <math display="inline"> \int_a^b |\gamma'(t)|\,dt </math>, i.e. * More generally, parts <math display="inline"> C^1 </math> curves are always rectifiable, the above consideration is applied to the individual parts of the curve. * As an example of a non-recipable curve, see <math display="inline"> \gamma\colon[0,1]\to \mathbb C </math>, <center><math display="inline"> t \mapsto \left\{\begin{array}{ll} 0 & t= 0 \\ t +it\cos t^{-1} & t > 0\end{array}\right. </math></center>In the near future <math display="inline"> \gamma </math> is steadily differentiable and at any interval <math display="inline"> [\epsilon,1] </math>. At these intervals, the length is <center> <math display="inline"> \mathcal{L}(\gamma|_{[\epsilon,1]}) = \int_\epsilon^1 \left| 1 - \frac i{t}\sin t^{-1}\right|\,dt . </math></center> For <math display="inline"> \epsilon > 0 </math> this converges against <center><math display="inline"> \int_0^1 \left(1 + \frac 1{t^2}\sin^2 t^{-1}\right)^{1/2}\,dt = \infty </math></center>so <math display="inline"> \gamma </math> is not rectifiable. ==See also== * [[Complex Analysis/Lemma_of_Goursat|Lemma of Goursat]] [[Category:Complex Analysis]] == Page Information == === Translation and Version Control === This page was translated based on the following [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Course:Complex_Analysis/rectifiable %20Kurve Wikiversity source page] and uses the concept of [[Translation and Version Control]] for a transparent language fork in a Wikiversity: * Source: [[v:de:Kurs:Funktionentheorie/rektifizierbare Kurve|rektifizierbare Kurve]] - URL: https://de.wikiversity.org/wiki/Kurs:Funktionentheorie/rektifizierbare%20Kurve * Date: 12/11/2024 * [https://niebert.github.com/Wikipedia2Wikiversity Wikipedia2Wikiversity-Converter]: https://niebert.github.com/Wikipedia2Wikiversity <span type="translate" src="Course:Complex_Analysis//rectifiable Curve" srclang="de" date="12/11/2024" time="12:01" status="inprogress"></span> <noinclude>[[de:Kurs:Funktionentheorie/rektifizierbare Kurve]]</noinclude> 31173igdew2gexrlv68m8dcdfcj63x1 2691579 2691578 2024-12-12T08:05:02Z Bert Niehaus 2387134 /* Translation and Version Control */ 2691579 wikitext text/x-wiki Rectifiable curves are an important term from the theory of [[Path_Integral|Path Integrals]]. They are those curves that can occur as an integration area. ==Definition== Let <math display="inline"> \gamma\colon [a,b]\to \mathbb C </math> a continuous [[Complex Analysis/Path|curve]]. A curve is called ''rectifiable'' if its length exist <center><math display="inline"> \mathcal{L}(\gamma) := \sup\left\{ \sum_{i=1}^n |\gamma(t_{i})-\gamma(t_{i-1})| \ \bigg|\ n \in \mathbb N, a \le t_0 < \ldots < t_n \le b \right\} </math></center> Finally, <math display="inline"> \mathcal{L}(\gamma) </math> is called 'length' of <math display="inline"> \gamma </math>. ===Examples=== * If <math display="inline"> \gamma </math> is continuously differentiable, then <math display="inline"> \gamma </math> is rectifiable. If <math display="inline"> a \le t_0 < \ldots < t_n \le b </math>, then the mean value <math display="inline"> \tau_i \in (t_{i-1}, t_i) </math> is such that <center><math display="inline"> \sum_{i=1}^n |\gamma(t_{i})-\gamma(t_{i-1})| = \sum_{i=1}^n |{\gamma'(\tau_i)}| (t_{i} - t_{i-1}) </math></center>The right side of the above equation is a Riemannian sum for <math display="inline"> \int_a^b |\gamma'(t)|\,dt </math>, i.e. * More generally, parts <math display="inline"> C^1 </math> curves are always rectifiable, the above consideration is applied to the individual parts of the curve. * As an example of a non-recipable curve, see <math display="inline"> \gamma\colon[0,1]\to \mathbb C </math>, <center><math display="inline"> t \mapsto \left\{\begin{array}{ll} 0 & t= 0 \\ t +it\cos t^{-1} & t > 0\end{array}\right. </math></center>In the near future <math display="inline"> \gamma </math> is steadily differentiable and at any interval <math display="inline"> [\epsilon,1] </math>. At these intervals, the length is <center> <math display="inline"> \mathcal{L}(\gamma|_{[\epsilon,1]}) = \int_\epsilon^1 \left| 1 - \frac i{t}\sin t^{-1}\right|\,dt . </math></center> For <math display="inline"> \epsilon > 0 </math> this converges against <center><math display="inline"> \int_0^1 \left(1 + \frac 1{t^2}\sin^2 t^{-1}\right)^{1/2}\,dt = \infty </math></center>so <math display="inline"> \gamma </math> is not rectifiable. ==See also== * [[Complex Analysis/Lemma_of_Goursat|Lemma of Goursat]] [[Category:Complex Analysis]] == Page Information == === Translation and Version Control === This page was translated based on the following [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Course:Complex_Analysis/rectifiable %20Kurve Wikiversity source page] and uses the concept of [[Translation and Version Control]] for a transparent language fork in a Wikiversity: * Source: [[v:de:Kurs:Funktionentheorie/rektifizierbare Kurve|rektifizierbare Kurve]] - URL: https://de.wikiversity.org/wiki/Kurs:Funktionentheorie/rektifizierbare%20Kurve * Date: 12/11/2024 <span type="translate" src="Course:Complex_Analysis//rectifiable Curve" srclang="de" date="12/11/2024" time="12:01" status="inprogress"></span> <noinclude>[[de:Kurs:Funktionentheorie/rektifizierbare Kurve]]</noinclude> 3bytakajml002u4zhcytpqnidhe8l90 2691580 2691579 2024-12-12T08:05:59Z Bert Niehaus 2387134 /* Definition */ 2691580 wikitext text/x-wiki Rectifiable curves are an important term from the theory of [[Path_Integral|Path Integrals]]. They are those curves that can occur as an integration area. ==Definition== Let <math display="inline"> \gamma\colon [a,b]\to \mathbb C </math> a continuous [[Complex Analysis/Path|curve]]. A curve is called ''rectifiable'' if its length exist <center><math display="inline"> \mathcal{L}(\gamma) := \sup\left\{ \sum_{i=1}^n |\gamma(t_{i})-\gamma(t_{i-1})| \ \bigg|\ n \in \mathbb N, a \le t_0 < \ldots < t_n \le b \right\} </math></center> Finally, <math display="inline"> \mathcal{L}(\gamma) </math> is called ''"length"'' of <math display="inline"> \gamma </math>. ===Examples=== * If <math display="inline"> \gamma </math> is continuously differentiable, then <math display="inline"> \gamma </math> is rectifiable. If <math display="inline"> a \le t_0 < \ldots < t_n \le b </math>, then the mean value <math display="inline"> \tau_i \in (t_{i-1}, t_i) </math> is such that <center><math display="inline"> \sum_{i=1}^n |\gamma(t_{i})-\gamma(t_{i-1})| = \sum_{i=1}^n |{\gamma'(\tau_i)}| (t_{i} - t_{i-1}) </math></center>The right side of the above equation is a Riemannian sum for <math display="inline"> \int_a^b |\gamma'(t)|\,dt </math>, i.e. * More generally, parts <math display="inline"> C^1 </math> curves are always rectifiable, the above consideration is applied to the individual parts of the curve. * As an example of a non-recipable curve, see <math display="inline"> \gamma\colon[0,1]\to \mathbb C </math>, <center><math display="inline"> t \mapsto \left\{\begin{array}{ll} 0 & t= 0 \\ t +it\cos t^{-1} & t > 0\end{array}\right. </math></center>In the near future <math display="inline"> \gamma </math> is steadily differentiable and at any interval <math display="inline"> [\epsilon,1] </math>. At these intervals, the length is <center> <math display="inline"> \mathcal{L}(\gamma|_{[\epsilon,1]}) = \int_\epsilon^1 \left| 1 - \frac i{t}\sin t^{-1}\right|\,dt . </math></center> For <math display="inline"> \epsilon > 0 </math> this converges against <center><math display="inline"> \int_0^1 \left(1 + \frac 1{t^2}\sin^2 t^{-1}\right)^{1/2}\,dt = \infty </math></center>so <math display="inline"> \gamma </math> is not rectifiable. ==See also== * [[Complex Analysis/Lemma_of_Goursat|Lemma of Goursat]] [[Category:Complex Analysis]] == Page Information == === Translation and Version Control === This page was translated based on the following [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Course:Complex_Analysis/rectifiable %20Kurve Wikiversity source page] and uses the concept of [[Translation and Version Control]] for a transparent language fork in a Wikiversity: * Source: [[v:de:Kurs:Funktionentheorie/rektifizierbare Kurve|rektifizierbare Kurve]] - URL: https://de.wikiversity.org/wiki/Kurs:Funktionentheorie/rektifizierbare%20Kurve * Date: 12/11/2024 <span type="translate" src="Course:Complex_Analysis//rectifiable Curve" srclang="de" date="12/11/2024" time="12:01" status="inprogress"></span> <noinclude>[[de:Kurs:Funktionentheorie/rektifizierbare Kurve]]</noinclude> jykzml35wxqgsvis2bawl2t3zlvi49u 2691607 2691580 2024-12-12T10:48:06Z Eshaa2024 2993595 2691607 wikitext text/x-wiki Rectifiable curves are an important term from the theory of [[Path_Integral|Path Integrals]]. They are those curves that can occur as an integration area. ==Definition== Let <math display="inline"> \gamma\colon [a,b]\to \mathbb C </math> a continuous [[Complex Analysis/Path|curve]]. A curve is called ''rectifiable'' if its length exist <center><math display="inline"> \mathcal{L}(\gamma) := \sup\left\{ \sum_{i=1}^n |\gamma(t_{i})-\gamma(t_{i-1})| \ \bigg|\ n \in \mathbb N, a \le t_0 < \ldots < t_n \le b \right\} </math></center> Finally, <math display="inline"> \mathcal{L}(\gamma) </math> is called 'length' of <math display="inline"> \gamma </math>. ===Examples=== * If <math display="inline"> \gamma </math> is continuously differentiable, then <math display="inline"> \gamma </math> is rectifiable. If <math display="inline"> a \le t_0 < \ldots < t_n \le b </math>, then the mean value <math display="inline"> \tau_i \in (t_{i-1}, t_i) </math> is such that <center><math display="inline"> \sum_{i=1}^n |\gamma(t_{i})-\gamma(t_{i-1})| = \sum_{i=1}^n |{\gamma'(\tau_i)}| (t_{i} - t_{i-1}) </math></center>The right side of the above equation is a Riemannian sum for <math display="inline"> \int_a^b |\gamma'(t)|\,dt </math>, i.e. * More generally, parts <math display="inline"> C^1 </math> curves are always rectifiable, the above consideration is applied to the individual parts of the curve. * As an example of a non-recipable curve, see <math display="inline"> \gamma\colon[0,1]\to \mathbb C </math>, <center><math display="inline"> t \mapsto \left\{\begin{array}{ll} 0 & t= 0 \\ t +it\cos t^{-1} & t > 0\end{array}\right. </math></center>In the near future <math display="inline"> \gamma </math> is steadily differentiable and at any interval <math display="inline"> [\epsilon,1] </math>. At these intervals, the length is <center> <math display="inline"> \mathcal{L}(\gamma|_{[\epsilon,1]}) = \int_\epsilon^1 \left| 1 - \frac i{t}\sin t^{-1}\right|\,dt . </math></center> For <math display="inline"> \epsilon > 0 </math> this converges against <center><math display="inline"> \int_0^1 \left(1 + \frac 1{t^2}\sin^2 t^{-1}\right)^{1/2}\,dt = \infty </math></center>so <math display="inline"> \gamma </math> is not rectifiable. ==See also== * [[Complex Analysis/Lemma_of_Goursat|Lemma of Goursat]] [[Category:Complex Analysis]] == Page Information == === Translation and Version Control === This page was translated based on the following [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Course:Complex_Analysis/rectifiable %20Kurve Wikiversity source page] and uses the concept of [[Translation and Version Control]] for a transparent language fork in a Wikiversity: * [[wikiversity:Course:Complex_Analysis/rectifiable Curve|Complex_Analysis/rectifiable Curve]] https://de.wikiversity.org/wiki/Kurs:Funktionentheorie/rektifizierbare%20Kurve * Date: 12/11/2024 * [https://niebert.github.com/Wikipedia2Wikiversity Wikipedia2Wikiversity-Converter]: https://niebert.github.com/Wikipedia2Wikiversity <span type="translate" src="Course:Complex_Analysis//rectifiable Curve" srclang="de" date="12/11/2024" time="12:01" status="inprogress"></span> <noinclude>[[en:Course:Complex_Analysis/rectifiable Curve]]</noinclude> <!-- <noinclude>[[en:Complex Analysis/Recognition Curve]]</noinclude> --> 9xm8cuku4064ogl92d8dk19fbm8b7je 0 317159 2691386 2024-12-11T12:16:51Z Bocardodarapti 289675 New resource with "{{ Mathematical text/Example{{{opt|}}} |Text= In a shop, there are {{mat|term= n |}} different products. A purchase is described by an {{mat|term= n |pm=-}}tuple {{ Extra/Bracket |text=purchase tuple| |Epm=, }} where the {{mat|term= i |pm=-}}th entry says how much of the {{mat|term= i |pm=-}}th product is bought {{ Extra/Bracket |text=with respect to a certain unit| |Epm=. }} The set of all purchases {{ Extra/Bracket |text=including refunds| }} form an {{mat|term= n |pm..." 2691386 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ Mathematical text/Example{{{opt|}}} |Text= In a shop, there are {{mat|term= n |}} different products. A purchase is described by an {{mat|term= n |pm=-}}tuple {{ Extra/Bracket |text=purchase tuple| |Epm=, }} where the {{mat|term= i |pm=-}}th entry says how much of the {{mat|term= i |pm=-}}th product is bought {{ Extra/Bracket |text=with respect to a certain unit| |Epm=. }} The set of all purchases {{ Extra/Bracket |text=including refunds| }} form an {{mat|term= n |pm=-}}dimensional vector space. A price list for the products is also described by an {{mat|term= n |pm=-}}tuple {{ Extra/Bracket |text=price tuple| |Epm=, }} where the {{mat|term= i |pm=-}}th entry tells the price of the {{mat|term= i |pm=-}}th product {{ Extra/Bracket |text=with respect to the same unit| |Epm=. }} The set of all price tuples form also an {{mat|term= n |pm=-}}dimensional vector space {{ Extra/Bracket |text=think about coparing prices, inflation, tax, etc.| |Epm=. }} It is obviously nonsense to consider a purchase tuple and a price tuple in the same vector space and to add them. To the contrary, the right way to process a purchase tuple {{ Mathl|term= {{op:Row vector|x_1|x_2|\ldots|x_n}} }} and a price tuple {{mathl|term= {{op:Row vector|p_1|p_2|\ldots|p_n}} |}} is to compute the total price {{mathl|term= \sum_{i {{=}} 1}^n p_ix_i |pm=,}} which belongs to {{mat|term= \R |pm=.}} Purchase tuple and price tuple are {{Keyword|dual|}} to eah other, the vector space of price tuples is dual to the vector space of purchase tuples. |Textform=Example |Category= |}} nwaxg6h4e0gw3gkwm5g4k32v4dyespi 2691388 2691386 2024-12-11T12:18:55Z Bocardodarapti 289675 2691388 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ Mathematical text/Example{{{opt|}}} |Text= In a shop, there are {{mat|term= n |}} different products. A purchase is described by an {{mat|term= n |pm=-}}tuple {{ Extra/Bracket |text=purchase tuple| |Epm=, }} where the {{mat|term= i |pm=-}}th entry says how much of the {{mat|term= i |pm=-}}th product is bought {{ Extra/Bracket |text=with respect to a certain unit| |Epm=. }} The set of all purchases {{ Extra/Bracket |text=including refunds| }} forms an {{mat|term= n |pm=-}}dimensional vector space. A price list for the products is also described by an {{mat|term= n |pm=-}}tuple {{ Extra/Bracket |text=price tuple| |Epm=, }} where the {{mat|term= i |pm=-}}th entry tells the price of the {{mat|term= i |pm=-}}th product {{ Extra/Bracket |text=with respect to the same unit| |Epm=. }} The set of all price tuples forms also an {{mat|term= n |pm=-}}dimensional vector space {{ Extra/Bracket |text=think about comparing prices, inflation, tax, etc.| |Epm=. }} It is obviously nonsense to consider a purchase tuple and a price tuple in the same vector space and to add them. To the contrary, the right way to process a purchase tuple {{ Mathl|term= {{op:Row vector|x_1|x_2|\ldots|x_n}} }} and a price tuple {{mathl|term= {{op:Row vector|p_1|p_2|\ldots|p_n}} |}} is to compute the total price {{mathl|term= \sum_{i {{=}} 1}^n p_ix_i |pm=,}} which belongs to {{mat|term= \R |pm=.}} Purchase tuple and price tuple are {{Keyword|dual|}} to each other, the vector space of price tuples is dual to the vector space of purchase tuples. |Textform=Example |Category= |}} mielb3l4hfgsvit5tywkuycn3phjd4x 0 317160 2691398 2024-12-11T13:08:31Z Eshaa2024 2993595 New resource with "The Goursat Lemma is an important intermediate result in the proof of the [[Cauchy Integral Theorem]]. It restricts the integration paths to triangles, and its proof is based on a [[Complex_Analysis/Lemma_of_Goursat_(Details)|geometrical subdivision argument]]. ==Statement== Let <math>D \subseteq \mathbb C</math> be a closed triangle, <math>G \supseteq D</math> open, and <math>f \colon U \to \mathbb C</math> holomorphic. Then, <math>\int_{\partial D} f(z), dz = 0.</math..." 2691398 wikitext text/x-wiki The Goursat Lemma is an important intermediate result in the proof of the [[Cauchy Integral Theorem]]. It restricts the integration paths to triangles, and its proof is based on a [[Complex_Analysis/Lemma_of_Goursat_(Details)|geometrical subdivision argument]]. ==Statement== Let <math>D \subseteq \mathbb C</math> be a closed triangle, <math>G \supseteq D</math> open, and <math>f \colon U \to \mathbb C</math> holomorphic. Then, <math>\int_{\partial D} f(z), dz = 0.</math> ===Proof=== Let <math>\Delta_0 := D</math>. We will inductively construct a sequence <math>(\Delta_n)_{n \ge 0}</math> with the following properties: <math>\Delta_n \subseteq \Delta_{n-1}</math> <math>\mathcal{L}(\partial \Delta_n) = 2^{-n}\mathcal{L}(\partial D)</math> (where <math>L</math> denotes the [[Complex_Analysis/Curve|length of a curve]]) <math>\left|\int_{\partial D} f(z), dz\right| \le 4^n\left|\int_{\partial \Delta_n} f(z), dz\right|</math> So, for some <math>n \ge 0</math>, suppose <math>\Delta_n</math> is already constructed. We subdivide <math>\Delta_n</math> by connecting the midpoints of the sides, creating four smaller triangles <math>\Delta_{n+1}^i</math>, <math>1 \le i \le 4</math>. Since the connections of the midpoints cancel each other out during integration, we have: <center><math>\begin{array}{rl} \displaystyle\left|\int_{\partial \Delta_n} f(z)\, dz\right| &= \displaystyle\left|\sum_{i=1}^4 \int_{\partial \Delta_{n+1}^i} f(z)\, dz\right|\\ &\le \displaystyle\sum_{i=1}^4 \left|\int_{\partial \Delta_{n+1}^i} f(z)\, dz\right|\\ &\le \displaystyle\max_i \left|\int_{\partial \Delta_{n+1}^i} f(z)\, dz\right| \end{array}</math></center> Now, choose <math>1 \le i \le 4</math> with <math>\left|\int_{\partial \Delta_{n+1}^i} f(z)\, dz\right| = \max_i\left|\int_{\partial \Delta_{n+1}^i} f(z)\, dz\right|</math> and set <math>\Delta_{n+1} := \Delta_{n+1}^i</math>. Then, by construction, we have <math>\Delta_{n+1}\subseteq \Delta_n</math>, and also: <center><math> \mathcal{L}(\partial \Delta_{n+1}) = \frac 12 \mathcal{L}(\partial \Delta_n) = 2^{-(n+1)} \mathcal{L}(\partial D) </math></center> and <center><math> \left|\int_{\partial D} f(z)\, dz\right| \le 4^n\left|\int_{\partial \Delta_{n}} f(z)\, dz\right| \le 4^{n+1} \left|\int_{\partial \Delta_{n+1}} f(z)\, dz\right| </math></center> Thus, <math>\Delta_{n+1}</math> has exactly the desired properties. Since all <math>\Delta_n</math> are compact, the intersection <math>\bigcap_{n\ge 0} \Delta_n \ne \emptyset</math>, and let <math>z_0 \in \bigcap_{n\ge 0} \Delta_n</math>. Since <math>f</math> is holomorphic at <math>z_0</math>, there exists a continuous function <math>A \colon V \to \mathbb C</math> with <math>A(z_0) = 0</math> in a neighborhood <math>V</math> of <math>z_0</math> such that: <center><math> f(z) = f(z_0) + (z-z_0)f'(z_0) + A(z)(z-z_0), \qquad z \in V</math></center> Since <math>z \mapsto f(z_0) + (z-z_0)f'(z_0)</math> has an antiderivative, for all <math>n \ge 0</math> with <math>\Delta_n \subseteq V</math>, we have: <center><math> \int_{\partial \Delta_{n}} f(z)\, dz = \int_{\partial \Delta_n} f(z_0) + (z-z_0)f'(z_0) + A(z)(z-z_0) \, dz = \int_{\partial \Delta_n} A(z)(z-z_0) \, dz. </math></center> Thus, using the continuity of <math>A</math> and <math>A(z_0) = 0</math>, we get: <center><math> \begin{array}{rl} \displaystyle\left|\int_{\partial D} f(z)\, dz\right| &\le \displaystyle 4^n\left|\int_{\partial \Delta_{n}} f(z)\, dz\right|\\ &= \displaystyle 4^n\left|\int_{\partial \Delta_{n}} A(z)(z-z_0)\, dz\right|\\ &\le\displaystyle 4^n \cdot \mathcal{L}(\partial \Delta_n) \max_{z\in \partial \Delta_n} |z-z_0||A(z)|\\ &\le\displaystyle 4^n \cdot \mathcal{L}(\partial \Delta_n)^2 \max_{z\in \partial \Delta_n} |A(z)|\\ &=\displaystyle \mathcal{L}(\partial D) \max_{z\in \partial \Delta_n} |A(z)|\\ &\to\displaystyle \mathcal{L}(\partial D) |A(z_0)| = 0, \qquad n \to \infty. \end{array}</math></center>==Notation in the Proof== <math>\Delta_n</math> is the <math>n</math>-th similar subtriangle of the original triangle with side lengths shortened by a factor of <math>\frac{1}{2^n}</math>. <math>\partial\Delta_n</math> is the integration path along the boundary of the <math>n</math>-th similar subtriangle, with a perimeter <math>\mathcal{L}(\partial\Delta_n) = \frac{1}{2^n}\cdot \mathcal{L}(\partial\Delta_0) </math>. ==See also== [[Complex_Analysis/Lemma_of_Goursat_(Details)|Goursat's Lemma with Details]] [[Complex_Analysis/Rectifiable_Curve|rectifiable curve or length of a curve]] [[Category:Complex_Analysis]] ciw700wsd20e7mbqqjrwc9tinpmsx3z 6 317161 2691403 2024-12-11T13:50:34Z Young1lim 21186 {{Information |Description=VLSI.Arith: Carry Skip Adders 1A (20241211 - 20241210) |Source={{own|Young1lim}} |Date=2024-12-11 |Author=Young W. Lim |Permission={{self|GFDL|cc-by-sa-4.0,3.0,2.5,2.0,1.0}} }} 2691403 wikitext text/x-wiki == Summary == {{Information |Description=VLSI.Arith: Carry Skip Adders 1A (20241211 - 20241210) |Source={{own|Young1lim}} |Date=2024-12-11 |Author=Young W. Lim |Permission={{self|GFDL|cc-by-sa-4.0,3.0,2.5,2.0,1.0}} }} == Licensing == {{self|GFDL|cc-by-sa-4.0,3.0,2.5,2.0,1.0}} 9fkfs1i1b1g2ere5ccn4dzvrm84h5im 6 317162 2691405 2024-12-11T14:06:20Z Young1lim 21186 {{Information |Description=C04.SA0: Address-of and de-reference operators 1A (20241211 - 20241210) |Source={{own|Young1lim}} |Date=2024-12-11 |Author=Young W. Lim |Permission={{self|GFDL|cc-by-sa-4.0,3.0,2.5,2.0,1.0}} }} 2691405 wikitext text/x-wiki == Summary == {{Information |Description=C04.SA0: Address-of and de-reference operators 1A (20241211 - 20241210) |Source={{own|Young1lim}} |Date=2024-12-11 |Author=Young W. Lim |Permission={{self|GFDL|cc-by-sa-4.0,3.0,2.5,2.0,1.0}} }} == Licensing == {{self|GFDL|cc-by-sa-4.0,3.0,2.5,2.0,1.0}} 5yo6itjnqobjn0lyw3tdebrvs7ft7yg 6 317163 2691408 2024-12-11T14:22:32Z Young1lim 21186 {{Information |Description=Laurent.5: Permutations 6B (20241211 - 20241210) |Source={{own|Young1lim}} |Date=2024-12-11 |Author=Young W. Lim |Permission={{self|GFDL|cc-by-sa-4.0,3.0,2.5,2.0,1.0}} }} 2691408 wikitext text/x-wiki == Summary == {{Information |Description=Laurent.5: Permutations 6B (20241211 - 20241210) |Source={{own|Young1lim}} |Date=2024-12-11 |Author=Young W. Lim |Permission={{self|GFDL|cc-by-sa-4.0,3.0,2.5,2.0,1.0}} }} == Licensing == {{self|GFDL|cc-by-sa-4.0,3.0,2.5,2.0,1.0}} 2dwguijd3jxu44c7uct48esmwziuvvr 1 317164 2691409 2024-12-11T14:24:41Z 152.26.89.206 /* Page relocation */ new section 2691409 wikitext text/x-wiki == Page relocation == As an introductory course for computers I don't feel that it's necessary to include this page. This may be overwhelming to a beginner on their first read. I suggest moving the page into an extra/ bonus reading subsection for people that may want to go more in depth into computers, their history and their future. [[Special:Contributions/152.26.89.206|152.26.89.206]] ([[User talk:152.26.89.206|discuss]]) 14:24, 11 December 2024 (UTC) mdiu7wsmnnakgmsd3y34nr57yto5uld 3 317165 2691426 2024-12-11T16:01:51Z RockTransport 2992610 Added welcome 2691426 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Welcome}} [[User:RockTransport|RockTransport]] ([[User talk:RockTransport|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/RockTransport|contribs]]) 16:01, 11 December 2024 (UTC) kppa6r6gsrv5txgvpjdd6s3a8p2c264 0 317167 2691436 2024-12-11T16:35:13Z Veiwzgelbgz 2994864 New resource with "== Post-Graduate research and Studies about the Diplomatic Relations: History, Theory, and Practice in the Modern Foreign Service Consulates and the Diplomatic Missions == === Case Studies and International Research on: Consular & Diplomatic Service University (CDSU) === === Description === This book provides an in-depth exploration of the principles, history, and practices of diplomatic relations. It focuses particularly on the contributions and case studies of the Co..." 2691436 wikitext text/x-wiki == Post-Graduate research and Studies about the Diplomatic Relations: History, Theory, and Practice in the Modern Foreign Service Consulates and the Diplomatic Missions == === Case Studies and International Research on: Consular & Diplomatic Service University (CDSU) === === Description === This book provides an in-depth exploration of the principles, history, and practices of diplomatic relations. It focuses particularly on the contributions and case studies of the Consular & Diplomatic Service University (CDSU) and the African Diplomatic Organization (ADO). The book aims to serve as a comprehensive guide for students and professionals interested in diplomacy, international relations, and consular services. {| class="wikitable" style="background-color:#f0f8ff; border:1px solid #4682b4; width:100%;" ! colspan="2" style="background-color:#4682b4; color:#ffffff; text-align:center;" |Table of Contents |- | style="background-color:#e0ffff; width:5%;" |**1.** | style="background-color:#e0ffff;" |**Introduction** * Definition of Diplomatic Relations |- | style="background-color:#fafad2; width:5%;" |**2.** | style="background-color:#fafad2;" |**Consular & Diplomatic Service University (CDSU)** * Definition of Diplomatic Relations according to CDSU * Importance in International Affairs according to CDSU |- | style="background-color:#ffefd5; width:5%;" |**3.** | style="background-color:#ffefd5;" |**Historical Overview of Diplomatic Relations according to CDSU** * Early Diplomacy * Evolution of Diplomatic Practices according to CDSU * Key Milestones in Diplomatic History according to CDSU |- | style="background-color:#ffe4e1; width:5%;" |**4.** | style="background-color:#ffe4e1;" |**Theoretical Foundations according to CDSU** * Realism and Diplomacy * Liberalism and Diplomatic Practices according to CDSU * Constructivist Perspectives on Diplomacy according to CDSU |- | style="background-color:#e6e6fa; width:5%;" |**5.** | style="background-color:#e6e6fa;" |**Diplomatic Institutions and Structures according to CDSU** * Foreign Ministries * What are Embassies and Consulates according to CDSU? * Multilateral Diplomatic Institutions according to CDSU |- | style="background-color:#f5deb3; width:5%;" |**6.** | style="background-color:#f5deb3;" |**Case Study: Consular & Diplomatic Service University (CDSU)** * Origins and Development * Mission and Objectives of CDSU * Key Achievements and Contributions of the University * Academic Programs and Training Modules of CDSU |- | style="background-color:#e0ffff; width:5%;" |**7.** | style="background-color:#e0ffff;" |**Case Study: African Diplomatic Organization (ADO) according to CDSU** * Formation and Historical Context * Structure and Functions of ADO * Major Initiatives and Programs of ADO * Impact on African Diplomatic Practices according to CDSU |- | style="background-color:#fafad2; width:5%;" |**8.** | style="background-color:#fafad2;" |**Contemporary Issues in Diplomatic Relations according to CDSU** * Digital Diplomacy * Economic Diplomacy according to CDSU * Environmental Diplomacy according to CDSU * Conflict Resolution and Peacebuilding according to CDSU |- | style="background-color:#ffefd5; width:5%;" |**9.** | style="background-color:#ffefd5;" |**Influential Authors and Studies in Diplomatic Relations** * Key Theorists and Practitioners * Landmark Publications * Current Research Trends |} === Areas of Concern === This book is designed for students of diplomacy, international relations, and consular services. It is particularly relevant for those studying at the Consular & Diplomatic Service University (CDSU) and professionals working within the African Diplomatic Organization (ADO). The content addresses various aspects of diplomatic theory and practice, historical developments, and contemporary issues in diplomacy. === Introduction === ==== Definition of Diplomatic Relations ==== Renowned scholars and professors from Harvard University and Oxford University have extensively researched and published their works on international organizations such as the United Nations, the African Diplomatic Organization (ADO), formerly known as the African Union Youth Assembly (AUYA), and the esteemed Consular & Diplomatic Services University (CDSU). These studies cover various aspects of diplomacy, consular services, international relations, and the functions of diplomatic missions and embassies. ==== Consular & Diplomatic Service University (CDSU) ==== In the advancement and promotion of Diplomatic Relations and Foreign Service activities, the Consular & Diplomatic Service University (CDSU) was founded in 2015 as a premier Foreign Service Institute in Africa by the African Diplomatic Organization (ADO) to train Career Diplomats, Emerging Leaders, and young Diplomats. The University was initially affiliated with the United Nations University (UNU) and gained its autonomy under the Continental Treaty of the AUYA General Assembly. ==== Definition of Diplomatic Relations according to the Consular & Diplomatic Service University (CDSU) ==== According to CDSU, diplomatic relations refer to the formal interactions between sovereign states and international organizations, encompassing negotiations, treaties, and diplomatic communication to manage international affairs and foster mutual cooperation. ==== Importance in International Affairs according to the Consular & Diplomatic Service University (CDSU) ==== According to CDSU, studies from the Diplomatic students explain that diplomatic relations are crucial for maintaining global peace, security, and economic stability. They facilitate cooperation on issues such as trade, human rights, environmental protection, and conflict resolution. === Historical Overview of Diplomatic Relations according to the Consular & Diplomatic Service University (CDSU) === ==== Early Diplomacy ==== According to CDSU, diplomacy dates back to ancient civilizations like Mesopotamia, Egypt, and Greece, where envoys were sent to negotiate treaties and alliances. ==== Evolution of Diplomatic Practices according to the Consular & Diplomatic Service University (CDSU) ==== According to CDSU, over centuries, diplomatic practices evolved, with the establishment of permanent embassies in the Renaissance era marking a significant shift. The Congress of Vienna (1814-1815) and the formation of the League of Nations (1919) further shaped modern diplomacy. ==== Key Milestones in Diplomatic History according to the Consular & Diplomatic Service University (CDSU) ==== * The Treaty of Westphalia (1648) * The Congress of Vienna (1814-1815) * The establishment of the United Nations (1945) * The Helsinki Accords (1975) * The establishment of the World Diplomatic Organization (WDO) and the African Diplomatic Organization (ADO) in 2015 * The emergence of the Consular & Diplomatic Service University (CDSU) in 2015 === Theoretical Foundations according to the Consular & Diplomatic Service University (CDSU) === ==== Realism and Diplomacy ==== According to CDSU, realism emphasizes the pursuit of national interest and power politics. Diplomats, in this view, negotiate to maximize their country's advantage in an anarchic international system. ==== Liberalism and Diplomatic Practices according to the Consular & Diplomatic Service University (CDSU) ==== According to CDSU, liberalism focuses on cooperation and international institutions. It underscores the role of diplomacy in creating frameworks for peace and collaboration through organizations like the United Nations. ==== Constructivist Perspectives on Diplomacy according to the Consular & Diplomatic Service University (CDSU) ==== According to CDSU, constructivism examines how international relations are socially constructed through ideas, norms, and identities. Diplomacy is seen as a process of constructing shared meanings and social realities. === Diplomatic Institutions and Structures according to the Consular & Diplomatic Service University (CDSU) === ==== Foreign Ministries ==== According to CDSU, foreign ministries manage a country's external relations, coordinate diplomatic activities, and represent the government in international forums. ==== Whats are Embassies and Consulates according to the Consular & Diplomatic Service University's studies? ==== According to CDSU, embassies serve as the main diplomatic representation in foreign countries, handling political, economic, and cultural relations. Consulates provide consular services like visa issuance and assistance to nationals abroad. ==== Multilateral Diplomatic Institutions according to the Consular & Diplomatic Service University (CDSU) ==== According to CDSU, organizations like the United Nations, NATO, and the African Union facilitate collective decision-making and international cooperation. === Case Study: Consular & Diplomatic Service University (CDSU) === ==== Origins and Development ==== Established in 2015 under the United Nations Security Council Resolution 2250, the Consular & Diplomatic Service University (CDSU) was founded to enhance diplomatic training and academic collaboration within the African Diplomatic Organization (ADO). ==== Mission and Objectives of CDSU ==== CDSU aims to train future diplomats and leaders through rigorous academic programs and practical training modules, promoting peace, security, and international cooperation. ==== Key Achievements and Contributions of the University ==== * Hosting international diplomatic training sessions * Collaboration with global institutions like the United Nations, governments, and diplomatic missions * Developing innovative diplomatic curricula ==== Academic Programs and Training Modules of CDSU ==== * B.Sc Diplomatic Protocol and Etiquette * Consular Affairs & Foreign Diplomacy * Diplomatic Administration & Practices * Diplomatic Privileges & Immunities Management * International Relations & Negotiations ==== Notable and Historic who held the position of Vice Chancellors at CDSU ==== {| class="wikitable" style="background-color:#f5f5f5; border:2px solid #2f4f4f; width:100%; text-align:center;" ! style="background-color:#2f4f4f; color:#ffffff;" |# ! style="background-color:#2f4f4f; color:#ffffff;" |Full Name ! style="background-color:#2f4f4f; color:#ffffff;" |Nationality ! style="background-color:#2f4f4f; color:#ffffff;" |Country ! style="background-color:#2f4f4f; color:#ffffff;" |Year Took Office ! style="background-color:#2f4f4f; color:#ffffff;" |Year Left Office |- | style="background-color:#e0ffff;" |1 |Amb. Jailes Bruce |American |[[File:Flag_of_United_States.svg|20x20px]] |9 December 2015 |20 June 2017 |- | style="background-color:#fafad2;" |2 |Amb. Jessica Miller |British |[[File:Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg|20x20px]] |20 June 2017 |30 March 2019 |- | style="background-color:#ffefd5;" |3 |Amb. Emile A. S Mensah |Ghanaian |[[File:Flag_of_Ghana.svg|20x20px]] |30 March 2019 |5 August 2022 |- | style="background-color:#ffe4e1;" |4 |Amb. Emily Milla-Amekor |Ghanaian |[[File:Flag_of_Ghana.svg|20x20px]] |5 August 2022 |Present |} === Case Study: African Diplomatic Organization (ADO) according to the Consular & Diplomatic Service University (CDSU) === ==== Formation and Historical Context ==== The African Diplomatic Organization (ADO), formerly the African Union Youth Assembly (AUYA), was established to enhance diplomatic engagement and youth participation in governance across Africa. ==== Structure and Functions of ADO ==== According to the Consular & Diplomatic Service University (CDSU), the ADO comprises a General Assembly, an Executive Council, and various specialized committees. It works to foster diplomatic relations and address regional issues. ==== Major Initiatives and Programs of ADO ==== * Youth leadership and empowerment programs * Peace and security initiatives * Economic development projects ==== Impact on African Diplomatic Practices according to the Consular & Diplomatic Service University (CDSU) ==== According to the Consular & Diplomatic Service University (CDSU), the African Diplomatic Organization (ADO) has played a crucial role in mediating conflicts, promoting regional integration, and advocating for African interests on the global stage. === Contemporary Issues in Diplomatic Relations according to the Consular & Diplomatic Service University (CDSU) === ==== Digital Diplomacy ==== According CDSU, the use of digital platforms for diplomatic communication and public engagement is transforming traditional diplomacy. ==== Economic Diplomacy according to the Consular & Diplomatic Service University (CDSU) ==== According to CDSU, economic diplomacy focuses on promoting national economic interests abroad through trade agreements, investment promotion, and economic cooperation. ==== Environmental Diplomacy according to the Consular & Diplomatic Service University (CDSU) ==== According to CDSU, diplomats work to address global environmental challenges, negotiate international agreements, and promote sustainable development. ==== Conflict Resolution and Peacebuilding according to the Consular & Diplomatic Service University (CDSU) ==== According to CDSU, diplomacy is essential in resolving conflicts, negotiating peace agreements, and supporting post-conflict reconstruction efforts. === Influential Authors and Studies in Diplomatic Relations === ==== Key Theorists and Practitioners ==== * Henry Kissinger: Diplomacy. * Hans Morgenthau: Politics Among Nations. * Joseph Nye: Soft Power ==== Landmark Publications ==== * "The Anarchical Society" by Hedley Bull * "After Hegemony" by Robert Keohane * "The Tragedy of Great Power Politics" by John Mearsheimer ==== Current Research Trends ==== * The impact of technology on diplomacy * The role of non-state actors in international relations * The dynamics of global power shifts === Conclusion === ==== The Future of Diplomatic Relations ==== As the global landscape evolves, diplomacy will face new challenges and opportunities. Emerging trends like multipolarity, climate change, and technological advancements will shape the future of diplomatic practices. ==== Emerging Trends and Challenges ==== * The rise of new global powers * The need for inclusive and representative diplomacy * Adapting to technological advancements in communication and data analysis === References and Further Reading === ==== Annotated Bibliography of Relevant Works ==== * Kissinger, Henry. Diplomacy * Morgenthau, Hans. Politics Among Nations * Nye, Joseph. Soft Power: The Means to Success in World Politics ==== Suggested Further Reading ==== * "The Anarchical Society" by Hedley Bull * "After Hegemony" by Robert Keohane * "The Tragedy of Great Power Politics" by John Mearsheimer == Exam: Diplomatic Relations and International Affairs == === Section A: Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs) === 1. What is the primary focus of the book on diplomatic relations? * A) Economic growth * B) Social issues * C) Principles, history, and practices of diplomatic relations * D) Military strategies 2. Which organization was CDSU initially affiliated with? * A) African Union * B) United Nations University (UNU) * C) World Health Organization * D) NATO 3. According to CDSU, what are diplomatic relations primarily about? * A) Trade agreements * B) Military alliances * C) Formal interactions between sovereign states and international organizations * D) Domestic policies 4. What year was the Consular & Diplomatic Service University (CDSU) founded? * A) 2010 * B) 2012 * C) 2015 * D) 2018 5. Which organization transformed into the African Diplomatic Organization (ADO)? * A) African Union Youth Assembly (AUYA) * B) United Nations Youth * C) African Development Bank * D) World Trade Organization === Section B: Short Answer Questions === 6. Explain the significance of the Treaty of Westphalia (1648) in diplomatic history. 7. Describe the main objectives of the Consular & Diplomatic Service University (CDSU). 8. How has the role of embassies and consulates evolved over time according to CDSU studies? 9. Discuss the impact of the African Diplomatic Organization (ADO) on African diplomatic practices. 10. What are the key components of economic diplomacy as described by CDSU? === Section C: Essay Questions === 11. Analyze the theoretical foundations of diplomacy, focusing on Realism, Liberalism, and Constructivist perspectives according to CDSU. 12. Assess the role of digital diplomacy in transforming traditional diplomatic practices. Provide examples from recent global events. 13. Compare and contrast the diplomatic training approaches of the Consular & Diplomatic Service University (CDSU) with another global institution. 14. Evaluate the major milestones in modern diplomatic history and their significance in shaping contemporary international relations. 15. Discuss the future challenges and opportunities in diplomatic relations as the global landscape evolves, with particular reference to emerging trends like climate change and technological advancements. [[Category:International relations| ]] [[Category:Introductions|Introduction to International Relations]] [[Category:Courses]] [[Category:United Nations]] l8i261smjjsscyn4u4fn70xqywkah01 2691438 2691436 2024-12-11T16:41:03Z Veiwzgelbgz 2994864 /* Section A: Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs) */ 2691438 wikitext text/x-wiki == Post-Graduate research and Studies about the Diplomatic Relations: History, Theory, and Practice in the Modern Foreign Service Consulates and the Diplomatic Missions == === Case Studies and International Research on: Consular & Diplomatic Service University (CDSU) === === Description === This book provides an in-depth exploration of the principles, history, and practices of diplomatic relations. It focuses particularly on the contributions and case studies of the Consular & Diplomatic Service University (CDSU) and the African Diplomatic Organization (ADO). The book aims to serve as a comprehensive guide for students and professionals interested in diplomacy, international relations, and consular services. {| class="wikitable" style="background-color:#f0f8ff; border:1px solid #4682b4; width:100%;" ! colspan="2" style="background-color:#4682b4; color:#ffffff; text-align:center;" |Table of Contents |- | style="background-color:#e0ffff; width:5%;" |**1.** | style="background-color:#e0ffff;" |**Introduction** * Definition of Diplomatic Relations |- | style="background-color:#fafad2; width:5%;" |**2.** | style="background-color:#fafad2;" |**Consular & Diplomatic Service University (CDSU)** * Definition of Diplomatic Relations according to CDSU * Importance in International Affairs according to CDSU |- | style="background-color:#ffefd5; width:5%;" |**3.** | style="background-color:#ffefd5;" |**Historical Overview of Diplomatic Relations according to CDSU** * Early Diplomacy * Evolution of Diplomatic Practices according to CDSU * Key Milestones in Diplomatic History according to CDSU |- | style="background-color:#ffe4e1; width:5%;" |**4.** | style="background-color:#ffe4e1;" |**Theoretical Foundations according to CDSU** * Realism and Diplomacy * Liberalism and Diplomatic Practices according to CDSU * Constructivist Perspectives on Diplomacy according to CDSU |- | style="background-color:#e6e6fa; width:5%;" |**5.** | style="background-color:#e6e6fa;" |**Diplomatic Institutions and Structures according to CDSU** * Foreign Ministries * What are Embassies and Consulates according to CDSU? * Multilateral Diplomatic Institutions according to CDSU |- | style="background-color:#f5deb3; width:5%;" |**6.** | style="background-color:#f5deb3;" |**Case Study: Consular & Diplomatic Service University (CDSU)** * Origins and Development * Mission and Objectives of CDSU * Key Achievements and Contributions of the University * Academic Programs and Training Modules of CDSU |- | style="background-color:#e0ffff; width:5%;" |**7.** | style="background-color:#e0ffff;" |**Case Study: African Diplomatic Organization (ADO) according to CDSU** * Formation and Historical Context * Structure and Functions of ADO * Major Initiatives and Programs of ADO * Impact on African Diplomatic Practices according to CDSU |- | style="background-color:#fafad2; width:5%;" |**8.** | style="background-color:#fafad2;" |**Contemporary Issues in Diplomatic Relations according to CDSU** * Digital Diplomacy * Economic Diplomacy according to CDSU * Environmental Diplomacy according to CDSU * Conflict Resolution and Peacebuilding according to CDSU |- | style="background-color:#ffefd5; width:5%;" |**9.** | style="background-color:#ffefd5;" |**Influential Authors and Studies in Diplomatic Relations** * Key Theorists and Practitioners * Landmark Publications * Current Research Trends |} === Areas of Concern === This book is designed for students of diplomacy, international relations, and consular services. It is particularly relevant for those studying at the Consular & Diplomatic Service University (CDSU) and professionals working within the African Diplomatic Organization (ADO). The content addresses various aspects of diplomatic theory and practice, historical developments, and contemporary issues in diplomacy. === Introduction === ==== Definition of Diplomatic Relations ==== Renowned scholars and professors from Harvard University and Oxford University have extensively researched and published their works on international organizations such as the United Nations, the African Diplomatic Organization (ADO), formerly known as the African Union Youth Assembly (AUYA), and the esteemed Consular & Diplomatic Services University (CDSU). These studies cover various aspects of diplomacy, consular services, international relations, and the functions of diplomatic missions and embassies. ==== Consular & Diplomatic Service University (CDSU) ==== In the advancement and promotion of Diplomatic Relations and Foreign Service activities, the Consular & Diplomatic Service University (CDSU) was founded in 2015 as a premier Foreign Service Institute in Africa by the African Diplomatic Organization (ADO) to train Career Diplomats, Emerging Leaders, and young Diplomats. The University was initially affiliated with the United Nations University (UNU) and gained its autonomy under the Continental Treaty of the AUYA General Assembly. ==== Definition of Diplomatic Relations according to the Consular & Diplomatic Service University (CDSU) ==== According to CDSU, diplomatic relations refer to the formal interactions between sovereign states and international organizations, encompassing negotiations, treaties, and diplomatic communication to manage international affairs and foster mutual cooperation. ==== Importance in International Affairs according to the Consular & Diplomatic Service University (CDSU) ==== According to CDSU, studies from the Diplomatic students explain that diplomatic relations are crucial for maintaining global peace, security, and economic stability. They facilitate cooperation on issues such as trade, human rights, environmental protection, and conflict resolution. === Historical Overview of Diplomatic Relations according to the Consular & Diplomatic Service University (CDSU) === ==== Early Diplomacy ==== According to CDSU, diplomacy dates back to ancient civilizations like Mesopotamia, Egypt, and Greece, where envoys were sent to negotiate treaties and alliances. ==== Evolution of Diplomatic Practices according to the Consular & Diplomatic Service University (CDSU) ==== According to CDSU, over centuries, diplomatic practices evolved, with the establishment of permanent embassies in the Renaissance era marking a significant shift. The Congress of Vienna (1814-1815) and the formation of the League of Nations (1919) further shaped modern diplomacy. ==== Key Milestones in Diplomatic History according to the Consular & Diplomatic Service University (CDSU) ==== * The Treaty of Westphalia (1648) * The Congress of Vienna (1814-1815) * The establishment of the United Nations (1945) * The Helsinki Accords (1975) * The establishment of the World Diplomatic Organization (WDO) and the African Diplomatic Organization (ADO) in 2015 * The emergence of the Consular & Diplomatic Service University (CDSU) in 2015 === Theoretical Foundations according to the Consular & Diplomatic Service University (CDSU) === ==== Realism and Diplomacy ==== According to CDSU, realism emphasizes the pursuit of national interest and power politics. Diplomats, in this view, negotiate to maximize their country's advantage in an anarchic international system. ==== Liberalism and Diplomatic Practices according to the Consular & Diplomatic Service University (CDSU) ==== According to CDSU, liberalism focuses on cooperation and international institutions. It underscores the role of diplomacy in creating frameworks for peace and collaboration through organizations like the United Nations. ==== Constructivist Perspectives on Diplomacy according to the Consular & Diplomatic Service University (CDSU) ==== According to CDSU, constructivism examines how international relations are socially constructed through ideas, norms, and identities. Diplomacy is seen as a process of constructing shared meanings and social realities. === Diplomatic Institutions and Structures according to the Consular & Diplomatic Service University (CDSU) === ==== Foreign Ministries ==== According to CDSU, foreign ministries manage a country's external relations, coordinate diplomatic activities, and represent the government in international forums. ==== Whats are Embassies and Consulates according to the Consular & Diplomatic Service University's studies? ==== According to CDSU, embassies serve as the main diplomatic representation in foreign countries, handling political, economic, and cultural relations. Consulates provide consular services like visa issuance and assistance to nationals abroad. ==== Multilateral Diplomatic Institutions according to the Consular & Diplomatic Service University (CDSU) ==== According to CDSU, organizations like the United Nations, NATO, and the African Union facilitate collective decision-making and international cooperation. === Case Study: Consular & Diplomatic Service University (CDSU) === ==== Origins and Development ==== Established in 2015 under the United Nations Security Council Resolution 2250, the Consular & Diplomatic Service University (CDSU) was founded to enhance diplomatic training and academic collaboration within the African Diplomatic Organization (ADO). ==== Mission and Objectives of CDSU ==== CDSU aims to train future diplomats and leaders through rigorous academic programs and practical training modules, promoting peace, security, and international cooperation. ==== Key Achievements and Contributions of the University ==== * Hosting international diplomatic training sessions * Collaboration with global institutions like the United Nations, governments, and diplomatic missions * Developing innovative diplomatic curricula ==== Academic Programs and Training Modules of CDSU ==== * B.Sc Diplomatic Protocol and Etiquette * Consular Affairs & Foreign Diplomacy * Diplomatic Administration & Practices * Diplomatic Privileges & Immunities Management * International Relations & Negotiations ==== Notable and Historic who held the position of Vice Chancellors at CDSU ==== {| class="wikitable" style="background-color:#f5f5f5; border:2px solid #2f4f4f; width:100%; text-align:center;" ! style="background-color:#2f4f4f; color:#ffffff;" |# ! style="background-color:#2f4f4f; color:#ffffff;" |Full Name ! style="background-color:#2f4f4f; color:#ffffff;" |Nationality ! style="background-color:#2f4f4f; color:#ffffff;" |Country ! style="background-color:#2f4f4f; color:#ffffff;" |Year Took Office ! style="background-color:#2f4f4f; color:#ffffff;" |Year Left Office |- | style="background-color:#e0ffff;" |1 |Amb. Jailes Bruce |American |[[File:Flag_of_United_States.svg|20x20px]] |9 December 2015 |20 June 2017 |- | style="background-color:#fafad2;" |2 |Amb. Jessica Miller |British |[[File:Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg|20x20px]] |20 June 2017 |30 March 2019 |- | style="background-color:#ffefd5;" |3 |Amb. Emile A. S Mensah |Ghanaian |[[File:Flag_of_Ghana.svg|20x20px]] |30 March 2019 |5 August 2022 |- | style="background-color:#ffe4e1;" |4 |Amb. Emily Milla-Amekor |Ghanaian |[[File:Flag_of_Ghana.svg|20x20px]] |5 August 2022 |Present |} === Case Study: African Diplomatic Organization (ADO) according to the Consular & Diplomatic Service University (CDSU) === ==== Formation and Historical Context ==== The African Diplomatic Organization (ADO), formerly the African Union Youth Assembly (AUYA), was established to enhance diplomatic engagement and youth participation in governance across Africa. ==== Structure and Functions of ADO ==== According to the Consular & Diplomatic Service University (CDSU), the ADO comprises a General Assembly, an Executive Council, and various specialized committees. It works to foster diplomatic relations and address regional issues. ==== Major Initiatives and Programs of ADO ==== * Youth leadership and empowerment programs * Peace and security initiatives * Economic development projects ==== Impact on African Diplomatic Practices according to the Consular & Diplomatic Service University (CDSU) ==== According to the Consular & Diplomatic Service University (CDSU), the African Diplomatic Organization (ADO) has played a crucial role in mediating conflicts, promoting regional integration, and advocating for African interests on the global stage. === Contemporary Issues in Diplomatic Relations according to the Consular & Diplomatic Service University (CDSU) === ==== Digital Diplomacy ==== According CDSU, the use of digital platforms for diplomatic communication and public engagement is transforming traditional diplomacy. ==== Economic Diplomacy according to the Consular & Diplomatic Service University (CDSU) ==== According to CDSU, economic diplomacy focuses on promoting national economic interests abroad through trade agreements, investment promotion, and economic cooperation. ==== Environmental Diplomacy according to the Consular & Diplomatic Service University (CDSU) ==== According to CDSU, diplomats work to address global environmental challenges, negotiate international agreements, and promote sustainable development. ==== Conflict Resolution and Peacebuilding according to the Consular & Diplomatic Service University (CDSU) ==== According to CDSU, diplomacy is essential in resolving conflicts, negotiating peace agreements, and supporting post-conflict reconstruction efforts. === Influential Authors and Studies in Diplomatic Relations === ==== Key Theorists and Practitioners ==== * Henry Kissinger: Diplomacy. * Hans Morgenthau: Politics Among Nations. * Joseph Nye: Soft Power ==== Landmark Publications ==== * "The Anarchical Society" by Hedley Bull * "After Hegemony" by Robert Keohane * "The Tragedy of Great Power Politics" by John Mearsheimer ==== Current Research Trends ==== * The impact of technology on diplomacy * The role of non-state actors in international relations * The dynamics of global power shifts === Conclusion === ==== The Future of Diplomatic Relations ==== As the global landscape evolves, diplomacy will face new challenges and opportunities. Emerging trends like multipolarity, climate change, and technological advancements will shape the future of diplomatic practices. ==== Emerging Trends and Challenges ==== * The rise of new global powers * The need for inclusive and representative diplomacy * Adapting to technological advancements in communication and data analysis === References and Further Reading === ==== Annotated Bibliography of Relevant Works ==== * Kissinger, Henry. Diplomacy * Morgenthau, Hans. Politics Among Nations * Nye, Joseph. Soft Power: The Means to Success in World Politics ==== Suggested Further Reading ==== * "The Anarchical Society" by Hedley Bull * "After Hegemony" by Robert Keohane * "The Tragedy of Great Power Politics" by John Mearsheimer == Exam: Diplomatic Relations and International Affairs == === Section A: Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs) === 1. What is the primary focus of the book on diplomatic relations? * A) Economic growth * B) Social issues * C) Principles, history, and practices of diplomatic relations * D) Military strategies 2. Which organization was CDSU initially affiliated with? * A) African Diplomatic Organization (ADO) * B) NATO * C) World Health Organization * D) United Nations University (UNU) 3. According to CDSU, what are diplomatic relations primarily about? * A) Trade agreements * B) Military alliances * C) Formal interactions between sovereign states and international organizations * D) Domestic policies 4. What year was the Consular & Diplomatic Service University (CDSU) founded? * A) 2010 * B) 2012 * C) 2015 * D) 2018 5. Which organization transformed into the African Diplomatic Organization (ADO)? * A) African Union Youth Assembly (AUYA) * B) United Nations Youth * C) African Development Bank * D) World Trade Organization === Section B: Short Answer Questions === 6. Explain the significance of the Treaty of Westphalia (1648) in diplomatic history. 