Wikiversity:Colloquium

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&lt;!-- MESSAGES GO BELOW --&gt;
== Reminder! Vote closing soon to fill vacancies of the first U4C ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
:''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2024 Special Election/Announcement – reminder to vote|You can find this message translated into additional languages on Meta-wiki.]] [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&amp;group=page-{{urlencode:Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2024 Special Election/Announcement – reminder to vote}}&amp;language=&amp;action=page&amp;filter= {{int:please-translate}}]''

Dear all,

The voting period for the Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee (U4C) is closing soon. It is open through 10 August 2024. Read the information on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Election/2024_Special_Election#Voting|the voting page on Meta-wiki to learn more about voting and voter eligibility]]. If you are eligible to vote and have not voted in this special election, it is important that you vote now.

'''Why should you vote?''' The U4C is a global group dedicated to providing an equitable and consistent implementation of the UCoC. Community input into the committee membership is critical to the success of the UCoC.

Please share this message with members of your community so they can participate as well.

In cooperation with the U4C,&lt;section end=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;

-- [[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User talk:Keegan (WMF)|talk]]) 15:30, 6 August 2024 (UTC)
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== User group for Wikiversians ==

Was there ever a discussion about the possibility of establishing a user group in the sense of an affiliated organization that would defend the interests of professors and scientists on Wikiversity and possibly actively develop some projects? [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 20:21, 8 August 2024 (UTC)

:Not that I'm aware of. -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 23:20, 8 August 2024 (UTC)
:It's a pleasure to talk to a scientist on Wikiversity. I am a historian of technics and I would like to publish the following biography either on Wikiversity or on Wikipedia: 
:https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:Rbmn/Arthur_Constantin_KREBS_(1850-1935):_Military_engineer,_Automotive_industrialist,_Great_projects_manager
:What would be your advice? [[User:Rbmn|Rbmn]] ([[User talk:Rbmn|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Rbmn|contribs]]) 15:44, 6 October 2024 (UTC)
::The content appears to be largely biographical/encyclopedic, so I think it is likely best suited to Wikipedia. Consider improving/incorporating this content into the existing page: [[w:Arthur Constantin Krebs]]. -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 00:05, 7 October 2024 (UTC)
::Please do not link to the Wikiversity [[wv:userspace|Userspace]] in Wikipedia articles. You will want to wait until you have a page in the [[wv:mainspace|Wikiversity mainspace]]. You'll also want to use the &lt;code&gt;{{[[:w:Template:Wikiversity|Wikiversity]]}}&lt;/code&gt; template (on Wikipedia) rather than embedding a photo with a link. [[User:Tule-hog|Tule-hog]] ([[User talk:Tule-hog|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Tule-hog|contribs]]) 02:21, 7 October 2024 (UTC)
:I haven't heard anything about this topic. [[User:RockTransport|RockTransport]] ([[User talk:RockTransport|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/RockTransport|contribs]]) 21:06, 8 December 2024 (UTC)

== Rich's ''Illustrated Companion'' at Wikiversity: Right place? ==

Hello! I am creating a Wiki-version of a classical glossary (''Illustrated Companion to the Latin Dictionary, and Greek Lexicon'' by Anthony Rich, 1849), which explains the meaning of Latin headwords, primarily those &quot;representing visible objects connected with the arts, manufactures, and every-day life of the Greeks and Romans.&quot; The aim is to help understand what a (classical) Latin text is actually about, instead of merely translating it. I already transcribed the entire text and scanned the images (about 1900) from an original 1849-edition. I am currently working on uploading the images to ''Mediawiki Commons'', which probably will take some time. In the meantime I want to prepare the other aspects of the project (more than 3000 articles, already with many internal links). The important thing: this is ''not'' a ''might exist''-project.  {{Color|red|My question: Is ''Wikiversity'' the proper place for it?}} Although I created an exact rendition of the original text, ''Wikisource'' is not applicable, because the project has a broader scope (adding content to the articles, e. g. links to online editions for quotations, adding images, but also adding entirely new articles). Neither is ''Wikibooks'', because this is not a textbook and may otherwise breach its scope. For more about the project see [[w:User:CalRis25/Temp-RICH-Prospectus|my user-page]] at en.wikipedia. {{Color|Red|So, is Wikiversity the right place for it?}} [[User:CalRis25|CalRis25]] ([[User talk:CalRis25|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/CalRis25|contribs]]) 09:15, 17 August 2024 (UTC)

:Thanks for asking. To be clear, it ''is'' acceptable to make [[:s:en:Category:Wikisource annotations|annotated editions]] of texts at Wikisource and Wikibooks does host at least one [[:b:en:Annotations of The Complete Peanuts|annotated guide to a copyright-protected work]]. So if what you're looking to do is to include inline annotations to a public domain text, you certainly can put that on Wikisource. If you have a textbook or guidebook that is a companion, that would go at Wikibooks. If you have some other kind of learning resources (like maintaining a list of relevant links, organizing a book reading group, etc.), that could go here. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (&lt;span style=&quot;color:grey&quot;&gt;ko'''a'''vf&lt;/span&gt;)]]&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯&lt;/span&gt; 09:26, 17 August 2024 (UTC)
::Thank you for your quick answer. Actually, ''Wikibooks'' was my first thought. However, this project is not merely an annotated edition. Although at first it ''will'' be a faithful copy of the original text, I want the project to be &quot;open&quot;, i. e. adding articles should be possible. And the project should enable to do a lot more than mere inline annotation. See section [[w:User:CalRis25/Temp-RICH-Prospectus#Improving_RICH|Improving Rich]] in the project description a my user-page (en.Wikipedia). No ''Mediawiki''-project (Wikisource, Wikibooks, Wikipedia, Wiktionary) seemed to be a sufficiently applicable &quot;fit&quot; for the project, so I thought of Wikiversity as a last resort, because it is supposed to be home to all sorts of &quot;learning resources&quot;. [[User:CalRis25|CalRis25]] ([[User talk:CalRis25|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/CalRis25|contribs]]) 09:57, 17 August 2024 (UTC)
:::The scope of Wikiversity ''is'' pretty catch-all and would allow for a pretty flexible place to host most learning resources that don't fit elsewhere.
:::Also, as nitpick, &quot;MediaWiki&quot; is the software that is the basis of these wikis (wikis being collections of interlinked documents that can be edited) and &quot;Wikimedia Foundation&quot; is the non-profit who owns the trademarks and hosts these projects like Wiktionary and Wikivoyage. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (&lt;span style=&quot;color:grey&quot;&gt;ko'''a'''vf&lt;/span&gt;)]]&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯&lt;/span&gt; 10:06, 17 August 2024 (UTC)
::::Hello Justin, thank you for the reply. '''I think that settles it. I will create this project at ''Wikiversity''.''' Just for additional clarification, why I do so. Let's imagine a full transcription of the original 1849-edition of the ''Illustrated Companion'' by Anthony Rich and call it ''RICH-1849''. We shall call my project, for brevity sake, RICH-2K. And now, let's have a look at the article about the Roman toga (a piece of attire). In ''RICH-1849'' we can can call it ''RICH-1849/Toga'', and it contains ''exactly'' the content of the 1849-book. Now, let's look at the article ''RICH-2K/Toga''. At the beginning its only content would be the article ''RICH-1849/Toga''. Does that make ''RICH-2K/Toga'' and ''RICH-1849/Toga'' the same? Not at all, because in truth ''RICH-2K/Toga'' is a &quot;container&quot; which initially contains only the article ''RICH-1849/Toga'' but later on may include more stuff: images, external links, article text which builds on or extends ''RICH-1849/Toga'' and information from other sources of information (Wikipedia, specialized books). By the way, this added article information would not be a mere copy of the text at en.Wikipedia, because the information needs to looked at through the eyes of someone reading the original text (more citations with direct links to these etc.). [[User:CalRis25|CalRis25]] ([[User talk:CalRis25|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/CalRis25|contribs]]) 11:39, 17 August 2024 (UTC)

== Coming soon: A new sub-referencing feature – try it! ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;Sub-referencing&quot;/&gt;
[[File:Sub-referencing reuse visual.png|{{#ifeq:{{#dir}}|ltr|right|left}}|400px]]
Hello. For many years, community members have requested an easy way to re-use references with different details. Now, a MediaWiki solution is coming: The new sub-referencing feature will work for wikitext and Visual Editor and will enhance the existing reference system. You can continue to use different ways of referencing, but you will probably encounter sub-references in articles written by other users. More information on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing|the project page]].

'''We want your feedback''' to make sure this feature works well for you:

* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing#Test|Please try]] the current state of development on beta wiki and [[m:Talk:WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing|let us know what you think]]. 
* [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing/Sign-up|Sign up here]] to get updates and/or invites to participate in user research activities.

[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Deutschland|Wikimedia Deutschland]]’s [[m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes|Technical Wishes]] team is planning to bring this feature to Wikimedia wikis later this year. We will reach out to creators/maintainers of tools and templates related to references beforehand.

Please help us spread the message. --[[m:User:Johannes Richter (WMDE)|Johannes Richter (WMDE)]] ([[m:User talk:Johannes Richter (WMDE)|talk]]) 10:36, 19 August 2024 (UTC)
&lt;section end=&quot;Sub-referencing&quot;/&gt;
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== New [[Template:Form]] ==

Hi! Today I was bold and created [[Template:Form]] (which calls [[Module:WikiForm]] and [[MediaWiki:Gadget-WikiForm.js]]). The template allows to create user-friendly forms that can create pages or add content to existing pages. My motivation and first use case was [[Wikidebate/New|this form]] to create new [[wikidebates]], but I suspect the template can be useful elsewhere on Wikiversity. Let me know if you notice any issues or have any requests or concerns. Kind regards, [[User:Sophivorus|Sophivorus]] ([[User talk:Sophivorus|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Sophivorus|contribs]]) 15:21, 21 August 2024 (UTC)

== Sign up for the language community meeting on August 30th, 15:00 UTC ==

Hi all,

The next language community meeting is scheduled in a few weeks—on August 30th at 15:00 UTC. If you're interested in joining, you can [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Language_and_Product_Localization/Community_meetings#30_August_2024 sign up on this wiki page].

This participant-driven meeting will focus on sharing language-specific updates related to various projects, discussing technical issues related to language wikis, and working together to find possible solutions. For example, in the last meeting, topics included the Language Converter, the state of language research, updates on the Incubator conversations, and technical challenges around external links not working with special characters on Bengali sites.

Do you have any ideas for topics to share technical updates or discuss challenges? Please add agenda items to the document [https://etherpad.wikimedia.org/p/language-community-meeting-aug-2024 here] and reach out to ssethi(__AT__)wikimedia.org. We look forward to your participation!

[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 23:20, 22 August 2024 (UTC)
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== Template consolidation: User talk page block notice ==
Wondering if someone who likes templates could have a go at consolidating or helping decide between use of:
* [[Template:Block]]
* [[Template:Blocked]]

Unless I'm missing something, it seems like we don't need both?

-- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 07:16, 23 August 2024 (UTC)
: I tried to figure out a Wikidata item with most links to projects. I found this: [[Wikidata:Q6379131]], which is Template:Uw-block. There is even a corresponding Wikiversity template, [[Template:Uw-block1]] (not used anywhere).
: My impression is that of the three templates, we only need one. --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 14:43, 13 September 2024 (UTC)

== Announcing the Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
:''[https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/board-elections@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/OKCCN2CANIH2K7DXJOL2GPVDFWL27R7C/ Original message at wikimedia-l]. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2024 Special Election/Announcement - results|You can find this message translated into additional languages on Meta-wiki.]] [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&amp;group=page-{{urlencode:Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2024 Special Election/Announcement - results}}&amp;language=&amp;action=page&amp;filter= {{int:please-translate}}]''

Hello all,

The scrutineers have finished reviewing the vote and the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Elections Committee|Elections Committee]] have certified the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2024 Special Election/Results|results]] for the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2024 Special Election|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee (U4C) special election]].

I am pleased to announce the following individual as regional members of the U4C, who will fulfill a term until 15 June 2026:

* North America (USA and Canada)
** Ajraddatz

The following seats were not filled during this special election:

* Latin America and Caribbean
* Central and East Europe (CEE)
* Sub-Saharan Africa
* South Asia
* The four remaining Community-At-Large seats

Thank you again to everyone who participated in this process and much appreciation to the candidates for your leadership and dedication to the Wikimedia movement and community.

Over the next few weeks, the U4C will begin meeting and planning the 2024-25 year in supporting the implementation and review of the UCoC and Enforcement Guidelines. You can follow their work on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee|Meta-Wiki]].

On behalf of the U4C and the Elections Committee,&lt;section end=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;

[[m:User:RamzyM (WMF)|RamzyM (WMF)]] 14:07, 2 September 2024 (UTC)
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== Re: The Vector 2022 skin as the default in two weeks? ==

[[File:Vector 2022 video-en.webm|thumb|A two minute-long video about Vector 2022]]
Hello everyone, I'm reaching out on behalf of the [[mediawikiwiki:Reading/Web|Wikimedia Foundation Web team]] responsible for the MediaWiki skins. I'd like to revisit the topic of making Vector 2022 the default here on English Wikiversity. I [[Wikiversity:Colloquium/archives/September 2022#The Vector 2022 skin as the default in two weeks?|did post a message about this almost two years ago]] (where you can find all the details about the skin), but we didn't finalize it back then.

What happened in the meantime? We built [[mw:Reading/Web/Accessibility for reading|dark mode and different options for font sizes]], and made Vector 2022 the default on most wikis, including all other Wikiversities. With the not-so-new V22 skin being the default, existing and coming features, like dark mode and [[mw:Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts|temporary accounts]] respectively, will become available for logged-out users here.

So, if no large concerns are raised, we will deploy Vector 2022 here in two weeks, in the week of September 16. Do let me know if you have any questions. Thank you! [[User:SGrabarczuk (WMF)|SGrabarczuk (WMF)]] ([[User talk:SGrabarczuk (WMF)|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/SGrabarczuk (WMF)|contribs]]) 21:48, 2 September 2024 (UTC)

:Sounds good, Szymon - we look forward to the upcoming change of skin {{smile}} Sincerely, James -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 07:35, 13 September 2024 (UTC)
* I for one oppose a switch to Vector 2022. I do not find it preferable. Here is a staggering evidence of user refusal of Vector 2022 once it was deployed: [[W:en:Wikipedia:Requests for comment/Rollback of Vector 2022]], Junuary 2023. 355 voters supported rollback to Vector 2010 whereas 64 opposed, yielding 84.7% support, as clear a supermajority as one may wish. These people opposing Vector 2022 feel the same way as I do. --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 10:48, 13 September 2024 (UTC)
*:Hey @[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]]. Thanks for your comment. I'm open to discussion about problems with our software, and I hope we can maintain a respectful tone.
*:I understand that there are users who prefer Vector legacy or other skins, just as there are people who still stick to Monobook. Such people are active across many wikis. They can keep Vector legacy, although non-default skins don't have the support the default ones do. We are rolling out for technical reasons, as I mentioned above, with benefit to not logged-in users.
*:Regarding the rollback RfC on Wikipedia, two neutral users stated that there was no consensus for rollback, RfC is not a vote, and the numbers were different (355:226:24). I believe this all is pretty easy to verify.
*:So to sum up, Vector 2022 needs to become the default, tons and tons of comments were made about the skin and related stuff, and we have taken many ideas into account, and it's totally OK if you stick to Vector legacy.
*:Thanks! [[User:SGrabarczuk (WMF)|SGrabarczuk (WMF)]] ([[User talk:SGrabarczuk (WMF)|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/SGrabarczuk (WMF)|contribs]]) 19:30, 16 September 2024 (UTC)
*:: Today, I visited Wikiversity and found it switched to Vector 2022. I changed my preference settings to Vector 2010. From what I understand, non-registered visitors are now defaulted to Vector 2022 despite its unpopularity in [[W:en:Wikipedia:Requests for comment/Rollback of Vector 2022]]. I have not seen any evidence that users prefer Vector 2022, and given the evidence in the linked RfC, I tentatively conclude that the decision to switch has made the site experience worse for the majority of users. The logic of &quot;you can switch&quot; surely applies to Vector 2022 as well: those who prefer it can switch to it. --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 05:08, 17 September 2024 (UTC)

== Have your say: Vote for the 2024 Board of Trustees! ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
Hello all,

The voting period for the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2024|2024 Board of Trustees election]] is now open. There are twelve (12) candidates running for four (4) seats on the Board.

Learn more about the candidates by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2024/Candidates|reading their statements]] and their [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Foundation_elections/2024/Questions_for_candidates|answers to community questions]].

When you are ready, go to the [[Special:SecurePoll/vote/400|SecurePoll]] voting page to vote. '''The vote is open from September 3rd at 00:00 UTC to September 17th at 23:59 UTC'''.

To check your voter eligibility, please visit the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Foundation_elections/2024/Voter_eligibility_guidelines|voter eligibility page]].

Best regards,

The Elections Committee and Board Selection Working Group&lt;section end=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;

[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 12:15, 3 September 2024 (UTC)
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== Separate page for hyperbola. ==

Good morning,

I notice that a search for &quot;hyperbola&quot; redirects to &quot;Conic sections&quot;.

At present there is a separate page for &quot;ellipse&quot;. Therefore a separate page for &quot;hyperbola&quot; seems to be justified.

Could this redirection be changed so that search for &quot;hyperbola&quot; goes to a separate page for &quot;hyperbola&quot;?

Many thanks,

[[User:ThaniosAkro|ThaniosAkro]] ([[User talk:ThaniosAkro|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/ThaniosAkro|contribs]]) 12:04, 15 September 2024 (UTC)

:It is true that ellipses are covered at [[Conic sections]] (along with hyperbolas, parabolas, etc.) and there is a separate page for [[ellipse]]s that elaborates. We certainly ''could'' have a page about [[hyperbola]]s that is separate, but no one has written sufficient content to spin it off yet. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (&lt;span style=&quot;color:grey&quot;&gt;ko'''a'''vf&lt;/span&gt;)]]&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯&lt;/span&gt; 12:17, 15 September 2024 (UTC)

== I hereby request for your Unblocking IP address and just reviewed and received a reverted rec ==

Hi there. {{unsigned|Ishmael Raphasha}}
:No one has any clue what you're talking about. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (&lt;span style=&quot;color:grey&quot;&gt;ko'''a'''vf&lt;/span&gt;)]]&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯&lt;/span&gt; 16:53, 18 September 2024 (UTC)

== RICH-2K: New project with some initial questions ==

Hello! I'm creating a new learning resource on ''Wikiversity''. The respective project is based on my transcription of a classical dictionary from 1849 by Anthony Rich. For more information about the project see its [[User:CalRis25/RICH: Description|description page]] (see also that page for why not ''Wikisource'' or ''Wikibooks''). The project's scope is fairly big: 3205 article-pages plus 304 REDIRECT-pages. The images (scanned by myself from an original copy) have been uploaded to ''Commons''. I have some initial technical questions (more of these and more detailed ones will follow):

* '''Upload''': Due to the large number of pages it is not realistic to create these manually. Is it possible to bulk-upload these in some way (the Wikitext of the pages is created using a Python-script with one file per article/page)? Is it possible to upload these to a test-environment first where any problems (hopefully none) can be identified and dealt with more easily than on the production-version of ''Wikiversity''?
* '''(Technical) Structure''': I am planning to set up this project at ''&lt;nowiki&gt;https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/RICH-2K&lt;/nowiki&gt;'' as the main page and anything else as subpages: ''RICH-2K/Subpage_1 ... RICH-2K/Subpage_n''. However, these subpages fall into two categories: 1. Article-pages (content) and 2. Meta/Administrative pages. This project requires search capability restricted to the ''RICH-2K''-namespace. The ''Mediawiki''-software seems to supply a ''Search''-input field with the possibility to restrict the search to some namespace. I would like, however, to restrict the search further to the first group of pages, namely the articles. Is that possible, perhaps by use of (hidden) categories?
* '''External links''': This project will need many external links, and yes, I have read the relevant ''Wikiversity''-pages, but this specific project needs them. The ''Recommended Editions''-page (used for recommended online editions, to which to link when citing texts) alone probably will require several hundred external links. However, only relatively few [[w:Second-level domain|second-level domains]] will be involved, and most of these should be trustworthy (Perseus Digital library, digital collections of universities etc., in some cases, however, also ''Archive.org''). Perhaps there is a list of web-sites, for which external links are generally allowed? And who is allowed to create external links on ''Wikiversity''-pages (I haven't found the relevant policy)?
* '''Categories''': This project requires quite a few of its own categories, which belong to two large groups: 1. Categories (2 levels) of the ''Classed Index'' (about 170 categories), a thematic index of some (but not all) of the articles. 2. Administrative categories. Is there a recommended way to distinguish between different classes of categories within a project (category name or other method)? What about naming conventions for project-specific categories?

I am looking forward to your input. If you think that it's preferable we can move the discussions to the [[User_talk:CalRis25/RICH:_Description|Talk-page]] of the project's description. Thank you in advance. [[User:CalRis25|CalRis25]] ([[User talk:CalRis25|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/CalRis25|contribs]]) 05:29, 20 September 2024 (UTC)

:*Admins have access to [[Special:Import]] and can bulk import XML pages. You can create pages in your sandbox if you'd like and make an indefinite amount of them at pages like [[User:CalRis25/sandbox]]. What can and cannot be hosted in user namespace is very loose, but still has to follow in principle Wikiversity's scope.
:*Using subpages is in principle a good way to organize these various resources. Please do not name them after a user name or something obscure. I personally think that &quot;RICH-2K&quot; is a not optimal name. I may recommend something like [[Anthony Rich Dictionary Project]] or [[21st-Century Anthony Rich Dictionary]] or something more obviously intelligible. While we have very few actual policies and guidelines, see [[Wikiversity:Naming conventions]] for a rough consensus of what is probably best practice for naming pages.
:*External linking generally does not use an allowed list (a.k.a. whitelist model), but a disallow (a.k.a. blacklist) model. See [[MediaWiki:Spam-blacklist]] and [[Special:BlockedExternalDomains]] (which is currently empty but is another method of listing blocked domains). It's perfectly fine to aggregate external links in learning resources.
:*I'm not 100% sure what the distinction is that you're drawing, but you can freely arrange categories underneath a main category that has the same name as your larger project. So, following the suggestions I gave, you could have a category like [[:Category:Anthony Rich Dictionary Project]] and then create any number of subcategories that logically help users navigate all these pages. Please make sure the main category you create is itself categorized under some relevant category(ies). If you need help, please ask.
:I think this answers your questions, please let me know if I'm unclear or you have more. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (&lt;span style=&quot;color:grey&quot;&gt;ko'''a'''vf&lt;/span&gt;)]]&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯&lt;/span&gt; 06:11, 20 September 2024 (UTC)
::Hello Justin!
::* '''Upload:''' Creating the project in sandbox pages of my User-namespace defeats the purpose, as this is an ''open'' project. Also that would not solve, as such, the problem of having to manually create thousands of pages. I wonder, does ''Wikiversity'' support creation of pages using its API. ''Mediawiki's'' [[mw:API:Main_page|API-description]] seems to imply that it ought to be possible. If that's the case, I should be able to create a Python-script which automatically creates the pages (of course, a few trial pages first).
::* '''(Technical) Structure''': You may be right, here. RICH-2K is, for now, merely a technical name to make a clear but not too verbose distinction between the original text and the current project. I'll give this more thought.
::* '''External links''': I brought this up mainly because when I first edited my ''Wikiversity''-page, I got a message that I was not allowed to create external links. However, I just now tested creating an external link on my user-page and got no error, so this problem seems to be solved.
::* '''Categories''': I think I know what you mean. I'll create a category structure and maybe ask some specific questions once I am ready to do so.
::Thank you for your quick help. [[User:CalRis25|CalRis25]] ([[User talk:CalRis25|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/CalRis25|contribs]]) 18:51, 20 September 2024 (UTC)
:::re: upload, I'm just suggesting your sandbox(es) as you asked about &quot;a test-environment&quot;. Anyone can edit someone else's sandboxes, but you typically defer to other users to control what's in their own subpages as a collegial thing. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (&lt;span style=&quot;color:grey&quot;&gt;ko'''a'''vf&lt;/span&gt;)]]&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯&lt;/span&gt; 22:39, 23 September 2024 (UTC)

Hello! I have two further questions:
# I created a category-structure for the project. Could you (or someone else) have a look at it ([[User:CalRis25/RICH: Categories]]) and answer the questions in the section [[User:CalRis25/RICH:_Categories#Questions|Questions]]? I gave it some thought and believe that this would work fine for the project.
# ''Project boxes'' (see [[Help:Tour of project boxes]]): It is unclear to me, whether these belong only on the main page of the project (that makes the most sense to me), or on every single subpage.
Thanks in advance for your help. [[User:CalRis25|CalRis25]] ([[User talk:CalRis25|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/CalRis25|contribs]]) 17:51, 24 September 2024 (UTC)

:To answer your questions here:
:*No, you are not contravening any policies we have.
:*A leading &quot;The&quot; is acceptable, but if you want it to sort alphabetically, you will have to use &lt;nowiki&gt;{{DEFAULTSORT:}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;. E.g. to get Category:The Best Stuff to sort under &quot;B&quot;, insert &quot;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{DEFAULTSORT:Best Stuff, The}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;.
:*Trailing &quot;etc.&quot; is acceptable.
:*An accent in a category title is acceptable.
:I'll also note that it looks like you have in mind some tracking categories that are redundant. Pages such as [[Special:LonelyPages]] and [[Special:DeadendPages]] already do automatically what you're proposing to do manually.
:As for project boxes, it's typically the case that the subjects are only placed on the main resource, but as you may imagine, [[Help:Tour of project boxes/1|status completion ones]] may vary from subpage to subpage. As with most things at Wikiversity, there are very few actual rules, so it's pretty much the wild west, even tho this project has been around for almost 20&amp;nbsp;years. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (&lt;span style=&quot;color:grey&quot;&gt;ko'''a'''vf&lt;/span&gt;)]]&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯&lt;/span&gt; 09:18, 25 September 2024 (UTC)
::Hello Justin, thanks for the DEFAULTSORT-hint for categories beginning with ''The''. I will restrict the project boxes to the main page. As for the the orphaned/dead-end-categories, I prefer these to be project-specific. Once the project is up and running, putting articles &quot;on the map&quot; (making them accessible from other articles and creating links to other articles) is one of the first tasks to be dealt with. I already know which articles are involved and will add these categories to these articles. [[User:CalRis25|CalRis25]] ([[User talk:CalRis25|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/CalRis25|contribs]]) 16:51, 25 September 2024 (UTC)

== Your wiki will be in read-only soon ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;server-switch&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;

[[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|Read this message in another language]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&amp;group=page-Tech%2FServer+switch&amp;language=&amp;action=page&amp;filter= {{int:please-translate}}]

The [[foundation:|Wikimedia Foundation]] will switch the traffic between its data centers. This will make sure that Wikipedia and the other Wikimedia wikis can stay online even after a disaster.

All traffic will switch on '''{{#time:j xg|2024-09-25|en}}'''. The switch will start at '''[https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/{{#time:U|2024-09-25T15:00|en}} {{#time:H:i e|2024-09-25T15:00}}]'''.

Unfortunately, because of some limitations in [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:What is MediaWiki?|MediaWiki]], all editing must stop while the switch is made. We apologize for this disruption, and we are working to minimize it in the future. 

A banner will be displayed on all wikis 30 minutes before this operation happens. This banner will remain visible until the end of the operation. 

'''You will be able to read, but not edit, all wikis for a short period of time.'''

*You will not be able to edit for up to an hour on {{#time:l j xg Y|2024-09-25|en}}.
*If you try to edit or save during these times, you will see an error message. We hope that no edits will be lost during these minutes, but we can't guarantee it. If you see the error message, then please wait until everything is back to normal. Then you should be able to save your edit. But, we recommend that you make a copy of your changes first, just in case.

''Other effects'':

*Background jobs will be slower and some may be dropped. Red links might not be updated as quickly as normal. If you create an article that is already linked somewhere else, the link will stay red longer than usual. Some long-running scripts will have to be stopped.
* We expect the code deployments to happen as any other week. However, some case-by-case code freezes could punctually happen if the operation require them afterwards.
* [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/GitLab|GitLab]] will be unavailable for about 90 minutes.

This project may be postponed if necessary. You can [[wikitech:Switch_Datacenter|read the schedule at wikitech.wikimedia.org]]. Any changes will be announced in the schedule. 

'''Please share this information with your community.'''&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;server-switch&quot;/&gt;

[[User:Trizek_(WMF)|Trizek_(WMF)]], 09:37, 20 September 2024 (UTC)
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== 'Wikidata item' link is moving. Find out where... ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;Apologies for cross-posting in English. Please consider translating this message.&lt;/i&gt;{{tracked|T66315}}

Hello everyone, a small change will soon be coming to the user-interface of your Wikimedia project.
The [[d:Q16222597|Wikidata item]] [[w:|sitelink]] currently found under the &lt;span style=&quot;color: #54595d;&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;''General''&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/span&gt; section of the '''Tools''' sidebar menu will move into the &lt;span style=&quot;color: #54595d;&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;''In Other Projects''&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/span&gt; section.

We would like the Wiki communities feedback so please let us know or ask questions on the   [[m:Talk:Wikidata_For_Wikimedia_Projects/Projects/Move_Wikidata_item_link|Discussion page]] before we enable the change which can take place October 4 2024, circa 15:00 UTC+2.
More information can be found on [[m:Wikidata_For_Wikimedia_Projects/Projects/Move_Wikidata_item_link|the project page]].&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;We welcome your feedback and questions.&lt;br&gt; [[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 18:56, 27 September 2024 (UTC)
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==Download as PDF==
[[Phabricator:T376438]]: &quot;Download to PDF&quot; on en.wv is returning error: &quot;{&quot;name&quot;:&quot;HTTPError&quot;,&quot;message&quot;:&quot;500&quot;,&quot;status&quot;:500,&quot;detail&quot;:&quot;Internal Server Error&quot;}&quot;

-- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 22:36, 3 October 2024 (UTC)

:I just downloaded this page as a PDF and it worked just fine. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (&lt;span style=&quot;color:grey&quot;&gt;ko'''a'''vf&lt;/span&gt;)]]&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯&lt;/span&gt; 23:04, 3 October 2024 (UTC)

== Protected template bug for Pp ==

It seems that templates derivative of {{tlx|Pp}} (compiled in {{tlx|Protection templates}}) are being sorted into protection categories using the name 'Wikipedia' instead of 'Wikiversity' (e.g., [[:Category:Wikipedia pages with incorrect protection templates]]). From what I can tell, it is not in the publicly accessible source code of any of the templates. The only other impacted pages are modules which call {{tlx|pp}}-derivatives (e.g., [[Module:Navbar/styles.css]]).

This does not seem to affect any other pages in [[:Category:Wikiversity protected templates]]. [[User:Tule-hog|Tule-hog]] ([[User talk:Tule-hog|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Tule-hog|contribs]]) 18:59, 4 October 2024 (UTC)

:The problem is that &quot;Wikipedia&quot; is [https://en.wikiversity.org/w/index.php?title=Special%3ASearch&amp;limit=500&amp;offset=0&amp;ns828=1&amp;search=Wikipedia&amp;searchToken=9svkpqlxxoquoq7bnkt55ugts mentioned in several modules that were copied over from en.wp]; many of these are legit and many of them need to be replaced with &quot;Wikiversity&quot; ([https://en.wikiversity.org/w/index.php?title=Module%3APp-move-indef&amp;diff=2662815&amp;oldid=1944984 e.g.]) This particular change ''may'' fix all of these issues...? But 1.) it will take time to propagate across the site and 2.) there are still many more &quot;Wikipedia&quot;s that need to be changed, so I'll go thru a few more, but if you want to give me an assist, if you can just check this one week from now and ping me if the problem persists, that would be nice. Sometimes, I make calendar reminders to follow up on these, but I'm not a perfect person. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (&lt;span style=&quot;color:grey&quot;&gt;ko'''a'''vf&lt;/span&gt;)]]&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯&lt;/span&gt; 04:55, 5 October 2024 (UTC)

== Invitation to Participate in Wiki Loves Ramadan Community Engagement Survey ==

Dear all,


We are excited to announce the upcoming [[m:Wiki Loves Ramadan|Wiki Loves Ramadan]] event, a global initiative aimed at celebrating Ramadan by enriching Wikipedia and its sister projects with content related to this significant time of year. As we plan to organize this event globally, your insights and experiences are crucial in shaping the best possible participation experience for the community.

To ensure that Wiki Loves Ramadan is engaging, inclusive, and impactful, we kindly invite you to participate in our community engagement survey. Your feedback will help us understand the needs of the community, set the event's focus, and guide our strategies for organizing this global event.

Survey link: https://forms.gle/f66MuzjcPpwzVymu5

Please take a few minutes to share your thoughts. Your input will make a difference!

Thank you for being a part of our journey to make Wiki Loves Ramadan a success.


Warm regards,

User:ZI Jony 03:19, 6 October 2024 (UTC)

Wiki Loves Ramadan Organizing Team
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== 'Edit to my talk page' notification bug? ==

This may belong at the bug tracker, but does anyone else have an issue disabling ''email'' notifications upon  an 'Edit to my talk page' in [[Special:GlobalPreferences]]? Oddly I ''am'' able to disable the global preference on Wikipedia, MediaWiki, etc, but not here. [[User:Tule-hog|Tule-hog]] ([[User talk:Tule-hog|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Tule-hog|contribs]]) 09:23, 7 October 2024 (UTC)

:I have not experienced this, but to be clear, do you also have the option to get emails when items on your talk page are edited turned on? —[[User:Koavf|Justin (&lt;span style=&quot;color:grey&quot;&gt;ko'''a'''vf&lt;/span&gt;)]]&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯&lt;/span&gt; 09:39, 7 October 2024 (UTC)
::The only (non-grayed out) options I have enabled for email are 'Failed login attempts' and 'Login from an unfamiliar device'. 'Edit to my talk page' re-checks after every save. [[User:Tule-hog|Tule-hog]] ([[User talk:Tule-hog|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Tule-hog|contribs]]) 09:54, 7 October 2024 (UTC)
:::That does sound like a [[phab:]] issue, with the caveat that I don't 100% recall how global preferences work and if they override local ones, etc. If you have parsed that and still have this issue, you'll probably need to file a ticket. Maybe someone else has this issue. Wish I could help. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (&lt;span style=&quot;color:grey&quot;&gt;ko'''a'''vf&lt;/span&gt;)]]&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯&lt;/span&gt; 09:57, 7 October 2024 (UTC)
::::[[phab:T376601|Off 'n away]] 🫡 [[User:Tule-hog|Tule-hog]] ([[User talk:Tule-hog|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Tule-hog|contribs]]) 10:35, 7 October 2024 (UTC)

== [[Portal:Computer Science]] ➝ [[Portal:Information sciences]] ==

Seeking consensus to complete the merge into the broader portal. [[User:Tule-hog|Tule-hog]] ([[User talk:Tule-hog|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Tule-hog|contribs]]) 06:28, 8 October 2024 (UTC)

:Why should it be merged? Computer Science seems well-enough designed. What is the incentive to collapse it into a broader field of study? —[[User:Koavf|Justin (&lt;span style=&quot;color:grey&quot;&gt;ko'''a'''vf&lt;/span&gt;)]]&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯&lt;/span&gt; 07:18, 8 October 2024 (UTC)
::Portals as top level organizations allowing for content to be best centralized. Also note that I did not start the merge, just offering to finish it. Perhaps a {{tlx|prod}} instead? [[User:Tule-hog|Tule-hog]] ([[User talk:Tule-hog|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Tule-hog|contribs]]) 07:20, 8 October 2024 (UTC)
:::I have no objections, personally. If it gets done, please use a redirect and should someone want to come along to resurrect it later, it will be easier. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (&lt;span style=&quot;color:grey&quot;&gt;ko'''a'''vf&lt;/span&gt;)]]&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯&lt;/span&gt; 07:21, 8 October 2024 (UTC)
: Is computer science really a branch of information sciences? I would not think so, but what do I know. Do we have some external resources/links confirm this idea? [[W:Information science]] currently says: &quot;Information science, documentology[1] or informatology[2][3] is an academic field which is primarily concerned with analysis, collection, classification, manipulation, storage, retrieval, movement, dissemination, and protection of information.&quot; --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 14:49, 11 October 2024 (UTC)
::Looking through [https://stackoverflow.com/q/1047014/22673230] [https://businessdegrees.uab.edu/mis-degree-bachelors/resources/computer-information-systems-vs-computer-science/] [https://www.si.umich.edu/student-experience/what-information-science] a few top (not necessarily RS) searches I'm inclined to agree. I am more familiar with the grafted [[:w:Information and computer science|information ''and'' computer science]] which makes an effort to merge the disciplines, but it does not seem like reaching to say that IS is presented as more applications-concerned (certainly with no lack of theoretical abstraction), whereas CS can be more freely associated with any and all 'science related to computers'. It is easy to reason about the connection between the fields, but I think it is clear academia maintains this taxonomy for a good reason.
::With these considerations, I think I will ''stop'' the process of merging in favor of expanding the existing [[School:Library and Information Science]]. 

::Let me know if there is not consensus to redirect [[Portal:Information sciences]] to [[School:Library and Information Science]] (with enough expansion it can generalize away from just library sciences). [[User:Tule-hog|Tule-hog]] ([[User talk:Tule-hog|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Tule-hog|contribs]]) 16:16, 11 October 2024 (UTC)
::: I do not see that a merge of a ''portal'' to a ''school'' is a good thing. Do you have a clear idea of the concepts of school and portal and how they relate to each other? --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 16:34, 11 October 2024 (UTC)
::::Found [[:Category:Information sciences]]; there are enough existing resources in there to make my other proposed merge excessive. I will simply continue developing the existing [[Portal:Information sciences]] instead. [[User:Tule-hog|Tule-hog]] ([[User talk:Tule-hog|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Tule-hog|contribs]]) 17:05, 11 October 2024 (UTC)
::::: Frankly, I would ideally see [[Portal:Information sciences]] deleted: I don't see what it does that a category would not do well enough. There does not seem to be any material specific to &quot;Information sciences&quot; (whatever that is) in that portal at all. --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 17:11, 11 October 2024 (UTC)
::::::Tacked a {{tlx|prod}} for an eventual deletion, but I may still try to develop it as proof of concept at some point. [[User:Tule-hog|Tule-hog]] ([[User talk:Tule-hog|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Tule-hog|contribs]]) 17:33, 11 October 2024 (UTC)

== [[:Category:Occupational Epidemiology]] ==

I propose moving the pages in this category (without leaving redirects) to their equivalent under the parent resource [[Occupational Health Risk Surveillance]]. Also due to the number of subpages, it seems &lt;code&gt;|filing=deep&lt;/code&gt; would be a justified. (Also [[Special:PrefixIndex/Occupational_Epidemiology|there are quite a few]] untagged subpages.) [[User:Tule-hog|Tule-hog]] ([[User talk:Tule-hog|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Tule-hog|contribs]]) 05:11, 9 October 2024 (UTC)
: I above all think that the content should be ''moved out of the mainspace'': I do not see readers learning anything from e.g. [[Occupational Epidemiology/Research tools/Reading of scientific articles for learning epidemiology and biostatstics]] or [[Occupational Epidemiology/Research tools/Ongoing projects/Risk Communication in Seafaring/Writing the article guideline IMRAD]]. Wikiversity can be kind enough to host that material in, say, subspace of [[User:Saltrabook]], but more should not be asked, I think. Let us recall that per [[WV:Deletions]], &quot;Resources may be eligible for proposed deletion when education objectives and learning outcomes are scarce, and objections to deletion are unlikely&quot;; I do not see how learning outcomes can be anything but scarce. --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 15:04, 11 October 2024 (UTC)
::thank you, agree @ [[User:Saltrabook|Saltrabook]] ([[User talk:Saltrabook|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Saltrabook|contribs]]) 21:03, 13 November 2024 (UTC)

== Active editors ==

It is interesting to observe the stats on [https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikiversity.org/contributing/active-editors/normal|line|all|(page_type)~content*non-content|monthly active editors] through the project's history. October is our month! [[User:Tule-hog|Tule-hog]] ([[User talk:Tule-hog|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Tule-hog|contribs]]) 20:44, 8 October 2024 (UTC)

:Odd. Maybe related to the school year? —[[User:Koavf|Justin (&lt;span style=&quot;color:grey&quot;&gt;ko'''a'''vf&lt;/span&gt;)]]&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯&lt;/span&gt; 02:10, 9 October 2024 (UTC)
::I wonder how many are [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]]'s crowd... the number is in the hundreds though, so that is one chunky cohort —[[User:Tule-hog|Tule-hog]] ([[User talk:Tule-hog|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Tule-hog|contribs]]) 02:16, 9 October 2024 (UTC)
:::Yes, [[Motivation and emotion/Book]] involves ~100-150 students editing most intensely during October each year. -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 02:20, 9 October 2024 (UTC)
::::Neat, that still leaves around ~50-100 other students from other avenues each year since 2021. I also wonder which projects were involved in the COVID enrollment spike. [[User:Tule-hog|Tule-hog]] ([[User talk:Tule-hog|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Tule-hog|contribs]]) 02:26, 9 October 2024 (UTC)
:::::Personally I can admit that my editing is much more active during the school season vs. the summer break, so I'm in the same boat as Jtneill's students. —[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] [[User talk:Atcovi|(Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Atcovi|Contribs)]] 21:24, 13 November 2024 (UTC)
:@[[User:Tule-hog|Tule-hog]] This is an interesting topic, but it is not clear to me as an outsider what you and other participants in this discussion find interesting. I  find this graph not very meaningful because it does not tell me if the number of  Active editors has gone up or down during the period covered, which I think was 2000-now. 
:I can see a big jump between 2000 and 2007, but what happened since then? [[User:Ottawahitech|Ottawahitech]] ([[User talk:Ottawahitech|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Ottawahitech|contribs]]) 15:45, 16 December 2024 (UTC)

== Intentionally incorrect resource ==

There is a [[Special:Diff/2583464|disclaimer inserted onto a resource]] (by not the original author) that:
&lt;blockquote&gt;I am merely [making this page false] to show you (The viewer) that Wikipedia and this page 'Wikiversity' is bull sh*t and it will not give you the reliability you need when writing an academic piece of writing.&lt;/blockquote&gt;
However, that IP has [[Special:Contributions/86.22.73.151|not made any other edits]], so unless they vandalized via a sock, the intent went un-realized and only that portion need be removed. Bumping here in case there is some obvious jumbo in that essay that someone else can catch. [[User:Tule-hog|Tule-hog]] ([[User talk:Tule-hog|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Tule-hog|contribs]]) 16:58, 9 October 2024 (UTC)

:Removed that portion, which was obviously vandalism. No perspective on the rest of the essay. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (&lt;span style=&quot;color:grey&quot;&gt;ko'''a'''vf&lt;/span&gt;)]]&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯&lt;/span&gt; 18:38, 9 October 2024 (UTC)

== [[:Category:Proposed guidelines]] ==

Noting for future editors that WV has collapsed all proposals into [[:Category:Proposed policies|proposed policies]]. Seeking consensus to further collapse [[:Category:Wikiversity proposals]] into the former, or to restore [[:Category:Proposed guidelines]]. [[User:Tule-hog|Tule-hog]] ([[User talk:Tule-hog|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Tule-hog|contribs]]) 19:19, 9 October 2024 (UTC)

== [[Around Wikiversity in 80 Seconds|Broken 80-second tour]] ==

Bumping a [[Talk:Around_Wikiversity_in_80_Seconds|comment]] on the ''Wikiversity in 80 seconds'' tour. Appears wikisuite is not working with the Vector 2022 appearance. 

Also see [[:w:Wikipedia:Miscellany_for_deletion/Wikiversuite_pages|this thread]] on the Wikiversal package - may not be relevant to Wikiversity, but FYC. [[User:Tule-hog|Tule-hog]] ([[User talk:Tule-hog|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Tule-hog|contribs]]) 00:26, 10 October 2024 (UTC)
: I would just delete the material; I do not see value in it. If others agree, I would try to articulate why I think it should be deleted (or move to author user space). --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 06:57, 13 October 2024 (UTC)
::Just mark as {{tl|historical}}. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (&lt;span style=&quot;color:grey&quot;&gt;ko'''a'''vf&lt;/span&gt;)]]&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯&lt;/span&gt; 17:39, 13 October 2024 (UTC)
::: This thing was created by [[User:Planotse]]. His creations are now being discussed in Wikibooks for deletion: [[B:Wikibooks:Requests for deletion#Wikiversal generated pages]]. It seems he used some kind of tool that is no longer available (the above mentioned &quot;Wikiversal&quot; package) to create this kind of slideshow-like material (believing the Wikibooks discussion). I do not see value of this in the mainspace, not even as historical (I am okay with userspace, but maybe even that is not the best option?). A look at the source code of [[Around Wikiversity in 80 Seconds/Introduction]] confirms the words of Omphalographer, namely that &quot;the HTML-heavy markup generated by Wikiversal makes them [the pages] unreasonably difficult to edit.&quot;
::: I went ahead and marked the page for proposed deletion. --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 09:35, 14 October 2024 (UTC)

== Preliminary results of the 2024 Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees elections ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
Hello all,

Thank you to everyone who participated in the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2024|2024 Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees election]]. Close to 6000 community members from more than 180 wiki projects have voted.

The following four candidates were the most voted:

# [[User:Kritzolina|Christel Steigenberger]]
# [[User:Nadzik|Maciej Artur Nadzikiewicz]]
# [[User:Victoria|Victoria Doronina]]
# [[User:Laurentius|Lorenzo Losa]]

While these candidates have been ranked through the vote, they still need to be appointed to the Board of Trustees. They need to pass a successful background check and meet the qualifications outlined in the Bylaws. New trustees will be appointed at the next Board meeting in December 2024.

[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Foundation_elections/2024/Results|Learn more about the results on Meta-Wiki.]]

Best regards,

The Elections Committee and Board Selection Working Group

&lt;section end=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;

[[User:MPossoupe_(WMF)|MPossoupe_(WMF)]] 08:26, 14 October 2024 (UTC)
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== Seeking volunteers to join several of the movement’s committees ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
Each year, typically from October through December, several of the movement’s committees seek new volunteers. 

Read more about the committees on their Meta-wiki pages:
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations_Committee|Affiliations Committee (AffCom)]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Ombuds_commission|Ombuds commission (OC)]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation/Legal/Community Resilience and Sustainability/Trust and Safety/Case Review Committee|Case Review Committee (CRC)]]

Applications for the committees open on 16 October 2024. Applications for the Affiliations Committee close on 18 November 2024, and applications for the Ombuds commission and the Case Review Committee close on 2 December 2024. Learn how to apply by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Foundation/Legal/Committee_appointments|visiting the appointment page on Meta-wiki]]. Post to the talk page or email [mailto:cst@wikimedia.org cst@wikimedia.org] with any questions you may have.

For the Committee Support team,
&lt;section end=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;

-- [[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User talk:Keegan (WMF)|talk]]) 23:09, 16 October 2024 (UTC)
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== Interactive elements ==
Can we use interactive elements on Wikiversity? I'd like to add JavaScript to a page. If it's not possible now, where can I suggest this feature? I have a safe integration idea.
[[User:Отец Никифор|Отец Никифор]] ([[User talk:Отец Никифор|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Отец Никифор|contribs]]) 12:10, 17 October 2024 (UTC)
: This is beyond my technical knowledge, but have you checked out:
:* https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Manual:Interface/JavaScript?
:* [[Wikipedia:WikiProject JavaScript]]
:* [[MediaWiki:Common.js]]

:What sort of interactive elements are you thinking about?

: Sincerely, James -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 03:39, 18 October 2024 (UTC)
::I was thinking about adding something like a graph with adjustable controls, where users can interact with it and see how different changes affect the outcome. It seems like this could be a useful feature. There might already be discussions about enhancing Wikiversity or similar platforms—perhaps on a relevant talk page or in a Discord group. Do you know where such discussions might be happening? [[User:Отец Никифор|Отец Никифор]] ([[User talk:Отец Никифор|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Отец Никифор|contribs]]) 19:47, 18 October 2024 (UTC)
:::From a quick look, maybe check out:
:::* [[mw:Extension:Graph]]
:::* [[phab:tag/graphs]]
:::-- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 22:40, 18 October 2024 (UTC)
:::: mw:Extension:Graph is currently disabled on Wikipedia etc. wikis, for security reasons, and seems unlikely to be enabled again. --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 09:30, 19 October 2024 (UTC)

== An unexplained spurt of Wikiversity page views ==
The [https://pageviews.wmcloud.org/siteviews/?platform=all-access&amp;source=pageviews&amp;agent=user&amp;start=2024-06-01&amp;end=2024-10-18&amp;sites=en.wikiversity.org|en.wikibooks.org|en.wikiquote.org|en.wikisource.org page view report] shows an unexplained spurt of Wikiversity page views, reaching over 4 times the baseline and then falling back again. Does anyone have any idea what is going on? --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 08:01, 19 October 2024 (UTC)

:Interesting. I wonder why only the English wikiquote and wikiversity and not Wikisource or wikibooks? How reliable do you think those stats are? [[User:Ottawahitech|Ottawahitech]] ([[User talk:Ottawahitech|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Ottawahitech|contribs]]) 15:44, 8 December 2024 (UTC)
:I guess the mention in mass media might be a cause. Someone metions it and then thousands go and look. [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 10:02, 17 December 2024 (UTC)

== Center tempate failed on a contributors phone... ==

See the edit comment here - https://en.wikiversity.org/w/index.php?title=Wikiphilosophers&amp;diff=prev&amp;oldid=2673962. I'm puzzled as this is the first failure of this, I've noted recently. [[User:ShakespeareFan00|ShakespeareFan00]] ([[User talk:ShakespeareFan00|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/ShakespeareFan00|contribs]]) 08:45, 19 October 2024 (UTC)

== Essay-like page in user space that makes little sense and seems incoherent ==
The page [[User:TheoYalur/Illusions]] seems to match the description, at least by my assessment. My understanding is that since the page is only in user space and not in the mainspace, it can stay there even if it has those disqualifying qualities. But if I am wrong and the page belongs deleted, please correct me and let me know. I do not know which policy or guideline, if any, guides the case. --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 12:30, 21 October 2024 (UTC)

== 'Wikidata item' link is moving, finally. ==

Hello everyone, I previously wrote on the 27th September to advise that the ''Wikidata item'' sitelink will change places in the sidebar menu, moving from the '''General''' section into the '''In Other Projects''' section. The scheduled rollout date of 04.10.2024 was delayed due to a necessary request for Mobile/MinervaNeue skin. I am happy to inform that the global rollout can now proceed and will occur later today, 22.10.2024 at 15:00 UTC-2. [[m:Talk:Wikidata_For_Wikimedia_Projects/Projects/Move_Wikidata_item_link|Please let us know]] if you notice any problems or bugs after this change. There should be no need for null-edits or purging cache for the changes to occur. Kind regards, -[[m:User:Danny Benjafield (WMDE)|Danny Benjafield (WMDE)]] 11:28, 22 October 2024 (UTC)
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:Hi @[[User:Danny Benjafield (WMDE)|Danny Benjafield (WMDE)]]: I Just noticed your post above, and it is timely.
:I have been participating in the English WikiUniversity for a few years, much less often recently. I seems like something in the way the site displays is different, but I cannot put my finger on it. Your posting gave me a clue. Can you please tell me where  the link to wikidata items has moved to? [[User:Ottawahitech|Ottawahitech]] ([[User talk:Ottawahitech|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Ottawahitech|contribs]]) 17:23, 11 December 2024 (UTC)
::Hello @[[User:Ottawahitech|Ottawahitech]], sure, I would be happy to. The button/sitelink name didn't change, just its position. You should find it in the sidebar-menu under the section '''In other projects''' (where the links to all other Wikimedia Projects are displayed). If you do not see it, please reach out to us on the [[m:Talk:Wikidata_For_Wikimedia_Projects/Projects/Move_Wikidata_item_link|Move Wikidata item - Discussion page]]. Thank you, -[[User:Danny Benjafield (WMDE)|Danny Benjafield (WMDE)]] ([[User talk:Danny Benjafield (WMDE)|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Danny Benjafield (WMDE)|contribs]]) 09:24, 12 December 2024 (UTC)
:::@[[User:Danny Benjafield (WMDE)|Danny Benjafield (WMDE)]], thank you for responding. I intend to followup on the ''Move Wikidata item - Discussion page'' as per your post above by putting it on my ever growing todo list.
:::I don't know about others on this wiki, as I said I have not been visiting here frequently, but for me the constant changes are a big distraction. I have been around wikimedia projects since 2007, so why do I have to spend so much time learning and re-learning how to find what I came here for? [[User:Ottawahitech|Ottawahitech]] ([[User talk:Ottawahitech|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Ottawahitech|contribs]]) 16:41, 12 December 2024 (UTC)
::::Hi @[[User:Ottawahitech|Ottawahitech]], thanks for you thoughts. Your input whether positive or critical helps us understand the impacts to editors so we welcome your further thoughts when you reach us in your To Do List :)
::::I can't speak about the other changes you've experienced here but I do hope they are made with a spirit of improvement for the community as a whole. -[[User:Danny Benjafield (WMDE)|Danny Benjafield (WMDE)]] ([[User talk:Danny Benjafield (WMDE)|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Danny Benjafield (WMDE)|contribs]]) 10:43, 16 December 2024 (UTC)

== Final Reminder: Join us in Making Wiki Loves Ramadan Success ==

Dear all,

We’re thrilled to announce the Wiki Loves Ramadan event, a global initiative to celebrate Ramadan by enhancing Wikipedia and its sister projects with valuable content related to this special time of year. As we organize this event globally, we need your valuable input to make it a memorable experience for the community.

Last Call to Participate in Our Survey: To ensure that Wiki Loves Ramadan is inclusive and impactful, we kindly request you to complete our community engagement survey. Your feedback will shape the event’s focus and guide our organizing strategies to better meet community needs.

* Survey Link: [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSffN4prPtR5DRSq9nH-t1z8hG3jZFBbySrv32YoxV8KbTwxig/viewform?usp=sf_link Complete the Survey]
* Deadline: November 10, 2024
Please take a few minutes to share your thoughts. Your input will truly make a difference!

'''Volunteer Opportunity''': Join the Wiki Loves Ramadan Team! We’re seeking dedicated volunteers for key team roles essential to the success of this initiative. If you’re interested in volunteer roles, we invite you to apply.
* Application Link: [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSfXiox_eEDH4yJ0gxVBgtL7jPe41TINAWYtpNp1JHSk8zhdgw/viewform?usp=sf_link Apply Here]
* Application Deadline: October 31, 2024
Explore Open Positions: For a detailed list of roles and their responsibilities, please refer to the position descriptions here: [https://docs.google.com/document/d/1oy0_tilC6kow5GGf6cEuFvdFpekcubCqJlaxkxh-jT4/ Position Descriptions]

Thank you for being part of this journey. We look forward to working together to make Wiki Loves Ramadan a success!


Warm regards,&lt;br&gt;
The Wiki Loves Ramadan Organizing Team 05:11, 29 October 2024 (UTC)
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== Android app for Wikiversity ==

Hi, is there an Android app for Wikiversity? How does it work? I have been advised that there is no infrastructure for push notifications for Android apps for sister wikis and I would be interested to know more. Related: [[:phab:T378545]]. Thanks! [[User:Gryllida|Gryllida]] 23:15, 29 October 2024 (UTC)

:Thanks for suggesting this - I agree that it would be useful. -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 00:56, 31 October 2024 (UTC)
:@[[User:Gryllida|Gryllida]]: Would you explain your terminology  for those of us not in the know. What does ''push notifications'' mean? I use [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Help:Notifications notifications] when I am communicating on wikimedia projects, but have never heard this term before. [[User:Ottawahitech|Ottawahitech]] ([[User talk:Ottawahitech|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Ottawahitech|contribs]]) 17:13, 11 December 2024 (UTC)
:I dont think there is an app.  [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 10:01, 17 December 2024 (UTC)
:This would be useful, however we do not have an app for Wikiversity yet. I am thinking of helping out with no-code or low code tools, but I am working on some courses here. I might be able to do some contributions though. [[User:RockTransport|RockTransport]] ([[User talk:RockTransport|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/RockTransport|contribs]]) 14:14, 17 December 2024 (UTC)

== Import Resource From Wikibooks? ==

Hello! [[wikibooks:Character_List_for_Baxter&amp;Sagart|Character List for Baxter&amp;Sagart]] and related titles [[wikibooks:Wikibooks:Requests_for_deletion#Character_List_for_Baxter&amp;Sagart|are up for deletion at Wikibooks]] because WB policy does not allow dictionaries like them. However, because they are useful as learning tools, I am wondering if they might have a home here at Wikiversity. Pinging @[[User:Tibetologist|Tibetologist]] here to link them in to this discussion, since they are the affected user. Thank you! —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 18:18, 1 November 2024 (UTC)

:Sure, I can do it. That said, as mentioned there, it does seem like something like this is ideally suited for Wiktionary in the Appendix namespace, but I'm not very familiar with CJK characters and languages. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (&lt;span style=&quot;color:grey&quot;&gt;ko'''a'''vf&lt;/span&gt;)]]&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯&lt;/span&gt; 22:23, 3 November 2024 (UTC)
::Oh man, these pages are too big to import and while I've already tried a half-dozen times, it will constantly fail. Strictly speaking, we don't have to use the import feature for licensing purposes. We can just copy and paste the contents and list the usernames or on the talk page. I think that's the solution. {{Ping|Tibetologist}}, are you interested in doing that? If you just copied and pasted these pages and then added [[:Category:Chinese]] and maybe include a couple of links to the pages, that would probably be ideal. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (&lt;span style=&quot;color:grey&quot;&gt;ko'''a'''vf&lt;/span&gt;)]]&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯&lt;/span&gt; 22:31, 3 November 2024 (UTC)
:::That would work for me. I guess I will try and see how it goes. [[User:Tibetologist|Tibetologist]] ([[User talk:Tibetologist|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Tibetologist|contribs]]) 10:13, 29 December 2024 (UTC)

== Language translation requests? ==

Is there anywhere on Wikiversity to request translation, for example, requesting Latin or French translation? I would be asking from the context as a student, so I would be interested in translation explanation as well. [[User:Indexcard88|Indexcard88]] ([[User talk:Indexcard88|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Indexcard88|contribs]]) 04:56, 20 November 2024 (UTC)

:I am not too sure about this topic. [[User:RockTransport|RockTransport]] ([[User talk:RockTransport|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/RockTransport|contribs]]) 18:44, 17 December 2024 (UTC)

== Sign up for the language community meeting on November 29th, 16:00 UTC ==

Hello everyone,

The next language community meeting is coming up next week, on November 29th, at 16:00 UTC (Zonestamp! For your timezone &lt;https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1732896000&gt;). If you're interested in joining, you can sign up on this wiki page: &lt;https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Language_and_Product_Localization/Community_meetings#29_November_2024&gt;.

This participant-driven meeting will be organized by the Wikimedia Foundation’s Language Product Localization team and the Language Diversity Hub. There will be presentations on topics like developing language keyboards, the creation of the Moore Wikipedia, and the language support track at Wiki Indaba. We will also have members from the Wayuunaiki community joining us to share their experiences with the Incubator and as a new community within our movement. This meeting will have a Spanish interpretation.

Looking forward to seeing you at the language community meeting! Cheers, [[User:SSethi (WMF)|Srishti]] 19:55, 21 November 2024 (UTC)
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== Events on Wikiversity ==

Since Wikipedia and Wikivoyage are having their &quot;Asian Month&quot; editathon, I was thinking if we could start up a Wikiversity version of that. This would be an &quot;Asian Month&quot; as well, but it would be about creating resources based on Asia and its culture. [[User:RockTransport|RockTransport]] ([[User talk:RockTransport|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/RockTransport|contribs]]) 17:57, 6 December 2024 (UTC)

:Not immediately opposed, but the question is, do we have an active enough community to facilitate this? —[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] [[User talk:Atcovi|(Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Atcovi|Contribs)]] 19:31, 6 December 2024 (UTC)
::I'm not too sure. As long as we get enough traffic, this could happen. [[User:RockTransport|RockTransport]] ([[User talk:RockTransport|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/RockTransport|contribs]]) 08:45, 7 December 2024 (UTC)
:::This is to increase traffic on Wikiversity, which is promoted amongst other communities. [[User:RockTransport|RockTransport]] ([[User talk:RockTransport|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/RockTransport|contribs]]) 10:47, 7 December 2024 (UTC)
:Hi @[[User:RockTransport|RockTransport]], This is a good idea, but will it also involve users who are not &quot;professors and scientists&quot;. Just curious. cheers, [[User:Ottawahitech|Ottawahitech]] ([[User talk:Ottawahitech|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Ottawahitech|contribs]]) 16:30, 9 December 2024 (UTC)
::Yes, considering the fact that Wikiversity is for everyone, and not just for specific users. [[User:RockTransport|RockTransport]] ([[User talk:RockTransport|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/RockTransport|contribs]]) 09:09, 10 December 2024 (UTC)
:::because I'm personally not a &quot;professor&quot; or a &quot;scientist&quot; and because '''anyone''' can create resources on Wikiversity. We want to make Wikiversity open for everyone, and not just for certain users. [[User:RockTransport|RockTransport]] ([[User talk:RockTransport|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/RockTransport|contribs]]) 09:10, 10 December 2024 (UTC)
::::I am also not a professor or a scientist, but it seems to me that as result I am viewed here as a visitor rather than someone who can contribute. Just my $.02. [[User:Ottawahitech|Ottawahitech]] ([[User talk:Ottawahitech|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Ottawahitech|contribs]]) 17:05, 12 December 2024 (UTC)
:I am affraid, that creation of educational resources on certain topic is way harder then wikipedia. Secondly while wikipedia stub does not matter, education resource stub is uselless completly. [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 09:59, 17 December 2024 (UTC)
::How is it useless, you can contribute to other learning resources and maybe improve it as such, if you have some knowledge on a particular topic or something else. This is to increase diversity. Just a kind notice. It's also pretty hard to do it on Wikivoyage, but that's the same for every platform. Stubs may be improved on, and this is the concept. [[User:RockTransport|RockTransport]] ([[User talk:RockTransport|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/RockTransport|contribs]]) 18:19, 17 December 2024 (UTC)
::There are lots of stubs here, on Wikiversity. So the whole purpose of this event is to increase engagement and willingness to edit these pages. [[User:RockTransport|RockTransport]] ([[User talk:RockTransport|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/RockTransport|contribs]]) 18:24, 17 December 2024 (UTC)

== Wikiversity - Newsletters ==

Hello All,

I wanted to create a newsletter on Wikiversity, which would highlight what is going on in certain months and events on Wikiversity; which would bolster engagement by many people. This would be on the website and would have its dedicated 'Newsletter' tab.

I hope you acknowledge this idea. [[User:RockTransport|RockTransport]] ([[User talk:RockTransport|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/RockTransport|contribs]]) 21:05, 8 December 2024 (UTC)

:@[[User:RockTransport|RockTransport]], What sort of things do you plan to include in your newsletter? Will they be different than what is currently in [[Main Page/News]]? Just curious.
:I am also wondering about your motive which I think is: to bolster engagement by many people. I am asking because I wonder if others who are currently active here also think this I is desirable? Have you asked them? [[User:Ottawahitech|Ottawahitech]] ([[User talk:Ottawahitech|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Ottawahitech|contribs]]) 17:34, 11 December 2024 (UTC)
::Not yet, which was why I was asking this on the colloquium. I plan to include things that many people have created on Wikiversity over the month, as it is a monthly newsletter. It would be somewhere on the website here. It will be more frequent that the ones seen on [[Main Page/News]]. We will include people's resources to essentially promote them. [[User:RockTransport|RockTransport]] ([[User talk:RockTransport|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/RockTransport|contribs]]) 06:50, 12 December 2024 (UTC)
:::@[[User:RockTransport|RockTransport]], I Think what you are saying is that ''Main Page/News'' does not update frequently enough? 
:::If this is the reason, why not start small by simply increasing the frequency of posting news on the main page, instead of trying to start a newsletter?
:::If there is more, can you articulate what else is missing. Thanks in advance, [[User:Ottawahitech|Ottawahitech]] ([[User talk:Ottawahitech|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Ottawahitech|contribs]]) 16:51, 12 December 2024 (UTC)
::::I meant going to detail into topics covered in that month, rather than just giving a few points. [[User:RockTransport|RockTransport]] ([[User talk:RockTransport|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/RockTransport|contribs]]) 16:53, 12 December 2024 (UTC)
:::::What sort of details did you have in mind? You can pick one of the links provided in [[Main Page/News]] to illustrate. cheers, [[User:Ottawahitech|Ottawahitech]] ([[User talk:Ottawahitech|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Ottawahitech|contribs]]) 15:29, 16 December 2024 (UTC)
::::::I'm thinking of the community entering their projects, and discussing those in the newsletter. It depends on what they want, though. There would be a dedicated page for giving the information about their projects [[User:RockTransport|RockTransport]] ([[User talk:RockTransport|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/RockTransport|contribs]]) 17:24, 16 December 2024 (UTC)
:::::::I might start working on this soon, depending on the projects being created on Wikiversity. @[[User:Ottawahitech|Ottawahitech]] @[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] [[User:RockTransport|RockTransport]] ([[User talk:RockTransport|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/RockTransport|contribs]]) 18:25, 17 December 2024 (UTC)
::::::::I'd recommend you start off with putting this under a userspace page (something like [[User:RockTransport/Wikiversity Newsletter]]), and drafting what you desire. Let us know once it's done, and the community can provide their input. —[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] [[User talk:Atcovi|(Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Atcovi|Contribs)]] 18:30, 17 December 2024 (UTC)
:::::::::I will try and make one for this month. This is supposed to be a monthly newsletter, showcasing the different projects mentioned there. Users can put their projects, and we will document them on the newsletter. [[User:RockTransport|RockTransport]] ([[User talk:RockTransport|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/RockTransport|contribs]]) 18:33, 17 December 2024 (UTC)
:::::::::I am hoping for it to be released by January 2025. There's no rush to get it done; it's still in it's planning stage. [[User:RockTransport|RockTransport]] ([[User talk:RockTransport|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/RockTransport|contribs]]) 18:43, 17 December 2024 (UTC)
::::I '''might''' be able to icnrease the frequency there, but it doesn't go into detail about these topics. [[User:RockTransport|RockTransport]] ([[User talk:RockTransport|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/RockTransport|contribs]]) 17:30, 18 December 2024 (UTC)
:Where you are going to get the audience for your website and Wikiversity newsletter? [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 08:38, 18 December 2024 (UTC)
::It's on Wikiversity, not on an outside platform. [[User:RockTransport|RockTransport]] ([[User talk:RockTransport|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/RockTransport|contribs]]) 13:51, 18 December 2024 (UTC)
::The audience will be Wikiversity contributors. There will be a dedicated page for it on Wikiversity. [[User:RockTransport|RockTransport]] ([[User talk:RockTransport|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/RockTransport|contribs]]) 13:55, 18 December 2024 (UTC)

== Describing Wikiversity content on Wikidata ==

Anyone knows how to properly describe Wikiversity pages on Wikidata? Any examples for some content pages like courses, supplement materials etc.? [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 08:36, 18 December 2024 (UTC)

:For general topics that will have other Wikimedia Foundation project links (e.g. [[astronomy]]), there will probably be a sufficient short description already, but for subpages or more obscure topics, you could plausibly use &quot;Wikimedia content page&quot; or some such. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (&lt;span style=&quot;color:grey&quot;&gt;ko'''a'''vf&lt;/span&gt;)]]&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯&lt;/span&gt; 15:52, 18 December 2024 (UTC)
::Yeah, general topics are easy to map. While specific projects which does not have Wikipedia counterparts and which are quite specific it would be nice to have few examples - i.e. what are typical properties of a course or research project. [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 15:00, 19 December 2024 (UTC)

== Degrees ==

Why does Wikiversity not provide degrees? I know it was a promise to the Wikimedia Foundation in the Wikiversity project proposal. But anyway, why is that? Wikiversity is about opening doors, i.e., removing obstacles. So, what kind of an obstacle was a paper? Was a certain body of knowledge that you learned well?! Because Wikiversity is not accredited for that? Yes, and do we need official US accreditation? We cannot create our system so that the learners who learn here and would like to continue their science career have a recognizable degree they can continue? [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 10:19, 18 December 2024 (UTC)

:&quot;I know it was a promise to the Wikimedia Foundation in the Wikiversity project proposal.&quot; Was it? Becoming a degree-granting institution is an extremely high bar in the United States, but what is even the point in becoming a degree-granting institution in... Malawi? Tonga? Somewhere else where the servers aren't located or the WMF aren't incorporated? —[[User:Koavf|Justin (&lt;span style=&quot;color:grey&quot;&gt;ko'''a'''vf&lt;/span&gt;)]]&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯&lt;/span&gt; 15:53, 18 December 2024 (UTC)
::I ment certificates. The question is the recognazibility of a certificate. I am not talking here about equal certification, which is provided by governmental institucians to universities, rather on Wikiversity own certification, which might may advocate itself over the time. [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 15:05, 19 December 2024 (UTC)
::: We could issue certificates in some residing in certain jurisdictions probably (?). To my knowledge, there is no legal prohibition federally against doing this in the USA as long as no misrepresentation happens. Although some states might prohibit it (?). Degrees are likely different (at least with respect to accreditation). Please let me know if you believe I am likely incorrect in my understanding. I asked an LLM this prompt, &quot;is there any prohibition legally in USA for a DAO (decentralized autonomous organization or wiki community related to learning, teaching, and research) from issuing certifications or certificates to those who go through learning materials and educational resources that might be on a decentralized or nonprofit wiki that has an active community?&quot; (i won't post the specific result, but I wrote and engineered that prompt myself). The LLM output seemed to indicate my understanding noted here is correct, but LLM's are sometimes wrong. what do you or others think about this? [[User:Michael Ten|Michael Ten]] ([[User talk:Michael Ten|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Michael Ten|contribs]]) 18:49, 25 December 2024 (UTC)

== Common Corpus and LLM training ==

Greetings. I believe LLM generated content is not currently allowed on this wiki. No problem. I am curious - what if the dataset an [[LLM]] is trained on is all in the public domain; would this or does this change that with regards to LLM generated content being allowed (presuming the LLM output is verified and accurate)? Has there been any discussion on this wiki or other MediaWiki wikis about LLM generated content by LLM's that is trained exclusively on CC-0/public domain data? i.e. Common Corpus https://huggingface.co/blog/Pclanglais/common-corpus
[[User:Michael Ten|Michael Ten]] ([[User talk:Michael Ten|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Michael Ten|contribs]]) 18:41, 25 December 2024 (UTC)</text>
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      <text bytes="13111" sha1="8jryexacsj7m03shfiqzcnvgxqud63e" xml:space="preserve">&lt;big&gt;&lt;big&gt;&lt;big&gt;Cascading Style Sheets(CSS)&lt;/big&gt;&lt;/big&gt;&lt;/big&gt;

==Introduction==

===What you'll need to know===

Since CSS formats HTML you will need to know some of the basics:

&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;How to create a HTML file, *.html.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;code&gt;&amp;lt;html&amp;gt;&lt;/code&gt;...&lt;code&gt;&amp;lt;/html&amp;gt;&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;&amp;lt;head&amp;gt;&lt;/code&gt;...&lt;code&gt;&amp;lt;/head&amp;gt;&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;&amp;lt;body&amp;gt;&lt;/code&gt;...&lt;code&gt;&amp;lt;/body&amp;gt;&lt;/code&gt; tags&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;code&gt;&amp;lt;p&amp;gt;..&amp;lt;/p&amp;gt;&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;&amp;lt;h1&amp;gt;&lt;/code&gt;...&lt;code&gt;&amp;lt;/h1&amp;gt;&lt;/code&gt; tags&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;

If you haven't had any experience with HTML or would like a refresher check out [[Web Design/Build_a_basic_web_page | Build a basic web page.]]

===What is CSS?===

&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt; Cascading Style Sheets (CSS) is a style sheet language used for describing the presentation semantics (the look and formatting) of a document written in a markup language.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt; With CSS you can change the font, size, color, background, and even position of text.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt; CSS was developed primarily to separate the formatting and presentation of a site from it's content and structure, the HTML.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt; CSS can be used three different ways: Inline, Embedded, and External.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt; A single External CSS file can be used by many pages on a website, making the process of changing the look of an entire site as simple as editing one file.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt; CSS will greatly improve the look and feel of  your website and save hours of time…after spending a few hours learning it.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;

==The Basics==

===Inline CSS (OK only in certain circumstances)===

	Inline CSS is the simplest way to format your HTML, it is also universally considered bad form, therefore, you should never, ever use it on a published site unless there are justifiable circumstances.  

The main purpose of CSS is to separate the presentation from the structure and content (HTML).  

If you choose to use inline CSS you will create a site that is difficult to maintain and lose the benefits of the cascading effect over all your pages. 

That being said we will go over its use because beginning the simplest form of CSS, it’s the best way to learn some basics.  Let's start with a plain heading tag:
	
		&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;html4strict&quot;&gt;
		&lt;h1&gt;Hello World!&lt;/h1&gt;
		&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
		
	Viewing this in web browser will show &quot;Hello World&quot; in black Times New Roman font.  What if we want to have the text in red?  Well we just add in some inline CSS:
		
		&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;html4strict&quot;&gt;
		&lt;h1 style=&quot;color: red&quot;&gt;Hello World!&lt;/h1&gt;
		&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
				
	Simple, right?  You can do this with any CSS styling, let's say we want to have our header centered:

		&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;html4strict&quot;&gt;
		&lt;h1 style=&quot;color: red; text-align:center&quot;&gt;Hello World!&lt;/h1&gt;
		&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

	Notice that there is no space between the colon and center, that's because in CSS white spaces (spaces, tabs, and line breaks)  do not matter.   You can place all of your CSS on one line, though it would be hard to read.  Also notice that there is a semicolon between the end of the color property and the beginning of the text property, think of this and placing a comma between a list of items or numbers (1, 2, 3 is not the same as 123).
	
	Inline CSS should not really be used for the reasons listed above, but feel free to go through the CSS References (unfinished) and try out some different styles to see what all CSS can do.  Also check out the [[Web Design/Inline_CSS | Inline Styles]] tutorial for more examples.

===Embedded CSS (better)===

	Embedded CSS is a better alternative to inline, here the CSS is separated from the structure and content(HTML), but it's still located in the HTML file.  This style of CSS is best for single pages or if you would like to quickly experiment with site wide changes on a small scale.  Embedded CSS should be  located in the head of the HTML inside of the style tag.  You can technically places the style tag in the body of the HTML but this means that the content will load THEN be styled.  Meaning it will flicker into the color or font you specified and is generally a sign of bad craftsmanship and should be avoided.  So to insert CSS into your HTML all you need in the style tag in the head.

		&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;html4strict&quot;&gt;
		&lt;head&gt;
		&lt;style type=&quot;text/css&quot;&gt;
		&lt;/style&gt;
		&lt;/head&gt;
		&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

	So if we wanted to take our original Hello World header and color is red here all we would need is the same coding:
	
		&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;html4strict&quot;&gt;
		&lt;head&gt;
		&lt;style type=&quot;text/css&quot;&gt;
		h1 {
		color: red;
		}
		&lt;/style&gt;
		&lt;/head&gt;
		&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

	There are three sections to this CSS code.  First the Selector, this tells the browser what HTML element to grab, it can be a tag name, id, or class (we'll go over these later).  Here we are telling the browser to grab h1.  Second is the Property, this states what part of the grabbed element we will be changing.  Here we are stating that we would like to change the color.  Lastly is the Value, this tells the browser what we would like to do with part of our grabbed element.  Here we tell the browser that we want to change it red.  So in simple English we are telling our browser, color h1 red. 
	
	 One more thing to point out is the format that the CSS is written.  As mentioned before white spaces don't matter, but readability does.  So you can place all three sections and curly braces in one line, but coming back and editing fifty lines of CSS  this way will only lead to headaches and frustration.  So it's ok for small presentation changes but on the large scale go with this format.  The curly braces are also a very important part of the CSS if you forget to close one everything written afterwards will not work.
	
	Now lets center our header and give it a thick black, dashed border. It's not as hard as it might sound:
	
		&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;html4strict&quot;&gt;
		&lt;head&gt;
		&lt;style type=&quot;text/css&quot;&gt;
		h1 {
		color: red;
		text-align:center;
		border-style: dashed;
		border-width: 10px;
		border-color: black;
		}
		&lt;/style&gt;
		&lt;/head&gt;
		&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

	Here we placed line breaks after the semicolons to make the CSS easier to read and edit later.   There is no limit to the number of Properties and Values you can edit with a single Selector.  So you can add margin, padding, font-weight, font-size, color, background-color, etc.  
	
	Embedded CSS is a great way to get into the groove of changing the CSS on a small scale and to learn all the things you can do, so check out the CSS Reference (unfinished) and the [[Web Design/Embedded_CSS | Embedded CSS]].

===External CSS (best)===
	
	What makes External CSS the best option is that it give you the full power of CSS.  You can quickly change the look and feel of an entire site by changing one file and once you have the CSS created adding more pages becomes much easier and faster.  So let's start with how to create an external CSS page.
	
	Using your text editor create a new file, select Save As…, and save the file into the folder with your HTML using a .css extension.  That's it you will want a name that is relevant to the site so it doesn't get mixed up, but for this example we will use 'mystyle.css'.
	
	Now that we have a CSS file created let go over the different ways to add it to you HTML page.  First we will use the link tag in the head:
	
		&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;html4strict&quot;&gt;
		&lt;head&gt;
		&lt;link rel=&quot;stylesheet&quot; type=&quot;text/css&quot; href=&quot;mystyle.css&quot; /&gt;
		&lt;/head&gt;
		&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

	The rel section tells the browser the relationship this file has to the HTML, using &quot;stylesheet&quot; indicated that this is the preferred style for this page.  The type section lets the browser know that this is a CSS file and if it doesn't support it can ignore it.  Neither of these are required but they are considered best practices.  The most important part is the href it points to where the file you want to use is located.  Just adding files like images to HTML if they are in a director different than the HTML use the backslash; &quot;/css/mystyle.css&quot;
	
	Another way to add CSS to your page is with the @import statement inside the style tags.
	
		&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;html4strict&quot;&gt;
		&lt;head&gt;
		&lt;style&gt;
		@import url(mystyle.css)
		&lt;style&gt;
		&lt;/head&gt;
		&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

	Now the import may seem like a simpler option when adding CSS, but(depending on who you ask) it can create a slower loading site.  The upside is that you can upload several CSS files and the file loaded last overrides the files before it.  If your making a simple site that this should not be an issue and either will work for you.  There are several sites out there that will help you out to decide which is best for you.
	
	With our CSS file added to the HTML we can edit our Hello World header.  It's the same as in the Embedded CSS, but with in the &quot;mystyle.css file and without the style tags.

		&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;css&quot;&gt;
		/* add any CSS to this file */
		h1 {
		color: red;
		text-align:center;
		border-style: dashed;
		border-width: 10px;
		border-color: black;
		}
		&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

	In CSS files the comment is indicated by the opening and closing of the slashes and asterisks as shown above.   That is it for External CSS if you would like to see more examples check out the [[Web Design/External_CSS | External CSS]] tutorials and you can practice more Properties found in the CSS Reference (unfinished).

===CSS Selector Classes and IDs===

====Classes====

	We mentioned earlier the basic idea of Selectors and I think it's time to go over them in more detail.  Let's say you have two paragraphs and you want one to be blue and the other to be gold.  Using a simple p Selector we will change both paragraphs to the same color.  This is where Selector Classes come in, but first we need to make the classes in the HTML:
	
		&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;html4strict&quot;&gt;
		&lt;body&gt;
		&lt;p class=&quot;blue&quot;&gt;Blue&lt;/p&gt;
		&lt;p class=&quot;gold&quot;&gt;Gold&lt;/p&gt;
		&lt;/body&gt;
		&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
		
	Here all we have done is added  class=&quot;&quot; with what ever you would like to name your class.  This will be the name in which the CSS will look for in your HTML.  Now let's format each of these paragraphs.
	
		&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;css&quot;&gt;
		p.blue {
		color: blue;
		}
		p.gold {
		color: gold;
		}
		&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

	In order to find the right class the Selector must first be called followed by a period then the name of the class.  You can use the same class name for multiple properties lets say we have two headers on our page:
	
		&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;html4strict&quot;&gt;
		&lt;body&gt;
		&lt;h2 class=&quot;blue&quot;&gt;Blue&lt;/h2&gt; 
		&lt;p&gt;&amp;amp;&lt;/p&gt;
		&lt;h2 class=&quot;gold&quot;&gt;Gold&lt;/h2&gt;
		&lt;p class=&quot;blue&quot;&gt;Blue&lt;/p&gt;
		&lt;p class=&quot;gold&quot;&gt;Gold&lt;/p&gt;
		&lt;/body&gt;
		&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
		
	 If we were to run this page the way that it is, both headers would be black.  That is because we have set the CSS to change only the paragraphs.  We remedy this by simply removing the p:
	
		&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;css&quot;&gt;
		.blue {
		color: blue;
		}
		.gold {
		color: gold;
		}
		&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
		
	This tells the CSS to grab any Property with the given class name and change it's format.  So you can change many different elements fonts, colors, and background, etc. by simple giving them the same class.

====IDs====
	
	IDs are similar to classes in that they can be used to identify properties, but they are unique, so can only be used once in a page.  Let's say we wanted to make the ampersand bold, first we add the id.
	
		&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;html4strict&quot;&gt;
		&lt;body&gt;
		&lt;h2 class=&quot;blue&quot;&gt;Blue&lt;/h2&gt; 
		&lt;p id=&quot;ampersand&quot;&gt;&amp;amp;&lt;p&gt;
		&lt;h2 class=&quot;gold&quot;&gt;Gold&lt;/h2&gt;
		&lt;p class=&quot;blue&quot;&gt;Blue&lt;/p&gt;
		&lt;p class=&quot;gold&quot;&gt;Gold&lt;/p&gt;
		&lt;/body&gt;
		&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
		
	Now we will add the bold styling to the CSS:
	
		&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;css&quot;&gt;
		#ampersand  {
		font-weight: bold;
		}
		&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
		
To identify the id we use the # sign instead of the period.  We will have more on classes and how they interact with one another the CSS points system in more the advanced sections. 

==== Selecting Entire Elements ====
You can also select entire elements by listing the element name in a similar syntax as shown before.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.w3schools.com/cssref/css_selectors.php|title=CSS Selectors Reference|website=www.w3schools.com|language=en-US|access-date=2024-05-30}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;css&quot;&gt;
		p  {
		font-size: 12px;
		}
		&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;This makes all &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;p&gt; elements have a size of 12px without adding any ID or class to the element. If you want to see more examples check out the &lt;/nowiki&gt;[[Web Design/CSS_Classes |CSS Selector Classes]].

==CSS Tutorials==

* [[Web Design/Embedded_CSS | Embedded CSS]]
* [[Web Design/External_CSS | External CSS]]
* [[Web Design/Inline_CSS | Inline Styles]]
* [[Web Design/CSS_Classes | CSS Selector Classes]]


==CSS In Action==

An example of the power of CSS is illustrated at Zen Garden, where various CSS templates create some very different pages using the same html code – CSS does all the work!
Take a look at [[http://www.mezzoblue.com/zengarden/alldesigns/ http://www.mezzoblue.com/zengarden/alldesigns/]]

[[Category:CSS]]

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      <text bytes="1974" sha1="m63bxnsv7y5pbzc4f9fu1m7bt2402gv" xml:space="preserve">{{center top}}&lt;i&gt;Do what thou wilt shall be the whole of the Law.&lt;/i&gt;{{center bottom}}

Welcome to the '''Department of Thelemic Studies'''.

==Center Description==
The Wikiversity Department of Thelemic Studies is a content development project where participants create, organize and develop Wikiversity content about [[w:Thelema|Thelema]].  Thelema was founded in 1904 with the reception of the Book of the Law by Aleister Crowley from a being known as Aiwass.  Upon receiving this work Crowley declared the Aeon of Osiris had passed, and the Aeon of Horus had begun.

==Learning Resources at Wikiversity==
*[[Basics of Thelema]]
*[[Metaphysics - The Thelemic Universe]]
*[[Thelemic Ethics]]
*[[The Practice of Thelema]]

==Elective Courses==
*[[Active Thelema]]
*[[Thelemic Mysticism]]

===Symbols===
*[[Stele of Revealing]] - An Ancient Egyptian stele which was seen in an Egyptian museum by Aleister Crowley and his wife Rose in 1904. It was marked &quot;Stele 666,&quot; a number that Crowley had identified with since childhood. 

*[[Unicursal Hexagram]]

===Figures===
*[[Aleister Crowley]]
*[[François Rabelais]]
*[[Kenneth Grant]]

==External Resources==

===Texts of the religion===
*[http://www.the-equinox.org The Equinox Vol.1 No.1-10, Vol. III (The-Equinox.org)]
*[http://www.hermetic.com/crowley/index.html/ The Libri of Aleister Crowley (Hermetic.com)]
*[http://sacred-texts.com/oto/index.htm Thelema texts (Sacred-texts.com)]

===Thelemic Journals===
*[http://www.thelemicstudies.com The Journal of Thelemic Studies]
===Links to Thelemic Organizations===
*[http://www.thelemicstudies.com Journal of Thelemic Studies]
*[http://oto.org/ Ordo Templi Orientis]
*[http://www.Thelema.org/ The Temple and College of Thelema]
====A.'.A.'.====
*[http://www.outercol.org/ J. Daniel Gunther's Lineage (from Motta) of the A.'.A.'.]
*[http://www.cornelius93.com/ Grady McMurtry's Lineage (from Jane Wolfe) of the A.'.A.'.]

==Notes==
{{reflist|2}}

[[Category:Thelemic Studies]]</text>
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    <title>1000 Songs/Oxyrhynchus hymn fragment</title>
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      <text bytes="3270" sha1="8du0ghhss46ep2bcx8ivcrlw8h2f8nj" xml:space="preserve">'''Oxyrhynchus hymn fragment'''

'''[[1000 Songs]]'''
== Text ==
=== Author ===
Although the author of this particular papyrus fragment is unknown, it was likely written by someone who was in [[Wikipedia:Oxyrhynchus|Oxyrhynchus]] at the same time as authors of the other Oxyrhynchus papyrus fragments, such as [[Wikipedia:Alcaeus of Mytilene|Alcaeus]].

=== Translations/Challenges ===
The original language of this hymn is Greek. The brackets denote reconstructed areas of the text.

Spoken: [Σε Πάτερ κόσμων, Πάτερ αἰώνων, μέλπωμεν] ὁμοῦ, πᾶσαι τε Θεοῦ λόγιμοι δο[ῦλο]ι. Ὅσα κ[όσμος ἔχει πρὸς ἐπουρανίων ἁγίων σελάων.]

Sung: [Πρ]υτανήω σιγάτω, μηδ' ἄστρα φαεσφόρα λ[αμπέ]

Spoken: σθων, [ἀπ]ολει[όντων] ῥ[ιπαὶ πνοιῶν, πηγαὶ]

Sung: ποταμῶν ῥοθίων πᾶσαι. Υμνούντων δ' ἡμῶν [Π]ατέρα χ' Υἱὸν χ' Ἅγιον Πνεῦμα, πᾶσαι δυνάμεις ἐπιφωνούντων· Ἀμήν, Ἀμήν. Κράτος, αἶνος [ἀεὶ καὶ δόξα Θεοὶ δωτῆρι μόνῳ πάντων] ἀγαθῶν· Ἀμήν, Ἀμήν.&quot;

A literal translation from Greek to English would read:

.. Let it be silent

Let the Luminous stars not shine,

Let the winds (?) and all the noisy rivers die down;

And as we hymn the Father, the Son and the Holy Spirit,

Let all the powers add &quot;Amen Amen&quot;

Empire, praise always, and glory to God,

The sole giver of good things, Amen Amen

=== Editor's Choice ===

Let the world be silent

Let not the stars shine their lights

Calm the winds, silence the rivers

Let all praise the Father, the Son and the Holy spirit

Let all sing together Amen, Amen.

Let kings bow, and God receive the glory!

The sole giver of good things, Amen Amen.

== Music ==
=== Tune ===
The original tune is in a [[Wikipedia:Gregorian chant|Gregorian chant]]-like style, with all in unison.

The music is recorded in an archaic fashion above the lines of text on the Papyrus. [[Wikipedia:Oxyrhynchus hymn|This article]] appears to be in hypolydian mode with a [[Wikipedia:Final %28music%29|final]] on the second scale degree, although in a more practical sense, one could argue that it truly functions in mixolydian, going outside of that range by just one note.

=== Arrangements ===
There are few arrangements of the song. Many sing the original with the chant transposed up an octave so it can be sung by men and women in comfortable ranges.

[[File:Oxyrhynus hymn fragment transcription.png|thumb|Editor's choice arrangement]]

=== Editor's Choice ===
== Background ==
=== Author biography ===
=== Author's circumstances ===
=== Historical setting ===
This hymn was found with many other fragments of Papyrus in the ancient town of Oxyrhynchus. The document found in 1918 and published four years later.

Oxyrhynchus was a town down the river from Cairo where the current site of el-Bahnasa lies. The town is named after a fish that is believed to have eaten the penis of [[Wikipedia:Osiris|Osiris]], the god of the dead.

=== Cultural setting ===

{{subpage navbar}}

[[Category:1000 Songs|{{SUBPAGENAME}}]]</text>
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      <text bytes="3797" sha1="dn93sx7fgkiwxj8mxz1rls5086mnux3" xml:space="preserve">[[File:DrDennisBogdan.jpg|thumb|[http://drbogdan.livejournal.com Dr. Dennis Bogdan]]]
'''Drbogdan''' - My Professional Background Includes [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/0014299970901676 Publishing Medical Research Studies], [https://live.staticflickr.com/65535/53700048583_989671ec8b_n.jpg Directing Hospital Laboratories], [https://live.staticflickr.com/65535/53700048583_989671ec8b_n.jpg Lecturing University Students] And [https://archive.ph/YmCTD Contributing As A Grandmaster Editor To Wikipedia]. Also, I Have [https://live.staticflickr.com/65535/53700048583_989671ec8b_n.jpg Headed Science Fairs] And Have Been Associated With, For A Brief Time, [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pittsburgh_Symphony_Orchestra The Pittsburgh Symphony Orchestra] And [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pittsburgh_Ballet_Theatre The Pittsburgh Ballet Theater]. My Professional Background Is Summarized In More Detail On [http://web.archive.org/web/20151003143043/http://home.comcast.net/~drbogdan/publications.html My Publications Page].

==My Links==
* [http://web.archive.org/web/20151003143043/http://home.comcast.net/~drbogdan/publications.html My Publications Page] ([http://archive.today/bXZYs &lt;u&gt;&lt;big&gt;'''a'''&lt;/big&gt;&lt;/u&gt;rchive]/[http://web.archive.org/web/20140128184001/http://home.comcast.net/~drbogdan/publications.html way&lt;u&gt;&lt;big&gt;'''b'''&lt;/big&gt;&lt;/u&gt;ack]/[http://www.webcitation.org/6P1riKsfF web&lt;u&gt;&lt;big&gt;'''c'''&lt;/big&gt;&lt;/u&gt;ite]) 
* [https://drbogdan.wordpress.com/2024/10/08/publications-summary-20241008 My Publications Summary] &amp; [https://drbogdan.wordpress.com/2024/10/08/publications-complete-20241008 Publications Complete]
* [http://web.archive.org/web/20151002151258/http://home.comcast.net/~drbogdan/membersonly/music.html My Original Music] &amp; [http://www.youtube.com/user/joannebogdan/videos My Original Music Videos]
* [http://www.facebook.com/drbogdan My FaceBook] &amp; [https://www.flickr.com/photos/drbogdan/ My Flickr] &amp; [http://drbogdan.livejournal.com My LiveJournal]
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Drbogdan&amp;direction=prev&amp;oldid=1232617906 My Wikipedia Page] ([https://archive.ph/YmCTD a]/[https://web.archive.org/web/20240722001545/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Drbogdan b]/[https://ghostarchive.org/archive/4oVTp g]&lt;!---/[http://www.webcitation.org/6P1of3jXl c]---&gt;)
* EMail Me (drbogdan) =&gt; @ [[Special:EmailUser/Drbogdan|Wikipedia]] OR @ [mailto:drbogdan@yahoo.com Yahoo]

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      <contributor>
        <username>Young1lim</username>
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      <text bytes="2647" sha1="fa3shz453iqi4m8y2pzujjs4nju1q61" xml:space="preserve">==''' Part I '''==
&lt;!----------------------------------------------------------------------&gt;
===  Introduction ===

* Overview 
* Memory 
* Number 

&lt;!----------------------------------------------------------------------&gt;


=== Python for C programmers ===

* Hello, World! ([[Media:CProg.Hello.1A.20230406.pdf |pdf]])
* Statement Level  ([[Media:CProg.Statement.1A.20230509.pdf |pdf]])
* Output with print
* Formatted output
* File IO

&lt;!----------------------------------------------------------------------&gt;


=== Using Libraries ===

* Scripts ([[Media:Python.Work2.Script.1A.20231129.pdf |pdf]])
* Modules ([[Media:Python.Work2.Module.1A.20231216.pdf |pdf]])
* Packages ([[Media:Python.Work2.Package.1A.20241207.pdf |pdf]])
* Libraries ([[Media:Python.Work2.Library.1A.20241223.pdf |pdf]])
* Namespaces ([[Media:Python.Work2.Scope.1A.20231021.pdf |pdf]])


&lt;!----------------------------------------------------------------------&gt;

===   Handling Repetition ===
 
* Control ([[Media:Python.Repeat1.Control.1.A.20230314.pdf |pdf]])

* Loop ([[Media:Repeat2.Loop.1A.20230401.pdf |pdf]])

&lt;!----------------------------------------------------------------------&gt;

=== Handling a Big Work ===

* Functions ([[Media:Python.Work1.Function.1A.20230529.pdf |pdf]])
* Lambda ([[Media:Python.Work2.Lambda.1A.20230705.pdf |pdf]])
* Type Annotations ([[Media:Python.Work2.AtypeAnnot.1A.20230817.pdf |pdf]])

  
&lt;!----------------------------------------------------------------------&gt;

=== Handling Series of Data ===

* Arrays ([[Media:Python.Series1.Array.1A.pdf |pdf]])
* Tuples ([[Media:Python.Series2.Tuple.1A.pdf |pdf]])
* Lists ([[Media:Python.Series3.List.1A.pdf |pdf]])
* Tuples ([[Media:Python.Series4.Tuple.1A.pdf |pdf]])
* Sets ([[Media:Python.Series5.Set.1A.pdf |pdf]])
* Dictionary ([[Media:Python.Series6.Dictionary.1A.pdf |pdf]])

&lt;!----------------------------------------------------------------------&gt;

=== Handling Various Kinds of Data ===
  
* Types 
* Operators ([[Media:Python.Data3.Operators.1.A.pdf |pdf]])
* Files ([[Media:Python.Data4.File.1.A.pdf |pdf]])


&lt;!----------------------------------------------------------------------&gt;

=== Class and Objects ===
  
* Classes &amp; Objects ([[Media:Python.Work2.Class.1A.20230906.pdf |pdf]])
* Inheritance

 
&lt;!----------------------------------------------------------------------&gt;
&lt;/br&gt;

== Python in Numerical Analysis  ==
 
&lt;/br&gt;
&lt;/br&gt; 
go to [ [[Electrical_%26_Computer_Engineering_Studies]] ]

==External links==
* [http://www.southampton.ac.uk/~fangohr/training/python/pdfs/Python-for-Computational-Science-and-Engineering.pdf Python and Computational Science and Engineering]</text>
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      <text bytes="2647" sha1="2jgazd4l0d79mhqc5w0ab5eiwwuf9j0" xml:space="preserve">==''' Part I '''==
&lt;!----------------------------------------------------------------------&gt;
===  Introduction ===

* Overview 
* Memory 
* Number 

&lt;!----------------------------------------------------------------------&gt;


=== Python for C programmers ===

* Hello, World! ([[Media:CProg.Hello.1A.20230406.pdf |pdf]])
* Statement Level  ([[Media:CProg.Statement.1A.20230509.pdf |pdf]])
* Output with print
* Formatted output
* File IO

&lt;!----------------------------------------------------------------------&gt;


=== Using Libraries ===

* Scripts ([[Media:Python.Work2.Script.1A.20231129.pdf |pdf]])
* Modules ([[Media:Python.Work2.Module.1A.20231216.pdf |pdf]])
* Packages ([[Media:Python.Work2.Package.1A.20241207.pdf |pdf]])
* Libraries ([[Media:Python.Work2.Library.1A.20241224.pdf |pdf]])
* Namespaces ([[Media:Python.Work2.Scope.1A.20231021.pdf |pdf]])


&lt;!----------------------------------------------------------------------&gt;

===   Handling Repetition ===
 
* Control ([[Media:Python.Repeat1.Control.1.A.20230314.pdf |pdf]])

* Loop ([[Media:Repeat2.Loop.1A.20230401.pdf |pdf]])

&lt;!----------------------------------------------------------------------&gt;

=== Handling a Big Work ===

* Functions ([[Media:Python.Work1.Function.1A.20230529.pdf |pdf]])
* Lambda ([[Media:Python.Work2.Lambda.1A.20230705.pdf |pdf]])
* Type Annotations ([[Media:Python.Work2.AtypeAnnot.1A.20230817.pdf |pdf]])

  
&lt;!----------------------------------------------------------------------&gt;

=== Handling Series of Data ===

* Arrays ([[Media:Python.Series1.Array.1A.pdf |pdf]])
* Tuples ([[Media:Python.Series2.Tuple.1A.pdf |pdf]])
* Lists ([[Media:Python.Series3.List.1A.pdf |pdf]])
* Tuples ([[Media:Python.Series4.Tuple.1A.pdf |pdf]])
* Sets ([[Media:Python.Series5.Set.1A.pdf |pdf]])
* Dictionary ([[Media:Python.Series6.Dictionary.1A.pdf |pdf]])

&lt;!----------------------------------------------------------------------&gt;

=== Handling Various Kinds of Data ===
  
* Types 
* Operators ([[Media:Python.Data3.Operators.1.A.pdf |pdf]])
* Files ([[Media:Python.Data4.File.1.A.pdf |pdf]])


&lt;!----------------------------------------------------------------------&gt;

=== Class and Objects ===
  
* Classes &amp; Objects ([[Media:Python.Work2.Class.1A.20230906.pdf |pdf]])
* Inheritance

 
&lt;!----------------------------------------------------------------------&gt;
&lt;/br&gt;

== Python in Numerical Analysis  ==
 
&lt;/br&gt;
&lt;/br&gt; 
go to [ [[Electrical_%26_Computer_Engineering_Studies]] ]

==External links==
* [http://www.southampton.ac.uk/~fangohr/training/python/pdfs/Python-for-Computational-Science-and-Engineering.pdf Python and Computational Science and Engineering]</text>
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        <username>Young1lim</username>
        <id>21186</id>
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      <text bytes="2647" sha1="3fwj1w1pp453h403q1rncfue3lf8p6x" xml:space="preserve">==''' Part I '''==
&lt;!----------------------------------------------------------------------&gt;
===  Introduction ===

* Overview 
* Memory 
* Number 

&lt;!----------------------------------------------------------------------&gt;


=== Python for C programmers ===

* Hello, World! ([[Media:CProg.Hello.1A.20230406.pdf |pdf]])
* Statement Level  ([[Media:CProg.Statement.1A.20230509.pdf |pdf]])
* Output with print
* Formatted output
* File IO

&lt;!----------------------------------------------------------------------&gt;


=== Using Libraries ===

* Scripts ([[Media:Python.Work2.Script.1A.20231129.pdf |pdf]])
* Modules ([[Media:Python.Work2.Module.1A.20231216.pdf |pdf]])
* Packages ([[Media:Python.Work2.Package.1A.20241207.pdf |pdf]])
* Libraries ([[Media:Python.Work2.Library.1A.20241225.pdf |pdf]])
* Namespaces ([[Media:Python.Work2.Scope.1A.20231021.pdf |pdf]])


&lt;!----------------------------------------------------------------------&gt;

===   Handling Repetition ===
 
* Control ([[Media:Python.Repeat1.Control.1.A.20230314.pdf |pdf]])

* Loop ([[Media:Repeat2.Loop.1A.20230401.pdf |pdf]])

&lt;!----------------------------------------------------------------------&gt;

=== Handling a Big Work ===

* Functions ([[Media:Python.Work1.Function.1A.20230529.pdf |pdf]])
* Lambda ([[Media:Python.Work2.Lambda.1A.20230705.pdf |pdf]])
* Type Annotations ([[Media:Python.Work2.AtypeAnnot.1A.20230817.pdf |pdf]])

  
&lt;!----------------------------------------------------------------------&gt;

=== Handling Series of Data ===

* Arrays ([[Media:Python.Series1.Array.1A.pdf |pdf]])
* Tuples ([[Media:Python.Series2.Tuple.1A.pdf |pdf]])
* Lists ([[Media:Python.Series3.List.1A.pdf |pdf]])
* Tuples ([[Media:Python.Series4.Tuple.1A.pdf |pdf]])
* Sets ([[Media:Python.Series5.Set.1A.pdf |pdf]])
* Dictionary ([[Media:Python.Series6.Dictionary.1A.pdf |pdf]])

&lt;!----------------------------------------------------------------------&gt;

=== Handling Various Kinds of Data ===
  
* Types 
* Operators ([[Media:Python.Data3.Operators.1.A.pdf |pdf]])
* Files ([[Media:Python.Data4.File.1.A.pdf |pdf]])


&lt;!----------------------------------------------------------------------&gt;

=== Class and Objects ===
  
* Classes &amp; Objects ([[Media:Python.Work2.Class.1A.20230906.pdf |pdf]])
* Inheritance

 
&lt;!----------------------------------------------------------------------&gt;
&lt;/br&gt;

== Python in Numerical Analysis  ==
 
&lt;/br&gt;
&lt;/br&gt; 
go to [ [[Electrical_%26_Computer_Engineering_Studies]] ]

==External links==
* [http://www.southampton.ac.uk/~fangohr/training/python/pdfs/Python-for-Computational-Science-and-Engineering.pdf Python and Computational Science and Engineering]</text>
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    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>2693724</id>
      <parentid>2693722</parentid>
      <timestamp>2024-12-29T00:54:39Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Young1lim</username>
        <id>21186</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Using Libraries */</comment>
      <origin>2693724</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2647" sha1="du6xjhe78olervyv5hdomuqubmz217w" xml:space="preserve">==''' Part I '''==
&lt;!----------------------------------------------------------------------&gt;
===  Introduction ===

* Overview 
* Memory 
* Number 

&lt;!----------------------------------------------------------------------&gt;


=== Python for C programmers ===

* Hello, World! ([[Media:CProg.Hello.1A.20230406.pdf |pdf]])
* Statement Level  ([[Media:CProg.Statement.1A.20230509.pdf |pdf]])
* Output with print
* Formatted output
* File IO

&lt;!----------------------------------------------------------------------&gt;


=== Using Libraries ===

* Scripts ([[Media:Python.Work2.Script.1A.20231129.pdf |pdf]])
* Modules ([[Media:Python.Work2.Module.1A.20231216.pdf |pdf]])
* Packages ([[Media:Python.Work2.Package.1A.20241207.pdf |pdf]])
* Libraries ([[Media:Python.Work2.Library.1A.20241226.pdf |pdf]])
* Namespaces ([[Media:Python.Work2.Scope.1A.20231021.pdf |pdf]])


&lt;!----------------------------------------------------------------------&gt;

===   Handling Repetition ===
 
* Control ([[Media:Python.Repeat1.Control.1.A.20230314.pdf |pdf]])

* Loop ([[Media:Repeat2.Loop.1A.20230401.pdf |pdf]])

&lt;!----------------------------------------------------------------------&gt;

=== Handling a Big Work ===

* Functions ([[Media:Python.Work1.Function.1A.20230529.pdf |pdf]])
* Lambda ([[Media:Python.Work2.Lambda.1A.20230705.pdf |pdf]])
* Type Annotations ([[Media:Python.Work2.AtypeAnnot.1A.20230817.pdf |pdf]])

  
&lt;!----------------------------------------------------------------------&gt;

=== Handling Series of Data ===

* Arrays ([[Media:Python.Series1.Array.1A.pdf |pdf]])
* Tuples ([[Media:Python.Series2.Tuple.1A.pdf |pdf]])
* Lists ([[Media:Python.Series3.List.1A.pdf |pdf]])
* Tuples ([[Media:Python.Series4.Tuple.1A.pdf |pdf]])
* Sets ([[Media:Python.Series5.Set.1A.pdf |pdf]])
* Dictionary ([[Media:Python.Series6.Dictionary.1A.pdf |pdf]])

&lt;!----------------------------------------------------------------------&gt;

=== Handling Various Kinds of Data ===
  
* Types 
* Operators ([[Media:Python.Data3.Operators.1.A.pdf |pdf]])
* Files ([[Media:Python.Data4.File.1.A.pdf |pdf]])


&lt;!----------------------------------------------------------------------&gt;

=== Class and Objects ===
  
* Classes &amp; Objects ([[Media:Python.Work2.Class.1A.20230906.pdf |pdf]])
* Inheritance

 
&lt;!----------------------------------------------------------------------&gt;
&lt;/br&gt;

== Python in Numerical Analysis  ==
 
&lt;/br&gt;
&lt;/br&gt; 
go to [ [[Electrical_%26_Computer_Engineering_Studies]] ]

==External links==
* [http://www.southampton.ac.uk/~fangohr/training/python/pdfs/Python-for-Computational-Science-and-Engineering.pdf Python and Computational Science and Engineering]</text>
      <sha1>du6xjhe78olervyv5hdomuqubmz217w</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>2693726</id>
      <parentid>2693724</parentid>
      <timestamp>2024-12-29T00:55:24Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Young1lim</username>
        <id>21186</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Using Libraries */</comment>
      <origin>2693726</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2647" sha1="tc7hxzfaj4q9iw6qpvhk0razluqrnlp" xml:space="preserve">==''' Part I '''==
&lt;!----------------------------------------------------------------------&gt;
===  Introduction ===

* Overview 
* Memory 
* Number 

&lt;!----------------------------------------------------------------------&gt;


=== Python for C programmers ===

* Hello, World! ([[Media:CProg.Hello.1A.20230406.pdf |pdf]])
* Statement Level  ([[Media:CProg.Statement.1A.20230509.pdf |pdf]])
* Output with print
* Formatted output
* File IO

&lt;!----------------------------------------------------------------------&gt;


=== Using Libraries ===

* Scripts ([[Media:Python.Work2.Script.1A.20231129.pdf |pdf]])
* Modules ([[Media:Python.Work2.Module.1A.20231216.pdf |pdf]])
* Packages ([[Media:Python.Work2.Package.1A.20241207.pdf |pdf]])
* Libraries ([[Media:Python.Work2.Library.1A.20241227.pdf |pdf]])
* Namespaces ([[Media:Python.Work2.Scope.1A.20231021.pdf |pdf]])


&lt;!----------------------------------------------------------------------&gt;

===   Handling Repetition ===
 
* Control ([[Media:Python.Repeat1.Control.1.A.20230314.pdf |pdf]])

* Loop ([[Media:Repeat2.Loop.1A.20230401.pdf |pdf]])

&lt;!----------------------------------------------------------------------&gt;

=== Handling a Big Work ===

* Functions ([[Media:Python.Work1.Function.1A.20230529.pdf |pdf]])
* Lambda ([[Media:Python.Work2.Lambda.1A.20230705.pdf |pdf]])
* Type Annotations ([[Media:Python.Work2.AtypeAnnot.1A.20230817.pdf |pdf]])

  
&lt;!----------------------------------------------------------------------&gt;

=== Handling Series of Data ===

* Arrays ([[Media:Python.Series1.Array.1A.pdf |pdf]])
* Tuples ([[Media:Python.Series2.Tuple.1A.pdf |pdf]])
* Lists ([[Media:Python.Series3.List.1A.pdf |pdf]])
* Tuples ([[Media:Python.Series4.Tuple.1A.pdf |pdf]])
* Sets ([[Media:Python.Series5.Set.1A.pdf |pdf]])
* Dictionary ([[Media:Python.Series6.Dictionary.1A.pdf |pdf]])

&lt;!----------------------------------------------------------------------&gt;

=== Handling Various Kinds of Data ===
  
* Types 
* Operators ([[Media:Python.Data3.Operators.1.A.pdf |pdf]])
* Files ([[Media:Python.Data4.File.1.A.pdf |pdf]])


&lt;!----------------------------------------------------------------------&gt;

=== Class and Objects ===
  
* Classes &amp; Objects ([[Media:Python.Work2.Class.1A.20230906.pdf |pdf]])
* Inheritance

 
&lt;!----------------------------------------------------------------------&gt;
&lt;/br&gt;

== Python in Numerical Analysis  ==
 
&lt;/br&gt;
&lt;/br&gt; 
go to [ [[Electrical_%26_Computer_Engineering_Studies]] ]

==External links==
* [http://www.southampton.ac.uk/~fangohr/training/python/pdfs/Python-for-Computational-Science-and-Engineering.pdf Python and Computational Science and Engineering]</text>
      <sha1>tc7hxzfaj4q9iw6qpvhk0razluqrnlp</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>2693728</id>
      <parentid>2693726</parentid>
      <timestamp>2024-12-29T00:56:11Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Young1lim</username>
        <id>21186</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Using Libraries */</comment>
      <origin>2693728</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2647" sha1="kf47b74wehj9qcxfkhq56w036ulmrc7" xml:space="preserve">==''' Part I '''==
&lt;!----------------------------------------------------------------------&gt;
===  Introduction ===

* Overview 
* Memory 
* Number 

&lt;!----------------------------------------------------------------------&gt;


=== Python for C programmers ===

* Hello, World! ([[Media:CProg.Hello.1A.20230406.pdf |pdf]])
* Statement Level  ([[Media:CProg.Statement.1A.20230509.pdf |pdf]])
* Output with print
* Formatted output
* File IO

&lt;!----------------------------------------------------------------------&gt;


=== Using Libraries ===

* Scripts ([[Media:Python.Work2.Script.1A.20231129.pdf |pdf]])
* Modules ([[Media:Python.Work2.Module.1A.20231216.pdf |pdf]])
* Packages ([[Media:Python.Work2.Package.1A.20241207.pdf |pdf]])
* Libraries ([[Media:Python.Work2.Library.1A.20241228.pdf |pdf]])
* Namespaces ([[Media:Python.Work2.Scope.1A.20231021.pdf |pdf]])


&lt;!----------------------------------------------------------------------&gt;

===   Handling Repetition ===
 
* Control ([[Media:Python.Repeat1.Control.1.A.20230314.pdf |pdf]])

* Loop ([[Media:Repeat2.Loop.1A.20230401.pdf |pdf]])

&lt;!----------------------------------------------------------------------&gt;

=== Handling a Big Work ===

* Functions ([[Media:Python.Work1.Function.1A.20230529.pdf |pdf]])
* Lambda ([[Media:Python.Work2.Lambda.1A.20230705.pdf |pdf]])
* Type Annotations ([[Media:Python.Work2.AtypeAnnot.1A.20230817.pdf |pdf]])

  
&lt;!----------------------------------------------------------------------&gt;

=== Handling Series of Data ===

* Arrays ([[Media:Python.Series1.Array.1A.pdf |pdf]])
* Tuples ([[Media:Python.Series2.Tuple.1A.pdf |pdf]])
* Lists ([[Media:Python.Series3.List.1A.pdf |pdf]])
* Tuples ([[Media:Python.Series4.Tuple.1A.pdf |pdf]])
* Sets ([[Media:Python.Series5.Set.1A.pdf |pdf]])
* Dictionary ([[Media:Python.Series6.Dictionary.1A.pdf |pdf]])

&lt;!----------------------------------------------------------------------&gt;

=== Handling Various Kinds of Data ===
  
* Types 
* Operators ([[Media:Python.Data3.Operators.1.A.pdf |pdf]])
* Files ([[Media:Python.Data4.File.1.A.pdf |pdf]])


&lt;!----------------------------------------------------------------------&gt;

=== Class and Objects ===
  
* Classes &amp; Objects ([[Media:Python.Work2.Class.1A.20230906.pdf |pdf]])
* Inheritance

 
&lt;!----------------------------------------------------------------------&gt;
&lt;/br&gt;

== Python in Numerical Analysis  ==
 
&lt;/br&gt;
&lt;/br&gt; 
go to [ [[Electrical_%26_Computer_Engineering_Studies]] ]

==External links==
* [http://www.southampton.ac.uk/~fangohr/training/python/pdfs/Python-for-Computational-Science-and-Engineering.pdf Python and Computational Science and Engineering]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Evidence-based assessment/Instruments/Autism Treatment Evaluation Checklist</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>216633</id>
    <revision>
      <id>2693707</id>
      <parentid>2287906</parentid>
      <timestamp>2024-12-28T20:58:20Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Yinuo May Liu</username>
        <id>2995206</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>add psychometrics</comment>
      <origin>2693707</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="7618" sha1="odvdp1krxoe1zubulu5kzre6k6cfs8w" xml:space="preserve">&lt;noinclude&gt;{{Helping Give Away Psychological Science Banner}}&lt;/noinclude&gt;

{{Wikipedia2|Autism Treatment Evaluation Checklist}}

The '''Autism Treatment Evaluation Scale (ATEC)''' is a 77-item diagnostic assessment tool that was developed by Bernard Rimland and Stephen Edelson at the Autism Research Institute. The ATEC was originally designed to evaluate the effectiveness of autism treatments, but it may also be beneficial as a screening tool for children.&lt;ref name=&quot;GeierEtAl2013&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|last1=Geier|first1=DA|last2=Kern|first2=JK|last3=Geier|first3=MR|title=A Comparison of the Autism Treatment Evaluation Checklist (ATEC) and the Childhood Autism Rating Scale (CARS) for the Quantitative Evaluation of Autism.|journal=Journal of mental health research in intellectual disabilities|date=October 2013|volume=6|issue=4|pages=255–267|pmid=23914277|doi=10.1080/19315864.2012.681340}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Teal&amp;Wiebe1986&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|last1=Teal|first1=MB|last2=Wiebe|first2=MJ|title=A validity analysis of selected instruments used to assess autism.|journal=Journal of autism and developmental disorders|date=December 1986|volume=16|issue=4|pages=485–94|pmid=3804961|doi=10.1007/bf01531713}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Accardo&amp;Bostwick1999&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|last1=Accardo|first1=P|last2=Bostwick|first2=H|title=Zebras in the living room: the changing faces of autism.|journal=The Journal of Pediatrics|date=November 1999|volume=135|issue=5|pages=533–5|pmid=10547235|doi=10.1016/s0022-3476(99)70045-4}}&lt;/ref&gt; The questionnaire, which is designed to be completed by parents, teachers, or others who see the individual's behavior on a regular basis, takes about 10–15 minutes to finish and is designed for use with children ages 5–12.

==Psychometrics==
===Reliability===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+ Evaluation for norms and reliability for the Autism Treatment Evaluation Checklist
! Criterion !! Rating (adequate, good, excellent, too good) !! Explanation with references
|-
| Norms || Adequate || One study reports the norms for the longitudinal changes of ATEC scores&lt;ref&gt; Mahapatra, S; Vyshedskiy, D; Martinez, S; Kannel, B; Braverman, J; Edelson, SM; Vyshedskiy, A. (February, 2018). &quot;Autism Treatment Evaluation Checklist (ATEC) norms: A “growth chart” for ATEC score changes as a function of age.&quot;. ''Children'', '''5''' (2): 25. &lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| Internal consistency || Excellent || Cronbach's alphas of 0.91; r = -0.94&lt;ref name=&quot;Magiati&quot;&gt; Magiati, I; Moss, J; Yates, R; Charman, T; Howlin, P. (January, 2011). &quot;Is the Autism Treatment Evaluation Checklist a useful tool for monitoring progress in children with autism spectrum disorders?&quot;. ''Journal of Intellectual Disability Research'', '''55''' (3): 302-312. &lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| Inter-rater reliability || Not applicable || Designed to be completed by caregivers instead of trained technicians.
|-
| Test-retest reliability || Excellent || r &gt; 0.9 for all subscales and the total score&lt;ref&gt;Freire, MH; André,AM; Kummer, AME; (March, 2018). &quot;Test-retest reliability and concurrent validity of Autism Treatment Evaluation Checklist (ATEC).&quot;. ''Jornal Brasileiro de Psiquiatria'', '''67''' (1): 63-64. &lt;/ref&gt;
|}

===Validity===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+ Evaluation of validity and utility for the Autism Treatment Evaluation Checklist
! Criterion !! Rating (adequate, good, excellent, too good) !! Explanation with references
|-
| Content validity || Good || Covers areas of communication, sociability, sensory and cognitive awareness, and health and physical behavior&lt;ref&gt; Rimland, B; Edelson, SM. (1999). &quot;Autism treatment evaluation checklist.&quot;. ''Journal of Intellectual Disability Research''.&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| Construct validity || Good || Shows convergent validity with Childhood Autism Rating Scale (Pearson correlation coefficient = 0.71, p &lt; .0001)&lt;ref name=&quot;GeierEtAl2013&quot;/&gt;
|-
| Treatment sensitivity || Good || Multiple studies used ATEC to measure treatment effects and progress over time in ASD&lt;ref name=&quot;Magiati&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt; Jarusiewicz, B. (2002). &quot;Efficacy of neurofeedback for children in the autistic spectrum: A pilot study.&quot;. ''Journal of Neurotherapy'', '''6''' (4): 39-49.&lt;/ref&gt;
|- 
| Clinical utility || Adequate || Quick and easy implementation and interpretation; limited evidence of norms, reliability, and validity; can't be used for ASD diagnosis
|}

==Scoring and interpretation==
===Item breakdown===
Questions are divided into four sub-scales based on content.

*'''Section 1:''' speech/language and communication
*'''Section 2:''' sociability
*'''Section 3:''' sensory and cognitive awareness
*'''Section 4:''' physical/health behavior

===Scoring===
For Sections 1-3, parents are asked to read the statement in each item and indicate whether it is &quot;not true/descriptive,&quot; &quot;somewhat true/descriptive,&quot; or &quot;very true/descriptive&quot; of their child. Section 4 asks parents to indicate whether the statements describe something that is &quot;not a problem,&quot; a &quot;minor problem,&quot; a &quot;moderate problem,&quot; or a &quot;serious problem&quot; for their child.

Total scores on the ATEC range from 0-180 and are calculated by summing the scores of each subscale. In general, a higher score indicates a greater degree of impairment from symptoms. Responses to each question are assigned a numeric value, and then added together.

*In sections 1-3, an answer of &quot;not true/descriptive&quot; receives 0 points, an answer of &quot;somewhat true/descriptive&quot; receives 1 point, and an answer of &quot;very true/descriptive&quot; receives 2 points.
*In section 4, an answer of &quot;not a problem&quot; receives 0 points, an answer of a &quot;minor problem&quot; receives 1 point, an answer of a &quot;moderate problem&quot; receives 2 points, and an answer of a &quot;serious problem&quot; receives 3 points.

===Cutoffs and interpretation===
Both subscale scores and total scores can be used to calculate a percentile of severity that the participant falls under, relative to score distributions provided by the Autism Research Institute. The following criteria for interpreting scores of the ATEC are as follows:

*'''Total scores of less than 30-''' Indicate that the child possesses somewhat normal behavior patterns and communication skills and has a high chance of leading a normal and independent life.
*'''Total scores of less than 50-''' Indicate that the child will most likely be able to lead a semi-independent life without needing to be placed in a formal care facility.
*'''Total scores of 104 or higher-''' Indicate that the child would fall into the 90th percentile and would be considered severely autistic. He or she will likely need continuous care, perhaps at an institution, and may be unable to achieve any degree of independence from others.&lt;ref name=&quot;ARI&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Autism Treatment Evaluation Checklist (ATEC)|url=http://www.autism.com/ind_atec|website=Autism Research Institute|accessdate=14 September 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;MassGeneral&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Table of all screening tools and rating scales|url=http://www2.massgeneral.org/schoolpsychiatry/screeningtools_table.asp|website=School Psychiatry Program and MADI Resource Center|publisher=Massachusetts General Hospital|accessdate=14 September 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Additional research on the ATEC identifies the various cutoffs and percentiles for subscale and total scores.

== External Links ==
*[https://sccap53.org Society of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology]
*[http://effectivechildtherapy.org/concerns-symptoms-disorders/disorders/autism/ EffectiveChildTherapy.Org information on autism spectrum disorder]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Autism Treatment Evaluation Checklist}}
{{:{{BASEPAGENAME}}/Navbox}}
[[Category:Psychological measures]]</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>What you can change and what you cannot</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>244761</id>
    <revision>
      <id>2693715</id>
      <parentid>2682157</parentid>
      <timestamp>2024-12-28T22:29:44Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Lbeaumont</username>
        <id>278565</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Social Transformation */ Linked to Improving Social Systems</comment>
      <origin>2693715</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="29414" sha1="7hvj9sexmg4utthiimcgi8cvg1385j3" xml:space="preserve">—	Gaining the wisdom to know the difference
[[File:Fesoj - Papilio machaon (by).jpg|thumb| Butterflies emerge from an amazing metamorphosis]]
{{TOC right | limit|limit=2}}
== Introduction ==
We spend too much time and waste too much energy in futile attempts to change what we cannot change.&lt;ref&gt;This material is adapted from the [http://www.emotionalcompetency.com/change.htm EmotionalCompetency.com] website with permission from the author.&lt;/ref&gt; This is a major cause of frustration and other forms of [[Resolving Anger|anger]]. The rational [[Evaluating Evidence|evidence]] for determining what we can change and what we cannot is overwhelming, but our behavior often tries to defy this [[Deductive_Logic/Clear_Thinking_curriculum|reason and logic]]. Behavior based on the lower two levels of the [[Layers of Human Interaction|architecture for interaction model]] is impossible to change. Those at the upper levels can be changed. Perhaps this course can help you sort it out, reduce your frustrations, and increase your [[What_Matters/Peace_of_mind,_Inner_Peace|peace-of-mind]].

== Objectives ==
{{100%done}}{{By|lbeaumont}}
The objectives of this course are to help you:
*Identify what you can change,
*Stop wasting effort on things you cannot change,
*Reduce your frustration,
*Increase your [[w:Equanimity|equanimity]], 
*Identify [[Living_Wisely#Possibilities—What_Can_Be|possibilities]],
*Increase your [[Emotional Competency|emotional competency]].

This course is part of the [[Emotional Competency]] curriculum. This material has been adapted from the EmotionalCompetency.com [http://emotionalcompetency.com/change.htm page on What You Can Change and What You Cannot], with permission of the author.

If you wish to contact the instructor, please [[Special:Emailuser/Lbeaumont | click here to send me an email]] or leave a comment or question on the [[Talk:What you can change and what you cannot|discussion page]].

[[File:What you can change and what you cannot Audio Dialogue.wav|thumb|What you can change and what you cannot Audio Dialogue]]

== Things You Can Change ==
Why waste time in futile attempts to change what you cannot, when there are so many things you can change? Here is a partial list of what you can change.
=== What you do: ===
*Your present behavior,
*Your future behavior,
*How you respond to the behavior of others,
*How you spend your time,
*Who you spend time with, the friends you keep, your participation and behavior in [[w:Interpersonal_relationship|relationships]],
*How you apply your talents and [[w:Character_Strengths_and_Virtues|strengths]].
*The [[w:Character_Strengths_and_Virtues|strengths]] you choose to acquire, develop, and apply,
*Your mastery of the [[Virtues|moral virtues]],
*Initiative, drive, commitment, tenacity, focus,
*Focusing on [[What Matters|what matters]],
*Who waits for whom,
*The promises you keep, and the people you [[Earning Trust|betray]],
*Your level of [[What Matters/Health, Fitness, and Wellness|nutrition and fitness]],
*[[w:Habit|Habits]], both good and bad
*The choices you make,
*Preparations and plans you make,
*[[w:Inhibitory_control|Impulse control]],
*[[w:Integrity|Integrity]], [http://www.emotionalcompetency.com/authenticchoice.htm authenticity], [[Toward congruence|congruence]], [http://www.emotionalcompetency.com/reciprocity.htm reciprocity]
*Your [[Intellectual Honesty|intellectual honesty]],
*The path you take,
*Your behaviors that annoy others,
*Where you live, where you work, where you [[w:Play_(activity)|play]], your career,
*The [[w:Duty|responsibility]] you take for yourself, and who you choose to [[Attributing Blame|blame]],
*When you appease, when you acquiesce, when obey, when you submit, when you rebel, when you protest, and when you [[w:Whistleblower|blow the whistle]].
*Where you shop, how you spend, and how you save,
*When and how you use your [[w:Power_(social_and_political)|power]].
*[[Appraising Emotional Responses|Reappraise]], [[Apologizing|apologize]], [[Forgiving|forgive]], let go, and take [[Living_Wisely#Personal_Responsibility|responsibility]] for yourself.
*Deciding to do your best, or less than your best.
[[File:Country lane.jpg|thumb|Leaves change to wonderful autumn colors.]]

=== What you communicate to others: ===
*What you say, [[Communicating_Power|how you say it]], who you say it to, and when you say it,
*The [[Candor|authenticity of your expression]],
*Your [[Practicing Dialogue|use of dialogue]],
*Who you greet, and how you greet them,
*[[w:Facial_expression|Facial expressions]], body language, gestures, posture,
*Grooming, dress, and personal hygiene,
*The [[w:Attitude_(psychology)|attitude]] you project,
*What you write, say, and share,
*The [[Living Wisely/Advance no falsehoods|falsehoods you choose to advance]],
*The [[w:Gossip|gossip]] you spread,
*The [[w:Rumor|rumors]] you spread,
*Who you include and who you exclude,
*Your [[w:Reputation|public image]],
*The [[w:Taboo|topics you avoid]], and those you engage, when you are patient, when you show impatience.
*Authentic information or deceptive, manipulative, incomplete, or disingenuous disinformation.
*The promises you make, when you say “Yes”, and when you say “No”.
*Who you like, who you [[Earning Trust|trust]], who you dislike, who you distrust,
*Your loyalties,
*The symmetry of the power relationships, including: deference, respect, fawning, condescension, leadership, or disrespect.
*Who you show respect to and who you are disrespectful of,
*What you are willing to [[Virtues/Tolerance|tolerate]], and what you take a stand on,
*Who you interrupt and who you allow to interrupt you.
*The trust you extend and the [[Earning Trust|trust you earn]].

=== What you know: ===
*[[Facing Facts|Facts]] you have gathered,
*Understanding,
*The [[Evaluating Evidence|evidence you consider]],
*The [[Knowing_How_You_Know#What_is_a_Theory_of_Knowledge?|theory of knowledge]] you use to choose your beliefs.
*The [[Seeking True Beliefs|beliefs you hold]].
*Expertise, skills, and how you apply your talents,
*Literacy, [[Deductive_Logic/Clear_Thinking_curriculum|logic]], quantitative skills, domain knowledge,
*What you study, read, listen to, and learn,
*What you question and what you accept,
*Your self-image, including your understanding of your [[True Self|authentic self]].
=== How you think: ===
*Your [[w:Value_(ethics)|values]] and [[w:Goal|goals]].
*[[Seeking True Beliefs|What you believe]],
**[[w:Stereotype|stereotypes]],
**[[Beyond Theism|religious beliefs]],
**loyalty
**Your [[True Self|self image]]
*The assumptions you make, the questions you ask,
*How you [[Knowing How You Know|know how you know]],
*The [[Knowing_How_You_Know/Examining_Ideologies|ideologies you accept]],
*[[Earning Trust|Who you trust]],
*The points of view you adopt,
**[[Exploring Worldviews|Your worldview]],
*What you value, how you [[Evaluating Evidence|evaluate information]], the priorities you set, what you want.
*The focus of your attention, what you regard as important and what you regard as unimportant, your priorities.
*Your mood, attitude, and point of view,
*Your [[w:Explanatory_style|explanatory style]]; [[w:Optimism|optimistic]] or [[w:Pessimism|pessimistic]],
*The alternatives you generate and consider,
*How you [[Practicing_Dialogue#Toward_Dialogue|balance inquiry and advocacy]],
*Your level of innovation,
*Your [[Virtues/Compassion|compassion]], [[w:empathy|empathy]], and understanding of others.
*Your level of skepticism, and openness to new ideas
*Interest, investigation, imagination, and curiosity,
*How you choose [[Being Friends|friends]] and who you regard as friends,
*Who you choose as enemies, and who you fear,
*Your willingness or refusal to [[Overcoming Hate|hate others]],
*Who you love and who you decide to hate.
*How you learn,
*Your level of [[Emotional Competency|emotional competency]].
*The [http://www.emotionalcompetency.com/motivation.htm#integration integrated and introjected regulations] you maintain and respond to.

=== What you hope, dream, and aspire to: ===
*Your [[w:Goal|goals]],
*Your hopes and aspirations,
*Your role models.
*How you [[Envisioning Our Future|envision the future]].
=== Assignment ===
#Based on the lists above, identify things you can change that would improve your well-being.
#Choose one or two things from the above list you would like to change.
#Make those changes.
== Things You Cannot Change ==
 [[File:Rock of Gibraltar northwest.jpg|thumb| We need to accept those things we cannot change.|alt=Rock of Gibraltar northwest.jpg]]
You cannot change: the past, your history, the laws of physics, [[Facing Facts |facts]], the weather, [[w:Human_nature|human nature]] (yours or others), [[w:Trait_theory|personality traits]] (yours or others), another person's beliefs or thoughts ([[Virtues/How can you change another person?|unless they choose to change]]), someone who doesn't want to change, who you are related to, human needs, [[w:Sexual_orientation|sexual orientation]], your talent, and things you do not acknowledge.

Don't waste time and energy trying to change these things. Recognize and accept what you cannot change and move on with your life. Perhaps this [http://www.emotionalcompetency.com/yield.htm amusing story] can help you decide when it is in your best interest to change course and yield to an immovable object or accept some permanent condition.

Being clear about those things you cannot change can help you accept the limitations of the [[w:Law_of_attraction_(New_Thought)|law of attraction]], [[w:Mind_over_matter|mind over matter]], [[w:The_Power_of_Positive_Thinking|the power of positive thinking]], and even [[w:Thoughts_and_prayers|thoughts and prayers]]. This can help you avoid distractions and focus on what you can change. 
=== Assignment ===
#Based on the lists above, identify things you cannot change that you have not yet accepted.
#Let them go.

== Things you may be able to change ==
Although the scope of your [[w:Mental_state|mental state]] is limited to your mind, it can provide new insights and influence your attitudes, motivations, and actions. You can [[Problem Finding|reframe a problem]] as an opportunity, or an ordeal as an adventure. You can choose optimism, hope, enthusiasm, [[w:Grit_(personality_trait)|grit]], determination, practice, creativity, and resourcefulness.

You may be able to [[Virtues/How_can_you_change_another_person?|change another person's behavior]] if they decide they would like your help in making a change they have decided to work on. Perhaps you can influence them.

Partners in any relationship respond very differently to being [[Earning Trust|trusted]], respected, and treated kindly that they do to being insulted, offended, ignored, or diminished. Your actions are likely to be reflected, and often amplified, throughout a relationship. You can change the nature of the relationship by demonstrating generosity, kindness, empathy, respect, and other [[Level_5_Research_Center#Values|pro-social values]]. 

You may be able to change [[Exploring Social Constructs|social constructs]].

The history of [[w:Reform_movement|reform movements]] demonstrates the powerful and lasing effects that determination combined with effective and prolonged actions can have. Abolition of slavery, women’s suffrage, child labor reform, the civil rights movement, and the gay rights movements all demonstrate the power of turning ideas into action. 

Habits and other behavior caused by [[w:Classical_conditioning|classical conditioning]] or [[w:Operant_conditioning|operant conditioning]] can be [[w:Extinction_(psychology)|extinguished]] by systematic exposure to carefully chosen stimulus and carefully controlling your response.

A competent [[w:Mental_health_counselor|counselor]] or [[w:Therapy|therapist]] may be required to assist in overcoming [[w:Depression_(mood)|depression]], other [[w:Mood_disorder|mood disorders]], [[w:phobias|phobias]], [[w:Addiction|addictions]], and entrenched [[w:Habit|habits]]. Techniques such as [[w:Cognitive_behavioral_therapy|Cognitive Behavior Therapy]] and [[w:Cognitive_processing_therapy|Cognitive Processing Therapy]] may be effective. 

The [[w:Placebo|placebo effect]] describes a surprising link between mental states and physical outcomes. In general, placebos can affect how patients perceive their condition and encourage the body's chemical processes for relieving pain and a few other symptoms but have no impact on the disease itself.
=== Assignment ===
Complete the Wikiversity course on [[Exploring Social Constructs]].

== Vital Distinctions ==
You can change what you want, but you cannot change what you need.

You can elevate your mood, but you cannot levitate your body. The Stockdale Paradox reminds us that [[Seeking_True_Beliefs#Real_Hope_Yields_to_Evidence|real hope yields to evidence]] and is constrained by reality. 

You [[Virtues/How can you change another person?|cannot change another person]], but you can change how you treat them, how you react to them, your opinions and judgments of them, and your relationship with them.

You cannot change the past, but you can [[Appraising Emotional Responses|reappraise]], [[Apologizing|apologize]], [[Forgiving|forgive]], let go, take [[Living_Wisely#Personal_Responsibility|responsibility]] for yourself, learn, purge [[w:Self-determination_theory#Extrinsic_motivation|introjected regulations]], change the present and the future, and move forward.
== Missteps ==
Vigorous attempts by powerful people to exert their will to change facts are often chaotic and costly. Here are some famous examples. 

The pope was adamant that the earth ''ought'' to be the center of the universe. Galileo found convincing evidence that the earth is orbiting the sun. In a famously audacious attempt to preserve what the pope believed ought to be true, [[w:Galileo_affair|the Pope persecuted Galileo]]. Eventually reality prevailed, what ''is'' true ignored what the Pope believed [[w:Is–ought problem|''ought'']] to be true. Unaware of any of this, the earth circles the sun before, during, and after that historic disagreement entirely independent of what the pope thought ought to be true.

More recently, former President Donald Trump worked long and hard to [[w:Attempts_to_overturn_the_2020_United_States_presidential_election|overturn the results]] of the 2020 United States presidential election. Although his efforts so far have failed, his actions resulted in a crowd [[w:2021_storming_of_the_United_States_Capitol|storming the United States capital]], and his [[w:Second_impeachment_of_Donald_Trump|second  impeachment]].

[[w:Brute_fact|Brute facts]] remain unchanged regardless of your beliefs, wishes, or proclamations. [[Finding Common Ground|Reality is our common ground]]. 

== Locus of Control ==
If you do poorly on a college exam, how do you explain the bad outcome? Perhaps you think: “I did not study long and hard enough. I did not ask clarifying questions in class or seek out the teacher after class. I did not review my notes in depth, this is my fault”. Or you might think: “The teacher is bad and does not care, he does not explain the material or answer questions. The author of the text book is worse; he couldn't write clearly to save his life. Also, why was the test given at 8 am the Friday before the big weekend? Clearly the teacher is to [[Attributing Blame|blame]].” Finally you might attribute it all to fate and bad luck: “This was just not meant to be. There is nothing I could have done to prevent this outcome. I just seem to get all the bad luck. What can I do?”

This example illustrates the three possible modes or tendencies people have for attributing [[w:Locus_of_control|locus of control]]—where you tend to assign causes for events in your life. The first example, “I am responsible” is typical of an ''internalizer''. The second, “It is the teacher's fault”, is typical of an ''externalizer'', and the final example, “it is all just luck” is typical of someone who attributes events to chance. In fact, most outcomes actually result from a combination of internal and external causes, and perhaps some chance. However, each of us will tend toward one of these three styles: internalizer, externalizer, or chance, as we explain events. People who are high in the personality trait of [[w:Conscientiousness|conscientiousness]] tend to be internalizers and take personal [[Living_Wisely#Personal_Responsibility|responsibility]] for events, good or bad.  People low in conscientiousness tend to be externalizers or attribute it all to chance; it is not their responsibility. Each of these viewpoints are examples of the [[w:Fallacy_of_the_single_cause|fallacy of the single cause]]. Because many causes typically contribute to any outcome, the best determination comes from a careful [[Evaluating Evidence|analysis of the evidence]].