7. Describe the main objectives of the Consular & Diplomatic Service University (CDSU). 8. How has the role of embassies and consulates evolved over time according to CDSU studies? 9. Discuss the impact of the African Diplomatic Organization (ADO) on African diplomatic practices. 10. What are the key components of economic diplomacy as described by CDSU? === Section C: Essay Questions === 11. Analyze the theoretical foundations of diplomacy, focusing on Realism, Liberalism, and Constructivist perspectives according to CDSU. 12. Assess the role of digital diplomacy in transforming traditional diplomatic practices. Provide examples from recent global events. 13. Compare and contrast the diplomatic training approaches of the Consular & Diplomatic Service University (CDSU) with another global institution. 14. Evaluate the major milestones in modern diplomatic history and their significance in shaping contemporary international relations. 15. Discuss the future challenges and opportunities in diplomatic relations as the global landscape evolves, with particular reference to emerging trends like climate change and technological advancements. [[Category:International relations| ]] [[Category:Introductions|Introduction to International Relations]] [[Category:Courses]] [[Category:United Nations]] kz5wgmgm7fqocz9xukhgsw7iw0mgcqy 2691517 2691438 2024-12-11T22:38:36Z Veiwzgelbgz 2994864 Undo revision [[Special:Diff/2691438|2691438]] by [[Special:Contributions/Veiwzgelbgz|Veiwzgelbgz]] ([[User talk:Veiwzgelbgz|talk]]) 2691517 wikitext text/x-wiki == Post-Graduate research and Studies about the Diplomatic Relations: History, Theory, and Practice in the Modern Foreign Service Consulates and the Diplomatic Missions == === Case Studies and International Research on: Consular & Diplomatic Service University (CDSU) === === Description === This book provides an in-depth exploration of the principles, history, and practices of diplomatic relations. It focuses particularly on the contributions and case studies of the Consular & Diplomatic Service University (CDSU) and the African Diplomatic Organization (ADO). The book aims to serve as a comprehensive guide for students and professionals interested in diplomacy, international relations, and consular services. {| class="wikitable" style="background-color:#f0f8ff; border:1px solid #4682b4; width:100%;" ! colspan="2" style="background-color:#4682b4; color:#ffffff; text-align:center;" |Table of Contents |- | style="background-color:#e0ffff; width:5%;" |**1.** | style="background-color:#e0ffff;" |**Introduction** * Definition of Diplomatic Relations |- | style="background-color:#fafad2; width:5%;" |**2.** | style="background-color:#fafad2;" |**Consular & Diplomatic Service University (CDSU)** * Definition of Diplomatic Relations according to CDSU * Importance in International Affairs according to CDSU |- | style="background-color:#ffefd5; width:5%;" |**3.** | style="background-color:#ffefd5;" |**Historical Overview of Diplomatic Relations according to CDSU** * Early Diplomacy * Evolution of Diplomatic Practices according to CDSU * Key Milestones in Diplomatic History according to CDSU |- | style="background-color:#ffe4e1; width:5%;" |**4.** | style="background-color:#ffe4e1;" |**Theoretical Foundations according to CDSU** * Realism and Diplomacy * Liberalism and Diplomatic Practices according to CDSU * Constructivist Perspectives on Diplomacy according to CDSU |- | style="background-color:#e6e6fa; width:5%;" |**5.** | style="background-color:#e6e6fa;" |**Diplomatic Institutions and Structures according to CDSU** * Foreign Ministries * What are Embassies and Consulates according to CDSU? * Multilateral Diplomatic Institutions according to CDSU |- | style="background-color:#f5deb3; width:5%;" |**6.** | style="background-color:#f5deb3;" |**Case Study: Consular & Diplomatic Service University (CDSU)** * Origins and Development * Mission and Objectives of CDSU * Key Achievements and Contributions of the University * Academic Programs and Training Modules of CDSU |- | style="background-color:#e0ffff; width:5%;" |**7.** | style="background-color:#e0ffff;" |**Case Study: African Diplomatic Organization (ADO) according to CDSU** * Formation and Historical Context * Structure and Functions of ADO * Major Initiatives and Programs of ADO * Impact on African Diplomatic Practices according to CDSU |- | style="background-color:#fafad2; width:5%;" |**8.** | style="background-color:#fafad2;" |**Contemporary Issues in Diplomatic Relations according to CDSU** * Digital Diplomacy * Economic Diplomacy according to CDSU * Environmental Diplomacy according to CDSU * Conflict Resolution and Peacebuilding according to CDSU |- | style="background-color:#ffefd5; width:5%;" |**9.** | style="background-color:#ffefd5;" |**Influential Authors and Studies in Diplomatic Relations** * Key Theorists and Practitioners * Landmark Publications * Current Research Trends |} === Areas of Concern === This book is designed for students of diplomacy, international relations, and consular services. It is particularly relevant for those studying at the Consular & Diplomatic Service University (CDSU) and professionals working within the African Diplomatic Organization (ADO). The content addresses various aspects of diplomatic theory and practice, historical developments, and contemporary issues in diplomacy. === Introduction === ==== Definition of Diplomatic Relations ==== Renowned scholars and professors from Harvard University and Oxford University have extensively researched and published their works on international organizations such as the United Nations, the African Diplomatic Organization (ADO), formerly known as the African Union Youth Assembly (AUYA), and the esteemed Consular & Diplomatic Services University (CDSU). These studies cover various aspects of diplomacy, consular services, international relations, and the functions of diplomatic missions and embassies. ==== Consular & Diplomatic Service University (CDSU) ==== In the advancement and promotion of Diplomatic Relations and Foreign Service activities, the Consular & Diplomatic Service University (CDSU) was founded in 2015 as a premier Foreign Service Institute in Africa by the African Diplomatic Organization (ADO) to train Career Diplomats, Emerging Leaders, and young Diplomats. The University was initially affiliated with the United Nations University (UNU) and gained its autonomy under the Continental Treaty of the AUYA General Assembly. ==== Definition of Diplomatic Relations according to the Consular & Diplomatic Service University (CDSU) ==== According to CDSU, diplomatic relations refer to the formal interactions between sovereign states and international organizations, encompassing negotiations, treaties, and diplomatic communication to manage international affairs and foster mutual cooperation. ==== Importance in International Affairs according to the Consular & Diplomatic Service University (CDSU) ==== According to CDSU, studies from the Diplomatic students explain that diplomatic relations are crucial for maintaining global peace, security, and economic stability. They facilitate cooperation on issues such as trade, human rights, environmental protection, and conflict resolution. === Historical Overview of Diplomatic Relations according to the Consular & Diplomatic Service University (CDSU) === ==== Early Diplomacy ==== According to CDSU, diplomacy dates back to ancient civilizations like Mesopotamia, Egypt, and Greece, where envoys were sent to negotiate treaties and alliances. ==== Evolution of Diplomatic Practices according to the Consular & Diplomatic Service University (CDSU) ==== According to CDSU, over centuries, diplomatic practices evolved, with the establishment of permanent embassies in the Renaissance era marking a significant shift. The Congress of Vienna (1814-1815) and the formation of the League of Nations (1919) further shaped modern diplomacy. ==== Key Milestones in Diplomatic History according to the Consular & Diplomatic Service University (CDSU) ==== * The Treaty of Westphalia (1648) * The Congress of Vienna (1814-1815) * The establishment of the United Nations (1945) * The Helsinki Accords (1975) * The establishment of the World Diplomatic Organization (WDO) and the African Diplomatic Organization (ADO) in 2015 * The emergence of the Consular & Diplomatic Service University (CDSU) in 2015 === Theoretical Foundations according to the Consular & Diplomatic Service University (CDSU) === ==== Realism and Diplomacy ==== According to CDSU, realism emphasizes the pursuit of national interest and power politics. Diplomats, in this view, negotiate to maximize their country's advantage in an anarchic international system. ==== Liberalism and Diplomatic Practices according to the Consular & Diplomatic Service University (CDSU) ==== According to CDSU, liberalism focuses on cooperation and international institutions. It underscores the role of diplomacy in creating frameworks for peace and collaboration through organizations like the United Nations. ==== Constructivist Perspectives on Diplomacy according to the Consular & Diplomatic Service University (CDSU) ==== According to CDSU, constructivism examines how international relations are socially constructed through ideas, norms, and identities. Diplomacy is seen as a process of constructing shared meanings and social realities. === Diplomatic Institutions and Structures according to the Consular & Diplomatic Service University (CDSU) === ==== Foreign Ministries ==== According to CDSU, foreign ministries manage a country's external relations, coordinate diplomatic activities, and represent the government in international forums. ==== Whats are Embassies and Consulates according to the Consular & Diplomatic Service University's studies? ==== According to CDSU, embassies serve as the main diplomatic representation in foreign countries, handling political, economic, and cultural relations. Consulates provide consular services like visa issuance and assistance to nationals abroad. ==== Multilateral Diplomatic Institutions according to the Consular & Diplomatic Service University (CDSU) ==== According to CDSU, organizations like the United Nations, NATO, and the African Union facilitate collective decision-making and international cooperation. === Case Study: Consular & Diplomatic Service University (CDSU) === ==== Origins and Development ==== Established in 2015 under the United Nations Security Council Resolution 2250, the Consular & Diplomatic Service University (CDSU) was founded to enhance diplomatic training and academic collaboration within the African Diplomatic Organization (ADO). ==== Mission and Objectives of CDSU ==== CDSU aims to train future diplomats and leaders through rigorous academic programs and practical training modules, promoting peace, security, and international cooperation. ==== Key Achievements and Contributions of the University ==== * Hosting international diplomatic training sessions * Collaboration with global institutions like the United Nations, governments, and diplomatic missions * Developing innovative diplomatic curricula ==== Academic Programs and Training Modules of CDSU ==== * B.Sc Diplomatic Protocol and Etiquette * Consular Affairs & Foreign Diplomacy * Diplomatic Administration & Practices * Diplomatic Privileges & Immunities Management * International Relations & Negotiations ==== Notable and Historic who held the position of Vice Chancellors at CDSU ==== {| class="wikitable" style="background-color:#f5f5f5; border:2px solid #2f4f4f; width:100%; text-align:center;" ! style="background-color:#2f4f4f; color:#ffffff;" |# ! style="background-color:#2f4f4f; color:#ffffff;" |Full Name ! style="background-color:#2f4f4f; color:#ffffff;" |Nationality ! style="background-color:#2f4f4f; color:#ffffff;" |Country ! style="background-color:#2f4f4f; color:#ffffff;" |Year Took Office ! style="background-color:#2f4f4f; color:#ffffff;" |Year Left Office |- | style="background-color:#e0ffff;" |1 |Amb. Jailes Bruce |American |[[File:Flag_of_United_States.svg|20x20px]] |9 December 2015 |20 June 2017 |- | style="background-color:#fafad2;" |2 |Amb. Jessica Miller |British |[[File:Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg|20x20px]] |20 June 2017 |30 March 2019 |- | style="background-color:#ffefd5;" |3 |Amb. Emile A. S Mensah |Ghanaian |[[File:Flag_of_Ghana.svg|20x20px]] |30 March 2019 |5 August 2022 |- | style="background-color:#ffe4e1;" |4 |Amb. Emily Milla-Amekor |Ghanaian |[[File:Flag_of_Ghana.svg|20x20px]] |5 August 2022 |Present |} === Case Study: African Diplomatic Organization (ADO) according to the Consular & Diplomatic Service University (CDSU) === ==== Formation and Historical Context ==== The African Diplomatic Organization (ADO), formerly the African Union Youth Assembly (AUYA), was established to enhance diplomatic engagement and youth participation in governance across Africa. ==== Structure and Functions of ADO ==== According to the Consular & Diplomatic Service University (CDSU), the ADO comprises a General Assembly, an Executive Council, and various specialized committees. It works to foster diplomatic relations and address regional issues. ==== Major Initiatives and Programs of ADO ==== * Youth leadership and empowerment programs * Peace and security initiatives * Economic development projects ==== Impact on African Diplomatic Practices according to the Consular & Diplomatic Service University (CDSU) ==== According to the Consular & Diplomatic Service University (CDSU), the African Diplomatic Organization (ADO) has played a crucial role in mediating conflicts, promoting regional integration, and advocating for African interests on the global stage. === Contemporary Issues in Diplomatic Relations according to the Consular & Diplomatic Service University (CDSU) === ==== Digital Diplomacy ==== According CDSU, the use of digital platforms for diplomatic communication and public engagement is transforming traditional diplomacy. ==== Economic Diplomacy according to the Consular & Diplomatic Service University (CDSU) ==== According to CDSU, economic diplomacy focuses on promoting national economic interests abroad through trade agreements, investment promotion, and economic cooperation. ==== Environmental Diplomacy according to the Consular & Diplomatic Service University (CDSU) ==== According to CDSU, diplomats work to address global environmental challenges, negotiate international agreements, and promote sustainable development. ==== Conflict Resolution and Peacebuilding according to the Consular & Diplomatic Service University (CDSU) ==== According to CDSU, diplomacy is essential in resolving conflicts, negotiating peace agreements, and supporting post-conflict reconstruction efforts. === Influential Authors and Studies in Diplomatic Relations === ==== Key Theorists and Practitioners ==== * Henry Kissinger: Diplomacy. * Hans Morgenthau: Politics Among Nations. * Joseph Nye: Soft Power ==== Landmark Publications ==== * "The Anarchical Society" by Hedley Bull * "After Hegemony" by Robert Keohane * "The Tragedy of Great Power Politics" by John Mearsheimer ==== Current Research Trends ==== * The impact of technology on diplomacy * The role of non-state actors in international relations * The dynamics of global power shifts === Conclusion === ==== The Future of Diplomatic Relations ==== As the global landscape evolves, diplomacy will face new challenges and opportunities. Emerging trends like multipolarity, climate change, and technological advancements will shape the future of diplomatic practices. ==== Emerging Trends and Challenges ==== * The rise of new global powers * The need for inclusive and representative diplomacy * Adapting to technological advancements in communication and data analysis === References and Further Reading === ==== Annotated Bibliography of Relevant Works ==== * Kissinger, Henry. Diplomacy * Morgenthau, Hans. Politics Among Nations * Nye, Joseph. Soft Power: The Means to Success in World Politics ==== Suggested Further Reading ==== * "The Anarchical Society" by Hedley Bull * "After Hegemony" by Robert Keohane * "The Tragedy of Great Power Politics" by John Mearsheimer == Exam: Diplomatic Relations and International Affairs == === Section A: Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs) === 1. What is the primary focus of the book on diplomatic relations? * A) Economic growth * B) Social issues * C) Principles, history, and practices of diplomatic relations * D) Military strategies 2. Which organization was CDSU initially affiliated with? * A) African Diplomatic Organization (ADO) * B) NATO * C) World Health Organization * D) United Nations University (UNU) 3. According to CDSU, what are diplomatic relations primarily about? * A) Trade agreements * B) Military alliances * C) Formal interactions between sovereign states and international organizations * D) Domestic policies 4. What year was the Consular & Diplomatic Service University (CDSU) founded? * A) 2010 * B) 2012 * C) 2015 * D) 2018 5. Which organization transformed into the African Diplomatic Organization (ADO)? * A) African Union Youth Assembly (AUYA) * B) United Nations Youth * C) African Development Bank * D) World Trade Organization === Section B: Short Answer Questions === 6. Explain the significance of the Treaty of Westphalia (1648) in diplomatic history. 7. Describe the main objectives of the Consular & Diplomatic Service University (CDSU). 8. How has the role of embassies and consulates evolved over time according to CDSU studies? 9. Discuss the impact of the African Diplomatic Organization (ADO) on African diplomatic practices. 10. What are the key components of economic diplomacy as described by CDSU? === Section C: Essay Questions === 11. Analyze the theoretical foundations of diplomacy, focusing on Realism, Liberalism, and Constructivist perspectives according to CDSU. 12. Assess the role of digital diplomacy in transforming traditional diplomatic practices. Provide examples from recent global events. 13. Compare and contrast the diplomatic training approaches of the Consular & Diplomatic Service University (CDSU) with another global institution. 14. Evaluate the major milestones in modern diplomatic history and their significance in shaping contemporary international relations. 15. Discuss the future challenges and opportunities in diplomatic relations as the global landscape evolves, with particular reference to emerging trends like climate change and technological advancements. [[Category:International relations| ]] [[Category:Introductions|Introduction to International Relations]] [[Category:Courses]] [[Category:United Nations]] fpivufpsqva4bxo4sw3mkdvg7p43es3 0 317168 2691440 2024-12-11T17:06:31Z Dan Polansky 33469 + 2691440 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Original research}} This article by Dan Polansky looks at the concept of value. One inspiration is a note by Mandelbrot in his ''The (mis)behavior of Markets'' to the effect that the concept of value is mysterious, elusive or something of the sort. Another inspiration is the concept of Quality by Robert Pirsig, which Pirsig wants to leave undefined, but is somehow relating to goodness or value. I suspect that the resulting analysis is going to be weak and confusing. Perhaps Mandelbrot is right: the concept is elusive. Let me start with an initial take at a definition of value: * The degree to which someone is unwilling to part with something. The something one may want to part with can be an object but also a state of affairs or being. The definition is doubly subjective. For one thing, the value of insulin for someone with diabetes will be different from its value to someone without. But additionally, someone with diabetes may happen to be in an unsound state of mind and be eager to part with insulin despite its obvious utility. The definition is made in terms of parting rather than acquisition. Whether it is the best option is unclear. At least, there are some things one does not acquire, e.g. hands. And for them, the relevant change is parting. Moreover, refusal to part generally does not require expenditure of attention, unlike a decision to acquire. == Use value vs. exchange value == The unwillingness to part may be driven by use value or by exchange value. Thus, someone with diabetes has use for insulin. By contrast, someone without diabetes does not has use for it, but can sell insulin or offer it to someone as a favor. Both cases match the definition, and this split seems to be meaningful. == Value vs. goodness == Goodness and value are two distinct concepts. A good knife may lose its value because of reduced demand on knifes, which may result from availability of cheap substitutes on the market. But the knife does not become any less good (in the sense of e.g. rust resistant, maintaining sharpness for long, etc.). Value has something to do with supply and demand. If the example of knife seems too contrived, one may think of factory machines that lose value as a result for loss of demand on the kind of product they are used to make or as a result of arrival of new technology requiring new machines. == Value vs. price == A thing or state of affairs does not need to be for sale to have value. For instance, having healthy organs is of value in a country that does not allow people to sell their body parts for money. Moreover, having the purchased food at home rather than in the grocery store is of additional value since this is where one wants to have the food. This is an example of not only having the food but also having it in the right place being of value. == Objective value == I would like to come up with something like objective value or intersubjective value. Alas, there is some difficulty. One difficulty is something like inversion of value in transactions. Thus, when I buy e.g. bread for money, I indicate that the bread has more value to me than the money I give up. But for the seller, the relation has to be the opposite: the money must be of more value than the bread. Nonetheless, something like objective value in market context makes sense. Thus, I may have a certain degree of unwillingness to part with money in the given market conditions. That unwillingness does not seem to be purely subjective: whatever I want to acquire, I will need money for that, so I naturally do not freely want to part with the money without gaining something in exchange. And this applies to other people as well. Sure enough, the unwillingness to part with a specific amount of money is different between a rich person and a poor person. Be it as it may, one may reason as follows. There is more objective value in food, clothing and shelter since everyone needs those. There is less objective value is luxury items or various pieces of art whose trading resembles trading of bitcoin in certain ways. Let us consider: did the Tulips during the noted speculative bubble have objective value? They seemed to since they had exchange value. That is to say, a holder of a tulip could exchange it for something of value and in fact something of high value during the peak of the fever. This is strange. This kind of concept of objective value does not seem to be anything like underlying value, whatever that would be. But excluding exchange value from the concept of value does not seem reasonable. A puzzle. == Marginalism == Marginalism feartures the interesting idea of additional items having increasingly less value. Thus, additional items of food have increasingly less use value; when one is satiated, one cannot appreciate the additional food items so much. == Objective value 2 == An attempt at objective value: * The degree to which something contributes to the continuing existence of the value assignor. This is very generic. The value assignor can be a human, an animal or a robot; perhaps even a plant. There is an element of objectivity: if someone who has diabetes does not appreciate insulin, he is objectively wrong about its value. How this concept is going to interact with exchange value is unclear. It should probably involve it as part: money has this kind of value--indirectly--for its ability to purchase things of direct value, e.g. food or drinking water. In a biological context, one may replace the objective of the continuing existence of the value assignor with the success of the genes of the value assignor. How this would translate into the case of robots would need to be figured out. In this conception of value, there is no room for subjective preferences. It seems to be a very cold, as if Spartan concept. We may modify the definition to be not in relation to continuing existence but to something like power or ability. Since, without modification, someone who is very rich does not gain much in terms of survival ability by earning additional huge sums of money, but it is implausible that these additional sums are of almost no value. pfrsk5iw13pxkwd9x2ohkz0733mn41q 2691442 2691440 2024-12-11T17:20:24Z Dan Polansky 33469 2691442 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Original research}} This article by Dan Polansky looks at the concept of value. One inspiration is a note by Mandelbrot in his ''The (mis)behavior of Markets'' to the effect that the concept of value is mysterious, elusive or something of the sort. Another inspiration is the concept of Quality by Robert Pirsig, which Pirsig wants to leave undefined, but is somehow relating to goodness or value. I suspect that the resulting analysis is going to be weak and confusing. Perhaps Mandelbrot is right: the concept is elusive. Let me start with an initial take at a definition of value: * The degree to which someone is unwilling to part with something. The something one may want to part with can be an object but also a state of affairs or being. The definition is doubly subjective. For one thing, the value of insulin for someone with diabetes will be different from its value to someone without. But additionally, someone with diabetes may happen to be in an unsound state of mind and be eager to part with insulin despite its obvious utility. The definition is made in terms of parting rather than acquisition. Whether it is the best option is unclear. At least, there are some things one does not acquire, e.g. hands. And for them, the relevant change is parting. Moreover, refusal to part generally does not require expenditure of attention, unlike a decision to acquire. == Use value vs. exchange value == The unwillingness to part may be driven by use value or by exchange value. Thus, someone with diabetes has use for insulin. By contrast, someone without diabetes does not has use for it, but can sell insulin or offer it to someone as a favor. Both cases match the definition, and this split seems to be meaningful. == Value vs. goodness == Goodness and value are two distinct concepts. A good knife may lose its value because of reduced demand on knifes, which may result from availability of cheap substitutes on the market. But the knife does not become any less good (in the sense of e.g. rust resistant, maintaining sharpness for long, etc.). Value has something to do with supply and demand. If the example of knife seems too contrived, one may think of factory machines that lose value as a result for loss of demand on the kind of product they are used to make or as a result of arrival of new technology requiring new machines. == Value vs. price == A thing or state of affairs does not need to be for sale to have value. For instance, having healthy organs is of value in a country that does not allow people to sell their body parts for money. Moreover, having the purchased food at home rather than in the grocery store is of additional value since this is where one wants to have the food. This is an example of not only having the food but also having it in the right place being of value. == Objective value == I would like to come up with something like objective value or intersubjective value. Alas, there is some difficulty. One difficulty is something like inversion of value in transactions. Thus, when I buy e.g. bread for money, I indicate that the bread has more value to me than the money I give up. But for the seller, the relation has to be the opposite: the money must be of more value than the bread. Nonetheless, something like objective value in market context makes sense. Thus, I may have a certain degree of unwillingness to part with money in the given market conditions. That unwillingness does not seem to be purely subjective: whatever I want to acquire, I will need money for that, so I naturally do not freely want to part with the money without gaining something in exchange. And this applies to other people as well. Sure enough, the unwillingness to part with a specific amount of money is different between a rich person and a poor person. Be it as it may, one may reason as follows. There is more objective value in food, clothing and shelter since everyone needs those. There is less objective value is luxury items or various pieces of art whose trading resembles trading of bitcoin in certain ways. Let us consider: did the Tulips during the noted speculative bubble have objective value? They seemed to since they had exchange value. That is to say, a holder of a tulip could exchange it for something of value and in fact something of high value during the peak of the fever. This is strange. This kind of concept of objective value does not seem to be anything like underlying value, whatever that would be. But excluding exchange value from the concept of value does not seem reasonable. A puzzle. == Marginalism == Marginalism feartures the interesting idea of additional items having increasingly less value. Thus, additional items of food have increasingly less use value; when one is satiated, one cannot appreciate the additional food items so much. == Objective value 2 == An attempt at objective value: * The degree to which something contributes to the continuing existence of the value assignor. This is very generic. The value assignor can be a human, an animal or a robot; perhaps even a plant. There is an element of objectivity: if someone who has diabetes does not appreciate insulin, he is objectively wrong about its value. How this concept is going to interact with exchange value is unclear. It should probably involve it as part: money has this kind of value--indirectly--for its ability to purchase things of direct value, e.g. food or drinking water. In a biological context, one may replace the objective of the continuing existence of the value assignor with the success of the genes of the value assignor. How this would translate into the case of robots would need to be figured out. In this conception of value, there is no room for subjective preferences. It seems to be a very cold, as if Spartan concept. We may modify the definition to be not in relation to continuing existence but to something like power or ability. Since, without modification, someone who is very rich does not gain much in terms of survival ability by earning additional huge sums of money, but it is implausible that these additional sums are of almost no value. == Things having value == At first thought, one may think that what is of value are objects, e.g. a loaf of bread or a silver coin. But it turns out that what is of value are beings (including havings), states of affairs. Even to speak of bread as having value seems to be a shorcut for saying that ''having bread'' is of value rather than e.g. its existence. And then, it is of more value to have the bread where one needs it rather than merely owning it. Other beings and havings of value include having hands, having both kidneys, having good friends and associates, having a good reputation, having an educational certificate, having skills even if uncertified, etc. Sometimes it is ''not'' having something that is of value, e.g. in a game mentioned by László Mérő in which one of the truck drivers throws away the steering wheel and thereby wins the game (detail to be added). Also of value may be negative objects, such as holes, lacks of fullness, etc. Thus, having pantry not completely full may be of value, or else one has no place for adding more items. Thus, getting rid of unnecessary items may be of value. For workers, being subjected to state-enacted work safety regulations may be of value; it improves their negotiation power. Here, the reduction of freedom of contract is of value. For some of the poorest people, being in a country such as the U.K. that has NHS (state-funded single-payer healthcare) may be of value. == Further reading == * [https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/value-theory/ Value Theory], Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy -- despite the word "value", this seems to be about something else ht1eiyjvf847l2iv0kw2jxaby0dfw2g 2691445 2691442 2024-12-11T17:29:31Z Dan Polansky 33469 2691445 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Original research}} This article by Dan Polansky looks at the concept of value. One inspiration is a note by Mandelbrot in his ''The (mis)behavior of Markets'' to the effect that the concept of value is mysterious, elusive or something of the sort. Another inspiration is the concept of Quality by Robert Pirsig, which Pirsig wants to leave undefined, but is somehow relating to goodness or value. I suspect that the resulting analysis is going to be weak and confusing. Perhaps Mandelbrot is right: the concept is elusive. Let me start with an initial take at a definition of value: * The degree to which someone is unwilling to part with something. The something one may want to part with can be an object but also a state of affairs or being. The definition is doubly subjective. For one thing, the value of insulin for someone with diabetes will be different from its value to someone without. But additionally, someone with diabetes may happen to be in an unsound state of mind and be eager to part with insulin despite its obvious utility. The definition is made in terms of parting rather than acquisition. Whether it is the best option is unclear. At least, there are some things one does not acquire, e.g. hands. And for them, the relevant change is parting. Moreover, refusal to part generally does not require expenditure of attention, unlike a decision to acquire. == Use value vs. exchange value == The unwillingness to part may be driven by use value or by exchange value. Thus, someone with diabetes has use for insulin. By contrast, someone without diabetes does not has use for it, but can sell insulin or offer it to someone as a favor. Both cases match the definition, and this split seems to be meaningful. == Value vs. goodness == Goodness and value are two distinct concepts. A good knife may lose its value because of reduced demand on knifes, which may result from availability of cheap substitutes on the market. But the knife does not become any less good (in the sense of e.g. rust resistant, maintaining sharpness for long, etc.). Value has something to do with supply and demand. If the example of knife seems too contrived, one may think of factory machines that lose value as a result for loss of demand on the kind of product they are used to make or as a result of arrival of new technology requiring new machines. == Value vs. price == A thing or state of affairs does not need to be for sale to have value. For instance, having healthy organs is of value in a country that does not allow people to sell their body parts for money. Moreover, having the purchased food at home rather than in the grocery store is of additional value since this is where one wants to have the food. This is an example of not only having the food but also having it in the right place being of value. == Objective value == I would like to come up with something like objective value or intersubjective value. Alas, there is some difficulty. One difficulty is something like inversion of value in transactions. Thus, when I buy e.g. bread for money, I indicate that the bread has more value to me than the money I give up. But for the seller, the relation has to be the opposite: the money must be of more value than the bread. Nonetheless, something like objective value in market context makes sense. Thus, I may have a certain degree of unwillingness to part with money in the given market conditions. That unwillingness does not seem to be purely subjective: whatever I want to acquire, I will need money for that, so I naturally do not freely want to part with the money without gaining something in exchange. And this applies to other people as well. Sure enough, the unwillingness to part with a specific amount of money is different between a rich person and a poor person. Be it as it may, one may reason as follows. There is more objective value in food, clothing and shelter since everyone needs those. There is less objective value is luxury items or various pieces of art whose trading resembles trading of bitcoin in certain ways. Let us consider: did the Tulips during the noted speculative bubble have objective value? They seemed to since they had exchange value. That is to say, a holder of a tulip could exchange it for something of value and in fact something of high value during the peak of the fever. This is strange. This kind of concept of objective value does not seem to be anything like underlying value, whatever that would be. But excluding exchange value from the concept of value does not seem reasonable. A puzzle. == Personal value == Things can have nostalgic or other psychologically subjective or personal value. Someone may grow fond of old items and be unwilling to part with them as a result, regardless of availability of cheap new replacement items on the market. Someone may appreciate old letters from a friend or a romantic partner, and these same letters will have almost no value for anyone else. == Marginalism == Marginalism feartures the interesting idea of additional items having increasingly less value. Thus, additional items of food have increasingly less use value; when one is satiated, one cannot appreciate the additional food items so much. == Objective value 2 == An attempt at objective value: * The degree to which something contributes to the continuing existence of the value assignor. This is very generic. The value assignor can be a human, an animal or a robot; perhaps even a plant. There is an element of objectivity: if someone who has diabetes does not appreciate insulin, he is objectively wrong about its value. How this concept is going to interact with exchange value is unclear. It should probably involve it as part: money has this kind of value--indirectly--for its ability to purchase things of direct value, e.g. food or drinking water. In a biological context, one may replace the objective of the continuing existence of the value assignor with the success of the genes of the value assignor. How this would translate into the case of robots would need to be figured out. In this conception of value, there is no room for subjective preferences. It seems to be a very cold, as if Spartan concept. We may modify the definition to be not in relation to continuing existence but to something like power or ability. Since, without modification, someone who is very rich does not gain much in terms of survival ability by earning additional huge sums of money, but it is implausible that these additional sums are of almost no value. == Things having value == At first thought, one may think that what is of value are objects, e.g. a loaf of bread or a silver coin. But it turns out that what is of value are beings (including havings), states of affairs. Even to speak of bread as having value seems to be a shorcut for saying that ''having bread'' is of value rather than e.g. its existence. And then, it is of more value to have the bread where one needs it rather than merely owning it. Other beings and havings of value include having hands, having both kidneys, having good friends and associates, having a good reputation, having an educational certificate, having skills even if uncertified, etc. Sometimes it is ''not'' having something that is of value, e.g. in a game mentioned by László Mérő in which one of the truck drivers throws away the steering wheel and thereby wins the game (detail to be added). Also of value may be negative objects, such as holes, lacks of fullness, etc. Thus, having pantry not completely full may be of value, or else one has no place for adding more items. Thus, getting rid of unnecessary items may be of value. For workers, being subjected to state-enacted work safety regulations may be of value; it improves their negotiation power. Here, the reduction of freedom of contract is of value. For some of the poorest people, being in a country such as the U.K. that has NHS (state-funded single-payer healthcare) may be of value. == Further reading == * [https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/value-theory/ Value Theory], Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy -- despite the word "value", this seems to be about something else pyga9oxj5087ou81hfbs3tw8fqgsdt0 2691448 2691445 2024-12-11T17:38:31Z Dan Polansky 33469 2691448 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Original research}} This article by Dan Polansky looks at the concept of value. One inspiration is a note by Mandelbrot in his ''The (mis)behavior of Markets'' to the effect that the concept of value is mysterious, elusive or something of the sort. Another inspiration is the concept of Quality by Robert Pirsig, which Pirsig wants to leave undefined, but is somehow relating to goodness or value. I suspect that the resulting analysis is going to be weak and confusing. Perhaps Mandelbrot is right: the concept is elusive. Let me start with an initial take at a definition of value: * The degree to which someone is unwilling to part with something. The something one may want to part with can be an object but also a state of affairs or being. The definition is doubly subjective. For one thing, the value of insulin for someone with diabetes will be different from its value to someone without. But additionally, someone with diabetes may happen to be in an unsound state of mind and be eager to part with insulin despite its obvious utility. The definition is made in terms of parting rather than acquisition. Whether it is the best option is unclear. At least, there are some things one does not acquire, e.g. hands. And for them, the relevant change is parting. Moreover, refusal to part generally does not require expenditure of attention, unlike a decision to acquire. == Use value vs. exchange value == The unwillingness to part may be driven by use value or by exchange value. Thus, someone with diabetes has use for insulin. By contrast, someone without diabetes does not has use for it, but can sell insulin or offer it to someone as a favor. Both cases match the definition, and this split seems to be meaningful. == Value vs. goodness == Goodness and value are two distinct concepts. A good knife may lose its value because of reduced demand on knifes, which may result from availability of cheap substitutes on the market. But the knife does not become any less good (in the sense of e.g. rust resistant, maintaining sharpness for long, etc.). Value has something to do with supply and demand. If the example of knife seems too contrived, one may think of factory machines that lose value as a result for loss of demand on the kind of product they are used to make or as a result of arrival of new technology requiring new machines. == Value vs. price == A thing or state of affairs does not need to be for sale to have value. For instance, having healthy organs is of value in a country that does not allow people to sell their body parts for money. Moreover, having the purchased food at home rather than in the grocery store is of additional value since this is where one wants to have the food. This is an example of not only having the food but also having it in the right place being of value. == Objective value == I would like to come up with something like objective value or intersubjective value. Alas, there is some difficulty. One difficulty is something like inversion of value in transactions. Thus, when I buy e.g. bread for money, I indicate that the bread has more value to me than the money I give up. But for the seller, the relation has to be the opposite: the money must be of more value than the bread. Nonetheless, something like objective value in market context makes sense. Thus, I may have a certain degree of unwillingness to part with money in the given market conditions. That unwillingness does not seem to be purely subjective: whatever I want to acquire, I will need money for that, so I naturally do not freely want to part with the money without gaining something in exchange. And this applies to other people as well. Sure enough, the unwillingness to part with a specific amount of money is different between a rich person and a poor person. Be it as it may, one may reason as follows. There is more objective value in food, clothing and shelter since everyone needs those. There is less objective value is luxury items or various pieces of art whose trading resembles trading of bitcoin in certain ways. Let us consider: did the Tulips during the noted speculative bubble have objective value? They seemed to since they had exchange value. That is to say, a holder of a tulip could exchange it for something of value and in fact something of high value during the peak of the fever. This is strange. This kind of concept of objective value does not seem to be anything like underlying value, whatever that would be. But excluding exchange value from the concept of value does not seem reasonable. A puzzle. == Personal value == Things can have nostalgic or other psychologically subjective or personal value. Someone may grow fond of old items and be unwilling to part with them as a result, regardless of availability of cheap new replacement items on the market. Someone may appreciate old letters from a friend or a romantic partner, and these same letters will have almost no value for anyone else. == Marginalism == Marginalism feartures the interesting idea of additional items having increasingly less value. Thus, additional items of food have increasingly less use value; when one is satiated, one cannot appreciate the additional food items so much. == Objective value 2 == An attempt at objective value: * The degree to which something contributes to the continuing existence of the value assignor. This is very generic. The value assignor can be a human, an animal or a robot; perhaps even a plant. There is an element of objectivity: if someone who has diabetes does not appreciate insulin, he is objectively wrong about its value. How this concept is going to interact with exchange value is unclear. It should probably involve it as part: money has this kind of value--indirectly--for its ability to purchase things of direct value, e.g. food or drinking water. In a biological context, one may replace the objective of the continuing existence of the value assignor with the success of the genes of the value assignor. How this would translate into the case of robots would need to be figured out. In this conception of value, there is no room for subjective preferences. It seems to be a very cold, as if Spartan concept. We may modify the definition to be not in relation to continuing existence but to something like power or ability. Since, without modification, someone who is very rich does not gain much in terms of survival ability by earning additional huge sums of money, but it is implausible that these additional sums are of almost no value. == Things having value == At first thought, one may think that what is of value are objects, e.g. a loaf of bread or a silver coin. But it turns out that what is of value are beings (including havings), states of affairs. Even to speak of bread as having value seems to be a shorcut for saying that ''having bread'' is of value rather than e.g. its existence. And then, it is of more value to have the bread where one needs it rather than merely owning it. Other beings and havings of value include having hands, having both kidneys, having good friends and associates, having a good reputation, having an educational certificate, having skills even if uncertified, etc. Sometimes it is ''not'' having something that is of value, e.g. in a game mentioned by László Mérő in which one of the truck drivers throws away the steering wheel and thereby wins the game (detail to be added). Also of value may be negative objects, such as holes, lacks of fullness, etc. Thus, having pantry not completely full may be of value, or else one has no place for adding more items. Thus, getting rid of unnecessary items may be of value. For workers, being subjected to state-enacted work safety regulations may be of value; it improves their negotiation power. Here, the reduction of freedom of contract is of value. For some of the poorest people, being in a country such as the U.K. that has NHS (state-funded single-payer healthcare) may be of value. == Labor theory of value == This theory states that things have value to the degree of the amount of labor necessary to produce or acquire them. I find this theory wrong. It disregards the demand part: someone having spent a lot of labor in creating a useless thing does not automatically make the thing valuable. Furthermore, it disregards scarcity-driven value of natural resources. Sure enough, human labor is one key scarce resource affecting prices, resource most people have at disposal. But I see no reason why scarcity of other scarce resources should not affect prices or that it should not be reflected in the concept of value. == Further reading == * [[Wikisource: 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Value]] * [https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/value-theory/ Value Theory], Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy -- despite the word "value", this seems to be about something else fgs6ndrnv3t82cptsn8r4o2iyryxtx2 2691452 2691448 2024-12-11T17:47:51Z Dan Polansky 33469 /* Value vs. goodness */ 2691452 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Original research}} This article by Dan Polansky looks at the concept of value. One inspiration is a note by Mandelbrot in his ''The (mis)behavior of Markets'' to the effect that the concept of value is mysterious, elusive or something of the sort. Another inspiration is the concept of Quality by Robert Pirsig, which Pirsig wants to leave undefined, but is somehow relating to goodness or value. I suspect that the resulting analysis is going to be weak and confusing. Perhaps Mandelbrot is right: the concept is elusive. Let me start with an initial take at a definition of value: * The degree to which someone is unwilling to part with something. The something one may want to part with can be an object but also a state of affairs or being. The definition is doubly subjective. For one thing, the value of insulin for someone with diabetes will be different from its value to someone without. But additionally, someone with diabetes may happen to be in an unsound state of mind and be eager to part with insulin despite its obvious utility. The definition is made in terms of parting rather than acquisition. Whether it is the best option is unclear. At least, there are some things one does not acquire, e.g. hands. And for them, the relevant change is parting. Moreover, refusal to part generally does not require expenditure of attention, unlike a decision to acquire. == Use value vs. exchange value == The unwillingness to part may be driven by use value or by exchange value. Thus, someone with diabetes has use for insulin. By contrast, someone without diabetes does not has use for it, but can sell insulin or offer it to someone as a favor. Both cases match the definition, and this split seems to be meaningful. == Value vs. goodness == Goodness and value are two distinct concepts. A good knife may lose its value because of reduced demand on knifes, which may result from availability of cheap substitutes on the market. But the knife does not become any less good (in the sense of e.g. rust resistant, maintaining sharpness for long, etc.). Value has something to do with supply and demand. If the example of knife seems too contrived, one may think of factory machines that lose value as a result for loss of demand on the kind of product they are used to make or as a result of arrival of new technology requiring new machines. One can nonetheless perhaps connect value to goodness as follows. The value of the knife is given by the degree of goodness of having the knife. Here, goodness of the knife is distinguished from the goodness of ''having'' (a good) knife. With changing market conditions, the goodness of the knife does not change, but the goodness of having the knife does change. One may object that this departs from the doubly subjective definition by an implied objectivity of the word good. This would need to be clarified. == Value vs. price == A thing or state of affairs does not need to be for sale to have value. For instance, having healthy organs is of value in a country that does not allow people to sell their body parts for money. Moreover, having the purchased food at home rather than in the grocery store is of additional value since this is where one wants to have the food. This is an example of not only having the food but also having it in the right place being of value. == Objective value == I would like to come up with something like objective value or intersubjective value. Alas, there is some difficulty. One difficulty is something like inversion of value in transactions. Thus, when I buy e.g. bread for money, I indicate that the bread has more value to me than the money I give up. But for the seller, the relation has to be the opposite: the money must be of more value than the bread. Nonetheless, something like objective value in market context makes sense. Thus, I may have a certain degree of unwillingness to part with money in the given market conditions. That unwillingness does not seem to be purely subjective: whatever I want to acquire, I will need money for that, so I naturally do not freely want to part with the money without gaining something in exchange. And this applies to other people as well. Sure enough, the unwillingness to part with a specific amount of money is different between a rich person and a poor person. Be it as it may, one may reason as follows. There is more objective value in food, clothing and shelter since everyone needs those. There is less objective value is luxury items or various pieces of art whose trading resembles trading of bitcoin in certain ways. Let us consider: did the Tulips during the noted speculative bubble have objective value? They seemed to since they had exchange value. That is to say, a holder of a tulip could exchange it for something of value and in fact something of high value during the peak of the fever. This is strange. This kind of concept of objective value does not seem to be anything like underlying value, whatever that would be. But excluding exchange value from the concept of value does not seem reasonable. A puzzle. == Personal value == Things can have nostalgic or other psychologically subjective or personal value. Someone may grow fond of old items and be unwilling to part with them as a result, regardless of availability of cheap new replacement items on the market. Someone may appreciate old letters from a friend or a romantic partner, and these same letters will have almost no value for anyone else. == Marginalism == Marginalism feartures the interesting idea of additional items having increasingly less value. Thus, additional items of food have increasingly less use value; when one is satiated, one cannot appreciate the additional food items so much. == Objective value 2 == An attempt at objective value: * The degree to which something contributes to the continuing existence of the value assignor. This is very generic. The value assignor can be a human, an animal or a robot; perhaps even a plant. There is an element of objectivity: if someone who has diabetes does not appreciate insulin, he is objectively wrong about its value. How this concept is going to interact with exchange value is unclear. It should probably involve it as part: money has this kind of value--indirectly--for its ability to purchase things of direct value, e.g. food or drinking water. In a biological context, one may replace the objective of the continuing existence of the value assignor with the success of the genes of the value assignor. How this would translate into the case of robots would need to be figured out. In this conception of value, there is no room for subjective preferences. It seems to be a very cold, as if Spartan concept. We may modify the definition to be not in relation to continuing existence but to something like power or ability. Since, without modification, someone who is very rich does not gain much in terms of survival ability by earning additional huge sums of money, but it is implausible that these additional sums are of almost no value. == Things having value == At first thought, one may think that what is of value are objects, e.g. a loaf of bread or a silver coin. But it turns out that what is of value are beings (including havings), states of affairs. Even to speak of bread as having value seems to be a shorcut for saying that ''having bread'' is of value rather than e.g. its existence. And then, it is of more value to have the bread where one needs it rather than merely owning it. Other beings and havings of value include having hands, having both kidneys, having good friends and associates, having a good reputation, having an educational certificate, having skills even if uncertified, etc. Sometimes it is ''not'' having something that is of value, e.g. in a game mentioned by László Mérő in which one of the truck drivers throws away the steering wheel and thereby wins the game (detail to be added). Also of value may be negative objects, such as holes, lacks of fullness, etc. Thus, having pantry not completely full may be of value, or else one has no place for adding more items. Thus, getting rid of unnecessary items may be of value. For workers, being subjected to state-enacted work safety regulations may be of value; it improves their negotiation power. Here, the reduction of freedom of contract is of value. For some of the poorest people, being in a country such as the U.K. that has NHS (state-funded single-payer healthcare) may be of value. == Labor theory of value == This theory states that things have value to the degree of the amount of labor necessary to produce or acquire them. I find this theory wrong. It disregards the demand part: someone having spent a lot of labor in creating a useless thing does not automatically make the thing valuable. Furthermore, it disregards scarcity-driven value of natural resources. Sure enough, human labor is one key scarce resource affecting prices, resource most people have at disposal. But I see no reason why scarcity of other scarce resources should not affect prices or that it should not be reflected in the concept of value. == Further reading == * [[Wikisource: 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Value]] * [https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/value-theory/ Value Theory], Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy -- despite the word "value", this seems to be about something else 5lm75jar5hwcdxpayi4s3047216l0vm 2691455 2691452 2024-12-11T17:49:21Z Dan Polansky 33469 /* Value vs. goodness */ 2691455 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Original research}} This article by Dan Polansky looks at the concept of value. One inspiration is a note by Mandelbrot in his ''The (mis)behavior of Markets'' to the effect that the concept of value is mysterious, elusive or something of the sort. Another inspiration is the concept of Quality by Robert Pirsig, which Pirsig wants to leave undefined, but is somehow relating to goodness or value. I suspect that the resulting analysis is going to be weak and confusing. Perhaps Mandelbrot is right: the concept is elusive. Let me start with an initial take at a definition of value: * The degree to which someone is unwilling to part with something. The something one may want to part with can be an object but also a state of affairs or being. The definition is doubly subjective. For one thing, the value of insulin for someone with diabetes will be different from its value to someone without. But additionally, someone with diabetes may happen to be in an unsound state of mind and be eager to part with insulin despite its obvious utility. The definition is made in terms of parting rather than acquisition. Whether it is the best option is unclear. At least, there are some things one does not acquire, e.g. hands. And for them, the relevant change is parting. Moreover, refusal to part generally does not require expenditure of attention, unlike a decision to acquire. == Use value vs. exchange value == The unwillingness to part may be driven by use value or by exchange value. Thus, someone with diabetes has use for insulin. By contrast, someone without diabetes does not has use for it, but can sell insulin or offer it to someone as a favor. Both cases match the definition, and this split seems to be meaningful. == Value vs. goodness == Goodness and value are two distinct concepts. A good knife may lose its value because of reduced demand on knifes, which may result from availability of cheap substitutes on the market. But the knife does not become any less good (in the sense of e.g. rust resistant, maintaining sharpness for long, etc.). Value has something to do with supply and demand. If the example of knife seems too contrived, one may think of factory machines that lose value as a result for loss of demand on the kind of product they are used to make or as a result of arrival of new technology requiring new machines. One can nonetheless perhaps connect value to goodness as follows. The value of the knife is given by the degree of goodness of having the knife. Here, goodness of the knife is distinguished from the goodness of ''having'' (a good) knife. With changing market conditions, the goodness of the knife does not change, but the goodness of having the knife does change. One may object that this departs from the doubly subjective definition by an implied objectivity of the word good. This would need to be clarified. For one thing, the idea that the goodness of having insulin at disposal differs between a person with diabetes and one without is plausible enough; so far so good. == Value vs. price == A thing or state of affairs does not need to be for sale to have value. For instance, having healthy organs is of value in a country that does not allow people to sell their body parts for money. Moreover, having the purchased food at home rather than in the grocery store is of additional value since this is where one wants to have the food. This is an example of not only having the food but also having it in the right place being of value. == Objective value == I would like to come up with something like objective value or intersubjective value. Alas, there is some difficulty. One difficulty is something like inversion of value in transactions. Thus, when I buy e.g. bread for money, I indicate that the bread has more value to me than the money I give up. But for the seller, the relation has to be the opposite: the money must be of more value than the bread. Nonetheless, something like objective value in market context makes sense. Thus, I may have a certain degree of unwillingness to part with money in the given market conditions. That unwillingness does not seem to be purely subjective: whatever I want to acquire, I will need money for that, so I naturally do not freely want to part with the money without gaining something in exchange. And this applies to other people as well. Sure enough, the unwillingness to part with a specific amount of money is different between a rich person and a poor person. Be it as it may, one may reason as follows. There is more objective value in food, clothing and shelter since everyone needs those. There is less objective value is luxury items or various pieces of art whose trading resembles trading of bitcoin in certain ways. Let us consider: did the Tulips during the noted speculative bubble have objective value? They seemed to since they had exchange value. That is to say, a holder of a tulip could exchange it for something of value and in fact something of high value during the peak of the fever. This is strange. This kind of concept of objective value does not seem to be anything like underlying value, whatever that would be. But excluding exchange value from the concept of value does not seem reasonable. A puzzle. == Personal value == Things can have nostalgic or other psychologically subjective or personal value. Someone may grow fond of old items and be unwilling to part with them as a result, regardless of availability of cheap new replacement items on the market. Someone may appreciate old letters from a friend or a romantic partner, and these same letters will have almost no value for anyone else. == Marginalism == Marginalism feartures the interesting idea of additional items having increasingly less value. Thus, additional items of food have increasingly less use value; when one is satiated, one cannot appreciate the additional food items so much. == Objective value 2 == An attempt at objective value: * The degree to which something contributes to the continuing existence of the value assignor. This is very generic. The value assignor can be a human, an animal or a robot; perhaps even a plant. There is an element of objectivity: if someone who has diabetes does not appreciate insulin, he is objectively wrong about its value. How this concept is going to interact with exchange value is unclear. It should probably involve it as part: money has this kind of value--indirectly--for its ability to purchase things of direct value, e.g. food or drinking water. In a biological context, one may replace the objective of the continuing existence of the value assignor with the success of the genes of the value assignor. How this would translate into the case of robots would need to be figured out. In this conception of value, there is no room for subjective preferences. It seems to be a very cold, as if Spartan concept. We may modify the definition to be not in relation to continuing existence but to something like power or ability. Since, without modification, someone who is very rich does not gain much in terms of survival ability by earning additional huge sums of money, but it is implausible that these additional sums are of almost no value. == Things having value == At first thought, one may think that what is of value are objects, e.g. a loaf of bread or a silver coin. But it turns out that what is of value are beings (including havings), states of affairs. Even to speak of bread as having value seems to be a shorcut for saying that ''having bread'' is of value rather than e.g. its existence. And then, it is of more value to have the bread where one needs it rather than merely owning it. Other beings and havings of value include having hands, having both kidneys, having good friends and associates, having a good reputation, having an educational certificate, having skills even if uncertified, etc. Sometimes it is ''not'' having something that is of value, e.g. in a game mentioned by László Mérő in which one of the truck drivers throws away the steering wheel and thereby wins the game (detail to be added). Also of value may be negative objects, such as holes, lacks of fullness, etc. Thus, having pantry not completely full may be of value, or else one has no place for adding more items. Thus, getting rid of unnecessary items may be of value. For workers, being subjected to state-enacted work safety regulations may be of value; it improves their negotiation power. Here, the reduction of freedom of contract is of value. For some of the poorest people, being in a country such as the U.K. that has NHS (state-funded single-payer healthcare) may be of value. == Labor theory of value == This theory states that things have value to the degree of the amount of labor necessary to produce or acquire them. I find this theory wrong. It disregards the demand part: someone having spent a lot of labor in creating a useless thing does not automatically make the thing valuable. Furthermore, it disregards scarcity-driven value of natural resources. Sure enough, human labor is one key scarce resource affecting prices, resource most people have at disposal. But I see no reason why scarcity of other scarce resources should not affect prices or that it should not be reflected in the concept of value. == Further reading == * [[Wikisource: 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Value]] * [https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/value-theory/ Value Theory], Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy -- despite the word "value", this seems to be about something else mcx9d9yo897nakflyhk4yfhre20zyub 2691457 2691455 2024-12-11T17:55:29Z Dan Polansky 33469 /* Labor theory of value */ 2691457 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Original research}} This article by Dan Polansky looks at the concept of value. One inspiration is a note by Mandelbrot in his ''The (mis)behavior of Markets'' to the effect that the concept of value is mysterious, elusive or something of the sort. Another inspiration is the concept of Quality by Robert Pirsig, which Pirsig wants to leave undefined, but is somehow relating to goodness or value. I suspect that the resulting analysis is going to be weak and confusing. Perhaps Mandelbrot is right: the concept is elusive. Let me start with an initial take at a definition of value: * The degree to which someone is unwilling to part with something. The something one may want to part with can be an object but also a state of affairs or being. The definition is doubly subjective. For one thing, the value of insulin for someone with diabetes will be different from its value to someone without. But additionally, someone with diabetes may happen to be in an unsound state of mind and be eager to part with insulin despite its obvious utility. The definition is made in terms of parting rather than acquisition. Whether it is the best option is unclear. At least, there are some things one does not acquire, e.g. hands. And for them, the relevant change is parting. Moreover, refusal to part generally does not require expenditure of attention, unlike a decision to acquire. == Use value vs. exchange value == The unwillingness to part may be driven by use value or by exchange value. Thus, someone with diabetes has use for insulin. By contrast, someone without diabetes does not has use for it, but can sell insulin or offer it to someone as a favor. Both cases match the definition, and this split seems to be meaningful. == Value vs. goodness == Goodness and value are two distinct concepts. A good knife may lose its value because of reduced demand on knifes, which may result from availability of cheap substitutes on the market. But the knife does not become any less good (in the sense of e.g. rust resistant, maintaining sharpness for long, etc.). Value has something to do with supply and demand. If the example of knife seems too contrived, one may think of factory machines that lose value as a result for loss of demand on the kind of product they are used to make or as a result of arrival of new technology requiring new machines. One can nonetheless perhaps connect value to goodness as follows. The value of the knife is given by the degree of goodness of having the knife. Here, goodness of the knife is distinguished from the goodness of ''having'' (a good) knife. With changing market conditions, the goodness of the knife does not change, but the goodness of having the knife does change. One may object that this departs from the doubly subjective definition by an implied objectivity of the word good. This would need to be clarified. For one thing, the idea that the goodness of having insulin at disposal differs between a person with diabetes and one without is plausible enough; so far so good. == Value vs. price == A thing or state of affairs does not need to be for sale to have value. For instance, having healthy organs is of value in a country that does not allow people to sell their body parts for money. Moreover, having the purchased food at home rather than in the grocery store is of additional value since this is where one wants to have the food. This is an example of not only having the food but also having it in the right place being of value. == Objective value == I would like to come up with something like objective value or intersubjective value. Alas, there is some difficulty. One difficulty is something like inversion of value in transactions. Thus, when I buy e.g. bread for money, I indicate that the bread has more value to me than the money I give up. But for the seller, the relation has to be the opposite: the money must be of more value than the bread. Nonetheless, something like objective value in market context makes sense. Thus, I may have a certain degree of unwillingness to part with money in the given market conditions. That unwillingness does not seem to be purely subjective: whatever I want to acquire, I will need money for that, so I naturally do not freely want to part with the money without gaining something in exchange. And this applies to other people as well. Sure enough, the unwillingness to part with a specific amount of money is different between a rich person and a poor person. Be it as it may, one may reason as follows. There is more objective value in food, clothing and shelter since everyone needs those. There is less objective value is luxury items or various pieces of art whose trading resembles trading of bitcoin in certain ways. Let us consider: did the Tulips during the noted speculative bubble have objective value? They seemed to since they had exchange value. That is to say, a holder of a tulip could exchange it for something of value and in fact something of high value during the peak of the fever. This is strange. This kind of concept of objective value does not seem to be anything like underlying value, whatever that would be. But excluding exchange value from the concept of value does not seem reasonable. A puzzle. == Personal value == Things can have nostalgic or other psychologically subjective or personal value. Someone may grow fond of old items and be unwilling to part with them as a result, regardless of availability of cheap new replacement items on the market. Someone may appreciate old letters from a friend or a romantic partner, and these same letters will have almost no value for anyone else. == Marginalism == Marginalism feartures the interesting idea of additional items having increasingly less value. Thus, additional items of food have increasingly less use value; when one is satiated, one cannot appreciate the additional food items so much. == Objective value 2 == An attempt at objective value: * The degree to which something contributes to the continuing existence of the value assignor. This is very generic. The value assignor can be a human, an animal or a robot; perhaps even a plant. There is an element of objectivity: if someone who has diabetes does not appreciate insulin, he is objectively wrong about its value. How this concept is going to interact with exchange value is unclear. It should probably involve it as part: money has this kind of value--indirectly--for its ability to purchase things of direct value, e.g. food or drinking water. In a biological context, one may replace the objective of the continuing existence of the value assignor with the success of the genes of the value assignor. How this would translate into the case of robots would need to be figured out. In this conception of value, there is no room for subjective preferences. It seems to be a very cold, as if Spartan concept. We may modify the definition to be not in relation to continuing existence but to something like power or ability. Since, without modification, someone who is very rich does not gain much in terms of survival ability by earning additional huge sums of money, but it is implausible that these additional sums are of almost no value. == Things having value == At first thought, one may think that what is of value are objects, e.g. a loaf of bread or a silver coin. But it turns out that what is of value are beings (including havings), states of affairs. Even to speak of bread as having value seems to be a shorcut for saying that ''having bread'' is of value rather than e.g. its existence. And then, it is of more value to have the bread where one needs it rather than merely owning it. Other beings and havings of value include having hands, having both kidneys, having good friends and associates, having a good reputation, having an educational certificate, having skills even if uncertified, etc. Sometimes it is ''not'' having something that is of value, e.g. in a game mentioned by László Mérő in which one of the truck drivers throws away the steering wheel and thereby wins the game (detail to be added). Also of value may be negative objects, such as holes, lacks of fullness, etc. Thus, having pantry not completely full may be of value, or else one has no place for adding more items. Thus, getting rid of unnecessary items may be of value. For workers, being subjected to state-enacted work safety regulations may be of value; it improves their negotiation power. Here, the reduction of freedom of contract is of value. For some of the poorest people, being in a country such as the U.K. that has NHS (state-funded single-payer healthcare) may be of value. == Labor theory of value == This theory states that things have value to the degree of the amount of labor necessary to produce or acquire them. I find this theory wrong. It disregards the demand part: someone having spent a lot of labor in creating a useless thing does not automatically make the thing valuable. Furthermore, it disregards scarcity-driven value of natural resources. Sure enough, human labor is one key scarce resource affecting prices, resource most people have at disposal. But I see no reason why scarcity of other scarce resources should not affect prices or that it should not be reflected in the concept of value. Further reading: * {{W|Labor theory of value}}, wikipedia.org == Further reading == * [[Wikisource: 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Value]] * [https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/value-theory/ Value Theory], Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy -- despite the word "value", this seems to be about something else r36b268zjj0taq3x77pcja3gsh5wx5v 2691458 2691457 2024-12-11T17:58:40Z Dan Polansky 33469 /* Things having value */ 2691458 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Original research}} This article by Dan Polansky looks at the concept of value. One inspiration is a note by Mandelbrot in his ''The (mis)behavior of Markets'' to the effect that the concept of value is mysterious, elusive or something of the sort. Another inspiration is the concept of Quality by Robert Pirsig, which Pirsig wants to leave undefined, but is somehow relating to goodness or value. I suspect that the resulting analysis is going to be weak and confusing. Perhaps Mandelbrot is right: the concept is elusive. Let me start with an initial take at a definition of value: * The degree to which someone is unwilling to part with something. The something one may want to part with can be an object but also a state of affairs or being. The definition is doubly subjective. For one thing, the value of insulin for someone with diabetes will be different from its value to someone without. But additionally, someone with diabetes may happen to be in an unsound state of mind and be eager to part with insulin despite its obvious utility. The definition is made in terms of parting rather than acquisition. Whether it is the best option is unclear. At least, there are some things one does not acquire, e.g. hands. And for them, the relevant change is parting. Moreover, refusal to part generally does not require expenditure of attention, unlike a decision to acquire. == Use value vs. exchange value == The unwillingness to part may be driven by use value or by exchange value. Thus, someone with diabetes has use for insulin. By contrast, someone without diabetes does not has use for it, but can sell insulin or offer it to someone as a favor. Both cases match the definition, and this split seems to be meaningful. == Value vs. goodness == Goodness and value are two distinct concepts. A good knife may lose its value because of reduced demand on knifes, which may result from availability of cheap substitutes on the market. But the knife does not become any less good (in the sense of e.g. rust resistant, maintaining sharpness for long, etc.). Value has something to do with supply and demand. If the example of knife seems too contrived, one may think of factory machines that lose value as a result for loss of demand on the kind of product they are used to make or as a result of arrival of new technology requiring new machines. One can nonetheless perhaps connect value to goodness as follows. The value of the knife is given by the degree of goodness of having the knife. Here, goodness of the knife is distinguished from the goodness of ''having'' (a good) knife. With changing market conditions, the goodness of the knife does not change, but the goodness of having the knife does change. One may object that this departs from the doubly subjective definition by an implied objectivity of the word good. This would need to be clarified. For one thing, the idea that the goodness of having insulin at disposal differs between a person with diabetes and one without is plausible enough; so far so good. == Value vs. price == A thing or state of affairs does not need to be for sale to have value. For instance, having healthy organs is of value in a country that does not allow people to sell their body parts for money. Moreover, having the purchased food at home rather than in the grocery store is of additional value since this is where one wants to have the food. This is an example of not only having the food but also having it in the right place being of value. == Objective value == I would like to come up with something like objective value or intersubjective value. Alas, there is some difficulty. One difficulty is something like inversion of value in transactions. Thus, when I buy e.g. bread for money, I indicate that the bread has more value to me than the money I give up. But for the seller, the relation has to be the opposite: the money must be of more value than the bread. Nonetheless, something like objective value in market context makes sense. Thus, I may have a certain degree of unwillingness to part with money in the given market conditions. That unwillingness does not seem to be purely subjective: whatever I want to acquire, I will need money for that, so I naturally do not freely want to part with the money without gaining something in exchange. And this applies to other people as well. Sure enough, the unwillingness to part with a specific amount of money is different between a rich person and a poor person. Be it as it may, one may reason as follows. There is more objective value in food, clothing and shelter since everyone needs those. There is less objective value is luxury items or various pieces of art whose trading resembles trading of bitcoin in certain ways. Let us consider: did the Tulips during the noted speculative bubble have objective value? They seemed to since they had exchange value. That is to say, a holder of a tulip could exchange it for something of value and in fact something of high value during the peak of the fever. This is strange. This kind of concept of objective value does not seem to be anything like underlying value, whatever that would be. But excluding exchange value from the concept of value does not seem reasonable. A puzzle. == Personal value == Things can have nostalgic or other psychologically subjective or personal value. Someone may grow fond of old items and be unwilling to part with them as a result, regardless of availability of cheap new replacement items on the market. Someone may appreciate old letters from a friend or a romantic partner, and these same letters will have almost no value for anyone else. == Marginalism == Marginalism feartures the interesting idea of additional items having increasingly less value. Thus, additional items of food have increasingly less use value; when one is satiated, one cannot appreciate the additional food items so much. == Objective value 2 == An attempt at objective value: * The degree to which something contributes to the continuing existence of the value assignor. This is very generic. The value assignor can be a human, an animal or a robot; perhaps even a plant. There is an element of objectivity: if someone who has diabetes does not appreciate insulin, he is objectively wrong about its value. How this concept is going to interact with exchange value is unclear. It should probably involve it as part: money has this kind of value--indirectly--for its ability to purchase things of direct value, e.g. food or drinking water. In a biological context, one may replace the objective of the continuing existence of the value assignor with the success of the genes of the value assignor. How this would translate into the case of robots would need to be figured out. In this conception of value, there is no room for subjective preferences. It seems to be a very cold, as if Spartan concept. We may modify the definition to be not in relation to continuing existence but to something like power or ability. Since, without modification, someone who is very rich does not gain much in terms of survival ability by earning additional huge sums of money, but it is implausible that these additional sums are of almost no value. == Things having value == At first thought, one may think that what is of value are objects, e.g. a loaf of bread or a silver coin. But it turns out that what is of value are beings (including havings), states of affairs. Even to speak of bread as having value seems to be a shorcut for saying that ''having bread'' is of value rather than e.g. its existence. And then, it is of more value to have the bread where one needs it rather than merely owning it; one spends effort to gain having the bread in the paltry. Other beings and havings of value include having hands, having both kidneys, having good friends and associates, having a good reputation, having an educational certificate, having skills even if uncertified, etc. Sometimes it is ''not'' having something that is of value, e.g. in a game mentioned by László Mérő in which one of the truck drivers throws away the steering wheel and thereby wins the game (detail to be added). Also of value may be negative objects, such as holes, lacks of fullness, etc. Thus, having pantry not completely full may be of value, or else one has no place for adding more items. Thus, getting rid of unnecessary items may be of value. For workers, being subjected to state-enacted work safety regulations may be of value; it improves their negotiation power. Here, the reduction of freedom of contract is of value. For some of the poorest people, being in a country such as the U.K. that has NHS (state-funded single-payer healthcare) may be of value. == Labor theory of value == This theory states that things have value to the degree of the amount of labor necessary to produce or acquire them. I find this theory wrong. It disregards the demand part: someone having spent a lot of labor in creating a useless thing does not automatically make the thing valuable. Furthermore, it disregards scarcity-driven value of natural resources. Sure enough, human labor is one key scarce resource affecting prices, resource most people have at disposal. But I see no reason why scarcity of other scarce resources should not affect prices or that it should not be reflected in the concept of value. Further reading: * {{W|Labor theory of value}}, wikipedia.org == Further reading == * [[Wikisource: 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Value]] * [https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/value-theory/ Value Theory], Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy -- despite the word "value", this seems to be about something else 5t031a9vj9b9t9ynwmgeoz9zp9hfhh7 2691459 2691458 2024-12-11T18:01:31Z Dan Polansky 33469 /* Labor theory of value */ 2691459 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Original research}} This article by Dan Polansky looks at the concept of value. One inspiration is a note by Mandelbrot in his ''The (mis)behavior of Markets'' to the effect that the concept of value is mysterious, elusive or something of the sort. Another inspiration is the concept of Quality by Robert Pirsig, which Pirsig wants to leave undefined, but is somehow relating to goodness or value. I suspect that the resulting analysis is going to be weak and confusing. Perhaps Mandelbrot is right: the concept is elusive. Let me start with an initial take at a definition of value: * The degree to which someone is unwilling to part with something. The something one may want to part with can be an object but also a state of affairs or being. The definition is doubly subjective. For one thing, the value of insulin for someone with diabetes will be different from its value to someone without. But additionally, someone with diabetes may happen to be in an unsound state of mind and be eager to part with insulin despite its obvious utility. The definition is made in terms of parting rather than acquisition. Whether it is the best option is unclear. At least, there are some things one does not acquire, e.g. hands. And for them, the relevant change is parting. Moreover, refusal to part generally does not require expenditure of attention, unlike a decision to acquire. == Use value vs. exchange value == The unwillingness to part may be driven by use value or by exchange value. Thus, someone with diabetes has use for insulin. By contrast, someone without diabetes does not has use for it, but can sell insulin or offer it to someone as a favor. Both cases match the definition, and this split seems to be meaningful. == Value vs. goodness == Goodness and value are two distinct concepts. A good knife may lose its value because of reduced demand on knifes, which may result from availability of cheap substitutes on the market. But the knife does not become any less good (in the sense of e.g. rust resistant, maintaining sharpness for long, etc.). Value has something to do with supply and demand. If the example of knife seems too contrived, one may think of factory machines that lose value as a result for loss of demand on the kind of product they are used to make or as a result of arrival of new technology requiring new machines. One can nonetheless perhaps connect value to goodness as follows. The value of the knife is given by the degree of goodness of having the knife. Here, goodness of the knife is distinguished from the goodness of ''having'' (a good) knife. With changing market conditions, the goodness of the knife does not change, but the goodness of having the knife does change. One may object that this departs from the doubly subjective definition by an implied objectivity of the word good. This would need to be clarified. For one thing, the idea that the goodness of having insulin at disposal differs between a person with diabetes and one without is plausible enough; so far so good. == Value vs. price == A thing or state of affairs does not need to be for sale to have value. For instance, having healthy organs is of value in a country that does not allow people to sell their body parts for money. Moreover, having the purchased food at home rather than in the grocery store is of additional value since this is where one wants to have the food. This is an example of not only having the food but also having it in the right place being of value. == Objective value == I would like to come up with something like objective value or intersubjective value. Alas, there is some difficulty. One difficulty is something like inversion of value in transactions. Thus, when I buy e.g. bread for money, I indicate that the bread has more value to me than the money I give up. But for the seller, the relation has to be the opposite: the money must be of more value than the bread. Nonetheless, something like objective value in market context makes sense. Thus, I may have a certain degree of unwillingness to part with money in the given market conditions. That unwillingness does not seem to be purely subjective: whatever I want to acquire, I will need money for that, so I naturally do not freely want to part with the money without gaining something in exchange. And this applies to other people as well. Sure enough, the unwillingness to part with a specific amount of money is different between a rich person and a poor person. Be it as it may, one may reason as follows. There is more objective value in food, clothing and shelter since everyone needs those. There is less objective value is luxury items or various pieces of art whose trading resembles trading of bitcoin in certain ways. Let us consider: did the Tulips during the noted speculative bubble have objective value? They seemed to since they had exchange value. That is to say, a holder of a tulip could exchange it for something of value and in fact something of high value during the peak of the fever. This is strange. This kind of concept of objective value does not seem to be anything like underlying value, whatever that would be. But excluding exchange value from the concept of value does not seem reasonable. A puzzle. == Personal value == Things can have nostalgic or other psychologically subjective or personal value. Someone may grow fond of old items and be unwilling to part with them as a result, regardless of availability of cheap new replacement items on the market. Someone may appreciate old letters from a friend or a romantic partner, and these same letters will have almost no value for anyone else. == Marginalism == Marginalism feartures the interesting idea of additional items having increasingly less value. Thus, additional items of food have increasingly less use value; when one is satiated, one cannot appreciate the additional food items so much. == Objective value 2 == An attempt at objective value: * The degree to which something contributes to the continuing existence of the value assignor. This is very generic. The value assignor can be a human, an animal or a robot; perhaps even a plant. There is an element of objectivity: if someone who has diabetes does not appreciate insulin, he is objectively wrong about its value. How this concept is going to interact with exchange value is unclear. It should probably involve it as part: money has this kind of value--indirectly--for its ability to purchase things of direct value, e.g. food or drinking water. In a biological context, one may replace the objective of the continuing existence of the value assignor with the success of the genes of the value assignor. How this would translate into the case of robots would need to be figured out. In this conception of value, there is no room for subjective preferences. It seems to be a very cold, as if Spartan concept. We may modify the definition to be not in relation to continuing existence but to something like power or ability. Since, without modification, someone who is very rich does not gain much in terms of survival ability by earning additional huge sums of money, but it is implausible that these additional sums are of almost no value. == Things having value == At first thought, one may think that what is of value are objects, e.g. a loaf of bread or a silver coin. But it turns out that what is of value are beings (including havings), states of affairs. Even to speak of bread as having value seems to be a shorcut for saying that ''having bread'' is of value rather than e.g. its existence. And then, it is of more value to have the bread where one needs it rather than merely owning it; one spends effort to gain having the bread in the paltry. Other beings and havings of value include having hands, having both kidneys, having good friends and associates, having a good reputation, having an educational certificate, having skills even if uncertified, etc. Sometimes it is ''not'' having something that is of value, e.g. in a game mentioned by László Mérő in which one of the truck drivers throws away the steering wheel and thereby wins the game (detail to be added). Also of value may be negative objects, such as holes, lacks of fullness, etc. Thus, having pantry not completely full may be of value, or else one has no place for adding more items. Thus, getting rid of unnecessary items may be of value. For workers, being subjected to state-enacted work safety regulations may be of value; it improves their negotiation power. Here, the reduction of freedom of contract is of value. For some of the poorest people, being in a country such as the U.K. that has NHS (state-funded single-payer healthcare) may be of value. == Labor theory of value == This theory states that things have value to the degree of the amount of labor necessary to produce or acquire them. I find this theory wrong. It disregards the demand part: someone having spent a lot of labor in creating a useless thing does not automatically make the thing valuable. Furthermore, it disregards scarcity-driven value of natural resources. Sure enough, human labor is one key scarce resource affecting prices, resource most people have at disposal. But I see no reason why scarcity of other scarce resources should not affect prices or that it should not be reflected in the concept of value. Another objection is that labor by an unskilled person is generally not necessarily as valuable as labor by skilled person. One could try to account for this by considering the skill to be a result of past labor, effort spent in acquiring the skill. But acquiring the innate talent, a capital asset, does not seem to be a result of labor; it is not acquired at all, it seems. Further reading: * {{W|Labor theory of value}}, wikipedia.org == Further reading == * [[Wikisource: 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Value]] * [https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/value-theory/ Value Theory], Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy -- despite the word "value", this seems to be about something else 909z8wkec7q9ccwakwlkb6kmsmlhbcn 2691461 2691459 2024-12-11T18:11:24Z Dan Polansky 33469 /* Value vs. price */ 2691461 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Original research}} This article by Dan Polansky looks at the concept of value. One inspiration is a note by Mandelbrot in his ''The (mis)behavior of Markets'' to the effect that the concept of value is mysterious, elusive or something of the sort. Another inspiration is the concept of Quality by Robert Pirsig, which Pirsig wants to leave undefined, but is somehow relating to goodness or value. I suspect that the resulting analysis is going to be weak and confusing. Perhaps Mandelbrot is right: the concept is elusive. Let me start with an initial take at a definition of value: * The degree to which someone is unwilling to part with something. The something one may want to part with can be an object but also a state of affairs or being. The definition is doubly subjective. For one thing, the value of insulin for someone with diabetes will be different from its value to someone without. But additionally, someone with diabetes may happen to be in an unsound state of mind and be eager to part with insulin despite its obvious utility. The definition is made in terms of parting rather than acquisition. Whether it is the best option is unclear. At least, there are some things one does not acquire, e.g. hands. And for them, the relevant change is parting. Moreover, refusal to part generally does not require expenditure of attention, unlike a decision to acquire. == Use value vs. exchange value == The unwillingness to part may be driven by use value or by exchange value. Thus, someone with diabetes has use for insulin. By contrast, someone without diabetes does not has use for it, but can sell insulin or offer it to someone as a favor. Both cases match the definition, and this split seems to be meaningful. == Value vs. goodness == Goodness and value are two distinct concepts. A good knife may lose its value because of reduced demand on knifes, which may result from availability of cheap substitutes on the market. But the knife does not become any less good (in the sense of e.g. rust resistant, maintaining sharpness for long, etc.). Value has something to do with supply and demand. If the example of knife seems too contrived, one may think of factory machines that lose value as a result for loss of demand on the kind of product they are used to make or as a result of arrival of new technology requiring new machines. One can nonetheless perhaps connect value to goodness as follows. The value of the knife is given by the degree of goodness of having the knife. Here, goodness of the knife is distinguished from the goodness of ''having'' (a good) knife. With changing market conditions, the goodness of the knife does not change, but the goodness of having the knife does change. One may object that this departs from the doubly subjective definition by an implied objectivity of the word good. This would need to be clarified. For one thing, the idea that the goodness of having insulin at disposal differs between a person with diabetes and one without is plausible enough; so far so good. == Value vs. price == A thing or state of affairs does not need to be for sale to have value. For instance, having healthy organs is of value in a country that does not allow people to sell their body parts for money. Moreover, having the purchased food at home rather than in the grocery store is of additional value since this is where one wants to have the food. This is an example of not only having the food but also having it in the right place being of value. In some contexts, the value does seem to match the price. It is so at least linguistically: one talks about the value of the stock rising. And in so far as one mostly holds stock for the exachange value, the value is given by the price, although there is also the dividend income. == Objective value == I would like to come up with something like objective value or intersubjective value. Alas, there is some difficulty. One difficulty is something like inversion of value in transactions. Thus, when I buy e.g. bread for money, I indicate that the bread has more value to me than the money I give up. But for the seller, the relation has to be the opposite: the money must be of more value than the bread. Nonetheless, something like objective value in market context makes sense. Thus, I may have a certain degree of unwillingness to part with money in the given market conditions. That unwillingness does not seem to be purely subjective: whatever I want to acquire, I will need money for that, so I naturally do not freely want to part with the money without gaining something in exchange. And this applies to other people as well. Sure enough, the unwillingness to part with a specific amount of money is different between a rich person and a poor person. Be it as it may, one may reason as follows. There is more objective value in food, clothing and shelter since everyone needs those. There is less objective value is luxury items or various pieces of art whose trading resembles trading of bitcoin in certain ways. Let us consider: did the Tulips during the noted speculative bubble have objective value? They seemed to since they had exchange value. That is to say, a holder of a tulip could exchange it for something of value and in fact something of high value during the peak of the fever. This is strange. This kind of concept of objective value does not seem to be anything like underlying value, whatever that would be. But excluding exchange value from the concept of value does not seem reasonable. A puzzle. == Personal value == Things can have nostalgic or other psychologically subjective or personal value. Someone may grow fond of old items and be unwilling to part with them as a result, regardless of availability of cheap new replacement items on the market. Someone may appreciate old letters from a friend or a romantic partner, and these same letters will have almost no value for anyone else. == Marginalism == Marginalism feartures the interesting idea of additional items having increasingly less value. Thus, additional items of food have increasingly less use value; when one is satiated, one cannot appreciate the additional food items so much. == Objective value 2 == An attempt at objective value: * The degree to which something contributes to the continuing existence of the value assignor. This is very generic. The value assignor can be a human, an animal or a robot; perhaps even a plant. There is an element of objectivity: if someone who has diabetes does not appreciate insulin, he is objectively wrong about its value. How this concept is going to interact with exchange value is unclear. It should probably involve it as part: money has this kind of value--indirectly--for its ability to purchase things of direct value, e.g. food or drinking water. In a biological context, one may replace the objective of the continuing existence of the value assignor with the success of the genes of the value assignor. How this would translate into the case of robots would need to be figured out. In this conception of value, there is no room for subjective preferences. It seems to be a very cold, as if Spartan concept. We may modify the definition to be not in relation to continuing existence but to something like power or ability. Since, without modification, someone who is very rich does not gain much in terms of survival ability by earning additional huge sums of money, but it is implausible that these additional sums are of almost no value. == Things having value == At first thought, one may think that what is of value are objects, e.g. a loaf of bread or a silver coin. But it turns out that what is of value are beings (including havings), states of affairs. Even to speak of bread as having value seems to be a shorcut for saying that ''having bread'' is of value rather than e.g. its existence. And then, it is of more value to have the bread where one needs it rather than merely owning it; one spends effort to gain having the bread in the paltry. Other beings and havings of value include having hands, having both kidneys, having good friends and associates, having a good reputation, having an educational certificate, having skills even if uncertified, etc. Sometimes it is ''not'' having something that is of value, e.g. in a game mentioned by László Mérő in which one of the truck drivers throws away the steering wheel and thereby wins the game (detail to be added). Also of value may be negative objects, such as holes, lacks of fullness, etc. Thus, having pantry not completely full may be of value, or else one has no place for adding more items. Thus, getting rid of unnecessary items may be of value. For workers, being subjected to state-enacted work safety regulations may be of value; it improves their negotiation power. Here, the reduction of freedom of contract is of value. For some of the poorest people, being in a country such as the U.K. that has NHS (state-funded single-payer healthcare) may be of value. == Labor theory of value == This theory states that things have value to the degree of the amount of labor necessary to produce or acquire them. I find this theory wrong. It disregards the demand part: someone having spent a lot of labor in creating a useless thing does not automatically make the thing valuable. Furthermore, it disregards scarcity-driven value of natural resources. Sure enough, human labor is one key scarce resource affecting prices, resource most people have at disposal. But I see no reason why scarcity of other scarce resources should not