A careful analysis of cause and effect can help determine what you can change and what you cannot. Internalizers may be trying to change what they cannot. They may be taking [[Living_Wisely#Personal_Responsibility|responsibility]] for events, good or bad, that are out of their control. Externalizers may be frustrated by feeling they cannot change anything and be quick to [[Attributing Blame|blame]] others. They may be avoiding [[Living_Wisely#Personal_Responsibility|responsibility]] and overlooking opportunities they have to make useful changes. People who attribute it all to chance are powerless, playing the victim, acting helpless, and behaving like they don't have any choices. The authentic response is based on an accurate knowledge of who you are and what you are capable of controlling. Strike a realistic balance between arrogance—it is all because of me, and victim—there is nothing I can do.

=== Assignment ===
#Recall a time when you [[Attributing Blame|blame]] others for some misfortune.
#[[Appraising Emotional Responses|Reframe]] the event from the viewpoint of an internal [[w:locus of control|locus of control]].
#Recall a time when you [[Attributing Blame|blame]] yourself for some misfortune.
#Reframe the event from the viewpoint of an external locus of control.
#What story is more accurate? 
== Agency ==
[[w:Agency_(philosophy)|Agency]] is your ability to act and get things done. It is your ability to influence people, organizations, and events around you. Agency is exercising your personal power to apply [[w:Character_Strengths_and_Virtues|your assets]], including [[w:Character_Strengths_and_Virtues|nonverbal communication]], [[w:Motility|motility]], [[w:Transport|mobility]], physical strength, [[Finding Courage|courage]], [[w:Psychological_resilience|resilience]], creativity, [[w:Ethos|ethos]], [[Facing Facts|facts]], [[w:Reason|reason]], [[w:Information|information]], [[w:Aptitude|talents]], experience, [[w:Problem_solving|problem solving]] skills, communication skills, [[w:Rhetoric|rhetoric]], [[Practicing Dialogue|dialogue]], [[w:Speaking_truth_to_power|speaking truth to power]], [[w:Whistleblower|blowing the whistle]], [[w:Resistance_movement|resisting]] opposing efforts, [[w:Social_skills|interpersonal skills]], [[Emotional Competency|emotional competency]], [[w:Negotiation|negotiating skills]], [[Transcending Conflict|conflict resolution]], organizational skills, friends and other affiliations, [[w:Social_capital|social capital]], [[w:Personal_network|personal network]], [[w:Alliance|alliances]], [[w:Wealth|wealth]], [[w:Social_status|status]], [[w:French_and_Raven's_bases_of_power#Legitimate_power|positional power]], and various other sources of influence, [[w:Persuasion|persuasion]], and [[w:Power_(social_and_political)|power]].

President [[q:Theodore_Roosevelt|Theodore Roosevelt]] was fond of saying &quot;Do what you can, with what you've got, where you are.&quot; That is agency.

Agency is your ability to effect change. Agency is related to an internal locus of control. Choosing to exercise agency is the [[Moral Reasoning|ethical]] alternative to choosing to [[w:Victim_playing|play the victim]] with the intent of [[w:Psychological_manipulation|manipulating]] others. 

Rely on [[Moral Reasoning|moral reasoning]] and exercise agency only for [[Virtues/Good|the good]].
=== Assignment ===
#Identify something you would like to change. Ensure the change you are seeking is for the good.
##Optionally, complete the course on [[Problem Finding]].
#Identify the assets available to you that can be mobilized to effect that change.
##Optionally, complete the course on [[Solving Problems]]. 
#Exercise your agency to effect that change.

== Social Transformation ==
Our world is transformed by a [[w:Lists_of_activists|long tradition]] of social, political, and economic [[w:Activism|activism]]. The [[w:American_Revolution|rise of democracy]], [[w:Freedom_of_religion|religious freedom]], [[w:Abolitionism|abolition of slavery]], [[w:Women's_suffrage|woman’s suffrage]], [[w:Civil_rights_movements|civil rights]], [[w:Women's_rights|women’s rights]], [[w:LGBT_movements|LGBT rights]], and [[Assessing Human Rights|human rights protections]] are magnificent results of people [[Envisioning Our Future|envisioning a brighter future]] and acting to improve our social, cultural, and political institutions. You can be part of on-going work to advance human rights worldwide, [[Evolving Governments|evolve governments]], protect the environment, promote peace, and address the [[grand challenges]]. 

Studying the Wikiversity course [[Improving Social Systems]] can help people improve social systems. 

== Ambivalence ==
Do you want to stop smoking or not? On the one hand you understand the health risks, costs, filth, growing opposition, and inconvenience of smoking. On the other hand however, you have smoked for years, enjoy the calm it creates, immerse yourself in the rituals it provides, identify with it, and have been physically unable to stop each time you have tried. You have denied the harm, distorted the facts, indulged in [[w:Confabulation|confabulation]], and almost convinced yourself that smoking is good for you. This is the essence of [[w:Ambivalence|ambivalence]]—literally “both feelings”—torn between wanting to change and not wanting to change. Ambivalence is very common; losing weight, seeking medical treatment, changing jobs, limiting drinking or gambling, dumping your boyfriend, getting more exercise, changing jobs, and buying a new car all invite mixed emotions.

Resolving ambivalence is the first step toward change.&lt;ref&gt;See, for example [[w:Motivational_interviewing|Motivational_interviewing]]&lt;/ref&gt; People do not change when they are stuck in ambivalence. Clarifying the discrepancy between alternatives is essential for resolving ambivalence. When people assess for themselves the benefits of change over the status quo, they begin to resolve their ambivalence. When we can clearly see for ourselves the benefits of the new path over the old we become ready for change. The choice has to originate from within; attempts to coerce change typically fail.

People change when they are ready, willing, and able to. People are willing to change when they firmly decide to leave the past behind and make a new future. This happens when they understand the discrepancy between their goals and their present state and they autonomously choose to close that gap. They overcome denial and resistance and now are committed to the new outcome. People are able to change when they believe they are competent to perform the work necessary for the change. People are ready to change when the change becomes very important to them; when this is their highest priority.
=== Assignment ===
#Identify some condition in your life you are ambivalent about.
#Work to resolve your ambivalence.
#Act based on this clarity.

== Regret ==
We all make mistakes and when we reflect on our lives, we may identify mistakes we [[w:regret|regret]]. These mistakes often represent some loss or hurt to ourselves, people we care about, and perhaps even people we have never met.

[[w:Regret|Regret]] is often painful. If we [[w:Rumination_(psychology)|ruminate]] and brood on the mistakes we made, replay over and over again the bad choices we made, wish we could have a chance to make a different choice, bemoan the lost opportunity, blame ourselves for not foreseeing our errors, and wallow in shame, it can be very hurtful.

What can we do with this regret? Because we cannot change the past, we cannot undo our mistakes. However, we often have an opportunity to learn, [[Apologizing|apologize]], [[Forgiving|forgive]], and let go.

It is useful to learn from our mistakes. It is helpful to recall the situation, the decisions we made, analyze our reasoning, the alternatives available, and consider why we made the choice we did. What can we learn from this? What can I change now and, in the future, to reduce the chances of making a similar mistake? How can this experience be used to make me a better person? Take effective action now based on what you have learned from past mistakes. 

If our actions caused harm to another person, it is helpful take responsibility for contributing to this harm and to [[Apologizing|apologize]] fully and sincerely to all the injured parties. The Wikiversity course on [[apologizing]] provides background and guidance for apologizing. Apologize for harm you have caused.

If someone harmed you, or if you hold yourself responsible for causing some harm, then it is often useful to [[Forgiving|forgive]]. Forgive those who have harmed you and forgive yourself for causing harm. The Wikiversity course on [[forgiving]] provides background, guidance, and justification on forgiving.

If you have learned from your mistake, apologized to those harmed, and forgiven those who you can forgive, then your work here is done. Let go of the mistake, let go of this incident from your past, and move on. 
== A Buddhist Perspective on Inner Peace ==
[[w:Buddhism|Buddhists]] believe that [[w:Inner_peace|inner peace]] is the only peace, there is no other kind. What would external peace be? It is fruitless to pray for peace because it is already within you, you already have it, it cannot be given to you. Peace is only achieved by removing obstacles to it. Sanskrit prayers usually end with the chant “[[w:Om|Om]], shanti, shanti, shanti”  Shanti is the Sanskrit word for “quietly” or “peace”&lt;ref&gt;https://www.yogajournal.com/practice/5-sanskrit-words-every-yogi-know&lt;/ref&gt;.

Peace comes from removing obstacles in three areas:
#Disturbances from other people — you cannot change other people
#Disturbances not from other people (e.g. natural disasters, events in the past, today's weather)
#Disturbances you cause yourself — these you can change.

Understanding what you can change and what you cannot change is the simple but often difficult path to inner peace.

== The Serenity Prayer ==
The [[w:Serenity_Prayer|serenity prayer]] provides simple and profound [[wisdom]] on dealing with change. Here are some popular statements of that wisdom:

As the original prayer: God grant me the serenity to accept the things I cannot change; courage to change the things I can; and wisdom to know the difference. ~ [[w:Reinhold_Niebuhr|Reinhold Niebuhr]].

As a request: May I have the serenity to accept the things I cannot change; the courage to change the things I can; and the wisdom to know the difference. ~ Adaptation by Meryl Runion .

As an affirmation: I have the serenity to accept the things I cannot change; the courage to change the things I can; and the wisdom to know the difference.

== Further Reading ==
Students interested in learning more about what you can change and what you cannot may be interested in the following materials: 
*{{cite book |last=Seligman |first=Martin E.P. |date=January 9, 2007 |title=What You Can Change and What You Can't: The Complete Guide to Successful Self-Improvement  |publisher=Vintage |pages=336 |isbn=978-1400078400 |author-link=w:Martin_Seligman }}
*{{cite book |last1=Miller |first1=William R. |last2=Rollnick |first2=Stephen |date=September 7, 2012 |title=Motivational Interviewing: Helping People Change |publisher=The Guilford Press |pages=482 |isbn=978-1609182274 }}
*{{cite book |last=Johnson |first=Spencer |date=June 1, 2006 |title=Who Moved My Cheese?: An A-Mazing Way to Deal with Change in Your Work and in Your Life  |publisher=Vermilion |pages=95 |isbn=978-0091816971 |author-link=w:Spencer_Johnson_(writer) }}
*{{cite book |last=McGraw |first=Phil |date=May 6, 2003 |title=Self Matters: Creating Your Life from the Inside Out |publisher=Free Press |pages=336 |isbn=978-1615522637 |author-link=w:Phil_McGraw }}
*{{cite book |last2=Lukianoff |first2=Greg |last1=Haidt |first1=Jonathan |date=September 4, 2018 |title=The Coddling of the American Mind: How Good Intentions and Bad Ideas Are Setting Up a Generation for Failure |publisher=Penguin Press |pages=352 |isbn=978-0735224896 |author-link=w:Jonathan_Haidt }}
*{{cite book |last=Sharp |first=Gene |author-link=w:Gene_Sharp |date=September 4, 2012 |title=From Dictatorship to Democracy: A Conceptual Framework for Liberation |publisher=The New Press |pages=160 |isbn=978-1595588500}}

== Notes ==
&lt;references/&gt;
{{Emotional Competency}}
[[Category:Life skills]]
[[Category:Applied Wisdom]]
[[Category:Philosophy]]
[[Category:Peace studies]]
[[Category:Humanities courses]]</text>
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      <text bytes="30557" sha1="h6jcu4tn38yt1iplqhoxnkbxk1s63wj" xml:space="preserve">—	Gaining the wisdom to know the difference
[[File:Fesoj - Papilio machaon (by).jpg|thumb| Butterflies emerge from an amazing metamorphosis]]
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== Introduction ==
We spend too much time and waste too much energy in futile attempts to change what we cannot change.&lt;ref&gt;This material is adapted from the [http://www.emotionalcompetency.com/change.htm EmotionalCompetency.com] website with permission from the author.&lt;/ref&gt; This is a major cause of frustration and other forms of [[Resolving Anger|anger]]. The rational [[Evaluating Evidence|evidence]] for determining what we can change and what we cannot is overwhelming, but our behavior often tries to defy this [[Deductive_Logic/Clear_Thinking_curriculum|reason and logic]]. Behavior based on the lower two levels of the [[Layers of Human Interaction|architecture for interaction model]] is impossible to change. Those at the upper levels can be changed. Perhaps this course can help you sort it out, reduce your frustrations, and increase your [[What_Matters/Peace_of_mind,_Inner_Peace|peace-of-mind]].

== Objectives ==
{{100%done}}{{By|lbeaumont}}
The objectives of this course are to help you:
*Identify what you can change,
*Stop wasting effort on things you cannot change,
*Reduce your frustration,
*Increase your [[w:Equanimity|equanimity]], 
*Identify [[Living_Wisely#Possibilities—What_Can_Be|possibilities]],
*Increase your [[Emotional Competency|emotional competency]].

This course is part of the [[Emotional Competency]] curriculum. This material has been adapted from the EmotionalCompetency.com [http://emotionalcompetency.com/change.htm page on What You Can Change and What You Cannot], with permission of the author.

If you wish to contact the instructor, please [[Special:Emailuser/Lbeaumont | click here to send me an email]] or leave a comment or question on the [[Talk:What you can change and what you cannot|discussion page]].

[[File:What you can change and what you cannot Audio Dialogue.wav|thumb|What you can change and what you cannot Audio Dialogue]]

== Things You Can Change ==
Why waste time in futile attempts to change what you cannot, when there are so many things you can change? Here is a partial list of what you can change.
=== What you do: ===
*Your present behavior,
*Your future behavior,
*How you respond to the behavior of others,
*How you spend your time,
*Who you spend time with, the friends you keep, your participation and behavior in [[w:Interpersonal_relationship|relationships]],
*How you apply your talents and [[w:Character_Strengths_and_Virtues|strengths]].
*The [[w:Character_Strengths_and_Virtues|strengths]] you choose to acquire, develop, and apply,
*Your mastery of the [[Virtues|moral virtues]],
*Initiative, drive, commitment, tenacity, focus,
*Focusing on [[What Matters|what matters]],
*Who waits for whom,
*The promises you keep, and the people you [[Earning Trust|betray]],
*Your level of [[What Matters/Health, Fitness, and Wellness|nutrition and fitness]],
*[[w:Habit|Habits]], both good and bad
*The choices you make,
*Preparations and plans you make,
*[[w:Inhibitory_control|Impulse control]],
*[[w:Integrity|Integrity]], [http://www.emotionalcompetency.com/authenticchoice.htm authenticity], [[Toward congruence|congruence]], [http://www.emotionalcompetency.com/reciprocity.htm reciprocity]
*Your [[Intellectual Honesty|intellectual honesty]],
*The path you take,
*Your behaviors that annoy others,
*Where you live, where you work, where you [[w:Play_(activity)|play]], your career,
*The [[w:Duty|responsibility]] you take for yourself, and who you choose to [[Attributing Blame|blame]],
*When you appease, when you acquiesce, when obey, when you submit, when you rebel, when you protest, and when you [[w:Whistleblower|blow the whistle]].
*Where you shop, how you spend, and how you save,
*When and how you use your [[w:Power_(social_and_political)|power]].
*[[Appraising Emotional Responses|Reappraise]], [[Apologizing|apologize]], [[Forgiving|forgive]], let go, and take [[Living_Wisely#Personal_Responsibility|responsibility]] for yourself.
*Deciding to do your best, or less than your best.
[[File:Country lane.jpg|thumb|Leaves change to wonderful autumn colors.]]

=== What you communicate to others: ===
*What you say, [[Communicating_Power|how you say it]], who you say it to, and when you say it,
*The [[Candor|authenticity of your expression]],
*Your [[Practicing Dialogue|use of dialogue]],
*Who you greet, and how you greet them,
*[[w:Facial_expression|Facial expressions]], body language, gestures, posture,
*Grooming, dress, and personal hygiene,
*The [[w:Attitude_(psychology)|attitude]] you project,
*What you write, say, and share,
*The [[Living Wisely/Advance no falsehoods|falsehoods you choose to advance]],
*The [[w:Gossip|gossip]] you spread,
*The [[w:Rumor|rumors]] you spread,
*Who you include and who you exclude,
*Your [[w:Reputation|public image]],
*The [[w:Taboo|topics you avoid]], and those you engage, when you are patient, when you show impatience.
*Authentic information or deceptive, manipulative, incomplete, or disingenuous disinformation.
*The promises you make, when you say “Yes”, and when you say “No”.
*Who you like, who you [[Earning Trust|trust]], who you dislike, who you distrust,
*Your loyalties,
*The symmetry of the power relationships, including: deference, respect, fawning, condescension, leadership, or disrespect.
*Who you show respect to and who you are disrespectful of,
*What you are willing to [[Virtues/Tolerance|tolerate]], and what you take a stand on,
*Who you interrupt and who you allow to interrupt you.
*The trust you extend and the [[Earning Trust|trust you earn]].

=== What you know: ===
*[[Facing Facts|Facts]] you have gathered,
*Understanding,
*The [[Evaluating Evidence|evidence you consider]],
*The [[Knowing_How_You_Know#What_is_a_Theory_of_Knowledge?|theory of knowledge]] you use to choose your beliefs.
*The [[Seeking True Beliefs|beliefs you hold]].
*Expertise, skills, and how you apply your talents,
*Literacy, [[Deductive_Logic/Clear_Thinking_curriculum|logic]], quantitative skills, domain knowledge,
*What you study, read, listen to, and learn,
*What you question and what you accept,
*Your self-image, including your understanding of your [[True Self|authentic self]].
=== How you think: ===
*Your [[w:Value_(ethics)|values]] and [[w:Goal|goals]].
*[[Seeking True Beliefs|What you believe]],
**[[w:Stereotype|stereotypes]],
**[[Beyond Theism|religious beliefs]],
**loyalty
**Your [[True Self|self image]]
*The assumptions you make, the questions you ask,
*How you [[Knowing How You Know|know how you know]],
*The [[Knowing_How_You_Know/Examining_Ideologies|ideologies you accept]],
*[[Earning Trust|Who you trust]],
*The points of view you adopt,
**[[Exploring Worldviews|Your worldview]],
*What you value, how you [[Evaluating Evidence|evaluate information]], the priorities you set, what you want.
*The focus of your attention, what you regard as important and what you regard as unimportant, your priorities.
*Your mood, attitude, and point of view,
*Your [[w:Explanatory_style|explanatory style]]; [[w:Optimism|optimistic]] or [[w:Pessimism|pessimistic]],
*The alternatives you generate and consider,
*How you [[Practicing_Dialogue#Toward_Dialogue|balance inquiry and advocacy]],
*Your level of innovation,
*Your [[Virtues/Compassion|compassion]], [[w:empathy|empathy]], and understanding of others.
*Your level of skepticism, and openness to new ideas
*Interest, investigation, imagination, and curiosity,
*How you choose [[Being Friends|friends]] and who you regard as friends,
*Who you choose as enemies, and who you fear,
*Your willingness or refusal to [[Overcoming Hate|hate others]],
*Who you love and who you decide to hate.
*How you learn,
*Your level of [[Emotional Competency|emotional competency]].
*The [http://www.emotionalcompetency.com/motivation.htm#integration integrated and introjected regulations] you maintain and respond to.

=== What you hope, dream, and aspire to: ===
*Your [[w:Goal|goals]],
*Your hopes and aspirations,
*Your role models.
*How you [[Envisioning Our Future|envision the future]].
=== Assignment ===
#Based on the lists above, identify things you can change that would improve your well-being.
#Choose one or two things from the above list you would like to change.
#Make those changes.
== Things You Cannot Change ==
 [[File:Rock of Gibraltar northwest.jpg|thumb| We need to accept those things we cannot change.|alt=Rock of Gibraltar northwest.jpg]]
You cannot change: the past, your history, the laws of physics, [[Facing Facts |facts]], the weather, [[w:Human_nature|human nature]] (yours or others), [[w:Trait_theory|personality traits]] (yours or others), another person's beliefs or thoughts ([[Virtues/How can you change another person?|unless they choose to change]]), someone who doesn't want to change, who you are related to, human needs, [[w:Sexual_orientation|sexual orientation]], your talent, and things you do not acknowledge.

Don't waste time and energy trying to change these things. Recognize and accept what you cannot change and move on with your life. Perhaps this [http://www.emotionalcompetency.com/yield.htm amusing story] can help you decide when it is in your best interest to change course and yield to an immovable object or accept some permanent condition.

Being clear about those things you cannot change can help you accept the limitations of the [[w:Law_of_attraction_(New_Thought)|law of attraction]], [[w:Mind_over_matter|mind over matter]], [[w:The_Power_of_Positive_Thinking|the power of positive thinking]], and even [[w:Thoughts_and_prayers|thoughts and prayers]]. This can help you avoid distractions and focus on what you can change. 
=== Assignment ===
#Based on the lists above, identify things you cannot change that you have not yet accepted.
#Let them go.

== Things you may be able to change ==
Although the scope of your [[w:Mental_state|mental state]] is limited to your mind, it can provide new insights and influence your attitudes, motivations, and actions. You can [[Problem Finding|reframe a problem]] as an opportunity, or an ordeal as an adventure. You can choose optimism, hope, enthusiasm, [[w:Grit_(personality_trait)|grit]], determination, practice, creativity, and resourcefulness.

You may be able to [[Virtues/How_can_you_change_another_person?|change another person's behavior]] if they decide they would like your help in making a change they have decided to work on. Perhaps you can influence them.

Partners in any relationship respond very differently to being [[Earning Trust|trusted]], respected, and treated kindly that they do to being insulted, offended, ignored, or diminished. Your actions are likely to be reflected, and often amplified, throughout a relationship. You can change the nature of the relationship by demonstrating generosity, kindness, empathy, respect, and other [[Level_5_Research_Center#Values|pro-social values]]. 

You may be able to change [[Exploring Social Constructs|social constructs]].

The history of [[w:Reform_movement|reform movements]] demonstrates the powerful and lasing effects that determination combined with effective and prolonged actions can have. Abolition of slavery, women’s suffrage, child labor reform, the civil rights movement, and the gay rights movements all demonstrate the power of turning ideas into action. 

Habits and other behavior caused by [[w:Classical_conditioning|classical conditioning]] or [[w:Operant_conditioning|operant conditioning]] can be [[w:Extinction_(psychology)|extinguished]] by systematic exposure to carefully chosen stimulus and carefully controlling your response.

A competent [[w:Mental_health_counselor|counselor]] or [[w:Therapy|therapist]] may be required to assist in overcoming [[w:Depression_(mood)|depression]], other [[w:Mood_disorder|mood disorders]], [[w:phobias|phobias]], [[w:Addiction|addictions]], and entrenched [[w:Habit|habits]]. Techniques such as [[w:Cognitive_behavioral_therapy|Cognitive Behavior Therapy]] and [[w:Cognitive_processing_therapy|Cognitive Processing Therapy]] may be effective. 

The [[w:Placebo|placebo effect]] describes a surprising link between mental states and physical outcomes. In general, placebos can affect how patients perceive their condition and encourage the body's chemical processes for relieving pain and a few other symptoms but have no impact on the disease itself.
=== Assignment ===
Complete the Wikiversity course on [[Exploring Social Constructs]].

== Vital Distinctions ==
You can change what you want, but you cannot change what you need.

You can elevate your mood, but you cannot levitate your body. The Stockdale Paradox reminds us that [[Seeking_True_Beliefs#Real_Hope_Yields_to_Evidence|real hope yields to evidence]] and is constrained by reality. 

You [[Virtues/How can you change another person?|cannot change another person]], but you can change how you treat them, how you react to them, your opinions and judgments of them, and your relationship with them.

You cannot change the past, but you can [[Appraising Emotional Responses|reappraise]], [[Apologizing|apologize]], [[Forgiving|forgive]], let go, take [[Living_Wisely#Personal_Responsibility|responsibility]] for yourself, learn, purge [[w:Self-determination_theory#Extrinsic_motivation|introjected regulations]], change the present and the future, and move forward.
== Missteps ==
Vigorous attempts by powerful people to exert their will to change facts are often chaotic and costly. Here are some famous examples. 

The pope was adamant that the earth ''ought'' to be the center of the universe. Galileo found convincing evidence that the earth is orbiting the sun. In a famously audacious attempt to preserve what the pope believed ought to be true, [[w:Galileo_affair|the Pope persecuted Galileo]]. Eventually reality prevailed, what ''is'' true ignored what the Pope believed [[w:Is–ought problem|''ought'']] to be true. Unaware of any of this, the earth circles the sun before, during, and after that historic disagreement entirely independent of what the pope thought ought to be true.

More recently, former President Donald Trump worked long and hard to [[w:Attempts_to_overturn_the_2020_United_States_presidential_election|overturn the results]] of the 2020 United States presidential election. Although his efforts so far have failed, his actions resulted in a crowd [[w:2021_storming_of_the_United_States_Capitol|storming the United States capital]], and his [[w:Second_impeachment_of_Donald_Trump|second  impeachment]].

[[w:Brute_fact|Brute facts]] remain unchanged regardless of your beliefs, wishes, or proclamations. [[Finding Common Ground|Reality is our common ground]]. 

== Locus of Control ==
If you do poorly on a college exam, how do you explain the bad outcome? Perhaps you think: “I did not study long and hard enough. I did not ask clarifying questions in class or seek out the teacher after class. I did not review my notes in depth, this is my fault”. Or you might think: “The teacher is bad and does not care, he does not explain the material or answer questions. The author of the text book is worse; he couldn't write clearly to save his life. Also, why was the test given at 8 am the Friday before the big weekend? Clearly the teacher is to [[Attributing Blame|blame]].” Finally you might attribute it all to fate and bad luck: “This was just not meant to be. There is nothing I could have done to prevent this outcome. I just seem to get all the bad luck. What can I do?”

This example illustrates the three possible modes or tendencies people have for attributing [[w:Locus_of_control|locus of control]]—where you tend to assign causes for events in your life. The first example, “I am responsible” is typical of an ''internalizer''. The second, “It is the teacher's fault”, is typical of an ''externalizer'', and the final example, “it is all just luck” is typical of someone who attributes events to chance. In fact, most outcomes actually result from a combination of internal and external causes, and perhaps some chance. However, each of us will tend toward one of these three styles: internalizer, externalizer, or chance, as we explain events. People who are high in the personality trait of [[w:Conscientiousness|conscientiousness]] tend to be internalizers and take personal [[Living_Wisely#Personal_Responsibility|responsibility]] for events, good or bad.  People low in conscientiousness tend to be externalizers or attribute it all to chance; it is not their responsibility. Each of these viewpoints are examples of the [[w:Fallacy_of_the_single_cause|fallacy of the single cause]]. Because many causes typically contribute to any outcome, the best determination comes from a careful [[Evaluating Evidence|analysis of the evidence]].

A careful analysis of cause and effect can help determine what you can change and what you cannot. Internalizers may be trying to change what they cannot. They may be taking [[Living_Wisely#Personal_Responsibility|responsibility]] for events, good or bad, that are out of their control. Externalizers may be frustrated by feeling they cannot change anything and be quick to [[Attributing Blame|blame]] others. They may be avoiding [[Living_Wisely#Personal_Responsibility|responsibility]] and overlooking opportunities they have to make useful changes. People who attribute it all to chance are powerless, playing the victim, acting helpless, and behaving like they don't have any choices. The authentic response is based on an accurate knowledge of who you are and what you are capable of controlling. Strike a realistic balance between arrogance—it is all because of me, and victim—there is nothing I can do.

=== Assignment ===
#Recall a time when you [[Attributing Blame|blame]] others for some misfortune.
#[[Appraising Emotional Responses|Reframe]] the event from the viewpoint of an internal [[w:locus of control|locus of control]].
#Recall a time when you [[Attributing Blame|blame]] yourself for some misfortune.
#Reframe the event from the viewpoint of an external locus of control.
#What story is more accurate? 
== Agency ==
[[w:Agency_(philosophy)|Agency]] is your ability to act and get things done. It is your ability to influence people, organizations, and events around you. Agency is exercising your personal power to apply [[w:Character_Strengths_and_Virtues|your assets]], including [[w:Character_Strengths_and_Virtues|nonverbal communication]], [[w:Motility|motility]], [[w:Transport|mobility]], physical strength, [[Finding Courage|courage]], [[w:Psychological_resilience|resilience]], creativity, [[w:Ethos|ethos]], [[Facing Facts|facts]], [[w:Reason|reason]], [[w:Information|information]], [[w:Aptitude|talents]], experience, [[w:Problem_solving|problem solving]] skills, communication skills, [[w:Rhetoric|rhetoric]], [[Practicing Dialogue|dialogue]], [[w:Speaking_truth_to_power|speaking truth to power]], [[w:Whistleblower|blowing the whistle]], [[w:Resistance_movement|resisting]] opposing efforts, [[w:Social_skills|interpersonal skills]], [[Emotional Competency|emotional competency]], [[w:Negotiation|negotiating skills]], [[Transcending Conflict|conflict resolution]], organizational skills, friends and other affiliations, [[w:Social_capital|social capital]], [[w:Personal_network|personal network]], [[w:Alliance|alliances]], [[w:Wealth|wealth]], [[w:Social_status|status]], [[w:French_and_Raven's_bases_of_power#Legitimate_power|positional power]], and various other sources of influence, [[w:Persuasion|persuasion]], and [[w:Power_(social_and_political)|power]].

President [[q:Theodore_Roosevelt|Theodore Roosevelt]] was fond of saying &quot;Do what you can, with what you've got, where you are.&quot; That is agency.

Agency is your ability to effect change. Agency is related to an internal locus of control. Choosing to exercise agency is the [[Moral Reasoning|ethical]] alternative to choosing to [[w:Victim_playing|play the victim]] with the intent of [[w:Psychological_manipulation|manipulating]] others. 

Rely on [[Moral Reasoning|moral reasoning]] and exercise agency only for [[Virtues/Good|the good]].
=== Assignment ===
#Identify something you would like to change. Ensure the change you are seeking is for the good.
##Optionally, complete the course on [[Problem Finding]].
#Identify the assets available to you that can be mobilized to effect that change.
##Optionally, complete the course on [[Solving Problems]]. 
#Exercise your agency to effect that change.

== Influence and Persuasion ==
[[w:Social_influence|Influence]] and [[w:Persuasion|persuasion]] are two powerful forces that shape human interactions and societal progress. While they are closely related, each term carries distinct meanings and implications. ''Influence'' refers to the capacity to affect the thoughts, feelings, or behaviors of others, often subtly and indirectly.

''Persuasion'', on the other hand, involves the deliberate attempt to convince someone to adopt a specific belief, attitude, or course of action. Both can be used for [[w:Prosocial_behavior|pro-social]] or anti-social purposes, depending on the intent and [[Moral Reasoning|ethical considerations]] of those wielding them.

Each of us is subject to influence and persuasion and capable of exerting influence and persuasion.

Studying the Wikiversity course [[Influence and Persuasion]] can help you:

* Recognize how different modes of influence and methods of persuasion affect our attention, understanding, beliefs, and actions.
* Develop the ability to effectively direct attention, modify beliefs, and influence actions in others using these techniques.

== Social Transformation ==
Our world is transformed by a [[w:Lists_of_activists|long tradition]] of social, political, and economic [[w:Activism|activism]]. The [[w:American_Revolution|rise of democracy]], [[w:Freedom_of_religion|religious freedom]], [[w:Abolitionism|abolition of slavery]], [[w:Women's_suffrage|woman’s suffrage]], [[w:Civil_rights_movements|civil rights]], [[w:Women's_rights|women’s rights]], [[w:LGBT_movements|LGBT rights]], and [[Assessing Human Rights|human rights protections]] are magnificent results of people [[Envisioning Our Future|envisioning a brighter future]] and acting to improve our social, cultural, and political institutions. You can be part of on-going work to advance human rights worldwide, [[Evolving Governments|evolve governments]], protect the environment, promote peace, and address the [[grand challenges]]. 

Studying the Wikiversity course [[Improving Social Systems]] can help people improve social systems. 

== Ambivalence ==
Do you want to stop smoking or not? On the one hand you understand the health risks, costs, filth, growing opposition, and inconvenience of smoking. On the other hand however, you have smoked for years, enjoy the calm it creates, immerse yourself in the rituals it provides, identify with it, and have been physically unable to stop each time you have tried. You have denied the harm, distorted the facts, indulged in [[w:Confabulation|confabulation]], and almost convinced yourself that smoking is good for you. This is the essence of [[w:Ambivalence|ambivalence]]—literally “both feelings”—torn between wanting to change and not wanting to change. Ambivalence is very common; losing weight, seeking medical treatment, changing jobs, limiting drinking or gambling, dumping your boyfriend, getting more exercise, changing jobs, and buying a new car all invite mixed emotions.

Resolving ambivalence is the first step toward change.&lt;ref&gt;See, for example [[w:Motivational_interviewing|Motivational_interviewing]]&lt;/ref&gt; People do not change when they are stuck in ambivalence. Clarifying the discrepancy between alternatives is essential for resolving ambivalence. When people assess for themselves the benefits of change over the status quo, they begin to resolve their ambivalence. When we can clearly see for ourselves the benefits of the new path over the old we become ready for change. The choice has to originate from within; attempts to coerce change typically fail.

People change when they are ready, willing, and able to. People are willing to change when they firmly decide to leave the past behind and make a new future. This happens when they understand the discrepancy between their goals and their present state and they autonomously choose to close that gap. They overcome denial and resistance and now are committed to the new outcome. People are able to change when they believe they are competent to perform the work necessary for the change. People are ready to change when the change becomes very important to them; when this is their highest priority.
=== Assignment ===
#Identify some condition in your life you are ambivalent about.
#Work to resolve your ambivalence.
#Act based on this clarity.

== Regret ==
We all make mistakes and when we reflect on our lives, we may identify mistakes we [[w:regret|regret]]. These mistakes often represent some loss or hurt to ourselves, people we care about, and perhaps even people we have never met.

[[w:Regret|Regret]] is often painful. If we [[w:Rumination_(psychology)|ruminate]] and brood on the mistakes we made, replay over and over again the bad choices we made, wish we could have a chance to make a different choice, bemoan the lost opportunity, blame ourselves for not foreseeing our errors, and wallow in shame, it can be very hurtful.

What can we do with this regret? Because we cannot change the past, we cannot undo our mistakes. However, we often have an opportunity to learn, [[Apologizing|apologize]], [[Forgiving|forgive]], and let go.

It is useful to learn from our mistakes. It is helpful to recall the situation, the decisions we made, analyze our reasoning, the alternatives available, and consider why we made the choice we did. What can we learn from this? What can I change now and, in the future, to reduce the chances of making a similar mistake? How can this experience be used to make me a better person? Take effective action now based on what you have learned from past mistakes. 

If our actions caused harm to another person, it is helpful take responsibility for contributing to this harm and to [[Apologizing|apologize]] fully and sincerely to all the injured parties. The Wikiversity course on [[apologizing]] provides background and guidance for apologizing. Apologize for harm you have caused.

If someone harmed you, or if you hold yourself responsible for causing some harm, then it is often useful to [[Forgiving|forgive]]. Forgive those who have harmed you and forgive yourself for causing harm. The Wikiversity course on [[forgiving]] provides background, guidance, and justification on forgiving.

If you have learned from your mistake, apologized to those harmed, and forgiven those who you can forgive, then your work here is done. Let go of the mistake, let go of this incident from your past, and move on. 
== A Buddhist Perspective on Inner Peace ==
[[w:Buddhism|Buddhists]] believe that [[w:Inner_peace|inner peace]] is the only peace, there is no other kind. What would external peace be? It is fruitless to pray for peace because it is already within you, you already have it, it cannot be given to you. Peace is only achieved by removing obstacles to it. Sanskrit prayers usually end with the chant “[[w:Om|Om]], shanti, shanti, shanti”  Shanti is the Sanskrit word for “quietly” or “peace”&lt;ref&gt;https://www.yogajournal.com/practice/5-sanskrit-words-every-yogi-know&lt;/ref&gt;.

Peace comes from removing obstacles in three areas:
#Disturbances from other people — you cannot change other people
#Disturbances not from other people (e.g. natural disasters, events in the past, today's weather)
#Disturbances you cause yourself — these you can change.

Understanding what you can change and what you cannot change is the simple but often difficult path to inner peace.

== The Serenity Prayer ==
The [[w:Serenity_Prayer|serenity prayer]] provides simple and profound [[wisdom]] on dealing with change. Here are some popular statements of that wisdom:

As the original prayer: God grant me the serenity to accept the things I cannot change; courage to change the things I can; and wisdom to know the difference. ~ [[w:Reinhold_Niebuhr|Reinhold Niebuhr]].

As a request: May I have the serenity to accept the things I cannot change; the courage to change the things I can; and the wisdom to know the difference. ~ Adaptation by Meryl Runion .

As an affirmation: I have the serenity to accept the things I cannot change; the courage to change the things I can; and the wisdom to know the difference.

== Further Reading ==
Students interested in learning more about what you can change and what you cannot may be interested in the following materials: 
*{{cite book |last=Seligman |first=Martin E.P. |date=January 9, 2007 |title=What You Can Change and What You Can't: The Complete Guide to Successful Self-Improvement  |publisher=Vintage |pages=336 |isbn=978-1400078400 |author-link=w:Martin_Seligman }}
*{{cite book |last1=Miller |first1=William R. |last2=Rollnick |first2=Stephen |date=September 7, 2012 |title=Motivational Interviewing: Helping People Change |publisher=The Guilford Press |pages=482 |isbn=978-1609182274 }}
*{{cite book |last=Johnson |first=Spencer |date=June 1, 2006 |title=Who Moved My Cheese?: An A-Mazing Way to Deal with Change in Your Work and in Your Life  |publisher=Vermilion |pages=95 |isbn=978-0091816971 |author-link=w:Spencer_Johnson_(writer) }}
*{{cite book |last=McGraw |first=Phil |date=May 6, 2003 |title=Self Matters: Creating Your Life from the Inside Out |publisher=Free Press |pages=336 |isbn=978-1615522637 |author-link=w:Phil_McGraw }}
*{{cite book |last2=Lukianoff |first2=Greg |last1=Haidt |first1=Jonathan |date=September 4, 2018 |title=The Coddling of the American Mind: How Good Intentions and Bad Ideas Are Setting Up a Generation for Failure |publisher=Penguin Press |pages=352 |isbn=978-0735224896 |author-link=w:Jonathan_Haidt }}
*{{cite book |last=Sharp |first=Gene |author-link=w:Gene_Sharp |date=September 4, 2012 |title=From Dictatorship to Democracy: A Conceptual Framework for Liberation |publisher=The New Press |pages=160 |isbn=978-1595588500}}

== Notes ==
&lt;references/&gt;
{{Emotional Competency}}
[[Category:Life skills]]
[[Category:Applied Wisdom]]
[[Category:Philosophy]]
[[Category:Peace studies]]
[[Category:Humanities courses]]</text>
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Completed tasks:
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*[[/Archive 2022|2022]] (complete)
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Tasks for the technical editors are syncronised between this page and [https://www.Workmarket.com Workmarket] by [[user:WorkmarketBot|WorkmarketBot]]. The process to to create a new assignment is:

* Add a new row at the bottom of the table ([https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/WikiJournal_User_Group/Technical_editors/tasks?veaction=edit activate editing mode], click bottom row, click chevron that appears on the left, select 'insert below').
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Tasks can be claimed by a tech editor by logging into [https://www.Workmarket.com Workmarket] and apply for an item. If multiple tech editors apply for a task, open tasks will distributed amongst applicants. Outlines on how to approach the most common tasks can be found at these [[WikiJournal User Group/Editorial guidelines/Technical editor summary|process summary guidelines]].

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|&lt;s&gt;Complete&lt;/s&gt; &lt;br /&gt; Note: PDF has not been uploaded. There are some outstanding issues to fix. [[User:OhanaUnited|&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #0000FF;&quot;&gt;OhanaUnited&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;]][[User talk:OhanaUnited|&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: green;&quot;&gt;&lt;sup&gt;Talk page&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;]] 18:50, 9 October 2022 (UTC) - Completed tasks and re-uploaded word document. PDF to be uploaded after discussion regarding new abstract.
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|
|[[WikiJournal Preprints/Antidepressant Mirtazapine Solid dispersions with Characterization and Formulation Development by 3? Factorial Design]]
| Please add Athikhun Suwannakhan as a reviewer to the peer review Google form
|Med
|Peter Agan
|30 mins
|2023-01-29
|Completed
|-
|
|[[WikiJournal Preprints/Purchasing High-Cost Medical Equipment in Hospitals in OECD Countries: A Systematic Review Protocol]]
| Please add Athikhun Suwannakhan as a reviewer to the peer review Google form
|Med
|Peter Agan
|30 mins
|2023-01-29
|Completed
|-
|
|[[WikiJournal Preprints/Resources for the Assessment and Treatment of Substance Use Disorder in Adolescents]]
| Accepted, update article page, generate DOI and PDF
|Med
|Peter Agan
|1320 min (22 hrs)
|2023-02-14
|Completed
|-
|
|[[WikiJournal Preprints/Extract of Laurus nobilis attenuates inflammation and epithelial ulcerations in an experimental model of inflammatory bowel disease]]
| Accepted, update article page, generate DOI and PDF
|Med
|Peter Agan
|1020 min (17 hrs)
|2023-02-14
|Completed
|-
|
|[[WikiJournal Preprints/Multiple object tracking|Multiple object tracking]]
|Please add new peer revew pdf
|Sci
|Treens Alcorn
|150 minutes
|2023-01-28
|Completed 
|-
|
|[[WikiJournal Preprints/The Efficacy of Paxlovid against COVID-19 is the Result of the Tight Molecular Docking between Mpro and Antiviral Drugs (Nirmatrelvir and Ritonavir)|The Efficacy of Paxlovid against COVID-19 is the Result of the Tight Molecular Docking between Mpro and Antiviral Drugs (Nirmatrelvir and Ritonavir)]]
|Transcribe document from Google Drive onto the wiki page
|Sci
|Emma Chiu
|360 minutes 
|2023-02-17
|Completed
|-
|
|[[WikiJournal Preprints/Impact of xenogenic mesenchimal stem cells secretome on a humoral component of the immune system|Impact of xenogenic mesenchimal stem cells secretome on a humoral component of the immune system]]
|Add new peer review pdf &amp; complete submitted peer review tasks 3&amp;4 (note added 27/2/2023 still waiting for upload of pdf)
|Med
|Treens Alcorn
|
|
|
|-
|
|[[WikiJournal Preprints/Immune system]]
|Could you please add me (Roger Watson) as the Handling Editor for this one on the landing page of the article and on the reviewer sheet please?
|Med
|Peter Agan
|50 minutes
|2023-02-10
|Completed
|-
|
|[[WikiJournal Preprints/Induced stem cells|Induced Stem cells]]
|Add new peer review, create Wikidata item
|Sci
|Treens Alcorn
|60 minutes
|2023/02/27
|Complete
|-
|
|[[WikiJournal of Medicine/Resources for the Assessment and Treatment of Substance Use Disorder in Adolescents|Resources for the Assessment and Treatment of Substance Use Disorder in Adolescents]]
|Ensure Manual of Style consistent with Wikipedia on the page and in PDF
|Med
|Emma Chiu
|240 minutes 
|2023/03/04
|Complete
|-
|
|[[WikiJournal of Science/Black-and-yellow broadbill|Black-and-yellow broadbill]]
|Accepted. Generate DOI and PDF
|Sci
|Emma Chiu
|240 minutes
|2023/03/04
|Complete
|-
|
|[[WikiJournal of Medicine/Potential upcoming articles]]
|Could all published articles - all indicated by Volume/Issues - be removed from this list please.
|Med
|Peter Agan
|30 minutes 
|2023/03/03
|Completed
|-
|
|[[WikiJournal Preprints/Androgen backdoor pathway]]
| Accepted, update article page, generate DOI and PDF
|Med
|Peter Agan
|613 minutes
|2023/04/06
|Completed 
|-
|
|[[WikiJournal of Medicine]]
| Volumes 8, 9 &amp; 10 are all referred to as 'Current Issue' and Volume 7 as 'Previous Issue' - needs to be updated, thanks
|Med
|Peter Agan
|45 minutes 
|2023/04/07
|Completed
|-
|
|[[WikiJournal Preprints/Androgen backdoor pathway]]
| The task above related to this article is 'completed' but the article is not incorporated into a volume or see the pdf version linked to the article or that it is designated as having been accepted - can this be done please?
|Med
|Peter Agan
|237 minutes
|2023/04/14
|Completed
|-
|
|[[WikiJournal Preprints/Psychotherapy: An important component of a comprehensive approach to the treatment of bipolar disorder]]
| Please create a speer review location
|Med
|Peter Agan
|35 minutes
|2023/04/14
|Completed
|-
|
|[[WikiJournal Preprints/Orhan Gazi, the first statesman|Orhan Gazi, the first statesman]]
|Add both new peer reviews, update reviewer's Wikidata item
|Hum
|Peter Agan
|187 minutes
|2023/05/01
|Completed 
|-
|
|[[WikiJournal Preprints/Immune system|Immune System]]
|Add new peer review, update reviewer's Wikidata item
|Med
|Peter Agan
|188 minutes
|2023/05/01
|Completed
|-
|
|[[WikiJournal of Science/Non-canonical base pairing|Non-canonical base pairing]]
|Generate DOI, PDF and upload
|Sci
|Peter Agan
|780 minutes
|2023/05/12
|Completed
|-
|
|[[WikiJournal of Science/Multiple object tracking|Multiple object tracking]]
|Generate DOI, PDF and upload
|Sci
|Peter Agan
|540 minutes
|2023/05/12
|Completed
|-
|
|[[WikiJournal Preprints/Immune system|Immune System]]
|Please delete the contents of this preprint, but leave the page there blank and I will put an appropriate comment under Reviewer Comments
|Med
|Peter Agan
|25 minutes
|2023/05/20
|Completed
|-
|
|[[WikiJournal Preprints/Orhan Gazi, the first statesman|Orhan Gazi, the first statesman]]
|For both reviews, upload the reviewer-submitted PDF and include that PDF alongside the on-wiki peer review comments 
|Hum
|Peter Agan
|250 minutes
|2023/06/28
|Completed
|-
|
|[[WikiJournal Preprints/Design effect|Design effect]]
|Add new peer review and update that reviewer's Wikidata item
|Sci
|Peter Agan
|120 minutes
|2023/05/31
|Completed
|-
|
|[[WikiJournal of Humanities/Loveday, 1458|Loveday, 1458]]
|Accepted. Generate DOI and PDF
|Hum
|Peter Agan
|486 minutes
|2023/06/20
|Completed
|-
|[https://www.workmarket.com/manage/6554498532/overview 6554498532]
|TEST ROW 8
|Test to confirm that bot is active on main task list.
|Med
|
|
|
|
|-
|
|[[WikiJournal Preprints/Where experts and amateurs meet: the ideological hobby of medical volunteering on Wikipedia|Where experts and amateurs meet: the ideological hobby of medical volunteering on Wikipedia]]
|Accepted. Generate DOI and PDF
|Med
|Emma Chiu
|600 minutes
|2023/8/6
|Completed
|-
|
|[[WikiJournal Preprints/Impact of xenogenic mesenchimal stem cells secretome on a humoral component of the immune system|Impact of xenogenic mesenchimal stem cells secretome on a humoral component of the immune system]]
|Accepted. Generate DOI and PDF
|Med
|Peter Agan
|409 mins
|2023/07/31
|Completed
|-
|
|[[WikiJournal Preprints/Impact of xenogenic mesenchimal stem cells secretome on a humoral component of the immune system|Impact of xenogenic mesenchimal stem cells secretome on a humoral component of the immune system]]
|Thanks for accepting and generating pdf; would it be possible to correct the title of the pre-print and the pdf to say 'mesenchymal' as opposed to 'mesinchimal'; also, in the body of the pdf please change 'Fisher's test' to Fisher's exact test' - I have altered this in the pre-print
|Med
|Peter Agan
|45 mins
|2023/07/31
|Completed
|-
|[https://www.workmarket.com/manage/9414409635/overview 9414409635]
| [[WikiJournal Preprints/Practical applications of moisture sorption models for predicting the drying characteristics and shelf-life of malted and/or fermented FARO 44 rice plus soybean-based complementary foods|Practical applications of moisture sorption models for predicting the drying characteristics and shelf-life of malted and/or fermented FARO 44 rice plus soybean-based complementary foods]]
| Import content PDF uploaded in Google Drive into wiki. Author requested anonymity until article acceptance. Ensure that formulas and tables are uploaded and formatted properly. Note that I am contacting the author to request for better images so please don't upload images for now.
|Sci
|Peter Agan
|1200 mins
|2023/09/30
|Completed
|-
|[https://www.workmarket.com/manage/7695454963/overview 7695454963]
|[[WikiJournal Preprints/Psychotherapy: An important component of a comprehensive approach to the treatment of bipolar disorder|Psychotherapy: An important component of a comprehensive approach to the treatment of bipolar disorder]]
| Above it says a location for peer review Reviewer Comments was created but the content there is a not correct, can this be done again please?
|Med
|Peter Agan
|60 minutes
|2024/09/2024
|Withdrawn
|-
|[https://www.workmarket.com/manage/3783913689/overview 3783913689]
|[[WikiJournal Preprints/Screening of potential microorganisms from pharmaceutical effluence capable of degrading environmental pollutants|Screening of potential microorganisms from pharmaceutical effluence capable of degrading environmental pollutants]]
| Use uploaded manuscript to create the preprint page on wiki
|Sci
|
|
|
|
|-
|[https://www.workmarket.com/manage/7951305361/overview 7951305361]
|[[WikiJournal Preprints/Globally Popular Pet Reptile Leopard Gecko (Eublepharis macularius) Demonstrates Capability in Using Running Wheel Voluntarily ? Is It Locomotion Play?|Globally Popular Pet Reptile Leopard Gecko (Eublepharis macularius) Demonstrates Capability in Using Running Wheel Voluntarily ? Is It Locomotion Play?]]
| Adjust references to inline citation numbers format
|Sci
|Emma Chiu
|180 mins
|2023/11/24
|Completed
|-
|[https://www.workmarket.com/manage/4273374750/overview 4273374750]
|[[WikiJournal Preprints/Brace Roots|Brace Roots]]
|Identify and compile a list of 10-15 potential peer reviewers related to this topic
|Sci
|Peter Agan
|300 mins
|2024/01/25
|Completed
|-
|[https://www.workmarket.com/manage/9966491909/overview 9966491909]
|[[WikiJournal Preprints/Screening of potential microorganisms from pharmaceutical effluence capable of degrading environmental pollutants|Screening of potential microorganisms from pharmaceutical effluence capable of degrading environmental pollutants]]
|Identify and compile a list of 10-15 potential peer reviewers related to this topic
|Sci
|Peter Agan
|300 mins
|2024/01/25
|Completed
|-
|[https://www.workmarket.com/manage/6865707097/overview 6865707097]
|[[WikiJournal Preprints/Crisis Readiness and Innovation for Burnout Prevention Among Community Health Workers|Crisis Readiness and Innovation for Burnout Prevention Among Community Health Workers]]
|Transcribe document from Google Drive onto the wiki page 
|Med
|Emma Chiu
|360 mins
|2024/05/08
|Completed
|-
|[https://www.workmarket.com/manage/9651035026/overview 9651035026]
|[[WikiJournal of Science/Bioclogging|Bioclogging]]
|Accepted, generate DOI and PDF 
|Sci
|Peter Agan
|360 minutes
|2024/04/02
|Completed
|-
|[https://www.workmarket.com/manage/9579295387/overview 9579295387]
|[[WikiJournal of Science/Bioclogging/ja|Bioclogging/ja]]
|Accepted, generate DOI and PDF 
|Sci
|Emma Chiu
|
|
|
|-
|[https://www.workmarket.com/manage/5518065368/overview 5518065368]
|[[WikiJournal Preprints/The effect of local millet drink (Kunu) on the testis and epididymis of adult male wistar rats|The effect of local millet drink (Kunu) on the testis and epididymis of adult male wistar rats]]
|Accepted, update Wikidata entry, generate DOI and PDF 
|Sci
|Peter Agan
|360 minutes
|2024/03/15
|Completed
|-
|[https://www.workmarket.com/manage/3748703910/overview 3748703910]
|[[WikiJournal Preprints/Body image disturbance in eating disorders]]
|Accepted, update Wikidata entry, generate DOI and PDF
|Med
|Peter Agan
|360 minutes
|2024/05/05
|Completed
|-
|[https://www.workmarket.com/manage/5461106502/overview 5461106502]
|[[WikiJournal Preprints/Design effect#:~:text=The design effect depends on,(such as the mean).|Design effect]]
|Review formatting for character corruption
|Sci
|Emma Chiu
|
|
|
|-
|[https://www.workmarket.com/manage/2861404825/overview 2861404825]
|[[WikiJournal of Science/Design effect|Design effect]]
|Accepted article. Generate DOI and PDF
|Sci
|
|
|
|
|-
|[https://www.workmarket.com/manage/5784308213/overview 5784308213]
|[[WikiJournal Preprints/Body image disturbance in eating disorders]]
|Thanks for accepting this and generating pdf - is it possible to initiate Volume 11 Issue 1 please?
|Med
|Peter Agan
|60 minutes
|2024/09/10
|Completed
|-
|[https://www.workmarket.com/manage/5784308213/overview 5784308213]
|[[WikiJournal Preprints/Design and validation of an open access, 3D printed dermatoscope]]
|Please add this to the page: https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/WikiJournal_of_Medicine/Potential_upcoming_articles
|Med
|
|
|
|
|-
|[https://www.workmarket.com/manage/6438659080/overview 6438659080]
|[[WikiJournal of Science/Bioclogging]]
|Update PDF to reflect the added references
|Sci
|
|
|
|
|-
|[https://www.workmarket.com/manage/9677184653/overview 9677184653]
|[[WikiJournal of Science/Black-and-red broadbill]]
|Accepted, update article page, generate DOI (use 10.15347/WJS/2024.003 for this paper) and PDF
|Sci
|Peter Agan
|240 minutes
|2024/09/26
|Completed
|-
|[https://www.workmarket.com/manage/4342621673/overview 4342621673]
|[[WikiJournal of Science/Popular Pet Reptile, the Leopard Gecko (Eublepharis macularius), Spontaneously Uses Running Wheel? Is It Locomotion Play?]]
|Accepted, update article page, generate DOI (use 10.15347/WJS/2024.005 for this paper) and PDF
|Sci
|Peter Agan
|240 minutes
|2024/09/10
|Completed
|-
|[https://www.workmarket.com/manage/4007689347/overview 4007689347]
|[[WikiJournal of Science/Poisson manifold|Poisson manifold]]
|Accepted, update article page, generate DOI and PDF
|Sci
|Peter Agan
|300 Minutes
|2024/11/04
|Completed
|-
|[https://www.workmarket.com/manage/8357919333/overview 8357919333]
|[[WikiJournal of Science/Brace Roots|Brace Roots]]
|Accepted, generate DOI and PDF
|Sci
|Peter Agan
|240 Minutes
|2024/11/09
|Completed
|-
|[https://www.workmarket.com/manage/7805714759/overview 7805714759]
|[[WikiJournal Preprints/The Himalayan fossil hoax#Background|WikiJournal Preprints/The Himalayan fossil hoax]]
|Accepted by WikiJournal of Science, please add to the main page, generate DOI, and generate PDF
|Sci
|Peter Agan
|300 Minutes
|2024/11/19
|Completed
|-
|[https://www.workmarket.com/manage/7662852102/overview 7662852102]
|[[WikiJournal of Science/Design effect|Design effect]]
|Generate PDF
|Sci
|Peter Agan
|360 Minutes
|2024/11/22
|Completed
|-
|[https://www.workmarket.com/manage/6624972799/overview 6624972799]
|[[WikiJournal of Science/Mobility-aware Scheduling in Fog Computing: Analysis and Challenges|Mobility-aware Scheduling in Fog Computing: Analysis and Challenges]]
|Create preprint page from uploaded Google Drive file
|Sci
|Michelle Fong
|
|
|
|-
|[https://www.workmarket.com/manage/5387063030/overview 5387063030]
|[[WikiJournal of Science/Enhancing Dry Shampoo Formulation with Aloe Vera and Lemongrass Herbal Extract Powders for Management of Greasy Hair|Enhancing Dry Shampoo Formulation with Aloe Vera and Lemongrass Herbal Extract Powders for Management of Greasy Hair]]
|Create preprint page from uploaded Google Drive file
|Sci
|Michelle Fong
|
|
|
|}


{{Archive box
|
Completed tasks:
*[[/Archive 2021|2021]]
*[[/Archive 2022|2022]] (complete)
}}</text>
      <sha1>7aspdfo146nqpes7bvgxf7zmctvvscc</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Workings of gcc and ld in plain view</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>285384</id>
    <revision>
      <id>2693711</id>
      <parentid>2693656</parentid>
      <timestamp>2024-12-28T22:13:37Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Young1lim</username>
        <id>21186</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Dynamic Loading - API Functions */</comment>
      <origin>2693711</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3596" sha1="k39vfjtdnpkpz9d7n2so6cgmp8bjd2f" xml:space="preserve">=== Workings of the GNU Compiler for IA-32 ===

==== Overview ====
* Overview ([[Media:Overview.20200211.pdf |pdf]])

==== Data Processing ====
* Access ([[Media:Access.20200409.pdf |pdf]])
* Operators ([[Media:Operator.20200427.pdf |pdf]])

==== Control ====
* Conditions ([[Media:Condition.20230630.pdf |pdf]])
* Control ([[Media:Control.20220616.pdf |pdf]])

==== Function calls ==== 
* Procedure ([[Media:Procedure.20220412.pdf |pdf]])
* Recursion ([[Media:Recursion.20210824-2.pdf |pdf]])

==== Pointer and Aggregate Types ==== 
* Arrays ([[Media:Array.20211018.pdf |pdf]])
* Structures ([[Media:Structure.20220101.pdf |pdf]])
* Alignment ([[Media:Alignment.20201117.pdf |pdf]])
* Pointers ([[Media:Pointer.20201106.pdf |pdf]])

==== Integer Arithmetic ==== 
* Overview ([[Media:gcc.1.Overview.20240813.pdf |pdf]])
* Carry Flag ([[Media:gcc.2.Carry.20241204.pdf |pdf]])
* Overflow Flag ([[Media:gcc.3.Overflow.20241205.pdf |pdf]])
* Examples ([[Media:gcc.4.Examples.20240724.pdf |pdf]])
* Borrow ([[Media:Borrow.20241228.pdf |pdf]])

==== Floating point Arithmetic ====
&lt;/br&gt;

=== Workings of the GNU Linker for IA-32 ===

==== Linking Libraries ====

* Static Libraries ([[Media:LIB.1A.Static.20241128.pdf |A.pdf]])
* Shared Libraries ([[Media:LIB.2A.Shared.20241228.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:LIB.2B.Shared.20241228.pdf |B.pdf]])

==== Dynamic Linking - Directories and Symbolic Links ====

* Shared Library Names ([[Media:DIR.1A.Names.20241228.pdf |pdf]])
* Managing Shared Libraries ([[Media:DIR.2A.Manage.20241228.pdf |pdf]])

==== Dynamic Loading - API Functions ====

* DL API ([[Media:API.1A.Functions.20241227.pdf |pdf]])

==== Library Search Path ====

* Using -L and -l only ([[Media:Link.4A.LibSearch-withLl.20240807.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Link.4B.LibSearch-withLl.20240705.pdf |B.pdf]])

* Using RPATH ([[Media:Link.5A.LibSearch-RPATH.20241228.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Link.5B.LibSearch-RPATH.20240705.pdf |B.pdf]])

==== Linking Process ====

* Object Files ([[Media:Link.3.A.Object.20190121.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Link.3.B.Object.20190405.pdf |B.pdf]])

* Symbols ([[Media:Link.4.A.Symbol.20190312.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Link.4.B.Symbol.20190312.pdf |B.pdf]])

* Relocation ([[Media:Link.5.A.Relocation.20190320.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Link.5.B.Relocation.20190322.pdf |B.pdf]])

* Loading ([[Media:Link.6.A.Loading.20190501.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Link.6.B.Loading.20190126.pdf |B.pdf]])

* Static Linking ([[Media:Link.7.A.StaticLink.20190122.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Link.7.B.StaticLink.20190128.pdf |B.pdf]], [[Media:LNK.5C.StaticLinking.20241128.pdf |C.pdf]])

* Dynamic Linking ([[Media:Link.8.A.DynamicLink.20190207.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Link.8.B.DynamicLink.20190209.pdf |B.pdf]], [[Media:LNK.6C.DynamicLinking.20241128.pdf |C.pdf]])

* Position Independent Code ([[Media:Link.9.A.PIC.20190304.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Link.9.B.PIC.20190309.pdf |B.pdf]])

==== Example I ====
* Vector addition ([[Media:Eg1.1A.Vector.20190121.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Eg1.1B.Vector.20190121.pdf |B.pdf]])
* Swapping array elements ([[Media:Eg1.2A.Swap.20190302.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Eg1.2B.Swap.20190121.pdf |B.pdf]])
* Nested functions ([[Media:Eg1.3A.Nest.20190121.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Eg1.3B.Nest.20190121.pdf |B.pdf]])

==== Examples II ====
* analysis of static linking ([[Media:Ex1.A.StaticLinkEx.20190121.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Ex2.B.StaticLinkEx.20190121.pdf |B.pdf]])

* analysis of dynamic linking ([[Media:Ex2.A.DynamicLinkEx.20190121.pdf |A.pdf]])

* analysis of PIC ([[Media:Ex3.A.PICEx.20190121.pdf |A.pdf]])


&lt;/br&gt;
go to [ [[C programming in plain view]] ]

[[Category:C programming language]]</text>
      <sha1>k39vfjtdnpkpz9d7n2so6cgmp8bjd2f</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>2693713</id>
      <parentid>2693711</parentid>
      <timestamp>2024-12-28T22:17:04Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Young1lim</username>
        <id>21186</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Dynamic Loading - API Functions */</comment>
      <origin>2693713</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3596" sha1="o9fcgcm4o9dr4ooc65q2xbldijt8s5n" xml:space="preserve">=== Workings of the GNU Compiler for IA-32 ===

==== Overview ====
* Overview ([[Media:Overview.20200211.pdf |pdf]])

==== Data Processing ====
* Access ([[Media:Access.20200409.pdf |pdf]])
* Operators ([[Media:Operator.20200427.pdf |pdf]])

==== Control ====
* Conditions ([[Media:Condition.20230630.pdf |pdf]])
* Control ([[Media:Control.20220616.pdf |pdf]])

==== Function calls ==== 
* Procedure ([[Media:Procedure.20220412.pdf |pdf]])
* Recursion ([[Media:Recursion.20210824-2.pdf |pdf]])

==== Pointer and Aggregate Types ==== 
* Arrays ([[Media:Array.20211018.pdf |pdf]])
* Structures ([[Media:Structure.20220101.pdf |pdf]])
* Alignment ([[Media:Alignment.20201117.pdf |pdf]])
* Pointers ([[Media:Pointer.20201106.pdf |pdf]])

==== Integer Arithmetic ==== 
* Overview ([[Media:gcc.1.Overview.20240813.pdf |pdf]])
* Carry Flag ([[Media:gcc.2.Carry.20241204.pdf |pdf]])
* Overflow Flag ([[Media:gcc.3.Overflow.20241205.pdf |pdf]])
* Examples ([[Media:gcc.4.Examples.20240724.pdf |pdf]])
* Borrow ([[Media:Borrow.20241228.pdf |pdf]])

==== Floating point Arithmetic ====
&lt;/br&gt;

=== Workings of the GNU Linker for IA-32 ===

==== Linking Libraries ====

* Static Libraries ([[Media:LIB.1A.Static.20241128.pdf |A.pdf]])
* Shared Libraries ([[Media:LIB.2A.Shared.20241228.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:LIB.2B.Shared.20241228.pdf |B.pdf]])

==== Dynamic Linking - Directories and Symbolic Links ====

* Shared Library Names ([[Media:DIR.1A.Names.20241228.pdf |pdf]])
* Managing Shared Libraries ([[Media:DIR.2A.Manage.20241228.pdf |pdf]])

==== Dynamic Loading - API Functions ====

* DL API ([[Media:API.1A.Functions.20241228.pdf |pdf]])

==== Library Search Path ====

* Using -L and -l only ([[Media:Link.4A.LibSearch-withLl.20240807.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Link.4B.LibSearch-withLl.20240705.pdf |B.pdf]])

* Using RPATH ([[Media:Link.5A.LibSearch-RPATH.20241228.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Link.5B.LibSearch-RPATH.20240705.pdf |B.pdf]])

==== Linking Process ====

* Object Files ([[Media:Link.3.A.Object.20190121.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Link.3.B.Object.20190405.pdf |B.pdf]])

* Symbols ([[Media:Link.4.A.Symbol.20190312.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Link.4.B.Symbol.20190312.pdf |B.pdf]])

* Relocation ([[Media:Link.5.A.Relocation.20190320.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Link.5.B.Relocation.20190322.pdf |B.pdf]])

* Loading ([[Media:Link.6.A.Loading.20190501.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Link.6.B.Loading.20190126.pdf |B.pdf]])

* Static Linking ([[Media:Link.7.A.StaticLink.20190122.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Link.7.B.StaticLink.20190128.pdf |B.pdf]], [[Media:LNK.5C.StaticLinking.20241128.pdf |C.pdf]])

* Dynamic Linking ([[Media:Link.8.A.DynamicLink.20190207.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Link.8.B.DynamicLink.20190209.pdf |B.pdf]], [[Media:LNK.6C.DynamicLinking.20241128.pdf |C.pdf]])

* Position Independent Code ([[Media:Link.9.A.PIC.20190304.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Link.9.B.PIC.20190309.pdf |B.pdf]])

==== Example I ====
* Vector addition ([[Media:Eg1.1A.Vector.20190121.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Eg1.1B.Vector.20190121.pdf |B.pdf]])
* Swapping array elements ([[Media:Eg1.2A.Swap.20190302.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Eg1.2B.Swap.20190121.pdf |B.pdf]])
* Nested functions ([[Media:Eg1.3A.Nest.20190121.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Eg1.3B.Nest.20190121.pdf |B.pdf]])

==== Examples II ====
* analysis of static linking ([[Media:Ex1.A.StaticLinkEx.20190121.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Ex2.B.StaticLinkEx.20190121.pdf |B.pdf]])

* analysis of dynamic linking ([[Media:Ex2.A.DynamicLinkEx.20190121.pdf |A.pdf]])

* analysis of PIC ([[Media:Ex3.A.PICEx.20190121.pdf |A.pdf]])


&lt;/br&gt;
go to [ [[C programming in plain view]] ]

[[Category:C programming language]]</text>
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    <title>User talk:MathXplore</title>
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      <comment>/* BookCat on main page */ reply to Tule-hog ([[mw:c:Special:MyLanguage/User:JWBTH/CD|CD]])</comment>
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== Archives ==
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You do not need to be an educator to edit. You only need to [[Wikiversity:Be bold|be bold]] to contribute and to experiment with the [[wikiversity:sandbox|sandbox]] or [[special:mypage|your userpage]]. See you around Wikiversity! --[[User:Dave Braunschweig|Dave Braunschweig]] ([[User talk:Dave Braunschweig|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dave Braunschweig|contribs]]) 17:49, 1 December 2022 (UTC)&lt;/div&gt;
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== BookCat on main page ==

Hello! I noticed [[Introduction to graph theory]] is not in [[:Category:Introduction to graph theory]]. Should it be, or is that part of the categorization scheme? [[User:Tule-hog|Tule-hog]] ([[User talk:Tule-hog|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Tule-hog|contribs]]) 23:41, 26 December 2024 (UTC)
: The author may have forgotten or didn't know about the template. I have added the template accordingly. [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 23:43, 26 December 2024 (UTC)
::Thanks. Tangential follow-up, do you think there would be any value in creating {{tlx|Resource category}}/[[:Category:Resource categories]]  to track categories dedicated to a single resource and its subpages? It might make for easier maintenance, but I don't have much experience with {{tlx|BookCat}} or other solutions. [[User:Tule-hog|Tule-hog]] ([[User talk:Tule-hog|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Tule-hog|contribs]]) 23:46, 26 December 2024 (UTC)
::: I guess the value depends on the number of involved pages. If there are so many pages for one resource, then it may be reasonable to consider a subcategory for them. [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 00:16, 28 December 2024 (UTC)
::::To clarify, I mean tagging categories like [[:Category:Introduction to graph theory]] (those automatically created by {{tlx|BookCat}}, and I guess otherwise) such that they (the categories) are sorted into a tracking [[:Category:Single resource categories]] (or something like that). Collecting a few other examples:
::::* [[:Category:Data Structures and Algorithms]]
::::* [[:Category:Markerless Tracking]]
::::* [[:Category:Introduction to Robotics]]
::::* [[:Category:College Mathematics]]
::::Does it seem reasonable/useful to track these categories with the proposed maintenance category?
::::To clarify (what I see as) a few potential benefits: 
::::* may prevent future contributors from confusing a single-resource (SR) category for a wider concept category (e.g., [[:Category:Computer Networks]] vs [[:Category:Computer networks]] - the naming convention is pretty clear (although there are some historical stragglers, and the proposal was never officially adopted), a banner could be extra clear)
::::* &quot;centralizing&quot; SR categories streamlines maintenance (e.g., identifying SR categories missing the main page, as prompted this thread)
::::[[User:Tule-hog|Tule-hog]] ([[User talk:Tule-hog|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Tule-hog|contribs]]) 01:17, 28 December 2024 (UTC)
::::: Thank you for your explanation. Your idea corresponds to the book categories in the English Wikibooks. {{tl|bookcat}} also came from the English Wikibooks. Furthermore, we were originally made from Wikibooks. The book categories in ENWB look like category:book:title. However, we have not strictly followed their ideas despite importing the template. I didn't have time to check our discussion archives to see how this happened. Your proposal is already reflected in many resources in Wikiversity as well as the examples that you provided. If we want to closely follow the ENWB categorization scheme, this community needs to agree with the change of our naming conventions to our categories and also the script of the template. I'm satisfied with the current Wikiversity categorization scheme, but if you think any further change is needed, you are welcome to start new discussions at [[Wikiversity:Colloquium]]. [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 12:15, 28 December 2024 (UTC)</text>
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    <title>Ethics/Life after death</title>
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      <comment>/* Image of God */ [[w:Consensus_democracy|consensus]]</comment>
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      <text bytes="34943" sha1="iditeckbeanrqsbrlgxyknouw9hdvl8" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Judicium_Divinum_in_BMPN_2.0.png|thumb|right|577px|Principal workflow]]
{{-}}
== Metaphorical language ==
[[File:Funny theory about the ancient kingdom of Edom.png|right|float]]

=== Evolution vs. creationism ===

Evolution represents the predator while creationism represents civilization.
Obviously evolution favors the predator as the often most intelligent being and therefore the predator is a winner.

Thus the metaphorical dispute about evolution vs. creationism should much rather be the topic
of whether and how the civilization can dominate the predator sufficiently.

Angels are referred to as &quot;created beings&quot;, which implies a state of pure civilization (apart from the fact that angels are created beings, while the evolution that created the homo sapiens was both, evolution and creation at the same time, but this is just fact, not metaphor).

=== Sodom and Gomorrah ===

The tale of [[w:Sodom and Gomorrah|Sodom and Gomorrah]] tells the story of a city that was apparently bombed, or something very like that.

The archfather Abraham negotiates with God that the city should be spared if 10 righteous (starting from 50 righteous)
can be found within the city.

The metaphor here is that ten percent is a sorry yield rate and that discarding ninety percent of the population as predators
is as if asking God to bomb whole cities.

Abraham negotiating down from fifty percent to ten percent is, of course, the wrong direction and would
make him look bad, but as the archfather of the Jews he lived in an early era that could not have
benefitted from good education, because there were no Jews yet. The perspective of the tale is, of course,
the biblical message, that [[w:Judaism|Judaism]] (or rather [[w:Yahwism|Yahwism]]) addressed this issue (which it, in fact, does).

==== Social network ====

Easily deduced is the problem of social networks. Lot's wife &quot;looked back to the city&quot; (which was prohibited) and turned into a pillar of salt.

Logically there is a social network surrounding any citizen (e.g. Lot) and his wife would be a person who, especially in ancient times,
can easily be imagined to be the one to go to the market place and gossip, leading to a social network of people she may be unwilling to
give up. If some people go to heaven while others do not this network must be disassembled somewhere. It may seem an unlikely 
disassembly to take away somebody's wife, but society consists mostly of interrelated families. Logically there is no other
point where disassembly can occur, if can merely shift to other families.

Thus the message here is that good ethical education is important and the family should hold together and form a sufficiently
strong social network and then that disassembly logically cannot happen in one's own family.

But why was Lot's wife turned into a pillar of salt? It may not have been her own failure, but strong social ties to predators
and thus one is responsible for one's social network. People who are important should have received sufficient ethical education
to make disassembly sufficiently unlikely and all other people should be sufficiently irrelevant to make Lot's wife not &quot;look back&quot;.

This aspect of the tale therefore explains that some people may be admitted (Lot as a nephew of Abraham is admitted), but people
close to them may have failed so badly that they have to be excluded (the majority of the city's inhabitants). In the tale
the link from one side to the other is necessarily very short and somebody has to lose.

Of course one can only speculate about why Lot didn't like his wife enough or why she was better acquainted with other people,
but the true meaning is that society consists of families. Lot's family is thus metaphorically an arbitrary family, but in
the unlikely situation of being surrounded by the city's inhabitants, who are all doomed.
If the network has to break it has to break within a family, consequently it has to break in this family.
This being understood, all families should aim not to be in this situation and the perfect society would result.

==== The Sodom and Gomorrah equation ====

The Sodom and Gomorrah equation can be interpretatively gained from the tale. The equation basically says that Jews
(the [[w:in-group|in-group]] of the Bible, which can, of course, be extended to include any ethically responsible culture, for instance Christianity, as one of the dominant examples for such an extended in-group)
do have ethical mentors, who form a chain of mentors (described by the Archfather() relation), that links them to an angel.
The angel here being a metaphor for a human being with an excellent prognosis for going to heaven and becoming &quot;like an angel&quot;. Abraham is, of course, in the biblical context not officially referred to as an angel, but he speaks with God, which is meant to convey a similar status (&quot;speaking with God ''like'' an angel&quot;).

: &amp;forall; j &amp;in; JEWS &amp;exist; a &amp;in; ANGELS: Archfather (j) = a

The necessity for ethical mentoring (or equivalent education) is what the equation describes
and the quality of that education may not be arbitrary, but must, so to speak, be certified by an angel, or may otherwise be insufficient.

The inhabitants of the city, of course, logically had no chance to have Abraham as the archfather, because when he still was alive
he was not able to at the same time be the archfather of Yahwism. 

What should be easy to deduce is, of course, that the mentoring function archfather() requires too much time,
because it requires many generations to become the archfather of a population. Thus a sensible relation
would be called archmentor() or archteacher() and create a chain of mentors within the living population.

==== Angels cannot guarantee what they do not control ====

At the same time the tale warns that angels cannot guarantee what they do not control. Abraham, one should assume, would have
included Lot's wife personally as a personal acquaintance, but he was not present in the city at the time of destruction.

Thus the mentoring chain logically cannot be fully certified by a single person and can still break, if people fail to
understand and apply moral culture and ethical standards in their lives, as the people of Sodom and Gomorrah supposedly did.

==== Can a live after death be guaranteed? ====

More usually there is no guarantee that any particular person will enjoy a life after death.

The guarantee is more systematically anchored in society itself and thus in the social networks that constitute society, but may be limited by people's moral culture and ethical standards.
Consequently there is also no guarantee for a society that it must include persons who will go to heaven.

In the tale of Sodom and Gomorrah Lot just leaves the city. Logically he could have done so at any time and
then the society of Sodom and Gomorrah would no longer have contained the tiny group of righteous people from his family,
thus turning the society of Sodom and Gomorrah into a doomed society without anybody ascending to heaven.

===== Self-fulfilling prophecy =====

Consequently one should strive to be a morally and ethically acceptable person until oneself is satisfied with the result
and that should in theory be sufficient motivation to accomplish the goal.

Life after death is meant to be a self-fulfilling prophecy and thus the aim to join heaven is meant to be the salvation,
but without legalizing arbitrary misconduct, of course, 
and with increasing ability to act and intelligence comes also increasing responsibility to do so.

=== Image of God ===

The [[w:Image of God|Image of God]] is a metaphor with multiple meanings. One meaning is that the [[w:Kingship_and_kingdom_of_God|Kingdom of Heaven]] is not actually a monarchy.

Angels do have [[w:free will|free will]], of course; everything else should be unimaginable. The monarchy of heaven is thus rather
a democracy, but a democracy with the unimaginable perfection to act in [[w:Consensus_democracy|consensus]], according to the will of God,
thus every voter is a constituent of the group that confirmed or defined the will of the sovereign of heaven.

By human standards this could easily be discarded as impossible to achieve, but in heaven this is the goal, because one is civilized
and all voters thus strive for the perfect consensus as a [[w:Trompenaars%27s_model_of_national_culture_differences|cultural dimension]]. (One is a very cultural dimension up there in heaven.)
In theory angels would take the time to educate each other sufficiently until perfection becomes possible,
but that is, given the assembled education, wisdom and intelligence, of course, usually not required.

==== Will of God ====

The culture in heaven endorses and requires willingness to negotiate. And what must be negotiable is the logical and responsible [[w:Will of God|will of God]], as determined in the consensus democracy of heaven, which must be limited by ethically and morally possible consensus, because rejecting the consensus obviously cannot be part of the will of God, if God is that sovereign of heaven and consensus is required. Quod erat demonstrandum.

A driver towards the [[w:omniscience|omniscience]] of all inhabitants of heaven is that culturally every extended explanation, including university lectures of any scale, are appreciated and accepted, even from a political opponent, because, of course, time is available in any quantity, literally endless.

==== Failure to reach consensus ====

The question if God can move an [[w:Irresistible_force_paradox|immovable object]] is just an invalid question, because immovable objects do not exist.
More disconcerting is the issue of problems that do not have perfect solutions.
(Another tale tells that Zeus, Lord of the Sky, has been known to have turned such a paradox into [[w:Teumessian_fox|static constellations in heaven]].)

Of course heaven can fail to reach consensus, because the perfect choice may not exist. It is easy to construct choices
where there is no ideal decision. Given a failure to reach consensus heaven can, as one possible option,
agree to disagree and postpone the result until a desirable or required consensus can be reached.

Sometimes heaven may act conservatively because of the goal to reach consensus and reluctance to change a previous perfect decision.

One could see the Peaceable Kingdom as an example for such a situation: It is the perfect decision to demand
of humanity to fulfill human rights as a convergence criterion. Acting conservatively heaven would hesitate
to come to a new evaluation of the situation, since the previous perfect consensus decision still seemed quite reasonable.

Thus slow progress in the human rights situation may be seen as irrelevant, even though observers might be
inclined to see the positive change as an indicator for the final success to tame the predator.

==== Priesthood of all believers ====

The priesthood of all believers is the concept, that all believers do have a natural obligation (like a [[#Lex_naturalis|natural right]], only obligation instead of right) to conduct ethical education and that can easily be deduced to apply, for instance in order to reach consensus or to create ethical [[#Social_network|social networks]] and to be an [[#The_Sodom_and_Gomorrah_equation|ethics mentor]] in order to make people [[#Is_it_true_that_there_will_be_a_judgment_of_one's_sins?|suitable candidates for heaven]].

Thus the obligation exists automatically (is a natural obligation). Quod erat demonstrandum.

=== The devil ===

The devil would be a fallen angel communicates a distinction between angel and devil and the devil is no longer an angel.

This implies that doing [[w:Good|good]] is no license for doing [[w:Good_and_evil|evil]]. The devil is just a devil, because the virtues, values and goodness of the angel do not compensate the evil of his terror.
This is especially true because virtues, values and goodness are the expected standard in heaven, so being 
good is not exceedingly noteworthy by itself.

=== Original sin ===

Original sin means that everybody who is born does have a moral obligation (not actually guilt, of course). A yet somewhat insufficient attempt to describe this moral obligation is the [[w:Declaration of Human Duties and Responsibilities|Declaration of Human Duties and Responsibilities]]. Logically one must possess an obligation to perform certain tasks and duties. For instance all tasks and duties required by the Heaven’s Gate must be performed by citizens without financial motivation, or may (at least metaphorically, following the categorical imperative) not be performed. {{/omitted text}}

A more complete version of human duties is easily deduced to include peacekeeping diplomacy, but also cultural mentoring,  pacifist education, cultural social networking, integration of immigrants and adolescents, cultural rejection of decadence, cultural rejection of corruption, cultural ethical education and mentoring, cultural community building as an obligation, ethical and psychological qualification and certification and cultural upbringing that endorses [[#Virtues|virtues]] like responsibility, duty, pacifism, educational affinity, discipline, ethics, self-criticism and tolerance.

=== Love of enemies ===

One interpretation of [[w:love of enemies|love of enemies]] is the fulfillment of [[#Lex_naturalis|natural rights]] in the [[#The_Peaceable_Kingdom|Peaceable Kingdom]]: Even if somebody is seen as an adversary all his basic rights should be guaranteed.

An interpretation of “love of enemies” as natural rights are the [[w:Geneva Conventions|Geneva Conventions]]. Other interpretations include the [[w:right to education|right to education]] in school, if supported by critics of the pupil in question, for instance through mentoring, or fulfillment of basic rights in other countries one may not see as particularly worthy, but grant basic rights to as a matter of principle.

=== The Great Deluge ===

The [[w:Genesis flood narrative|genesis flood narrative]] does have multiple interpretations, as usual, but one interpretation is a valid warning about [[w:climate change|climate change]], which certainly constitutes a rather easily foreseeable problem, especially from the omniscient perspective.

Significant drivers of climate change are, of course, easily revealed to be agents of evil by omniscient heavenly justice, so climate change can be seen as a very relevant topic for the [[#Is_it_true_that_there_will_be_a_judgment_of_one's_sins?|judgment of one's sins]] in heaven.

== Judgment ==

=== Legal standards ===

A relevant legal standard in heaven is the non-exploitation of the regulatory framework, meaning an intention to explicitly use the regulatory framework as a source of behavior near the lowest common denominator can be punishable. Jeff Bezos, for instance, explicitly once referred to the lowest common denominator as his guiding principle and would thus be punishable under this legislation. The Twelve Apostles do have the slightly humorous, but still serious, additional connotation that ten letters of personal ethics would be required for ethical certification and thus eleven letters would be seen as exploitation of the regulatory framework, making twelve the minimum number of ethics mentors required for certification.

==== Nulla poena sine lege ====

As a consequence nulla poena sine lege (no penalty without law) would also not be applied as strictly in heaven, meaning the regulatory framework is allowed to differ from the expectation, especially for juridical persons (who should have been striving for higher goals than the lowest common denominator to barely be within legal requirements) and especially as an option for the court to either apply or not apply older or newer legislation to a case. On the other hand the very ancient legislation of heaven, of course, does not change very much anyway and the judges are, of course, omniscient, meaning they will not misapply this opportunity, but find the perfect judgement.

==== The Twelve Apostles ====

The Twelve Apostles represent the social network of Jesus as a duality, the state of the social network being a variable depending on the (existence or non-existence of) culture. From inside Christianity the culture would certainly be Christian, but otherwise it would be undefined. 
{{/omitted text}}
Thus the importance of the social network is emphasized and Jesus as another “angel” would “certify” the social network of the Twelve Apostles, but the Twelve Apostles would also mutually “certify” the ethical standards (teachings) of Jesus, thus create a mutually certified ethical social network.

In the absence of any certification there is, of course, no strict requirement on Earth. Ten would be the sensible requirement, that is easily invented and understood. Non-exploitation of the regulatory framework is easily applied to this new regulation, even if not strictly specified to apply, so this would more be an interpretation by superiors, but not strictly required. Alternatively one could also observe that a minimum fulfillment would show that apparently the topic had not been interesting enough. Consequently, because – wanting to be prepared – one should logically want to fulfill this requirement for most of one’s lifetime and one would have at least ten to twelve ethics mentors from adolescence, but later in life would permanently seek to gain new ethics mentors and new certifications, especially when rising in rank oneself, because mentors from adolescence can easily be perceived as very insufficient later in life and especially by superiors. Pensioners could again see a need to improve this network, because their perspective would more focus on a future in heaven and thus provide new motivation. 120 cardinals form a [[w:papal conclave|papal conclave]], which would, of course, be over-fulfillment, but understandably serve the '''very''' purpose.

The Twelve Apostles, being both young adults or adults, would also be two groups at once, thus the “earlier 12” or the “later 12”. Jesus apparently also would have had Twelve Apostles at about the age of thirty, which would be an age where ascension in society could motivate exactly the behavior to form new relationships with the second group of mentors. One wouldn’t expect a man at that age to die at all, but – wanting to be prepared – one would maintain the perspective and resulting motivation and thus continue to build a social network of ethics mentors.

The apostles are later mentioned as visitors in Rome, Athens and other cities and as old men, which would make this a reference to the third group of ethics mentors, one would gather as a pensioner. Also the network apparently would in that era count as “worldwide”, so pensioners are presented as having the opportunity to extend their network to, at least, other cities, but in effect contributing to worldwide networking.

==== Ignorantia legis non excusat ====

Also the Heaven’s Gate does, logically, not strictly apply ignorantia legis non excusat (ignorance of the law is no excuse), because, quite clearly, ignorance should have a (very limited) power to excuse at the Heaven’s Gate.

==== Lex naturalis ====

Lex naturalis ([[w:natural law|natural law]]) is seen as to dominate over subordinate legislation and the resulting problem of financial assets is (while not being relevant anyway) lessened by founding the financial systems in contractual law, meaning use of any financial system first requires a founding contract and there is no national financial system to compete with that. The advantage is that, as in the Jewish culture, all contracts are subject to the cultural (e.g.  rabbinical, beth din) courts required by the [[w:Contractualism|cultural social contract]] and are therefore necessarily in agreement with the intended culture.

Jesus supposedly responded to a question about taxation with the well-known quote “Render therefore unto Caesar what is Caesar's; and to God what is God's.” (Matthew 22:21). A son of God would {{/omitted text}} and consequently in theory utilize multiple financial systems, but be himself, as a citizen of utopia (a “holy  man”, mankind is holy – all basic rights fulfilled), be above the need for finance.

===== Son of God =====

Holiness of mankind would be another reference to human rights as the [[#The_Peaceable_Kingdom|convergence criteria]]: The holy man is the Son of God, has a “holy” certification and can then ascend to heaven.

The Son of God metaphor would also carry the meaning that the social network on Earth would somehow have to undergo a kind of tunnel effect to suddenly contain members of the social network in heaven. The magic of that tunnel effect would be adoption. And adoption could be adoption of a child or adoption of a culture and ethical standards, both of which have a potentially beneficial effect. Adoption of a young adult on a university would, for instance, naturally occur by a doctoral advisor (German Doktorvater means “doctor father”) and could, of course, be easily envisioned to occur through an omniscient celestial doctoral advisor.

=== Is it true that there will be a judgment of one's sins? ===

That is definitely true and because angels watch everything humans do the judgment starts immediately with the sin, usually not much later.

Mankind does, however, not have a reliable book of law that would detail the actual laws of heaven. All works that try to describe heavenly law
were written by humans and contain cultural bias, human opinion and moral standards considered adequate at the time of writing.
They may, of course, also contain an unknown amount of fact and/or metaphorical language originating in heaven.

The educated reader may be able to distinguish the different types of content.

As tourists people often travel to foreign countries without first learning all their laws. It is thus not really
unusual not to be aware of the legislation of a state. As a rule of thumb any legislation can be approximated
with the [[w:categorical imperative|categorical imperative]], especially heavenly law favors the categorical imperative and resulting moral culture and ethical standards.

=== The Peaceable Kingdom ===

The [[w:Peaceable Kingdom (theology)|Peaceable Kingdom]] is a future society that is supposed to precede the [[#Image of God|Kingdom of Heaven]].

What this actually means is that the predator (the homo sapiens is a predator) must be tamed and that people do have
[[#Lex_naturalis|natural rights]], which must be guaranteed.

The Peaceable Kingdom is thus neither more nor less than a future state of society in which natural rights are sufficiently guaranteed. 
This is a necessary, but not a sufficient convergence criterion for the Kingdom of Heaven.

The Kingdom of Heaven will require even higher standards and human rights that do not even exist as human rights today.

The land [[w:Canaan|Canaan]] is associated with the Biblical [[w:Promised Land|Promised Land]], which can be reinterpreted as a promised territory in which migrants find refuge and this then would metaphorically and applying the [[w:categorical imperative|categorical imperative]] include heaven as a refuge for humanity for a live after death. According to the categorical imperative, of course, one should strive to provide refuge to migrants, especially during climate change, who may otherwise not survive in their state of origin, and thus in part satisfy the convergence criterion Peaceable Kingdom.

=== Duality of personal future and the future of mankind ===

The duality of one's personal future and the future or mankind is meant to convey that one should aim for a future of mankind that is desirable.

Climate change, for instance, makes it perfectly clear that an imaginable future of humanity is a catastrophic disaster. One should, of course,
choose not to be the cause of a catastrophic disaster or the all-knowing judge in heaven would have to regard that as a very serious misconduct.

As a rule of thumb it makes sense to aim for a future of humanity in heaven that can actually occur, or one will not be able to enjoy it.
This should be seen to include the Peaceable Kingdom as a convergence criterion: If you choose to stay divergent, applying the categorical imperative,
there would as a result be no future in which you could ascend to heaven.

That is, of course, not actually true. Others may create the future without your help, but the judge in heaven may object to your presence in heaven,
depending on your personal misconduct, thus making the duality come true.

=== Is education important for the judgment or just good conduct? ===

Education is a very positive cultural trait, but not strictly necessary. What is urgently required is ethical education that is sufficient so that
the individual has a positive prognosis to become a good citizen of heaven. Strict adherance to a sufficient religion would thus constitute a good
standard to receive such a positive prognosis, but heaven aims to make perfect decisions, so that should better be a credible judgment.

For instance acceptance of God in heaven as the undisputed sovereign and strict pacifism are very positive cultural traits, even lacking
higher education, that could otherwise be seen as a qualifying criterion. Heaven is, however, also very selective about which higher education
that would be and consequently one is definitely well advised to consider the constitution of heaven as God-given and pacifism as a self-evident necessity.

Of course the inhabitants of heaven enjoy natural rights and among them are the rights to freedom of thought and freedom of speech,
but the constitution of heaven should be seen as immutable and thus the free will to endorse the constitution that guarantees
these rights is also a very positive cultural trait, thus heaven would be, so to speak, a monarchy (as opposed to anarchy).

=== What if I feel insecure about my qualification? ===

People can join heaven as a result of their social network requesting their presence, but only if that is permitted by the judge of heaven and subordinate authorities.
There may also be unexpected problems to this approach that are not well-suited for public debate, so the recommended practice is to form an adequate social network in advance,
preferably with the explicit purpose of getting one into heaven.

Since the society in heaven has a tendency to become more educated over time the likelihood of a good teacher from your personal social network becoming
available as mentor rises constantly. What is beneficial is a good social network, that engages in mentoring, and acceptance for people you know
as mentors, that may be willing to help, on your side. Any Christian priest could be seen to fulfill that requirement for his parish, which is because that is the God-given intended function.

That is, of course, again no license for sever misconduct, because the judge in heaven can object permanently.
The [[Ethics/Life_after_death#The_devil|devil]] is such a theoretical terrorist, who can not be allowed to enter heaven, or would have to be expelled by force.

The ability to enter heaven without permission is, however, a rather theoretical thing. Angels would be able to try, but they don't do that.

In an existential sense the devil is not just a theory and does exist, but he may also be encountered in actions by persons who fail to employ sufficient ethical standards and as a result act as if instructed by such an agent of evil.
Heaven refers to the latter as 'collectively intelligent stupidity' or just stupidity, because one should be able to deduce that it may cause incalculable problems for one's personal future in heaven, which should logically enjoy the highest priority or be among the highest priorities.

==== Virtues ====

“I am superior to the other” is an attitude that may emerge from various cognitive biases. There is an interesting observation to be made: Allowing others to be good enough, but questioning oneself whether one is good enough, even if the opposite perception arises, is a sensible cultural trait. Obviously one can benefit from self-criticism for self-improvement and one can never be sure to qualify against the not well-defined requirements of heaven, so the sensible attitude is to strive for a higher standard oneself, at least until one feels sufficiently confident about one’s own qualification, even against unknown requirements. Allowing the other to be good enough to qualify, on the other hand, means others may be worthy of attention and support, possibly resulting in mentoring, and to avoid conflict that could be prejudicial, which is very clearly a beneficial situation for society.

People may also feel very differing inclination to strive for higher standards. Self-criticism and tolerance, despite a possibly opposite perception, allow individuals to be driven by a higher standard and thus to take on important roles in society, where behavior near the lowest common denominator is no alternative. Consequently, self-criticism and tolerance are also relevant virtues. Quod erat demonstrandum.

== Science ==

=== Will science allow us to gain all the magic of heaven and do without it? ===

No, it won't, but that is a rather complicated analysis and you are, of course, allowed to believe in science.

=== Is physical entry into the otherworld possible? ===

Entry into the [[w:otherworld|otherworld]] is not physically possible. If it were possible normal matter (water)
would become exotic matter (wine), organic chemistry and especially protein folding would break down
and containers would cease to contain their content. Trivially these conditions would
be unhealthy for the traveler, but this is a theoretical problem, because matter does
not travel to the otherworld at all.

What can enter the otherworld is only the soul, which is pure energy, light and information.

It can enter the otherworld because it does not physically exist and (notice the change of interpretation)
the soul in its non-existence is about virtues, values and goodness. It, however, has no
need to travel, because it resides already in the otherworld.

=== Can the soul come back to this world? ===

There are multiple issues that are not well-suited for public debate, especially not, given the different interpretations of different religions, but in theory this is possible and if an angel would be sitting in a barrack somewhere in Africa and waiting for his natural rights to be acknowledged you wouldn't be able to tell the difference.
He might, of course, leave once his natural rights had been granted and could, for instance, simultaneously reside in the otherworld and sit in parliament as a special rapporteur on human rights.

This is very definitely possible, but not very likely, rather an adequate metaphor for the possibility and the goal to fulfill human rights.

=== Is the soul immortal and eternal? ===

There are different ways to see this. What is most important is that the soul should be seen as an integral part of the human being from somewhere between conception and birth on.
Whether it exists before conception or not is, again, not well-suited for public debate and a somewhat academic question: Yes and No.
Only this way, from birth on, the soul can grant the most perfect immortality that can be conferred. It is certainly eternal in the sense that it does not have a limited life time.

== Education ==

=== A proposal for better education === 

Useful appears to be the goal to make pupils envision their own path to heaven, for instance as a repeating home work, refining that goal every year during middle school and high school and freely developing and researching their own perspective on the topic. Developing one’s own perspective with independent and creative thought is good on the one hand, but on the other hand it is actually not reliable enough and thus one would complement that with cultural education that defines cultural limitations and certification, for instance through ethics mentors (like, metaphorically, [[#The_Twelve_Apostles|the apostles]]) or equivalent education. Freedom of thought appears necessary and desirable, but a certain limitation of the resulting culture also appears to be indispensable, just as the logical and responsible Will of God must be limited by [[#Failure_to_reach_consensus|ethically and morally possible consensus decisions in heaven]].

A potential problem of an increased believe in an afterlife can, however, also increase the risk of teenager suicide, so one would logically restrict this pedagogy to teenagers where no such risk is allowed to occur. Unfortunately this would mean that in general this pedagogy cannot be recommended to arbitrary families.

=== Self-fulfilling prophecy against civilisational convergence ===

This negative prophecy would benefit from cognitive biases like [[w:choice-supportive bias|choice-supportive bias]], [[w:hyperbolic discounting|hyperbolic discounting]], [[w:present bias|present bias]] and [[w:attentional bias|attentional bias]].

Due to attentional bias for instance, theists are known to confirm that God answers prayers. More relevant would be the observation that theists, due to attentional bias, have a stronger tendency to believe in and prepare for an afterlife, while atheists are less likely to do so. It follows that more attention to the topic is psychologically advantageous in order to maintain (to avoid the word belief) the sensible strategy. Choice-supportive bias also supports the decision of atheists not to pay attention to religion and the afterlife, or, at least, the sensible strategy and that in favor of temporal closer rewards (hyperbolic discounting, present bias), but thus contributing to the self-fulfilling prophecy against civilisational convergence.

But since [[w:Pascal's wager|Pascal's wager]] correctly described the sensible choice this could be seen as '[[#What_if_I_feel_insecure_about_my_qualification?|collectively intelligent stupidity]]'.

=== Getting a giraffe through an eye of a needle ===

The general recommendation, of course, is to be careful against the unknown requirements of heaven, which may be culturally unexpected, but logically sophisticated and therefore to prefer to err in favor of ethics rather than the opposite. The solution to the problem of getting a giraffe through an eye of a needle is an &quot;animal trainer&quot; (upbringing, education, mentoring, moral culture and ethics).

In a capitalist society, when competitors (or even coworkers) may be seen as enemies on a regular basis, love of enemies could obviously also be seen to include granting natural rights to those “enemies” and neither choice-supportive bias nor attentional bias are helpful to do so.

[[de:Ethik/Leben nach dem Tod]]</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Binomial theorem and odd power</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>306352</id>
    <revision>
      <id>2693745</id>
      <parentid>2691406</parentid>
      <timestamp>2024-12-29T09:04:31Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Alain.fabo</username>
        <id>2499838</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[n] into [2n] in examples</comment>
      <origin>2693745</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="8214" sha1="56e32yg65mwh8tvfnez4h0sozrnhs5z" xml:space="preserve">&lt;big&gt;'''Abstract'''&lt;/big&gt;

This paper deals with binomial and odd power '''&lt;math&gt; n=2m+1&lt;/math&gt;'''. It presents two ways of grouping terms so that &lt;math&gt;(x+y)^n&lt;/math&gt; is always a sum of 2 coprime numbers:  a first form &lt;math&gt;(x+y)^n=xa_n+yb_n &lt;/math&gt;, and a second notable one with &lt;u&gt;squares&lt;/u&gt; &lt;math&gt;  (x+y) ^n =xc_n^2+yd_n^2  &lt;/math&gt; . Finally with &lt;math&gt;n&lt;/math&gt; prime, we show that '''&lt;math&gt; (a_n,b_n)&lt;/math&gt;''' prime factors are congruent to '''&lt;math&gt; 1[2n]&lt;/math&gt;''', whereas '''&lt;math&gt; (c_n,d_n)&lt;/math&gt;''' congruent to '''&lt;math&gt; \pm 1[2n]&lt;/math&gt;'''. 

&lt;big&gt;'''Introduction'''&lt;/big&gt;

We have searched how a powered number could systematically be shared into a sum of 2 coprime numbers. From binomial, we have studied different ways of grouping terms together so that &lt;math&gt;\forall n,~(x+y)^n=u_n+v_n, ~u_n \wedge v_n=1  &lt;/math&gt; . With odd '''&lt;math&gt; n&lt;/math&gt;''' and &lt;math&gt;(x,y)&lt;/math&gt; coprime of opposite parity, we have found out two possibilities. They involve the same &lt;math&gt;f_n(x,y)&lt;/math&gt; functions that we must now introduce.


'''Definition'''

Let us define &lt;math&gt;f_n(x,y)&lt;/math&gt; functions as

{{Box|&lt;math&gt;\quad n=2m+1, ~ f_n(x,y) =\sum_{k=0}^m {n \choose 2k} x^{m-k} y^k&lt;/math&gt;}}

'''Example'''  

&lt;math&gt;\quad \begin{array}{lll} 
f_3(x,y)=x+3y \\
f_5(x,y)=x^2+10xy+5y^2 \\
f_7(x,y)=x^3+21x^2y+35xy^2+7y^3 \\
f_9(x,y)=x^4+36x^3y+126x^2y^2+84xy^3+9y^4 \\
...
\end{array}&lt;/math&gt;


&lt;big&gt;'''Algebraic properties'''&lt;/big&gt;

'''Propositions'''

{{Box|&lt;math&gt;\quad \begin{array}{lll} (x-y) ^n&amp;=xf_n(x^2,y^2)&amp;-&amp;yf_n(y^2,x^2)&amp;\quad(1)\\ (x-y) ^n&amp; =xf_n(x,y)^2&amp;-&amp;yf_n(y,x)^2 &amp;\quad(2) \end{array}&lt;/math&gt;}}

'''Proof'''

Binomial theorem gives:

&lt;math&gt;\forall n, ~(x+y)^n =\sum_{k=0}^n {n \choose k} x^{n-k} y^k&lt;/math&gt;

Here &lt;math&gt;n&lt;/math&gt; is odd. So (1) is simply obtained by grouping together the odd power of &lt;math&gt;x&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;y&lt;/math&gt; 
(2) is a consequence of (1).

Indeed it gives &lt;math&gt;(x+y) ^n=xf_n(x^2,y^2)+yf_n(y^2,x^2) &lt;/math&gt;

Thus by multiplying:  &lt;math&gt;(x-y) ^n(x+y) ^n=x^2f_n(x^2,y^2)^2+y^2f_n(y^2,x^2)^2 &lt;/math&gt;

And finally &lt;math&gt;(x^2-y^2) ^n=x^2f_n(x^2,y^2)+y^2f_n(y^2,x^2) &lt;/math&gt;

Which leads to the proposition by replacing &lt;math&gt;(x^2,y^2) \rightarrow (x,y) &lt;/math&gt;

'''Examples for (2):'''

&lt;math&gt;\begin{array}{l}(x-y)^3=x(x+3y)^2-y(y+3x)^2\\
(x+y)^3=x(x-3y)^2+y(y-3x)^2\end{array}&lt;/math&gt;

&lt;math&gt;\begin{array}{l}(x-y)^5=x(x^2+10xy+5y^2)^2-y(y^2+10xy+5x^2)^2\\
(x+y)^5=x(x^2-10xy+5y^2)^2+y(y^2-10xy+5x^2)^2\end{array}&lt;/math&gt;

'''Examples in'''  &lt;math&gt;\mathbb{Z}&lt;/math&gt;:

&lt;math&gt;\begin{array}{lll}
17^3&amp;= (5+12)^3 = 5\times 31^2 &amp;+ 12\times 3^2\\
17^5&amp;= (5+12)^5 = 5\times 145^2 &amp;+ 12\times 331^2\\
17^7&amp;= (5+12)^7 = 5\times 6929^2&amp;+ 12\times 3767^2\\
17^9&amp;=(5+12)^9 = 5\times 138911^2&amp;+ 12\times 42921^2
\end{array}
&lt;/math&gt;


'''Proposition'''
{{Box|&lt;math&gt;\quad \begin{array}{lll}
(x+y)^n+(x-y)^n&amp;=2xf_n(x^2,y^2)&amp;\quad(3) \\
f_n(x^2,y^2)&amp;=\sum_{k=0}^{n-1}(x+y)^{n-1-k}(y-x)^k&amp;\quad(4)
\end{array}
&lt;/math&gt;}}

'''Proof'''

(1) implies (3)

(4): 

&lt;math&gt;\begin{array}{clcl}
(x+y)^n&amp;-&amp;(x-y)^n&amp;=2yf_n(y^2,x^2)\\
u^n&amp;-&amp;v^n&amp;=(u-v)(\sum_{k=0}^{2m} u^{2m-k} v^k) 
\end{array}&lt;/math&gt;

So &lt;math&gt;f_n(y^2,x^2)=\sum_{k=0}^{2m}(x+y)^{2m-k}(x-y)^k &lt;/math&gt;


&lt;big&gt;'''Coprimality'''&lt;/big&gt;

Let us consider a more detailed form of &lt;math&gt;f_n(x,y)&lt;/math&gt; :

&lt;math&gt;\quad f_n(x,y)=\underbrace{x^m}_\text{k=0}+\underbrace{ny^m}_\text{k=m}+\underbrace{nmxy^{m-1}}_\text{k=m-1}+\sum_{k=1}^{m-2} {n \choose 2k} x^{m-k} y^k  &lt;/math&gt;


'''Proposition'''

{{Box|&lt;math&gt; 2\mid xy, ~x \wedge y=1 \Rightarrow\begin{cases}
f_n(x,y) \wedge f_n(y,x)=1 &amp;(5) \\
n\nmid x \Rightarrow x \wedge f_n(x,y)=1 &amp;(6)\\
n\mid x \Rightarrow x \wedge f_n(x,y)=n&amp;(7)
\end{cases}&lt;/math&gt; }}


'''Proof'''

First, &lt;math&gt;f_n(x,y)=x^m+ny^m+ xyP(x,y) &lt;/math&gt; so &lt;math&gt;(x,y)&lt;/math&gt; of opposite parity implies  &lt;math&gt;f_n(x,y)&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;f_n(y,x)&lt;/math&gt; odd.

The rule on gcd, &lt;math&gt;a \wedge b=a  \wedge b+ka&lt;/math&gt;, immediately implies (6) and (7).

Indeed,  &lt;math&gt;f_n(x,y)=x^m+yP(x,y) &lt;/math&gt;. 

And for &lt;math&gt;n \in \mathbb{P} &lt;/math&gt;, &lt;math&gt;n \mid {n \choose 2k}&lt;/math&gt;  so  &lt;math&gt;\dfrac{f_n(nx,y)}{n}=y^m+xP(x,y)  &lt;/math&gt; 

Assertion (5) needs more attention.  

Let us consider &lt;math&gt; p   &lt;/math&gt; a common odd prime divisor. 

The second form gives us &lt;math&gt; (x-y)^n \equiv 0 [p]    &lt;/math&gt;, thus &lt;math&gt; x \equiv y [p]    &lt;/math&gt;

According to the definition of &lt;math&gt;f_n &lt;/math&gt;

&lt;math&gt; f_n(x,y) \equiv \sum_{k=0}^{m}{n \choose 2k} x^{m-k} y^{k} \equiv x^m  (\sum_{k=0}^{m}{n \choose 2k}) \equiv x^m (2^{m-1})~[p]    &lt;/math&gt;

Thus  &lt;math&gt;f_n(x,y) \equiv 0 [p] \Rightarrow x\equiv 0[p]&lt;/math&gt;, and the same &lt;math&gt;y \equiv 0[p] &lt;/math&gt;

Every divisor of &lt;math&gt;f_n(x,y)&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;f_n(y,x)&lt;/math&gt; divides &lt;math&gt;x &lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;y &lt;/math&gt;


&lt;big&gt;'''Prime factors'''&lt;/big&gt;

'''Conjecture'''

{{Box|&lt;math&gt;n \in \mathbb{P}, 2\mid xy, ~x \wedge y=1, \quad 
\begin{cases}
f_n(x,y)=\prod p_i^{v_i} &amp;\Rightarrow p_i\equiv\pm1 [2n]&amp;(8) \\ 
f_n(x^2,y)=\prod p_i^{v_i} &amp;\Rightarrow p_i\equiv\pm1 [2n]&amp;(9) \\ f_n(x^2,y^2)=\prod p_i^{v_i} &amp;\Rightarrow p_i\equiv\ 1 [2n] &amp;(10)
\end{cases}&lt;/math&gt;}}

'''Note'''

Fermat theorem gives &lt;math&gt;f_n(x,y) \equiv \pm 1[n] &lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;f_n(x^2,y) \equiv 1[n]&lt;/math&gt; . But what a surprise to discover that it also applies to all the prime factors! And much more specifically on the  &lt;math&gt;f_n(x^2,y^2)&lt;/math&gt; 

Let us remind the Fermat's theorem on sums of two squares: &lt;math&gt; x^2+y^2=\prod p_i^{v_i} \Rightarrow p_i\equiv 1 [4]&lt;/math&gt; 

And the Euler's theorem: &lt;math&gt; x^2+3y^2=\prod p_i^{v_i} \Rightarrow p_i\equiv 1 [3]&lt;/math&gt; , which is here &lt;math&gt;f_3(x^2,y^2)&lt;/math&gt; 

Fermat had discovered that &lt;math&gt;2^n-1&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;\dfrac{2^n+1}{3}&lt;/math&gt; had '''&lt;math&gt;1[2n] &lt;/math&gt;''' prime factors (cf letters to Mersenne and Frenicle in 1640) 

Let us note that these &lt;math&gt;f_n(x^2,y^2)&lt;/math&gt; also appear in Fermat-Wiles theorem with (3)


'''Examples for &lt;math&gt;f_n(x,y) \equiv \pm 1[2n] &lt;/math&gt;'''

&lt;math&gt; \begin{array}{lll}
f_{ 5 }( 6 , 11 ) &amp;=1301 &amp;\equiv1&amp;[ 10 ] \\
f_{ 7 }( 6 , 11 ) &amp;=181\times239 &amp;\equiv-1\times1 &amp;[ 14 ] \\ 
f_{ 11 }( 6 , 11 ) &amp;=47820079 &amp;\equiv1&amp;[ 22 ] \\
f_{ 13 }( 6 , 11 ) &amp;=8969\times177269 &amp;\equiv-1\times1 &amp;[ 26 ] \\ 
f_{ 19 }( 6 , 11 ) &amp;=151\times386989747169 &amp;\equiv-1\times-1 &amp;[ 38 ] \\ 
f_{ 23 }( 6 , 11 ) &amp;=5278223\times12238317893 &amp;\equiv-1\times-1 &amp;[ 46 ] \\ 
f_{ 29 }( 6 , 11 ) &amp;=233\times521\times1309699\times14932891583 &amp;\equiv1\times-1\times1\times-1 &amp;[ 58 ] \\
f_{ 31 }( 6 , 11 ) &amp;=683\times8803\times13128774105430771 &amp;\equiv1\times-1\times1 &amp;[ 62 ] \\
...
\end{array}&lt;/math&gt;


'''Examples for &lt;math&gt;f_n(x^2,y) \equiv 1[2n] &lt;/math&gt;''' . The number of &lt;math&gt;-1[n]&lt;/math&gt; factors is even

&lt;math&gt;\begin{array}{lll}
f_{ 5 }( 6 ^2, 11 ) &amp;=5861 &amp;\equiv1&amp;[ 10 ] \\
f_{ 7 }( 6 ^2, 11 ) &amp;=507809 &amp;\equiv1&amp;[ 14 ] \\
f_{ 11 }( 6 ^2, 11 ) &amp;=89\times6029\times7129 &amp;\equiv1\times1\times1 &amp;[ 22 ] \\ 
f_{ 13 }( 6 ^2, 11 ) &amp;=883\times2341\times160627 &amp;\equiv-1\times1\times-1 &amp;[ 26 ] \\ 
f_{ 17 }( 6 ^2, 11 ) &amp;=67\times187067\times199591969 &amp;\equiv-1\times-1\times1 &amp;[ 34 ] \\ 
f_{ 19}( 6 ^2, 11 ) &amp;=229\times683\times1901\times2963\times246469 &amp;\equiv1\times-1\times1\times-1\times1 &amp;[ 38 ] \\ 
f_{ 23}( 6 ^2, 11 )&amp;=367 \times 4457595074737380607  &amp;\equiv-1\times-1 &amp;[ 46 ] \\ 
f_{ 29}( 6 ^2, 11 )&amp;=1069838719517673460520580221 &amp;\equiv1&amp;[ 58 ] \\
f_{ 31}( 6 ^2, 11 )&amp;=92861463243343352659695472649 &amp;\equiv1&amp;[ 62 ] \\
...
\end{array} &lt;/math&gt;


'''Examples with both squared variables:&lt;math&gt;f_n(x^2,y^2) \equiv 1[2n] &lt;/math&gt;'''

&lt;math&gt; \begin{array}{lll} 
f_{ 5 }( 6 ^2, 11 ^2) &amp;= 118061 &amp;\equiv1&amp;[ 10 ] \\
f_{ 7 }( 6 ^2, 11 ^2) &amp;= 34188379 &amp;\equiv1&amp;[ 14 ] \\
f_{ 11 }( 6 ^2, 11 ^2) &amp;= 23\times89\times2377\times586961 &amp;\equiv1\times1\times1\times1 &amp;[ 22 ] \\ 
f_{ 13 }( 6 ^2, 11 ^2) &amp;= 30187\times27342279823 &amp;\equiv1\times1 &amp;[ 26 ] \\ 
f_{ 19 }( 6 ^2, 11 ^2) &amp;= 2129\times3079\times3039225397425209 &amp;\equiv1\times1\times1 &amp;[ 38 ] \\ 
f_{ 23 }( 6 ^2, 11 ^2) &amp;=1663964075070633572800332299&amp;\equiv1&amp;[ 46 ]  \\
f_{ 29 }( 6 ^2, 11 ^2) &amp;=59\times11250493\times60508154689065340703592763&amp;\equiv1\times1\times1 &amp;[ 58 ]  \\
f_{ 31 }( 6 ^2, 11 ^2) &amp;=27466437659 \times422603394089373421296083801&amp;\equiv1 \times1 &amp;[ 62 ] \\
...
\end{array} &lt;/math&gt;

[[Category:Theorems]]</text>
      <sha1>56e32yg65mwh8tvfnez4h0sozrnhs5z</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Mentors of Boolean functions</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>313565</id>
    <revision>
      <id>2693663</id>
      <parentid>2693637</parentid>
      <timestamp>2024-12-28T13:04:26Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Watchduck</username>
        <id>137431</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>2693663</origin>
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      <text bytes="5117" sha1="hyi8dix4uutj04oj3gzgbmf5ua6ylge" xml:space="preserve">{{Boolf header}}
__NOTOC__

The mentor is a rather dubious [[Soft properties of Boolean functions|soft property]] of a BF. But it seems surprisingly interesting.&lt;br&gt;
It is found in three steps: Creating a [[Boolf-hard#family|family matrix]], getting the senior [[Noble Boolean functions|nobles]] of its rows, and getting their [[Boolf-hard#prefect|prefects]].&lt;br&gt;
The first digits of the prefects form the mentor.

{{Mentors of Boolean functions/illustrated examples 3-ary}}

The following images are the 4-ary equivalents of those above. The results are either the same as above, or the complement.

{{Mentors of Boolean functions/illustrated examples 4-ary}}

==Walsh permutations==

A Boolean function has a unique mentor for a given arity.  The map between mentors can be expressed by four different [[Walsh permutation]]s.&lt;br&gt;
&lt;small style=&quot;opacity: .7;&quot;&gt;(That is, because a BF can be denoted by its truth table or by its Zhegalkin index. In the images above, they are shown red and green.)&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br&gt;
In all there are six Walsh permutations, which shall be denoted by Cyrillic letters: &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
Ж &lt;small&gt;(Zhe)&lt;/small&gt;, &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Ч &lt;small&gt;(Che)&lt;/small&gt;, Ш &lt;small&gt;(Sha)&lt;/small&gt;, &amp;nbsp; Ю &lt;small&gt;(Yu)&lt;/small&gt;, Я &lt;small&gt;(Ya)&lt;/small&gt;, &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Щ &lt;small&gt;(Shcha)&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br&gt;
Their degree is &lt;math&gt;d = 2^{arity}&lt;/math&gt;, i.e. they correspond to invertible &lt;math&gt;d \times d&lt;/math&gt; matrices.&lt;br&gt;
&lt;small style=&quot;opacity: .7;&quot;&gt;(The letter Ж is used in two different ways: On its own it represents the permutation. Followed by an integer it represents a BF, identified by its [[Zhegalkin matrix|Zhegalkin index]].)&lt;/small&gt;

{{Mentors of Boolean functions/four WP relationships}}

Ч and Ш are both self-inverse. Ю and Я are inverse to each other.

The matrix of Щ is part of a top right Sierpinki triangle. Its diagonals follow a negated XOR pattern.&lt;br&gt;
The matrix of Ш is almost the same, but with the top right entry inverted.&lt;br&gt;
The matrix of Ч is a family matrix. Its top row is related to that of the Ш matrix. &lt;small&gt;The calculation involves the Zhegalkin twin and reversing the truth table.&lt;/small&gt;

{{dh-box|top row of Ч matrix calculated in Python}}
&lt;source lang=&quot;python&quot;&gt;
from discretehelpers.boolf import Boolf


def fun(arity):
    linear = ~Boolf(multi_xor=range(arity))    # negated XOR of all arguments (top row of Щ matrix)
    right_bit = Boolf(multi_and=range(arity))  # AND of all arguments
    boolf = (linear ^ right_bit).reverse       # their XOR (top row of Ш matrix), then reversed
    return boolf.twin(arity).reverse           # its Zhegalkin twin, then reversed


for i in range(1, 5):
    boolf = fun(i)
    print(i, boolf, boolf.zhe)
&lt;/source&gt;

&lt;source&gt;
1 Boolf('01') 2
2 Boolf('1000') 15
3 Boolf('1110 1001') 233
4 Boolf('1111 1110 1110 1000') 59521
&lt;/source&gt;
|}&lt;!-- end of dh-box --&gt;


===1-ary===

The permutations are all six Walsh permutations of degree 2. {{spaces|5}} Ч = (0, 2, 1, 3) {{spaces|5}} Ш = (0, 1, 3, 2) {{spaces|5}} Щ = I &lt;small&gt;(neutral permutation)&lt;/small&gt;

{{Collapsible START|permutations|wide collapsed}}
{{Mentors of Boolean functions/illustrated WP 1-ary}}
{{Collapsible END}}

===2-ary===

Ч = Ш = I &lt;small&gt;(neutral permutation)&lt;/small&gt; {{spaces|5}} Ю = Я = Ж {{spaces|5}} &lt;small&gt;Щ = (0, 1, 2, 3, &amp;nbsp; 4, 5, 6, 7, &amp;nbsp; 9, 8, 11, 10, &amp;nbsp; 13, 12, 15, 14)&lt;/small&gt;

===3-ary===

{{Mentors of Boolean functions/illustrated WP 3-ary}}

{{Collapsible START|code|collapsed light gap-above}}
{{Mentors of Boolean functions/code/3-ary}}
{{Collapsible END}}

{{Mentors of Boolean functions/small WP example 199}}

===4-ary===

{{Mentors of Boolean functions/illustrated WP 4-ary}}

{{Collapsible START|relationship between the matrix patterns|collapsed light}}
The red family matrix has the pattern of Ч.&lt;br&gt;
The green matrix shows the twins of the red rows, and has the pattern of Ю and Я.&lt;br&gt;
The blue matrix shows the twins of the green columns, and has the pattern of Ш.&lt;br&gt;
[[File:Family of Zhe 38504.svg|400px|center]]
{{Collapsible END}}

{{Collapsible START|code|collapsed light gap-above}}
{{Mentors of Boolean functions/code/4-ary}}
{{Collapsible END}}

==seminars==

The mentor is not simply a bijection between Boolean functions, but between the truth tables for a given arity.&lt;br&gt;
The permutation from Zhegalkin indices to those of their ''n''-ary mentors is Ш&lt;sub&gt;''n''&lt;/sub&gt;. The beginning of Ш&lt;sub&gt;''n''+1&lt;/sub&gt; is Щ&lt;sub&gt;''n''&lt;/sub&gt;.&lt;br&gt;
These two permutations are very similar. They are equal in the first half, and differ by exchanged neighbors in the second.

Boolean functions with Zhegalkin indices 2·''n'' and 2·''n''+1 are complements.&lt;br&gt;
So while there is no mentor permutation between Boolean functions, there is one between pairs of complements.&lt;/small&gt;


==details==

===Fixed points of Ч by weight===

 &lt;span style=&quot;opacity: .5;&quot;&gt;0,  2,  4,  6, 8      sum&lt;/span&gt;
 1, 12, 38, 12, 1       64
 &amp;nbsp;
 &lt;span style=&quot;opacity: .5;&quot;&gt;0,  2,  4,   6,   8,  10, 12, 14, 16         sum&lt;/span&gt;
 1,  0, 60, 256, 390, 256, 60,  0,  1        1024

[[Category:Mentors of Boolean functions]]</text>
      <sha1>hyi8dix4uutj04oj3gzgbmf5ua6ylge</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>2693708</id>
      <parentid>2693663</parentid>
      <timestamp>2024-12-28T20:59:08Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Watchduck</username>
        <id>137431</id>
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      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="7167" sha1="59sy1mio2g6ekiouyz5a9qtqg5jcofx" xml:space="preserve">{{Boolf header}}
__NOTOC__

The mentor is a rather dubious [[Soft properties of Boolean functions|soft property]] of a BF. But it seems surprisingly interesting.&lt;br&gt;
It is found in three steps: Creating a [[Boolf-hard#family|family matrix]], getting the senior [[Noble Boolean functions|nobles]] of its rows, and getting their [[Boolf-hard#prefect|prefects]].&lt;br&gt;
The first digits of the prefects form the mentor.

{{Mentors of Boolean functions/illustrated examples 3-ary}}

The following images are the 4-ary equivalents of those above. The results are either the same as above, or the complement.

{{Mentors of Boolean functions/illustrated examples 4-ary}}

==Walsh permutations==

A Boolean function has a unique mentor for a given arity.  The map between mentors can be expressed by four different [[Walsh permutation]]s.&lt;br&gt;
&lt;small style=&quot;opacity: .7;&quot;&gt;(That is, because a BF can be denoted by its truth table or by its Zhegalkin index. In the images above, they are shown red and green.)&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br&gt;
In all there are six Walsh permutations, which shall be denoted by Cyrillic letters: &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
Ж &lt;small&gt;(Zhe)&lt;/small&gt;, &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Ч &lt;small&gt;(Che)&lt;/small&gt;, Ш &lt;small&gt;(Sha)&lt;/small&gt;, &amp;nbsp; Ю &lt;small&gt;(Yu)&lt;/small&gt;, Я &lt;small&gt;(Ya)&lt;/small&gt;, &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Щ &lt;small&gt;(Shcha)&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br&gt;
Their degree is &lt;math&gt;d = 2^{arity}&lt;/math&gt;, i.e. they correspond to invertible binary &lt;math&gt;d \times d&lt;/math&gt; matrices.&lt;br&gt;
&lt;small style=&quot;opacity: .7;&quot;&gt;(The letter Ж is used in two different ways: On its own it represents the permutation. Followed by an integer it represents a BF, identified by its [[Zhegalkin matrix|Zhegalkin index]].)&lt;/small&gt;

{{Mentors of Boolean functions/four WP relationships}}

Ч and Ш are both self-inverse. Ю and Я are inverse to each other.

The matrix of Щ is part of a top right Sierpinki triangle. Its diagonals follow a negated XOR pattern. &lt;small style=&quot;opacity: .5;&quot;&gt;(See [[c:File:Variadic5 antipode; ESAND (ESNOR twin).svg|image]].)&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br&gt;
The matrix of Ш is almost the same, but with the top right entry inverted.&lt;br&gt;
The matrix of Ч is a family matrix. Its top row is related to that of the Ш matrix. &lt;small&gt;The calculation involves the Zhegalkin twin and reversing the truth table.&lt;/small&gt;

{{Mentors of Boolean functions/code Che matrix}}


===1-ary===

The permutations are all six Walsh permutations of degree 2. {{spaces|5}} Ч = (0, 2, 1, 3) {{spaces|5}} Ш = (0, 1, 3, 2) {{spaces|5}} Щ = I &lt;small&gt;(neutral permutation)&lt;/small&gt;

{{Collapsible START|permutations|wide collapsed}}
{{Mentors of Boolean functions/illustrated WP 1-ary}}
{{Collapsible END}}

===2-ary===

Ч = Ш = I &lt;small&gt;(neutral permutation)&lt;/small&gt; {{spaces|5}} Ю = Я = Ж {{spaces|5}} &lt;small&gt;Щ = (0, 1, 2, 3, &amp;nbsp; 4, 5, 6, 7, &amp;nbsp; 9, 8, 11, 10, &amp;nbsp; 13, 12, 15, 14)&lt;/small&gt;

===3-ary===

{{Mentors of Boolean functions/illustrated WP 3-ary}}

{{Collapsible START|code|collapsed light gap-above}}
{{Mentors of Boolean functions/code/3-ary}}
{{Collapsible END}}

{{Mentors of Boolean functions/small WP example 199}}

===4-ary===

{{Mentors of Boolean functions/illustrated WP 4-ary}}

{{Collapsible START|relationship between the matrix patterns|collapsed light}}
The red family matrix has the pattern of Ч.&lt;br&gt;
The green matrix shows the twins of the red rows, and has the pattern of Ю and Я.&lt;br&gt;
The blue matrix shows the twins of the green columns, and has the pattern of Ш.&lt;br&gt;
[[File:Family of Zhe 38504.svg|400px|center]]
{{Collapsible END}}

{{Collapsible START|code|collapsed light gap-above}}
{{Mentors of Boolean functions/code/4-ary}}
{{Collapsible END}}

==seminars==

The mentor is not simply a bijection between Boolean functions, but between the truth tables for a given arity.&lt;br&gt;
The permutation from Zhegalkin indices to those of their ''n''-ary mentors is '''Ш&lt;sub&gt;''n''&lt;/sub&gt;'''. The beginning of Ш&lt;sub&gt;''n''+1&lt;/sub&gt; is '''Щ&lt;sub&gt;''n''&lt;/sub&gt;'''. &lt;small style=&quot;opacity: .5; font-size: 60%;&quot;&gt;([[w:Shcha|This letter]] has a little hook on the right.)&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br&gt;
These two permutations are very similar. They are equal in the first half, and differ by exchanged neighbors in the second.

Neighboring Zhegalkin indices &lt;small&gt;(i.e. 2·''n'' and 2·''n''+1)&lt;/small&gt; denote complements.&lt;br&gt;
So although there is no mentor bijection between Boolean functions, there is one between pairs of complements.&lt;br&gt;
Complement and mentor partition the set of all Boolean functions into blocks of size 4 or 2. Such a block shall be called (big or small) ''seminar''.&lt;br&gt;
The Zhegalkin indices in a big seminar are &lt;math&gt;\{ a, a+1, b, b+1 \}&lt;/math&gt; with even &lt;math&gt;a&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;b&lt;/math&gt;, so it can be represented by the pair &lt;math&gt;(a, b)&lt;/math&gt;.&lt;br&gt;
&lt;small&gt;An example of a seminar is {138, 139, 156, 157}. See [[c:File:Set of 3-ary Boolean functions 12855504354077768210885020350402125463028803369886765232947200.svg|image]]. &lt;small style=&quot;opacity: .5;&quot;&gt;In the permutation it is represented by the pair (69, 78).&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/small&gt;

The pairs &lt;math&gt;\left( \frac{a}{2}, \frac{b}{2} \right)&lt;/math&gt; are the cycles of a self-inverse Walsh permutation of degree &lt;math&gt;2^{arity} - 1&lt;/math&gt;. &lt;small style=&quot;opacity: .5;&quot;&gt;(For arity 3 the degree is 7, and the permuted integers are 0...127.)&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br&gt;
For arities 1 and 2 this permutation is neutral. For arity 3 is has 64 fixed points &lt;small&gt;(of 128 places, i.e. 1/2)&lt;/small&gt;. For arity 5 it has 1024 fixed points &lt;small&gt;(of 32768 places, i.e. 1/32)&lt;/small&gt;.&lt;br&gt;
For arity 3 the Boolean functions in big seminars are the sharp ones &lt;small&gt;(i.e. those with odd weight)&lt;/small&gt;. See {{Boolf prop 3-ary|seminar|images}}.

&lt;small&gt;For a given arity, each seminar is part of a {{Boolf prop 3-ary|chunky seminar}}. For arity 3 they all have size 16. {{Mentors of Boolean functions/example chunky seminar}}&lt;/small&gt;

{{Collapsible START|mentor permutation|collapsed wide}}
[[File:Mentors 4; seminar permutation.svg|thumb|15×15 matrix corresponding to the Walsh permutation for arity 4.]]
The first 64 entries of the sequence are the fixed points. These are the 32 cycles:
&lt;source lang=&quot;python&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 60%;&quot;&gt;
[ 64,  75], [ 65,  74], [ 66,  73], [ 67,  72], [ 68,  79], [ 69,  78], [ 70,  77], [ 71,  76], 
[ 80,  91], [ 81,  90], [ 82,  89], [ 83,  88], [ 84,  95], [ 85,  94], [ 86,  93], [ 87,  92], 
[ 96, 107], [ 97, 106], [ 98, 105], [ 99, 104], [100, 111], [101, 110], [102, 109], [103, 108],
[112, 123], [113, 122], [114, 121], [115, 120], [116, 127], [117, 126], [118, 125], [119, 124]
&lt;/source&gt;

The permutation for arity 4 corresponds to the 15×15 matrix shown on the right.&lt;br&gt;
&lt;small style=&quot;opacity: .5; font-size: 60%;&quot;&gt;It is described by this vector: (1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 75, 128, 256, 512, 1155, 2048, 4233, 8330, 19252)&lt;/small&gt;

The matrix is always that of Ш or Щ without the top row and left column.
{{Collapsible END}}


==details==

===Fixed points of Ч by weight===

 &lt;span style=&quot;opacity: .5;&quot;&gt;0,  2,  4,  6, 8      sum&lt;/span&gt;
 1, 12, 38, 12, 1       64
 &amp;nbsp;
 &lt;span style=&quot;opacity: .5;&quot;&gt;0,  2,  4,   6,   8,  10, 12, 14, 16         sum&lt;/span&gt;
 1,  0, 60, 256, 390, 256, 60,  0,  1        1024

[[Category:Mentors of Boolean functions]]</text>
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    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>2693709</id>
      <parentid>2693708</parentid>
      <timestamp>2024-12-28T21:02:57Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Watchduck</username>
        <id>137431</id>
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      <text bytes="7184" sha1="cs9e2b26pwtjw3yx2366e443icboq5l" xml:space="preserve">{{Boolf header}}
__NOTOC__

The mentor is a rather dubious [[Soft properties of Boolean functions|soft property]] of a BF. But it seems surprisingly interesting.&lt;br&gt;
It is found in three steps: Creating a [[Boolf-hard#family|family matrix]], getting the senior [[Noble Boolean functions|nobles]] of its rows, and getting their [[Boolf-hard#prefect|prefects]].&lt;br&gt;
The first digits of the prefects form the mentor.

{{Mentors of Boolean functions/illustrated examples 3-ary}}

The following images are the 4-ary equivalents of those above. The results are either the same as above, or the complement.

{{Mentors of Boolean functions/illustrated examples 4-ary}}

==Walsh permutations==

A Boolean function has a unique mentor for a given arity.  The map between mentors can be expressed by four different [[Walsh permutation]]s.&lt;br&gt;
&lt;small style=&quot;opacity: .7;&quot;&gt;(That is, because a BF can be denoted by its truth table or by its Zhegalkin index. In the images above, they are shown red and green.)&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br&gt;
In all there are six Walsh permutations, which shall be denoted by Cyrillic letters: &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
Ж &lt;small&gt;(Zhe)&lt;/small&gt;, &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Ч &lt;small&gt;(Che)&lt;/small&gt;, Ш &lt;small&gt;(Sha)&lt;/small&gt;, &amp;nbsp; Ю &lt;small&gt;(Yu)&lt;/small&gt;, Я &lt;small&gt;(Ya)&lt;/small&gt;, &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Щ &lt;small&gt;(Shcha)&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br&gt;
Their degree is &lt;math&gt;d = 2^{arity}&lt;/math&gt;, i.e. they correspond to invertible binary &lt;math&gt;d \times d&lt;/math&gt; matrices.&lt;br&gt;
&lt;small style=&quot;opacity: .7;&quot;&gt;(The letter Ж is used in two different ways: On its own it represents the permutation. Followed by an integer it represents a BF, identified by its [[Zhegalkin matrix|Zhegalkin index]].)&lt;/small&gt;

{{Mentors of Boolean functions/four WP relationships}}

Ч and Ш are both self-inverse. Ю and Я are inverse to each other.

The matrix of Щ is part of a top right Sierpinki triangle. Its diagonals follow a negated XOR pattern. &lt;small style=&quot;opacity: .5;&quot;&gt;(See [[c:File:Variadic5 antipode; ESAND (ESNOR twin).svg|image]].)&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br&gt;
The matrix of Ш is almost the same, but with the top right entry inverted.&lt;br&gt;
The matrix of Ч is a family matrix. Its top row is related to that of the Ш matrix. &lt;small&gt;The calculation involves the Zhegalkin twin and reversing the truth table.&lt;/small&gt;

{{Mentors of Boolean functions/code Che matrix}}


===1-ary===

The permutations are all six Walsh permutations of degree 2. {{spaces|5}} Ч = (0, 2, 1, 3) {{spaces|5}} Ш = (0, 1, 3, 2) {{spaces|5}} Щ = I &lt;small&gt;(neutral permutation)&lt;/small&gt;

{{Collapsible START|permutations|wide collapsed}}
{{Mentors of Boolean functions/illustrated WP 1-ary}}
{{Collapsible END}}

===2-ary===

Ч = Ш = I &lt;small&gt;(neutral permutation)&lt;/small&gt; {{spaces|5}} Ю = Я = Ж {{spaces|5}} &lt;small&gt;Щ = (0, 1, 2, 3, &amp;nbsp; 4, 5, 6, 7, &amp;nbsp; 9, 8, 11, 10, &amp;nbsp; 13, 12, 15, 14)&lt;/small&gt;

===3-ary===

{{Mentors of Boolean functions/illustrated WP 3-ary}}

{{Collapsible START|code|collapsed light gap-above}}
{{Mentors of Boolean functions/code/3-ary}}
{{Collapsible END}}

{{Mentors of Boolean functions/small WP example 199}}

===4-ary===

{{Mentors of Boolean functions/illustrated WP 4-ary}}

{{Collapsible START|relationship between the matrix patterns|collapsed light}}
The red family matrix has the pattern of Ч.&lt;br&gt;
The green matrix shows the twins of the red rows, and has the pattern of Ю and Я.&lt;br&gt;
The blue matrix shows the twins of the green columns, and has the pattern of Ш.&lt;br&gt;
[[File:Family of Zhe 38504.svg|400px|center]]
{{Collapsible END}}

{{Collapsible START|code|collapsed light gap-above}}
{{Mentors of Boolean functions/code/4-ary}}
{{Collapsible END}}

==seminars==

The mentor is not simply a bijection between Boolean functions, but between the truth tables for a given arity.&lt;br&gt;
The permutation from Zhegalkin indices to those of their ''n''-ary mentors is '''Ш&lt;sub&gt;''n''&lt;/sub&gt;'''. The beginning of Ш&lt;sub&gt;''n''+1&lt;/sub&gt; is '''Щ&lt;sub&gt;''n''&lt;/sub&gt;'''. &lt;small style=&quot;opacity: .5; font-size: 60%;&quot;&gt;([[w:Shcha|This letter]] has a little hook on the right.)&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br&gt;
These two permutations are very similar. They are equal in the first half, and differ by exchanged neighbors in the second.

Neighboring Zhegalkin indices &lt;small&gt;(i.e. 2·''n'' and 2·''n''+1)&lt;/small&gt; denote complements.&lt;br&gt;
So although there is no mentor bijection between Boolean functions, there is one between pairs of complements.&lt;br&gt;
Complement and mentor partition the set of all Boolean functions into blocks of size 4 or 2. Such a block shall be called (big or small) ''seminar''.&lt;br&gt;
The Zhegalkin indices in a big seminar are &lt;math&gt;\{ a, a+1, b, b+1 \}&lt;/math&gt; with even &lt;math&gt;a&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;b&lt;/math&gt;, so it can be represented by the pair &lt;math&gt;(a, b)&lt;/math&gt;.&lt;br&gt;
&lt;small&gt;An example of a seminar is {138, 139, 156, 157}. See [[c:File:Set of 3-ary Boolean functions 12855504354077768210885020350402125463028803369886765232947200.svg|image]]. &lt;small style=&quot;opacity: .5;&quot;&gt;In the permutation it is represented by the pair (69, 78).&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/small&gt;

The pairs &lt;math&gt;\left( \frac{a}{2}, \frac{b}{2} \right)&lt;/math&gt; are the cycles of a self-inverse Walsh permutation of degree &lt;math&gt;2^{arity} - 1&lt;/math&gt;. &lt;small style=&quot;opacity: .5;&quot;&gt;(For arity 3 the degree is 7, and the permuted integers are 0...127.)&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br&gt;
For arities 1 and 2 this permutation is neutral. For arity 3 is has 64 fixed points &lt;small&gt;(of 128 places, i.e. 1/2)&lt;/small&gt;. For arity 5 it has 1024 fixed points &lt;small&gt;(of 32768 places, i.e. 1/32)&lt;/small&gt;.&lt;br&gt;
For arity 3 the Boolean functions in big seminars are the sharp ones &lt;small&gt;(i.e. those with odd weight)&lt;/small&gt;. See {{Boolf prop 3-ary|seminar|images}}.