affect prices or that it should not be reflected in the concept of value. Another objection is that labor by an unskilled person is generally not necessarily as valuable as labor by skilled person. One could try to account for this by considering the skill to be a result of past labor, effort spent in acquiring the skill. But acquiring the innate talent, a capital asset, does not seem to be a result of labor; it is not acquired at all, it seems. Further reading: * {{W|Labor theory of value}}, wikipedia.org == Further reading == * [[Wikisource: 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Value]] * [https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/value-theory/ Value Theory], Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy -- despite the word "value", this seems to be about something else fubshlc2dfq7404cuyord89eakk1a3x 2691462 2691461 2024-12-11T18:11:45Z Dan Polansky 33469 /* Value vs. price */ 2691462 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Original research}} This article by Dan Polansky looks at the concept of value. One inspiration is a note by Mandelbrot in his ''The (mis)behavior of Markets'' to the effect that the concept of value is mysterious, elusive or something of the sort. Another inspiration is the concept of Quality by Robert Pirsig, which Pirsig wants to leave undefined, but is somehow relating to goodness or value. I suspect that the resulting analysis is going to be weak and confusing. Perhaps Mandelbrot is right: the concept is elusive. Let me start with an initial take at a definition of value: * The degree to which someone is unwilling to part with something. The something one may want to part with can be an object but also a state of affairs or being. The definition is doubly subjective. For one thing, the value of insulin for someone with diabetes will be different from its value to someone without. But additionally, someone with diabetes may happen to be in an unsound state of mind and be eager to part with insulin despite its obvious utility. The definition is made in terms of parting rather than acquisition. Whether it is the best option is unclear. At least, there are some things one does not acquire, e.g. hands. And for them, the relevant change is parting. Moreover, refusal to part generally does not require expenditure of attention, unlike a decision to acquire. == Use value vs. exchange value == The unwillingness to part may be driven by use value or by exchange value. Thus, someone with diabetes has use for insulin. By contrast, someone without diabetes does not has use for it, but can sell insulin or offer it to someone as a favor. Both cases match the definition, and this split seems to be meaningful. == Value vs. goodness == Goodness and value are two distinct concepts. A good knife may lose its value because of reduced demand on knifes, which may result from availability of cheap substitutes on the market. But the knife does not become any less good (in the sense of e.g. rust resistant, maintaining sharpness for long, etc.). Value has something to do with supply and demand. If the example of knife seems too contrived, one may think of factory machines that lose value as a result for loss of demand on the kind of product they are used to make or as a result of arrival of new technology requiring new machines. One can nonetheless perhaps connect value to goodness as follows. The value of the knife is given by the degree of goodness of having the knife. Here, goodness of the knife is distinguished from the goodness of ''having'' (a good) knife. With changing market conditions, the goodness of the knife does not change, but the goodness of having the knife does change. One may object that this departs from the doubly subjective definition by an implied objectivity of the word good. This would need to be clarified. For one thing, the idea that the goodness of having insulin at disposal differs between a person with diabetes and one without is plausible enough; so far so good. == Value vs. price == A thing or state of affairs does not need to be for sale to have value. For instance, having healthy organs is of value in a country that does not allow people to sell their body parts for money. Moreover, having the purchased food at home rather than in the grocery store is of additional value since this is where one wants to have the food. This is an example of not only having the food but also having it in the right place being of value. In some contexts, the value does seem to match the price. It is so at least linguistically: one talks about the value of the stock rising. And in so far as one mostly holds stock for the exchange value, the value is given by the price, although there is also the dividend income. == Objective value == I would like to come up with something like objective value or intersubjective value. Alas, there is some difficulty. One difficulty is something like inversion of value in transactions. Thus, when I buy e.g. bread for money, I indicate that the bread has more value to me than the money I give up. But for the seller, the relation has to be the opposite: the money must be of more value than the bread. Nonetheless, something like objective value in market context makes sense. Thus, I may have a certain degree of unwillingness to part with money in the given market conditions. That unwillingness does not seem to be purely subjective: whatever I want to acquire, I will need money for that, so I naturally do not freely want to part with the money without gaining something in exchange. And this applies to other people as well. Sure enough, the unwillingness to part with a specific amount of money is different between a rich person and a poor person. Be it as it may, one may reason as follows. There is more objective value in food, clothing and shelter since everyone needs those. There is less objective value is luxury items or various pieces of art whose trading resembles trading of bitcoin in certain ways. Let us consider: did the Tulips during the noted speculative bubble have objective value? They seemed to since they had exchange value. That is to say, a holder of a tulip could exchange it for something of value and in fact something of high value during the peak of the fever. This is strange. This kind of concept of objective value does not seem to be anything like underlying value, whatever that would be. But excluding exchange value from the concept of value does not seem reasonable. A puzzle. == Personal value == Things can have nostalgic or other psychologically subjective or personal value. Someone may grow fond of old items and be unwilling to part with them as a result, regardless of availability of cheap new replacement items on the market. Someone may appreciate old letters from a friend or a romantic partner, and these same letters will have almost no value for anyone else. == Marginalism == Marginalism feartures the interesting idea of additional items having increasingly less value. Thus, additional items of food have increasingly less use value; when one is satiated, one cannot appreciate the additional food items so much. == Objective value 2 == An attempt at objective value: * The degree to which something contributes to the continuing existence of the value assignor. This is very generic. The value assignor can be a human, an animal or a robot; perhaps even a plant. There is an element of objectivity: if someone who has diabetes does not appreciate insulin, he is objectively wrong about its value. How this concept is going to interact with exchange value is unclear. It should probably involve it as part: money has this kind of value--indirectly--for its ability to purchase things of direct value, e.g. food or drinking water. In a biological context, one may replace the objective of the continuing existence of the value assignor with the success of the genes of the value assignor. How this would translate into the case of robots would need to be figured out. In this conception of value, there is no room for subjective preferences. It seems to be a very cold, as if Spartan concept. We may modify the definition to be not in relation to continuing existence but to something like power or ability. Since, without modification, someone who is very rich does not gain much in terms of survival ability by earning additional huge sums of money, but it is implausible that these additional sums are of almost no value. == Things having value == At first thought, one may think that what is of value are objects, e.g. a loaf of bread or a silver coin. But it turns out that what is of value are beings (including havings), states of affairs. Even to speak of bread as having value seems to be a shorcut for saying that ''having bread'' is of value rather than e.g. its existence. And then, it is of more value to have the bread where one needs it rather than merely owning it; one spends effort to gain having the bread in the paltry. Other beings and havings of value include having hands, having both kidneys, having good friends and associates, having a good reputation, having an educational certificate, having skills even if uncertified, etc. Sometimes it is ''not'' having something that is of value, e.g. in a game mentioned by László Mérő in which one of the truck drivers throws away the steering wheel and thereby wins the game (detail to be added). Also of value may be negative objects, such as holes, lacks of fullness, etc. Thus, having pantry not completely full may be of value, or else one has no place for adding more items. Thus, getting rid of unnecessary items may be of value. For workers, being subjected to state-enacted work safety regulations may be of value; it improves their negotiation power. Here, the reduction of freedom of contract is of value. For some of the poorest people, being in a country such as the U.K. that has NHS (state-funded single-payer healthcare) may be of value. == Labor theory of value == This theory states that things have value to the degree of the amount of labor necessary to produce or acquire them. I find this theory wrong. It disregards the demand part: someone having spent a lot of labor in creating a useless thing does not automatically make the thing valuable. Furthermore, it disregards scarcity-driven value of natural resources. Sure enough, human labor is one key scarce resource affecting prices, resource most people have at disposal. But I see no reason why scarcity of other scarce resources should not affect prices or that it should not be reflected in the concept of value. Another objection is that labor by an unskilled person is generally not necessarily as valuable as labor by skilled person. One could try to account for this by considering the skill to be a result of past labor, effort spent in acquiring the skill. But acquiring the innate talent, a capital asset, does not seem to be a result of labor; it is not acquired at all, it seems. Further reading: * {{W|Labor theory of value}}, wikipedia.org == Further reading == * [[Wikisource: 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Value]] * [https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/value-theory/ Value Theory], Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy -- despite the word "value", this seems to be about something else tjhmkk5hbxb6fvx22fxx25ggvbd475y 2691465 2691462 2024-12-11T18:18:41Z Dan Polansky 33469 2691465 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Original research}} This article by Dan Polansky looks at the concept of value. One inspiration is a note by Mandelbrot in his ''The (mis)behavior of Markets'' to the effect that the concept of value is mysterious, elusive or something of the sort. Another inspiration is the concept of Quality by Robert Pirsig, which Pirsig wants to leave undefined, but is somehow relating to goodness or value. I suspect that the resulting analysis is going to be weak and confusing. Perhaps Mandelbrot is right: the concept is elusive. Let me start with an initial take at a definition of value: * The degree to which someone is unwilling to part with something. The something one may want to part with can be an object but also a state of affairs or being. The definition is doubly subjective. For one thing, the value of insulin for someone with diabetes will be different from its value to someone without. But additionally, someone with diabetes may happen to be in an unsound state of mind and be eager to part with insulin despite its obvious utility. The definition seems to fail to differentiate value from an ''estimate'' of value. Since, appreciation of something is limited by its knowledge. If I have a box with unknown content, the value of the box depends on the value of the unknown content. Learning about the content would change my unwillingness to part with the box (and the content), but it seems strange that the value would change only based on change in knowledge of the valuing person. The definition is made in terms of parting rather than acquisition. Whether it is the best option is unclear. At least, there are some things one does not acquire, e.g. hands. And for them, the relevant change is parting. Moreover, refusal to part generally does not require expenditure of attention, unlike a decision to acquire. == Use value vs. exchange value == The unwillingness to part may be driven by use value or by exchange value. Thus, someone with diabetes has use for insulin. By contrast, someone without diabetes does not has use for it, but can sell insulin or offer it to someone as a favor. Both cases match the definition, and this split seems to be meaningful. == Value vs. goodness == Goodness and value are two distinct concepts. A good knife may lose its value because of reduced demand on knifes, which may result from availability of cheap substitutes on the market. But the knife does not become any less good (in the sense of e.g. rust resistant, maintaining sharpness for long, etc.). Value has something to do with supply and demand. If the example of knife seems too contrived, one may think of factory machines that lose value as a result for loss of demand on the kind of product they are used to make or as a result of arrival of new technology requiring new machines. One can nonetheless perhaps connect value to goodness as follows. The value of the knife is given by the degree of goodness of having the knife. Here, goodness of the knife is distinguished from the goodness of ''having'' (a good) knife. With changing market conditions, the goodness of the knife does not change, but the goodness of having the knife does change. One may object that this departs from the doubly subjective definition by an implied objectivity of the word good. This would need to be clarified. For one thing, the idea that the goodness of having insulin at disposal differs between a person with diabetes and one without is plausible enough; so far so good. == Value vs. price == A thing or state of affairs does not need to be for sale to have value. For instance, having healthy organs is of value in a country that does not allow people to sell their body parts for money. Moreover, having the purchased food at home rather than in the grocery store is of additional value since this is where one wants to have the food. This is an example of not only having the food but also having it in the right place being of value. In some contexts, the value does seem to match the price. It is so at least linguistically: one talks about the value of the stock rising. And in so far as one mostly holds stock for the exchange value, the value is given by the price, although there is also the dividend income. == Objective value == I would like to come up with something like objective value or intersubjective value. Alas, there is some difficulty. One difficulty is something like inversion of value in transactions. Thus, when I buy e.g. bread for money, I indicate that the bread has more value to me than the money I give up. But for the seller, the relation has to be the opposite: the money must be of more value than the bread. Nonetheless, something like objective value in market context makes sense. Thus, I may have a certain degree of unwillingness to part with money in the given market conditions. That unwillingness does not seem to be purely subjective: whatever I want to acquire, I will need money for that, so I naturally do not freely want to part with the money without gaining something in exchange. And this applies to other people as well. Sure enough, the unwillingness to part with a specific amount of money is different between a rich person and a poor person. Be it as it may, one may reason as follows. There is more objective value in food, clothing and shelter since everyone needs those. There is less objective value is luxury items or various pieces of art whose trading resembles trading of bitcoin in certain ways. Let us consider: did the Tulips during the noted speculative bubble have objective value? They seemed to since they had exchange value. That is to say, a holder of a tulip could exchange it for something of value and in fact something of high value during the peak of the fever. This is strange. This kind of concept of objective value does not seem to be anything like underlying value, whatever that would be. But excluding exchange value from the concept of value does not seem reasonable. A puzzle. == Personal value == Things can have nostalgic or other psychologically subjective or personal value. Someone may grow fond of old items and be unwilling to part with them as a result, regardless of availability of cheap new replacement items on the market. Someone may appreciate old letters from a friend or a romantic partner, and these same letters will have almost no value for anyone else. == Marginalism == Marginalism feartures the interesting idea of additional items having increasingly less value. Thus, additional items of food have increasingly less use value; when one is satiated, one cannot appreciate the additional food items so much. == Objective value 2 == An attempt at objective value: * The degree to which something contributes to the continuing existence of the value assignor. This is very generic. The value assignor can be a human, an animal or a robot; perhaps even a plant. There is an element of objectivity: if someone who has diabetes does not appreciate insulin, he is objectively wrong about its value. How this concept is going to interact with exchange value is unclear. It should probably involve it as part: money has this kind of value--indirectly--for its ability to purchase things of direct value, e.g. food or drinking water. In a biological context, one may replace the objective of the continuing existence of the value assignor with the success of the genes of the value assignor. How this would translate into the case of robots would need to be figured out. In this conception of value, there is no room for subjective preferences. It seems to be a very cold, as if Spartan concept. We may modify the definition to be not in relation to continuing existence but to something like power or ability. Since, without modification, someone who is very rich does not gain much in terms of survival ability by earning additional huge sums of money, but it is implausible that these additional sums are of almost no value. == Things having value == At first thought, one may think that what is of value are objects, e.g. a loaf of bread or a silver coin. But it turns out that what is of value are beings (including havings), states of affairs. Even to speak of bread as having value seems to be a shorcut for saying that ''having bread'' is of value rather than e.g. its existence. And then, it is of more value to have the bread where one needs it rather than merely owning it; one spends effort to gain having the bread in the paltry. Other beings and havings of value include having hands, having both kidneys, having good friends and associates, having a good reputation, having an educational certificate, having skills even if uncertified, etc. Sometimes it is ''not'' having something that is of value, e.g. in a game mentioned by László Mérő in which one of the truck drivers throws away the steering wheel and thereby wins the game (detail to be added). Also of value may be negative objects, such as holes, lacks of fullness, etc. Thus, having pantry not completely full may be of value, or else one has no place for adding more items. Thus, getting rid of unnecessary items may be of value. For workers, being subjected to state-enacted work safety regulations may be of value; it improves their negotiation power. Here, the reduction of freedom of contract is of value. For some of the poorest people, being in a country such as the U.K. that has NHS (state-funded single-payer healthcare) may be of value. == Labor theory of value == This theory states that things have value to the degree of the amount of labor necessary to produce or acquire them. I find this theory wrong. It disregards the demand part: someone having spent a lot of labor in creating a useless thing does not automatically make the thing valuable. Furthermore, it disregards scarcity-driven value of natural resources. Sure enough, human labor is one key scarce resource affecting prices, resource most people have at disposal. But I see no reason why scarcity of other scarce resources should not affect prices or that it should not be reflected in the concept of value. Another objection is that labor by an unskilled person is generally not necessarily as valuable as labor by skilled person. One could try to account for this by considering the skill to be a result of past labor, effort spent in acquiring the skill. But acquiring the innate talent, a capital asset, does not seem to be a result of labor; it is not acquired at all, it seems. Further reading: * {{W|Labor theory of value}}, wikipedia.org == Further reading == * [[Wikisource: 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Value]] * [https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/value-theory/ Value Theory], Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy -- despite the word "value", this seems to be about something else swcj7biiayso53z2zox5vvwwrhahk2a 2691473 2691465 2024-12-11T18:47:09Z Dan Polansky 33469 2691473 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Original research}} This article by Dan Polansky looks at the concept of value. One inspiration is a note by Mandelbrot in his ''The (mis)behavior of Markets'' to the effect that the concept of value is mysterious, elusive or something of the sort. Another inspiration is the concept of Quality by Robert Pirsig, which Pirsig wants to leave undefined, but is somehow relating to goodness or value. I suspect that the resulting analysis is going to be weak and confusing. Perhaps Mandelbrot is right: the concept is elusive. Let me start with an initial take at a definition of value: * The degree to which someone is unwilling to part with something. The something one may want to part with can be an object but also a state of affairs or being. The definition is doubly subjective. For one thing, the value of insulin for someone with diabetes will be different from its value to someone without. But additionally, someone with diabetes may happen to be in an unsound state of mind and be eager to part with insulin despite its obvious utility. The definition seems to fail to differentiate value from an ''estimate'' of value. Since, appreciation of something is limited by its knowledge. If I have a box with unknown content, the value of the box depends on the value of the unknown content. Learning about the content would change my unwillingness to part with the box (and the content), but it seems strange that the value would change only based on change in knowledge of the valuing person. The definition is made in terms of parting rather than acquisition. Whether it is the best option is unclear. At least, there are some things one does not acquire, e.g. hands. And for them, the relevant change is parting. Moreover, refusal to part generally does not require expenditure of attention, unlike a decision to acquire. == Use value vs. exchange value == The unwillingness to part may be driven by use value or by exchange value. Thus, someone with diabetes has use for insulin. By contrast, someone without diabetes does not has use for it, but can sell insulin or offer it to someone as a favor. Both cases match the definition, and this split seems to be meaningful. == Value vs. goodness == Goodness and value are two distinct concepts. A good knife may lose its value because of reduced demand on knifes, which may result from availability of cheap substitutes on the market. But the knife does not become any less good (in the sense of e.g. rust resistant, maintaining sharpness for long, etc.). Value has something to do with supply and demand. If the example of knife seems too contrived, one may think of factory machines that lose value as a result for loss of demand on the kind of product they are used to make or as a result of arrival of new technology requiring new machines. One can nonetheless perhaps connect value to goodness as follows. The value of the knife is given by the degree of goodness of having the knife. Here, goodness of the knife is distinguished from the goodness of ''having'' (a good) knife. With changing market conditions, the goodness of the knife does not change, but the goodness of having the knife does change. One may object that this departs from the doubly subjective definition by an implied objectivity of the word good. This would need to be clarified. For one thing, the idea that the goodness of having insulin at disposal differs between a person with diabetes and one without is plausible enough; so far so good. == Value vs. price == A thing or state of affairs does not need to be for sale to have value. For instance, having healthy organs is of value in a country that does not allow people to sell their body parts for money. Moreover, having the purchased food at home rather than in the grocery store is of additional value since this is where one wants to have the food. This is an example of not only having the food but also having it in the right place being of value. In some contexts, the value does seem to match the price. It is so at least linguistically: one talks about the value of the stock rising. And in so far as one mostly holds stock for the exchange value, the value is given by the price, although there is also the dividend income. == Objective value == I would like to come up with something like objective value or intersubjective value. Alas, there is some difficulty. One difficulty is something like inversion of value in transactions. Thus, when I buy e.g. bread for money, I indicate that the bread has more value to me than the money I give up. But for the seller, the relation has to be the opposite: the money must be of more value than the bread. Nonetheless, something like objective value in market context makes sense. Thus, I may have a certain degree of unwillingness to part with money in the given market conditions. That unwillingness does not seem to be purely subjective: whatever I want to acquire, I will need money for that, so I naturally do not freely want to part with the money without gaining something in exchange. And this applies to other people as well. Sure enough, the unwillingness to part with a specific amount of money is different between a rich person and a poor person. Be it as it may, one may reason as follows. There is more objective value in food, clothing and shelter since everyone needs those. There is less objective value is luxury items or various pieces of art whose trading resembles trading of bitcoin in certain ways. Let us consider: did the Tulips during the noted speculative bubble have objective value? They seemed to since they had exchange value. That is to say, a holder of a tulip could exchange it for something of value and in fact something of high value during the peak of the fever. This is strange. This kind of concept of objective value does not seem to be anything like underlying value, whatever that would be. But excluding exchange value from the concept of value does not seem reasonable. A puzzle. == Personal value == Things can have nostalgic or other psychologically subjective or personal value. Someone may grow fond of old items and be unwilling to part with them as a result, regardless of availability of cheap new replacement items on the market. Someone may appreciate old letters from a friend or a romantic partner, and these same letters will have almost no value for anyone else. == Marginalism == Marginalism feartures the interesting idea of additional items having increasingly less value. Thus, additional items of food have increasingly less use value; when one is satiated, one cannot appreciate the additional food items so much. == Objective value 2 == An attempt at objective value: * The degree to which something contributes to the continuing existence of the value assignor. This is very generic. The value assignor can be a human, an animal or a robot; perhaps even a plant. There is an element of objectivity: if someone who has diabetes does not appreciate insulin, he is objectively wrong about its value. How this concept is going to interact with exchange value is unclear. It should probably involve it as part: money has this kind of value--indirectly--for its ability to purchase things of direct value, e.g. food or drinking water. In a biological context, one may replace the objective of the continuing existence of the value assignor with the success of the genes of the value assignor. How this would translate into the case of robots would need to be figured out. In this conception of value, there is no room for subjective preferences. It seems to be a very cold, as if Spartan concept. We may modify the definition to be not in relation to continuing existence but to something like power or ability. Since, without modification, someone who is very rich does not gain much in terms of survival ability by earning additional huge sums of money, but it is implausible that these additional sums are of almost no value. == Things having value == At first thought, one may think that what is of value are objects, e.g. a loaf of bread or a silver coin. But it turns out that what is of value are beings (including havings), states of affairs. Even to speak of bread as having value seems to be a shorcut for saying that ''having bread'' is of value rather than e.g. its existence. And then, it is of more value to have the bread where one needs it rather than merely owning it; one spends effort to gain having the bread in the paltry. Other beings and havings of value include having hands, having both kidneys, having good friends and associates, having a good reputation, having an educational certificate, having skills even if uncertified, etc. Sometimes it is ''not'' having something that is of value, e.g. in a game mentioned by László Mérő in which one of the truck drivers throws away the steering wheel and thereby wins the game (detail to be added). Also of value may be negative objects, such as holes, lacks of fullness, etc. Thus, having pantry not completely full may be of value, or else one has no place for adding more items. Thus, getting rid of unnecessary items may be of value. For workers, being subjected to state-enacted work safety regulations may be of value; it improves their negotiation power. Here, the reduction of freedom of contract is of value. For some of the poorest people, being in a country such as the U.K. that has NHS (state-funded single-payer healthcare) may be of value. == Labor theory of value == This theory states that things have value to the degree of the amount of labor necessary to produce or acquire them. I find this theory wrong. It disregards the demand part: someone having spent a lot of labor in creating a useless thing does not automatically make the thing valuable. Furthermore, it disregards scarcity-driven value of natural resources. Sure enough, human labor is one key scarce resource affecting prices, resource most people have at disposal. But I see no reason why scarcity of other scarce resources should not affect prices or that it should not be reflected in the concept of value. Another objection is that labor by an unskilled person is generally not necessarily as valuable as labor by skilled person. One could try to account for this by considering the skill to be a result of past labor, effort spent in acquiring the skill. But acquiring the innate talent, a capital asset, does not seem to be a result of labor; it is not acquired at all, it seems. Further reading: * {{W|Labor theory of value}}, wikipedia.org == The value of art == One may think the value of art has something to do with immediate utility or quasi-utility, which, in the case of paintings, would consist in production of pleasing aesthetic response as a result of looking at the painting. Alas, that does not match art prices. There seems to be some strange speculative element in art prices. A key property of art items is that they are not so easy to copy or copying is prohibited. The items share this property with money. There is a scarcity of talented painters or there is a scarcity of positive critical appraisals for paintings by respected critics. What kind of game is really going on I do not know. Some people apparently take pleasure in destroying property to demonstrate wealth. Why, then, would one not want to demonstrate wealth by buying arguably overpriced fundamentally useless items? Look how wealthy I am, I can afford to spend this incredible amount of money for something of no apparent utility, at least as narrowly understood. Conspicuous consumption is the keyword. IEP takes a different view of the value of art. Further reading: * [https://iep.utm.edu/value-of-art/ Value of Art], Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy == Further reading == * [[Wikisource: 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Value]] * [https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/value-theory/ Value Theory], Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy -- despite the word "value", this seems to be about something else 9h0r33qahursgy6zyz40yoiv5iaqbzz 2691481 2691473 2024-12-11T19:06:41Z Dan Polansky 33469 2691481 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Original research}} This article by Dan Polansky looks at the concept of value. One inspiration is a note by Mandelbrot in his ''The (mis)behavior of Markets'' to the effect that the concept of value is mysterious, elusive or something of the sort. Another inspiration is the concept of Quality by Robert Pirsig, which Pirsig wants to leave undefined, but is somehow relating to goodness or value. I suspect that the resulting analysis is going to be weak and confusing. Perhaps Mandelbrot is right: the concept is elusive. Let me start with an initial take at a definition of value: * The degree to which someone is unwilling to part with something. The something one may want to part with can be an object but also a state of affairs or being. The definition is doubly subjective. For one thing, the value of insulin for someone with diabetes will be different from its value to someone without. But additionally, someone with diabetes may happen to be in an unsound state of mind and be eager to part with insulin despite its obvious utility. The definition seems to fail to differentiate value from an ''estimate'' of value. Since, appreciation of something is limited by its knowledge. If I have a box with unknown content, the value of the box depends on the value of the unknown content. Learning about the content would change my unwillingness to part with the box (and the content), but it seems strange that the value would change only based on change in knowledge of the valuing person. The definition is made in terms of parting rather than acquisition. Whether it is the best option is unclear. At least, there are some things one does not acquire, e.g. hands. And for them, the relevant change is parting. Moreover, refusal to part generally does not require expenditure of attention, unlike a decision to acquire. == Use value vs. exchange value == The unwillingness to part may be driven by use value or by exchange value. Thus, someone with diabetes has use for insulin. By contrast, someone without diabetes does not has use for it, but can sell insulin or offer it to someone as a favor. Both cases match the definition, and this split seems to be meaningful. == Value vs. goodness == Goodness and value are two distinct concepts. A good knife may lose its value because of reduced demand on knifes, which may result from availability of cheap substitutes on the market. But the knife does not become any less good (in the sense of e.g. rust resistant, maintaining sharpness for long, etc.). Value has something to do with supply and demand. If the example of knife seems too contrived, one may think of factory machines that lose value as a result for loss of demand on the kind of product they are used to make or as a result of arrival of new technology requiring new machines. One can nonetheless perhaps connect value to goodness as follows. The value of the knife is given by the degree of goodness of having the knife. Here, goodness of the knife is distinguished from the goodness of ''having'' (a good) knife. With changing market conditions, the goodness of the knife does not change, but the goodness of having the knife does change. One may object that this departs from the doubly subjective definition by an implied objectivity of the word good. This would need to be clarified. For one thing, the idea that the goodness of having insulin at disposal differs between a person with diabetes and one without is plausible enough; so far so good. == Value vs. price == A thing or state of affairs does not need to be for sale to have value. For instance, having healthy organs is of value in a country that does not allow people to sell their body parts for money. Moreover, having the purchased food at home rather than in the grocery store is of additional value since this is where one wants to have the food. This is an example of not only having the food but also having it in the right place being of value. In some contexts, the value does seem to match the price. It is so at least linguistically: one talks about the value of the stock rising. And in so far as one mostly holds stock for the exchange value, the value is given by the price, although there is also the dividend income. == Objective value == I would like to come up with something like objective value or intersubjective value. Alas, there is some difficulty. One difficulty is something like inversion of value in transactions. Thus, when I buy e.g. bread for money, I indicate that the bread has more value to me than the money I give up. But for the seller, the relation has to be the opposite: the money must be of more value than the bread. Nonetheless, something like objective value in market context makes sense. Thus, I may have a certain degree of unwillingness to part with money in the given market conditions. That unwillingness does not seem to be purely subjective: whatever I want to acquire, I will need money for that, so I naturally do not freely want to part with the money without gaining something in exchange. And this applies to other people as well. Sure enough, the unwillingness to part with a specific amount of money is different between a rich person and a poor person. Be it as it may, one may reason as follows. There is more objective value in food, clothing and shelter since everyone needs those. There is less objective value is luxury items or various pieces of art whose trading resembles trading of bitcoin in certain ways. Let us consider: did the Tulips during the noted speculative bubble have objective value? They seemed to since they had exchange value. That is to say, a holder of a tulip could exchange it for something of value and in fact something of high value during the peak of the fever. This is strange. This kind of concept of objective value does not seem to be anything like underlying value, whatever that would be. But excluding exchange value from the concept of value does not seem reasonable. A puzzle. == Personal value == Things can have nostalgic or other psychologically subjective or personal value. Someone may grow fond of old items and be unwilling to part with them as a result, regardless of availability of cheap new replacement items on the market. Someone may appreciate old letters from a friend or a romantic partner, and these same letters will have almost no value for anyone else. == Marginalism == Marginalism feartures the interesting idea of additional items having increasingly less value. Thus, additional items of food have increasingly less use value; when one is satiated, one cannot appreciate the additional food items so much. == Objective value 2 == An attempt at objective value: * The degree to which something contributes to the continuing existence of the value assignor. This is very generic. The value assignor can be a human, an animal or a robot; perhaps even a plant. There is an element of objectivity: if someone who has diabetes does not appreciate insulin, he is objectively wrong about its value. How this concept is going to interact with exchange value is unclear. It should probably involve it as part: money has this kind of value--indirectly--for its ability to purchase things of direct value, e.g. food or drinking water. In a biological context, one may replace the objective of the continuing existence of the value assignor with the success of the genes of the value assignor. How this would translate into the case of robots would need to be figured out. In this conception of value, there is no room for subjective preferences. It seems to be a very cold, as if Spartan concept. We may modify the definition to be not in relation to continuing existence but to something like power or ability. Since, without modification, someone who is very rich does not gain much in terms of survival ability by earning additional huge sums of money, but it is implausible that these additional sums are of almost no value. == Things having value == At first thought, one may think that what is of value are objects, e.g. a loaf of bread or a silver coin. But it turns out that what is of value are beings (including havings), states of affairs. Even to speak of bread as having value seems to be a shorcut for saying that ''having bread'' is of value rather than e.g. its existence. And then, it is of more value to have the bread where one needs it rather than merely owning it; one spends effort to gain having the bread in the paltry. Other beings and havings of value include having hands, having both kidneys, having good friends and associates, having a good reputation, having an educational certificate, having skills even if uncertified, etc. Sometimes it is ''not'' having something that is of value, e.g. in a game mentioned by László Mérő in which one of the truck drivers throws away the steering wheel and thereby wins the game (detail to be added). Also of value may be negative objects, such as holes, lacks of fullness, etc. Thus, having pantry not completely full may be of value, or else one has no place for adding more items. Thus, getting rid of unnecessary items may be of value. For workers, being subjected to state-enacted work safety regulations may be of value; it improves their negotiation power. Here, the reduction of freedom of contract is of value. For some of the poorest people, being in a country such as the U.K. that has NHS (state-funded single-payer healthcare) may be of value. == Labor theory of value == This theory states that things have value to the degree of the amount of labor necessary to produce or acquire them. I find this theory wrong. It disregards the demand part: someone having spent a lot of labor in creating a useless thing does not automatically make the thing valuable. Furthermore, it disregards scarcity-driven value of natural resources. Sure enough, human labor is one key scarce resource affecting prices, resource most people have at disposal. But I see no reason why scarcity of other scarce resources should not affect prices or that it should not be reflected in the concept of value. Another objection is that labor by an unskilled person is generally not necessarily as valuable as labor by skilled person. One could try to account for this by considering the skill to be a result of past labor, effort spent in acquiring the skill. But acquiring the innate talent, a capital asset, does not seem to be a result of labor; it is not acquired at all, it seems. Further reading: * {{W|Labor theory of value}}, wikipedia.org == The value of art == One may think the value of art has something to do with immediate utility or quasi-utility, which, in the case of paintings, would consist in production of pleasing aesthetic response as a result of looking at the painting. Alas, that does not match art prices. There seems to be some strange speculative element in art prices. A key property of art items is that they are not so easy to copy or copying is prohibited. The items share this property with money. There is a scarcity of talented painters or there is a scarcity of positive critical appraisals for paintings by respected critics. What kind of game is really going on I do not know. Some people apparently take pleasure in destroying property to demonstrate wealth. Why, then, would one not want to demonstrate wealth by buying arguably overpriced fundamentally useless items? Look how wealthy I am, I can afford to spend this incredible amount of money for something of no apparent utility, at least as narrowly understood. Conspicuous consumption is the keyword. IEP takes a different view of the value of art. Further reading: * [https://iep.utm.edu/value-of-art/ Value of Art], Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy == Further reading == * [[Wikisource: The measure of value stated and illustrated]] by Malthus * [[Wikisource: 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Value]] * [[Wikisource: The New International Encyclopædia/Value (political economy)]] * [https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/value-theory/ Value Theory], Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy -- despite the word "value", this seems to be about something else mw6nehd5vznjfhqjhtdxt3c36y27xnk 118 317169 2691478 2024-12-11T18:55:50Z Elías Fortaleza de la Fuerza Sánchez 2962785 Elías Fortaleza de la Fuerza Sánchez moved page [[Draft:Nigerian Pidgin/contributors]] to [[Draft:Nigerian Pidgin/Contributors]]: Misspelled title 2691478 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Draft:Nigerian Pidgin/Contributors]] t9wkxtwr40uqrec9bw8bihi4t2vt67y 0 317170 2691490 2024-12-11T19:50:17Z Eyoungstrom 1933979 Eyoungstrom moved page [[Institute for Mental and Behavioral Health Research (IMBHR) at Nationwide Children's Hospital]] to [[Draft:Institute for Mental and Behavioral Health Research (IMBHR) at Nationwide Children's Hospital]]: Marking as draft pending internal discussions with leadership and marketing at NCH 2691490 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Draft:Institute for Mental and Behavioral Health Research (IMBHR) at Nationwide Children's Hospital]] 725pg3hal2si7k8sd0on546ainsxpzg 0 317171 2691492 2024-12-11T19:50:17Z Eyoungstrom 1933979 Eyoungstrom moved page [[Institute for Mental and Behavioral Health Research (IMBHR) at Nationwide Children's Hospital/Center for Suicide Prevention and Research (CSPR)]] to [[Draft:Institute for Mental and Behavioral Health Research (IMBHR) at Nationwide Children's Hospital/Center for Suicide Prevention and Research (CSPR)]]: Marking as draft pending internal discussions with leadership and marketing at NCH 2691492 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Draft:Institute for Mental and Behavioral Health Research (IMBHR) at Nationwide Children's Hospital/Center for Suicide Prevention and Research (CSPR)]] a1acyistdt2jsf99ozbkn70u1at85bv 0 317172 2691494 2024-12-11T19:50:18Z Eyoungstrom 1933979 Eyoungstrom moved page [[Institute for Mental and Behavioral Health Research (IMBHR) at Nationwide Children's Hospital/Reference Management SOPs]] to [[Draft:Institute for Mental and Behavioral Health Research (IMBHR) at Nationwide Children's Hospital/Reference Management SOPs]]: Marking as draft pending internal discussions with leadership and marketing at NCH 2691494 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Draft:Institute for Mental and Behavioral Health Research (IMBHR) at Nationwide Children's Hospital/Reference Management SOPs]] mopd8xj11vjcmzp2fmyzpm69rjmdbi3 0 317173 2691496 2024-12-11T19:50:18Z Eyoungstrom 1933979 Eyoungstrom moved page [[Institute for Mental and Behavioral Health Research (IMBHR) at Nationwide Children's Hospital/Research at IMBHR Summer Experience (RISE)]] to [[Draft:Institute for 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2691500 2024-12-11T19:50:18Z Eyoungstrom 1933979 Eyoungstrom moved page [[Talk:Institute for Mental and Behavioral Health Research (IMBHR) at Nationwide Children's Hospital/Research at IMBHR Summer Experience (RISE)]] to [[Draft talk:Institute for Mental and Behavioral Health Research (IMBHR) at Nationwide Children's Hospital/Research at IMBHR Summer Experience (RISE)]]: Marking as draft pending internal discussions with leadership and marketing at NCH 2691500 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Draft talk:Institute for Mental and Behavioral Health Research (IMBHR) at Nationwide Children's Hospital/Research at IMBHR Summer Experience (RISE)]] cbnjewpto7y5udh240l0tsuoz9fk4cu 118 317176 2691502 2024-12-11T19:51:20Z Eyoungstrom 1933979 Eyoungstrom moved page [[Draft:Institute for Mental and Behavioral Health Research (IMBHR) at Nationwide Children's Hospital/Center for Suicide Prevention and Research (CSPR)]] to [[Draft:Draft:Institute for Mental and Behavioral Health Research (IMBHR) at Nationwide Children's Hospital/Center for Suicide Prevention and Research (CSPR)]]: Marking as draft pending internal discussions with leadership and marketing at NCH 2691502 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Draft:Draft:Institute for Mental and Behavioral Health Research (IMBHR) at Nationwide Children's Hospital/Center for Suicide Prevention and Research (CSPR)]] reobvo3jp2gsmkrn6a2l348a6pk8x24 2691539 2691502 2024-12-11T23:37:48Z Parodda 2936296 Removed redirect to [[Draft:Draft:Institute for Mental and Behavioral Health Research (IMBHR) at Nationwide Children's Hospital/Center for Suicide Prevention and Research (CSPR)]] 2691539 wikitext text/x-wiki == Center for Suicide Prevention and Research (CSPR) == '''''"To save children's lives and reduce suicide in Ohio and beyond though prevention efforts and cutting-edge research."''''' The Center for Suicide Prevention and Research (CSPR) is a cornerstone of IMBHR. CSPR was created to address the growing problem of suicide among youth in central Ohio. Jeff Bridge, Ph.D. is the director of CSPR. === About CSPR === CSPR's strategic goals include the following: * Conduct research aimed at: ** Understanding the epidemiology of child and youth suicide and suicidal behavior. ** Examining risk and protective factors that contribute to youth suicide and attempted suicide. ** Developing and testing evidence-based intervention strategies that reduce suicide and suicide attempts for youth in healthcare settings. ** Implementing effective suicide prevention interventions and strategies in real world settings such as schools, community centers, and faith-based organizations. * Foster the development and implementation of school-based programs, such as the Signs of Suicide (SOS) prevention program, to prevent youth suicide and attempted suicide in Ohio and promote methods for evaluating outcomes. Nationally, suicide has emerged as the second leading cause of death for children ages 10-19 years old. * Nearly 1 in 6 teens has seriously contemplated suicide in the past year. * Suicide affects people of all backgrounds. * Early identification of risk factors can aid behavioral health specialists in implementing prevention strategies for youth at risk of suicide. * Suicide is complex and tragic, yet often preventable if communities are provided with the right tools. In response to NCH's behavioral health initiative, the Center for Suicide Prevention and Research (CSPR) was created in 2015 to address the growing problem of suicide among youth. CSPR is a joint partnership with Big Lots Behavioral Health Pavilion and the Abigail Wexner Research Institute, allowing for the development and implementation of evidence-based prevention strategies. === Prevention === The CSPR prevention team supports school, healthcare, and youth-serving community organizations in Ohio implement effective and sustainable suicide prevention programs. The CSPR prevention team increases community awareness and reduces mental health stigma through presentations, trainings, and actionable resources informed by the latest research on youth suicide prevention. The CSPR prevention team offers a wide variety of services, including: * Offering multiple evidence-based youth suicide prevention programs available to schools, healthcare, and community partners. * Training and education opportunities for community members and professionals. * Consultation and support for schools, healthcare, and community partners on best practices in suicide pre- and post-vention on the local and national level. [https://www.nationwidechildrens.org/research/areas-of-research/institute-for-mental-and-behavioral-health-research/suicide-prevention-and-research/prevention/services View Programs and Services] [https://www.nationwidechildrens.org/research/areas-of-research/institute-for-mental-and-behavioral-health-research/suicide-prevention-and-research/prevention Meet our Team] [https://www.nationwidechildrens.org/conditions/suicidal-behaviors Information about Suicidal Behaviors] [https://www.nationwidechildrens.org/specialties/behavioral-health/for-families/suicide-prevention-resources Suicide Prevention Resources] === Research === Researchers in the Center for Suicide Prevention and Research (CSPR) conduct epidemiological and intervention studies on child and youth suicide and suicidal behavior to inform policy, improve the delivery of services for suicidal youth, and ultimately prevent suicide and suicidal behavior. Learn more about the research projects and publications of our investigators and research teams, including our epidemiological studies and publications on the increase in suicide deaths after Netflix's release of ''13 Reasons Why'', noncompliance surrounding the guidelines for reporting suicide deaths in the media after the deaths of Kate Spade and Anthony Bourdaine and the disparities in black youth attempting and dying by suicide, and more. * [https://www.nationwidechildrens.org/research/areas-of-research/institute-for-mental-and-behavioral-health-research/suicide-prevention-and-research/featured-research-topics/epidemiology Epidemiology (Risk Among Children With Certain Conditions)] * [https://www.nationwidechildrens.org/research/areas-of-research/institute-for-mental-and-behavioral-health-research/suicide-prevention-and-research/featured-research-topics/health-service-use Health Service Use] * [https://www.nationwidechildrens.org/research/areas-of-research/institute-for-mental-and-behavioral-health-research/suicide-prevention-and-research/featured-research-topics/special-populations Special Populations] * [https://www.nationwidechildrens.org/research/areas-of-research/institute-for-mental-and-behavioral-health-research/suicide-prevention-and-research/featured-research-topics/racial-ethnic-disparities Racial/Ethnic Disparities] * [https://www.nationwidechildrens.org/research/areas-of-research/institute-for-mental-and-behavioral-health-research/suicide-prevention-and-research/featured-research-topics/age-trends Age Trends] * [https://www.nationwidechildrens.org/research/areas-of-research/institute-for-mental-and-behavioral-health-research/suicide-prevention-and-research/featured-research-topics/regional-differences Regional Differences] * [https://www.nationwidechildrens.org/research/areas-of-research/institute-for-mental-and-behavioral-health-research/suicide-prevention-and-research/featured-research-topics/suicide-risk-screening-and-interventions Suicide Risk Screening and Interventions] * [https://www.nationwidechildrens.org/research/areas-of-research/institute-for-mental-and-behavioral-health-research/suicide-prevention-and-research/featured-research-topics/media-and-suicide The Media and Suicide] ====== Research Labs ====== [https://www.nationwidechildrens.org/research/areas-of-research/institute-for-mental-and-behavioral-health-research/suicide-prevention-and-research/research-labs/bridge-lab Bridge Lab] The Bridge Lab focuses on the epidemiology of suicidal behavior in young people and neurocognitive vulnerability to suicidal behavior, as well as improving the quality of care for suicidal youth and adolescents who have attempted suicide. [https://www.nationwidechildrens.org/research/areas-of-research/institute-for-mental-and-behavioral-health-research/suicide-prevention-and-research/research-labs/fontanella-lab Fontanella Lab] Under the direction of Cynthia Fontanella, PhD, the Fontanella Lab is interested in examining and improving quality of care for children and youth. Their primary goal is to understand the relationship between suicide and health service use. [https://www.nationwidechildrens.org/research/areas-of-research/institute-for-mental-and-behavioral-health-research/suicide-prevention-and-research/research-labs/ruch-lab Ruch Lab] The Ruch Lab is focused on improving behavioral health and suicide related outcomes across youth serving systems (juvenile justice, child welfare, healthcare, education) to better inform suicide prevention strategies. === CSPR Researchers Awarded P50 Center Grant Funding to Support New ASPIRES Center === The Center for Accelerating Suicide Prevention in Real-World Settings (ASPIRES) aims to accelerate the development and implementation of effective interventions to reduce suicide in children and adolescents. Supported by P50 Center grant funding from the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), the Center for Accelerating Suicide Prevention in Real-World Settings (ASPIRES) aims to accelerate the development and implementation of effective interventions to reduce suicide in children and adolescents. Jeff Bridge, PhD, director of the Center for Suicide Prevention and Research (CSPR) in the Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s Hospital, and Cynthia Fontanella, PhD, a principal investigator in CSPR, lead ASPIRES and its investigators as co-directors. The goal of the ASPIRES pilot program, Practice-Based Research on Youth Suicide Prevention, is to fund small-scale, innovative or exploratory research focused on youth suicide prevention. === Publications === View all CSPR publications [https://www.nationwidechildrens.org/research/areas-of-research/institute-for-mental-and-behavioral-health-research/suicide-prevention-and-research/meet-our-team/publications here]. 