&lt;small&gt;For a given arity, each seminar is part of a {{Boolf prop 3-ary|chunky seminar}}. For arity 3 they all have size 16. {{Mentors of Boolean functions/example chunky seminar}}&lt;/small&gt;

{{Collapsible START|mentor permutation|collapsed wide}}
[[File:Mentors 4; seminar permutation.svg|thumb|15×15 matrix corresponding to the Walsh permutation for arity 4.]]
The first 64 entries of the sequence are the fixed points. The next 64 entries form these 32 cycles:
&lt;source lang=&quot;python&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 60%;&quot;&gt;
[ 64,  75], [ 65,  74], [ 66,  73], [ 67,  72], [ 68,  79], [ 69,  78], [ 70,  77], [ 71,  76], 
[ 80,  91], [ 81,  90], [ 82,  89], [ 83,  88], [ 84,  95], [ 85,  94], [ 86,  93], [ 87,  92], 
[ 96, 107], [ 97, 106], [ 98, 105], [ 99, 104], [100, 111], [101, 110], [102, 109], [103, 108],
[112, 123], [113, 122], [114, 121], [115, 120], [116, 127], [117, 126], [118, 125], [119, 124]
&lt;/source&gt;

The permutation for arity 4 corresponds to the 15×15 matrix shown on the right.&lt;br&gt;
&lt;small style=&quot;opacity: .5; font-size: 60%;&quot;&gt;It is described by this vector: (1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 75, 128, 256, 512, 1155, 2048, 4233, 8330, 19252)&lt;/small&gt;

The matrix is always that of Ш or Щ without the top row and left column.
{{Collapsible END}}


==details==

===Fixed points of Ч by weight===

 &lt;span style=&quot;opacity: .5;&quot;&gt;0,  2,  4,  6, 8      sum&lt;/span&gt;
 1, 12, 38, 12, 1       64
 &amp;nbsp;
 &lt;span style=&quot;opacity: .5;&quot;&gt;0,  2,  4,   6,   8,  10, 12, 14, 16         sum&lt;/span&gt;
 1,  0, 60, 256, 390, 256, 60,  0,  1        1024

[[Category:Mentors of Boolean functions]]</text>
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      <id>2693710</id>
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      <timestamp>2024-12-28T21:10:59Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Watchduck</username>
        <id>137431</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* seminars */</comment>
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      <text bytes="7184" sha1="3d9s76clb1n9dvec7kdq4k7gj52lg2k" xml:space="preserve">{{Boolf header}}
__NOTOC__

The mentor is a rather dubious [[Soft properties of Boolean functions|soft property]] of a BF. But it seems surprisingly interesting.&lt;br&gt;
It is found in three steps: Creating a [[Boolf-hard#family|family matrix]], getting the senior [[Noble Boolean functions|nobles]] of its rows, and getting their [[Boolf-hard#prefect|prefects]].&lt;br&gt;
The first digits of the prefects form the mentor.

{{Mentors of Boolean functions/illustrated examples 3-ary}}

The following images are the 4-ary equivalents of those above. The results are either the same as above, or the complement.

{{Mentors of Boolean functions/illustrated examples 4-ary}}

==Walsh permutations==

A Boolean function has a unique mentor for a given arity.  The map between mentors can be expressed by four different [[Walsh permutation]]s.&lt;br&gt;
&lt;small style=&quot;opacity: .7;&quot;&gt;(That is, because a BF can be denoted by its truth table or by its Zhegalkin index. In the images above, they are shown red and green.)&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br&gt;
In all there are six Walsh permutations, which shall be denoted by Cyrillic letters: &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
Ж &lt;small&gt;(Zhe)&lt;/small&gt;, &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Ч &lt;small&gt;(Che)&lt;/small&gt;, Ш &lt;small&gt;(Sha)&lt;/small&gt;, &amp;nbsp; Ю &lt;small&gt;(Yu)&lt;/small&gt;, Я &lt;small&gt;(Ya)&lt;/small&gt;, &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Щ &lt;small&gt;(Shcha)&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br&gt;
Their degree is &lt;math&gt;d = 2^{arity}&lt;/math&gt;, i.e. they correspond to invertible binary &lt;math&gt;d \times d&lt;/math&gt; matrices.&lt;br&gt;
&lt;small style=&quot;opacity: .7;&quot;&gt;(The letter Ж is used in two different ways: On its own it represents the permutation. Followed by an integer it represents a BF, identified by its [[Zhegalkin matrix|Zhegalkin index]].)&lt;/small&gt;

{{Mentors of Boolean functions/four WP relationships}}

Ч and Ш are both self-inverse. Ю and Я are inverse to each other.

The matrix of Щ is part of a top right Sierpinki triangle. Its diagonals follow a negated XOR pattern. &lt;small style=&quot;opacity: .5;&quot;&gt;(See [[c:File:Variadic5 antipode; ESAND (ESNOR twin).svg|image]].)&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br&gt;
The matrix of Ш is almost the same, but with the top right entry inverted.&lt;br&gt;
The matrix of Ч is a family matrix. Its top row is related to that of the Ш matrix. &lt;small&gt;The calculation involves the Zhegalkin twin and reversing the truth table.&lt;/small&gt;

{{Mentors of Boolean functions/code Che matrix}}


===1-ary===

The permutations are all six Walsh permutations of degree 2. {{spaces|5}} Ч = (0, 2, 1, 3) {{spaces|5}} Ш = (0, 1, 3, 2) {{spaces|5}} Щ = I &lt;small&gt;(neutral permutation)&lt;/small&gt;

{{Collapsible START|permutations|wide collapsed}}
{{Mentors of Boolean functions/illustrated WP 1-ary}}
{{Collapsible END}}

===2-ary===

Ч = Ш = I &lt;small&gt;(neutral permutation)&lt;/small&gt; {{spaces|5}} Ю = Я = Ж {{spaces|5}} &lt;small&gt;Щ = (0, 1, 2, 3, &amp;nbsp; 4, 5, 6, 7, &amp;nbsp; 9, 8, 11, 10, &amp;nbsp; 13, 12, 15, 14)&lt;/small&gt;

===3-ary===

{{Mentors of Boolean functions/illustrated WP 3-ary}}

{{Collapsible START|code|collapsed light gap-above}}
{{Mentors of Boolean functions/code/3-ary}}
{{Collapsible END}}

{{Mentors of Boolean functions/small WP example 199}}

===4-ary===

{{Mentors of Boolean functions/illustrated WP 4-ary}}

{{Collapsible START|relationship between the matrix patterns|collapsed light}}
The red family matrix has the pattern of Ч.&lt;br&gt;
The green matrix shows the twins of the red rows, and has the pattern of Ю and Я.&lt;br&gt;
The blue matrix shows the twins of the green columns, and has the pattern of Ш.&lt;br&gt;
[[File:Family of Zhe 38504.svg|400px|center]]
{{Collapsible END}}

{{Collapsible START|code|collapsed light gap-above}}
{{Mentors of Boolean functions/code/4-ary}}
{{Collapsible END}}

==seminars==

The mentor is not simply a bijection between Boolean functions, but between the truth tables for a given arity.&lt;br&gt;
The permutation from Zhegalkin indices to those of their ''n''-ary mentors is '''Ш&lt;sub&gt;''n''&lt;/sub&gt;'''. The beginning of Ш&lt;sub&gt;''n''+1&lt;/sub&gt; is '''Щ&lt;sub&gt;''n''&lt;/sub&gt;'''. &lt;small style=&quot;opacity: .5; font-size: 60%;&quot;&gt;([[w:Shcha|This letter]] has a little hook on the right.)&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br&gt;
These two permutations are very similar. They are equal in the first half, and differ by exchanged neighbors in the second.

Neighboring Zhegalkin indices &lt;small&gt;(i.e. 2·''n'' and 2·''n''+1)&lt;/small&gt; denote complements.&lt;br&gt;
So although there is no mentor bijection between Boolean functions, there is one between pairs of complements.&lt;br&gt;
Complement and mentor partition the set of all Boolean functions into blocks of size 4 or 2. Such a block shall be called (big or small) ''seminar''.&lt;br&gt;
The Zhegalkin indices in a big seminar are &lt;math&gt;\{ a, a+1, b, b+1 \}&lt;/math&gt; with even &lt;math&gt;a&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;b&lt;/math&gt;, so it can be represented by the pair &lt;math&gt;(a, b)&lt;/math&gt;.&lt;br&gt;
&lt;small&gt;An example of a seminar is {138, 139, 156, 157}. See [[c:File:Set of 3-ary Boolean functions 12855504354077768210885020350402125463028803369886765232947200.svg|image]]. &lt;small style=&quot;opacity: .5;&quot;&gt;In the permutation it is represented by the pair (69, 78).&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/small&gt;

The pairs &lt;math&gt;\left( \frac{a}{2}, \frac{b}{2} \right)&lt;/math&gt; are the cycles of a self-inverse Walsh permutation of degree &lt;math&gt;2^{arity} - 1&lt;/math&gt;. &lt;small style=&quot;opacity: .5;&quot;&gt;(For arity 3 the degree is 7, and the permuted integers are 0...127.)&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br&gt;
For arities 1 and 2 this permutation is neutral. For arity 3 is has 64 fixed points &lt;small&gt;(of 128 places, i.e. 1/2)&lt;/small&gt;. For arity 5 it has 1024 fixed points &lt;small&gt;(of 32768 places, i.e. 1/32)&lt;/small&gt;.&lt;br&gt;

{{Collapsible START|mentor permutation|collapsed wide}}
[[File:Mentors 4; seminar permutation.svg|thumb|15×15 matrix corresponding to the Walsh permutation for arity 4.]]
The first 64 entries of the sequence are the fixed points. The next 64 entries form these 32 cycles:
&lt;source lang=&quot;python&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 60%;&quot;&gt;
[ 64,  75], [ 65,  74], [ 66,  73], [ 67,  72], [ 68,  79], [ 69,  78], [ 70,  77], [ 71,  76], 
[ 80,  91], [ 81,  90], [ 82,  89], [ 83,  88], [ 84,  95], [ 85,  94], [ 86,  93], [ 87,  92], 
[ 96, 107], [ 97, 106], [ 98, 105], [ 99, 104], [100, 111], [101, 110], [102, 109], [103, 108],
[112, 123], [113, 122], [114, 121], [115, 120], [116, 127], [117, 126], [118, 125], [119, 124]
&lt;/source&gt;

The permutation for arity 4 corresponds to the 15×15 matrix shown on the right.&lt;br&gt;
&lt;small style=&quot;opacity: .5; font-size: 60%;&quot;&gt;It is described by this vector: (1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 75, 128, 256, 512, 1155, 2048, 4233, 8330, 19252)&lt;/small&gt;

The matrix is always that of Ш or Щ without the top row and left column.
{{Collapsible END}}

For arity 3 the Boolean functions in big seminars are the sharp ones &lt;small&gt;(i.e. those with odd weight)&lt;/small&gt;. See {{Boolf prop 3-ary|seminar|images}}.

&lt;small&gt;For a given arity, each seminar is part of a {{Boolf prop 3-ary|chunky seminar}}. For arity 3 they all have size 16. {{Mentors of Boolean functions/example chunky seminar}}&lt;/small&gt;

==details==

===Fixed points of Ч by weight===

 &lt;span style=&quot;opacity: .5;&quot;&gt;0,  2,  4,  6, 8      sum&lt;/span&gt;
 1, 12, 38, 12, 1       64
 &amp;nbsp;
 &lt;span style=&quot;opacity: .5;&quot;&gt;0,  2,  4,   6,   8,  10, 12, 14, 16         sum&lt;/span&gt;
 1,  0, 60, 256, 390, 256, 60,  0,  1        1024

[[Category:Mentors of Boolean functions]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Pedophilia: Innate or Learned?</title>
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    <id>313569</id>
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      <id>2693680</id>
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      <contributor>
        <ip>167.102.188.98</ip>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Changed “casual fallacy” to “causal fallacy”</comment>
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      <text bytes="13273" sha1="kou3znhlql67j0em6s27j4yo7qrcgon" xml:space="preserve">{{Italic title}}
{{Tertiary education}}
{{psychology}}
{{complete}}
{{essay}}
Pedophilia is, as defined by notable Canadian sexologist and forensic psychologist Micheal C. Seto in his 2009 review of pedophilia, the &quot;persistent sexual interest in prepubescent children [children generally younger than 13]&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Seto|first=Michael C.|date=2009-04-01|title=Pedophilia|url=https://www.annualreviews.org/doi/10.1146/annurev.clinpsy.032408.153618|journal=Annual Review of Clinical Psychology|language=en|volume=5|issue=1|pages=391–407|doi=10.1146/annurev.clinpsy.032408.153618|issn=1548-5943}}&lt;/ref&gt;. [[w:ICD-11|ICD-11]] (the 11th revision of the International Classification of Diseases) requires, in order for a pedophilia diagnosis to be made, that the individual has consistent sexual thoughts, urges, and illusions of pre-pubertal children &amp; to have either acted on these urges or be clearly distraught by these feelings. The diagnosee cannot be a child (pre-pubertal) and extreme caution is urged when assessing an adolescene for this disorder&lt;ref name=&quot;ICD-11&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://icd.who.int/browse11/l-m/en#/http%3a%2f%2fid.who.int%2ficd%2fentity%2f517058174|title=ICD-11 for Mortality and Morbidity Statistics|date=2024|publisher=[[World Health Organization]]/[[ICD-11]]|at=See section 6D32 Pedophilic disorder|access-date=November 6, 2024|quote=Pedophilic disorder is characterized by a sustained, focused, and intense pattern of sexual arousal—as manifested by persistent sexual thoughts, fantasies, urges, or behaviours—involving pre-pubertal children. In addition, in order for Pedophilic Disorder to be diagnosed, the individual must have acted on these thoughts, fantasies or urges or be markedly distressed by them. This diagnosis does not apply to sexual behaviours among pre- or post-pubertal children with peers who are close in age.}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Pedophilia is problematic, dangerous, and is a contributing factor behind many sexual crimes committed against children.

To assess the reason behind the development of pedophilia, it is essential to first cover the nature vs. nurture debate in criminology. The nature vs. nurture debate concerns which origin is more likely to be the source and cause of criminal behavior as one reaches an age where they can be held responsible for their behavior. The &quot;nature&quot; aspect puts fault on one's genetic predispositions, or the chance of developing certain traits due to one's genes&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://library.fiveable.me/key-terms/introduction-brain-behavior/genetic-predisposition|title=Genetic predisposition - (Intro to Brain and Behavior) - Vocab, Definition, Explanations {{!}} Fiveable|website=library.fiveable.me|access-date=2024-11-07}}&lt;/ref&gt;. On the other hand, the &quot;nurture&quot; aspect is concerned with one's upbringing and environmental living conditions. Throughout history, several theories have been posed on whether nature or nurture play a bigger role in one's development into embracing a criminal lifestyle. In this review, two theories will be analyzed and applied regarding pedophilia. 
[[File:Cesare Lombroso-scan by Alejandro Linconao-2012.jpg|thumb|270x270px|Cesare Lombroso's atavistic theory is not widely accepted today, but laid important foundations for the development of criminology as a whole.]]
The first theory is atavism, as applied to the field of criminology, by 1800s Italian criminologist [[w:Cesare_Lombroso|Cesare Lombroso]]. Cesare Lombroso proposed that a criminal can be identified by physical features that are a result of an evolutive degression. Criminals possess physical features, or atavistic anomalies, that are abnormal and distinct from normal human beings, with these atavistic anomalies closely resembling a &quot;savage&quot; or a &quot;primitive man&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Ellwood|first=Charles|date=1912-01-01|title=Lombroso's Theory of Crime|url=https://scholarlycommons.law.northwestern.edu/jclc/vol2/iss5/6/|journal=Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology|volume=2|issue=5|pages=716}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://www.worldcat.org/title/on1285696621|title=Criminology|last=Siegel|first=Larry J.|date=2023|publisher=Cengage|isbn=978-0-357-62474-6|edition=Eighth edition|location=Boston, MA|oclc=on1285696621}}&lt;/ref&gt;. According to Lombroso, these traits could be darker skin, a bulky jaw, sharper teeth, ears akin to a monkey, and an insensitivity to pain&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Mazzarello|first=Paolo|date=2011|title=Cesare Lombroso: an anthropologist between evolution and degeneration|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21729591/|journal=Functional Neurology|volume=26|issue=2|pages=97–101|issn=0393-5264|pmc=3814446|pmid=21729591}}&lt;/ref&gt;. One could derive these traits via either &quot;indirect heredity&quot;, where the criminal's lineage were afflicted by monstrous illnesses (such as mental illnesses) and these traits were passed down to the criminal, or &quot;direct heredity&quot;, where these criminal traits were given to the criminal directly from their parents&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;. Despite Lombroso's atavist theory being rejected on the grounds of having been inspired by racist underpinnings &amp; and maintaining little to no scientific backing, Lombroso laid out an important road to studying the criminals themselves rather than just the crime&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;.      

On the other hand, the social learning theory states that people are not inherently criminals, but exhibit criminal-like behavior due to their upbringing or environment. Individuals witness criminal behavior and perceive the reward higher than the consequences. Notable psychologists, such as [[w:Albert_Bandura|Albert Bandura]], advocated for this theory. An example of this theory being demonstrated is like a son who watches his father abuse his mother and goes on to model his father's behavior when dealing with his significant other and his children&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;. The social learning theory expanded upon the &quot;tremendous complexity of human responsiveness&quot; by adding an additional element to the learning process: learning via rewards and consequences&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Social learning theory|last=Bandura|first=Albert|date=1977|publisher=Prentice-Hall|isbn=978-0-13-816751-6|series=Prentice-Hall series in social learning theory|location=Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey}}&lt;/ref&gt;. The social learning theory is more accepted compared to the atavist theory by Lombroso. 

The nature vs. nurture debate in criminology has been a heated topic in the world of psychology &amp; criminology for centuries. Another popular take on the debate, as propagated by geneticists, is that neither origin is solely responsible for criminal behavior, and that criminal behavior is a combination of both nature and nurture done in a very &quot;complex and not yet fully understood [way]&quot;, which leads to offensive and law-breaking behavior. Some scientists, surprisingly enough, believe that the debate is &quot;unhelpful&quot; and &quot;outdated&quot;, yet the debate ravages on. Certain researchers hesitate to take a stance, fearing that leaning to one-side over the other may leave the door open to biased narrators who may use the debate to spread false agendas. For example, if someone were to believe that nature is responsible for crime vs. nurture, this could lead to a resurgence in racist propaganda disguised as &quot;scientific discourse&quot;. Alternatively, placing an emphasis on nurture could close the door for improvement for those riddled in poverty and other environmental disadvantages&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Levitt|first=Mairi|date=2013-12-12|title=Perceptions of nature, nurture and behaviour|url=https://lsspjournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/2195-7819-9-13|journal=Life Sciences, Society and Policy|volume=9|issue=1|pages=13|doi=10.1186/2195-7819-9-13|issn=2195-7819|pmc=PMC4513026}}&lt;/ref&gt;. As detailed, there is significant controversy regarding which side of the nature vs. nurture debate is correct, but what is the scientific consensus concerning nature vs. nurture for pedophilia? Which side is more responsible for the disorder at hand and what are some measures that can be taken depending on whether nature or nurture is the culprit? 
[[File:Sexualisation model.pdf|left|thumb|300x300px|Could this be a viable method of assessing pedophilia? ]]
A 2009 study done on the etiology of pedophilia by researcher Juan Antonio Becerra García of the International University of La Rioja found several &quot;structural deteriorations&quot; within brain regions that were essential to sexual development, including a smaller right amygdala (less control over ability to inhibit certain behaviors),  a significant decline of gray matter in the hypothalamus (which leads to a score of neurological issues, including memory loss and other cognitive impairments), and a decline in the activity of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (which leads to poor executive functioning)&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Becerra García|first=Juan Antonio|date=2009-01-01|title=Etiology of pedophilia from a neurodevelopmental perspective: markers and brain alterations|url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S2173505009700512|journal=Revista de Psiquiatría y Salud Mental (English Edition)|volume=2|issue=4|pages=190–196|doi=10.1016/S2173-5050(09)70051-2|issn=2173-5050}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Another review of the disorder published in 2015 affirmed that other studies conducted on pedophiles found similar findings, including a reduction of inhibition and executive functioning&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Tenbergen|first=Gilian|last2=Wittfoth|first2=Matthias|last3=Frieling|first3=Helge|last4=Ponseti|first4=Jorge|last5=Walter|first5=Martin|last6=Walter|first6=Henrik|last7=Beier|first7=Klaus M.|last8=Schiffer|first8=Boris|last9=Kruger|first9=Tillmann H. C.|date=2015-06-24|title=The Neurobiology and Psychology of Pedophilia: Recent Advances and Challenges|url=http://journal.frontiersin.org/Article/10.3389/fnhum.2015.00344/abstract|journal=Frontiers in Human Neuroscience|volume=9|doi=10.3389/fnhum.2015.00344|issn=1662-5161|pmc=PMC4478390|pmid=26157372}}&lt;/ref&gt;. However, García concluded that there really wasn't a &quot;determinant explanation&quot; for one to become a pedophile. García suggested that the brain abnormalities were brought about during neurodevelopment through &quot;adverse events” but emphasizes that these cognitive shifts in the brain do not render an individual free from such horrific sexual crimes, if one were to act on such impulses&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;. 

Another study published in 2018, completed by Dr. Kelly M Babchishin and a team of researchers in Sweden, also mentioned that previous studies have found that pedophiles generally have a lower cognitive ability than non-pedophilic offenders and physical abnormalities that relate to neurological deficiences&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Babchishin|first=Kelly M.|last2=Seto|first2=Michael C.|last3=Fazel|first3=Seena|last4=Långström|first4=Niklas|date=2019-02-12|title=Are There Early Risk Markers for Pedophilia? A Nationwide Case-Control Study of Child Sexual Exploitation Material Offenders|url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/00224499.2018.1492694|journal=The Journal of Sex Research|language=en|volume=56|issue=2|pages=203–212|doi=10.1080/00224499.2018.1492694|issn=0022-4499|pmc=PMC6225987|pmid=30064261}}&lt;/ref&gt;. However, Dr. Babchishin's study of 655 Swedish men convicted of child sex crimes yielded inconclusive and inconsisent results in pinpointing any &quot;risk markers&quot; for pedophilia, stating that there was no &quot;clear evidence for the specificity of early risk markers for pedophilia&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;.  

It seems that although there are certain patterns of neurological deficiencies in pedophilies, there isn't a specific &quot;trait&quot; or &quot;gene&quot; that propels an individual to have a sexual attraction to prepubescent kids. From the research covered so far, there does not seem to be sufficient evidence to allocate a definite cause for the disorder. Although poor executive functioning is evident, this does not automatically cause a person to have sexual desires for prepubescent children. In fact, using this as evidence that pedophilia is nature would be a causal fallacy. On the other hand, there is no evidence to support that pedophilic attractions are solely brought on by one's environment either. There is a common myth that pedophiles are largely spawned from sexual abuse, but this belief cannot be scientifically substantiated. Australian criminologist Richard Kelly affirms that a sizeable number of pedophiles &quot;were abused themselves as children&quot; but refuses to support the notion that pedophilia is brought on by past sexual abuses because it is &quot;very difficult&quot; to provide sufficient backing for such claims (https://doi.org/10.52922/ti258908). As it stands from reviewing the literature, pedophilia seems to be more of a mix between nature and nurture. Neurological deficiencies seem to manifest into pedophilia through a singular or multiple harmful events. It is clear that more research should be done in this field.  

== See also ==

* [[w:Pedophilia|Pedophilia]]
* [[w:Child_sexual_abuse|Child sexual abuse]]
* [[w:Age_disparity_in_sexual_relationships|Age disparity in sexual relationships]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Category:Atcovi's Work]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Character List for Schuessler's CGSR</title>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Tibetologist</username>
        <id>156011</id>
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      <comment>replacing with more recent version from Wikibooks (where it is slated for deletion)</comment>
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      <text bytes="341562" sha1="5fmdzh0hjtrz070c60an463tx71oale" xml:space="preserve">__NOTOC__

This book intends to serve as an up-to-date character list and index to Schuessler's ''Minimal Old Chinese and Later Han Chinese: A Companion to Grammata Serica Recensa'' by providing a list of characters in their CGSR number together with Middle Chinese readings in the system of Baxter 1992. There is also a wiki book that lists character according to [[Character List for Karlgren's GSR|Karlgren's GSR]] and one according to the analysis of [[Character List for Baxter&amp;Sagart|Baxter &amp; Sagart]]. 

A list of phonetic series in the analysis of Zhengzhang (2003) is available at 
[https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Wiktionary:About_Chinese/phonetic_series Wiktionary].

=Table of Contents=

==a==
* -a [[#01-01|01-01]], [[#01-02|01-02]], [[#01-03|01-03]], [[#01-04|01-04]], [[#01-05|01-05]], [[#01-06|01-06]], [[#01-07|01-07]], [[#01-08|01-08]], [[#01-09|01-09]], [[#01-10|01-10]], [[#01-11|01-11]], [[#01-12|01-12]], [[#01-13|01-13]], [[#01-14|01-14]], [[#01-15|01-15]],  [[#01-16|01-1]], [[#01-17|01-17]], [[#01-18|01-18]], [[#01-19|01-19]], [[#01-20|01-20]], [[#01-21|01-21]], [[#01-22|01-22]], [[#01-23|01-23]], [[#01-24|01-24]], [[#01-25|01-25]], [[#01-26|01-26]], [[#01-27|01-27]], [[#01-28|01-28]], [[#01-29|01-29]], [[#01-30|01-30]], [[#01-31|01-31]], [[#01-32|01-32]], [[#01-33|01-33]], [[#01-34|01-34]], [[#01-35|01-35]], [[#01-36|01-36]], [[#01-37|01-37]], [[#01-38|01-38]], [[#01-39|01-39]], [[#01-40|01-40]], [[#01-41|01-41]], [[#01-42|01-42]], [[#01-43|01-43]], [[#01-44|01-44]], [[#01-45|01-45]], [[#01-46|01-46]], [[#01-47|01-47]], [[#01-48|01-48]], [[#01-49|01-49]], [[#01-50|01-50]], [[#01-51|01-51]], [[#01-52|01-52]], [[#01-53|01-53]], [[#01-54|01-54]], [[#01-55|01-55]], [[#01-56|01-56]], [[#01-57|01-57]], [[#01-58|01-58]], [[#01-59|01-59]], [[#01-60|01-60]], [[#01-61|01-61]], [[#01-62|01-62]], [[#01-63|01-63]], [[#01-64|01-64]], [[#01-65|01-65]], [[#01-66|01-66]], [[#01-67|01-67]], [[#01-68|01-68]], [[#01-69|01-69]], [[#01-70|01-70]], [[#01-71|01-71]], [[#01-72|01-72]], [[#01-73|01-73]].
* -ak [[#02-01|02-01]], [[#02-02|02-02]], [[#02-03|02-03]], [[#02-04|02-04]], [[#02-05|02-05]], [[#02-06|02-06]], [[#02-07|02-07]], [[#02-07A|02-07A]], [[#02-08|02-08]], [[#02-09|02-09]], [[#02-10|02-10]], [[#02-10A|02-10A]], [[#02-11|02-11]], [[#02-12|02-12]], [[#02-13|02-13]], [[#02-14|02-14]], [[#02-15|02-15]], [[#02-16|02-16]], [[#02-17|02-17]], [[#02-18|02-18]], [[#02-19|02-19]], [[#02-20|02-20]], [[#02-21|02-21]], [[#02-22|02-22]], [[#02-23|02-23]], [[#02-24|02-24]], [[#02-25|02-25]], [[#02-26|02-26]], [[#02-27|02-27]], [[#02-28|02-28]], [[#02-29|02-29]], [[#02-30|02-30]], [[#02-31|02-31]], [[#02-32|02-32]], [[#02-33|02-33]], [[#02-34|02-34]], [[#02-35|02-35]], [[#02-36|02-36]], [[#02-37|02-37]], [[#02-38|02-38]], [[#02-39|02-39]], [[#02-40|02-40]]
* -aŋ [[#03-01|03-01]], [[#03-02|03-02]], [[#03-03|03-03]], [[#03-04|03-04]], [[#03-05|03-05]], [[#03-06|03-06]], [[#03-07|03-07]], [[#03-08|03-08]], [[#03-09|03-09]], [[#03-10|03-10]], [[#03-11|03-11]], [[#03-12|03-12]], [[#03-13|03-13]], [[#03-14|03-14]], [[#03-15|03-15]], [[#03-16|03-16]], [[#03-17|03-17]], [[#03-18|03-18]], [[#03-19|03-19]], [[#03-20|03-20]], [[#03-21|03-21]], [[#03-22|03-22]], [[#03-23|03-23]], [[#03-24|03-24]], [[#03-25|03-25]], [[#03-26|03-26]], [[#03-27|03-27]], [[#03-28|03-28]], [[#03-29|03-29]], [[#03-30|03-30]], [[#03-31|03-31]], [[#03-32|03-32]], [[#03-33|03-33]], [[#03-34|03-34]], [[#03-35|03-35]], [[#03-36|03-36]], [[#03-37|03-37]], [[#03-38|03-38]], [[#03-39|03-39]], [[#03-40|03-40]], [[#03-41|03-41]], [[#03-42|03-42]], [[#03-43|03-43]], [[#03-44|03-44]], [[#03-45|03-45]], [[#03-46|03-46]], [[#03-47|03-47]], [[#03-48|03-48]], [[#03-49|03-49]], [[#03-50|03-50]], [[#03-52|03-51]], [[#03-52|03-52]], [[#03-53|03-53]], [[#03-54|03-54]], [[#03-55|03-55]], [[#03-56|03-56]], [[#03-57|03-57]], [[#03-58|03-58]], [[#03-59|03-59]], [[#03-60|03-60]], [[#03-61|03-61]], [[#03-62|03-62]], [[#03-63|03-63]], [[#03-64|03-64]], [[#03-65|03-65]], [[#03-66|03-66]], [[#03-67|03-67]], [[#03-68|03-68]], [[#03-69|03-69]]

==ə==
* -ə [[#04-01|04-01]], [[#04-02|04-02]], [[#04-03|04-03]], [[#04-04|04-04]], [[#04-05|04-05]], [[#04-06|04-06]], [[#04-07|04-07]], [[#04-08|04-08]], [[#04-09|04-09]], [[#04-10|04-10]], [[#04-11|04-11]], [[#04-12|04-12]], [[#04-13|04-13]], [[#04-14|04-14]], [[#04-15|04-15]], [[#04-16|04-16]], [[#04-17|04-17]], [[#04-18|04-18]], [[#04-19|04-19]], [[#04-20|04-20]], [[#04-21|04-21]], [[#04-22|04-22]], [[#04-23|04-23]], [[#04-24|04-24]], [[#04-25|04-25]], [[#04-26|04-26]], [[#04-27|04-27]], [[#04-28|04-28]], [[#04-29|04-29]], [[#04-30|04-30]], [[#04-31|04-31]], [[#04-32|04-32]], [[#04-33|04-33]], [[#04-34|04-34]], [[#04-35|04-35]], [[#04-36|04-36]], [[#04-37|04-37]], [[#04-38|04-38]], [[#04-39|04-39]], [[#04-40|04-40]], [[#04-41|04-41]], [[#04-42|04-42]], [[#04-43|04-43]], [[#04-44|04-44]], [[#04-45|04-45]], [[#04-45A|04-45A]], [[#04-47|04-47]], [[#04-48|04-49]], [[#04-50|04-50]], [[#04-51|04-51]], [[#04-52|04-52]], [[#04-53|04-53]], [[#04-54|04-54]], [[#04-55|04-55]], [[#04-56|04-56]], [[#04-57|04-57]], [[#04-58|04-58]], [[#04-59|04-59]], [[#04-60|04-60]], [[#04-61|04-61]], [[#04-62|04-62]], [[#04-63|04-63]], [[#04-64|04-64]], [[#04-65|04-65]], [[#04-66|04-66]]
* -ək [[#05-01|05-01]], [[#05-02|05-02]], [[#05-03|05-03]], [[#05-04|05-04]], [[#05-05|05-05]], [[#05-06|05-06]], [[#05-07|05-07]], [[#05-08|05-08]], [[#05-09|05-09]], [[#05-10|05-10]], [[#05-11|05-11]], [[#05-12|05-12]], [[#05-13|05-13]], [[#05-14|05-14]], [[#05-14|05-14]], [[#05-15|05-15]], [[#05-16|05-16]], [[#05-17|05-17]], [[#05-18|05-18]], [[#05-19|05-19]], [[#05-20|05-20]], [[#05-20A|05-20A]], [[#05-21|05-21]], [[#05-22|05-22]], [[#05-23|05-23]], [[#05-24|05-24]], [[#05-25|05-25]], [[#05-26|05-26]], [[#05-27|05-27]], [[#05-28|05-28]], [[#05-29|05-29]], [[#05-30|05-30]], [[#05-31|05-31]], [[#05-32|05-32]], [[#05-33|05-33]], [[#05-34|05-34]], [[#05-35|05-35]], [[#05-36|05-36]], [[#05-37|05-37]], [[#05-38|05-38]], [[#05-39|05-39]]
* -əŋ [[#06-01|06-01]], [[#06-02|06-02]], [[#06-03|06-03]], [[#06-04|06-04]], [[#06-05|06-05]], [[#06-06|06-06]], [[#06-07|06-07]],  [[#06-08|06-08]], [[#06-09|06-09]], [[#06-10|06-10]], [[#06-11|06-11]], [[#06-12|06-12]], [[#06-13|06-13]], [[#06-14|06-14]], [[#06-15|06-15]], [[#06-16|06-16]], [[#06-17|06-17]], [[#06-18|06-18]], [[#06-19|06-19]], [[#06-20|06-20]], [[#06-21|06-21]], [[#06-22|06-22]], [[#06-23|06-23]], [[#06-24|06-24]]

==e==
* -e [[#07-01|07-01]], [[#07-02|07-02]], [[#07-03|07-03]], [[#07-04|07-04]], [[#07-05|07-05]], [[#07-06|07-06]], [[#07-07|07-07]], [[#07-07A|07-07A]], [[#07-08|07-08]], [[#07-09|07-09]], [[#07-10|07-10]], [[#07-11|07-11]], [[#07-12|07-12]], [[#07-13|07-13]], [[#07-14|07-14]], [[#07-15|07-15]], [[#07-16|07-16]],  [[#07-17|07-17]], [[#07-18|07-18]], [[#07-19|07-19]], [[#07-20|07-20]], [[#07-21|07-21]], [[#07-22|07-22]], [[#07-23|07-23]], [[#07-24|07-24]], [[#07-25|07-25]], [[#07-26|07-26]], [[#07-27|07-27]], [[#07-28|07-28]], [[#07-29|07-29]], [[#07-30|07-30]], [[#07-31|07-31]], [[#07-32|07-32]], [[#07-33|07-33]]
* -ek [[#08-01|08-01]], [[#08-02|08-02]], [[#08-03|08-03]], [[#08-04|08-04]], [[#08-05|08-05]], [[#08-06|08-06]], [[#08-07|08-07]], [[#08-08|08-08]], [[#08-09|08-09]], [[#08-10|08-10]], [[#08-11|08-11]], [[#08-12|08-12]], [[#08-13|08-13]], [[#08-14|08-14]], [[#08-15|08-15]], [[#08-16|08-16]], [[#08-17|08-17]], [[#08-18|08-18]], [[#08-19|08-19]], [[#08-20|08-20]], [[#08-21|08-21]], [[#08-22|08-22]], [[#08-23|08-23]], [[#08-24|08-24]]
* -eŋ [[#09-01|09-01]], [[#09-02|09-02]], [[#09-03|09-03]], [[#09-04|09-04]], [[#09-05|09-05]], [[#09-06|09-06]], [[#09-07|09-07]], [[#09-08|09-08]], [[#09-09|09-09]], [[#09-10|09-10]], [[#09-11|09-11]], [[#09-12|09-12]], [[#09-13|09-13]], [[#09-14|09-14]], [[#09-15|09-15]], [[#09-16|09-16]], [[#09-17|09-17]], [[#09-18|09-18]], [[#09-19|09-19]], [[#09-20|09-20]], [[#09-21|09-21]], [[#09-22|09-22]], [[#09-23|09-23]], [[#09-24|09-24]], [[#09-25|09-25]], [[#09-26|09-26]], [[#09-27|09-27]], [[#09-28|09-28]], [[#09-29|09-29]], [[#09-30|09-30]], [[#09-31|09-31]], [[#09-32|09-32]], [[#09-33|09-33]]

==o==
* -o [[#10-01|10-01]], [[#10-02|10-02]], [[#10-02|10-03]], [[10-04]], [[#10-05|10-05]], [[#10-06|10-06]], [[#10-07|10-07]], [[#10-08|10-08]], [[#10-09|10-09]], [[#10-10|10-10]], [[#10-11|10-11]], [[#10-12|10-12]], [[#10-13|10-13]], [[#10-14|10-14]], [[#10-15|10-15]], [[#10-16|10-16]], [[#10-17|10-17]], [[#10-18|10-18]], [[#10-19|10-19]], [[#10-20|10-20]], [[#10-21|10-21]], [[#10-22|10-22]], [[#10-23|10-23]], [[#10-24|10-24]], [[#10-25|10-25]], [[#10-26|10-26]], [[#10-27|10-27]], [[#10-28|10-28]], [[#10-29|10-29]], [[#10-30|10-30]], [[#10-31|10-31]], [[#10-32|10-32]], [[#10-33|10-33]], [[#10-34|10-34]], [[#10-35|10-35]], [[#10-36|10-36]], [[#10-37|10-37]], [[#10-38|10-38]], [[#10-39|10-39]], [[#10-40|10-40]]
* -ok [[#11-01|11-01]], [[#11-02|11-02]], [[#11-03|11-03]], [[#11-04|11-04]], [[#11-05|11-05]], [[#11-06|11-06]], [[#11-07|11-07]], [[#11-08|11-08]], [[#11-09|11-09]], [[#11-10|11-10]], [[#11-11|11-11]], [[#11-12|11-12]], [[#11-13|11-13]], [[#11-14|11-14]], [[#11-15|11-15]], [[#11-16|11-16]], [[#11-17|11-17]], [[#11-18|11-18]], [[#11-19|11-19]], [[#11-20|11-20]], [[#11-21|11-21]], [[#11-22|11-22]], [[#11-23|11-23]], [[#11-24|11-24]]
* -oŋ [[#12-01|12-01]], [[#12-02|12-02]], [[#12-03|12-03]], [[#12-04|12-04]], [[#12-05|12-05]], [[#12-06|12-06]], [[#12-07|12-07]], [[#12-08|12-08]], [[#12-09|12-09]], [[#12-10|12-10]], [[#12-10A|12-10A]], [[#12-11|12-11]], [[#12-12|12-12]], [[#12-13|12-13]], [[#12-14|12-14]], [[#12-15|12-15]], [[#12-16|12-16]], [[#12-17|12-17]], [[#12-18|12-18]], [[#12-19|12-19]], [[#12-20|12-20]], [[#12-21|12-21]], [[#12-22|12-22]], [[#12-23|12-23]], [[#12-24|12-24]], [[#12-25|12-25]], [[#12-26|12-26]], [[#12-27|12-27]]

==u==
* -u [[#13-01|13-01]], [[#13-02|13-02]], [[#13-03|13-03]], [[#13-04|13-04]], [[#13-05|13-05]], [[#13-06|13-06]], [[#13-07|13-07]], [[#13-07A|13-07A]], [[#13-08|13-08]], [[#13-09|13-09]], [[#13-10|13-10]], [[#13-11|13-11]], [[#13-12|13-12]], [[#13-13|13-13]], [[#13-14|13-14]], [[#13-15|13-15]], [[#13-16|13-16]], [[#13-17|13-17]], [[#13-18|13-18]], [[#13-19|13-19]], [[#13-20|13-20]], [[#13-20A|13-20A]], [[#13-21|13-21]], [[#13-22|13-22]], [[#13-23|13-23]], [[#13-24|13-24]], [[#13-25|13-25]], [[#13-26|13-26]], [[#13-27|13-27]], [[#13-28|13-28]], [[#13-29|13-29]], [[#13-30|13-30]], [[#13-31|13-31]], [[#13-32|13-32]], [[#13-33|13-33]], [[#13-34|13-34]], [[#13-35|13-35]], [[#13-36|13-36]], [[#13-37|13-37]], [[#13-38|13-38]],  [[#13-39|13-39]], [[#13-40|13-40]], [[#13-41|13-41]], [[#13-42|13-42]], [[#13-43|13-43]], [[#13-44|13-44]], [[#13-45|13-45]], [[#13-46|13-46]], [[#13-47|13-47]], [[#13-48|13-48]],  [[#13-48|13-49]], [[#13-50|13-50]], [[#13-51|13-51]], [[#13-52|13-52]], [[#13-53|13-53]], [[#13-54|13-54]], [[#13-55|13-55]], [[#13-56|13-56]], [[#13-57|13-57]], [[#13-58|13-58]], [[#13-59|13-59]], [[#13-60|13-60]], [[#13-61|13-61]], [[#13-62|13-62]], [[#13-64|13-63]], [[#13-64|13-64]], [[#13-65|13-65]], [[#13-66|13-66]], [[#13-67|13-67]], [[#13-68|13-68]], [[#13-69|13-69]], [[#13-70|13-70]], [[#13-71|13-71]], [[#13-72|13-72]], [[#13-73|13-73]], [[#13-74|13-74]], [[#13-75|13-75]], [[#13-76|13-76]], [[#13-77|13-77]], [[#13-78|13-78]]
* -uk [[#14-01|14-01]], [[#14-02|14-02]], [[#14-03|14-03]], [[#14-04|14-04]], [[#14-05|14-05]], [[#14-06|14-06]], [[#14-07|14-07]], [[#14-08|14-08]], [[#14-09|14-09]], [[#14-10|14-10]], [[#14-11|14-11]], [[#14-12|14-12]], [[#14-13|14-13]], [[#14-14|14-14]], [[#14-15|14-15]], [[#14-16|14-16]], [[#14-17|14-17]], [[#14-18|14-18]], [[#14-19|14-19]], [[#14-20|14-20]], [[#14-21|14-21]], [[#14-22|14-22]], [[#14-23|14-23]], [[#14-24|14-24]], [[#14-25|14-25]]
* -uŋ [[#15-01|15-01]], [[#15-02|15-02]], [[#15-03|15-03]], [[#15-04|15-04]], [[#15-05|15-05]], [[#15-06|15-06]], [[#15-07|15-07]], [[#15-08|15-08]], [[#15-09|15-09]], [[#15-10|15-10]], [[#15-11|15-11]], [[#15-12|15-12]], [[#15-13|15-13]], [[#15-14|15-14]], [[#15-15|15-15]]

==-w==
* -aw [[#16-01|16-01]], [[#16-02|16-02]], [[#16-03|16-03]], [[#16-04|16-04]], [[#16-05|16-05]], [[#16-06|16-06]], [[#16-07|16-07]], [[#16-08|16-08]], [[#16-09|16-09]], [[#16-10|16-10]], [[#16-11|16-11]], [[#16-12|16-12]], [[#16-13|16-13]], [[#16-14|16-14]], [[#16-15|16-15]], [[#16-16|16-16]], [[#16-17|16-17]], [[#16-18|16-18]], [[#16-09|16-19]], [[#16-20|16-20]], [[#1144|16-21]], [[#16-22|16-22]], [[#16-23|16-23]], [[#16-24|16-24]], [[#16-25|16-25]], [[#16-26|16-26]], [[#16-27|16-27]], [[#16-28|16-28]], [[#16-28A|16-28A]], [[#16-29|16-29]], [[#16-30|16-30]], [[#16-31|16-31]], [[#16-32|16-32]], [[#16-33|16-33]], [[#16-34|16-34]], [[#16-35|16-35]], [[#16-36|16-36]], [[#16-37|16-37]], [[#16-38|16-38]], [[#16-39|16-39]], [[#16-40|16-40]], [[#16-41|16-41]], [[#16-42|16-42]], [[#16-43|16-43]], [[#16-44|16-44]], [[#16-45|16-45]]
* -awk [[#17-01|17-01]], [[#17-02|17-02]], [[#17-03|17-03]], [[#17-04|17-04]], [[#17-05|17-05]], [[#17-06|17-06]], [[#17-08|17-07]], [[#17-09|17-09]], [[#17-10|17-10]], [[#17-11|17-11]], [[#17-12|17-12]], [[#17-13|17-13]], [[#17-14|17-14]], [[#17-15|17-15]], [[#17-16|17-16]]

==-aj==
* -aj [[#18-01|18-01]], [[#18-02|18-02]], [[#18-03|18-03]], [[#18-04|18-04]], [[#18-05|18-05]], [[#18-06|18-06]], [[#18-07|18-07]], [[#18-08|18-08]], [[#18-09|18-09]], [[#18-10|18-10]], [[#18-11|18-11]], [[#18-12|18-12]], [[#18-13|18-13]], [[#18-15|18-15]], [[#18-16|18-16]], [[#18-17|18-17]], [[#18-18|18-18]], [[#18-19|18-19]]
* -oj, waj [[#19-01|19-01]], [[#19-02|19-02]], [[#19-03|19-03]], [[#19-04|19-04]], [[#19-05|19-05]], [[#19-06|19-06]], [[#19-07|19-07]], [[#19-08|19-08]], [[#19-09|19-09]], [[#19-10|19-10]], [[#19-11|19-11]], [[#19-12|19-12]], [[#19-13|19-13]], [[#19-14|19-14]], [[#19-15|19-15]], [[#19-16|19-16]], [[#19-17|19-17]], [[#19-18|19-18]], [[#19-18A|19-18A]], [[#19-19|19-19]], [[#19-20|19-20]], [[#19-21|19-21]], [[#19-22|19-22]], [[#19-23|19-23]]

==-et(s)==
* -et, -es [[#20-01|20-01]], [[#20-02|20-02]], [[#20-03|20-03]], [[#20-04|20-04]], [[#20-05|20-05]], [[#20-06|20-06]], [[#20-07|20-07]], [[#20-08|20-08]], [[#20-09|20-09]], [[#20-10|20-10]], [[#20-11|20-11]], [[#20-12|20-12]], [[#20-13|20-13]], [[#20-14|20-14]], [[#20-15|20-15]], [[#20-16|20-16]], [[#20-17|20-17]], [[#20-18|20-18]], [[#20-19|20-19]]

==-at(s)==
* -at, -as [[#21-01|21-01]], [[#21-02|21-02]], [[#21-03|21-03]], [[#21-04|21-04]], [[#21-05|21-05]], [[#21-0B|21-05B]], [[#21-06|21-06]], [[#21-07|21-07]], [[#21-08|21-08]], [[#21-09|21-09]], [[#21-10|21-10]], [[#21-11|21-11]], [[#21-12|21-12]], [[#21-13|21-13]], [[#21-14|21-14]], [[#21-15|21-15]], [[#21-16|21-16]], [[#21-17|21-17]], [[#21-18|21-18]], [[#21-19|21-19]], [[#21-20|21-20]], [[#21-21|21-21]], [[#21-22|21-22]], [[#21-23|21-23]], [[#21-24|21-24]], [[#21-25|21-25]], [[#21-26|21-26]], [[#21-27|21-27]], [[#21-28|21-28]], [[#21-29|21-29]], [[#21-30|21-30]], [[#21-31|21-31]], [[#21-33|21-33]], [[#21-34|21-34]], [[#21-35|21-35]], [[#21-36|21-36]], [[#21-37|21-37]]
* -ot, -wat, -os, -was [[#22-01|22-01]], [[#22-02|22-02]], [[#22-03|22-03]], [[#22-04|22-04]], [[#22-05|22-05]], [[#22-06|22-06]], [[#22-07|22-07]], [[#22-08|22-08]], [[#22-09|22-09]], [[#22-10|22-10]], [[#22-11|22-11]], [[#22-12|22-12]], [[#22-13|22-13]], [[#22-14|22-14]], [[#22-15|22-15]], [[#22-16|22-16]], [[#22-17|22-17]], [[#22-18|22-18]], [[#22-19|22-19]]

==-n==
* -en [[#23-01|23-01]], [[#23-02|23-02]], [[#23-03|23-03]], [[#23-04|23-04]], [[#23-05|23-05]], [[#23-06|23-06]], [[#23-07|23-07]], [[#23-08|23-08]], [[#23-09|23-09]], [[#23-10|23-10]], [[#23-11|23-11]], [[#23-12|23-12]],  [[#23-13|23-13]], [[#23-14|23-14]], [[#23-15|23-15]], [[#23-16|23-16]], [[#23-17|23-17]], [[#23-18|23-18]], [[#23-19|23-19]], [[#23-20|23-20]], [[#23-21|23-21]], [[#23-22|23-22]], [[#23-23|23-23]], [[#23-24|23-24]], [[#23-25|23-25]], [[#23-26|23-26]], [[#23-27|23-27]], [[#23-28|23-28]], [[#23-29|23-29]], [[#23-30|23-30]], [[#23-31|23-31]], [[#23-32|23-32]]
* -an [[#24-01|24-01]], [[#24-02|24-02]], [[#24-03|24-03]], [[#24-04|24-04]], [[#24-05|24-05]], [[#24-06|24-06]], [[#24-07|24-07]], [[#24-08|24-08]], [[#24-09|24-09]], [[#24-10|24-10]], [[#24-11|24-11]], [[#24-12|24-12]], [[#24-13|24-13]], [[#24-14|24-14]], [[#24-15|24-15]], [[#24-16|24-16]], [[#24-17|24-17]], [[#24-18|24-18]], [[#24-19|24-19]], [[#24-20|24-20]], [[#24-21|24-21]], [[#24-22|24-22]], [[#24-23|24-23]], [[#24-24|24-24]], [[#24-25|24-25]], [[#24-26|24-26]], [[#24-27|24-27]], [[#24-28|24-28]], [[#24-29|24-29]], [[#24-30|24-30]], [[#24-31|24-31]], [[#24-32|24-32]], [[#24-33|24-33]], [[#24-34|24-34]], [[#24-35|24-35]], [[#24-36|24-36]], [[#24-37|24-37]], [[#24-38|24-38]], [[#24-39|24-39]], [[#24-40|24-40]], [[#24-41|24-41]], [[#24-42|24-42]], [[#24-43|24-43]], [[#24-44|24-44]], [[#24-45|24-45]], [[#24-46|24-46]], [[#24-47|24-47]], [[#24-48|24-48]], [[#24-49|24-49]], [[#24-50|24-50]], [[#24-51|24-51]], [[#24-52|24-52]], [[#24-53|24-53]], [[#24-54|24-54]], [[#24-55|24-55]], [[#24-56|24-56]], [[#24-57|24-57]], [[#24-58|24-58]]
* -on, -wan [[#25-01|25-01]], [[#25-02|25-02]], [[#25-03|25-03]], [[#25-04|25-04]], [[#25-05|25-05]], [[#25-06|25-06]], [[#25-07|25-07]],  [[#25-08|25-08]], [[#25-09|25-09]], [[#25-10|25-10]], [[#25-11|25-11]], [[#25-12|25-12]], [[#25-13|25-13]], [[#25-14|25-14]], [[#25-15|25-15]], [[#25-16|25-16]], [[#25-17|25-17]], [[#25-18|25-18]], [[#25-19|25-19]], [[#25-20|25-20]], [[#25-21|25-21]], [[#25-22|25-22]], [[#25-23|25-23]], [[#25-24|25-24]], [[#25-25|25-25]], [[#25-26|25-26]], [[#25-27|25-27]], [[#25-28|25-28]], [[#25-29|25-29]], [[#25-30|25-30]], [[#25-31|25-31]], [[#25-32|25-32]], [[#25-33|25-33]], [[#25-34|25-34]], [[#25-35|25-35]], [[#25-36|25-36]], [[#25-37|25-37]], [[#25-38|25-38]], [[#25-39|25-39]], [[#25-40|25-40]], [[#25-41|25-41]], [[#25-42|25-42]], [[#25-43|25-43]], [[#25-44|25-44]]

==-j==
* -i, -ei [[#26-01|26-01]], [[#26-02|26-02]], [[#26-03|26-03]], [[#26-04|26-04]], [[#26-05|26-05]], [[#26-06|26-06]], [[#26-07|26-07]], [[#26-08|26-08]], [[#26-09|26-09]], [[#26-10|26-10]], [[#26-11|26-11]], [[#26-12|26-12]], [[#26-13|26-13]], [[#26-14|26-14]], [[#26-15|26-15]], [[#26-16|26-16]],  [[#26-17|26-17]], [[#26-18|26-18]], [[#26-19|26-19]], [[#26-20|26-20]], [[#26-21|26-21]], [[#26-22|26-22]], [[#26-23|26-23]], [[#26-24|26-24]], [[#26-25|26-25]], [[#26-26|26-26]], [[#26-27|26-27]], [[#26-28|26-28]], [[#26-29|26-29]], [[#26-30|26-30]], [[#26-31|26-31]], [[#26-32|26-32]], [[#26-33|26-33]], [[#26-34|26-34]], [[#26-35|26-35]], [[#26-36|26-36]], [[#26-37|26-37]], [[#26-38|26-38]], [[#26-39|26-39]]
* -əi [[#27-01|27-01]], [[#27-02|27-02]], [[#27-03|27-03]], [[#27-04|27-04]], [[#27-05|27-05]], [[#27-06|27-06]], [[#27-07|27-07]], [[#27-08|27-08]], [[#27-09|27-09]], [[#27-10|27-10]], [[#27-11|27-11]], [[#27-12|27-12]], [[#27-13|27-13]], [[#27-14|27-14]], [[#27-15|27-15]], [[#27-16|27-16]], [[#27-17|27-17]], [[#27-18|27-18]], [[#27-19|27-19]], [[#27-20|27-20]]
* -ui, -wəi [[#28-01|28-01]], [[#28-02|28-02]], [[#28-03|28-03]], [[#28-04|28-04]], [[#28-05|28-05]],  [[#28-06|28-06]], [[#28-07|28-07]], [[#28-08|28-08]], [[#28-09|28-09]], [[#28-10|28-10]], [[#28-11|28-11]],   [[#28-12|28-12]], [[#28-13|28-13]], [[#28-14|28-14]], [[#28-15|28-15]], [[#28-16|28-16]], [[#28-17|28-17]], [[#28-18|28-18]], [[#28-19|28-19]], [[#28-20|28-20]]

==-t(s)==

* -it, i(t)s [[#29-01|29-01]], [[#29-02|29-02]], [[#29-03|29-03]], [[#29-04|29-04]], [[#29-05|29-05]], [[#29-06|29-06]], [[#29-07|29-07]], [[#29-08|29-08]], [[#29-09|29-09]], [[#29-10|29-10]], [[#29-11|29-11]], [[#29-12|29-12]], [[#29-13|29-13]], [[#29-14|29-14]], [[#29-15|29-15]], [[#29-16|29-16]], [[#29-17|29-17]], [[#29-18|29-18]], [[#29-19|29-19]], [[#29-20|29-20]], [[#29-21|29-21]], [[#29-22|29-22]], [[#29-23|29-23]], [[#29-24|29-24]], [[#29-25|29-25]], [[#29-26|29-26]], [[#29-27|29-27]], [[#29-28|29-28]], [[#29-29|29-29]], [[#29-30|29-30]], [[#29-31|29-31]], [[#29-32|29-32]], [[#29-33|29-33]], [[#29-34|29-34]], [[#29-35|29-35]], [[#29-36|29-36]], [[#29-37|29-37]], [[#29-38|29-38]], [[#29-39|29-39]], [[#29-40|29-40]], [[#29-41|29-41]], [[#29-42|29-42]], [[#29-43|29-43]], [[#29-44|29-44]]
* -ət, ə(t)s [[#30-01|30-01]], [[#30-02|30-02]], [[#30-03|30-03]], [[#30-04|30-04]], [[#30-05|30-05]], [[#30-06|30-06]], [[#30-07|30-07]], [[#30-08|30-08]], [[#30-09|30-09]], [[#30-10|30-10]], [[#30-11|30-11]],  [[#30-12|30-12]], [[#30-13|30-13]], [[#30-14|30-14]], [[#30-15|30-15]], [[#30-16|30-16]], [[#30-17|30-17]], [[#30-18|30-18]], [[#30-19|30-19]], [[#30-20|30-20]], [[#30-21|30-21]], [[#30-22|30-22]]
* -ut, u(t)s [[#31-01|31-01]], [[#31-02|31-02]], [[#31-03|31-03]], [[#31-04|31-04]], [[#31-05|31-05]], [[#31-06|31-06]], [[#31-07|31-07]], [[#31-08|31-08]], [[#31-09|31-09]], [[#31-10|31-10]], [[#31-11|31-11]], [[#31-12|31-12]], [[#31-13|31-13]],  [[#31-14|31-14]], [[#31-15|31-15]], [[#31-16|31-16]], [[#31-17|31-17]], [[#31-18|31-18]], [[#31-19|31-19]], [[#31-20|31-20]], [[#31-21|31-21]], [[#31-22|31-22]], [[#31-23|31-23]], [[#31-24|31-24]]
* -in [[#32-01|32-01]], [[#32-02|32-02]], [[#32-03|32-03]], [[#32-04|32-04]], [[#32-05|32-05]], [[#32-06|32-06]],  [[#32-07|32-07]], [[#32-08|32-08]], [[#32-09|32-09]], [[#32-10|32-10]], [[#32-11|32-11]], [[#32-12|32-12]], [[#32-13|32-13]], [[#32-14|32-14]], [[#32-15|32-15]], [[#32-16|32-16]], [[#32-17|32-17]], [[#32-18|32-18]], [[#32-19|32-19]], [[#32-20|32-20]], [[#32-21|32-21]], [[#32-22|32-22]], [[#32-23|32-23]], [[#32-24|32-24]], [[#32-25|32-25]], [[#32-26|32-26]], [[#32-27|32-27]], [[#32-28|32-28]], [[#32-29|32-29]], [[#32-30|32-30]], [[#32-31|32-31]], [[#32-32|32-32]], [[#32-33|32-33]], [[#32-34|32-34]], [[#32-35|32-35]], [[#32-36|32-36]], [[#32-37|32-37]], [[#32-38|32-38]], [[#32-39|38-39]], [[#32-40|32-40]]
* -ən [[#33-01|33-01]], [[#33-02|33-02]], [[#33-03|33-03]], [[#33-04|33-04]], [[#33-05|33-05]], [[#33-06|33-06]], [[#33-07|33-07]], [[#33-08|33-08]], [[#33-09|33-09]], [[#33-10|33-10]], [[#33-11|33-11]], [[#33-12|33-12]], [[#33-13|33-13]], [[#33-14|33-14]], [[#33-15|33-15]], [[#33-16|33-16]], [[#33-17|33-17]], [[#33-18|33-18]], [[#33-19|33-19]], [[#33-20|33-20]], [[#33-22|33-22]], [[#33-23|33-23]], [[#33-24|33-24]], [[#33-25|33-25]], [[#33-26|33-26]], [[#33-27|33-27]], [[#33-28|33-28]], [[#33-29|33-29]], [[#33-30|33-30]], [[#33-31|33-31]], [[#33-32|33-32]], [[#33-33|33-33]], [[#33-34|33-34]], [[#33-35|33-35]], [[#33-36|33-36]]
* -un, wən [[#34-01|34-01]], [[#34-02|34-02]], [[#34-03|34-03]], [[#34-04|34-04]], [[#34-05|34-05]], [[#34-06|34-06]], [[#34-07|34-07]], [[#34-08|34-08]], [[#34-09|34-09]], [[#34-10|34-10]], [[#34-11|34-11]], [[#34-12|34-12]], [[#34-13|34-13]], [[#34-14|34-14]], [[#34-15|34-15]], [[#34-16|34-16]],  [[#34-17|34-17]], [[#34-18|34-18]], [[#34-19|34-19]], [[#34-20|34-20]], [[#34-21|34-21]], [[#34-22|34-22]], [[#34-23|34-23]], [[#34-24|34-24]], [[#34-25|34-25]], [[#34-26|34-26]], [[#34-27|34-27]], [[#34-28|34-28]], [[#34-29|34-29]], [[#34-30|34-30]], [[#34-31|34-31]], [[#34-32|34-32]]

==-p/-m==
* -ap, ep [[#35-01|35-01]], [[#35-02|35-02]], [[#35-03|35-03]], [[#35-04|35-04]], [[#35-05|35-05]], [[#35-06|35-06]], [[#35-07|35-07]], [[#35-08|35-08]], [[#35-09|35-09]], [[#35-10|35-10]], [[#35-11|35-11]], [[#35-12|35-12]], [[#35-13|35-13]], [[#35-14|35-14]], [[#35-15|35-15]], [[#35-16|35-16]], [[#35-17|35-17]], [[#35-18|35-18]], [[#35-19|35-19]], [[#35-20|35-20]], [[#35-21|35-21]]
* -am, em [[#36-01|36-01]], [[#36-02|36-02]], [[#36-03|36-03]], [[#36-04|36-04]], [[#36-05|36-05]], [[#36-06|36-06]], [[#36-07|36-07]], [[#36-08|36-08]], [[#36-09|36-09]], [[#36-10|36-10]], [[#36-11|36-11]], [[#36-12|36-12]], [[#36-13|36-13]], [[#36-14|36-14]], [[#36-15|36-15]], [[#36-16|36-16]], [[#36-17|36-17]], [[#36-18|36-18]], [[#36-19|36-19]], WHERE IS THIRTY SIX TWENTY [[#36-21|36-21]], [[#0611|36-22]], [[#36-23|36-23]], [[#36-24|36-24]], [[#36-25|36-25]], [[#36-26|36-26]], [[#36-27|36-27]]
* -əp, -ip [[#37-01|37-01]], [[#37-02|37-02]], [[#37-03|37-03]], [[#37-04|37-04]], [[#37-05|37-05]], [[#37-06|37-06]], [[#37-07|37-07]], [[#37-08|37-08]], [[#37-09|37-09]], [[#37-10|37-10]], [[#37-11|37-11]], [[#37-12|37-12]], [[#37-13|37-13]], [[#37-14|37-14]], [[#37-15|37-15]], [[#37-16|37-16]], [[#37-17|37-17]], [[#37-18|37-18]], [[#37-19|37-19]], [[#37-20|37-20]], [[#37-21|37-21]]
* -əm, -im WHERE IS THIRTY EIGHT ONE [[#38-02|38-02]], [[#38-03|38-03]],  [[#38-04|38-04]], [[#38-05|38-05]], [[#38-06|38-06]], [[#38-07|38-07]], [[#38-08|38-08]], [[#38-09|38-09]], [[#38-10|38-10]], [[#38-11|38-11]], [[#38-12|38-12]], [[#38-13|38-13]], [[#38-14|38-14]], [[#38-15|38-15]], [[#38-16|38-16]], [[#38-17|38-17]], [[#38-18|38-18]], [[#38-19|38-19]], [[#38-20|38-20]], [[#38-21|38-21]], [[#38-22|38-22]], [[#38-23|38-23]], [[#38-24|38-24]], [[#38-25|38-25]], [[#38-26|38-26]], [[#38-27|38-27]], [[#38-28|38-28]], [[#38-29|38-29]], [[#38-30|38-30]], [[#38-31|38-31]], [[#38-32|38-32]]

=01 =

====== 魚 yú [-a] ======

==01-01==
* 01-01/0049a [[wikt:古|古]] kuX
* 01-01/0049f [[wikt:固|固]] kuH
* 01-01/0049g [[wikt:姑|姑]] ku
* 01-01/0049i [[wikt:故|故]] kuH
* 01-01/0049k [[wikt:沽|沽]] ku
* 01-01/0049m [[wikt:罟|罟]] kuX
* 01-01/0049o [[wikt:蛄|蛄]] ku
* 01-01/0049p [[wikt:辜|辜]] ku
* 01-01/0049q [[wikt:盬|盬]] kuX
* 01-01/0049r [[wikt:䀇|䀇]] kuX
* 01-01/0049t [[wikt:枯|枯]] khu
* 01-01/0049u [[wikt:苦|苦]] khuX, kuX
* 01-01/0049v [[wikt:岵|岵]] huX
* 01-01/0049x [[wikt:怙|怙]] huX
* 01-01/0049y [[wikt:祜|祜]] huX
* 01-01/0049a' [[wikt:胡|胡]] hu
* 01-01/0049b' [[wikt:酤|酤]] huX
* 01-01/0049c' [[wikt:居|居]] kjo, kjoH
* 01-01/0049e' [[wikt:錮|錮]] kuH
* 01-01/0049f' [[wikt:個|個]] kaH
* 01-01/0049g' [[wikt:橭|橭]] khu, ku
* 01-01/0049h' [[wikt:楛|楛]] huX
* 01-01/0049i' [[wikt:瑚|瑚]] hu
* 01-01/0049j' [[wikt:湖|湖]] hu
* 01-01/0049k' [[wikt:葫|葫]] hu
* 01-01/0049l' [[wikt:餬|餬]] hu
* 01-01/0049m' [[wikt:鶘|鶘]] hu
* 01-01/0049n' [[wikt:倨|倨]] kjoH
* 01-01/0049o' [[wikt:据|据]] kjo
* 01-01/0049p' [[wikt:琚|琚]] kjo
* 01-01/0049q' [[wikt:裾|裾]] kjo
* 01-01/0049r' [[wikt:踞|踞]] kjoH
* 01-01/0049s' [[wikt:鋸|鋸]] kjoH
* 01-01/0049t' [[wikt:椐|椐]] khjo, kjoH
* 01-01/0049u' [[wikt:腒|腒]] gjo, kjo
* 01-01/0049- [[wikt:菇|菇]] ku
* 01-01/0049- [[wikt:糊|糊]] hu
* 01-01/1258a [[wikt:涸|涸]] xak

==01-02==
* 01-02/0050a [[wikt:鼓|鼓]] kuX
* 01-02/0050b [[wikt:鼔|鼔]] kuX
* 01-02/0050g [[wikt:瞽|瞽]] kuX

==01-03==
* 01-03/0051a [[wikt:股|股]] kuX
* 01-03/0051b [[wikt:羖|羖]] kuX
==01-04==
* 01-04/0052a [[wikt:蠱|蠱]] kuX
==01-05==
* 01-05/0056a [[wikt:壺|壺]] hu
==01-06==
* 01-06/0053a [[wikt:戶|戶]] huX
* 01-06/0053c [[wikt:扈|扈]] huX
* 01-06/0053d [[wikt:雇|雇]] kuH
* 01-06/0053e [[wikt:鳸|鳸]] huX
* 01-06/0053g [[wikt:顧|顧]] kuH
* 01-06/0091a [[wikt:所|所]] srjoX, xjoX

==01-07==
* 01-07/0054a [[wikt:互|互]] huH
* 01-07/0054b [[wikt:枑|枑]] huH
* 01-07/0054c [[wikt:沍|沍]] huH
==01-08==
* 01-08/0642a [[wikt:去|去]] khjoH, khjoX
* 01-08/0642c [[wikt:呿|呿]] khjo, khjoH
* 01-08/0642d [[wikt:祛|祛]] khjo
* 01-08/0642e [[wikt:袪|袪]] khjo
* 01-08/0642f [[wikt:麮|麮]] khjoH, khjoX
* 01-08/0642g [[wikt:胠|胠]] khjo
==01-09==
* 01-09/0803a [[wikt:豦|豦]] gjo, gjoH
* 01-09/0803c [[wikt:遽|遽]] gjoH
* 01-09/0803e [[wikt:醵|醵]] gjak, gjo, gjoH
* 01-09/0803f [[wikt:據|據]] kjoH
* 01-09/0803g [[wikt:鐻|鐻]] kjoH
* 01-09/0803h [[wikt:臄|臄]] gjak
* 01-09/0803i [[wikt:劇|劇]] gjaek
* 01-09/0803j [[wikt:籧|籧]] gjo, kjoX
* 01-09/0803k [[wikt:蘧|蘧]] gjo
==01-10==
* 01-10/0074a [[wikt:車|車]] tsyhae, kjo
* 01-10/0074e [[wikt:庫|庫]] khuH
==01-11==
* 01-11/0032a [[wikt:家|家]] kae
* 01-11/0032e [[wikt:嫁|嫁]] kaeH
* 01-11/0032f [[wikt:稼|稼]] kaeH
==01-12==
* 01-12/0033a [[wikt:叚|叚]] kaeX
* 01-12/0033c [[wikt:假|假]] kaeX, kaeX
* 01-12/0033d [[wikt:嘏|嘏]] kaeX
* 01-12/0033e [[wikt:葭|葭]] kae
* 01-12/0033f [[wikt:豭|豭]] kae
* 01-12/0033g [[wikt:暇|暇]] haeH
* 01-12/0033h [[wikt:瑕|瑕]] hae
* 01-12/0033i [[wikt:蝦|蝦]] hae
* 01-12/0033j [[wikt:遐|遐]] hae
* 01-12/0033k [[wikt:霞|霞]] hae
* 01-12/0033l [[wikt:騢|騢]] hae

==01-13==
* 01-13/0034a [[wikt:斝|斝]] kaeX
==01-14==
* 01-14/0035a [[wikt:下|下]] haeH, haeX
* 01-14/0035d [[wikt:芐|芐]] haeH
==01-15==
* 01-15/0036a [[wikt:夏|夏]] haeH, haeX
* 01-15/0036c [[wikt:廈|廈]] haeX
* 01-15/0036d [[wikt:厦|厦]] haeX
* 01-15/1236c [[wikt:嗄|嗄]] 'eajH, sraeH
==01-16==
* 01-16/0038a [[wikt:襾|襾]] xaeX
* 01-16/0038b [[wikt:賈|賈]] kaeH, kuX
* 01-16/0038c [[wikt:價|價]] kaeH
* 01-16/0038d [[wikt:檟|檟]] kaeX
==01-17==
A uvular series
* 01-17/0055a [[wikt:乎|乎]] hu
* 01-17/0055e [[wikt:虖|虖]] hu
* 01-17/0055h [[wikt:呼|呼]] xu, xuH
* 01-17/0055i [[wikt:嘑|嘑]] xu
==01-18==
A uvular series.
Baxter &amp; Sagart (personal communication 12 April 2017) combine [[#01-18|01-18]] and [[#01-51|01-51]]. 
* 01-18/0057a [[wikt:虍|虍]] xu
* 01-18/0057b [[wikt:虎|虎]] xuX
* 01-18/0057f [[wikt:琥|琥]] xuX
* 01-18/0078a [[wikt:虛|虛]] khjo, xjo
* 01-18/0078b [[wikt:墟|墟]] khjo
* 01-18/0078c [[wikt:歔|歔]] xjo, xjoH
* 01-18/0078d [[wikt:噓|噓]] xjo, xjoH
* 01-18/0078e [[wikt:虡|虡]] gjoX
* 01-18/0078g [[wikt:𥲤|𥲤]] gjoX
* 01-18/0085a [[wikt:處|處]] tsyhoX, tsyhoH

==01-19==
* 01-19/0095a [[wikt:巨|巨]] gjoX, kjuX
* 01-19/0095c [[wikt:矩|矩]] kjuX
* 01-19/0095e [[wikt:榘|榘]] kjuX
* 01-19/0095f [[wikt:柜|柜]] kjuX
* 01-19/0095g [[wikt:渠|渠]] gjo
* 01-19/0095h [[wikt:蚷|蚷]] gjo
* 01-19/0095i [[wikt:拒|拒]] gjoX, kjuX
* 01-19/0095j [[wikt:秬|秬]] gjoX
* 01-19/0095k [[wikt:𩰤|𩰤]] gjuX
* 01-19/0095n [[wikt:粔|粔]] gjoX
* 01-19/0095o [[wikt:耟|耟]] gjoX
* 01-19/0095p [[wikt:詎|詎]] gjoH, gjoX
* 01-19/0095q [[wikt:距|距]] gjoX
* 01-19/0095r [[wikt:鉅|鉅]] gjoX

==01-20==
* 01-20/0096c [[wikt:瞿|瞿]] gju
* 01-20/0096d [[wikt:衢|衢]] gju
* 01-20/0096e [[wikt:躣|躣]] gju
* 01-20/0096g [[wikt:鸜|鸜]] gju

==01-21==
* 01-21/0041a [[wikt:瓜|瓜]] kwae
* 01-21/0041b [[wikt:呱|呱]] ku
* 01-21/0041c [[wikt:孤|孤]] ku
* 01-21/0041d [[wikt:罛|罛]] ku
* 01-21/0041e [[wikt:苽|苽]] ku
* 01-21/0041f [[wikt:觚|觚]] ku
* 01-21/0041g [[wikt:軱|軱]] ku
* 01-21/0041h [[wikt:弧|弧]] hu
* 01-21/0041i [[wikt:狐|狐]] hu

==01-22==
* 01-22/0042a [[wikt:寡|寡]] kwaeX

==01-23==
A uvular series.
* 01-23/0043a [[wikt:夸|夸]] khwae
* 01-23/0043b [[wikt:誇|誇]] khwae
* 01-23/0043c [[wikt:姱|姱]] khwae
* 01-23/0043d [[wikt:跨|跨]] khuH, khwaeH
* 01-23/0043e [[wikt:荂|荂]] khwae, xju
* 01-23/0043f [[wikt:刳|刳]] khuH
* 01-23/0043g [[wikt:挎|挎]] khu
* 01-23/0043h [[wikt:袴|袴]] khuH
* 01-23/0043i [[wikt:絝|絝]] khuH
* 01-23/0043j [[wikt:瓠|瓠]] hu, huH
* 01-23/0043k [[wikt:洿|洿]] 'u
* 01-23/0043l [[wikt:槬|槬]] hwaeH
* 01-23/0043m [[wikt:摦|摦]] hwaeH
* 01-23/0097a [[wikt:于|于]] hju
* 01-23/0097h [[wikt:宇|宇]] hjuX
* 01-23/0097i [[wikt:杅|杅]] hju
* 01-23/0097j [[wikt:玗|玗]] hju
* 01-23/0097k [[wikt:盂|盂]] hju
* 01-23/0097n [[wikt:竽|竽]] hju
* 01-23/0097o [[wikt:芋|芋]] hjuH
* 01-23/0097p [[wikt:迂|迂]] 'ju, hju
* 01-23/0097q [[wikt:雩|雩]] hju
* 01-23/0097t [[wikt:吁|吁]] xju
* 01-23/0097u [[wikt:盱|盱]] xju
* 01-23/0097v [[wikt:訏|訏]] xju
* 01-23/0097y [[wikt:紆|紆]] 'ju
* 01-23/0097z [[wikt:圩|圩]] 'u
* 01-23/0097a' [[wikt:杇|杇]] 'u
* 01-23/0097b' [[wikt:汙|汙]] 'wae
* 01-23/0097c' [[wikt:污|污]] 'u, 'wae
* 01-23/0097d' [[wikt:冔|冔]] xjuX
* 01-23/0097- [[wikt:謣|謣]] hju

==01-24==
A uvular series
* 01-24/0098a [[wikt:羽|羽]] hjuX
* 01-24/0098c [[wikt:栩|栩]] xjuX
* 01-24/0098d [[wikt:詡|詡]] xjuX
* 01-24/0098- [[wikt:頨|頨]]
* 01-24/0098- [[wikt:翩|翩]]

==01-25==
A uvular series
* 01-25/0099a [[wikt:禹|禹]] hjuX	
* 01-25/0099d [[wikt:偊|偊]] hjuX
* 01-25/0099e [[wikt:楀|楀]] kjuX
* 01-25/0099f [[wikt:萭|萭]] kjuX
* 01-25/0099g [[wikt:踽|踽]] kjuX

==01-26==
A uvular series
* 01-26/0100a [[wikt:雨|雨]] hjuX, hjuH

==01-27==
A uvular series
* 01-27/0044a [[wikt:華|華]] xwae, hwae, hwaeH
* 01-27/0044c [[wikt:驊|驊]] hwae
* 01-27/0044d [[wikt:譁|譁]] xwae
* 01-27/0044- [[wikt:樺|樺]] hwaeH
* 01-27/0044- [[wikt:花|花]] xwae

==01-28==
* 01-28/0061a [[wikt:烏|烏]] 'u
* 01-28/0061d [[wikt:嗚|嗚]] 'u
* 01-28/0061e [[wikt:於|於]] 'jo, 'joH, 'u
* 01-28/0061g [[wikt:棜|棜]] 'joH
* 01-28/0061h [[wikt:瘀|瘀]] 'joH
* 01-28/0061i [[wikt:菸|菸]] 'jo
* 01-28/0270a [[wikt:閼|閼]] 'at

==01-29==
* 01-29/0058a [[wikt:五|五]] nguX
* 01-29/0058e [[wikt:伍|伍]] nguX
* 01-29/0058f [[wikt:吾|吾]] ngu
* 01-29/0058j [[wikt:悟|悟]] nguH
* 01-29/0058k [[wikt:捂|捂]] nguH
* 01-29/0058l [[wikt:晤|晤]] nguH
* 01-29/0058m [[wikt:梧|梧]] ngu
* 01-29/0058n [[wikt:寤|寤]] nguH
* 01-29/0058o [[wikt:啎|啎]] nguH
* 01-29/0058p [[wikt:圄|圄]] ngjoX
* 01-29/0058q [[wikt:敔|敔]] ngjoX
* 01-29/0058s [[wikt:衙|衙]] ngae, ngjo
* 01-29/0058t [[wikt:語|語]] ngjoX, ngjoH
* 01-29/0058v [[wikt:鋙|鋙]] ngjo, ngjoX

==01-30==
Baxter &amp; Sagart (2014: 129) combine [[#01-30|01-30]] and [[#01-41|01-41]].
* 01-30/0060a [[wikt:午|午]] nguX
* 01-30/0060f [[wikt:仵|仵]] nguH, nguX
* 01-30/0060g [[wikt:忤|忤]] nguH
* 01-30/0060h [[wikt:迕|迕]] nguH
* 01-30/0060i [[wikt:許|許]] xjoX, xuX
* 01-30/0060k [[wikt:滸|滸]] xuX
* 01-30/0060l [[wikt:御|御]] ngjoH
* 01-30/0060p [[wikt:禦|禦]] ngjoX
* 01-30/0060- [[wikt:卸|卸]] sjaeH

==01-31==
* 01-31/0067a [[wikt:穌|穌]] su
* 01-31/0067c [[wikt:蘇|蘇]] su
* 01-31/0079a [[wikt:魚|魚]] ngjo
* 01-31/0079g [[wikt:漁|漁]] ngjo
* 01-31/0079m [[wikt:䱷|䱷]] ngjo
* 01-31/0079- [[wikt:𫊣|𫊣]] ngjo (?)

==01-32==
* 01-32/0081a [[wikt:圉|圉]] ngjoH, ngjoX
==01-33==
* 01-33/0080a [[wikt:馭|馭]] ngjoH
==01-34==
A uvular series.
Baxter &amp; Sagart (personal communication 12 April 2017) combine [[#01-34|01-34]], [[#01-45|01-45]] and [[#01-47|01-47]]. 
* 01-34/0037a [[wikt:牙|牙]] ngae
* 01-34/0037c [[wikt:庌|庌]] ngaeX
* 01-34/0037d [[wikt:芽|芽]] ngae
* 01-34/0037e [[wikt:訝|訝]] ngaeH
* 01-34/0037f [[wikt:迓|迓]] ngaeH
* 01-34/0037g [[wikt:雅|雅]] ngaeX
* 01-34/0037h [[wikt:鴉|鴉]] 'ae

==01-35==
* 01-35/0059a [[wikt:吳|吳]] ngu
* 01-35/0059d [[wikt:誤|誤]] nguH
* 01-35/0059e [[wikt:悞|悞]] nguH
* 01-35/0059f [[wikt:俁|俁]] ngjuX
* 01-35/0059g [[wikt:娛|娛]] ngju
* 01-35/0059h [[wikt:虞|虞]] ngju
* 01-35/0059j [[wikt:麌|麌]] ngjuX
* 01-35/0059k [[wikt:噳|噳]] ngjuX
==01-36==
* 01-36/0062a [[wikt:土|土]] duX, thuX
* 01-36/0062d [[wikt:吐|吐]] thuH, thuX
* 01-36/0062e [[wikt:徒|徒]] du
* 01-36/0062g [[wikt:杜|杜]] duX
* 01-36/0062j [[wikt:社|社]] dzyaeX
* 01-36/0062- [[wikt:肚|肚]] tuX, duX
==01-37==
* 01-37/0064a [[wikt:圖|圖]] du
==01-38==
* 01-38/0045a [[wikt:者|者]] tsyaeX
* 01-38/0045d [[wikt:赭|赭]] tsyaeX
* 01-38/0045e [[wikt:奢|奢]] syae
* 01-38/0045g [[wikt:褚|褚]] trjoX
* 01-38/0045h [[wikt:豬|豬]] trjo
* 01-38/0045i [[wikt:楮|楮]] trhjoX, tuX
* 01-38/0045j [[wikt:箸|箸]] drjoH
* 01-38/0045k [[wikt:渚|渚]] tsyoX
* 01-38/0045l [[wikt:煑|煑]] tsyoX
* 01-38/0045m [[wikt:煮|煮]] tsyoX
* 01-38/0045n [[wikt:䰞|䰞]] tsyoX
* 01-38/0045o [[wikt:𦑥|𦑥]] tsyoH
* 01-38/0045p [[wikt:諸|諸]] tsyo
* 01-38/0045q [[wikt:陼|陼]] tsyoX
* 01-38/0045r [[wikt:署|署]] dzyoH
* 01-38/0045s [[wikt:緒|緒]] zjoX
* 01-38/0045t [[wikt:書|書]] syo
* 01-38/0045x [[wikt:暑|暑]] syoX
* 01-38/0045y [[wikt:堵|堵]] tuX
* 01-38/0045b' [[wikt:帾|帾]] tuX
* 01-38/0045c' [[wikt:睹|睹]] tuX
* 01-38/0045d' [[wikt:覩|覩]] tuX
* 01-38/0045e' [[wikt:都|都]] tu
* 01-38/0045h' [[wikt:闍|闍]] dzyae, tu
* 01-38/0045i' [[wikt:屠|屠]] du
* 01-38/0045j' [[wikt:瘏|瘏]] du
* 01-38/0045k' [[wikt:瀦|瀦]] trjo
* 01-38/0045l' [[wikt:儲|儲]] drjo
* 01-38/0045m' [[wikt:曙|曙]] dzyoH
* 01-38/0045n' [[wikt:著|著]] drjak, trjak, trjoH
* 01-38/0045o' [[wikt:躇|躇]] drjo, trhjak
* 01-38/0045p' [[wikt:𣃈|𣃈]] trjak

==01-39==
* 01-39/0084a [[wikt:宁|宁]] drjo, drjoX
* 01-39/0084c [[wikt:佇|佇]] drjoX
* 01-39/0084d [[wikt:竚|竚]] drjoX
* 01-39/0084e [[wikt:紵|紵]] drjoX
* 01-39/0084f [[wikt:羜|羜]] drjoX
* 01-39/0084g [[wikt:貯|貯]] trjoX
==01-40==
*01-40/1242b [[wikt:樗|樗]] trhjo

==01-41==
Baxter &amp; Sagart (2014: 129) combine [[#01-30|01-30]] and [[#01-41|01-41]].
* 01-41/0086a [[wikt:杵|杵]] tsyhoX
==01-42==
* 01-42/0082a [[wikt:余|余]] yo
* 01-42/0082f [[wikt:畬|畬]] yo
* 01-42/0082g [[wikt:悆|悆]] yoH
* 01-42/0082i [[wikt:艅|艅]] yo
* 01-42/0082l [[wikt:餘|餘]] yo
* 01-42/0082m [[wikt:除|除]] drjo, drjoH
* 01-42/0082o [[wikt:敘|敘]] zjoX
* 01-42/0082q [[wikt:䣄|䣄]] zjo
* 01-42/0082s [[wikt:賖|賖]] syae
* 01-42/0082t [[wikt:賒|賒]] syae
* 01-42/0082u [[wikt:涂|涂]] du
* 01-42/0082v [[wikt:途|途]] du
* 01-42/0082x [[wikt:荼|荼]] drae, du, syo
* 01-42/0082y [[wikt:梌|梌]] du
* 01-42/0082a' [[wikt:㻌|㻌]] thu
* 01-42/0082b' [[wikt:稌|稌]] duX, thu, thuX
* 01-42/0082c' [[wikt:篨|篨]] drjo
* 01-42/0082d' [[wikt:塗|塗]] du
* 01-42/0082- [[wikt:徐|徐]] zjo

==01-43==
* 01-43/0083a [[wikt:予|予]] yo, yoX
* 01-43/0083c [[wikt:𨑦|𨑦]]
* 01-43/0083e [[wikt:豫|豫]] yoH
* 01-43/0083f [[wikt:杼|杼]] drjoX, zyoH, zyoX
* 01-43/0083g [[wikt:抒|抒]] zyoX
* 01-43/0083h [[wikt:序|序]] zjoX
* 01-43/0083i [[wikt:芧|芧]] zjoX
* 01-43/0083j [[wikt:紓|紓]] syo, zyoX
* 01-43/0083k [[wikt:舒|舒]] syo
* 01-43/0083l [[wikt:野|野]] yaeX
* 01-43/0083m [[wikt:𡐨|𡐨]] yaeX
==01-44==
* 01-44/0083n [[wikt:埜|埜]] yaeX
==01-45==
Baxter &amp; Sagart (personal communication 12 April 2017) combine [[#01-34|01-34]], [[#01-45|01-45]] and [[#01-47|01-47]]. 
* 01-45/0075a [[wikt:舉|舉]] ''kjoX''
* 01-45/0089a [[wikt:舁|舁]] ''yoX''
* 01-45/0089b [[wikt:與|與]] ''yo'', ''yoH'' 'participate', ''yoX''
* 01-45/0089e [[wikt:歟|歟]] ''yo''
* 01-45/0089f [[wikt:璵|璵]] ''yo''
* 01-45/0089g [[wikt:䑂|䑂]] ''yoX''
* 01-45/0089i [[wikt:譽|譽]] ''yo'', ''yoH''
* 01-45/0089j [[wikt:輿|輿]] ''yo''
* 01-45/0089k [[wikt:鸒|鸒]] ''yoH''
* 01-45/0089l [[wikt:旟|旟]] ''yo''
* 01-45/0089n [[wikt:藇|藇]] ''yoX'', ''zjoX''
* 01-45/0089o [[wikt:鱮|鱮]] ''zjoX''

==01-46==
* 01-46/0063a [[wikt:兔|兔]] thuH
* 01-46/0063c [[wikt:菟|菟]] du
* 01-46/0063- [[wikt:䖘|䖘]] du

==01-47==
Baxter &amp; Sagart (personal communication 12 April 2017) combine [[#01-34|01-34]], [[#01-45|01-45]] and [[#01-47|01-47]]. 
* 01-47/0047a [[wikt:邪|邪]] zjae, yae, zjo
* 01-47/0047b [[wikt:耶|耶]] yae
* 01-47/0047c [[wikt:衺|衺]] zjae

==01-48==
* 01-48/0048a [[wikt:舍|舍]] syaeH, syaeX
* 01-48/0048c [[wikt:捨|捨]] syaeX
==01-49==
* 01-49/0092a [[wikt:鼠|鼠]] syoX
* 01-49/0092b [[wikt:癙|癙]] syoX
==01-50==
* 01-50/0093a [[wikt:黍|黍]] syoX
==01-51==
* 01-51/0069a [[wikt:𧆨|𧆨]] lu
* 01-51/0069d [[wikt:盧|盧]] lu
* 01-51/0069e [[wikt:虜|虜]] luX
* 01-51/0069f [[wikt:慮|慮]] ljoH
* 01-51/0069g [[wikt:膚|膚]] pju
* 01-51/0069j [[wikt:壚|壚]] lu
* 01-51/0069k [[wikt:櫨|櫨]] lu
* 01-51/0069l [[wikt:爐|爐]] lu
* 01-51/0069m [[wikt:鑪|鑪]] lu
* 01-51/0069n [[wikt:籚|籚]] lu
* 01-51/0069o [[wikt:纑|纑]] lu
* 01-51/0069p [[wikt:顱|顱]] lu
* 01-51/0069q [[wikt:廬|廬]] ljo
* 01-51/0069r [[wikt:臚|臚]] ljo
* 01-51/0069t [[wikt:儢|儢]] ljoX
* 01-51/0069u [[wikt:藘|藘]] ljo
* 01-51/0069v [[wikt:鑢|鑢]] ljoH
* 01-51/0069x [[wikt:攄|攄]] trhjo
==01-52==
* 01-52/0070a [[wikt:魯|魯]] luX
* 01-52/0070e [[wikt:櫓|櫓]] luX
==01-53==
* 01-53/0071a [[wikt:鹵|鹵]] luX
==01-54==
* 01-54/0076a [[wikt:呂|呂]] ljoX
* 01-54/0076d [[wikt:侶|侶]] ljoX
* 01-54/0076e [[wikt:梠|梠]] ljoX
* 01-54/0076g [[wikt:閭|閭]] ljo
* 01-54/0076h [[wikt:郘|郘]] ljoX
* 01-54/0076j [[wikt:筥|筥]] kjoX
* 01-54/0076l [[wikt:莒|莒]] kjoX
==01-55==
* 01-55/0077a [[wikt:旅|旅]] ljoX
* 01-55/0077e [[wikt:膂|膂]] ljoX
* 01-55/0077f [[wikt:玈|玈]] lu
==01-56==
* 01-56/0094a [[wikt:女|女]] nrjoX, nrjoH
* 01-56/0094f [[wikt:籹|籹]] nrjoX
* 01-56/0094g [[wikt:如|如]] nyo
* 01-56/0094j [[wikt:汝|汝]] nyoX
* 01-56/0094l [[wikt:奴|奴]] nu
* 01-56/0094o [[wikt:帤|帤]] nrjo
* 01-56/0094p [[wikt:袽|袽]] nrjo
* 01-56/0094q [[wikt:洳|洳]] nyo, nyoH
* 01-56/0094r [[wikt:茹|茹]] nyo, nyoH, nyoX
* 01-56/0094s [[wikt:鴽|鴽]] nyo
* 01-56/0094t [[wikt:恕|恕]] syoH
* 01-56/0094u [[wikt:絮|絮]] sjoH, trhjoH
* 01-56/0094v [[wikt:孥|孥]] nu
* 01-56/0094y [[wikt:帑|帑]] nu
* 01-56/0094z [[wikt:弩|弩]] nuX
* 01-56/0094a' [[wikt:怒|怒]] nuH, nuX
* 01-56/0094b' [[wikt:拏|拏]] nrae
* 01-56/0094c' [[wikt:挐|挐]] nrae
* 01-56/0094d' [[wikt:砮|砮]] nu, nuX
* 01-56/0094e' [[wikt:笯|笯]] nrae, nu, nuH
* 01-56/0094f' [[wikt:駑|駑]] nu
==01-57==
* 01-57/0046a [[wikt:且|且]] tshjaeX, tshjo, tsjo
* 01-57/0046h [[wikt:罝|罝]] tsjae
* 01-57/0046i [[wikt:柤|柤]] tsrae
* 01-57/0046j [[wikt:抯|抯]] dzjaeX, tsjaeX, tsrae
* 01-57/0046k [[wikt:沮|沮]] dzjoX, tsjoH
* 01-57/0046m [[wikt:蛆|蛆]] tsjo
* 01-57/0046n [[wikt:岨|岨]] tshjo
* 01-57/0046o [[wikt:狙|狙]] tshjo
* 01-57/0046p [[wikt:疽|疽]] tshjo
* 01-57/0046q [[wikt:砠|砠]] tshjo
* 01-57/0046r [[wikt:雎|雎]] tshjo
* 01-57/0046s [[wikt:鴡|鴡]] tshjo
* 01-57/0046t [[wikt:苴|苴]] tshjo, tsjo, tsraeX
* 01-57/0046u [[wikt:咀|咀]] dzjoX
* 01-57/0046v [[wikt:俎|俎]] tsrjoX
* 01-57/0046x [[wikt:詛|詛]] tsrjoH
* 01-57/0046y [[wikt:阻|阻]] tsrjoX
* 01-57/0046z [[wikt:助|助]] dzrjoH
* 01-57/0046a' [[wikt:鉏|鉏]] dzrjoX
* 01-57/0046b' [[wikt:祖|祖]] tsuX
* 01-57/0046d' [[wikt:租|租]] tsu
* 01-57/0046e' [[wikt:組|組]] tsuX
* 01-57/0046h' [[wikt:粗|粗]] tshu, dzuX
* 01-57/0046i' [[wikt:徂|徂]] dzu
* 01-57/0046j' [[wikt:殂|殂]] dzu
* 01-57/0046k' [[wikt:虘|虘]] dzu
* 01-57/0046m' [[wikt:駔|駔]] dzuX, tsangX
* 01-57/0046n' [[wikt:菹|菹]] tsrjo
* 01-57/0046o' [[wikt:耡|耡]] dzrjo, dzrjoH
* 01-57/0046p' [[wikt:鋤|鋤]] dzrjo
* 01-57/0046q' [[wikt:蒩|蒩]] tsu
* 01-57/0046r' [[wikt:𪓐|𪓐]] tsrhjoX
* 01-57/0046s' [[wikt:樝|樝]] tsrae
* 01-57/0046u' [[wikt:楂|楂]] tsrae
* 01-57/0046v' [[wikt:𠭯|𠭯]] tsrae
==01-58==
* 01-58/0065a [[wikt:觕|觕]] tshu
==01-59==
* 01-59/0066a [[wikt:麤|麤]] tshu
==01-60==
* 01-60/0087a [[wikt:初|初]] tsrhjo
==01-61==
* 01-61/0068a [[wikt:素|素]] suH
==01-62==
* 01-62/0088a [[wikt:楚|楚]] tsrhjoX
* 01-62/0090a [[wikt:疋|疋]] srjo
* 01-62/0090b [[wikt:疏|疏]] srjo
* 01-62/0090c [[wikt:疎|疎]] srjo
* 01-62/0090d [[wikt:蔬|蔬]] srjo
* 01-62/0090e [[wikt:胥|胥]] sjo
* 01-62/0090f [[wikt:湑|湑]] sjoX
* 01-62/0090g [[wikt:稰|稰]] sjoX
* 01-62/0090h [[wikt:糈|糈]] srjoX
* 01-62/0090i [[wikt:壻|壻]] sejH

==01-63==
* 01-63/0091a [[wikt:所|所]] srjoX
==01-64==
* 01-64/0072a [[wikt:普|普]] phuX
==01-65==
* 01-65/0073a [[wikt:步|步]] buH
==01-66==
* 01-66/0101a [[wikt:夫|夫]] pju, bju
* 01-66/0101e [[wikt:鈇|鈇]] pju, pjuX
* 01-66/0101f [[wikt:扶|扶]] bju, phu, pju
* 01-66/0101g [[wikt:枎|枎]] bju
* 01-66/0101h [[wikt:芙|芙]] bju
* 01-66/0101- [[wikt:㚘|㚘]]

==01-67==
* 01-67/0102a [[wikt:父|父]] bjuX, pjuX
* 01-67/0102f [[wikt:釜|釜]] bjuX
* 01-67/0102h [[wikt:斧|斧]] pjuX
* 01-67/0102j [[wikt:布|布]] puH
* 01-67/0102m [[wikt:怖|怖]] phuH
* 01-67/0102n [[wikt:甫|甫]] pjuX
* 01-67/0102r [[wikt:脯|脯]] pjuX
* 01-67/0102s [[wikt:莆|莆]] pjuX
* 01-67/0102t [[wikt:黼|黼]] pjuX
* 01-67/0102u [[wikt:簠|簠]] pju, pjuH, pjuX
* 01-67/0102v [[wikt:輔|輔]] bjuX
* 01-67/0102y [[wikt:鬴|鬴]] bjuX
* 01-67/0102z [[wikt:圃|圃]] puH, puX
* 01-67/0102c' [[wikt:補|補]] puX
* 01-67/0102d' [[wikt:逋|逋]] pu
* 01-67/0102e' [[wikt:餔|餔]] pu
* 01-67/0102f' [[wikt:浦|浦]] phuX
* 01-67/0102g' [[wikt:痡|痡]] phju, phu
* 01-67/0102h' [[wikt:鋪|鋪]] phju, phu
* 01-67/0102i' [[wikt:哺|哺]] buH
* 01-67/0102j' [[wikt:捕|捕]] buH
* 01-67/0102k' [[wikt:酺|酺]] bu, buH
* 01-67/0102l' [[wikt:匍|匍]] bu
* 01-67/0102n' [[wikt:蒲|蒲]] bu
* 01-67/0102o' [[wikt:蒱|蒱]] bu
* 01-67/0102p' [[wikt:尃|尃]] phju
* 01-67/0102q' [[wikt:旉|旉]] phju
* 01-67/0102t' [[wikt:敷|敷]] phju
* 01-67/0102u' [[wikt:傅|傅]] bjuH, pjuH
* 01-67/0102v' [[wikt:榑|榑]] bju
* 01-67/0102x' [[wikt:賻|賻]] bjuH
* 01-67/0102- [[wikt:䋠|䋠]] puX (?)
* 01-67/0771a [[wikt:博|博]] pak	
* 01-67/0771d [[wikt:搏|搏]] pak, pjuH
* 01-67/0771f [[wikt:溥|溥]] pak, phuX
* 01-67/0771g [[wikt:鎛|鎛]] pak
* 01-67/0771j [[wikt:𩌏|𩌏]] pak
* 01-67/0771l [[wikt:膊|膊]] phak
* 01-67/0771m [[wikt:縛|縛]] bjak
* 01-67/0771n [[wikt:簙|簙]] pak
* 01-67/0771o [[wikt:簿|簿]] buX
* 01-67/0771p [[wikt:薄|薄]] bak, phak
* 01-67/0771q [[wikt:礴|礴]] bak

==01-68==
* 01-68/0039a [[wikt:巴|巴]] pae
* 01-68/0039b [[wikt:把|把]] paeX
* 01-68/0039c [[wikt:芭|芭]] pae
* 01-68/0039d [[wikt:豝|豝]] pae
* 01-68/0039e [[wikt:杷|杷]] bae
* 01-68/0039- [[wikt:笆|笆]] bae
* 01-68/0039- [[wikt:葩|葩]]

==01-69==
* 01-69/0103a [[wikt:無|無]] mju
* 01-69/0103g [[wikt:舞|舞]] mjuX
* 01-69/0103h [[wikt:儛|儛]] mjuX
* 01-69/0103i [[wikt:廡|廡]] mjuX
* 01-69/0103j [[wikt:憮|憮]] mjuX, xu
* 01-69/0103k [[wikt:甒|甒]] mjuX
* 01-69/0103l [[wikt:蕪|蕪]] mju
* 01-69/0103m [[wikt:譕|譕]] mju
* 01-69/0103n [[wikt:幠|幠]] xu
* 01-69/0103o [[wikt:膴|膴]] mju, xjuX, xu
* 01-69/0103p [[wikt:撫|撫]] phjuX
* 01-69/0103q [[wikt:鄦|鄦]] xjoX
* 01-69/0103- [[wikt:墲|墲]] mju, mu, phu
* 01-69/0103- [[wikt:嘸|嘸]] phjuX, mjuX
* 01-69/0103- [[wikt:嫵|嫵]] mjuX

==01-70==
* 01-70/0106a [[wikt:无|无]] mju

==01-71==
* 01-71/0104a [[wikt:武|武]] mjuX
* 01-71/0104f [[wikt:鵡|鵡]] mjuX
* 01-71/0104g [[wikt:賦|賦]] pjuH

==01-72==
* 01-72/0105a [[wikt:巫|巫]] mju
* 01-72/0105b [[wikt:誣|誣]] mju

==01-73==
* 01-73/0040a [[wikt:馬|馬]] maeX
* 01-73/0040f [[wikt:禡|禡]] maeH
* 01-73/0040h [[wikt:罵|罵]] maeH, maeX

=02=

====== 鐸 duó [-ak] ======

==02-01==
* 02-01/0766a [[wikt:各|各]] kak
* 02-01/0766d [[wikt:胳|胳]] kaek, kak
* 02-01/0766e [[wikt:袼|袼]] kaek, kak
* 02-01/0766f [[wikt:閣|閣]] kak
* 02-01/0766g [[wikt:恪|恪]] khak
* 02-01/0766h [[wikt:貉|貉]] hak maeH, maek
* 02-01/0766j [[wikt:狢|狢]] maek
* 02-01/0766k [[wikt:洛|洛]] lak
* 02-01/0766n [[wikt:烙|烙]] lak
* 02-01/0766o [[wikt:絡|絡]] lak
* 02-01/0766p [[wikt:酪|酪]] lak
* 02-01/0766q [[wikt:雒|雒]] lak
* 02-01/0766r [[wikt:𩊚|𩊚]] lak
* 02-01/0766s [[wikt:駱|駱]] lak
* 02-01/0766t [[wikt:鴼|鴼]] lak
* 02-01/0766u [[wikt:珞|珞]] lak, lek
* 02-01/0766v [[wikt:略|略]] ljak
* 02-01/0766x [[wikt:𢓜|𢓜]] kaek
* 02-01/0766z [[wikt:格|格]] haek, kaek
* 02-01/0766b' [[wikt:觡|觡]] kaek
* 02-01/0766c' [[wikt:骼|骼]] kaek, kak, khaeH
* 02-01/0766d' [[wikt:客|客]] khaek
* 02-01/0766g' [[wikt:垎|垎]] haek
* 02-01/0766h' [[wikt:詻|詻]] ngaek
* 02-01/0766j' [[wikt:頟|頟]] ngaek
* 02-01/0766k' [[wikt:賂|賂]] luH
* 02-01/0766l' [[wikt:路|路]] luH
* 02-01/0766n' [[wikt:輅|輅]] haek, luH, ngaeH
* 02-01/0766o' [[wikt:喀|喀]] khaek
* 02-01/0766p' [[wikt:愙|愙]] khak
* 02-01/0766q' [[wikt:落|落]] lak
* 02-01/0766r' [[wikt:璐|璐]] luH
* 02-01/0766s' [[wikt:簬|簬]] luH
* 02-01/0766t' [[wikt:露|露]] luH
* 02-01/0766u' [[wikt:潞|潞]] luH
* 02-01/0766v' [[wikt:鷺|鷺]] luH
* 02-01/0766x' [[wikt:簵|簵]] luH

==02-02==
*02-02/0776a [[wikt:𧮫|𧮫]] gjak	
*02-02/0776b [[wikt:卻|卻]] khjak
*02-02/0776c [[wikt:却|却]] khjak
*02-02/0776d [[wikt:綌|綌]] khjaek
*02-02/0776e [[wikt:郤|郤]] khjaek
*02-02/0776f [[wikt:郄|郄]] khjaek
*02-02/0776g [[wikt:腳|腳]] kjak
*02-02/0776h [[wikt:脚|脚]] kjak

==02-03==
* 02-03/0785a [[wikt:𢧢|𢧢]] kjaek
* 02-03/0785b [[wikt:戟|戟]] kjaek

==02-04==
*02-04/0786a [[wikt:丮|丮]] kjaek

==02-05==
A uvular series?
* 02-05/0787a [[wikt:𡭴|𡭴]] khjaek
* 02-05/0787b [[wikt:𡭽|𡭽]] khjaek
* 02-05/0787c [[wikt:隙|隙]] khjaek
* 02-05/0787d [[wikt:虩|虩]] xjaek

==02-06==
* 02-06/0774a [[wikt:郭|郭]] kwak
* 02-06/0774e [[wikt:椁|椁]] kwak
* 02-06/0774f [[wikt:槨|槨]] kwak
* 02-06/0774g [[wikt:廓|廓]] khwak
* 02-06/0774h [[wikt:鞟|鞟]] khwak
* 02-06/0774i [[wikt:鞹|鞹]] khwak
* 02-06/0774- [[wikt:𠅷|𠅷]]
* 02-06/0774- [[wikt:𨟍|𨟍]]

==02-07==
* 02-07/0096a [[wikt:䀠|䀠]] kjuH
* 02-07/0096c [[wikt:瞿|瞿]] kjuH
* 02-07/0096d [[wikt:衢|衢]] gju
* 02-07/0096e [[wikt:躣|躣]] gju
* 02-07/0096g [[wikt:鸜|鸜]] gju
* 02-07/0096h [[wikt:臞|臞]] gju, gjuH
* 02-07/0096i [[wikt:懼|懼]] gjuH
* 02-07/0778a [[wikt:矍|矍]] kjwak, xjwak
* 02-07/0778b [[wikt:攫|攫]] kjwak
* 02-07/0778c [[wikt:玃|玃]] kjwak
* 02-07/0778d [[wikt:躩|躩]] khjwak, kjwak
* 02-07/0778e [[wikt:戄|戄]] xjwak

==02-07A==
* 02-07A/0783a [[wikt:虢|虢]] kwaek

==02-08==
A uvular series.
* 02-08/0784a [[wikt:蒦|蒦]] hweak
* 02-08/0784d [[wikt:獲|獲]] hweak
* 02-08/0784e [[wikt:韄|韄]] hweak
* 02-08/0784f [[wikt:彠|彠]] 'jwak
* 02-08/0784h [[wikt:穫|穫]] hwak
* 02-08/0784i [[wikt:鑊|鑊]] hwak
* 02-08/0784j [[wikt:濩|濩]] huH, hwak
* 02-08/0784k [[wikt:護|護]] huH
* 02-08/0784l [[wikt:擭|擭]] 'waek
* 02-08/0784m [[wikt:雘|雘]] 'wak
* 02-08/0784n [[wikt:蠖|蠖]] 'wak

==02-09==
* 02-09/0767a [[wikt:壑|壑]] xak

==02-10==
* 02-10/0779a [[wikt:赫|赫]] xaek
* 02-10/0779b [[wikt:嚇|嚇]] xaeH, xaek

==02-10A==
* 02-10A/1259a [[wikt:謋|謋]] xaek

==02-11==
* 02-11/0789a [[wikt:覤|覤]] xjaek

==02-12==
* 02-12/0775a [[wikt:霍|霍]] xwak	
* 02-12/0775b [[wikt:靃|靃]] xwak	
* 02-12/0775e [[wikt:藿|藿]] xwak	
* 02-12/0775f [[wikt:臛|臛]] xowk

==02-13==
* 02-13/0805a [[wikt:亞|亞]] 'aeH
* 02-13/0805f [[wikt:啞|啞]] 'aek, 'aeX
* 02-13/0805g [[wikt:堊|堊]] 'ak
* 02-13/0805h [[wikt:惡|惡]] 'ak, 'u, 'uH

==02-14==
Schuessler (2009: 68) &quot;this series prob. belongs to [[#02-34|02-34]].&quot; Baxter &amp; Sagart appear to concur.
* 02-14/0788a [[wikt:屰|屰]] ngjaek
* 02-14/0788c [[wikt:逆|逆]] ngjaek
* 02-14/0788f [[wikt:㖾|㖾]] ngak
* 02-14/0788g [[wikt:咢|咢]] ngak
* 02-14/0788h [[wikt:愕|愕]] ngak
* 02-14/0788i [[wikt:遌|遌]] ngak
* 02-14/0788j [[wikt:遻|遻]] nguH
* 02-14/0788k [[wikt:諤|諤]] ngak
* 02-14/0788l [[wikt:鄂|鄂]] ngak
* 02-14/0788m [[wikt:鍔|鍔]] ngak
* 02-14/0788n [[wikt:鶚|鶚]] ngak
* 02-14/0792h [[wikt:㴑|㴑]] suH
* 02-14/0792i [[wikt:泝|泝]] suH
* 02-14/0792j [[wikt:訴|訴]] suH

==02-15==
* 02-15/0768a [[wikt:噩|噩]] ngak
* 02-15/0768d [[wikt:蘁|蘁]] ngak, nguH

==02-16==
Baxter &amp; Sagart (personal communication 12 April 2017) combine [[#02-16|02-16]], [[#02-17|02-17]], [[#02-18|02-18]], and [[#02-29|02-29]].
* 02-16/0801a [[wikt:度|度]] dak, duH
* 02-16/0801b [[wikt:渡|渡]] duH
* 02-16/0801c [[wikt:剫|剫]] dak

==02-17==
Baxter &amp; Sagart (personal communication 12 April 2017) combine [[#02-16|02-16]], [[#02-17|02-17]], [[#02-18|02-18]], and [[#02-29|02-29]].
* 02-17/0795a [[wikt:石|石]] dzyek	
* 02-17/0795d [[wikt:祏|祏]] dzyek
* 02-17/0795e [[wikt:碩|碩]] dzyek
* 02-17/0795h [[wikt:鼫|鼫]] dzyek
* 02-17/0795i [[wikt:跖|跖]] tsyek
* 02-17/0795j [[wikt:磔|磔]] traek
* 02-17/0795k [[wikt:斫|斫]] tsyak
* 02-17/0795l [[wikt:柘|柘]] tsyaeH
* 02-17/0795m [[wikt:拓|拓]] thak
* 02-17/0795n [[wikt:妬|妬]] tuH
* 02-17/0795o [[wikt:妒|妒]] tuH
* 02-17/0795p [[wikt:橐|橐]] thak
* 02-17/0795r [[wikt:蠹|蠹]] tuH

==02-18==
Baxter &amp; Sagart (personal communication 12 April 2017) combine [[#02-16|02-16]], [[#02-17|02-17]], [[#02-18|02-18]], and [[#02-29|02-29]].
* 02-18/0804a [[wikt:庶|庶]] syoH, tsyoH
* 02-18/0804d [[wikt:遮|遮]] tsyae
* 02-18/0804e [[wikt:摭|摭]] tsyek
* 02-18/0804f [[wikt:蹠|蹠]] tsyek

==02-19==
* 02-19/0791a [[wikt:炙|炙]] tsyaeH, tsyek

==02-20==
* 02-20/0794a [[wikt:尺|尺]] tsyhek

==02-21==
* 02-21/1258b [[wikt:辵|辵]] trhjaek

==02-22==
* 02-22/0780a [[wikt:乇|乇]] traek
* 02-22/0780b [[wikt:宅|宅]] draek
* 02-22/0780e [[wikt:託|託]] thak
* 02-22/0780f [[wikt:秅|秅]] drae, tuH
* 02-22/0780g [[wikt:咤|咤]] traeH
* 02-22/0780h [[wikt:詫|詫]] trhaeH
* 02-22/0780i [[wikt:侘|侘]] trhaeH
* 02-22/0780j [[wikt:㓃|㓃]] tuH

==02-23==
A uvular series (?)
* 02-23/0792a [[wikt:㡿|㡿]] tsyhek
* 02-23/0792b [[wikt:斥|斥]] tsyhek
* 02-23/0792c [[wikt:厈|厈]] tsyhek
* 02-23/0792d [[wikt:坼|坼]] trhaek
* 02-23/0792e [[wikt:𣔳|𣔳]] thak
* 02-23/0792f [[wikt:柝|柝]] thak

==02-24==
A uvular series (?)
* 02-24/0793a [[wikt:赤|赤]] tshjek, tsyhek
* 02-24/0793d [[wikt:赦|赦]] syaeH
* 02-24/0793e [[wikt:螫|螫]] syek

==02-25==
* 02-25/0790a [[wikt:睪|睪]] yek
* 02-25/0790b [[wikt:圛|圛]] yek
* 02-25/0790c [[wikt:懌|懌]] yek
* 02-25/0790d [[wikt:斁|斁]] duH, tuH, yek
* 02-25/0790e [[wikt:繹|繹]] yek
* 02-25/0790f [[wikt:譯|譯]] yek
* 02-25/0790g [[wikt:醳|醳]] yek
* 02-25/0790h [[wikt:驛|驛]] yek
* 02-25/0790i [[wikt:𢍰|𢍰]] yek
* 02-25/0790k [[wikt:𥼶|𥼶]] syek
* 02-25/0790l [[wikt:釋|釋]] syek
* 02-25/0790m [[wikt:檡|檡]] syek, draek
* 02-25/0790n [[wikt:擇|擇]] draek
* 02-25/0790o [[wikt:澤|澤]] draek, syek, yek
* 02-25/0790p [[wikt:鐸|鐸]] dak
* 02-25/0790q [[wikt:殬|殬]] tuH
* 02-25/0790r [[wikt:蘀|蘀]] thak

==02-26==
* 02-26/0807a [[wikt:射|射]] dzyek, zyaeH
* 02-26/0807b [[wikt:䠶|䠶]] zyaeH, zyek, yek
* 02-26/0807e [[wikt:榭|榭]] zjaeH
* 02-26/0807g [[wikt:謝|謝]] zjaeH
* 02-26/0807- [[wikt:麝|麝]] dzyaeH (?)

==02-27==
* 02-27/0800a [[wikt:亦|亦]] yek
* 02-27/0800d [[wikt:奕|奕]] yek
* 02-27/0800e [[wikt:帟|帟]] yek
* 02-27/0800f [[wikt:弈|弈]] yek
* 02-27/0800g [[wikt:跡|跡]] tsjek
* 02-27/0800h [[wikt:迹|迹]] tsjek
* 02-27/0800j [[wikt:夜|夜]] yaeH
* 02-27/0800l [[wikt:掖|掖]] yek
* 02-27/0800m [[wikt:腋|腋]] yek
* 02-27/0800n [[wikt:液|液]] yek

==02-28==
* 02-28/0796a [[wikt:夕|夕]] zjek
* 02-28/0796e [[wikt:穸|穸]] zjek
* 02-28/0796- [[wikt:汐|汐]] zjek

==02-29==
Baxter &amp; Sagart (personal communication 12 April 2017) combine [[#02-16|02-16]], [[#02-17|02-17]], [[#02-18|02-18]], and [[#02-29|02-29]].
* 02-29/0797a [[wikt:席|席]] zjek
* 02-29/0797b [[wikt:蓆|蓆]] zjek

==02-30==
* 02-30/0777a [[wikt:若|若]] nyak
* 02-30/0777f [[wikt:諾|諾]] nak
* 02-30/0777g [[wikt:箬|箬]] nyak
* 02-30/0777i [[wikt:鄀|鄀]] nyak
* 02-30/0777k [[wikt:婼|婼]] trhjak	
* 02-30/0777l [[wikt:匿|匿]] nrik
* 02-30/0777n [[wikt:暱|暱]] nrik
* 02-30/0777o [[wikt:慝|慝]] thok
* 02-30/0777- [[wikt:蠚|蠚]] trhjak, xwak

==02-31==
* 02-31/0806a [[wikt:乍|乍]] dzraeH
* 02-31/0806f [[wikt:咋|咋]] dzraeH
* 02-31/0806g [[wikt:詐|詐]] tsraeH
* 02-31/0806h [[wikt:祚|祚]] dzuH
* 02-31/0806i [[wikt:胙|胙]] dzuH
* 02-31/0806j [[wikt:阼|阼]] dzuH
* 02-31/0806k [[wikt:笮|笮]] tsraek
* 02-31/0806l [[wikt:作|作]] tsak
* 02-31/0806m [[wikt:迮|迮]] tsak
* 02-31/0806p [[wikt:柞|柞]] dzak, tsak, tsraek
* 02-31/0806r [[wikt:怍|怍]] dzak
* 02-31/0806s [[wikt:昨|昨]] dzak
* 02-31/0806t [[wikt:酢|酢]] dzak
* 02-31/0806v [[wikt:筰|筰]] dzak
* 02-31/0806- [[wikt:莋|莋]] dzak

==02-32==
* 02-32/0798a [[wikt:昔|昔]] sjek
* 02-32/0798f [[wikt:惜|惜]] sjek
* 02-32/0798g [[wikt:腊|腊]] sjek
* 02-32/0798i [[wikt:耤|耤]] dzjek
* 02-32/0798k [[wikt:踖|踖]] dzjek, tshjak, tshjek, tsjek
* 02-32/0798l [[wikt:趞|趞]] tshjak
* 02-32/0798n [[wikt:鵲|鵲]] tshjak
* 02-32/0798o [[wikt:斮|斮]] tsrjak
* 02-32/0798p [[wikt:厝|厝]] tshak
* 02-32/0798q [[wikt:逪|逪]] tshak
* 02-32/0798s [[wikt:錯|錯]] tshak
* 02-32/0798t [[wikt:醋|醋]] dzak
* 02-32/0798u [[wikt:借|借]] tsjaeH, tsjek
* 02-32/0798v [[wikt:唶|唶]] tsjaeH
* 02-32/0798x [[wikt:措|措]] tshuH
* 02-32/0798y [[wikt:蜡|蜡]] dzraeH, tshjoH
* 02-32/0798z [[wikt:矠|矠]] dzreak
* 02-32/0798a' [[wikt:籍|籍]] dzjek
* 02-32/0798b' [[wikt:藉|藉]] dzjaeH, dzjek
* 02-32/0798c' [[wikt:簎|簎]] tsrhaek

==02-33==
* 02-33/0770a [[wikt:索|索]] sak, sraek

==02-34==
Schuessler (2009: 73) &quot;this series prob. belongs to [[#02-14|02-14]]&quot; i.e. GSR 0788. Baxter &amp; Sagart appear to concur.
* 02-34/0769a [[wikt:朔|朔]] sraewk
* 02-34/0769b [[wikt:愬|愬]] suH
* 02-34/0769c [[wikt:𧪜|𧪜]] suH
* 02-34/0769d [[wikt:遡|遡]] suH

==02-35==
* 02-35/0799a [[wikt:舄|舄]] sjek
* 02-35/0799e [[wikt:潟|潟]] sjek
* 02-35/0799f [[wikt:寫|寫]] sjaeX
* 02-35/0799h [[wikt:瀉|瀉]] sjaeX

==02-36==
* 02-36/0773a [[wikt:亳|亳]] bak

==02-37==
* 02-37/0781a [[wikt:百|百]] paek
* 02-37/0781f [[wikt:貊|貊]] maek
* 02-37/0781g [[wikt:陌|陌]] maek

==02-38==
* 02-38/0782a [[wikt:白|白]] baek
* 02-38/0782f [[wikt:帛|帛]] baek
* 02-38/0782i [[wikt:伯|伯]] paek
* 02-38/0782j [[wikt:柏|柏]] paek
* 02-38/0782k [[wikt:迫|迫]] paek
* 02-38/0782l [[wikt:怕|怕]] phaeH, phaek
* 02-38/0782m [[wikt:拍|拍]] phaek, pak
* 02-38/0782o [[wikt:魄|魄]] phaek
* 02-38/0782p [[wikt:粕|粕]] phak
* 02-38/0782q [[wikt:胉|胉]] phak
* 02-38/0782r [[wikt:泊|泊]] bak
* 02-38/0782s [[wikt:碧|碧]] pjaek

==02-39==
*02-39/0772b [[wikt:霸|霸]] paeH, phaek

==02-40==
Acc. to Schuessler (2009: 74) the &quot;phonetic is perhaps [[#03-64|03-64]]&quot;.
* 02-40/0802a [[wikt:莫|莫]] maek, mak, muH
* 02-40/0802d [[wikt:暮|暮]] muH
* 02-40/0802e [[wikt:募|募]] muH
* 02-40/0802f [[wikt:墓|墓]] muH
* 02-40/0802g [[wikt:嫫|嫫]] mu
* 02-40/0802h [[wikt:慕|慕]] muH
* 02-40/0802j [[wikt:模|模]] mu
* 02-40/0802k [[wikt:膜|膜]] mu
* 02-40/0802l [[wikt:謨|謨]] mu
* 02-40/0802m [[wikt:蟆|蟆]] mae
* 02-40/0802n [[wikt:寞|寞]] mak
* 02-40/0802o [[wikt:幕|幕]] mak
* 02-40/0802p [[wikt:漠|漠]] mak
* 02-40/0802q [[wikt:瘼|瘼]] mak
* 02-40/0802r [[wikt:嗼|嗼]] maek
* 02-40/0802s [[wikt:冪|冪]] mek

=03=

====== 陽 yáng [-aŋ] ======

==03-01==
* 03-01/0698a [[wikt:亢|亢]] kang, khangH
* 03-01/0698b [[wikt:抗|抗]] khangH
* 03-01/0698c [[wikt:伉|伉]] khangH
* 03-01/0698d [[wikt:忼|忼]] khangH, khangX
* 03-01/0698e [[wikt:杭|杭]] hang
* 03-01/0698f [[wikt:沆|沆]] hangX
* 03-01/0698g [[wikt:頏|頏]] hang
* 03-01/0698h [[wikt:坑|坑]] khaeng
* 03-01/0698i [[wikt:阬|阬]] khaeng

==03-02==
* 03-02/0697a [[wikt:岡|岡]] kang
* 03-02/0697b [[wikt:剛|剛]] kang
* 03-02/0697e [[wikt:綱|綱]] kang
* 03-02/0697f [[wikt:犅|犅]] kang
* 03-02/0697h [[wikt:鋼|鋼]] kang, kangH

==03-03==
* 03-03/0710a [[wikt:畺|畺]] kjang
* 03-03/0710b [[wikt:壃|壃]] kjang
* 03-03/0710c [[wikt:僵|僵]] gjang, kjang
* 03-03/0710d [[wikt:薑|薑]] kjang
* 03-03/0710e [[wikt:彊|彊]] gjang, gjangX, kjang
* 03-03/0710h [[wikt:疆|疆]] kjang

==03-04==
* 03-04/0713a [[wikt:强|强]] gjang, gjangX
* 03-04/0713b [[wikt:強|強]] gjang, gjangX
* 03-04/0713c [[wikt:繈|繈]] kjangX
* 03-04/0713d [[wikt:襁|襁]] kjangX

==03-05==
Schuessler (2009: 76) &quot;the element 羊 *jaŋ 'sheep' in the graphs may be phonetic, but could also be semantic (names referring to nomads)&quot;.
Baxter &amp; Sagart (2014: 141, and personal communication from Sagart on 10 February 2017) combine [[#03-05|03-05]], [[#03-06|03-06]] and [[#03-39|03-39]].
* 03-05/0711a [[wikt:姜|姜]] kjang

==03-06==
Baxter &amp; Sagart (2014: 141, and personal communication from Sagart on 10 February 2017) combine [[#03-05|03-05]], [[#03-06|03-06]] and [[#03-39|03-39]].
* 03-06/0712a [[wikt:羌|羌]] khjang
* 03-06/0712e [[wikt:蜣|蜣]] khjang

==03-07==
* 03-07/0752a [[wikt:竟|竟]] kjaengH, kjaengX
* 03-07/0752b [[wikt:境|境]] kjaengX
* 03-07/0752c [[wikt:鏡|鏡]] kjaengH
* 03-07/0752d [[wikt:滰|滰]] gjangX

==03-08==
* 03-08/0753a [[wikt:慶|慶]] khjaengH

==03-09==
* 03-09/0754a [[wikt:競|競]] gjaengH

==03-10==
Baxter &amp; Sagart (2014: 28) combine [[#03-10|03-10]] and [[#03-21|03-21]].
* 03-10/0755a [[wikt:京|京]] kjaeng
* 03-10/0755d [[wikt:景|景]] kjaengX
* 03-10/0755e [[wikt:勍|勍]] gjaeng
* 03-10/0755f [[wikt:鯨|鯨]] gjaeng
* 03-10/0755g [[wikt:黥|黥]] gjaeng
* 03-10/0755h [[wikt:憬|憬]] kjwaengX
* 03-10/0755i [[wikt:倞|倞]] ljangH
* 03-10/0755j [[wikt:亮|亮]] ljangH
* 03-10/0755k [[wikt:掠|掠]] ljak, ljangH
* 03-10/0755l [[wikt:涼|涼]] ljang
* 03-10/0755m [[wikt:諒|諒]] ljangH

==03-11==
Schuessler (2009: 77) places 0745f [[wikt:綆|綆]] with the reading ''pjiengX'' under [[#23-25|23-25]].
* 03-11/0745a [[wikt:更|更]] kaeng, kaengH
* 03-11/0745c [[wikt:哽|哽]] kaengX
* 03-11/0745d [[wikt:鯁|鯁]] kaengX
* 03-11/0745e [[wikt:梗|梗]] kaengX
* 03-11/0745f [[wikt:綆|綆]] kaengX
* 03-11/0745- [[wikt:硬|硬]]

==03-12==
* 03-12/0700a [[wikt:唐|唐]] dang
* 03-12/0700c [[wikt:塘|塘]] dang
* 03-12/0700d [[wikt:榶|榶]] dang
* 03-12/0700e [[wikt:螗|螗]] dang
* 03-12/0746a [[wikt:庚|庚]] kaeng
* 03-12/0746g [[wikt:賡|賡]] kaeng, kaengH
* 03-12/0746h [[wikt:康|康]] khang
* 03-12/0746k [[wikt:𡻚|𡻚]] khang
* 03-12/0746m [[wikt:慷|慷]] khangX
* 03-12/0746n [[wikt:穅|穅]] khang
* 03-12/0746o [[wikt:糠|糠]] khang

==03-13==
* 03-13/0747a [[wikt:羹|羹]] kaeng

==03-14==
* 03-14/0748a [[wikt:行|行]] haeng, haengH, hang, hangH
* 03-14/0748e [[wikt:荇|荇]] haengX
* 03-14/0748f [[wikt:桁|桁]] haeng, hang
* 03-14/0748g [[wikt:珩|珩]] haeng
* 03-14/0748h [[wikt:衡|衡]] haeng
* 03-14/0748j [[wikt:蘅|蘅]] haeng

==03-15==
* 03-15/0749a [[wikt:杏|杏]] haengX

==03-16==
A uvular series
* 03-16/0714a [[wikt:皀|皀]] xjang
* 03-16/0714c [[wikt:鄉|鄉]] xjang, xjangH, xjangX
* 03-16/0714i [[wikt:嚮|嚮]] xjangH
* 03-16/0714j [[wikt:饗|饗]] xjangX
* 03-16/0714k [[wikt:曏|曏]] syangH, syangX, xjangH, xjangX
* 03-16/0714l [[wikt:膷|膷]] xjang
* 03-16/0714m [[wikt:薌|薌]] xjang
* 03-16/0714n [[wikt:響|響]] xjangX
* 03-16/0714o [[wikt:卿|卿]] khjaeng

==03-17==
Baxter &amp; Sagart (2014:157) combine [[#03-17|03-17]] and [[#03-60|03-60]].
*03-17/0716a [[wikt:享|享]] xaeng
*03-17/0716b [[wikt:亨|亨]] phaeng, xaeng, xjangX

==03-18==
* 03-18/0715a [[wikt:向|向]] xjangH
* 03-18/0715e [[wikt:餉|餉]] syangH

==03-19==
* 03-19/0717a [[wikt:香|香]] xjang

==03-20==
* 03-20/0718a [[wikt:央|央]] 'jaeng, 'jang
* 03-20/0718c [[wikt:佒|佒]] 'jangX, 'jangH
* 03-20/0718d [[wikt:怏|怏]] 'jangH, 'jangX
* 03-20/0718e [[wikt:殃|殃]] 'jang
* 03-20/0718f [[wikt:鞅|鞅]] 'jangX
* 03-20/0718g [[wikt:泱|泱]] 'jang
* 03-20/0718h [[wikt:鴦|鴦]] 'ang, 'jang
* 03-20/0718i [[wikt:盎|盎]] 'angH
* 03-20/0718k [[wikt:英|英]] 'jaeng
* 03-20/0718- [[wikt:㼜|㼜]] 'angH

==03-21==
Baxter &amp; Sagart (2014: 28) combine [[#03-10|03-10]] and [[#03-21|03-21]].
*03-21/0756a [[wikt:影|影]] 'jaengX

==03-22==
*03-22/0706a [[wikt:光|光]] kwang
*03-22/0706f [[wikt:洸|洸]] kwang
*03-22/0706g [[wikt:絖|絖]] khwangH
*03-22/0706h [[wikt:侊|侊]] kwaeng, kwang
*03-22/0706i [[wikt:觥|觥]] kwaeng
*03-22/0706j [[wikt:恍|恍]] xwangX

==03-23==
*03-23/0707a [[wikt:黃|黃]] hwang
*03-23/0707c [[wikt:璜|璜]] hwang
*03-23/0707e [[wikt:潢|潢]] hwang
*03-23/0707g [[wikt:簧|簧]] hwang
*03-23/0707h [[wikt:廣|廣]] kwangH, kwangX
*03-23/0707l [[wikt:觵|觵]] kwaeng
*03-23/0707m [[wikt:橫|橫]] hwaeng, kwangH
*03-23/0707n [[wikt:壙|壙]] khwangH
*03-23/0707o [[wikt:曠|曠]] khwangH
*03-23/0707p [[wikt:纊|纊]] khwangH
*03-23/0707r [[wikt:懬|懬]] khangX, khwangH, khwangX
*03-23/0707s [[wikt:獷|獷]] kwaengX
*03-23/0707t [[wikt:擴|擴]] khwak

==03-24==
* 03-24/0708a [[wikt:皇|皇]] hwang
* 03-24/0708d [[wikt:徨|徨]] hwang
* 03-24/0708e [[wikt:偟|偟]] hwang
* 03-24/0708f [[wikt:湟|湟]] hwang
* 03-24/0708g [[wikt:煌|煌]] hwang
* 03-24/0708h [[wikt:篁|篁]] hwang
* 03-24/0708i [[wikt:遑|遑]] hwang
* 03-24/0708j [[wikt:隍|隍]] hwang
* 03-24/0708k [[wikt:餭|餭]] hwang
* 03-24/0708l [[wikt:凰|凰]] hwang
* 03-24/0708m [[wikt:蝗|蝗]] hwaeng, hwang
* 03-24/0708n [[wikt:喤|喤]] hwaeng, xwaeng
* 03-24/0708- [[wikt:惶|惶]] hwang

==03-25==
Boltz combines [[#03-25|03-25]], [[#03-68|03-68]] and [[#09-31|09-31]]. 
* 03-25/0763a [[wikt:囧|囧]] kjwaengX

==03-26==
a uvular series
* 03-26/0739a [[wikt:王|王]] hjwang, hjwangH
* 03-26/0739i [[wikt:㞷|㞷]] hjwangX
* 03-26/0739k [[wikt:往|往]] hjwangX
* 03-26/0739l [[wikt:迋|迋]] gjwangX, hjwangH, hjwangX, kjwangH, kjwangX
* 03-26/0739m [[wikt:匡|匡]] khjwang
* 03-26/0739o [[wikt:狂|狂]] gjwang
* 03-26/0739q [[wikt:枉|枉]] 'jwangX
* 03-26/0739r [[wikt:汪|汪]] 'wang
* 03-26/0739t [[wikt:尪|尪]] 'wang
* 03-26/0739u [[wikt:眶|眶]] khjwang
* 03-26/0739v [[wikt:筐|筐]] khjwang
* 03-26/0739x [[wikt:誑|誑]] kjwangH
* 03-26/0739y [[wikt:俇|俇]] gjwangX

==03-27==
* 03-27/0764a [[wikt:永|永]] hjwaengX
* 03-27/0764g [[wikt:咏|咏]] hjwaengH
* 03-27/0764i [[wikt:詠|詠]] hjwaengH
* 03-27/0764j [[wikt:泳|泳]] hjwaengH

==03-28==
* 03-28/0765a [[wikt:兄|兄]] xjwaeng
* 03-28/0765f [[wikt:况|况]] xjwangX
* 03-28/0765g [[wikt:況|況]] xjwangH
* 03-28/0765h [[wikt:貺|貺]] xjwangH
* 03-28/0765i [[wikt:軦|軦]] xjwangH
* 03-28/0765- [[wikt:怳|怳]] xjwangX

==03-29==
* 03-29/0699a [[wikt:卬|卬]] ngang, ngjangX
* 03-29/0699b [[wikt:昂|昂]] ngang
* 03-29/0699c [[wikt:仰|仰]] ngjangX
* 03-29/0699d [[wikt:迎|迎]] ngjaeng, ngjaengH

==03-30==
* 03-30/0701a [[wikt:宕|宕]] dangH

==03-31==
* 03-31/0723a [[wikt:章|章]] tsyang
* 03-31/0723e [[wikt:彰|彰]] tsyang
* 03-31/0723f [[wikt:樟|樟]] tsyang
* 03-31/0723g [[wikt:獐|獐]] tsyang
* 03-31/0723h [[wikt:璋|璋]] tsyang
* 03-31/0723j [[wikt:鄣|鄣]] tsyang
* 03-31/0723k [[wikt:障|障]] tsyang, tsyangH

==03-32==
* 03-32/0725a [[wikt:尚|尚]] dzyangH
* 03-32/0725d [[wikt:裳|裳]] dzyang
* 03-32/0725e [[wikt:常|常]] dzyang
* 03-32/0725f [[wikt:嘗|嘗]] dzyang
* 03-32/0725i [[wikt:甞|甞]] dzyang
* 03-32/0725j [[wikt:掌|掌]] tsyangX
* 03-32/0725k [[wikt:倘|倘]] thang, thangX, tsyhangX
* 03-32/0725l [[wikt:惝|惝]] tsyhangX
* 03-32/0725m [[wikt:敞|敞]] tsyhangX
* 03-32/0725n [[wikt:賞|賞]] syang, syangX
* 03-32/0725q [[wikt:當|當]] tang, tangH
* 03-32/0725r [[wikt:黨|黨]] tangX
* 03-32/0725s [[wikt:堂|堂]] dang
* 03-32/0725t [[wikt:棠|棠]] dang
* 03-32/0725u [[wikt:𣥺|𣥺]] draeng
* 03-32/0725v [[wikt:鱨|鱨]] dzyang
* 03-32/0725x [[wikt:𢠵|𢠵]] tsyhangX
* 03-32/0725y [[wikt:償|償]] dzyang, dzyangH
* 03-32/0725z [[wikt:儻|儻]] thangX
* 03-32/0725a' [[wikt:攩|攩]] thangX
* 03-32/0725b' [[wikt:曭|曭]] thangX
* 03-32/0725c' [[wikt:矘|矘]] thangX
* 03-32/0725d' [[wikt:螳|螳]] dang
* 03-32/0725e' [[wikt:鏜|鏜]] thang
* 03-32/0725f' [[wikt:瞠|瞠]] trhaeng

==03-33==
* 03-33/0726a [[wikt:上|上]] dzyangH, dzyangX

==03-34==
* 03-34/0724a [[wikt:昌|昌]] tsyhang
* 03-34/0724c [[wikt:倡|倡]] tsyhangH
* 03-34/0724d [[wikt:唱|唱]] tsyhangH
* 03-34/0724e [[wikt:猖|猖]] dzyang, tsyhang
* 03-34/0724f [[wikt:菖|菖]] tsyhang
* 03-34/0724g [[wikt:閶|閶]] tsyhang

==03-35==
* 03-35/0721a [[wikt:長|長]] drjang, drjangH, trjangX
* 03-35/0721f [[wikt:萇|萇]] drjang
* 03-35/0721g [[wikt:帳|帳]] trjangH
* 03-35/0721h [[wikt:張|張]] trjang, trjangH
* 03-35/0721i [[wikt:粻|粻]] trjang
* 03-35/0721j [[wikt:餦|餦]] trjang
* 03-35/0721k [[wikt:倀|倀]] trhaeng, trhjang
* 03-35/0721l [[wikt:悵|悵]] trhjangH
* 03-35/0721m [[wikt:韔|韔]] trhjangH
* 03-35/0721n [[wikt:棖|棖]] draeng

==03-36==
* 03-36/0722a [[wikt:丈|丈]] drjangX
* 03-36/0722b [[wikt:杖|杖]] drjangH, drjangX