1xwbjg71hsbjkwf3ym61rkw9nviqvwp 6 317179 2691523 2024-12-11T23:16:02Z Young1lim 21186 {{Information |Description=LIB.2A: Shared Libraries (20241212 - 20241211) |Source={{own|Young1lim}} |Date=2024-12-12 |Author=Young W. Lim |Permission={{self|GFDL|cc-by-sa-4.0,3.0,2.5,2.0,1.0}} }} 2691523 wikitext text/x-wiki == Summary == {{Information |Description=LIB.2A: Shared Libraries (20241212 - 20241211) |Source={{own|Young1lim}} |Date=2024-12-12 |Author=Young W. Lim |Permission={{self|GFDL|cc-by-sa-4.0,3.0,2.5,2.0,1.0}} }} == Licensing == {{self|GFDL|cc-by-sa-4.0,3.0,2.5,2.0,1.0}} 2xqj8yvkz16bgmeayq5jkiqc0w47f8b 6 317182 2691533 2024-12-11T23:24:36Z Young1lim 21186 {{Information |Description=LCal.9A: Recursion (20241212 - 20241211) |Source={{own|Young1lim}} |Date=2024-12-12 |Author=Young W. Lim |Permission={{self|GFDL|cc-by-sa-4.0,3.0,2.5,2.0,1.0}} }} 2691533 wikitext text/x-wiki == Summary == {{Information |Description=LCal.9A: Recursion (20241212 - 20241211) |Source={{own|Young1lim}} |Date=2024-12-12 |Author=Young W. Lim |Permission={{self|GFDL|cc-by-sa-4.0,3.0,2.5,2.0,1.0}} }} == Licensing == {{self|GFDL|cc-by-sa-4.0,3.0,2.5,2.0,1.0}} 25fqd6baji8pkvoqu2xxc0jqspvr7uq 6 317183 2691538 2024-12-11T23:33:52Z Young1lim 21186 {{Information |Description=ARM.2ASM: Branch and Return Methods (20241212- 20241211) |Source={{own|Young1lim}} |Date=2024-12-12 |Author=Young W. Lim |Permission={{self|GFDL|cc-by-sa-4.0,3.0,2.5,2.0,1.0}} }} 2691538 wikitext text/x-wiki == Summary == {{Information |Description=ARM.2ASM: Branch and Return Methods (20241212- 20241211) |Source={{own|Young1lim}} |Date=2024-12-12 |Author=Young W. Lim |Permission={{self|GFDL|cc-by-sa-4.0,3.0,2.5,2.0,1.0}} }} == Licensing == {{self|GFDL|cc-by-sa-4.0,3.0,2.5,2.0,1.0}} 8arwsmqi0pu2g2ez7aodmvrrnag8z5l 6 317184 2691543 2024-12-11T23:49:08Z Young1lim 21186 {{Information |Description=Work2.1A: Libraries (20241212 - 20241211) |Source={{own|Young1lim}} |Date=2024-12-12 |Author=Young W. Lim |Permission={{self|GFDL|cc-by-sa-4.0,3.0,2.5,2.0,1.0}} }} 2691543 wikitext text/x-wiki == Summary == {{Information |Description=Work2.1A: Libraries (20241212 - 20241211) |Source={{own|Young1lim}} |Date=2024-12-12 |Author=Young W. Lim |Permission={{self|GFDL|cc-by-sa-4.0,3.0,2.5,2.0,1.0}} }} == Licensing == {{self|GFDL|cc-by-sa-4.0,3.0,2.5,2.0,1.0}} dz08k6wsucyy84np7ets8xfvl592kki 0 317185 2691575 2024-12-12T07:58:00Z Dan Polansky 33469 New resource with "{{Original research}} This article by Dan Polansky looks at logic, the study of correct inference. It is in part idiosyncratic. Let me open the discussion by asking why anyone would want to study correct inference, correct conclusion drawing, that is, correct production of statements from statements. Are we not all born with ability to draw conclusions from premises? Can express articulation of principles of correct inference really bring us forward in any way? My tent..." 2691575 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Original research}} This article by Dan Polansky looks at logic, the study of correct inference. It is in part idiosyncratic. Let me open the discussion by asking why anyone would want to study correct inference, correct conclusion drawing, that is, correct production of statements from statements. Are we not all born with ability to draw conclusions from premises? Can express articulation of principles of correct inference really bring us forward in any way? My tentative answer is yes, studying correct inference is of value. Above all, our experience shows that humans are too frail, too ready to make errors in inference/conclusion drawing. Given this fact, it does not yet follow that logic is going to help. Whether logic is going to help is an empirical question; it cannot be answered purely logically. It could turn out that people who learn logic (especially formal logic) do not really improve in ability to draw correct conclusions. One kind of logic taught is propositional logic. Here one learns to interpret logical connectives (and, or, implication, not) as boolean functions. Thus, one can think of them as algebraic operators defines by means of truth-value tables. The idea is of logic as algebra. One can ask whether this brings us any further. It does. For instance, in natural language, or is sometimes implied to mean exclusive or. By defining the logical or by means of a table, one removes all ambiguity. One says: in logic, when we say or, this is what we mean. Another important idea is to interpret sentences as propositions that have truth value, true or false. That assumes the law of the excluded middle: a sentence has to be either true or false (whatever our knowledge of it). It is not obvious that sentences in natural language generally can be unambiguously interpreted in that way. Proposition logic requires us to try to think of unambiguous sentences that have truth value; if a sentence is ambiguous, it cannot be immediately fed as an input into propositional logic. Another think of note is the table-based implication. It is defined as follows A ==> B =def= A or not B. One sometimes reads "==>" as implies or from which follows, but that does not really make sense. The idea that from an untrue state any true statement follows seems suspect. Thus, the idea that e.g. from the grass being always yellow it follows that all cars are green does not make sense. In case of doubt, one is well reminded that "==>" is defined by the truth table, which is equivalent to A or not B. The real powerhorse is the first-order predicate logic. It seems to be based on the 19th century work of Frege. Here, one adds variables and existential and universal quantifiers as well as predicate symbols and function symbols. The variable refers to entities in the universe of discourse, that is, entity one can talk about given the particular language of concern. A language of concern is a set of predicate and function symbols together with their arities; semantics is not involved. The "first-order" part in the name refers to the quantification being only over items in the universe of discourse and not over sets of such items. Natural language is sometimes said to be not logical. That is misleading. In fact, language cannot violate the laws of logic. What is often meant by it is that language contains a lot of peculiarities, deviations from pattern-based expectations. For instance, one could think that "here" and "where" would be pronounced is a similar way, but that is not so. More importantly, there are semantic peculiarities, in which the semantics deviates from the pattern-based expectation. None of this violates the canons of logic. One simply has to learn that instead of making pattern-based guesses/estimates, one has to get more serious about word and phrase meaning, examining the meaning of each indivudal item in case of doubt regardless of the suggestiveness of the morphology or etymology. We may also mention Aristotle. He pointed out that we can sometimes reliably produce true sentences from true sentences. Thus, we can in fact discover some purely mechanical rules. A classic example is this: Socrates is a human; all humans are mortal ==> Socrates is mortal. This reminds us of the predicate logic, but the Aristotelian logic is much less powerful. I will not delve more into this here since I find it mainly of historical interest; if one is serious about logic, one should go for the first-order predicate logic. Strangely enough, arithmetic calculation can be seen as a species of logic in that it is in the business of mechanically producing true sentences from true sentences. For instance, from noting that soliders are in a rectangular formation of 6 rows and 8 columns, we may reliably conclude _CALC_. One concern about application of logic is that in order to produce true sentences from true sentences, we need to have some true sentences to start with, obtained without use of logic. That is true enough; these can be observational report sentences. One can charge that the observational report sentences are uncertain, and therefore, also the strictly logical conclusions are uncertain. That may be true in principle, but does not really seem practically relevant. For instance, we think to know reliably that Socrates is a human and that all humans are mortal; and then, we feel comfortable about drawing the conclusion that Socrates is mortal. That said, the GIGO problem (garbage in, garbage out) is in general a real one as for mechanical/algorithmic sentence production. There are too many sentences that we do not know reliably enough and yet we want to draw correct conclusions. Importantly, the mechanical conclusion drawing is of great value as part of falsificationism: if an uncertain sentence has a necessary logical consequence known to be untrue, the sentence cannot be true. Rejection of mechanical deductive inference as a principle would seem to prevent falsificationism from operating. One idea brought forward by the first-order predicate logic is that mechanical rules work well when all symbols are unambigous. The mechanisms of this logic do not have any way to disambguate by context; all occurrences by a symbol (predicate, function or variable) are taken to mean the same thing. One suggestion is then that human mind is helped when sentences deliberated about have reduced ambiguity; something like the logical engines in the background mind can start to work much better. However, this is an empirical hypothesis and would need a proper examination. A related idea is something that I call export of semantic items on the syntactic surface. Formal symbolic logic can only operate on what has been expressly stated using syntactic means as part of a sentence. Human deliberation about sentences often does not work like that; practical conclusion drawing often involves incorporation of unstated assumptions. Symbolic logic can inspire us to state additional assumption to make purely mechanical inference and argument verification work. One interesting application of predicate logic is having the pronoun ''nothing'' disappear by translating sentences into their logical form. Thus, the sentence "there is nothing in the box" can be rendered as "for each macroscopic object, it holds that it is not in the box". This points to natural language syntactically constructing apparent objects that are in fact not there, as part of something like syntactic sugar, here the putative referent of the word ''nothing'' that is allegedly contained in the box. The syntactic sugar is nice to have; it is much nicer to say "there is nothing in the box" or respond to the question "what is in the box" with "nothing" than use the more complex phrasing used above. And then, one can suspect that inquiries into the so-called ''nothingness'' end up to be nonsense (or maybe not?). There are various specialized formal symbolic logics, e.g. modal and temporal logics. In modal logics, the formal operators are interrelated in the same way as existential and universal quantifiers: <> =def= not [] not. More is currently for further reading. Apart from formal symbolic logic, there is also a thing called informal logic. It investiages e.g. logical fallacies, a classic being ad hominem. It does seem to have the capacity to reduce the rate of certain kind of wrong arguments, but to what extent it really does is again an empirical question. There is also something called argumentation theory. One would think it could be part of logic. I would need to have a closer look at it to see what it does. As a first note, it appears clear that the ''support'' relation (a statement supporting another statement) is usually not necessary one of strict deductive inference. Something else must be going on, but what it is exactly I would need to figure out. One part of argumentation is something I would call argument and counter-argument, on nested level. It is reminiscent of Popper's conjectures and refutations and Lakatos' proofs and refutations, but it can be something somewhat different. One idea is that in order to critically investigate a statement, one must allow even relatively weak counter-arguments into the discussion (but not completely irrelevant). And then one may criticize the counter-arguments as well, leading to a nested argument structure. Wikidebates in Wikiversity are a great example of this structure. There is something called inductive logic. From what I remember, Popper says something to the effect that there is no such thing as inductive logic since logic is the study of correct inference and inductive inferences are not correct. I would like to look more into the matter, paying more attention to defenders of induction (Carnap?) I also need to clarify whether I want to treat of induction here or in the epistemology article. The relation of logic to epistemology should be clarified. Logic could be seen as part of epistemology; since, if someone asks me how do I know that Socrates is mortal, I can answer: I know it by applying mechanical rules of logical inference, taking reliably known facts as an input. Mathematical symbolic formal logic can be contrasted to logic used in mathematics by mathematicians. There is a certain degree of informality in mathematical proofs, even when they invoke existential and universal quantifiers. Mathematical logic sets up axioms and proofs (which it sometimes calls derivations) as formally mathematically concieved/defined entities, subject to rigorous mathematical analysis. And thus, mathematical logic is metamatematics (matematics about tools used by mathematics) as well as metafield (field about tools used by various fields of inquiry). Let us recall that mathematics was not in a very bad state before the arrival of Fregean logic in the 19th century. Mathematicians succeeded in doing mathematics at least since the Ancient Greek Euclid, noted for the axiomatic system of Euclidean geometry. It would seem that mathematicians must have informally known something like first-order predicate logic all along. Which really is the case I do not know; this would require a thorough and serious look into the history of mathematics. One could argue that Newton and Leibniz did not practice the modern mathematical rigor with their early versions of calculus and that therefore something could have changed with the arrival of mathematical logic, especially with Cantor's set theory. One would do well to investiage the possible impact of Frege on Cantor. == Further reading == * {{W|Logic}}, wikipedia.org * [https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/logic-classical/ Classical Logic], Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy -- features first-order predicate logic * [https://www.fi.muni.cz/usr/kucera/teaching/logic/log.pdf Matematická logika] by Antonín Kučera (in Czech) epbnkb11b6f5b785o0sktuxjqyivbxb 2691576 2691575 2024-12-12T07:58:44Z Dan Polansky 33469 2691576 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Original research}} This article by Dan Polansky looks at logic, the study of correct inference. It is in part idiosyncratic. Let me open the discussion by asking why anyone would want to study correct inference, correct conclusion drawing, that is, production of correct/true statements from correct/true statements. Are we not all born with ability to draw conclusions from premises? Can express articulation of principles of correct inference really bring us forward in any way? My tentative answer is yes, studying correct inference is of value. Above all, our experience shows that humans are too frail, too ready to make errors in inference/conclusion drawing. Given this fact, it does not yet follow that logic is going to help. Whether logic is going to help is an empirical question; it cannot be answered purely logically. It could turn out that people who learn logic (especially formal logic) do not really improve in ability to draw correct conclusions. One kind of logic taught is propositional logic. Here one learns to interpret logical connectives (and, or, implication, not) as boolean functions. Thus, one can think of them as algebraic operators defines by means of truth-value tables. The idea is of logic as algebra. One can ask whether this brings us any further. It does. For instance, in natural language, or is sometimes implied to mean exclusive or. By defining the logical or by means of a table, one removes all ambiguity. One says: in logic, when we say or, this is what we mean. Another important idea is to interpret sentences as propositions that have truth value, true or false. That assumes the law of the excluded middle: a sentence has to be either true or false (whatever our knowledge of it). It is not obvious that sentences in natural language generally can be unambiguously interpreted in that way. Proposition logic requires us to try to think of unambiguous sentences that have truth value; if a sentence is ambiguous, it cannot be immediately fed as an input into propositional logic. Another think of note is the table-based implication. It is defined as follows A ==> B =def= A or not B. One sometimes reads "==>" as implies or from which follows, but that does not really make sense. The idea that from an untrue state any true statement follows seems suspect. Thus, the idea that e.g. from the grass being always yellow it follows that all cars are green does not make sense. In case of doubt, one is well reminded that "==>" is defined by the truth table, which is equivalent to A or not B. The real powerhorse is the first-order predicate logic. It seems to be based on the 19th century work of Frege. Here, one adds variables and existential and universal quantifiers as well as predicate symbols and function symbols. The variable refers to entities in the universe of discourse, that is, entity one can talk about given the particular language of concern. A language of concern is a set of predicate and function symbols together with their arities; semantics is not involved. The "first-order" part in the name refers to the quantification being only over items in the universe of discourse and not over sets of such items. Natural language is sometimes said to be not logical. That is misleading. In fact, language cannot violate the laws of logic. What is often meant by it is that language contains a lot of peculiarities, deviations from pattern-based expectations. For instance, one could think that "here" and "where" would be pronounced is a similar way, but that is not so. More importantly, there are semantic peculiarities, in which the semantics deviates from the pattern-based expectation. None of this violates the canons of logic. One simply has to learn that instead of making pattern-based guesses/estimates, one has to get more serious about word and phrase meaning, examining the meaning of each indivudal item in case of doubt regardless of the suggestiveness of the morphology or etymology. We may also mention Aristotle. He pointed out that we can sometimes reliably produce true sentences from true sentences. Thus, we can in fact discover some purely mechanical rules. A classic example is this: Socrates is a human; all humans are mortal ==> Socrates is mortal. This reminds us of the predicate logic, but the Aristotelian logic is much less powerful. I will not delve more into this here since I find it mainly of historical interest; if one is serious about logic, one should go for the first-order predicate logic. Strangely enough, arithmetic calculation can be seen as a species of logic in that it is in the business of mechanically producing true sentences from true sentences. For instance, from noting that soliders are in a rectangular formation of 6 rows and 8 columns, we may reliably conclude _CALC_. One concern about application of logic is that in order to produce true sentences from true sentences, we need to have some true sentences to start with, obtained without use of logic. That is true enough; these can be observational report sentences. One can charge that the observational report sentences are uncertain, and therefore, also the strictly logical conclusions are uncertain. That may be true in principle, but does not really seem practically relevant. For instance, we think to know reliably that Socrates is a human and that all humans are mortal; and then, we feel comfortable about drawing the conclusion that Socrates is mortal. That said, the GIGO problem (garbage in, garbage out) is in general a real one as for mechanical/algorithmic sentence production. There are too many sentences that we do not know reliably enough and yet we want to draw correct conclusions. Importantly, the mechanical conclusion drawing is of great value as part of falsificationism: if an uncertain sentence has a necessary logical consequence known to be untrue, the sentence cannot be true. Rejection of mechanical deductive inference as a principle would seem to prevent falsificationism from operating. One idea brought forward by the first-order predicate logic is that mechanical rules work well when all symbols are unambigous. The mechanisms of this logic do not have any way to disambguate by context; all occurrences by a symbol (predicate, function or variable) are taken to mean the same thing. One suggestion is then that human mind is helped when sentences deliberated about have reduced ambiguity; something like the logical engines in the background mind can start to work much better. However, this is an empirical hypothesis and would need a proper examination. A related idea is something that I call export of semantic items on the syntactic surface. Formal symbolic logic can only operate on what has been expressly stated using syntactic means as part of a sentence. Human deliberation about sentences often does not work like that; practical conclusion drawing often involves incorporation of unstated assumptions. Symbolic logic can inspire us to state additional assumption to make purely mechanical inference and argument verification work. One interesting application of predicate logic is having the pronoun ''nothing'' disappear by translating sentences into their logical form. Thus, the sentence "there is nothing in the box" can be rendered as "for each macroscopic object, it holds that it is not in the box". This points to natural language syntactically constructing apparent objects that are in fact not there, as part of something like syntactic sugar, here the putative referent of the word ''nothing'' that is allegedly contained in the box. The syntactic sugar is nice to have; it is much nicer to say "there is nothing in the box" or respond to the question "what is in the box" with "nothing" than use the more complex phrasing used above. And then, one can suspect that inquiries into the so-called ''nothingness'' end up to be nonsense (or maybe not?). There are various specialized formal symbolic logics, e.g. modal and temporal logics. In modal logics, the formal operators are interrelated in the same way as existential and universal quantifiers: <> =def= not [] not. More is currently for further reading. Apart from formal symbolic logic, there is also a thing called informal logic. It investiages e.g. logical fallacies, a classic being ad hominem. It does seem to have the capacity to reduce the rate of certain kind of wrong arguments, but to what extent it really does is again an empirical question. There is also something called argumentation theory. One would think it could be part of logic. I would need to have a closer look at it to see what it does. As a first note, it appears clear that the ''support'' relation (a statement supporting another statement) is usually not necessary one of strict deductive inference. Something else must be going on, but what it is exactly I would need to figure out. One part of argumentation is something I would call argument and counter-argument, on nested level. It is reminiscent of Popper's conjectures and refutations and Lakatos' proofs and refutations, but it can be something somewhat different. One idea is that in order to critically investigate a statement, one must allow even relatively weak counter-arguments into the discussion (but not completely irrelevant). And then one may criticize the counter-arguments as well, leading to a nested argument structure. Wikidebates in Wikiversity are a great example of this structure. There is something called inductive logic. From what I remember, Popper says something to the effect that there is no such thing as inductive logic since logic is the study of correct inference and inductive inferences are not correct. I would like to look more into the matter, paying more attention to defenders of induction (Carnap?) I also need to clarify whether I want to treat of induction here or in the epistemology article. The relation of logic to epistemology should be clarified. Logic could be seen as part of epistemology; since, if someone asks me how do I know that Socrates is mortal, I can answer: I know it by applying mechanical rules of logical inference, taking reliably known facts as an input. Mathematical symbolic formal logic can be contrasted to logic used in mathematics by mathematicians. There is a certain degree of informality in mathematical proofs, even when they invoke existential and universal quantifiers. Mathematical logic sets up axioms and proofs (which it sometimes calls derivations) as formally mathematically concieved/defined entities, subject to rigorous mathematical analysis. And thus, mathematical logic is metamatematics (matematics about tools used by mathematics) as well as metafield (field about tools used by various fields of inquiry). Let us recall that mathematics was not in a very bad state before the arrival of Fregean logic in the 19th century. Mathematicians succeeded in doing mathematics at least since the Ancient Greek Euclid, noted for the axiomatic system of Euclidean geometry. It would seem that mathematicians must have informally known something like first-order predicate logic all along. Which really is the case I do not know; this would require a thorough and serious look into the history of mathematics. One could argue that Newton and Leibniz did not practice the modern mathematical rigor with their early versions of calculus and that therefore something could have changed with the arrival of mathematical logic, especially with Cantor's set theory. One would do well to investiage the possible impact of Frege on Cantor. == Further reading == * {{W|Logic}}, wikipedia.org * [https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/logic-classical/ Classical Logic], Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy -- features first-order predicate logic * [https://www.fi.muni.cz/usr/kucera/teaching/logic/log.pdf Matematická logika] by Antonín Kučera (in Czech) sfdvqcvfir6wgi1bzkoyx6tv3kjnvum 2691577 2691576 2024-12-12T08:03:34Z Dan Polansky 33469 2691577 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Original research}} This article by Dan Polansky looks at logic, the study of correct inference. It is in part idiosyncratic. Let me open the discussion by asking why anyone would want to study correct inference, correct conclusion drawing, that is, production of correct/true statements from correct/true statements. Are we not all born with ability to draw conclusions from premises? Can express articulation of principles of correct inference really bring us forward in any way? My tentative answer is yes, studying correct inference is of value. Above all, our experience shows that humans are too frail, too ready to make errors in inference/conclusion drawing. Given this fact, it does not yet follow that logic is going to help. Whether logic is going to help is an empirical question; it cannot be answered purely logically. It could turn out that people who learn logic (especially formal logic) do not really improve in ability to draw correct conclusions. One kind of logic taught is propositional logic. Here one learns to interpret logical connectives (and, or, implication, not) as truth-value/boolean functions. Thus, one can think of them as algebraic operators defines by means of truth-value tables. The idea is of logic as algebra. One can ask whether this brings us any further. It does. For instance, in natural language, or is sometimes implied to mean exclusive or. By defining the logical or by means of a table, one removes all ambiguity. One says: in logic, when we say or, this is what we mean. Another important idea is to interpret sentences as propositions that have truth value, true or false. That assumes the law of the excluded middle: a sentence has to be either true or false (whatever our knowledge of it). It is not obvious that sentences in natural language generally can be unambiguously interpreted in that way. Proposition logic requires us to try to think of unambiguous sentences that have truth value; if a sentence is ambiguous, it cannot be immediately fed as an input into propositional logic. Another think of note is the table-based implication. It is defined as follows A ==> B =def= A or not B. One sometimes reads "==>" as implies or from which follows, but that does not really make sense. The idea that from an untrue state any true statement follows seems suspect. Thus, the idea that e.g. from the grass being always yellow it follows that all cars are green does not make sense. In case of doubt, one is well reminded that "==>" is defined by the truth table, which is equivalent to A or not B. The real powerhorse is the first-order predicate logic. It seems to be based on the 19th century work of Frege. Here, one adds variables and existential and universal quantifiers as well as predicate symbols and function symbols. The variable refers to entities in the universe of discourse, that is, entity one can talk about given the particular language of concern. A language of concern is a set of predicate and function symbols together with their arities; semantics is not involved. The "first-order" part in the name refers to the quantification being only over items in the universe of discourse and not over sets of such items. Natural language is sometimes said to be not logical. That is misleading. In fact, language cannot violate the laws of logic. What is often meant by it is that language contains a lot of peculiarities, deviations from pattern-based expectations. For instance, one could think that "here" and "where" would be pronounced is a similar way, but that is not so. More importantly, there are semantic peculiarities, in which the semantics deviates from the pattern-based expectation. None of this violates the canons of logic. One simply has to learn that instead of making pattern-based guesses/estimates, one has to get more serious about word and phrase meaning, examining the meaning of each indivudal item in case of doubt regardless of the suggestiveness of the morphology or etymology. We may also mention Aristotle. He pointed out that we can sometimes reliably produce true sentences from true sentences. Thus, we can in fact discover some purely mechanical rules. A classic example is this: Socrates is a human; all humans are mortal ==> Socrates is mortal. This reminds us of the predicate logic, but the Aristotelian logic is much less powerful. I will not delve more into this here since I find it mainly of historical interest; if one is serious about logic, one should go for the first-order predicate logic. Strangely enough, arithmetic calculation can be seen as a species of logic in that it is in the business of mechanically producing true sentences from true sentences. For instance, from noting that soliders are in a rectangular formation of 6 rows and 8 columns, we may reliably conclude _CALC_. One concern about application of logic is that in order to produce true sentences from true sentences, we need to have some true sentences to start with, obtained without use of logic. That is true enough; these can be observational report sentences. One can charge that the observational report sentences are uncertain, and therefore, also the strictly logical conclusions are uncertain. That may be true in principle, but does not really seem practically relevant. For instance, we think to know reliably that Socrates is a human and that all humans are mortal; and then, we feel comfortable about drawing the conclusion that Socrates is mortal. That said, the GIGO problem (garbage in, garbage out) is in general a real one as for mechanical/algorithmic sentence production. There are too many sentences that we do not know reliably enough and yet we want to draw correct conclusions. Importantly, the mechanical conclusion drawing is of great value as part of falsificationism: if an uncertain sentence has a necessary logical consequence known to be untrue, the sentence cannot be true. Rejection of mechanical deductive inference as a principle would seem to prevent falsificationism from operating. One idea brought forward by the first-order predicate logic is that mechanical rules work well when all symbols are unambigous. The mechanisms of this logic do not have any way to disambguate by context; all occurrences by a symbol (predicate, function or variable) are taken to mean the same thing. One suggestion is then that human mind is helped when sentences deliberated about have reduced ambiguity; something like the logical engines in the background mind can start to work much better. However, this is an empirical hypothesis and would need a proper examination. A related idea is something that I call export of semantic items on the syntactic surface. Formal symbolic logic can only operate on what has been expressly stated using syntactic means as part of a sentence. Human deliberation about sentences often does not work like that; practical conclusion drawing often involves incorporation of unstated assumptions. Symbolic logic can inspire us to state additional assumption to make purely mechanical inference and argument verification work. One interesting application of predicate logic is having the pronoun ''nothing'' disappear by translating sentences into their logical form. Thus, the sentence "there is nothing in the box" can be rendered as "for each macroscopic object, it holds that it is not in the box". This points to natural language syntactically constructing apparent objects that are in fact not there, as part of something like syntactic sugar, here the putative referent of the word ''nothing'' that is allegedly contained in the box. The syntactic sugar is nice to have; it is much nicer to say "there is nothing in the box" or respond to the question "what is in the box" with "nothing" than use the more complex phrasing used above. And then, one can suspect that inquiries into the so-called ''nothingness'' end up to be nonsense (or maybe not?). There are various specialized formal symbolic logics, e.g. modal and temporal logics. In modal logics, the formal operators are interrelated in the same way as existential and universal quantifiers: <> =def= not [] not. More is currently for further reading. Apart from formal symbolic logic, there is also a thing called informal logic. It investiages e.g. logical fallacies, a classic being ad hominem. It does seem to have the capacity to reduce the rate of certain kind of wrong arguments, but to what extent it really does is again an empirical question. There is also something called argumentation theory. One would think it could be part of logic. I would need to have a closer look at it to see what it does. As a first note, it appears clear that the ''support'' relation (a statement supporting another statement) is usually not necessary one of strict deductive inference. Something else must be going on, but what it is exactly I would need to figure out. One part of argumentation is something I would call argument and counter-argument, on nested level. It is reminiscent of Popper's conjectures and refutations and Lakatos' proofs and refutations, but it can be something somewhat different. One idea is that in order to critically investigate a statement, one must allow even relatively weak counter-arguments into the discussion (but not completely irrelevant). And then one may criticize the counter-arguments as well, leading to a nested argument structure. Wikidebates in Wikiversity are a great example of this structure. There is something called inductive logic. From what I remember, Popper says something to the effect that there is no such thing as inductive logic since logic is the study of correct inference and inductive inferences are not correct. I would like to look more into the matter, paying more attention to defenders of induction (Carnap?) I also need to clarify whether I want to treat of induction here or in the epistemology article. The relation of logic to epistemology should be clarified. Logic could be seen as part of epistemology; since, if someone asks me how do I know that Socrates is mortal, I can answer: I know it by applying mechanical rules of logical inference, taking reliably known facts as an input. Mathematical symbolic formal logic can be contrasted to logic used in mathematics by mathematicians. There is a certain degree of informality in mathematical proofs, even when they invoke existential and universal quantifiers. Mathematical logic sets up axioms and proofs (which it sometimes calls derivations) as formally mathematically concieved/defined entities, subject to rigorous mathematical analysis. And thus, mathematical logic is metamatematics (matematics about tools used by mathematics) as well as metafield (field about tools used by various fields of inquiry). Let us recall that mathematics was not in a very bad state before the arrival of Fregean logic in the 19th century. Mathematicians succeeded in doing mathematics at least since the Ancient Greek Euclid, noted for the axiomatic system of Euclidean geometry. It would seem that mathematicians must have informally known something like first-order predicate logic all along. Which really is the case I do not know; this would require a thorough and serious look into the history of mathematics. One could argue that Newton and Leibniz did not practice the modern mathematical rigor with their early versions of calculus and that therefore something could have changed with the arrival of mathematical logic, especially with Cantor's set theory. One would do well to investiage the possible impact of Frege on Cantor. There are multi-valued mathematical logics, including fuzzy logic. Thus, instead of a predicate either being true or false about its subject or subjects, the truth value can have degrees. In fuzzy logic, the truth value (also interpreted as degree of memebership in a fuzzy set) is a real number in [0, 1]. One then has to figure out how to calculate logical connectives and, or, implication and not, and multiple proposals are given. Fuzzy logic has applications in devices such as photographic cameras. == Further reading == * {{W|Logic}}, wikipedia.org * [https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/logic-classical/ Classical Logic], Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy -- features first-order predicate logic * [https://www.fi.muni.cz/usr/kucera/teaching/logic/log.pdf Matematická logika] by Antonín Kučera (in Czech) 7pkof1x9gdwded0q15bmh2qpuqnoekf 2691582 2691577 2024-12-12T08:10:55Z Dan Polansky 33469 2691582 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Original research}} This article by Dan Polansky looks at logic, the study of correct inference. It is in part idiosyncratic. Let me open the discussion by asking why anyone would want to study correct inference, correct conclusion drawing, that is, production of correct/true statements from correct/true statements. Are we not all born with ability to draw conclusions from premises? Can express articulation of principles of correct inference really bring us forward in any way? My tentative answer is yes, studying correct inference is of value. Above all, our experience shows that humans are too frail, too ready to make errors in inference/conclusion drawing. Given this fact, it does not yet follow that logic is going to help. Whether logic is going to help is an empirical question in the field of human psychology; it cannot be answered purely logically. It could turn out that people who learn logic (especially formal logic) do not really improve in ability to draw correct conclusions. One kind of logic taught is propositional logic. Here one learns to interpret logical connectives (and, or, implication, not) as truth-value/boolean functions. Thus, one can think of them as algebraic operators defines by means of truth-value tables. The idea is of logic as algebra. One can ask whether this brings us any further. It does. For instance, in natural language, or is sometimes implied to mean exclusive or. By defining the logical or by means of a table, one removes all ambiguity. One says: in logic, when we say or, this is what we mean. Another important idea is to interpret sentences as propositions that have truth value, true or false. That assumes the law of the excluded middle: a sentence has to be either true or false (whatever our knowledge of it). It is not obvious that sentences in natural language generally can be unambiguously interpreted in that way. Proposition logic requires us to try to think of unambiguous sentences that have truth value; if a sentence is ambiguous, it cannot be immediately fed as an input into propositional logic. Another think of note is the table-based implication. It is defined as follows A ==> B =def= A or not B. One sometimes reads "==>" as implies or from which follows, but that does not really make sense. The idea that from an untrue state any true statement follows seems suspect. Thus, the idea that e.g. from the grass being always yellow it follows that all cars are green does not make sense. In case of doubt, one is well reminded that "==>" is defined by the truth table, which is equivalent to A or not B. The real powerhorse is the first-order predicate logic. It seems to be based on the 19th century work of Frege. Here, one adds variables and existential and universal quantifiers as well as predicate symbols and function symbols. The variable refers to entities in the universe of discourse, that is, entity one can talk about given the particular language of concern. A language of concern is a set of predicate and function symbols together with their arities; semantics is not involved. The "first-order" part in the name refers to the quantification being only over items in the universe of discourse and not over sets of such items. Natural language is sometimes said to be not logical. That is misleading. In fact, language cannot violate the laws of logic. What is often meant by it is that language contains a lot of peculiarities, deviations from pattern-based expectations. For instance, one could think that "here" and "where" would be pronounced is a similar way, but that is not so. More importantly, there are semantic peculiarities, in which the semantics deviates from the pattern-based expectation. None of this violates the canons of logic. One simply has to learn that instead of making pattern-based guesses/estimates, one has to get more serious about word and phrase meaning, examining the meaning of each indivudal item in case of doubt regardless of the suggestiveness of the morphology or etymology. We may also mention Aristotle. He pointed out that we can sometimes reliably produce true sentences from true sentences. Thus, we can in fact discover some purely mechanical rules. A classic example is this: Socrates is a human; all humans are mortal ==> Socrates is mortal. This reminds us of the predicate logic, but the Aristotelian logic is much less powerful. I will not delve more into this here since I find it mainly of historical interest; if one is serious about logic, one should go for the first-order predicate logic. Strangely enough, arithmetic calculation can be seen as a species of logic in that it is in the business of mechanically producing true sentences from true sentences. For instance, from noting that soliders are in a rectangular formation of 6 rows and 8 columns, we may reliably conclude _CALC_. One concern about application of logic is that in order to produce true sentences from true sentences, we need to have some true sentences to start with, obtained without use of logic. That is true enough; these can be observational report sentences. One can charge that the observational report sentences are uncertain, and therefore, also the strictly logical conclusions are uncertain. That may be true in principle, but does not really seem practically relevant. For instance, we think to know reliably that Socrates is a human and that all humans are mortal; and then, we feel comfortable about drawing the conclusion that Socrates is mortal. That said, the GIGO problem (garbage in, garbage out) is in general a real one as for mechanical/algorithmic sentence production. There are too many sentences that we do not know reliably enough and yet we want to draw correct conclusions. Importantly, the mechanical conclusion drawing is of great value as part of falsificationism: if an uncertain sentence has a necessary logical consequence known to be untrue, the sentence cannot be true. Rejection of mechanical deductive inference as a principle would seem to prevent falsificationism from operating. One idea brought forward by the first-order predicate logic is that mechanical rules work well when all symbols are unambigous. The mechanisms of this logic do not have any way to disambguate by context; all occurrences by a symbol (predicate, function or variable) are taken to mean the same thing. One suggestion is then that human mind is helped when sentences deliberated about have reduced ambiguity; something like the logical engines in the background mind can start to work much better. However, this is an empirical hypothesis and would need a proper examination. A related idea is something that I call export of semantic items on the syntactic surface. Formal symbolic logic can only operate on what has been expressly stated using syntactic means as part of a sentence. Human deliberation about sentences often does not work like that; practical conclusion drawing often involves incorporation of unstated assumptions. Symbolic logic can inspire us to state additional assumption to make purely mechanical inference and argument verification work. One interesting application of predicate logic is having the pronoun ''nothing'' disappear by translating sentences into their logical form. Thus, the sentence "there is nothing in the box" can be rendered as "for each macroscopic object, it holds that it is not in the box". This points to natural language syntactically constructing apparent objects that are in fact not there, as part of something like syntactic sugar, here the putative referent of the word ''nothing'' that is allegedly contained in the box. The syntactic sugar is nice to have; it is much nicer to say "there is nothing in the box" or respond to the question "what is in the box" with "nothing" than use the more complex phrasing used above. And then, one can suspect that inquiries into the so-called ''nothingness'' end up to be nonsense (or maybe not?). There are various specialized formal symbolic logics, e.g. modal and temporal logics. In modal logics, the formal operators are interrelated in the same way as existential and universal quantifiers: <> =def= not [] not. More is currently for further reading. Apart from formal symbolic logic, there is also a thing called informal logic. It investiages e.g. logical fallacies, a classic being ad hominem. It does seem to have the capacity to reduce the rate of certain kind of wrong arguments, but to what extent it really does is again an empirical question. There is also something called argumentation theory. One would think it could be part of logic. I would need to have a closer look at it to see what it does. As a first note, it appears clear that the ''support'' relation (a statement supporting another statement) is usually not necessary one of strict deductive inference. Something else must be going on, but what it is exactly I would need to figure out. One part of argumentation is something I would call argument and counter-argument, on nested level. It is reminiscent of Popper's conjectures and refutations and Lakatos' proofs and refutations, but it can be something somewhat different. One idea is that in order to critically investigate a statement, one must allow even relatively weak counter-arguments into the discussion (but not completely irrelevant). And then one may criticize the counter-arguments as well, leading to a nested argument structure. Wikidebates in Wikiversity are a great example of this structure. There is something called inductive logic. From what I remember, Popper says something to the effect that there is no such thing as inductive logic since logic is the study of correct inference and inductive inferences are not correct. I would like to look more into the matter, paying more attention to defenders of induction (Carnap?) I also need to clarify whether I want to treat of induction here or in the epistemology article. The relation of logic to epistemology should be clarified. Logic could be seen as part of epistemology; since, if someone asks me how do I know that Socrates is mortal, I can answer: I know it by applying mechanical rules of logical inference, taking reliably known facts as an input. Mathematical symbolic formal logic can be contrasted to logic used in mathematics by mathematicians. There is a certain degree of informality in mathematical proofs, even when they invoke existential and universal quantifiers. Mathematical logic sets up axioms and proofs (which it sometimes calls derivations) as formally mathematically concieved/defined entities, subject to rigorous mathematical analysis. And thus, mathematical logic is metamatematics (matematics about tools used by mathematics) as well as metafield (field about tools used by various fields of inquiry). Let us recall that mathematics was not in a very bad state before the arrival of Fregean logic in the 19th century. Mathematicians succeeded in doing mathematics at least since the Ancient Greek Euclid, noted for the axiomatic system of Euclidean geometry. It would seem that mathematicians must have informally known something like first-order predicate logic all along. Which really is the case I do not know; this would require a thorough and serious look into the history of mathematics. One could argue that Newton and Leibniz did not practice the modern mathematical rigor with their early versions of calculus and that therefore something could have changed with the arrival of mathematical logic, especially with Cantor's set theory. One would do well to investiage the possible impact of Frege on Cantor. There are multi-valued mathematical logics, including fuzzy logic. Thus, instead of a predicate either being true or false about its subject or subjects, the truth value can have degrees. In fuzzy logic, the truth value (also interpreted as degree of memebership in a fuzzy set) is a real number in [0, 1]. One then has to figure out how to calculate logical connectives and, or, implication and not, and