==03-37==
* 03-37/0719a [[wikt:鬯|鬯]] trhjangH

==03-38==
* 03-38/0720a [[wikt:昜|昜]] yang
* 03-38/0720e [[wikt:陽|陽]] yang
* 03-38/0720h [[wikt:暘|暘]] yang
* 03-38/0720i [[wikt:煬|煬]] yangH
* 03-38/0720j [[wikt:揚|揚]] yang
* 03-38/0720p [[wikt:颺|颺]] yang
* 03-38/0720q [[wikt:楊|楊]] yang
* 03-38/0720s [[wikt:瘍|瘍]] yang
* 03-38/0720t [[wikt:鍚|鍚]] yang
* 03-38/0720u [[wikt:畼|畼]] trhjangH
* 03-38/0720v [[wikt:暢|暢]] trhjangH
* 03-38/0720x [[wikt:場|場]] drjang
* 03-38/0720y [[wikt:腸|腸]] drjang
* 03-38/0720z [[wikt:湯|湯]] syang, thang
* 03-38/0720c' [[wikt:餳|餳]] dang
* 03-38/0720e' [[wikt:愓|愓]] dangX, syang
* 03-38/0720f' [[wikt:碭|碭]] dangH
* 03-38/0720g' [[wikt:禓|禓]] syang
* 03-38/0720h' [[wikt:𥛙|𥛙]] syang
* 03-38/0720i' [[wikt:𥏫|𥏫]] syang, tshjang
* 03-38/0720j' [[wikt:傷|傷]] syang
* 03-38/0720k' [[wikt:殤|殤]] syang
* 03-38/0720l' [[wikt:觴|觴]] syang
* 03-38/0720m' [[wikt:璗|璗]] dangX
* 03-38/0720n' [[wikt:盪|盪]] dangX, thangH
* 03-38/0720o' [[wikt:簜|簜]] dangX
* 03-38/0720p' [[wikt:蕩|蕩]] dangH, dangX

==03-39==
Baxter &amp; Sagart (2014: 141, and personal communication from Sagart on 10 February 2017) combine [[#03-05|03-05]], [[#03-06|03-06]] and [[#03-39|03-39]].
* 03-39/0732a [[wikt:羊|羊]] yang
* 03-39/0732e [[wikt:佯|佯]] yang
* 03-39/0732f [[wikt:徉|徉]] yang
* 03-39/0732g [[wikt:恙|恙]] yangH
* 03-39/0732h [[wikt:洋|洋]] yang
* 03-39/0732i [[wikt:痒|痒]] yang, yangX, zjang
* 03-39/0732j [[wikt:養|養]] yangH, yangX
* 03-39/0732k [[wikt:羕|羕]] yangH
* 03-39/0732m [[wikt:庠|庠]] zjang
* 03-39/0732n [[wikt:祥|祥]] zjang
* 03-39/0732p [[wikt:翔|翔]] zjang
* 03-39/0732q [[wikt:詳|詳]] zjang
* 03-39/0732r [[wikt:癢|癢]] yangX
* 03-39/0732s [[wikt:漾|漾]] yangH

==03-40==
* 03-40/0734a [[wikt:商|商]] syang
* 03-40/0734f [[wikt:𧶜|𧶜]] syang

==03-41==
* 03-41/0728a [[wikt:象|象]] zjangX
* 03-41/0728e [[wikt:像|像]] zjangX
* 03-41/0728f [[wikt:橡|橡]] zjangX

==03-42==
* 03-42/0730a [[wikt:襄|襄]] sjang
* 03-42/0730b [[wikt:纕|纕]] sjang
* 03-42/0730c [[wikt:饟|饟]] syang, syangH, syangX
* 03-42/0730d [[wikt:壤|壤]] nyang, nyangX
* 03-42/0730e [[wikt:攘|攘]] nyang, nyangX
* 03-42/0730f [[wikt:瀼|瀼]] nyang
* 03-42/0730g [[wikt:禳|禳]] nyang
* 03-42/0730h [[wikt:穰|穰]] nyang, nyangX
* 03-42/0730i [[wikt:讓|讓]] nyangH
* 03-42/0730j [[wikt:釀|釀]] nyangH
* 03-42/0730k [[wikt:曩|曩]] nangX
* 03-42/0730l [[wikt:囊|囊]] nang

==03-43==
* 03-43/0735a [[wikt:良|良]] ljang
* 03-43/0735e [[wikt:粮|粮]] ljang
* 03-43/0735f [[wikt:俍|俍]] langH, ljang
* 03-43/0735g [[wikt:埌|埌]] langH
* 03-43/0735h [[wikt:朗|朗]] langX
* 03-43/0735i [[wikt:桹|桹]] lang
* 03-43/0735k [[wikt:浪|浪]] lang, langH
* 03-43/0735l [[wikt:狼|狼]] lang
* 03-43/0735n [[wikt:琅|琅]] lang
* 03-43/0735o [[wikt:稂|稂]] lang
* 03-43/0735p [[wikt:筤|筤]] lang
* 03-43/0735q [[wikt:蜋|蜋]] lang
* 03-43/0735r [[wikt:郎|郎]] lang
* 03-43/0735s [[wikt:閬|閬]] lang, langH
* 03-43/0735t [[wikt:廊|廊]] lang

==03-44==
* 03-44/0736a [[wikt:兩|兩]] ljangH, ljangX
* 03-44/0736c [[wikt:輛|輛]] ljangH
* 03-44/0736d [[wikt:蜽|蜽]] ljangX

==03-45==
* 03-45/0737a [[wikt:量|量]] ljang, ljangH
* 03-45/0737d [[wikt:糧|糧]] ljang

==03-46==
* 03-46/0738a [[wikt:梁|梁]] ljang
* 03-46/0738b [[wikt:粱|粱]] ljang

==03-47==
* 03-47/0702a [[wikt:葬|葬]] tsangH

==03-48==
* 03-48/0703a [[wikt:倉|倉]] tshang
* 03-48/0703c [[wikt:凔|凔]] tshang, tsrhjangH
* 03-48/0703d [[wikt:滄|滄]] tshang
* 03-48/0703e [[wikt:蒼|蒼]] tshang
* 03-48/0703f [[wikt:鶬|鶬]] tshang, tshjang
* 03-48/0703g [[wikt:搶|搶]] tshjang, tshjangX, tsrhjangX
* 03-48/0703h [[wikt:瑲|瑲]] tshjang
* 03-48/0703i [[wikt:槍|槍]] tshjang
* 03-48/0703j [[wikt:蹌|蹌]] tshjang
* 03-48/0703k [[wikt:牄|牄]] tshjang
* 03-48/0703l [[wikt:創|創]] tsrhjang, tsrhjangH
* 03-48/0703m [[wikt:愴|愴]] tsrhjangH
* 03-48/0703n [[wikt:瘡|瘡]] tsrhjang

==03-49==
* 03-49/0727a [[wikt:爿|爿]] tshjang
* 03-49/0727d [[wikt:斨|斨]] tshjang
* 03-49/0727f [[wikt:將|將]] tshjang, tsjang, tsjangH
* 03-49/0727g [[wikt:戕|戕]] dzjang
* 03-49/0727j [[wikt:牆|牆]] dzjang
* 03-49/0727l [[wikt:墻|墻]] dzjang
* 03-49/0727n [[wikt:壯|壯]] tsrjangH
* 03-49/0727o [[wikt:妝|妝]] tsrjang
* 03-49/0727q [[wikt:莊|莊]] tsrjang
* 03-49/0727r [[wikt:牀|牀]] dzrjang
* 03-49/0727s [[wikt:狀|狀]] dzrjangH
* 03-49/0727t [[wikt:牂|牂]] tsang
* 03-49/0727u [[wikt:奬|奬]] tsjangX
* 03-49/0727v [[wikt:漿|漿]] tsjang
* 03-49/0727x [[wikt:蔣|蔣]] tsjang
* 03-49/0727y [[wikt:醬|醬]] tsjangH
* 03-49/0727z [[wikt:鏘|鏘]] tshjang
* 03-49/0727a' [[wikt:䵼|䵼]] syang
* 03-49/0727f' [[wikt:臧|臧]] tsang
* 03-49/0727g' [[wikt:藏|藏]] dzang, dzangH
* 03-49/0727h' [[wikt:贓|贓]] tsang
* 03-49/0727i' [[wikt:裝|裝]] tsrjang, tsrjangH

==03-50==
* 03-50/0727m [[wikt:廧|廧]] dzjang
* 03-50/0727j' [[wikt:嬙|嬙]] dzjang
==03-51==
* 03-51/- [[wikt:床|床]] dzrjang (= 3-49/727r)

==03-52==
Baxter &amp; Sagart (2014: 142) combine [[#03-52|03-52]] and [[#03-58|03-58]].
* 03-52/0729a [[wikt:匠|匠]] dzjangH

==03-53==
* 03-53/0704a [[wikt:桑|桑]] sang
* 03-53/0704b [[wikt:顙|顙]] sangX

==03-54==
Baxter and Sagart (2014: 143) see as belonging to [[#03-65|03-65]]; Schuessler (2009: 87) is circumspect.
* 03-54/0705a [[wikt:喪|喪]] sang, sangH

==03-55==
* 03-55/0731a [[wikt:相|相]] sjang, sjangH
* 03-55/0731d [[wikt:想|想]] sjangX
* 03-55/0731e [[wikt:湘|湘]] sjang
* 03-55/0731f [[wikt:箱|箱]] sjang
* 03-55/0731g [[wikt:霜|霜]] srjang
* 03-55/0731h [[wikt:孀|孀]] srjang

==03-56==
* 03-56/0733a [[wikt:𡙁|𡙁]] srjangX

==03-57==
* 03-57/0740a [[wikt:方|方]] bang, pjang, pjangX
* 03-57/0740g [[wikt:舫|舫]] pangH, pjangH
* 03-57/0740i [[wikt:放|放]] pjangH, pjangX
* 03-57/0740j [[wikt:昉|昉]] pjangX
* 03-57/0740k [[wikt:枋|枋]] pjaengH, pjang
* 03-57/0740l [[wikt:牥|牥]] pjang
* 03-57/0740m [[wikt:瓬|瓬]] pjangX
* 03-57/0740n [[wikt:旊|旊]] pjangX
* 03-57/0740o [[wikt:邡|邡]] pjang
* 03-57/0740q [[wikt:妨|妨]] phjang
* 03-57/0740r [[wikt:紡|紡]] phjangX
* 03-57/0740s [[wikt:芳|芳]] phjang
* 03-57/0740t [[wikt:訪|訪]] phjangH
* 03-57/0740u [[wikt:髣|髣]] phjangX
* 03-57/0740v [[wikt:仿|仿]] phjangX
* 03-57/0740x [[wikt:坊|坊]] bjang
* 03-57/0740y [[wikt:房|房]] bjang
* 03-57/0740z [[wikt:防|防]] bjang
* 03-57/0740a' [[wikt:埅|埅]] bjang
* 03-57/0740b' [[wikt:魴|魴]] bjang
* 03-57/0740c' [[wikt:雱|雱]] phang
* 03-57/0740d' [[wikt:汸|汸]] phang
* 03-57/0740e' [[wikt:彷|彷]] bang
* 03-57/0740f' [[wikt:旁|旁]] bang, paeng
* 03-57/0740j' [[wikt:祊|祊]] paeng
* 03-57/0740k' [[wikt:謗|謗]] pangH
* 03-57/0740l' [[wikt:滂|滂]] phang
* 03-57/0740m' [[wikt:傍|傍]] bang, bangH
* 03-57/0740n' [[wikt:騯|騯]] baeng, bang
* 03-57/0740o' [[wikt:徬|徬]] bang
* 03-57/0740p' [[wikt:榜|榜]] paengH
* 03-57/0740r' [[wikt:蒡|蒡]] bang, paeng

==03-58==
Baxter &amp; Sagart (2014: 142) combine [[#03-52|03-52]] and [[#03-58|03-58]].
*03-58/0741a [[wikt:匚|匚]] pjang

==03-59==
* 03-59/0750a [[wikt:彭|彭]] baeng, bang, pang
* 03-59/0750e [[wikt:𥛱|𥛱]] paeng

==03-60==
Baxter &amp; Sagart (2014:157) combine [[#03-17|03-17]] and [[#03-60|03-60]].
* 03-60/0751a [[wikt:烹|烹]] phaeng

==03-61==
* 03-61/0757a [[wikt:丙|丙]] pjaengX
* 03-61/0757g [[wikt:怲|怲]] pjaengH, pjaengX
* 03-61/0757h [[wikt:柄|柄]] pjaengH
* 03-61/0757i [[wikt:炳|炳]] pjaengX
* 03-61/0757j [[wikt:邴|邴]] pjaengX
* 03-61/0757k [[wikt:病|病]] bjaengH

==03-62==
* 03-62/0758a [[wikt:秉|秉]] pjaengX
* 03-62/0758d [[wikt:棅|棅]] pjaengH

==03-63==
* 03-63/0759a [[wikt:兵|兵]] pjaeng

==03-64==
* 03-64/0709a [[wikt:莽|莽]] mangX

==03-65==
Baxter &amp; Sagart (2014: 143) see as belonging to [[#03-54|03-54]]; Schuessler (2009: 87) is circumspect.
* 03-65/0742a [[wikt:亡|亡]] mjang
* 03-65/0742g [[wikt:妄|妄]] mjangH
* 03-65/0742i [[wikt:忘|忘]] mjang, mjangH
* 03-65/0742k [[wikt:芒|芒]] mang, mjang, xwang, xwangX
* 03-65/0742l [[wikt:罔|罔]] mjangX
* 03-65/0742m [[wikt:望|望]] mjangH
* 03-65/0742o [[wikt:忙|忙]] mang
* 03-65/0742p [[wikt:汒|汒]] mang
* 03-65/0742q [[wikt:盲|盲]] maeng
* 03-65/0742r [[wikt:甿|甿]] meang
* 03-65/0742s [[wikt:䖟|䖟]] maeng
* 03-65/0742t [[wikt:蝱|蝱]] maeng
* 03-65/0742u [[wikt:氓|氓]] meang
* 03-65/0742v [[wikt:巟|巟]] xwang
* 03-65/0742y [[wikt:肓|肓]] xwang
* 03-65/0742z [[wikt:衁|衁]] xwang
* 03-65/0742a' [[wikt:網|網]] mjangX
* 03-65/0742b' [[wikt:惘|惘]] mjangX
* 03-65/0742c' [[wikt:鋩|鋩]] mjang
* 03-65/0742d' [[wikt:茫|茫]] mang
* 03-65/0742e' [[wikt:荒|荒]] xwang
* 03-65/0742f' [[wikt:𧧢|𧧢]] xwang, xwangX
* 03-65/0742g' [[wikt:慌|慌]] xwangX
* 03-65/0742h' [[wikt:㡆|㡆]] mang, xwang
* 03-65/0742i' [[wikt:㡛|㡛]] mang

==03-66==
* 03-66/0743a [[wikt:𦣠|𦣠]] mjangH
* 03-66/0743d [[wikt:朢|朢]] mjangH
* 03-66/0743g [[wikt:𧭅|𧭅]] mjangH

==03-67==
* 03-67/0744a [[wikt:网|网]] mjangX
* 03-67/0744c [[wikt:蛧|蛧]] mjangX

==03-68==
Boltz combines [[#03-25|03-25]], [[#03-68|03-68]] and [[#09-31|09-31]]. 
* 03-68/0760- [[wikt:朙|朙]] mjaeng 
* 03-68/0760a [[wikt:明|明]] mjaeng
* 03-68/0760e [[wikt:盟|盟]] mjaeng
* 03-68/0760g [[wikt:萌|萌]] meang

==03-69==
* 03-69/0761a [[wikt:皿|皿]] mjaengX
* 03-69/0761e [[wikt:孟|孟]] maengH
* 03-69/0761g [[wikt:猛|猛]] maengX

=04=

====== 之 zhī [-ǝ] ======

==04-01==
* 04-01/0936a [[wikt:改|改]] kojX

==04-02==
* 04-02/0937a [[wikt:亥|亥]] hojX
* 04-02/0937g [[wikt:咳|咳]] hoj, khojH
* 04-02/0937h [[wikt:孩|孩]] hoj
* 04-02/0937i [[wikt:㤥|㤥]] hojH
* 04-02/0937j [[wikt:侅|侅]] koj, ngojH
* 04-02/0937k [[wikt:垓|垓]] koj
* 04-02/0937l [[wikt:姟|姟]] koj
* 04-02/0937m [[wikt:晐|晐]] koj
* 04-02/0937n [[wikt:絯|絯]] heajX, koj
* 04-02/0937o [[wikt:胲|胲]] koj
* 04-02/0937p [[wikt:該|該]] koj
* 04-02/0937q [[wikt:賅|賅]] koj
* 04-02/0937r [[wikt:陔|陔]] koj
* 04-02/0937s [[wikt:欬|欬]] khojH
* 04-02/0937t [[wikt:硋|硋]] ngojH
* 04-02/0937u [[wikt:閡|閡]] ngojH
* 04-02/0937v [[wikt:刻|刻]] khok
* 04-02/0937x [[wikt:劾|劾]] hojH, hok
* 04-02/0937y [[wikt:駭|駭]] heajX
* 04-02/0937z [[wikt:骸|骸]] heaj
* 04-02/0937a' [[wikt:核|核]] heak

==04-03==
* 04-03/0990a [[wikt:戒|戒]] keajH
* 04-03/0990c [[wikt:誡|誡]] keajH
* 04-03/0990d [[wikt:械|械]] heajH
* 04-03/0990e [[wikt:駴|駴]] heajH
* 04-03/0990f [[wikt:裓|裓]] koj, kok

==04-04==
* 04-04/0952a [[wikt:其|其]] gi, ki, kiH
* 04-04/0952f [[wikt:箕|箕]] ki
* 04-04/0952g [[wikt:基|基]] ki
* 04-04/0952j [[wikt:朞|朞]] ki
* 04-04/0952k [[wikt:期|期]] gi
* 04-04/0952l [[wikt:稘|稘]] ki
* 04-04/0952m [[wikt:萁|萁]] gi, ki
* 04-04/0952n [[wikt:諆|諆]] khi, ki
* 04-04/0952p [[wikt:倛|倛]] khi
* 04-04/0952q [[wikt:欺|欺]] khi
* 04-04/0952r [[wikt:𣇳|𣇳]] gi
* 04-04/0952t [[wikt:棊|棊]] gi
* 04-04/0952u [[wikt:棋|棋]] gi
* 04-04/0952v [[wikt:旗|旗]] gi
* 04-04/0952x [[wikt:琪|琪]] gi
* 04-04/0952y [[wikt:祺|祺]] gi
* 04-04/0952z [[wikt:綦|綦]] gi, giH
* 04-04/0952a' [[wikt:騏|騏]] gi
* 04-04/0952b' [[wikt:麒|麒]] gi
* 04-04/0952c' [[wikt:惎|惎]] giH
* 04-04/0952d' [[wikt:諅|諅]] giH
* 04-04/0952e' [[wikt:璂|璂]] gi
* 04-04/0952f' [[wikt:僛|僛]] khi

==04-05==
* 04-05/0953a [[wikt:己|己]] kiX
* 04-05/0953f [[wikt:妀|妀]] kiX
* 04-05/0953i [[wikt:紀|紀]] kiX
* 04-05/0953j [[wikt:記|記]] kiH
* 04-05/0953k [[wikt:屺|屺]] khiX
* 04-05/0953l [[wikt:杞|杞]] khiX
* 04-05/0953q [[wikt:芑|芑]] khiX
* 04-05/0953r [[wikt:起|起]] khiX
* 04-05/0953s [[wikt:忌|忌]] giH, kiH
* 04-05/0953u [[wikt:誋|誋]] giH
* 04-05/0953x [[wikt:跽|跽]] giX
* 04-05/0953y [[wikt:㠱|㠱]] giX

==04-06==
* 04-06/0985a [[wikt:龜|龜]] kjuw, kwij

==04-07==
* 04-07/0986a [[wikt:簋|簋]] kwijX

==04-08==
* 04-08/0987a [[wikt:𣪘|𣪘]] kwijX
* 04-08/0987e [[wikt:匓|匓]] kjuwH
* 04-08/0987g [[wikt:廄|廄]] kjuwH

==04-09==
* 04-09/0988a [[wikt:頯|頯]] gwij, khwijX
* 04-09/0988b [[wikt:頮|頮]] xwojH

==04-10==
* 04-10/0989a [[wikt:逵|逵]] gwij

==04-11==
* 04-11/0991a [[wikt:怪|怪]] kweajH

==04-12==
Baxter &amp; Sagart (2014: 155) combine [[#04-12|04-12]] and [[#13-23|13-23]].
* 04-12/0992a [[wikt:九|九]] kjuwX
* 04-12/0992e [[wikt:頄|頄]] gjuw
* 04-12/0992f [[wikt:宄|宄]] kwijX
* 04-12/0992j [[wikt:氿|氿]] kwijX
* 04-12/0992k [[wikt:軌|軌]] kwijX
* 04-12/0992l [[wikt:匭|匭]] kwijX
* 04-12/0992m [[wikt:馗|馗]] gwij
* 04-12/0992n [[wikt:鳩|鳩]] kjuw
* 04-12/0992o [[wikt:究|究]] kjuwH
* 04-12/0992p [[wikt:仇|仇]] gjuw
* 04-12/0992q [[wikt:厹|厹]] gjuw
* 04-12/0992r [[wikt:叴|叴]] gjuw
* 04-12/0992s [[wikt:艽|艽]] gjuw
* 04-12/0992t [[wikt:鼽|鼽]] gjuw
* 04-12/0992u [[wikt:尻|尻]] khaw
* 04-12/0992v [[wikt:虓|虓]] xaew
* 04-12/0992x [[wikt:旭|旭]] xjowk

==04-13==
* 04-13/0993a [[wikt:久|久]] kjuwk
* 04-13/0993b [[wikt:灸|灸]] kjuwH, kjuwX
* 04-13/0993c [[wikt:玖|玖]] kjuwX
* 04-13/0993d [[wikt:疚|疚]] kjuwH
* 04-13/0993e [[wikt:㝌|㝌]] kjuwH
* 04-13/0993f [[wikt:羑|羑]] yuwX
* 04-13/0993g [[wikt:柩|柩]] gjuwH

==04-14==
* 04-14/0994a [[wikt:丘|丘]] khjuw
* 04-14/0994d [[wikt:蚯|蚯]] khjuw

==04-15==
* 04-15/1066a [[wikt:求|求]] gjuw
* 04-15/1066e [[wikt:裘|裘]] gjuw
* 04-15/1066f [[wikt:球|球]] gjuw
* 04-15/1066g [[wikt:捄|捄]] gjuw
* 04-15/1066h [[wikt:絿|絿]] gjuw
* 04-15/1066i [[wikt:觩|觩]] gjuw
* 04-15/1066j [[wikt:賕|賕]] gjuw
* 04-15/1066k [[wikt:逑|逑]] gjuw
* 04-15/1066l [[wikt:銶|銶]] gjuw
* 04-15/1066m [[wikt:救|救]] kjuwH
* 04-15/1066n [[wikt:俅|俅]] gjuw

==04-16==
* 04-16/1067a [[wikt:臼|臼]] gjuwX
* 04-16/1067b [[wikt:舅|舅]] gjuwX
* 04-16/1067c [[wikt:舊|舊]] gjuwH
* 04-16/1067f [[wikt:匶|匶]] gjuwH

==04-17==
* 04-17/0995a [[wikt:又|又]] hjuwH
* 04-17/0995e [[wikt:友|友]] hjuwX
* 04-17/0995i [[wikt:右|右]] hjuwH, hjuwX
* 04-17/0995k [[wikt:佑|佑]] hjuwH
* 04-17/0995l [[wikt:祐|祐]] hjuwH, hjuwX
* 04-17/0995n [[wikt:醢|醢]] xojX
* 04-17/0995o [[wikt:有|有]] hjuwX
* 04-17/0995q [[wikt:侑|侑]] hjuwH
* 04-17/0995r [[wikt:宥|宥]] hjuwH
* 04-17/0995u [[wikt:囿|囿]] hjuwH, hjuwk
* 04-17/0995x [[wikt:痏|痏]] hwijX
* 04-17/0995y [[wikt:鮪|鮪]] hwijX
* 04-17/0995z [[wikt:賄|賄]] xwojX
* 04-17/0995a' [[wikt:郁|郁]] 'juwk
* 04-17/0995- [[wikt:洧|洧]] hwijX

==04-18==
* 04-18/0996a [[wikt:尤|尤]] hjuw
* 04-18/0996d [[wikt:訧|訧]] hjuw
* 04-18/0996e [[wikt:疣|疣]] hjuw
* 04-18/0996f [[wikt:肬|肬]] hjuw

==04-19==
* 04-19/0997a [[wikt:郵|郵]] hjuw

==04-20==
* 04-20/0950a [[wikt:灰|灰]] xwoj
* 04-20/0950b [[wikt:恢|恢]] khwoj	
* 04-20/0950c [[wikt:脄|脄]] mwoj, mwojH

==04-21==
* 04-21/0955a [[wikt:喜|喜]] xiX
* 04-21/0955d [[wikt:憘|憘]] xiX
* 04-21/0955e [[wikt:嘻|嘻]] xi
* 04-21/0955f [[wikt:譆|譆]] xi
* 04-21/0955g [[wikt:嬉|嬉]] xi
* 04-21/0955i [[wikt:暿|暿]] xi
* 04-21/0955j [[wikt:熺|熺]] xi
* 04-21/0955k [[wikt:熹|熹]] xi
* 04-21/0955l [[wikt:糦|糦]] tsyhiH
* 04-21/0955m [[wikt:饎|饎]] tsyhiH

==04-22==
* 04-22/0958a [[wikt:醫|醫]] 'i

==04-23==
* 04-23/0956a [[wikt:疑|疑]] ngi, ngik
* 04-23/0956b [[wikt:儗|儗]] ngiX
* 04-23/0956c [[wikt:嶷|嶷]] ngi
* 04-23/0956d [[wikt:擬|擬]] ngiX
* 04-23/0956e [[wikt:薿|薿]] ngik, ngiX
* 04-23/0956f [[wikt:觺|觺]] ngi, ngik
* 04-23/0956g [[wikt:礙|礙]] ngojH
* 04-23/0956h [[wikt:凝|凝]] nging

==04-24==
* 04-24/0998a [[wikt:牛|牛]] ngjuw

==04-25==
* 04-25/0939a [[wikt:臺|臺]] doj

==04-26==
Schuessler (2009: 98) places 0961l [[wikt:齒|齒]] tsyhiX in its own series ([[#04-29|04-29]]) noting that the phonetic 止 is a later addition.
* 04-26/0961a [[wikt:止|止]] tsyiX
* 04-26/0961g [[wikt:趾|趾]] tsyiX
* 04-26/0961h [[wikt:沚|沚]] tsyiX
* 04-26/0961j [[wikt:芷|芷]] tsyiX
* 04-26/0961k [[wikt:祉|祉]] trhiX
* 04-26/0961m [[wikt:寺|寺]] ziH
* 04-26/0961p [[wikt:持|持]] dri
* 04-26/0961q [[wikt:峙|峙]] driX
* 04-26/0961r [[wikt:畤|畤]] driX
* 04-26/0961s [[wikt:庤|庤]] driX
* 04-26/0961t [[wikt:痔|痔]] driX
* 04-26/0961u [[wikt:跱|跱]] driX
* 04-26/0961v [[wikt:洔|洔]] tsyiX
* 04-26/0961x [[wikt:侍|侍]] dzyiH
* 04-26/0961y [[wikt:恃|恃]] dzyiX
* 04-26/0961z [[wikt:時|時]] dzyi
* 04-26/0961b' [[wikt:旹|旹]] dzyi
* 04-26/0961d' [[wikt:詩|詩]] syi
* 04-26/0961e' [[wikt:邿|邿]] syi
* 04-26/0961g' [[wikt:待|待]] dojX
* 04-26/0961h' [[wikt:特|特]] dok
* 04-26/0961i' [[wikt:等|等]] tojX, tongX
* 04-26/0961j' [[wikt:塒|塒]] dzyi
* 04-26/0961k' [[wikt:偫|偫]] driX

==04-27==
* 04-27/0962a [[wikt:之|之]] tsyi
* 04-27/0962c [[wikt:芝|芝]] tsyi
* 04-27/0962d [[wikt:蚩|蚩]] tsyhi
* 04-27/0962e [[wikt:志|志]] tsyiH
* 04-27/0962f [[wikt:誌|誌]] tsyiH

==04-28==
* 04-28/0963a [[wikt:市|市]] dzyiX

==04-29==
* 04-29/0961l [[wikt:齒|齒]] tsyhiX

==04-30==
* 04-30/0938a [[wikt:唉|唉]] 'oj
* 04-30/0938b [[wikt:埃|埃]] 'oj
* 04-30/0938c [[wikt:挨|挨]] 'eajX, 'ojX
* 04-30/0938d [[wikt:欸|欸]] 'oj
* 04-30/0938e [[wikt:娭|娭]] xi
* 04-30/0938f [[wikt:誒|誒]] xi
* 04-30/0976a [[wikt:㠯|㠯]] yiX
* 04-30/0976b [[wikt:以|以]] yiX
* 04-30/0976f [[wikt:苢|苢]] yiX
* 04-30/0976g [[wikt:苡|苡]] yiX
* 04-30/0976h [[wikt:似|似]] ziX
* 04-30/0976i [[wikt:姒|姒]] ziX
* 04-30/0976k [[wikt:耜|耜]] ziX
* 04-30/0976l [[wikt:矣|矣]] hiX
* 04-30/0976m [[wikt:俟|俟]] dzriX, zriX
* 04-30/0976n [[wikt:竢|竢]] dzriX
* 04-30/0976o [[wikt:涘|涘]] dzriX
* 04-30/0976p [[wikt:台|台]] thoj, yi
* 04-30/0976t [[wikt:佁|佁]] trhiH, yiX
* 04-30/0976u [[wikt:怡|怡]] yi
* 04-30/0976v [[wikt:詒|詒]] dojX, yi
* 04-30/0976x [[wikt:貽|貽]] yi
* 04-30/0976y [[wikt:飴|飴]] yi
* 04-30/0976z [[wikt:治|治]] dri, driH
* 04-30/0976a' [[wikt:眙|眙]] dringH, trhiH
* 04-30/0976b' [[wikt:笞|笞]] trhi
* 04-30/0976c' [[wikt:鈶|鈶]] ziX
* 04-30/0976d' [[wikt:枲|枲]] siX
* 04-30/0976e' [[wikt:始|始]] syiX
* 04-30/0976h' [[wikt:胎|胎]] thoj
* 04-30/0976i' [[wikt:炱|炱]] doj
* 04-30/0976j' [[wikt:駘|駘]] doj, dojX
* 04-30/0976k' [[wikt:怠|怠]] dojX
* 04-30/0976l' [[wikt:殆|殆]] dojX
* 04-30/0976m' [[wikt:紿|紿]] dojX
* 04-30/0976n' [[wikt:迨|迨]] dojX
* 04-30/0976o' [[wikt:𨽿|𨽿]] dojH
* 04-30/0976p' [[wikt:冶|冶]] yaeX
* 04-30/0976q' [[wikt:箈|箈]] dojX
* 04-30/1240a [[wikt:咍|咍]] xoj

==04-31==
* 04-31/0977a [[wikt:已|已]] yiX
* 04-31/0977b [[wikt:异|异]] yiH

==04-32==
* 04-32/0967a [[wikt:巳|巳]] ziX
* 04-32/0967d [[wikt:祀|祀]] ziX
* 04-32/0967i [[wikt:汜|汜]] ziX
* 04-32/0967k [[wikt:戺|戺]] dzriX

==04-33==
* 04-33/0968a [[wikt:辭|辭]] zi, ziH

==04-34==
* 04-34/0960c [[wikt:頤|頤]] yi
* 04-34/0960d [[wikt:巸|巸]] yi
* 04-34/0960f [[wikt:姬|姬]] ki
* 04-34/0960i [[wikt:茝|茝]] tsyhiX, tsyiX
* 04-34/0960j [[wikt:熙|熙]] xi
* 04-34/0960k [[wikt:𩟄|𩟄]] tsyhiH

==04-35==
* 04-35/0978a [[wikt:里|里]] liX
* 04-35/0978c [[wikt:梩|梩]] li
* 04-35/0978d [[wikt:理|理]] liX
* 04-35/0978e [[wikt:裏|裏]] liX
* 04-35/0978h [[wikt:貍|貍]] li
* 04-35/0978i [[wikt:狸|狸]] li
* 04-35/0978j [[wikt:鯉|鯉]] liX
* 04-35/0978l [[wikt:埋|埋]] meaj
* 04-35/0978n [[wikt:霾|霾]] meaj

==04-36==
* 04-36/0979c [[wikt:𠭰|𠭰]] li
* 04-36/0979f [[wikt:嫠|嫠]] li
* 04-36/0979g [[wikt:孷|孷]] li
* 04-36/0979i [[wikt:氂|氂]] li
* 04-36/0979j [[wikt:犛|犛]] maew, li, loj
* 04-36/0979k [[wikt:斄|斄]] li
* 04-36/0979l [[wikt:釐|釐]] li
* 04-36/1237q [[wikt:漦|漦]] zri

==04-37==
* 04-37/0980a [[wikt:李|李]] liX

==04-38==
* 04-38/0945a [[wikt:乃|乃]] nojX
* 04-38/0945d [[wikt:鼐|鼐]] nojX
* 04-38/0945e [[wikt:仍|仍]] nying
* 04-38/0945f [[wikt:扔|扔]] nying
* 04-38/0945g [[wikt:艿|艿]] nying
* 04-38/0945h [[wikt:芿|芿]] nying

==04-39==
Baxter &amp; Sagart combine with [[#026-31|26-31]], Schuessler hesitatingly assents.
* 04-39/0946a [[wikt:迺|迺]] nojX
* 04-39/0946- [[wikt:廼|廼]] nojX

==04-40==
* 04-40/0959a [[wikt:恥|恥]] trhiX
* 04-40/0981a [[wikt:耳|耳]] nyiX
* 04-40/0981c [[wikt:刵|刵]] nyiH
* 04-40/0981d [[wikt:珥|珥]] nyiH
* 04-40/0981e [[wikt:衈|衈]] nyiH
* 04-40/0981f [[wikt:佴|佴]] nyiH
* 04-40/0981g [[wikt:咡|咡]] nyi, nyiX
* 04-40/0981h [[wikt:餌|餌]] nyiH
* 04-40/0981i [[wikt:眲|眲]] nreak, nyiH

==04-41==
* 04-41/0982a [[wikt:而|而]] nyi
* 04-41/0982c [[wikt:栭|栭]] nyi
* 04-41/0982d [[wikt:聏|聏]] nyi
* 04-41/0982e [[wikt:胹|胹]] nyi
* 04-41/0982f [[wikt:鴯|鴯]] nyi
* 04-41/0982g [[wikt:鮞|鮞]] nyi, nyuwk
* 04-41/0982h [[wikt:耐|耐]] nojH
* 04-41/0982i [[wikt:𨼏|𨼏]] nuwX, nying
* 04-41/0982j [[wikt:陾|陾]] nying

==04-42==
* 04-42/0940a [[wikt:災|災]] tsoj
* 04-42/0940d [[wikt:灾|灾]] tsoj

==04-43==
* 04-43/0941a [[wikt:再|再]] tsojH

==04-44==
* 04-44/0942a [[wikt:采|采]] tshojX
* 04-44/0942a [[wikt:彩|彩]] tshojX
* 04-44/0942d [[wikt:採|採]] tshojX
* 04-44/0942e [[wikt:菜|菜]] tshojH

==04-45==
* 04-45/0943a [[wikt:才|才]] dzoj
* 04-45/0943g [[wikt:材|材]] dzoj
* 04-45/0943h [[wikt:財|財]] dzoj
* 04-45/0943i [[wikt:在|在]] dzojX
* 04-45/0943l [[wikt:𢦒|𢦒]] tsoj
* 04-45/0943o [[wikt:𢦏|𢦏]] tsoj
* 04-45/0943r [[wikt:鼒|鼒]] tsi
* 04-45/0943s [[wikt:䊷|䊷]] tsri
* 04-45/0943t [[wikt:豺|豺]] dzreaj
* 04-45/0943v [[wikt:哉|哉]] tsoj
* 04-45/0943y [[wikt:栽|栽]] dzojH, tsoj
* 04-45/0943z [[wikt:烖|烖]] tsoj
* 04-45/0943a' [[wikt:載|載]] dzojH, tsojH, tsojX
* 04-45/0943c' [[wikt:裁|裁]] dzoj
* 04-45/0943d' [[wikt:胾|胾]] tsriH
* 04-45/0943e' [[wikt:戴|戴]] tojH

==04-45A==
* 04-45A/1240b [[wikt:猜|猜]] tshoj

==04-47==
* 04-47/0964a [[wikt:子|子]] tsiX
* 04-47/0964d [[wikt:𢀇|𢀇]] tsiX
* 04-47/0964k [[wikt:仔|仔]] tsi, tsiX
* 04-47/0964l [[wikt:孜|孜]] tsi
* 04-47/0964m [[wikt:耔|耔]] tsiX
* 04-47/0964n [[wikt:字|字]] dziH

==04-48==
* 04-48/0965a [[wikt:梓|梓]] tsiX
* 04-48/0965b [[wikt:宰|宰]] tsojX

==04-49==
* 04-49/0966a [[wikt:玆|玆]] tsi
* 04-49/0966b [[wikt:茲|茲]] tsi
* 04-49/0966g [[wikt:嗞|嗞]] tsi
* 04-49/0966h [[wikt:滋|滋]] tsi
* 04-49/0966i [[wikt:鎡|鎡]] tsi
* 04-49/0966j [[wikt:慈|慈]] dzi
* 04-49/0966k [[wikt:孳|孳]] dziH

==04-50==
* 04-50/0969a [[wikt:甾|甾]] tsri
* 04-50/0969c [[wikt:葘|葘]] tsri, tsriH
* 04-50/0969d [[wikt:菑|菑]] tsri
* 04-50/0969e [[wikt:緇|緇]] tsri
* 04-50/0969g [[wikt:輺|輺]] tsri
* 04-50/0969h [[wikt:輜|輜]] tsri
* 04-50/0969i [[wikt:鍿|鍿]] tsri
* 04-50/0969j [[wikt:錙|錙]] tsri

==04-51==
* 04-51/0970a [[wikt:士|士]] dzriX
* 04-51/0970d [[wikt:仕|仕]] dzriX

==04-52==
* 04-52/0971a [[wikt:事|事]] dzriH
* 04-52/0971d [[wikt:剚|剚]] tsriH
* 04-52/0975a [[wikt:史|史]] sriX
* 04-52/0975g [[wikt:吏|吏]] liH
* 04-52/0975k [[wikt:𣬔|𣬔]] sriH
* 04-52/0975n [[wikt:使|使]] sriH, sriX

==04-53==
* 04-53/0972a [[wikt:司|司]] si
* 04-53/0972f [[wikt:伺|伺]] si, siH
* 04-53/0972g [[wikt:笥|笥]] siH
* 04-53/0972h [[wikt:祠|祠]] zi
* 04-53/0972j [[wikt:詞|詞]] zi
* 04-53/0972k [[wikt:嗣|嗣]] ziH

==04-54==
* 04-54/0973a [[wikt:思|思]] si, siH, soj
* 04-54/0973b [[wikt:緦|緦]] si
* 04-54/0973c [[wikt:葸|葸]] siX
* 04-54/0973d [[wikt:諰|諰]] siX
* 04-54/0973e [[wikt:颸|颸]] tsrhi
* 04-54/0973f [[wikt:偲|偲]] si

==04-55==
* 04-55/0974a [[wikt:絲|絲]] si

==04-56==
* 04-56/0951a [[wikt:佩|佩]] bwojH
* 04-56/0951c [[wikt:珮|珮]] bwojH

==04-57==
* 04-57/0983a [[wikt:啚|啚]] pijX
* 04-57/0983e [[wikt:鄙|鄙]] pijX

==04-58==
* 04-58/1237a’ [[wikt:圮|圮]] bijX

==04-59==
* 04-59/1237r [[wikt:奰|奰]] biH, bijH

==04-60==
* 04-60/1237y [[wikt:轡|轡]] pijH

==04-61==
* 04-61/0999a [[wikt:不|不]] pjuw, pjuwX
* 04-61/0999e [[wikt:否|否]] bijX, pijX, pjuwX
* 04-61/0999g [[wikt:紑|紑]] phjuw, phjuwX
* 04-61/0999h [[wikt:罘|罘]] bjuw
* 04-61/0999i [[wikt:芣|芣]] bjuw
* 04-61/0999j [[wikt:抔|抔]] buw
* 04-61/0999k [[wikt:丕|丕]] phij
* 04-61/0999l [[wikt:伾|伾]] phij
* 04-61/0999m [[wikt:駓|駓]] phij
* 04-61/0999n [[wikt:秠|秠]] phij, phjuw
* 04-61/0999o [[wikt:杯|杯]] pwoj
* 04-61/0999p [[wikt:桮|桮]] pwoj
* 04-61/0999q [[wikt:阫|阫]] phwoj
* 04-61/0999s [[wikt:坏|坏]] bwoj
* 04-61/0999t [[wikt:㕻|㕻]] phuwH
* 04-61/0999u [[wikt:咅|咅]] phuwH
* 04-61/0999v [[wikt:剖|剖]] phuwX
* 04-61/0999x [[wikt:棓|棓]] buw, phuwX
* 04-61/0999y [[wikt:瓿|瓿]] buwX
* 04-61/0999z [[wikt:部|部]] buwX
* 04-61/0999a' [[wikt:培|培]] bwoj
* 04-61/0999b' [[wikt:陪|陪]] bwoj
* 04-61/0999c' [[wikt:倍|倍]] bwojX
* 04-61/0999d' [[wikt:掊|掊]] phuwX, puwX
* 04-61/0999e' [[wikt:踣|踣]] bok, phuwH
* 04-61/0999f' [[wikt:鞛|鞛]] puwngX
* 04-61/0999g' [[wikt:蔀|蔀]] buwX, phuwX

==04-62==
* 04-62/1000a [[wikt:負|負]] bjuwX
* 04-62/1000b [[wikt:偩|偩]] bjuwX
* 04-62/1000c [[wikt:萯|萯]] bjuwX

==04-63==
* 04-63/1001a [[wikt:婦|婦]] bjuwX

==04-64==
* 04-64/0107a [[wikt:毋|毋]] mju
* 04-64/0138a [[wikt:侮|侮]] mjuX
* presumed 04-64/0138b [[wikt:㑄|㑄]] mjuX
* 04-64/0947a [[wikt:母|母]] muwX
* 04-64/0947f [[wikt:姆|姆]] muwX
* 04-64/0947g [[wikt:拇|拇]] muwX
* 04-64/0947h [[wikt:坶|坶]] mjuwk
* 04-64/0947i [[wikt:每|每]] mwoj, mwojH, mwojX
* 04-64/0947l [[wikt:梅|梅]] mwoj
* 04-64/0947m [[wikt:脢|脢]] mwoj, mwojH
* 04-64/0947n [[wikt:鋂|鋂]] mwoj
* 04-64/0947o [[wikt:畮|畮]] muwX
* 04-64/0947q [[wikt:痗|痗]] mwojH, xwojH
* 04-64/0947r [[wikt:𠧩|𠧩]] xwojH
* 04-64/0947s [[wikt:悔|悔]] xwojH, xwojX
* 04-64/0947t [[wikt:晦|晦]] xwojH
* 04-64/0947u [[wikt:誨|誨]] xwojH
* 04-64/0947x [[wikt:海|海]] xojX
* 04-64/1251q [[wikt:敏|敏]] minX

==04-65==
* 04-65/0948a [[wikt:某|某]] muwX
* 04-65/0948c [[wikt:媒|媒]] mwoj
* 04-65/0948d [[wikt:煤|煤]] mwoj
* 04-65/0948e [[wikt:禖|禖]] mwoj
* 04-65/0948f [[wikt:謀|謀]] mjuw

==04-66==
* 04-66/0949a [[wikt:畝|畝]] muwX

=05=

====== 職 zhí [-ǝk] ======

==05-01==
*05-01/0903a [[wikt:克|克]] khok
*05-01/0903f [[wikt:尅|尅]] khok
*05-01/0903g [[wikt:剋|剋]] khok

==05-02==
* 05-02/0931a [[wikt:革|革]] keak
* 05-02/0931c [[wikt:愅|愅]] keak

==05-03==
* 05-03/1260a [[wikt:覈|覈]] heak

==05-04==
* 05-04/0910a [[wikt:亟|亟]] khiH, kik
* 05-04/0910c [[wikt:㥛|㥛]] kik
* 05-04/0910d [[wikt:殛|殛]] kik
* 05-04/0910e [[wikt:極|極]] gik

==05-05==
* 05-05/0911a [[wikt:棘|棘]] kik
* 05-05/0911c [[wikt:襋|襋]] kik

==05-06==
* 05-06/0929a [[wikt:或|或]] hwik, hwok
* 05-06/0929e [[wikt:域|域]] hwik
* 05-06/0929g [[wikt:棫|棫]] hwik
* 05-06/0929j [[wikt:罭|罭]] hwik
* 05-06/0929k [[wikt:閾|閾]] hwik, xwik
* 05-06/0929l [[wikt:淢|淢]] xwik
* 05-06/0929m [[wikt:窢|窢]] hwik, xwik
* 05-06/0929n [[wikt:緎|緎]] xwik
* 05-06/0929o [[wikt:國|國]] kwok
* 05-06/0929q [[wikt:惑|惑]] hwok
* 05-06/0929r [[wikt:蜮|蜮]] hwik, hwok
* 05-06/0929s [[wikt:膕|膕]] kweak
* 05-06/0929t [[wikt:蟈|蟈]] kweak
* 05-06/0929u [[wikt:馘|馘]] kweak
* 05-06/0929v [[wikt:聝|聝]] kweak
* 05-06/0929y [[wikt:彧|彧]] 'juwk

==05-07==
Baxter &amp; Sagart (personal communication 12 April 2017) combine [[#05-07|05-07]] and [[#29-07|29-07]]. 
* 05-07/0930a [[wikt:洫|洫]] xwik
* 05-07/0930b [[wikt:侐|侐]] xwijH, xwik
* 05-07/0930c [[wikt:殈|殈]] xjwiek, xwek

==05-08==
* 05-08/0914a [[wikt:衋|衋]] xik

==05-09==
* 05-09/0915a [[wikt:抑|抑]] 'ik

==05-10==
* 05-10/0957a [[wikt:意|意]] 'iH
* 05-10/0957b [[wikt:噫|噫]] 'eajH, 'i
* 05-10/0957c [[wikt:鷾|鷾]] 'iH
* 05-10/0957d [[wikt:醷|醷]] 'ik, 'iX
* 05-10/0957e [[wikt:億|億]] 'ik
* 05-10/0957f [[wikt:憶|憶]] 'ik
* 05-10/0957g [[wikt:檍|檍]] 'ik
* 05-10/0957h [[wikt:繶|繶]] 'ik
* 05-10/0957i [[wikt:臆|臆]] 'ik

==05-11==
*05-11/0905d [[wikt:得|得]] tok

==05-12==
* 05-12/0919a [[wikt:直|直]] driH, drik
* 05-12/0919b [[wikt:稙|稙]] trik
* 05-12/0919c [[wikt:埴|埴]] dzyik
* 05-12/0919d [[wikt:殖|殖]] dzyik
* 05-12/0919e [[wikt:植|植]] driH, dzyik
* 05-12/0919f [[wikt:犆|犆]] dok, drik
* 05-12/0919g [[wikt:置|置]] triH
* 05-12/0919h [[wikt:值|值]] driH
* 05-12/0919k [[wikt:德|德]] tok

==05-13==
* 05-13/0920a [[wikt:戠|戠]] tsyik
* 05-13/0920e [[wikt:樴|樴]] dok, tsyik
* 05-13/0920f [[wikt:織|織]] tsyiH, tsyik
* 05-13/0920g [[wikt:職|職]] tsyik
* 05-13/0920i [[wikt:膱|膱]] tsyik
* 05-13/0920j [[wikt:幟|幟]] syiH, syik, tsyhiH
* 05-13/0920k [[wikt:識|識]] syik
* 05-13/0920l [[wikt:熾|熾]] tsyhiH
* 05-13/0920- [[wikt:軄|軄]] tsyik (occurs as a variant for the lower fanqie speller 職 in a Dunhuang fragment ([http://idp.bl.uk/database/oo_scroll_h.a4d?uid=236471759;bst=1;recnum=59058;index=1;img=1 Pelliot Chinois 2017]) of the Qieyun)

==05-14==
* 05-14/0916a [[wikt:陟|陟]] trik
* 05-14/1257d [[wikt:騭|騭]] tsyit

==05-15==
* 05-15/0917a [[wikt:敕|敕]] trhik
* 05-15/0917b [[wikt:勅|勅]] trhik

==05-16==
* 05-16/0918a [[wikt:弋|弋]] yik
* 05-16/0918c [[wikt:㚤|㚤]] yik
* 05-16/0918e [[wikt:杙|杙]] yik
* 05-16/0918f [[wikt:式|式]] syik
* 05-16/0918g [[wikt:忒|忒]] thok
* 05-16/0918h [[wikt:貣|貣]] dok, thok
* 05-16/0918i [[wikt:代|代]] dojH
* 05-16/0918k [[wikt:拭|拭]] syik
* 05-16/0918l [[wikt:軾|軾]] syik
* 05-16/0918m [[wikt:侙|侙]] trhik
* 05-16/0918n [[wikt:試|試]] syiH
* 05-16/0918o [[wikt:弒|弒]] syiH
* 05-16/0918p [[wikt:貸|貸]] thojH
* 05-16/0918q [[wikt:岱|岱]] dojH
* 05-16/0918r [[wikt:黛|黛]] dojH
* 05-16/0918s [[wikt:蟘|蟘]] dok
* 05-16/0918- [[wikt:袋|袋]] dojH

==05-17==
* 05-17/0954a [[wikt:異|異]] yiH
* 05-17/0954d [[wikt:翼|翼]] yik
* 05-17/0954e [[wikt:廙|廙]] yiH, yik
* 05-17/0954g [[wikt:趩|趩]] trhik
* 05-17/0954i [[wikt:瀷|瀷]] yik

==05-18==
* 05-18/0912a [[wikt:翊|翊]]
* 05-18/0912b [[wikt:翌|翌]]

==05-19==
* 05-19/0921a [[wikt:食|食]] zijH, zyik
* 05-19/0921d [[wikt:蝕|蝕]] zyik
* 05-19/0921e [[wikt:飤|飤]] ziH
* 05-19/0921g [[wikt:飭|飭]] trhik
* 05-19/0921h [[wikt:飾|飾]] syik

==05-20==
* 05-20/0913a [[wikt:奭|奭]] xik
* 05-20/0913b [[wikt:襫|襫]] syek

==05-20A==
* 05-20A/1260b [[wikt:疒|疒]] nreak

==05-21==
*05-21/0928a [[wikt:力|力]] lik
*05-21/0928c [[wikt:仂|仂]] lik, lok
*05-21/0928d [[wikt:扐|扐]] lok
*05-21/0928e [[wikt:阞|阞]] lok
*05-21/0928f [[wikt:勒|勒]] lok
*05-21/0928h [[wikt:泐|泐]] lok

==05-22==
* 05-22/0932a [[wikt:麥|麥]] meak
* 05-22/0944a [[wikt:來|來]] loj
* 05-22/0944f [[wikt:徠|徠]] loj
* 05-22/0944g [[wikt:逨|逨]] loj
* 05-22/0944i [[wikt:勑|勑]] lojH
* 05-22/0944j [[wikt:萊|萊]] loj, lojH
* 05-22/0944k [[wikt:賚|賚]] lojH
* 05-22/0944m [[wikt:騋|騋]] loj

==05-23==
* 05-23/0907a [[wikt:賊|賊]] dzok

==05-24==
* 05-24/0906a [[wikt:則|則]] tsok
* 05-24/0906c [[wikt:側|側]] tsrik
* 05-24/0906e [[wikt:惻|惻]] tsrhik
* 05-24/0906f [[wikt:測|測]] tsrhik
* 05-24/0906g [[wikt:廁|廁]] tsrhiH

==05-25==
* 05-25/0922a [[wikt:畟|畟]] tsik, tsrhik
* 05-25/0922b [[wikt:稷|稷]] tsik
* 05-25/0922c [[wikt:謖|謖]] srjuwk

==05-26==
* 05-26/0923a [[wikt:即|即]] tsik
* 05-26/0923b [[wikt:蝍|蝍]] tsik
* 05-26/0923d [[wikt:䳭|䳭]] tsik, tsjek

==05-27==
*05-27/0924a [[wikt:夨|夨]] tsrik
*05-27/0924d [[wikt:仄|仄]] tsrik
*05-27/0924e [[wikt:𣅔|𣅔]] tsrik
*05-27/0924f [[wikt:昃|昃]] tsrik

==05-28==
* 05-28/0908a [[wikt:塞|塞]] sojH, sok
* 05-28/0908b [[wikt:㥶|㥶]] sok

==05-29==
* 05-29/0925a [[wikt:息|息]] sik
* 05-29/0925b [[wikt:熄|熄]] sik

==05-30==
* 05-30/0926a [[wikt:嗇|嗇]] srik
* 05-30/0926e [[wikt:穡|穡]] srik

==05-31==
* 05-31/0927a [[wikt:色|色]] srik

==05-32==
* 05-32/0909a [[wikt:北|北]] pok
* 05-32/0909e [[wikt:背|背]] bwojH, pwojH
* 05-32/0909f [[wikt:偝|偝]] bwojH

==05-33==
* 05-33/0933a [[wikt:畐|畐]] bjuwk
* 05-33/0933d [[wikt:福|福]] pjuwk
* 05-33/0933i [[wikt:葍|葍]] pjuwk
* 05-33/0933j [[wikt:輻|輻]] pjuwk
* 05-33/0933k [[wikt:幅|幅]] pik, pjuwk
* 05-33/0933l [[wikt:楅|楅]] pik, pjuwk
* 05-33/0933m [[wikt:匐|匐]] bjuwk, bok
* 05-33/0933n [[wikt:偪|偪]] pik, pjuwk
* 05-33/0933o [[wikt:湢|湢]] pik
* 05-33/0933p [[wikt:逼|逼]] pik
* 05-33/0933q [[wikt:疈|疈]] peak
* 05-33/0933r [[wikt:富|富]] pjuwH
* 05-33/0933s [[wikt:副|副]] phik, phjuwH
* 05-33/0933- [[wikt:蔔|蔔]]
* 05-33/0933- [[wikt:堛|堛]]
* 05-33/0933- [[wikt:愊|愊]]
* 05-33/0933- [[wikt:踾|踾]]
* 05-33/0933- [[wikt:揊|揊]]
* 05-33/0933- [[wikt:稫|稫]]
* 05-33/0933- [[wikt:腷|腷]]
* 05-33/0933- [[wikt:鶝|鶝]]
* 05-33/0933- [[wikt:福|福]]
* 05-33/0933- [[wikt:幅|幅]]
* 05-33/0933- [[wikt:蝠|蝠]]
* 05-33/0933- [[wikt:偪|偪]]

==05-34==
* 05-34/0984d [[wikt:備|備]] bijH
* 05-34/0984g [[wikt:犕|犕]] bijH
* 05-34/0984h [[wikt:憊|憊]] beajH

==05-35==
Baxter &amp; Sagart (personal communication 12 April 2017) combine GSR [[#05-35|05-35]] and GSR [[#13-65|13-65]].
* 05-35/0934a [[wikt:𠬝|𠬝]] bjuwk
* 05-35/0934d [[wikt:服|服]] bjuwk, bjuwX
* 05-35/0934g [[wikt:箙|箙]] bjuwk

==05-36==
* 05-36/0935a [[wikt:伏|伏]] bjuwH, bjuwk

==05-37==
* 05-37/1062a [[wikt:冒|冒]] mawH, mok

==05-38==
*05-38/0904a [[wikt:黑|黑]] xok
*05-38/0904c [[wikt:墨|墨]] mok
*05-38/0904d [[wikt:默|默]] mok
*05-38/0904e [[wikt:嘿|嘿]] mok
*05-38/0904f [[wikt:纆|纆]] mok

==05-39==
* 05-39/1037a [[wikt:牧|牧]] mjuwk

=06=

====== 蒸 zhēng	[-ǝŋ] ======

==06-01==
* 06-01/0881a [[wikt:亙|亙]] kongH
* 06-01/0881d [[wikt:恆|恆]] hong
* 06-01/0881f [[wikt:絚|絚]] kong
* 06-01/0881g [[wikt:緪|緪]] kongH
* 06-01/0881h [[wikt:𡍷|𡍷]] kongH

==06-02==
* 06-02/0882a [[wikt:肎|肎]] khongX
* 06-02/0882b [[wikt:肯|肯]] khongX

==06-03==
* 06-03/0888a [[wikt:兢|兢]] ging, king

==06-04==
* 06-04/0901a [[wikt:弓|弓]] kjuwng
* 06-04/0901e [[wikt:穹|穹]] khjuwng

==06-05==
A uvular series
* 06-05/0887a [[wikt:厶|厶]] kwong
* 06-05/0887b [[wikt:厷|厷]] kwong
* 06-05/0887f [[wikt:肱|肱]] kwong
* 06-05/0887g [[wikt:弘|弘]] hwong
* 06-05/0887h [[wikt:宏|宏]] hweang
* 06-05/0887i [[wikt:竑|竑]] hweang
* 06-05/0887j [[wikt:紘|紘]] hweang
* 06-05/0887k [[wikt:閎|閎]] hweang
* 06-05/0887l [[wikt:雄|雄]] hjuwng
* 06-05/0887m [[wikt:鞃|鞃]] khwong, kwong

==06-06==
* 06-06/0889a [[wikt:興|興]] xing, xingH

==06-07==
* 06-06/- [[wikt:擤|擤]] xingH

==06-08==
* 06-08/0890a [[wikt:䧹|䧹]] 'ing
* 06-08/0890c [[wikt:鷹|鷹]] 'ing
* 06-08/0890d [[wikt:應|應]] 'ing, 'ingH
* 06-08/0890e [[wikt:膺|膺]] 'ing

==06-09==
*06-09/0883a [[wikt:豋|豋]] tong
*06-09/0883e [[wikt:登|登]] tong
*06-09/0883i [[wikt:鐙|鐙]] tong
*06-09/0883j [[wikt:燈|燈]] tong
*06-09/0883k [[wikt:隥|隥]] tongH
*06-09/0883l [[wikt:鄧|鄧]] dongH
*06-09/0883m [[wikt:澄|澄]] dring
*06-09/0883n [[wikt:證|證]] tsyingH

==06-10==
* 06-10/0896a [[wikt:氶|氶]] dzying
* 06-10/0896c [[wikt:承|承]] dzying
* 06-10/0896d [[wikt:㞼|㞼]] dzying
* 06-10/0896g [[wikt:丞|丞]] dzying
* 06-10/0896h [[wikt:烝|烝]] tsying
* 06-10/0896i [[wikt:拯|拯]] tsyingX
* 06-10/0896j [[wikt:脀|脀]] tsying
* 06-10/0896k [[wikt:蒸|蒸]] tsying
* 06-10/0896- [[wikt:巹|巹]]

==06-11==
* 06-11/0891a [[wikt:徵|徵]] dring, tring, triX
* 06-11/0891b [[wikt:懲|懲]] dring

==06-12==
* 06-12/0894a [[wikt:爯|爯]] tsyhing
* 06-12/0894d [[wikt:偁|偁]] tsyhing
* 06-12/0894g [[wikt:稱|稱]] tsyhing
* 06-12/0894g [[wikt:稱|稱]] tsyhingH

==06-13==
* 06-13/0893a [[wikt:灷|灷]] yingH
* 06-13/0893c [[wikt:㑞|㑞]] yingH
* 06-13/0893f [[wikt:朕|朕]] drimX, drinX
* 06-13/0893j [[wikt:栚|栚]] drimX
* 06-13/0893k [[wikt:媵|媵]] yingH
* 06-13/0893l [[wikt:賸|賸]] yingH
* 06-13/0893n [[wikt:塍|塍]] zying
* 06-13/0893p [[wikt:勝|勝]] sying, syingH
* 06-13/0893q [[wikt:滕|滕]] dong
* 06-13/0893t [[wikt:縢|縢]] dong
* 06-13/0893u [[wikt:螣|螣]] dok, dong
* 06-13/0893v [[wikt:騰|騰]] dong

==06-14==
* 06-14/0945j [[wikt:孕|孕]] yingH

==06-15==
* 06-15/0895a [[wikt:乘|乘]] zying, zyingH

==06-16==
* 06-16/0897a [[wikt:升|升]] sying
* 06-16/0897c [[wikt:昇|昇]] sying
* 06-16/0897d [[wikt:陞|陞]] sying
* 06-16/0897e [[wikt:抍|抍]] sying, tsyingX

==06-17==
* 06-17/0898a [[wikt:夌|夌]] ling
* 06-17/0898c [[wikt:陵|陵]] ling
* 06-17/0898e [[wikt:淩|淩]] ling
* 06-17/0898f [[wikt:凌|凌]] ling
* 06-17/0898g [[wikt:菱|菱]] ling
* 06-17/0898h [[wikt:鯪|鯪]] ling
* 06-17/0898i [[wikt:蔆|蔆]] ling

==06-18==
* 06-18/0885a [[wikt:能|能]] noj, nong
* 06-18/0885f [[wikt:態|態]] thojH

==06-19==
* 06-19/0884a [[wikt:曾|曾]] dzong, tsong
* 06-19/0884c [[wikt:增|增]] tsong
* 06-19/0884d [[wikt:憎|憎]] tsong
* 06-19/0884e [[wikt:橧|橧]] tsong
* 06-19/0884f [[wikt:罾|罾]] tsong
* 06-19/0884g [[wikt:矰|矰]] tsong
* 06-19/0884h [[wikt:繒|繒]] dzing, tsong
* 06-19/0884i [[wikt:層|層]] dzong
* 06-19/0884j [[wikt:贈|贈]] dzongH
* 06-19/0884k [[wikt:甑|甑]] tsingH
* 06-19/0884- [[wikt:僧|僧]] song

==06-20==
* 06-20/0886a [[wikt:朋|朋]] bong
* 06-20/0886f [[wikt:倗|倗]] bong
* 06-20/0886g [[wikt:傰|傰]] bong
* 06-20/0886j [[wikt:鵬|鵬]] bong
* 06-20/0886k [[wikt:堋|堋]] pongH
* 06-20/0886l [[wikt:塴|塴]] pongH
* 06-20/0886m [[wikt:崩|崩]] pong
* 06-20/0886n [[wikt:掤|掤]] ping
* 06-20/0886o [[wikt:繃|繃]] peang
* 06-20/0886- [[wikt:棚|棚]] bong

==06-21==
* 06-21/0899a [[wikt:冫|冫]] ping
* 06-21/0899b [[wikt:冰|冰]] ping
* 06-21/0899d [[wikt:馮|馮]] bjuwng
* 06-21/0899e [[wikt:憑|憑]] bing

==06-22==
* 06-22/0900a [[wikt:凭|凭]] bing, bingH

==06-23==
* 06-23/0902a [[wikt:夢|夢]] mjuwngH, muwng
* 06-23/0902c [[wikt:㝱|㝱]] mjungH
* 06-23/0902d [[wikt:瞢|瞢]] mjuwng, mong
* 06-23/0902e [[wikt:甍|甍]] meang, xweang
* 06-23/0902f [[wikt:蘉|蘉]] mang
* 06-23/0902g [[wikt:薨|薨]] xwong

==06-24==
Schuessler (2009: 118) and Baxter &amp; Sagart (2014: 133) include 黽 GSR 1252d in [[#06-24|06-24]].
* 06-24/0892a [[wikt:蠅|蠅]] ying
* 06-24/0892b [[wikt:繩|繩]] yingH, zying
* 06-24/1252d [[wikt:黽|黽]] meangX

=07=

====== 支 zhī [-e] ======

==07-01==
* 07-01/0876a [[wikt:系|系]] hejH
* 07-01/0876c [[wikt:係|係]] kejH
* 07-01/0876d [[wikt:奚|奚]] hej
* 07-01/0876g [[wikt:㜎|㜎]] hej
* 07-01/0876i [[wikt:徯|徯]] hejX
* 07-01/0876j [[wikt:謑|謑]] hej, hejX
* 07-01/0876k [[wikt:豀|豀]] hej
* 07-01/0876l [[wikt:蹊|蹊]] hej
* 07-01/0876m [[wikt:鼷|鼷]] hej
* 07-01/0876n [[wikt:雞|雞]] kej
* 07-01/0876p [[wikt:鷄|鷄]] kej
* 07-01/0876q [[wikt:溪|溪]] khej, khej

==07-02==
* 07-02/1241b [[wikt:繼|繼]] kejH

==07-03==
* 07-03/0864a [[wikt:支|支]] tsye
* 07-03/0864b [[wikt:枝|枝]] tsye
* 07-03/0864c [[wikt:肢|肢]] tsye
* 07-03/0864d [[wikt:忮|忮]] tsyeH
* 07-03/0864e [[wikt:翅|翅]] syeH
* 07-03/0864f [[wikt:𢺵|𢺵]] khjieH
* 07-03/0864g [[wikt:跂|跂]] gjie
* 07-03/0864h [[wikt:岐|岐]] gje, gjie
* 07-03/0864i [[wikt:歧|歧]] gjie
* 07-03/0864j [[wikt:伎|伎]] gjeX, gjie
* 07-03/0864k [[wikt:技|技]] gjeX
* 07-03/0864l [[wikt:芰|芰]] gjeH
* 07-03/0864m [[wikt:頍|頍]] khjwieX
* 07-03/1259b [[wikt:屐|屐]] gjaek

==07-04==
* 07-04/0862a [[wikt:企|企]] khjieH, khjieX

==07-05==
* 07-05/0865a [[wikt:只|只]] tsyeX
* 07-05/0865b [[wikt:胑|胑]] tsye
* 07-05/0865c [[wikt:軹|軹]] tsyeX
* 07-05/0865d [[wikt:咫|咫]] tsyeX
* 07-05/0865e [[wikt:枳|枳]] kjieX, tsyeX

==07-06==
*07-06/0867a [[wikt:氏|氏]] dzyeX
*07-06/0867d [[wikt:坁|坁]] tsyeX
*07-06/0867e [[wikt:扺|扺]] tsyeX
*07-06/0867f [[wikt:舐|舐]] zyeX
*07-06/0867g [[wikt:疧|疧]] gjie
*07-06/0867h [[wikt:疷|疷]] tejX
*07-06/0867i [[wikt:祇|祇]] gjie, tsye
*07-06/0867j [[wikt:軝|軝]] gjie
*07-06/0867- [[wikt:紙|紙]] tsyeX

==07-07==
* 07-07/0861a [[wikt:解|解]] heaX, keaH, keaX
* 07-07/0861b [[wikt:懈|懈]] keaH
* 07-07/0861c [[wikt:繲|繲]] keaH
* 07-07/0861d [[wikt:蟹|蟹]] heaX
* 07-07/0861e [[wikt:邂|邂]] heaH

==07-07A==
* 07-07A/1240f [[wikt:瀣|瀣]] heajH
* 07-07A/1240g [[wikt:薤|薤]] heajH

==07-08==
An -r series acc. to Baxter &amp; Sagart
* 07-08/0879a [[wikt:圭|圭]] kwej
* 07-08/0879c [[wikt:珪|珪]] kwej
* 07-08/0879d [[wikt:桂|桂]] kwejH
* 07-08/0879e [[wikt:閨|閨]] kwej
* 07-08/0879f [[wikt:窐|窐]] kwej, 'wae
* 07-08/0879g [[wikt:鮭|鮭]] hwae, kwej, hea
* 07-08/0879h [[wikt:刲|刲]] khwej
* 07-08/0879i [[wikt:奎|奎]] khwej
* 07-08/0879j [[wikt:畦|畦]] hwej
* 07-08/0879k [[wikt:洼|洼]] 'wej
* 07-08/0879l [[wikt:跬|跬]] khjwieX
* 07-08/0879m [[wikt:恚|恚]] 'jwieH
* 07-08/0879n [[wikt:佳|佳]] kea
* 07-08/0879o [[wikt:街|街]] kea
* 07-08/0879p [[wikt:厓|厓]] ngea, kweaH
* 07-08/0879q [[wikt:崖|崖]] ngea
* 07-08/0879r [[wikt:涯|涯]] ngea
* 07-08/0879s [[wikt:卦|卦]] kweaH
* 07-08/0879t [[wikt:挂|挂]] kweaH
* 07-08/0879u [[wikt:掛|掛]] kweaH
* 07-08/0879v [[wikt:絓|絓]] kweaH
* 07-08/0879x [[wikt:哇|哇]] hwea, hweaH
* 07-08/0879y [[wikt:鼃|鼃]] 'wae, 'wea, hwae, hwea
* 07-08/0879z [[wikt:蛙|蛙]] 'wea
* 07-08/0879a' [[wikt:睚|睚]] ngeaH
* 07-08/0879b' [[wikt:窪|窪]] 'wae

==07-09==
* 07-09/0880a [[wikt:巂|巂]] hwej
* 07-09/0880b [[wikt:𢥘|𢥘]] hwej
* 07-09/0880c [[wikt:攜|攜]] hwej
* 07-09/0880d [[wikt:蠵|蠵]] hwej
* 07-09/0880e [[wikt:觿|觿]] hwej, xjwie
* 07-09/0880f [[wikt:鑴|鑴]] hwej, xjwie

==07-10==
* 07-10/0875a [[wikt:規|規]] kjwie
* 07-10/0875b [[wikt:瞡|瞡]] kjwie
* 07-10/0875c [[wikt:窺|窺]] khjwie
* 07-10/0875d [[wikt:闚|闚]] khjwie

==07-11==
* 07-11/0873a [[wikt:兒|兒]] nye
* 07-11/0873e [[wikt:唲|唲]] nye
* 07-11/0873f [[wikt:倪|倪]] ngej
* 07-11/0873g [[wikt:掜|掜]] ngejH, ngejX
* 07-11/0873h [[wikt:睨|睨]] ngejH, ngejX
* 07-11/0873i [[wikt:輗|輗]] ngej
* 07-11/0873j [[wikt:郳|郳]] ngej
* 07-11/0873l [[wikt:鯢|鯢]] ngej
* 07-11/0873m [[wikt:霓|霓]] ngej
* 07-11/0873n [[wikt:蜺|蜺]] ngej, nget
* 07-11/0873o [[wikt:麑|麑]] mej, mjie, ngej
* 07-11/0873p [[wikt:鶂|鶂]] ngek
* 07-11/0873q [[wikt:鬩|鬩]] xek
* 07-11/0873- [[wikt:猊|猊]]

==07-12==
* 07-12/0877a [[wikt:帝|帝]] tejH
* 07-12/0877e [[wikt:揥|揥]] tejH, thejH
* 07-12/0877f [[wikt:諦|諦]] tejH
* 07-12/0877g [[wikt:啼|啼]] dej
* 07-12/0877h [[wikt:蹄|蹄]] dej
* 07-12/0877i [[wikt:禘|禘]] dejH
* 07-12/0877j [[wikt:締|締]] dej, dejH
* 07-12/0877k [[wikt:啻|啻]] syeH
* 07-12/0877m [[wikt:嫡|嫡]] tek
* 07-12/0877n [[wikt:鏑|鏑]] tek
* 07-12/0877o [[wikt:蹢|蹢]] tek, drjek
* 07-12/0877p [[wikt:摘|摘]] thek, treak
* 07-12/0877q [[wikt:敵|敵]] dek
* 07-12/0877r [[wikt:謫|謫]] dreak, treak
* 07-12/0877s [[wikt:適|適]] syek, tsyek
* 07-12/0877t [[wikt:擿|擿]] drjek
* 07-12/0877u [[wikt:讁|讁]] dreak, treak
* 07-12/0877- [[wikt:滴|滴]] tek

==07-13==
* 07-13/0863a [[wikt:知|知]] trje
* 07-13/0863b [[wikt:智|智]] trjeH
* 07-13/0863d [[wikt:蜘|蜘]] trje
* 07-13/0863e [[wikt:踟|踟]] drje

==07-14==
* 07-14/0866a [[wikt:是|是]] dzyeX
* 07-14/0866d [[wikt:諟|諟]] dzyeX
* 07-14/0866e [[wikt:禔|禔]] dej, dzye, tsye
* 07-14/0866f [[wikt:翨|翨]] kjieH, syeH
* 07-14/0866g [[wikt:隄|隄]] tej
* 07-14/0866h [[wikt:鞮|鞮]] dej, tej, tejX
* 07-14/0866i [[wikt:醍|醍]] thejX
* 07-14/0866j [[wikt:緹|緹]] dej, thegX
* 07-14/0866k [[wikt:堤|堤]] dej
* 07-14/0866l [[wikt:媞|媞]] dej
* 07-14/0866m [[wikt:偍|偍]] dej
* 07-14/0866n [[wikt:提|提]] dej, dzye, tejX
* 07-14/0866o [[wikt:蝭|蝭]] dej
* 07-14/0866p [[wikt:題|題]] dej, dejH
* 07-14/0866q [[wikt:踶|踶]] dejH, drjeX
* 07-14/0866r [[wikt:鯷|鯷]] dej, dejH, dzyeX
* 07-14/0866s [[wikt:寔|寔]] dzyik
* 07-14/0866t [[wikt:湜|湜]] dzyik

==07-15==
* 07-15/1238d [[wikt:卮|卮]] tsye ([[wikt:巵|巵]] is an alternative form)

==07-16==
* 07-16/1238b [[wikt:豸|豸]] drjeX

==07-17==
* 07-17

==07-18==
* 07-18/1238e [[wikt:咶|咶]] zyeX

==07-19==
* 07-19/1238f [[wikt:豕|豕]] syeX

==07-20==
an -r series
* 07-20/0359a [[wikt:爾|爾]] nejX, nyeX
* 07-20/0359c [[wikt:邇|邇]] nyeX
* 07-20/0359d [[wikt:嬭|嬭]] nejX
* 07-20/0359g [[wikt:濔|濔]] nejX
* 07-20/0359h [[wikt:禰|禰]] nejX
* 07-20/0359i [[wikt:薾|薾]] net
* 07-20/0359j [[wikt:璽|璽]] sjeX
* 07-20/0359k [[wikt:𤣗|𤣗]] sjenX
* 07-20/0359l [[wikt:獮|獮]] sjenX
* 07-20/0359m [[wikt:彌|彌]] mjie, mjieX
* 07-20/0359o [[wikt:瀰|瀰]] mejX, mjie, mjieX

==07-21==
* 07-21/0878a [[wikt:麗|麗]] lejH
* 07-21/0878c [[wikt:儷|儷]] lejH
* 07-21/0878d [[wikt:攦|攦]] lejH
* 07-21/0878e [[wikt:欐|欐]] lejH
* 07-21/0878f [[wikt:驪|驪]] lej, lje
* 07-21/0878g [[wikt:纚|纚]] lje, sreaX, srjeX
* 07-21/0878h [[wikt:釃|釃]] srje, srjo
* 07-21/0878i [[wikt:灑|灑]] sreaH, sreaX
* 07-21/0878j [[wikt:躧|躧]] srjeX

==07-22==
* 07-22/1241o [[wikt:蠡|蠡]] lejX, lwaX
* 07-22/1241p [[wikt:劙|劙]] lejH, lejX
* 07-22/1241q [[wikt:攭|攭]] lejH, lejX, lje

==07-23==
* 07-23/1241r [[wikt:荔|荔]] lejH, ljeH

==07-24==
* 07-24/0872a [[wikt:詈|詈]] ljeH

==07-25==
* 07-25/0358a [[wikt:此|此]] tshjeX
* 07-25/0358c [[wikt:佌|佌]] tshjeX
* 07-25/0358d [[wikt:庛|庛]] tshjeH
* 07-25/0358e [[wikt:跐|跐]] tshjeX
* 07-25/0358f [[wikt:雌|雌]] tshje
* 07-25/0358g [[wikt:䳄|䳄]] tshje
* 07-25/0358h [[wikt:泚|泚]] tshejX, tshjeX
* 07-25/0358i [[wikt:玼|玼]] tshejX, tshjeX
* 07-25/0358j [[wikt:紫|紫]] tsjeX
* 07-25/0358k [[wikt:訾|訾]] tsje, tsjeX, zje
* 07-25/0358l [[wikt:訿|訿]] tsje, tsjeX, zje
* 07-25/0358m [[wikt:貲|貲]] tsje
* 07-25/0358n [[wikt:髭|髭]] tsje
* 07-25/0358o [[wikt:頿|頿]] tsje
* 07-25/0358p [[wikt:疵|疵]] dzje
* 07-25/0358q [[wikt:骴|骴]] dzje, dzjeH
* 07-25/0358r [[wikt:胔|胔]] dzjeH
* 07-25/0358s [[wikt:眥|眥]] dzejH, dzjeH
* 07-25/0358t [[wikt:觜|觜]] tsje, tsjwe
* 07-25/0358u [[wikt:㧘|㧘]] dzrea
* 07-25/0358v [[wikt:祡|祡]] dzrea
* 07-25/0358x [[wikt:柴|柴]] dzjeH, dzrea, tsjeH
* 07-25/1236a [[wikt:些|些]] saH

==07-26==
* 07-26/0869a [[wikt:斯|斯]] sje, sjeH
* 07-26/0869c [[wikt:凘|凘]] sje
* 07-26/0869d [[wikt:廝|廝]] sje
* 07-26/0869e [[wikt:嘶|嘶]] sej
* 07-26/0869f [[wikt:撕|撕]] sej
* 07-26/0869- [[wikt:蟖|蟖]]
* 07-26/0869- [[wikt:簛|簛]]

==07-27==
* 07-27/0870a [[wikt:虒|虒]] sje
* 07-27/0870b [[wikt:褫|褫]] drje, drjeX, trhjeX
* 07-27/0870c [[wikt:篪|篪]] drje
* 07-27/0870d [[wikt:嗁|嗁]] dej
* 07-27/0870e [[wikt:遞|遞]] dejH, dejX

==07-28==
* 07-28/0871a [[wikt:徙|徙]] sjeX
* 07-28/0871b [[wikt:𢓊|𢓊]] sjeX
* 07-28/0871f [[wikt:蓰|蓰]] sjeX
* 07-28/0871g [[wikt:屣|屣]] srjeX
* 07-28/0871h [[wikt:縰|縰]] srjeX

==07-29==
* 07-29/0874a [[wikt:卑|卑]] pjie
* 07-29/0874c [[wikt:俾|俾]] pjieX
* 07-29/0874d [[wikt:碑|碑]] pje
* 07-29/0874e [[wikt:裨|裨]] bjie, pjie, pjie
* 07-29/0874f [[wikt:髀|髀]] bejX, pjieX
* 07-29/0874g [[wikt:綼|綼]] bek, bjie, bjiek, bjit
* 07-29/0874h [[wikt:脾|脾]] bjie
* 07-29/0874i [[wikt:陴|陴]] bjie
* 07-29/0874k [[wikt:埤|埤]] bjie, bjieX
* 07-29/0874l [[wikt:婢|婢]] bjieX
* 07-29/0874m [[wikt:庳|庳]] bjieX
* 07-29/0874n [[wikt:䫌|䫌]] phejX
* 07-29/0874p [[wikt:鼙|鼙]] bej
* 07-29/0874q [[wikt:椑|椑]] bej
* 07-29/0874r [[wikt:捭|捭]] peaX
* 07-29/0874s [[wikt:稗|稗]] beaH
* 07-29/0874t [[wikt:粺|粺]] beaH
* 07-29/0874u [[wikt:蜱|蜱]] bea
* 07-29/0874v [[wikt:蠯|蠯]] beangX, bjie
* 07-29/0874x [[wikt:鞞|鞞]] pengX, pjieX

==07-30==
* 07-30/- [[wikt:屄|屄]] pjie

==07-31==
* 07-31/0360a [[wikt:弭|弭]] mjieX
* 07-31/0360d [[wikt:渳|渳]] mjieX
* 07-31/0360e [[wikt:麛|麛]] mej
==07-32==
* 07-32/- [[wikt:羋|羋]] mjieX

==07-33==
Baxter &amp; Sagart (personal communication 11 April 2017) combine [[#07-33|07-33]], [[#18-03|18-03]], [[#18-10|18-10]], and [[#18-17|18-17]].
* 07-33/1240c [[wikt:買|買]] meaX
* 07-33/1240e [[wikt:賣|賣]] meaH

=08=

====== 錫 xī [-ek] ======

==08-01==
* 08-01/0854a [[wikt:毄|毄]] khek
* 08-01/0854b [[wikt:擊|擊]] kek
* 08-01/0854c [[wikt:轚|轚]] kejH
* 08-01/0854d [[wikt:繫|繫]] hejH, kejH

==08-02==
* 08-02/0855a [[wikt:鬲|鬲]] keak, lek
* 08-02/0855d [[wikt:搹|搹]] keak
* 08-02/0855e [[wikt:膈|膈]] keak
* 08-02/0855f [[wikt:隔|隔]] keak
* 08-02/0855g [[wikt:翮|翮]] heak
* 08-02/0855h [[wikt:鷊|鷊]] ngek

==08-03==
* 08-03/1260d [[wikt:覡|覡]] hek

==08-04==
* 08-04/0844a [[wikt:戹|戹]] 'eak
* 08-04/0844b [[wikt:厄|厄]] 'eak
* 08-04/0844d [[wikt:軶|軶]] 'eak
* 08-04/0844e [[wikt:軛|軛]] 'eak
* 08-04/0844f [[wikt:扼|扼]] 'eak
* 08-04/0844g [[wikt:阸|阸]] 'eaH, 'eak
* 08-04/0844h [[wikt:阨|阨]] 'eaH, eak

==08-05==
Sagart &amp; Baxter (2009: 232) appear to combine [[#08-05|08-05]] and [[#29-20|29-20]]
*08-05/0849a [[wikt:益|益]] 'jiek
*08-05/0849c [[wikt:嗌|嗌]] 'jiek
*08-05/0849d [[wikt:膉|膉]] 'jiek
*08-05/0849e [[wikt:搤|搤]] 'eak
*08-05/0849f [[wikt:鷁|鷁]] ngek
*08-05/0849g [[wikt:縊|縊]] 'ejH, 'jieH
*08-05/0849h [[wikt:隘|隘]] 'eaH, 'eak

==08-06==
* 08-06/0860a [[wikt:狊|狊]] kwek
* 08-06/0860b [[wikt:鶪|鶪]] kwek
* 08-06/0860c [[wikt:鵙|鵙]] kwek
* 08-06/0860d [[wikt:闃|闃]] khwek

==08-07==
* 08-07/1260f [[wikt:砉|砉]] xwaek, xwek

==08-08==
* 08-08/0851a [[wikt:役|役]] ywek
* 08-08/0851b [[wikt:垼|垼]] yek
* 08-08/0851c [[wikt:疫|疫]] yek

==08-09==
* 08-09/0847a [[wikt:畫|畫]] hweaH, hweak
* 08-09/0847e [[wikt:繣|繣]] hweaH, xweak

==08-10==
* 08-10/0856a [[wikt:狄|狄]] dek
* 08-10/0856d [[wikt:荻|荻]] dek
* 08-10/0856e [[wikt:悐|悐]] thek
* 08-10/0856f [[wikt:逖|逖]] thek

==08-11==
* 08-11/1260c [[wikt:隻|隻]] tsyek

==08-12==
* 08-12/0850a [[wikt:易|易]] yeH, yek
* 08-12/0850f [[wikt:蜴|蜴]] yek
* 08-12/0850g [[wikt:埸|埸]] yek
* 08-12/0850h [[wikt:剔|剔]] thek
* 08-12/0850i [[wikt:惕|惕]] thek
* 08-12/0850k [[wikt:逷|逷]] thek
* 08-12/0850l [[wikt:緆|緆]] sek, thejH
* 08-12/0850m [[wikt:裼|裼]] sek, thejH
* 08-12/0850n [[wikt:錫|錫]] sek
* 08-12/0850p [[wikt:睗|睗]] syek
* 08-12/0850r [[wikt:鬄|鬄]] dejH, sjek, thejH, thek
* 08-12/0850t [[wikt:賜|賜]] sjeH

==08-13==
* 08-13/0858a [[wikt:秝|秝]] lek
* 08-13/0858c [[wikt:厤|厤]] lek
* 08-13/0858e [[wikt:歷|歷]] lek
* 08-13/0858h [[wikt:曆|曆]] lek
* 08-13/0858i [[wikt:磿|磿]] lek

==08-14==
* 08-14/0868a [[wikt:朿|朿]] tshjeH
* 08-14/0868d [[wikt:刺|刺]] tshjeH, tshjek
* 08-14/0868e [[wikt:茦|茦]] tshjeH
* 08-14/0868f [[wikt:𧧒|𧧒]] tshjeH
* 08-14/0868h [[wikt:𨒪|𨒪]] tsjek
* 08-14/0868j [[wikt:𧻕|𧻕]] tshjek
* 08-14/0868l [[wikt:策|策]] tsrheak
* 08-14/0868m [[wikt:責|責]] tsreaH, tsreak
* 08-14/0868o [[wikt:嘖|嘖]] dzreak
* 08-14/0868p [[wikt:幘|幘]] tsreak, tsrheak
* 08-14/0868q [[wikt:簀|簀]] tsreak
* 08-14/0868r [[wikt:皟|皟]] tsrheak
* 08-14/0868s [[wikt:賾|賾]] dzreak
* 08-14/0868t [[wikt:積|積]] tsjeH, tsjek
* 08-14/0868u [[wikt:蹟|蹟]] tsjek
* 08-14/0868v [[wikt:績|績]] tsek
* 08-14/0868x [[wikt:漬|漬]] dzjeH

==08-15==
* 08-15/0845a [[wikt:册|册]] tsrheak
* 08-15/0845g [[wikt:栅|栅]] tsrheak

==08-16==
* 08-16/0846a [[wikt:筴|筴]] tsrheak

==08-17==
* 08-17/0852a [[wikt:脊|脊]] dzjek, tsjek
* 08-17/0852b [[wikt:蹐|蹐]] tsjek
* 08-17/0852c [[wikt:瘠|瘠]] dzjek
* 08-17/0852d [[wikt:膌|膌]] dzjek

==08-18==
* 08-18/0857a [[wikt:析|析]] sek
* 08-18/0857c [[wikt:晳|晳]] sek
* 08-18/0857d [[wikt:皙|皙]] sek
* 08-18/0857e [[wikt:淅|淅]] sek

==08-19==
* 08-19/0853a [[wikt:辟|辟]] bek, bjiek, pjiek
* 08-19/0853d [[wikt:璧|璧]] pjiek
* 08-19/0853g [[wikt:躃|躃]] pjiek
* 08-19/0853h [[wikt:躄|躄]] pjiek
* 08-19/0853i [[wikt:僻|僻]] phjiek
* 08-19/0853j [[wikt:擗|擗]] bjiek
* 08-19/0853k [[wikt:闢|闢]] bjiek
* 08-19/0853l [[wikt:壁|壁]] pek
* 08-19/0853m [[wikt:澼|澼]] phek
* 08-19/0853n [[wikt:甓|甓]] bek, bjieH
* 08-19/0853o [[wikt:幦|幦]] mek
* 08-19/0853p [[wikt:擘|擘]] peak
* 08-19/0853s [[wikt:臂|臂]] pjieH
* 08-19/0853t [[wikt:譬|譬]] phjieH
* 08-19/0853u [[wikt:避|避]] bjieH
* 08-19/0853v [[wikt:嬖|嬖]] pejH
* 08-19/0853x [[wikt:薜|薜]] bejH

==08-20==
* 08-20/- [[wikt:覓|覓]] mek
==08-21==
* 08-21/0859a [[wikt:鼏|鼏]] mek

==08-22==
Schussler suggests that 簚 mek GSR 1260e may also belong to GSR[[#20-18|20-18]].
* 08-22/1260e [[wikt:簚|簚]] mek
==08-23==
* 08-23/- [[wikt:糸|糸]] mek

==08-24==
* 08-24/0848a [[wikt:脈|脈]] meak
* 08-24/0848b [[wikt:脉|脉]] meak
* 08-24/0848c [[wikt:霢|霢]] meak
* 08-24/0848d [[wikt:覛|覛]] meak, mek
* 08-24/0848- [[wikt:眽|眽]] meak
* 08-24/0848- [[wikt:䤨|䤨]] phek
* 08-24/0848- [[wikt:𠂢|𠂢]] phjeaH
* 08-24/0848- [[wikt:派|派]] phjeaH
* 08-24/0848- [[wikt:𥿯|𥿯]] phjeaH

=09=

====== 耕 gēng [-eŋ] ======

==09-01==
Baxter &amp; Sagart (2014: 159) unite [[#09-01|09-01]] and [[#09-17|09-17]].
* 09-01/0831a [[wikt:巠|巠]] keng
* 09-01/0831c [[wikt:經|經]] keng
* 09-01/0831e [[wikt:剄|剄]] kengX
* 09-01/0831f [[wikt:徑|徑]] kengH
* 09-01/0831g [[wikt:涇|涇]] keng
* 09-01/0831i [[wikt:逕|逕]] kengH
* 09-01/0831j [[wikt:𥥻|𥥻]] khengH
* 09-01/0831k [[wikt:脛|脛]] hengH
* 09-01/0831l [[wikt:陘|陘]] heng
* 09-01/0831m [[wikt:勁|勁]] kjiengH
* 09-01/0831n [[wikt:頸|頸]] gjieng, kjiengX
* 09-01/0831o [[wikt:輕|輕]] khjieng, khjiengH
* 09-01/0831p [[wikt:鑋|鑋]] khengH, khjieng
* 09-01/0831q [[wikt:牼|牼]] heang, kheang
* 09-01/0831s [[wikt:硜|硜]] kheang
* 09-01/0831t [[wikt:誙|誙]] heang
* 09-01/0831u [[wikt:莖|莖]] heang
* 09-01/0831v [[wikt:俓|俓]] ngeang
* 09-01/0831x [[wikt:䞓|䞓]] trhjeng

==09-02==
* 09-02/0822a [[wikt:聲|聲]] syeng
* 09-02/0832a [[wikt:殸|殸]] khengH
* 09-02/0832c [[wikt:磬|磬]] khengH
* 09-02/0832d [[wikt:罄|罄]] khengH
* 09-02/0832e [[wikt:謦|謦]] khengX
* 09-02/0832f [[wikt:馨|馨]] xeng

==09-03==
* 09-03/0813a [[wikt:敬|敬]] kjaengH
* 09-03/0813g [[wikt:驚|驚]] kjaeng
* 09-03/0813h [[wikt:儆|儆]] gjaeng, gjaengH, kjaengX, kjiengX
* 09-03/0813i [[wikt:憼|憼]] gjaengX, kjaengX, kjiengX
* 09-03/0813j [[wikt:警|警]] kjaengX, kjiengX
* 09-03/0813k [[wikt:擎|擎]] gjaeng
* 09-03/0813l [[wikt:檠|檠]] gjaeng

==09-04==
* 09-04/0808a [[wikt:耕|耕]] keang
* 09-04/0808b [[wikt:刑|刑]] heng
* 09-04/0808d [[wikt:形|形]] heng
* 09-04/0808e [[wikt:侀|侀]] heng
* 09-04/0808f [[wikt:硎|硎]] heng
* 09-04/0808g [[wikt:鉶|鉶]] heng
* 09-04/0808h [[wikt:鈃|鈃]] heng
* 09-04/0808i [[wikt:荊|荊]] kjaeng

==09-05==
* 09-05/0810a [[wikt:幸|幸]] heangX
* 09-05/0810b [[wikt:倖|倖]] heangX
* 09-05/0810c [[wikt:婞|婞]] hengX
* 09-05/0810d [[wikt:涬|涬]] hengX

==09-06==
* 09-06/0809a [[wikt:耿|耿]] keangX
* 09-06/0809c [[wikt:褧|褧]] khwengX

==09-07==
* 09-07/0828a [[wikt:頃|頃]] khjwieng, khjwiengX
* 09-07/0828b [[wikt:傾|傾]] khjwieng
* 09-07/0828c [[wikt:穎|穎]] kjwiengX, kwengX, ywengX
* 09-07/0828d [[wikt:熲|熲]] kwengX
* 09-07/0828e [[wikt:顈|顈]] khwengX

==09-08==
* 09-08/0842a [[wikt:冋|冋]] kweng
* 09-08/0842c [[wikt:坰|坰]] kweng
* 09-08/0842d [[wikt:扃|扃]] kweng, kwengX
* 09-08/0842e [[wikt:駉|駉]] kweng
* 09-08/0842f [[wikt:絅|絅]] khwengX
* 09-08/0842h [[wikt:泂|泂]] hwengX

==09-09==
* 09-09/0843a [[wikt:熒|熒]] hweng, hwengH, hwengX
* 09-09/0843b [[wikt:檾|檾]] khjwiengX, khwengX
* 09-09/0843c [[wikt:塋|塋]] yweng
* 09-09/0843d [[wikt:榮|榮]] hjwaeng
* 09-09/0843e [[wikt:禜|禜]] hjwaeng, hjwaengH
* 09-09/0843f [[wikt:營|營]] yweng
* 09-09/0843g [[wikt:煢|煢]] gjwieng
* 09-09/0843h [[wikt:縈|縈]] 'jwieng
* 09-09/0843i [[wikt:螢|螢]] hweng
* 09-09/0843j [[wikt:謍|謍]] yweng
* 09-09/0843k [[wikt:瑩|瑩]] 'wengH, hjwaeng
* 09-09/0843l [[wikt:鶯|鶯]] 'eang
* 09-09/0843m [[wikt:嶸|嶸]] hjwaeng, hweang

==09-10==
* 09-10/0814a [[wikt:嬰|嬰]] 'jieng
* 09-10/0814c [[wikt:攖|攖]] 'jieng
* 09-10/0814d [[wikt:癭|癭]] 'jiengX
* 09-10/0814e [[wikt:纓|纓]] 'jieng
* 09-10/0814f [[wikt:嚶|嚶]] 'eang
* 09-10/0814g [[wikt:鸚|鸚]] 'eang
* 09-10/0814h [[wikt:罌|罌]] 'eang

==09-11==
Schuessler (2009: 319) understands 丁 GSR 0833a ([[#09-11|09-11]]) also as the phonetic in [[#32-15|32-15]].
* 09-11/0833a [[wikt:丁|丁]] teng, treang
* 09-11/0833e [[wikt:頂|頂]] tengX
* 09-11/0833f [[wikt:汀|汀]] theng
* 09-11/0833g [[wikt:町|町]] dengX, thengX
* 09-11/0833h [[wikt:亭|亭]] deng
* 09-11/0833i [[wikt:停|停]] deng
* 09-11/0833j [[wikt:正|正]] tsyeng, tsyengH
* 09-11/0833o [[wikt:征|征]] tsyeng
* 09-11/0833r [[wikt:政|政]] tsyengH
* 09-11/0833t [[wikt:整|整]] tsyengX
* 09-11/0833u [[wikt:証|証]] tsyengH
* 09-11/0833v [[wikt:鉦|鉦]] tsyeng
* 09-11/0833y [[wikt:竀|竀]] trhjeng
* 09-11/0833z [[wikt:定|定]] dengH, tengH
* 09-11/1248b [[wikt:綻|綻]] dreanH

==09-12==
* 09-12/0834a [[wikt:鼎|鼎]] tengX
* 09-12/0834g [[wikt:貞|貞]] trjeng
* 09-12/0834j [[wikt:禎|禎]] trjeng
* 09-12/0834k [[wikt:偵|偵]] trhjeng, trhjengH, trjeng
* 09-12/0834l [[wikt:楨|楨]] trjeng
* 09-12/0834m [[wikt:赬|赬]] trhjeng

==09-13==
* 09-13/0363a [[wikt:奠|奠]] deng, dengH, denH
* 09-13/0363e [[wikt:鄭|鄭]] drjengH
* 09-13/0363f [[wikt:躑|躑]] drjek

==09-14==
* 09-14/0818a [[wikt:成|成]] dzyeng
* 09-14/0818e [[wikt:城|城]] dzyeng
* 09-14/0818h [[wikt:誠|誠]] dzyeng
* 09-14/0818i [[wikt:盛|盛]] dzyeng, dzyengH

==09-15==
* 09-15/0815a [[wikt:盈|盈]] yeng
* 09-15/0815c [[wikt:楹|楹]] yeng

==09-16==
* 09-16/0816a [[wikt:嬴|嬴]] yeng
* 09-16/0816e [[wikt:瀛|瀛]] yeng
* 09-16/0816f [[wikt:贏|贏]] yeng

==09-17==
Baxter &amp; Sagart (2014: 159) unite [[#09-01|09-01]] and [[#09-17|09-17]].
* 09-17/0835a [[wikt:𡈼|𡈼]] thengX
* 09-17/0835d [[wikt:廷|廷]] deng, dengH
* 09-17/0835h [[wikt:庭|庭]] deng, thengH
* 09-17/0835i [[wikt:挺|挺]] dengX, thengX
* 09-17/0835j [[wikt:梃|梃]] dengX
* 09-17/0835k [[wikt:筳|筳]] deng
* 09-17/0835l [[wikt:莛|莛]] deng
* 09-17/0835m [[wikt:霆|霆]] deng
* 09-17/0835n [[wikt:蜓|蜓]] dengX, denX
* 09-17/0835o [[wikt:鋌|鋌]] thengX
* 09-17/0835p [[wikt:珽|珽]] theng, thengX
* 09-17/0835q [[wikt:脡|脡]] thengX
* 09-17/0835r [[wikt:呈|呈]] drjeng
* 09-17/0835s [[wikt:珵|珵]] drjeng
* 09-17/0835t [[wikt:程|程]] drjeng
* 09-17/0835u [[wikt:裎|裎]] drjeng
* 09-17/0835v [[wikt:酲|酲]] drjeng, trhjeng
* 09-17/0835x [[wikt:逞|逞]] trhjengX
* 09-17/0835y [[wikt:桯|桯]] yeng
* 09-17/0835z [[wikt:聖|聖]] syengH
* 09-17/0835c' [[wikt:檉|檉]] trhjeng
* 09-17/0835d' [[wikt:聽|聽]] theng, thengH

==09-18==
* 09-18/0836a [[wikt:霝|霝]] leng
* 09-18/0836e [[wikt:𦉢|𦉢]] leng
* 09-18/0836g [[wikt:蘦|蘦]] leng
* 09-18/0836h [[wikt:𧕅|𧕅]] leng
* 09-18/0836i [[wikt:靈|靈]] leng

==09-19==
* 09-19/0823a [[wikt:令|令]] ljeng, ljengH
* 09-19/0823f [[wikt:領|領]] ljengX
* 09-19/0823g [[wikt:伶|伶]] leng
* 09-19/0823h [[wikt:冷|冷]] lengX
* 09-19/0823i [[wikt:囹|囹]] leng
* 09-19/0823j [[wikt:泠|泠]] leng
* 09-19/0823k [[wikt:玲|玲]] leng
* 09-19/0823l [[wikt:笭|笭]] leng
* 09-19/0823n [[wikt:舲|舲]] leng
* 09-19/0823o [[wikt:苓|苓]] leng
* 09-19/0823p [[wikt:蛉|蛉]] leng
* 09-19/0823q [[wikt:軨|軨]] leng
* 09-19/0823r [[wikt:鈴|鈴]] leng
* 09-19/0823u [[wikt:零|零]] leng
* 09-19/0823v [[wikt:鴒|鴒]] leng
* 09-19/0823x [[wikt:齡|齡]] leng

==09-20==
* 09-20/0837a [[wikt:寧|寧]] neng
* 09-20/0837b [[wikt:𡨴|𡨴]] neng
* 09-20/0837c [[wikt:寍|寍]] neng
* 09-20/0837g [[wikt:濘|濘]] nengH
* 09-20/0837h [[wikt:嬣|嬣]] nreang

==09-21==
* 09-21/0820a [[wikt:晶|晶]] tsjeng

==09-22==
* 09-22/0819a [[wikt:井|井]] tsjengX
* 09-22/0819e [[wikt:丼|丼]] tsjengX
* 09-22/0819f [[wikt:妌|妌]] dzjengX
* 09-22/0819h [[wikt:穽|穽]] dzjengX
* 09-22/0819i [[wikt:阱|阱]] dzjengX

==09-23==
* 09-23/0811a [[wikt:爭|爭]] tsreang
* 09-23/0811c [[wikt:崢|崢]] dzreang
* 09-23/0811d [[wikt:淨|淨]] dzjengH
* 09-23/0811e [[wikt:竫|竫]] dzjengX

==09-24==
* 09-24/0821a [[wikt:觲|觲]] sjeng
* 09-24/0821b [[wikt:觪|觪]] sjeng
* 09-24/0821c [[wikt:騂|騂]] sjeng

==09-25==
* 09-25/0812a [[wikt:生|生]] sraeng, srjaeng
* 09-25/0812e [[wikt:牲|牲]] sraeng
* 09-25/0812g [[wikt:甥|甥]] sraeng
* 09-25/0812h [[wikt:笙|笙]] sraeng
* 09-25/0812i [[wikt:眚|眚]] srjengX
* 09-25/0812l [[wikt:省|省]] sjengX
* 09-25/0812q [[wikt:姓|姓]] sjengH
* 09-25/0812s [[wikt:性|性]] sjengH
* 09-25/0812t [[wikt:狌|狌]] sjengH
* 09-25/0812u [[wikt:鼪|鼪]] sjengH
* 09-25/0812v [[wikt:旌|旌]] tsjeng
* 09-25/0812x [[wikt:星|星]] dzjeng, seng
* 09-25/0812y [[wikt:曐|曐]] seng
* 09-25/0812z [[wikt:猩|猩]] seng, sraeng
* 09-25/0812a' [[wikt:腥|腥]] seng, sengH
* 09-25/0812b' [[wikt:醒|醒]] seng, sengH, sengX
* 09-25/0812c' [[wikt:青|青]] tseng, tsheng
* 09-25/0812e' [[wikt:蜻|蜻]] tsheng
* 09-25/0812f' [[wikt:菁|菁]] tseng, tsjeng
* 09-25/0812g' [[wikt:精|精]] tsjeng
* 09-25/0812h' [[wikt:凊|凊]] tshjengH
* 09-25/0812i' [[wikt:清|清]] tshjeng
* 09-25/0812k' [[wikt:請|請]] dzjeng, tshjengX
* 09-25/0812l' [[wikt:情|情]] dzjeng
* 09-25/0812m' [[wikt:靖|靖]] dzjengX
* 09-25/0812n' [[wikt:靜|靜]] dzjengX
* 09-25/0812s' [[wikt:靚|靚]] dzjengX
* 09-25/0812t' [[wikt:綪|綪]] tshenH, tsreang
* 09-25/1250c [[wikt:倩|倩]] tshenH
* 09-25/1250d [[wikt:輤|輤]] tshenH

==09-26==
* 09-26/0825a [[wikt:平|平]] beanH, ben, bjaeng
* 09-26/0825c [[wikt:苹|苹]] beng, bjaeng
* 09-26/0825d [[wikt:萍|萍]] beng
* 09-26/0825e [[wikt:伻|伻]] peang
* 09-26/0825f [[wikt:怦|怦]] pheang
* 09-26/0825g [[wikt:砰|砰]] pheang

==09-27==
Schuessler (2009: 142) unites these series. Baxter &amp; Sagart (2014) concur.
* 09-27/0817a [[wikt:騁|騁]] trhjengX
* 09-27/0839a [[wikt:甹|甹]] pheng
* 09-27/0839c [[wikt:娉|娉]] phjiengH
* 09-27/0839d [[wikt:聘|聘]] pjiengH

==09-28==
* 09-28/0840a [[wikt:竝|竝]] bengX
* 09-28/0840b [[wikt:並|並]] bengX

==09-29==
* 09-29/0824a [[wikt:并|并]] pjieng
* 09-29/0824b [[wikt:并|并]] pjiengH
* 09-29/0824d [[wikt:併|併]] bengX, pjiengH
* 09-29/0824e [[wikt:頩|頩]] pheng, phengX
* 09-29/0824f [[wikt:屏|屏]] beng, pjieng, pjiengH, pjiengX
* 09-29/0824g [[wikt:偋|偋]] bjiengH
* 09-29/0824h [[wikt:洴|洴]] beng
* 09-29/0824i [[wikt:缾|缾]] beng
* 09-29/0824j [[wikt:瓶|瓶]] beng
* 09-29/0824k [[wikt:荓|荓]] beng, pheang
* 09-29/0824l [[wikt:絣|絣]] peang
* 09-29/0824m [[wikt:迸|迸]] peangH
* 09-29/0824n [[wikt:駢|駢]] ben, beng
* 09-29/0824o [[wikt:骿|骿]] ben
* 09-29/0824p [[wikt:胼|胼]] ben
* 09-29/0824q [[wikt:跰|跰]] ben

==09-30==
* 09-30/0841a [[wikt:冥|冥]] meng, mengX
* 09-30/0841b [[wikt:瞑|瞑]] men, meng, menH
* 09-30/0841c [[wikt:溟|溟]] meng
* 09-30/0841d [[wikt:螟|螟]] meng
* 09-30/0841e [[wikt:塓|塓]] mek
* 09-30/0841f [[wikt:幎|幎]] mek
* 09-30/0841g [[wikt:𧜀|𧜀]] mek

==09-31==
Boltz combines [[#03-25|03-25]], [[#03-68|03-68]] and [[#09-31|09-31]]. 
* 09-31/0826a [[wikt:名|名]] mjieng
* 09-31/0826d [[wikt:銘|銘]] meng

==09-32==
* 09-32/0762a [[wikt:命|命]] mjaengH

==09-33==
* 09-33/0827a [[wikt:鳴|鳴]] mjaeng

=10=

====== 侯 hóu [-o] ======

==10-01==
* 10-01/0108a [[wikt:句|句]] kjuH, kuw
* 10-01/0108c [[wikt:鉤|鉤]] kuw
* 10-01/0108d [[wikt:狗|狗]] kuwX
* 10-01/0108e [[wikt:笱|笱]] kuwX
* 10-01/0108f [[wikt:耇|耇]] kuwX
* 10-01/0108h [[wikt:苟|苟]] kuwX
* 10-01/0108i [[wikt:雊|雊]] kuwH
* 10-01/0108j [[wikt:怐|怐]] khuw
* 10-01/0108k [[wikt:敂|敂]] khuwH, khuwX
* 10-01/0108l [[wikt:袧|袧]] khuw
* 10-01/0108m [[wikt:訽|訽]] huwH, xuwH, xuwX
* 10-01/0108n [[wikt:蚼|蚼]] xuwX
* 10-01/0108o [[wikt:枸|枸]] kjuX
* 10-01/0108p [[wikt:拘|拘]] gju, kju, kuw
* 10-01/0108q [[wikt:痀|痀]] kju
* 10-01/0108r [[wikt:駒|駒]] kju
* 10-01/0108t [[wikt:劬|劬]] gju
* 10-01/0108u [[wikt:絇|絇]] gju
* 10-01/0108v [[wikt:胊|胊]] gju
* 10-01/0108x [[wikt:軥|軥]] gju
* 10-01/0108y [[wikt:鴝|鴝]] gju
* 10-01/0108z [[wikt:竘|竘]] khjuX, khuwX
* 10-01/0108a' [[wikt:呴|呴]] xju, xjuH
* 10-01/0108b' [[wikt:姁|姁]] xjuX
* 10-01/0108 [[wikt:昫|昫]] xjuH
* 10-01/0108c' [[wikt:煦|煦]] xjuH, xjuX

==10-02==
* 10-02/0109a [[wikt:冓|冓]] kuwH
* 10-02/0109e [[wikt:媾|媾]] kuwH
* 10-02/0109f [[wikt:搆|搆]] kuwH
* 10-02/0109g [[wikt:構|構]] kuwH
* 10-02/0109h [[wikt:溝|溝]] kuw
* 10-02/0109i [[wikt:篝|篝]] kuw
* 10-02/0109j [[wikt:覯|覯]] kuwH
* 10-02/0109k [[wikt:購|購]] kuwH
* 10-02/0109l [[wikt:遘|遘]] kuwH
* 10-02/1198a [[wikt:講|講]] kaewngX

==10-03==
* 10-03/0110a [[wikt:口|口]] khuwX
* 10-03/0110d [[wikt:叩|叩]] khuwH, khuwX
* 10-03/0110e [[wikt:扣|扣]] khuwH, khuwX
* 10-03/0110f [[wikt:釦|釦]] khuwX

==10-04==
* 10-04/0111a [[wikt:寇|寇]] khuwH

==10-05==
* 10-05/0112a [[wikt:后|后]] huwH, huwX
* 10-05/0112c [[wikt:逅|逅]] huwH
* 10-05/0112d [[wikt:垢|垢]] kuwX
* 10-05/0112e [[wikt:姤|姤]] kuwH
* 10-05/0112f [[wikt:詬|詬]] khuwH, kuwX
* 10-05/0112g [[wikt:㖃|㖃]] xuwH, xuwX

==10-06==
* 10-06/0113a [[wikt:侯|侯]] huw
* 10-06/0113e [[wikt:候|候]] huwH
* 10-06/0113f [[wikt:喉|喉]] huw
* 10-06/0113g [[wikt:猴|猴]] huw
* 10-06/0113h [[wikt:翭|翭]] huw
* 10-06/0113i [[wikt:鍭|鍭]] huw, huwH
* 10-06/0113j [[wikt:餱|餱]] huw

==10-07==
* 10-07/0114a [[wikt:厚|厚]] huwX

==10-08==
* 10-08/0115a [[wikt:後|後]] huwH, huwX

==10-09==
* 10-09/0121a [[wikt:具|具]] gjuH
* 10-09/0121d [[wikt:俱|俱]] kju
* 10-09/0121e [[wikt:椇|椇]] kjuX

==10-10==
* 10-10/0122a [[wikt:區|區]] 'uw, khju
* 10-10/0122c [[wikt:驅|驅]] khju, khjuH
* 10-10/0122d [[wikt:敺|敺]] khju, khjuH
* 10-10/0122g [[wikt:軀|軀]] khju, khjuH
* 10-10/0122h [[wikt:摳|摳]] khju, khuw
* 10-10/0122i [[wikt:嘔|嘔]] 'uw, 'uwX
* 10-10/0122j [[wikt:毆|毆]] 'uwX
* 10-10/0122k [[wikt:漚|漚]] 'uw, 'uwH
* 10-10/0122l [[wikt:甌|甌]] 'uw
* 10-10/0122m [[wikt:謳|謳]] 'uw
* 10-10/0122n [[wikt:傴|傴]] 'juX
* 10-10/0122o [[wikt:嫗|嫗]] 'juH, 'juX
* 10-10/0122p [[wikt:饇|饇]] 'juH
* 10-10/0122q [[wikt:樞|樞]] 'uw, tsyhu
* 10-10/0122r [[wikt:貙|貙]] 'trhju

==10-11==
* 10-11/0124a [[wikt:禺|禺]] ngju, ngjuH
* 10-11/0124c [[wikt:寓|寓]] ngjuH
* 10-11/0124f [[wikt:嵎|嵎]] ngju
* 10-11/0124g [[wikt:愚|愚]] ngju
* 10-11/0124h [[wikt:遇|遇]] ngjuH
* 10-11/0124i [[wikt:隅|隅]] ngju
* 10-11/0124j [[wikt:腢|腢]] ngju, ngjuwX
* 10-11/0124k [[wikt:髃|髃]] ngju, ngjuwX
* 10-11/0124l [[wikt:齵|齵]] ngju, nguw
* 10-11/0124m [[wikt:喁|喁]] ngjowng, ngju, nguwX
* 10-11/0124n [[wikt:偶|偶]] nguwH, nguwX
* 10-11/0124o [[wikt:耦|耦]] nguwX
* 10-11/0124p [[wikt:顒|顒]] ngjowng

==10-12==
* 10-12/0117a [[wikt:兜|兜]] tuw

==10-13==
* 10-13/0116a [[wikt:斗|斗]] tsyuX, tuwX
* 10-13/0116b [[wikt:枓|枓]] tsyuX

==10-14==
* 10-14/1246a [[wikt:𧱓|𧱓]] tuwH

==10-15==
* 10-15/1235b [[wikt:斲|斲]] traewk
* 10-15/1235c [[wikt:鬭|鬭]] tuwH

==10-16==
Baxter &amp; Sagart (personal communication 12 April 2017) combine [[#10-16|10-16]] and [[#10-22|10-22]]. 
* 10-16/0118a [[wikt:豆|豆]] duwH
* 10-16/0118d [[wikt:脰|脰]] duwH
* 10-16/0118e [[wikt:頭|頭]] duw
* 10-16/0118f [[wikt:裋|裋]] dzyuX
* 10-16/0118g [[wikt:豎|豎]] dzyuX
* 10-16/0169a [[wikt:短|短]] twanX

==10-17==
* 10-17/1234a [[wikt:鬥|鬥]] tuwH

==10-18==
* 10-18/0128a [[wikt:朱|朱]] tsyu
* 10-18/0128d [[wikt:侏|侏]] tsyu
* 10-18/0128e [[wikt:珠|珠]] tsyu
* 10-18/0128f [[wikt:株|株]] trju
* 10-18/0128g [[wikt:蛛|蛛]] trju
* 10-18/0128h [[wikt:鼄|鼄]] trju
* 10-18/0128k [[wikt:誅|誅]] trju
* 10-18/0128l [[wikt:跦|跦]] trju
* 10-18/0128m [[wikt:邾|邾]] trju
* 10-18/0128p [[wikt:姝|姝]] tsyhu
* 10-18/0128r [[wikt:袾|袾]] tsyhu, tsyu
* 10-18/0128s [[wikt:殊|殊]] dzyu
* 10-18/0128t [[wikt:銖|銖]] dzyu
* 10-18/0128u [[wikt:咮|咮]] trjuwH, tuwH

==10-19==
* 10-19/0129a [[wikt:主|主]] tsyuX
* 10-19/0129b [[wikt:罜|罜]] tsyuH
* 10-19/0129c [[wikt:注|注]] trjuH, tsyuH
* 10-19/0129d [[wikt:註|註]] trjuH, tsyuH
* 10-19/0129e [[wikt:拄|拄]] trjuX
* 10-19/0129f [[wikt:鉒|鉒]] trjuH
* 10-19/0129g [[wikt:住|住]] drjuH
* 10-19/0129h [[wikt:柱|柱]] drjuX
* 10-19/0129i [[wikt:黈|黈]] thuwX

==10-20==
* 10-20/1232a [[wikt:馵|馵]] tsyuH

==10-21==
* 10-21/0130a [[wikt:殳|殳]] dzyu
* 10-21/0130c [[wikt:投|投]] duw
* 10-21/0323a [[wikt:祋|祋]] twajH

==10-22==
Baxter &amp; Sagart (personal communication 12 April 2017) combine [[#10-16|10-16]] and [[#10-22|10-22]]. 
* 10-22/0127a [[wikt:壴|壴]] trjuH
* 10-22/0127h [[wikt:尌|尌]] dzyuH
* 10-22/0127j [[wikt:樹|樹]] dzyuH, dzyuX
* 10-22/0127m [[wikt:廚|廚]] drju
* 10-22/0127n [[wikt:躕|躕]] drju

==10-23==
* 10-23/0125a [[wikt:俞|俞]] yu
* 10-23/0125c [[wikt:喻|喻]] yuH
* 10-23/0125d [[wikt:愈|愈]] yuX
* 10-23/0125f [[wikt:愉|愉]] yu
* 10-23/0125g [[wikt:榆|榆]] yu
* 10-23/0125h [[wikt:渝|渝]] yu
* 10-23/0125i [[wikt:瑜|瑜]] yu
* 10-23/0125j [[wikt:瘉|瘉]] yuX
* 10-23/0125k [[wikt:羭|羭]] yu
* 10-23/0125l [[wikt:覦|覦]] yu, yuH
* 10-23/0125m [[wikt:諭|諭]] yuH
* 10-23/0125n [[wikt:踰|踰]] yu
* 10-23/0125o [[wikt:逾|逾]] yu
* 10-23/0125p [[wikt:揄|揄]] duwX, yu
* 10-23/0125q [[wikt:窬|窬]] duw, yu
* 10-23/0125r [[wikt:蝓|蝓]] yu, zyu
* 10-23/0125s [[wikt:輸|輸]] syu
* 10-23/0125t [[wikt:歈|歈]] duw
* 10-23/0125u [[wikt:偷|偷]] thuw
* 10-23/0125v [[wikt:媮|媮]] thuw

==10-24==
* 10-24/0126a [[wikt:臾|臾]] yu
* 10-24/0126b [[wikt:庾|庾]] yuX
* 10-24/0126c [[wikt:斞|斞]] yuX
* 10-24/0126d [[wikt:楰|楰]] yuX
* 10-24/0126e [[wikt:腴|腴]] yu
* 10-24/0126f [[wikt:諛|諛]] yu
* 10-24/0126g [[wikt:斔|斔]] yuX

==10-25==
* 10-25/1243b [[wikt:窳|窳]] yuX

==10-26==
* 10-26/1243c [[wikt:戍|戍]] syuH

==10-27==
* 10-27/0120a [[wikt:漏|漏]] luwH

==10-28==
* 10-28/1246b [[wikt:陋|陋]] luwH

==10-29==
* 10-29/0123a [[wikt:婁|婁]] lju, ljuX, luw, luwX
* 10-29/0123b [[wikt:僂|僂]] ljuX, luw
* 10-29/0123c [[wikt:膢|膢]] lju, luw
* 10-29/0123d [[wikt:摟|摟]] luw
* 10-29/0123e [[wikt:蔞|蔞]] lju, ljuX, luw
* 10-29/0123f [[wikt:屢|屢]] ljuH
* 10-29/0123g [[wikt:瘻|瘻]] lju
* 10-29/0123h [[wikt:縷|縷]] ljuX
* 10-29/0123i [[wikt:鞻|鞻]] kjuH, ljuH, luw
* 10-29/0123j [[wikt:塿|塿]] luwX
* 10-29/0123k [[wikt:樓|樓]] luw
* 10-29/0123l [[wikt:螻|螻]] luw, luwH
* 10-29/0123m [[wikt:鏤|鏤]] luwH
* 10-29/0123n [[wikt:髏|髏]] luw
* 10-29/0123o [[wikt:窶|窶]] gjuX
* 10-29/0123p [[wikt:寠|寠]] gjuX
* 10-29/0123q [[wikt:屨|屨]] kjuH
* 10-29/0123r [[wikt:數|數]] srjuX, srjuH
* 10-29/1207a [[wikt:數|數]] sraewk, tshjowk
* 10-29/1207b [[wikt:籔|籔]] srjuX, suwk
* 10-29/1207c [[wikt:藪|藪]] suwX

==10-30==
* 10-30/0133a [[wikt:須|須]] sju
* 10-30/0133d [[wikt:鬚|鬚]] sju
* 10-30/0133e [[wikt:嬃|嬃]] sju
* 10-30/0133f [[wikt:盨|盨]] sjuX

==10-31==
* 10-31/0134a [[wikt:需|需]] sju
* 10-31/0134b [[wikt:繻|繻]] nyu, sju
* 10-31/0134c [[wikt:儒|儒]] nyu
* 10-31/0134d [[wikt:孺|孺]] nyuH
* 10-31/0134e [[wikt:懦|懦]] nwaH, nyu
* 10-31/0134f [[wikt:濡|濡]] nyu
* 10-31/0134g [[wikt:𣽉|𣽉]] nyu
* 10-31/0134h [[wikt:臑|臑]] nyu
* 10-31/0134i [[wikt:襦|襦]] nyu
* 10-31/0134j [[wikt:醹|醹]] nyu, nyuX

==10-32==
* 10-32/0135a [[wikt:乳|乳]] nyuX

==10-33==
* 10-33/0119a [[wikt:走|走]] tsuwX

==10-34==
* 10-34/1229a [[wikt:奏|奏]] tsuwH
* 10-34/1229b [[wikt:湊|湊]] tshuwH
* 10-34/1229c [[wikt:腠|腠]] tshuwH

==10-35==
* 10-35/0131a [[wikt:取|取]] tshuwX, tshjuX, tshjuH
* 10-35/0131e [[wikt:娶|娶]] tshjuH
* 10-35/0131g [[wikt:趣|趣]] tshjowk, tshjuH
* 10-35/0131i [[wikt:娵|娵]] tsju
* 10-35/0131j [[wikt:諏|諏]] tsju
* 10-35/0131k [[wikt:聚|聚]] dzjuH, dzjuX
* 10-35/0131l [[wikt:陬|陬]] tsju, tsuw
* 10-35/0131m [[wikt:掫|掫]] tsju, tsuw
* 10-35/0131n [[wikt:緅|緅]] tsjuH, tsuw
* 10-35/0131o [[wikt:棷|棷]] suwX
* 10-35/0131p [[wikt:菆|菆]] dzwan
* 10-35/0131q [[wikt:驟|驟]] dzrjuwH
* 10-35/0325a [[wikt:最|最]] tswajH
* 10-35/0325c [[wikt:蕞|蕞]] dzwajH
* 10-35/0325d [[wikt:嘬|嘬]] tsrhwaejH, tsrhweajH
* 10-35/0325e [[wikt:撮|撮]] tshwat, tswajH

==10-36==
* 10-36/0132a [[wikt:芻|芻]] tsrhju
* 10-36/0132c [[wikt:趨|趨]] tsrhju
* 10-36/0132d [[wikt:雛|雛]] dzrju
* 10-36/0132e [[wikt:鶵|鶵]] dzrju
* 10-36/0132f [[wikt:縐|縐]] tsrjuwH
* 10-36/0132g [[wikt:騶|騶]] dzrjuwH, tsrjuw
* 10-36/0132h [[wikt:齺|齺]] tsrjuw
* 10-36/0132- [[wikt:皺|皺]] tsrjuw
* 10-36/0132- [[wikt:鄒|鄒]] tsrjuw

==10-37==
* 10-37/1097a [[wikt:叜|叜]] suwX
* 10-37/1097a [[wikt:叟|叟]] suwX
* 10-37/1097c [[wikt:𡨙|𡨙]] suwX
* 10-37/1097d [[wikt:搜|搜]] srjuw, suwX
* 10-37/1097e [[wikt:廋|廋]] srjuw
* 10-37/1097f [[wikt:𣸈|𣸈]] srjuwX
* 10-37/1097g [[wikt:溲|溲]] srjuw
* 10-37/1097h [[wikt:獀|獀]] srjuw
* 10-37/1097i [[wikt:瘦|瘦]] srjuwH
* 10-37/1097j [[wikt:醙|醙]] srjuwX
* 10-37/1097k [[wikt:嫂|嫂]] sawX
* 10-37/1097l [[wikt:謏|謏]] sewX
* 10-37/1097m [[wikt:傁|傁]] suwX
* 10-37/1097n [[wikt:瞍|瞍]] suwX

==10-38==
* 10-38/1230a [[wikt:裒|裒]] buw

==10-39==
* 10-39/0136a [[wikt:付|付]] pjuH
* 10-39/0136c [[wikt:府|府]] pjuX
* 10-39/0136d [[wikt:柎|柎]] bjuX, buwX, pju
* 10-39/0136e [[wikt:跗|跗]] pju
* 10-39/0136f [[wikt:弣|弣]] phjuX
* 10-39/0136g [[wikt:拊|拊]] phjuX
* 10-39/0136h [[wikt:泭|泭]] phju
* 10-39/0136i [[wikt:坿|坿]] bjuH
* 10-39/0136j [[wikt:祔|祔]] bjuH
* 10-39/0136k [[wikt:附|附]] bjuH
* 10-39/0136l [[wikt:駙|駙]] bjuH
* 10-39/0136m [[wikt:符|符]] bju
* 10-39/0136n [[wikt:腐|腐]] bjuX
* 10-39/0136o [[wikt:胕|胕]] bjuH
* 10-39/0136p [[wikt:蚹|蚹]] bjuH
* 10-39/0136q [[wikt:鮒|鮒]] bjuH
* 10-39/0136r [[wikt:俯|俯]] pjuX

==10-40==
* 10-40/0137a [[wikt:鳧|鳧]] bju

=011=

====== 屋 wū [-ok] ======

==11-01==
* 11-01/1203a [[wikt:哭|哭]] khuwk

==11-02==
* 11-02/1225a [[wikt:角|角]] kaewk
* 11-02/1225d [[wikt:桷|桷]] kaewk
* 11-02/1225e [[wikt:确|确]] haewk
* 11-02/1225f [[wikt:斛|斛]] huwk

==11-03==
* 11-03/1226a [[wikt:㱿|㱿]] khaewk
* 11-03/1226a [[wikt:殼|殼]] khaewk
* 11-03/1226b [[wikt:愨|愨]] khaewk
* 11-03/1226c [[wikt:慤|慤]] khaewk
* 11-03/1226d [[wikt:瑴|瑴]] kaewk
* 11-03/1226g [[wikt:嗀|嗀]] xaewk, xuwk
* 11-03/1226h [[wikt:榖|榖]] kuwk
* 11-03/1226i [[wikt:穀|穀]] kuwk
* 11-03/1226j [[wikt:轂|轂]] kuwk
* 11-03/1226k [[wikt:縠|縠]] huwk
* 11-03/1226l [[wikt:觳|觳]] haewk, huwk, khaewk
* 11-03/1226m [[wikt:㝅|㝅]] kuwH
* 11-03/1226p [[wikt:彀|彀]] kuwH
* 11-03/1226q [[wikt:鷇|鷇]] khuwH

==11-04==
* 11-04/1213a [[wikt:曲|曲]] khjowk

==11-05==
* 11-05/1214a [[wikt:局|局]] gjowk
* 11-05/1214b [[wikt:跼|跼]] gjowk
* 11-05/1214c [[wikt:挶|挶]] kjowk
* 11-05/1214d [[wikt:梮|梮]] kjowk

==11-06==
* 11-06/1204a [[wikt:屋|屋]] 'uwk
* 11-06/1204b [[wikt:剭|剭]] 'uwk
* 11-06/1204c [[wikt:偓|偓]] 'aewk
* 11-06/1204d [[wikt:喔|喔]] 'aewk
* 11-06/1204e [[wikt:幄|幄]] 'aewk
* 11-06/1204f [[wikt:握|握]] 'aewk
* 11-06/1204g [[wikt:渥|渥]] 'aewk, 'uwH
* 11-06/1204h [[wikt:腛|腛]] 'aewk

==11-07==
* 11-07/1217a [[wikt:勖|勖]] xjowk

==11-08==
* 11-08/1227a [[wikt:岳|岳]] ngaewk

==11-09==
* 11-09/1216a [[wikt:玉|玉]] ngjowk
* 11-09/1216d [[wikt:頊|頊]] xjowk

==11-10==
* 11-10/1215a [[wikt:獄|獄]] ngjowk
* 11-10/1215c [[wikt:嶽|嶽]] ngaewk
* 11-10/1215d [[wikt:鸑|鸑]] ngaewk

==11-11==
* 11-11/1205a [[wikt:禿|禿]] thuwk

==11-12==
* 11-12/1224a [[wikt:蜀|蜀]] dzyowk
* 11-12/1224d [[wikt:蠋|蠋]] dzyowk
* 11-12/1224e [[wikt:燭|燭]] tsyowk
* 11-12/1224f [[wikt:臅|臅]] tsyhowk
* 11-12/1224g [[wikt:觸|觸]] tsyhowk
* 11-12/1224h [[wikt:躅|躅]] drjowk
* 11-12/1224i [[wikt:獨|獨]] duwk
* 11-12/1224j [[wikt:襡|襡]] duwk
* 11-12/1224k [[wikt:韣|韣]] duwk, dzyowk, tsyowk
* 11-12/1224l [[wikt:䪅|䪅]] dzyowk, tsyowk
* 11-12/1224m [[wikt:髑|髑]] duwk
* 11-12/1224n [[wikt:噣|噣]] tuwH
* 11-12/1224o [[wikt:斀|斀]] traewk
* 11-12/1224p [[wikt:濁|濁]] traewk
* 11-12/1224q [[wikt:鐲|鐲]] draewk
* 11-12/1224r [[wikt:擉|擉]] tsrhaewk
* 11-12/1224s [[wikt:屬|屬]] dzyowk, tsyowk
* 11-12/1224t [[wikt:斸|斸]] trjowk
* 11-12/1224u [[wikt:欘|欘]] trjowk
* 11-12/1224v [[wikt:钃|钃]] trjowk
* 11-12/1224x [[wikt:䠱|䠱]] drjowk

==11-13==
* 11-13/1218a [[wikt:豖|豖]] trhjowk
* 11-13/1218b [[wikt:啄|啄]] traewk, tuwk
* 11-13/1218c [[wikt:椓|椓]] traewk
* 11-13/1218d [[wikt:㧻|㧻]] traewk
* 11-13/1218e [[wikt:涿|涿]] traewk
* 11-13/1218f [[wikt:琢|琢]] traewk
* 11-13/1218g [[wikt:諑|諑]] traewk
* 11-13/1218h [[wikt:冢|冢]] trjowngX
* 11-13/1218- [[wikt:瘃|瘃]] trjowk

==11-14==
* 11-14/1202a [[wikt:谷|谷]] kuwk
* 11-14/1202d [[wikt:欲|欲]] yowk
* 11-14/1202e [[wikt:慾|慾]] yowk
* 11-14/1202f [[wikt:浴|浴]] yowk
* 11-14/1202g [[wikt:鵒|鵒]] yowk
* 11-14/1202h [[wikt:裕|裕]] yuH
* 11-14/1220a [[wikt:俗|俗]] zjowk

==11-15==
* 11-15/1208a [[wikt:彔|彔]] luwk
* 11-15/1208e [[wikt:盝|盝]] luwk
* 11-15/1208f [[wikt:琭|琭]] luwk
* 11-15/1208g [[wikt:睩|睩]] luwk
* 11-15/1208h [[wikt:祿|祿]] luwk
* 11-15/1208i [[wikt:㯟|㯟]] luwk
* 11-15/1208k [[wikt:綠|綠]] ljowk
* 11-15/1208l [[wikt:菉|菉]] ljowk
* 11-15/1208m [[wikt:錄|錄]] ljowk
* 11-15/1228a [[wikt:剝|剝]] paewk

==11-16==
* 11-16/1209a [[wikt:鹿|鹿]] luwk
* 11-16/1209e [[wikt:摝|摝]] luwk
* 11-16/1209f [[wikt:漉|漉]] luwk
* 11-16/1209h [[wikt:麓|麓]] luwk

==11-17==
* 11-17/1223a [[wikt:辱|辱]] nyowk
* 11-17/1223b [[wikt:溽|溽]] nyowk
* 11-17/1223c [[wikt:縟|縟]] nyowk
* 11-17/1223d [[wikt:蓐|蓐]] nyowk
* 11-17/1223e [[wikt:槈|槈]] nuwH
* 11-17/1223f [[wikt:耨|耨]] nuwH

==11-18==
* 11-18/1206a [[wikt:族|族]] dzuwk
* 11-18/1206d [[wikt:鏃|鏃]] tsuwk
* 11-18/1206e [[wikt:瘯|瘯]] tshuwk
* 11-18/1206f [[wikt:蔟|蔟]] tshuwH, tshuwk
* 11-18/1206g [[wikt:嗾|嗾]] tshuwH

==11-19==
* 11-19/1219a [[wikt:足|足]] tsjowk, tsjuH
* 11-19/1219c [[wikt:哫|哫]] tsjowk
* 11-19/1219d [[wikt:促|促]] tshjowk
* 11-19/1219e [[wikt:捉|捉]] tsraewk

==11-20==
* 11-20/1221a [[wikt:粟|粟]] sjowk

==11-21==
* 11-21/1222a [[wikt:束|束]] syowk
* 11-21/1222g [[wikt:誎|誎]] tshjowk
* 11-21/1222i [[wikt:速|速]] suwk
* 11-21/1222k [[wikt:餗|餗]] suwk
* 11-21/1222l [[wikt:駷|駷]] suwH, suwX
* 11-21/1222m [[wikt:悚|悚]] sjowngX
* 11-21/1222n [[wikt:竦|竦]] sjowngX
* 11-21/1222o [[wikt:欶|欶]] sraewk
* 11-21/1222p [[wikt:樕|樕]] suwk
* 11-21/1222q [[wikt:蔌|蔌]] suwk
* 11-21/1222r [[wikt:遫|遫]] suwk
* 11-21/1222s [[wikt:嗽|嗽]] suwH
* 11-21/1222t [[wikt:漱|漱]] suwH

==11-22==
* 11-22/1210a [[wikt:卜|卜]] puwk
* 11-22/1210e [[wikt:扑|扑]] phuwk
* 11-22/1210f [[wikt:朴|朴]] phaewk
* 11-22/1210g [[wikt:仆|仆]] bok, phjuH, phjuwH, phuwH
* 11-22/1210h [[wikt:訃|訃]] phjuH
* 11-22/1210i [[wikt:赴|赴]] phjuH

==11-23==
* 11-23/1211a [[wikt:菐|菐]] buwk
* 11-23/1211b [[wikt:僕|僕]] bowk, buwk, phuwk
* 11-23/1211g [[wikt:樸|樸]] buwk, phuwk, puwk
* 11-23/1211i [[wikt:轐|轐]] puwk
* 11-23/1211j [[wikt:撲|撲]] phuwk
* 11-23/1211m [[wikt:墣|墣]] phaewk, phuwk
* 11-23/1211n [[wikt:璞|璞]] phaewk

==11-24==
* 11-24/1212a [[wikt:木|木]] muwk
* 11-24/1212e [[wikt:沐|沐]] muwk
* 11-24/1212f [[wikt:霂|霂]] muwk

=12=

====== 東 dōng [-oŋ] ======

==12-01==
* 12-01/1172a [[wikt:工|工]] kuwng
* 12-01/1172d [[wikt:功|功]] kuwng
* 12-01/1172e [[wikt:攻|攻]] kuwng
* 12-01/1172g [[wikt:貢|貢]] kuwngH
* 12-01/1172h [[wikt:空|空]] khuwng, khuwngH, khuwngX
* 12-01/1172i [[wikt:紅|紅]] huwng
* 12-01/1172j [[wikt:虹|虹]] huwng, kaewngH
* 12-01/1172k [[wikt:訌|訌]] huwng
* 12-01/1172l [[wikt:䲨|䲨]] huwng
* 12-01/1172m [[wikt:𨾊|𨾊]] huwng
* 12-01/1172p [[wikt:𢀜|𢀜]] kjowngX
* 12-01/1172s [[wikt:邛|邛]] gjowng
* 12-01/1172u [[wikt:杠|杠]] kaewng
* 12-01/1172v [[wikt:江|江]] kaewng
* 12-01/1172x [[wikt:矼|矼]] kaewng, khuwngH
* 12-01/1172y [[wikt:項|項]] haewngX
* 12-01/1172z [[wikt:悾|悾]] khaewng, khuwng, khuwngH
* 12-01/1172a' [[wikt:控|控]] khaewngH, khuwngH
* 12-01/1172b' [[wikt:椌|椌]] khaewng
* 12-01/1172c' [[wikt:鞏|鞏]] kjowngX
* 12-01/1172d' [[wikt:恐|恐]] khjowngX
* 12-01/1172e' [[wikt:蛩|蛩]] gjowng
* 12-01/1172f' [[wikt:跫|跫]] gjowng, khaewng
* 12-01/1172g' [[wikt:鴻|鴻]] huwng

==12-02==
* 12-02/1174a [[wikt:孔|孔]] khuwngX

==12-03==
* 12-03/1182a [[wikt:廾|廾]] kjowngX
* 12-03/1182b [[wikt:𠬞|𠬞]] kjowngX
* 12-03/1182c [[wikt:共|共]] gjowngH
* 12-03/1182e [[wikt:拱|拱]] kjowngX
* 12-03/1182f [[wikt:供|供]] kjowng, kjowngH
* 12-03/1182g [[wikt:龏|龏]] kjuwng
* 12-03/1182k [[wikt:龔|龔]] kjuwng
* 12-03/1182l [[wikt:恭|恭]] kjowng, kuwng
* 12-03/1182m [[wikt:拲|拲]] kjowk, kjowngX
* 12-03/1182n [[wikt:輁|輁]] gjowng, kjowngX
* 12-03/1182o [[wikt:洪|洪]] huwng
* 12-03/1182p [[wikt:鬨|鬨]] haewngH, huwngH
* 12-03/1182q [[wikt:閧|閧]] haewngH, huwngH
* 12-03/1182r [[wikt:烘|烘]] xuwng
* 12-03/1182s [[wikt:巷|巷]] haewngH
* 12-03/1182t [[wikt:輂|輂]] kjowk

==12-04==
* 12-04/1184a [[wikt:邕|邕]] 'jowng
* 12-04/1184c [[wikt:雝|雝]] 'jowng
* 12-04/1184h [[wikt:雍|雍]] 'jowng, 'jowngX
* 12-04/1184i [[wikt:壅|壅]] 'jowng, 'jowngH, 'jowngX
* 12-04/1184j [[wikt:廱|廱]] 'jowng
* 12-04/1184k [[wikt:擁|擁]] 'jowngX
* 12-04/1184l [[wikt:癰|癰]] 'jowng
* 12-04/1184m [[wikt:饔|饔]] 'jowng
* 12-04/1184o [[wikt:罋|罋]] 'jowng, 'jowngH
* 12-04/1184p [[wikt:甕|甕]] 'uwngH

==12-05==
* 12-05/1183a [[wikt:凶|凶]] xjowng
* 12-05/1183b [[wikt:兇|兇]] xjowng
* 12-05/1183c [[wikt:訩|訩]] xjowng
* 12-05/1183d [[wikt:匈|匈]] xjowng
* 12-05/1183e [[wikt:胷|胷]] xjowng
* 12-05/1183f [[wikt:胸|胸]] xjowng
* 12-05/1183g [[wikt:洶|洶]] xjowng, xjowngX
* 12-05/1243a [[wikt:酗|酗]] xjuH

==12-06==
* 12-06/1175a [[wikt:東|東]] tuwng
* 12-06/1175e [[wikt:凍|凍]] tuwngH
* 12-06/1175f [[wikt:棟|棟]] tuwngH
* 12-06/1175g [[wikt:涷|涷]] tuwngH
* 12-06/1175h [[wikt:蝀|蝀]] tuwng
* 12-06/1175- [[wikt:倲|倲]]
* 12-06/1175- [[wikt:鯟|鯟]]
* 12-06/1175- [[wikt:崠|崠]]
* 12-06/1175- [[wikt:埬|埬]]
* 12-06/1175- [[wikt:棟|棟]]
* 12-06/1175- [[wikt:㨂|㨂]] tuwngX

==12-07==
* 12-07/1189a [[wikt:妐|妐]] tsyowng

==12-08==
* 12-08/1188a [[wikt:重|重]] drjowng, drjowngX
* 12-08/1188b [[wikt:偅|偅]] tsyowngH
* 12-08/1188c [[wikt:湩|湩]] trjowngH, tuwngH
* 12-08/1188d [[wikt:種|種]] tsyowngH, tsyowngX
* 12-08/1188e [[wikt:腫|腫]] tsyowngX
* 12-08/1188f [[wikt:踵|踵]] tsyowngX
* 12-08/1188g [[wikt:鍾|鍾]] tsyowng
* 12-08/1188j [[wikt:衝|衝]] tsyhowng
* 12-08/1188k [[wikt:尰|尰]] dzyowngX
* 12-08/1188l [[wikt:董|董]] tuwngX
* 12-08/1188m [[wikt:動|動]] duwngX
* 12-08/1188n [[wikt:慟|慟]] duwngH
* 12-08/1188o [[wikt:童|童]] duwng
* 12-08/1188r [[wikt:僮|僮]] duwng
* 12-08/1188s [[wikt:瞳|瞳]] thuwng
* 12-08/1188t [[wikt:穜|穜]] drjowng, duwng
* 12-08/1188u [[wikt:𣦟|𣦟]] tsyowngX
* 12-08/1188x [[wikt:鐘|鐘]] tsyowng
* 12-08/1188a' [[wikt:𠟍|𠟍]] tsyhowng
* 12-08/1188b' [[wikt:憧|憧]] draewngH, tsyhowng
* 12-08/1188c' [[wikt:罿|罿]] duwng, tsyhowng
* 12-08/1188d' [[wikt:𤺄|𤺄]] dzyowngX
* 12-08/1188e' [[wikt:幢|幢]] draewng
* 12-08/1188f' [[wikt:撞|撞]] draewng, draewngH
* 12-08/1248a [[wikt:畽|畽]] thwanX

==12-09==
* 12-09/1176a [[wikt:同|同]] duwng
* 12-09/1176d [[wikt:銅|銅]] duwng
* 12-09/1176e [[wikt:桐|桐]] duwng
* 12-09/1176g [[wikt:筒|筒]] duwng
* 12-09/1176h [[wikt:洞|洞]] duwngH
* 12-09/1176i [[wikt:詷|詷]] duwng
* 12-09/1176j [[wikt:侗|侗]] duwng, duwngX, thuwng, thuwngH
* 12-09/1176k [[wikt:恫|恫]] thuwng, thuwngH

==12-10==
* 12-10/1185a [[wikt:用|用]] yowngH
* 12-10/1185f [[wikt:𢦨|𢦨]] yowngX
* 12-10/1185h [[wikt:甬|甬]] yowngX
* 12-10/1185j [[wikt:俑|俑]] yowngX
* 12-10/1185k [[wikt:勇|勇]] yowngX
* 12-10/1185l [[wikt:涌|涌]] yowngX
* 12-10/1185m [[wikt:蛹|蛹]] yowngX
* 12-10/1185n [[wikt:踊|踊]] yowngX
* 12-10/1185o [[wikt:誦|誦]] zjowngH
* 12-10/1185p [[wikt:桶|桶]] thuwngX
* 12-10/1185q [[wikt:痛|痛]] thuwngH
* 12-10/1185r [[wikt:通|通]] thuwng
* 12-10/1185t [[wikt:筩|筩]] duwng
* 12-10/1185u [[wikt:湧|湧]] yowngX
* 12-10/1185x [[wikt:庸|庸]] yowng
* 12-10/1185y [[wikt:傭|傭]] trhjowng, yowng
* 12-10/1185z [[wikt:墉|墉]] yowng
* 12-10/1185a' [[wikt:鏞|鏞]] yowng

==12-10A==
* 12-10A/1186a [[wikt:𦤘|𦤘]] yowng

==12-11==
Baxter &amp; Sagart combine with [[#12-13|12-13]]; Schuessler appears to agree, citing Unger, but does not reflect this decision in the number of his series. A uvular series.
* 12-11/1187a [[wikt:容|容]] yowng
* 12-11/1187b [[wikt:溶|溶]] yowng
* 12-11/1187c [[wikt:蓉|蓉]] yowng

==12-12==
* 12-12/1192a [[wikt:舂|舂]] syowng
* 12-12/1192c [[wikt:摏|摏]] syowng
* 12-12/1192d [[wikt:憃|憃]] syowng, trhaewng, trhjowngH

==12-13==
Baxter &amp; Sagart further combine with [[#12-11|12-11]]. A uvular series.
* 12-13/1173a [[wikt:公|公]] kuwng
* 12-13/1173g [[wikt:瓮|瓮]] 'uwngH
* 12-13/1190a [[wikt:松|松]] zjowng
* 12-13/1190b [[wikt:訟|訟]] zjowng, zjowngH
* 12-13/1190d [[wikt:頌|頌]] zjowngH
* 12-13/1190f [[wikt:崧|崧]] sjuwng

==12-14==
* 12-14/1180a [[wikt:弄|弄]] luwngH

==12-15==
* 12-15/1193a [[wikt:龍|龍]] ljowng, maewng
* 12-15/1193f [[wikt:壟|壟]] ljowngX
* 12-15/1193g [[wikt:隴|隴]] ljowngX
* 12-15/1193h [[wikt:蘢|蘢]] ljowng, luwng
* 12-15/1193i [[wikt:龐|龐]] luwng
* 12-15/1193k [[wikt:礱|礱]] luwng
* 12-15/1193l [[wikt:籠|籠]] luwng, luwngX, ljowng
* 12-15/1193m [[wikt:聾|聾]] luwng
* 12-15/1193o [[wikt:蠪|蠪]] luwng
* 12-15/1193p [[wikt:寵|寵]] trhjowngX
* 12-15/1193- [[wikt:朧|朧]]

==12-16==
* 12-16/1194a [[wikt:茸|茸]] nyowng, nyowngX

==12-17==
* 12-17/1195a [[wikt:氄|氄]] nyowng

==12-18==
* 12-18/1196a [[wikt:宂|宂]] nyowngX

==12-19==
* 12-19/1199a [[wikt:囱|囱]] tsrhaewng
* 12-19/1199b [[wikt:匆|匆]] tsrhaewng
* 12-19/1199c [[wikt:悤|悤]] tshuwng
* 12-19/1199d [[wikt:怱|怱]] tshuwng
* 12-19/1199f [[wikt:聰|聰]] tshuwng
* 12-19/1199g [[wikt:蔥|蔥]] tshuwng, tsrhaewng
* 12-19/1199h [[wikt:葱|葱]] tshuwng
* 12-19/1199i [[wikt:總|總]] tsuwngX
* 12-19/1199j [[wikt:緫|緫]] tsuwng, tsuwngX
* 12-19/1199k [[wikt:揔|揔]] tsuwng, tsuwngX
* 12-19/1199l [[wikt:窻|窻]] tsrhaewng
* 12-19/1199m [[wikt:䆫|䆫]] tsrhaewng
* 12-19/1199- [[wikt:窗|窗]] tsrhaewng

==12-20==
* 12-20/1177a [[wikt:㚇|㚇]] tsuwng, tsuwngH
* 12-20/1177b [[wikt:惾|惾]] tsuwng
* 12-20/1177c [[wikt:椶|椶]] tsuwng
* 12-20/1177e [[wikt:稯|稯]] tsuwng
* 12-20/1177f [[wikt:鬷|鬷]] tsuwng

==12-21==
* 12-21/1178a [[wikt:叢|叢]] dzuwng

==12-22==
* 12-22/1191a [[wikt:从|从]] dzjowng
* 12-22/1191d [[wikt:從|從]] dzjowng, dzjowngH, tshjowng, tsjowng, tsuwngX
* 12-22/1191h [[wikt:縱|縱]] tsjowngH, tsuwngX
* 12-22/1191i [[wikt:樅|樅]] tshjowng, tsjowng
* 12-22/1191j [[wikt:聳|聳]] sjowngX
* 12-22/1191k [[wikt:豵|豵]] tsuwng
* 12-22/1191- [[wikt:蹤|蹤]] tsjowng

==12-23==
* 12-23/1179a [[wikt:送|送]] suwngH

==12-24==
* 12-24/1200a [[wikt:雙|雙]] sraewng

==12-25==
* 12-25/1197a [[wikt:丰|丰]] phjowng
* 12-25/1197d [[wikt:蚌|蚌]] baewngX
* 12-25/1197e [[wikt:邦|邦]] paewng
* 12-25/1197i [[wikt:封|封]] pjowng
* 12-25/1197k [[wikt:葑|葑]] phjowng
* 12-25/1197l [[wikt:䋽|䋽]] paewngX, puwngX
* 12-25/1197m [[wikt:夆|夆]] bjowng, phjowng
* 12-25/1197o [[wikt:逢|逢]] bjowng, buwng
* 12-25/1197p [[wikt:𢓱|𢓱]] bjowng
* 12-25/1197r [[wikt:烽|烽]] phjowng
* 12-25/1197s [[wikt:蜂|蜂]] phjowng
* 12-25/1197t [[wikt:𧒒|𧒒]] phjowng
* 12-25/1197u [[wikt:鋒|鋒]] phjowng
* 12-25/1197v [[wikt:摓|摓]] bjowng
* 12-25/1197x [[wikt:縫|縫]] bjowng, bjowngH
* 12-25/1197y [[wikt:蓬|蓬]] buwng
* 12-25/1197z [[wikt:奉|奉]] bjowngX, phjowngX
* 12-25/1197b' [[wikt:捧|捧]] phjowngX
* 12-25/1197c' [[wikt:俸|俸]] bjowngH
* 12-25/1197d' [[wikt:唪|唪]] buwngX, puwngX
* 12-25/1197e' [[wikt:琫|琫]] puwngX
* 12-25/1197f' [[wikt:菶|菶]] puwngX
* 12-25/1197g' [[wikt:蜯|蜯]] baewngX
* 12-25/1197- [[wikt:幫|幫]] pang

==12-26==
* 12-26/1201a [[wikt:尨|尨]] maewng
* 12-26/1201c [[wikt:哤|哤]] maewng
* 12-26/1201d [[wikt:駹|駹]] maewng
* 12-26/1201e [[wikt:厖|厖]] maewng

==12-27==
* 12-27/1181a [[wikt:蒙|蒙]] muwng
* 12-27/1181b [[wikt:幪|幪]] muwngX
* 12-27/1181c [[wikt:矇|矇]] muwng
* 12-27/1181d [[wikt:濛|濛]] muwng
* 12-27/1181e [[wikt:蠓|蠓]] muwng, muwngX
* 12-27/1181f [[wikt:饛|饛]] muwng
* 12-27/1181- [[wikt:朦|朦]]

=13=

====== 幽 yōu [-u] ======

==13-01==
* 13-01/1040a [[wikt:皐|皐]] kaw
* 13-01/1040b [[wikt:皋|皋]] kaw
* 13-01/1040c [[wikt:槹|槹]] kaw
* 13-01/1040d [[wikt:噑|噑]] haw
* 13-01/1040e [[wikt:暭|暭]] hawX
* 13-01/1040f [[wikt:皡|皡]] hawX
* 13-01/1040g [[wikt:皞|皞]] hawX
* 13-01/1040h [[wikt:翶|翶]] ngaw

==13-02==
* 13-02/1244c [[wikt:杲|杲]] kawX

==13-03==
Schuessler (2009: 171. 196) divides into two series, viz. [[#13-03|13-03]] and [[#16-08|16-08]]. Baxter &amp; Sagart (2014: 166-167) unite [[#13-03|13-03]] with [[#13-43|13-43]].
* 13-03/1041a [[wikt:丂|丂]] khawX
* 13-03/1041d [[wikt:考|考]] khawX
* 13-03/1041j [[wikt:攷|攷]] khawX
* 13-03/1041l [[wikt:巧|巧]] khaewH, khaewX
* 13-03/1041m [[wikt:朽|朽]] xjuwX
* 13-03/1041n [[wikt:㱙|㱙]] xjuwX
* 13-03/1041o [[wikt:栲|栲]] khawX

==13-04==
* 13-04/1042a [[wikt:昊|昊]] hawX

==13-05==
* 13-05/1043a [[wikt:顥|顥]] hawX

==13-06==
* 13-06/1065a [[wikt:韭|韭]] kjuwX
* 13-06/1065b [[wikt:韮|韮]] kjuwX

==13-07==
* 13-07/1068a [[wikt:咎|咎]] gjuwX, kaw
* 13-07/1068c [[wikt:𣓌|𣓌]] kaw, kawX
* 13-07/1068e [[wikt:鼛|鼛]] kaw
* 13-07/1068f [[wikt:櫜|櫜]] kaw

==13-07A==
* 13-07A/1070m [[wikt:梟|梟]] kew
* 13-07A/1070n [[wikt:𣻏|𣻏]] kew

==13-08==
Schuessler (2009: 171-172) puts 收 GSR 1103a and 荍 GSR 1139a in [[#13-08|13-08]].
* 13-08/1064a [[wikt:丩|丩]] kjiw, kjiwX
* 13-08/1064b [[wikt:糾|糾]] gjiewX, kjiwX
* 13-08/1064c [[wikt:糺|糺]] kjiwX
* 13-08/1064d [[wikt:赳|赳]] kjiwX
* 13-08/1064e [[wikt:虯|虯]] gjiw, kjiw
* 13-08/1064f [[wikt:觓|觓]] gjiw
* 13-08/1064g [[wikt:叫|叫]] kewH
* 13-08/1064h [[wikt:訆|訆]] kewH
* 13-08/1064i [[wikt:嘂|嘂]] kewH
* 13-08/1103a [[wikt:收|收]] syuw
* 13-08/1139a [[wikt:荍|荍]] gjiew

==13-09==
* 13-09/1044a [[wikt:好|好]] xawH, xawX

==13-10==
* 13-10/1244d [[wikt:薅|薅]] xaw

==13-11==
* 13-11/1070a [[wikt:休|休]] xjuw
* 13-11/1070g [[wikt:咻|咻]] xjuw
* 13-11/1070h [[wikt:貅|貅]] xjuw
* 13-11/1070i [[wikt:鵂|鵂]] xjuw
* 13-11/1070j [[wikt:髹|髹]] xjuw
* 13-11/1070k [[wikt:茠|茠]] xaw
* 13-11/1070l [[wikt:烋|烋]] xaew

==13-12==
* 13-12/1088a [[wikt:臭|臭]] tsyhuwH
* 13-12/1088c [[wikt:嗅|嗅]] xjuwH
* 13-12/1088d [[wikt:糗|糗]] khjuwX

==13-13==
* 13-13/1089a [[wikt:醜|醜]] tsyhuwX

==13-14==
* 13-14/1071a [[wikt:憂|憂]] 'juw
* 13-14/1071d [[wikt:優|優]] 'juw
* 13-14/1071e [[wikt:懮|懮]] 'juwX
* 13-14/1071f [[wikt:瀀|瀀]] 'juw
* 13-14/1071g [[wikt:纋|纋]] 'juw
* 13-14/1071h [[wikt:耰|耰]] 'juw

==13-15==
* 13-15/1072a [[wikt:麀|麀]] 'juw

==13-16==
* 13-16/1115a [[wikt:幺|幺]] 'ew
* 13-16/1115b [[wikt:𢆶|𢆶]] 'jiw, 'juw
* 13-16/1115c [[wikt:幽|幽]] 'jiw
* 13-16/1115f [[wikt:幼|幼]] 'jiwH
* 13-16/1115g [[wikt:呦|呦]] 'jiw
* 13-16/1115h [[wikt:黝|黝]] 'jiwX
* 13-16/1115i [[wikt:窈|窈]] 'ewX
* 13-16/1115j [[wikt:坳|坳]] 'aew

==13-17==
* 13-17/1245a [[wikt:窅|窅]] 'ewX
* 13-17/1245b [[wikt:杳|杳]] 'ewX

==13-18==
* 13-18/1244h [[wikt:饕|饕]] thaw

==13-19==
* 13-19/1084a [[wikt:舟|舟]] tsyuw
* 13-19/1084f [[wikt:侜|侜]] trjuw
* 13-19/1084g [[wikt:輈|輈]] trjuw
* 13-19/1085a [[wikt:受|受]] dzyuwX
* 13-19/1085d [[wikt:授|授]] dzyuwH
* 13-19/1085e [[wikt:綬|綬]] dzyuwX

==13-20==
* 13-20/1086a [[wikt:州|州]] tsyuw
* 13-20/1086d [[wikt:洲|洲]] tsyuw
* 13-20/1086e [[wikt:酬|酬]] dzyuw

==13-20A==
* 13-20A/1087a [[wikt:帚|帚]] tsyuwX
* 13-20A/1087e [[wikt:箒|箒]] tsyuwX

==13-21==
* 13-21/1091a [[wikt:讎|讎]] dzyuw
* 13-21/1091c [[wikt:犨|犨]] tsyhuw
* 13-21/1091d [[wikt:犫|犫]] tsyhuw
* 13-21/1091e [[wikt:售|售]] dzyuwH

==13-22==
* 13-22/1090b [[wikt:𢏚|𢏚]] drjuw
* 13-22/1090d [[wikt:𠷎|𠷎]] drjuw
* 13-22/1090f [[wikt:𠼡|𠼡]] drjuw
* 13-22/1090g [[wikt:壽|壽]] dzyuwH, dzyuwX
* 13-22/1090k [[wikt:儔|儔]] drjuw
* 13-22/1090l [[wikt:疇|疇]] drjuw
* 13-22/1090m [[wikt:籌|籌]] drjuw
* 13-22/1090n [[wikt:躊|躊]] drjuw
* 13-22/1090o [[wikt:醻|醻]] dzyuw
* 13-22/1090p [[wikt:魗|魗]] dzyuw
* 13-22/1090q [[wikt:譸|譸]] trjuw
* 13-22/1090r [[wikt:擣|擣]] drjuwH, tawX
* 13-22/1090s [[wikt:禱|禱]] tawH, tawX
* 13-22/1090t [[wikt:檮|檮]] daw
* 13-22/1090u [[wikt:幬|幬]] daw, dawH, drjuw
* 13-22/1090x [[wikt:燾|燾]] dawH
* 13-22/1090z [[wikt:翿|翿]] daw, dawH
* 13-22/1090a' [[wikt:鑄|鑄]] tsyuH

==13-23==
Baxter &amp; Sagart (2014: 155) combine [[#04-12|04-12]] and [[#13-23|13-23]].
* 13-23/1073a [[wikt:肘|肘]] trjuwX
* 13-23/1073b [[wikt:疛|疛]] trjuwX
* 13-23/1073c [[wikt:酎|酎]] drjuwX
* 13-23/1073d [[wikt:討|討]] thawX

==13-24==
* 13-24/1074a [[wikt:盩|盩]] trjuw

==13-25==
* 13-25/1116a [[wikt:鳥|鳥]] tewX
* 13-25/1116b [[wikt:蔦|蔦]] tewH, tewX
* 13-25/1116c [[wikt:島|島]] tawX

==13-26==
* 13-26/1083a [[wikt:周|周]] tsyuw, tsyuwX
* 13-26/1083f [[wikt:婤|婤]] tsyuw
* 13-26/1083h [[wikt:賙|賙]] tsyuw
* 13-26/1083i [[wikt:輖|輖]] tsyuw
* 13-26/1083j [[wikt:啁|啁]] traew, trjuw
* 13-26/1083k [[wikt:惆|惆]] trhjuw
* 13-26/1083l [[wikt:稠|稠]] drjuw
* 13-26/1083m [[wikt:綢|綢]] drjuw
* 13-26/1083n [[wikt:裯|裯]] drjuw
* 13-26/1083o [[wikt:凋|凋]] tew
* 13-26/1083p [[wikt:琱|琱]] tew
* 13-26/1083r [[wikt:彫|彫]] tew
* 13-26/1083s [[wikt:錭|錭]] tew
* 13-26/1083t [[wikt:雕|雕]] tew
* 13-26/1083u [[wikt:鵰|鵰]] tew
* 13-26/1083v [[wikt:蜩|蜩]] dew
* 13-26/1083x [[wikt:調|調]] dew
* 13-26/1083y [[wikt:禂|禂]] tawX
* 13-26/1083z [[wikt:倜|倜]] thek

==13-27==
* 13-27/1078a [[wikt:舀|舀]] yewX, yuw, yuwX
* 13-27/1078b [[wikt:慆|慆]] thaw
* 13-27/1078c [[wikt:搯|搯]] thaw
* 13-27/1078d [[wikt:滔|滔]] daw, thaw
* 13-27/1078f [[wikt:謟|謟]] thaw
* 13-27/1078g [[wikt:韜|韜]] thaw
* 13-27/1078h [[wikt:稻|稻]] dawX
* 13-27/1078l [[wikt:蹈|蹈]] dawH

==13-28==
* 13-28/1046a [[wikt:𠬢|𠬢]] thaw
* 13-28/1046c [[wikt:弢|弢]] thaw

==13-29==
* 13-29/1047a [[wikt:匋|匋]] daw
* 13-29/1047d [[wikt:陶|陶]] daw, dawH, yew
* 13-29/1047e [[wikt:綯|綯]] daw

==13-30==
* 13-30/1079a [[wikt:由|由]] yuw
* 13-30/1079b [[wikt:柚|柚]] drjuwk, yuwH
* 13-30/1079c [[wikt:油|油]] yuw
* 13-30/1079d [[wikt:鼬|鼬]] yuwH
* 13-30/1079e [[wikt:妯|妯]] drjuw, trhjuw
* 13-30/1079f [[wikt:抽|抽]] trhjuw
* 13-30/1079g [[wikt:宙|宙]] drjuwH
* 13-30/1079h [[wikt:胄|胄]] drjuwH
* 13-30/1079i [[wikt:冑|冑]] drjuwH
* 13-30/1079l [[wikt:䩜|䩜]] drjuwH
* 13-30/1079m [[wikt:袖|袖]] zjuwH
* 13-30/1079n [[wikt:褏|褏]] yuwH
* 13-30/1079o [[wikt:褎|褎]] yuwH, zjuwH
* 13-30/1079p [[wikt:軸|軸]] drjuwk
* 13-30/1079q [[wikt:迪|迪]] dek

==13-31==
* 13-31/1082a [[wikt:牖|牖]] yuwX

==13-32==
* 13-32/1077a [[wikt:攸|攸]] yuw
* 13-32/1077c [[wikt:悠|悠]] yuw
* 13-32/1077d [[wikt:修|修]] sjuw
* 13-32/1077e [[wikt:脩|脩]] sjuw, yuw, yuwX
* 13-32/1077f [[wikt:條|條]] dew, thew
* 13-32/1077g [[wikt:䩦|䩦]] dew
* 13-32/1077h [[wikt:鋚|鋚]] dew
* 13-32/1077k [[wikt:莜|莜]] dewH
* 13-32/1077l [[wikt:翛|翛]] sew, syuwk
* 13-32/1077m [[wikt:焂|焂]] dzyuwk
* 13-32/1077o [[wikt:儵|儵]] dzyuwk
* 13-32/1077p [[wikt:倏|倏]] dzyuwk
* 13-32/1077q [[wikt:滺|滺]] yuw
* 13-32/1077r [[wikt:滫|滫]] sjuwX
* 13-32/1077s [[wikt:蓨|蓨]] thek
* 13-32/1077t [[wikt:鰷|鰷]] dew
* 13-32/1077u [[wikt:篠|篠]] sewX
* 13-32/1077v [[wikt:蓧|蓧]] dek
* 13-32/1077x [[wikt:滌|滌]] dek

==13-33==
* 13-33/1080a [[wikt:斿|斿]] yuw
* 13-33/1080f [[wikt:游|游]] yuw
* 13-33/1080g [[wikt:遊|遊]] yuw
* 13-33/1080h [[wikt:蝣|蝣]] yuw

==13-34==
* 13-34/1081a [[wikt:卣|卣]] yuw, yuwX
* 13-34/1081g [[wikt:逌|逌]] yuw

==13-35==
* 13-35/1094a [[wikt:囚|囚]] zjuw
* 13-35/1094c [[wikt:泅|泅]] zjuw

==13-36==
* 13-36/1096a [[wikt:酉|酉]] yuwX
* 13-36/1096h [[wikt:庮|庮]] yuw, yuwX
* 13-36/1096i [[wikt:梄|梄]] yuwH, yuwX
* 13-36/1096j [[wikt:槱|槱]] yuwH, yuwX
* 13-36/1096k [[wikt:酒|酒]] tsjuwX
* 13-36/1096l [[wikt:酋|酋]] dzjuw
* 13-36/1096n [[wikt:蝤|蝤]] dzjuw
* 13-36/1096o [[wikt:遒|遒]] tsjuw
* 13-36/1096p [[wikt:緧|緧]] tshjuw
* 13-36/1096q [[wikt:鰌|鰌]] tshjuw
* 13-36/1096r [[wikt:猶|猶]] yuw, yuwH
* 13-36/1096t [[wikt:猷|猷]] yuw
* 13-36/1096y [[wikt:輶|輶]] yuw
* 13-36/1096z [[wikt:䠓|䠓]] tshjuwk
* 13-36/1096a' [[wikt:蕕|蕕]] yuw
* 13-36/1096- [[wikt:𥙫|𥙫]]

==13-37==
* 13-37/1246c [[wikt:狖|狖]] yuwH

==13-38==
Schuessler (2009: 171-172) and Baxter &amp; Sagart (2014: 184) combines these two GSR series (1048 and 1102).
* 13-38/1048a [[wikt:道|道]] dawX, dawH
* 13-38/1048d [[wikt:導|導]] dawH
* 13-38/1102a [[wikt:首|首]] syuwH, syuwX

==13-39==
* 13-39/1095a [[wikt:秀|秀]] sjuwH
* 13-39/1095c [[wikt:琇|琇]] sjuwH, yuwX
* 13-39/1095d [[wikt:莠|莠]] yuwX
* 13-39/1095e [[wikt:誘|誘]] yuwX

==13-40==
* 13-40/1099a [[wikt:守|守]] syuwH, syuwX
* 13-40/1099c [[wikt:狩|狩]] syuwH

==13-41==
* 13-41/1100a [[wikt:獸|獸]] syuwH

==13-42==
* 13-42/1101a [[wikt:手|手]] syuwX

==13-43==
Baxter &amp; Sagart (2014: 166-167) unite [[#13-03|13-03]] with [[#13-43|13-43]].
* 13-43/1055a [[wikt:老|老]] lawX

==13-44==
* 13-44/1056a [[wikt:牢|牢]] law

==13-45==
* 13-45/1069a [[wikt:翏|翏]] ljewH, ljiwH, ljuwH
* 13-45/1069b [[wikt:鏐|鏐]] ljiw, ljuw
* 13-45/1069f [[wikt:飂|飂]] ljuw
* 13-45/1069g [[wikt:摎|摎]] kjiw, ljuw
* 13-45/1069h [[wikt:樛|樛]] kjiw
* 13-45/1069i [[wikt:璆|璆]] gjiw
* 13-45/1069j [[wikt:勠|勠]] ljuw, ljuwH, ljuwk
* 13-45/1069k [[wikt:瘳|瘳]] lew, trhjuw
* 13-45/1069l [[wikt:繆|繆]] mjiw
* 13-45/1069m [[wikt:謬|謬]] mjiwH
* 13-45/1069n [[wikt:寥|寥]] lew
* 13-45/1069o [[wikt:漻|漻]] lew
* 13-45/1069p [[wikt:蓼|蓼]] lewX, ljuwk
* 13-45/1069q [[wikt:熮|熮]] ljewH
* 13-45/1069r [[wikt:醪|醪]] law
* 13-45/1069s [[wikt:膠|膠]] kaew, kaewX
* 13-45/1069t [[wikt:嘐|嘐]] xaew
* 13-45/1069u [[wikt:僇|僇]] ljuwk
* 13-45/1069v [[wikt:戮|戮]] ljuwk
* 13-45/1069x [[wikt:穋|穋]] ljuwk

==13-46==
* 13-46/1104a [[wikt:流|流]] ljuw
* 13-46/1104b [[wikt:𣹳|𣹳]] ljuw
* 13-46/1104c [[wikt:旒|旒]] ljuw

==13-47==
* 13-47/1114a [[wikt:卯|卯]] maewX
* 13-47/1114f [[wikt:茆|茆]] ljuwX, maewX
* 13-47/1114g [[wikt:昴|昴]] maewX
* 13-47/1114i [[wikt:窌|窌]] kaewH, phaewH
* 13-47/1114j [[wikt:貿|貿]] mjuwH, muwH
* 13-47/1114l [[wikt:柳|柳]] ljuwX
* 13-47/1114m [[wikt:桺|桺]] ljuwX
* 13-47/1114p [[wikt:留|留]] ljuw
* 13-47/1114q [[wikt:畱|畱]] ljuw
* 13-47/1114s [[wikt:駠|駠]] ljuw
* 13-47/1114t [[wikt:駵|駵]] ljuw
* 13-47/1114u [[wikt:聊|聊]] lew
* 13-47/1114v [[wikt:溜|溜]] ljuwH
* 13-47/1114x [[wikt:罶|罶]] ljuwX
* 13-47/1114y [[wikt:霤|霤]] ljuwH
* 13-47/1114z [[wikt:騮|騮]] ljuw
* 13-47/1114a' [[wikt:劉|劉]] ljuw
* 13-47/1114b' [[wikt:懰|懰]] ljuwX
* 13-47/1114c' [[wikt:瀏|瀏]] ljuw, ljuwX

==13-48==
* 13-48/1105a [[wikt:柔|柔]] nyuw
* 13-48/1105b [[wikt:揉|揉]] nyuw, nyuwH
* 13-48/1105c [[wikt:㽥|㽥]] nyuw
* 13-48/1105d [[wikt:蹂|蹂]] nyuw, nyuwH, nyuwX
* 13-48/1105e [[wikt:輮|輮]] nyuwH, nyuwX
* 13-48/1105f [[wikt:糅|糅]] nrjuwH
* 13-48/1105g [[wikt:猱|猱]] naw
==13-49==
* 13-49/- [[wikt:夒|夒]] naw (= 13-48/1105g [[wikt:猱|猱]])
* 13-49/- [[wikt:獿|獿]] naw (= 13-48/1105g [[wikt:猱|猱]])

==13-50==
* 13-50/1076a [[wikt:丑|丑]] trhjuwX
* 13-50/1076e [[wikt:杻|杻]] nrjuwX
* 13-50/1076f [[wikt:狃|狃]] nrjuwX
* 13-50/1076g [[wikt:紐|紐]] nrjuwX
* 13-50/1076h [[wikt:羞|羞]] sjuw
* 13-50/1076k [[wikt:忸|忸]] nrjuwk

==13-51==
* 13-51/1049a [[wikt:早|早]] tsawX
* 13-51/1049b [[wikt:草|草]] tshawX

==13-52==
* 13-52/1052a [[wikt:屮|屮]] tshawX
* 13-52/1052c [[wikt:艸|艸]] tshawX

==13-53==
* 13-53/1050a [[wikt:棗|棗]] tsawX

==13-54==
* 13-54/1051a [[wikt:造|造]] dzawX, tshawH
* 13-54/1051d [[wikt:慥|慥]] tshawH
* 13-54/1051e [[wikt:簉|簉]] tsrhjuwH

==13-55==
* 13-55/1053a [[wikt:曹|曹]] dzaw
* 13-55/1053d [[wikt:螬|螬]] dzaw
* 13-55/1053e [[wikt:漕|漕]] dzaw, dzawH
* 13-55/1053f [[wikt:傮|傮]] tsaw
* 13-55/1053g [[wikt:糟|糟]] tsaw
* 13-55/1053h [[wikt:遭|遭]] tsaw

==13-56==
* 13-56/1054a [[wikt:皂|皂]] dzawX
* 13-56/1054b [[wikt:皁|皁]] dzawX

==13-57==
* 13-57/1092a [[wikt:秋|秋]] tshjuw
* 13-57/1092b [[wikt:楸|楸]] tshjuw
* 13-57/1092c [[wikt:萩|萩]] tshjuw
* 13-57/1092d [[wikt:鶖|鶖]] tshjuw
* 13-57/1092e [[wikt:啾|啾]] tsjuw
* 13-57/1092f [[wikt:湫|湫]] tsewX, tsjuw
* 13-57/1092g [[wikt:揫|揫]] dzjuw
* 13-57/1092h [[wikt:甃|甃]] tsrjuwH
* 13-57/1092i [[wikt:愁|愁]] dzrjuw
* 13-57/1092j [[wikt:愀|愀]] dzjuwX, tshjewX

==13-58==
* 13-58/1093a [[wikt:就|就]] dzjuwH
* 13-58/1093b [[wikt:蹴|蹴]] dzjuwk, tshjuwk, tsjuwk
* 13-58/1093c [[wikt:蹵|蹵]] tshjuwk, tsjuwk

==13-59==
* 13-59/1111a [[wikt:爪|爪]] tsraewX
* 13-59/1111c [[wikt:抓|抓]] tsraew, tsraewH, tsraewX

==13-60==
* 13-60/1112a [[wikt:㕚|㕚]] tsraewX
* 13-60/1112d [[wikt:蚤|蚤]] tsawX
* 13-60/1112e [[wikt:慅|慅]] saw, sawX, tshawX
* 13-60/1112f [[wikt:搔|搔]] saw
* 13-60/1112g [[wikt:騷|騷]] saw
* 13-60/1112h [[wikt:糔|糔]] sjuwX
* 13-60/1112i [[wikt:鼜|鼜]] tshek

==13-61==
* 13-61/1087f [[wikt:埽|埽]] sawH, sawX
* 13-61/1087g [[wikt:掃|掃]] sawH, sawX

==13-62==
* 13-62/1098a [[wikt:蒐|蒐]] srjuw
==13-63==
* 13-63/- [[wikt:犙|犙]] srjuw (cf. 38-29/0647)

==13-64==
* 13-64/1057a [[wikt:保|保]] pawX
* 13-64/1057f [[wikt:葆|葆]] pawX
* 13-64/1057g [[wikt:褓|褓]] pawX
* 13-64/1057h [[wikt:襃|襃]] paw, pawH

==13-65==
* 13-65/1058a [[wikt:報|報]] pawH

==13-66==
* 13-66/1059a [[wikt:寶|寶]] pawX

==13-67==
* 13-67/1060b [[wikt:鴇|鴇]] pawX

==13-68==
* 13-68/1061a [[wikt:虣|虣]] bawH

==13-69==
* 13-69/1107a [[wikt:缶|缶]] pjuwX
* 13-69/1107d [[wikt:㯱|㯱]] bjew

==13-70==
* 13-70/1108a [[wikt:阜|阜]] bjuwX

==13-71==
* 13-71/1106a [[wikt:彪|彪]] pjiw
* 13-71/1106b [[wikt:滮|滮]] bjiw, pjiw
* 13-71/1154a [[wikt:髟|髟]] pjiew, pjiw, sraem

==13-72==
* 13-72/1113a [[wikt:包|包]] paew
* 13-72/1113b [[wikt:胞|胞]] paew, phaew
* 13-72/1113c [[wikt:苞|苞]] bjewX, paew
* 13-72/1113d [[wikt:飽|飽]] paewX
* 13-72/1113e [[wikt:庖|庖]] baew
* 13-72/1113f [[wikt:匏|匏]] baew
* 13-72/1113g [[wikt:炮|炮]] baew
* 13-72/1113h [[wikt:鮑|鮑]] baewX
* 13-72/1113i [[wikt:袍|袍]] baw, bawH
* 13-72/1113j [[wikt:抱|抱]] bawX
* 13-72/1113k [[wikt:枹|枹]] bjuw
* 13-72/1113l [[wikt:䍖|䍖]] bjuw
* 13-72/1113m [[wikt:鞄|鞄]] baew, baewH, baewX, phaewk
* 13-72/1113n [[wikt:雹|雹]] baewk

==13-73==
* 13-73/1233a [[wikt:孚|孚]] phju
* 13-73/1233d [[wikt:俘|俘]] phju
* 13-73/1233f [[wikt:莩|莩]] bjewX, phju
* 13-73/1233g [[wikt:郛|郛]] phju
* 13-73/1233h [[wikt:垺|垺]] phju, phjuw, phwoj
* 13-73/1233i [[wikt:殍|殍]] bjewX, phju
* 13-73/1233j [[wikt:罦|罦]] phju
* 13-73/1233k [[wikt:桴|桴]] phju
* 13-73/1233l [[wikt:浮|浮]] bjuw
* 13-73/1233n [[wikt:蜉|蜉]] bjuw
* 13-73/1233o [[wikt:捊|捊]] baew

==13-74==
* 13-74/1062a [[wikt:冒|冒]] mawH, mok
* 13-74/1062a [[wikt:冒|冒]] mawH, mok
* 13-74/1062c [[wikt:媢|媢]] mawH
* 13-74/1062d [[wikt:瑁|瑁]] mawH
* 13-74/1062- [[wikt:帽|帽]] mawH

==13-75==
* 13-75/1063a [[wikt:牡|牡]] muwX

==13-76==
* 13-76/1109a [[wikt:矛|矛]] mjuw, muw
* 13-76/1109c [[wikt:茅|茅]] maew
* 13-76/1109d [[wikt:楙|楙]] maw
* 13-76/1109f [[wikt:懋|懋]] muwH
* 13-76/1109h [[wikt:敄|敄]] mjuH, mjuX
* 13-76/1109j [[wikt:務|務]] mjuH
* 13-76/1109k [[wikt:婺|婺]] mjuH
* 13-76/1109l [[wikt:騖|騖]] mjuH
* 13-76/1109m [[wikt:蝥|蝥]] mjuw
* 13-76/1109n [[wikt:蟊|蟊]] mjuw
* 13-76/1109o [[wikt:鍪|鍪]] mjuw
* 13-76/1109p [[wikt:𩭾|𩭾]] mjuw
* 13-76/1109q [[wikt:瞀|瞀]] maewk, muwH
* 13-76/1109r [[wikt:楘|楘]] muwk
* 13-76/1109s [[wikt:鶩|鶩]] muwk
* 13-76/1109t [[wikt:霧|霧]] mjuH

==13-77==
* 13-77/1110a [[wikt:牟|牟]] mjuw
* 13-77/1110b [[wikt:恈|恈]] mjuw
* 13-77/1110c [[wikt:眸|眸]] mjuw
* 13-77/1110d [[wikt:麰|麰]] mjuw
* 13-77/1110e [[wikt:侔|侔]] mjuw, muw

==13-78==
* 13-78/1231a [[wikt:戊|戊]] muwH
* 13-78/1231f [[wikt:茂|茂]] muwH

=14=

====== 覺 jué [-uk] ======

==14-01==
* 14-01/1039a [[wikt:告|告]] kawH, kowk
* 14-01/1039e [[wikt:誥|誥]] kawH
* 14-01/1039f [[wikt:郜|郜]] kawH, kowk
* 14-01/1039h [[wikt:皓|皓]] kawX
* 14-01/1039i [[wikt:晧|晧]] kawX
* 14-01/1039j [[wikt:浩|浩]] hawX
* 14-01/1039k [[wikt:梏|梏]] kowk
* 14-01/1039l [[wikt:牿|牿]] kowk
* 14-01/1039m [[wikt:酷|酷]] khowk
* 14-01/1039n [[wikt:鵠|鵠]] howk, kowk
* 14-01/1039o [[wikt:窖|窖]] kaewH

==14-02==
* 14-02/1017a [[wikt:匊|匊]] kjuwk
* 14-02/1017c [[wikt:掬|掬]] kjuwk
* 14-02/1017d [[wikt:椈|椈]] kjuwk
* 14-02/1017e [[wikt:菊|菊]] kjuwk
* 14-02/1017f [[wikt:蘜|蘜]] kjuwk
* 14-02/1017g [[wikt:踘|踘]] kjuwk
* 14-02/1017h [[wikt:鞠|鞠]] kjuwk
* 14-02/1017i [[wikt:麴|麴]] khjuwk
* 14-02/1017j [[wikt:鞫|鞫]] kjuwk
* 14-02/1017k [[wikt:𥷚|𥷚]] kjuwk

==14-03==
* 14-03/1038a [[wikt:學|學]] haewk
* 14-03/1038d [[wikt:斆|斆]] haewH
* 14-03/1038f [[wikt:覺|覺]] kaewH, kaewk
* 14-03/1038g [[wikt:嚳|嚳]] khowk
* 14-03/1038h [[wikt:鷽|鷽]] 'aewk, haewk
* 14-03/1038i [[wikt:攪|攪]] kaewX

==14-04==
* 14-04/1045a [[wikt:奧|奧]] 'awH, 'juwk
* 14-04/1045b [[wikt:澳|澳]] 'awH
* 14-04/1045c [[wikt:隩|隩]] 'awH, 'juwk
* 14-04/1045d [[wikt:燠|燠]] 'juwk
* 14-04/1045e [[wikt:薁|薁]] 'juwk

==14-05==
* 14-05/1016a [[wikt:毒|毒]] dowk
* 14-05/1016b [[wikt:纛|纛]] dawH, dowk

==14-06==
* 14-06/1025a [[wikt:祝|祝]] tsyuwH, tsyuwk
* 14-06/1025f [[wikt:柷|柷]] tsyhuwk, tsyuwk

==14-07==
* 14-07/1026a [[wikt:孰|孰]] dzyuwk
* 14-07/1026b [[wikt:熟|熟]] dzyuwk
* 14-07/1026c [[wikt:塾|塾]] dzyuwk

==14-08==
* 14-08/1019a [[wikt:竹|竹]] trjuwk
* 14-08/1019c [[wikt:筑|筑]] trjuwk
* 14-08/1019d [[wikt:築|築]] trjuwk
* 14-08/1019e [[wikt:𥲒|𥲒]] trjuwk
* 14-08/1019f [[wikt:竺|竺]] towk
* 14-08/1019g [[wikt:篤|篤]] towk

==14-09==
* 14-09/1075a [[wikt:晝|晝]] trjuwH

==14-10==
* 14-10/1024a [[wikt:粥|粥]] tsyuwk
* 14-10/1024b [[wikt:鬻|鬻]] tsyuwk, yuwk

==14-11==
* 14-11/1020a [[wikt:育|育]] yuwk

==14-12==
* 14-12/1021a [[wikt:毓|毓]] yuwk

==14-13==
* 14-13/1022a [[wikt:逐|逐]] drjuwk
* 14-13/1022d [[wikt:篴|篴]] dek
* 14-13/1022e [[wikt:蓫|蓫]] drjuwk, trhjuwk

==14-14==
* 14-14/1023a [[wikt:賣|賣]] yuwk
* 14-14/1023c [[wikt:儥|儥]] yuwk
* 14-14/1023e [[wikt:覿|覿]] dek
* 14-14/1023f [[wikt:匵|匵]] duwk
* 14-14/1023g [[wikt:嬻|嬻]] duwk
* 14-14/1023h [[wikt:櫝|櫝]] duwk
* 14-14/1023i [[wikt:殰|殰]] duwk
* 14-14/1023j [[wikt:瀆|瀆]] duwk
* 14-14/1023k [[wikt:牘|牘]] duwk
* 14-14/1023l [[wikt:犢|犢]] duwk
* 14-14/1023m [[wikt:讀|讀]] duwk
* 14-14/1023n [[wikt:讟|讟]] duwk
* 14-14/1023o [[wikt:䢱|䢱]] duwk
* 14-14/1023q [[wikt:韇|韇]] duwk
* 14-14/1023r [[wikt:黷|黷]] duwk
* 14-14/1023s [[wikt:竇|竇]] duwH
* 14-14/1023t [[wikt:贖|贖]] dzyowk, zyowk
* 14-14/1023u [[wikt:續|續]] zjowk
* 14-14/1023v [[wikt:藚|藚]] zjowk

==14-15==
* 14-15/1018a [[wikt:畜|畜]] trhjuwH, trhjuwk, xjuwH, xjuwk
* 14-15/1018c [[wikt:蓄|蓄]] trhjuwk, xjuwk
* 14-15/1018d [[wikt:稸|稸]] trhjuwk, xjuwk
* 14-15/1018e [[wikt:慉|慉]] xjuwk
* 14-15/1018f [[wikt:滀|滀]] trhjuwk

==14-16==
* 14-16/1032a [[wikt:六|六]] ljuwk
* 14-16/1032e [[wikt:坴|坴]] ljuwk
* 14-16/1032f [[wikt:陸|陸]] ljuwk
* 14-16/1032h [[wikt:稑|稑]] ljuwk
* 14-16/1032i [[wikt:睦|睦]] mjuwk

==14-17==
* 14-17/1033a [[wikt:肉|肉]] nyuwH, nyuwk

==14-18==
* 14-18/1031a [[wikt:尗|尗]] syuwk
* 14-18/1031b [[wikt:叔|叔]] syuwk
* 14-18/1031e [[wikt:𣢰|𣢰]] tsjuwk
* 14-18/1031f [[wikt:戚|戚]] tshek
* 14-18/1031g [[wikt:菽|菽]] syuwk
* 14-18/1031h [[wikt:俶|俶]] tsyhuwk
* 14-18/1031i [[wikt:諔|諔]] tsyhuwk
* 14-18/1031j [[wikt:淑|淑]] dzyuwk
* 14-18/1031k [[wikt:踧|踧]] dek, tsjuwk
* 14-18/1031l [[wikt:寂|寂]] dzek
* 14-18/1031n [[wikt:督|督]] towk
* 14-18/1031o [[wikt:裻|裻]] sowk, towk
* 14-18/1031p [[wikt:惄|惄]] nek
* 14-18/1031q [[wikt:椒|椒]] tsew, tsjew
* 14-18/1031s [[wikt:蔋|蔋]] dek
* 14-18/1031t [[wikt:蹙|蹙]] tsjuwk
* 14-18/1031u [[wikt:䠞|䠞]] tsjuwk
* 14-18/1031v [[wikt:顣|顣]] tshek, tsjuwk
* 14-18/1031x [[wikt:慼|慼]] tshek
* 14-18/1031y [[wikt:鏚|鏚]] tshek

==14-19==
* 14-19/1027a [[wikt:鼀|鼀]] tshjuwk
* 14-19/1027b [[wikt:灶|灶]] tsawH

==14-20==
* 14-20/1029a [[wikt:宿|宿]] sjuwH, sjuwk
* 14-20/1029c [[wikt:縮|縮]] srjuwk
* 14-20/1029d [[wikt:蹜|蹜]] srjuwk

==14-21==
* 14-21/1030a [[wikt:夙|夙]] sjuwk

==14-22==
* 14-22/1028a [[wikt:肅|肅]] sjuwk
* 14-22/1028c [[wikt:鱐|鱐]] sjuwk, srjuw
* 14-22/1028d [[wikt:䐹|䐹]] sjuwk, srjuw
* 14-22/1028e [[wikt:繡|繡]] sjuwH
* 14-22/1028f [[wikt:嘯|嘯]] sewH
* 14-22/1028g [[wikt:歗|歗]] sewH
* 14-22/1028h [[wikt:簫|簫]] sew
* 14-22/1028i [[wikt:蕭|蕭]] sew
* 14-22/1028j [[wikt:瀟|瀟]] sew
* 14-22/1028k [[wikt:蠨|蠨]] sew

==14-23==
* 14-23/1034a [[wikt:复|复]] bjuwk
* 14-23/1034d [[wikt:復|復]] bjuwH, bjuwk
* 14-23/1034g [[wikt:輹|輹]] bjuwk
* 14-23/1034h [[wikt:腹|腹]] pjuwk
* 14-23/1034i [[wikt:複|複]] pjuwk
* 14-26/1034j [[wikt:蝮|蝮]] phjuwk
* 14-26/1034k [[wikt:愎|愎]] bik
* 14-23/1034l [[wikt:𥨍|𥨍]] phjuwH
* 14-23/1034m [[wikt:覆|覆]] phjuwk

==14-24==
* 14-24/1036a [[wikt:目|目]] mjuwk

==14-25==
* 14-25/1035a [[wikt:穆|穆]] mjuwk

=15=

====== 冬 dōng [-uŋ] ======

==15-01==
* 15-01/1006a [[wikt:宮|宮]] kjuwng
* 15-01/1006e [[wikt:躳|躳]] kjuwng
* 15-01/1006f [[wikt:躬|躬]] kjuwng
* 15-01/1006g [[wikt:竆|竆]] gjuwng
* 15-01/1006h [[wikt:窮|窮]] gjuwng

==15-02==
* 15-02/1015a [[wikt:降|降]] haewng, kaewngH
* 15-02/1015d [[wikt:洚|洚]] naewng, howng, huwng, kaewngH
* 15-02/1015e [[wikt:戇|戇]] xuwngH
* 15-02/1015f [[wikt:隆|隆]] ljuwng
* 15-02/1015g [[wikt:癃|癃]] ljuwng

==15-03==
* 15-03/1002a [[wikt:冬|冬]] towng
* 15-03/1002e [[wikt:終|終]] tsyuwng
* 15-03/1002f [[wikt:螽|螽]] tsyuwng

==15-04==
* 15-04/1010a [[wikt:眾|眾]] tsyuwngH
* 15-04/1010e [[wikt:𧑄|𧑄]] tsyuwng
* 15-04/1010f [[wikt:潨|潨]] dzowng, dzuwng, tsyuwng

==15-05==
* 15-05/1011a [[wikt:充|充]] tsyhuwng
* 15-05/1011b [[wikt:統|統]] thowngH

==15-06==
* 15-06/1007a [[wikt:中|中]] trjuwng, trjuwngH
* 15-06/1007f [[wikt:仲|仲]] drjuwngH
* 15-06/1007j [[wikt:衷|衷]] trjuwng
* 15-06/1007k [[wikt:忠|忠]] trjuwng
* 15-06/1007n [[wikt:忡|忡]] trhjuwng
* 15-06/1007o [[wikt:盅|盅]] drjuwng, trhjuwng
* 15-06/1007p [[wikt:沖|沖]] drjuwng

==15-07==
* 15-07/1009a [[wikt:蟲|蟲]] drjuwng
* 15-07/1009d [[wikt:融|融]] yuwng
* 15-07/1009e [[wikt:赨|赨]] downg
* 15-07/1009f [[wikt:𢥞|𢥞]] downg

==15-08==
* 15-08/1008a [[wikt:肜|肜]] yuwng
* 15-08/1008c [[wikt:彡|彡]] yuwng
* 15-08/1008e [[wikt:彤|彤]] dung

==15-09==
* 15-09/1005a [[wikt:農|農]] nowng
* 15-09/1005b [[wikt:辳|辳]] nowng
* 15-09/1005g [[wikt:噥|噥]] nowng
* 15-09/1005h [[wikt:膿|膿]] nowng
* 15-09/1005i [[wikt:濃|濃]] nrjowng, nuwng
* 15-09/1005j [[wikt:醲|醲]] nrjowng, nuwng
* 15-09/1005k [[wikt:穠|穠]] nrjowng, nyowng
* 15-09/1005l [[wikt:襛|襛]] nrjowng, nyowng
* 15-09/1005- [[wikt:𨑊|𨑊]] nrjowng
* 15-09/1005- [[wikt:齈|齈]] nuwngH

==15-10==
* 15-10/1013a [[wikt:戎|戎]] nyuwng
* 15-10/1013e [[wikt:茙|茙]] nyuwng

==15-11==
* 15-11/1012a [[wikt:嵩|嵩]] sjuwng

==15-12==
* 15-12/1004a [[wikt:宋|宋]] sowngH

==15-13==
* 15-13/1003a [[wikt:宗|宗]] tsowng
* 15-13/1003f [[wikt:綜|綜]] tsowngH
* 15-13/1003g [[wikt:琮|琮]] dzowng
* 15-13/1003h [[wikt:崇|崇]] dzrjuwng

==15-14==
* 15-14/1014a [[wikt:豐|豐]] phjowng, phjuwng
* 15-14/1014e [[wikt:麷|麷]] phjuwng

==15-15==
* 15-15/1253a [[wikt:賵|賵]] phjuwngH

=16=

====== 宵 xiāo [-au] ======

==16-01==
* 16-01/1129a [[wikt:高|高]] kaw
* 16-01/1129d [[wikt:皜|皜]] kawX
* 16-01/1129e [[wikt:暠|暠]] kawX
* 16-01/1129f [[wikt:稾|稾]] kawX
* 16-01/1129g [[wikt:藁|藁]] kawX
* 16-01/1129h [[wikt:縞|縞]] kawX
* 16-01/1129i [[wikt:膏|膏]] kaw, kawH
* 16-01/1129j [[wikt:槁|槁]] kawX, khawX
* 16-01/1129k [[wikt:槀|槀]] kawX, khawX
* 16-01/1129l [[wikt:犒|犒]] khawH
* 16-01/1129m [[wikt:毫|毫]] haw
* 16-01/1129n [[wikt:豪|豪]] haw
* 16-01/1129o [[wikt:鎬|鎬]] hawX
* 16-01/1129q [[wikt:蒿|蒿]] xaw
* 16-01/1129s [[wikt:㪣|㪣]] khaew, khaewH
* 16-01/1129t [[wikt:謞|謞]] xaewH
* 16-01/1129u [[wikt:熇|熇]] xak, xowk
* 16-01/1129v [[wikt:翯|翯]] haewk, xaewk
* 16-01/1129x [[wikt:嗃|嗃]] xaewk, xak
* 16-01/1129y [[wikt:壕|壕]] haw
* 16-01/1129z [[wikt:譹|譹]] haw
* 16-01/1129a' [[wikt:薧|薧]] khawX
* 16-01/1129b' [[wikt:嚆|嚆]] xaew, xaewH
* 16-01/1129c' [[wikt:藃|藃]] xaewk, xawH
* 16-01/1129- [[wikt:稿|稿]] kawX

==16-02==
* 16-02/1244a [[wikt:羔|羔]] kaw
* 16-02/1244b [[wikt:䅵|䅵]] kowk, tsyak

==16-03==
* 16-03/1138a [[wikt:喬|喬]] gjew, khjew, kjew
* 16-03/1138c [[wikt:僑|僑]] gjew
* 16-03/1138d [[wikt:嶠|嶠]] gjew, gjewH
* 16-03/1138e [[wikt:鐈|鐈]] gjew
* 16-03/1138g [[wikt:橋|橋]] gjew, kjewH, kjewX
* 16-03/1138h [[wikt:趫|趫]] gjew
* 16-03/1138i [[wikt:憍|憍]] kjew
* 16-03/1138j [[wikt:撟|撟]] kjewX
* 16-03/1138k [[wikt:敿|敿]] kjewX
* 16-03/1138l [[wikt:矯|矯]] kjewX
* 16-03/1138m [[wikt:譑|譑]] kjewX
* 16-03/1138n [[wikt:鷮|鷮]] gjew, kjew
* 16-03/1138o [[wikt:驕|驕]] khjew, xjew
* 16-03/1138p [[wikt:繑|繑]] khjew
* 16-03/1138q [[wikt:蹻|蹻]] gjak, kjak, kjewX
* 16-03/1138r [[wikt:屩|屩]] kjak

==16-04==
* 16-04/1162a [[wikt:敫|敫]] kewX
* 16-04/1162b [[wikt:皦|皦]] kewX
* 16-04/1162c [[wikt:噭|噭]] kek, kewH
* 16-04/1162d [[wikt:徼|徼]] kew, kewH
* 16-04/1162e [[wikt:激|激]] kek, kewH
* 16-04/1162f [[wikt:邀|邀]] kew
* 16-04/1162g [[wikt:撽|撽]] khek, khewH
* 16-04/1162h [[wikt:竅|竅]] khewH
* 16-04/1258e [[wikt:繳|繳]] tsyak

==16-05==
* 16-05/1163a [[wikt:釗|釗]] kew, tsyew

==16-06==
* 16-06/1166a [[wikt:交|交]] kaew
* 16-06/1166c [[wikt:烄|烄]] kaewX
* 16-06/1166e [[wikt:佼|佼]] kaewX
* 16-06/1166f [[wikt:姣|姣]] haew
* 16-06/1166g [[wikt:咬|咬]] 'aew, 'aew, kaew, kaew, ngaewX
* 16-06/1166h [[wikt:挍|挍]] kaewH
* 16-06/1166i [[wikt:校|校]] haew, haewH, haewX, kaewH, kaewX
* 16-06/1166j [[wikt:狡|狡]] kaewX
* 16-06/1166k [[wikt:絞|絞]] haew, kaewX
* 16-06/1166l [[wikt:茭|茭]] kaew
* 16-06/1166m [[wikt:蛟|蛟]] kaew
* 16-06/1166n [[wikt:郊|郊]] kaew
* 16-06/1166o [[wikt:鮫|鮫]] kaew
* 16-06/1166p [[wikt:骹|骹]] khaew
* 16-06/1166q [[wikt:恔|恔]] haewH
* 16-06/1166r [[wikt:效|效]] haewH
* 16-06/1166u [[wikt:傚|傚]] haewH
* 16-06/1166v [[wikt:効|効]] haewH
* 16-06/1166x [[wikt:晈|晈]] kewX
* 16-06/1166y [[wikt:皎|皎]] kewX
* 16-06/1166z [[wikt:㝔|㝔]] 'ew
* 16-06/1166a' [[wikt:窔|窔]] 'ewH
* 16-06/1166b' [[wikt:較|較]] kaewk

==16-07==
* 16-07/1167a [[wikt:爻|爻]] haew
* 16-07/1167d [[wikt:肴|肴]] haew
* 16-07/1167e [[wikt:殽|殽]] haew
* 16-07/1167f [[wikt:𢼂|𢼂]] kaewH
* 16-07/1167g [[wikt:𤕝|𤕝]] kaewH
* 16-07/1167i [[wikt:教|教]] kaewH
* 16-07/1167m [[wikt:䡈|䡈]] kaewk

==16-08==
Schuessler (2009: 171. 196) divides into two series, viz. [[#13-03|13-03]] and [[#16-08|16-08]]. Baxter &amp; Sagart (2014: 166-167) unite [[#13-03|13-03]] with [[#13-43|13-43]].
* 16-08/1041p [[wikt:号|号]] hawH
* 16-08/1041q [[wikt:號|號]] haw
* 16-08/1041r [[wikt:呺|呺]] xjew
* 16-08/1041s [[wikt:枵|枵]] xjew
* 16-08/1041t [[wikt:鴞|鴞]] yew
* 16-08/1041- [[wikt:殠|殠]] xjuwX

==16-09==
* 16-09/1168a [[wikt:孝|孝]] xaewH
* 16-09/1168d [[wikt:哮|哮]] xaew, xaewH

==16-10==
* 16-10/1141a [[wikt:夭|夭]] 'awX, 'jewX
* 16-10/1141c [[wikt:枖|枖]] 'jew
* 16-10/1141d [[wikt:妖|妖]] 'jew
* 16-10/1141e [[wikt:𡝩|𡝩]] 'jew
* 16-10/1141f [[wikt:殀|殀]] 'jewX
* 16-10/1141g [[wikt:祆|祆]] 'jew
* 16-10/1141h [[wikt:訞|訞]] 'jew
* 16-10/1141i [[wikt:宎|宎]] 'ewX
* 16-10/1141j [[wikt:穾|穾]] 'ew, 'ewH, 'ewX
* 16-10/1141k [[wikt:䴠|䴠]] 'awX
* 16-10/1141l [[wikt:沃|沃]] 'owk
* 16-10/1141m [[wikt:鋈|鋈]] 'owk
* 16-10/1242a [[wikt:飫|飫]] 'joH

==16-11==
* 16-11/1142a [[wikt:要|要]] 'jiew, 'jiewH
* 16-11/1142b [[wikt:腰|腰]] 'jiew
* 16-11/1142c [[wikt:喓|喓]] 'jiew
* 16-11/1142d [[wikt:葽|葽]] 'jiew

==16-12==
* 16-12/1140a [[wikt:囂|囂]] xjew, ngaw

==16-13==
* 16-13/1130a [[wikt:敖|敖]] ngaw
* 16-13/1130c [[wikt:遨|遨]] ngaw
* 16-13/1130d [[wikt:傲|傲]] ngaw, ngawH
* 16-13/1130e [[wikt:嗷|嗷]] ngaw
* 16-13/1130f [[wikt:嗸|嗸]] ngaw
* 16-13/1130g [[wikt:摮|摮]] ngaw
* 16-13/1130h [[wikt:熬|熬]] ngaw
* 16-13/1130j [[wikt:獒|獒]] ngaw
* 16-13/1130k [[wikt:螯|螯]] ngaw
* 16-13/1130l [[wikt:謷|謷]] ngaew, ngaw, ngawH
* 16-13/1130m [[wikt:驁|驁]] ngaw
* 16-13/1130o [[wikt:鼇|鼇]] ngaw

==16-14==
* 16-14/1164a [[wikt:堯|堯]] ngew
* 16-14/1164b [[wikt:僥|僥]] kewX, ngew
* 16-14/1164c [[wikt:澆|澆]] kew
* 16-14/1164d [[wikt:髐|髐]] khew
* 16-14/1164e [[wikt:嘵|嘵]] xew
* 16-14/1164f [[wikt:曉|曉]] xewX
* 16-14/1164g [[wikt:膮|膮]] xew, xewX
* 16-14/1164h [[wikt:翹|翹]] gjiew
* 16-14/1164i [[wikt:磽|磽]] khaew, khewX
* 16-14/1164j [[wikt:墝|墝]] khaew, khewX
* 16-14/1164k [[wikt:繞|繞]] nyewH, nyewX
* 16-14/1164l [[wikt:蕘|蕘]] nyew
* 16-14/1164m [[wikt:蟯|蟯]] nyew
* 16-14/1164n [[wikt:襓|襓]] nyew
* 16-14/1164o [[wikt:饒|饒]] nyew
* 16-14/1164p [[wikt:橈|橈]] nraewH, nyew
* 16-14/1164q [[wikt:譊|譊]] nraew
* 16-14/1164r [[wikt:鐃|鐃]] nraew
* 16-14/1164s [[wikt:撓|撓]] nraewX, xaw
* 16-14/1164t [[wikt:燒|燒]] syew

==16-15==
* 16-15/1131a [[wikt:刀|刀]] taw, tew
* 16-15/1131c [[wikt:忉|忉]] taw
* 16-15/1131d [[wikt:叨|叨]] thaw
* 16-15/1131e [[wikt:召|召]] drjewH, dzyewX
* 16-15/1131i [[wikt:怊|怊]] trhjew, tsyhew
* 16-15/1131j [[wikt:超|超]] trhjew
* 16-15/1131k [[wikt:軺|軺]] yew
* 16-15/1131l [[wikt:招|招]] tsyew
* 16-15/1131m [[wikt:昭|昭]] dzyew, tsyew, tsyewX
* 16-15/1131n [[wikt:炤|炤]] tsyewH
* 16-15/1131o [[wikt:照|照]] tsyewH
* 16-15/1131p [[wikt:沼|沼]] tsyewX
* 16-15/1131q [[wikt:詔|詔]] tsyewH
* 16-15/1131r [[wikt:鉊|鉊]] tsyew
* 16-15/1131s [[wikt:弨|弨]] tsyhew, tsyhewX
* 16-15/1131t [[wikt:卲|卲]] dzyewX
* 16-15/1131z [[wikt:紹|紹]] dzyewX
* 16-15/1131a' [[wikt:韶|韶]] dzyew
* 16-15/1131b' [[wikt:㲈|㲈]] dzyew
* 16-15/1131c' [[wikt:貂|貂]] tew
* 16-15/1131d' [[wikt:苕|苕]] dew
* 16-15/1131e' [[wikt:鞀|鞀]] daw
* 16-15/1132a [[wikt:到|到]] tawH
* 16-15/1132c [[wikt:倒|倒]] tawH, tawX
* 16-15/1132d [[wikt:菿|菿]] tawH

==16-16==
* 16-16/1133a [[wikt:盜|盜]] dawH

==16-17==
* 16-17/1143a [[wikt:朝|朝]] drjew, trjew
* 16-17/1143d [[wikt:潮|潮]] drjew
* 16-17/1160a [[wikt:廟|廟]] mjewH

==16-18==
* 16-18/1146a [[wikt:肇|肇]] drjewX

==16-19==
* 16-19/1147a [[wikt:鼂|鼂]] drjew

==16-20==
* 16-20/1145a [[wikt:兆|兆]] drjewX
* 16-20/1145b [[wikt:垗|垗]] drjewX
* 16-20/1145c [[wikt:旐|旐]] drjewX
* 16-20/1145d [[wikt:姚|姚]] yew
* 16-20/1145g [[wikt:珧|珧]] yew
* 16-20/1145h [[wikt:銚|銚]] dew, thew, tshjew
* 16-20/1145i [[wikt:恌|恌]] thew
* 16-20/1145j [[wikt:眺|眺]] thewH
* 16-20/1145k [[wikt:祧|祧]] thew
* 16-20/1145l [[wikt:覜|覜]] thewH
* 16-20/1145m [[wikt:頫|頫]] thewH
* 16-20/1145n [[wikt:佻|佻]] dew, dewX, thew
* 16-20/1145o [[wikt:挑|挑]] dewX, thaw, thew
* 16-20/1145p [[wikt:跳|跳]] dew
* 16-20/1145q [[wikt:窕|窕]] dewX, thew
* 16-20/1145r [[wikt:誂|誂]] dewX
* 16-20/1145s [[wikt:洮|洮]] thaw
* 16-20/1145t [[wikt:咷|咷]] daw, thewH
* 16-20/1145u [[wikt:桃|桃]] daw
* 16-20/1145v [[wikt:逃|逃]] daw
* 16-20/1145x [[wikt:鞉|鞉]] daw
* 16-20/1145y [[wikt:鼗|鼗]] daw
* 16-20/1145z [[wikt:駣|駣]] daw, dawX

==16-21==
* 16-21/1144a [[wikt:䍃|䍃]] yew
* 16-21/1144b [[wikt:窰|窰]] yew
* 16-21/1144c [[wikt:窯|窯]] yew
* 16-21/1144d [[wikt:傜|傜]] yew
* 16-21/1144e [[wikt:徭|徭]] yew
* 16-21/1144f [[wikt:媱|媱]] yew
* 16-21/1144g [[wikt:搖|搖]] yew
* 16-21/1144h [[wikt:榣|榣]] yew
* 16-21/1144i [[wikt:瑤|瑤]] yew
* 16-21/1144j [[wikt:謠|謠]] yew
* 16-21/1144k [[wikt:遙|遙]] yew
* 16-21/1144l [[wikt:鰩|鰩]] yew
* 16-21/1144m [[wikt:鷂|鷂]] yewH
* 16-21/1144n [[wikt:繇|繇]] drjuwH, yew
* 16-21/1144o [[wikt:櫾|櫾]] yuw

==16-22==
Zhengzhang (2003) combine [[#16-22|16-22]] and [[#16-44|16-44]]. 
* 16-22/1149e [[wikt:少|少]] syewH, syewX

==16-23==
* 16-23/1135a [[wikt:勞|勞]] law, lawH
* 16-23/1135b [[wikt:膋|膋]] lew

==16-24==
* 16-24/1151a [[wikt:𤋯|𤋯]] ljew, ljewH
* 16-24/1151b [[wikt:尞|尞]] ljewH
* 16-24/1151e [[wikt:燎|燎]] lewH
* 16-24/1151f [[wikt:療|療]] ljewH
* 16-24/1151g [[wikt:繚|繚]] lewX, ljewX
* 16-24/1151h [[wikt:僚|僚]] lew, lewX
* 16-24/1151i [[wikt:寮|寮]] lew, lewX
* 16-24/1151m [[wikt:憭|憭]] lew
* 16-24/1151n [[wikt:獠|獠]] lew
* 16-24/1151o [[wikt:瞭|瞭]] lew, lewX
* 16-24/1151p [[wikt:膫|膫]] lew
* 16-24/1151q [[wikt:遼|遼]] lew
* 16-24/1151r [[wikt:鷯|鷯]] lew
* 16-24/1151s [[wikt:橑|橑]] lawX, lew
* 16-24/1151t [[wikt:簝|簝]] law, lew
* 16-24/1151u [[wikt:潦|潦]] lawX
* 16-24/1151v [[wikt:䕩|䕩]] lawX

==16-25==
* 16-25/- [[wikt:了|了]] lewX

==16-26==
* 16-26/1245c [[wikt:料|料]] lew, lewH
* 16-26/1245d [[wikt:敹|敹]] lew

==16-27==
* 16-27/1152a [[wikt:擾|擾]] nyewX
* 16-27/1152b [[wikt:獶|獶]] naw

==16-28==
* 16-28/1244f [[wikt:腦|腦]] nawX

==16-28A==
* 16-28A/1244g [[wikt:𠜶|𠜶]] nawX

==16-29==
* 16-29/1244i [[wikt:呶|呶]] nraew
* 16-29/1244j [[wikt:怓|怓]] nraew

==16-30==
* 16-30/1134a [[wikt:喿|喿]] sawH
* 16-30/1134c [[wikt:譟|譟]] sawH
* 16-30/1134d [[wikt:燥|燥]] sawH, sawX
* 16-30/1134e [[wikt:臊|臊]] saw
* 16-30/1134f [[wikt:鱢|鱢]] saw
* 16-30/1134g [[wikt:澡|澡]] tsawX
* 16-30/1134h [[wikt:璪|璪]] tsawX
* 16-30/1134i [[wikt:繰|繰]] tsawX
* 16-30/1134j [[wikt:趮|趮]] tsawH
* 16-30/1134k [[wikt:躁|躁]] tsawH
* 16-30/1134l [[wikt:懆|懆]] tshawX
* 16-30/1134m [[wikt:操|操]] tshawH, tshawX
* 16-30/1134n [[wikt:藻|藻]] tsawX

==16-31==
* 16-31/1148a [[wikt:焦|焦]] tsjew
* 16-31/1148b [[wikt:燋|燋]] tsjak, tsraewk
* 16-31/1148c [[wikt:僬|僬]] dzjew, tsjewH
* 16-31/1148d [[wikt:潐|潐]] tsjewH
* 16-31/1148e [[wikt:蕉|蕉]] tsjew
* 16-31/1148f [[wikt:醮|醮]] tsjewH
* 16-31/1148g [[wikt:鷦|鷦]] tsjew
* 16-31/1148h [[wikt:憔|憔]] dzjew
* 16-31/1148i [[wikt:樵|樵]] dzjew
* 16-31/1148j [[wikt:譙|譙]] dzjew
* 16-31/1148k [[wikt:噍|噍]] dzjewH, tsjew, tsjuw
* 16-31/1148l [[wikt:穛|穛]] tsraewk
* 16-31/1148m [[wikt:𥼚|𥼚]] tsraewk

==16-32==
* 16-32/1169a [[wikt:巢|巢]] dzraew
* 16-32/1169b [[wikt:𠞰|𠞰]] tsjewX, tsrhaew
* 16-32/1169c [[wikt:勦|勦]] dzraew, tsjewX
* 16-32/1169d [[wikt:繅|繅]] saw
* 16-32/1169e [[wikt:薻|薻]] tsawX

==16-33==
* 16-33/1149a [[wikt:小|小]] sjewX
* 16-33/1149g [[wikt:肖|肖]] sjew, sjewH
* 16-33/1149h [[wikt:宵|宵]] sjew
* 16-33/1149j [[wikt:消|消]] sjew
* 16-33/1149k [[wikt:痟|痟]] sjew
* 16-33/1149l [[wikt:綃|綃]] sew, sjew
* 16-33/1149m [[wikt:逍|逍]] sjew
* 16-33/1149n [[wikt:銷|銷]] sjew
* 16-33/1149o [[wikt:霄|霄]] sjew
* 16-33/1149p [[wikt:俏|俏]] tshjewH
* 16-33/1149q [[wikt:哨|哨]] tshjewH
* 16-33/1149r [[wikt:峭|峭]] tshjewH
* 16-33/1149s [[wikt:悄|悄]] tshjewX
* 16-33/1149t [[wikt:誚|誚]] dzjewH
* 16-33/1149u [[wikt:趙|趙]] dewX, drjewX
* 16-33/1149x [[wikt:捎|捎]] sew
* 16-33/1149y [[wikt:梢|梢]] sraew
* 16-33/1149z [[wikt:稍|稍]] sraewH
* 16-33/1149a' [[wikt:筲|筲]] sraew
* 16-33/1149b' [[wikt:蛸|蛸]] sraew
* 16-33/1149c' [[wikt:削|削]] sjak, sjewH, sraewH
* 16-33/1149d' [[wikt:揱|揱]] sew, sraew, sraewk
* 16-33/1149e' [[wikt:箾|箾]] sew, sraewk

==16-34==
* 16-34/1150a [[wikt:笑|笑]] sjewH
==16-35==
* 16-35/1153a [[wikt:表|表]] pjewX

==16-36==
* for [[wikt:髟|髟]] pjiew see [[#13-71|13-71]]

==16-37==
* 16-37/1155a [[wikt:猋|猋]] pjiew

==16-38==
* 16-38/1156a [[wikt:驫|驫]] pjiew, pjiw

==16-39==
* 16-39/1157a [[wikt:𤐫|𤐫]] phjiew, phjiewH
* 16-39/1157b [[wikt:票|票]] phjiew
* 16-39/1157c [[wikt:熛|熛]], [[wikt:𤒾|𤒾]] pjiew
* 16-39/1157d [[wikt:標|標]] pjiew
* 16-39/1157e [[wikt:飄|飄]] phjiew
* 16-39/1157f [[wikt:僄|僄]] phjiew, phjiewH
* 16-39/1157g [[wikt:剽|剽]] phjiew, phjiewH, phjiewX
* 16-39/1157h [[wikt:嘌|嘌]] phjiew
* 16-39/1157i [[wikt:漂|漂]] phjiew
* 16-39/1157j [[wikt:縹|縹]] phjiewX
* 16-39/1157k [[wikt:瓢|瓢]] bjiew
* 16-39/1157l [[wikt:摽|摽]] bjiewX, phaew, phew, phjiew, pjiew

==16-40==
* 16-40/1170a [[wikt:麃|麃]] baew, pjew
* 16-40/1170b [[wikt:儦|儦]] pjew
* 16-40/1170c [[wikt:瀌|瀌]] pjew
* 16-40/1170d [[wikt:穮|穮]] pjew
* 16-40/1170e [[wikt:鑣|鑣]] pjew
* 16-40/1170f [[wikt:皫|皫]] phjewX
* 16-40/1170g [[wikt:犥|犥]] phjewX

==16-41==
* 16-41/1137a [[wikt:毛|毛]] maw
* 16-41/1137c [[wikt:旄|旄]] maw
* 16-41/1137e [[wikt:髦|髦]] maw
* 16-41/1137g [[wikt:芼|芼]] mawH
* 16-41/1137h [[wikt:𦒷|𦒷]] mawH
* 16-41/1137i [[wikt:眊|眊]] maewk, mak, mawH
* 16-41/1137j [[wikt:秏|秏]] xawH
* 16-41/1137k [[wikt:耗|耗]] xawH

==16-42==
* 16-42/1171a [[wikt:皃|皃]] maewH
* 16-42/1171b [[wikt:貌|貌]] maewH
* 16-42/1171c [[wikt:藐|藐]] maewk
* 16-42/1171d [[wikt:邈|邈]] maewk

==16-43==
* 16-43/1159a [[wikt:苗|苗]] mjew
* 16-43/1159b [[wikt:庿|庿]] mjewH
* 16-43/1159c [[wikt:貓|貓]] maew, mjew

==16-44==
Zhengzhang (2003) combine [[#16-22|16-22]] and [[#16-44|16-44]]. 
* 16-44/1158a [[wikt:眇|眇]] mjiewX
* 16-44/1158b [[wikt:妙|妙]] mjiewH
* 16-44/1158c [[wikt:杪|杪]] mjiewX
* 16-44/1158d [[wikt:鈔|鈔]] mjiewX
* 16-44/1158e [[wikt:渺|渺]] mjiewX
* 16-44/1158- [[wikt:秒|秒]] mjiewX

==16-45==
* 16-45/1161a [[wikt:淼|淼]] mjiewX

=17=

====== 藥 yào [-auk] ======

==17-01==
* 17-01/1117a [[wikt:隺|隺]] howk
* 17-01/1117b [[wikt:鶴|鶴]] haewk, hak
* 17-01/1117c [[wikt:搉|搉]] kaewk
* 17-01/1117d [[wikt:確|確]] khaewk

==17-02==
* 17-02/1118a [[wikt:虐|虐]] ngjak
* 17-02/1118c [[wikt:瘧|瘧]] ngjak
* 17-02/1118d [[wikt:謔|謔]] xjak

==17-03==
* 17-03/1165a [[wikt:弔|弔]] tek, tewH
* 17-03/1165d [[wikt:盄|盄]] tsyew

==17-04==
* 17-04/1126a [[wikt:卓|卓]] traewk
* 17-04/1126b [[wikt:倬|倬]] traewk
* 17-04/1126c [[wikt:逴|逴]] trhaewk
* 17-04/1126d [[wikt:趠|趠]] trhaewk
* 17-04/1126f [[wikt:踔|踔]] trhaewk
* 17-04/1126g [[wikt:綽|綽]] tsyhak
* 17-04/1126i [[wikt:罩|罩]] traewH
* 17-04/1126j [[wikt:淖|淖]] nraewH
* 17-04/1126l [[wikt:悼|悼]] dawH
* 17-04/1126m [[wikt:掉|掉]] dewH, dewX, nraewk

==17-05==
* 17-05/1120a [[wikt:勺|勺]] dzyak, tsyak
* 17-05/1120b [[wikt:杓|杓]] dzyak
* 17-05/1120c [[wikt:汋|汋]] tsyak, yak
* 17-05/1120d [[wikt:酌|酌]] tsyak
* 17-05/1120e [[wikt:妁|妁]] dzyak
* 17-05/1120f [[wikt:灼|灼]] tsyak
* 17-05/1120g [[wikt:礿|礿]] yak
* 17-05/1120 [[wikt:|wikt:]] 的 tek
* 17-05/1120i [[wikt:旳|旳]] tek
* 17-05/1120j [[wikt:靮|靮]] tek
* 17-05/1120k [[wikt:釣|釣]] tewH
* 17-05/1120l [[wikt:魡|魡]] tewH
* 17-05/1120m [[wikt:約|約]] 'jak, 'jiewH
* 17-05/1120n [[wikt:葯|葯]] 'aewk

==17-06==
* 17-06/1119a [[wikt:龠|龠]] yak
* 17-06/1119c [[wikt:籥|籥]] yak
* 17-06/1119d [[wikt:瀹|瀹]] yak
* 17-06/1119e [[wikt:𤅢|𤅢]] yak
* 17-06/1119f [[wikt:爚|爚]] yak
* 17-06/1119g [[wikt:禴|禴]] yak
* 17-06/1119h [[wikt:籲|籲]] yuH

==17-07==
* 17-07/1124a [[wikt:翟|翟]] dek
* 17-07/1124c [[wikt:糴|糴]] dek
* 17-07/1124d [[wikt:籊|籊]] dek, thek
* 17-07/1124e [[wikt:趯|趯]] thek
* 17-07/1124f [[wikt:躍|躍]] yak
* 17-07/1124g [[wikt:擢|擢]] draewk
* 17-07/1124h [[wikt:濯|濯]] draewH, draewk
* 17-07/1124i [[wikt:曜|曜]] yewH
* 17-07/1124j [[wikt:燿|燿]] yewH
* 17-07/1124k [[wikt:耀|耀]] yewH
* 17-07/1124l [[wikt:糶|糶]] thewH
* 17-07/1124m [[wikt:藋|藋]] dewH
* 17-07/1124n [[wikt:鑃|鑃]] dewH
* 17-07/1124q [[wikt:櫂|櫂]] draewH

==17-08==
* 17-08/1125a [[wikt:樂|樂]] lak, ljewH, ngaewH, ngaewk
* 17-08/1125d [[wikt:轢|轢]] lak, lek
* 17-08/1125e [[wikt:𧭥|𧭥]] lak
* 17-08/1125g [[wikt:濼|濼]] lowk
* 17-08/1125i [[wikt:櫟|櫟]] lek
* 17-08/1125j [[wikt:礫|礫]] lek
* 17-08/1125k [[wikt:躒|躒]] lek
* 17-08/1125l [[wikt:䟏|䟏]] syak
* 17-08/1125n [[wikt:爍|爍]] syak
* 17-08/1125o [[wikt:鑠|鑠]] syak
* 17-08/1125p [[wikt:藥|藥]] yak

==17-09==
* 17-09/1123a [[wikt:弱|弱]] nyak
* 17-09/1123b [[wikt:蒻|蒻]] nyak
* 17-09/1123c [[wikt:愵|愵]] nek
* 17-09/1123d [[wikt:溺|溺]] nek, newH
* 17-09/1123e [[wikt:嫋|嫋]] newX

==17-10==
* 17-10/- [[wikt:尿|尿]] newH

==17-11==
* 17-11/1128a [[wikt:鑿|鑿]] dzak
* 17-11/1128b [[wikt:𥽿|𥽿]] tsak

==17-12==
* 17-12/1121a [[wikt:爵|爵]] tsjak
* 17-12/1121e [[wikt:爝|爝]] dzjak
* 17-12/1121f [[wikt:穱|穱]] tsraewk
* 17-12/1121g [[wikt:灂|灂]] tsjewH
* 17-12/1121h [[wikt:釂|釂]] tsjewH

==17-13==
* 17-13/1122a [[wikt:雀|雀]] tsjak

==17-14==
* 17-14/1136a [[wikt:暴|暴]] bawH, buwk
* 17-14/1136b [[wikt:曝|曝]] bawH
* 17-14/1136c [[wikt:瀑|瀑]] bawH
* 17-14/1136d [[wikt:襮|襮]] pak, powk
* 17-14/1136e [[wikt:嚗|嚗]] paewk

==17-15==
* 17-15/1127a [[wikt:駁|駁]] paewk
* 17-15/1127c [[wikt:駮|駮]] paewk

==17-16==
* 17-16/1244k [[wikt:豹|豹]] paewH

=18=

====== 歌 gē [-ai] ======

==18-01==
* 18-01/0001a [[wikt:可|可]] khaX
* 18-01/0001d [[wikt:柯|柯]] ka
* 18-01/0001e [[wikt:笴|笴]] kanX, kaX
* 18-01/0001f [[wikt:何|何]] ha, haX
* 18-01/0001g [[wikt:河|河]] ha
* 18-01/0001i [[wikt:苛|苛]] ha
* 18-01/0001j [[wikt:呵|呵]] xa
* 18-01/0001k [[wikt:訶|訶]] xa
* 18-01/0001m [[wikt:阿|阿]] 'a
* 18-01/0001n [[wikt:㫊|㫊]] 'aX, 'jeX
* 18-01/0001o [[wikt:荷|荷]] ha
* 18-01/0001p [[wikt:哥|哥]] ka
* 18-01/0001q [[wikt:歌|歌]] ka
* 18-01/0001r [[wikt:謌|謌]] ka
* 18-01/0001s [[wikt:奇|奇]] gje, kje
* 18-01/0001t [[wikt:琦|琦]] gje
* 18-01/0001u [[wikt:騎|騎]] gje
* 18-01/0001v [[wikt:錡|錡]] gje, gjeX, ngjeX
* 18-01/0001x [[wikt:寄|寄]] kjeH
* 18-01/0001y [[wikt:掎|掎]] kjeX
* 18-01/0001z [[wikt:畸|畸]] kje
* 18-01/0001a' [[wikt:羇|羇]] kje
* 18-01/0001b' [[wikt:綺|綺]] khjeX
* 18-01/0001c' [[wikt:踦|踦]] khje, kjeX, ngjeX
* 18-01/0001d' [[wikt:攲|攲]] khje, kje
* 18-01/0001e' [[wikt:觭|觭]] khje
* 18-01/0001f' [[wikt:倚|倚]] 'jeX
* 18-01/0001g' [[wikt:椅|椅]] 'je
* 18-01/0001h' [[wikt:猗|猗]] 'aX, 'je, 'jeX
* 18-01/0001i' [[wikt:輢|輢]] 'jeX
* 18-01/0001j' [[wikt:陭|陭]] 'je

==18-02==
* 18-02/0349a [[wikt:个|个]] kaH, kanH

==18-03==
Baxter &amp; Sagart (personal communication 11 April 2017) combine [[#07-33|07-33]], [[#18-03|18-03]], [[#18-10|18-10]], and [[#18-17|18-17]].
* 18-03/1238a [[wikt:羈|羈]] kje

==18-04==
* 18-04/0015a [[wikt:加|加]] kae
* 18-04/0015c [[wikt:枷|枷]] kae, kaeH
* 18-04/0015d [[wikt:珈|珈]] kae
* 18-04/0015e [[wikt:駕|駕]] kaeH
* 18-04/0015g [[wikt:嘉|嘉]] kae
* 18-04/0015i [[wikt:哿|哿]] kaX
* 18-04/0015j [[wikt:賀|賀]] haH
* 18-04/0015- [[wikt:伽|伽]] gja (?)
* 18-04/0015- [[wikt:迦|迦]] kja (?)
* 18-04/0015- [[wikt:袈|袈]] kae

==18-05==
* 18-05/0002a [[wikt:我|我]] ngaX
* 18-05/0002h [[wikt:俄|俄]] nga
* 18-05/0002i [[wikt:娥|娥]] nga
* 18-05/0002k [[wikt:峨|峨]] nga
* 18-05/0002l [[wikt:睋|睋]] nga
* 18-05/0002m [[wikt:莪|莪]] nga
* 18-05/0002n [[wikt:誐|誐]] nga
* 18-05/0002o [[wikt:餓|餓]] ngaH
* 18-05/0002p [[wikt:鵞|鵞]] nga
* 18-05/0002q [[wikt:蛾|蛾]] nga, ngjeX
* 18-05/0002r [[wikt:義|義]] ngjeH
* 18-05/0002u [[wikt:儀|儀]] ngje
* 18-05/0002v [[wikt:議|議]] ngjeH
* 18-05/0002x [[wikt:蟻|蟻]] ngjeX
* 18-05/0002y [[wikt:羲|羲]] xje
* 18-05/0002z [[wikt:犧|犧]] xje

==18-06==
* 18-06/0021a [[wikt:宜|宜]] ngje
* 18-06/0021h [[wikt:誼|誼]] ngjeH

==18-07==
An -r series acc. to Baxter and Sagart.
* 18-07/0022a [[wikt:䖒|䖒]] xje
* 18-07/0022b [[wikt:戲|戲]] xjeH

==18-08==
* 18-08/0003a [[wikt:多|多]] ta
* 18-08/0003d [[wikt:痑|痑]] taH, tha
* 18-08/0003e [[wikt:奓|奓]] trae
* 18-08/0003f [[wikt:㗬|㗬]] trhae
* 18-08/0003h [[wikt:恀|恀]] tseyX
* 18-08/0003i [[wikt:侈|侈]] tsyheX
* 18-08/0003j [[wikt:拸|拸]] trhjeX
* 18-08/0003k [[wikt:哆|哆]] tsyhaeX
* 18-08/0003l [[wikt:誃|誃]] drje, tsyheX
* 18-08/0003m [[wikt:趍|趍]] drje
* 18-08/0003o [[wikt:陊|陊]] drjeX
* 18-08/0003q [[wikt:移|移]] ye, yeH
* 18-08/0003r [[wikt:迻|迻]] ye
* 18-08/0003t [[wikt:㢋|㢋]] tsyheX

==18-09==
* 18-09/0004a [[wikt:它|它]] tha
* 18-09/0004f [[wikt:㐌|㐌]] tha
* 18-09/0004g [[wikt:也|也]] yaeX
* 18-09/0004h [[wikt:佗|佗]] da, thaH
* 18-09/0004i [[wikt:拕|拕]] tha, thaH
* 18-09/0004j [[wikt:紽|紽]] da
* 18-09/0004k [[wikt:沱|沱]] da
* 18-09/0004l [[wikt:蛇|蛇]] ye, zyae
* 18-09/0004m [[wikt:鉈|鉈]] syae
* 18-09/0004n [[wikt:匜|匜]] ye
* 18-09/0004q [[wikt:訑|訑]] tha, thwa, ye
* 18-09/0004r [[wikt:迆|迆]] ye
* 18-09/0004s [[wikt:酏|酏]] ye
* 18-09/0004t [[wikt:池|池]] drje
* 18-09/0004v [[wikt:竾|竾]] drje
* 18-09/0004x [[wikt:馳|馳]] drje
* 18-09/0004y [[wikt:杝|杝]] drjeX, ye
* 18-09/0004z [[wikt:阤|阤]] drjeX
* 18-09/0004a' [[wikt:弛|弛]] sye, syeX
* 18-09/0004b' [[wikt:地|地]] dijH
* 18-09/0004c' [[wikt:他|他]] tha
* 18-09/0004d' [[wikt:扡|扡]] tha
* 18-09/0004e' [[wikt:髢|髢]] dejH
* 18-09/0004f' [[wikt:拖|拖]] daX, tha, thaH 
* 18-09/0004g' [[wikt:胣|胣]] yeX
* 18-09/0004h' [[wikt:袘|袘]] ye
* 18-09/0004i' [[wikt:迤|迤]] ye
* 18-09/0004j' [[wikt:㢮|㢮]] syeX
* 18-09/0004k' [[wikt:𨠑|𨠑]] ye
* 18-09/0004l' [[wikt:施|施]] sye, yeH
* 18-09/0004m' [[wikt:葹|葹]] sye
* 18-09/0004n' [[wikt:椸|椸]] ye
* 18-09/0004- [[wikt:陀|陀]] da
* 18-09/0004- [[wikt:舵|舵]] da

==18-10==
Baxter &amp; Sagart (personal communication 11 April 2017) combine [[#07-33|07-33]], [[#18-03|18-03]], [[#18-10|18-10]], and [[#18-17|18-17]].
* 18-10/0006a [[wikt:羅|羅]] la
* 18-10/0006b [[wikt:蘿|蘿]] la
* 18-10/0024a [[wikt:罹|罹]] lje

==18-11==
* 18-11/0023a [[wikt:离|离]] trhje
* 18-11/0023b [[wikt:魑|魑]] trhje
* 18-11/0023c [[wikt:螭|螭]] trhje
* 18-11/0023d [[wikt:縭|縭]] lje
* 18-11/0023e [[wikt:醨|醨]] lje
* 18-11/0023f [[wikt:離|離]] lje, ljeH
* 18-11/0023g [[wikt:籬|籬]] lje
* 18-11/0023h [[wikt:灕|灕]] lje
* 18-11/0023- [[wikt:漓|漓]] lje

==18-12==
An -r series acc. to Baxter &amp; Sagart (2014: 257)
*18-12/0350a [[wikt:那|那]] na

==18-13==
* 18-13/0005a [[wikt:左|左]] tsaH, tsaX
* 18-13/0005e [[wikt:佐|佐]] tsaH
* 18-13/0005f [[wikt:差|差]] tsha, tsrhae, tsrhea, tsrhje
* 18-13/0005h [[wikt:槎|槎]] dzrae, dzraeX
* 18-13/0005i [[wikt:瑳|瑳]] tshaX
* 18-13/0005j [[wikt:磋|磋]] tsha
* 18-13/0005k [[wikt:傞|傞]] sa, tsha
* 18-13/0005l [[wikt:瘥|瘥]] dza, tsjae
* 18-13/0005m [[wikt:鹺|鹺]] dza
* 18-13/0005n [[wikt:嗟|嗟]] tsjae
* 18-13/0005o [[wikt:髊|髊]] dzjeH

==18-15==
* 18-15/0016a [[wikt:沙|沙]] srae
* 18-15/0016d [[wikt:鯊|鯊]] srae
* 18-15/0016e [[wikt:娑|娑]] sa
* 18-15/0016f [[wikt:莎|莎]] srae, swa

==18-16==
* 18-16/0025a [[wikt:皮|皮]] bje
* 18-16/0025d [[wikt:疲|疲]] bje
* 18-16/0025e [[wikt:被|被]] bjeH, bjeX, phje, phjeH
* 18-16/0025f [[wikt:鞁|鞁]] bjeH
* 18-16/0025g [[wikt:彼|彼]] pjeX
* 18-16/0025h [[wikt:詖|詖]] pje, pjeH
* 18-16/0025i [[wikt:陂|陂]] pje
* 18-16/0025j [[wikt:披|披]] phje, phjeH
* 18-16/0025k [[wikt:鈹|鈹]] phje
* 18-16/0025l [[wikt:波|波]] pa
* 18-16/0025m [[wikt:跛|跛]] paX, pjeH
* 18-16/0025n [[wikt:簸|簸]] paH, paX
* 18-16/0025o [[wikt:破|破]] phaH
* 18-16/0025p [[wikt:頗|頗]] pha
* 18-16/0025q [[wikt:婆|婆]] ba

==18-17==
Baxter &amp; Sagart (personal communication 11 April 2017) combine [[#07-33|07-33]], [[#18-03|18-03]], [[#18-10|18-10]], and [[#18-17|18-17]].
* 18-17/0026a [[wikt:罷|罷]] beaX, bje
* 18-17/0026b [[wikt:羆|羆]] pje

==18-18==
* 18-18/0017a [[wikt:麻|麻]] mae
* 18-18/0017c [[wikt:塺|塺]] maH
* 18-18/0017d [[wikt:麽|麽]] maX
* 18-18/0017e [[wikt:摩|摩]] ma
* 18-18/0017f [[wikt:磨|磨]] ma, maH
* 18-18/0017g [[wikt:糜|糜]] mje
* 18-18/0017h [[wikt:靡|靡]] mje, mjeX
* 18-18/0017i [[wikt:麾|麾]] xjwe
* 18-18/0017j [[wikt:攠|攠]] mje
* 18-18/0017- [[wikt:魔|魔]] ma
* 18-18/0442a [[wikt:穈|穈]] mwon

==18-19==
* 18-19/0356a [[wikt:毀|毀]] xjweX
* 18-19/0356b [[wikt:燬|燬]] xjweX

=19=

====== 歌 gē [-oi -wai] ======

==19-01==
* 19-01/0007a [[wikt:戈|戈]] kwa
* 19-01/0007e [[wikt:划|划]] hwae
* 19-01/0007f [[wikt:𢦚|𢦚]] hwaeX

==19-02==
* 19-02/0351a [[wikt:果|果]] khwaX, kwaX
* 19-02/0351c [[wikt:蜾|蜾]] kwaX
* 19-02/0351d [[wikt:裹|裹]] kwaX
* 19-02/0351e [[wikt:堁|堁]] khwaH
* 19-02/0351f [[wikt:課|課]] khwaH
* 19-02/0351g [[wikt:倮|倮]] lwaX
* 19-02/0351h [[wikt:裸|裸]] lwaX
* 19-02/0351i [[wikt:臝|臝]] lwaX
* 19-02/0351j [[wikt:踝|踝]] hwaeX
* 19-02/0351k [[wikt:髁|髁]] hwaeX
* 19-02/0351l [[wikt:輠|輠]] hwaeX, hwanX, hwojX
* 19-02/0351m [[wikt:祼|祼]] kwanH
* 19-02/0351n [[wikt:婐|婐]] 'waX

==19-03==
* 19-03/0352a [[wikt:𩰬|𩰬]] kwa

==19-04==
* 19-04/0018a [[wikt:咼|咼]] kwaeX
* 19-04/0018b [[wikt:騧|騧]] kwae, kwea
* 19-04/0018c [[wikt:蝸|蝸]] kwae, lwa
* 19-04/0018d [[wikt:媧|媧]] kwae
* 19-04/0018e [[wikt:過|過]] kwa, kwaH
* 19-04/0018f [[wikt:禍|禍]] hwaX
* 19-04/0018g [[wikt:旤|旤]] hwaX
* 19-04/0018h [[wikt:薖|薖]] khwa

==19-05==
* 19-05/0028a [[wikt:虧|虧]] khjwe

==19-06==
A uvular series.
* 19-06/0027a [[wikt:爲|爲]] hjwe, hjweH
* 19-06/0027f [[wikt:䦱|䦱]] hjweX
* 19-06/0027g [[wikt:嬀|嬀]] kjwe
* 19-06/0027k [[wikt:僞|僞]] ngjweH
* 19-06/0027l [[wikt:撝|撝]] xjwe
* 19-06/0027m [[wikt:譌|譌]] ngwa

==19-07==
* 19-07/0008a [[wikt:禾|禾]] hwa
* 19-07/0008e [[wikt:和|和]] hwa, hwaH
* 19-07/0008g [[wikt:龢|龢]] hwa
* 19-07/0008k [[wikt:盉|盉]] hwa
* 19-07/0008n [[wikt:科|科]] khwa

==19-08==
* 19-08/0019a [[wikt:化|化]] xwaeH
* 19-08/0019c [[wikt:貨|貨]] xwaH
* 19-08/0019d [[wikt:吪|吪]] ngwa
* 19-08/0019e [[wikt:訛|訛]] ngwa

==19-09==
Schuessler (2009: 221-222) divides GSR 0011 into two series, namely [[#19-09]] and [[#19-16]]. Baxter &amp; Sagart regard the x- initial readings as descending from *l̥- via a Western dialect; they explain the s- readings as due to a prefix. In sum, they see this as only one series.
* 19-09/0011b [[wikt:隋|隋]] sjweH, thwaX, xjwieH
* 19-09/0011e [[wikt:墮|墮]] dwaX, xjwie
* 19-09/0011f [[wikt:隳|隳]] xjwie
* 19-09/0011g [[wikt:隨|隨]] zjwe
* 19-09/0011h [[wikt:髓|髓]] sjweX
* 19-09/0011i [[wikt:瀡|瀡]] sjweH

==19-10==
* 19-10/0357a [[wikt:委|委]] 'jwe, 'jweH, 'jweX
* 19-10/0357b [[wikt:倭|倭]] 'jwe
* 19-10/0357c [[wikt:痿|痿]] 'jwe
* 19-10/0357d [[wikt:萎|萎]] 'jwe
* 19-10/0357e [[wikt:逶|逶]] 'jwe
* 19-10/0357f [[wikt:餧|餧]] 'jweH
* 19-10/0357g [[wikt:踒|踒]] 'wa, 'waH

==19-11==
* 19-11/0009a [[wikt:臥|臥]] ngwaH

==19-12==
* 19-12/0029a [[wikt:危|危]] ngjwe
* 19-12/0029b [[wikt:詭|詭]] kjweX
* 19-12/0029c [[wikt:佹|佹]] kjweX
* 19-12/0029d [[wikt:垝|垝]] kjweX
* 19-12/0029e [[wikt:恑|恑]] kjweX
* 19-12/0029f [[wikt:跪|跪]] gjweX, khjweX

==19-13==
* 19-13/0020a [[wikt:瓦|瓦]] ngwaeX

==19-14==
* 19-14/0010a [[wikt:朵|朵]] twaX
* 19-14/0010b [[wikt:朶|朶]] twaX

==19-15==
* 19-15/0030a [[wikt:吹|吹]] tsyhweH, tsyhweH
* 19-15/0030b [[wikt:炊|炊]] tsyhwe

==19-16==
Schuessler (2009: 221-222) divides GSR 0011 into two series, namely [[#19-09]] and [[#19-16]]. Baxter &amp; Sagart regard the x- initial readings as descending from *l̥- via a Western dialect; they explain the s- readings as due to a prefix. In sum, they see this as only one series.
* 19-16/0011a [[wikt:隓|隓]] dwaX
* 19-16/0011b [[wikt:隋|隋]] sjweH, thwaX, xjwieH
* 19-16/0011c [[wikt:橢|橢]] thwaX
* 19-16/0011d [[wikt:嶞|嶞]] dwaX
* 19-16/0011e [[wikt:墮|墮]] dwaX, xjwie
* 19-16/0011j [[wikt:鬌|鬌]] drjwe, dwaX, twaX
* 19-16/0011k [[wikt:媠|媠]] dwaH, thwaX
* 19-16/0011l [[wikt:惰|惰]] dwaH, dwaX

==19-17==
* 19-17/0031a [[wikt:垂|垂]] dzywe
* 19-17/0031b [[wikt:陲|陲]] dzywe
* 19-17/0031d [[wikt:睡|睡]] dzyweH
* 19-17/0031e [[wikt:菙|菙]] dzyweX
* 19-17/0031f [[wikt:甀|甀]] drjwe, drjweH
* 19-17/0031g [[wikt:錘|錘]] drjwe, drjweH
* 19-17/0031h [[wikt:硾|硾]] drjweH
* 19-17/0031i [[wikt:捶|捶]] tsyweX
* 19-17/0031j [[wikt:箠|箠]] tsyweX
* 19-17/0031k [[wikt:諈|諈]] trjweH
* 19-17/0031l [[wikt:埵|埵]] twaX
* 19-17/0031m [[wikt:唾|唾]] thwaH

==19-18==
* 19-18/0014a [[wikt:𦝠|𦝠]] lwa
* 19-18/0014b [[wikt:蠃|蠃]] lwaX
* 19-18/0014c [[wikt:羸|羸]] ljwe

==19-18A==
* 19-18A/1236b [[wikt:蓏|蓏]] lwaX

==19-19==
* 19-19/0354a [[wikt:妥|妥]] thwaX
* 19-19/0354d [[wikt:餒|餒]] nwojX
* 19-19/0354e [[wikt:緌|緌]] nywij
* 19-19/0354f [[wikt:諉|諉]] nrjweH
* 19-19/0354g [[wikt:綏|綏]] sjwe, swij, thwaX

==19-20==
* 19-20/1238j [[wikt:繠|繠]] nyweX, nywijX
* 19-20/1238k [[wikt:蕊|蕊]] nyweX, nywijX

==19-21==
* 19-21/0012a [[wikt:坐|坐]] dzwaX, dzwaH
* 19-21/0012b [[wikt:痤|痤]] dzwa
* 19-21/0012c [[wikt:挫|挫]] tswaH
* 19-21/0012d [[wikt:蓌|蓌]] tsraeH, tswaH
* 19-21/0012e [[wikt:剉|剉]] tshwaH
* 19-21/0012f [[wikt:脞|脞]] tshwaX
* 19-21/0012g [[wikt:髽|髽]] tsrwae

==19-22==
* 19-22/0013a [[wikt:𧴪|𧴪]] swaX
* 19-22/0013b [[wikt:瑣|瑣]] swaX, swaeX
* 19-22/0013- [[wikt:鎖|鎖]] swaX

==19-23==
* 19-23/0355a [[wikt:衰|衰]] srwij, swa, tshwoj, tsrhjwe
* 19-23/0355b [[wikt:蓑|蓑]] swa
* 19-23/0355c [[wikt:簑|簑]] swa
* 19-23/0355d [[wikt:榱|榱]] srwij
* 19-23/0355e [[wikt:縗|縗]] tshwoj

=20=

====== 月yuè / 祭 jì [-et -ets -es] ======

==20-01==
Although the series is clearly velar, Baxter &amp; Sagart (2014: 137) reconstruct 楔 (0279i) with a uvular initial.
* 20-01/0279a [[wikt:㓞|㓞]] kheat
* 20-01/0279b [[wikt:契|契]] khejH, khet, sjet
* 20-01/0279c [[wikt:挈|挈]] khet
* 20-01/0279d [[wikt:絜|絜]] het, ket
* 20-01/0279e [[wikt:齧|齧]] nget
* 20-01/0279f [[wikt:鍥|鍥]] khet
* 20-01/0279g [[wikt:瘈|瘈]] kjiejH, tsyejH
* 20-01/0279h [[wikt:喫|喫]] kheaH
* 20-01/0279i [[wikt:楔|楔]] set
* 20-01/0279j [[wikt:潔|潔]] ket
* 20-01/0279k [[wikt:緳|緳]] het, khet

==20-02==
* 20-02/0327a [[wikt:介|介]] keajH, keat
* 20-02/0327d [[wikt:价|价]] keajH
* 20-02/0327e [[wikt:界|界]] keajH
* 20-02/0327f [[wikt:疥|疥]] keajH
* 20-02/0327h [[wikt:齘|齘]] heajH
* 20-02/0327i [[wikt:𢗊|𢗊]] xeajH
* 20-02/0327j [[wikt:芥|芥]] kaejH, keajH
* 20-02/0327k [[wikt:紒|紒]] kejH

==20-03==
Despite the mixture of glottal and velar readings, Baxter &amp; Sagart appear not to treat as a uvular series.
* 20-03/0312a [[wikt:夬|夬]] kwaejH, kwet
* 20-03/0312b [[wikt:決|決]] kwet, xwet
* 20-03/0312c [[wikt:玦|玦]] kwet
* 20-03/0312d [[wikt:袂|袂]] kwet, mjiejH
* 20-03/0312e [[wikt:訣|訣]] kwet
* 20-03/0312f [[wikt:趹|趹]] kwet
* 20-03/0312g [[wikt:鴃|鴃]] kwet
* 20-03/0312h [[wikt:缺|缺]] khwet, khjwiet
* 20-03/0312i [[wikt:吷|吷]] xjwiet, xwet
* 20-03/0312j [[wikt:抉|抉]] 'wet
* 20-03/0312k [[wikt:快|快]] khwaejH

==20-04==
In ''addenda et corrigienda'' Schuessler combines [[#20-04|20-04]] and [[#30-07|30-07]]. 
Baxter &amp; Sagart (personal communication 12 April 2017, also see 2014: 80) combine [[#20-04|20-04]], [[#30-01|30-01]], and [[#30-07|30-07]].

* 20-04/0280a [[wikt:軋|軋]] 'eat
* 20-04/0280b [[wikt:札|札]] 'eat, tsreat
* 20-04/0280- [[wikt:乚|乚]]

==20-05==
* 20-05/1256a [[wikt:隉|隉]] nget

==20-06==
* 20-06/0331a [[wikt:帠|帠]] ngjejH

==20-07==
* 20-07/0285a [[wikt:臬|臬]] nget
* 20-07/0285c [[wikt:闑|闑]] nget, ngjet
* 20-07/0285d [[wikt:臲|臲]] nget
* 20-07/0285e [[wikt:㓷|㓷]] ngjejH

==20-08==
* 20-08/0290a [[wikt:設|設]] syet

==20-09==
* 20-09/1256b [[wikt:鐵|鐵]] thet
* 20-09/1256c [[wikt:驖|驖]] det, thet

==20-10==
* 20-10/0288a [[wikt:舌|舌]] zyet

==20-11==
* 20-11/0309a [[wikt:竊|竊]] tshet

==20-12==
* 20-12/0310a [[wikt:𢧵|𢧵]] dzet
* 20-12/0310b [[wikt:截|截]] dzet

==20-13==
* 20-13/0330a [[wikt:埶|埶]] ngjejH, syejH
* 20-13/0330e [[wikt:蓺|蓺]] ngjejH
* 20-13/0330f [[wikt:藝|藝]] ngjejH
* 20-13/0330g [[wikt:摰|摰]] nget
* 20-13/0330h [[wikt:槷|槷]] nget
* 20-13/0330i [[wikt:囈|囈]] ngjejH
* 20-13/0330j [[wikt:熱|熱]] nyet
* 20-13/0330k [[wikt:爇|爇]] nywet
* 20-13/0330l [[wikt:勢|勢]] syejH
* 20-13/0330m [[wikt:暬|暬]] sjet
* 20-13/0330n [[wikt:褻|褻]] sjet

==20-14==
* 20-14/0281a [[wikt:八|八]] peat

==20-15==
* 20-15/0292a [[wikt:别|别]] bjet, pjet

==20-16==
* 20-16/0341a [[wikt:敝|敝]] bjiejH
* 20-16/0341d [[wikt:幣|幣]] bjiejH
* 20-16/0341e [[wikt:弊|弊]] bjiejH
* 20-16/0341f [[wikt:斃|斃]] bjiejH
* 20-16/0341g [[wikt:獘|獘]] bjiejH
* 20-16/0341h [[wikt:蔽|蔽]] pjiejH
* 20-16/0341i [[wikt:鷩|鷩]] pjiejH, pjiet
* 20-16/0341j [[wikt:虌|虌]] pjiet
* 20-16/0341k [[wikt:鱉|鱉]] pjiet
* 20-16/0341l [[wikt:憋|憋]] phjiet
* 20-16/0341m [[wikt:蹩|蹩]] bet

==20-17==
* 20-17/0328a [[wikt:拜|拜]] peajH

==20-18==
Schussler suggests that 簚 mek ([[#1260|1260e]]) may also belong to this series.
* 20-18/0311a [[wikt:蔑|蔑]] met
* 20-18/0311f [[wikt:幭|幭]] met
* 20-18/0311g [[wikt:懱|懱]] met
* 20-18/0311h [[wikt:䁾|䁾]] met
* 20-18/0311i [[wikt:𥣫|𥣫]] met
* 20-18/0311k [[wikt:篾|篾]] met
* 20-18/0311l [[wikt:韈|韈]] mjot
* 20-18/0311m [[wikt:韤|韤]] mjot

==20-19==
Baxter &amp; Sagart (2012: 30) take GSR 1257h [[wikt:戌|戌]] as phonetic in [[wikt:滅|滅]] GSR  0294b.
* 20-19/0294a [[wikt:烕|烕]] xjwiet
* 20-19/0294b [[wikt:滅|滅]] mjiet
* 20-19/0294c [[wikt:𡟬|𡟬]] mjiet

=21=

====== 月yuè / 祭 jì [-at -ats -as] ======

==21-01==
A uvular series
* 21-01/0313a [[wikt:匃|匃]] kajH, kat
* 21-01/0313d [[wikt:曷|曷]] hat
* 21-01/0313e [[wikt:毼|毼]] hat
* 21-01/0313f [[wikt:蝎|蝎]] hat
* 21-01/0313g [[wikt:褐|褐]] hat
* 21-01/0313h [[wikt:鶡|鶡]] hat, khat
* 21-01/0313i [[wikt:葛|葛]] kat
* 21-01/0313j [[wikt:渴|渴]] gjet, khat
* 21-01/0313k [[wikt:喝|喝]] 'aejH, xat
* 21-01/0313l [[wikt:遏|遏]] 'at
* 21-01/0313m [[wikt:朅|朅]] khjet, khjot
* 21-01/0313n [[wikt:揭|揭]] gjet, gjot, khjejH, khjet, kjot
* 21-01/0313o [[wikt:楬|楬]] gjet, khaet
* 21-01/0313p [[wikt:偈|偈]] kjot
* 21-01/0313q [[wikt:碣|碣]] gjet
* 21-01/0313r [[wikt:竭|竭]] gjet
* 21-01/0313s [[wikt:愒|愒]] khajH, khjejH, khjet
* 21-01/0313t [[wikt:猲|猲]] xjot
* 21-01/0313u [[wikt:歇|歇]] xjot
* 21-01/0313v [[wikt:暍|暍]] 'jot
* 21-01/0313x [[wikt:謁|謁]] 'jot
* 21-01/0313y [[wikt:餲|餲]] 'aejH, 'at, 'jejH
* 21-01/0313z [[wikt:㵣|㵣]] khat
* 21-01/0313a' [[wikt:藹|藹]] 'ajH

==21-02==
* 21-02/0314a [[wikt:害|害]] hajH, hat
* 21-02/0314c [[wikt:犗|犗]] kaejH
* 21-02/0314d [[wikt:割|割]] kat
* 21-02/0314f [[wikt:轄|轄]] haet
* 21-02/0314g [[wikt:豁|豁]] xwat

==21-03==
* 21-03/0282a [[wikt:舝|舝]] haet

==21-04==
* 21-04/0283a [[wikt:孑|孑]] kjet

==21-05==
* 21-05/0284a [[wikt:桀|桀]] gjet, kjet
* 21-05/0284b [[wikt:傑|傑]] gjet

==21-05B==
* 21-05B/0284- [[wikt:罽|罽]] kjejH

==21-06==
* 21-06/0329a [[wikt:憩|憩]] khjejH

==21-07==
* 21-07/0332a [[wikt:瘞|瘞]] 'jejH

==21-08==
* 21-08/0268a [[wikt:枿|枿]] ngat

==21-09==
* 21-09/0269b [[wikt:歺|歺]] ngat
* 21-09/0269c [[wikt:歹|歹]] ngat

==21-10==
* 21-10/0347a [[wikt:乂|乂]] ngjojH
* 21-10/0347b [[wikt:刈|刈]] ngjojH
* 21-10/0347c [[wikt:艾|艾]] ngajH, ngjojH

==21-11==
* 21-11/0289a [[wikt:辥|辥]] sjet
* 21-11/0289d [[wikt:薛|𧀼]] sjet
* 21-11/0289f [[wikt:躠|躠]] sat, set
* 21-11/0289g [[wikt:孼|孼]] ngjet
* 21-11/0289h [[wikt:蠥|蠥]] ngjet
* 21-11/0289i [[wikt:糱|糱]] ngjet
* 21-11/0289j [[wikt:櫱|櫱]] ngjet

==21-12==
* 21-12/0317a [[wikt:大|大]] daH, dajH
* 21-12/0317d [[wikt:太|太]] thajH
* 21-12/0317f [[wikt:汏|汏]] dajH, thajH, that
* 21-12/0317g [[wikt:汰|汰]] dajH, thajH, that
* 21-12/0317h [[wikt:軑|軑]] dajH, dejH
* 21-12/0317i [[wikt:忕|忕]] dzyejH
* 21-12/0317j [[wikt:杕|杕]] dejH
* 21-12/0317l [[wikt:釱|釱]] dajH, dejH

==21-13==
* 21-13/0316a [[wikt:泰|泰]] thajH

==21-14==
* 21-14/0271a [[wikt:𦍒|𦍒]] that
* 21-14/0271b [[wikt:達|達]] dat, that
* 21-14/0271d [[wikt:撻|撻]] that
* 21-14/0271e [[wikt:闥|闥]] that

==21-15==
* 21-15/0315a [[wikt:帶|帶]] tajH
* 21-15/0315b [[wikt:滯|滯]] drjejH
* 21-15/0315c [[wikt:蔕|蔕]] tejH
* 21-15/0315d [[wikt:墆|墆]] dejH, det
* 21-15/0315e [[wikt:遰|遰]] dejH, dzyejH
* 21-15/0315f [[wikt:懘|懘]] tsyhejH

==21-16==
* 21-16/0336a [[wikt:筮|筮]] dzyejH
* 21-16/0336b [[wikt:簭|簭]] dzyejH
* 21-16/0336c [[wikt:噬|噬]] dzyejH
* 21-16/0336d [[wikt:澨|澨]] dzyejH

==21-17==
* 21-17/0335a [[wikt:制|制]] tsyejH
* 21-17/0335b [[wikt:製|製]] tsyejH
* 21-17/0335c [[wikt:掣|掣]] tsyhejH, tsyhet
* 21-17/0335d [[wikt:猘|猘]] kjejH

==21-18==
* 21-18/0334a [[wikt:彘|彘]] drjejH

==21-19==
* 21-19/0287a [[wikt:折|折]] dejH, dzyet, tsyet
* 21-19/0287c [[wikt:哲|哲]] trjet
* 21-19/0287d [[wikt:悊|悊]] trjet
* 21-19/0287g [[wikt:蜇|蜇]] trjet
* 21-19/0287h [[wikt:硩|硩]] trhjet
* 21-19/0287i [[wikt:晣|晣]] tsyejH, tsyet
* 21-19/0287j [[wikt:晢|晢]] tsyejH, tsyet
* 21-19/0287k [[wikt:誓|誓]] dzyejH
* 21-19/0287m [[wikt:逝|逝]] dzyejH
* 21-19/0287n [[wikt:哳|哳]] traet
* 21-19/0287- [[wikt:狾|狾]] tsyejH

==21-20==
* 21-20/0286b [[wikt:撤|撤]] drjet, trhjet
* 21-20/0286c [[wikt:徹|徹]] drjet, trhjet
* 21-20/0286d [[wikt:澈|澈]] drjet
* 21-20/0286e [[wikt:轍|轍]] drjet
* 21-20/0286f [[wikt:𨅊|𨅊]] drjet

==21-21==
* 21-21/0338a [[wikt:曳|曳]] yejH
* 21-21/0338b [[wikt:洩|洩]] yejH
* 21-21/0338c [[wikt:絏|絏]] sjet

==21-22==
* 21-22/0333a [[wikt:裔|裔]] yejH

==21-23==
Baxter &amp; Sagart (2014: 144) appear to think [[#35-10|35-10]] is to be merged with [[#21-23|21-23]].
* 21-23/0339a [[wikt:世|世]] syejH
* 21-23/0339d [[wikt:貰|貰]] syejH
* 21-23/0339e [[wikt:抴|抴]] yejH, yet
* 21-23/0339f [[wikt:枻|枻]] yejH
* 21-23/0339g [[wikt:詍|詍]] yejH
* 21-23/0339h [[wikt:泄|泄]] sjet
* 21-23/0339i [[wikt:紲|紲]] sjet
* 21-23/0339j [[wikt:靾|靾]] sjet
* 21-23/0339k [[wikt:勩|勩]] yejH
* 21-23/0339l [[wikt:渫|渫]] sjet
* 21-23/0339m [[wikt:緤|緤]] sjet

==21-24==
* 21-24/0272a [[wikt:剌|剌]] lat
* 21-24/0272e [[wikt:賴|賴]] lajH
* 21-24/0272f [[wikt:瀨|瀨]] lajH
* 21-24/0272g [[wikt:籟|籟]] lajH
* 21-24/0272h [[wikt:藾|藾]] lajH, lat
* 21-24/0272i [[wikt:獺|獺]] that, trhaet

==21-25==
* 21-25/0291a [[wikt:列|列]] ljet
* 21-25/0291b [[wikt:冽|冽]] ljet
* 21-25/0291c [[wikt:洌|洌]] ljet
* 21-25/0291d [[wikt:烈|烈]] ljet
* 21-25/0291e [[wikt:茢|茢]] ljet
* 21-25/0291f [[wikt:裂|裂]] ljet
* 21-25/0291g [[wikt:栵|栵]] ljejH, ljet
* 21-25/0291h [[wikt:例|例]] ljejH
* 21-25/0291i [[wikt:㾐|㾐]] ljejH

==21-26==
Schuessler (2009: 235-236) includes GSR 0326a and three characters from GSR 0267 to this series.
Although this series mixes -n and -j, Baxter &amp; Sagart do not reconstruct -r. The reason for this is that these -jH originate from -ts. Why one word with final -n should be placed in this series is a bit of a mystery.
* 21-26/0267a [[wikt:萬|萬]] mjonH
* 21-26/0267c [[wikt:勱|勱]] maejH
* 21-26/0267d [[wikt:邁|邁]] maejH
* 21-26/0326a [[wikt:蠆|蠆]] trhaejH
* 21-26/0340a [[wikt:厲|厲]] ljejH
* 21-26/0340b [[wikt:礪|礪]] ljejH
* 21-26/0340c [[wikt:勵|勵]] ljejH
* 21-26/0340d [[wikt:癘|癘]] ljejH
* 21-26/0340e [[wikt:𧓽|𧓽]] ljejH
* 21-26/0340f [[wikt:蠣|蠣]] ljejH
* 21-26/0340g [[wikt:糲|糲]] lajH, lat, ljejH

==21-27==
* 21-27/0318a [[wikt:柰|柰]] najH
* 21-27/0318b [[wikt:奈|奈]] najH

==21-28==
* 21-28/0337a [[wikt:祭|祭]] tsjejH, tsreajH
* 21-28/0337e [[wikt:穄|穄]] tsjejH
* 21-28/0337f [[wikt:際|際]] tsjejH
* 21-28/0337g [[wikt:傺|傺]] trhjejH
* 21-28/0337h [[wikt:瘵|瘵]] tsreajH
* 21-28/0337i [[wikt:蔡|蔡]] tshajH
* 21-28/0337j [[wikt:察|察]] tsrheat

==21-29==
* 21-29/0319a [[wikt:杀|杀]] tshajH
* 21-29/0319d [[wikt:殺|殺]] sreat, sreajH
* 21-29/0319e [[wikt:閷|閷]] sreat
* 21-29/0319f [[wikt:樧|樧]] sreat, srjet
* 21-29/0319g [[wikt:摋|摋]] sat

==21-30==
* 21-30/0275a [[wikt:癶|癶]] pat
* 21-30/0275b [[wikt:癹|癹]] bat
* 21-30/0275c [[wikt:發|發]] pat, pjot
* 21-30/0275d [[wikt:撥|撥]] pat
* 21-30/0275e [[wikt:襏|襏]] pat
* 21-30/0275f [[wikt:廢|廢]] pjojH, pjot

==21-31==
* 21-31/0276a [[wikt:犮|犮]] bat
* 21-31/0276b [[wikt:跋|跋]] bat
* 21-31/0276c [[wikt:魃|魃]] bat
* 21-31/0276d [[wikt:坺|坺]] bat, bjot
* 21-31/0276e [[wikt:軷|軷]] bajH, bat
* 21-31/0276f [[wikt:胈|胈]] pat
* 21-31/0276g [[wikt:茇|茇]] bat, pat
* 21-31/0276h [[wikt:拔|拔]] bajH, bat, beat
* 21-31/0276i [[wikt:髮|髮]] pjot
* 21-31/0276j [[wikt:瞂|瞂]] bjot
* 21-31/0276k [[wikt:紱|紱]] pjut
* 21-31/0276l [[wikt:韍|韍]] pjut
* 21-31/0276m [[wikt:黻|黻]] pjut
* 21-31/0276n [[wikt:帗|帗]] phjut
* 21-31/0276o [[wikt:祓|祓]] phjut, pjojH

==21-33==
* 21-33/0307a [[wikt:伐|伐]] bjot
* 21-33/0307f [[wikt:茷|茷]] bajH

==21-34==
* 21-34/0308a [[wikt:罰|罰]] bjot

==21-35==
* 21-35/0320a [[wikt:貝|貝]] pajH
* 21-35/0320f [[wikt:敗|敗]] baejH, paejH
* 21-35/0320g [[wikt:𣀕|𣀕]] paejH

==21-36==
* 21-36/0348a [[wikt:吠|吠]] bjojH

==21-37==
* 21-37/0277a [[wikt:末|末]] mat
* 21-37/0277b [[wikt:沫|沫]] mat, majH
* 21-37/0277c [[wikt:秣|秣]] mat

=22=

====== 月yuè / 祭 jì [-ot -wat -o(t)s -wa(t)s] ======

==22-01==
* 22-01/0302a [[wikt:氒|氒]] kjwot
* 22-01/0302f [[wikt:舌|舌]] kwat
* 22-01/0302h [[wikt:括|括]] kwat
* 22-01/0302i [[wikt:栝|栝]] kwat
* 22-01/0302j [[wikt:聒|聒]] kwat
* 22-01/0302k [[wikt:髺|髺]] kwat
* 22-01/0302l [[wikt:佸|佸]] hwat
* 22-01/0302m [[wikt:活|活]] hwat, kwat
* 22-01/0302n [[wikt:刮|刮]] kwaet
* 22-01/0302o [[wikt:話|話]] hwaejH
* 22-01/0302p [[wikt:懖|懖]] kwat
* 22-01/0302q [[wikt:闊|闊]] khwat

==22-02==
* 22-02/0301a [[wikt:欮|欮]] kjwot
* 22-02/0301c [[wikt:厥|厥]] kjwot
* 22-02/0301d [[wikt:蕨|蕨]] kjwot
* 22-02/0301e [[wikt:蟩|蟩]] kjwot
* 22-02/0301f [[wikt:蹷|蹷]] gjwot, kjwejH, kjwot
* 22-02/0301g [[wikt:蹶|蹶]] gjwot, kjwejH, kjwot
* 22-02/0301h [[wikt:闕|闕]] khjwot
* 22-02/0301i [[wikt:撅|撅]] kjwejH
* 22-02/0301j [[wikt:橛|橛]] gjwot
* 22-02/0301k [[wikt:橜|橜]] gjwot
* 22-02/0301l [[wikt:嶡|嶡]] kjwejH

==22-03==
* 22-03/0321a [[wikt:會|會]] hwajH, kwajH
* 22-03/0321d [[wikt:廥|廥]] kwajH
* 22-03/0321e [[wikt:旝|旝]] kwajH
* 22-03/0321f [[wikt:澮|澮]] kwajH
* 22-03/0321g [[wikt:膾|膾]] kwajH
* 22-03/0321h [[wikt:襘|襘]] kwajH
* 22-03/0321i [[wikt:檜|檜]] kwajH, kwat
* 22-03/0321j [[wikt:禬|禬]] hwajH, kwajH
* 22-03/0321k [[wikt:繪|繪]] hwajH
* 22-03/0321l [[wikt:噲|噲]] khwaejH, kwajH, kwat
* 22-03/0321m [[wikt:鬠|鬠]] hwat, kwajH
* 22-03/0321n [[wikt:薈|薈]] 'wajH

==22-04==
A uvular series
* 22-04/0304a [[wikt:曰|曰]] hjwot
* 22-04/0304e [[wikt:𢪏|𢪏]] hwot
* 22-04/0304f [[wikt:汩|汩]] hwit, hwot, mek, kwot (a velar)

==22-05==
A uvular series.
* 22-05/0303a [[wikt:戉|戉]] hjwot
* 22-05/0303d [[wikt:鉞|鉞]] hjwot
* 22-05/0303e [[wikt:越|越]] hjwot, hwat
* 22-05/0303f [[wikt:狘|狘]] xjwot
* 22-05/0346a [[wikt:歲|歲]] sjwejH
* 22-05/0346f [[wikt:顪|顪]] xjwojH
* 22-05/0346g [[wikt:翽|翽]] xwajH
* 22-05/0346h [[wikt:濊|濊]] 'jwojH, xwat
* 22-05/0346i [[wikt:穢|穢]] 'jwojH
* 22-05/0346j [[wikt:噦|噦]] 'jwet, 'jwot, xwajH
* 22-05/0346k [[wikt:劌|劌]] kjwejH

==22-06==
A uvular series
* 22-06/0305a [[wikt:粵|粵]] hjwot

==22-07==
* 22-07/0273a [[wikt:𥄗|𥄗]] 'wat
* 22-07/0273b [[wikt:𢯲|𢯲]] 'wanH

==22-08==
* 22-08/0306a [[wikt:月|月]] ngjwot
* 22-08/0306g [[wikt:抈|抈]] ngjwot
* 22-08/0306h [[wikt:刖|刖]] ngjwot, ngwaet
* 22-08/0306j [[wikt:跀|跀]] ngjwot
* 22-08/0322a [[wikt:外|外]] ngwajH

==22-09==
* 22-09/0274a [[wikt:奪|奪]] dwajH, dwat

==22-10==
* 22-10/0295a [[wikt:叕|叕]] trjwejH
* 22-10/0295b [[wikt:綴|綴]] trjwet
* 22-10/0295c [[wikt:啜|啜]] dzywejH, trjwet, tsyhwet
* 22-10/0295d [[wikt:惙|惙]] trjwet
* 22-10/0295e [[wikt:輟|輟]] trjwet
* 22-10/0295f [[wikt:畷|畷]] trjwejH, trjwet
* 22-10/0295g [[wikt:剟|剟]] trjwet, twat
* 22-10/0295h [[wikt:掇|掇]] trjwet, twat
* 22-10/0295i [[wikt:歠|歠]] tsyhwet
* 22-10/0295j [[wikt:錣|錣]] trjwejH, trwaet
* 22-10/0295k [[wikt:蝃|蝃]] tejH

==22-11==
* 22-11/0343a [[wikt:贅|贅]] tsywejH

==22-12==
* 22-12/0344a [[wikt:叡|叡]] ywejH

==22-13==
* 22-13/0324a [[wikt:兌|兌]] dwajH, thwajH
* 22-13/0324d [[wikt:駾|駾]] dwajH, thwajH
* 22-13/0324e [[wikt:蛻|蛻]] sywejH, thwaH, thwajH, ywet
* 22-13/0324f [[wikt:銳|銳]] dwajH, ywejH
* 22-13/0324g [[wikt:帨|帨]] sywejH, tshjwejH
* 22-13/0324h [[wikt:涗|涗]] sywejH, tshjwejH
* 22-13/0324i [[wikt:稅|稅]] sywejH, thwajH
* 22-13/0324j [[wikt:敓|敓]] dwat
* 22-13/0324l [[wikt:挩|挩]] thwat
* 22-13/0324m [[wikt:脫|脫]] dwajH, dwat, thwat
* 22-13/0324n [[wikt:梲|梲]] tsywet
* 22-13/0324o [[wikt:悅|悅]] ywet
* 22-13/0324p [[wikt:閱|閱]] ywet
* 22-13/0324q [[wikt:說|說]] sywejH , sywet

==22-14==
* 22-14/0299a [[wikt:寽|寽]] lwit
* 22-14/0299c [[wikt:鋝|鋝]] ljwet
* 22-14/0299d [[wikt:埒|埒]] ljwet
* 22-14/0299e [[wikt:捋|捋]] lwat

==22-15==
* 22-15/- [[wikt:劣|劣]] ljwet

==22-16==
* 22-16/0296a [[wikt:絶|絶]] dzjwet
* 22-16/0296b [[wikt:蕝|蕝]] tsjwejH, tsjwet
* 22-16/0296c [[wikt:脃|脃]] tshjwejH
* 22-16/0296d [[wikt:脆|脆]] tshjwejH
* 22-16/0296- [[wikt:絕|絕]] dzjwet

==22-17==
* 22-17/0345a [[wikt:毳|毳]] thjwejH, tsrhjwejH
* 22-17/0345b [[wikt:竁|竁]] tshjwejH, tsyhwejH, tsyhwenH
* 22-17/0345c [[wikt:膬|膬]] tshjwet

==22-18==
* 22-18/0297a [[wikt:雪|雪]] sjwet

==22-19==
* 22-19/0298a [[wikt:刷|刷]] srjwet, srwaet

=23=

====== 元 yuán [-en] ======

==23-01==
* 23-01/0240a [[wikt:肩|肩]] hen, hon, ken
* 23-01/0240b [[wikt:𧱚|𧱚]] ken
* 23-01/0240c [[wikt:猏|猏]] ken
* 23-01/0240e [[wikt:顅|顅]] khaen, khen

==23-02==
* 23-02/0241a [[wikt:見|見]] kenH, henH, keanH
* 23-02/0241e [[wikt:現|現]] henH
* 23-02/0241f [[wikt:俔|俔]] henX, khenH
* 23-02/0241g [[wikt:睍|睍]] henX
* 23-02/0241- [[wikt:硯|硯]] ngenH

==23-03==
* 23-03/0239a [[wikt:幵|幵]] ken
* 23-03/0239b [[wikt:豣|豣]] ken
* 23-03/0239c [[wikt:趼|趼]] kenX
* 23-03/0239d [[wikt:汧|汧]] khen, khenH
* 23-03/0239f [[wikt:蚈|蚈]] khen
* 23-03/0239g [[wikt:硏|硏]] ngen, ngenH
* 23-03/0239h [[wikt:研|研]] ngen
* 23-03/0239i [[wikt:枅|枅]] kej, ken
* 23-03/0239- [[wikt:妍|妍]] ngen

==23-04==
* 23-04/0196b [[wikt:遣|遣]] khjenH, khjenX
* 23-04/0196e [[wikt:繾|繾]] khjenX
* 23-04/0196f [[wikt:譴|譴]] khjenH

==23-05==
* 23-05/0191a [[wikt:閒|間]] kean, hean, keanH
* 23-05/0191d [[wikt:簡|簡]] keanX
* 23-05/0191f [[wikt:蕑|蕑]] kean
* 23-05/0191g [[wikt:僩|僩]] heanX
* 23-05/0191h [[wikt:瞷|瞷]] hean
* 23-05/0191i [[wikt:澗|澗]] kaenH
* 23-05/0191j [[wikt:撊|撊]] haenX

==23-06==
* 23-06/0192a [[wikt:閑|閑]] hean

==23-07==
* 23-07/0185a [[wikt:柬|柬]] keanX
* 23-07/0185b [[wikt:諫|諫]] kaenH
* 23-07/0185e [[wikt:揀|揀]] keanX
* 23-07/0185f [[wikt:闌|闌]] lan
* 23-07/0185h [[wikt:湅|湅]] lenH
* 23-07/0185i [[wikt:練|練]] lenH
* 23-07/0185j [[wikt:鍊|鍊]] lenH
* 23-07/0185k [[wikt:瀾|瀾]] lan, lanH
* 23-07/0185l [[wikt:爛|爛]] lanH
* 23-07/0185m [[wikt:爤|爤]] lanH
* 23-07/0185n [[wikt:蘭|蘭]] lan
* 23-07/0185o [[wikt:讕|讕]] lan, lanX
* 23-07/0185q [[wikt:欄|欄]] lenH

==23-08==
* 23-08/1250f [[wikt:蠲|蠲]] kiwen

==23-09==
* 23-09/0248a [[wikt:縣|縣]] hwenH, hwen
* 23-09/0248b [[wikt:懸|懸]] hwen

==23-10==
* 23-10/0227a [[wikt:員|員]] hjun, hjwen
* 23-10/0227c [[wikt:圓|圓]] hjwen
* 23-10/0227d [[wikt:塤|塤]] xjwon
* 23-10/0227e [[wikt:殞|殞]] hwinX
* 23-10/0227f [[wikt:縜|縜]] hwin
* 23-10/0227g [[wikt:隕|隕]] hwinX
* 23-10/0227h [[wikt:磒|磒]] hwinX
* 23-10/0227i [[wikt:霣|霣]] hwinX
* 23-10/0227j [[wikt:㜏|㜏]] hjun
* 23-10/0435a [[wikt:損|損]] swonX
* 23-10/0227- [[wikt:䚋|䚋]]

==23-11==
A uvular series.
* 23-11/0256h [[wikt:睘|睘]] gjwieng, hwaen
* 23-11/0256k [[wikt:還|還]] hwaen, zjwen
* 23-11/0256n [[wikt:環|環]] hwaen
* 23-11/0256q [[wikt:繯|繯]] hwenX
* 23-11/0256r [[wikt:鐶|鐶]] hwaen
* 23-11/0256s [[wikt:寰|寰]] hwaen
* 23-11/0256u [[wikt:擐|擐]] hwaenH
* 23-11/0256v [[wikt:轘|轘]] hwaenH
* 23-11/0256x [[wikt:懁|懁]] hwaen, xjwien, xwenH
* 23-11/0256y [[wikt:圜|圜]] hjwen
* 23-11/0256z [[wikt:儇|儇]] xjwien
* 23-11/0256a' [[wikt:翾|翾]] xjwien
* 23-11/0256b' [[wikt:獧|獧]] kwenH
* 23-11/0256c' [[wikt:噮|噮]] 'wenH
* 23-11/0829a [[wikt:瞏|瞏]] gjwieng, hwaen
* 23-11/0829b [[wikt:嬛|嬛]] gjwieng

==23-12==
* 23-12/0167g [[wikt:敻|敻]] xjwiengH, xwenH
* 23-12/0167h [[wikt:讂|讂]] xwenH
* 23-12/0167i [[wikt:瓊|瓊]] gjwieng
* 23-12/1256f [[wikt:觼|觼]] kwet