multiple proposals are given. Fuzzy logic has applications in devices such as photographic cameras. == Further reading == * {{W|Logic}}, wikipedia.org * [https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/logic-classical/ Classical Logic], Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy -- features first-order predicate logic * [https://www.fi.muni.cz/usr/kucera/teaching/logic/log.pdf Matematická logika] by Antonín Kučera (in Czech) rdbt69hd3d64tdc9q6rlimc6ochwxfq 2691594 2691582 2024-12-12T09:21:37Z MathXplore 2888076 added [[Category:Logic]] using [[Help:Gadget-HotCat|HotCat]] 2691594 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Original research}} This article by Dan Polansky looks at logic, the study of correct inference. It is in part idiosyncratic. Let me open the discussion by asking why anyone would want to study correct inference, correct conclusion drawing, that is, production of correct/true statements from correct/true statements. Are we not all born with ability to draw conclusions from premises? Can express articulation of principles of correct inference really bring us forward in any way? My tentative answer is yes, studying correct inference is of value. Above all, our experience shows that humans are too frail, too ready to make errors in inference/conclusion drawing. Given this fact, it does not yet follow that logic is going to help. Whether logic is going to help is an empirical question in the field of human psychology; it cannot be answered purely logically. It could turn out that people who learn logic (especially formal logic) do not really improve in ability to draw correct conclusions. One kind of logic taught is propositional logic. Here one learns to interpret logical connectives (and, or, implication, not) as truth-value/boolean functions. Thus, one can think of them as algebraic operators defines by means of truth-value tables. The idea is of logic as algebra. One can ask whether this brings us any further. It does. For instance, in natural language, or is sometimes implied to mean exclusive or. By defining the logical or by means of a table, one removes all ambiguity. One says: in logic, when we say or, this is what we mean. Another important idea is to interpret sentences as propositions that have truth value, true or false. That assumes the law of the excluded middle: a sentence has to be either true or false (whatever our knowledge of it). It is not obvious that sentences in natural language generally can be unambiguously interpreted in that way. Proposition logic requires us to try to think of unambiguous sentences that have truth value; if a sentence is ambiguous, it cannot be immediately fed as an input into propositional logic. Another think of note is the table-based implication. It is defined as follows A ==> B =def= A or not B. One sometimes reads "==>" as implies or from which follows, but that does not really make sense. The idea that from an untrue state any true statement follows seems suspect. Thus, the idea that e.g. from the grass being always yellow it follows that all cars are green does not make sense. In case of doubt, one is well reminded that "==>" is defined by the truth table, which is equivalent to A or not B. The real powerhorse is the first-order predicate logic. It seems to be based on the 19th century work of Frege. Here, one adds variables and existential and universal quantifiers as well as predicate symbols and function symbols. The variable refers to entities in the universe of discourse, that is, entity one can talk about given the particular language of concern. A language of concern is a set of predicate and function symbols together with their arities; semantics is not involved. The "first-order" part in the name refers to the quantification being only over items in the universe of discourse and not over sets of such items. Natural language is sometimes said to be not logical. That is misleading. In fact, language cannot violate the laws of logic. What is often meant by it is that language contains a lot of peculiarities, deviations from pattern-based expectations. For instance, one could think that "here" and "where" would be pronounced is a similar way, but that is not so. More importantly, there are semantic peculiarities, in which the semantics deviates from the pattern-based expectation. None of this violates the canons of logic. One simply has to learn that instead of making pattern-based guesses/estimates, one has to get more serious about word and phrase meaning, examining the meaning of each indivudal item in case of doubt regardless of the suggestiveness of the morphology or etymology. We may also mention Aristotle. He pointed out that we can sometimes reliably produce true sentences from true sentences. Thus, we can in fact discover some purely mechanical rules. A classic example is this: Socrates is a human; all humans are mortal ==> Socrates is mortal. This reminds us of the predicate logic, but the Aristotelian logic is much less powerful. I will not delve more into this here since I find it mainly of historical interest; if one is serious about logic, one should go for the first-order predicate logic. Strangely enough, arithmetic calculation can be seen as a species of logic in that it is in the business of mechanically producing true sentences from true sentences. For instance, from noting that soliders are in a rectangular formation of 6 rows and 8 columns, we may reliably conclude _CALC_. One concern about application of logic is that in order to produce true sentences from true sentences, we need to have some true sentences to start with, obtained without use of logic. That is true enough; these can be observational report sentences. One can charge that the observational report sentences are uncertain, and therefore, also the strictly logical conclusions are uncertain. That may be true in principle, but does not really seem practically relevant. For instance, we think to know reliably that Socrates is a human and that all humans are mortal; and then, we feel comfortable about drawing the conclusion that Socrates is mortal. That said, the GIGO problem (garbage in, garbage out) is in general a real one as for mechanical/algorithmic sentence production. There are too many sentences that we do not know reliably enough and yet we want to draw correct conclusions. Importantly, the mechanical conclusion drawing is of great value as part of falsificationism: if an uncertain sentence has a necessary logical consequence known to be untrue, the sentence cannot be true. Rejection of mechanical deductive inference as a principle would seem to prevent falsificationism from operating. One idea brought forward by the first-order predicate logic is that mechanical rules work well when all symbols are unambigous. The mechanisms of this logic do not have any way to disambguate by context; all occurrences by a symbol (predicate, function or variable) are taken to mean the same thing. One suggestion is then that human mind is helped when sentences deliberated about have reduced ambiguity; something like the logical engines in the background mind can start to work much better. However, this is an empirical hypothesis and would need a proper examination. A related idea is something that I call export of semantic items on the syntactic surface. Formal symbolic logic can only operate on what has been expressly stated using syntactic means as part of a sentence. Human deliberation about sentences often does not work like that; practical conclusion drawing often involves incorporation of unstated assumptions. Symbolic logic can inspire us to state additional assumption to make purely mechanical inference and argument verification work. One interesting application of predicate logic is having the pronoun ''nothing'' disappear by translating sentences into their logical form. Thus, the sentence "there is nothing in the box" can be rendered as "for each macroscopic object, it holds that it is not in the box". This points to natural language syntactically constructing apparent objects that are in fact not there, as part of something like syntactic sugar, here the putative referent of the word ''nothing'' that is allegedly contained in the box. The syntactic sugar is nice to have; it is much nicer to say "there is nothing in the box" or respond to the question "what is in the box" with "nothing" than use the more complex phrasing used above. And then, one can suspect that inquiries into the so-called ''nothingness'' end up to be nonsense (or maybe not?). There are various specialized formal symbolic logics, e.g. modal and temporal logics. In modal logics, the formal operators are interrelated in the same way as existential and universal quantifiers: <> =def= not [] not. More is currently for further reading. Apart from formal symbolic logic, there is also a thing called informal logic. It investiages e.g. logical fallacies, a classic being ad hominem. It does seem to have the capacity to reduce the rate of certain kind of wrong arguments, but to what extent it really does is again an empirical question. There is also something called argumentation theory. One would think it could be part of logic. I would need to have a closer look at it to see what it does. As a first note, it appears clear that the ''support'' relation (a statement supporting another statement) is usually not necessary one of strict deductive inference. Something else must be going on, but what it is exactly I would need to figure out. One part of argumentation is something I would call argument and counter-argument, on nested level. It is reminiscent of Popper's conjectures and refutations and Lakatos' proofs and refutations, but it can be something somewhat different. One idea is that in order to critically investigate a statement, one must allow even relatively weak counter-arguments into the discussion (but not completely irrelevant). And then one may criticize the counter-arguments as well, leading to a nested argument structure. Wikidebates in Wikiversity are a great example of this structure. There is something called inductive logic. From what I remember, Popper says something to the effect that there is no such thing as inductive logic since logic is the study of correct inference and inductive inferences are not correct. I would like to look more into the matter, paying more attention to defenders of induction (Carnap?) I also need to clarify whether I want to treat of induction here or in the epistemology article. The relation of logic to epistemology should be clarified. Logic could be seen as part of epistemology; since, if someone asks me how do I know that Socrates is mortal, I can answer: I know it by applying mechanical rules of logical inference, taking reliably known facts as an input. Mathematical symbolic formal logic can be contrasted to logic used in mathematics by mathematicians. There is a certain degree of informality in mathematical proofs, even when they invoke existential and universal quantifiers. Mathematical logic sets up axioms and proofs (which it sometimes calls derivations) as formally mathematically concieved/defined entities, subject to rigorous mathematical analysis. And thus, mathematical logic is metamatematics (matematics about tools used by mathematics) as well as metafield (field about tools used by various fields of inquiry). Let us recall that mathematics was not in a very bad state before the arrival of Fregean logic in the 19th century. Mathematicians succeeded in doing mathematics at least since the Ancient Greek Euclid, noted for the axiomatic system of Euclidean geometry. It would seem that mathematicians must have informally known something like first-order predicate logic all along. Which really is the case I do not know; this would require a thorough and serious look into the history of mathematics. One could argue that Newton and Leibniz did not practice the modern mathematical rigor with their early versions of calculus and that therefore something could have changed with the arrival of mathematical logic, especially with Cantor's set theory. One would do well to investiage the possible impact of Frege on Cantor. There are multi-valued mathematical logics, including fuzzy logic. Thus, instead of a predicate either being true or false about its subject or subjects, the truth value can have degrees. In fuzzy logic, the truth value (also interpreted as degree of memebership in a fuzzy set) is a real number in [0, 1]. One then has to figure out how to calculate logical connectives and, or, implication and not, and multiple proposals are given. Fuzzy logic has applications in devices such as photographic cameras. == Further reading == * {{W|Logic}}, wikipedia.org * [https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/logic-classical/ Classical Logic], Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy -- features first-order predicate logic * [https://www.fi.muni.cz/usr/kucera/teaching/logic/log.pdf Matematická logika] by Antonín Kučera (in Czech) [[Category:Logic]] hjepuqo49jcyoir406hfn991ei9wccl 0 317188 2691585 2024-12-12T08:45:14Z Dan Polansky 33469 New resource with "{{Original research}} This article by Dan Polansky looks at certain questions concerning philosophy. Some questions are for specialized articles, e.g. logic and epistemology. I love philosophy. I am horrified and offended by the amount of writing called philosophy that to my mind are pseudophilosophy at best and pure nonsense at worst. And then, I feel philosophy needs a defense; the people who think that philosophy is a load of nonsense appear all too reasonable, given..." 2691585 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Original research}} This article by Dan Polansky looks at certain questions concerning philosophy. Some questions are for specialized articles, e.g. logic and epistemology. I love philosophy. I am horrified and offended by the amount of writing called philosophy that to my mind are pseudophilosophy at best and pure nonsense at worst. And then, I feel philosophy needs a defense; the people who think that philosophy is a load of nonsense appear all too reasonable, given their bad experience. As an approximation, it is above all the Anglophone world that has decent philosophers. They do not necessarily get everything right (or I do not necessarily agree with all that they say), but fundamentally, they talk a lot of sense. Let us mention David Hume, John Locke, J.S.Mill and Bertrand Russell. The British even claim ownership to Popper, arguably more of an Austrian philosopher. The German and French worlds are mixed blessings. To state that German is the language dominated by pseudophilosophers would perhaps be unfair; what, if not a philosopher, is Frege, considered to be one of the greatest logicians ever? And even if one claims that Frege's work on logic is in fact mathematics, one can recall Frege's ''Sinn und Bedeutung''. Popper and Carnap are decent German-language philosophers; some could count Kant in the bag. French is the language of Derrida and other postmodern impostors. But Descartes is fine. Let us consider some questions that belong to the field of philosophy today no less than in the ancient times (some part of what used to be called philosophy is now sciences): * What is there? What entities whose existence is implied by language in fact are not there? * What are the ultimate constituents of matter? Perhaps indestructible atoms moving in the Euclidean void? * What is knowledge and how do we know things? How can we avoid wrongly thinking something that is not true? * What distinguishes science from non-science? Is there such a thing as the scientific method? * Is induction a valid form of inference? Is there such a thing as premature generalization? * How do proper nouns refer to their referents? By means of a description or by means of rigid designation? * __ * What is value and how do you define it? Is there something like value? Is anything worthwhile? * What is good and what is not good? What is excellence and quality? How can one reliably detect quality (if it exists) and distinguish it from mere surface appearances and first impressions? * How do definitions work? Can we really capture natural language semantics in definitions? Are definitions worth anything or are they just a passtime or certain kind of addicts? A human hardly gets to do anything without answering at least some of these questions in some at least preliminary or naive way. Thus, as to what is worthwhile, a child could answer that it is pleasure/fun and go enjoying himself in the playground. What remains to be clarified is whether people benefit from a more rigorous inquiry that is philosophy, for some value of ''benefit'' of course. A related question is what is philosophy, which includes a search for definition. In one sense, this metaphilosophical question is unnecessary. Philosophy is the inquiry into the kinds of questions that are being addressed by the books that we find in the philosophy rubric in the library. Conceptually, this answer is unsatisfactory, but it can be granted that to do philosophy, one does not need to clarify technical scoping questions of where exactly is the boundary between philosophy and, say, sciences and other humanities. (And then, is philosophy really properly part of humanities?) Another answer is that philosophy is the kind of inquiry exemplified by the questions above. Yet another is that philosophy is the union of ethics, metaphysics, epistemology, logic and aesthetics and leave it open what it is that binds these fields together. Yet another answer is that philosophy is the inquiry into the kind of (relatively general) questions that are not covered by mathematics, sciences, engineering and other humanities. Yet another is that typical for philosophy is the search for definitions, detection criteria, demarcation criteria, conceptual analysis, tentative general principles, arguments and counter-arguments. Let me add that parts of what is now physics used to be called natural philosophy. What philosophy is not is love of wisdom. That is etymology, not semantics. It points to the desire of Socrates to take opposition to Ancient Greek sophists. Socrates would say: I do not inquire into wisome to earn money; I inquire for the love of wisdom and the inquiry. The resulting name is something of an etymological trainwreck showing the traces of the origin/´; most other fields are called -logy, -nomy or -ics. The name philosophy would improve if we would call it sophology or sophics, but the name philosophy is traditional and we can stick to it. (Then again, a physicist may do physics for the love of it and not for profit, as I suspect many do, but the concept of love does not appear in the name ''physics''.) == See also == * [[Is philosophy any good?]] * [[Is postmodernism a pseudophilosophy?]] * [[One man's look at epistemology]] * [[One man's look at __]] == Further reading == * {{W|Philosophy}}, wikipedia.org selplnw562glysj85c0botg9a3u4zco 2691586 2691585 2024-12-12T08:46:14Z Dan Polansky 33469 2691586 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Original research}} This article by Dan Polansky looks at certain questions concerning philosophy. Some questions are for specialized articles, e.g. logic and epistemology. I love philosophy. I am horrified and offended by the amount of writing called philosophy that to my mind are pseudophilosophy at best and pure nonsense at worst. And then, I feel philosophy needs a defense; the people who think that philosophy is a load of nonsense appear all too reasonable, given their bad experience. As an approximation, it is above all the Anglophone world that has decent philosophers. They do not necessarily get everything right (or I do not necessarily agree with all that they say), but fundamentally, they talk a lot of sense. Let us mention David Hume, John Locke, J.S.Mill and Bertrand Russell. The British even claim ownership to Popper, arguably more of an Austrian philosopher. The German and French worlds are mixed blessings. To state that German is the language dominated by pseudophilosophers would perhaps be unfair; what, if not a philosopher, is Frege, considered to be one of the greatest logicians ever? And even if one claims that Frege's work on logic is in fact mathematics, one can recall Frege's ''Sinn und Bedeutung''. Popper and Carnap are decent German-language philosophers; some could count Kant in the bag. French is the language of Derrida and other postmodern impostors. But Descartes is fine. Let us consider some questions that belong to the field of philosophy today no less than in the ancient times (some part of what used to be called philosophy is now sciences): * What is there? What entities whose existence is implied by language in fact are not there? * What are the ultimate constituents of matter? Perhaps indestructible atoms moving in the Euclidean void? * What is knowledge and how do we know things? How can we avoid wrongly thinking something that is not true? * What distinguishes science from non-science? Is there such a thing as the scientific method? * Is induction a valid form of inference? Is there such a thing as premature generalization? * How do proper nouns refer to their referents? By means of a description or by means of rigid designation? * __ * What is value and how do you define it? Is there something like value? Is anything worthwhile? * What is good and what is not good? What is excellence and quality? How can one reliably detect quality (if it exists) and distinguish it from mere surface appearances and first impressions? * How do definitions work? Can we really capture natural language semantics in definitions? Are definitions worth anything or are they just a passtime or certain kind of addicts? A human hardly gets to do anything without answering at least some of these questions in some at least preliminary or naive way. Thus, as to what is worthwhile, a child could answer that it is pleasure/fun and go enjoying himself in the playground. What remains to be clarified is whether people benefit from a more rigorous inquiry that is philosophy, for some value of ''benefit'' of course. A related question is what is philosophy, which includes a search for definition. In one sense, this metaphilosophical question is unnecessary. Philosophy is the inquiry into the kinds of questions that are being addressed by the books that we find in the philosophy rubric in the library. Conceptually, this answer is unsatisfactory, but it can be granted that to do philosophy, one does not need to clarify technical scoping questions of where exactly is the boundary between philosophy and, say, sciences and other humanities. (And then, is philosophy really properly part of humanities?) Another answer is that philosophy is the kind of inquiry exemplified by the questions above. Yet another is that philosophy is the union of ethics, metaphysics, epistemology, logic and aesthetics and leave it open what it is that binds these fields together. Yet another answer is that philosophy is the inquiry into the kind of (relatively general) questions that are not covered by mathematics, sciences, engineering and other humanities. Yet another is that typical for philosophy is the search for definitions, detection criteria, demarcation criteria, conceptual analysis, tentative general principles, arguments and counter-arguments. Let me add that parts of what is now physics used to be called natural philosophy. What philosophy is not is love of wisdom. That is etymology, not semantics. It points to the desire of Socrates to take opposition to Ancient Greek sophists. Socrates would say: I do not inquire into wisome to earn money; I inquire for the love of wisdom and the inquiry. The resulting name is something of an etymological trainwreck showing the traces of the origin/´; most other fields are called -logy, -nomy or -ics. The name philosophy would improve if we would call it sophology or sophics, but the name philosophy is traditional and we can stick to it. (Then again, a physicist may do physics for the love of it and not for profit, as I suspect many do, but the concept of love does not appear in the name ''physics''.) == See also == * [[Is philosophy any good?]] * [[Is postmodernism a pseudo-philosophy?]] * [[One man's look at epistemology]] * [[One man's look at logic]] * [[An analysis of value]] * [[An analysis of identity]] == Further reading == * {{W|Philosophy}}, wikipedia.org ijmdu4azghbdabb2125wuc65anh8yvr 2691587 2691586 2024-12-12T08:47:13Z Dan Polansky 33469 2691587 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Original research}} This article by Dan Polansky looks at certain questions concerning philosophy. Some questions are for specialized articles, e.g. logic and epistemology. I love philosophy. I am horrified and offended by the amount of writing called philosophy that to my mind are pseudophilosophy at best and pure nonsense at worst. And then, I feel philosophy needs a defense; the people who think that philosophy is a load of nonsense appear all too reasonable, given their bad experience. As an approximation, it is above all the Anglophone world that has decent philosophers. They do not necessarily get everything right (or I do not necessarily agree with all that they say), but fundamentally, they talk a lot of sense. Let us mention David Hume, John Locke, J.S.Mill and Bertrand Russell. The British even claim ownership to Popper, arguably more of an Austrian philosopher. The German and French worlds are mixed blessings. To state that German is the language dominated by pseudophilosophers would perhaps be unfair; what, if not a philosopher, is Frege, considered to be one of the greatest logicians ever? And even if one claims that Frege's work on logic is in fact mathematics, one can recall Frege's ''Sinn und Bedeutung''. Popper and Carnap are decent German-language philosophers; some could count Kant in the bag. French is the language of Derrida and other postmodern impostors. But Descartes is fine. Let us consider some questions that belong to the field of philosophy today no less than in the ancient times (some part of what used to be called philosophy is now sciences): * What is there? What entities whose existence is implied by language in fact are not there? * What are the ultimate constituents of matter? Perhaps indestructible atoms moving in the Euclidean void? * What is knowledge and how do we know things? How can we avoid wrongly thinking something that is not true? * What distinguishes science from non-science? Is there such a thing as the scientific method? * Is induction a valid form of inference? Is there such a thing as premature generalization? * How do proper nouns refer to their referents? By means of a description or by means of rigid designation? * __ * What is value and how do you define it? Is there something like value? Is anything worthwhile? * What is good and what is not good? What is excellence and quality? How can one reliably detect quality (if it exists) and distinguish it from mere surface appearances and first impressions? * How do definitions work? Can we really capture natural language semantics in definitions? Are definitions worth anything or are they just a passtime or certain kind of addicts? A human hardly gets to do anything without answering at least some of these questions in some at least preliminary or naive way. Thus, as to what is worthwhile, a child could answer that it is pleasure/fun and go enjoying himself in the playground. What remains to be clarified is whether people benefit from a more rigorous inquiry that is philosophy, for some value of ''benefit'' of course. A related question is what is philosophy, which includes a search for definition. In one sense, this metaphilosophical question is unnecessary. Philosophy is the inquiry into the kinds of questions that are being addressed by the books that we find in the philosophy rubric in the library. Conceptually, this answer is unsatisfactory, but it can be granted that to do philosophy, one does not need to clarify technical scoping questions of where exactly is the boundary between philosophy and, say, sciences and other humanities. (And then, is philosophy really properly part of humanities?) Another answer is that philosophy is the kind of inquiry exemplified by the questions above. Yet another is that philosophy is the union of ethics, metaphysics, epistemology, logic and aesthetics and leave it open what it is that binds these fields together. Yet another answer is that philosophy is the inquiry into the kind of (relatively general) questions that are not covered by mathematics, sciences, engineering and other humanities. Yet another is that typical for philosophy is the search for definitions, detection criteria, demarcation criteria, conceptual analysis, tentative general principles, arguments and counter-arguments. Let me add that parts of what is now physics used to be called natural philosophy. What philosophy is not is love of wisdom. That is etymology, not semantics. It points to the desire of Socrates to take opposition to Ancient Greek sophists. Socrates would say: I do not inquire into wisome to earn money; I inquire for the love of wisdom and the inquiry. The resulting name is something of an etymological trainwreck showing the traces of the origin; most other fields are called ''-logy'', ''-nomy'' or ''-ics''. The name philosophy would improve if we would call it ''sophology'' or ''sophics'', but the name philosophy is traditional and we can stick to it. (Then again, a physicist may do physics for the love of it and not for profit, as I suspect many do, but the concept of love does not appear in the name ''physics''.) == See also == * [[Is philosophy any good?]] * [[Is postmodernism a pseudo-philosophy?]] * [[One man's look at epistemology]] * [[One man's look at logic]] * [[An analysis of value]] * [[An analysis of identity]] == Further reading == * {{W|Philosophy}}, wikipedia.org 95wi4ed55jewjpw61h3cqx172487t1n 2691588 2691587 2024-12-12T08:49:43Z Dan Polansky 33469 2691588 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Original research}} This article by Dan Polansky looks at certain questions concerning philosophy. Some questions are for specialized articles, e.g. logic and epistemology. I love philosophy. I am horrified and offended by the amount of writing called philosophy that to my mind are pseudophilosophy at best and pure nonsense at worst. And then, I feel philosophy needs a defense; the people who think that philosophy is a load of nonsense appear all too reasonable, given their bad experience. As an approximation, it is above all the Anglophone world that has decent philosophers. They do not necessarily get everything right (or I do not necessarily agree with all that they say), but fundamentally, they talk a lot of sense. Let us mention David Hume, John Locke, J.S.Mill and Bertrand Russell. The British even claim ownership to Popper, arguably more of an Austrian philosopher. The German and French worlds are mixed blessings. To state that German is the language dominated by pseudophilosophers would perhaps be unfair; what, if not a philosopher, is Frege, considered to be one of the greatest logicians ever? And even if one claims that Frege's work on logic is in fact mathematics, one can recall Frege's ''Sinn und Bedeutung''. Popper and Carnap are decent German-language philosophers; some could count Kant in the bag. French is the language of Derrida and other postmodern impostors. But Descartes is fine. Let me add some praise to the two great ancients, Plato and Aristotle; a lot of what they say is obviously untrue or unconvicing, especially from the modern perspective, but their way of going about doing philosophy is worth noting. They were pioneers and got a lot of things wrong. Let us consider some questions that belong to the field of philosophy today no less than in the ancient times (some part of what used to be called philosophy is now sciences): * What is there? What entities whose existence is implied by language in fact are not there? * What are the ultimate constituents of matter? Perhaps indestructible atoms moving in the Euclidean void? * What is knowledge and how do we know things? How can we avoid wrongly thinking something that is not true? * What distinguishes science from non-science? Is there such a thing as the scientific method? * Is induction a valid form of inference? Is there such a thing as premature generalization? * How do proper nouns refer to their referents? By means of a description or by means of rigid designation? * __ * What is value and how do you define it? Is there something like value? Is anything worthwhile? * What is good and what is not good? What is excellence and quality? How can one reliably detect quality (if it exists) and distinguish it from mere surface appearances and first impressions? * How do definitions work? Can we really capture natural language semantics in definitions? Are definitions worth anything or are they just a passtime or certain kind of addicts? A human hardly gets to do anything without answering at least some of these questions in some at least preliminary or naive way. Thus, as to what is worthwhile, a child could answer that it is pleasure/fun and go enjoying himself in the playground. What remains to be clarified is whether people benefit from a more rigorous inquiry that is philosophy, for some value of ''benefit'' of course. A related question is what is philosophy, which includes a search for definition. In one sense, this metaphilosophical question is unnecessary. Philosophy is the inquiry into the kinds of questions that are being addressed by the books that we find in the philosophy rubric in the library. Conceptually, this answer is unsatisfactory, but it can be granted that to do philosophy, one does not need to clarify technical scoping questions of where exactly is the boundary between philosophy and, say, sciences and other humanities. (And then, is philosophy really properly part of humanities?) Another answer is that philosophy is the kind of inquiry exemplified by the questions above. Yet another is that philosophy is the union of ethics, metaphysics, epistemology, logic and aesthetics and leave it open what it is that binds these fields together. Yet another answer is that philosophy is the inquiry into the kind of (relatively general) questions that are not covered by mathematics, sciences, engineering and other humanities. Yet another is that typical for philosophy is the search for definitions, detection criteria, demarcation criteria, conceptual analysis, tentative general principles, arguments and counter-arguments. Let me add that parts of what is now physics used to be called natural philosophy. What philosophy is not is love of wisdom. That is etymology, not semantics. It points to the desire of Socrates to take opposition to Ancient Greek sophists. Socrates would say: I do not inquire into wisome to earn money; I inquire for the love of wisdom and the inquiry. The resulting name is something of an etymological trainwreck showing the traces of the origin; most other fields are called ''-logy'', ''-nomy'' or ''-ics''. The name philosophy would improve if we would call it ''sophology'' or ''sophics'', but the name philosophy is traditional and we can stick to it. (Then again, a physicist may do physics for the love of it and not for profit, as I suspect many do, but the concept of love does not appear in the name ''physics''.) == See also == * [[Is philosophy any good?]] * [[Is postmodernism a pseudo-philosophy?]] * [[One man's look at epistemology]] * [[One man's look at logic]] * [[An analysis of value]] * [[An analysis of identity]] == Further reading == * {{W|Philosophy}}, wikipedia.org 2sqn363weh1nycls08nm32ecwxvyzfj 2691589 2691588 2024-12-12T08:49:49Z Dan Polansky 33469 2691589 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Original research}} This article by Dan Polansky looks at certain questions concerning philosophy. Some questions are for specialized articles, e.g. logic and epistemology. I love philosophy. I am horrified and offended by the amount of writing called philosophy that to my mind are pseudophilosophy at best and pure nonsense at worst. And then, I feel philosophy needs a defense; the people who think that philosophy is a load of nonsense appear all too reasonable, given their bad experience. As an approximation, it is above all the Anglophone world that has decent philosophers. They do not necessarily get everything right (or I do not necessarily agree with all that they say), but fundamentally, they talk a lot of sense. Let us mention David Hume, John Locke, J.S.Mill and Bertrand Russell. The British even claim ownership to Popper, arguably more of an Austrian philosopher. The German and French worlds are mixed blessings. To state that German is the language dominated by pseudophilosophers would perhaps be unfair; what, if not a philosopher, is Frege, considered to be one of the greatest logicians ever? And even if one claims that Frege's work on logic is in fact mathematics, one can recall Frege's ''Sinn und Bedeutung''. Popper and Carnap are decent German-language philosophers; some could count Kant in the bag. French is the language of Derrida and other postmodern impostors. But Descartes is fine. Let me add some praise to the two great ancients, Plato and Aristotle; a lot of what they say is obviously untrue or unconvicing, especially from the modern perspective, but their way of going about doing philosophy is worth noting. They were pioneers and got a lot of things wrong. Let us consider some questions that belong to the field of philosophy today no less than in the ancient times (some part of what used to be called philosophy is now sciences): * What is there? What entities whose existence is implied by language in fact are not there? * What are the ultimate constituents of matter? Perhaps indestructible atoms moving in the Euclidean void? * What is knowledge and how do we know things? How can we avoid wrongly thinking something that is not true? * What distinguishes science from non-science? Is there such a thing as the scientific method? * Is induction a valid form of inference? Is there such a thing as premature generalization? * How do proper nouns refer to their referents? By means of a description or by means of rigid designation? * What is value and how do you define it? Is there something like value? Is anything worthwhile? * What is good and what is not good? What is excellence and quality? How can one reliably detect quality (if it exists) and distinguish it from mere surface appearances and first impressions? * How do definitions work? Can we really capture natural language semantics in definitions? Are definitions worth anything or are they just a passtime or certain kind of addicts? A human hardly gets to do anything without answering at least some of these questions in some at least preliminary or naive way. Thus, as to what is worthwhile, a child could answer that it is pleasure/fun and go enjoying himself in the playground. What remains to be clarified is whether people benefit from a more rigorous inquiry that is philosophy, for some value of ''benefit'' of course. A related question is what is philosophy, which includes a search for definition. In one sense, this metaphilosophical question is unnecessary. Philosophy is the inquiry into the kinds of questions that are being addressed by the books that we find in the philosophy rubric in the library. Conceptually, this answer is unsatisfactory, but it can be granted that to do philosophy, one does not need to clarify technical scoping questions of where exactly is the boundary between philosophy and, say, sciences and other humanities. (And then, is philosophy really properly part of humanities?) Another answer is that philosophy is the kind of inquiry exemplified by the questions above. Yet another is that philosophy is the union of ethics, metaphysics, epistemology, logic and aesthetics and leave it open what it is that binds these fields together. Yet another answer is that philosophy is the inquiry into the kind of (relatively general) questions that are not covered by mathematics, sciences, engineering and other humanities. Yet another is that typical for philosophy is the search for definitions, detection criteria, demarcation criteria, conceptual analysis, tentative general principles, arguments and counter-arguments. Let me add that parts of what is now physics used to be called natural philosophy. What philosophy is not is love of wisdom. That is etymology, not semantics. It points to the desire of Socrates to take opposition to Ancient Greek sophists. Socrates would say: I do not inquire into wisome to earn money; I inquire for the love of wisdom and the inquiry. The resulting name is something of an etymological trainwreck showing the traces of the origin; most other fields are called ''-logy'', ''-nomy'' or ''-ics''. The name philosophy would improve if we would call it ''sophology'' or ''sophics'', but the name philosophy is traditional and we can stick to it. (Then again, a physicist may do physics for the love of it and not for profit, as I suspect many do, but the concept of love does not appear in the name ''physics''.) == See also == * [[Is philosophy any good?]] * [[Is postmodernism a pseudo-philosophy?]] * [[One man's look at epistemology]] * [[One man's look at logic]] * [[An analysis of value]] * [[An analysis of identity]] == Further reading == * {{W|Philosophy}}, wikipedia.org m0q4t8jdeo163xoj47zvuczo2kjxbre 2691590 2691589 2024-12-12T08:53:30Z Dan Polansky 33469 2691590 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Original research}} This article by Dan Polansky looks at certain questions concerning philosophy. Some questions are for specialized articles, e.g. logic and epistemology. I love philosophy. I am horrified and offended by the amount of writing called philosophy that to my mind are pseudophilosophy at best and pure nonsense at worst. And then, I feel philosophy needs a defense; the people who think that philosophy is a load of nonsense appear all too reasonable, given their bad experience. As an approximation, it is above all the Anglophone world that has decent philosophers. They do not necessarily get everything right (or I do not necessarily agree with all that they say), but fundamentally, they talk a lot of sense. Let us mention David Hume, John Locke, J.S.Mill and Bertrand Russell. The British even claim ownership to Popper, arguably more of an Austrian philosopher. The German and French worlds are mixed blessings. To state that German is the language dominated by pseudophilosophers would perhaps be unfair; what, if not a philosopher, is Frege, considered to be one of the greatest logicians ever? And even if one claims that Frege's work on logic is in fact mathematics, one can recall Frege's ''Sinn und Bedeutung''. Popper and Carnap are decent German-language philosophers; some could count Kant in the bag. French is the language of Derrida and other postmodern impostors. But Descartes is fine. Let me add some praise to the two great ancients, Plato and Aristotle; a lot of what they say is obviously untrue or unconvicing, especially from the modern perspective, but their way of going about doing philosophy is worth noting. They were pioneers and got a lot of things wrong. Let us consider some questions that belong to the field of philosophy today no less than in the ancient times (some part of what used to be called philosophy is now sciences): * What is there? What entities whose existence is implied by language in fact are not there? * What are the ultimate constituents of matter? Perhaps indestructible atoms moving in the Euclidean void? * What is knowledge and how do we know things? How can we avoid wrongly thinking something that is not true? * What distinguishes science from non-science? Is there such a thing as the scientific method? * Is induction a valid form of inference? Is there such a thing as premature generalization? * How do proper nouns refer to their referents? By means of a description or by means of rigid designation? * What is value and how do you define it? Is there something like value? Is anything worthwhile? * What is good and what is not good? What is excellence and quality? How can one reliably detect quality (if it exists) and distinguish it from mere surface appearances and first impressions? * How do definitions work? Can we really capture natural language semantics in definitions? Are definitions worth anything or are they just a passtime or certain kind of addicts? A human hardly gets to do anything without answering at least some of these questions in some at least preliminary or naive way. Thus, as to what is worthwhile, a child could answer that it is pleasure/fun and go enjoying himself in the playground. What remains to be clarified is whether people benefit from a more rigorous inquiry that is philosophy, for some value of ''benefit'' of course. A related question is what is philosophy, which includes a search for definition. In one sense, this metaphilosophical question is unnecessary. Philosophy is the inquiry into the kinds of questions that are being addressed by the books that we find in the philosophy rubric in the library. Conceptually, this answer is unsatisfactory, but it can be granted that to do philosophy, one does not need to clarify technical scoping questions of where exactly is the boundary between philosophy and, say, sciences and other humanities. (And then, is philosophy really properly part of humanities?) Another answer is that philosophy is the kind of inquiry exemplified by the questions above. Yet another is that philosophy is the union of ethics, metaphysics, epistemology, logic and aesthetics and leave it open what it is that binds these fields together. Yet another answer is that philosophy is the inquiry into the kind of (relatively general) questions that are not covered by mathematics, sciences, engineering and other humanities. Yet another is that typical for philosophy is the search for definitions, detection criteria, demarcation criteria, conceptual analysis, tentative general principles, arguments and counter-arguments. Let me add that parts of what is now physics used to be called natural philosophy. What philosophy is not is love of wisdom. That is etymology, not semantics. It points to the desire of Socrates to take opposition to Ancient Greek sophists. Socrates would say: I do not inquire into wisome to earn money; I inquire for the love of wisdom and the inquiry. The resulting name is something of an etymological trainwreck showing the traces of the origin; most other fields are called ''-logy'', ''-nomy'' or ''-ics''. The name philosophy would improve if we would call it ''sophology'' or ''sophics'', but the name philosophy is traditional and we can stick to it. (Then again, a physicist may do physics for the love of it and not for profit, as I suspect many do, but the concept of love does not appear in the name ''physics''.) One charge is that philosophy features two kinds of statements: platitudes and absurdities. I see the appeal of the argument, but to me it's wrong. To me, Popper's falsificationism (previously called hypothetico-deductive method, I think), Kripke's rigid designation and Kuhn's structure of scientific revolutions are some examples of source of statements that I feel I would not have figured out myself and that I find enriching. Even Wiennese logical positivism seems to be a valuable contribution; without it, Popper would perhaps not find a good reason to present his falsificationism. == See also == * [[Is philosophy any good?]] * [[Is postmodernism a pseudo-philosophy?]] * [[One man's look at epistemology]] * [[One man's look at logic]] * [[An analysis of value]] * [[An analysis of identity]] == Further reading == * {{W|Philosophy}}, wikipedia.org qkhracszgdps7d02opwqqldat4sajh9 2691591 2691590 2024-12-12T08:57:27Z Dan Polansky 33469 2691591 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Original research}} This article by Dan Polansky looks at certain questions concerning philosophy. Some questions are for specialized articles, e.g. logic and epistemology. I love philosophy. I am horrified and offended by the amount of writing called philosophy that to my mind are pseudophilosophy at best and pure nonsense at worst. And then, I feel philosophy needs a defense; the people who think that philosophy is a load of nonsense appear all too reasonable, given their bad experience. As an approximation, it is above all the Anglophone world that has decent philosophers. They do not necessarily get everything right (or I do not necessarily agree with all that they say), but fundamentally, they talk a lot of sense. Let us mention David Hume, John Locke, J.S.Mill and Bertrand Russell. The British even claim ownership to Popper, arguably more of an Austrian philosopher. The German and French worlds are mixed blessings. To state that German is the language dominated by pseudophilosophers would perhaps be unfair; what, if not a philosopher, is Frege, considered to be one of the greatest logicians ever? And even if one claims that Frege's work on logic is in fact mathematics, one can recall Frege's ''Sinn und Bedeutung''. Popper and Carnap are decent German-language philosophers; some could count Kant in the bag. French is the language of Derrida and other postmodern impostors. But Descartes is fine. Let me add some praise to the two great ancients, Plato and Aristotle; a lot of what they say is obviously untrue or unconvicing, especially from the modern perspective, but their way of going about doing philosophy is worth noting. They were pioneers and got a lot of things wrong. Let us consider some questions that belong to the field of philosophy today no less than in the ancient times (some part of what used to be called philosophy is now sciences): * What is there? What entities whose existence is implied by language in fact are not there? * What are the ultimate constituents of matter? Perhaps indestructible atoms moving in the Euclidean void? * What is knowledge and how do we know things? How can we avoid wrongly thinking something that is not true? * What distinguishes science from non-science? Is there such a thing as the scientific method? * Is induction a valid form of inference? Is there such a thing as premature generalization? * How do proper nouns refer to their referents? By means of a description or by means of rigid designation? * What is value and how do you define it? Is there something like value? Is anything worthwhile? * What is good and what is not good? What is excellence and quality? How can one reliably detect quality (if it exists) and distinguish it from mere surface appearances and first impressions? * How do definitions work? Can we really capture natural language semantics in definitions? Are definitions worth anything or are they just a passtime or certain kind of addicts? * Shall we enforce the right of freedom of speech, to what extent and why? A human hardly gets to do anything without answering at least some of these questions in some at least preliminary or naive way. Thus, as to what is worthwhile, a child could answer that it is pleasure/fun and go enjoying himself in the playground. What remains to be clarified is whether people benefit from a more rigorous inquiry that is philosophy, for some value of ''benefit'' of course. A related question is what is philosophy, which includes a search for definition. In one sense, this metaphilosophical question is unnecessary. Philosophy is the inquiry into the kinds of questions that are being addressed by the books that we find in the philosophy rubric in the library. Conceptually, this answer is unsatisfactory, but it can be granted that to do philosophy, one does not need to clarify technical scoping questions of where exactly is the boundary between philosophy and, say, sciences and other humanities. (And then, is philosophy really properly part of humanities?) Another answer is that philosophy is the kind of inquiry exemplified by the questions above. Yet another is that philosophy is the union of ethics, metaphysics, epistemology, logic and aesthetics and leave it open what it is that binds these fields together. Yet another answer is that philosophy is the inquiry into the kind of (relatively general) questions that are not covered by mathematics, sciences, engineering and other humanities. Yet another is that typical for philosophy is the search for definitions, detection criteria, demarcation criteria, conceptual analysis, tentative general principles, arguments and counter-arguments. Let me add that parts of what is now physics used to be called natural philosophy. What philosophy is not is love of wisdom. That is etymology, not semantics. It points to the desire of Socrates to take opposition to Ancient Greek sophists. Socrates would say: I do not inquire into wisome to earn money; I inquire for the love of wisdom and the inquiry. The resulting name is something of an etymological trainwreck showing the traces of the origin; most other fields are called ''-logy'', ''-nomy'' or ''-ics''. The name philosophy would improve if we would call it ''sophology'' or ''sophics'', but the name philosophy is traditional and we can stick to it. (Then again, a physicist may do physics for the love of it and not for profit, as I suspect many do, but the concept of love does not appear in the name ''physics''.) One charge is that philosophy features two kinds of statements: platitudes and absurdities. I see the appeal of the argument, but to me it's wrong. To me, Popper's falsificationism (previously called hypothetico-deductive method, I think), Kripke's rigid designation and Kuhn's structure of scientific revolutions are some examples of source of statements that I feel I would not have figured out myself and that I find enriching. Even Wiennese logical positivism seems to be a valuable contribution; without it, Popper would perhaps not find a good reason to present his falsificationism. Philosophy can do a great harm. Marx's philosophising pseudoeconomics and his philosophy of the social revolution that will necessarily come caused untold suffering. Nietszche's philosophy could have contributed to Hitler, together with a misapplication of Darwinian theory of evolution by natural selection. The only remedy I see against bad philosophy is good counter-philosophy. It is Mill who argues in a compelling way for extensive freedom of speech. == See also == * [[Is philosophy any good?]] * [[Is postmodernism a pseudo-philosophy?]] * [[One man's look at epistemology]] * [[One man's look at logic]] * [[An analysis of value]] * [[An analysis of identity]] == Further reading == * {{W|Philosophy}}, wikipedia.org 4tts4e60onzqnztph01pm6ylbnfadzk 2691592 2691591 2024-12-12T08:59:09Z Dan Polansky 33469 2691592 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Original research}} This article by Dan Polansky looks at certain questions concerning philosophy. Some questions are for specialized articles, e.g. logic and epistemology. I love philosophy. I am horrified and offended by the amount of writing called philosophy that to my mind are pseudophilosophy at best and pure nonsense at worst. And