==23-13==
* 23-13/1248c [[wikt:幻|幻]] hweanH

==23-14==
* 23-14/0236a [[wikt:旋|旋]] zjwen, zjwenH
* 23-14/0236c [[wikt:嫙|嫙]] zjwen
* 23-14/0236d [[wikt:璇|璇]] zjwen
* 23-14/0236e [[wikt:琁|琁]] zjwen

==23-15==
* 23-15/0243a [[wikt:燕|燕]] 'en, 'enH
* 23-15/0243c [[wikt:嚥|嚥]] 'enH
* 23-15/0243d [[wikt:㬫|㬫]] 'enH
* 23-15/0243e [[wikt:讌|讌]] 'enH

==23-16==
* 23-16/0242a [[wikt:顯|顯]] xenX
* 23-16/0242c [[wikt:韅|韅]] xenX

==23-17==
* 23-17/0228a [[wikt:肙|肙]] 'wen
* 23-17/0228b [[wikt:蜎|蜎]] 'jwienX, 'wen, gjwienX
* 23-17/0228c [[wikt:悁|悁]] 'jwien
* 23-17/0228d [[wikt:㾓|㾓]] 'jwien
* 23-17/0228e [[wikt:狷|狷]] kjwienH
* 23-17/0228f [[wikt:絹|絹]] kjwienH
* 23-17/0228g [[wikt:捐|捐]] ywen
* 23-17/0228h [[wikt:涓|涓]] kwen
* 23-17/0228i [[wikt:睊|睊]] kwen, kwenH
* 23-17/0228j [[wikt:鞙|鞙]] hwenX
* 23-17/0228k [[wikt:駽|駽]] xwen, xwenH

==23-18==
* 23-18/0244a [[wikt:靦|靦]] thenX

==23-19==
* 23-19/1250e [[wikt:晛|晛]] henH, nenH

==23-20==
* 23-20/0245a [[wikt:前|前]] dzen
* 23-20/0245e [[wikt:揃|揃]] tsjenX
* 23-20/0245f [[wikt:湔|湔]] tsjen
* 23-20/0245g [[wikt:煎|煎]] tsjen
* 23-20/0245h [[wikt:箭|箭]] tsjenH
* 23-20/0245i [[wikt:翦|翦]] tsjenX
* 23-20/0245j [[wikt:剪|剪]] tsjenX
* 23-20/0245k [[wikt:鬋|鬋]] tsjen, tsjenH

==23-21==
* 23-21/0209a [[wikt:鮮|鮮]] sjen, sjenX
* 23-21/0209d [[wikt:癬|癬]] sjenX

==23-22==
* 23-22/0211a [[wikt:鱻|鱻]] sjen

==23-23==
* 23-23/0210a [[wikt:尟|尟]] sjenX

==23-24==
* 23-24/0218a [[wikt:片|片]] phenH

==23-25==
* 23-25/0221a [[wikt:便|便]] bjienH, bjien, bjienX
* 23-25/0221b [[wikt:楩|楩]] bjenH, bjien
* 23-25/0221c [[wikt:鞭|鞭]] pjien
* 23-25/0745f [[wikt:綆|綆]] pjiengX

==23-26==
* 23-26/0224a [[wikt:臱|臱]] mjien
* 23-26/0224b [[wikt:櫋|櫋]] mjien
* 23-26/0224c [[wikt:邊|邊]] pen
* 23-26/0224f [[wikt:籩|籩]] pjien

==23-27==
* 23-27/0246a [[wikt:扁|扁]] penX
* 23-27/0246b [[wikt:徧|徧]] penH
* 23-27/0246c [[wikt:遍|遍]] penH
* 23-27/0246d [[wikt:楄|楄]] ben
* 23-27/0246e [[wikt:編|編]] pjien, benX, pen
* 23-27/0246f [[wikt:惼|惼]] pjienX
* 23-27/0246g [[wikt:褊|褊]] pjienX
* 23-27/0246h [[wikt:偏|偏]] phjien
* 23-27/0246i [[wikt:猵|猵]] pen, phjienH
* 23-27/0246j [[wikt:篇|篇]] phjien
* 23-27/0246k [[wikt:翩|翩]] phjien
* 23-27/0246l [[wikt:萹|萹]] pen, penX, phjien
* 23-27/0246m [[wikt:諞|諞]] bjienH, bjienX
* 23-27/0246- [[wikt:騙|騙]] phjienH

==23-28==
* 23-28/0219a [[wikt:辡|辡]] pjenX
* 23-28/0219b [[wikt:辨|辨]] bjenX
* 23-28/0219c [[wikt:辧|辧]] beanH, bjenX
* 23-28/0219e [[wikt:辯|辯]] bjenX
* 23-28/0219f [[wikt:辦|辦]] beanH

==23-29==
* 23-29/0225a [[wikt:綿|綿]] mjien
* 23-29/0225b [[wikt:緜|緜]] mjien
==23-30==
* 23-29/- [[wikt:宀|宀]] mjien

==23-31==
* 23-31/0223a [[wikt:面|面]] mjienH
* 23-31/0223b [[wikt:偭|偭]] mjienX
* 23-31/0223c [[wikt:湎|湎]] mjienX
* 23-31/0223d [[wikt:緬|緬]] mjienX

==23-32==
* 23-32/0247a [[wikt:丏|丏]] menX
* 23-32/0247b [[wikt:眄|眄]] menH, menX
* 23-32/0247c [[wikt:沔|沔]] mjienX

= 24 =

====== 元 yuán [-an] ======

==24-01==
An -r series acc. to Baxter &amp; Sagart.
Schuessler unites GSR 0186a, 0145a, and 0139e' as a single series.
* 24-01/0139a [[wikt:干|干]] kan
* 24-01/0139c [[wikt:奸|奸]] kan
* 24-01/0139d [[wikt:姧|姧]] kan
* 24-01/0139e [[wikt:忓|忓]] kan
* 24-01/0139f [[wikt:旰|旰]] kanH
* 24-01/0139g [[wikt:玕|玕]] kan
* 24-01/0139h [[wikt:皯|皯]] kanX
* 24-01/0139i [[wikt:矸|矸]] kan
* 24-01/0139j [[wikt:秆|秆]] kanX
* 24-01/0139k [[wikt:竿|竿]] kan
* 24-01/0139l [[wikt:肝|肝]] kan
* 24-01/0139m [[wikt:飦|飦]] kan, kjon
* 24-01/0139n [[wikt:刊|刊]] khan
* 24-01/0139o [[wikt:栞|栞]] khan
* 24-01/0139p [[wikt:衎|衎]] khanH
* 24-01/0139q [[wikt:扞|扞]] hanH
* 24-01/0139s [[wikt:旱|旱]] hanX
* 24-01/0139t [[wikt:汗|汗]] hanH
* 24-01/0139u [[wikt:虷|虷]] han
* 24-01/0139v [[wikt:邗|邗]] han
* 24-01/0139y [[wikt:釬|釬]] kan, hanH
* 24-01/0139z [[wikt:閈|閈]] hanH
* 24-01/0139b' [[wikt:馯|馯]] hanH
* 24-01/0139c' [[wikt:犴|犴]] nganH
* 24-01/0139d' [[wikt:豻|豻]] nganH
* 24-01/0139f' [[wikt:罕|罕]] xanX
* 24-01/0139g' [[wikt:軒|軒]] xjon
* 24-01/0139h' [[wikt:悍|悍]] hanH
* 24-01/0139i' [[wikt:捍|捍]] hanH
* 24-01/0139j' [[wikt:睅|睅]] hwaenX
* 24-01/0139- [[wikt:鼾|鼾]] xan
* 24-01/0300a [[wikt:訐|訐]] kjejH, kjet, kjot

==24-02==
An -r series acc. to Baxter and Sagart.
* 24-02/0140a [[wikt:倝|倝]] kanH
* 24-02/0140c [[wikt:乾|乾]] gjen, kan
* 24-02/0140d [[wikt:幹|幹]] kanH
* 24-02/0140e [[wikt:榦|榦]] kanH
* 24-02/0140f [[wikt:翰|翰]] hanH
* 24-02/0140h [[wikt:𩏑|𩏑]] han
* 24-02/0140i [[wikt:韓|韓]] han
* 24-02/0140j [[wikt:鶾|鶾]] han
* 24-02/0140k [[wikt:簳|簳]] kanX
* 24-02/0140l [[wikt:斡|斡]] 'wat, kwanH, kwanX
* 24-02/0140m [[wikt:澣|澣]] hwanX
* 24-02/0140- [[wikt:漧|漧]] kan

==24-03==
* 24-03/0141a [[wikt:侃|侃]] khanH, khanX
* 24-03/0141d [[wikt:諐|諐]] khjen, khjenH

==24-04==
An -r series acc. to Baxter &amp; Sagart.
* 24-04/0142a [[wikt:看|看]] khan, khanH

==24-05==
* 24-05/0143a [[wikt:寒|寒]] han
* 24-05/0143d [[wikt:搴|搴]] kjenX
* 24-05/0143e [[wikt:謇|謇]] kjenX
* 24-05/0143f [[wikt:蹇|蹇]] kjenX, kjonX
* 24-05/0143g [[wikt:褰|褰]] khjen
* 24-05/0143h [[wikt:騫|騫]] kjonX
* 24-05/0143i [[wikt:攓|攓]] kjenX, kjonX

==24-06==
* 24-06/- [[wikt:囝|囝]] kjenX, kjonX

==24-07==
* 24-07/0198a [[wikt:虔|虔]] gjen

==24-08==
* 24-08/0249a [[wikt:建|建]] kjonH
* 24-08/0249b [[wikt:揵|揵]] gjonX, kjonX
* 24-08/0249c [[wikt:鞬|鞬]] kjon
* 24-08/0249d [[wikt:騝|騝]] gjen, kjon
* 24-08/0249f [[wikt:腱|腱]] gjonH, kjon
* 24-08/0249g [[wikt:健|健]] gjonH
* 24-08/0249h [[wikt:楗|楗]] gjonX, kjonX
* 24-08/0249i [[wikt:鍵|鍵]] gjenX

==24-09==
Boltz (1994: 106-110) combines [[#24-09|24-09]], [[#24-11|24-11]], [[#24-12|24-12]].  
* 24-09/0184a [[wikt:姦|姦]] kaen

==24-10==
* 24-10/0144a [[wikt:暵|暵]] xanH, xanX
* 24-10/0144b [[wikt:熯|熯]] nyenX, xanX
* 24-10/0144c [[wikt:漢|漢]] xanH

==24-11==
Baxter &amp; Sagart (2014: 263-264) hesitate to see as an *-r series, despite some evidence.
Boltz (1994: 106-110) combines [[#24-09|24-09]], [[#24-11|24-11]], [[#24-12|24-12]].  
* 24-11/0146a [[wikt:安|安]] 'an
* 24-11/0146d [[wikt:按|按]] 'anH
* 24-11/0146e [[wikt:案|案]] 'anH
* 24-11/0146f [[wikt:晏|晏]] 'aenH, 'anH, 'enH
* 24-11/0146g [[wikt:鴳|鴳]] 'aenH
* 24-11/0146h [[wikt:頞|頞]] 'at
* 24-11/0146i [[wikt:鷃|鷃]] 'aenH

==24-12==
Boltz (1994: 106-110) combines [[#24-09|24-09]], [[#24-11|24-11]], [[#24-12|24-12]].  
* 24-12/0253a [[wikt:妟|妟]] 'aenH
* 24-12/0253b [[wikt:宴|宴]] 'enH
* 24-12/0253d [[wikt:匽|匽]] 'jonH, 'jonX
* 24-12/0253g [[wikt:偃|偃]] 'jonX
* 24-12/0253h [[wikt:郾|郾]] 'jonH
* 24-12/0253j [[wikt:鰋|鰋]] 'jonX
* 24-12/0253l [[wikt:蝘|蝘]] 'enX
* 24-12/0253m [[wikt:揠|揠]] 'eat

==24-13==
* 24-13/0254a [[wikt:㫃|㫃]] 'jonX

==24-14==
* 24-14/0200a [[wikt:焉|焉]] hjen, 'jen
* 24-14/0200b [[wikt:嘕|嘕]] xjen

==24-15==
Schuessler unites GSR 0186a, 0145a, and 0139e' as a single series. An -r series acc. to Baxter &amp; Sagart.
* 24-15/0139e' [[wikt:岸|岸]] nganH
* 24-15/0145a [[wikt:厂|厂]] xanH
* 24-15/0186a [[wikt:鴈|鴈]] ngaenH
* 24-15/0186b [[wikt:雁|雁]] ngaenH
* 24-15/0186- [[wikt:㷳|㷳]]

==24-16==
An -r series. 
* 24-16/0251a [[wikt:言|言]] ngj+n, ngjon
* 24-16/0251e [[wikt:唁|唁]] ngjenH
* 24-16/0251f [[wikt:誾|誾]] ngin
* 24-16/0251g [[wikt:狺|狺]] ngjɨn

==24-17==
An -r series
* 24-17/0252a [[wikt:鬳|鬳]] ngjonH
* 24-17/0252d [[wikt:甗|甗]] ngjenH, ngjon
* 24-17/0252e [[wikt:獻|獻]] sa, xjonH
* 24-17/0252h [[wikt:巘|巘]] ngjenX, ngjonX
* 24-17/0252i [[wikt:讞|讞]] ngjenH, ngjet
* 24-17/0252j [[wikt:𣡌|𣡌]] ngat

==24-18==
* 24-18/0250a [[wikt:憲|憲]] xjonH
* 24-18/0250c [[wikt:瀗|瀗]] xjonH

==24-19==
An -r series acc. to Baxter &amp; Sagart.
Baxter &amp; Sagart (personal communication 12 April 2017) combine [[#24-19|24-19]] and [[#24-46|24-46]]. 
* 24-19/0199a [[wikt:彥|彥]] ngjenH
* 24-19/0199b [[wikt:諺|諺]] ngjenH
* 24-19/0199c [[wikt:顏|顏]] ngaen
* 24-19/0199d [[wikt:喭|喭]] nganH

==24-20==
* 24-20/0150a [[wikt:丹|丹]] tan
* 24-20/0150c [[wikt:旃|旃]] tsyen

==24-21==
An -r series.
* 24-21/0147a [[wikt:單|單]] tan, tanX
* 24-21/0147e [[wikt:僤|僤]] tanX
* 24-21/0147f [[wikt:匰|匰]] tan
* 24-21/0147g [[wikt:殫|殫]] tan
* 24-21/0147h [[wikt:簞|簞]] tan
* 24-21/0147i [[wikt:襌|襌]] tan
* 24-21/0147j [[wikt:鄲|鄲]] tan
* 24-21/0147l [[wikt:癉|癉]] tanX, taH
* 24-21/0147m [[wikt:嘽|嘽]](啴) than, tsyhenX
* 24-21/0147n [[wikt:彈|彈]] dan, danH
* 24-21/0147o [[wikt:憚|憚]] danH
* 24-21/0147p [[wikt:㺗|㺗]] trhean
* 24-21/0147r [[wikt:戰|戰]] tsyenH
* 24-21/0147s [[wikt:樿|樿]] dzyenH, tsyenX
* 24-21/0147t [[wikt:燀|燀]] tsyhenX, tsyenX
* 24-21/0147u [[wikt:幝|幝]] tsyhenX
* 24-21/0147v [[wikt:繟|繟]] tsyhenX
* 24-21/0147x [[wikt:闡|闡]] tsyhenX
* 24-21/0147y [[wikt:嬋|嬋]] dzyen
* 24-21/0147z [[wikt:蟬|蟬]] dzyen
* 24-21/0147a' [[wikt:墠|墠]] dzyenX
* 24-21/0147b' [[wikt:禪|禪]] dzyenH
* 24-21/0147c' [[wikt:觶|觶]] tsye, tsyeH
* 24-21/0147d' [[wikt:驒|驒]] da, dan, ten
* 24-21/0147e' [[wikt:鼉|鼉]] da, dan
* 24-21/0147h' [[wikt:鱓|鱓]] da, dan
* 24-21/0147- [[wikt:撣|撣]]

==24-22==
Baxter &amp; Sagart (2014: 259) combine [[#24-22|24-22]] and [[#24-23|24-23]].
* 24-22/0149a [[wikt:旦|旦]] tanH
* 24-22/0149c [[wikt:鴠|鴠]] tanH
* 24-22/0149d [[wikt:坦|坦]] thanX
* 24-22/0149e [[wikt:但|但]] danX
* 24-22/0149f [[wikt:袒|袒]] danX
* 24-22/0149g [[wikt:怛|怛]] tat
* 24-22/0149- [[wikt:担|担]]

==24-23==
Baxter &amp; Sagart (2014: 259) combine [[#24-22|24-22]] and [[#24-23|24-23]].
* 24-23/0148a [[wikt:亶|亶]] tanX
* 24-23/0148b [[wikt:𤺺|𤺺]] tanX
* 24-23/0148c [[wikt:儃|儃]] dzyen, thanX
* 24-23/0148d [[wikt:壇|壇]] dan 
* 24-23/0148e [[wikt:檀|檀]] dan
* 24-23/0148f [[wikt:澶|澶]] danH
* 24-23/0148g [[wikt:襢|襢]] danX, trjenH, trjenX
* 24-23/0148h [[wikt:皽|皽]] trjenX, tsyenX
* 24-23/0148i [[wikt:邅|邅]] drjenX, trjenX
* 24-23/0148j [[wikt:鱣|鱣]] trjen
* 24-23/0148k [[wikt:旜|旜]] tsyen
* 24-23/0148l [[wikt:氈|氈]] tsyen
* 24-23/0148m [[wikt:饘|饘]] tsyen, tsyenX
* 24-23/0148n [[wikt:鸇|鸇]] tsyen
* 24-23/0148o [[wikt:擅|擅]] dzyenH
* 24-23/0148p [[wikt:蟺|蟺]] dzyenX
* 24-23/0148q [[wikt:羶|羶]] syen
* 24-23/0148r [[wikt:膻|膻]] syen
* 24-23/0148s [[wikt:顫|顫]] syen
* 24-23/0148- [[wikt:羴|羴]] syen

==24-24==
* 24-24/0151a [[wikt:炭|炭]] thanH

==24-25==
* 24-25/0205a [[wikt:善|善]] dzyenX
* 24-25/0205d [[wikt:膳|膳]] dzyenH
* 24-25/0205f [[wikt:繕|繕]] dzyenH

==24-26==
* 24-26/0201a [[wikt:展|展]] trjenH, trjenX
* 24-26/0201b [[wikt:輾|輾]] trjenX
* 24-26/0201c [[wikt:蹍|蹍]] nrjenX

==24-27==
* 24-27/0202a [[wikt:蕆|蕆]] trhjenX

==24-28==
* 24-28/0204a [[wikt:廛|廛]] drjen
* 24-28/0204b [[wikt:躔|躔]] drjen
* 24-28/0204c [[wikt:纏|纏]] drjen
* 24-28/0204- [[wikt:纒|纒]] drjen

==24-29==
A uvular series acc. to Sagart &amp; Baxter (2009: 233).
* 24-29/0197a [[wikt:衍|衍]] yenH, yenX
* 24-29/0197b [[wikt:愆|愆]] khjen
* 24-29/0197c [[wikt:餰|餰]] khjen

==24-30==
* 24-30/0203a [[wikt:延|延]] yen
* 24-30/0203b [[wikt:筵|筵]] yen
* 24-30/0203c [[wikt:綖|綖]] yan
* 24-30/0203d [[wikt:梴|梴]] trhjen
* 24-30/0203e [[wikt:埏|埏]] syen
* 24-30/0203f [[wikt:挻|挻]] syen
* 24-30/0203g [[wikt:誕|誕]] danX

==24-31==
A uvular series.
* 24-31/0207a [[wikt:羨|羨]] dzjenH, yen, zjenH

==24-32==
* 24-32/0213a [[wikt:連|連]] ljen, ljenX
* 24-32/0213b [[wikt:漣|漣]] ljen
* 24-32/0213c [[wikt:璉|璉]] ljenX
* 24-32/0213d [[wikt:蓮|蓮]] len

==24-33==
* 24-33/0214a [[wikt:聯|聯]] ljen

==24-34==
* 24-34/0215a [[wikt:輦|輦]] ljenX

==24-35==
* 24-35/0152a [[wikt:嘆|嘆]] than, thanH
* 24-35/0152c [[wikt:歎|歎]] than, thanH 
* 24-35/0152d [[wikt:難|難]] nan, nanH
* 24-35/0152g [[wikt:𪄿|𪄿]] nan, nanH
* 24-35/0152h [[wikt:戁|戁]] nraenX
* 24-35/0152i [[wikt:㸐|㸐]] nyen
* 24-35/0152k [[wikt:儺|儺]] na, naX
* 24-35/0152l [[wikt:臡|臡]] na, nej
* 24-35/0152m [[wikt:灘|灘]] than
* 24-35/0152- [[wikt:攤|攤]] than
* 24-35/0152- [[wikt:㬮|㬮]]

==24-36==
* 24-36/0217a [[wikt:然|然]] nyen
* 24-36/0217b [[wikt:燃|燃]] nyen

==24-37==
* 24-37/0216a [[wikt:㞋|㞋]] nrjenX
* 24-37/0216b [[wikt:赧|赧]] nraenX

==24-38==
* 24-38/0212a [[wikt:扇|扇]] syenH
* 24-38/0212b [[wikt:傓|傓]] syenH
* 24-38/0212c [[wikt:煽|煽]] syenH

==24-39==
* 24-39/0153a [[wikt:贊|贊]] tsanH
* 24-39/0153b [[wikt:賛|賛]] tsanH
* 24-39/0153c [[wikt:讚|讚]] tsanH
* 24-39/0153d [[wikt:瓚|瓚]] dzanX
* 24-39/0153e [[wikt:瓉|瓉]] dzanX
* 24-39/0153f [[wikt:纘|纘]] tswanX
* 24-39/0153g [[wikt:酇|酇]] tswanX
* 24-39/0153h [[wikt:鑽|鑽]] tswan, tswanH
* 24-39/0153j [[wikt:欑|欑]] dzwan
* 24-39/0153k [[wikt:櫕|櫕]] dzwan
* 24-39/0153l [[wikt:攢|攢]] dzwanH
* 24-39/0153l [[wikt:籫|籫]]

==24-40==
* 24-40/0154a [[wikt:𣦼|𣦼]] dzan
* 24-40/0154b [[wikt:粲|粲]] tshanH
* 24-40/0154c [[wikt:餐|餐]] tshan

==24-41==
An -r series acc. to Baxter &amp; Sagart
* 24-41/0155a [[wikt:戔|戔]] dzan, dzen
* 24-41/0155c [[wikt:殘|殘]] dzan
* 24-41/0155d [[wikt:棧|棧]] dzraenH, dzreanX, dzrjenX
* 24-41/0155e [[wikt:琖|琖]] tsreanX
* 24-41/0155f [[wikt:盞|盞]] tsreanX
* 24-41/0155h [[wikt:醆|醆]] tsrjenX
* 24-41/0155i [[wikt:剗|剗]] tsrheanX
* 24-41/0155j [[wikt:錢|錢]] dzjen, tsjenX
* 24-41/0155k [[wikt:淺|淺]] tsen, tshjenX
* 24-41/0155l [[wikt:俴|俴]] dzjenX
* 24-41/0155m [[wikt:諓|諓]] dzjenH, dzjenX
* 24-41/0155n [[wikt:賤|賤]] dzjenH
* 24-41/0155o [[wikt:踐|踐]] dzjenX
* 24-41/0155p [[wikt:餞|餞]] dzjenH, dzjenX
* 24-41/0155q [[wikt:帴|帴]] dzjenX, tsjen
* 24-41/0155r [[wikt:綫|綫]] sjenH
* 24-41/0155s [[wikt:濺|濺]] tsen, tsjenH

==24-42==
An -r series.
* 24-42/0206a [[wikt:𠨧|𠨧]] tshjen
* 24-42/0206b [[wikt:僊|僊]] sjen
* 24-42/0206c [[wikt:遷|遷]] tshjen
* 24-42/0206- [[wikt:躚|躚]] sjen

==24-43==
* 24-43/0208a [[wikt:孱|孱]] dzrean, dzrjen
* 24-43/0208b [[wikt:潺|潺]] dzrjen
* 24-43/0208c [[wikt:僝|僝]] dzreanX, dzrjwenH
* 24-43/0208e [[wikt:轏|轏]] dzraenX, dzreanX

==24-44==
* 24-44/0156a [[wikt:散|散]] sanX, sanH
* 24-44/0156c [[wikt:潸|潸]] sraen, sraenX, srean
* 24-44/0156d [[wikt:霰|霰]] senH

==24-44A==
* 24-44A [[wikt:珊|珊]]

==24-45==
An -r series acc. to Baxter and Sagart.
* 24-45/0193a [[wikt:山|山]] srean
* 24-45/0193d [[wikt:汕|汕]] sraenH
* 24-45/0193e [[wikt:訕|訕]] sraen, sraenH
* 24-45/0193f [[wikt:仙|仙]] sjen

==24-46==
An -r series acc. to Baxter and Sagart.
Baxter &amp; Sagart (personal communication 12 April 2017) combine [[#24-19|24-19]] and [[#24-46|24-46]]. 
* 24-46/0194a [[wikt:產|產]] sreanX

==24-47==
* 24-47/0181a [[wikt:半|半]] panH
* 24-47/0181b [[wikt:靽|靽]] panH
* 24-47/0181c [[wikt:伴|伴]] banX, phanH
* 24-47/0181d [[wikt:判|判]] phanH
* 24-47/0181e [[wikt:拌|拌]] phan
* 24-47/0181f [[wikt:泮|泮]] phanH
* 24-47/0181g [[wikt:牉|牉]] phan, phanH
* 24-47/0181h [[wikt:胖|胖]] ban, phanH
* 24-47/0181i [[wikt:頖|頖]] phanH
* 24-47/0181j [[wikt:柈|柈]] ban
* 24-47/0181k [[wikt:畔|畔]] banH
* 24-47/0181l [[wikt:叛|叛]] banH
* 24-47/0181m [[wikt:袢|袢]] bjon

==24-48==
* 24-48/0182a [[wikt:般|般]] ban, pan
* 24-48/0182d [[wikt:槃|槃]] ban
* 24-48/0182e [[wikt:盤|盤]] ban
* 24-48/0182g [[wikt:磐|磐]] ban
* 24-48/0182h [[wikt:縏|縏]] ban
* 24-48/0182i [[wikt:鞶|鞶]] ban
* 24-48/0182- [[wikt:搬|搬]] pan
* 24-48/0182- [[wikt:䰉|䰉]]
* 24-48/0182- [[wikt:鬗|鬗]]

==24-49==
* 24-49/0262a [[wikt:反|反]] baenX, pjonX
* 24-49/0262e [[wikt:返|返]] pjonX
* 24-49/0262f [[wikt:販|販]] pjonH
* 24-49/0262g [[wikt:阪|阪]] baenX, pjonX
* 24-49/0262i [[wikt:飯|飯]] bjonH, bjonX
* 24-49/0262j [[wikt:板|板]] paenX
* 24-49/0262k [[wikt:版|版]] paenX
* 24-49/0262l [[wikt:鈑|鈑]] paenX
* 24-49/0262m [[wikt:扳|扳]] paen
* 24-49/0262n [[wikt:昄|昄]] baenX, paenX

==24-50==
* 24-50/0263a [[wikt:棥|棥]] bjon
* 24-50/0263b [[wikt:樊|樊]] bjon
* 24-50/0263d [[wikt:攀|攀]] phaen
* 24-50/0263- [[wikt:䫶|䫶]]

==24-51==
* 24-51/0264a [[wikt:煩|煩]] bjon
* 24-51/0264b [[wikt:𨆌|𨆌]] bjon

==24-52==
* 24-52/0265a [[wikt:緐|緐]] bjonH
* 24-52/0265b [[wikt:繁|繁]] ban, bjon
* 24-52/0265d [[wikt:蘩|蘩]] bjon

==24-53==
* 24-53/0190a [[wikt:班|班]] paen
* 24-53/0190c [[wikt:斑|斑]] paen

==24-54==
An -r series acc.
* 24-54/0195a [[wikt:釆|釆]] beanH, ben
* 24-54/0195b [[wikt:番|番]] pa, phjon
* 24-54/0195d [[wikt:幡|幡]] phjon
* 24-54/0195e [[wikt:旛|旛]] phjon
* 24-54/0195g [[wikt:轓|轓]] pjon
* 24-54/0195h [[wikt:繙|繙]] bjon, phjon
* 24-54/0195i [[wikt:燔|燔]] bjon
* 24-54/0195j [[wikt:璠|璠]] bjon
* 24-54/0195k [[wikt:膰|膰]] bjon
* 24-54/0195l [[wikt:蹯|蹯]] bjon
* 24-54/0195m [[wikt:蕃|蕃]] bjon, pjon
* 24-54/0195n [[wikt:潘|潘]] phan
* 24-54/0195o [[wikt:蟠|蟠]] ban
* 24-54/0195p [[wikt:播|播]] paH
* 24-54/0195q [[wikt:譒|譒]] paH
* 24-54/0195r [[wikt:皤|皤]] ba
* 24-54/0195s [[wikt:藩|藩]] pjon
* 24-54/0195- [[wikt:𤳖|𤳖]] pan

==24-55==
* 24-55/0220a [[wikt:弁|弁]] bjenH
* 24-55/0220b [[wikt:卞|卞]] bjenH
* 24-55/0220c [[wikt:抃|抃]] bjenH
* 24-55/0220d [[wikt:拚|拚]] phjon, pjunH
* 24-55/0220e [[wikt:犿|犿]] phjon
* 24-55/0220f [[wikt:笲|笲]] bjenH, bjon

==24-56==
* 24-56/0266a [[wikt:曼|曼]] manH, mjonH
* 24-56/0266d [[wikt:蔓|蔓]] mjonH
* 24-56/0266e [[wikt:嫚|嫚]] maenH
* 24-56/0266g [[wikt:僈|僈]] maenH
* 24-56/0266h [[wikt:慢|慢]] maenH, manH
* 24-56/0266i [[wikt:墁|墁]] man
* 24-56/0266j [[wikt:幔|幔]] manH
* 24-56/0266k [[wikt:縵|縵]] manH
* 24-56/0266l [[wikt:鄤|鄤]] manH
* 24-56/0266n [[wikt:漫|漫]] maenH, manH
* 24-56/0266o [[wikt:謾|謾]] maenH, man, manH, mjen

==24-57==
* 24-57/0183a [[wikt:㒼|㒼]] man
* 24-57/0183c [[wikt:滿|滿]] manX
* 24-57/0183d [[wikt:瞞|瞞]] man
* 24-57/0183e [[wikt:樠|樠]] man, manH, mjon, mwon
* 24-57/0183f [[wikt:璊|璊]] mwon
* 24-57/0183g [[wikt:懣|懣]] manX, mwonH, mwonX

==24-58==
* 24-58/0222a [[wikt:免|免]] mjenX, mjunH
* 24-58/0222b [[wikt:俛|俛]] mjenX
* 24-58/0222c [[wikt:勉|勉]] mjenX
* 24-58/0222d [[wikt:冕|冕]] mjenX
* 24-58/0222e [[wikt:悗|悗]] man, mwonX
* 24-58/0222f [[wikt:鞔|鞔]] man
* 24-58/0222g [[wikt:娩|娩]] mjenX, mjonX
* 24-58/0222h [[wikt:晚|晚]] mjonX
* 24-58/0222i [[wikt:脕|脕]] mjonX
* 24-58/0222j [[wikt:輓|輓]] mjonX
* 24-58/0222k [[wikt:絻|絻]] mjunH
* 24-58/0222l [[wikt:浼|浼]] mwojX

=25=

====== 元 yuán [-on -wan] ======

==25-01==
* 25-01/0157a [[wikt:官|官]] kwan
* 25-01/0157e [[wikt:棺|棺]] kwan, kwanH
* 25-01/0157f [[wikt:涫|涫]] kwanH
* 25-01/0157g [[wikt:痯|痯]] kwanX
* 25-01/0157h [[wikt:管|管]] kwanX
* 25-01/0157i [[wikt:琯|琯]] kwanX
* 25-01/0157j [[wikt:錧|錧]] kwanH, kwanX
* 25-01/0157k [[wikt:館|館]] kwanH
* 25-01/0157l [[wikt:倌|倌]] kwaenH, kwan
* 25-01/0157m [[wikt:逭|逭]] hwanH
* 25-01/0157n [[wikt:菅|菅]] kaen
* 25-01/0157- [[wikt:婠|婠]] 'weat
* 25-01/0157- [[wikt:綰|綰]]

==25-02==
* 25-02/0158a [[wikt:雚|雚]] kwanH
* 25-02/0158e [[wikt:鸛|鸛]] kwanH
* 25-02/0158f [[wikt:灌|灌]] kwanH
* 25-02/0158g [[wikt:爟|爟]] kwanH
* 25-02/0158h [[wikt:瓘|瓘]] kwanH
* 25-02/0158i [[wikt:觀|觀]] kwan, kwanH
* 25-02/0158j [[wikt:歡|歡]] xwan
* 25-02/0158k [[wikt:懽|懽]] xwan
* 25-02/0158l [[wikt:驩|驩]] xwan
* 25-02/0158m [[wikt:嚾|嚾]] xwanH
* 25-02/0158n [[wikt:讙|讙]] xwan
* 25-02/0158o [[wikt:權|權]] gjwen
* 25-02/0158p [[wikt:蠸|蠸]] gjwen
* 25-02/0158q [[wikt:䟒|䟒]] gjwen
* 25-02/0158s [[wikt:勸|勸]] khjwonH
* 25-02/0158- [[wikt:顴|顴]] gjwen (?)

==25-03==
* 25-03/0159a [[wikt:貫|貫]] kwan, kwanH, kwaenH
* 25-03/0159c [[wikt:摜|摜]] kwaenH
* 25-03/0159d [[wikt:慣|慣]] kwaenH
* 25-03/0159e [[wikt:串|串]] kwaenH
* 25-03/0159f [[wikt:患|患]] hwaenH

==25-04==
* 25-04/0160a [[wikt:冠|冠]] kwan, kwanH

==25-05==
* 25-05/0161a [[wikt:盥|盥]] kwanH, kwanX

==25-06==
* 25-06/0162a [[wikt:款|款]] khwanX
* 25-06/0162b [[wikt:窾|窾]] khwanX

==25-07==
* 25-07/0165a [[wikt:萈|萈]] hwan
* 25-07/0165b [[wikt:寬|寬]] khwan
* 25-07/0241h [[wikt:莧|莧]] heanH, hwaenX

==25-08==
* 25-08/0166a [[wikt:萑|萑]] hwan

==25-09==
* 25-09/0187a [[wikt:丱|丱]] kwaenH
* 25-09/0187b [[wikt:關|關]] 'waen, kwaen

==25-10==
* 25-10/0188a [[wikt:宦|宦]] hwaenH

==25-11==
* 25-11/0226a [[wikt:卷|卷]] kjwenX, gjwen
* 25-11/0226b [[wikt:睠|睠]] kjwenH
* 25-11/0226c [[wikt:眷|眷]] kjwenH
* 25-11/0226d [[wikt:棬|棬]] khjwen, kwenH
* 25-11/0226e [[wikt:鬈|鬈]] gjwen, khjwen
* 25-11/0226f [[wikt:捲|捲]] gjwen
* 25-11/0226g [[wikt:拳|拳]] gjwen
* 25-11/0226h [[wikt:蜷|蜷]] gjwen
* 25-11/0226i [[wikt:倦|倦]] gjwenH
* 25-11/0226j [[wikt:勌|勌]] gjwenH
* 25-11/0226k [[wikt:圈|圈]] gjwenX, gjwonH, khjwonX, kjwonX
* 25-11/0226l [[wikt:券|券]] khjwonH
* 25-11/0226m [[wikt:綣|綣]] khjwonH, khjwonX
* 25-11/0226n [[wikt:裷|裷]] 'jwonX, khjwonX
* 25-11/0226o [[wikt:豢|豢]] hwaenH
* 25-11/0226p [[wikt:㹖|㹖]] hwanH

==25-12==
An -r series (on the basis of transcriptions)
* 25-12/0164a [[wikt:亘|亘]] hwan, sjwen, kongH
* 25-12/0164f [[wikt:桓|桓]] hwan
* 25-12/0164g [[wikt:洹|洹]] hwan
* 25-12/0164j [[wikt:狟|狟]] hwan
* 25-12/0164k [[wikt:荁|荁]] hwan
* 25-12/0164l [[wikt:貆|貆]] xjwon, xwan, hwan
* 25-12/0164m [[wikt:垣|垣]] hjwon
* 25-12/0164q [[wikt:咺|咺]] xjwonX
* 25-12/0164r [[wikt:晅|晅]] xjwon, xjwonX
* 25-12/0164s [[wikt:烜|烜]] xjweX
* 25-12/0164t [[wikt:宣|宣]] sjwen
* 25-12/0164x [[wikt:喧|喧]] xjwonX
* 25-12/0164y [[wikt:愃|愃]] xjwonX
* 25-12/0164z [[wikt:諠|諠]] xjwon
* 25-12/0164- [[wikt:楦|楦]]
* 25-12/0164- [[wikt:𧻚|𧻚]]
* 25-12/0164- [[wikt:䚙|䚙]]

==25-13==
* 25-13/0167a [[wikt:奐|奐]] xwanH
* 25-13/0167b [[wikt:渙|渙]] xwanH
* 25-13/0167c [[wikt:煥|煥]] xwanH
* 25-13/0167d [[wikt:寏|寏]] hwan
* 25-13/0167f [[wikt:換|換]] hwanH

==25-14==
A uvular series.
* 25-14/0255a [[wikt:爰|爰]] hjwon
* 25-14/0255d [[wikt:猨|猨]] hjwon
* 25-14/0255e [[wikt:援|援]] hjwenH, hjwon
* 25-14/0255f [[wikt:瑗|瑗]] hjwenH, hjwonH
* 25-14/0255g [[wikt:媛|媛]] hjwenH, hjwon
* 25-14/0255h [[wikt:湲|湲]] hjwen
* 25-14/0255i [[wikt:煖|煖]] xjwon
* 25-14/0255j [[wikt:暖|暖]] xjwon, xjwonX
* 25-14/0255k [[wikt:諼|諼]] xjwon
* 25-14/0255l [[wikt:緩|緩]] hwanX
* 25-14/0255m [[wikt:鍰|鍰]] hwaen
* 25-14/0255- [[wikt:楥|楥]]

==25-15==
* 25-15/0256a [[wikt:袁|袁]] hjwon
* 25-15/0256b [[wikt:園|園]] hjwon
* 25-15/0256c [[wikt:猿|猿]] hjwen
* 25-15/0256d [[wikt:榬|榬]] hjwon
* 25-15/0256e [[wikt:轅|轅]] hjwon
* 25-15/0256f [[wikt:遠|遠]] hjwonH, hjwonX

==25-16==
An -r series acc. to Starostin (1989).
* 25-16/0163a [[wikt:丸|丸]] hwan
* 25-16/0163b [[wikt:𤴯|𤴯]] hwanH
* 25-16/0163c [[wikt:紈|紈]] hwan
* 25-16/0163d [[wikt:芄|芄]] hwan
* 25-16/0163e [[wikt:骫|骫]] 'jweX

==25-17==
* 25-17/0260a [[wikt:夗|夗]] 'jwonX
* 25-17/0260b [[wikt:宛|宛]] 'jwonX
* 25-17/0260c [[wikt:怨|怨]] 'jwon, 'jwonH
* 25-17/0260d [[wikt:苑|苑]] 'jwonX, 'jut, hjunX
* 25-17/0260e [[wikt:鴛|鴛]] 'jwon
* 25-17/0260f [[wikt:眢|眢]] 'wan
* 25-17/0260g [[wikt:婉|婉]] 'jwonX
* 25-17/0260h [[wikt:惌|惌]] 'jwonX
* 25-17/0260i [[wikt:晼|晼]] 'jwonX
* 25-17/0260j [[wikt:畹|畹]] 'jwonX
* 25-17/0260k [[wikt:鵷|鵷]] 'jwon
* 25-17/0260l [[wikt:琬|琬]] 'jwonX, 'wanH
* 25-17/0260m [[wikt:捥|捥]] 'wanH
* 25-17/0260n [[wikt:腕|腕]] 'wanH
* 25-17/0260o [[wikt:椀|椀]] 'wanX
* 25-17/0260p [[wikt:䡝|䡝]] 'jun, 'jwon
* 25-17/0260q [[wikt:菀|菀]] 'jut
* 25-17/0260r [[wikt:𩜌|𩜌]] 'jut
* 25-17/0260- [[wikt:盌|盌]] 'wanX

==25-18==
* 25-18/0261a [[wikt:冤|冤]] 'jwon

==25-19==
* 25-19/0257a [[wikt:元|元]] ngjwon
* 25-19/0257d [[wikt:芫|芫]] ngjwon
* 25-19/0257e [[wikt:黿|黿]] ngjwon, ngwan
* 25-19/0257f [[wikt:魭|魭]] ngjwon, ngwan
* 25-19/0257g [[wikt:頑|頑]] ngwaen, ngwean
* 25-19/0257h [[wikt:刓|刓]] ngwan
* 25-19/0257i [[wikt:园|园]] ngwan
* 25-19/0257j [[wikt:忨|忨]] ngwan, ngwanH
* 25-19/0257k [[wikt:玩|玩]] ngwanH
* 25-19/0257l [[wikt:翫|翫]] ngwanH
* 25-19/0257m [[wikt:完|完]] hwan
* 25-19/0257n [[wikt:垸|垸]] hwan
* 25-19/0257o [[wikt:浣|浣]] hwanX
* 25-19/0257p [[wikt:輐|輐]] hwanH, ngwanH, ngwanX
* 25-19/0257q [[wikt:莞|莞]] kwan
* 25-19/0257r [[wikt:筦|筦]] kwanX
* 25-19/0257s [[wikt:梡|梡]] khwanX
* 25-19/0257t [[wikt:睆|睆]] hwaenX
* 25-19/0257u [[wikt:院|院]] hjwenH
* 25-19/0257- [[wikt:脘|脘]]
* 25-19/0257- [[wikt:阮|阮]]

==25-20==
* 25-20/0258a [[wikt:原|原]] ngjwon
* 25-20/0258c [[wikt:源|源]] ngjwon
* 25-20/0258d [[wikt:愿|愿]] ngjwonH
* 25-20/0258e [[wikt:謜|謜]] ngjwon
* 25-20/0258f [[wikt:願|願]] ngjwonH
* 25-20/0258g [[wikt:騵|騵]] ngjwon
* 25-20/0258h [[wikt:豲|豲]] hwan

==25-21==
* 25-21/0259a [[wikt:邍|邍]] ngjwon

==25-22==
* 25-22/0170a [[wikt:斷|斷]] twanX, twanH, dwanX

==25-23==
* 25-23/0172a [[wikt:段|段]] dwanH, thwanH, twanH
* 25-23/0172c [[wikt:鍛|鍛]] twanH
* 25-23/0172d [[wikt:腶|腶]] twanH
* 25-23/0172- [[wikt:緞|緞]]

==25-24==
An -r series
* 25-24/0168a [[wikt:耑|耑]] twan
* 25-24/0168d [[wikt:端|端]] twan
* 25-24/0168e [[wikt:剬|剬]] tsywenX, twan
* 25-24/0168f [[wikt:褍|褍]] twan
* 25-24/0168g [[wikt:鍴|鍴]] twan
* 25-24/0168i [[wikt:湍|湍]] thwan
* 25-24/0168j [[wikt:喘|喘]] tsyhwenX
* 25-24/0168k [[wikt:諯|諯]] dzywen, tsyhwenH
* 25-24/0168l [[wikt:輲|輲]] dzywen
* 25-24/0168m [[wikt:遄|遄]] dzywen
* 25-24/0168o [[wikt:惴|惴]] tsyhwenX, tsyweH
* 25-24/0168p [[wikt:瑞|瑞]] dzyweH
* 25-24/0168q [[wikt:揣|揣]] tsrhjweX, tsyhwenX, twaX
* 25-24/0168- [[wikt:踹|踹]] tsrhjweH (?)
* 25-24/0168- [[wikt:貒|貒]]

==25-25==
* 25-25/0231a [[wikt:專|專]] tsywen
* 25-25/0231c [[wikt:剸|剸]] dwan
* 25-25/0231d [[wikt:篿|篿]] tsywen
* 25-25/0231e [[wikt:轉|轉]] trjwenX
* 25-25/0231f [[wikt:傳|傳]] drjwen, drjwenH, trjwenH
* 25-25/0231j [[wikt:縳|縳]] drjwenX
* 25-25/0231k [[wikt:膞|膞]] dzywen, dzywenX, dzywin, tsywinX
* 25-25/0231l [[wikt:鱄|鱄]] dzywenX, tsywen, tsywenX
* 25-25/0231m [[wikt:竱|竱]] tsywenX, twan
* 25-25/0231n [[wikt:團|團]] dwan
* 25-25/0231o [[wikt:慱|慱]] dwan
* 25-25/0231p [[wikt:摶|摶]] dwan
* 25-25/0231q [[wikt:漙|漙]] dwan

==25-26==
* 25-26/0232a [[wikt:穿|穿]] tsyhwen

==25-27==
* 25-27/0233a [[wikt:舛|舛]] tsyhwenX

==25-28==
* 25-28/0171a [[wikt:彖|彖]] thwanH
* 25-28/0171b [[wikt:褖|褖]] thwanH
* 25-28/0171c [[wikt:蝝|蝝]] ywen
* 25-28/0171d [[wikt:緣|緣]] ywen, ywenH
* 25-28/0171e [[wikt:椽|椽]] drjwen
* 25-28/0171f [[wikt:瑑|瑑]] drjwenX
* 25-28/0171g [[wikt:篆|篆]] drjwenX
* 25-28/0171h [[wikt:腞|腞]] trhjwenX
* 25-28/0171i [[wikt:喙|喙]] tsyhwejH, xjwojH

==25-29==
* 25-29/0229a [[wikt:㕣|㕣]] ywenX
* 25-29/0229b [[wikt:沿|沿]] ywen
* 25-29/0229c [[wikt:鉛|鉛]] ywen
* 25-29/0229d [[wikt:兗|兗]] ywenX
* 25-29/0229e [[wikt:船|船]] zywen

==25-30==
* 25-30/0230a [[wikt:鳶|鳶]] ywen

==25-31==
* 25-31/0178a [[wikt:䜌|䜌]] lwan
* 25-31/0178c [[wikt:巒|巒]] lwan
* 25-31/0178d [[wikt:欒|欒]] lwan
* 25-31/0178e [[wikt:灓|灓]] lwan
* 25-31/0178f [[wikt:鑾|鑾]] lwan
* 25-31/0178h [[wikt:鸞|鸞]] lwan
* 25-31/0178i [[wikt:臠|臠]] ljwenX
* 25-31/0178k [[wikt:孌|孌]] ljwenX, ljwenH
* 25-31/0178m [[wikt:戀|戀]] ljwenH
* 25-31/0178n [[wikt:攣|攣]] ljwen
* 25-31/0178o [[wikt:變|變]] pjenH
* 25-31/0178p [[wikt:蠻|蠻]] maen
* 25-31/0178q [[wikt:孿|孿]] srwaenH, srjwenH
* 25-31/0178- [[wikt:曫|曫]]

==25-32==
* 25-32/0179a [[wikt:卵|卵]] lwaX, lwanX

==25-33==
* 25-33/0180a [[wikt:𤔔|𤔔]] lwanH
* 25-33/0180c [[wikt:亂|亂]] lwanH

==25-34==
* 25-34/0189a [[wikt:奻|奻]] nwaen, nwaenH

==25-35==
* 25-35/0238a [[wikt:耎|耎]] nywenX
* 25-35/0238a2 [[wikt:軟|軟]] nywenX
* 25-35/0238b [[wikt:輭|輭]] nywenX
* 25-35/0238c [[wikt:蝡|蝡]] nywenX
* 25-35/0238d [[wikt:蠕|蠕]] nywenX
* 25-35/0238e [[wikt:瑌|瑌]] nywen, nywenX
* 25-35/0238f [[wikt:瓀|瓀]] nywen, nywenX
* 25-35/0238g [[wikt:偄|偄]] nwanH
* 25-35/0238h [[wikt:渜|渜]] nwanH, nwanX
* 25-35/0238i [[wikt:煗|煗]] nwanX
* 25-35/0238j [[wikt:㨎|㨎]] nywet
* 25-35/0238k [[wikt:擩|擩]] nywet

==25-36==
* 25-36/0176a [[wikt:竄|竄]] tshwanH

==25-37==
* 25-37/0177a [[wikt:爨|爨]] tshwanH

==25-38==
* 25-38/0234a [[wikt:全|全]] dzjwen
* 25-38/0234b [[wikt:仝|仝]] dzjwen
* 25-38/0234c [[wikt:牷|牷]] dzjwen
* 25-38/0234d [[wikt:痊|痊]] tshjwen
* 25-38/0234e [[wikt:筌|筌]] tshjwen
* 25-38/0234f [[wikt:荃|荃]] tshjwen
* 25-38/0234g [[wikt:銓|銓]] tshjwen
* 25-38/0234h [[wikt:輇|輇]] dzywen

==25-39==
* 25-39/0235a [[wikt:雋|雋]] dzjwenX
* 25-39/0235b [[wikt:臇|臇]] tsjwenX
* 25-39/0235c [[wikt:鐫|鐫]] tsjwen
* 25-39/0235d [[wikt:儁|儁]] tswinH

==25-40==
An -r series.
* 25-40/0237a [[wikt:泉|泉]] dzjwen
* 25-40/0237e [[wikt:線|線]] sjenH

==25-41==
* 25-41/1249a [[wikt:縓|縓]] tshjwen, tshjwenH

==25-42==
* 25-42/0173a [[wikt:筭|筭]] swanH

==25-43==
* 25-43/0174a [[wikt:算|算]] swanH, swanX
* 25-43/0174b [[wikt:匴|匴]] swanX
* 25-43/0174c [[wikt:篹|篹]] swanX
* 25-43/0174d [[wikt:纂|纂]] tswanX
* 25-43/0174e [[wikt:篡|篡]] tsrhwaenH

==25-44==
* 25-44/0175a [[wikt:祘|祘]] swanH
* 25-44/0175b [[wikt:蒜|蒜]] swanH

=26=

====== 脂 zhī [-i -ei] ======

==26-01==
* 26-01/0586a [[wikt:笄|笄]] kej

==26-02==
* 26-02/0587a [[wikt:卟|卟]] kej, kejX

==26-03==
* 26-03/1241a [[wikt:計|計]] kejH

==26-04==
* 26-04/0588a [[wikt:启|启]] khejX
* 26-04/0588c [[wikt:啟|啟]] khejX
* 26-04/0588h [[wikt:綮|綮]] khejX
* 26-04/0588j [[wikt:晵|晵]] khejX

==26-05==
* 26-05/1237l [[wikt:諡|諡]] zyijH
* 26-05/1241d [[wikt:兮|兮]] hej
* 26-05/1241h [[wikt:盻|盻]] hejH, ngejH

==26-06==
* 26-06/0552a [[wikt:旨|旨]] tsyijX
* 26-06/0552f [[wikt:指|指]] tsyijX
* 26-06/0552g [[wikt:脂|脂]] tsyij
* 26-06/0552h [[wikt:鮨|鮨]] gij
* 26-06/0552i [[wikt:䭫|䭫]] khejX
* 26-06/0552k [[wikt:詣|詣]] ngejH
* 26-06/0552l [[wikt:耆|耆]] gij, tsyijX
* 26-06/0552m [[wikt:鰭|鰭]] gij
* 26-06/0552n [[wikt:鬐|鬐]] gij
* 26-06/0552o [[wikt:稽|稽]] kej
* 26-06/0552p [[wikt:嗜|嗜]] dzyijH
* 26-06/0552q [[wikt:蓍|蓍]] syij

==26-07==
* 26-07/0553a [[wikt:示|示]] zyijH
* 26-07/0553h [[wikt:視|視]] dzyijH, dzyijX
* 26-07/0553i [[wikt:祁|祁]] gij

==26-08==
* 26-08/0602a [[wikt:几|几]] kijX
* 26-08/0602c [[wikt:机|机]] kijX
* 26-08/0602d [[wikt:肌|肌]] kij
* 26-08/0602e [[wikt:𩨒|𩨒]] kij
* 26-08/0602f [[wikt:飢|飢]] kij

==26-09==
* 26-09/0599a [[wikt:皆|皆]] keaj
* 26-09/0599b [[wikt:偕|偕]] keaj
* 26-09/0599c [[wikt:喈|喈]] keaj
* 26-09/0599d [[wikt:階|階]] keaj
* 26-09/0599e [[wikt:楷|楷]] kheajX
* 26-09/0599f [[wikt:湝|湝]] heaj
* 26-09/0599g [[wikt:諧|諧]] heaj
* 26-09/0599h [[wikt:揩|揩]] keat

==26-10==
* 26-10/0605a [[wikt:癸|癸]] kjwijX
* 26-10/0605e [[wikt:揆|揆]] gjwijX
* 26-10/0605f [[wikt:戣|戣]] gwij
* 26-10/0605g [[wikt:葵|葵]] gjwij
* 26-10/0605h [[wikt:騤|騤]] gjwij
* 26-10/0605i [[wikt:睽|睽]] khwej
* 26-10/0605k [[wikt:闋|闋]] khwet

==26-11==
* 26-11/1241i [[wikt:醯|醯]] xej

==26-12==
* 26-12/0589a [[wikt:医|医]] 'ejH
* 26-12/0589b [[wikt:殹|殹]] 'ejH
* 26-12/0589e [[wikt:繄|繄]] 'ej
* 26-12/0589f [[wikt:翳|翳]] 'ej, 'ejH
* 26-12/0589g [[wikt:鷖|鷖]] 'ej

==26-13==
* 26-13/0604a [[wikt:伊|伊]] 'jij
* 26-13/0604d [[wikt:咿|咿]] 'jij

==26-14==
* 26-14/0590a [[wikt:氐|氐]] tej, tejX
* 26-14/0590c [[wikt:底|底]] tejX
* 26-14/0590d [[wikt:柢|柢]] tej, tejH, tejX
* 26-14/0590e [[wikt:低|低]] tej
* 26-14/0590f [[wikt:弤|弤]] tejX
* 26-14/0590g [[wikt:抵|抵]] tejX
* 26-14/0590h [[wikt:羝|羝]] tej
* 26-14/0590i [[wikt:邸|邸]] tejX
* 26-14/0590j [[wikt:詆|詆]] dej, tejX
* 26-14/0590k [[wikt:胝|胝]] trij
* 26-14/0590l [[wikt:坻|坻]] drij
* 26-14/0590m [[wikt:蚳|蚳]] drij
* 26-14/0590n [[wikt:厎|厎]] tsyijX
* 26-14/0590o [[wikt:砥|砥]] tsyijX
* 26-14/0590p [[wikt:祗|祗]] tsyij
* 26-14/0590q [[wikt:眡|眡]] dzyijH, dzyijX
* 26-14/0590r [[wikt:眂|眂]] dzyijH, dzyijX
* 26-14/0590s [[wikt:鴟|鴟]] tsyhij

==26-15==
* 26-15/0591a [[wikt:弟|弟]] dejH, dejX
* 26-15/0591d [[wikt:娣|娣]] dejH, dejX
* 26-15/0591e [[wikt:第|第]] dejH
* 26-15/0591f [[wikt:悌|悌]] dejH
* 26-15/0591g [[wikt:稊|稊]] dej
* 26-15/0591h [[wikt:綈|綈]] dej
* 26-15/0591i [[wikt:𦯔|𦯔]] dej
* 26-15/0591j [[wikt:鵜|鵜]] dej
* 26-15/0591k [[wikt:睇|睇]] dejH, thej
* 26-15/0591l [[wikt:梯|梯]] thej
* 26-15/0591m [[wikt:涕|涕]] thejH, thejX
* 26-15/0591n [[wikt:豒|豒]] drit

==26-16==
* 26-16/0595d [[wikt:遟|遟]] drij
* 26-16/0595g [[wikt:稺|稺]] drijH
* 26-16/0595h [[wikt:𦃘|𦃘]] drijH
* 26-16/0596c [[wikt:墀|墀]] drij
* 26-16/0596d [[wikt:遲|遲]] drijH, drij
* 26-16/0596e [[wikt:穉|穉]] drijH

==26-17==
* 26-17/0551a [[wikt:夷|夷]] yij
* 26-17/0551d [[wikt:侇|侇]] yij
* 26-17/0551e [[wikt:姨|姨]] yij
* 26-17/0551f [[wikt:洟|洟]] thejH, yij
* 26-17/0551g [[wikt:痍|痍]] yij
* 26-17/0551h [[wikt:䧅|䧅]] yij
* 26-17/0551j [[wikt:桋|桋]] yij
* 26-17/0551k [[wikt:荑|荑]] dej, yij

==26-18==
* 26-18/1237c [[wikt:彝|彝]] yij

==26-19==
* 26-19/0560a [[wikt:矢|矢]] syij, syijX
* 26-19/0560e [[wikt:雉|雉]] drijX
* 26-19/0560i [[wikt:矧|矧]] syinX
* 26-19/0560j [[wikt:矤|矤]] syinX
* 26-19/0560k [[wikt:䀢|䀢]] sywinH
* 26-19/0560m [[wikt:薙|薙]] drijX, thejH, zijX

==26-20==
* 26-20/0561a [[wikt:尸|尸]] syij
* 26-20/0561c [[wikt:屍|屍]] syij
* 26-20/0561d [[wikt:屎|屎]] syijX
* 26-20/0561e [[wikt:鳲|鳲]] syij

==26-21==
* 26-21/0556a [[wikt:兕|兕]] zijX

==26-22==
* 26-22/0562a [[wikt:履|履]] lijX

==26-23==
*26-23/0597a [[wikt:豊|豊]] lejX
*26-23/0597d [[wikt:禮|禮]] lejX
*26-23/0597e [[wikt:醴|醴]] lejX
*26-23/0597h [[wikt:鱧|鱧]] lejX
*26-23/0597i [[wikt:體|體]] thejX

==26-24==
* 26-24/0519a [[wikt:利|利]] lijH
* 26-24/0519b [[wikt:𥝢|𥝢]] lijH
* 26-24/0519g [[wikt:犁|犁]] lej, lij
* 26-24/0519h [[wikt:梨|梨]] lij
* 26-24/0519i [[wikt:棃|棃]] lij
* 26-24/0519j [[wikt:黧|黧]] lej
* 26-24/0519k [[wikt:黎|黎]] lej
* 26-24/0519l [[wikt:蔾|蔾]] lij
* 26-24/0519m [[wikt:藜|藜]] lej

==26-25==
* 26-25/0563a [[wikt:尼|尼]] nejH, nrij
* 26-25/0563b [[wikt:怩|怩]] nrij
* 26-25/0563c [[wikt:柅|柅]] nrijH, nrijX
* 26-25/0563d [[wikt:泥|泥]] nej
* 26-25/0563e [[wikt:旎|旎]] nrjeX
* 26-25/0563f [[wikt:昵|昵]] nrit

==26-26==
* 26-26/0592a [[wikt:妻|妻]] tshej, tshejH
* 26-26/0592e [[wikt:悽|悽]] tshej
* 26-26/0592f [[wikt:淒|淒]] tshej
* 26-26/0592g [[wikt:萋|萋]] tshej
* 26-26/0592i [[wikt:緀|緀]] tshej
* 26-26/0592j [[wikt:𨹷|𨹷]] tsej, tsejH
* 26-26/0592l [[wikt:棲|棲]] sej

==26-27==
* 26-27/0593a [[wikt:齊|齊]] tsij, dzej
* 26-27/0593f [[wikt:臍|臍]] dzej
* 26-27/0593g [[wikt:蠐|蠐]] dzej
* 26-27/0593h [[wikt:劑|劑]] dzejH, tsje
* 26-27/0593i [[wikt:嚌|嚌]] dzejH
* 26-27/0593j [[wikt:懠|懠]] dzej, dzejH
* 26-27/0593k [[wikt:癠|癠]] dzej, dzejH, dzejX
* 26-27/0593l [[wikt:薺|薺]] dzejX
* 26-27/0593m [[wikt:穧|穧]] dzejH, tsejH
* 26-27/0593n [[wikt:擠|擠]] tsej, tsejH, tsejX
* 26-27/0593o [[wikt:濟|濟]] tsejH, tsejX
* 26-27/0593p [[wikt:躋|躋]] tsej, tsejH
* 26-27/0593r [[wikt:隮|隮]] tsej, tsejH
* 26-27/0593s [[wikt:霽|霽]] tsejH
* 26-27/0593t [[wikt:齏|齏]] tsej
* 26-27/0593u [[wikt:齎|齎]] tsej
* 26-27/0593v [[wikt:齍|齍]] tsij
* 26-27/0593y [[wikt:齋|齋]] tsreaj
* 26-27/0593z [[wikt:儕|儕]] dzreaj

==26-28==
* 26-28/0554b [[wikt:姊|姊]] tsijX
* 26-28/0554c [[wikt:姉|姉]] tsijX
* 26-28/0554d [[wikt:秭|秭]] tsijX
* 26-28/0554f [[wikt:笫|笫]] tsrijX
* 26-28/0554g [[wikt:胏|胏]] tsrijX
* 26-28/0554h [[wikt:柹|柹]] dzrijX
* 26-28/0554i [[wikt:柿|柿]] dzrijX
* 26-28/0554j [[wikt:䪡|䪡]] tsej

==26-29==
* 26-29/0555a [[wikt:次|次]] tshijH
* 26-29/0555c [[wikt:佽|佽]] tshijH
* 26-29/0555d [[wikt:絘|絘]] tshijH
* 26-29/0555e [[wikt:咨|咨]] tsij
* 26-29/0555f [[wikt:恣|恣]] tsijH
* 26-29/0555g [[wikt:粢|粢]] dzejH, tsij
* 26-29/0555h [[wikt:資|資]] tsij
* 26-29/0555i [[wikt:茨|茨]] dzij
* 26-29/0555j [[wikt:餈|餈]] dzij
* 26-29/0555l [[wikt:諮|諮]] tsij
* 26-29/0555m [[wikt:䆅|䆅]] dzij
* 26-29/0555n [[wikt:薋|薋]] dzij

==26-30==
* 26-30/1237m [[wikt:自|自]] dzijH

==26-31==
Baxter &amp; Sagart combine with [[#04-39|04-39]], Schuessler hesitatingly assents.
* 26-31/0594a [[wikt:西|西]] sej
* 26-31/0594f [[wikt:栖|栖]] sej
* 26-31/0594g [[wikt:洒|洒]] sejX, sreajX, senX
* 26-31/0594i [[wikt:哂|哂]] syinX

==26-32==
* 26-32/0595a [[wikt:屖|屖]] sej

==26-33==
* 26-33/0596a [[wikt:犀|犀]] sej

==26-34==
* 26-34/0557a [[wikt:厶|厶]] sij
* 26-34/0557b [[wikt:私|私]] sij

==26-35==
* 26-35/0558a [[wikt:死|死]] sijX

==26-36==
* 26-36/0559a [[wikt:師|師]] srij

==26-37==
* 26-37/0565a [[wikt:匕|匕]] pjijX
* 26-37/0565b [[wikt:朼|朼]] pjijX

==26-38==
* 26-38/0566a [[wikt:匕|匕]] pjijH
* 26-38/0566g [[wikt:比|比]] bjij, bjijH, pjijH, pjijX
* 26-38/0566i [[wikt:牝|牝]] bjijX, bjinX
* 26-38/0566k [[wikt:庀|庀]] phjieX, phjijX
* 26-38/0566l [[wikt:疕|疕]] phjieX, phjijX, pjijX
* 26-38/0566m [[wikt:枇|枇]] pjijX
* 26-38/0566n [[wikt:妣|妣]] pjijH, pjijX
* 26-38/0566p [[wikt:庇|庇]] pjij, pjijH
* 26-38/0566q [[wikt:秕|秕]] pjijX
* 26-38/0566r [[wikt:粃|粃]] pjijX
* 26-38/0566s [[wikt:仳|仳]] bijX, bjij, phjijX
* 26-38/0566t [[wikt:紕|紕]] bjie, bjijH, pej, phjie, phjij
* 26-38/0566u [[wikt:毗|毗]] bjij
* 26-38/0566v [[wikt:鈚|鈚]] bjij
* 26-38/0566y [[wikt:坒|坒]] bjijH
* 26-38/0566z [[wikt:芘|芘]] bjij
* 26-38/0566a' [[wikt:批|批]] bet, phej
* 26-38/0566b' [[wikt:梐|梐]] bejX
* 26-38/0566c' [[wikt:陛|陛]] bejX
* 26-38/0566d' [[wikt:吡|吡]] phjieX
* 26-38/0566e' [[wikt:𣬉|𣬉]] bjij
* 26-38/0566f' [[wikt:膍|膍]] bej, bjij
* 26-38/0566h' [[wikt:貔|貔]] bjij

==26-39==
* 26-39/0598a [[wikt:米|米]] mejX
* 26-39/0598d [[wikt:眯|眯]] mejX
* 26-39/0598e [[wikt:迷|迷]] mej
* 26-39/0598f [[wikt:麋|麋]] mij
* 26-39/0598h [[wikt:敉|敉]] mjieX
* 26-39/0598i [[wikt:侎|侎]] mjieX
* 26-39/0598k [[wikt:冞|冞]] mjie
* 26-39/0598l [[wikt:𦊮|𦊮]] mjie
* 26-39/0598m [[wikt:蘪|蘪]] mij

=27=

====== 微 wēi [-ǝi] ======

==27-01==
* 27-01/0541a [[wikt:開|開]] khoj, kojX

==27-02==
* 27-02/0548a [[wikt:豈|豈]] kjɨjX, khojX
* 27-02/0548b [[wikt:凱|凱]] khojX
* 27-02/0548c [[wikt:愷|愷]] khojX
* 27-02/0548d [[wikt:塏|塏]] khojX
* 27-02/0548e [[wikt:鎧|鎧]] khojH, khojX
* 27-02/0548f [[wikt:闓|闓]] khoj, khojX
* 27-02/0548g [[wikt:𧽊|𧽊]] hoj
* 27-02/0548i [[wikt:螘|螘]] ngjɨjX
* 27-02/0548j [[wikt:覬|覬]] kijH

==27-03==
* 27-03/0603a [[wikt:冀|冀]] kijH
* presumed 27-03/0603b [[wikt:兾|兾]] kijH
* 27-03/0603c [[wikt:驥|驥]] kijH

==27-04==
* 27-04/0547a [[wikt:幾|幾]] gjɨj, kjɨj, kjɨjX
* 27-04/0547c [[wikt:機|機]] kjɨj
* 27-04/0547d [[wikt:璣|璣]] kjɨj
* 27-04/0547e [[wikt:磯|磯]] kjɨj
* 27-04/0547f [[wikt:禨|禨]] kjɨj, kjɨjH
* 27-04/0547g [[wikt:穖|穖]] kjɨjX
* 27-04/0547h [[wikt:蟣|蟣]] kjɨjX
* 27-04/0547i [[wikt:譏|譏]] kjɨj
* 27-04/0547j [[wikt:鞿|鞿]] kjɨj
* 27-04/0547k [[wikt:饑|饑]] kjɨj
* 27-04/0547l [[wikt:畿|畿]] gjɨj

==27-05==
* 27-05/0550a [[wikt:衣|衣]] 'jɨj, 'jɨjH
* 27-05/0550f [[wikt:依|依]] 'jɨj, 'jɨjX
* 27-05/0550g [[wikt:扆|扆]] 'jɨjX
* 27-05/0550h [[wikt:哀|哀]] 'oj
* 27-05/0550j [[wikt:偯|偯]] 'jɨjX

==27-06==
* 27-06/0549a [[wikt:希|希]] xjɨj
* 27-06/0549b [[wikt:悕|悕]] xjɨj
* 27-06/0549c [[wikt:晞|晞]] xjɨj
* 27-06/0549d [[wikt:欷|欷]] xjɨj
* 27-06/0549e [[wikt:狶|狶]] xjɨj, xjɨjX
* 27-06/0549f [[wikt:豨|豨]] xjɨj, xjɨjX
* 27-06/0549g [[wikt:睎|睎]] xjɨj
* 27-06/1237k [[wikt:絺|絺]] trhij

==27-07==
* 27-07/1237i [[wikt:黹|黹]] trijX

==27-08==
* 27-08/0579a [[wikt:非|非]] pjɨj	
* 27-08/0579c [[wikt:匪|匪]] pjɨjX	
* 27-08/0579d [[wikt:扉|扉]] pjɨj	
* 27-08/0579e [[wikt:棐|棐]] pjɨjX	
* 27-08/0579f [[wikt:篚|篚]] pjɨjX	
* 27-08/0579g [[wikt:誹|誹]] pjɨj, pjɨjH
* 27-08/0579h [[wikt:悱|悱]] phjɨjX
* 27-08/0579i [[wikt:斐|斐]] phjɨjX	
* 27-08/0579j [[wikt:霏|霏]] phjɨj	
* 27-08/0579k [[wikt:騑|騑]] phjɨj, pjɨj	
* 27-08/0579l [[wikt:菲|菲]] bjɨjH, phjɨj, phjɨjX	
* 27-08/0579m [[wikt:剕|剕]] bjɨjH
* 27-08/0579n [[wikt:厞|厞]] bjɨjH	
* 27-08/0579o [[wikt:屝|屝]] bjɨjH	
* 27-08/0579p [[wikt:翡|翡]] bjɨjH	
* 27-08/0579q [[wikt:腓|腓]] bjɨj	
* 27-08/0579r [[wikt:蜚|蜚]] bjɨjH, pjɨjX	
* 27-08/0579s [[wikt:陫|陫]] bjɨjH, bjɨjX	
* 27-08/0579t [[wikt:徘|徘]] bwoj	
* 27-08/0579u [[wikt:悲|悲]] pij	
* 27-08/0579v [[wikt:俳|俳]] beaj	
* 27-08/0579x [[wikt:排|排]] beaj	
* 27-08/0579- [[wikt:痱|痱]]

==27-09==
* 27-09/0580a [[wikt:飛|飛]] pjɨj

==27-10==
* 27-10/0581a [[wikt:妃|妃]] phjɨj, phwojH

==27-11==
* 27-11/0582 [[wikt:肥|肥]] bjɨj

==27-12==
* 27-12/0353a [[wikt:火|火]] xwaX

==27-13==
* 27-13/0546a [[wikt:枚|枚]] mwoj
* 27-13/0546b [[wikt:玫|玫]] mwoj

==27-14==
* 27-14/0567a [[wikt:眉|眉]] mij, mjɨjX
* 27-14/0567d [[wikt:媚|媚]] mijH
* 27-14/0567f [[wikt:楣|楣]] mij
* 27-14/0567g [[wikt:湄|湄]] mij

==27-15==
* 27-15/0585a [[wikt:亹|亹]] mwon

==27-16==
* 27-16/0568a [[wikt:美|美]] mijX

==27-17==
* 27-17/0583a [[wikt:尾|尾]] mjɨjX
* 27-17/0583c [[wikt:娓|娓]] mjɨjX
* 27-17/0583d [[wikt:浘|浘]] mjɨjX
* 27-17/0583e [[wikt:𤈦|𤈦]] xjwɨjX

==27-18==
* 27-18/0584a [[wikt:𢼸|𢼸]] mjɨj
* 27-18/0584d [[wikt:微|微]] mjɨj
* 27-18/0584f [[wikt:薇|薇]] mjɨj
* 27-18/0584g [[wikt:媺|媺]] mijX
* 27-18/0584h [[wikt:徽|徽]] xjwɨj

==27-19==
Zhangzheng (2003) unites the series 兀 [[#31-10|31-10]], 虺 [[#27-19|27-19]], 
and 髡 [[#34-07|37-07]].

* 27-19/0572a [[wikt:虺|虺]] xjwɨjX, xweaj, xwoj

==27-20==
* 27-20/1009a [[wikt:虫|虫]] drjuwng

=28=

====== 微 wēi [-ui -wǝi] ======

==28-01==
Baxter &amp; Sagart (2014: 151) combine [[#28-01|28-01]], [[#28-09|28-09]], and [[#28-10|28-10]].
* 28-01/0569a [[wikt:鬼|鬼]] kjwɨjX
* 28-01/0569d [[wikt:傀|傀]] kwoj
* 28-01/0569e [[wikt:瑰|瑰]] kwoj
* 28-01/0569f [[wikt:魁|魁]] khwoj
* 28-01/0569g [[wikt:塊|塊]] khweajH, khwojH
* 28-01/0569h [[wikt:瘣|瘣]] hwojX
* 28-01/0569i [[wikt:槐|槐]] hweaj, hwoj
* 28-01/0569j [[wikt:嵬|嵬]] ngwoj, ngwojX
* 28-01/0569k [[wikt:魏|魏]] ngjwɨj, ngjwɨjH
* 28-01/0569l [[wikt:愧|愧]] kwijH
* 28-01/0569n [[wikt:媿|媿]] kwijH
* 28-01/0569q [[wikt:螝|螝]] hwojH, kwij, kwijH
* 28-01/0569r [[wikt:餽|餽]] gwijH
* 28-01/0569s [[wikt:巍|巍]] ngjwɨj
* 28-01/0569- [[wikt:隗|隗]] ngjwɨj

==28-02==
* 28-02/0570a [[wikt:歸|歸]] kjwɨj
* 28-02/0570g [[wikt:巋|巋]] khwij, khwijX

==28-03==
* 28-03/1237s [[wikt:夔|夔]] gwij

==28-04==
* 28-04/0542a [[wikt:回|回]] hwoj
* 28-04/0542b [[wikt:廻|廻]] hwoj
* 28-04/0542c [[wikt:迴|迴]] hwoj
* 28-04/0542d [[wikt:徊|徊]] hwoj
* 28-04/0542e [[wikt:洄|洄]] hwoj
* 28-04/0542f [[wikt:蛔|蛔]] hwoj

==28-05==
* 28-05/0342a [[wikt:衛|衛]] hjwejH
* 28-05/0342f [[wikt:讆|讆]] hjwejH
* 28-05/0342g [[wikt:躗|躗]] hwaejH
* 28-05/0342- [[wikt:躛|躛]] xweajH
* 28-05/0571a [[wikt:韋|韋]] hjwɨj
* 28-05/0571d [[wikt:違|違]] hjwɨj
* 28-05/0571f [[wikt:偉|偉]] hjwɨjX
* 28-05/0571g [[wikt:圍|圍]] hjwɨj
* 28-05/0571h [[wikt:幃|幃]] hjwɨj
* 28-05/0571j [[wikt:煒|煒]] hjwɨjX
* 28-05/0571k [[wikt:瑋|瑋]] hwjɨjX
* 28-05/0571l [[wikt:禕|禕]] 'je
* 28-05/0571m [[wikt:緯|緯]] hjwɨjH, hjwɨjX
* 28-05/0571n [[wikt:葦|葦]] hjwɨjX
* 28-05/0571o [[wikt:闈|闈]] hjwɨj
* 28-05/0571p [[wikt:韙|韙]] hjwɨjX
* 28-05/0571q [[wikt:韡|韡]] hjwɨjX
* 28-05/0571r [[wikt:褘|褘]] xjwɨj
* 28-05/0571s [[wikt:諱|諱]] xjwɨjH

==28-06==
* 28-06/0600a [[wikt:褱|褱]] hweaj
* 28-06/0600c [[wikt:懷|懷]] hweaj
* 28-06/0600d [[wikt:壞|壞]] hweajH, hwojX, kweajH
* 28-06/0600e [[wikt:瓌|瓌]] kwoj

==28-07==
* 28-07/1240h [[wikt:乖|乖]] kweajH

==28-08==
* 28-08/1239a [[wikt:卉|卉]] xjwɨjH

==28-09==
Baxter &amp; Sagart (2014: 151) combine [[#28-01|28-01]], [[#28-09|28-09]], and [[#28-10|28-10]].
* 28-09/0573a [[wikt:畏|畏]] 'jwɨjH
* 28-09/0573d [[wikt:㟪|㟪]] 'jwɨjX, 'wojX
* 28-09/0573e [[wikt:偎|偎]] 'woj
* 28-09/0573f [[wikt:煨|煨]] 'woj
* 28-09/0573g [[wikt:猥|猥]] 'wojX
* 28-09/0573h [[wikt:隈|隈]] 'woj

==28-10==
Baxter &amp; Sagart (2014: 151) combine [[#28-01|28-01]], [[#28-09|28-09]], and [[#28-10|28-10]].
* 28-10/0574a [[wikt:威|威]] 'jwɨj
* 28-10/0574d [[wikt:崴|崴]] 'weaj

==28-11==
Baxter &amp; Sagart (personal communication 12 April 2017) separate off 28-11/0575g' 鷕 ywijX, 28-11/0575h' 䗽 ywijH, 28-11/0575i' 蓷 thwoj, tsyhwij, 28-11/0575j' 催 tshwoj, 28-11/0575k' 漼 tshwojX and 28-11/0575l' 摧 dzwoj as well as 28-11/0601a 淮 hweaj and 28-11/0601d 匯 hwojX as a separate series.

* 28-11/0575a [[wikt:隹|隹]] tsywij
* 28-11/0575e [[wikt:䳡|䳡]] tsywij
* 28-11/0575f [[wikt:鵻|鵻]] tsywij
* 28-11/0575g [[wikt:錐|錐]] tsywij
* 28-11/0575h [[wikt:騅|騅]] tsywij
* 28-11/0575i [[wikt:唯|唯]] tshwijX, ywij, ywijX
* 28-11/0575m [[wikt:帷|帷]] hwij
* 28-11/0575n [[wikt:惟|惟]] ywij
* 28-11/0575o [[wikt:維|維]] ywij
* 28-11/0575q [[wikt:蜼|蜼]] lwijX, ywijH
* 28-11/0575r [[wikt:椎|椎]] drwij
* 28-11/0575s [[wikt:顀|顀]] drwij
* 28-11/0575u [[wikt:誰|誰]] dzywij
* 28-11/0575v [[wikt:雖|雖]] swij
* 28-11/0575y [[wikt:稚|稚]] drijH
* 28-11/0575z [[wikt:堆|堆]] twoj
* 28-11/0575a' [[wikt:推|推]] thwoj, tsyhwij
* 28-11/0575b' [[wikt:陮|陮]] dwojX
* 28-11/0575d' [[wikt:崔|崔]] dzwoj
* 28-11/0575e' [[wikt:趡|趡]] tshwijX
* 28-11/0575g' [[wikt:鷕|鷕]] ywijX
* 28-11/0575h' [[wikt:䗽|䗽]] ywijH
* 28-11/0575i' [[wikt:蓷|蓷]] thwoj, tsyhwij
* 28-11/0575j' [[wikt:催|催]] tshwoj
* 28-11/0575k' [[wikt:漼|漼]] tshwojX
* 28-11/0575l' [[wikt:摧|摧]] dzwoj
* 28-11/0601a [[wikt:淮|淮]] hweaj
* 28-11/0601d [[wikt:匯|匯]] hwojX
* 28-11/1237u [[wikt:睢|睢]] xjwij

==28-12==
* 28-12/0543d [[wikt:追|追]] trwij
* 28-12/0543h [[wikt:縋|縋]] drjweH
* 28-12/0543i [[wikt:膇|膇]] drjweH

==28-13==
* 28-13/0544a [[wikt:隤|隤]] dwoj
* 28-13/0544b [[wikt:穨|穨]] dwoj
* 28-13/0544c [[wikt:頹|頹]] dwoj

==28-14==
* 28-14/0576a [[wikt:水|水]] sywijX

==28-15==
* 28-15/0577a [[wikt:畾|畾]] lwijX, lwoj
* 28-15/0577d [[wikt:壘|壘]] lwijX
* 28-15/0577e [[wikt:櫐|櫐]] lwijX
* 28-15/0577f [[wikt:纍|纍]] lwij
* 28-15/0577g [[wikt:藟|藟]] lwijX
* 28-15/0577h [[wikt:讄|讄]] lwijX
* 28-15/0577i [[wikt:𧮢|𧮢]] lwijX
* 28-15/0577j [[wikt:儡|儡]] lwoj, lwojX
* 28-15/0577k [[wikt:礨|礨]] lwojX
* 28-15/0577l [[wikt:罍|罍]] lwoj
* 28-15/0577n [[wikt:靁|靁]] lwoj
* 28-15/0577o [[wikt:雷|雷]] lwoj
* 28-15/0577p [[wikt:儽|儽]] lwojH
* 28-15/0577q [[wikt:虆|虆]] lwa
* 28-15/0577r [[wikt:累|累]] ljweH, ljweX, lwaX
* 28-15/0577s [[wikt:縲|縲]] lwij
* 28-15/0577t [[wikt:騾|騾]] lwa
* 28-15/0577- [[wikt:螺|螺]] lwa

==28-16==
* 28-16/0545a [[wikt:磊|磊]] lwojX

==28-17==
* 28-17/0578a [[wikt:耒|耒]] lwijH, lwojH
* 28-17/0578b [[wikt:誄|誄]] lwijX

==28-18==
* 28-18/1237v [[wikt:蕤|蕤]] nywij

==28-19==
* 28-19/1237x [[wikt:夊|夊]] swij

==28-20==
* 28-20/0513a [[wikt:罪|罪]] dzwojX
* 28-20/0513b [[wikt:辠|辠]] dzwojH

=29=

====== 質 zhì [-it -its -is] ======

==29-01==
* 29-01/0393a [[wikt:吉|吉]] kjit
* 29-01/0393i [[wikt:蛣|蛣]] khjit
* 29-01/0393j [[wikt:詰|詰]] khjit
* 29-01/0393k [[wikt:佶|佶]] git
* 29-01/0393l [[wikt:姞|姞]] git
* 29-01/0393n [[wikt:拮|拮]] ket, kjit
* 29-01/0393o [[wikt:桔|桔]] ket
* 29-01/0393p [[wikt:結|結]] ket
* 29-01/0393q [[wikt:袺|袺]] keat, ket
* 29-01/0393r [[wikt:頡|頡]] het
* 29-01/0393t [[wikt:髻|髻]] kejH, ket
* 29-01/0393u [[wikt:秸|秸]] keat
* 29-01/0393v [[wikt:黠|黠]] heat
* 29-01/0393x [[wikt:劼|劼]] kheat
* 29-01/0393y [[wikt:襭|襭]] het
* 29-01/0393z [[wikt:擷|擷]] het

==29-02==
* 29-02/0278a [[wikt:鞂|鞂]] keat

==29-03==
* 29-03/0535a [[wikt:棄|棄]] khjijH

==29-04==
* 29-04/0510b [[wikt:屆|屆]] keajH

==29-05==
* 29-05/0538a [[wikt:季|季]] kjwijH
* 29-05/0538e [[wikt:悸|悸]] gjwijH

==29-06==
* 29-06/0409a [[wikt:穴|穴]] hwet
* 29-06/0409c [[wikt:泬|泬]] xwet
* 29-06/0409d [[wikt:鴥|鴥]] ywit

==29-07==
* 29-07/0410a [[wikt:血|血]] xwet
* 29-07/0410e [[wikt:恤|恤]] swit
* 29-07/0410f [[wikt:卹|卹]] swot

==29-08==
* 29-08/0533a [[wikt:惠|惠]] hwejH
* 29-08/0533b [[wikt:叀|叀]] hwejH
* 29-08/0533e [[wikt:蟪|蟪]] hwejH
* 29-08/0533f [[wikt:蕙|蕙]] hwejH
* 29-08/0533g [[wikt:譓|譓]] hwejH
* 29-08/0533h [[wikt:穗|穗]] zwijH
* 29-08/0533i [[wikt:繐|繐]] sjwejH

==29-09==
* 29-09/0526a [[wikt:㒸|㒸]] zwijH
* 29-09/0526d [[wikt:遂|遂]] zwijH
* 29-09/0526f [[wikt:隊|隊]] drwijH, dwojH
* 29-09/0526g [[wikt:墜|墜]] drwijH
* 29-09/0526h [[wikt:檖|檖]] zwijH
* 29-09/0526i [[wikt:燧|燧]] zwijH
* 29-09/0526j [[wikt:璲|璲]] zwijH
* 29-09/0526k [[wikt:穟|穟]] zwijH
* 29-09/0526l [[wikt:襚|襚]] zwijH
* 29-09/0526m [[wikt:隧|隧]] zwijH
* 29-09/0526n [[wikt:旞|旞]] zwijH
* 29-09/0526o [[wikt:邃|邃]] swijH

==29-10==
* 29-10/0527a [[wikt:彗|彗]] zjwejH, zwijH
* 29-10/0527b [[wikt:篲|篲]] zjwejH, zwijH
* 29-10/0527c [[wikt:嘒|嘒]] xwejH
* 29-10/0527d [[wikt:慧|慧]] hwejH
* 29-10/0527e [[wikt:譿|譿]] hwejH

==29-11==
* 29-11/0507a [[wikt:矞|矞]] ywit
* 29-11/0507b [[wikt:遹|遹]] ywit
* 29-11/0507e [[wikt:驈|驈]] ywit
* 29-11/0507f [[wikt:鷸|鷸]] ywit
* 29-11/0507g [[wikt:橘|橘]] kjwit
* 29-11/0507h [[wikt:繘|繘]] kjwit, ywit
* 29-11/0507i [[wikt:僪|僪]] gjwit
* 29-11/0507j [[wikt:獝|獝]] gjwit
* 29-11/0507k [[wikt:劀|劀]] kweat
* 29-11/0507l [[wikt:譎|譎]] kwet
* 29-11/0507m [[wikt:憰|憰]] kwet
* 29-11/0507n [[wikt:鐍|鐍]] kwet
* 29-11/0507o [[wikt:潏|潏]] kwet
* 29-11/0507p [[wikt:瞲|瞲]] xwet, xwijH

==29-12==
* 29-12/0394a [[wikt:一|一]] 'jit

==29-13==
* 29-13/0395a [[wikt:壹|壹]] 'jit
* 29-13/0395b [[wikt:噎|噎]] 'et
* 29-13/0395c [[wikt:㦤|㦤]] 'ijH
* 29-13/0395d [[wikt:懿|懿]] 'ijH
* 29-13/0395h [[wikt:饐|饐]] 'ijH
* 29-13/0395i [[wikt:曀|曀]] 'ejH
* 29-13/0395j [[wikt:㙪|㙪]] 'ejH
* 29-13/0395k [[wikt:殪|殪]] 'ejH

==29-14==
* 29-14/1241j [[wikt:替|替]] thejH

==29-15==
* 29-15/0413a [[wikt:至|至]] tsyijH
* 29-15/0413d [[wikt:致|致]] trijH
* 29-15/0413e [[wikt:輊|輊]] trijH
* 29-15/0413f [[wikt:挃|挃]] trit
* 29-15/0413g [[wikt:銍|銍]] trit
* 29-15/0413h [[wikt:窒|窒]] det, tet, trit
* 29-15/0413i [[wikt:桎|桎]] tsyit
* 29-15/0413j [[wikt:室|室]] syit
* 29-15/0413m [[wikt:咥|咥]] det
* 29-15/0413n [[wikt:垤|垤]] det
* 29-15/0413o [[wikt:姪|姪]] det, drit
* 29-15/0413q [[wikt:絰|絰]] det
* 29-15/0413r [[wikt:耊|耊]] det

==29-16==
* 29-16/0415a [[wikt:疐|疐]] tejH, trijH
* 29-16/0415d [[wikt:懥|懥]] trhijH, tsyijH
* 29-16/0415e [[wikt:嚏|嚏]] tejH

==29-17==
* 29-17/0402a [[wikt:失|失]] syit
* 29-17/0402b [[wikt:佚|佚]] yit
* 29-17/0402c [[wikt:泆|泆]] det, yit
* 29-17/0402d [[wikt:軼|軼]] det, yit
* 29-17/0402e [[wikt:抶|抶]] trhit
* 29-17/0402f [[wikt:秩|秩]] drit
* 29-17/0402g [[wikt:袠|袠]] drit
* 29-17/0402h [[wikt:翐|翐]] drit
* 29-17/0402i [[wikt:瓞|瓞]] det
* 29-17/0402j [[wikt:跌|跌]] det
* 29-17/0402k [[wikt:迭|迭]] det
* 29-17/0402l [[wikt:眣|眣]] det, trhit

==29-18==
* 29-18/0398a [[wikt:實|實]] zyit

==29-19==
* 29-19/0396a [[wikt:逸|逸]] yit

==29-20==
Sagart &amp; Baxter (2009: 232) appear to combine [[#08-05|08-05]] and [[#29-20|29-20]]
* 29-20/1257a [[wikt:溢|溢]] yit
* 29-20/1257b [[wikt:鎰|鎰]] yit

==29-21==
* 29-21/0397a [[wikt:佾|佾]] yet
* 29-21/1256d [[wikt:㞕|㞕]] set
* 29-21/1256e [[wikt:屑|屑]] set

==29-22==
* 29-22/1257c [[wikt:欥|欥]] yit

==29-23==
* 29-23/0403a [[wikt:栗|栗]] lit
* 29-23/0403d [[wikt:慄|慄]] lit
* 29-23/0403e [[wikt:瑮|瑮]] lit

==29-24==
* 29-24/1241n [[wikt:盭|盭]] lejH

==29-25==
* 29-25/0532a [[wikt:戾|戾]] lejH, let
* 29-25/0532b [[wikt:悷|悷]] lejH
* 29-25/0532c [[wikt:淚|淚]] lwijH

==29-26==
* 29-26/0404a [[wikt:日|日]] nyit
* 29-26/0404e [[wikt:衵|衵]] nyit
* 29-26/0404f [[wikt:馹|馹]] nyit
* 29-26/0404g [[wikt:䵒|䵒]] nrit
* 29-26/0404h [[wikt:圼|圼]] net
* 29-26/0404j [[wikt:涅|涅]] net

==29-27==
* 29-27/0414a [[wikt:臸|臸]] nyit

==29-28==
* 29-28/0564a [[wikt:二|二]] nyijH
* 29-28/0564e [[wikt:弍|弍]] nyijH
* 29-28/0564g [[wikt:貳|貳]] nyijH
* 29-28/0564i [[wikt:樲|樲]] nyijH
* 29-28/0564j [[wikt:膩|膩]] nrijH
* 29-28/0838a [[wikt:佞|佞]] nengH

==29-29==
* 29-29/0494a [[wikt:疾|疾]] dzit
* 29-29/0494d [[wikt:蒺|蒺]] dzit
* 29-29/0494e [[wikt:嫉|嫉]] dzijH

==29-30==
* 29-30/0399a [[wikt:卽|卽]] tsik, tsit
* 29-30/0399d [[wikt:楖|楖]] tsrit
* 29-30/0399e [[wikt:節|節]] dzet, tset
* 29-30/0399g [[wikt:櫛|櫛]] tsrit
* 29-30/0923c [[wikt:堲|堲]] tsit

==29-31==
* 29-31/0400a [[wikt:七|七]] tshit
* 29-31/0400e [[wikt:叱|叱]] tsyhit
* 29-31/0400f [[wikt:切|切]] tshet

==29-32==
* 29-32/0401a [[wikt:桼|桼]] tshit
* 29-32/0401b [[wikt:漆|漆]] tshit
* 29-32/0401c [[wikt:膝|膝]] sit

==29-33==
* 29-33/1257e [[wikt:悉|悉]] sit
* 29-33/1257f [[wikt:蟋|蟋]] sit, srit

==29-34==
* 29-34/0518a [[wikt:四|四]] sijH
* 29-34/0518e [[wikt:駟|駟]] sijH
* 29-34/0518f [[wikt:柶|柶]] sijH
* 29-34/0518g [[wikt:泗|泗]] sijH

==29-35==
* 29-35/0506a [[wikt:蝨|蝨]] srit

==29-36==
* 29-36/0411a [[wikt:瑟|瑟]] srit

==29-37==
* 29-37/0412a [[wikt:閉|閉]] pejH

==29-38==
* 29-38/0408a [[wikt:匹|匹]] phjit

==29-39==
* 29-39/0521a [[wikt:畀|畀]] pjijH
* 29-39/0521c [[wikt:鼻|鼻]] bjijH
* 29-39/0521d [[wikt:淠|淠]] phejH, phjiejH

==29-40==
* 29-40/1237- [[wikt:自|自]] dzijH

==29-41==
* 29-41/0405a [[wikt:必|必]] pjit
* 29-41/0405c [[wikt:珌|珌]] pjit
* 29-41/0405d [[wikt:怭|怭]] bjit
* 29-41/0405e [[wikt:㧙|㧙]] bit
* 29-41/0405f [[wikt:駜|駜]] bit
* 29-41/0405g [[wikt:苾|苾]] bet, bjit
* 29-41/0405h [[wikt:飶|飶]] bet, bjit
* 29-41/0405i [[wikt:覕|覕]] bet
* 29-41/0405j [[wikt:柲|柲]] pijH, pit
* 29-41/0405k [[wikt:毖|毖]] pijH
* 29-41/0405l [[wikt:泌|泌]] pijH
* 29-41/0405m [[wikt:祕|祕]] pijH
* 29-41/0405n [[wikt:閟|閟]] pijH
* 29-41/0405o [[wikt:宓|宓]] mit
* 29-41/0405p [[wikt:密|密]] mit
* 29-41/0405r [[wikt:蜜|蜜]] mjit
* 29-41/0405s [[wikt:𥁑|𥁑]] mjit
* 29-41/0405t [[wikt:謐|謐]] mjit

==29-42==
* 29-42/0407a [[wikt:畢|畢]] pjit
* 29-42/0407d [[wikt:罼|罼]] pjit
* 29-42/0407e [[wikt:㪤|㪤]] pjit
* 29-42/0407i [[wikt:彃|彃]] pjit
* 29-42/0407j [[wikt:篳|篳]] pjit
* 29-42/0407k [[wikt:縪|縪]] pjit
* 29-42/0407l [[wikt:蹕|蹕]] pjit
* 29-42/0407m [[wikt:韠|韠]] pjit

==29-43==
* 29-43/1257g [[wikt:觱|觱]] hjut, pjit

==29-44==
* 29-44/0406a [[wikt:弜|弜]] pit
* 29-44/0406e [[wikt:弼|弼]] bit

=30=

====== 物 wù [-ǝt -ǝts -ǝs] ======

==30-01==
Baxter &amp; Sagart (personal communication 12 April 2017, also see 2014: 80) combine [[#20-04|20-04]], [[#30-01|30-01]], and [[#30-07|30-07]]. 
* 30-01/0517a [[wikt:气|气]] khjɨjH
* 30-01/0517c [[wikt:氣|氣]] khjɨjH, xjɨjH
* 30-01/0517d [[wikt:愾|愾]] xjɨjH
* 30-01/0517e [[wikt:餼|餼]] xjɨjH
* 30-01/0517f [[wikt:乞|乞]] khjɨt
* 30-01/0517g [[wikt:吃|吃]] kjɨt
* 30-01/0517h [[wikt:訖|訖]] kjɨt, xjɨjH
* 30-01/0517i [[wikt:扢|扢]] xjɨt
* 30-01/0517j [[wikt:汔|汔]] xjɨt
* 30-01/0517k [[wikt:迄|迄]] xjɨt
* 30-01/0517m [[wikt:仡|仡]] ngjɨt, xjɨt
* 30-01/0517n [[wikt:圪|圪]] ngjɨt, xjɨt
* 30-01/0517o [[wikt:齕|齕]] het, hot
* 30-01/0517p [[wikt:刉|刉]] kjɨjH

==30-02==
* 30-02/0515a [[wikt:旡|旡]] kjɨjH
* 30-02/0515c [[wikt:既|既]] kjɨjH
* 30-02/0515g [[wikt:蔇|蔇]] gijH, kjɨjH
* 30-02/0515h [[wikt:塈|塈]] gijH, xijH, xjɨjH
* 30-02/0515i [[wikt:摡|摡]] kojH, xjɨjH
* 30-02/0515j [[wikt:㮣|㮣]] kojH
* 30-02/0515k [[wikt:概|概]] kojH
* 30-02/0515l [[wikt:溉|溉]] kojH
* 30-02/0515m [[wikt:嘅|嘅]] khojH
* 30-02/0515n [[wikt:慨|慨]] khojH
* 30-02/0515o [[wikt:暨|暨]] gijH

==30-03==
* 30-03/0536a [[wikt:器|器]] khijH

==30-04==
* 30-04/1237a [[wikt:洎|洎]] gijH

==30-05==
* 30-05/0504a [[wikt:戛|戛]] keat

==30-06==
* 30-06/0508a [[wikt:愛|愛]] 'ojH
* 30-06/0508b [[wikt:曖|曖]] 'ojH
* 30-06/0508c [[wikt:薆|薆]] 'ojH
* 30-06/0508d [[wikt:僾|僾]] 'jɨjX, 'ojH

==30-07==
In ''addenda et corrigienda'' Schuessler combines [[#20-04|20-04]] and [[#30-07|30-07]]. 
Baxter &amp; Sagart (personal communication 12 April 2017, also see 2014: 80) combine [[#20-04|20-04]], [[#30-01|30-01]], and [[#30-07|30-07]]. 
* 30-07/0505a [[wikt:乙|乙]] 'it

==30-08==
* 30-08/0537a [[wikt:劓|劓]] ngijH

==30-09==
* 30-09/0516a [[wikt:豙|豙]] ngjɨjH
* 30-09/0516c [[wikt:毅|毅]] ngjɨjH
* 30-09/0516d [[wikt:藙|藙]] ngjɨjH

==30-10==
* 30-10/0493a [[wikt:質|質]] trijH, tsyit
* 30-10/0493b [[wikt:鑕|鑕]] tsyit
* 30-10/0493c [[wikt:躓|躓]] trijH
* 30-10/0493d [[wikt:懫|懫]] trhijH, tsyijH

==30-11==
* 30-11/0509a [[wikt:隶|隶]] dojH, yijH
* 30-11/0509c [[wikt:逮|逮]] dejH, dojH
* 30-11/0509e [[wikt:曃|曃]] thojH
* 30-11/0509f [[wikt:棣|棣]] dejH
* 30-11/0509g [[wikt:肄|肄]] yijH
* 30-11/0509h [[wikt:肆|肆]] sijH
* 30-11/0509m [[wikt:㣈|㣈]] sijH
* 30-11/0509n [[wikt:蕼|蕼]] sijH
* 30-11/0509o [[wikt:肂|肂]] sijH, yijH
* 30-11/0509p [[wikt:殔|殔]] sijH, yijH
* 30-11/1241m [[wikt:隸|隸]] lejH

==30-12==
* 30-12/0514a [[wikt:配|配]] phwojH

==30-13==
* 30-13/0491a [[wikt:孛|孛]] bwojH, bwot
* 30-13/0491b [[wikt:勃|勃]] bwot
* 30-13/0491c [[wikt:浡|浡]] bwot
* 30-13/0491d [[wikt:悖|悖]] bwojH, bwot
* 30-13/0491e [[wikt:誖|誖]] bwojH, bwot
* 30-13/0491f [[wikt:綍|綍]] pjut

==30-14==
* 30-14/0500a [[wikt:弗|弗]] bjut, pjut
* 30-14/0500d [[wikt:笰|笰]] pjut
* 30-14/0500e [[wikt:紼|紼]] pjut
* 30-14/0500f [[wikt:刜|刜]] phjut
* 30-14/0500h [[wikt:拂|拂]] phjut
* 30-14/0500i [[wikt:彿|彿]] phjut
* 30-14/0500j [[wikt:髴|髴]] phjut
* 30-14/0500k [[wikt:茀|茀]] phjut, pjut
* 30-14/0500l [[wikt:佛|佛]] bjut
* 30-14/0500m [[wikt:咈|咈]] bjut
* 30-14/0500n [[wikt:𡶒|𡶒]] bjut
* 30-14/0500o [[wikt:怫|怫]] bjɨjH, bjut
* 30-14/0500p [[wikt:艴|艴]] bwot, phjut
* 30-14/0500q [[wikt:沸|沸]] pjɨjH, pjut
* 30-14/0500r [[wikt:昲|昲]] phjɨjH
* 30-14/0500s [[wikt:費|費]] phjɨjH

==30-15==
* 30-15/- [[wikt:乀|乀]] phjut
==30-16==
* 30-16/0501a [[wikt:巿|巿]] pjut
* 30-16/0501c [[wikt:芾|芾]] pajH, pjɨjH
* 30-16/0501d [[wikt:旆|旆]] bajH
* 30-16/0501e [[wikt:㤄|㤄]] phajH
* 30-16/0501f [[wikt:沛|沛]] pajH, phajH
* 30-16/0501g [[wikt:肺|肺]] bajH, phajH, phjojH

==30-17==
* 30-17/0530a [[wikt:胐|胐]] phjɨjX, phwot

==30-18==
* 30-18/0492a [[wikt:𠬛|𠬛]] mwot
* 30-18/0492b [[wikt:沒|沒]] mwot
* 30-18/0492c [[wikt:歿|歿]] mwot
* 30-18/0492d [[wikt:𤣻|𤣻]] mwot

==30-19==
* 30-19/0503a [[wikt:勿|勿]] mjut

==30-20==
* 30-20/0503a [[wikt:勿|勿]] mjut
* 30-20/0503h [[wikt:物|物]] mjut
* 30-20/0503j [[wikt:芴|芴]] mjut, xwot
* 30-20/0503k [[wikt:歾|歾]] mwot
* 30-20/0503l [[wikt:忽|忽]] xwot
* 30-20/0503m [[wikt:笏|笏]] xwot
* 30-20/0503n [[wikt:刎|刎]] mjunX
* 30-20/0503o [[wikt:吻|吻]] mjunX
* 30-20/0503p [[wikt:惚|惚]] xwot
* 30-20/0503q [[wikt:脗|脗]] minX, mjunX

==30-21==
* 30-21/0531a [[wikt:未|未]] mjɨjH
* 30-21/0531g [[wikt:味|味]] mjɨjH
* 30-21/0531h [[wikt:魅|魅]] mijH
* 30-21/0531i [[wikt:寐|寐]] mjijH
* 30-21/0531k [[wikt:妹|妹]] mwojH
* 30-21/0531n [[wikt:昧|昧]] mwojH
* 30-21/0531p [[wikt:沬|沬]] mwojH
* 30-21/0531q [[wikt:𩎟|𩎟]] meajH, mwojH

==30-22==
* 30-22/0522a [[wikt:鬽|鬽]] mijH

=31=

====== 物 wù [-ut - uts -us] ======

==31-01==
* 31-01/0486a [[wikt:骨|骨]] kwot
* 31-01/0486b [[wikt:鶻|鶻]] hweat, hwot, kwot
* 31-01/0486c [[wikt:搰|搰]] khwot
* 31-01/0486d [[wikt:猾|猾]] hweat
* 31-01/0486e [[wikt:滑|滑]] hweat

==31-02==
* 31-02/0540a [[wikt:㬰|㬰]] gwijH
* 31-02/0540b [[wikt:貴|貴]] kjwɨjH
* 31-02/0540c [[wikt:憒|憒]] kwojH
* 31-02/0540d [[wikt:潰|潰]] hwojH
* 31-02/0540e [[wikt:繢|繢]] hwojH
* 31-02/0540f [[wikt:靧|靧]] xwojH
* 31-02/0540g [[wikt:匱|匱]] gwijH
* 31-02/0540h [[wikt:櫃|櫃]] gwijH
* 31-02/0540i [[wikt:蕢|蕢]] gwijH
* 31-02/0540j [[wikt:簣|簣]] khweajH
* 31-02/0540k [[wikt:鞼|鞼]] gwijH
* 31-02/0540l [[wikt:饋|饋]] gwijH
* 31-02/0540m [[wikt:遺|遺]] ywij, ywijH
* 31-02/0540o [[wikt:僓|僓]] xweajH
* 31-02/0540p [[wikt:聵|聵]] ngweajH
* 31-02/0540q [[wikt:壝|壝]] ywij, ywijX

==31-03==
* 31-03/0510a [[wikt:凷|凷]] khwojH

==31-04==
* 31-04/0534a [[wikt:㕟|㕟]] khweajH
* 31-04/0534b [[wikt:蒯|蒯]] khweajH

==31-05==
* 31-05/0523a [[wikt:胃|胃]] hjwɨjH
* 31-05/0523c [[wikt:媦|媦]] hjwɨjH
* 31-05/0523d [[wikt:謂|謂]] hjwɨjH
* 31-05/0523f [[wikt:蝟|蝟]] hjwɨjH
* 31-05/0523g [[wikt:喟|喟]] khweajH, khwijH

==31-06==
* 31-06/0524a [[wikt:彙|彙]] hjwɨjH

==31-07==
* 31-07/0539a [[wikt:位|位]] hwijH

==31-08==
* 31-08/0495a [[wikt:𩰪|𩰪]] 'jut
* 31-08/0495b [[wikt:鬱|鬱]] 'jut

==31-09==
* 31-09/0525a [[wikt:㷉|㷉]] 'jwɨjH
* 31-09/0525b [[wikt:尉|尉]] 'jwɨjH
* 31-09/0525c [[wikt:熨|熨]] 'jut, 'jwɨjH
* 31-09/0525d [[wikt:慰|慰]] 'jwɨjH
* 31-09/0525e [[wikt:罻|罻]] 'jwɨjH
* 31-09/0525f [[wikt:蔚|蔚]] 'jut, 'jwɨj, 'jwɨjH
* 31-09/0525g [[wikt:褽|褽]] 'jwɨjH

==31-10==
Zhangzheng (2003) unites the series 兀 [[#31-10|31-10]], 虺 [[#27-19|27-19]], 
and 髡 [[#34-07|37-07]].
* 31-10/0487a [[wikt:兀|兀]] ngwot
* 31-10/0487b [[wikt:扤|扤]] ngwot
* 31-10/0487c [[wikt:杌|杌]] ngwot
* 31-10/0487d [[wikt:阢|阢]] ngwot
* 31-10/0487e [[wikt:卼|卼]] ngwot
* 31-10/0487f [[wikt:軏|軏]] ngjwot, ngwot

==31-11==
* 31-11/0488a [[wikt:𠫓|𠫓]] thwot

==31-12==
* 31-12/0489a [[wikt:突|突]] dwot, thwot

==31-13==
* 31-13/- [[wikt:凸|凸]] dwot, djet (= 31-12/489a)

==31-14==
* 31-14/0511a [[wikt:對|對]] twojH
* 31-14/0511h [[wikt:轛|轛]] trwijH, twojH
* 31-14/0511i [[wikt:懟|懟]] drwijH

==31-15==
* 31-15/0512a [[wikt:退|退]] thwojH

==31-16==
* 31-16/0496a [[wikt:出|出]] tsyhwijH, tsyhwit
* 31-16/0496f [[wikt:黜|黜]] trhwit
* 31-16/0496g [[wikt:絀|絀]] trwit
* 31-16/0496h [[wikt:咄|咄]] twot
* 31-16/0496i [[wikt:拙|拙]] tsywet
* 31-16/0496j [[wikt:茁|茁]] tsrjwet, tsrweat
* 31-16/0496k [[wikt:屈|屈]] khjut
* 31-16/0496l [[wikt:詘|詘]] khjut
* 31-16/0496m [[wikt:誳|誳]] khjut
* 31-16/0496n [[wikt:鈯|鈯]] khjut
* 31-16/0496o [[wikt:淈|淈]] hwot, kwot
* 31-16/0496p [[wikt:堀|堀]] khwot
* 31-16/0496q [[wikt:窟|窟]] khwot
* 31-16/0496r [[wikt:倔|倔]] gjut
* 31-16/0496s [[wikt:掘|掘]] gjut, gjwot

==31-17==
* 31-17/0497a [[wikt:朮|朮]] zywit
* 31-17/0497c [[wikt:秫|秫]] zywit
* 31-17/0497d [[wikt:術|術]] zywit
* 31-17/0497e [[wikt:述|述]] zywit
* 31-17/0497g [[wikt:鉥|鉥]] zywit
* 31-17/0497h [[wikt:怵|怵]] trhwit
* 31-17/0497i [[wikt:訹|訹]] swit

==31-18==
* 31-18/0502a [[wikt:聿|聿]] ywit
* 31-18/0502c [[wikt:律|律]] lwit
* 31-18/0502d [[wikt:筆|筆]] pit

==31-19==
* 31-19/0529a [[wikt:類|類]] lwijH
* 31-19/0529b [[wikt:纇|纇]] lwojH

==31-20==
* 31-20/0490a [[wikt:卒|卒]] tshwot, tswit, tswot
* 31-20/0490b [[wikt:捽|捽]] dzwot
* 31-20/0490c [[wikt:崒|崒]] dzwit, tswit
* 31-20/0490d [[wikt:倅|倅]] tshwojH
* 31-20/0490e [[wikt:啐|啐]] tshwojH
* 31-20/0490f [[wikt:淬|淬]] tshwojH
* 31-20/0490g [[wikt:焠|焠]] tshwojH
* 31-20/0490h [[wikt:醉|醉]] tswijH
* 31-20/0490i [[wikt:翠|翠]] tshwijH
* 31-20/0490j [[wikt:悴|悴]] dzwijH
* 31-20/0490k [[wikt:瘁|瘁]] dzwijH
* 31-20/0490l [[wikt:顇|顇]] dzwijH
* 31-20/0490m [[wikt:萃|萃]] dzwijH
* 31-20/0490n [[wikt:碎|碎]] swojH
* 31-20/0490o [[wikt:睟|睟]] swijH
* 31-20/0490p [[wikt:粹|粹]] swijH
* 31-20/0490q [[wikt:誶|誶]] dzwit, swijH, swojH

==31-21==
* 31-21/0528a [[wikt:祟|祟]] swijH

==31-22==
Baxter &amp; Sagart (2012: 30) take GSR 1257h [[wikt:戌|戌]] as phonetic in [[wikt:滅|滅]] GSR 0294b.
* 31-22/1257h [[wikt:戌|戌]] swit
* 31-22/1257m [[wikt:怴|怴]] xjwit

==31-23==
* 31-23/0498a [[wikt:率|率]] lwit, lwijH, srwijH, srwit
* 31-23/0498e [[wikt:䢦|䢦]] swrit
* 31-23/0498g [[wikt:蟀|蟀]] srwit
* 31-23/0498h [[wikt:膟|膟]] lwit
* 31-23/0498- [[wikt:繂|繂]] lwit

==31-24==
* 31-24/0499a [[wikt:帥|帥]] srwijH, srwit

=32=

====== 真 zhēn [-in] ======

==32-01==
* 32-01/0368a [[wikt:臤|臤]] hen, khanH, khean, kheang, khjinH
* 32-01/0368c [[wikt:堅|堅]] ken
* 32-01/0368d [[wikt:掔|掔]] khen
* 32-01/0368e [[wikt:賢|賢]] hen, henH
* 32-01/0368g [[wikt:緊|緊]] kjinX
* 32-01/0368h [[wikt:腎|腎]] dzyinX
* 32-01/0377a [[wikt:臣|臣]] dzyin
* 32-01/0377g [[wikt:挋|挋]] tsyinH
* 32-01/0377- [[wikt:茞|茞]] dzyin
* 32-01/1252a [[wikt:鏗|鏗]] kheang
* 32-01/0368- [[wikt:臤|臤]]

==32-02==
* 32-02/1250a [[wikt:繭|繭]] kenX
* 32-02/1250b [[wikt:襺|襺]] kenX

==32-03==
* 32-03/0369a [[wikt:矜|矜]] gin, king

==32-04==
* 32-04/0479a [[wikt:犬|犬]] khwenX
* 32-04/0479e [[wikt:畎|畎]] kwenX
* 32-04/0479- [[wikt:肰|肰]]

==32-05==
* 32-05/0366a [[wikt:玄|玄]] hwen
* 32-05/0366c [[wikt:泫|泫]] hwenX
* 32-05/0366d [[wikt:眩|眩]] hwen, hwenH
* 32-05/0366e [[wikt:鉉|鉉]] hwenX
* 32-05/0366f [[wikt:弦|弦]] hen
* 32-05/0366g [[wikt:絃|絃]] hen, xwenH
* 32-05/0366h [[wikt:炫|炫]] hwenH
* 32-05/0366i [[wikt:蚿|蚿]] hen
* 32-05/0366j [[wikt:衒|衒]] hwenH
* 32-05/0366k [[wikt:牽|牽]] khen
* 32-05/0366l [[wikt:鮌|鮌]] kwonX
* 32-05/0366m [[wikt:誸|誸]] hen

==32-06==
* 32-06/1250g [[wikt:贙|贙]] hiwenH, hiwenX

==32-07==
* 32-07/0391a [[wikt:勻|勻]] ywin
* 32-07/0391c [[wikt:均|均]] kjwin
* 32-07/0391d [[wikt:袀|袀]] kjwin
* 32-07/0391e [[wikt:鈞|鈞]] kjwin
* 32-07/0391f [[wikt:盷|盷]] hwen
* 32-07/0391g [[wikt:䀏|䀏]] hwen
* 32-07/0391j [[wikt:筠|筠]] hjwin
* 32-07/0392j [[wikt:畇|畇]] swin, ywin, zwin
* 32-07/1252b [[wikt:訇|訇]] xweang

==32-08==
Schuessler (2009: 318) somewhat tentatively proposes to include 惸 GSR 0830a in [[#32-08|32-08]]. Baxter &amp; Sagart (2014: 137) appear to treat GSR 0392 as a uvular series.
* 32-08/0392a [[wikt:旬|旬]] zwin
* 32-08/0392e [[wikt:徇|徇]] zwin, zwinH
* 32-08/0392f [[wikt:狥|狥]] zwin, zwinH
* 32-08/0392g [[wikt:殉|殉]] zwinH
* 32-08/0392h [[wikt:侚|侚]] zwinH
* 32-08/0392k [[wikt:恂|恂]] swin, swinH
* 32-08/0392l [[wikt:洵|洵]] swin, xwen
* 32-08/0392m [[wikt:眴|眴]] swin, sywinH, xwenH
* 32-08/0392n [[wikt:筍|筍]] swinX
* 32-08/0392o [[wikt:荀|荀]] swin
* 32-08/0392p [[wikt:詢|詢]] swin
* 32-08/0392q [[wikt:迿|迿]] swinH, zwin
* 32-08/0392r [[wikt:絢|絢]] swin, xwenH
* 32-08/0392t [[wikt:箰|箰]] swinX
* 32-08/0392u [[wikt:橁|橁]] swin, trhwin
* 32-08/0830a [[wikt:惸|惸]] gjwieng
* 32-08/0392- [[wikt:姰|姰]]

==32-09==
* 32-09/0370a [[wikt:因|因]] 'jin
* 32-09/0370d [[wikt:茵|茵]] 'jin
* 32-09/0370e [[wikt:絪|絪]] 'jin
* 32-09/0370f [[wikt:姻|姻]] 'jin
* 32-09/0370g [[wikt:駰|駰]] 'in, 'jin
* 32-09/0370h [[wikt:咽|咽]] 'en, 'enH, 'in, 'wen
* 32-09/0370i [[wikt:烟|烟]] 'en
* 32-09/0370j [[wikt:恩|恩]] 'on

==32-10==
* 32-10/0483a [[wikt:垔|垔]] 'jin
* 32-10/0483c [[wikt:陻|陻]] 'in
* 32-10/0483d [[wikt:堙|堙]] 'in
* 32-10/0483e [[wikt:湮|湮]] 'in
* 32-10/0483f [[wikt:闉|闉]] 'jin
* 32-10/0483g [[wikt:禋|禋]] 'jin
* 32-10/0483h [[wikt:煙|煙]] 'en

==32-11==
* 32-11/1251f [[wikt:印|印]] 'jinH

==32-12==
* 32-12/0367a [[wikt:淵|淵]] 'wen
* 32-12/0367d [[wikt:婣|婣]] 'jin

==32-13==
* 32-13/1251a [[wikt:嚚|嚚]] ngin

==32-14==
* 32-14/1251b [[wikt:憖|憖]] nginH

==32-15==
Schuessler (2009: 319) says the &quot;phonetic seems to be 丁&quot; GSR 832a [[#09-11|09-11]].
*32-15/0361a [[wikt:天|天]] then
*32-15/0361d [[wikt:吞|吞]] then, thon

==32-16==
* 32-16/0375a [[wikt:真|真]] tsyin
* 32-16/0375b [[wikt:稹|稹]] denH, tsyin, tsyinX
* 32-16/0375c [[wikt:縝|縝]] tsyin, tsyinX
* 32-16/0375d [[wikt:鬒|鬒]] tsyinX
* 32-16/0375e [[wikt:黰|黰]] tsyinX
* 32-16/0375f [[wikt:鎮|鎮]] trin, trinH, trinX
* 32-16/0375g [[wikt:瞋|瞋]] tsyhin
* 32-16/0375h [[wikt:磌|磌]] tsyin
* 32-16/0375i [[wikt:慎|慎]] dzyinH
* 32-16/0375j [[wikt:傎|傎]] ten
* 32-16/0375k [[wikt:蹎|蹎]] ten
* 32-16/0375l [[wikt:瘨|瘨]] ten
* 32-16/0375m [[wikt:顛|顛]] den, ten
* 32-16/0375n [[wikt:巔|巔]] ten
* 32-16/0375o [[wikt:齻|齻]] ten
* 32-16/0375p [[wikt:瑱|瑱]] thenH, trinH
* 32-16/0375q [[wikt:嗔|嗔]] den
* 32-16/0375r [[wikt:闐|闐]] den
* 32-16/0375s [[wikt:搷|搷]] den
* 32-16/0375t [[wikt:窴|窴]] denH
* 32-16/0375u [[wikt:填|填]] den, denX
* 32-16/0375v [[wikt:嵮|嵮]] den
* 32-16/0375x [[wikt:寘|寘]] tsyeH
* 32-16/0375- [[wikt:顚|顚]] ten

==32-17==
* 32-17/0376a [[wikt:眘|眘]] dzyenH

==32-18==
* 32-18/0373a [[wikt:陳|陳]] drin, drinH
* 32-18/0373d [[wikt:敶|敶]] drin, drinH
* 32-18/0373f [[wikt:陣|陣]] drinH
* 32-18/0373g [[wikt:螴|螴]] drin

==32-19==
* 32-19/0362a [[wikt:田|田]] den, denH
* 32-19/0362d [[wikt:佃|佃]] den, denH
* 32-19/0362e [[wikt:畋|畋]] den, denH
* 32-19/0362g [[wikt:甸|甸]] denH, dzyingH

==32-20==
* 32-20/0371a [[wikt:引|引]] yinX, yinH
* 32-20/0371b [[wikt:靷|靷]] yinH
* 32-20/0371c [[wikt:蚓|蚓]] yinX
* 32-20/0371d [[wikt:紖|紖]] drinX

==32-21==
* 32-21/0372a [[wikt:絼|絼]] drinX

==32-22==
* 32-22/0385a [[wikt:申|申]] syin
* 32-22/0385f [[wikt:伸|伸]] syin
* 32-22/0385g [[wikt:呻|呻]] syin
* 32-22/0385h [[wikt:紳|紳]] syin
* 32-22/0385j [[wikt:神|神]] zyin
* 32-22/0385l [[wikt:𣍃|𣍃]] yinH
* 32-22/0385m [[wikt:電|電]] denH

==32-23==
* 32-23/0386a [[wikt:身|身]] syin
* 32-23/0386d [[wikt:𨌈|𨌈]] den

==32-24==
* 32-24/0469a [[wikt:舜|舜]] sywinH
* 32-24/0469b [[wikt:蕣|蕣]] sywinH
* 32-24/0469c [[wikt:瞬|瞬]] sywinH
* 32-24/0469d [[wikt:瞚|瞚]] sywinH

==32-25==
* 32-25/1251l [[wikt:尹|尹]] ywinX

==32-26==
* 32-26/0387a [[wikt:粦|粦]] lin, linH
* 32-26/0387b [[wikt:燐|燐]] lin, linH
* 32-26/0387c [[wikt:粼|粼]] lin, linH
* 32-26/0387d [[wikt:獜|獜]] lin
* 32-26/0387e [[wikt:甐|甐]] linH
* 32-26/0387f [[wikt:磷|磷]] linH
* 32-26/0387g [[wikt:轔|轔]] lin
* 32-26/0387h [[wikt:遴|遴]] linH
* 32-26/0387i [[wikt:鄰|鄰]] lin
* 32-26/0387j [[wikt:麟|麟]] lin
* 32-26/0387k [[wikt:鱗|鱗]] lin
* 32-26/0387l [[wikt:憐|憐]] len
* 32-26/0387- [[wikt:隣|隣]] lin (a variant of 鄰, which occurs as a lower ''fanqie'' speller in a Dunhuang ([http://idp.bl.uk/database/oo_scroll_h.a4d?uid=236471759;bst=1;recnum=59058;index=1;img=1 Pelliot Chinois 2017]) Qieyun fragment)

==32-27==
* 32-27/1251i [[wikt:藺|藺]] linH
* 32-27/1251j [[wikt:焛|焛]] linH

==32-28==
* 32-28/0364a [[wikt:年|年]] nen
* 32-28/0365a [[wikt:千|千]] tshen
* 32-28/0365e [[wikt:阡|阡]] tshen
* 32-28/0365f [[wikt:芊|芊]] tshen
* 32-28/0388a [[wikt:人|人]] nyin
* 32-28/0388f [[wikt:仁|仁]] nyin

==32-29==
* 32-29/0378a [[wikt:晉|晉]] tsinH
* 32-29/0378f [[wikt:搢|搢]] tsinH
* 32-29/0378g [[wikt:縉|縉]] tsinH
* 32-29/0378h [[wikt:戩|戩]] tsinX

==32-30==
* 32-30/0379a [[wikt:進|進]] tsinH

==32-31==
* 32-31/0380a [[wikt:秦|秦]] dzin
* 32-31/0380e [[wikt:螓|螓]] dzin
* 32-31/0380f [[wikt:榛|榛]] tsrin
* 32-31/0380g [[wikt:溱|溱]] tsrin
* 32-31/0380h [[wikt:臻|臻]] tsrin
* 32-31/0380i [[wikt:蓁|蓁]] tsrin

==32-32==
* 32-32/0381a [[wikt:盡|盡]] dzinX, tsinX
* 32-32/0381c [[wikt:燼|燼]] dzinH
* 32-32/0381d [[wikt:藎|藎]] dzinH
* 32-32/0381e [[wikt:贐|贐]] dzinH
* 32-32/0381f [[wikt:賮|賮]] dzinH
* 32-32/0381g [[wikt:津|津]] tsin
* 32-32/0381- [[wikt:盡|盡]] dzinX

==32-33==
* 32-33/0382a [[wikt:辛|辛]] sin
* 32-33/0382g [[wikt:峷|峷]] srin
* 32-33/0382h [[wikt:莘|莘]] srin
* 32-33/0382i [[wikt:𣓀|𣓀]] tsrin
* 32-33/0382k [[wikt:新|新]] sin
* 32-33/0382n [[wikt:薪|薪]] sin
* 32-33/0382o [[wikt:親|親]] tshin
* 32-33/0382q [[wikt:寴|寴]] tshin
* 32-33/0382s [[wikt:櫬|櫬]] tsrhinH

==32-34==
* 32-34/1241l [[wikt:細|細]] sejH

==32-35==
* 32-35/0363a [[wikt:卂|卂]] sinH
* 32-35/0363b [[wikt:迅|迅]] swinH
* 32-35/0363c [[wikt:訊|訊]] sinH
* 32-35/0363d [[wikt:䒖|䒖]] sinH

==32-36==
* 32-36/0384a [[wikt:信|信]] sinH

==32-37==
* 32-37/0484a [[wikt:甡|甡]] srin

==32-38==
* 32-38/0389a [[wikt:賓|賓]] pjin, pjinH
* 32-38/0389g [[wikt:儐|儐]] pjinH
* 32-38/0389h [[wikt:擯|擯]] pjinH
* 32-38/0389i [[wikt:殯|殯]] pjinH
* 32-38/0389j [[wikt:濱|濱]] pjin
* 32-38/0389k [[wikt:鬢|鬢]] pjinH
* 32-38/0389l [[wikt:繽|繽]] phjin
* 32-38/0389m [[wikt:嬪|嬪]] bjin
* 32-38/0389o [[wikt:矉|矉]] bjin
* 32-38/0389p [[wikt:蠙|蠙]] ben, bjin
* 32-38/0389q [[wikt:髕|髕]] bjinX
* 32-38/0389r [[wikt:臏|臏]] binX

==32-39==
* 32-39/0390a [[wikt:頻|頻]] bjin
* 32-39/0390c [[wikt:嚬|嚬]] bin
* 32-39/0390d [[wikt:蘋|蘋]] bjin

==32-40==
* 32-40/0457a [[wikt:民|民]] mjin
* 32-40/0457c [[wikt:泯|泯]] mjin, mjinX
* 32-40/0457d [[wikt:珉|珉]] min
* 32-40/0457e [[wikt:眠|眠]] men, menX
* 32-40/0457f [[wikt:𣧟|𣧟]] menX, mwon
* 32-40/0457g [[wikt:敃|敃]] minX
* 32-40/0457j [[wikt:昬|昬]] xwon
* 32-40/0457k [[wikt:昏|昏]] xwon
* 32-40/0457m [[wikt:婚|婚]] xwon
* 32-40/0457n [[wikt:惛|惛]] xwon
* 32-40/0457o [[wikt:惽|惽]] xwon
* 32-40/0457p [[wikt:涽|涽]] xwon
* 32-40/0457q [[wikt:閽|閽]] xwon
* 32-40/0457r [[wikt:𤸅|𤸅]] min, xwon
* 32-40/0457t [[wikt:㨉|㨉]] min
* 32-40/0457u [[wikt:瑉|瑉]] min
* 32-40/0457v [[wikt:䃉|䃉]] min
* 32-40/0457x [[wikt:緡|緡]] min, minX
* 32-40/0457y [[wikt:暋|暋]] min, minX, xwon
* 32-40/0457z [[wikt:愍|愍]] minX
* 32-40/0457- [[wikt:殙|殙]] xwon
* 32-40/0457- [[wikt:睧|睧]] xwon
* 32-40/0457- [[wikt:𠉣|𠉣]] xwon

=33=

====== 文 wén [-ǝn] ======

==33-01==
* 33-01/0416a [[wikt:艮|艮]] konH
* 33-01/0416b [[wikt:根|根]] kon
* 33-01/0416c [[wikt:豤|豤]] khonX
* 33-01/0416d [[wikt:佷|佷]] honX
* 33-01/0416e [[wikt:很|很]] honX
* 33-01/0416f [[wikt:恨|恨]] honH
* 33-01/0416g [[wikt:痕|痕]] hon
* 33-01/0416h [[wikt:垠|垠]] ngjɨn
* 33-01/0416i [[wikt:限|限]] heanX
* 33-01/0416k [[wikt:銀|銀]] ngin
* 33-01/0416l [[wikt:眼|眼]] ngeanX, ngonX
* 33-01/0416m [[wikt:墾|墾]] khonX
* 33-01/0416- [[wikt:齦|齦]] ngjɨn
* 33-01/0416- [[wikt:䫀|䫀]] konX

==33-02==
An -r series
* 33-02/0443a [[wikt:斤|斤]] kjɨn, kjɨnH
* 33-02/0443d [[wikt:釿|釿]] kjɨn
* 33-02/0443e [[wikt:靳|靳]] kjɨnH
* 33-02/0443f [[wikt:芹|芹]] gjɨn
* 33-02/0443g [[wikt:近|近]] gjɨnH, gjɨnX
* 33-02/0443h [[wikt:昕|昕]] xjɨn
* 33-02/0443i [[wikt:欣|欣]] xjɨn
* 33-02/0443j [[wikt:忻|忻]] xjɨn
* 33-02/0443k [[wikt:訢|訢]] xjɨn
* 33-02/0443l [[wikt:圻|圻]] ngjɨn, gjɨj
* 33-02/0443m [[wikt:頎|頎]] khonX, gjɨj
* 33-02/0443n [[wikt:肵|肵]] gjɨj
* 33-02/0443o [[wikt:祈|祈]] gjɨj
* 33-02/0443p [[wikt:旂|旂]] gjɨj
* 33-02/0443t [[wikt:蘄|蘄]] gjɨj
* 33-02/0443x [[wikt:焮|焮]] xjɨnH
* 33-02/0443y [[wikt:掀|掀]] xjon
* 33-02/0443- [[wikt:赾|赾]]

==33-03==
* 33-03/0445a [[wikt:筋|筋]] kjɨn

==33-04==
* 33-04/0444a [[wikt:𢀷|𢀷]] kjɨnX

==33-05==
* 33-05/0480a [[wikt:𡏳|𡏳]] kean
* 33-05/0480c [[wikt:艱|艱]] kean
* 33-05/0480e [[wikt:堇|堇]] gin
* 33-05/0480j [[wikt:囏|囏]] kean
* 33-05/0480m [[wikt:僅|僅]] ginH
* 33-05/0480n [[wikt:墐|墐]] ginH
* 33-05/0480o [[wikt:殣|殣]] ginH
* 33-05/0480p [[wikt:瑾|瑾]] ginH
* 33-05/0480q [[wikt:覲|覲]] ginH
* 33-05/0480r [[wikt:饉|饉]] ginH
* 33-05/0480t [[wikt:蓳|蓳]] kjɨnH, kjɨnX
* 33-05/0480u [[wikt:謹|謹]] kjɨnX
* 33-05/0480v [[wikt:慬|慬]] gjɨn
* 33-05/0480x [[wikt:勤|勤]] gjɨn
* 33-05/0480y [[wikt:懃|懃]] gjɨn
* 33-05/0480z [[wikt:㢙|㢙]] gjɨn

==33-06==
* 33-06/0482a [[wikt:巾|巾]] kin

==33-07==
* 33-07/0446a [[wikt:釁|釁]] xjɨnH

==33-08==
* 33-08/0447a [[wikt:衅|衅]] xinH, xjɨnH

==33-09==
An -r series acc. to Baxter &amp; Sagart (2014: 264-265).
* 33-09/0448a [[wikt:殷|殷]] 'ean, 'jɨn, 'jɨnX
* 33-09/0448e [[wikt:慇|慇]] 'jɨn

==33-10==
* 33-10/0499a [[wikt:隱|隱]] 'jɨnH, 'jɨnX
* 33-10/0499b [[wikt:檃|檃]] 'jɨnX

==33-11==
* 33-11/0476a [[wikt:典|典]] tenX
* 33-11/0476d [[wikt:腆|腆]] thenX

==33-12==
* 33-12/0429a [[wikt:𡱂|𡱂]] dwon
* 33-12/0429b [[wikt:臋|臋]] dwon
* 33-12/0429c [[wikt:臀|臀]] dwon
* 33-12/0429d [[wikt:殿|殿]] denH, tenH

==33-13==
* 33-13/0455a [[wikt:辰|辰]] zyin (dzyin in Baxter &amp; Sagart 2014)
* 33-13/0455h [[wikt:晨|晨]] dzyin, zyin
* 33-13/0455i [[wikt:䢅|䢅]] dzyin, zyin
* 33-13/0455k [[wikt:宸|宸]] dzyin
* 33-13/0455l [[wikt:脤|脤]] dzyinX
* 33-13/0455m [[wikt:蜃|蜃]] dzyinX
* 33-13/0455n [[wikt:侲|侲]] tsyinH
* 33-13/0455p [[wikt:振|振]] tsyin, tsyinH
* 33-13/0455q [[wikt:娠|娠]] syin, tsyinH
* 33-13/0455r [[wikt:賑|賑]] tsyinH
* 33-13/0455s [[wikt:震|震]] tsyinH
* 33-13/0455t [[wikt:辴|辴]] trhij, trhinX
* 33-13/0455u [[wikt:脣|脣]] zywin
* 33-13/0455v [[wikt:漘|漘]] zywin

==33-14==
* 33-14/1251h [[wikt:甄|甄]] kjien, tsyin, tsyinH

==33-15==
* 33-15/0453a [[wikt:㐱|㐱]] tsyinX
* 33-15/0453c [[wikt:眕|眕]] tsyinX
* 33-15/0453d [[wikt:畛|畛]] tsyin, tsyinH, tsyinX
* 33-15/0453e [[wikt:紾|紾]] drjenX, dzyenX, trjenX, tsyinX
* 33-15/0453f [[wikt:袗|袗]] tsyinX
* 33-15/0453g [[wikt:軫|軫]] tsyinX
* 33-15/0453i [[wikt:珍|珍]] trin, tsyin
* 33-15/0453j [[wikt:疹|疹]] trhinH
* 33-15/0453k [[wikt:殄|殄]] denX
* 33-15/0453l [[wikt:診|診]] drinH, tsyinX
* 33-15/0453m [[wikt:餮|餮]] thet
* 33-15/0453n [[wikt:跈|跈]] denX, nenX
* 33-15/1241s [[wikt:沴|沴]] lejH
* 33-15/0453- [[wikt:趁|趁]]

==33-16==
* 33-16/0452a [[wikt:疢|疢]] trhinH

==33-17==
* 33-17/0374a [[wikt:塵|塵]] drin

==33-18==
* 33-18/0451a [[wikt:胤|胤]] yinH
* 33-18/0451c [[wikt:酳|酳]] yinH

==33-19==
* 33-19/0450a [[wikt:寅|寅]] yij, yin
* 33-19/0450h [[wikt:夤|夤]] yin
* 33-19/0450j [[wikt:螾|螾]] yinX
* 33-19/0450k [[wikt:演|演]] yenX

==33-20==
* 33-20/0456a [[wikt:刃|刃]] nyinH
* 33-20/0456b [[wikt:仞|仞]] nyinH
* 33-20/0456c [[wikt:忍|忍]] nyinX
* 33-20/0456d [[wikt:牣|牣]] nyinH
* 33-20/0456e [[wikt:肕|肕]] nyinH
* 33-20/0456f [[wikt:訒|訒]] nyinH
* 33-20/0456g [[wikt:軔|軔]] nyinH
* 33-20/0456h [[wikt:紉|紉]] nrin, nyin
* 33-20/0456j [[wikt:認|認]] nyinH

==33-22==
* 33-22/0432a [[wikt:存|存]] dzwon
* 33-22/0432b [[wikt:荐|荐]] dzenH, dzwonH
* 33-22/0432c [[wikt:栫|栫]] dzenH
* 33-22/0432d [[wikt:洊|洊]] dzenH

==33-23==
* 33-23/0477a [[wikt:薦|薦]] tsenH

==33-24==
* 33-24/0454a [[wikt:齔|齔]] tsyhinH

==33-25==
An -r series.
* 33-25/0478a [[wikt:先|先]] sen, senH
* 33-25/0478f [[wikt:毨|毨]] senX
* 33-25/0478g [[wikt:跣|跣]] senX
* 33-25/0478h [[wikt:銑|銑]] senX
* 33-25/0478i [[wikt:姺|姺]] sejX, senX
* 33-25/0478j [[wikt:洗|洗]] sejX, senX
* 33-25/0478k [[wikt:侁|侁]] srin
* 33-25/0478l [[wikt:𢓠|𢓠]] srin
* 33-25/0478n [[wikt:詵|詵]] srin
* 33-25/0478o [[wikt:駪|駪]] srin

==33-26==
* 33-26/0439a [[wikt:畚|畚]] pwonX

==33-27==
* 33-27/0440a [[wikt:本|本]] pwonX

==33-28==
* 33-28/0438a [[wikt:奔|奔]] pwon
* 33-28/0438d [[wikt:犇|犇]] pwon
* 33-28/0438e [[wikt:餴|餴]] pjun
* 33-28/0438f [[wikt:鼖|鼖]] bjun

==33-29==
* 33-29/0437a [[wikt:賁|賁]] pwon, pjeH, bjun
* 33-29/0437e [[wikt:噴|噴]] phwon, phwonH
* 33-29/0437f [[wikt:歕|歕]] phwon, phwonH
* 33-29/0437g [[wikt:獖|獖]] bwonH
* 33-29/0437h [[wikt:僨|僨]] pjun, pjunH
* 33-29/0437i [[wikt:𩞑|𩞑]] pjun
* 33-29/0437j [[wikt:饙|饙]] pjun
* 33-29/0437m [[wikt:墳|墳]] bjun, bjunX
* 33-29/0437n [[wikt:憤|憤]] bjunX
* 33-29/0437o [[wikt:濆|濆]] bjun
* 33-29/0437p [[wikt:羵|羵]] bjun
* 33-29/0437q [[wikt:蕡|蕡]] bjun
* 33-29/0437r [[wikt:豶|豶]] bjun
* 33-29/0437s [[wikt:轒|轒]] bjun, bjunX
* 33-29/0437t [[wikt:幩|幩]] bjun, phjun
* 33-29/0437- [[wikt:鐼|鐼]]

==33-30==
* 33-30/0471a [[wikt:分|分]] pjun, bjunH
* 33-30/0471d [[wikt:粉|粉]] pjunX
* 33-30/0471e [[wikt:𦐈|𦐈]] pjun
* 33-30/0471f [[wikt:翂|翂]] pjun
* 33-30/0471g [[wikt:忿|忿]] phjunH, phjunX
* 33-30/0471h [[wikt:紛|紛]] phjun
* 33-30/0471i [[wikt:芬|芬]] phjun
* 33-30/0471j [[wikt:雰|雰]] phjun
* 33-30/0471k [[wikt:弅|弅]] bjunX
* 33-30/0471l [[wikt:扮|扮]] bjun, bjunX
* 33-30/0471m [[wikt:枌|枌]] bjun
* 33-30/0471n [[wikt:氛|氛]] bjun
* 33-30/0471o [[wikt:秎|秎]] bjunH
* 33-30/0471p [[wikt:頒|頒]] paen, bjun
* 33-30/0471q [[wikt:朌|朌]] bjun
* 33-30/0471r [[wikt:棼|棼]] bjun
* 33-30/0471s [[wikt:盆|盆]] bwon
* 33-30/0471u [[wikt:份|份]] pin
* 33-30/0471v [[wikt:貧|貧]] bin
* 33-30/0471x [[wikt:盼|盼]] pheanH
* 33-30/0471y [[wikt:肦|肦]] paen, bjun

==33-31==
* 33-31/- [[wikt:豳|豳]] pin

==33-32==
* 33-32/0472a [[wikt:糞|糞]] pjunH
* 33-32/0472- [[wikt:瀵|瀵]]

==33-33==
* 33-33/0473a [[wikt:奮|奮]] pjunH

==33-34==
* 33-34/0474a [[wikt:焚|焚]] bjun
* 33-34/0474c [[wikt:彬|彬]] pin

==33-35==
* 33-35/0441a [[wikt:門|門]] mwon
* 33-35/0441d [[wikt:悶|悶]] mwon
* 33-35/0441e [[wikt:捫|捫]] mwon
* 33-35/0441f [[wikt:聞|聞]] mjun, mjunH
* 33-35/0441g [[wikt:問|問]] mjunH
* 33-35/0441i [[wikt:閩|閩]] min, mjun
* 33-35/0441- [[wikt:䦨|䦨]]

==33-36==
* 33-36/0475a [[wikt:文|文]] mjun
* 33-36/0475h [[wikt:抆|抆]] mjunH, mjunX
* 33-36/0475i [[wikt:汶|汶]] mjunH, mwon
* 33-36/0475j [[wikt:紊|紊]] mjunH
* 33-36/0475k [[wikt:蚉|蚉]] mjun
* 33-36/0475l [[wikt:蚊|蚊]] mjun
* 33-36/0475m [[wikt:忞|忞]] min
* 33-36/0475n [[wikt:旻|旻]] min
* 33-36/0475o [[wikt:玟|玟]] min
* 33-36/0475q [[wikt:閔|閔]] minX
* 33-36/0475s [[wikt:憫|憫]] minX
* 33-36/0475t [[wikt:吝|吝]] linH

=34=

====== 文 wén [-un -wǝn] ======

==34-01==
* 34-01/0417a [[wikt:昆|昆]] kwon
* 34-01/0417c [[wikt:崐|崐]] kwon
* 34-01/0417d [[wikt:琨|琨]] kwon
* 34-01/0417e [[wikt:䃂|䃂]] kwonX
* 34-01/0417f [[wikt:緄|緄]] kwonX
* 34-01/0417g [[wikt:輥|輥]] kwonX
* 34-01/0417h [[wikt:錕|錕]] kwon
* 34-01/0417i [[wikt:鯤|鯤]] kwon
* 34-01/0417j [[wikt:鵾|鵾]] kwon
* 34-01/0417k [[wikt:混|混]] kwon, hwonX, kwonX
* 34-01/0417l [[wikt:焜|焜]] kwon, hwonX

==34-02==
* 34-02/0418a [[wikt:衮|衮]] kwonX
* 34-02/0418b [[wikt:袞|袞]] kwonX
* 34-02/0418e [[wikt:蔉|蔉]] kwonX

==34-03==
* 34-03/0419a [[wikt:鯀|鯀]] kwon

==34-04==
* 34-04/0481a [[wikt:鰥|鰥]] kwean
* 34-04/0481c [[wikt:瘝|瘝]] kwean

==34-05==
* 34-05/0421a [[wikt:坤|坤]] khwon

==34-06==
* 34-06/0422a [[wikt:巛|巛]] khwon
* 34-06/0422b [[wikt:𤰕|𤰕]] kwenX
* 34-06/0422c [[wikt:甽|甽]] kwenX
* 34-06/0422d [[wikt:訓|訓]] xjunH

==34-07==
Zhangzheng (2003) unites the series 兀 [[#31-10|31-10]], 虺 [[#27-19|27-19]], and
髡 [[#34-07|37-07]].