then, I feel philosophy needs a defense; the people who think that philosophy is a load of nonsense appear all too reasonable, given their bad experience. As an approximation, it is above all the Anglophone world that has decent philosophers. They do not necessarily get everything right (or I do not necessarily agree with all that they say), but fundamentally, they talk a lot of sense. Let us mention David Hume, John Locke, J.S.Mill and Bertrand Russell. The British even claim ownership to Popper, arguably more of an Austrian philosopher. The German and French worlds are mixed blessings. To state that German is the language dominated by pseudophilosophers would perhaps be unfair; what, if not a philosopher, is Frege, considered to be one of the greatest logicians ever? And even if one claims that Frege's work on logic is in fact mathematics, one can recall Frege's ''Sinn und Bedeutung''. Popper and Carnap are decent German-language philosophers; some could count Kant in the bag. French is the language of Derrida and other postmodern impostors. But Descartes is fine. Let me add some praise to the two great ancients, Plato and Aristotle; a lot of what they say is obviously untrue or unconvicing, especially from the modern perspective, but their way of going about doing philosophy is worth noting. They were pioneers and got a lot of things wrong. Let us consider some questions that belong to the field of philosophy today no less than in the ancient times (some part of what used to be called philosophy is now sciences): * What is there? What entities whose existence is implied by language in fact are not there? * What are the ultimate constituents of matter? Perhaps indestructible atoms moving in the Euclidean void? * What is knowledge and how do we know things? How can we avoid wrongly thinking something that is not true? * What distinguishes science from non-science? Is there such a thing as the scientific method? * Is induction a valid form of inference? Is there such a thing as premature generalization? * How do proper nouns refer to their referents? By means of a description or by means of rigid designation? * What is value and how do you define it? Is there something like value? Is anything worthwhile? * What is good and what is not good? What is excellence and quality? How can one reliably detect quality (if it exists) and distinguish it from mere surface appearances and first impressions? * How do definitions work? Can we really capture natural language semantics in definitions? Are definitions worth anything or are they just a passtime or certain kind of addicts? * Shall we enforce the right of freedom of speech, to what extent and why? A human hardly gets to do anything without answering at least some of these questions in some at least preliminary or naive way. Thus, as to what is worthwhile, a child could answer that it is pleasure/fun and go enjoying himself in the playground. What remains to be clarified is whether people benefit from a more rigorous inquiry that is philosophy, for some value of ''benefit'' of course. A related question is what is philosophy, which includes a search for definition. In one sense, this metaphilosophical question is unnecessary. Philosophy is the inquiry into the kinds of questions that are being addressed by the books that we find in the philosophy rubric in the library. Conceptually, this answer is unsatisfactory, but it can be granted that to do philosophy, one does not need to clarify technical scoping questions of where exactly is the boundary between philosophy and, say, sciences and other humanities. (And then, is philosophy really properly part of humanities?) Another answer is that philosophy is the kind of inquiry exemplified by the questions above. Yet another is that philosophy is the union of ethics, metaphysics, epistemology, logic and aesthetics and leave it open what it is that binds these fields together. Yet another answer is that philosophy is the inquiry into the kind of (relatively general) questions that are not covered by mathematics, sciences, engineering and other humanities. Yet another is that typical for philosophy is the search for definitions, detection criteria, demarcation criteria, conceptual analysis, tentative general principles, arguments and counter-arguments. Let me add that parts of what is now physics used to be called natural philosophy. What philosophy is not is love of wisdom. That is etymology, not semantics. It points to the desire of Socrates to take opposition to Ancient Greek sophists. Socrates would say: I do not inquire into wisome to earn money; I inquire for the love of wisdom and the inquiry. The resulting name is something of an etymological trainwreck showing the traces of the origin; most other fields are called ''-logy'', ''-nomy'' or ''-ics''. The name philosophy would improve if we would call it ''sophology'' or ''sophics'', but the name philosophy is traditional and we can stick to it. (Then again, a physicist may do physics for the love of it and not for profit, as I suspect many do, but the concept of love does not appear in the name ''physics''.) One charge is that philosophy features two kinds of statements: platitudes and absurdities. I see the appeal of the argument, but to me it's wrong. To me, Popper's falsificationism (previously called hypothetico-deductive method, I think), Kripke's rigid designation and Kuhn's structure of scientific revolutions are some examples of source of statements that I feel I would not have figured out myself and that I find enriching. Even Wiennese logical positivism seems to be a valuable contribution; without it, Popper would perhaps not find a good reason to present his falsificationism. Philosophy can do a great harm. Marx's philosophising pseudoeconomics and his philosophy of the social revolution that will necessarily come caused untold suffering. Nietszche's philosophy could have contributed to Hitler, together with a misapplication of Darwinian theory of evolution by natural selection. The only remedy I see against bad philosophy is good counter-philosophy. It is Mill who argues in a compelling way for extensive freedom of speech. Instead of censoring Marx and burning all his books, we should use e.g. Popper as a line of defense (and other critics, of course). == See also == * [[Is philosophy any good?]] * [[Is postmodernism a pseudo-philosophy?]] * [[One man's look at epistemology]] * [[One man's look at logic]] * [[An analysis of value]] * [[An analysis of identity]] == Further reading == * {{W|Philosophy}}, wikipedia.org 9a5m4bj7ha4d1qhtbquf0dchuv8xqgp 2691595 2691592 2024-12-12T09:21:42Z MathXplore 2888076 added [[Category:Philosophy]] using [[Help:Gadget-HotCat|HotCat]] 2691595 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Original research}} This article by Dan Polansky looks at certain questions concerning philosophy. Some questions are for specialized articles, e.g. logic and epistemology. I love philosophy. I am horrified and offended by the amount of writing called philosophy that to my mind are pseudophilosophy at best and pure nonsense at worst. And then, I feel philosophy needs a defense; the people who think that philosophy is a load of nonsense appear all too reasonable, given their bad experience. As an approximation, it is above all the Anglophone world that has decent philosophers. They do not necessarily get everything right (or I do not necessarily agree with all that they say), but fundamentally, they talk a lot of sense. Let us mention David Hume, John Locke, J.S.Mill and Bertrand Russell. The British even claim ownership to Popper, arguably more of an Austrian philosopher. The German and French worlds are mixed blessings. To state that German is the language dominated by pseudophilosophers would perhaps be unfair; what, if not a philosopher, is Frege, considered to be one of the greatest logicians ever? And even if one claims that Frege's work on logic is in fact mathematics, one can recall Frege's ''Sinn und Bedeutung''. Popper and Carnap are decent German-language philosophers; some could count Kant in the bag. French is the language of Derrida and other postmodern impostors. But Descartes is fine. Let me add some praise to the two great ancients, Plato and Aristotle; a lot of what they say is obviously untrue or unconvicing, especially from the modern perspective, but their way of going about doing philosophy is worth noting. They were pioneers and got a lot of things wrong. Let us consider some questions that belong to the field of philosophy today no less than in the ancient times (some part of what used to be called philosophy is now sciences): * What is there? What entities whose existence is implied by language in fact are not there? * What are the ultimate constituents of matter? Perhaps indestructible atoms moving in the Euclidean void? * What is knowledge and how do we know things? How can we avoid wrongly thinking something that is not true? * What distinguishes science from non-science? Is there such a thing as the scientific method? * Is induction a valid form of inference? Is there such a thing as premature generalization? * How do proper nouns refer to their referents? By means of a description or by means of rigid designation? * What is value and how do you define it? Is there something like value? Is anything worthwhile? * What is good and what is not good? What is excellence and quality? How can one reliably detect quality (if it exists) and distinguish it from mere surface appearances and first impressions? * How do definitions work? Can we really capture natural language semantics in definitions? Are definitions worth anything or are they just a passtime or certain kind of addicts? * Shall we enforce the right of freedom of speech, to what extent and why? A human hardly gets to do anything without answering at least some of these questions in some at least preliminary or naive way. Thus, as to what is worthwhile, a child could answer that it is pleasure/fun and go enjoying himself in the playground. What remains to be clarified is whether people benefit from a more rigorous inquiry that is philosophy, for some value of ''benefit'' of course. A related question is what is philosophy, which includes a search for definition. In one sense, this metaphilosophical question is unnecessary. Philosophy is the inquiry into the kinds of questions that are being addressed by the books that we find in the philosophy rubric in the library. Conceptually, this answer is unsatisfactory, but it can be granted that to do philosophy, one does not need to clarify technical scoping questions of where exactly is the boundary between philosophy and, say, sciences and other humanities. (And then, is philosophy really properly part of humanities?) Another answer is that philosophy is the kind of inquiry exemplified by the questions above. Yet another is that philosophy is the union of ethics, metaphysics, epistemology, logic and aesthetics and leave it open what it is that binds these fields together. Yet another answer is that philosophy is the inquiry into the kind of (relatively general) questions that are not covered by mathematics, sciences, engineering and other humanities. Yet another is that typical for philosophy is the search for definitions, detection criteria, demarcation criteria, conceptual analysis, tentative general principles, arguments and counter-arguments. Let me add that parts of what is now physics used to be called natural philosophy. What philosophy is not is love of wisdom. That is etymology, not semantics. It points to the desire of Socrates to take opposition to Ancient Greek sophists. Socrates would say: I do not inquire into wisome to earn money; I inquire for the love of wisdom and the inquiry. The resulting name is something of an etymological trainwreck showing the traces of the origin; most other fields are called ''-logy'', ''-nomy'' or ''-ics''. The name philosophy would improve if we would call it ''sophology'' or ''sophics'', but the name philosophy is traditional and we can stick to it. (Then again, a physicist may do physics for the love of it and not for profit, as I suspect many do, but the concept of love does not appear in the name ''physics''.) One charge is that philosophy features two kinds of statements: platitudes and absurdities. I see the appeal of the argument, but to me it's wrong. To me, Popper's falsificationism (previously called hypothetico-deductive method, I think), Kripke's rigid designation and Kuhn's structure of scientific revolutions are some examples of source of statements that I feel I would not have figured out myself and that I find enriching. Even Wiennese logical positivism seems to be a valuable contribution; without it, Popper would perhaps not find a good reason to present his falsificationism. Philosophy can do a great harm. Marx's philosophising pseudoeconomics and his philosophy of the social revolution that will necessarily come caused untold suffering. Nietszche's philosophy could have contributed to Hitler, together with a misapplication of Darwinian theory of evolution by natural selection. The only remedy I see against bad philosophy is good counter-philosophy. It is Mill who argues in a compelling way for extensive freedom of speech. Instead of censoring Marx and burning all his books, we should use e.g. Popper as a line of defense (and other critics, of course). == See also == * [[Is philosophy any good?]] * [[Is postmodernism a pseudo-philosophy?]] * [[One man's look at epistemology]] * [[One man's look at logic]] * [[An analysis of value]] * [[An analysis of identity]] == Further reading == * {{W|Philosophy}}, wikipedia.org [[Category:Philosophy]] 6dw70bdtjuh1ca0ha1ga4vp1twvy1lc 2691599 2691595 2024-12-12T09:51:11Z Dan Polansky 33469 2691599 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Original research}} This article by Dan Polansky looks at certain questions concerning philosophy. Some questions are for specialized articles, e.g. logic and epistemology. I love philosophy. I am horrified and offended by the amount of writing called philosophy that to my mind are pseudophilosophy at best and pure nonsense at worst. And then, I feel philosophy needs a defense; the people who think that philosophy is a load of nonsense appear all too reasonable, given their bad experience. As an approximation, it is above all the Anglophone world that has decent philosophers. They do not necessarily get everything right (or I do not necessarily agree with all that they say), but fundamentally, they talk a lot of sense. Let us mention David Hume, John Locke, J.S.Mill and Bertrand Russell. The British even claim ownership to Popper, arguably more of an Austrian philosopher. The German and French worlds are mixed blessings. To state that German is the language dominated by pseudophilosophers would perhaps be unfair; what, if not a philosopher, is Frege, considered to be one of the greatest logicians ever? And even if one claims that Frege's work on logic is in fact mathematics, one can recall Frege's ''Sinn und Bedeutung''. Popper and Carnap are decent German-language philosophers; some could count Kant in the bag. French is the language of Derrida and other postmodern impostors. But Descartes is fine. Let me add some praise to the two great ancients, Plato and Aristotle; a lot of what they say is obviously untrue or unconvicing, especially from the modern perspective, but their way of going about doing philosophy is worth noting. They were pioneers and got a lot of things wrong. Let us consider some questions that belong to the field of philosophy today no less than in the ancient times (some part of what used to be called philosophy is now sciences): * What is there? What entities whose existence is implied by language in fact are not there? * What are the ultimate constituents of matter? Perhaps indestructible atoms moving in the Euclidean void? * What is knowledge and how do we know things? How can we avoid wrongly thinking something that is not true? * What distinguishes science from non-science? Is there such a thing as the scientific method? * Is induction a valid form of inference? Is there such a thing as premature generalization? * How do proper nouns refer to their referents? By means of a description or by means of rigid designation? * What is value and how do you define it? Is there something like value? Is anything worthwhile? * What is good and what is not good? What is excellence and quality? How can one reliably detect quality (if it exists) and distinguish it from mere surface appearances and first impressions? * How do definitions work? Can we really capture natural language semantics in definitions? Are definitions worth anything or are they just a passtime or certain kind of addicts? * Shall we enforce the right of freedom of speech, to what extent and why? A human hardly gets to do anything without answering at least some of these questions in some at least preliminary or naive way. Thus, as to what is worthwhile, a child could answer that it is pleasure/fun and go enjoying himself in the playground. What remains to be clarified is whether people benefit from a more rigorous inquiry that is philosophy, for some value of ''benefit'' of course. A related question is what is philosophy, which includes a search for definition. In one sense, this metaphilosophical question is unnecessary. Philosophy is the inquiry into the kinds of questions that are being addressed by the books that we find in the philosophy rubric in the library. Conceptually, this answer is unsatisfactory, but it can be granted that to do philosophy, one does not need to clarify technical scoping questions of where exactly is the boundary between philosophy and, say, sciences and other humanities. (And then, is philosophy really properly part of humanities?) Another answer is that philosophy is the kind of inquiry exemplified by the questions above. Yet another is that philosophy is the union of ethics, metaphysics, epistemology, logic and aesthetics and leave it open what it is that binds these fields together. Yet another answer is that philosophy is the inquiry into the kind of (relatively general) questions that are not covered by mathematics, sciences, engineering and other humanities. Yet another is that typical for philosophy is the search for definitions, detection criteria, demarcation criteria, conceptual analysis, tentative general principles, arguments and counter-arguments. Let me add that parts of what is now physics used to be called natural philosophy. What philosophy is not is love of wisdom. That is etymology, not semantics. It points to the desire of Socrates to take opposition to Ancient Greek sophists. Socrates would say: I do not inquire into wisome to earn money; I inquire for the love of wisdom and the inquiry. The resulting name is something of an etymological trainwreck showing the traces of the origin; most other fields are called ''-logy'', ''-nomy'' or ''-ics''. The name philosophy would improve if we would call it ''sophology'' or ''sophics'', but the name philosophy is traditional and we can stick to it. (Then again, a physicist may do physics for the love of it and not for profit, as I suspect many do, but the concept of love does not appear in the name ''physics''.) One charge is that philosophy features two kinds of statements: platitudes and absurdities. I see the appeal of the argument, but to me it's wrong. To me, Popper's falsificationism (previously called hypothetico-deductive method, I think), Kripke's rigid designation and Kuhn's structure of scientific revolutions are some examples of source of statements that I feel I would not have figured out myself and that I find enriching. Even Wiennese logical positivism seems to be a valuable contribution; without it, Popper would perhaps not find a good reason to present his falsificationism. Philosophy can do a great harm. Marx's philosophising pseudoeconomics and his philosophy of the social revolution that will necessarily come caused untold suffering. Nietszche's philosophy could have contributed to Hitler, together with a misapplication of Darwinian theory of evolution by natural selection. The only remedy I see against bad philosophy is good counter-philosophy. It is Mill who argues in a compelling way for extensive freedom of speech. Instead of censoring Marx and burning all his books, we should use e.g. Popper as a line of defense (and other critics, of course). The charge that philosophy is mostly nonsense can be in part traced to Wittgenstein (a philosopher, hah). According to Wittgenstein, the task of philosophy would be something like careful analysis of proper language use to help prevent abuses of language that lead to bad philosophy, that is, most philosophy. A contrast to this is Popper, who says that he is not interested in analysis of language but of genuine philosophical problems, which according to Popper exist. Let us recall the poker incident between Wittgenstein and Popper, by which Popper was trying to show that inquiry into proper or good behavior does not need to be meaningless gibberish. == See also == * [[Is philosophy any good?]] * [[Is postmodernism a pseudo-philosophy?]] * [[One man's look at epistemology]] * [[One man's look at logic]] * [[An analysis of value]] * [[An analysis of identity]] == Further reading == * {{W|Philosophy}}, wikipedia.org [[Category:Philosophy]] c3vgc2mjq0w2399h04ayjix6gbegu9i 2691600 2691599 2024-12-12T09:55:12Z Dan Polansky 33469 2691600 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Original research}} This article by Dan Polansky looks at certain questions concerning philosophy. Some questions are for specialized articles, e.g. logic and epistemology. I love philosophy. I am horrified and offended by the amount of writing called philosophy that to my mind are pseudophilosophy at best and pure nonsense at worst. And then, I feel philosophy needs a defense; the people who think that philosophy is a load of nonsense appear all too reasonable, given their bad experience. As an approximation, it is above all the Anglophone world that has decent philosophers. They do not necessarily get everything right (or I do not necessarily agree with all that they say), but fundamentally, they talk a lot of sense. Let us mention David Hume, John Locke, J.S.Mill and Bertrand Russell. The British even claim ownership to Popper, arguably more of an Austrian philosopher. The German and French worlds are mixed blessings. To state that German is the language dominated by pseudophilosophers would perhaps be unfair; what, if not a philosopher, is Frege, considered to be one of the greatest logicians ever? And even if one claims that Frege's work on logic is in fact mathematics, one can recall Frege's ''Sinn und Bedeutung''. Popper and Carnap are decent German-language philosophers; some could count Kant in the bag. French is the language of Derrida and other postmodern impostors. But Descartes is fine. Let me add some praise to the two great ancients, Plato and Aristotle; a lot of what they say is obviously untrue or unconvicing, especially from the modern perspective, but their way of going about doing philosophy is worth noting. They were pioneers and got a lot of things wrong. Let us consider some questions that belong to the field of philosophy today no less than in the ancient times (some part of what used to be called philosophy is now sciences): * What is there? What entities whose existence is implied by language in fact are not there? * What are the ultimate constituents of matter? Perhaps indestructible atoms moving in the Euclidean void? * What is knowledge and how do we know things? How can we avoid wrongly thinking something that is not true? * What distinguishes science from non-science? Is there such a thing as the scientific method? * Is induction a valid form of inference? Is there such a thing as premature generalization? * How do proper nouns refer to their referents? By means of a description or by means of rigid designation? * What is value and how do you define it? Is there something like value? Is anything worthwhile? * What is good and what is not good? What is excellence and quality? How can one reliably detect quality (if it exists) and distinguish it from mere surface appearances and first impressions? * How do definitions work? Can we really capture natural language semantics in definitions? Are definitions worth anything or are they just a passtime or certain kind of addicts? * Shall we enforce the right of freedom of speech, to what extent and why? A human hardly gets to do anything without answering at least some of these questions in some at least preliminary or naive way. Thus, as to what is worthwhile, a child could answer that it is pleasure/fun and go enjoying himself in the playground. What remains to be clarified is whether people benefit from a more rigorous inquiry that is philosophy, for some value of ''benefit'' of course. A related question is what is philosophy, which includes a search for definition. In one sense, this metaphilosophical question is unnecessary. Philosophy is the inquiry into the kinds of questions that are being addressed by the books that we find in the philosophy rubric in the library. Conceptually, this answer is unsatisfactory, but it can be granted that to do philosophy, one does not need to clarify technical scoping questions of where exactly is the boundary between philosophy and, say, sciences and other humanities. (And then, is philosophy really properly part of humanities?) Another answer is that philosophy is the kind of inquiry exemplified by the questions above. Yet another is that philosophy is the union of ethics, metaphysics, epistemology, logic and aesthetics and leave it open what it is that binds these fields together. Yet another answer is that philosophy is the inquiry into the kind of (relatively general) questions that are not covered by mathematics, sciences, engineering and other humanities. Yet another is that typical for philosophy is the search for definitions, detection criteria, demarcation criteria, conceptual analysis, tentative general principles, arguments and counter-arguments. Let me add that parts of what is now physics used to be called natural philosophy. What philosophy is not is love of wisdom. That is etymology, not semantics. It points to the desire of Socrates to take opposition to Ancient Greek sophists. Socrates would say: I do not inquire into wisome to earn money; I inquire for the love of wisdom and the inquiry. The resulting name is something of an etymological trainwreck showing the traces of the origin; most other fields are called ''-logy'', ''-nomy'' or ''-ics''. The name philosophy would improve if we would call it ''sophology'' or ''sophics'', but the name philosophy is traditional and we can stick to it. (Then again, a physicist may do physics for the love of it and not for profit, as I suspect many do, but the concept of love does not appear in the name ''physics''.) One charge is that philosophy features two kinds of statements: platitudes and absurdities. I see the appeal of the argument, but to me it's wrong. To me, Popper's falsificationism (previously called hypothetico-deductive method, I think), Kripke's rigid designation and Kuhn's structure of scientific revolutions are some examples of source of statements that I feel I would not have figured out myself and that I find enriching. Even Wiennese logical positivism seems to be a valuable contribution; without it, Popper would perhaps not find a good reason to present his falsificationism. Philosophy can do a great harm. Marx's philosophising pseudoeconomics and his philosophy of the social revolution that will necessarily come caused untold suffering. Nietszche's philosophy could have contributed to Hitler, together with a misapplication of Darwinian theory of evolution by natural selection. The only remedy I see against bad philosophy is good counter-philosophy. It is Mill who argues in a compelling way for extensive freedom of speech. Instead of censoring Marx and burning all his books, we should use e.g. Popper as a line of defense (and other critics, of course). The charge that philosophy is mostly nonsense can be in part traced to Wittgenstein (a philosopher, hah). According to Wittgenstein, the task of philosophy would be something like careful analysis of proper language use to help prevent abuses of language that lead to bad philosophy, that is, most philosophy. A contrast to this is Popper, who says that he is not interested in analysis of language but of genuine philosophical problems, which according to Popper exist. Let us recall the poker incident between Wittgenstein and Popper, by which Popper was trying to show that inquiry into proper or good behavior does not need to be meaningless gibberish. Let us consider Democritos. His atomistic proposal was not empirical but rather speculative and its detail does not match modern physics (not only the physical "atoms" are not Democritean atoms, but nor are the putative quarks like Democritean atoms). Popper further argues that a certain ancient philosopher proposed the shape of the Earth to be possibly one of drum, using philosophical argument counter to experience. A step toward a drum is a step toward a sphere (or more accurately, rotational ellipsoid) and a step away from flat Earth resting on tortoise or something. These cases are not abuse of language, and therefore cannot be eliminated by careful analysis of language. They should not be eliminated in any other way either; philosophical theories or speculations are often forerunners of scientific theories. == See also == * [[Is philosophy any good?]] * [[Is postmodernism a pseudo-philosophy?]] * [[One man's look at epistemology]] * [[One man's look at logic]] * [[An analysis of value]] * [[An analysis of identity]] == Further reading == * {{W|Philosophy}}, wikipedia.org [[Category:Philosophy]] 1pi8o6yze4tgybi5ulyb2z9j5szs4ty 2691601 2691600 2024-12-12T10:03:44Z Dan Polansky 33469 2691601 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Original research}} This article by Dan Polansky looks at certain questions concerning philosophy. Some questions are for specialized articles, e.g. logic and epistemology. I love philosophy. I am horrified and offended by the amount of writing called philosophy that to my mind are pseudophilosophy at best and pure nonsense at worst. And then, I feel philosophy needs a defense; the people who think that philosophy is a load of nonsense appear all too reasonable, given their bad experience. As an approximation, it is above all the Anglophone world that has decent philosophers. They do not necessarily get everything right (or I do not necessarily agree with all that they say), but fundamentally, they talk a lot of sense. Let us mention David Hume, John Locke, J.S.Mill and Bertrand Russell. The British even claim ownership to Popper, arguably more of an Austrian philosopher. The German and French worlds are mixed blessings. To state that German is the language dominated by pseudophilosophers would perhaps be unfair; what, if not a philosopher, is Frege, considered to be one of the greatest logicians ever? And even if one claims that Frege's work on logic is in fact mathematics, one can recall Frege's ''Sinn und Bedeutung''. Popper and Carnap are decent German-language philosophers; some could count Kant in the bag. French is the language of Derrida and other postmodern impostors. But Descartes is fine. Let me add some praise to the two great ancients, Plato and Aristotle; a lot of what they say is obviously untrue or unconvicing, especially from the modern perspective, but their way of going about doing philosophy is worth noting. They were pioneers and got a lot of things wrong. Let us consider some questions that belong to the field of philosophy today no less than in the ancient times (some part of what used to be called philosophy is now sciences): * What is there? What entities whose existence is implied by language in fact are not there? * What are the ultimate constituents of matter? Perhaps indestructible atoms moving in the Euclidean void? * What is knowledge and how do we know things? How can we avoid wrongly thinking something that is not true? * What distinguishes science from non-science? Is there such a thing as the scientific method? * Is induction a valid form of inference? Is there such a thing as premature generalization? * How do proper nouns refer to their referents? By means of a description or by means of rigid designation? * What is value and how do you define it? Is there something like value? Is anything worthwhile? * What is good and what is not good? What is excellence and quality? How can one reliably detect quality (if it exists) and distinguish it from mere surface appearances and first impressions? * How do definitions work? Can we really capture natural language semantics in definitions? Are definitions worth anything or are they just a passtime or certain kind of addicts? * Shall we enforce the right of freedom of speech, to what extent and why? A human hardly gets to do anything without answering at least some of these questions in some at least preliminary or naive way. Thus, as to what is worthwhile, a child could answer that it is pleasure/fun and go enjoying himself in the playground. What remains to be clarified is whether people benefit from a more rigorous inquiry that is philosophy, for some value of ''benefit'' of course. A related question is what is philosophy, which includes a search for definition. In one sense, this metaphilosophical question is unnecessary. Philosophy is the inquiry into the kinds of questions that are being addressed by the books that we find in the philosophy rubric in the library. Conceptually, this answer is unsatisfactory, but it can be granted that to do philosophy, one does not need to clarify technical scoping questions of where exactly is the boundary between philosophy and, say, sciences and other humanities. (And then, is philosophy really properly part of humanities?) Another answer is that philosophy is the kind of inquiry exemplified by the questions above. Yet another is that philosophy is the union of ethics, metaphysics, epistemology, logic and aesthetics and leave it open what it is that binds these fields together. Yet another answer is that philosophy is the inquiry into the kind of (relatively general) questions that are not covered by mathematics, sciences, engineering and other humanities. Yet another is that typical for philosophy is the search for definitions, detection criteria, demarcation criteria, conceptual analysis, tentative general principles, arguments and counter-arguments. Let me add that parts of what is now physics used to be called natural philosophy. What philosophy is not is love of wisdom. That is etymology, not semantics. It points to the desire of Socrates to take opposition to Ancient Greek sophists. Socrates would say: I do not inquire into wisome to earn money; I inquire for the love of wisdom and the inquiry. The resulting name is something of an etymological trainwreck showing the traces of the origin; most other fields are called ''-logy'', ''-nomy'' or ''-ics''. The name philosophy would improve if we would call it ''sophology'' or ''sophics'', but the name philosophy is traditional and we can stick to it. (Then again, a physicist may do physics for the love of it and not for profit, as I suspect many do, but the concept of love does not appear in the name ''physics''.) One charge is that philosophy features two kinds of statements: platitudes and absurdities. I see the appeal of the argument, but to me it's wrong. To me, Popper's falsificationism (previously called hypothetico-deductive method, I think), Kripke's rigid designation and Kuhn's structure of scientific revolutions are some examples of source of statements that I feel I would not have figured out myself and that I find enriching. Even Wiennese logical positivism seems to be a valuable contribution; without it, Popper would perhaps not find a good reason to present his falsificationism. Philosophy can do a great harm. Marx's philosophising pseudoeconomics and his philosophy of the social revolution that will necessarily come caused untold suffering. Nietszche's philosophy could have contributed to Hitler, together with a misapplication of Darwinian theory of evolution by natural selection. The only remedy I see against bad philosophy is good counter-philosophy. It is Mill who argues in a compelling way for extensive freedom of speech. Instead of censoring Marx and burning all his books, we should use e.g. Popper as a line of defense (and other critics, of course). The charge that philosophy is mostly nonsense can be in part traced to Wittgenstein (a philosopher, hah). According to Wittgenstein, the task of philosophy would be something like careful analysis of proper language use to help prevent abuses of language that lead to bad philosophy, that is, most philosophy. A contrast to this is Popper, who says that he is not interested in analysis of language but of genuine philosophical problems, which according to Popper exist. Let us recall the poker incident between Wittgenstein and Popper, by which Popper was trying to show that inquiry into proper or good behavior does not need to be meaningless gibberish. Let us consider Democritos. His atomistic proposal was not empirical but rather speculative and its detail does not match modern physics (not only the physical "atoms" are not Democritean atoms, but nor are the putative quarks like Democritean atoms). Popper further argues that a certain ancient philosopher proposed the shape of the Earth to be possibly one of drum, using philosophical argument counter to experience. A step toward a drum is a step toward a sphere (or more accurately, rotational ellipsoid) and a step away from flat Earth resting on tortoise or something. These cases are not abuse of language, and therefore cannot be eliminated by careful analysis of language. They should not be eliminated in any other way either; philosophical theories or speculations are often forerunners of scientific theories. It may turn out that philosophy is mostly passtime. That is, it may turn out that the philosophical analysis has low utility, scarce practical applications. Then, if one adopts the philosophical stance of egoistic hedonism and if one finds joy in these kinds of analysis, one may say: maybe so. But, then, at least the carbon footprint of philosophy is better than that of, say, hedonic car driving, motor racing or acrobatic flying. And then, one may say: without philosophy, there would not be Monty Python's philosopher sketsch, with philosophers playing soccer. See, philosophers are good for something, after all. (Enough with this jocularity! Who is this disruptive derogator of philosophy? Sieze him!) == See also == * [[Is philosophy any good?]] * [[Is postmodernism a pseudo-philosophy?]] * [[One man's look at epistemology]] * [[One man's look at logic]] * [[An analysis of value]] * [[An analysis of identity]] == Further reading == * {{W|Philosophy}}, wikipedia.org [[Category:Philosophy]] 0tq13ritqql7p87z960sz7y17oxyhqs 2691602 2691601 2024-12-12T10:05:58Z Dan Polansky 33469 2691602 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Original research}} This article by Dan Polansky looks at certain questions concerning philosophy. Some questions are for specialized articles, e.g. logic and epistemology. I love philosophy. I am horrified and offended by the amount of writing called philosophy that to my mind are pseudophilosophy at best and pure nonsense at worst. And then, I feel philosophy needs a defense; the people who think that philosophy is a load of nonsense appear all too reasonable, given their bad experience. As an approximation, it is above all the Anglophone world that has decent philosophers. They do not necessarily get everything right (or I do not necessarily agree with all that they say), but fundamentally, they talk a lot of sense. Let us mention David Hume, John Locke, J.S.Mill and Bertrand Russell. The British even claim ownership to Popper, arguably more of an Austrian philosopher. The German and French worlds are mixed blessings. To state that German is the language dominated by pseudophilosophers would perhaps be unfair; what, if not a philosopher, is Frege, considered to be one of the greatest logicians ever? And even if one claims that Frege's work on logic is in fact mathematics, one can recall Frege's ''Sinn und Bedeutung''. Popper and Carnap are decent German-language philosophers; some could count Kant in the bag. French is the language of Derrida and other postmodern impostors. But Descartes is fine. Let me add some praise to the two great ancients, Plato and Aristotle; a lot of what they say is obviously untrue or unconvicing, especially from the modern perspective, but their way of going about doing philosophy is worth noting. They were pioneers and got a lot of things wrong. Let us consider some questions that belong to the field of philosophy today no less than in the ancient times (some part of what used to be called philosophy is now sciences): * What is there? What entities whose existence is implied by language in fact are not there? * What are the ultimate constituents of matter? Perhaps indestructible atoms moving in the Euclidean void? * What is knowledge and how do we know things? How can we avoid wrongly thinking something that is not true? * What distinguishes science from non-science? Is there such a thing as the scientific method? * Is induction a valid form of inference? Is there such a thing as premature generalization? * How do proper nouns refer to their referents? By means of a description or by means of rigid designation? * What is value and how do you define it? Is there something like value? Is anything worthwhile? * What is good and what is not good? What is excellence and quality? How can one reliably detect quality (if it exists) and distinguish it from mere surface appearances and first impressions? * How do definitions work? Can we really capture natural language semantics in definitions? Are definitions worth anything or are they just a passtime or certain kind of addicts? * Shall we enforce the right of freedom of speech, to what extent and why? A human hardly gets to do anything without answering at least some of these questions in some at least preliminary or naive way. Thus, as to what is worthwhile, a child could answer that it is pleasure/fun and go enjoying himself in the playground. What remains to be clarified is whether people benefit from a more rigorous inquiry that is philosophy, for some value of ''benefit'' of course. A related question is what is philosophy, which includes a search for definition. In one sense, this metaphilosophical question is unnecessary. Philosophy is the inquiry into the kinds of questions that are being addressed by the books that we find in the philosophy rubric in the library. Conceptually, this answer is unsatisfactory, but it can be granted that to do philosophy, one does not need to clarify technical scoping questions of where exactly is the boundary between philosophy and, say, sciences and other humanities. (And then, is philosophy really properly part of humanities?) Another answer is that philosophy is the kind of inquiry exemplified by the questions above. Yet another is that philosophy is the union of ethics, metaphysics, epistemology, logic and aesthetics and leave it open what it is that binds these fields together. Yet another answer is that philosophy is the inquiry into the kind of (relatively general) questions that are not covered by mathematics, sciences, engineering and other humanities. Yet another is that typical for philosophy is the search for definitions, detection criteria, demarcation criteria, conceptual analysis, tentative general principles, arguments and counter-arguments. Let me add that parts of what is now physics used to be called natural philosophy. What philosophy is not is love of wisdom. That is etymology, not semantics. It points to the desire of Socrates to take opposition to Ancient Greek sophists. Socrates would say: I do not inquire into wisome to earn money; I inquire for the love of wisdom and the inquiry. The resulting name is something of an etymological trainwreck showing the traces of the origin; most other fields are called ''-logy'', ''-nomy'' or ''-ics''. The name philosophy would improve if we would call it ''sophology'' or ''sophics'', but the name philosophy is traditional and we can stick to it. (Then again, a physicist may do physics for the love of it and not for profit, as I suspect many do, but the concept of love does not appear in the name ''physics''.) One charge is that philosophy features two kinds of statements: platitudes and absurdities. I see the appeal of the argument, but to me it's wrong. To me, Popper's falsificationism (previously called hypothetico-deductive method, I think), Kripke's rigid designation and Kuhn's structure of scientific revolutions are some examples of source of statements that I feel I would not have figured out myself and that I find enriching. Even Wiennese logical positivism seems to be a valuable contribution; without it, Popper would perhaps not find a good reason to present his falsificationism. Philosophy can do a great harm. Marx's philosophising pseudoeconomics and his philosophy of the social revolution that will necessarily come caused untold suffering. Nietszche's philosophy could have contributed to Hitler, together with a misapplication of Darwinian theory of evolution by natural selection. The only remedy I see against bad philosophy is good counter-philosophy. It is Mill who argues in a compelling way for extensive freedom of speech. Instead of censoring Marx and burning all his books, we should use e.g. Popper as a line of defense (and other critics, of course). The charge that philosophy is mostly nonsense can be in part traced to Wittgenstein (a philosopher, hah). According to Wittgenstein, the task of philosophy would be something like careful analysis of proper language use to help prevent abuses of language that lead to bad philosophy, that is, most philosophy. A contrast to this is Popper, who says that he is not interested in analysis of language but of genuine philosophical problems, which according to Popper exist. Let us recall the poker incident between Wittgenstein and Popper, by which Popper was trying to show that inquiry into proper or good behavior does not need to be meaningless gibberish. Let us consider Democritos. His atomistic proposal was not empirical but rather speculative and its detail does not match modern physics (not only the physical "atoms" are not Democritean atoms, but nor are the putative quarks like Democritean atoms). Popper further argues that a certain ancient philosopher proposed the shape of the Earth to be possibly one of drum, using philosophical argument counter to experience. A step toward a drum is a step toward a sphere (or more accurately, rotational ellipsoid) and a step away from flat Earth resting on tortoise or something. These cases are not abuse of language, and therefore cannot be eliminated by careful analysis of language. They should not be eliminated in any other way either; philosophical theories or speculations are often forerunners of scientific theories. It may turn out that philosophy is mostly passtime. That is, it may turn out that the philosophical analysis has low utility, scarce practical applications. Then, if one adopts the philosophical stance of egoistic hedonism and if one finds joy in these kinds of analysis, one may say: maybe so. But, then, at least the carbon footprint of philosophy is better than that of, say, hedonic car driving, motor racing or acrobatic flying. And then, one may say: without philosophy, there would not be Monty Python's philosopher sketsch, with philosophers playing soccer. See, philosophers are good for something, after all. (Enough with this jocularity! Who is this disruptive derogator of philosophy? Sieze him!) Let us get serious again. It may turn out that large portions of pure mathematics are not much more practically useful than philosophy. But then, perhaps they are philosophy in some sense. == See also == * [[Is philosophy any good?]] * [[Is postmodernism a pseudo-philosophy?]] * [[One man's look at epistemology]] * [[One man's look at logic]] * [[An analysis of value]] * [[An analysis of identity]] == Further reading == * {{W|Philosophy}}, wikipedia.org [[Category:Philosophy]] cue4bjg5hlpn6warcntt1szcozjdr8x 2691603 2691602 2024-12-12T10:07:45Z Dan Polansky 33469 2691603 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Original research}} This article by Dan Polansky looks at certain questions concerning philosophy. Some questions are for specialized articles, e.g. logic and epistemology. I love philosophy. I am horrified and offended by the amount of writing called philosophy that to my mind are pseudophilosophy at best and pure nonsense at worst. And then, I feel philosophy needs a defense; the people who think that philosophy is a load of nonsense appear all too reasonable, given their bad experience. As an approximation, it is above all the Anglophone world that has decent philosophers. They do not necessarily get everything right (or I do not necessarily agree with all that they say), but fundamentally, they talk a lot of sense. Let us mention David Hume, John Locke, J.S.Mill and Bertrand Russell. The British even claim ownership to Popper, arguably more of an Austrian philosopher. The German and French worlds are mixed blessings. To state that German is the language dominated by pseudophilosophers would perhaps be unfair; what, if not a philosopher, is Frege, considered to be one of the greatest logicians ever? And even if one claims that Frege's work on logic is in fact mathematics, one can recall Frege's ''Sinn und Bedeutung''. Popper and Carnap are decent German-language philosophers; some could count Kant in the bag. French is the language of Derrida and other postmodern impostors. But Descartes is fine. Let me add some praise to the two great ancients, Plato and Aristotle; a lot of what they say is obviously untrue or unconvicing, especially from the modern perspective, but their way of going about doing philosophy is worth noting. They were pioneers and got a lot of things wrong. Let us consider some questions that belong to the field of philosophy today no less than in the ancient times (some part of what used to be called philosophy is now sciences): * What is there? What entities whose existence is implied by language in fact are not there? * What are the ultimate constituents of matter? Perhaps indestructible atoms moving in the Euclidean void? * What is knowledge and how do we know things? How can we avoid wrongly thinking something that is not true? * What distinguishes science from non-science? Is there such a thing as the scientific method? * Is induction a valid form of inference? Is there such a thing as premature generalization? * How do proper nouns refer to their referents? By means of a description or by means of rigid designation? * What is value and how do you define it? Is there something like value? Is anything worthwhile? * What is good and what is not good? What is excellence and quality? How can one reliably detect quality (if it exists) and distinguish it from mere surface appearances and first impressions? * How do definitions work? Can we really capture natural language semantics in definitions? Are definitions worth anything or are they just a passtime or certain kind of addicts? * Shall we enforce the right of freedom of speech, to what extent and why? A human hardly gets to do anything without answering at least some of these questions in some at least preliminary or naive way. Thus, as to what is worthwhile, a child could answer that it is pleasure/fun and go enjoying himself in the playground. What remains to be clarified is whether people benefit from a more rigorous inquiry that is philosophy, for some value of ''benefit'' of course. A related question is what is philosophy, which includes a search for definition. In one sense, this metaphilosophical question is unnecessary. Philosophy is the inquiry into the kinds of questions that are being addressed by the books that we find in the philosophy rubric in the library. Conceptually, this answer is unsatisfactory, but it can be granted that to do philosophy, one does not need to clarify technical scoping questions of where exactly is the boundary between philosophy and, say, sciences and other humanities. (And then, is philosophy really properly part of humanities?) Another answer is that philosophy is the kind of inquiry exemplified by the questions above. Yet another is that philosophy is the union of ethics, metaphysics, epistemology, logic and aesthetics and leave it open what it is that binds these fields together. Yet another answer is that philosophy is the inquiry into the kind of (relatively general) questions that are not covered by mathematics, sciences, engineering and other humanities. Yet another is that typical for philosophy is the search for definitions, detection criteria, demarcation criteria, conceptual analysis, tentative general principles, arguments and counter-arguments. Let me add that parts of what is now physics used to be called natural philosophy. What philosophy is not is love of wisdom. That is etymology, not semantics. It points to the desire of Socrates to take opposition to Ancient Greek sophists. Socrates would say: I do not inquire into wisome to earn money; I inquire for the love of wisdom and the inquiry. The resulting name is something of an etymological trainwreck showing the traces of the origin; most other fields are called ''-logy'', ''-nomy'' or ''-ics''. The name philosophy would improve if we would call it ''sophology'' or ''sophics'', but the name philosophy is traditional and we can stick to it. (Then again, a physicist may do physics for the love of it and not for profit, as I suspect many do, but the concept of love does not appear in the name ''physics''.) One charge is that philosophy features two kinds of statements: platitudes and absurdities. I see the appeal of the argument, but to me it's wrong. To me, Popper's falsificationism (previously called hypothetico-deductive method, I think), Kripke's rigid designation and Kuhn's structure of scientific revolutions are some examples of source of statements that I feel I would not have figured out myself and that I find enriching. Even Wiennese logical positivism seems to be a valuable contribution; without it, Popper would perhaps not find a good reason to present his falsificationism. Philosophy can do a great harm. Marx's philosophising pseudoeconomics and his philosophy of the social revolution that will necessarily come caused untold suffering. Nietszche's philosophy could have contributed to Hitler, together with a misapplication of Darwinian theory of evolution by natural selection. The only remedy I see against bad philosophy is good counter-philosophy. It is Mill who argues in a compelling way for extensive freedom of speech. Instead of censoring Marx and burning all his books, we should use e.g. Popper as a line of defense (and other critics, of course). The charge that philosophy is mostly nonsense can be in part traced to Wittgenstein (a philosopher, hah). According to Wittgenstein, the task of philosophy would be something like careful analysis of proper language use to help prevent abuses of language that lead to bad philosophy, that is, most philosophy. A contrast to this is Popper, who says that he is not interested in analysis of language but of genuine philosophical problems, which according to Popper exist. Let us recall the poker incident between Wittgenstein and Popper, by which Popper was trying to show that inquiry into proper or good behavior does not need to be meaningless gibberish. Let us consider Democritos. His atomistic proposal was not empirical but rather speculative and its detail does not match modern physics (not only the physical "atoms" are not Democritean atoms, but nor are the putative quarks like Democritean atoms). Popper further argues that a certain ancient philosopher proposed the shape of the Earth to be possibly one of drum, using philosophical argument counter to experience. A step toward a drum is a step toward a sphere (or more accurately, rotational ellipsoid) and a step away from flat Earth resting on tortoise or something. These cases are not abuse of language, and therefore cannot be eliminated by careful analysis of language. They should not be eliminated in any other way either; philosophical theories or speculations are often forerunners of scientific theories. It may turn out that philosophy is mostly passtime. That is, it may turn out that the philosophical analysis has low utility, scarce practical applications. Then, if one adopts the philosophical stance of egoistic hedonism and if one finds joy in these kinds of analysis, one may say: maybe so. But, then, at least the carbon footprint of philosophy is better than that of, say, hedonic car driving, motor racing or acrobatic flying. And then, one may say: without philosophy, there would not be Monty Python's philosopher sketch, with philosophers playing soccer. See, philosophers are good for something, after all. (Enough with this jocularity! Who is this disruptive derogator of philosophy? Sieze him!) Let us get serious again. It may turn out that large portions of pure mathematics are not much more practically useful than philosophy. But then, perhaps they are philosophy in some sense. == See also == * [[Is philosophy any good?]] * [[Is postmodernism a pseudo-philosophy?]] * [[One man's look at epistemology]] * [[One man's look at logic]] * [[An analysis of value]] * [[An analysis of identity]] == Further reading == * {{W|Philosophy}}, wikipedia.org [[Category:Philosophy]] nvhwhkyrplsjlvp8h3md21o6bs01418 2691604 2691603 2024-12-12T10:32:24Z Dan Polansky 33469 2691604 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Original research}} This article by Dan Polansky looks at certain questions concerning philosophy. Some questions are for specialized articles, e.g. logic and epistemology. I love philosophy. I am horrified and offended by the amount of writing called philosophy that to my mind are pseudophilosophy at best and pure nonsense at worst. And then, I feel philosophy needs a defense; the people who think that philosophy is a load of nonsense appear all too reasonable, given their bad experience. As an approximation, it is above all the Anglophone world that has decent philosophers. They do not necessarily get everything right (or I do not necessarily agree with all that they say), but fundamentally, they talk a lot of sense. Let us mention David Hume, John Locke, J.S.Mill and Bertrand Russell. The British even claim ownership to Popper, arguably more of an Austrian philosopher. The German and French worlds are mixed blessings. To state that German is the language dominated by pseudophilosophers would perhaps be unfair; what, if not a philosopher, is Frege, considered to be one of the greatest logicians ever? And even if one claims that Frege's work on logic is in fact mathematics, one can recall Frege's ''Sinn und Bedeutung''. Popper and Carnap are decent German-language philosophers; some could count Kant in the bag. French is the language of Derrida and other postmodern impostors. But Descartes is fine. Let me add some praise to the two great ancients, Plato and Aristotle; a lot of what they say is obviously untrue or unconvicing, especially from the modern perspective, but their way of going about doing philosophy is worth noting. They were pioneers and got a lot of things wrong. Let us consider some questions that belong to the field of philosophy today no less than in the ancient times (some part of what used to be called philosophy is now sciences): * What is there? What entities whose existence is implied by language in fact are not there? * What are the ultimate constituents of matter? Perhaps indestructible atoms moving in the Euclidean void? * What is knowledge and how do we know things? How can we avoid wrongly thinking something that is not true? * What distinguishes science from non-science? Is there such a thing as the scientific method? * Is induction a valid form of inference? Is there such a thing as premature generalization? * How do proper nouns refer to their referents? By means of a description or by means of rigid designation? * What is value and how do you define it? Is there something like value? Is anything worthwhile? * What is good and what is not good? What is excellence and quality? How can one reliably detect quality (if it exists) and distinguish it from mere surface appearances and first impressions? * How do definitions work? Can we really capture natural language semantics in definitions? Are definitions worth anything or are they just a passtime or certain kind of addicts? * Shall we enforce the right of freedom of speech, to what extent and why? * What is beauty? How do we know something is beautiful? Is it all subjective, in the eye of the beholder? Is it culturally relative? Is there some universal core of the concept beauty that works across different cultures? A human hardly gets to do anything without answering at least some of these questions in some at least preliminary or naive way. Thus, as to what is worthwhile, a child could answer that it is pleasure/fun and go enjoying himself in the playground. What remains to be clarified is whether people benefit from a more rigorous inquiry that is philosophy, for some value of ''benefit'' of course. A related question is what is philosophy, which includes a search for definition. In one sense, this metaphilosophical question is unnecessary. Philosophy is the inquiry into the kinds of questions that are being addressed by the books that we find in the philosophy rubric in the library. Conceptually, this answer is unsatisfactory, but it can be granted that to do philosophy, one does not need to clarify technical scoping questions of where exactly is the boundary between philosophy and, say, sciences and other humanities. (And then, is philosophy really properly part of humanities?) Another answer is that philosophy is the kind of inquiry exemplified by the questions above. Yet another is that philosophy is the union of ethics, metaphysics, epistemology, logic and aesthetics and leave it open what it is that binds these fields together. Yet another answer is that philosophy is the inquiry into the kind of (relatively general) questions that are not covered by mathematics, sciences, engineering and other humanities. Yet another is that typical for philosophy is the search for definitions, detection criteria, demarcation criteria, conceptual analysis, tentative general principles, arguments and counter-arguments. Let me add that parts of what is now physics used to be called natural philosophy. What philosophy is not is love of wisdom. That is etymology, not semantics. It points to the desire of Socrates to take opposition to Ancient Greek sophists. Socrates would say: I do not inquire into wisome to earn money; I inquire for the love of wisdom and the inquiry. The resulting name is something of an etymological trainwreck showing the traces of the origin; most other fields are called ''-logy'', ''-nomy'' or ''-ics''. The name philosophy would improve if we would call it ''sophology'' or ''sophics'', but the name philosophy is traditional and we can stick to it. (Then again, a physicist may do physics for the love of it and not for profit, as I suspect many do, but the concept of love does not appear in the name ''physics''.) One charge is that philosophy features two kinds of statements: platitudes and absurdities. I see the appeal of the argument, but to me it's wrong. To me, Popper's falsificationism (previously called hypothetico-deductive method, I think), Kripke's rigid designation and Kuhn's structure of scientific revolutions are some examples of source of statements that I feel I would not have figured out myself and that I find enriching. Even Wiennese logical positivism seems to be a valuable contribution; without it, Popper would perhaps not find a good reason to present his falsificationism. Philosophy can do a great harm. Marx's philosophising pseudoeconomics and his philosophy of the social revolution that will necessarily come caused untold suffering. Nietszche's philosophy could have contributed to Hitler, together with a misapplication of Darwinian theory of evolution by natural selection. The only remedy I see against bad philosophy is good counter-philosophy. It is Mill who argues in a compelling way for extensive freedom of speech. Instead of censoring Marx and burning all his books, we should use e.g. Popper as a line of defense (and other critics, of course). The charge that philosophy is mostly nonsense can be in part traced to Wittgenstein (a philosopher, hah). According to Wittgenstein, the task of philosophy would be something like careful analysis of proper language use to help prevent abuses of language that lead to bad philosophy, that is, most philosophy. A contrast to this is Popper, who says that he is not interested in analysis of language but of genuine philosophical problems, which according to Popper exist. Let us recall the poker incident between Wittgenstein and Popper, by which Popper was trying to show that inquiry into proper or good behavior does not need to be meaningless gibberish. Let us consider Democritos. His atomistic proposal was not empirical but rather speculative and its detail does not match modern physics (not only the physical "atoms" are not Democritean atoms, but nor are the putative quarks like Democritean atoms). Popper further argues that a certain ancient philosopher proposed the shape of the Earth to be possibly one of drum, using philosophical argument counter to experience. A step toward a drum is a step toward a sphere (or more accurately, rotational ellipsoid) and a step away from flat Earth resting on tortoise or something. These cases are not abuse of language, and therefore cannot be eliminated by careful analysis of language. They should not be eliminated in any other way either; philosophical theories or speculations are often forerunners of scientific theories. It may turn out that philosophy is mostly passtime. That is, it may turn out that the philosophical analysis has low utility, scarce practical applications. Then, if one adopts the philosophical stance of egoistic hedonism and if one finds joy in these kinds of analysis, one may say: maybe so. But, then, at least the carbon footprint of philosophy is better than that of, say, hedonic car driving, motor racing or acrobatic flying. And then, one may say: without philosophy, there would not be Monty Python's philosopher sketch, with philosophers playing soccer. See, philosophers are good for something, after all. (Enough with this jocularity! Who is this disruptive derogator of philosophy? Sieze him!) Let us get serious again. It may turn out that large portions of pure mathematics are not much more practically useful than philosophy. But then, perhaps they are philosophy in some sense. == See also == * [[Is philosophy any good?]] * [[Is postmodernism a pseudo-philosophy?]] * [[One man's look at epistemology]] * [[One man's look at logic]] * [[An analysis of value]] * [[An analysis of identity]] == Further reading == * {{W|Philosophy}}, wikipedia.org [[Category:Philosophy]] p4khytn1macf1k7sxnrtdurz0q87aih 2691606 2691604 2024-12-12T10:45:48Z Dan Polansky 33469 2691606 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Original research}} This article by Dan Polansky looks at certain questions concerning philosophy. Some questions are for specialized articles, e.g. logic and epistemology. I love philosophy. I am horrified and offended by the amount of writing called philosophy that to my mind are pseudophilosophy at best and pure nonsense at worst. And then, I feel philosophy needs a defense; the people who think that philosophy is a load of nonsense appear all too reasonable, given their bad experience. As an approximation, it is above all the Anglophone world that has decent philosophers. They do not necessarily get everything right (or I do not necessarily agree with all that they say), but fundamentally, they talk a lot of sense. Let us mention David Hume, John Locke, J.S.Mill and Bertrand Russell. The British even claim ownership to Popper, arguably more of an Austrian philosopher. The German and French worlds are mixed blessings. To state that German is the language dominated by pseudophilosophers would perhaps be unfair; what, if not a philosopher, is Frege, considered to be one of the greatest logicians ever? And even if one claims that Frege's work on logic is in fact mathematics, one can recall Frege's ''Sinn und Bedeutung''. Popper and Carnap are decent German-language philosophers; some could count Kant in the bag. French is the language of Derrida and other postmodern impostors. But Descartes is fine. Let me add some praise to the two great ancients, Plato and Aristotle; a lot of what they say is obviously untrue or unconvicing, especially from the modern perspective, but their way of going about doing philosophy is worth noting. They were pioneers and got a lot of things wrong. Let us consider some questions that belong to the field of philosophy today no less than in the ancient times (some part of what used to be called philosophy is now sciences): * What is there? What entities whose existence is implied by language in fact are not there? * What are the ultimate constituents of matter? Perhaps indestructible atoms moving in the Euclidean void? * What is knowledge and how do we know things? How can we avoid wrongly thinking something that is not true? * What distinguishes science from non-science? Is there such a thing as the scientific method? * Is induction a valid form of inference? Is there such a thing as premature generalization? * How do proper nouns refer to their referents? By means of a description or by means of rigid designation? * What is value and how do you define it? Is there something like value? Is anything worthwhile? * What is good and what is not good? What is excellence and quality? How can one reliably detect quality (if it exists) and distinguish it from mere surface appearances and first impressions? * How do definitions work? Can we really capture natural language semantics in definitions? Are definitions worth anything or are they just a passtime or certain kind of addicts? * Shall we enforce the right of freedom of speech, to what extent and why? * What is beauty? How do we know something is beautiful? Is it all subjective, in the eye of the beholder? Is it culturally relative? Is there some universal core of the concept beauty that works across different cultures? A human hardly gets to do anything without answering at least some of these questions in some at least preliminary or naive way. Thus, as to what is worthwhile, a child could answer that it is pleasure/fun and go enjoying himself in the playground. What remains to be clarified is whether people benefit from a more rigorous inquiry that is philosophy, for some value of ''benefit'' of course. A related question is what is philosophy, which includes a search for definition. In one sense, this metaphilosophical question is unnecessary. Philosophy is the inquiry into the kinds of questions that are being addressed by the books that we find in the philosophy rubric in the library. Conceptually, this answer is unsatisfactory, but it can be granted that to do philosophy, one does not need to clarify technical scoping questions of where exactly is the boundary between philosophy and, say, sciences and other humanities. (And then, is philosophy really properly part of humanities?) Another answer is that philosophy is the kind of inquiry exemplified by the questions above. Yet another is that philosophy is the union of ethics, metaphysics, epistemology, logic and aesthetics and leave it open what it is that binds these fields together. Yet another answer is that philosophy is the inquiry into the kind of (relatively general) questions that are not covered by mathematics, sciences, engineering and other humanities. Yet another is that typical for philosophy is the search for definitions, detection criteria, demarcation criteria, conceptual analysis, tentative general principles, arguments and counter-arguments. Let me add that parts of what is now physics used to be called natural philosophy. What philosophy is not is love of wisdom. That is etymology, not semantics. It points to the desire of Socrates to take opposition to Ancient Greek sophists. Socrates would say: I do not inquire into wisdom to earn money; I inquire for the love of wisdom and the inquiry. The resulting name is something of an etymological trainwreck showing the traces of the origin; most other fields are called ''-logy'', ''-nomy'' or ''-ics''. The name philosophy would improve if we would call it ''sophology'' or ''sophics'', but the name philosophy is traditional and we can stick to it. (Then again, a physicist may do physics for the love of it and not for profit, as I suspect many do, but the concept of love does not appear in the name ''physics''.) One charge is that philosophy features two kinds of statements: platitudes and absurdities. I see the appeal of the argument, but to me it's wrong. To me, Popper's falsificationism (previously called hypothetico-deductive method, I think), Kripke's rigid designation and Kuhn's structure of scientific revolutions are some examples of source of statements that I feel I would not have figured out myself and that I find enriching. Even Wiennese logical positivism seems to be a valuable contribution; without it, Popper would perhaps not find a good reason to present his falsificationism. Philosophy can do a great harm. Marx's philosophising pseudoeconomics and his philosophy of the social revolution that will necessarily come caused untold suffering. Nietszche's philosophy could have contributed to Hitler, together with a misapplication of Darwinian theory of evolution by natural selection. The only remedy I see against bad philosophy is good counter-philosophy. It is Mill who argues in a compelling way for extensive freedom of speech. Instead of censoring Marx and burning all his books, we should use e.g. Popper as a line of defense (and other critics, of course). The charge that philosophy is mostly nonsense can be in part traced to Wittgenstein (a philosopher, hah). According to Wittgenstein, the task of philosophy would be something like careful analysis of proper language use to help prevent abuses of language that lead to bad philosophy, that is, most philosophy. A contrast to this is Popper, who says that he is not interested in analysis of language but of genuine philosophical problems, which according to Popper exist. Let us recall the poker incident between Wittgenstein and Popper, by which Popper was trying to show that inquiry into proper or good behavior does not need to be meaningless gibberish. Let us consider Democritos. His atomistic proposal was not empirical but rather speculative and its detail does not match modern physics (not only the physical "atoms" are not Democritean atoms, but nor are the putative quarks like Democritean atoms). Popper further argues that a certain ancient philosopher proposed the shape of the Earth to be possibly one of drum, using philosophical argument counter to experience. A step toward a drum is a step toward a sphere (or more accurately, rotational ellipsoid) and a step away from flat Earth resting on tortoise or something. These cases are not abuse of language, and therefore cannot be eliminated by careful analysis of language. They should not be eliminated in any other way either; philosophical theories or speculations are often forerunners of scientific theories. It may turn out that philosophy is mostly passtime. That is, it may turn out that the philosophical analysis has low utility, scarce practical applications. Then, if one adopts the philosophical stance of egoistic hedonism and if one finds joy in these kinds of analysis, one may say: maybe so. But, then, at least the carbon footprint of philosophy is better than that of, say, hedonic car driving, motor racing or acrobatic flying. And then, one may say: without philosophy, there would not be Monty Python's philosopher sketch, with philosophers playing soccer. See, philosophers are good for something, after all. (Enough with this jocularity! Who is this disruptive derogator of philosophy? Sieze him!) Let us get serious again. It may turn out that large portions of pure mathematics are not much more practically useful than philosophy. But then, perhaps they are philosophy in some sense. == See also == * [[Is philosophy any good?]] * [[Is postmodernism a pseudo-philosophy?]] * [[One man's look at epistemology]] * [[One man's look at logic]] * [[An analysis of value]] * [[An analysis of identity]] == Further reading == * {{W|Philosophy}}, wikipedia.org [[Category:Philosophy]] mhsojees2alwvj8xrfx6ftqhl4juxip 2691608 2691606 2024-12-12T11:04:35Z Dan Polansky 33469 2691608 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Original research}} This article by Dan Polansky looks at certain questions concerning philosophy. Some questions are for specialized articles, e.g. logic and epistemology. I love philosophy. I am horrified and offended by the amount of writing called philosophy that to my mind are pseudophilosophy at best and pure nonsense at worst. And then, I feel philosophy needs a defense; the people who think that philosophy is a load of nonsense appear all too reasonable, given their bad experience. As an approximation, it is above all the Anglophone world that has decent philosophers. They do not necessarily get everything right (or I do not necessarily agree with all that they say), but fundamentally, they talk a lot of sense. Let us mention David Hume, John Locke, J.S.Mill and Bertrand Russell. The British even claim ownership to Popper, arguably more of an Austrian philosopher. The German and French worlds are mixed blessings. To state that German is the language dominated by pseudophilosophers would perhaps be unfair; what, if not a philosopher, is Frege, considered to be one of the greatest logicians ever? And even if one claims that Frege's work on logic is in fact mathematics, one can recall Frege's ''Sinn und Bedeutung''. Popper and Carnap are decent German-language philosophers; some could count Kant in the bag. French is the language of Derrida and other postmodern impostors. But Descartes is fine. Let me add some praise to the two great ancients, Plato and Aristotle; a lot of what they say is obviously untrue or unconvicing, especially from the modern perspective, but their way of going about doing philosophy is worth noting. They were pioneers and got a lot of things wrong. Let us consider some questions that belong to the field of philosophy today no less than in the ancient times (some part of what used to be called philosophy is now sciences): * What is there? What entities whose existence is implied by language in fact are not there? * What are the ultimate constituents of matter? Perhaps indestructible atoms moving in the Euclidean void? * What is knowledge and how do we know things? How can we avoid wrongly thinking something that is not true? * What distinguishes science from non-science? Is there such a thing as the scientific method? * Is induction a valid form of inference? Is there such a thing as premature generalization? * How do proper nouns refer to their referents? By means of a description or by means of rigid designation? * What is value and how do you define it? Is there something like value? Is anything worthwhile? * What is good and what is not good? What is excellence and quality? How can one reliably detect quality (if it exists) and distinguish it from mere surface appearances and first impressions? * How do definitions work? Can we really capture natural language semantics in definitions? Are definitions worth anything or are they just a passtime or certain kind of addicts? * Shall we enforce the right of freedom of speech, to what extent and why? * What is beauty? How do we know something is beautiful? Is it all subjective, in the eye of the beholder? Is it culturally relative? Is there some universal core of the concept beauty that works across different cultures? A human hardly gets to do anything without answering at least some of these questions in some at least preliminary or naive way. Thus, as to what is worthwhile, a child could answer that it is pleasure/fun and go enjoying himself in the playground. What remains to be clarified is whether people benefit from a more rigorous inquiry that is philosophy, for some value of ''benefit'' of course. A related question is what is philosophy, which includes a search for definition. In one sense, this metaphilosophical question is unnecessary. Philosophy is the inquiry into the kinds of questions that are being addressed by the books that we find in the philosophy rubric in the library. Conceptually, this answer is unsatisfactory, but it can be granted that to do philosophy, one does not need to clarify technical scoping questions of where exactly is the boundary between philosophy and, say, sciences and other humanities. (And then, is philosophy really properly part of humanities?) Another answer is that philosophy is the kind of inquiry exemplified by the questions above. Yet another is that philosophy is the union of ethics, metaphysics, epistemology, logic and aesthetics and leave it open what it is that binds these fields together. Yet another answer is that philosophy is the inquiry into the kind of (relatively general) questions that are not covered by mathematics, sciences, engineering and other humanities. Yet another is that typical for philosophy is the search for definitions, detection criteria, demarcation criteria, conceptual analysis, tentative general principles, arguments and counter-arguments. Let me add that parts of what is now physics used to be called natural philosophy. What philosophy is not is love of wisdom. That is etymology, not semantics. It points to the desire of Socrates to take opposition to Ancient Greek sophists. Socrates would say: I do not inquire into wisdom to earn money; I inquire for the love of wisdom and the inquiry. The resulting name is something of an etymological trainwreck showing the traces of the origin; most other fields are called ''-logy'', ''-nomy'' or ''-ics''. The name philosophy would improve if we would call it ''sophology'' or ''sophics'', but the name philosophy is traditional and we can stick to it. (Then again, a physicist may do physics for the love of it and not for profit, as I suspect many do, but the concept of love does not appear in the name ''physics''.) One charge is that philosophy features two kinds of statements: platitudes and absurdities. I see the appeal of the argument, but to me it's wrong. To me, Popper's falsificationism (previously called hypothetico-deductive method, I think), Kripke's rigid designation and Kuhn's structure of scientific revolutions are some examples of source of statements that I feel I would not have figured out myself and that I find enriching. Even Wiennese logical positivism seems to be a valuable contribution; without it, Popper would perhaps not find a good reason to present his falsificationism. Philosophy can do a great harm. Marx's philosophising pseudoeconomics and his philosophy of the social revolution that will necessarily come caused untold suffering. Nietszche's philosophy could have contributed to Hitler, together with a misapplication of Darwinian theory of evolution by natural selection. The only remedy I see against bad philosophy is good counter-philosophy. It is Mill who argues in a compelling way for extensive freedom of speech. Instead of censoring Marx and burning all his books, we should use e.g. Popper as a line of defense (and other critics, of course). The charge that philosophy is mostly nonsense can be in part traced to Wittgenstein (a philosopher, hah). According to Wittgenstein, the task of philosophy would be something like careful analysis of proper language use to help prevent abuses of language that lead to bad philosophy, that is, most philosophy. A contrast to this is Popper, who says that he is not interested in analysis of language but of genuine philosophical problems, which according to Popper exist. Let us recall the poker incident between Wittgenstein and Popper, by which Popper was trying to show that inquiry into proper or good behavior does not need to be meaningless gibberish. Let us consider Democritos. His atomistic proposal was not empirical but rather speculative and its detail does not match modern physics (not only the physical "atoms" are not Democritean atoms, but nor are the putative quarks like Democritean atoms). Popper further argues that a certain ancient philosopher proposed the shape of the Earth to be possibly one of drum, using philosophical argument counter to experience. A step toward a drum is a step toward a sphere (or more accurately, rotational ellipsoid) and a step away from flat Earth resting on tortoise or something. These cases are not abuse of language, and therefore cannot be eliminated by careful analysis of language. They should not be eliminated in any other way either; philosophical theories or speculations are often forerunners of scientific theories. It may turn out that philosophy is mostly passtime. That is, it may turn out that the philosophical analysis has low utility, scarce practical applications. Then, if one adopts the philosophical stance of egoistic hedonism and if one finds joy in these kinds of analysis, one may say: maybe so. But, then, at least the carbon footprint of philosophy is better than that of, say, hedonic car driving, motor racing or acrobatic flying. And then, one may say: without philosophy, there would not be Monty Python's philosopher sketch, with philosophers playing soccer. See, philosophers are good for something, after all. (Enough with this jocularity! Who is this disruptive derogator of philosophy? Sieze him!) Let us get serious again. It may turn out that large portions of pure mathematics are not much more practically useful than philosophy. But then, perhaps they are philosophy in some sense. Let me make my bias clear, although it should be obvious by now. I am predominantly interested in Western philosophy and in its latest and most modern versions. Thus, one who wants to learn e.g. physics does not need to study ancient physics; one can study the latest physics even if one does not start with relativity and quantum mechanics, but this is to start with the easier, more accessible applications, not to proceed historically. I find the historical method of teaching philosophy suspect, while perhaps not entirely without merit. I am interested in validity or strength of ideas, concepts, arguments and counter-arguments, and much less in their historical development. Thus, I prefer 20th century philosophers and, say, Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy online over reading ancient texts. I also strongly prefer engaging in original deliberation, even if it turns out to be wrong. I prefer to read something that makes some sense to reading something of which I cannot make any sense. I avoid wasting my time on the latter, which may result in some loss, but that's life. == See also == * [[Is philosophy any good?]] * [[Is postmodernism a pseudo-philosophy?]] * [[One man's look at epistemology]] * [[One man's look at logic]] * [[An analysis of value]] * [[An analysis of identity]] == Further reading == * {{W|Philosophy}}, wikipedia.org * [https://www.britannica.com/topic/philosophy philosophy], britannica.com [[Category:Philosophy]] lgc77rtp28bp4i2q7n3errndrcucwyc 2691609 2691608 2024-12-12T11:18:27Z Dan Polansky 33469 2691609 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Original research}} This article by Dan Polansky looks at certain questions concerning philosophy. Some questions are for specialized articles, e.g. logic and epistemology. I love philosophy. I am horrified and offended by the amount of writing called philosophy that to my mind are pseudophilosophy at best and pure nonsense at worst. And then, I feel philosophy needs a defense; the people who think that philosophy is a load of nonsense appear all too reasonable, given their bad experience. As an approximation, it is above all the Anglophone world that has decent philosophers. They do not necessarily get everything right (or I do not necessarily agree with all that they say), but fundamentally, they talk a lot of sense. Let us mention David Hume, John Locke, J.S.Mill and Bertrand Russell. The British even claim ownership to Popper, arguably more of an Austrian philosopher. The German and French worlds are mixed blessings. To state that German is the language dominated by pseudophilosophers would perhaps be unfair; what, if not a philosopher, is Frege, considered to be one of the greatest logicians ever? And even if one claims that Frege's work on logic is in fact mathematics, one can recall Frege's ''Sinn und Bedeutung''. Popper and Carnap are decent German-language philosophers; some could count Kant in the bag. French is the language of Derrida and other postmodern impostors. But Descartes is fine. Let me add some praise to the two great ancients, Plato and Aristotle; a lot of what they say is obviously untrue or unconvicing, especially from the modern perspective, but their way of going about doing philosophy is worth noting. They were pioneers and got a lot of things wrong. Let us consider some questions that belong to the field of philosophy today no less than in the ancient times (some part of what used to be called philosophy is now sciences): * What is there? What entities whose existence is implied by language in fact are not there? * What are the ultimate constituents of matter? Perhaps indestructible atoms moving in the Euclidean void? * What is knowledge and how do we know things? How can we avoid wrongly thinking something that is not true? * What distinguishes science from non-science? Is there such a thing as the scientific method? * Is induction a valid form of inference? Is there such a thing as premature generalization? * How do proper nouns refer to their referents? By means of a description or by means of rigid designation? * What is value and how do you define it? Is there something like value? Is anything worthwhile? * What is good and what is not good? What is excellence and quality? How can one reliably detect quality (if it exists) and distinguish it from mere surface appearances and first impressions? * How do definitions work? Can we really capture natural language semantics in definitions? Are definitions worth anything or are they just a passtime or certain kind of addicts? * Shall we enforce the right of freedom of speech, to what extent and why? * What is beauty? How do we know something is beautiful? Is it all subjective, in the eye of the beholder? Is it culturally relative? Is there some universal core of the concept beauty that works across different cultures? A human hardly gets to do anything without answering at least some of these questions in some at least preliminary or naive way. Thus, as to what is worthwhile, a child could answer that it is pleasure/fun and go enjoying himself in the playground. What remains to be clarified is whether people benefit from a more rigorous inquiry that is philosophy, for some value of ''benefit'' of course. A related question is what is philosophy, which includes a search for definition. In one sense, this metaphilosophical question is unnecessary. Philosophy is the inquiry into the kinds of questions that are being addressed by the books that we find in the philosophy rubric in the library. Conceptually, this answer is unsatisfactory, but it can be granted that to do philosophy, one does not need to clarify technical scoping questions of where exactly is the boundary between philosophy and, say, sciences and other humanities. (And then, is philosophy really properly part of humanities?) Another answer is that philosophy is the kind of inquiry exemplified by the questions above. Yet another is that philosophy is the union of ethics, metaphysics, epistemology, logic and aesthetics and leave it open what it is that binds these fields together. Yet another answer is that philosophy is the inquiry into the kind of (relatively general) questions that are not covered by mathematics, sciences, engineering and other humanities. Yet another is that typical for philosophy is the search for definitions, detection criteria, demarcation criteria, conceptual analysis, tentative general principles, arguments and counter-arguments. Let me add that parts of what is now physics used to be called natural philosophy. What philosophy is not is love of wisdom. That is etymology, not semantics. It points to the desire of Socrates to take opposition to Ancient Greek sophists. Socrates would say: I do not inquire into wisdom to earn money; I inquire for the love of wisdom and the inquiry. The resulting name is something of an etymological trainwreck showing the traces of the origin; most other fields are called ''-logy'', ''-nomy'' or ''-ics''. The name philosophy would improve if we would call it ''sophology'' or ''sophics'', but the name philosophy is traditional and we can stick to it. (Then again, a physicist may do physics for the love of it and not for profit, as I suspect many do, but the concept of love does not appear in the name ''physics''.) One charge is that philosophy features two kinds of statements: platitudes and absurdities. I see the appeal of the argument, but to me it's wrong. To me, Popper's falsificationism (previously called hypothetico-deductive method, I think), Kripke's rigid designation and Kuhn's structure of scientific revolutions are some examples of source of statements that I feel I would not have figured out myself and that I find enriching. Even Wiennese logical positivism seems to be a valuable contribution; without it, Popper would perhaps not find a good reason to present his falsificationism. Philosophy can do a great harm. Marx's philosophising pseudoeconomics and his philosophy of the social revolution that will necessarily come caused untold suffering. Nietszche's philosophy could have contributed to Hitler, together with a misapplication of Darwinian theory of evolution by natural selection. The only remedy I see against bad philosophy is good counter-philosophy. It is Mill who argues in a compelling way for extensive freedom of speech. Instead of censoring Marx and burning all his books, we should use e.g. Popper as a line of defense (and other critics, of course). The charge that philosophy is mostly nonsense can be in part traced to Wittgenstein (a philosopher, hah). According to Wittgenstein, the task of philosophy would be something like careful analysis of proper language use to help prevent abuses of language that lead to bad philosophy, that is, most philosophy. A contrast to this is Popper, who says that he is not interested in analysis of language but of genuine philosophical problems, which according to Popper exist. Let us recall the poker incident between Wittgenstein and Popper, by which Popper was trying to show that inquiry into proper or good behavior does not need to be meaningless gibberish. Let us consider Democritos. His atomistic proposal was not empirical but rather speculative and its detail does not match modern physics (not only the physical "atoms" are not Democritean atoms, but nor are the putative quarks like Democritean atoms). Popper further argues that a certain ancient philosopher proposed the shape of the Earth to be possibly one of drum, using philosophical argument counter to experience. A step toward a drum is a step toward a sphere (or more accurately, rotational ellipsoid) and a step away from flat Earth resting on tortoise or something. These cases are not abuse of language, and therefore cannot be eliminated by careful analysis of language. They should not be eliminated in any other way either; philosophical theories or speculations are often forerunners of scientific theories. It may turn out that philosophy is mostly passtime. That is, it may turn out that the philosophical analysis has low utility, scarce practical applications. Then, if one adopts the philosophical stance of egoistic hedonism and if one finds joy in these kinds of analysis, one may say: maybe so. But, then, at least the carbon footprint of philosophy is better than that of, say, hedonic car driving, motor racing or acrobatic flying. And then, one may say: without philosophy, there would not be Monty Python's philosopher sketch, with philosophers playing soccer. See, philosophers are good for something, after all. (Enough with this jocularity! Who is this disruptive derogator of philosophy? Sieze him!) Let us get serious again. It may turn out that large portions of pure mathematics are not much more practically useful than philosophy. But then, perhaps they are philosophy in some sense. Let me make my bias clear, although it should be obvious by now. I am predominantly interested in Western philosophy and in its latest and most modern versions. Thus, one who wants to learn e.g. physics does not need to study ancient physics; one can study the latest physics even if one does not start with relativity and quantum mechanics, but this is to start with the easier, more accessible applications, not to proceed historically. I find the historical method of teaching philosophy suspect, while perhaps not entirely without merit. I am interested in validity or strength of ideas, concepts, arguments and counter-arguments, and much less in their historical development. Thus, I prefer 20th century philosophers and, say, Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy online over reading ancient texts. I also strongly prefer engaging in original deliberation, even if it turns out to be wrong. I prefer to read something that makes some sense to reading something of which I cannot make any sense. I avoid wasting my time on the latter, which may result in some loss, but that's life. To add an item against the historical method, I learned logic without recourse to Aristotle and I do not feel I lost much if anything at all. Considering Aristotle is interesting, but it does not seem to be especially valuable as far as the subject matter of logic goes. == See also == * [[Is philosophy any good?]] * [[Is postmodernism a pseudo-philosophy?]] * [[One man's look at epistemology]] * [[One man's look at logic]] * [[An analysis of value]] * [[An analysis of identity]] == Further reading == * {{W|Philosophy}}, wikipedia.org * [https://www.britannica.com/topic/philosophy philosophy], britannica.com [[Category:Philosophy]] ftlgkat9b9ck3rwrjrjk7sqnlgw0psn 2691610 2691609 2024-12-12T11:50:30Z Dan Polansky 33469 2691610 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Original research}} This article by Dan Polansky looks at certain questions concerning philosophy. Some questions are for specialized articles, e.g. logic and epistemology. I love philosophy. I am horrified and offended by the amount of writing called philosophy that to my mind are pseudophilosophy at best and pure nonsense at worst. And then, I feel philosophy needs a defense; the people who think that philosophy is a load of nonsense appear all too reasonable, given their bad experience. As an approximation, it is above all the Anglophone world that has decent philosophers. They do not necessarily get everything right (or I do not necessarily agree with all that they say), but fundamentally, they talk a lot of sense. Let us mention David Hume, John Locke, J.S.Mill and Bertrand Russell. The British even claim ownership to Popper, arguably more of an Austrian philosopher. The German and French worlds are mixed blessings. To state that German is the language dominated by pseudophilosophers would perhaps be unfair; what, if not a philosopher, is Frege, considered to be one of the greatest logicians ever? And even if one claims that Frege's work on logic is in fact mathematics, one can recall Frege's ''Sinn und Bedeutung''. Popper and Carnap are decent German-language philosophers; some could count Kant in the bag. French is the language of Derrida and other postmodern impostors. But Descartes is fine. Let me add some praise to the two great ancients, Plato and Aristotle; a lot of what they say is obviously untrue or unconvicing, especially from the modern perspective, but their way of going about doing philosophy is worth noting. They were pioneers and got a lot of things wrong. Let us consider some questions that belong to the field of philosophy today no less than in the ancient times (some part of what used to be called philosophy is now sciences): * What is there? What entities whose existence is implied by language in fact are not there? * What are the ultimate constituents of matter? Perhaps indestructible atoms moving in the Euclidean void? * What is knowledge and how do we know things? How can we avoid wrongly thinking something that is not true? * What distinguishes science from non-science? Is there such a thing as the scientific method? * Is induction a valid form of inference? Is there such a thing as premature generalization? * How do proper nouns refer to their referents? By means of a description or by means of rigid designation? * What is value and how do you define it? Is there something like value? Is anything worthwhile? * What is good and what is not good? What is excellence and quality? How can one reliably detect quality (if it exists) and distinguish it from mere surface appearances and first impressions? * How do definitions work? Can we really capture natural language semantics in definitions? Are definitions worth anything or are they just a passtime or certain kind of addicts? * Shall we enforce the right of freedom of speech, to what extent and why? * What is beauty? How do we know something is beautiful? Is it all subjective, in the eye of the beholder? Is it culturally relative? Is there some universal core of the concept beauty that works across different cultures? A human hardly gets to do anything without answering at least some of these questions in some at least preliminary or naive way. Thus, as to what is worthwhile, a child could answer that it is pleasure/fun and go enjoying himself in the playground. What remains to be clarified is whether people benefit from a more rigorous inquiry that is philosophy, for some value of ''benefit'' of course. A related question is what is philosophy, which includes a search for definition. In one sense, this metaphilosophical question is unnecessary. Philosophy is the inquiry into the kinds of questions that are being addressed by the books that we find in the philosophy rubric in the library. Conceptually, this answer is unsatisfactory, but it can be granted that to do philosophy, one does not need to clarify technical scoping questions of where exactly is the boundary between philosophy and, say, sciences and other humanities. (And then, is philosophy really properly part of humanities?) Another answer is that philosophy is the kind of inquiry exemplified by the questions above. Yet another is that philosophy is the union of ethics, metaphysics, epistemology, logic and aesthetics and leave it open what it is that binds these fields together. Yet another answer is that philosophy is the inquiry into the kind of (relatively general) questions that are not covered by mathematics, sciences, engineering and other humanities. Yet another is that typical for philosophy is the search for definitions, detection criteria, demarcation criteria, conceptual analysis, tentative general principles, arguments and counter-arguments. Let me add that parts of what is now physics used to be called natural philosophy. What philosophy is not is love of wisdom. That is etymology, not semantics. It points to the desire of Socrates to take opposition to Ancient Greek sophists. Socrates would say: I do not inquire into wisdom to earn money; I inquire for the love of wisdom and the inquiry. The resulting name is something of an etymological trainwreck showing the traces of the origin; most other fields are called ''-logy'', ''-nomy'' or ''-ics''. The name philosophy would improve if we would call it ''sophology'' or ''sophics'', but the name philosophy is traditional and we can stick to it. (Then again, a physicist may do physics for the love of it and not for profit, as I suspect many do, but the concept of love does not appear in the name ''physics''.) One charge is that philosophy features two kinds of statements: platitudes and absurdities. I see the appeal of the argument, but to me it's wrong. To me, Popper's falsificationism (previously called hypothetico-deductive method, I think), Kripke's rigid designation and Kuhn's structure of scientific revolutions are some examples of source of statements that I feel I would not have figured out myself and that I find enriching. Even Wiennese logical positivism seems to be a valuable contribution; without it, Popper would perhaps not find a good reason to present his falsificationism. Philosophy can do a great harm. Marx's philosophising pseudoeconomics and his philosophy of the social revolution that will necessarily come caused untold suffering. Nietszche's philosophy could have contributed to Hitler, together with a misapplication of Darwinian theory of evolution by natural selection. The only remedy I see against bad philosophy is good counter-philosophy. It is Mill who argues in a compelling way for extensive freedom of speech. Instead of censoring Marx and burning all his books, we should use e.g. Popper as a line of defense (and other critics, of course). The charge that philosophy is mostly nonsense can be in part traced to Wittgenstein (a philosopher, hah). According to Wittgenstein, the task of philosophy would be something like careful analysis of proper language use to help prevent abuses of language that lead to bad philosophy, that is, most philosophy. A contrast to this is Popper, who says that he is not interested in analysis of language but of genuine philosophical problems, which according to Popper exist. Let us recall the poker incident between Wittgenstein and Popper, by which Popper was trying to show that inquiry into proper or good behavior does not need to be meaningless gibberish. Let us consider Democritos. His atomistic proposal was not empirical but rather speculative and its detail does not match modern physics (not only the physical "atoms" are not Democritean atoms, but nor are the putative quarks like Democritean atoms). Popper further argues that a certain ancient philosopher proposed the shape of the Earth to be possibly one of drum, using philosophical argument counter to experience. A step toward a drum is a step toward a sphere (or more accurately, rotational ellipsoid) and a step away from flat Earth resting on tortoise or something. These cases are not abuse of language, and therefore cannot be eliminated by careful analysis of language. They should not be eliminated in any other way either; philosophical theories or speculations are often forerunners of scientific theories. It may turn out that philosophy is mostly passtime. That is, it may turn out that the philosophical analysis has low utility, scarce practical applications. Then, if one adopts the philosophical stance of egoistic hedonism and if one finds joy in these kinds of analysis, one may say: maybe so. But, then, at least the carbon footprint of philosophy is better than that of, say, hedonic car driving, motor racing or acrobatic flying. And then, one may say: without philosophy, there would not be Monty Python's philosopher sketch, with philosophers playing soccer. See, philosophers are good for something, after all. (Enough with this jocularity! Who is this disruptive derogator of philosophy? Sieze him!) Let us get serious again. It may turn out that large portions of pure mathematics are not much more practically useful than philosophy. But then, perhaps they are philosophy in some sense. Let me make my bias clear, although it should be obvious by now. I am predominantly interested in Western philosophy and in its latest and most modern versions. Thus, one who wants to learn e.g. physics does not need to study ancient physics; one can study the latest physics even if one does not start with relativity and quantum mechanics, but this is to start with the easier, more accessible applications, not to proceed historically. I find the historical method of teaching philosophy suspect, while perhaps not entirely without merit. I am interested in validity or strength of ideas, concepts, arguments and counter-arguments, and much less in their historical development. Thus, I prefer 20th century philosophers and, say, Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy online over reading ancient texts. I also strongly prefer engaging in original deliberation, even if it turns out to be wrong. I prefer to read something that makes some sense to reading something of which I cannot make any sense. I avoid wasting my time on the latter, which may result in some loss, but that's life. To add an item against the historical method, I learned logic without recourse to Aristotle and I do not feel I lost much if anything at all. Considering Aristotle is interesting, but it does not seem to be especially valuable as far as the subject matter of logic goes. One of the greatest and most notable currently living Anglophone philosophers is, in my estimate, Richard Dawkins. He is noted as a biologist and would perhaps deny to be a philosopher, but to my mind, there is a strong philosophical (or at least analytical as opposed to empirical in the style of physics) element in what he does, e.g. in ''The Selfish Gene''. == See also == * [[Is philosophy any good?]] * [[Is postmodernism a pseudo-philosophy?]] * [[One man's look at epistemology]] * [[One man's look at logic]] * [[An analysis of value]] * [[An analysis of identity]] == Further reading == * {{W|Philosophy}}, wikipedia.org * [https://www.britannica.com/topic/philosophy philosophy], britannica.com [[Category:Philosophy]] skyrxeb2ym6zn8nka4prer7pm8a7dxj