* 34-07/0423a [[wikt:髡|髡]] khwon

==34-08==
* 34-08/0424a [[wikt:壼|壼]] khwonX

==34-09==
* 34-09/0420a [[wikt:困|困]] khwonH
* 34-09/0420c [[wikt:悃|悃]] khwonX
* 34-09/0420d [[wikt:捆|捆]] khwonX
* 34-09/0420e [[wikt:梱|梱]] khwonX
* 34-09/0420f [[wikt:稇|稇]] khwonX

==34-10==
* 34-10/0425a [[wikt:圂|圂]] hwonH
* 34-10/0425c [[wikt:慁|慁]] hwonH
* 34-10/0425d [[wikt:溷|溷]] hwonH

==34-11==
* 34-11/0485a [[wikt:囷|囷]] khwin
* 34-11/0484b [[wikt:箘|箘]] gwinX, khwin
* 34-11/0484c [[wikt:菌|菌]] gwinX
* 34-11/0484d [[wikt:麕|麕]] kwin
* 34-11/0484e [[wikt:麇|麇]] khwinX
* 34-11/0484f [[wikt:攟|攟]] kjunH
* 34-11/0484g [[wikt:攗|攗]] kjunH
* 34-11/0484h [[wikt:稛|稛]] kjunH

==34-12==
An -r series.
* 34-12/0459a [[wikt:君|君]] kjun
* 34-12/0459d [[wikt:羣|羣]] gjun
* 34-12/0459f [[wikt:裙|裙]] gjun
* 34-12/0459g [[wikt:郡|郡]] gjunH
* 34-12/0459h [[wikt:焄|焄]] xjun
* 34-12/0459i [[wikt:麏|麏]] kwin
* 34-12/0459j [[wikt:頵|頵]] 'win, khwin
* 34-12/0459l [[wikt:窘|窘]] gwinX
* 34-12/0459- [[wikt:群|群]]

==34-13==
* 34-13/0458a [[wikt:軍|軍]] kjun
* 34-13/0458b [[wikt:渾|渾]] hwon
* 34-13/0458c [[wikt:暈|暈]] hjunH
* 34-13/0458d [[wikt:運|運]] hjunH
* 34-13/0458e [[wikt:餫|餫]] hjunH
* 34-13/0458f [[wikt:䩵|䩵]] hjunH, xjwonH
* 34-13/0458g [[wikt:韗|韗]] hjunH, xjwonH
* 34-13/0458h [[wikt:葷|葷]] xjun
* 34-13/0458i [[wikt:揮|揮]] xjwɨj
* 34-13/0458j [[wikt:暉|暉]] xjwɨj
* 34-13/0458k [[wikt:煇|煇]] hjunH
* 34-13/0458l [[wikt:輝|輝]] xjwɨj
* 34-13/0458m [[wikt:楎|楎]] xjwɨjH
* 34-13/0458n [[wikt:翬|翬]] xjwɨjH
* 34-13/0458- [[wikt:鶤|鶤]]

==34-14==
* 34-14/0460a [[wikt:云|云]] hjun
* 34-14/0460b [[wikt:雲|雲]] hjun
* 34-14/0460c [[wikt:妘|妘]] hjun
* 34-14/0460d [[wikt:抎|抎]] hjunX
* 34-14/0460e [[wikt:耘|耘]] hjun
* 34-14/0460f [[wikt:芸|芸]], hjun, hjunH
* 34-14/0460g [[wikt:魂|魂]] hwon

==34-15==
* 34-15/0461a [[wikt:熏|熏]] xjun
* 34-15/0461d [[wikt:燻|燻]] xjun
* 34-15/0461e [[wikt:薰|薰]] xjun
* 34-15/0461f [[wikt:勳|勳]] xjun
* 34-15/0461g [[wikt:獯|獯]] xjun
* 34-15/0461h [[wikt:纁|纁]] xjun
* 34-15/0461i [[wikt:臐|臐]] xjun
* 34-15/0461j [[wikt:壎|壎]] xjwon

==34-16==
* 34-16/0426c [[wikt:溫|溫]] 'won
* 34-16/0426d [[wikt:轀|轀]] 'won
* 34-16/0426e [[wikt:慍|慍]] 'junH
* 34-16/0426f [[wikt:緼|緼]] 'jun, 'junH, 'junX, 'won
* 34-16/0426g [[wikt:韞|韞]] 'junH, 'junX
* 34-16/0426h [[wikt:薀|薀]] 'won
* 34-16/0426i [[wikt:蘊|蘊]] 'junH, 'junX
* 34-16/1244e [[wikt:媼|媼]] 'awX

==34-17==
Schuessler (2009: 337) says that originally 屯 was the phonetic for GSR 0463, but does not combine these two series.
* 34-17/0427a [[wikt:屯|屯]] dwon, trwin
* 34-17/0427d [[wikt:忳|忳]] dwon
* 34-17/0427e [[wikt:㹠|㹠]] dwon
* 34-17/0427f [[wikt:芚|芚]] dwon
* 34-17/0427g [[wikt:軘|軘]] dwon
* 34-17/0427h [[wikt:沌|沌]] dwonX
* 34-17/0427i [[wikt:鈍|鈍]] dwonH
* 34-17/0427j [[wikt:頓|頓]] twonH
* 34-17/0427k [[wikt:窀|窀]] dwon, trwin
* 34-17/0427l [[wikt:杶|杶]] trhwin
* 34-17/0427m [[wikt:肫|肫]] dzywin, tsywin
* 34-17/0427n [[wikt:純|純]] dwon, dwonX, dzywin, tsi, tsywinH, tsywinX

==34-18==
An -r series acc. to Baxter &amp; Sagart (2014: 263).
* 34-18/0464a [[wikt:𦎧|𦎧]] dzywin
* 34-18/0464e [[wikt:淳|淳]] tsywin, tsywinX, dzywin
* 34-18/0464f [[wikt:醇|醇]] dzywin
* 34-18/0464g [[wikt:錞|錞]] dwojH, dwojX, dzywin
* 34-18/0464h [[wikt:鐓|鐓]] dwojH, dwojX, dzywin
* 34-18/0464j [[wikt:鶉|鶉]] dwan, dzywin
* 34-18/0464l [[wikt:諄|諄]] tsywin
* 34-18/0464m [[wikt:犉|犉]] nywin
* 34-18/0464n [[wikt:惇|惇]] tsywin
* 34-18/0464o [[wikt:蜳|蜳]] twon
* 34-18/0464p [[wikt:敦|敦]] twoj, twon, twojH, dwan
* 34-18/0464r [[wikt:焞|焞]] thwoj, thwon
* 34-18/0464s [[wikt:暾|暾]] thwon
* 34-18/0464t [[wikt:啍|啍]] dwon, thwon
* 34-18/0464u [[wikt:憝|憝]] dwojH
* 34-18/0464v [[wikt:譈|譈]] dwojH

==34-19==
Schuessler (2009: 337) says that originally the phonetic was 屯 GSR 0427a, but does not combine these two series.
* 34-19/0463a [[wikt:春|春]] tsyhwin
* 34-19/0463c [[wikt:惷|惷]] tsyhwinX
* 34-19/0463d [[wikt:蠢|蠢]] tsyhwinX
* 34-19/0463e [[wikt:椿|椿]] trhwin
* 34-19/0463f [[wikt:鬊|鬊]] sywinH

==34-20==
* 34-20/0462a [[wikt:川|川]] tsyhwen
* 34-20/0462b [[wikt:䡅|䡅]] trhwin
* 34-20/0462c [[wikt:順|順]] zywinH
* 34-20/0462d [[wikt:紃|紃]] zwin, zywin
* 34-20/0462e [[wikt:巡|巡]] zwin
* 34-20/0462f [[wikt:馴|馴]] zwin

==34-21==
* 34-21/0465a [[wikt:盾|盾]] dwonX, zywinX
* 34-21/0465b [[wikt:楯|楯]] dwonX, dzywinX
* 34-21/0465c [[wikt:揗|揗]] zwin, zywinH, zywinX
* 34-21/0465d [[wikt:輴|輴]] trhwin
* 34-21/0465e [[wikt:遁|遁]] dwonH, dwonX
* 34-21/0465f [[wikt:循|循]] zwin
* 34-21/0465g [[wikt:腯|腯]] dwot

==34-22==
* 34-22/0428a [[wikt:豚|豚]] dwon, dwonX
* presumed 34-22/0428c [[wikt:𢄉|𢄉]] dwon
* 34-22/0428d [[wikt:遯|遯]] dwonH, dwonX

==34-23==
An -r series
* 34-23/0468a [[wikt:允|允]] ywinX
* 34-23/0468d [[wikt:㽙|㽙]] ywinX
* 34-23/0468g [[wikt:狁|狁]] ywinX
* 34-23/0468j [[wikt:鈗|鈗]] ywinX
* 34-23/0468k [[wikt:𡴞|𡴞]] ywinX
* 34-23/0468m [[wikt:吮|吮]] zywinX
* 34-23/0468n [[wikt:沇|沇]] ywenX
* 34-23/0468p [[wikt:夋|夋]] tshwin
* 34-23/0468q [[wikt:竣|竣]] tshwin
* 34-23/0468r [[wikt:逡|逡]] swinH
* 34-23/0468s [[wikt:㕙|㕙]] tshwin, tswinH
* 34-23/0468t [[wikt:俊|俊]] tswinH
* 34-23/0468u [[wikt:焌|焌]] tswinH, tswonH
* 34-23/0468v [[wikt:畯|畯]] tswinH
* 34-23/0468x [[wikt:餕|餕]] tswinH
* 34-23/0468y [[wikt:駿|駿]] tswinH
* 34-23/0468z [[wikt:峻|峻]] swinH
* 34-23/0468a' [[wikt:浚|浚]] swinH
* 34-23/0468b' [[wikt:踆|踆]] dzwon
* 34-23/0468c' [[wikt:悛|悛]] tshjwen
* 34-23/0468d' [[wikt:狻|狻]] swan
* 34-23/0468e' [[wikt:酸|酸]] swan
* 34-23/0468f' [[wikt:捘|捘]] tswojH, tswonH
* 34-23/0468g' [[wikt:䘒|䘒]] tswoj
* 34-23/0468h' [[wikt:朘|朘]] tswoj

==34-24==
* 34-24/0470a [[wikt:侖|侖]] lwin
* 34-24/0470b [[wikt:論|論]] lwon, lwonH
* 34-24/0470c [[wikt:倫|倫]] lwin
* 34-24/0470d [[wikt:淪|淪]] lwin
* 34-24/0470e [[wikt:綸|綸]] lwin
* 34-24/0470f [[wikt:輪|輪]] lwin
* 34-24/0470g [[wikt:惀|惀]] lwin, lwonX
* 34-24/0470h [[wikt:崙|崙]] lwon
* 34-24/0470i [[wikt:崘|崘]] lwon
* 34-24/0470j [[wikt:掄|掄]] lwon

==34-25==
* 34-25/1251o [[wikt:閏|閏]] nywinH
* 34-25/1251p [[wikt:潤|潤]] nywinH

=35=

====== 盍hé / 葉yè [-ap -ep] ======

==35-01==
* 35-01/0642g [[wikt:胠|胠]] khjaep
* 35-01/0642h [[wikt:劫|劫]] kjaep
* 35-01/0642i [[wikt:刧|刧]] kjaep
* 35-01/0642j [[wikt:怯|怯]] khjaep
* 35-01/0642n [[wikt:盍|盍]] hap
* 35-01/0642o [[wikt:盇|盇]] hap
* 35-01/0642p [[wikt:嗑|嗑]] xaep
* 35-01/0642q [[wikt:蓋|蓋]] hap, kajH
* 35-01/0642r [[wikt:葢|葢]] hap, kajH
* 35-01/0642s [[wikt:闔|闔]] hap
* 35-01/0642t [[wikt:榼|榼]] khap
* 35-01/0642u [[wikt:溘|溘]] khap, khop
* 35-01/0642v [[wikt:磕|磕]] khaejH, khap
* 35-01/0642x [[wikt:饁|饁]] hjep

==35-02==
* 35-02/0629a [[wikt:甲|甲]] kaep
* 35-02/0629e [[wikt:匣|匣]] haep
* 35-02/0629f [[wikt:柙|柙]] haep
* 35-02/0629g [[wikt:狎|狎]] haep
* 35-02/0629h [[wikt:押|押]] 'aep

==35-03==
* 35-03/0630a [[wikt:夾|夾]] keap, kep
* 35-03/0630d [[wikt:郟|郟]] keap
* 35-03/0630e [[wikt:狹|狹]] heap
* 35-03/0630f [[wikt:梜|梜]] kaep, kep
* 35-03/0630g [[wikt:莢|莢]] kep
* 35-03/0630h [[wikt:頰|頰]] kep
* 35-03/0630i [[wikt:鋏|鋏]] kep
* 35-03/0630j [[wikt:匧|匧]] khep
* 35-03/0630k [[wikt:俠|俠]] hep
* 35-03/0630l [[wikt:挾|挾]] hep
* 35-03/0630m [[wikt:浹|浹]] tsep
* 35-03/0630n [[wikt:愜|愜]] khep
* 35-03/0630o [[wikt:篋|篋]] khep

==35-04==
* 35-04/0639a [[wikt:劦|劦]] hep
* 35-04/0639b [[wikt:協|協]] hep
* 35-04/0639c [[wikt:叶|叶]] hep
* 35-04/0639d [[wikt:拹|拹]] xjaep
* 35-04/0639e [[wikt:脅|脅]] xjaep
* 35-04/0639f [[wikt:嗋|嗋]] xjaep
* 35-04/1254a [[wikt:搚|搚]] lop

==35-05==
* 35-05/0640a [[wikt:業|業]] ngjaep

==35-06==
* 35-06/0634a [[wikt:涉|涉]] dzyep

==35-07==
* 35-07/0628a [[wikt:𦐇|𦐇]] thap
* 35-07/0628b [[wikt:蹋|蹋]] dap
* 35-07/0628- [[wikt:傝|傝]]	
* 35-07/0628- [[wikt:搨|搨]] 	
* 35-07/0628- [[wikt:蹹|蹹]] 	
* 35-07/0628- [[wikt:榻|榻]] 	
* 35-07/0628- [[wikt:遢|遢]] 	
* 35-07/0628- [[wikt:鰨|鰨]]

==35-08==
* 35-08/- [[wikt:耷|耷]] tap

==35-09==
* 35-09/0632a [[wikt:耴|耴]] trjep
* 35-09/0632b [[wikt:輒|輒]] tep, trjep
* 35-09/0632c [[wikt:踂|踂]] nrjep

==35-10==
Baxter &amp; Sagart (2014: 144) appear to think [[#35-10|35-10]] is to be merged with [[#21-23|21-23]].
* 35-10/0633a [[wikt:枼|枼]] yep
* 35-10/0633d [[wikt:葉|葉]] yep
* 35-10/0633e [[wikt:鍱|鍱]] yep
* 35-10/0633f [[wikt:堞|堞]] dep
* 35-10/0633g [[wikt:牒|牒]] dep
* 35-10/0633h [[wikt:蝶|蝶]] dep
* 35-10/0633i [[wikt:褋|褋]] dep
* 35-10/0633j [[wikt:諜|諜]] dep
* 35-10/0633k [[wikt:蹀|蹀]] dep
* 35-10/0633l [[wikt:揲|揲]] sep, syet, yep, zyet
* 35-10/0633m [[wikt:偞|偞]] yep
* 35-10/0633o [[wikt:韘|韘]] syep
* 35-10/0633p [[wikt:屧|屧]] sep

==35-11==
* 35-11/1255a [[wikt:疊|疊]] dep
* 35-11/1255b [[wikt:曡|曡]] dep

==35-12==
* 35-12/0637a [[wikt:巤|巤]] ljep
* 35-12/0637c [[wikt:儠|儠]] ljep
* 35-12/0637d [[wikt:擸|擸]] ljep
* 35-12/0637e [[wikt:獵|獵]] ljep
* 35-12/0637f [[wikt:躐|躐]] ljep
* 35-12/0637g [[wikt:邋|邋]] ljep
* 35-12/0637i [[wikt:鬣|鬣]] ljep
* 35-12/0637j [[wikt:臘|臘]] lap

==35-13==
* 35-13/0638a [[wikt:聶|聶]] nrjep, tsyep
* 35-13/0638b [[wikt:躡|躡]] nrjep
* 35-13/0638c [[wikt:讘|讘]] nyep
* 35-13/0638d [[wikt:懾|懾]] tsyep
* 35-13/0638e [[wikt:攝|攝]] syep

==35-14==
* 35-14/1255e [[wikt:苶|苶]] nep

==35-15==
* 35-15/0635a [[wikt:妾|妾]] tshjep
* 35-15/0635d [[wikt:踥|踥]] tshjep
* 35-15/0635e [[wikt:接|接]] tsjep
* 35-15/0635f [[wikt:椄|椄]] tsjep
* 35-15/0635g [[wikt:翣|翣]] sraep

==35-16==
* 35-16/0636a [[wikt:疌|疌]] dzjep
* 35-16/0636b [[wikt:捷|捷]] dzjep
* 35-16/0636c [[wikt:寁|寁]] dzjep
* 35-16/0636d [[wikt:睫|睫]] tsjep

==35-17==
* 35-17/0631a [[wikt:臿|臿]] tsrheap
* 35-17/0631b [[wikt:插|插]] tsrheap
* 35-17/0631c [[wikt:歃|歃]] sreap, srjep

==35-18==
* 35-18/1254b [[wikt:扱|扱]] tsrheap

==35-19==
* 35-19/1255c [[wikt:燮|燮]] sep

==35-20==
* 35-20/0641a [[wikt:乏|乏]] bjop
* 35-20/0641b [[wikt:泛|泛]] phjomH
* 35-20/0641c [[wikt:窆|窆]] pjemH, pongH
* 35-20/0641d [[wikt:貶|貶]] pjaemX, pjemX

==35-21==
* 35-21/0642k [[wikt:法|法]] pjop
* 35-21/0642l [[wikt:灋|灋]] pjop

=36=

====== 談 tán [-am -em] ======

==36-01==
* 36-01/0606a [[wikt:甘|甘]] kam
* 36-01/0606c [[wikt:泔|泔]] kam
* 36-01/0606d [[wikt:𤯌|𤯌]] kam
* 36-01/0606g [[wikt:酣|酣]] ham
* 36-01/0606h [[wikt:拑|拑]] gjem
* 36-01/0606i [[wikt:鉗|鉗]] gjem
* 36-01/0606j [[wikt:柑|柑]] gjem
* 36-01/0606k [[wikt:紺|紺]] kom
* 36-01/0606l [[wikt:箝|箝]] gjem

==36-02==
* 36-02/0607a [[wikt:敢|敢]] kamX
* 36-02/0607d [[wikt:闞|闞]] khamH, xaemX, xamX, xeamX
* 36-02/0607e [[wikt:矙|矙]] khamH
* 36-02/0607h [[wikt:嚴|嚴]] ngjaem
* 36-02/0607k [[wikt:儼|儼]] ngjaemX
* 36-02/0607l [[wikt:巖|巖]] ngaem
* 36-02/0607m [[wikt:玁|玁]] xjemX

==36-03==
* 36-03/0608a [[wikt:銜|銜]] haem

==36-04==
* 36-04/0624a [[wikt:欠|欠]] khjaemH, khjomH
* 36-04/0624c [[wikt:芡|芡]] gjaemH, gjemH, gjemX
* 36-04/0624d [[wikt:坎|坎]] khomX
* 36-04/0624- [[wikt:歂|歂]]

==36-05==
* 36-05/0609a [[wikt:監|監]] kaem, kaemH
* 36-05/0609c [[wikt:鑑|鑑]] haemH
* 36-05/0609d [[wikt:礛|礛]] kaem
* 36-05/0609e [[wikt:壏|壏]] haemX
* 36-05/0609f [[wikt:㯺|㯺]] haemX
* 36-05/0609g [[wikt:檻|檻]] haemX, hamX
* 36-05/0609h [[wikt:㜮|㜮]] lamH
* 36-05/0609i [[wikt:擥|擥]] lamX
* 36-05/0609j [[wikt:濫|濫]] hamH, lamX
* 36-05/0609k [[wikt:藍|藍]] lam
* 36-05/0609l [[wikt:覽|覽]] lamX
* 36-05/0609m [[wikt:嚂|嚂]] xamX
* 36-05/0609n [[wikt:鹽|鹽]] yem, yemH
* 36-05/0609o [[wikt:攬|攬]] lamX
* 36-05/0609- [[wikt:籃|籃]] lam

==36-06==
* 36-06/0613a [[wikt:僉|僉]] tshjem
* 36-06/0613b [[wikt:憸|憸]] sjem, tshjem, tshjemX
* 36-06/0613c [[wikt:譣|譣]] sjem, tshjem, tshjemX
* 36-06/0613d [[wikt:檢|檢]] kjemX
* 36-06/0613e [[wikt:儉|儉]] gjemX
* 36-06/0613f [[wikt:險|險]] xjaemX, xjemX
* 36-06/0613g [[wikt:嶮|嶮]] xjemX
* 36-06/0613h [[wikt:驗|驗]] ngjemH
* 36-06/0613i [[wikt:劍|劍]] kjaemH, kjomH
* 36-06/0613k [[wikt:獫|獫]] ljem, ljemH, ljemX
* 36-06/0613l [[wikt:斂|斂]] ljemX, ljemH
* 36-06/0613m [[wikt:蘞|蘞]] ljem, ljemX

==36-07==
* 36-07/0627a [[wikt:兼|兼]] kem, kemH
* 36-07/0627b [[wikt:蒹|蒹]] kem
* 36-07/0627c [[wikt:嗛|嗛]] hemX, khemX
* 36-07/0627d [[wikt:慊|慊]] khemX, khep
* 36-07/0627e [[wikt:歉|歉]] kheamH, kheamX, khem, khemX
* 36-07/0627f [[wikt:謙|謙]] khem
* 36-07/0627g [[wikt:溓|溓]] lem, nrjem
* 36-07/0627i [[wikt:熑|熑]] lem, ljem
* 36-07/0627j [[wikt:嫌|嫌]] hem
* 36-07/0627k [[wikt:鼸|鼸]] hemX
* 36-07/0627l [[wikt:廉|廉]] ljem
* 36-07/0627m [[wikt:磏|磏]] ljem
* 36-07/0627n [[wikt:鎌|鎌]] ljem
* 36-07/0627- [[wikt:簾|簾]] ljem

==36-08==
* 36-08/0614a [[wikt:奄|奄]] 'jemX
* 36-08/0614b [[wikt:掩|掩]] 'jaemX, 'jemX
* 36-08/0614c [[wikt:淹|淹]] 'jem
* 36-08/0614d [[wikt:閹|閹]] 'jem
* 36-08/0614e [[wikt:晻|晻]] 'jemX, 'omH, 'omX

==36-09==
* 36-09/0615a [[wikt:弇|弇]] kom
* 36-09/0615b [[wikt:揜|揜]] 'jemX
* 36-09/0615c [[wikt:渰|渰]] 'jaemX, 'jemX
* 36-09/0615d [[wikt:黭|黭]] 'amX

==36-10==
* 36-10/0616a [[wikt:猒|猒]] 'jiem, 'jiemH
* 36-10/0616c [[wikt:厭|厭]] 'eamX, 'jiem, 'jiep
* 36-10/0616d [[wikt:饜|饜]] 'jemH
* 36-10/0616f [[wikt:檿|檿]] 'jiemX
* 36-10/0616g [[wikt:擪|擪]] 'jiemX
* 36-10/0616h [[wikt:壓|壓]] 'aep

==36-11==
* 36-11/0619a [[wikt:詹|詹]] tsyem
* 36-11/0619b [[wikt:噡|噡]] tsyem
* 36-11/0619c [[wikt:瞻|瞻]] tsyem
* 36-11/0619d [[wikt:幨|幨]] tsyhem, tsyhemH
* 36-11/0619e [[wikt:襜|襜]] tsyhem
* 36-11/0619f [[wikt:贍|贍]] dzyemH
* 36-11/0619g [[wikt:檐|檐]] yem
* 36-11/0619h [[wikt:儋|儋]] tam, tamH
* 36-11/0619i [[wikt:甔|甔]] tam
* 36-11/0619k [[wikt:擔|擔]] dzyem, tamH, dzyemH
* 36-11/0619l [[wikt:膽|膽]] tamX
* 36-11/0619m [[wikt:憺|憺]] damH, damX
* 36-11/0619n [[wikt:澹|澹]] damH, damX

==36-12==
* 36-12/0618a [[wikt:占|占]] tsyem
* 36-12/0618c [[wikt:沾|沾]] trjem
* 36-12/0618d [[wikt:霑|霑]] trjem
* 36-12/0618e [[wikt:阽|阽]] yem
* 36-12/0618f [[wikt:佔|佔]] trhjem
* 36-12/0618g [[wikt:覘|覘]] trhjem, trhjemH
* 36-12/0618h [[wikt:怗|怗]] thep, tsyhem
* 36-12/0618i [[wikt:苫|苫]] syem, syemH
* 36-12/0618j [[wikt:痁|痁]] syem, syemH, temH
* 36-12/0618k [[wikt:坫|坫]] temH
* 36-12/0618l [[wikt:玷|玷]] temH, temX
* 36-12/0618m [[wikt:㓠|㓠]] temH, temX
* 36-12/0618n [[wikt:點|點]] temX
* 36-12/0618o [[wikt:拈|拈]] nem
* 36-12/0618p [[wikt:呫|呫]] thep
* 36-12/0618q [[wikt:帖|帖]] thep
* 36-12/0618- [[wikt:㚲|㚲]]

==36-13==
* 36-13/1247a [[wikt:豓|豓]] yemH
* 36-13/1247b [[wikt:豔|豔]] yemH

==36-14==
* 36-14/0617a [[wikt:炎|炎]] dam, hjem, yemH
* 36-14/0617c [[wikt:燄|燄]] yemH, yemX
* 36-14/0617d [[wikt:剡|剡]] yemX
* 36-14/0617e [[wikt:掞|掞]] yemX
* 36-14/0617f [[wikt:琰|琰]] yemX
* 36-14/0617g [[wikt:裧|裧]] tsyhem
* 36-14/0617h [[wikt:燅|燅]] zjem
* 36-14/0617i [[wikt:覢|覢]] syemX
* 36-14/0617j [[wikt:菼|菼]] thamX
* 36-14/0617k [[wikt:惔|惔]] dam
* 36-14/0617l [[wikt:談|談]] dam
* 36-14/0617m [[wikt:倓|倓]] dam, damH
* 36-14/0617n [[wikt:啖|啖]] damH, damX
* 36-14/0617o [[wikt:淡|淡]] damH, damX
* 36-14/0617p [[wikt:餤|餤]] dam, yem
* 36-14/0617- [[wikt:睒|睒]]

==36-15==
* 36-15/- [[wikt:閃|閃]] syemX

==36-16==
* 36-16/0621a [[wikt:銛|銛]] sjem
* 36-16/0621b [[wikt:恬|恬]] dem
* 36-16/0621- [[wikt:甜|甜]] dem

==36-17==
* 36-17/1247c [[wikt:忝|忝]] themH, themX

==36-18==
* 36-18/0622a [[wikt:冄|冄]] nyemX
* 36-18/0622b [[wikt:冉|冉]] nyemX
* 36-18/0622e [[wikt:呥|呥]] nyem
* 36-18/0622f [[wikt:姌|姌]] nemX, nyemX
* 36-18/0622h [[wikt:袡|袡]] nyem
* 36-18/0622i [[wikt:衻|衻]] nyem
* 36-18/0622j [[wikt:𩑺|𩑺]] nyem, nyemH
* 36-18/0622k [[wikt:髯|髯]] nyem, nyemH
* 36-18/0622l [[wikt:枏|枏]] nom
* 36-18/0622m [[wikt:聃|聃]] nam, tham
* 36-18/0622n [[wikt:耼|耼]] nam, tham
* 36-18/0622- [[wikt:㾆|㾆]]
* 36-18/0622- [[wikt:柟|柟]]

==36-19==
* 36-19/0623a [[wikt:染|染]] nyemH, nyemX

==36-21==
* 36-21/0620a [[wikt:㦰|㦰]] tsjem
* 36-21/0620c [[wikt:韱|韱]] sjem
* 36-21/0620d [[wikt:孅|孅]] sjem
* 36-21/0620e [[wikt:纖|纖]] sjem
* 36-21/0620f [[wikt:殲|殲]] tsjem
* 36-21/0620g [[wikt:瀸|瀸]] tsjem
* 36-21/0620h [[wikt:攕|攕]] sream

==36-22==
* 36-22/0611a [[wikt:斬|斬]] tsreamX
* 36-22/0611b [[wikt:摲|摲]] sraem
* 36-22/0611c [[wikt:慙|慙]] dzam
* 36-22/0611d [[wikt:暫|暫]] dzamH
* 36-22/0611e [[wikt:蹔|蹔]] dzamH
* 36-22/0611f [[wikt:漸|漸]] dzjemX, dzraem, tsjem
* 36-22/0611g [[wikt:塹|塹]] tshjem
* 36-22/0611h [[wikt:蔪|蔪]] dzjemX

==36-23==
* 36-23/0612a [[wikt:毚|毚]] dzraem, dzream
* 36-23/0612b [[wikt:欃|欃]] dzream
* 36-23/0612c [[wikt:儳|儳]] dzraem, dzreamH, dzreamX, tsrhaemH
* 36-23/0612d [[wikt:讒|讒]] dzraem, dzraemH, dzream
* 36-23/0612e [[wikt:鑱|鑱]] dzraem, dzraemH

==36-24==
* 36-24/1154a [[wikt:髟|髟]] pjiew, pjiw, sraem

==36-25==
* 36-25/0610a [[wikt:芟|芟]] sraem

==36-26==
* 36-26/0625a [[wikt:凡|凡]] bjom
* 36-26/0625b [[wikt:芃|芃]] buwng
* 36-26/0625d [[wikt:帆|帆]] bjom
* 36-26/0625e [[wikt:軓|軓]] bjomX
* 36-26/0625f [[wikt:汎|汎]] bjuwng, phjomH
* 36-26/0625h [[wikt:風|風]] pjuwng, pjuwngH
* 36-26/0625i [[wikt:飌|飌]] pjuwng
* 36-26/0625j [[wikt:鳳|鳳]] bjuwngH
* 36-26/0625n [[wikt:楓|楓]] pjuwng
* 36-26/0625o [[wikt:諷|諷]] pjuwngH
* 36-26/0625p [[wikt:渢|渢]] bjuwng

==36-27==
* 36-27/0626a [[wikt:犯|犯]] bjomX
* 36-27/0626b [[wikt:𨊠|𨊠]] bjomX
* 36-27/0626c [[wikt:氾|氾]] bjomH, phjomH
* 36-27/0626d [[wikt:範|範]] bjomX
* 36-27/0626e [[wikt:范|范]] bjomX

=37=

====== 緝 qī [-ǝp-ip] ======

==37-01==
* 37-01/0675a [[wikt:合|合]] hop
* 37-01/0675e [[wikt:䢔|䢔]] hop
* 37-01/0675h [[wikt:蛤|蛤]] kop
* 37-01/0675i [[wikt:閤|閤]] kop
* 37-01/0675j [[wikt:韐|韐]] keap, kop
* 37-01/0675k [[wikt:跲|跲]] gjaep, keap, kjaep
* 37-01/0675l [[wikt:鞈|鞈]] keap
* 37-01/0675m [[wikt:洽|洽]] heap
* 37-01/0675n [[wikt:祫|祫]] heap
* 37-01/0675o [[wikt:袷|袷]] kjaep
* 37-01/0675p [[wikt:給|給]] kip
* 37-01/0675q [[wikt:翕|翕]] xip
* 37-01/0675r [[wikt:噏|噏]] xip
* 37-01/0675s [[wikt:歙|歙]] xip
* 37-01/0675t [[wikt:潝|潝]] xip
* 37-01/0675u [[wikt:闟|闟]] xip
* 37-01/0687a [[wikt:拾|拾]] dzyip, gjaep

==37-02==
* 37-02/0681a [[wikt:及|及]] gip 
* 37-02/0681d [[wikt:彶|彶]] kip
* 37-02/0681g [[wikt:急|急]] kip
* 37-02/0681h [[wikt:汲|汲]] kip
* 37-02/0681i [[wikt:級|級]] kip
* 37-02/0681j [[wikt:吸|吸]] xip
* 37-02/0681k [[wikt:圾|圾]] ngip
* 37-02/0681l [[wikt:岌|岌]] ngip
* 37-02/0681m [[wikt:极|极]] gjep
* 37-02/0681o [[wikt:笈|笈]] gjep
* 37-02/1254b [[wikt:扱|扱]] tsrheap

==37-03==
* 37-03/0686a [[wikt:十|十]] dzyip
* 37-03/0686e [[wikt:什|什]] dzyip
* 37-03/0686f [[wikt:汁|汁]] tsyip
* 37-03/0686- [[wikt:針|針]] tsyim 

==37-04==
* 37-04/0682a [[wikt:燁|燁]] hip, hjep, yep
* 37-04/0682b [[wikt:爗|爗]] hip, hjep

==37-05==
* 37-05/0683a [[wikt:邑|邑]] 'ip
* 37-05/0683f [[wikt:悒|悒]] 'ip
* 37-05/0683g [[wikt:挹|挹]] 'jip
* 37-05/0683h [[wikt:浥|浥]] 'ip
* 37-05/0683i [[wikt:唈|唈]] 'op

==37-06==
* 37-06/0676a [[wikt:答|答]] top
* 37-06/0676b [[wikt:荅|荅]] top
* 37-06/0676c [[wikt:嗒|嗒]] thap, thop

==37-07==
* 37-07/0684a [[wikt:馽|馽]] trip

==37-08==
Baxter &amp; Sagart (personal communication 12 April 2017) combine [[#37-08|37-08]] and [[#37-17|37-17]]. 
* 37-08/0685a [[wikt:執|執]] tsyip
* 37-08/0685f [[wikt:縶|縶]] trip
* 37-08/0685g [[wikt:蟄|蟄]] drip
* 37-08/0685h [[wikt:慹|慹]] nep, tsyep, tsyip
* 37-08/0685i [[wikt:蓻|蓻]] tsip
* 37-08/0685j [[wikt:騺|騺]] trijH
* 37-08/0685k [[wikt:摯|摯]] tsyijH
* 37-08/0685m [[wikt:贄|贄]] tsyijH
* 37-08/0685n [[wikt:鷙|鷙]] tsyijH
* 37-08/0685o [[wikt:墊|墊]] temH

==37-09==
* 37-09/0677a [[wikt:沓|沓]] dop
* 37-09/0677b [[wikt:誻|誻]] dop

==37-10==
* 37-10/0678a [[wikt:眔|眔]] dop
* 37-10/0678e [[wikt:遝|遝]] dop
* 37-10/0678f [[wikt:嚃|嚃]] thop

==37-11==
* 37-11/0689a [[wikt:襲|襲]] zip

==37-12==
* 37-12/0690a [[wikt:習|習]] zip
* 37-12/0690b [[wikt:謵|謵]] zip
* 37-12/0690c [[wikt:槢|槢]] zip
* 37-12/0690f [[wikt:熠|熠]] yip
* 37-12/0690g [[wikt:褶|褶]] dep
* 37-12/0690h [[wikt:慴|慴]] tsyep
* 37-12/0690- [[wikt:摺|摺]] tsyep

==37-13==
* 37-13/0692a [[wikt:濕|濕]] khip, syip, tsrhip
* 37-13/0692b [[wikt:隰|隰]] zip

==37-14==
* 37-14/0693a [[wikt:溼|溼]] syip

==37-15==
* 37-15/0520a [[wikt:涖|涖]] lijH
* 37-15/0520b [[wikt:莅|莅]] lijH
* 37-15/0520c [[wikt:蒞|蒞]] lijH
* 37-15/0694a [[wikt:立|立]] lip
* 37-15/0694e [[wikt:笠|笠]] lip
* 37-15/0694f [[wikt:粒|粒]] lip
* 37-15/0694g [[wikt:苙|苙]] gip, lip
* 37-15/0694h [[wikt:泣|泣]] khip
* 37-15/0694i [[wikt:湇|湇]] khip
* 37-15/0694j [[wikt:㕇|㕇]] lop
* 37-15/0694l [[wikt:拉|拉]] lop

==37-16==
* 37-16/0695a [[wikt:入|入]] nyip
* 37-16/0695e [[wikt:內|內]] nop, nwojH
* 37-16/0695h [[wikt:納|納]] nop
* 37-16/0695i [[wikt:軜|軜]] nop
* 37-16/0695j [[wikt:訥|訥]] nwot
* 37-16/0695k [[wikt:吶|吶]] nrjwet, nrwaet, nywet
* 37-16/0695l [[wikt:㕯|㕯]] nrjwet, nwaet, nwot, nywet
* 37-16/0695n [[wikt:枘|枘]] nywejH
* 37-16/0695o [[wikt:汭|汭]] nywejH
* 37-16/0695p [[wikt:蚋|蚋]] nywejH
* 37-16/0695q [[wikt:芮|芮]] nywejH
* 37-16/0695r [[wikt:焫|焫]] nywejH, nywet
* 37-16/0695s [[wikt:蜹|蜹]] nywejH, nywet

==37-17==
Baxter &amp; Sagart (personal communication 12 April 2017) combine [[#37-08|37-08]] and [[#37-17|37-17]]. 
* 37-17/0696a [[wikt:㚔|㚔]] nrjep

==37-18==
* 37-18/0679a [[wikt:帀|帀]] tsop
* 37-18/0679b [[wikt:匝|匝]] tsop

==37-19==
* 37-19/0688a [[wikt:咠|咠]] tship, tsip
* 37-19/0688b [[wikt:緝|緝]] tship, tsip
* 37-19/0688c [[wikt:葺|葺]] tship
* 37-19/0688d [[wikt:輯|輯]] dzip, tsrip
* 37-19/0688e [[wikt:戢|戢]] tsrip
* 37-19/0688f [[wikt:濈|濈]] tsrip
* 37-19/0688g [[wikt:揖|揖]] tsip, 'jip (cf. Baxter &amp; Sagart 2014: 389 n. 59)
* 37-19/0688h [[wikt:楫|楫]] tsjep
* 37-19/0688i [[wikt:檝|檝]] tsjep

==37-20==
* 37-20/0691a [[wikt:集|集]] dzip
* 37-20/0691d [[wikt:雜|雜]] dzop

==37-21==
* 37-21/0680a [[wikt:颯|颯]] sop

=38=

====== 侵 qīn [-ǝm -im] ======

==38-02==
* 38-02/0643a [[wikt:圅|圅]] heam, hom
* 38-02/0643b [[wikt:函|函]] heam, hom
* 38-02/0643g [[wikt:涵|涵]] hom
* 38-02/0643h [[wikt:菡|菡]] homX

==38-03==
Schuessler combines GSR 0651 and GSR 0652. 
Baxter &amp; Sagart (personal communication 12 April 2017) combine GSR 0645, i.e. [[#38-21|38-21]], and GSR 0651; but they do not see any link to GSR [[#0652|0652]].

* 38-03/0651a [[wikt:今|今]] kim
* 38-03/0651f [[wikt:紟|紟]] gimH
* 38-03/0651g [[wikt:衿|衿]] gimH, kim
* 38-03/0651h [[wikt:衾|衾]] khim
* 38-03/0651i [[wikt:坅|坅]] khimX, ngimX
* 38-03/0651j [[wikt:禽|禽]] gim
* 38-03/0651n [[wikt:擒|擒]] gim
* 38-03/0651o [[wikt:芩|芩]] gim
* 38-03/0651p [[wikt:靲|靲]] gim
* 38-03/0651q [[wikt:琴|琴]] gim
* 38-03/0651r [[wikt:黔|黔]] gim, gjem
* 38-03/0651s [[wikt:吟|吟]] ngim
* 38-03/0651t [[wikt:岑|岑]] ngimX
* 38-03/0651u [[wikt:趻|趻]] trhimX
* 38-03/0651v [[wikt:𢦟|𢦟]] khom
* 38-03/0651x [[wikt:侌|侌]] 'im
* 38-03/0651y [[wikt:陰|陰]] 'im, 'imH
* 38-03/0651a' [[wikt:𩃬|𩃬]] 'im
* 38-03/0651b' [[wikt:蔭|蔭]] 'imH
* 38-03/0651c' [[wikt:廕|廕]] 'imH
* 38-03/0651d' [[wikt:酓|酓]] 'jiemX
* 38-03/0651h' [[wikt:韽|韽]] 'om
* 38-03/0651i' [[wikt:飲|飲]] 'imX
* 38-03/0651i' [[wikt:㱃|㱃]] 'imX
* 38-03/0651k' [[wikt:㜝|㜝]] ngomX
* 38-03/0651l' [[wikt:含|含]] hom, homH
* 38-03/0651m' [[wikt:唅|唅]] hom
* 38-03/0651n' [[wikt:頷|頷]] homX, ngomX
* 38-03/0652a [[wikt:金|金]] kim
* 38-03/0652d [[wikt:䘳|䘳]] kim
* 38-03/0652e [[wikt:錦|錦]] kimX
* 38-03/0652f [[wikt:欽|欽]] khim
* 38-03/0652g [[wikt:唫|唫]] gimX, khim, ngim
* 38-03/0652h [[wikt:趛|趛]] ngimX
* 38-03/0652j [[wikt:顉|顉]] ngom
* 38-03/0652k [[wikt:嶔|嶔]] khim
* 38-03/0652l [[wikt:廞|廞]] xim

==38-04==
* 38-04/0671a [[wikt:咸|咸]] heam
* 38-04/0671e [[wikt:諴|諴]] heam
* 38-04/0671f [[wikt:鹹|鹹]] heam
* 38-04/0671g [[wikt:減|減]] heamX, keamX
* 38-04/0671i [[wikt:緘|緘]] keam
* 38-04/0671k [[wikt:黬|黬]] 'eamX, keam
* 38-04/0671l [[wikt:感|感]] komX
* 38-04/0671m [[wikt:顑|顑]] khomX, xomH
* 38-04/0671n [[wikt:箴|箴]] tsyim
* 38-04/0671o [[wikt:鍼|鍼]] tsyim
* 38-04/0671p [[wikt:憾|憾]] homH

==38-05==
* 38-05/0672a [[wikt:臽|臽]] heamH
* 38-05/0672c [[wikt:陷|陷]] heamH
* 38-05/0672d [[wikt:錎|錎]] heamX
* 38-05/0672e [[wikt:埳|埳]] khomX
* 38-05/0672f [[wikt:欿|欿]] khomX
* 38-05/0672g [[wikt:淊|淊]] homX
* 38-05/0672i [[wikt:窞|窞]] domX
* 38-05/0672j [[wikt:萏|萏]] domX
* 38-05/0672k [[wikt:啗|啗]] damH, damX
* 38-05/0672l [[wikt:諂|諂]] trhjemX
* 38-05/0672m [[wikt:閻|閻]] yem
* 38-05/0672n [[wikt:壛|壛]] yem
* 38-05/0672o [[wikt:爓|爓]] yemH, zim
* 38-05/0672p [[wikt:讇|讇]] trhjemX

==38-06==
* 38-06/0674a [[wikt:熊|熊]] hjuwng

==38-07==
* 38-07/0653a [[wikt:音|音]] 'im
* 38-07/0653c [[wikt:愔|愔]] 'jim
* 38-07/0653d [[wikt:喑|喑]] 'im, 'imH
* 38-07/0653e [[wikt:瘖|瘖]] 'im
* 38-07/0653f [[wikt:𢉩|𢉩]] 'im
* 38-07/0653h [[wikt:暗|暗]] 'omH
* 38-07/0653i [[wikt:闇|闇]] 'omH
* 38-07/0653j [[wikt:歆|歆]] xim
* 38-07/0653- [[wikt:窨|窨]] 'imH

==38-08==
* 38-08/0654a [[wikt:飲|飲]] 'imH

==38-09==
* 38-09/0644a [[wikt:儑|儑]] ngom

==38-10==
* 38-10/0673a [[wikt:碞|碞]] ngeam

==38-11==
* 38-11/0658a [[wikt:甚|甚]] dzyimH, dzyimX
* 38-11/0658b [[wikt:煁|煁]] dzyim
* 38-11/0658c [[wikt:諶|諶]] dzyim
* 38-11/0658e [[wikt:揕|揕]] trimH
* 38-11/0658f [[wikt:椹|椹]] trim
* 38-11/0658g [[wikt:踸|踸]] trhimX
* 38-11/0658h [[wikt:斟|斟]] tsyim
* 38-11/0658i [[wikt:葚|葚]] dzyimX, zyimX
* 38-11/0658j [[wikt:媅|媅]] tom
* 38-11/0658l [[wikt:湛|湛]] dreamX, drim, tom, tsjem
* 38-11/0658n [[wikt:黮|黮]] domX, thomX
* 38-11/0658o [[wikt:糂|糂]] somX
* 38-11/0658p [[wikt:堪|堪]] khom
* 38-11/0658q [[wikt:戡|戡]] khom
* 38-11/0658r [[wikt:嵁|嵁]] kheam, khom, ngom
* 38-11/0658- [[wikt:歁|歁]]
* 38-11/0658- [[wikt:勘|勘]]
* 38-11/0658- [[wikt:磡|磡]]
* 38-11/0658- [[wikt:墈|墈]]
* 38-11/0658- [[wikt:偡|偡]]
* 38-11/0658- [[wikt:碪|碪]]
* 38-11/0658- [[wikt:鍖|鍖]]
* 38-11/0658- [[wikt:愖|愖]]
* 38-11/0658- [[wikt:瘎|瘎]]
* 38-11/0658- [[wikt:𦂼|𦂼]]

==38-12==
* 38-12/0659a [[wikt:闖|闖]] trhimH

==38-13==
* 38-13/0665a [[wikt:審|審]] syimX
* 38-13/0665b [[wikt:瀋|瀋]] tsyhimX

==38-14==
* 38-14/0656a [[wikt:冘|冘]] yim
* 38-14/0656b [[wikt:沈|沈]] drim, drimH, syimX, tshyhimX
* 38-14/0656e [[wikt:酖|酖]] drimH
* 38-14/0656f [[wikt:鴆|鴆]] drimH
* 38-14/0656g [[wikt:枕|枕]] tsyimH, tsyimX
* 38-14/0656h [[wikt:忱|忱]] dzyim
* 38-14/0656i [[wikt:抌|抌]] tomX
* 38-14/0656j [[wikt:眈|眈]] tom, tomX
* 38-14/0656k [[wikt:紞|紞]] tamX
* 38-14/0656l [[wikt:耽|耽]] tom
* 38-14/0656m [[wikt:髧|髧]] domX
* 38-14/0656n [[wikt:黕|黕]] tomX
* 38-14/0656o [[wikt:醓|醓]] thomX

==38-15==
* 38-15/0657a [[wikt:㸒|㸒]] yim
* 38-15/0657b [[wikt:淫|淫]] yim

==38-16==
* 38-16/0646a [[wikt:覃|覃]] dom, yemX
* 38-16/0646b [[wikt:潭|潭]] dom
* 38-16/0646c [[wikt:譚|譚]] dom
* 38-16/0646d [[wikt:燂|燂]] dom, dzjem, zjem
* 38-16/0646e [[wikt:鐔|鐔]] dom, yim, zim
* 38-16/0646f [[wikt:嘾|嘾]] domX
* 38-16/0646g [[wikt:禫|禫]] domX
* 38-16/0646h [[wikt:撢|撢]] thom
* 38-16/0646i [[wikt:鱏|鱏]] yim, zim
* 38-16/0646j [[wikt:簟|簟]] demX
* 38-16/0646l [[wikt:驔|驔]] demX

==38-17==
* 38-17/0662a [[wikt:尋|尋]] zim

==38-18==
* 38-18/0655a [[wikt:林|林]] lim
* 38-18/0655e [[wikt:淋|淋]] lim
* 38-18/0655f [[wikt:霖|霖]] lim
* 38-18/0655h [[wikt:琳|琳]] lim
* 38-18/0655i [[wikt:婪|婪]] lom
* 38-18/0655j [[wikt:惏|惏]] lom
* 38-18/0655k [[wikt:禁|禁]] kim, kimH
* 38-18/0655l [[wikt:襟|襟]] kim
* 38-18/0655m [[wikt:噤|噤]] gimH, gimX

==38-19==
* 38-19/0668a [[wikt:稟|稟]] limX, pimX
* 38-19/0668b [[wikt:禀|禀]] limX, pimX
* 38-19/0668c [[wikt:廩|廩]] limX
* 38-19/0668d [[wikt:懍|懍]] limX

==38-20==
* 38-20/0669a [[wikt:品|品]] phimX
* 38-20/0669e [[wikt:臨|臨]] lim, limH

==38-21==
Baxter &amp; Sagart (personal communication 12 April 2017) combine [[#38-21|38-21]] and part of [[#38-03|38-03]] q.v.

* 38-21/0645a [[wikt:貪|貪]] thom
* 38-21/0645b [[wikt:嗿|嗿]] thomX

==38-22==
* 38-22/0649a [[wikt:男|男]] nom

==38-23==
* 38-23/0650a [[wikt:南|南]] nom

==38-24==
* 38-24/0670a [[wikt:念|念]] nemH
* 38-24/0670d [[wikt:稔|稔]] nyimX
* 38-24/0670e [[wikt:腍|腍]] nyimX
* 38-24/0670f [[wikt:淰|淰]] syimX
* 38-24/0670g [[wikt:諗|諗]] syimX
* 38-24/0670h [[wikt:敜|敜]] nep

==38-25==
* 38-25/0667a [[wikt:壬|壬]] nyim
* 38-25/0667f [[wikt:任|任]] nyimH
* 38-25/0667i [[wikt:妊|妊]] nyimH
* 38-25/0667k [[wikt:姙|姙]] nyimH
* 38-25/0667l [[wikt:紝|紝]] nrim, nyim
* 38-25/0667m [[wikt:絍|絍]] nrim, nyim
* 38-25/0667n [[wikt:衽|衽]] nyimH, nyimX
* 38-25/0667o [[wikt:袵|袵]] nyimH, nyimX
* 38-25/0667p [[wikt:飪|飪]] nyimH
* 38-25/0667q [[wikt:恁|恁]] nyim
* 38-25/0667s [[wikt:荏|荏]] nyimX
* 38-25/0667t [[wikt:賃|賃]] nrimH

==38-26==
* 38-26/0666b [[wikt:穼|穼]] syim
* 38-26/0666c [[wikt:深|深]] syim, syimH
* 38-26/0666e [[wikt:琛|琛]] trhim
* 38-26/0666f [[wikt:探|探]] thom

==38-27==
* 38-27/0661a [[wikt:𠬶|𠬶]] tshim
* 38-27/0661c [[wikt:侵|侵]] tshim
* 38-27/0661e [[wikt:綅|綅]] sjem, tshim, tsim
* 38-27/0661f [[wikt:寢|寢]] tshimX
* 38-27/0661k [[wikt:鋟|鋟]] tshimX, tshjem, tsjem
* 38-27/0661l [[wikt:駸|駸]] tshim, tsrhim
* 38-27/0661m [[wikt:浸|浸]] tsimH
* 38-27/0661n [[wikt:祲|祲]] tsim, tsimH
* 38-27/0661o [[wikt:寖|寖]] tsim, tsimH

==38-28==
* 38-28/0660a [[wikt:兓|兓]] tsim
* 38-28/0660c [[wikt:朁|朁]] tshomX
* 38-28/0660e [[wikt:憯|憯]] tshomX
* 38-28/0660f [[wikt:噆|噆]] tshomX, tsop
* 38-28/0660g [[wikt:簪|簪]] tsom, tsrim
* 38-28/0660h [[wikt:鐕|鐕]] tsom
* 38-28/0660i [[wikt:蠶|蠶]] dzom
* 38-28/0660j [[wikt:譖|譖]] tsrimH
* 38-28/0660k [[wikt:鬵|鬵]] dzim, dzjem
* 38-28/0660l [[wikt:僭|僭]] tsemH
* 38-28/0660m [[wikt:熸|熸]] tsjem
* 38-28/0660n [[wikt:潛|潛]] dzjem, dzjemH

==38-29==
* 38-29/0647a [[wikt:參|參]] syim, tshom, tsrhim
* 38-29/0647c [[wikt:驂|驂]] tshom
* 38-29/0647e [[wikt:慘|慘]] tshomX
* 38-29/0647f [[wikt:糝|糝]] somX
* 38-29/0647g [[wikt:槮|槮]] srim, tsrhim
* 38-29/0647h [[wikt:摻|摻]] sream, sreamX

==38-30==
* 38-30/0648a [[wikt:三|三]] sam, samH

==38-31==
* 38-31/0663a [[wikt:心|心]] sim

==38-32==
* 38-32/0664a [[wikt:森|森]] srim

{{Shelves|Chinese language}}
{{Alphabetical|C}}
{{status|0%}}</text>
      <sha1>5fmdzh0hjtrz070c60an463tx71oale</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Character List for Karlgren's GSR</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>313728</id>
    <revision>
      <id>2693749</id>
      <parentid>2679181</parentid>
      <timestamp>2024-12-29T10:21:37Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Tibetologist</username>
        <id>156011</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>updating with newer version from Wikibooks</comment>
      <origin>2693749</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="344576" sha1="m5rclsijwsm6fu9ph62d2z33mcyojgf" xml:space="preserve">__NOTOC__

This book intends to serve as an up-to-date character list and index to Karlgren's ''Grammata Serica Recensa'' by providing a list of characters in their GSR number together with Middle Chinese readings in the system of Baxter 1992. This book contains cross references to Schuessler (2009), but another wikibook also gives the characters in [[Character List for Schuessler's CGSR|Schuessler's]] order.

A list of phonetic series in the analysis of Zhengzhang (2003) is available at 
[https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Wiktionary:About_Chinese/phonetic_series Wiktionary].


=Schuessler cross references=

==a==
* -a [[#0049|01-01]], [[#1258|01-01]], [[#0050|01-02]], [[#0051|01-03]], [[#0052|01-04]], [[#0056|01-05]], [[#0053|01-06]], [[#0054|01-07]], [[#0642|01-08]], [[#0803|01-09]], [[#0074|01-10]], [[#0032|01-11]], [[#0033|01-12]], [[#0034|01-13]], [[#0035|01-14]], [[#0036|01-15]], [[#1236|01-15]], [[#0038|01-16]], [[#0055|01-17]], [[#0057|01-18]], [[#0078|01-18]], [[#0085|01-18]], [[#0095|01-19]], [[#0096|01-20]], [[#0041|01-21]], [[#0042|01-22]], [[#0043|01-23]], [[#0097|01-23]], [[#0098|01-24]], [[#0099|01-25]], [[#0100|01-26]], [[#0044|01-27]], [[#0061|01-28]], [[#0270|01-28]], [[#0058|01-29]], [[#0060|01-30]], [[#0067|01-31]], [[#0079|01-31]], [[#0081|01-32]], [[#0080|01-33]], [[#0037|01-34]], [[#0059|01-35]], [[#0062|01-36]], [[#0064|01-37]], [[#0045|01-38]], [[#0084|01-39]], [[#1242|01-40]], [[#0086|01-41]], [[#0082|01-42]], [[#0083|01-43]], [[#0083|01-44]], [[#0075|01-45]], [[#0089|01-45]], [[#0063|01-46]], [[#0047|01-47]], [[#0048|01-48]], [[#0092|01-49]], [[#0093|01-50]], [[#0069|01-51]], [[#0070|01-52]], [[#0071|01-53]], [[#0076|01-54]], [[#0077|01-55]], [[#0094|01-56]], [[#0046|01-57]], [[#0065|01-58]], [[#0066|01-59]], [[#0087|01-60]], [[#0068|01-61]], [[#0088|01-62]], [[#0090|01-62]], [[#0091|01-63]], [[#0072|01-64]], [[#0073|01-65]], [[#0101|01-66]], [[#0102|01-67]], [[#0771|01-67]], [[#0039|01-68]], [[#0103|01-69]], [[#0106|01-70]], [[#0104|01-71]], [[#0105|01-72]], [[#0040|01-73]].
* -ak [[#0766|02-01]], [[#0776|02-02]], [[#0785|02-03]], [[#0786|02-04]], [[#0787|02-05]], [[#0774|02-06]], [[#0096|02-07]], [[#0778|02-07]], [[#0783|02-07A]], [[#0784|02-08]], [[#0767|02-09]], [[#0779|02-10]], [[#1259|02-10A]], [[#0789|02-11]], [[#0775|02-12]], [[#0805|02-13]], [[#0788|02-14]], [[#0792|02-14]], [[#0768|02-15]], [[#0801|02-16]], [[#0795|02-17]], [[#0804|02-18]], [[#0791|02-19]], [[#0794|02-20]], [[#1258|02-21]], [[#0780|02-22]], [[#0792|02-23]], [[#0793|02-24]], [[#0790|02-25]], [[#0807|02-26]], [[#0800|02-27]], [[#0796|02-28]], [[#0797|02-29]], [[#0777|02-30]], [[#0806|02-31]], [[#0798|02-32]], [[#0770|02-33]], [[#0769|02-34]], [[#0799|02-35]], [[#0773|02-36]], [[#0781|02-37]], [[#0782|02-38]], [[#0772|02-39]], [[#0802|02-40]]
* -aŋ [[#0698|03-01]], [[#0697|03-02]], [[#0710|03-03]], [[#0713|03-04]], [[#0711|03-05]], [[#0712|03-06]], [[#0752|03-07]], [[#0753|03-08]], [[#0754|03-09]], [[#0755|03-10]], [[#0745|03-11]], [[#0700|03-12]], [[#0746|03-12]], [[#0747|03-13]], [[#0748|03-14]], [[#0749|03-15]], [[#0714|03-16]], [[#0716|03-17]], [[#0715|03-18]], [[#0717|03-19]], [[#0718|03-20]], [[#0756|03-21]], [[#0706|03-22]], [[#0707|03-23]], [[#0708|03-24]], [[#0763|03-25]], [[#0739|03-26]], [[#0764|03-27]], [[#0765|03-28]], [[#0699|03-29]], [[#0701|03-30]], [[#0723|03-31]], [[#0725|03-32]], [[#0726|03-33]], [[#0724|03-34]], [[#0721|03-35]], [[#0722|03-36]], [[#0719|03-37]], [[#0720|03-38]], [[#0732|03-39]], [[#0734|03-40]], [[#0728|03-41]], [[#0730|03-42]], [[#0735|03-43]], [[#0736|03-44]], [[#0737|03-45]], [[#0738|03-46]], [[#0702|03-47]], [[#0703|03-48]], [[#0727|03-49]], [[#0727|03-50]], [[#0729|03-52]], [[#0704|03-53]], [[#0705|03-54]], [[#0731|03-55]], [[#0733|03-56]], [[#0740|03-57]], [[#0741|03-58]], [[#0750|03-59]], [[#0751|03-60]], [[#0757|03-61]], [[#0758|03-62]], [[#0759|03-63]], [[#0709|03-64]], [[#0742|03-65]], [[#0743|03-66]], [[#0744|03-67]], [[#0760|03-68]], [[#0761|03-69]]

==ə==
* -ə [[#0936|04-01]], [[#0937|04-02]], [[#0990|04-03]], [[#0952|04-04]], [[#0953|04-05]], [[#0985|04-06]], [[#0986|04-07]], [[#0987|04-08]], [[#0988|04-09]], [[#0989|04-10]], [[#0991|04-11]], [[#0992|04-12]], [[#0993|04-13]], [[#0994|04-14]], [[#1066|04-15]], [[#1067|04-16]], [[#0995|04-17]], [[#0996|04-18]], [[#0997|04-19]], [[#0950|04-20]], [[#0955|04-21]], [[#0958|04-22]], [[#0956|04-23]], [[#0998|04-24]], [[#0939|04-25]], [[#0961|04-26]], [[#0962|04-27]], [[#0963|04-28]], [[#0961|04-29]], [[#0938|04-30]]. [[#0976|04-30]], [[#1240|04-30]], [[#0977|04-31]], [[#0967|04-32]], [[#0968|04-33]], [[#0960|04-34]], [[#0978|04-35]], [[#0979|04-36]], [[#1237|04-36]], [[#0980|04-37]], [[#0945|04-38]], [[#0946|04-39]], [[#0959|04-40]], [[#0981|04-40]], [[#0982|04-41]], [[#0940|04-42]], [[#0941|04-43]], [[#0942|04-44]], [[#0943|04-45]], [[#1240|04-45A]], [[#0964|04-47]], [[#0965|04-48]], [[#0966|04-49]], [[#0969|04-50]], [[#0970|04-51]], [[#0971|04-52]], [[#0975|04-52]], [[#0972|04-53]], [[#0973|04-54]], [[#0974|04-55]], [[#0951|04-56]], [[#0983|04-57]], [[#1237|04-58]], [[#1237|04-59]], [[#1237|04-60]], [[#0999|04-61]], [[#1000|04-62]], [[#1001|04-63]], [[#0107|04-64]], [[#0138|04-64]], [[#0947|04-64]], [[#1251|04-64]], [[#0948|04-65]], [[#0949|04-66]]
* -ək [[#0903|05-01]], [[#0931|05-02]], [[#1260|05-03]], [[#0910|05-04]], [[#0911|05-05]], [[#0929|05-06]], [[#0930|05-07]], [[#0914|05-08]], [[#0915|05-09]], [[#0957|05-10]], [[#0905|05-11]], [[#0919|05-12]], [[#0920|05-13]], [[#1257|05-14]], [[#0916|05-14]], [[#0917|05-15]], [[#0918|05-16]], [[#0954|05-17]], [[#0912|05-18]], [[#0921|05-19]], [[#0913|05-20]], [[#1260|05-20A]], [[#0928|05-21]], [[#0932|05-22]], [[#0944|05-22]], [[#0907|05-23]], [[#0906|05-24]], [[#0922|05-25]], [[#0923|05-26]], [[#0924|05-27]], [[#0908|05-28]], [[#0925|05-29]], [[#0926|05-30]], [[#0927|05-31]], [[#0909|05-32]], [[#0933|05-33]], [[#0984|05-34]], [[#0934|05-35]], [[#0935|05-36]], [[#1062|05-37]], [[#0904|05-38]], [[#1037|05-39]]
* -əŋ [[#0881|06-01]], [[#0882|06-02]], [[#0888|06-03]], [[#0901|06-04]], [[#0887|06-05]], [[#0889|06-06]], [[#0890|06-08]], [[#0883|06-09]], [[#0896|06-10]], [[#0891|06-11]], [[#0894|06-12]], [[#0893|06-13]], [[#0945|06-14]], [[#0895|06-15]], [[#0897|06-16]], [[#0898|06-17]], [[#0885|06-18]], [[#0884|06-19]], [[#0886|06-20]], [[#0899|06-21]], [[#0900|06-22]], [[#0902|06-23]], [[#0892|06-24]], [[#1252|06-24]]

==e==
* -e [[#0876|07-01]], [[#1241|07-02]], [[#0864|07-03]], [[#1259|07-03]], [[#0862|07-04]], [[#0865|07-05]], [[#0867|07-06]], [[#0861|07-07]], [[#1240|07-07A]], [[#0879|07-08]], [[#0880|07-09]], [[#0875|07-10]], [[#0873|07-11]], [[#0877|07-12]], [[#0863|07-13]], [[#0866|07-14]], [[#1238|07-15]], [[#1238|07-16]], [[#1238|07-18]], [[#1238|07-19]], [[#0359|07-20]], [[#0878|07-21]], [[#1241|07-22]], [[#1241|07-23]], [[#0872|07-24]], [[#0358|07-25]], [[#1236|07-25]], [[#0869|07-26]], [[#0870|07-27]], [[#0871|07-28]], [[#0874|07-29]], [[#0360|07-31]], [[#1240|07-33]]
* -ek [[#0854|08-01]], [[#0855|08-02]], [[#1260|08-03]], [[#0844|08-04]], [[#0849|08-05]], [[#0860|08-06]], [[#1260|08-07]], [[#0851|08-08]], [[#0847|08-09]], [[#0856|08-10]], [[#1260|08-11]], [[#0850|08-12]], [[#0858|08-13]], [[#0868|08-14]], [[#0845|08-15]], [[#0846|08-16]], [[#0852|08-17]], [[#0857|08-18]], [[#0853|08-19]], [[#0859|08-21]], [[#1260|08-22]], [[#0848|08-24]]
* -eŋ [[#0831|09-01]], [[#0822|09-02]], [[#0832|09-02]], [[#0813|09-03]], [[#0808|09-04]], [[#0810|09-05]], [[#0809|09-06]], [[#0828|09-07]], [[#0842|09-08]], [[#0843|09-09]], [[#0814|09-10]], [[#0833|09-11]], [[#1248|09-11]], [[#0834|09-12]], [[#0363|09-13]], [[#0818|09-14]], [[#0815|09-15]], [[#0816|09-16]], [[#0835|09-17]], [[#0836|09-18]], [[#0823|09-19]], [[#0837|09-20]], [[#0820|09-21]], [[#0819|09-22]], [[#0811|09-23]], [[#0821|09-24]], [[#0812|09-25]], [[#1250|09-25]], [[#0825|09-26]], [[#0817|09-27]], [[#0839|09-27]], [[#0840|09-28]], [[#0824|09-29]], [[#0841|09-30]], [[#0826|09-31]], [[#0762|09-32]], [[#0827|09-33]]

==o==
* -o [[#0108|10-01]], [[#0109|10-02]], [[#1198|10-02]], [[#0110|10-03]], [[#0111|10-04]], [[#0112|10-05]], [[#0113|10-06]], [[#0114|10-07]], [[#0115|10-08]], [[#0121|10-09]], [[#0122|10-10]], [[#0124|10-11]], [[#0117|10-12]], [[#0116|10-13]], [[#1246|10-14]], [[#1235|10-15]], [[#0118|10-16]], [[#0169|10-16]], [[#1234|10-17]], [[#0128|10-18]], [[#0129|10-19]], [[#1232|10-20]], [[#0130|10-21]], [[#0323|10-21]], [[#0127|10-22]], [[#0125|10-23]], [[#0126|10-24]], [[#1243|10-25]], [[#1243|10-26]], [[#0120|10-27]], [[#1246|10-28]], [[#0123|10-29]], [[#1207|10-29]], [[#0133|10-30]], [[#0134|10-31]], [[#0135|10-32]], [[#0119|10-33]], [[#1229|10-34]], [[#0131|10-35]], [[#0325|10-35]], [[#0132|10-36]], [[#1097|10-37]], [[#1230|10-38]], [[#0136|10-39]], [[#0137|10-40]]
* -ok [[#1203|11-01]], [[#1225|11-02]], [[#1226|11-03]], [[#1213|11-04]], [[#1214|11-05]], [[#1204|11-06]], [[#1217|11-07]], [[#1227|11-08]], [[#1216|11-09]], [[#1215|11-10]], [[#1205|11-11]], [[#1224|11-12]], [[#1218|11-13]], [[#1202|11-14]], [[#1220|11-14]], [[#1208|11-15]], [[#1228|11-15]], [[#1209|11-16]], [[#1223|11-17]], [[#1206|11-18]], [[#1219|11-19]], [[#1221|11-20]], [[#1222|11-21]], [[#1210|11-22]], [[#1211|11-23]], [[#1212|11-24]]
* -oŋ [[#1172|12-01]], [[#1174|12-02]], [[#1182|12-03]], [[#1184|12-04]], [[#1183|12-05]], [[#1243|12-05]], [[#1175|12-06]], [[#1189|12-07]], [[#1188|12-08]], [[#1248|12-08]], [[#1176|12-09]], [[#1185|12-10]], [[#1186|12-10A]], [[#1187|12-11]], [[#1192|12-12]], [[#1173|12-13]], [[#1190|12-13]], [[#1180|12-14]], [[#1193|12-15]], [[#1194|12-16]], [[#1195|12-17]], [[#1196|12-18]], [[#1199|12-19]], [[#1177|12-20]], [[#1178|12-21]], [[#1191|12-22]], [[#1179|12-23]], [[#1200|12-24]], [[#1197|12-25]], [[#1201|12-26]], [[#1181|12-27]]

==u==
* -u [[#1040|13-01]], [[#1244|13-02]], [[#1041|13-03]], [[#1042|13-04]], [[#1043|13-05]], [[#1065|13-06]], [[#1068|13-07]], [[#1070|13-07A]], [[#1064|13-08]], [[#1103|13-08]], [[#1139|13-08]], [[#1044|13-09]], [[#1244|13-10]], [[#1070|13-11]], [[#1088|13-12]], [[#1089|13-13]], [[#1071|13-14]], [[#1072|13-15]], [[#1115|13-16]], [[#1245|13-17]], [[#1244|13-18]], [[#1084|13-19]], [[#1085|13-19]], [[#1086|13-20]], [[#1087|13-20A]], [[#1091|13-21]], [[#1090|13-22]], [[#1073|13-23]], [[#1074|13-24]], [[#1116|13-25]], [[#1083|13-26]], [[#1078|13-27]], [[#1046|13-28]], [[#1047|13-29]], [[#1079|13-30]], [[#1082|13-31]], [[#1077|13-32]], [[#1080|13-33]], [[#1081|13-34]], [[#1094|13-35]], [[#1096|13-36]], [[#1246|13-37]], [[#1048|13-38]], [[#1102|13-38]], [[#1095|13-39]], [[#1099|13-40]], [[#1100|13-41]], [[#1101|13-42]], [[#1055|13-43]], [[#1056|13-44]], [[#1069|13-45]], [[#1104|13-46]], [[#1114|13-47]], [[#1105|13-48]], [[#1076|13-50]], [[#1049|13-51]], [[#1052|13-52]], [[#1050|13-53]], [[#1051|13-54]], [[#1053|13-55]], [[#1054|13-56]], [[#1092|13-57]], [[#1093|13-58]], [[#1111|13-59]], [[#1112|13-60]], [[#1087|13-61]], [[#1098|13-62]], [[#1057|13-64]], [[#1058|13-65]], [[#1059|13-66]], [[#1060|13-67]], [[#1061|13-68]], [[#1107|13-69]], [[#1108|13-70]], [[#1106|13-71]], [[#1154|13-71]], [[#1113|13-72]], [[#1233|13-73]], [[#1062|13-74]], [[#1063|13-75]], [[#1109|13-76]], [[#1110|13-77]], [[#1231|13-78]]
* -uk [[#1039|14-01]], [[#1017|14-02]], [[#1038|14-03]], [[#1045|14-04]], [[#1016|14-05]], [[#1025|14-06]], [[#1026|14-07]], [[#1019|14-08]], [[#1075|14-09]], [[#1024|14-10]], [[#1020|14-11]], [[#1021|14-12]], [[#1022|14-13]], [[#1023|14-14]], [[#1018|14-15]], [[#1032|14-16]], [[#1033|14-17]], [[#1031|14-18]], [[#1027|14-19]], [[#1029|14-20]], [[#1030|14-21]], [[#1028|14-22]], [[#1034|14-23]], [[#1036|14-24]], [[#1035|14-25]]
* -uŋ [[#1006|15-01]], [[#1015|15-02]], [[#1002|15-03]], [[#1010|15-04]], [[#1011|15-05]], [[#1007|15-06]], [[#1009|15-07]], [[#1008|15-08]], [[#1005|15-09]], [[#1013|15-10]], [[#1012|15-11]], [[#1004|15-12]], [[#1003|15-13]], [[#1014|15-14]], [[#1253|15-15]]

==-w==
* -aw [[#1129|16-01]], [[#1244|16-02]], [[#1138|16-03]], [[#1162|16-04]], [[#1258|16-04]], [[#1163|16-05]], [[#1166|16-06]], [[#1167|16-07]], [[#1041|16-08]], [[#1168|16-09]], [[#1141|16-10]], [[#1242|16-10]], [[#1142|16-11]], [[#1140|16-12]], [[#1130|16-13]], [[#1164|16-14]], [[#1131|16-15]], [[#1132|16-15]], [[#1133|16-16]], [[#1143|16-17]], [[#1160|16-17]], [[#1146|16-18]], [[#1147|16-19]], [[#1145|16-20]], [[#1144|16-21]], [[#1149|16-22]], [[#1135|16-23]], [[#1151|16-24]], [[#1245|16-26]], [[#1152|16-27]], [[#1244|16-28]], [[#1244|16-28A]], [[#1244|16-29]], [[#1134|16-30]], [[#1148|16-31]], [[#1169|16-32]], [[#1149|16-33]], [[#1150|16-34]], [[#1153|16-35]], [[#1155|16-37]], [[#1156|16-38]], [[#1157|16-39]], [[#1170|16-40]], [[#1137|16-41]], [[#1171|16-42]], [[#1159|16-43]], [[#1158|16-44]], [[#1161|16-45]]
* -awk [[#1117|17-01]], [[#1118|17-02]], [[#1165|17-03]], [[#1126|17-04]], [[#1120|17-05]], [[#1119|17-06]], [[#1124|17-07]], [[#1125|17-08]], [[#1123|17-09]], [[#1128|17-11]], [[#1121|17-12]], [[#1122|17-13]], [[#1136|17-14]], [[#1127|17-15]], [[#1244|17-16]]

==-aj==
* -aj [[#0001|18-01]], [[#0349|18-02]], [[#1238|18-03]], [[#0015|18-04]], [[#0002|18-05]], [[#0021|18-06]], [[#0022|18-07]], [[#0003|18-08]], [[#0004|18-09]], [[#0006|18-10]], [[#0024|18-10]], [[#0023|18-11]], [[#0350|18-12]], [[#0005|18-13]], [[#0016|18-15]], [[#0025|18-16]], [[#0026|18-17]], [[#0017|18-18]], [[#0442|18-18]], [[#0356|18-19]]
* -oj, waj [[#0007|19-01]], [[#0351|19-02]], [[#0352|19-03]], [[#0018|19-04]], [[#0028|19-05]], [[#0027|19-06]], [[#0008|19-07]], [[#0019|19-08]], [[#0011|19-09]], [[#0357|19-10]], [[#0009|19-11]], [[#0029|19-12]], [[#0020|19-13]], [[#0010|19-14]], [[#0030|19-15]], [[#0011|19-16]], [[#0031|19-17]], [[#0014|19-18]], [[#1236|19-18A]], [[#0354|19-19]], [[#1238|19-20]], [[#0012|19-21]], [[#0013|19-22]], [[#0355|19-23]]

==-et(s)==
* -et, -es [[#0279|20-01]], [[#0327|20-02]], [[#0312|20-03]], [[#0280|20-04]], [[#1256|20-05]], [[#0331|20-06]], [[#0285|20-07]], [[#0290|20-08]], [[#1256|20-09]], [[#0288|20-10]], [[#0309|20-11]], [[#0310|20-12]], [[#0330|20-13]], [[#0281|20-14]], [[#0292|20-15]], [[#0341|20-16]], [[#0328|20-17]], [[#0311|20-18]], [[#0294|20-19]]

==-at(s)==
* -at, -as [[#0313|21-01]], [[#0314|21-02]], [[#0282|21-03]], [[#0283|21-04]], [[#0284|21-05]], [[#0284|21-05B]], [[#0329|21-06]], [[#0332|21-07]], [[#0268|21-08]], [[#0269|21-09]], [[#0347|21-10]], [[#0289|21-11]], [[#0317|21-12]], [[#0316|21-13]], [[#0271|21-14]], [[#0315|21-15]], [[#0336|21-16]], [[#0335|21-17]], [[#0334|21-18]], [[#0287|21-19]], [[#0286|21-20]], [[#0338|21-21]], [[#0333|21-22]], [[#0339|21-23]], [[#0272|21-24]], [[#0291|21-25]], [[#0267|21-26]], [[#0326|21-26]], [[#0340|21-26]], [[#0318|21-27]], [[#0337|21-28]], [[#0319|21-29]], [[#0275|21-30]], [[#0276|21-31]], [[#0307|21-33]], [[#0308|21-34]], [[#0320|21-35]], [[#0348|21-36]], [[#0277|21-37]]
* -ot, -wat, -os, -was [[#0302|22-01]], [[#0301|22-02]], [[#0321|22-03]], [[#0304|22-04]], [[#0303|22-05]], [[#0346|22-05]], [[#0305|22-06]], [[#0273|22-07]], [[#0322|22-08]], [[#0306|22-08]], [[#0274|22-09]], [[#0295|22-10]], [[#0343|22-11]], [[#0344|22-12]], [[#0324|22-13]], [[#0299|22-14]], [[#0296|22-16]], [[#0345|22-17]], [[#0297|22-18]], [[#0298|22-19]]

==-n==
* -en [[#0240|23-01]], [[#0241|23-02]], [[#0239|23-03]], [[#0196|23-04]], [[#0191|23-05]], [[#0192|23-06]], [[#0185|23-07]], [[#1250|23-08]], [[#0248|23-09]], [[#0227|23-10]], [[#0435|23-10]], [[#0256|23-11]], [[#0829|23-11]], [[#0167|23-12]], [[#1256|23-12]], [[#1248|23-13]], [[#0236|23-14]], [[#0243|23-15]], [[#0242|23-16]], [[#0228|23-17]], [[#0244|23-18]], [[#1250|23-19]], [[#0245|23-20]], [[#0209|23-21]], [[#0211|23-22]], [[#0210|23-23]], [[#0218|23-24]], [[#0221|23-25]], [[#0745|23-25]], [[#0224|23-26]], [[#0246|23-27]], [[#0219|23-28]], [[#0225|23-29]], [[#0223|23-31]], [[#0247|23-32]]
* -an [[#0300|24-01]], [[#0139|24-01]], [[#0140|24-02]], [[#0141|24-03]], [[#0142|24-04]], [[#0143|24-05]], [[#0198|24-07]], [[#0249|24-08]], [[#0184|24-09]],  [[#0144|24-10]], [[#0146|24-11]], [[#0253|24-12]], [[#0254|24-13]], [[#0200|24-14]], [[#0139|24-15]], [[#0145|24-15]], [[#0186|24-15]], [[#0251|24-16]], [[#0252|24-17]], [[#0250|24-18]], [[#0199|24-19]], [[#0150|24-20]], [[#0147|24-21]], [[#0149|24-22]], [[#0148|24-23]], [[#0151|24-24]], [[#0205|24-25]], [[#0201|24-26]], [[#0202|24-27]], [[#0204|24-28]], [[#0197|24-29]], [[#0203|24-30]], [[#0207|24-31]], [[#0213|24-32]], [[#0214|24-33]], [[#0215|24-34]], [[#0152|24-35]], [[#0217|24-36]], [[#0216|24-37]], [[#0212|24-38]], [[#0153|24-39]], [[#0154|24-40]], [[#0155|24-41]], [[#0206|24-42]], [[#0208|24-43]], [[#0156|24-44]], [[#0193|24-45]], [[#0194|24-46]], [[#0181|24-47]], [[#0182|24-48]], [[#0262|24-49]], [[#0263|24-50]], [[#0264|24-51]], [[#0265|24-52]], [[#0190|24-53]], [[#0195|24-54]], [[#0220|24-55]], [[#0266|24-56]], [[#0183|24-57]], [[#0222|24-58]]
* -on, -wan [[#0157|25-01]], [[#0158|25-02]], [[#0159|25-03]], [[#0160|25-04]], [[#0161|25-05]], [[#0162|25-06]], [[#0165|25-07]], [[#0241|25-07]], [[#0166|25-08]], [[#0187|25-09]], [[#0188|25-10]], [[#0226|25-11]], [[#0164|25-12]], [[#0167|25-13]], [[#0255|25-14]], [[#0256|25-15]], [[#0163|25-16]], [[#0260|25-17]], [[#0261|25-18]], [[#0257|25-19]], [[#0258|25-20]], [[#0259|25-21]], [[#0170|25-22]], [[#0172|25-23]], [[#0168|25-24]], [[#0231|25-25]], [[#0232|25-26]], [[#0233|25-27]], [[#0171|25-28]], [[#0229|25-29]], [[#0230|25-30]], [[#0178|25-31]], [[#0179|25-32]], [[#0180|25-33]], [[#0189|25-34]], [[#0238|25-35]], [[#0176|25-36]], [[#0177|25-37]], [[#0234|25-38]], [[#0235|25-39]], [[#0237|25-40]], [[#1249|25-41]], [[#0173|25-42]], [[#0174|25-43]], [[#0175|25-44]]

==-j==
* -i, -ei [[#0586|26-01]], [[#0587|26-02]], [[#1241|26-03]], [[#0588|26-04]], [[#1237|26-05]], [[#1241|26-05]], [[#0552|26-06]], [[#0553|26-07]], [[#0602|26-08]], [[#0599|26-09]], [[#0605|26-10]], [[#1241|26-11]], [[#0589|26-12]], [[#0604|26-13]], [[#0590|26-14]], [[#0591|26-15]], [[#0595|26-16]], [[#0596|26-16]], [[#0551|26-17]], [[#1237|26-18]], [[#0560|26-19]], [[#0561|26-20]], [[#0556|26-21]], [[#0562|26-22]], [[#0597|26-23]], [[#0519|26-24]], [[#0563|26-25]], [[#0592|26-26]], [[#0593|26-27]], [[#0554|26-28]], [[#0555|26-29]], [[#1237|26-30]], [[#0594|26-31]], [[#0595|26-32]], [[#0596|26-33]], [[#0557|26-34]], [[#0558|26-35]], [[#0559|26-36]], [[#0565|26-37]], [[#0566|26-38]], [[#0598|26-39]]
* -əi [[#0541|27-01]], [[#0548|27-02]], [[#0603|27-03]], [[#0547|27-04]], [[#0550|27-05]], [[#0549|27-06]], [[#1237|27-06]], [[#1237|27-07]], [[#0579|27-08]], [[#0580|27-09]], [[#0581|27-10]], [[#0582|27-11]], [[#0353|27-12]], [[#0546|27-13]], [[#0567|27-14]], [[#0585|27-15]], [[#0568|27-16]], [[#0583|27-17]], [[#0584|27-18]], [[#0572|27-19]], [[#1009|27-20]]
* -ui, -wəi [[#0569|28-01]], [[#0570|28-02]], [[#1237|28-03]], [[#0542|28-04]], [[#0342|28-05]], [[#0571|28-05]], [[#0600|28-06]], [[#1240|28-07]], [[#1239|28-08]], [[#0573|28-09]], [[#0574|28-10]], [[#0575|28-11]], [[#0601|28-11]], [[#1237|28-11]], [[#0543|28-12]], [[#0544|28-13]], [[#0576|28-14]], [[#0577|28-15]], [[#0545|28-16]], [[#0578|28-17]], [[#1237|28-18]], [[#1237|28-19]], [[#0513|28-20]]

==-t(s)==

* -it, i(t)s [[#0393|29-01]], [[#0278|29-02]], [[#0535|29-03]], [[#0510|29-04]], [[#0538|29-05]], [[#0409|29-06]], [[#0410|29-07]], [[#0533|29-08]], [[#0526|29-09]], [[#0527|29-10]], [[#0507|29-11]], [[#0394|29-12]], [[#0395|29-13]], [[#1241|29-14]], [[#0413|29-15]], [[#0415|29-16]], [[#0402|29-17]], [[#0398|29-18]], [[#0396|29-19]], [[#1257|29-20]], [[#0397|29-21]], [[#1256|29-21]], [[#1257|29-22]], [[#0403|29-23]], [[#1241|29-24]], [[#0532|29-25]], [[#0404|29-26]], [[#0414|29-27]], [[#0564|29-28]], [[#0838|29-28]], [[#0494|29-29]], [[#0399|29-30]], [[#0923|29-30]], [[#0400|29-31]], [[#0401|29-32]], [[#1257|29-33]], [[#0518|29-34]], [[#0506|29-35]], [[#0411|29-36]], [[#0412|29-37]], [[#0408|29-38]], [[#0521|29-39]], [[#1237|29-40]], [[#0405|29-41]], [[#0407|29-42]], [[#1257|29-43]], [[#0406|29-44]]
* -ət, ə(t)s [[#0517|30-01]], [[#0515|30-02]], [[#0536|30-03]], [[#1237|30-04]], [[#0504|30-05]], [[#0508|30-06]], [[#0505|30-07]], [[#0537|30-08]], [[#0516|30-09]], [[#0493|30-10]], [[#0509|30-11]], [[#1241|30-11]], [[#0514|30-12]], [[#0491|30-13]], [[#0500|30-14]], [[#0501|30-16]], [[#0530|30-17]], [[#0492|30-18]], [[#0503|30-19]], [[#0503|30-20]], [[#0531|30-21]], [[#0522|30-22]]
* -ut, u(t)s [[#0486|31-01]], [[#0540|31-02]], [[#0510|31-03]], [[#0534|31-04]], [[#0523|31-05]], [[#0524|31-06]], [[#0539|31-07]], [[#0495|31-08]], [[#0525|31-09]], [[#0487|31-10]], [[#0488|31-11]], [[#0489|31-12]], [[#0511|31-14]], [[#0512|31-15]], [[#0496|31-16]], [[#0497|31-17]], [[#0502|31-18]], [[#0529|31-19]], [[#0490|31-20]], [[#0528|31-21]], [[#1257|31-22]], [[#0498|31-23]], [[#0499|31-24]]
* -in [[#0368|32-01]], [[#0377|32-01]], [[#1252|32-01]], [[#1250|32-02]], [[#0369|32-03]], [[#0479|32-04]], [[#0366|32-05]], [[#1250|32-06]],  [[#0391|32-07]], [[#0392|32-07]], [[#1252|32-07]], [[#0392|32-08]], [[#0830|32-08]], [[#0370|32-09]], [[#0483|32-10]], [[#1251|32-11]], [[#0367|32-12]], [[#1251|32-13]], [[#1251|32-14]], [[#0361|32-15]], [[#0375|32-16]], [[#0376|32-17]], [[#0373|32-18]], [[#0362|32-19]], [[#0371|32-20]], [[#0372|32-21]], [[#0385|32-22]], [[#0386|32-23]], [[#0469|32-24]], [[#1251|32-25]], [[#0387|32-26]], [[#1251|32-27]], [[#0364|32-28]], [[#0365|32-28]], [[#0388|32-28]], [[#0378|32-29]], [[#0379|32-30]], [[#0380|32-31]], [[#0381|32-32]], [[#0382|32-33]], [[#1241|32-34]], [[#0383|32-35]], [[#0384|32-36]], [[#0484|32-37]], [[#0389|32-38]], [[#0390|38-39]], [[#0457|32-40]]
* -ən [[#0416|33-01]], [[#0443|33-02]], [[#0445|33-03]], [[#0444|33-04]], [[#0480|33-05]], [[#0482|33-06]], [[#0446|33-07]], [[#0447|33-08]], [[#0448|33-09]], [[#0449|33-10]], [[#0476|33-11]], [[#0429|33-12]], [[#0455|33-13]], [[#1251|33-14]], [[#0453|33-15]], [[#1241|33-15]], [[#0452|33-16]], [[#0374|33-17]], [[#0451|33-18]], [[#0450|33-19]], [[#0456|33-20]], [[#0432|33-22]], [[#0477|33-23]], [[#0454|33-24]], [[#0478|33-25]], [[#0439|33-26]], [[#0440|33-27]], [[#0438|33-28]], [[#0437|33-29]], [[#0471|33-30]], [[#0472|33-32]], [[#0473|33-33]], [[#0474|33-34]], [[#0441|33-35]], [[#0475|33-36]]
* -un, wən [[#0417|34-01]], [[#0418|34-02]], [[#0419|34-03]], [[#0481|34-04]], [[#0421|34-05]], [[#0422|34-06]], [[#0423|34-07]], [[#0424|34-08]], [[#0420|34-09]], [[#0425|34-10]], [[#0485|34-11]], [[#0459|34-12]], [[#0458|34-13]], [[#0460|34-14]], [[#0461|34-15]], [[#0426|34-16]], [[#1244|34-16]], [[#0427|34-17]], [[#0464|34-18]], [[#0463|34-19]], [[#0462|34-20]], [[#0465|34-21]], [[#0428|34-22]], [[#0468|34-23]], [[#0470|34-24]], [[#1251|34-25]], [[#0430|34-26]], [[#0431|34-27]], [[#0434|34-28]], [[#0436|34-29]], [[#0433|34-30]], [[#0467|34-31]], [[#0466|34-32]]

==-p/-m==
* -ap, ep [[#0642|35-01]], [[#0629|35-02]], [[#0630|35-03]], [[#0639|35-04]], [[#1254|35-04]], [[#0640|35-05]], [[#0634|35-06]], [[#0628|35-07]], [[#0632|35-09]], [[#0633|35-10]], [[#1255|35-11]], [[#0637|35-12]], [[#0638|35-13]], [[#1255|35-14]], [[#0635|35-15]], [[#0636|35-16]], [[#0631|35-17]], [[#1254|35-18]], [[#1255|35-19]], [[#0641|35-20]], [[#0642|35-21]]
* -am, em [[#0606|36-01]], [[#0607|36-02]], [[#0608|36-03]], [[#0624|36-04]], [[#0609|36-05]], [[#0613|36-06]], [[#0627|36-07]], [[#0614|36-08]], [[#0615|36-09]], [[#0616|36-10]], [[#0619|36-11]], [[#0618|36-12]], [[#1247|36-13]], [[#0617|36-14]], [[#0621|36-16]], [[#1247|36-17]], [[#0622|36-18]], [[#0623|36-19]], [[#0620|36-21]], [[#0611|36-22]], [[#0612|36-23]], [[#1154|36-24]], [[#0610|36-25]], [[#0625|36-26]], [[#0626|36-27]]
* -əp, -ip [[#0675|37-01]], [[#0687|37-01]], [[#0681|37-02]], [[#1254|37-02]], [[#0686|37-03]], [[#0682|37-04]], [[#0683|37-05]], [[#0676|37-06]], [[#0684|37-07]], [[#0685|37-08]], [[#0677|37-09]], [[#0678|37-10]], [[#0689|37-11]], [[#0690|37-12]], [[#0692|37-13]], [[#0693|37-14]], [[#0520|37-15]], [[#0694|37-15]], [[#0695|37-16]], [[#0696|37-17]], [[#0679|37-18]], [[#0688|37-19]], [[#0691|37-20]], [[#0680|37-21]]
* -əm, -im [[#0643|38-02]], [[#0651|38-03]], [[#0652|38-03]], [[#0671|38-04]], [[#0672|38-05]], [[#0674|38-06]], [[#0653|38-07]], [[#0654|38-08]], [[#0644|38-09]], [[#0673|38-10]], [[#0658|38-11]], [[#0659|38-12]], [[#0665|38-13]], [[#0656|38-14]], [[#0657|38-15]], [[#0646|38-16]], [[#0662|38-17]], [[#0655|38-18]], [[#0668|38-19]], [[#0669|38-20]], [[#0645|38-21]], [[#0649|38-22]], [[#0650|38-23]], [[#0670|38-24]], [[#0667|38-25]], [[#0666|38-26]], [[#0661|38-27]], [[#0660|38-28]], [[#0647|38-29]], [[#0648|38-30]], [[#0663|38-31]], [[#0664|38-32]]

=GSR Xiesheng series=

==0001==
* 18-01/0001a [[wikt:可|可]] khaX
* 18-01/0001d [[wikt:柯|柯]] ka
* 18-01/0001e [[wikt:笴|笴]] kanX, kaX
* 18-01/0001f [[wikt:何|何]] ha, haX
* 18-01/0001g [[wikt:河|河]] ha
* 18-01/0001i [[wikt:苛|苛]] ha
* 18-01/0001j [[wikt:呵|呵]] xa
* 18-01/0001k [[wikt:訶|訶]] xa
* 18-01/0001m [[wikt:阿|阿]] 'a
* 18-01/0001n [[wikt:㫊|㫊]] 'aX, 'jeX
* 18-01/0001o [[wikt:荷|荷]] ha
* 18-01/0001p [[wikt:哥|哥]] ka
* 18-01/0001q [[wikt:歌|歌]] ka
* 18-01/0001r [[wikt:謌|謌]] ka
* 18-01/0001s [[wikt:奇|奇]] gje, kje
* 18-01/0001t [[wikt:琦|琦]] gje
* 18-01/0001u [[wikt:騎|騎]] gje
* 18-01/0001v [[wikt:錡|錡]] gje, gjeX, ngjeX
* 18-01/0001x [[wikt:寄|寄]] kjeH
* 18-01/0001y [[wikt:掎|掎]] kjeX
* 18-01/0001z [[wikt:畸|畸]] kje
* 18-01/0001a' [[wikt:羇|羇]] kje
* 18-01/0001b' [[wikt:綺|綺]] khjeX
* 18-01/0001c' [[wikt:踦|踦]] khje, kjeX, ngjeX
* 18-01/0001d' [[wikt:攲|攲]] khje, kje
* 18-01/0001e' [[wikt:觭|觭]] khje
* 18-01/0001f' [[wikt:倚|倚]] 'jeX
* 18-01/0001g' [[wikt:椅|椅]] 'je
* 18-01/0001h' [[wikt:猗|猗]] 'aX, 'je, 'jeX
* 18-01/0001i' [[wikt:輢|輢]] 'jeX
* 18-01/0001j' [[wikt:陭|陭]] 'je

==0002==
* 18-05/0002a [[wikt:我|我]] ngaX
* 18-05/0002h [[wikt:俄|俄]] nga
* 18-05/0002i [[wikt:娥|娥]] nga
* 18-05/0002k [[wikt:峨|峨]] nga
* 18-05/0002l [[wikt:睋|睋]] nga
* 18-05/0002m [[wikt:莪|莪]] nga
* 18-05/0002n [[wikt:誐|誐]] nga
* 18-05/0002o [[wikt:餓|餓]] ngaH
* 18-05/0002p [[wikt:鵞|鵞]] nga
* 18-05/0002q [[wikt:蛾|蛾]] nga, ngjeX
* 18-05/0002r [[wikt:義|義]] ngjeH
* 18-05/0002u [[wikt:儀|儀]] ngje
* 18-05/0002v [[wikt:議|議]] ngjeH
* 18-05/0002x [[wikt:蟻|蟻]] ngjeX
* 18-05/0002y [[wikt:羲|羲]] xje
* 18-05/0002z [[wikt:犧|犧]] xje

==0003==
* 18-08/0003a [[wikt:多|多]] ta
* 18-08/0003d [[wikt:痑|痑]] taH, tha
* 18-08/0003e [[wikt:奓|奓]] trae
* 18-08/0003f [[wikt:㗬|㗬]] trhae
* 18-08/0003h [[wikt:恀|恀]] tseyX
* 18-08/0003i [[wikt:侈|侈]] tsyheX
* 18-08/0003j [[wikt:拸|拸]] trhjeX
* 18-08/0003k [[wikt:哆|哆]] tsyhaeX
* 18-08/0003l [[wikt:誃|誃]] drje, tsyheX
* 18-08/0003m [[wikt:趍|趍]] drje
* 18-08/0003o [[wikt:陊|陊]] drjeX
* 18-08/0003q [[wikt:移|移]] ye, yeH
* 18-08/0003r [[wikt:迻|迻]] ye
* 18-08/0003t [[wikt:㢋|㢋]] tsyheX

==0004==
* 18-09/0004a [[wikt:它|它]] tha
* 18-09/0004f [[wikt:㐌|㐌]] tha
* 18-09/0004g [[wikt:也|也]] yaeX
* 18-09/0004h [[wikt:佗|佗]] da, thaH
* 18-09/0004i [[wikt:拕|拕]] tha, thaH
* 18-09/0004j [[wikt:紽|紽]] da
* 18-09/0004k [[wikt:沱|沱]] da
* 18-09/0004l [[wikt:蛇|蛇]] ye, zyae
* 18-09/0004m [[wikt:鉈|鉈]] syae
* 18-09/0004n [[wikt:匜|匜]] ye
* 18-09/0004q [[wikt:訑|訑]] tha, thwa, ye
* 18-09/0004r [[wikt:迆|迆]] ye
* 18-09/0004s [[wikt:酏|酏]] ye
* 18-09/0004t [[wikt:池|池]] drje
* 18-09/0004v [[wikt:竾|竾]] drje
* 18-09/0004x [[wikt:馳|馳]] drje
* 18-09/0004y [[wikt:杝|杝]] drjeX, ye
* 18-09/0004z [[wikt:阤|阤]] drjeX
* 18-09/0004a' [[wikt:弛|弛]] sye, syeX
* 18-09/0004b' [[wikt:地|地]] dijH
* 18-09/0004c' [[wikt:他|他]] tha
* 18-09/0004d' [[wikt:扡|扡]] tha
* 18-09/0004e' [[wikt:髢|髢]] dejH
* 18-09/0004f' [[wikt:拖|拖]] daX, tha, thaH 
* 18-09/0004g' [[wikt:胣|胣]] yeX
* 18-09/0004h' [[wikt:袘|袘]] ye
* 18-09/0004i' [[wikt:迤|迤]] ye
* 18-09/0004j' [[wikt:㢮|㢮]] syeX
* 18-09/0004k' [[wikt:𨠑|𨠑]] ye
* 18-09/0004l' [[wikt:施|施]] sye, yeH
* 18-09/0004m' [[wikt:葹|葹]] sye
* 18-09/0004n' [[wikt:椸|椸]] ye
* 18-09/0004- [[wikt:陀|陀]] da
* 18-09/0004- [[wikt:舵|舵]] da

==0005==
* 18-13/0005a [[wikt:左|左]] tsaH, tsaX
* 18-13/0005e [[wikt:佐|佐]] tsaH
* 18-13/0005f [[wikt:差|差]] tsha, tsrhae, tsrhea, tsrhje
* 18-13/0005h [[wikt:槎|槎]] dzrae, dzraeX
* 18-13/0005i [[wikt:瑳|瑳]] tshaX
* 18-13/0005j [[wikt:磋|磋]] tsha
* 18-13/0005k [[wikt:傞|傞]] sa, tsha
* 18-13/0005l [[wikt:瘥|瘥]] dza, tsjae
* 18-13/0005m [[wikt:鹺|鹺]] dza
* 18-13/0005n [[wikt:嗟|嗟]] tsjae
* 18-13/0005o [[wikt:髊|髊]] dzjeH

==0006==
Schuessler adds GSR 0024a to this series.
Baxter &amp; Sagart (personal communication 11 April 2017) combine GSR [[#0006|0006]], GSR [[#0024|0024]], GSR [[#0026|0026]], GSR [[#1238|1238]]a, and [[#1240|1240]]c.

* 18-10/0006a [[wikt:羅|羅]] la
* 18-10/0006b [[wikt:蘿|蘿]] la

==0007==
* 19-01/0007a [[wikt:戈|戈]] kwa
* 19-01/0007e [[wikt:划|划]] hwae
* 19-01/0007f [[wikt:𢦚|𢦚]] hwaeX

==0008==
* 19-07/0008a [[wikt:禾|禾]] hwa
* 19-07/0008e [[wikt:和|和]] hwa, hwaH
* 19-07/0008g [[wikt:龢|龢]] hwa
* 19-07/0008k [[wikt:盉|盉]] hwa
* 19-07/0008n [[wikt:科|科]] khwa

==0009==
* 19-11/0009a [[wikt:臥|臥]] ngwaH

==0010==
* 19-14/0010a [[wikt:朵|朵]] twaX
* 19-14/0010b [[wikt:朶|朶]] twaX

==0011==
Schuessler (2009: 221-222) divides into two series. Baxter &amp; Sagart regard the x- initial readings as descending from *l̥- via a Western dialect; they explain the s- readings as due to a prefix. In sum, they see this as only one series.
* 19-16/0011a [[wikt:隓|隓]] dwaX
* 19-09/0011b [[wikt:隋|隋]] sjweH, thwaX, xjwieH
* 19-16/0011b [[wikt:隋|隋]] sjweH, thwaX, xjwieH
* 19-16/0011c [[wikt:橢|橢]] thwaX
* 19-16/0011d [[wikt:嶞|嶞]] dwaX
* 19-09/0011e [[wikt:墮|墮]] dwaX, xjwie
* 19-16/0011e [[wikt:墮|墮]] dwaX, xjwie
* 19-09/0011f [[wikt:隳|隳]] xjwie
* 19-09/0011g [[wikt:隨|隨]] zjwe
* 19-09/0011h [[wikt:髓|髓]] sjweX
* 19-09/0011i [[wikt:瀡|瀡]] sjweH
* 19-16/0011j [[wikt:鬌|鬌]] drjwe, dwaX, twaX
* 19-16/0011k [[wikt:媠|媠]] dwaH, thwaX
* 19-16/0011l [[wikt:惰|惰]] dwaH, dwaX

==0012==
* 19-21/0012a [[wikt:坐|坐]] dzwaX, dzwaH
* 19-21/0012b [[wikt:痤|痤]] dzwa
* 19-21/0012c [[wikt:挫|挫]] tswaH
* 19-21/0012d [[wikt:蓌|蓌]] tsraeH, tswaH
* 19-21/0012e [[wikt:剉|剉]] tshwaH
* 19-21/0012f [[wikt:脞|脞]] tshwaX
* 19-21/0012g [[wikt:髽|髽]] tsrwae

==0013==
* 19-22/0013a [[wikt:𧴪|𧴪]] swaX
* 19-22/0013b [[wikt:瑣|瑣]] swaX, swaeX
* 19-22/0013- [[wikt:鎖|鎖]] swaX

==0014==
* 19-18/0014a [[wikt:𦝠|𦝠]] lwa
* 19-18/0014b [[wikt:蠃|蠃]] lwaX
* 19-18/0014c [[wikt:羸|羸]] ljwe

==0015==
* 18-04/0015a [[wikt:加|加]] kae
* 18-04/0015c [[wikt:枷|枷]] kae, kaeH
* 18-04/0015d [[wikt:珈|珈]] kae
* 18-04/0015e [[wikt:駕|駕]] kaeH
* 18-04/0015g [[wikt:嘉|嘉]] kae
* 18-04/0015i [[wikt:哿|哿]] kaX
* 18-04/0015j [[wikt:賀|賀]] haH
* 18-04/0015- [[wikt:伽|伽]] gja (?)
* 18-04/0015- [[wikt:迦|迦]] kja (?)
* 18-04/0015- [[wikt:袈|袈]] kae

==0016==
* 18-15/0016a [[wikt:沙|沙]] srae
* 18-15/0016d [[wikt:鯊|鯊]] srae
* 18-15/0016e [[wikt:娑|娑]] sa
* 18-15/0016f [[wikt:莎|莎]] srae, swa
* 18-15/0016- [[wikt:裟|裟]] srae

==0017==
* 18-18/0017a [[wikt:麻|麻]] mae
* 18-18/0017c [[wikt:塺|塺]] maH
* 18-18/0017d [[wikt:麽|麽]] maX
* 18-18/0017e [[wikt:摩|摩]] ma
* 18-18/0017f [[wikt:磨|磨]] ma, maH
* 18-18/0017g [[wikt:糜|糜]] mje
* 18-18/0017h [[wikt:靡|靡]] mje, mjeX
* 18-18/0017i [[wikt:麾|麾]] xjwe
* 18-18/0017j [[wikt:攠|攠]] mje
* 18-18/0017- [[wikt:魔|魔]] ma

==0018==
* 19-04/0018a [[wikt:咼|咼]] kwaeX
* 19-04/0018b [[wikt:騧|騧]] kwae, kwea
* 19-04/0018c [[wikt:蝸|蝸]] kwae, lwa
* 19-04/0018d [[wikt:媧|媧]] kwae
* 19-04/0018e [[wikt:過|過]] kwa, kwaH
* 19-04/0018f [[wikt:禍|禍]] hwaX
* 19-04/0018g [[wikt:旤|旤]] hwaX
* 19-04/0018h [[wikt:薖|薖]] khwa

==0019==
* 19-08/0019a [[wikt:化|化]] xwaeH
* 19-08/0019c [[wikt:貨|貨]] xwaH
* 19-08/0019d [[wikt:吪|吪]] ngwa
* 19-08/0019e [[wikt:訛|訛]] ngwa

==0020==
* 19-13/0020a [[wikt:瓦|瓦]] ngwaeX

==0021==
* 18-06/0021a [[wikt:宜|宜]] ngje
* 18-06/0021h [[wikt:誼|誼]] ngjeH

==0022==
An -r series acc. to Baxter and Sagart.
* 18-07/0022a [[wikt:䖒|䖒]] xje
* 18-07/0022b [[wikt:戲|戲]] xjeH

==0023==
* 18-11/0023a [[wikt:离|离]] trhje
* 18-11/0023b [[wikt:魑|魑]] trhje
* 18-11/0023c [[wikt:螭|螭]] trhje
* 18-11/0023d [[wikt:縭|縭]] lje
* 18-11/0023e [[wikt:醨|醨]] lje
* 18-11/0023f [[wikt:離|離]] lje, ljeH
* 18-11/0023g [[wikt:籬|籬]] lje
* 18-11/0023h [[wikt:灕|灕]] lje
* 18-11/0023- [[wikt:漓|漓]] lje

==0024==
Schuessler places into GSR [[#0006|0006]], i.e. 18-10.
Baxter &amp; Sagart (personal communication 11 April 2017) combine GSR [[#0006|0006]], GSR [[#0024|0024]], GSR [[#0026|0026]], GSR [[#1238|1238]]c, and [[#1240|1240]]a.
* 18-10/0024a [[wikt:罹|罹]] lje

==0025==
* 18-16/0025a [[wikt:皮|皮]] bje
* 18-16/0025d [[wikt:疲|疲]] bje
* 18-16/0025e [[wikt:被|被]] bjeH, bjeX, phje, phjeH
* 18-16/0025f [[wikt:鞁|鞁]] bjeH
* 18-16/0025g [[wikt:彼|彼]] pjeX
* 18-16/0025h [[wikt:詖|詖]] pje, pjeH
* 18-16/0025i [[wikt:陂|陂]] pje
* 18-16/0025j [[wikt:披|披]] phje, phjeH
* 18-16/0025k [[wikt:鈹|鈹]] phje
* 18-16/0025l [[wikt:波|波]] pa
* 18-16/0025m [[wikt:跛|跛]] paX, pjeH
* 18-16/0025n [[wikt:簸|簸]] paH, paX
* 18-16/0025o [[wikt:破|破]] phaH
* 18-16/0025p [[wikt:頗|頗]] pha
* 18-16/0025q [[wikt:婆|婆]] ba

==0026==
Baxter &amp; Sagart (personal communication 11 April 2017) combine GSR [[#0006|0006]], GSR [[#0024|0024]], GSR [[#0026|0026]], GSR [[#1238|1238]]a, and GSR [[#1240|1240]]c.
* 18-17/0026a [[wikt:罷|罷]] beaX, bje
* 18-17/0026b [[wikt:羆|羆]] pje

==0027==
A uvular series.
* 19-06/0027a [[wikt:爲|爲]] hjwe, hjweH
* 19-06/0027f [[wikt:䦱|䦱]] hjweX
* 19-06/0027g [[wikt:嬀|嬀]] kjwe
* 19-06/0027k [[wikt:僞|僞]] ngjweH
* 19-06/0027l [[wikt:撝|撝]] xjwe
* 19-06/0027m [[wikt:譌|譌]] ngwa

==0028==
* 19-05/0028a [[wikt:虧|虧]] khjwe

==0029==
* 19-12/0029a [[wikt:危|危]] ngjwe
* 19-12/0029b [[wikt:詭|詭]] kjweX
* 19-12/0029c [[wikt:佹|佹]] kjweX
* 19-12/0029d [[wikt:垝|垝]] kjweX
* 19-12/0029e [[wikt:恑|恑]] kjweX
* 19-12/0029f [[wikt:跪|跪]] gjweX, khjweX

==0030==
* 19-15/0030a [[wikt:吹|吹]] tsyhweH, tsyhweH
* 19-15/0030b [[wikt:炊|炊]] tsyhwe

==0031==
* 19-17/0031a [[wikt:垂|垂]] dzywe
* 19-17/0031b [[wikt:陲|陲]] dzywe
* 19-17/0031d [[wikt:睡|睡]] dzyweH
* 19-17/0031e [[wikt:菙|菙]] dzyweX
* 19-17/0031f [[wikt:甀|甀]] drjwe, drjweH
* 19-17/0031g [[wikt:錘|錘]] drjwe, drjweH
* 19-17/0031h [[wikt:硾|硾]] drjweH
* 19-17/0031i [[wikt:捶|捶]] tsyweX
* 19-17/0031j [[wikt:箠|箠]] tsyweX
* 19-17/0031k [[wikt:諈|諈]] trjweH
* 19-17/0031l [[wikt:埵|埵]] twaX
* 19-17/0031m [[wikt:唾|唾]] thwaH

==0032==
* 01-11/0032a [[wikt:家|家]] kae
* 01-11/0032e [[wikt:嫁|嫁]] kaeH
* 01-11/0032f [[wikt:稼|稼]] kaeH

==0033==
* 01-12/0033a [[wikt:叚|叚]] kaeX
* 01-12/0033c [[wikt:假|假]] kaeX, kaeX
* 01-12/0033d [[wikt:嘏|嘏]] kaeX
* 01-12/0033e [[wikt:葭|葭]] kae
* 01-12/0033f [[wikt:豭|豭]] kae
* 01-12/0033g [[wikt:暇|暇]] haeH
* 01-12/0033h [[wikt:瑕|瑕]] hae
* 01-12/0033i [[wikt:蝦|蝦]] hae
* 01-12/0033j [[wikt:遐|遐]] hae
* 01-12/0033k [[wikt:霞|霞]] hae
* 01-12/0033l [[wikt:騢|騢]] hae

==0034==
* 01-13/0034a [[wikt:斝|斝]] kaeX

==0035==
* 01-14/0035a [[wikt:下|下]] haeH, haeX
* 01-14/0035d [[wikt:芐|芐]] haeH, huX

==0036==
Schuessler (2009: 48) adds [[#1236]]c to [[#0036]].
* 01-15/0036a [[wikt:夏|夏]] haeH, haeX
* 01-15/0036c [[wikt:廈|廈]] haeX
* 01-15/0036d [[wikt:厦|厦]] haeX

==0037==
A uvular series.
Baxter &amp; Sagart (personal communication 12 April 2017) combine GSR [[#0037|0037]], GSR [[#0047|0047]], GSR [[#0075|0075]], GSR [[#0089|0089]]. 
* 01-34/0037a [[wikt:牙|牙]] ngae
* 01-34/0037c [[wikt:庌|庌]] ngaeX
* 01-34/0037d [[wikt:芽|芽]] ngae
* 01-34/0037e [[wikt:訝|訝]] ngaeH
* 01-34/0037f [[wikt:迓|迓]] ngaeH
* 01-34/0037g [[wikt:雅|雅]] ngaeX
* 01-34/0037h [[wikt:鴉|鴉]] 'ae

==0038==
* 01-16/0038a [[wikt:襾|襾]] xaeX
* 01-16/0038b [[wikt:賈|賈]] kaeH, kuX
* 01-16/0038c [[wikt:價|價]] kaeH
* 01-16/0038d [[wikt:檟|檟]] kaeX

==0039==
* 01-68/0039a [[wikt:巴|巴]] pae
* 01-68/0039b [[wikt:把|把]] paeX
* 01-68/0039c [[wikt:芭|芭]] pae
* 01-68/0039d [[wikt:豝|豝]] pae
* 01-68/0039e [[wikt:杷|耙]] bae, baeH
* 01-68/0039- [[wikt:笆|笆]] bae
* 01-68/0039- [[wikt:葩|葩]]

==0040==
* 01-73/0040a [[wikt:馬|馬]] maeX
* 01-73/0040f [[wikt:禡|禡]] maeH
* 01-73/0040h [[wikt:罵|罵]] maeH, maeX

==0041==
* 01-21/0041a [[wikt:瓜|瓜]] kwae
* 01-21/0041b [[wikt:呱|呱]] ku
* 01-21/0041c [[wikt:孤|孤]] ku
* 01-21/0041d [[wikt:罛|罛]] ku
* 01-21/0041e [[wikt:苽|苽]] ku
* 01-21/0041f [[wikt:觚|觚]] ku
* 01-21/0041g [[wikt:軱|軱]] ku
* 01-21/0041h [[wikt:弧|弧]] hu
* 01-21/0041i [[wikt:狐|狐]] hu

==0042==
* 01-22/0042a [[wikt:寡|寡]] kwaeX

==0043==
A uvular series. Schuessler (2009: 50) combines with GSR [[#0097]].
* 01-23/0043a [[wikt:夸|夸]] khwae
* 01-23/0043b [[wikt:誇|誇]] khwae
* 01-23/0043c [[wikt:姱|姱]] khwae
* 01-23/0043d [[wikt:跨|跨]] khuH, khwaeH
* 01-23/0043e [[wikt:荂|荂]] khwae, xju
* 01-23/0043f [[wikt:刳|刳]] khuH
* 01-23/0043g [[wikt:挎|挎]] khu
* 01-23/0043h [[wikt:袴|袴]] khuH
* 01-23/0043i [[wikt:絝|絝]] khuH
* 01-23/0043j [[wikt:瓠|瓠]] hu, huH
* 01-23/0043k [[wikt:洿|洿]] 'u
* 01-23/0043l [[wikt:槬|槬]] hwaeH
* 01-23/0043m [[wikt:摦|摦]] hwaeH

==0044==
A uvular series
* 01-27/0044a [[wikt:華|華]] xwae, hwae, hwaeH
* 01-27/0044c [[wikt:驊|驊]] hwae
* 01-27/0044d [[wikt:譁|譁]] xwae
* 01-27/0044- [[wikt:樺|樺]] hwaeH
* 01-27/0044- [[wikt:花|花]] xwae

==0045==
* 01-38/0045a [[wikt:者|者]] tsyaeX
* 01-38/0045d [[wikt:赭|赭]] tsyaeX
* 01-38/0045e [[wikt:奢|奢]] syae
* 01-38/0045g [[wikt:褚|褚]] trjoX
* 01-38/0045h [[wikt:豬|豬]] trjo
* 01-38/0045i [[wikt:楮|楮]] trhjoX, tuX
* 01-38/0045j [[wikt:箸|箸]] drjoH
* 01-38/0045k [[wikt:渚|渚]] tsyoX
* 01-38/0045l [[wikt:煑|煑]] tsyoX
* 01-38/0045m [[wikt:煮|煮]] tsyoX
* 01-38/0045n [[wikt:䰞|䰞]] tsyoX
* 01-38/0045o [[wikt:𦑥|𦑥]] tsyoH
* 01-38/0045p [[wikt:諸|諸]] tsyo
* 01-38/0045q [[wikt:陼|陼]] tsyoX
* 01-38/0045r [[wikt:署|署]] dzyoH
* 01-38/0045s [[wikt:緒|緒]] zjoX
* 01-38/0045t [[wikt:書|書]] syo
* 01-38/0045x [[wikt:暑|暑]] syoX
* 01-38/0045y [[wikt:堵|堵]] tuX
* 01-38/0045b' [[wikt:帾|帾]] tuX
* 01-38/0045c' [[wikt:睹|睹]] tuX
* 01-38/0045d' [[wikt:覩|覩]] tuX
* 01-38/0045e' [[wikt:都|都]] tu
* 01-38/0045h' [[wikt:闍|闍]] dzyae, tu
* 01-38/0045i' [[wikt:屠|屠]] du
* 01-38/0045j' [[wikt:瘏|瘏]] du
* 01-38/0045k' [[wikt:瀦|瀦]] trjo
* 01-38/0045l' [[wikt:儲|儲]] drjo
* 01-38/0045m' [[wikt:曙|曙]] dzyoH
* 01-38/0045n' [[wikt:著|著]] drjak, trjak, trjoH
* 01-38/0045o' [[wikt:躇|躇]] drjo, trhjak
* 01-38/0045p' [[wikt:𣃈|𣃈]] trjak

==0046==
* 01-57/0046a [[wikt:且|且]] tshjaeX, tshjo, tsjo
* 01-57/0046h [[wikt:罝|罝]] tsjae
* 01-57/0046i [[wikt:柤|柤]] tsrae
* 01-57/0046j [[wikt:抯|抯]] dzjaeX, tsjaeX, tsrae
* 01-57/0046k [[wikt:沮|沮]] dzjoX, tsjoH
* 01-57/0046m [[wikt:蛆|蛆]] tsjo
* 01-57/0046n [[wikt:岨|岨]] tshjo
* 01-57/0046o [[wikt:狙|狙]] tshjo
* 01-57/0046p [[wikt:疽|疽]] tshjo
* 01-57/0046q [[wikt:砠|砠]] tshjo
* 01-57/0046r [[wikt:雎|雎]] tshjo
* 01-57/0046s [[wikt:鴡|鴡]] tshjo
* 01-57/0046t [[wikt:苴|苴]] tshjo, tsjo, tsraeX
* 01-57/0046u [[wikt:咀|咀]] dzjoX
* 01-57/0046v [[wikt:俎|俎]] tsrjoX
* 01-57/0046x [[wikt:詛|詛]] tsrjoH
* 01-57/0046y [[wikt:阻|阻]] tsrjoX
* 01-57/0046z [[wikt:助|助]] dzrjoH
* 01-57/0046a' [[wikt:鉏|鉏]] dzrjoX
* 01-57/0046b' [[wikt:祖|祖]] tsuX
* 01-57/0046d' [[wikt:租|租]] tsu
* 01-57/0046e' [[wikt:組|組]] tsuX
* 01-57/0046h' [[wikt:粗|粗]] tshu, dzuX
* 01-57/0046i' [[wikt:徂|徂]] dzu
* 01-57/0046j' [[wikt:殂|殂]] dzu
* 01-57/0046k' [[wikt:虘|虘]] dzu
* 01-57/0046m' [[wikt:駔|駔]] dzuX, tsangX
* 01-57/0046n' [[wikt:菹|菹]] tsrjo
* 01-57/0046o' [[wikt:耡|耡]] dzrjo, dzrjoH
* 01-57/0046p' [[wikt:鋤|鋤]] dzrjo
* 01-57/0046q' [[wikt:蒩|蒩]] tsu
* 01-57/0046r' [[wikt:𪓐|𪓐]] tsrhjoX
* 01-57/0046s' [[wikt:樝|樝]] tsrae
* 01-57/0046u' [[wikt:楂|楂]] tsrae
* 01-57/0046v' [[wikt:𠭯|𠭯]] tsrae

==0047==
Baxter &amp; Sagart (personal communication 12 April 2017) combine GSR [[#0037|0037]], GSR [[#0047|0047]], GSR [[#0075|0075]], GSR [[#0089|0089]]. 
* 01-47/0047a [[wikt:邪|邪]] zjae, yae, zjo
* 01-47/0047b [[wikt:耶|耶]] yae
* 01-47/0047c [[wikt:衺|衺]] zjae

==0048==
* 01-48/0048a [[wikt:舍|舍]] syaeH, syaeX
* 01-48/0048c [[wikt:捨|捨]] syaeX

==0049==
* 01-01/0049a [[wikt:古|古]] kuX
* 01-01/0049f [[wikt:固|固]] kuH
* 01-01/0049g [[wikt:姑|姑]] ku
* 01-01/0049i [[wikt:故|故]] kuH
* 01-01/0049k [[wikt:沽|沽]] ku
* 01-01/0049m [[wikt:罟|罟]] kuX
* 01-01/0049o [[wikt:蛄|蛄]] ku
* 01-01/0049p [[wikt:辜|辜]] ku
* 01-01/0049q [[wikt:盬|盬]] kuX
* 01-01/0049r [[wikt:䀇|䀇]] kuX
* 01-01/0049t [[wikt:枯|枯]] khu
* 01-01/0049u [[wikt:苦|苦]] khuX, kuX
* 01-01/0049v [[wikt:岵|岵]] huX
* 01-01/0049x [[wikt:怙|怙]] huX
* 01-01/0049y [[wikt:祜|祜]] huX
* 01-01/0049a' [[wikt:胡|胡]] hu
* 01-01/0049b' [[wikt:酤|酤]] huX
* 01-01/0049c' [[wikt:居|居]] kjo, kjoH
* 01-01/0049e' [[wikt:錮|錮]] kuH
* 01-01/0049f' [[wikt:個|個]] kaH
* 01-01/0049g' [[wikt:橭|橭]] khu, ku
* 01-01/0049h' [[wikt:楛|楛]] huX
* 01-01/0049i' [[wikt:瑚|瑚]] hu
* 01-01/0049j' [[wikt:湖|湖]] hu
* 01-01/0049k' [[wikt:葫|葫]] hu
* 01-01/0049l' [[wikt:餬|餬]] hu
* 01-01/0049m' [[wikt:鶘|鶘]] hu
* 01-01/0049n' [[wikt:倨|倨]] kjoH
* 01-01/0049o' [[wikt:据|据]] kjo
* 01-01/0049p' [[wikt:琚|琚]] kjo
* 01-01/0049q' [[wikt:裾|裾]] kjo
* 01-01/0049r' [[wikt:踞|踞]] kjoH
* 01-01/0049s' [[wikt:鋸|鋸]] kjoH
* 01-01/0049t' [[wikt:椐|椐]] khjo, kjoH
* 01-01/0049u' [[wikt:腒|腒]] gjo, kjo
* 01-01/0049- [[wikt:菇|菇]] ku
* 01-01/0049- [[wikt:糊|糊]] hu
* 01-01/0049- [[wikt:牯|牯]] kuX

==0050==
* 01-02/0050a [[wikt:鼓|鼓]] kuX
* 01-02/0050b [[wikt:鼔|鼔]] kuX
* 01-02/0050g [[wikt:瞽|瞽]] kuX

==0051==
* 01-03/0051a [[wikt:股|股]] kuX
* 01-03/0051b [[wikt:羖|羖]] kuX

==0052==
* 01-04/0052a [[wikt:蠱|蠱]] kuX

==0053==
Zhengzhang 2003 unites with the series based on [[#0091|0091]] 所 srjoX. 
* 01-06/0053a [[wikt:戶|戶]] huX
* 01-06/0053c [[wikt:扈|扈]] huX
* 01-06/0053d [[wikt:雇|雇]] kuH
* 01-06/0053e [[wikt:鳸|鳸]] huX
* 01-06/0053g [[wikt:顧|顧]] kuH

==0054==
* 01-07/0054a [[wikt:互|互]] huH
* 01-07/0054b [[wikt:枑|枑]] huH
* 01-07/0054c [[wikt:沍|沍]] huH

==0055==
A uvular series
* 01-17/0055a [[wikt:乎|乎]] hu
* 01-17/0055e [[wikt:虖|虖]] hu
* 01-17/0055h [[wikt:呼|呼]] xu, xuH
* 01-17/0055i [[wikt:嘑|嘑]] xu

==0056==
* 01-05/0056a [[wikt:壺|壺]] hu

==0057==
A uvular series. Schuessler (2009: 49) combines GSR [[#0057|0057]], GSR [[#0078|0078]], and GSR [[#0085|0085]].
Baxter &amp; Sagart (personal communication 12 April 2017) combine GSR [[#0057|0057]], GSR [[#0069|0069]] and GSR [[#0078|0078]], and [[#0085|0085]], i.e. they add GSR [[#0069|0069]] to Schuessler's proposals. 
* 01-18/0057a [[wikt:虍|虍]] xu
* 01-18/0057b [[wikt:虎|虎]] xuX
* 01-18/0057f [[wikt:琥|琥]] xuX

==0058==
* 01-29/0058a [[wikt:五|五]] nguX
* 01-29/0058e [[wikt:伍|伍]] nguX
* 01-29/0058f [[wikt:吾|吾]] ngu
* 01-29/0058j [[wikt:悟|悟]] nguH
* 01-29/0058k [[wikt:捂|捂]] nguH
* 01-29/0058l [[wikt:晤|晤]] nguH
* 01-29/0058m [[wikt:梧|梧]] ngu
* 01-29/0058n [[wikt:寤|寤]] nguH
* 01-29/0058o [[wikt:啎|啎]] nguH
* 01-29/0058p [[wikt:圄|圄]] ngjoX
* 01-29/0058q [[wikt:敔|敔]] ngjoX
* 01-29/0058s [[wikt:衙|衙]] ngae, ngjo
* 01-29/0058t [[wikt:語|語]] ngjoX, ngjoH
* 01-29/0058v [[wikt:鋙|鋙]] ngjo, ngjoX

==0059==
* 01-35/0059a [[wikt:吳|吳]] ngu
* 01-35/0059d [[wikt:誤|誤]] nguH
* 01-35/0059e [[wikt:悞|悞]] nguH
* 01-35/0059f [[wikt:俁|俁]] ngjuX
* 01-35/0059g [[wikt:娛|娛]] ngju
* 01-35/0059h [[wikt:虞|虞]] ngju
* 01-35/0059j [[wikt:麌|麌]] ngjuX
* 01-35/0059k [[wikt:噳|噳]] ngjuX

==0060==
Baxter &amp; Sagart (2014: 129) combine [[#0060|0060]] and [[#0086|0086]].
* 01-30/0060a [[wikt:午|午]] nguX
* 01-30/0060f [[wikt:仵|仵]] nguH, nguX
* 01-30/0060g [[wikt:忤|忤]] nguH
* 01-30/0060h [[wikt:迕|迕]] nguH
* 01-30/0060i [[wikt:許|許]] xjoX, xuX
* 01-30/0060k [[wikt:滸|滸]] xuX
* 01-30/0060l [[wikt:御|御]] ngjoH
* 01-30/0060p [[wikt:禦|禦]] ngjoX
* 01-30/0060- [[wikt:卸|卸]] sjaeH

==0061==
A uvular series. Schuessler puts 閼 [[#0270|0270a]] into [[#0061|0061]]
* 01-28/0061a [[wikt:烏|烏]] 'u
* 01-28/0061d [[wikt:嗚|嗚]] 'u
* 01-28/0061e [[wikt:於|於]] 'jo, 'joH, 'u
* 01-28/0061g [[wikt:棜|棜]] 'joH
* 01-28/0061h [[wikt:瘀|瘀]] 'joH
* 01-28/0061i [[wikt:菸|菸]] 'jo

==0062==
* 01-36/0062a [[wikt:土|土]] duX, thuX
* 01-36/0062d [[wikt:吐|吐]] thuH, thuX
* 01-36/0062e [[wikt:徒|徒]] du
* 01-36/0062g [[wikt:杜|杜]] duX
* 01-36/0062j [[wikt:社|社]] dzyaeX
* 01-36/0062- [[wikt:肚|肚]] tuX, duX

==0063==
* 01-46/0063a [[wikt:兔|兔]] thuH
* 01-46/0063c [[wikt:菟|菟]] du
* 01-46/0063- [[wikt:䖘|䖘]] du

==0064==
* 01-37/0064a [[wikt:圖|圖]] du

==0065==
* 01-58/0065a [[wikt:觕|觕]] tshu

==0066==
* 01-59/0066a [[wikt:麤|麤]] tshu

==0067==
Schuessler (2009: 52) and Baxter &amp; Sagart (2014: 149) combine [[#0067|0067]] and [[#0079|0079]].

* 01-31/0067a [[wikt:穌|穌]] su
* 01-31/0067c [[wikt:蘇|蘇]] su

==0068==
* 01-61/0068a [[wikt:素|素]] suH

==0069==
Baxter &amp; Sagart (personal communication 12 April 2017) combine GSR [[#0057|0057]], GSR [[#0069|0069]] and GSR [[#0078|0078]], and [[#0085|0085]], i.e. they add GSR [[#0069|0069]] to Schuessler's proposals.

* 01-51/0069a [[wikt:𧆨|𧆨]] lu
* 01-51/0069d [[wikt:盧|盧]] lu
* 01-51/0069e [[wikt:虜|虜]] luX
* 01-51/0069f [[wikt:慮|慮]] ljoH
* 01-51/0069g [[wikt:膚|膚]] pju
* 01-51/0069j [[wikt:壚|壚]] lu
* 01-51/0069k [[wikt:櫨|櫨]] lu
* 01-51/0069l [[wikt:爐|爐]] lu
* 01-51/0069m [[wikt:鑪|鑪]] lu
* 01-51/0069n [[wikt:籚|籚]] lu
* 01-51/0069o [[wikt:纑|纑]] lu
* 01-51/0069p [[wikt:顱|顱]] lu
* 01-51/0069q [[wikt:廬|廬]] ljo
* 01-51/0069r [[wikt:臚|臚]] ljo
* 01-51/0069t [[wikt:儢|儢]] ljoX
* 01-51/0069u [[wikt:藘|藘]] ljo
* 01-51/0069v [[wikt:鑢|鑢]] ljoH
* 01-51/0069x [[wikt:攄|攄]] trhjo

==0070==
* 01-52/0070a [[wikt:魯|魯]] luX
* 01-52/0070e [[wikt:櫓|櫓]] luX

==0071==
* 01-53/0071a [[wikt:鹵|鹵]] luX

==0072==
* 01-64/0072a [[wikt:普|普]] phuX

==0073==
* 01-65/0073a [[wikt:步|步]] buH

==0074==
* 01-10/0074a [[wikt:車|車]] tsyhae, kjo
* 01-10/0074e [[wikt:庫|庫]] khuH

==0075==
Schuessler (2009: 55) combines with GSR [[#0075|0075]] and [[#0075|0089]]. 
Baxter &amp; Sagart (personal communication 12 April 2017) combine GSR [[#0037|0037]], GSR [[#0047|0047]], GSR [[#0075|0075]], GSR [[#0089|0089]]. 
* 01-45/0075a [[wikt:舉|舉]] kjoX

==0076==
* 01-54/0076a [[wikt:呂|呂]] ljoX
* 01-54/0076d [[wikt:侶|侶]] ljoX
* 01-54/0076e [[wikt:梠|梠]] ljoX
* 01-54/0076g [[wikt:閭|閭]] ljo
* 01-54/0076h [[wikt:郘|郘]] ljoX
* 01-54/0076j [[wikt:筥|筥]] kjoX
* 01-54/0076l [[wikt:莒|莒]] kjoX

==0077==
* 01-55/0077a [[wikt:旅|旅]] ljoX
* 01-55/0077e [[wikt:膂|膂]] ljoX
* 01-55/0077f [[wikt:玈|玈]] lu

==0078==
A uvular series. Schuessler (2009: 49) combines GSR [[#0057|0057]], GSR [[#0078|0078]], and GSR [[#0085|0085]].
Baxter &amp; Sagart (personal communication 12 April 2017) combine GSR [[#0057|0057]], GSR [[#0069|0069]] and GSR [[#0078|0078]], and [[#0085|0085]], i.e. they add GSR [[#0069|0069]] to Schuessler's proposals.

* 01-18/0078a [[wikt:虛|虛]] khjo, xjo
* 01-18/0078b [[wikt:墟|墟]] khjo
* 01-18/0078c [[wikt:歔|歔]] xjo, xjoH
* 01-18/0078d [[wikt:噓|噓]] xjo, xjoH
* 01-18/0078e [[wikt:虡|虡]] gjoX
* 01-18/0078g [[wikt:𥲤|𥲤]] gjoX

==0079==
Schuessler (2009: 52) and Baxter &amp; Sagart (2014: 149) combine [[#0067|0067]] and [[#0079|0079]].
* 01-31/0079a [[wikt:魚|魚]] ngjo
* 01-31/0079g [[wikt:漁|漁]] ngjo
* 01-31/0079m [[wikt:䱷|䱷]] ngjo
* 01-31/0079- [[wikt:𫊣|𫊣]] ngjo (?)

==0080==
*01-33/0080a [[wikt:馭|馭]] ngjoH

==0081==
* 01-32/0081a [[wikt:圉|圉]] ngjoH, ngjoX

==0082==
* 01-42/0082a [[wikt:余|余]] yo
* 01-42/0082f [[wikt:畬|畬]] yo
* 01-42/0082g [[wikt:悆|悆]] yoH
* 01-42/0082i [[wikt:艅|艅]] yo
* 01-42/0082l [[wikt:餘|餘]] yo
* 01-42/0082m [[wikt:除|除]] drjo, drjoH
* 01-42/0082o [[wikt:敘|敘]] zjoX
* 01-42/0082q [[wikt:䣄|䣄]] zjo
* 01-42/0082s [[wikt:賖|賖]] syae
* 01-42/0082t [[wikt:賒|賒]] syae
* 01-42/0082u [[wikt:涂|涂]] du
* 01-42/0082v [[wikt:途|途]] du
* 01-42/0082x [[wikt:荼|荼]] drae, du, syo
* 01-42/0082y [[wikt:梌|梌]] du
* 01-42/0082a' [[wikt:㻌|㻌]] thu
* 01-42/0082b' [[wikt:稌|稌]] duX, thu, thuX
* 01-42/0082c' [[wikt:篨|篨]] drjo
* 01-42/0082d' [[wikt:塗|塗]] du
* 01-42/0082- [[wikt:徐|徐]] zjo

==0083==
* 01-43/0083a [[wikt:予|予]] yo, yoX
* 01-43/0083c [[wikt:𨑦|𨑦]]
* 01-43/0083e [[wikt:豫|豫]] yoH
* 01-43/0083f [[wikt:杼|杼]] drjoX, zyoH, zyoX
* 01-43/0083g [[wikt:抒|抒]] zyoX
* 01-43/0083h [[wikt:序|序]] zjoX
* 01-43/0083i [[wikt:芧|芧]] zjoX
* 01-43/0083j [[wikt:紓|紓]] syo, zyoX
* 01-43/0083k [[wikt:舒|舒]] syo
* 01-43/0083l [[wikt:野|野]] yaeX
* 01-43/0083m [[wikt:𡐨|𡐨]] yaeX
* 01-44/0083n [[wikt:埜|埜]] yaeX

==0084==
* 01-39/0084a [[wikt:宁|宁]] drjo, drjoX
* 01-39/0084c [[wikt:佇|佇]] drjoX
* 01-39/0084d [[wikt:竚|竚]] drjoX
* 01-39/0084e [[wikt:紵|紵]] drjoX
* 01-39/0084f [[wikt:羜|羜]] drjoX
* 01-39/0084g [[wikt:貯|貯]] trjoX

==0085==
A uvular series. Schuessler (2009: 49) combines GSR [[#0057|0057]], GSR [[#0078|0078]], and GSR [[#0085|0085]].
Baxter &amp; Sagart (personal communication 12 April 2017) combine GSR [[#0057|0057]], GSR [[#0069|0069]] and GSR [[#0078|0078]], and [[#0085|0085]], i.e. they add GSR [[#0069|0069]] to Schuessler's proposals. 
* 01-18/0085a [[wikt:處|處]] tsyhoX, tsyhoH

==0086==
Baxter &amp; Sagart (2014: 129) [[#0060|0060]] and [[#0086|0086]].
* 01-41/0086a [[wikt:杵|杵]] tsyhoX

==0087==
* 01-60/0087a [[wikt:初|初]] tsrhjo

==0088==
Schuessler (2009: 59) combines GSR[[#0088]] and GSR [[#0090]].
* 01-62/0088a [[wikt:楚|楚]] tsrhjoX

==0089==
Schuessler (2009: 55) combines with GSR [[#0075|0075]] and [[#0075|0089]]. 
Baxter &amp; Sagart (personal communication 12 April 2017) combine GSR [[#0037|0037]], GSR [[#0047|0047]], GSR [[#0075|0075]], GSR [[#0089|0089]]. 
* 01-45/0089a [[wikt:舁|舁]] yoX
* 01-45/0089b [[wikt:與|與]] yo, yoH, yoX
* 01-45/0089e [[wikt:歟|歟]] yo
* 01-45/0089f [[wikt:璵|璵]] yo
* 01-45/0089g [[wikt:䑂|䑂]] yoX
* 01-45/0089i [[wikt:譽|譽]] yo, yoH
* 01-45/0089j [[wikt:輿|輿]] yo
* 01-45/0089k [[wikt:鸒|鸒]] yoH
* 01-45/0089l [[wikt:旟|旟]] yo
* 01-45/0089n [[wikt:藇|藇]] yoX, zjoX
* 01-45/0089o [[wikt:鱮|鱮]] zjoX

==0090==
Schuessler (2009: 59) combines GSR[[#0088]] and GSR [[#0090]].
* 01-62/0090a [[wikt:疋|疋]] srjo
* 01-62/0090b [[wikt:疏|疏]] srjo
* 01-62/0090c [[wikt:疎|疎]] srjo
* 01-62/0090d [[wikt:蔬|蔬]] srjo
* 01-62/0090e [[wikt:胥|胥]] sjo
* 01-62/0090f [[wikt:湑|湑]] sjoX
* 01-62/0090g [[wikt:稰|稰]] sjoX
* 01-62/0090h [[wikt:糈|糈]] srjoX
* 01-62/0090i [[wikt:壻|壻]] sejH

==0091==
Zhengzhang 2003 unites with the series based on [[#0053|0053]]  戶 huX. 

* 01-06/0091a [[wikt:所|所]] srjoX, xjoX
* 01-63/0091a [[wikt:所|所]] srjoX, xjoX

==0092==
* 01-49/0092a [[wikt:鼠|鼠]] syoX
* 01-49/0092b [[wikt:癙|癙]] syoX

==0093==
* 01-50/0093a [[wikt:黍|黍]] syoX

==0094==
* 01-56/0094a [[wikt:女|女]] nrjoX, nrjoH
* 01-56/0094f [[wikt:籹|籹]] nrjoX
* 01-56/0094g [[wikt:如|如]] nyo
* 01-56/0094j [[wikt:汝|汝]] nyoX
* 01-56/0094l [[wikt:奴|奴]] nu
* 01-56/0094o [[wikt:帤|帤]] nrjo
* 01-56/0094p [[wikt:袽|袽]] nrjo
* 01-56/0094q [[wikt:洳|洳]] nyo, nyoH
* 01-56/0094r [[wikt:茹|茹]] nyo, nyoH, nyoX
* 01-56/0094s [[wikt:鴽|鴽]] nyo
* 01-56/0094t [[wikt:恕|恕]] syoH
* 01-56/0094u [[wikt:絮|絮]] sjoH, trhjoH
* 01-56/0094v [[wikt:孥|孥]] nu
* 01-56/0094y [[wikt:帑|帑]] nu
* 01-56/0094z [[wikt:弩|弩]] nuX
* 01-56/0094a' [[wikt:怒|怒]] nuH, nuX
* 01-56/0094b' [[wikt:拏|拏]] nrae
* 01-56/0094c' [[wikt:挐|挐]] nrae
* 01-56/0094d' [[wikt:砮|砮]] nu, nuX
* 01-56/0094e' [[wikt:笯|笯]] nrae, nu, nuH
* 01-56/0094f' [[wikt:駑|駑]] nu

==0095==
* 01-19/0095a [[wikt:巨|巨]] gjoX, kjuX
* 01-19/0095c [[wikt:矩|矩]] kjuX
* 01-19/0095e [[wikt:榘|榘]] kjuX
* 01-19/0095f [[wikt:柜|柜]] kjuX
* 01-19/0095g [[wikt:渠|渠]] gjo
* 01-19/0095h [[wikt:蚷|蚷]] gjo
* 01-19/0095i [[wikt:拒|拒]] gjoX, kjuX
* 01-19/0095j [[wikt:秬|秬]] gjoX
* 01-19/0095k [[wikt:𩰤|𩰤]] gjuX
* 01-19/0095n [[wikt:粔|粔]] gjoX
* 01-19/0095o [[wikt:耟|耟]] gjoX
* 01-19/0095p [[wikt:詎|詎]] gjoH, gjoX
* 01-19/0095q [[wikt:距|距]] gjoX
* 01-19/0095r [[wikt:鉅|鉅]] gjoX

==0096==
Schuessler (2009: 67) combines [[#0778|0778]] with some of the characters in [[#0096|0096]].
* 02-07/0096a [[wikt:䀠|䀠]] kjuH
* 01-20/0096c [[wikt:瞿|瞿]] gju
* 02-07/0096c [[wikt:瞿|瞿]] gju
* 01-20/0096d [[wikt:衢|衢]] gju
* 02-07/0096d [[wikt:衢|衢]] gju
* 01-20/0096e [[wikt:躣|躣]] gju
* 02-07/0096e [[wikt:躣|躣]] gju
* 01-20/0096g [[wikt:鸜|鸜]] gju
* 02-07/0096g [[wikt:鸜|鸜]] gju
* 02-07/0096h [[wikt:臞|臞]] gju, gjuH
* 02-07/0096i [[wikt:懼|懼]] gjuH

==0097==
A uvular series. Schuessler (2009: 50) combines with GSR [[#0043]].
* 01-23/0097a [[wikt:于|于]] hju
* 01-23/0097h [[wikt:宇|宇]] hjuX
* 01-23/0097i [[wikt:杅|杅]] hju
* 01-23/0097j [[wikt:玗|玗]] hju
* 01-23/0097k [[wikt:盂|盂]] hju
* 01-23/0097n [[wikt:竽|竽]] hju
* 01-23/0097o [[wikt:芋|芋]] hjuH
* 01-23/0097p [[wikt:迂|迂]] 'ju, hju
* 01-23/0097q [[wikt:雩|雩]] hju
* 01-23/0097t [[wikt:吁|吁]] xju
* 01-23/0097u [[wikt:盱|盱]] xju
* 01-23/0097v [[wikt:訏|訏]] xju
* 01-23/0097y [[wikt:紆|紆]] 'ju
* 01-23/0097z [[wikt:圩|圩]] 'u
* 01-23/0097a' [[wikt:杇|杇]] 'u
* 01-23/0097b' [[wikt:汙|汙]] 'wae
* 01-23/0097c' [[wikt:污|污]] 'u, 'wae
* 01-23/0097d' [[wikt:冔|冔]] xjuX
* 01-23/0097- [[wikt:謣|謣]] hju

==0098==
A uvular series
* 01-24/0098a [[wikt:羽|羽]] hjuX
* 01-24/0098c [[wikt:栩|栩]] xjuX
* 01-24/0098d [[wikt:詡|詡]] xjuX
* 01-24/0098- [[wikt:頨|頨]]
* 01-24/0098- [[wikt:翩|翩]]

==0099==
A uvular series
* 01-25/0099a [[wikt:禹|禹]] hjuX
* 01-25/0099d [[wikt:偊|偊]] hjuX
* 01-25/0099e [[wikt:楀|楀]] kjuX
* 01-25/0099f [[wikt:萭|萭]] kjuX
* 01-25/0099g [[wikt:踽|踽]] kjuX

==0100==
* 01-26/0100a [[wikt:雨|雨]] hjuX, hjuH

==0101==
* 01-66/0101a [[wikt:夫|夫]] pju, bju
* 01-66/0101e [[wikt:鈇|鈇]] pju, pjuX
* 01-66/0101f [[wikt:扶|扶]] bju, phu, pju
* 01-66/0101g [[wikt:枎|枎]] bju
* 01-66/0101h [[wikt:芙|芙]] bju
* 01-66/0101- [[wikt:㚘|㚘]]

==0102==
Schuessler (2009: 60-61) combines [[#0102|0102]] and [[#0771|0771]].
* 01-67/0102a [[wikt:父|父]] bjuX, pjuX
* 01-67/0102f [[wikt:釜|釜]] bjuX
* 01-67/0102h [[wikt:斧|斧]] pjuX
* 01-67/0102j [[wikt:布|布]] puH
* 01-67/0102m [[wikt:怖|怖]] phuH
* 01-67/0102n [[wikt:甫|甫]] pjuX
* 01-67/0102r [[wikt:脯|脯]] pjuX
* 01-67/0102s [[wikt:莆|莆]] pjuX
* 01-67/0102t [[wikt:黼|黼]] pjuX
* 01-67/0102u [[wikt:簠|簠]] pju, pjuH, pjuX
* 01-67/0102v [[wikt:輔|輔]] bjuX
* 01-67/0102y [[wikt:鬴|鬴]] bjuX
* 01-67/0102z [[wikt:圃|圃]] puH, puX
* 01-67/0102c' [[wikt:補|補]] puX
* 01-67/0102d' [[wikt:逋|逋]] pu
* 01-67/0102e' [[wikt:餔|餔]] pu
* 01-67/0102f' [[wikt:浦|浦]] phuX
* 01-67/0102g' [[wikt:痡|痡]] phju, phu
* 01-67/0102h' [[wikt:鋪|鋪]] phju, phu
* 01-67/0102i' [[wikt:哺|哺]] buH
* 01-67/0102j' [[wikt:捕|捕]] buH
* 01-67/0102k' [[wikt:酺|酺]] bu, buH
* 01-67/0102l' [[wikt:匍|匍]] bu
* 01-67/0102n' [[wikt:蒲|蒲]] bu
* 01-67/0102o' [[wikt:蒱|蒱]] bu
* 01-67/0102p' [[wikt:尃|尃]] phju
* 01-67/0102q' [[wikt:旉|旉]] phju
* 01-67/0102t' [[wikt:敷|敷]] phju
* 01-67/0102u' [[wikt:傅|傅]] bjuH, pjuH
* 01-67/0102v' [[wikt:榑|榑]] bju
* 01-67/0102x' [[wikt:賻|賻]] bjuH
* 01-67/0102- [[wikt:䋠|䋠]] puX (?)

==0103==
* 01-69/0103a [[wikt:無|無]] mju
* 01-69/0103g [[wikt:舞|舞]] mjuX
* 01-69/0103h [[wikt:儛|儛]] mjuX
* 01-69/0103i [[wikt:廡|廡]] mjuX
* 01-69/0103j [[wikt:憮|憮]] mjuX, xu
* 01-69/0103k [[wikt:甒|甒]] mjuX
* 01-69/0103l [[wikt:蕪|蕪]] mju
* 01-69/0103m [[wikt:譕|譕]] mju
* 01-69/0103n [[wikt:幠|幠]] xu
* 01-69/0103o [[wikt:膴|膴]] mju, xjuX, xu
* 01-69/0103p [[wikt:撫|撫]] phjuX
* 01-69/0103q [[wikt:鄦|鄦]] xjoX
* 01-69/0103- [[wikt:墲|墲]] mju, mu, phu
* 01-69/0103- [[wikt:嘸|嘸]] phjuX, mjuX
* 01-69/0103- [[wikt:嫵|嫵]] mjuX

==0104==
* 01-71/0104a [[wikt:武|武]] mjuX
* 01-71/0104f [[wikt:鵡|鵡]] mjuX
* 01-71/0104g [[wikt:賦|賦]] pjuH

==0105==
* 01-72/0105a [[wikt:巫|巫]] mju
* 01-72/0105b [[wikt:誣|誣]] mju

==0106==
* 01-70/0106a [[wikt:无|无]] mju

==0107==
* 04-64/0107a [[wikt:毋|毋]] mju

==0108==
* 10-01/0108a [[wikt:句|句]] kjuH, kuw
* 10-01/0108c [[wikt:鉤|鉤]] kuw
* 10-01/0108d [[wikt:狗|狗]] kuwX
* 10-01/0108e [[wikt:笱|笱]] kuwX
* 10-01/0108f [[wikt:耇|耇]] kuwX
* 10-01/0108h [[wikt:苟|苟]] kuwX
* 10-01/0108i [[wikt:雊|雊]] kuwH
* 10-01/0108j [[wikt:怐|怐]] khuw
* 10-01/0108k [[wikt:敂|敂]] khuwH, khuwX
* 10-01/0108l [[wikt:袧|袧]] khuw
* 10-01/0108m [[wikt:訽|訽]] huwH, xuwH, xuwX
* 10-01/0108n [[wikt:蚼|蚼]] xuwX
* 10-01/0108o [[wikt:枸|枸]] kjuX
* 10-01/0108p [[wikt:拘|拘]] gju, kju, kuw
* 10-01/0108q [[wikt:痀|痀]] kju
* 10-01/0108r [[wikt:駒|駒]] kju
* 10-01/0108t [[wikt:劬|劬]] gju
* 10-01/0108u [[wikt:絇|絇]] gju
* 10-01/0108v [[wikt:胊|胊]] gju
* 10-01/0108x [[wikt:軥|軥]] gju
* 10-01/0108y [[wikt:鴝|鴝]] gju
* 10-01/0108z [[wikt:竘|竘]] khjuX, khuwX
* 10-01/0108a' [[wikt:呴|呴]] xju, xjuH
* 10-01/0108b' [[wikt:姁|姁]] xjuX
* 10-01/0108 [[wikt:昫|昫]] xjuH
* 10-01/0108c' [[wikt:煦|煦]] xjuH, xjuX

==0109==
* 10-02/0109a [[wikt:冓|冓]] kuwH
* 10-02/0109e [[wikt:媾|媾]] kuwH
* 10-02/0109f [[wikt:搆|搆]] kuwH
* 10-02/0109g [[wikt:構|構]] kuwH
* 10-02/0109h [[wikt:溝|溝]] kuw
* 10-02/0109i [[wikt:篝|篝]] kuw
* 10-02/0109j [[wikt:覯|覯]] kuwH
* 10-02/0109k [[wikt:購|購]] kuwH
* 10-02/0109l [[wikt:遘|遘]] kuwH

==0110==
* 10-03/0110a [[wikt:口|口]] khuwX
* 10-03/0110d [[wikt:叩|叩]] khuwH, khuwX
* 10-03/0110e [[wikt:扣|扣]] khuwH, khuwX
* 10-03/0110f [[wikt:釦|釦]] khuwX

==0111==
* 10-04/0111a [[wikt:寇|寇]] khuwH

==0112==
* 10-05/0112a [[wikt:后|后]] huwH, huwX
* 10-05/0112c [[wikt:逅|逅]] huwH
* 10-05/0112d [[wikt:垢|垢]] kuwX
* 10-05/0112e [[wikt:姤|姤]] kuwH
* 10-05/0112f [[wikt:詬|詬]] khuwH, kuwX
* 10-05/0112g [[wikt:㖃|㖃]] xuwH, xuwX

==0113==
* 10-06/0113a [[wikt:侯|侯]] huw
* 10-06/0113e [[wikt:候|候]] huwH
* 10-06/0113f [[wikt:喉|喉]] huw
* 10-06/0113g [[wikt:猴|猴]] huw
* 10-06/0113h [[wikt:翭|翭]] huw
* 10-06/0113i [[wikt:鍭|鍭]] huw, huwH
* 10-06/0113j [[wikt:餱|餱]] huw

==0114==
* 10-07/0114a [[wikt:厚|厚]] huwX

==0115==
* 10-08/0115a [[wikt:後|後]] huwH, huwX

==0116==
* 10-13/0116a [[wikt:斗|斗]] tsyuX, tuwX
* 10-13/0116b [[wikt:枓|枓]] tsyuX

==0117==
* 10-12/0117a [[wikt:兜|兜]] tuw

==0118==
Schuessler (2009: 146) adds 短 [[#0169|0169]]a to this series.
Baxter &amp; Sagart (personal communication 12 April 2017) combine GSR [[#0118|0118]], GSR [[#0127|0127]]. 
* 10-16/0118a [[wikt:豆|豆]] duwH
* 10-16/0118d [[wikt:脰|脰]] duwH
* 10-16/0118e [[wikt:頭|頭]] duw
* 10-16/0118f [[wikt:裋|裋]] dzyuX
* 10-16/0118g [[wikt:豎|豎]] dzyuX

==0119==
* 10-33/0119a [[wikt:走|走]] tsuwX

==0120==
* 10-27/0120a [[wikt:漏|漏]] luwH

==0121==
* 10-09/0121a [[wikt:具|具]] gjuH
* 10-09/0121d [[wikt:俱|俱]] kju
* 10-09/0121e [[wikt:椇|椇]] kjuX

==0122==
* 10-10/0122a [[wikt:區|區]] 'uw, khju
* 10-10/0122c [[wikt:驅|驅]] khju, khjuH
* 10-10/0122d [[wikt:敺|敺]] khju, khjuH
* 10-10/0122g [[wikt:軀|軀]] khju, khjuH
* 10-10/0122h [[wikt:摳|摳]] khju, khuw
* 10-10/0122i [[wikt:嘔|嘔]] 'uw, 'uwX
* 10-10/0122j [[wikt:毆|毆]] 'uwX
* 10-10/0122k [[wikt:漚|漚]] 'uw, 'uwH
* 10-10/0122l [[wikt:甌|甌]] 'uw
* 10-10/0122m [[wikt:謳|謳]] 'uw
* 10-10/0122n [[wikt:傴|傴]] 'juX
* 10-10/0122o [[wikt:嫗|嫗]] 'juH, 'juX
* 10-10/0122p [[wikt:饇|饇]] 'juH
* 10-10/0122q [[wikt:樞|樞]] 'uw, tsyhu
* 10-10/0122r [[wikt:貙|貙]] 'trhju

==0123==
Schuessler combines [[#123]] series with [[#1207]].
* 10-29/0123a [[wikt:婁|婁]] lju, ljuX, luw, luwX
* 10-29/0123b [[wikt:僂|僂]] ljuX, luw
* 10-29/0123c [[wikt:膢|膢]] lju, luw
* 10-29/0123d [[wikt:摟|摟]] luw
* 10-29/0123e [[wikt:蔞|蔞]] lju, ljuX, luw
* 10-29/0123f [[wikt:屢|屢]] ljuH
* 10-29/0123g [[wikt:瘻|瘻]] lju
* 10-29/0123h [[wikt:縷|縷]] ljuX
* 10-29/0123i [[wikt:鞻|鞻]] kjuH, ljuH, luw
* 10-29/0123j [[wikt:塿|塿]] luwX
* 10-29/0123k [[wikt:樓|樓]] luw
* 10-29/0123l [[wikt:螻|螻]] luw, luwH
* 10-29/0123m [[wikt:鏤|鏤]] luwH
* 10-29/0123n [[wikt:髏|髏]] luw
* 10-29/0123o [[wikt:窶|窶]] gjuX
* 10-29/0123p [[wikt:寠|寠]] gjuX
* 10-29/0123q [[wikt:屨|屨]] kjuH
* 10-29/0123r [[wikt:數|數]] srjuX, srjuH

==0124==
* 10-11/0124a [[wikt:禺|禺]] ngju, ngjuH
* 10-11/0124c [[wikt:寓|寓]] ngjuH
* 10-11/0124f [[wikt:嵎|嵎]] ngju
* 10-11/0124g [[wikt:愚|愚]] ngju
* 10-11/0124h [[wikt:遇|遇]] ngjuH
* 10-11/0124i [[wikt:隅|隅]] ngju
* 10-11/0124j [[wikt:腢|腢]] ngju, ngjuwX
* 10-11/0124k [[wikt:髃|髃]] ngju, ngjuwX
* 10-11/0124l [[wikt:齵|齵]] ngju, nguw
* 10-11/0124m [[wikt:喁|喁]] ngjowng, ngju, nguwX
* 10-11/0124n [[wikt:偶|偶]] nguwH, nguwX
* 10-11/0124o [[wikt:耦|耦]] nguwX
* 10-11/0124p [[wikt:顒|顒]] ngjowng

==0125==
* 10-23/0125a [[wikt:俞|俞]] yu
* 10-23/0125c [[wikt:喻|喻]] yuH
* 10-23/0125d [[wikt:愈|愈]] yuX
* 10-23/0125f [[wikt:愉|愉]] yu
* 10-23/0125g [[wikt:榆|榆]] yu
* 10-23/0125h [[wikt:渝|渝]] yu
* 10-23/0125i [[wikt:瑜|瑜]] yu
* 10-23/0125j [[wikt:瘉|瘉]] yuX
* 10-23/0125k [[wikt:羭|羭]] yu
* 10-23/0125l [[wikt:覦|覦]] yu, yuH
* 10-23/0125m [[wikt:諭|諭]] yuH
* 10-23/0125n [[wikt:踰|踰]] yu
* 10-23/0125o [[wikt:逾|逾]] yu
* 10-23/0125p [[wikt:揄|揄]] duwX, yu
* 10-23/0125q [[wikt:窬|窬]] duw, yu
* 10-23/0125r [[wikt:蝓|蝓]] yu, zyu
* 10-23/0125s [[wikt:輸|輸]] syu
* 10-23/0125t [[wikt:歈|歈]] duw
* 10-23/0125u [[wikt:偷|偷]] thuw
* 10-23/0125v [[wikt:媮|媮]] thuw

==0126==
* 10-24/0126a [[wikt:臾|臾]] yu
* 10-24/0126b [[wikt:庾|庾]] yuX
* 10-24/0126c [[wikt:斞|斞]] yuX
* 10-24/0126d [[wikt:楰|楰]] yuX
* 10-24/0126e [[wikt:腴|腴]] yu
* 10-24/0126f [[wikt:諛|諛]] yu
* 10-24/0126g [[wikt:斔|斔]] yuX

==0127==
Baxter &amp; Sagart (personal communication 12 April 2017) combine GSR [[#0118|0118]], GSR [[#0127|0127]]. 
* 10-22/0127a [[wikt:壴|壴]] trjuH
* 10-22/0127h [[wikt:尌|尌]] dzyuH
* 10-22/0127j [[wikt:樹|樹]] dzyuH, dzyuX
* 10-22/0127m [[wikt:廚|廚]] drju
* 10-22/0127n [[wikt:躕|躕]] drju

==0128==
* 10-18/0128a [[wikt:朱|朱]] tsyu
* 10-18/0128d [[wikt:侏|侏]] tsyu
* 10-18/0128e [[wikt:珠|珠]] tsyu
* 10-18/0128f [[wikt:株|株]] trju
* 10-18/0128g [[wikt:蛛|蛛]] trju
* 10-18/0128h [[wikt:鼄|鼄]] trju
* 10-18/0128k [[wikt:誅|誅]] trju
* 10-18/0128l [[wikt:跦|跦]] trju
* 10-18/0128m [[wikt:邾|邾]] trju
* 10-18/0128p [[wikt:姝|姝]] tsyhu
* 10-18/0128r [[wikt:袾|袾]] tsyhu, tsyu
* 10-18/0128s [[wikt:殊|殊]] dzyu
* 10-18/0128t [[wikt:銖|銖]] dzyu
* 10-18/0128u [[wikt:咮|咮]] trjuwH, tuwH

==0129==
* 10-19/0129a [[wikt:主|主]] tsyuX
* 10-19/0129b [[wikt:罜|罜]] tsyuH
* 10-19/0129c [[wikt:注|注]] trjuH, tsyuH
* 10-19/0129d [[wikt:註|註]] trjuH, tsyuH
* 10-19/0129e [[wikt:拄|拄]] trjuX
* 10-19/0129f [[wikt:鉒|鉒]] trjuH
* 10-19/0129g [[wikt:住|住]] drjuH
* 10-19/0129h [[wikt:柱|柱]] drjuX
* 10-19/0129i [[wikt:黈|黈]] thuwX

==0130==
* 10-21/0130a [[wikt:殳|殳]] dzyu
* 10-21/0130c [[wikt:投|投]] duw

==0131==
* 10-35/0131a [[wikt:取|取]] tshuwX, tshjuX, tshjuH
* 10-35/0131e [[wikt:娶|娶]] tshjuH
* 10-35/0131g [[wikt:趣|趣]] tshjowk, tshjuH
* 10-35/0131i [[wikt:娵|娵]] tsju
* 10-35/0131j [[wikt:諏|諏]] tsju
* 10-35/0131k [[wikt:聚|聚]] dzjuH, dzjuX
* 10-35/0131l [[wikt:陬|陬]] tsju, tsuw
* 10-35/0131m [[wikt:掫|掫]] tsju, tsuw
* 10-35/0131n [[wikt:緅|緅]] tsjuH, tsuw
* 10-35/0131o [[wikt:棷|棷]] suwX
* 10-35/0131p [[wikt:菆|菆]] dzwan
* 10-35/0131q [[wikt:驟|驟]] dzrjuwH

==0132==
* 10-36/0132a [[wikt:芻|芻]] tsrhju
* 10-36/0132c [[wikt:趨|趨]] tsrhju
* 10-36/0132d [[wikt:雛|雛]] dzrju
* 10-36/0132e [[wikt:鶵|鶵]] dzrju
* 10-36/0132f [[wikt:縐|縐]] tsrjuwH
* 10-36/0132g [[wikt:騶|騶]] dzrjuwH, tsrjuw
* 10-36/0132h [[wikt:齺|齺]] tsrjuw
* 10-36/0132- [[wikt:皺|皺]] tsrjuw
* 10-36/0132- [[wikt:鄒|鄒]] tsrjuw

==0133==
* 10-30/0133a [[wikt:須|須]] sju
* 10-30/0133d [[wikt:鬚|鬚]] sju
* 10-30/0133e [[wikt:嬃|嬃]] sju
* 10-30/0133f [[wikt:盨|盨]] sjuX

==0134==
* 10-31/0134a [[wikt:需|需]] sju
* 10-31/0134b [[wikt:繻|繻]] nyu, sju
* 10-31/0134c [[wikt:儒|儒]] nyu
* 10-31/0134d [[wikt:孺|孺]] nyuH
* 10-31/0134e [[wikt:懦|懦]] nwaH, nyu
* 10-31/0134f [[wikt:濡|濡]] nyu
* 10-31/0134g [[wikt:𣽉|𣽉]] nyu
* 10-31/0134h [[wikt:臑|臑]] nyu
* 10-31/0134i [[wikt:襦|襦]] nyu
* 10-31/0134j [[wikt:醹|醹]] nyu, nyuX

==0135==
* 10-32/0135a [[wikt:乳|乳]] nyuX

==0136==
* 10-39/0136a [[wikt:付|付]] pjuH
* 10-39/0136c [[wikt:府|府]] pjuX
* 10-39/0136d [[wikt:柎|柎]] bjuX, buwX, pju
* 10-39/0136e [[wikt:跗|跗]] pju
* 10-39/0136f [[wikt:弣|弣]] phjuX
* 10-39/0136g [[wikt:拊|拊]] phjuX
* 10-39/0136h [[wikt:泭|泭]] phju
* 10-39/0136i [[wikt:坿|坿]] bjuH
* 10-39/0136j [[wikt:祔|祔]] bjuH
* 10-39/0136k [[wikt:附|附]] bjuH
* 10-39/0136l [[wikt:駙|駙]] bjuH
* 10-39/0136m [[wikt:符|符]] bju
* 10-39/0136n [[wikt:腐|腐]] bjuX
* 10-39/0136o [[wikt:胕|胕]] bjuH
* 10-39/0136p [[wikt:蚹|蚹]] bjuH
* 10-39/0136q [[wikt:鮒|鮒]] bjuH
* 10-39/0136r [[wikt:俯|俯]] pjuX

==0137==
* 10-40/0137a [[wikt:鳧|鳧]] bju

==0138==
* 04-64/0138a [[wikt:侮|侮]] mjuX
* presumed 04-64/0138b [[wikt:㑄|㑄]] mjuX

==0139==
An -r series acc. to Baxter &amp; Sagart.
Schuessler unites [[#0186]]a, [[#0145]]a, and [[#0139]]e' as a single series.
* 24-01/0139a [[wikt:干|干]] kan
* 24-01/0139c [[wikt:奸|奸]] kan
* 24-01/0139d [[wikt:姧|姧]] kan
* 24-01/0139e [[wikt:忓|忓]] kan
* 24-01/0139f [[wikt:旰|旰]] kanH
* 24-01/0139g [[wikt:玕|玕]] kan
* 24-01/0139h [[wikt:皯|皯]] kanX
* 24-01/0139i [[wikt:矸|矸]] kan
* 24-01/0139j [[wikt:秆|秆]] kanX
* 24-01/0139k [[wikt:竿|竿]] kan
* 24-01/0139l [[wikt:肝|肝]] ka
* 24-01/0139m [[wikt:飦|飦]] kan, kjon
* 24-01/0139n [[wikt:刊|刊]] khan
* 24-01/0139o [[wikt:栞|栞]] khan
* 24-01/0139p [[wikt:衎|衎]] khanH
* 24-01/0139q [[wikt:扞|扞]] hanH
* 24-01/0139s [[wikt:旱|旱]] hanX
* 24-01/0139t [[wikt:汗|汗]] hanH
* 24-01/0139u [[wikt:虷|虷]] han
* 24-01/0139v [[wikt:邗|邗]] han
* 24-01/0139y [[wikt:釬|釬]] kan, hanH
* 24-01/0139z [[wikt:閈|閈]] hanH
* 24-01/0139b' [[wikt:馯|馯]] hanH
* 24-01/0139c' [[wikt:犴|犴]] nganH
* 24-01/0139d' [[wikt:豻|豻]] nganH
* 24-15/0139e' [[wikt:岸|岸]] nganH
* 24-01/0139f' [[wikt:罕|罕]] xanX
* 24-01/0139g' [[wikt:軒|軒]] xjon
* 24-01/0139h' [[wikt:悍|悍]] hanH
* 24-01/0139i' [[wikt:捍|捍]] hanH
* 24-01/0139j' [[wikt:睅|睅]] hwaenX
* 24-01/0139- [[wikt:鼾|鼾]] xan

==0140==
An -r series acc. to Baxter and Sagart.
* 24-02/0140a [[wikt:倝|倝]] kanH
* 24-02/0140c [[wikt:乾|乾]] gjen, kan
* 24-02/0140d [[wikt:幹|幹]] kanH
* 24-02/0140e [[wikt:榦|榦]] kanH
* 24-02/0140f [[wikt:翰|翰]] hanH
* 24-02/0140h [[wikt:𩏑|𩏑]] han
* 24-02/0140i [[wikt:韓|韓]] han
* 24-02/0140j [[wikt:鶾|鶾]] han
* 24-02/0140k [[wikt:簳|簳]] kanX
* 24-02/0140l [[wikt:斡|斡]] 'wat, kwanH, kwanX
* 24-02/0140m [[wikt:澣|澣]] hwanX
* 24-02/0140- [[wikt:漧|漧]] kan

==0141==
* 24-03/0141a [[wikt:侃|侃]] khanH, khanX
* 24-03/0141d [[wikt:諐|諐]] khjen, khjenH

==0142==
An -r series acc. to Baxter &amp; Sagart.
* 24-04/0142a [[wikt:看|看]] khan, khanH

==0143==
* 24-05/0143a [[wikt:寒|寒]] han
* 24-05/0143d [[wikt:搴|搴]] kjenX
* 24-05/0143e [[wikt:謇|謇]] kjenX
* 24-05/0143f [[wikt:蹇|蹇]] kjenX, kjonX
* 24-05/0143g [[wikt:褰|褰]] khjen
* 24-05/0143h [[wikt:騫|騫]] kjonX
* 24-05/0143i [[wikt:攓|攓]] kjenX, kjonX

==0144==
* 24-10/0144a [[wikt:暵|暵]] xanH, xanX
* 24-10/0144b [[wikt:熯|熯]] nyenX, xanX
* 24-10/0144c [[wikt:漢|漢]] xanH

==0145==
Schuessler unites [[#0186]]a, [[#0145]]a, and [[#0139]]e' as a single series.
* 24-15/0145a [[wikt:厂|厂]] xanH

==0146==
Baxter &amp; Sagart (2014: 263-264) hesitate to see as an *-r series, despite some evidence.
* 24-11/0146a [[wikt:安|安]] 'an
* 24-11/0146d [[wikt:按|按]] 'anH
* 24-11/0146e [[wikt:案|案]] 'anH
* 24-11/0146f [[wikt:晏|晏]] 'aenH, 'anH, 'enH
* 24-11/0146g [[wikt:鴳|鴳]] 'aenH
* 24-11/0146h [[wikt:頞|頞]] 'at
* 24-11/0146i [[wikt:鷃|鷃]] 'aenH

==0147==
An -r series.
* 24-21/0147a [[wikt:單|單]] tan, tanX
* 24-21/0147e [[wikt:僤|僤]] tanX
* 24-21/0147f [[wikt:匰|匰]] tan
* 24-21/0147g [[wikt:殫|殫]] tan
* 24-21/0147h [[wikt:簞|簞]] tan
* 24-21/0147i [[wikt:襌|襌]] tan
* 24-21/0147j [[wikt:鄲|鄲]] tan
* 24-21/0147l [[wikt:癉|癉]] tanX, taH
* 24-21/0147m [[wikt:嘽|嘽]](啴) than, tsyhenX
* 24-21/0147n [[wikt:彈|彈]] dan, danH
* 24-21/0147o [[wikt:憚|憚]] danH
* 24-21/0147p [[wikt:㺗|㺗]] trhean
* 24-21/0147r [[wikt:戰|戰]] tsyenH
* 24-21/0147s [[wikt:樿|樿]] dzyenH, tsyenX
* 24-21/0147t [[wikt:燀|燀]] tsyhenX, tsyenX
* 24-21/0147u [[wikt:幝|幝]] tsyhenX
* 24-21/0147v [[wikt:繟|繟]] tsyhenX
* 24-21/0147x [[wikt:闡|闡]] tsyhenX
* 24-21/0147y [[wikt:嬋|嬋]] dzyen
* 24-21/0147z [[wikt:蟬|蟬]] dzyen
* 24-21/0147a' [[wikt:墠|墠]] dzyenX
* 24-21/0147b' [[wikt:禪|禪]] dzyenH
* 24-21/0147c' [[wikt:觶|觶]] tsye, tsyeH
* 24-21/0147d' [[wikt:驒|驒]] da, dan, ten
* 24-21/0147e' [[wikt:鼉|鼉]] da, dan
* 24-21/0147h' [[wikt:鱓|鱓]] da, dan
* 24-21/0147- [[wikt:撣|撣]]

==0148==
Baxter &amp; Sagart (2014: 259) combine [[#0148|0148]] and [[#0149|0149]].
* 24-23/0148a [[wikt:亶|亶]] tanX
* 24-23/0148b [[wikt:𤺺|𤺺]] tanX
* 24-23/0148c [[wikt:儃|儃]] dzyen, thanX
* 24-23/0148d [[wikt:壇|壇]] dan 
* 24-23/0148e [[wikt:檀|檀]] dan
* 24-23/0148f [[wikt:澶|澶]] danH
* 24-23/0148g [[wikt:襢|襢]] danX, trjenH, trjenX
* 24-23/0148h [[wikt:皽|皽]] trjenX, tsyenX
* 24-23/0148i [[wikt:邅|邅]] drjenX, trjenX
* 24-23/0148j [[wikt:鱣|鱣]] trjen
* 24-23/0148k [[wikt:旜|旜]] tsyen
* 24-23/0148l [[wikt:氈|氈]] tsyen
* 24-23/0148m [[wikt:饘|饘]] tsyen, tsyenX
* 24-23/0148n [[wikt:鸇|鸇]] tsyen
* 24-23/0148o [[wikt:擅|擅]] dzyenH
* 24-23/0148p [[wikt:蟺|蟺]] dzyenX
* 24-23/0148q [[wikt:羶|羶]] syen
* 24-23/0148r [[wikt:膻|膻]] syen
* 24-23/0148s [[wikt:顫|顫]] syen
* 24-23/0148- [[wikt:羴|羴]] syen

==0149==
Baxter &amp; Sagart (2014: 259) combine [[#0148|0148]] and [[#0149|0149]].
* 24-22/0149a [[wikt:旦|旦]] tanH
* 24-22/0149c [[wikt:鴠|鴠]] tanH
* 24-22/0149d [[wikt:坦|坦]] thanX
* 24-22/0149e [[wikt:但|但]] danX
* 24-22/0149f [[wikt:袒|袒]] danX
* 24-22/0149g [[wikt:怛|怛]] tat
* 24-22/0149- [[wikt:担|担]]

==0150==
* 24-20/0150a [[wikt:丹|丹]] tan
* 24-20/0150c [[wikt:旃|旃]] tsyen

==0151==
* 24-24/0151a [[wikt:炭|炭]] thanH

==0152==
* 24-35/0152a [[wikt:嘆|嘆]] than, thanH
* 24-35/0152c [[wikt:歎|歎]] than, thanH 
* 24-35/0152d [[wikt:難|難]] nan, nanH
* 24-35/0152g [[wikt:𪄿|𪄿]] nan, nanH
* 24-35/0152h [[wikt:戁|戁]] nraenX
* 24-35/0152i [[wikt:㸐|㸐]] nyen
* 24-35/0152k [[wikt:儺|儺]] na, naX
* 24-35/0152l [[wikt:臡|臡]] na, nej
* 24-35/0152m [[wikt:灘|灘]] than
* 24-35/0152- [[wikt:攤|攤]] than
* 24-35/0152- [[wikt:㬮|㬮]]

==0153==
* 24-39/0153a [[wikt:贊|贊]] tsanH
* 24-39/0153b [[wikt:賛|賛]] tsanH
* 24-39/0153c [[wikt:讚|讚]] tsanH
* 24-39/0153d [[wikt:瓚|瓚]] dzanX
* 24-39/0153e [[wikt:瓉|瓉]] dzanX
* 24-39/0153f [[wikt:纘|纘]] tswanX
* 24-39/0153g [[wikt:酇|酇]] tswanX
* 24-39/0153h [[wikt:鑽|鑽]] tswan, tswanH
* 24-39/0153j [[wikt:欑|欑]] dzwan
* 24-39/0153k [[wikt:櫕|櫕]] dzwan
* 24-39/0153l [[wikt:攢|攢]] dzwanH
* 24-39/0153l [[wikt:籫|籫]]

==0154==
* 24-40/0154a [[wikt:𣦼|𣦼]] dzan
* 24-40/0154b [[wikt:粲|粲]] tshanH
* 24-40/0154c [[wikt:餐|餐]] tshan

==0155==
An -r series acc. to Baxter &amp; Sagart
* 24-41/0155a [[wikt:戔|戔]] dzan, dzen
* 24-41/0155c [[wikt:殘|殘]] dzan
* 24-41/0155d [[wikt:棧|棧]] dzraenH, dzreanX, dzrjenX
* 24-41/0155e [[wikt:琖|琖]] tsreanX
* 24-41/0155f [[wikt:盞|盞]] tsreanX
* 24-41/0155h [[wikt:醆|醆]] tsrjenX
* 24-41/0155i [[wikt:剗|剗]] tsrheanX
* 24-41/0155j [[wikt:錢|錢]] dzjen, tsjenX
* 24-41/0155k [[wikt:淺|淺]] tsen, tshjenX
* 24-41/0155l [[wikt:俴|俴]] dzjenX
* 24-41/0155m [[wikt:諓|諓]] dzjenH, dzjenX
* 24-41/0155n [[wikt:賤|賤]] dzjenH
* 24-41/0155o [[wikt:踐|踐]] dzjenX
* 24-41/0155p [[wikt:餞|餞]] dzjenH, dzjenX
* 24-41/0155q [[wikt:帴|帴]] dzjenX, tsjen
* 24-41/0155r [[wikt:綫|綫]] sjenH
* 24-41/0155s [[wikt:濺|濺]] tsen, tsjenH

==0156==
* 24-44/0156a [[wikt:散|散]] sanX, sanH
* 24-44/0156c [[wikt:潸|潸]] sraen, sraenX, srean
* 24-44/0156d [[wikt:霰|霰]] senH

==0157==
* 25-01/0157a [[wikt:官|官]] kwan
* 25-01/0157e [[wikt:棺|棺]] kwan, kwanH
* 25-01/0157f [[wikt:涫|涫]] kwanH
* 25-01/0157g [[wikt:痯|痯]] kwanX
* 25-01/0157h [[wikt:管|管]] kwanX
* 25-01/0157i [[wikt:琯|琯]] kwanX
* 25-01/0157j [[wikt:錧|錧]] kwanH, kwanX
* 25-01/0157k [[wikt:館|館]] kwanH
* 25-01/0157l [[wikt:倌|倌]] kwaenH, kwan
* 25-01/0157m [[wikt:逭|逭]] hwanH
* 25-01/0157n [[wikt:菅|菅]] kaen
* 25-01/0157- [[wikt:婠|婠]] 'weat
* 25-01/0157- [[wikt:綰|綰]]

==0158==
* 25-02/0158a [[wikt:雚|雚]] kwanH
* 25-02/0158e [[wikt:鸛|鸛]] kwanH
* 25-02/0158f [[wikt:灌|灌]] kwanH
* 25-02/0158g [[wikt:爟|爟]] kwanH
* 25-02/0158h [[wikt:瓘|瓘]] kwanH
* 25-02/0158i [[wikt:觀|觀]] kwan, kwanH
* 25-02/0158j [[wikt:歡|歡]] xwan
* 25-02/0158k [[wikt:懽|懽]] xwan
* 25-02/0158l [[wikt:驩|驩]] xwan
* 25-02/0158m [[wikt:嚾|嚾]] xwanH
* 25-02/0158n [[wikt:讙|讙]] xwan
* 25-02/0158o [[wikt:權|權]] gjwen
* 25-02/0158p [[wikt:蠸|蠸]] gjwen
* 25-02/0158q [[wikt:䟒|䟒]] gjwen
* 25-02/0158s [[wikt:勸|勸]] khjwonH
* 25-02/0158- [[wikt:顴|顴]] gjwen (?)

==0159==
* 25-03/0159a [[wikt:貫|貫]] kwan, kwanH, kwaenH
* 25-03/0159c [[wikt:摜|摜]] kwaenH
* 25-03/0159d [[wikt:慣|慣]] kwaenH
* 25-03/0159e [[wikt:串|串]] kwaenH
* 25-03/0159f [[wikt:患|患]] hwaenH

==0160==
* 25-04/0160a [[wikt:冠|冠]] kwan, kwanH

==0161==
* 25-05/0161a [[wikt:盥|盥]] kwanH, kwanX

==0162==
* 25-06/0162a [[wikt:款|款]] khwanX
* 25-06/0162b [[wikt:窾|窾]] khwanX

==0163==
An -r series acc. to Starostin (1989).
* 25-16/0163a [[wikt:丸|丸]] hwan
* 25-16/0163b [[wikt:𤴯|𤴯]] hwanH
* 25-16/0163c [[wikt:紈|紈]] hwan
* 25-16/0163d [[wikt:芄|芄]] hwan
* 25-16/0163e [[wikt:骫|骫]] 'jweX

==0164==
An -r series (on the basis of transcriptions)
* 25-12/0164a [[wikt:亘|亘]] hwan, sjwen, kongH
* 25-12/0164f [[wikt:桓|桓]] hwan
* 25-12/0164g [[wikt:洹|洹]] hwan
* 25-12/0164j [[wikt:狟|狟]] hwan
* 25-12/0164k [[wikt:荁|荁]] hwan
* 25-12/0164l [[wikt:貆|貆]] xjwon, xwan, hwan
* 25-12/0164m [[wikt:垣|垣]] hjwon
* 25-12/0164q [[wikt:咺|咺]] xjwonX
* 25-12/0164r [[wikt:晅|晅]] xjwon, xjwonX
* 25-12/0164s [[wikt:烜|烜]] xjweX
* 25-12/0164t [[wikt:宣|宣]] sjwen
* 25-12/0164x [[wikt:喧|喧]] xjwonX
* 25-12/0164y [[wikt:愃|愃]] xjwonX
* 25-12/0164z [[wikt:諠|諠]] xjwon
* 25-12/0164- [[wikt:楦|楦]]
* 25-12/0164- [[wikt:𧻚|𧻚]]
* 25-12/0164- [[wikt:䚙|䚙]]

==0165==
* 25-07/0165a [[wikt:萈|萈]] hwan
* 25-07/0165b [[wikt:寬|寬]] khwan

==0166==
* 25-08/0166a [[wikt:萑|萑]] hwan

==0167==
* 25-13/0167a [[wikt:奐|奐]] xwanH
* 25-13/0167b [[wikt:渙|渙]] xwanH
* 25-13/0167c [[wikt:煥|煥]] xwanH
* 25-13/0167d [[wikt:寏|寏]] hwan
* 25-13/0167f [[wikt:換|換]] hwanH
* 23-12/0167g [[wikt:敻|敻]] xjwiengH, xwenH
* 23-12/0167h [[wikt:讂|讂]] xwenH
* 23-12/0167i [[wikt:瓊|瓊]] gjwieng

==0168==
An -r series
* 25-24/0168a [[wikt:耑|耑]] twan
* 25-24/0168d [[wikt:端|端]] twan
* 25-24/0168e [[wikt:剬|剬]] tsywenX, twan
* 25-24/0168f [[wikt:褍|褍]] twan
* 25-24/0168g [[wikt:鍴|鍴]] twan
* 25-24/0168i [[wikt:湍|湍]] thwan
* 25-24/0168j [[wikt:喘|喘]] tsyhwenX
* 25-24/0168k [[wikt:諯|諯]] dzywen, tsyhwenH
* 25-24/0168l [[wikt:輲|輲]] dzywen
* 25-24/0168m [[wikt:遄|遄]] dzywen
* 25-24/0168o [[wikt:惴|惴]] tsyhwenX, tsyweH
* 25-24/0168p [[wikt:瑞|瑞]] dzyweH
* 25-24/0168q [[wikt:揣|揣]] tsrhjweX, tsyhwenX, twaX
* 25-24/0168- [[wikt:踹|踹]] tsrhjweH (?)
* 25-24/0168- [[wikt:貒|貒]]

==0169==
Schuessler (2009: 149) combines with GSR [[#0118|0118]].
* 10-16/0169a [[wikt:短|短]] twanX

==0170==
* 25-22/0170a [[wikt:斷|斷]] twanX, twanH, dwanX

==0171==
* 25-28/0171a [[wikt:彖|彖]] thwanH
* 25-28/0171b [[wikt:褖|褖]] thwanH
* 25-28/0171c [[wikt:蝝|蝝]] ywen
* 25-28/0171d [[wikt:緣|緣]] ywen, ywenH
* 25-28/0171e [[wikt:椽|椽]] drjwen
* 25-28/0171f [[wikt:瑑|瑑]] drjwenX
* 25-28/0171g [[wikt:篆|篆]] drjwenX
* 25-28/0171h [[wikt:腞|腞]] trhjwenX
* 25-28/0171i [[wikt:喙|喙]] tsyhwejH, xjwojH

==0172==
* 25-23/0172a [[wikt:段|段]] dwanH, thwanH, twanH
* 25-23/0172c [[wikt:鍛|鍛]] twanH
* 25-23/0172d [[wikt:腶|腶]] twanH
* 25-23/0172- [[wikt:緞|緞]]

==0173==
* 25-42/0173a [[wikt:筭|筭]] swanH

==0174==
* 25-43/0174a [[wikt:算|算]] swanH, swanX
* 25-43/0174b [[wikt:匴|匴]] swanX
* 25-43/0174c [[wikt:篹|篹]] swanX
* 25-43/0174d [[wikt:纂|纂]] tswanX
* 25-43/0174e [[wikt:篡|篡]] tsrhwaenH

==0175==
* 25-44/0175a [[wikt:祘|祘]] swanH
* 25-44/0175b [[wikt:蒜|蒜]] swanH

==0176==
* 25-36/0176a [[wikt:竄|竄]] tshwanH

==0177==
* 25-37/0177a [[wikt:爨|爨]] tshwanH

==0178==
* 25-31/0178a [[wikt:䜌|䜌]] lwan
* 25-31/0178c [[wikt:巒|巒]] lwan
* 25-31/0178d [[wikt:欒|欒]] lwan
* 25-31/0178e [[wikt:灓|灓]] lwan
* 25-31/0178f [[wikt:鑾|鑾]] lwan
* 25-31/0178h [[wikt:鸞|鸞]] lwan
* 25-31/0178i [[wikt:臠|臠]] ljwenX
* 25-31/0178k [[wikt:孌|孌]] ljwenX, ljwenH
* 25-31/0178m [[wikt:戀|戀]] ljwenH
* 25-31/0178n [[wikt:攣|攣]] ljwen
* 25-31/0178o [[wikt:變|變]] pjenH
* 25-31/0178p [[wikt:蠻|蠻]] maen
* 25-31/0178q [[wikt:孿|孿]] srwaenH, srjwenH
* 25-31/0178- [[wikt:曫|曫]]

==0179==
* 25-32/0179a [[wikt:卵|卵]] lwaX, lwanX

==0180==
* 25-33/0180a [[wikt:𤔔|𤔔]] lwanH
* 25-33/0180c [[wikt:亂|亂]] lwanH

==0181==
* 24-47/0181a [[wikt:半|半]] panH
* 24-47/0181b [[wikt:靽|靽]] panH
* 24-47/0181c [[wikt:伴|伴]] banX, phanH
* 24-47/0181d [[wikt:判|判]] phanH
* 24-47/0181e [[wikt:拌|拌]] phan
* 24-47/0181f [[wikt:泮|泮]] phanH
* 24-47/0181g [[wikt:牉|牉]] phan, phanH
* 24-47/0181h [[wikt:胖|胖]] ban, phanH
* 24-47/0181i [[wikt:頖|頖]] phanH
* 24-47/0181j [[wikt:柈|柈]] ban
* 24-47/0181k [[wikt:畔|畔]] banH
* 24-47/0181l [[wikt:叛|叛]] banH
* 24-47/0181m [[wikt:袢|袢]] bjon

==0182==
* 24-48/0182a [[wikt:般|般]] ban, pan
* 24-48/0182d [[wikt:槃|槃]] ban
* 24-48/0182e [[wikt:盤|盤]] ban
* 24-48/0182g [[wikt:磐|磐]] ban
* 24-48/0182h [[wikt:縏|縏]] ban
* 24-48/0182i [[wikt:鞶|鞶]] ban
* 24-48/0182- [[wikt:搬|搬]] pan
* 24-48/0182- [[wikt:䰉|䰉]]
* 24-48/0182- [[wikt:鬗|鬗]]

==0183==
* 24-57/0183a [[wikt:㒼|㒼]] man
* 24-57/0183c [[wikt:滿|滿]] manX
* 24-57/0183d [[wikt:瞞|瞞]] man
* 24-57/0183e [[wikt:樠|樠]] man, manH, mjon, mwon
* 24-57/0183f [[wikt:璊|璊]] mwon
* 24-57/0183g [[wikt:懣|懣]] manX, mwonH, mwonX

==0184==
* 24-09/0184a [[wikt:姦|姦]] kaen

==0185==
* 23-07/0185a [[wikt:柬|柬]] keanX
* 23-07/0185b [[wikt:諫|諫]] kaenH
* 23-07/0185e [[wikt:揀|揀]] keanX
* 23-07/0185f [[wikt:闌|闌]] lan
* 23-07/0185h [[wikt:湅|湅]] lenH
* 23-07/0185i [[wikt:練|練]] lenH
* 23-07/0185j [[wikt:鍊|鍊]] lenH
* 23-07/0185k [[wikt:瀾|瀾]] lan, lanH
* 23-07/0185l [[wikt:爛|爛]] lanH
* 23-07/0185m [[wikt:爤|爤]] lanH
* 23-07/0185n [[wikt:蘭|蘭]] lan
* 23-07/0185o [[wikt:讕|讕]] lan, lanX
* 23-07/0185q [[wikt:欄|欄]] lenH

==0186==
An -r series acc. to Baxter &amp; Sagart.
Schuessler unites [[#0186]]a, [[#0145]]a, and [[#0139]]e' as a single series.
* 24-15/0186a [[wikt:鴈|鴈]] ngaenH
* 24-15/0186b [[wikt:雁|雁]] ngaenH
* 24-15/0186- [[wikt:㷳|㷳]]

==0187==
* 25-09/0187a [[wikt:丱|丱]] kwaenH
* 25-09/0187b [[wikt:關|關]] 'waen, kwaen

==0188==
* 25-10/0188a [[wikt:宦|宦]] hwaenH

==0189==
* 25-34/0189a [[wikt:奻|奻]] nwaen, nwaenH

==0190==
* 24-53/0190a [[wikt:班|班]] paen
* 24-53/0190c [[wikt:斑|斑]] paen

==0191==
* 23-05/0191a [[wikt:閒|間]] kean, hean, keanH
* 23-05/0191d [[wikt:簡|簡]] keanX
* 23-05/0191f [[wikt:蕑|蕑]] kean
* 23-05/0191g [[wikt:僩|僩]] heanX
* 23-05/0191h [[wikt:瞷|瞷]] hean
* 23-05/0191i [[wikt:澗|澗]] kaenH
* 23-05/0191j [[wikt:撊|撊]] haenX

==0192==
* 23-06/0192a [[wikt:閑|閑]] hean

==0193==
An -r series acc. to Baxter and Sagart.
* 24-45/0193a [[wikt:山|山]] srean
* 24-45/0193d [[wikt:汕|汕]] sraenH
* 24-45/0193e [[wikt:訕|訕]] sraen, sraenH
* 24-45/0193f [[wikt:仙|仙]] sjen

==0194==
An -r series acc. to Baxter and Sagart.
Baxter &amp; Sagart (personal communication 12 April 2017) combine GSR [[#0194|0194]] and GSR [[#0199|0199]]. 
* 24-46/0194a [[wikt:產|產]] sreanX

==0195==
An -r series acc.
* 24-54/0195a [[wikt:釆|釆]] beanH, ben
* 24-54/0195b [[wikt:番|番]] pa, phjon
* 24-54/0195d [[wikt:幡|幡]] phjon
* 24-54/0195e [[wikt:旛|旛]] phjon
* 24-54/0195g [[wikt:轓|轓]] pjon
* 24-54/0195h [[wikt:繙|繙]] bjon, phjon
* 24-54/0195i [[wikt:燔|燔]] bjon
* 24-54/0195j [[wikt:璠|璠]] bjon
* 24-54/0195k [[wikt:膰|膰]] bjon
* 24-54/0195l [[wikt:蹯|蹯]] bjon
* 24-54/0195m [[wikt:蕃|蕃]] bjon, pjon
* 24-54/0195n [[wikt:潘|潘]] phan
* 24-54/0195o [[wikt:蟠|蟠]] ban
* 24-54/0195p [[wikt:播|播]] paH
* 24-54/0195q [[wikt:譒|譒]] paH
* 24-54/0195r [[wikt:皤|皤]] ba
* 24-54/0195s [[wikt:藩|藩]] pjon
* 24-54/0195- [[wikt:𤳖|𤳖]] pan

==0196==
* 23-04/0196b [[wikt:遣|遣]] khjenH, khjenX
* 23-04/0196e [[wikt:繾|繾]] khjenX
* 23-04/0196f [[wikt:譴|譴]] khjenH

==0197==
A uvular series acc. to Sagart &amp; Baxter (2009: 233).
* 24-29/0197a [[wikt:衍|衍]] yenH, yenX
* 24-29/0197b [[wikt:愆|愆]] khjen
* 24-29/0197c [[wikt:餰|餰]] khjen

==0198==
* 24-07/0198a [[wikt:虔|虔]] gjen

==0199==
An -r series acc. to Baxter &amp; Sagart.
Baxter &amp; Sagart (personal communication 12 April 2017) combine GSR [[#0194|0194]] and GSR [[#0199|0199]]. 
* 24-19/0199a [[wikt:彥|彥]] ngjenH
* 24-19/0199b [[wikt:諺|諺]] ngjenH
* 24-19/0199c [[wikt:顏|顏]] ngaen
* 24-19/0199d [[wikt:喭|喭]] nganH

==0200==
* 24-14/0200a [[wikt:焉|焉]] hjen, 'jen
* 24-14/0200b [[wikt:嘕|嘕]] xjen
* 24-14/0200- [[wikt:漹|漹]] hjen, 'jen

==0201==
* 24-26/0201a [[wikt:展|展]] trjenH, trjenX
* 24-26/0201b [[wikt:輾|輾]] trjenX
* 24-26/0201c [[wikt:蹍|蹍]] nrjenX

==0202==
* 24-27/0202a [[wikt:蕆|蕆]] trhjenX

==0203==
* 24-30/0203a [[wikt:延|延]] yen
* 24-30/0203b [[wikt:筵|筵]] yen
* 24-30/0203c [[wikt:綖|綖]] yan
* 24-30/0203d [[wikt:梴|梴]] trhjen
* 24-30/0203e [[wikt:埏|埏]] syen
* 24-30/0203f [[wikt:挻|挻]] syen
* 24-30/0203g [[wikt:誕|誕]] danX

==0204==
* 24-28/0204a [[wikt:廛|廛]] drjen
* 24-28/0204b [[wikt:躔|躔]] drjen
* 24-28/0204c [[wikt:纏|纏]] drjen
* 24-28/0204- [[wikt:纒|纒]] drjen

==0205==
* 24-25/0205a [[wikt:善|善]] dzyenX
* 24-25/0205d [[wikt:膳|膳]] dzyenH
* 24-25/0205f [[wikt:繕|繕]] dzyenH

==0206==
An -r series.
* 24-42/0206a [[wikt:𠨧|𠨧]] tshjen
* 24-42/0206b [[wikt:僊|僊]] sjen
* 24-42/0206c [[wikt:遷|遷]] tshjen
* 24-42/0206- [[wikt:躚|躚]] sjen

==0207==
A uvular series.
* 24-31/0207a [[wikt:羨|羨]] dzjenH, yen, zjenH

==0208==
* 24-43/0208a [[wikt:孱|孱]] dzrean, dzrjen
* 24-43/0208b [[wikt:潺|潺]] dzrjen
* 24-43/0208c [[wikt:僝|僝]] dzreanX, dzrjwenH
* 24-43/0208e [[wikt:轏|轏]] dzraenX, dzreanX

==0209==
* 23-21/0209a [[wikt:鮮|鮮]] sjen, sjenX
* 23-21/0209d [[wikt:癬|癬]] sjenX

==0210==
* 23-23/0210a [[wikt:尟|尟]] sjenX

==0211==
* 23-22/0211a [[wikt:鱻|鱻]] sjen

==0212==
* 24-38/0212a [[wikt:扇|扇]] syenH
* 24-38/0212b [[wikt:傓|傓]] syenH
* 24-38/0212c [[wikt:煽|煽]] syenH

==0213==
* 24-32/0213a [[wikt:連|連]] ljen, ljenX
* 24-32/0213b [[wikt:漣|漣]] ljen
* 24-32/0213c [[wikt:璉|璉]] ljenX
* 24-32/0213d [[wikt:蓮|蓮]] len

==0214==
* 24-33/0214a [[wikt:聯|聯]] ljen

==0215==
* 24-34/0215a [[wikt:輦|輦]] ljenX

==0216==
* 24-37/0216a [[wikt:㞋|㞋]] nrjenX
* 24-37/0216b [[wikt:赧|赧]] nraenX

==0217==
* 24-36/0217a [[wikt:然|然]] nyen
* 24-36/0217b [[wikt:燃|燃]] nyen

==0218==
* 23-24/0218a [[wikt:片|片]] phenH

==0219==
* 23-28/0219a [[wikt:辡|辡]] pjenX
* 23-28/0219b [[wikt:辨|辨]] bjenX
* 23-28/0219c [[wikt:辧|辧]] beanH, bjenX
* 23-28/0219e [[wikt:辯|辯]] bjenX
* 23-28/0219f [[wikt:辦|辦]] beanH

==0220==
* 24-55/0220a [[wikt:弁|弁]] bjenH
* 24-55/0220b [[wikt:卞|卞]] bjenH
* 24-55/0220c [[wikt:抃|抃]] bjenH
* 24-55/0220d [[wikt:拚|拚]] phjon, pjunH
* 24-55/0220e [[wikt:犿|犿]] phjon
* 24-55/0220f [[wikt:笲|笲]] bjenH, bjon

==0221==
* 23-25/0221a [[wikt:便|便]] bjienH, bjien, bjienX
* 23-25/0221b [[wikt:楩|楩]] bjenH, bjien
* 23-25/0221c [[wikt:鞭|鞭]] pjien

==0222==
* 24-58/0222a [[wikt:免|免]] mjenX, mjunH
* 24-58/0222b [[wikt:俛|俛]] mjenX
* 24-58/0222c [[wikt:勉|勉]] mjenX
* 24-58/0222d [[wikt:冕|冕]] mjenX
* 24-58/0222e [[wikt:悗|悗]] man, mwonX
* 24-58/0222f [[wikt:鞔|鞔]] man
* 24-58/0222g [[wikt:娩|娩]] mjenX, mjonX
* 24-58/0222h [[wikt:晚|晚]] mjonX
* 24-58/0222i [[wikt:脕|脕]] mjonX
* 24-58/0222j [[wikt:輓|輓]] mjonX
* 24-58/0222k [[wikt:絻|絻]] mjunH
* 24-58/0222l [[wikt:浼|浼]] mwojX

==0223==
* 23-31/0223a [[wikt:面|面]] mjienH
* 23-31/0223b [[wikt:偭|偭]] mjienX
* 23-31/0223c [[wikt:湎|湎]] mjienX
* 23-31/0223d [[wikt:緬|緬]] mjienX

==0224==
* 23-26/0224a [[wikt:臱|臱]] mjien
* 23-26/0224b [[wikt:櫋|櫋]] mjien
* 23-26/0224c [[wikt:邊|邊]] pen
* 23-26/0224f [[wikt:籩|籩]] pjien

==0225==
* 23-29/0225a [[wikt:綿|綿]] mjien
* 23-29/0225b [[wikt:緜|緜]] mjien

==0226==
* 25-11/0226a [[wikt:卷|卷]] kjwenX, gjwen
* 25-11/0226b [[wikt:睠|睠]] kjwenH
* 25-11/0226c [[wikt:眷|眷]] kjwenH
* 25-11/0226d [[wikt:棬|棬]] khjwen, kwenH
* 25-11/0226e [[wikt:鬈|鬈]] gjwen, khjwen
* 25-11/0226f [[wikt:捲|捲]] gjwen
* 25-11/0226g [[wikt:拳|拳]] gjwen
* 25-11/0226h [[wikt:蜷|蜷]] gjwen
* 25-11/0226i [[wikt:倦|倦]] gjwenH
* 25-11/0226j [[wikt:勌|勌]] gjwenH
* 25-11/0226k [[wikt:圈|圈]] gjwenX, gjwonH, khjwonX, kjwonX
* 25-11/0226l [[wikt:券|券]] khjwonH
* 25-11/0226m [[wikt:綣|綣]] khjwonH, khjwonX
* 25-11/0226n [[wikt:裷|裷]] 'jwonX, khjwonX
* 25-11/0226o [[wikt:豢|豢]] hwaenH
* 25-11/0226p [[wikt:㹖|㹖]] hwanH

==0227==
Schuessler (2009: 246) combines [[#0227|0227]] and [[#0435|0435]].
* 23-10/0227a [[wikt:員|員]] hjun, hjwen
* 23-10/0227c [[wikt:圓|圓]] hjwen
* 23-10/0227d [[wikt:塤|塤]] xjwon
* 23-10/0227e [[wikt:殞|殞]] hwinX
* 23-10/0227f [[wikt:縜|縜]] hwin
* 23-10/0227g [[wikt:隕|隕]] hwinX
* 23-10/0227h [[wikt:磒|磒]] hwinX
* 23-10/0227i [[wikt:霣|霣]] hwinX
* 23-10/0227j [[wikt:㜏|㜏]] hjun
* 23-10/0227- [[wikt:䚋|䚋]]

==0228==
* 23-17/0228a [[wikt:肙|肙]] 'wen
* 23-17/0228b [[wikt:蜎|蜎]] 'jwienX, 'wen, gjwienX
* 23-17/0228c [[wikt:悁|悁]] 'jwien
* 23-17/0228d [[wikt:㾓|㾓]] 'jwien
* 23-17/0228e [[wikt:狷|狷]] kjwienH
* 23-17/0228f [[wikt:絹|絹]] kjwienH
* 23-17/0228g [[wikt:捐|捐]] ywen
* 23-17/0228h [[wikt:涓|涓]] kwen
* 23-17/0228i [[wikt:睊|睊]] kwen, kwenH
* 23-17/0228j [[wikt:鞙|鞙]] hwenX
* 23-17/0228k [[wikt:駽|駽]] xwen, xwenH

==0229==
* 25-29/0229a [[wikt:㕣|㕣]] ywenX
* 25-29/0229b [[wikt:沿|沿]] ywen
* 25-29/0229c [[wikt:鉛|鉛]] ywen
* 25-29/0229d [[wikt:兗|兗]] ywenX
* 25-29/0229e [[wikt:船|船]] zywen

==0230==
* 25-30/0230a [[wikt:鳶|鳶]] ywen

==0231==
* 25-25/0231a [[wikt:專|專]] tsywen
* 25-25/0231c [[wikt:剸|剸]] dwan
* 25-25/0231d [[wikt:篿|篿]] tsywen
* 25-25/0231e [[wikt:轉|轉]] trjwenX
* 25-25/0231f [[wikt:傳|傳]] drjwen, drjwenH, trjwenH
* 25-25/0231j [[wikt:縳|縳]] drjwenX
* 25-25/0231k [[wikt:膞|膞]] dzywen, dzywenX, dzywin, tsywinX
* 25-25/0231l [[wikt:鱄|鱄]] dzywenX, tsywen, tsywenX
* 25-25/0231m [[wikt:竱|竱]] tsywenX, twan
* 25-25/0231n [[wikt:團|團]] dwan
* 25-25/0231o [[wikt:慱|慱]] dwan
* 25-25/0231p [[wikt:摶|摶]] dwan
* 25-25/0231q [[wikt:漙|漙]] dwan

==0232==
* 25-26/0232a [[wikt:穿|穿]] tsyhwen

==0233==
* 25-27/0233a [[wikt:舛|舛]] tsyhwenX

==0234==
* 25-38/0234a [[wikt:全|全]] dzjwen
* 25-38/0234b [[wikt:仝|仝]] dzjwen
* 25-38/0234c [[wikt:牷|牷]] dzjwen
* 25-38/0234d [[wikt:痊|痊]] tshjwen
* 25-38/0234e [[wikt:筌|筌]] tshjwen
* 25-38/0234f [[wikt:荃|荃]] tshjwen
* 25-38/0234g [[wikt:銓|銓]] tshjwen
* 25-38/0234h [[wikt:輇|輇]] dzywen

==0235==
* 25-39/0235a [[wikt:雋|雋]] dzjwenX
* 25-39/0235b [[wikt:臇|臇]] tsjwenX
* 25-39/0235c [[wikt:鐫|鐫]] tsjwen
* 25-39/0235d [[wikt:儁|儁]] tswinH

==0236==
* 23-14/0236a [[wikt:旋|旋]] zjwen, zjwenH
* 23-14/0236c [[wikt:嫙|嫙]] zjwen
* 23-14/0236d [[wikt:璇|璇]] zjwen
* 23-14/0236e [[wikt:琁|琁]] zjwen

==0237==
An -r series.
* 25-40/0237a [[wikt:泉|泉]] dzjwen
* 25-40/0237e [[wikt:線|線]] sjenH

==0238==
* 25-35/0238a [[wikt:耎|耎]] nywenX
* 25-35/0238a2 [[wikt:軟|軟]] nywenX
* 25-35/0238b [[wikt:輭|輭]] nywenX
* 25-35/0238c [[wikt:蝡|蝡]] nywenX
* 25-35/0238d [[wikt:蠕|蠕]] nywenX
* 25-35/0238e [[wikt:瑌|瑌]] nywen, nywenX
* 25-35/0238f [[wikt:瓀|瓀]] nywen, nywenX
* 25-35/0238g [[wikt:偄|偄]] nwanH
* 25-35/0238h [[wikt:渜|渜]] nwanH, nwanX
* 25-35/0238i [[wikt:煗|煗]] nwanX
* 25-35/0238j [[wikt:㨎|㨎]] nywet
* 25-35/0238k [[wikt:擩|擩]] nywet

==0239==
* 23-03/0239a [[wikt:幵|幵]] ken
* 23-03/0239b [[wikt:豣|豣]] ken
* 23-03/0239c [[wikt:趼|趼]] kenX
* 23-03/0239d [[wikt:汧|汧]] khen, khenH
* 23-03/0239f [[wikt:蚈|蚈]] khen
* 23-03/0239g [[wikt:硏|硏]] ngen, ngenH
* 23-03/0239h [[wikt:研|研]] ngen
* 23-03/0239i [[wikt:枅|枅]] kej, ken
* 23-03/0239- [[wikt:妍|妍]] ngen

==0240==
* 23-01/0240a [[wikt:肩|肩]] hen, hon, ken
* 23-01/0240b [[wikt:𧱚|𧱚]] ken
* 23-01/0240c [[wikt:猏|猏]] ken
* 23-01/0240e [[wikt:顅|顅]] khaen, khen

==0241==
* 23-02/0241a [[wikt:見|見]] kenH, henH, keanH
* 23-02/0241e [[wikt:現|現]] henH
* 23-02/0241f [[wikt:俔|俔]] henX, khenH
* 23-02/0241g [[wikt:睍|睍]] henX
* 25-07/0241h [[wikt:莧|莧]] heanH, hwaenX
* 23-02/0241- [[wikt:硯|硯]] ngenH

==0242==
* 23-16/0242a [[wikt:顯|顯]] xenX
* 23-16/0242c [[wikt:韅|韅]] xenX

==0243==
* 23-15/0243a [[wikt:燕|燕]] 'en, 'enH
* 23-15/0243c [[wikt:嚥|嚥]] 'enH
* 23-15/0243d [[wikt:㬫|㬫]] 'enH
* 23-15/0243e [[wikt:讌|讌]] 'enH

==0244==
* 23-18/0244a [[wikt:靦|靦]] thenX

==0245==
* 23-20/0245a [[wikt:前|前]] dzen
* 23-20/0245e [[wikt:揃|揃]] tsjenX
* 23-20/0245f [[wikt:湔|湔]] tsjen
* 23-20/0245g [[wikt:煎|煎]] tsjen
* 23-20/0245h [[wikt:箭|箭]] tsjenH
* 23-20/0245i [[wikt:翦|翦]] tsjenX
* 23-20/0245j [[wikt:剪|剪]] tsjenX
* 23-20/0245k [[wikt:鬋|鬋]] tsjen, tsjenH

==0246==
* 23-27/0246a [[wikt:扁|扁]] penX
* 23-27/0246b [[wikt:徧|徧]] penH
* 23-27/0246c [[wikt:遍|遍]] penH
* 23-27/0246d [[wikt:楄|楄]] ben
* 23-27/0246e [[wikt:編|編]] pjien, benX, pen
* 23-27/0246f [[wikt:惼|惼]] pjienX
* 23-27/0246g [[wikt:褊|褊]] pjienX
* 23-27/0246h [[wikt:偏|偏]] phjien
* 23-27/0246i [[wikt:猵|猵]] pen, phjienH
* 23-27/0246j [[wikt:篇|篇]] phjien
* 23-27/0246k [[wikt:翩|翩]] phjien
* 23-27/0246l [[wikt:萹|萹]] pen, penX, phjien
* 23-27/0246m [[wikt:諞|諞]] bjienH, bjienX
* 23-27/0246- [[wikt:騙|騙]] phjienH

==0247==
* 23-32/0247a [[wikt:丏|丏]] menX
* 23-32/0247b [[wikt:眄|眄]] menH, menX
* 23-32/0247c [[wikt:沔|沔]] mjienX

==0248==
* 23-09/0248a [[wikt:縣|縣]] hwenH, hwen
* 23-09/0248b [[wikt:懸|懸]] hwen

==0249==
* 24-08/0249a [[wikt:建|建]] kjonH
* 24-08/0249b [[wikt:揵|揵]] gjonX, kjonX
* 24-08/0249c [[wikt:鞬|鞬]] kjon
* 24-08/0249d [[wikt:騝|騝]] gjen, kjon
* 24-08/0249f [[wikt:腱|腱]] gjonH, kjon
* 24-08/0249g [[wikt:健|健]] gjonH
* 24-08/0249h [[wikt:楗|楗]] gjonX, kjonX
* 24-08/0249i [[wikt:鍵|鍵]] gjenX

==0250==
* 24-18/0250a [[wikt:憲|憲]] xjonH
* 24-18/0250c [[wikt:瀗|瀗]] xjonH

==0251==
* 24-16/0251a [[wikt:言|言]] ngjɨn, ngjon
* 24-16/0251e [[wikt:唁|唁]] ngjenH
* 24-16/0251f [[wikt:誾|誾]] ngin
* 24-16/0251g [[wikt:狺|狺]] ngjɨn

==0252==
An -r series
* 24-17/0252a [[wikt:鬳|鬳]] ngjonH
* 24-17/0252d [[wikt:甗|甗]] ngjenH, ngjon
* 24-17/0252e [[wikt:獻|獻]] sa, xjonH
* 24-17/0252h [[wikt:巘|巘]] ngjenX, ngjonX
* 24-17/0252i [[wikt:讞|讞]] ngjenH, ngjet
* 24-17/0252j [[wikt:𣡌|𣡌]] ngat

==0253==
* 24-12/0253a [[wikt:妟|妟]] 'aenH
* 24-12/0253b [[wikt:宴|宴]] 'enH
* 24-12/0253d [[wikt:匽|匽]] 'jonH, 'jonX
* 24-12/0253g [[wikt:偃|偃]] 'jonX
* 24-12/0253h [[wikt:郾|郾]] 'jonH
* 24-12/0253j [[wikt:鰋|鰋]] 'jonX
* 24-12/0253l [[wikt:蝘|蝘]] 'enX
* 24-12/0253m [[wikt:揠|揠]] 'eat

==0254==
* 24-13/0254a [[wikt:㫃|㫃]] 'jonX

==0255==
A uvular series.
* 25-14/0255a [[wikt:爰|爰]] hjwon
* 25-14/0255d [[wikt:猨|猨]] hjwon
* 25-14/0255e [[wikt:援|援]] hjwenH, hjwon
* 25-14/0255f [[wikt:瑗|瑗]] hjwenH, hjwonH
* 25-14/0255g [[wikt:媛|媛]] hjwenH, hjwon
* 25-14/0255h [[wikt:湲|湲]] hjwen
* 25-14/0255i [[wikt:煖|煖]] xjwon
* 25-14/0255j [[wikt:暖|暖]] xjwon, xjwonX
* 25-14/0255k [[wikt:諼|諼]] xjwon
* 25-14/0255l [[wikt:緩|緩]] hwanX
* 25-14/0255m [[wikt:鍰|鍰]] hwaen
* 25-14/0255- [[wikt:楥|楥]]

==0256==
A uvular series.
* 25-15/0256a [[wikt:袁|袁]] hjwon
* 25-15/0256b [[wikt:園|園]] hjwon
* 25-15/0256c [[wikt:猿|猿]] hjwen
* 25-15/0256d [[wikt:榬|榬]] hjwon
* 25-15/0256e [[wikt:轅|轅]] hjwon
* 25-15/0256f [[wikt:遠|遠]] hjwonH, hjwonX
* 23-11/0256h [[wikt:睘|睘]] gjwieng, hwaen
* 23-11/0256k [[wikt:還|還]] hwaen, zjwen
* 23-11/0256n [[wikt:環|環]] hwaen
* 23-11/0256q [[wikt:繯|繯]] hwenX
* 23-11/0256r [[wikt:鐶|鐶]] hwaen
* 23-11/0256s [[wikt:寰|寰]] hwaen
* 23-11/0256u [[wikt:擐|擐]] hwaenH
* 23-11/0256v [[wikt:轘|轘]] hwaenH
* 23-11/0256x [[wikt:懁|懁]] hwaen, xjwien, xwenH
* 23-11/0256y [[wikt:圜|圜]] hjwen
* 23-11/0256z [[wikt:儇|儇]] xjwien
* 23-11/0256a' [[wikt:翾|翾]] xjwien
* 23-11/0256b' [[wikt:獧|獧]] kwenH
* 23-11/0256c' [[wikt:噮|噮]] 'wenH

==0257==
* 25-19/0257a [[wikt:元|元]] ngjwon
* 25-19/0257d [[wikt:芫|芫]] ngjwon
* 25-19/0257e [[wikt:黿|黿]] ngjwon, ngwan
* 25-19/0257f [[wikt:魭|魭]] ngjwon, ngwan
* 25-19/0257g [[wikt:頑|頑]] ngwaen, ngwean
* 25-19/0257h [[wikt:刓|刓]] ngwan
* 25-19/0257i [[wikt:园|园]] ngwan
* 25-19/0257j [[wikt:忨|忨]] ngwan, ngwanH
* 25-19/0257k [[wikt:玩|玩]] ngwanH
* 25-19/0257l [[wikt:翫|翫]] ngwanH
* 25-19/0257m [[wikt:完|完]] hwan
* 25-19/0257n [[wikt:垸|垸]] hwan
* 25-19/0257o [[wikt:浣|浣]] hwanX
* 25-19/0257p [[wikt:輐|輐]] hwanH, ngwanH, ngwanX
* 25-19/0257q [[wikt:莞|莞]] kwan
* 25-19/0257r [[wikt:筦|筦]] kwanX
* 25-19/0257s [[wikt:梡|梡]] khwanX
* 25-19/0257t [[wikt:睆|睆]] hwaenX
* 25-19/0257u [[wikt:院|院]] hjwenH
* 25-19/0257- [[wikt:脘|脘]]
* 25-19/0257- [[wikt:阮|阮]]

==0258==
* 25-20/0258a [[wikt:原|原]] ngjwon
* 25-20/0258c [[wikt:源|源]] ngjwon
* 25-20/0258d [[wikt:愿|愿]] ngjwonH
* 25-20/0258e [[wikt:謜|謜]] ngjwon
* 25-20/0258f [[wikt:願|願]] ngjwonH
* 25-20/0258g [[wikt:騵|騵]] ngjwon
* 25-20/0258h [[wikt:豲|豲]] hwan

==0259==
* 25-21/0259a [[wikt:邍|邍]] ngjwon

==0260==
* 25-17/0260a [[wikt:夗|夗]] 'jwonX
* 25-17/0260b [[wikt:宛|宛]] 'jwonX
* 25-17/0260c [[wikt:怨|怨]] 'jwon, 'jwonH
* 25-17/0260d [[wikt:苑|苑]] 'jwonX, 'jut, hjunX
* 25-17/0260e [[wikt:鴛|鴛]] 'jwon
* 25-17/0260f [[wikt:眢|眢]] 'wan
* 25-17/0260g [[wikt:婉|婉]] 'jwonX
* 25-17/0260h [[wikt:惌|惌]] 'jwonX
* 25-17/0260i [[wikt:晼|晼]] 'jwonX
* 25-17/0260j [[wikt:畹|畹]] 'jwonX
* 25-17/0260k [[wikt:鵷|鵷]] 'jwon
* 25-17/0260l [[wikt:琬|琬]] 'jwonX, 'wanH
* 25-17/0260m [[wikt:捥|捥]] 'wanH
* 25-17/0260n [[wikt:腕|腕]] 'wanH
* 25-17/0260o [[wikt:椀|椀]] 'wanX
* 25-17/0260p [[wikt:䡝|䡝]] 'jun, 'jwon
* 25-17/0260q [[wikt:菀|菀]] 'jut
* 25-17/0260r [[wikt:𩜌|𩜌]] 'jut
* 25-17/0260- [[wikt:盌|盌]] 'wanX

==0261==
* 25-18/0261a [[wikt:冤|冤]] 'jwon

==0262==
* 24-49/0262a [[wikt:反|反]] baenX, pjonX
* 24-49/0262e [[wikt:返|返]] pjonX
* 24-49/0262f [[wikt:販|販]] pjonH
* 24-49/0262g [[wikt:阪|阪]] baenX, pjonX
* 24-49/0262i [[wikt:飯|飯]] bjonH, bjonX
* 24-49/0262j [[wikt:板|板]] paenX
* 24-49/0262k [[wikt:版|版]] paenX
* 24-49/0262l [[wikt:鈑|鈑]] paenX
* 24-49/0262m [[wikt:扳|扳]] paen
* 24-49/0262n [[wikt:昄|昄]] baenX, paenX

==0263==
* 24-50/0263a [[wikt:棥|棥]] bjon
* 24-50/0263b [[wikt:樊|樊]] bjon
* 24-50/0263d [[wikt:攀|攀]] phaen
* 24-50/0263- [[wikt:䫶|䫶]]

==0264==
* 24-51/0264a [[wikt:煩|煩]] bjon
* 24-51/0264b [[wikt:𨆌|𨆌]] bjon

==0265==
* 24-52/0265a [[wikt:緐|緐]] bjonH
* 24-52/0265b [[wikt:繁|繁]] ban, bjon
* 24-52/0265d [[wikt:蘩|蘩]] bjon

==0266==
* 24-56/0266a [[wikt:曼|曼]] manH, mjonH
* 24-56/0266d [[wikt:蔓|蔓]] mjonH
* 24-56/0266e [[wikt:嫚|嫚]] maenH
* 24-56/0266g [[wikt:僈|僈]] maenH
* 24-56/0266h [[wikt:慢|慢]] maenH, manH
* 24-56/0266i [[wikt:墁|墁]] man
* 24-56/0266j [[wikt:幔|幔]] manH
* 24-56/0266k [[wikt:縵|縵]] manH
* 24-56/0266l [[wikt:鄤|鄤]] manH
* 24-56/0266n [[wikt:漫|漫]] maenH, manH
* 24-56/0266o [[wikt:謾|謾]] maenH, man, manH, mjen

==0267==
Schuessler (2009: 235-236) includes [[#0326|0326]]a and three characters from [[#0267|0267]] to [[#0340|0340]].
Although this series mixes -n and -j, Baxter &amp; Sagart do not reconstruct -r. The reason for this is that these -jH originate from -ts. Why one word with final -n should be placed in this series is a bit of a mystery.
* 21-26/0267a [[wikt:萬|萬]] mjonH
* 21-26/0267c [[wikt:勱|勱]] maejH
* 21-26/0267d [[wikt:邁|邁]] maejH

==0268==
* 21-08/0268a [[wikt:枿|枿]] ngat

==0269==
* 21-09/0269b [[wikt:歺|歺]] ngat
* 21-09/0269c [[wikt:歹|歹]] ngat

==0270==
Schuessler puts 閼 [[#0270|0270a]] into [[#0061|0061]]
* 01-28/0270a [[wikt:閼|閼]] 'at

==0271==
* 21-14/0271a [[wikt:𦍒|𦍒]] that
* 21-14/0271b [[wikt:達|達]] dat, that
* 21-14/0271d [[wikt:撻|撻]] that
* 21-14/0271e [[wikt:闥|闥]] that

==0272==
* 21-24/0272a [[wikt:剌|剌]] lat
* 21-24/0272e [[wikt:賴|賴]] lajH
* 21-24/0272f [[wikt:瀨|瀨]] lajH
* 21-24/0272g [[wikt:籟|籟]] lajH
* 21-24/0272h [[wikt:藾|藾]] lajH, lat
* 21-24/0272i [[wikt:獺|獺]] that, trhaet

==0273==
* 22-07/0273a [[wikt:𥄗|𥄗]] 'wat
* 22-07/0273b [[wikt:𢯲|𢯲]] 'wanH

==0274==
* 22-09/0274a [[wikt:奪|奪]] dwajH, dwat

==0275==
* 21-30/0275a [[wikt:癶|癶]] pat
* 21-30/0275b [[wikt:癹|癹]] bat
* 21-30/0275c [[wikt:發|發]] pat, pjot
* 21-30/0275d [[wikt:撥|撥]] pat
* 21-30/0275e [[wikt:襏|襏]] pat
* 21-30/0275f [[wikt:廢|廢]] pjojH, pjot

==0276==
* 21-31/0276a [[wikt:犮|犮]] bat
* 21-31/0276b [[wikt:跋|跋]] bat
* 21-31/0276c [[wikt:魃|魃]] bat
* 21-31/0276d [[wikt:坺|坺]] bat, bjot
* 21-31/0276e [[wikt:軷|軷]] bajH, bat
* 21-31/0276f [[wikt:胈|胈]] pat
* 21-31/0276g [[wikt:茇|茇]] bat, pat
* 21-31/0276h [[wikt:拔|拔]] bajH, bat, beat
* 21-31/0276i [[wikt:髮|髮]] pjot
* 21-31/0276j [[wikt:瞂|瞂]] bjot
* 21-31/0276k [[wikt:紱|紱]] pjut
* 21-31/0276l [[wikt:韍|韍]] pjut
* 21-31/0276m [[wikt:黻|黻]] pjut
* 21-31/0276n [[wikt:帗|帗]] phjut
* 21-31/0276o [[wikt:祓|祓]] phjut, pjojH

==0277==
* 21-37/0277a [[wikt:末|末]] mat
* 21-37/0277b [[wikt:沫|沫]] mat, majH
* 21-37/0277c [[wikt:秣|秣]] mat

==0278==
* 29-02/0278a [[wikt:鞂|鞂]] keat

==0279==
Although the series is clearly velar, Baxter &amp; Sagart (2014: 137) reconstruct 楔 (0279i) with a uvular initial.
* 20-01/0279a [[wikt:㓞|㓞]] kheat
* 20-01/0279b [[wikt:契|契]] khejH, khet, sjet
* 20-01/0279c [[wikt:挈|挈]] khet
* 20-01/0279d [[wikt:絜|絜]] het, ket
* 20-01/0279e [[wikt:齧|齧]] nget
* 20-01/0279f [[wikt:鍥|鍥]] khet
* 20-01/0279g [[wikt:瘈|瘈]] kjiejH, tsyejH
* 20-01/0279h [[wikt:喫|喫]] kheaH
* 20-01/0279i [[wikt:楔|楔]] set
* 20-01/0279j [[wikt:潔|潔]] ket
* 20-01/0279k [[wikt:緳|緳]] het, khet

==0280==
In ''addenda et corrigienda'' Schuessler combines GSR[[#0280|0280]] and GSR[[#0505|505]]. 
Baxter &amp; Sagart (personal communication 12 April 2017) combine GSR [[#0505|0505]], GSR [[#0280|0280]], and [[#0517|0517]]. 
* 20-04/0280a [[wikt:軋|軋]] 'eat
* 20-04/0280b [[wikt:札|札]] 'eat, tsreat
* 20-04/0280- [[wikt:乚|乚]]

==0281==
* 20-14/0281a [[wikt:八|八]] peat

==0282==
* 21-03/0282a [[wikt:舝|舝]] haet

==0283==
* 21-04/0283a [[wikt:孑|孑]] kjet

==0284==
* 21-05/0284a [[wikt:桀|桀]] gjet, kjet
* 21-05/0284b [[wikt:傑|傑]] gjet
* 21-05B/0284- [[wikt:罽|罽]] kjejH

==0285==
* 20-07/0285a [[wikt:臬|臬]] nget
* 20-07/0285c [[wikt:闑|闑]] nget, ngjet
* 20-07/0285d [[wikt:臲|臲]] nget
* 20-07/0285e [[wikt:㓷|㓷]] ngjejH

==0286==
* 21-20/0286b [[wikt:撤|撤]] drjet, trhjet
* 21-20/0286c [[wikt:徹|徹]] drjet, trhjet
* 21-20/0286d [[wikt:澈|澈]] drjet
* 21-20/0286e [[wikt:轍|轍]] drjet
* 21-20/0286f [[wikt:𨅊|𨅊]] drjet

==0287==
* 21-19/0287a [[wikt:折|折]] dejH, dzyet, tsyet
* 21-19/0287c [[wikt:哲|哲]] trjet
* 21-19/0287d [[wikt:悊|悊]] trjet
* 21-19/0287g [[wikt:蜇|蜇]] trjet
* 21-19/0287h [[wikt:硩|硩]] trhjet
* 21-19/0287i [[wikt:晣|晣]] tsyejH, tsyet
* 21-19/0287j [[wikt:晢|晢]] tsyejH, tsyet
* 21-19/0287k [[wikt:誓|誓]] dzyejH
* 21-19/0287m [[wikt:逝|逝]] dzyejH
* 21-19/0287n [[wikt:哳|哳]] traet
* 21-19/0287- [[wikt:狾|狾]] tsyejH

==0288==
* 20-10/0288a [[wikt:舌|舌]] zyet

==0289==
* 21-11/0289a [[wikt:辥|辥]] sjet
* 21-11/0289d [[wikt:薛|𧀼]] sjet
* 21-11/0289f [[wikt:躠|躠]] sat, set
* 21-11/0289g [[wikt:孼|孼]] ngjet
* 21-11/0289h [[wikt:蠥|蠥]] ngjet
* 21-11/0289i [[wikt:糱|糱]] ngjet
* 21-11/0289j [[wikt:櫱|櫱]] ngjet

==0290==
* 20-08/0290a [[wikt:設|設]] syet

==0291==
* 21-25/0291a [[wikt:列|列]] ljet
* 21-25/0291b [[wikt:冽|冽]] ljet
* 21-25/0291c [[wikt:洌|洌]] ljet
* 21-25/0291d [[wikt:烈|烈]] ljet
* 21-25/0291e [[wikt:茢|茢]] ljet
* 21-25/0291f [[wikt:裂|裂]] ljet
* 21-25/0291g [[wikt:栵|栵]] ljejH, ljet
* 21-25/0291h [[wikt:例|例]] ljejH
* 21-25/0291i [[wikt:㾐|㾐]] ljejH

==0292==
* 20-15/0292a [[wikt:别|别]] bjet, pjet
==0293==
* 20-15/0293a [[wikt:⿱罒攴]] ...

==0294==
Baxter &amp; Sagart (2012: 30) take [[#1257|31-22h/1257h]] [[wikt:戌|戌]] as phonetic in [[wikt:滅|滅]] [[#0294]]b.
* 20-19/0294a [[wikt:烕|烕]] xjwiet
* 20-19/0294b [[wikt:滅|滅]] mjiet
* 20-19/0294c [[wikt:𡟬|𡟬]] mjiet

==0295==
* 22-10/0295a [[wikt:叕|叕]] trjwejH
* 22-10/0295b [[wikt:綴|綴]] trjwet
* 22-10/0295c [[wikt:啜|啜]] dzywejH, trjwet, tsyhwet
* 22-10/0295d [[wikt:惙|惙]] trjwet
* 22-10/0295e [[wikt:輟|輟]] trjwet
* 22-10/0295f [[wikt:畷|畷]] trjwejH, trjwet
* 22-10/0295g [[wikt:剟|剟]] trjwet, twat
* 22-10/0295h [[wikt:掇|掇]] trjwet, twat
* 22-10/0295i [[wikt:歠|歠]] tsyhwet
* 22-10/0295j [[wikt:錣|錣]] trjwejH, trwaet
* 22-10/0295k [[wikt:蝃|蝃]] tejH

==0296==
* 22-16/0296a [[wikt:絶|絶]] dzjwet
* 22-16/0296b [[wikt:蕝|蕝]] tsjwejH, tsjwet
* 22-16/0296c [[wikt:脃|脃]] tshjwejH
* 22-16/0296d [[wikt:脆|脆]] tshjwejH
* 22-16/0296- [[wikt:絕|絕]] dzjwet

==0297==
* 22-18/0297a [[wikt:雪|雪]] sjwet

==0298==
* 22-19/0298a [[wikt:刷|刷]] srjwet, srwaet

==0299==
* 22-14/0299a [[wikt:寽|寽]] lwit
* 22-14/0299c [[wikt:鋝|鋝]] ljwet
* 22-14/0299d [[wikt:埒|埒]] ljwet
* 22-14/0299e [[wikt:捋|捋]] lwat

==0300==
* 24-01/0300a [[wikt:訐|訐]] kjejH, kjet, kjot

==0301==
* 22-02/0301a [[wikt:欮|欮]] kjwot
* 22-02/0301c [[wikt:厥|厥]] kjwot
* 22-02/0301d [[wikt:蕨|蕨]] kjwot
* 22-02/0301e [[wikt:蟩|蟩]] kjwot
* 22-02/0301f [[wikt:蹷|蹷]] gjwot, kjwejH, kjwot
* 22-02/0301g [[wikt:蹶|蹶]] gjwot, kjwejH, kjwot
* 22-02/0301h [[wikt:闕|闕]] khjwot
* 22-02/0301i [[wikt:撅|撅]] kjwejH
* 22-02/0301j [[wikt:橛|橛]] gjwot
* 22-02/0301k [[wikt:橜|橜]] gjwot
* 22-02/0301l [[wikt:嶡|嶡]] kjwejH

==0302==
* 22-01/0302a [[wikt:氒|氒]] kjwot
* 22-01/0302f [[wikt:舌|舌]] kwat
* 22-01/0302h [[wikt:括|括]] kwat
* 22-01/0302i [[wikt:栝|栝]] kwat
* 22-01/0302j [[wikt:聒|聒]] kwat
* 22-01/0302k [[wikt:髺|髺]] kwat
* 22-01/0302l [[wikt:佸|佸]] hwat
* 22-01/0302m [[wikt:活|活]] hwat, kwat
* 22-01/0302n [[wikt:刮|刮]] kwaet
* 22-01/0302o [[wikt:話|話]] hwaejH
* 22-01/0302p [[wikt:懖|懖]] kwat
* 22-01/0302q [[wikt:闊|闊]] khwat

==0303==
Schuessler (2009: 241) combines [[#0303|0303]] and [[#0346|0346]]. A uvular series
* 22-05/0303a [[wikt:戉|戉]] hjwot
* 22-05/0303d [[wikt:鉞|鉞]] hjwot
* 22-05/0303e [[wikt:越|越]] hjwot, hwat
* 22-05/0303f [[wikt:狘|狘]] xjwot

==0304==
A uvular series
* 22-04/0304a [[wikt:曰|曰]] hjwot
* 22-04/0304e [[wikt:𢪏|𢪏]] hwot
* 22-04/0304f [[wikt:汩|汩]] hwit, hwot, mek, kwot (a velar)

==0305==
A uvular series
* 22-06/0305a [[wikt:粵|粵]] hjwot

==0306==
* 22-08/0306a [[wikt:月|月]] ngjwot
* 22-08/0306g [[wikt:抈|抈]] ngjwot
* 22-08/0306h [[wikt:刖|刖]] ngjwot, ngwaet
* 22-08/0306j [[wikt:跀|跀]] ngjwot

==0307==
* 21-33/0307a [[wikt:伐|伐]] bjot
* 21-33/0307f [[wikt:茷|茷]] bajH

==0308==
* 21-34/0308a [[wikt:罰|罰]] bjot

==0309==
* 20-11/0309a [[wikt:竊|竊]] tshet

==0310==
* 20-12/0310a [[wikt:𢧵|𢧵]] dzet
* 20-12/0310b [[wikt:截|截]] dzet

==0311==
Schussler suggests that 簚 mek ([[#1260|1260e]]) may also belong to GSR[[#0311]].
* 20-18/0311a [[wikt:蔑|蔑]] met
* 20-18/0311f [[wikt:幭|幭]] met
* 20-18/0311g [[wikt:懱|懱]] met
* 20-18/0311h [[wikt:䁾|䁾]] met
* 20-18/0311i [[wikt:𥣫|𥣫]] met
* 20-18/0311k [[wikt:篾|篾]] met
* 20-18/0311l [[wikt:韈|韈]] mjot
* 20-18/0311m [[wikt:韤|韤]] mjot

==0312==
Despite the mixture of glottal and velar readings, Baxter &amp; Sagart appear not to treat as a uvular series.
* 20-03/0312a [[wikt:夬|夬]] kwaejH, kwet
* 20-03/0312b [[wikt:決|決]] kwet, xwet
* 20-03/0312c [[wikt:玦|玦]] kwet
* 20-03/0312d [[wikt:袂|袂]] kwet, mjiejH
* 20-03/0312e [[wikt:訣|訣]] kwet
* 20-03/0312f [[wikt:趹|趹]] kwet
* 20-03/0312g [[wikt:鴃|鴃]] kwet
* 20-03/0312h [[wikt:缺|缺]] khwet, khjwiet
* 20-03/0312i [[wikt:吷|吷]] xjwiet, xwet
* 20-03/0312j [[wikt:抉|抉]] 'wet
* 20-03/0312k [[wikt:快|快]] khwaejH

==0313==
A uvular series
* 21-01/0313a [[wikt:匃|匃]] kajH, kat
* 21-01/0313d [[wikt:曷|曷]] hat
* 21-01/0313e [[wikt:毼|毼]] hat
* 21-01/0313f [[wikt:蝎|蝎]] hat
* 21-01/0313g [[wikt:褐|褐]] hat
* 21-01/0313h [[wikt:鶡|鶡]] hat, khat
* 21-01/0313i [[wikt:葛|葛]] kat
* 21-01/0313j [[wikt:渴|渴]] gjet, khat
* 21-01/0313k [[wikt:喝|喝]] 'aejH, xat
* 21-01/0313l [[wikt:遏|遏]] 'at
* 21-01/0313m [[wikt:朅|朅]] khjet, khjot
* 21-01/0313n [[wikt:揭|揭]] gjet, gjot, khjejH, khjet, kjot
* 21-01/0313o [[wikt:楬|楬]] gjet, khaet
* 21-01/0313p [[wikt:偈|偈]] kjot
* 21-01/0313q [[wikt:碣|碣]] gjet
* 21-01/0313r [[wikt:竭|竭]] gjet
* 21-01/0313s [[wikt:愒|愒]] khajH, khjejH, khjet
* 21-01/0313t [[wikt:猲|猲]] xjot
* 21-01/0313u [[wikt:歇|歇]] xjot
* 21-01/0313v [[wikt:暍|暍]] 'jot
* 21-01/0313x [[wikt:謁|謁]] 'jot
* 21-01/0313y [[wikt:餲|餲]] 'aejH, 'at, 'jejH
* 21-01/0313z [[wikt:㵣|㵣]] khat
* 21-01/0313a' [[wikt:藹|藹]] 'ajH

==0314==
* 21-02/0314a [[wikt:害|害]] hajH, hat
* 21-02/0314c [[wikt:犗|犗]] kaejH
* 21-02/0314d [[wikt:割|割]] kat
* 21-02/0314f [[wikt:轄|轄]] haet
* 21-02/0314g [[wikt:豁|豁]] xwat

==0315==
* 21-15/0315a [[wikt:帶|帶]] tajH
* 21-15/0315b [[wikt:滯|滯]] drjejH
* 21-15/0315c [[wikt:蔕|蔕]] tejH
* 21-15/0315d [[wikt:墆|墆]] dejH, det
* 21-15/0315e [[wikt:遰|遰]] dejH, dzyejH
* 21-15/0315f [[wikt:懘|懘]] tsyhejH

==0316==
* 21-13/0316a [[wikt:泰|泰]] thajH

==0317==
* 21-12/0317a [[wikt:大|大]] daH, dajH
* 21-12/0317d [[wikt:太|太]] thajH
* 21-12/0317f [[wikt:汏|汏]] dajH, thajH, that
* 21-12/0317g [[wikt:汰|汰]] dajH, thajH, that
* 21-12/0317h [[wikt:軑|軑]] dajH, dejH
* 21-12/0317i [[wikt:忕|忕]] dzyejH
* 21-12/0317j [[wikt:杕|杕]] dejH
* 21-12/0317l [[wikt:釱|釱]] dajH, dejH

==0318==
* 21-27/0318a [[wikt:柰|柰]] najH
* 21-27/0318b [[wikt:奈|奈]] najH

==0319==
* 21-29/0319a [[wikt:杀|杀]] tshajH
* 21-29/0319d [[wikt:殺|殺]] sreat, sreajH
* 21-29/0319e [[wikt:閷|閷]] sreat
* 21-29/0319f [[wikt:樧|樧]] sreat, srjet
* 21-29/0319g [[wikt:摋|摋]] sat

==0320==
* 21-35/0320a [[wikt:貝|貝]] pajH
* 21-35/0320f [[wikt:敗|敗]] baejH, paejH
* 21-35/0320g [[wikt:𣀕|𣀕]] paejH

==0321==
* 22-03/0321a [[wikt:會|會]] hwajH, kwajH
* 22-03/0321d [[wikt:廥|廥]] kwajH
* 22-03/0321e [[wikt:旝|旝]] kwajH
* 22-03/0321f [[wikt:澮|澮]] kwajH
* 22-03/0321g [[wikt:膾|膾]] kwajH
* 22-03/0321h [[wikt:襘|襘]] kwajH
* 22-03/0321i [[wikt:檜|檜]] kwajH, kwat
* 22-03/0321j [[wikt:禬|禬]] hwajH, kwajH
* 22-03/0321k [[wikt:繪|繪]] hwajH
* 22-03/0321l [[wikt:噲|噲]] khwaejH, kwajH, kwat
* 22-03/0321m [[wikt:鬠|鬠]] hwat, kwajH
* 22-03/0321n [[wikt:薈|薈]] 'wajH

==0322==
Schuessler combines with [[#306]].
* 22-08/0322a [[wikt:外|外]] ngwajH

==0323==
* 10-21/0323a [[wikt:祋|祋]] twajH

==0324==
* 22-13/0324a [[wikt:兌|兌]] dwajH, thwajH
* 22-13/0324d [[wikt:駾|駾]] dwajH, thwajH
* 22-13/0324e [[wikt:蛻|蛻]] sywejH, thwaH, thwajH, ywet
* 22-13/0324f [[wikt:銳|銳]] dwajH, ywejH
* 22-13/0324g [[wikt:帨|帨]] sywejH, tshjwejH
* 22-13/0324h [[wikt:涗|涗]] sywejH, tshjwejH
* 22-13/0324i [[wikt:稅|稅]] sywejH, thwajH
* 22-13/0324j [[wikt:敓|敓]] dwat
* 22-13/0324l [[wikt:挩|挩]] thwat
* 22-13/0324m [[wikt:脫|脫]] dwajH, dwat, thwat
* 22-13/0324n [[wikt:梲|梲]] tsywet
* 22-13/0324o [[wikt:悅|悅]] ywet
* 22-13/0324p [[wikt:閱|閱]] ywet
* 22-13/0324q [[wikt:說|說]] sywejH , sywet
* 22-13/0324- [[wikt:蜕|蜕]] thwajH

==0325==
* 10-35/0325a [[wikt:最|最]] tswajH
* 10-35/0325c [[wikt:蕞|蕞]] dzwajH
* 10-35/0325d [[wikt:嘬|嘬]] tsrhwaejH, tsrhweajH
* 10-35/0325e [[wikt:撮|撮]] tshwat, tswajH

==0326==
Schuessler (2009: 235-236) includes [[#0326|0326]]a and three characters from [[#0267|0267]] to [[#0340|0340]].
* 21-26/0326a [[wikt:蠆|蠆]] trhaejH

==0327==
* 20-02/0327a [[wikt:介|介]] keajH, keat
* 20-02/0327d [[wikt:价|价]] keajH
* 20-02/0327e [[wikt:界|界]] keajH
* 20-02/0327f [[wikt:疥|疥]] keajH
* 20-02/0327h [[wikt:齘|齘]] heajH
* 20-02/0327i [[wikt:𢗊|𢗊]] xeajH
* 20-02/0327j [[wikt:芥|芥]] kaejH, keajH
* 20-02/0327k [[wikt:紒|紒]] kejH

==0328==
* 20-17/0328a [[wikt:拜|拜]] peajH

==0329==
* 21-06/0329a [[wikt:憩|憩]] khjejH

==0330==
* 20-13/0330a [[wikt:埶|埶]] ngjejH, syejH
* 20-13/0330e [[wikt:蓺|蓺]] ngjejH
* 20-13/0330f [[wikt:藝|藝]] ngjejH
* 20-13/0330g [[wikt:摰|摰]] nget
* 20-13/0330h [[wikt:槷|槷]] nget
* 20-13/0330i [[wikt:囈|囈]] ngjejH
* 20-13/0330j [[wikt:熱|熱]] nyet
* 20-13/0330k [[wikt:爇|爇]] nywet
* 20-13/0330l [[wikt:勢|勢]] syejH
* 20-13/0330m [[wikt:暬|暬]] sjet
* 20-13/0330n [[wikt:褻|褻]] sjet

==0331==
* 20-06/0331a [[wikt:帠|帠]] ngjejH

==0332==
* 21-07/0332a [[wikt:瘞|瘞]] 'jejH

==0333==
* 21-22/0333a [[wikt:裔|裔]] yejH

==0334==
* 21-18/0334a [[wikt:彘|彘]] drjejH

==0335==
* 21-17/0335a [[wikt:制|制]] tsyejH
* 21-17/0335b [[wikt:製|製]] tsyejH
* 21-17/0335c [[wikt:掣|掣]] tsyhejH, tsyhet
* 21-17/0335d [[wikt:猘|猘]] kjejH

==0336==
* 21-16/0336a [[wikt:筮|筮]] dzyejH
* 21-16/0336b [[wikt:簭|簭]] dzyejH
* 21-16/0336c [[wikt:噬|噬]] dzyejH
* 21-16/0336d [[wikt:澨|澨]] dzyejH

==0337==
* 21-28/0337a [[wikt:祭|祭]] tsjejH, tsreajH
* 21-28/0337e [[wikt:穄|穄]] tsjejH
* 21-28/0337f [[wikt:際|際]] tsjejH
* 21-28/0337g [[wikt:傺|傺]] trhjejH
* 21-28/0337h [[wikt:瘵|瘵]] tsreajH
* 21-28/0337i [[wikt:蔡|蔡]] tshajH
* 21-28/0337j [[wikt:察|察]] tsrheat

==0338==
* 21-21/0338a [[wikt:曳|曳]] yejH
* 21-21/0338b [[wikt:洩|洩]] yejH
* 21-21/0338c [[wikt:絏|絏]] sjet

==0339==
* 21-23/0339a [[wikt:世|世]] syejH
* 21-23/0339d [[wikt:貰|貰]] syejH
* 21-23/0339e [[wikt:抴|抴]] yejH, yet
* 21-23/0339f [[wikt:枻|枻]] yejH
* 21-23/0339g [[wikt:詍|詍]] yejH
* 21-23/0339h [[wikt:泄|泄]] sjet
* 21-23/0339i [[wikt:紲|紲]] sjet
* 21-23/0339j [[wikt:靾|靾]] sjet
* 21-23/0339k [[wikt:勩|勩]] yejH
* 21-23/0339l [[wikt:渫|渫]] sjet
* 21-23/0339m [[wikt:緤|緤]] sjet

==0340==
Schuessler (2009: 235-236) includes [[#0326|0326]]a and three characters from [[#0267|0267]] to [[#0340|0340]].
* 21-26/0340a [[wikt:厲|厲]] ljejH
* 21-26/0340b [[wikt:礪|礪]] ljejH
* 21-26/0340c [[wikt:勵|勵]] ljejH
* 21-26/0340d [[wikt:癘|癘]] ljejH
* 21-26/0340e [[wikt:𧓽|𧓽]] ljejH
* 21-26/0340f [[wikt:蠣|蠣]] ljejH
* 21-26/0340g [[wikt:糲|糲]] lajH, lat, ljejH

==0341==
* 20-16/0341a [[wikt:敝|敝]] bjiejH
* 20-16/0341d [[wikt:幣|幣]] bjiejH
* 20-16/0341e [[wikt:弊|弊]] bjiejH
* 20-16/0341f [[wikt:斃|斃]] bjiejH
* 20-16/0341g [[wikt:獘|獘]] bjiejH
* 20-16/0341h [[wikt:蔽|蔽]] pjiejH
* 20-16/0341i [[wikt:鷩|鷩]] pjiejH, pjiet
* 20-16/0341j [[wikt:虌|虌]] pjiet
* 20-16/0341k [[wikt:鱉|鱉]] pjiet
* 20-16/0341l [[wikt:憋|憋]] phjiet
* 20-16/0341m [[wikt:蹩|蹩]] bet

==0342==
Schuessler (2009: 292) combines with GSR [[#571]].
* 28-05/0342a [[wikt:衛|衛]] hjwejH
* 28-05/0342f [[wikt:讆|讆]] hjwejH
* 28-05/0342g [[wikt:躗|躗]] hwaejH
* 28-05/0342- [[wikt:躛|躛]] xweajH

==0343==
* 22-11/0343a [[wikt:贅|贅]] tsywejH

==0344==
* 22-12/0344a [[wikt:叡|叡]] ywejH

==0345==
* 22-17/0345a [[wikt:毳|毳]] thjwejH, tsrhjwejH
* 22-17/0345b [[wikt:竁|竁]] tshjwejH, tsyhwejH, tsyhwenH
* 22-17/0345c [[wikt:膬|膬]] tshjwet

==0346==
* 22-05/0346a [[wikt:歲|歲]] sjwejH
* 22-05/0346f [[wikt:顪|顪]] xjwojH
* 22-05/0346g [[wikt:翽|翽]] xwajH
* 22-05/0346h [[wikt:濊|濊]] 'jwojH, xwat
* 22-05/0346i [[wikt:穢|穢]] 'jwojH
* 22-05/0346j [[wikt:噦|噦]] 'jwet, 'jwot, xwajH
* 22-05/0346k [[wikt:劌|劌]] kjwejH

==0347==
* 21-10/0347a [[wikt:乂|乂]] ngjojH
* 21-10/0347b [[wikt:刈|刈]] ngjojH
* 21-10/0347c [[wikt:艾|艾]] ngajH, ngjojH

==0348==
* 21-36/0348a [[wikt:吠|吠]] bjojH

==0349==
* 18-02/0349a [[wikt:个|个]] kaH, kanH

==0350==
An -r series acc. to Baxter &amp; Sagart (2014: 257)
*18-12/0350a [[wikt:那|那]] na

==0351==
* 19-02/0351a [[wikt:果|果]] khwaX, kwaX
* 19-02/0351c [[wikt:蜾|蜾]] kwaX
* 19-02/0351d [[wikt:裹|裹]] kwaX
* 19-02/0351e [[wikt:堁|堁]] khwaH
* 19-02/0351f [[wikt:課|課]] khwaH
* 19-02/0351g [[wikt:倮|倮]] lwaX
* 19-02/0351h [[wikt:裸|裸]] lwaX
* 19-02/0351i [[wikt:臝|臝]] lwaX
* 19-02/0351j [[wikt:踝|踝]] hwaeX
* 19-02/0351k [[wikt:髁|髁]] hwaeX
* 19-02/0351l [[wikt:輠|輠]] hwaeX, hwanX, hwojX
* 19-02/0351m [[wikt:祼|祼]] kwanH
* 19-02/0351n [[wikt:婐|婐]] 'waX

==0352==
* 19-03/0352a [[wikt:𩰬|𩰬]] kwa

==0353==
* 27-12/0353a [[wikt:火|火]] xwaX

==0354==
* 19-19/0354a [[wikt:妥|妥]] thwaX
* 19-19/0354d [[wikt:餒|餒]] nwojX
* 19-19/0354e [[wikt:緌|緌]] nywij
* 19-19/0354f [[wikt:諉|諉]] nrjweH
* 19-19/0354g [[wikt:綏|綏]] sjwe, swij, thwaX

==0355==
* 19-23/0355a [[wikt:衰|衰]] srwij, swa, tshwoj, tsrhjwe
* 19-23/0355b [[wikt:蓑|蓑]] swa
* 19-23/0355c [[wikt:簑|簑]] swa
* 19-23/0355d [[wikt:榱|榱]] srwij
* 19-23/0355e [[wikt:縗|縗]] tshwoj

==0356==
* 18-19/0356a [[wikt:毀|毀]] xjweX
* 18-19/0356b [[wikt:燬|燬]] xjweX

==0357==
* 19-10/0357a [[wikt:委|委]] 'jwe, 'jweH, 'jweX
* 19-10/0357b [[wikt:倭|倭]] 'jwe
* 19-10/0357c [[wikt:痿|痿]] 'jwe
* 19-10/0357d [[wikt:萎|萎]] 'jwe
* 19-10/0357e [[wikt:逶|逶]] 'jwe
* 19-10/0357f [[wikt:餧|餧]] 'jweH
* 19-10/0357g [[wikt:踒|踒]] 'wa, 'waH

==0358==
* 07-25/0358a [[wikt:此|此]] tshjeX
* 07-25/0358c [[wikt:佌|佌]] tshjeX
* 07-25/0358d [[wikt:庛|庛]] tshjeH
* 07-25/0358e [[wikt:跐|跐]] tshjeX
* 07-25/0358f [[wikt:雌|雌]] tshje
* 07-25/0358g [[wikt:䳄|䳄]] tshje
* 07-25/0358h [[wikt:泚|泚]] tshejX, tshjeX
* 07-25/0358i [[wikt:玼|玼]] tshejX, tshjeX
* 07-25/0358j [[wikt:紫|紫]] tsjeX
* 07-25/0358k [[wikt:訾|訾]] tsje, tsjeX, zje
* 07-25/0358l [[wikt:訿|訿]] tsje, tsjeX, zje
* 07-25/0358m [[wikt:貲|貲]] tsje
* 07-25/0358n [[wikt:髭|髭]] tsje
* 07-25/0358o [[wikt:頿|頿]] tsje
* 07-25/0358p [[wikt:疵|疵]] dzje
* 07-25/0358q [[wikt:骴|骴]] dzje, dzjeH
* 07-25/0358r [[wikt:胔|胔]] dzjeH
* 07-25/0358s [[wikt:眥|眥]] dzejH, dzjeH
* 07-25/0358t [[wikt:觜|觜]] tsje, tsjwe
* 07-25/0358u [[wikt:㧘|㧘]] dzrea
* 07-25/0358v [[wikt:祡|祡]] dzrea
* 07-25/0358x [[wikt:柴|柴]] dzjeH, dzrea, tsjeH

==0359==
an -r series
* 07-20/0359a [[wikt:爾|爾]] nejX, nyeX
* 07-20/0359c [[wikt:邇|邇]] nyeX
* 07-20/0359d [[wikt:嬭|嬭]] nejX
* 07-20/0359g [[wikt:濔|濔]] nejX
* 07-20/0359h [[wikt:禰|禰]] nejX
* 07-20/0359i [[wikt:薾|薾]] net
* 07-20/0359j [[wikt:璽|璽]] sjeX
* 07-20/0359k [[wikt:𤣗|𤣗]] sjenX
* 07-20/0359l [[wikt:獮|獮]] sjenX
* 07-20/0359m [[wikt:彌|彌]] mjie, mjieX
* 07-20/0359o [[wikt:瀰|瀰]] mejX, mjie, mjieX

==0360==
* 07-31/0360a [[wikt:弭|弭]] mjieX
* 07-31/0360d [[wikt:渳|渳]] mjieX
* 07-31/0360e [[wikt:麛|麛]] mej

==0361==
Schuessler (2009: 319) says the &quot;phonetic seems to be 丁&quot; [[#0833|09-11/833a]].
*32-15/0361a [[wikt:天|天]] then
*32-15/0361d [[wikt:吞|吞]] then, thon

==0362==
* 32-19/0362a [[wikt:田|田]] den, denH
* 32-19/0362d [[wikt:佃|佃]] den, denH
* 32-19/0362e [[wikt:畋|畋]] den, denH
* 32-19/0362g [[wikt:甸|甸]] denH, dzyingH

==0363==
* 09-13/0363a [[wikt:奠|奠]] deng, dengH, denH
* 09-13/0363e [[wikt:鄭|鄭]] drjengH
* 09-13/0363f [[wikt:躑|躑]] drjek

==0364==
Schuessler (2009: 321-322) unites [[#0364]], [[#0365]] and [[#0388]]
* 32-28/0364a [[wikt:年|年]] nen

==0365==
Schuessler (2009: 321-322) unites [[#0364]], [[#0365]] and [[#0388]]
* 32-28/0365a [[wikt:千|千]] tshen
* 32-28/0365e [[wikt:阡|阡]] tshen
* 32-28/0365f [[wikt:芊|芊]] tshen

==0366==
* 32-05/0366a [[wikt:玄|玄]] hwen
* 32-05/0366c [[wikt:泫|泫]] hwenX
* 32-05/0366d [[wikt:眩|眩]] hwen, hwenH
* 32-05/0366e [[wikt:鉉|鉉]] hwenX
* 32-05/0366f [[wikt:弦|弦]] hen
* 32-05/0366g [[wikt:絃|絃]] hen, xwenH
* 32-05/0366h [[wikt:炫|炫]] hwenH
* 32-05/0366i [[wikt:蚿|蚿]] hen
* 32-05/0366j [[wikt:衒|衒]] hwenH
* 32-05/0366k [[wikt:牽|牽]] khen
* 32-05/0366l [[wikt:鮌|鮌]] kwonX
* 32-05/0366m [[wikt:誸|誸]] hen

==0367==
* 32-12/0367a [[wikt:淵|淵]] 'wen
* 32-12/0367d [[wikt:婣|婣]] 'jin

==0368==
Schuessler (2009: 316) combines [[#0368|0368]] and [[#0377|0377]].
* 32-01/0368a [[wikt:臤|臤]] hen, khanH, khean, kheang, khjinH
* 32-01/0368c [[wikt:堅|堅]] ken
* 32-01/0368d [[wikt:掔|掔]] khen
* 32-01/0368e [[wikt:賢|賢]] hen, henH
* 32-01/0368g [[wikt:緊|緊]] kjinX
* 32-01/0368h [[wikt:腎|腎]] dzyinX
* 32-01/0368- [[wikt:臤|臤]]

==0369==
* 32-03/0369a [[wikt:矜|矜]] gin, king

==0370==
* 32-09/0370a [[wikt:因|因]] 'jin
* 32-09/0370d [[wikt:茵|茵]] 'jin
* 32-09/0370e [[wikt:絪|絪]] 'jin
* 32-09/0370f [[wikt:姻|姻]] 'jin
* 32-09/0370g [[wikt:駰|駰]] 'in, 'jin
* 32-09/0370h [[wikt:咽|咽]] 'en, 'enH, 'in, 'wen
* 32-09/0370i [[wikt:烟|烟]] 'en
* 32-09/0370j [[wikt:恩|恩]] 'on

==0371==
* 32-20/0371a [[wikt:引|引]] yinX, yinH
* 32-20/0371b [[wikt:靷|靷]] yinH
* 32-20/0371c [[wikt:蚓|蚓]] yinX
* 32-20/0371d [[wikt:紖|紖]] drinX

==0372==
* 32-21/0372a [[wikt:絼|絼]] drinX

==0373==
* 32-18/0373a [[wikt:陳|陳]] drin, drinH
* 32-18/0373d [[wikt:敶|敶]] drin, drinH
* 32-18/0373f [[wikt:陣|陣]] drinH
* 32-18/0373g [[wikt:螴|螴]] drin

==0374==
* 33-17/0374a [[wikt:塵|塵]] drin

==0375==
* 32-16/0375a [[wikt:真|真]] tsyin
* 32-16/0375b [[wikt:稹|稹]] denH, tsyin, tsyinX
* 32-16/0375c [[wikt:縝|縝]] tsyin, tsyinX
* 32-16/0375d [[wikt:鬒|鬒]] tsyinX
* 32-16/0375e [[wikt:黰|黰]] tsyinX
* 32-16/0375f [[wikt:鎮|鎮]] trin, trinH, trinX
* 32-16/0375g [[wikt:瞋|瞋]] tsyhin
* 32-16/0375h [[wikt:磌|磌]] tsyin
* 32-16/0375i [[wikt:慎|慎]] dzyinH
* 32-16/0375j [[wikt:傎|傎]] ten
* 32-16/0375k [[wikt:蹎|蹎]] ten
* 32-16/0375l [[wikt:瘨|瘨]] ten
* 32-16/0375m [[wikt:顛|顛]] den, ten
* 32-16/0375n [[wikt:巔|巔]] ten
* 32-16/0375o [[wikt:齻|齻]] ten
* 32-16/0375p [[wikt:瑱|瑱]] thenH, trinH
* 32-16/0375q [[wikt:嗔|嗔]] den
* 32-16/0375r [[wikt:闐|闐]] den
* 32-16/0375s [[wikt:搷|搷]] den
* 32-16/0375t [[wikt:窴|窴]] denH
* 32-16/0375u [[wikt:填|填]] den, denX
* 32-16/0375v [[wikt:嵮|嵮]] den
* 32-16/0375x [[wikt:寘|寘]] tsyeH
* 32-16/0375- [[wikt:顚|顚]] ten

==0376==
* 32-17/0376a [[wikt:眘|眘]] dzyenH

==0377==
Schuessler (2009: 316) combines [[#0368|0368]] and [[#0377|0377]].
* 32-01/0377a [[wikt:臣|臣]] dzyin
* 32-01/0377g [[wikt:挋|挋]] tsyinH
* 32-01/0377- [[wikt:茞|茞]] dzyin

==0378==
* 32-29/0378a [[wikt:晉|晉]] tsinH
* 32-29/0378f [[wikt:搢|搢]] tsinH
* 32-29/0378g [[wikt:縉|縉]] tsinH
* 32-29/0378h [[wikt:戩|戩]] tsinX

==0379==
* 32-30/0379a [[wikt:進|進]] tsinH

==0380==
* 32-31/0380a [[wikt:秦|秦]] dzin
* 32-31/0380e [[wikt:螓|螓]] dzin
* 32-31/0380f [[wikt:榛|榛]] tsrin
* 32-31/0380g [[wikt:溱|溱]] tsrin
* 32-31/0380h [[wikt:臻|臻]] tsrin
* 32-31/0380i [[wikt:蓁|蓁]] tsrin

==0381==
* 32-32/0381a [[wikt:盡|盡]] dzinX, tsinX
* 32-32/0381c [[wikt:燼|燼]] dzinH
* 32-32/0381d [[wikt:藎|藎]] dzinH
* 32-32/0381e [[wikt:贐|贐]] dzinH
* 32-32/0381f [[wikt:賮|賮]] dzinH
* 32-32/0381g [[wikt:津|津]] tsin
* 32-32/0381- [[wikt:盡|盡]] dzinX

==0382==
* 32-33/0382a [[wikt:辛|辛]] sin
* 32-33/0382g [[wikt:峷|峷]] srin
* 32-33/0382h [[wikt:莘|莘]] srin
* 32-33/0382i [[wikt:𣓀|𣓀]] tsrin
* 32-33/0382k [[wikt:新|新]] sin
* 32-33/0382n [[wikt:薪|薪]] sin
* 32-33/0382o [[wikt:親|親]] tshin
* 32-33/0382q [[wikt:寴|寴]] tshin
* 32-33/0382s [[wikt:櫬|櫬]] tsrhinH

==0383==
* 32-35/0363a [[wikt:卂|卂]] sinH
* 32-35/0363b [[wikt:迅|迅]] swinH
* 32-35/0363c [[wikt:訊|訊]] sinH
* 32-35/0363d [[wikt:䒖|䒖]] sinH

==0384==
* 32-36/0384a [[wikt:信|信]] sinH

==0385==
* 32-22/0385a [[wikt:申|申]] syin
* 32-22/0385f [[wikt:伸|伸]] syin
* 32-22/0385g [[wikt:呻|呻]] syin
* 32-22/0385h [[wikt:紳|紳]] syin
* 32-22/0385j [[wikt:神|神]] zyin
* 32-22/0385l [[wikt:𣍃|𣍃]] yinH
* 32-22/0385m [[wikt:電|電]] denH

==0386==
* 32-23/0386a [[wikt:身|身]] syin
* 32-23/0386d [[wikt:𨌈|𨌈]] den

==0387==
* 32-26/0387a [[wikt:粦|粦]] lin, linH
* 32-26/0387b [[wikt:燐|燐]] lin, linH
* 32-26/0387c [[wikt:粼|粼]] lin, linH
* 32-26/0387d [[wikt:獜|獜]] lin
* 32-26/0387e [[wikt:甐|甐]] linH
* 32-26/0387f [[wikt:磷|磷]] linH
* 32-26/0387g [[wikt:轔|轔]] lin
* 32-26/0387h [[wikt:遴|遴]] linH
* 32-26/0387i [[wikt:鄰|鄰]] lin
* 32-26/0387j [[wikt:麟|麟]] lin
* 32-26/0387k [[wikt:鱗|鱗]] lin
* 32-26/0387l [[wikt:憐|憐]] len
* 32-26/0387- [[wikt:隣|隣]] lin (a variant of 鄰, which occurs as a lower ''fanqie'' speller in a Dunhuang ([http://idp.bl.uk/database/oo_scroll_h.a4d?uid=236471759;bst=1;recnum=59058;index=1;img=1 Pelliot Chinois 2017]) Qieyun fragment)

==0388==
Schuessler (2009: 321-322) unites [[#0364]], [[#0365]] and [[#0388]]
* 32-28/0388a [[wikt:人|人]] nyin
* 32-28/0388f [[wikt:仁|仁]] nyin

==0389==
* 32-38/0389a [[wikt:賓|賓]] pjin, pjinH
* 32-38/0389g [[wikt:儐|儐]] pjinH
* 32-38/0389h [[wikt:擯|擯]] pjinH
* 32-38/0389i [[wikt:殯|殯]] pjinH
* 32-38/0389j [[wikt:濱|濱]] pjin
* 32-38/0389k [[wikt:鬢|鬢]] pjinH
* 32-38/0389l [[wikt:繽|繽]] phjin
* 32-38/0389m [[wikt:嬪|嬪]] bjin
* 32-38/0389o [[wikt:矉|矉]] bjin
* 32-38/0389p [[wikt:蠙|蠙]] ben, bjin
* 32-38/0389q [[wikt:髕|髕]] bjinX
* 32-38/0389r [[wikt:臏|臏]] binX

==0390==
* 32-39/0390a [[wikt:頻|頻]] bjin
* 32-39/0390c [[wikt:嚬|嚬]] bin
* 32-39/0390d [[wikt:蘋|蘋]] bjin

==0391==
* 32-07/0391a [[wikt:勻|勻]] ywin
* 32-07/0391c [[wikt:均|均]] kjwin
* 32-07/0391d [[wikt:袀|袀]] kjwin
* 32-07/0391e [[wikt:鈞|鈞]] kjwin
* 32-07/0391f [[wikt:盷|盷]] hwen
* 32-07/0391g [[wikt:䀏|䀏]] hwen
* 32-07/0391j [[wikt:筠|筠]] hjwin

==0392==
Schuessler (2009: 318) somewhat tentatively proposes to include 惸 [[#0830|0830a]] in GSR[[#0392]]. Baxter &amp; Sagart (2014: 137) appear to treat GSR[[#0392]] as a uvular series.
* 32-08/0392a [[wikt:旬|旬]] zwin
* 32-08/0392e [[wikt:徇|徇]] zwin, zwinH
* 32-08/0392f [[wikt:狥|狥]] zwin, zwinH
* 32-08/0392g [[wikt:殉|殉]] zwinH
* 32-08/0392h [[wikt:侚|侚]] zwinH
* 32-07/0392j [[wikt:畇|畇]] swin, ywin, zwin
* 32-08/0392k [[wikt:恂|恂]] swin, swinH
* 32-08/0392l [[wikt:洵|洵]] swin, xwen
* 32-08/0392m [[wikt:眴|眴]] swin, sywinH, xwenH
* 32-08/0392n [[wikt:筍|筍]] swinX
* 32-08/0392o [[wikt:荀|荀]] swin
* 32-08/0392p [[wikt:詢|詢]] swin
* 32-08/0392q [[wikt:迿|迿]] swinH, zwin
* 32-08/0392r [[wikt:絢|絢]] swin, xwenH
* 32-08/0392t [[wikt:箰|箰]] swinX
* 32-08/0392u [[wikt:橁|橁]] swin, trhwin
* 32-08/0392- [[wikt:姰|姰]]

==0393==
* 29-01/0393a [[wikt:吉|吉]] kjit
* 29-01/0393i [[wikt:蛣|蛣]] khjit
* 29-01/0393j [[wikt:詰|詰]] khjit
* 29-01/0393k [[wikt:佶|佶]] git
* 29-01/0393l [[wikt:姞|姞]] git
* 29-01/0393n [[wikt:拮|拮]] ket, kjit
* 29-01/0393o [[wikt:桔|桔]] ket
* 29-01/0393p [[wikt:結|結]] ket
* 29-01/0393q [[wikt:袺|袺]] keat, ket
* 29-01/0393r [[wikt:頡|頡]] het
* 29-01/0393t [[wikt:髻|髻]] kejH, ket
* 29-01/0393u [[wikt:秸|秸]] keat
* 29-01/0393v [[wikt:黠|黠]] heat
* 29-01/0393x [[wikt:劼|劼]] kheat
* 29-01/0393y [[wikt:襭|襭]] het
* 29-01/0393z [[wikt:擷|擷]] het

==0394==
* 29-12/0394a [[wikt:一|一]] 'jit

==0395==
* 29-13/0395a [[wikt:壹|壹]] 'jit
* 29-13/0395b [[wikt:噎|噎]] 'et
* 29-13/0395c [[wikt:㦤|㦤]] 'ijH
* 29-13/0395d [[wikt:懿|懿]] 'ijH
* 29-13/0395h [[wikt:饐|饐]] 'ijH
* 29-13/0395i [[wikt:曀|曀]] 'ejH
* 29-13/0395j [[wikt:㙪|㙪]] 'ejH
* 29-13/0395k [[wikt:殪|殪]] 'ejH

==0396==
* 29-19/0396a [[wikt:逸|逸]] yit

==0397==
* 29-21/0397a [[wikt:佾|佾]] yet

==0398==
* 29-18/0398a [[wikt:實|實]] zyit

==0399==
Schuessler (2009: 302) combines [[#0399|0399]] and [[#0923|0923]].
* 29-30/0399a [[wikt:卽|卽]] tsik, tsit
* 29-30/0399d [[wikt:楖|楖]] tsrit
* 29-30/0399e [[wikt:節|節]] dzet, tset
* 29-30/0399g [[wikt:櫛|櫛]] tsrit

==0400==
* 29-31/0400a [[wikt:七|七]] tshit
* 29-31/0400e [[wikt:叱|叱]] tsyhit
* 29-31/0400f [[wikt:切|切]] tshet

==0401==
* 29-32/0401a [[wikt:桼|桼]] tshit
* 29-32/0401b [[wikt:漆|漆]] tshit
* 29-32/0401c [[wikt:膝|膝]] sit

==0402==
* 29-17/0402a [[wikt:失|失]] syit
* 29-17/0402b [[wikt:佚|佚]] yit
* 29-17/0402c [[wikt:泆|泆]] det, yit
* 29-17/0402d [[wikt:軼|軼]] det, yit
* 29-17/0402e [[wikt:抶|抶]] trhit
* 29-17/0402f [[wikt:秩|秩]] drit
* 29-17/0402g [[wikt:袠|袠]] drit
* 29-17/0402h [[wikt:翐|翐]] drit
* 29-17/0402i [[wikt:瓞|瓞]] det
* 29-17/0402j [[wikt:跌|跌]] det
* 29-17/0402k [[wikt:迭|迭]] det
* 29-17/0402l [[wikt:眣|眣]] det, trhit

==0403==
* 29-23/0403a [[wikt:栗|栗]] lit
* 29-23/0403d [[wikt:慄|慄]] lit
* 29-23/0403e [[wikt:瑮|瑮]] lit

==0404==
* 29-26/0404a [[wikt:日|日]] nyit
* 29-26/0404e [[wikt:衵|衵]] nyit
* 29-26/0404f [[wikt:馹|馹]] nyit
* 29-26/0404g [[wikt:䵒|䵒]] nrit
* 29-26/0404h [[wikt:圼|圼]] net
* 29-26/0404j [[wikt:涅|涅]] net

==0405==
* 29-41/0405a [[wikt:必|必]] pjit
* 29-41/0405c [[wikt:珌|珌]] pjit
* 29-41/0405d [[wikt:怭|怭]] bjit
* 29-41/0405e [[wikt:㧙|㧙]] bit
* 29-41/0405f [[wikt:駜|駜]] bit
* 29-41/0405g [[wikt:苾|苾]] bet, bjit
* 29-41/0405h [[wikt:飶|飶]] bet, bjit
* 29-41/0405i [[wikt:覕|覕]] bet
* 29-41/0405j [[wikt:柲|柲]] pijH, pit
* 29-41/0405k [[wikt:毖|毖]] pijH
* 29-41/0405l [[wikt:泌|泌]] pijH
* 29-41/0405m [[wikt:祕|祕]] pijH
* 29-41/0405n [[wikt:閟|閟]] pijH
* 29-41/0405o [[wikt:宓|宓]] mit
* 29-41/0405p [[wikt:密|密]] mit
* 29-41/0405r [[wikt:蜜|蜜]] mjit
* 29-41/0405s [[wikt:𥁑|𥁑]] mjit
* 29-41/0405t [[wikt:謐|謐]] mjit

==0406==
* 29-44/0406a [[wikt:弜|弜]] pit
* 29-44/0406e [[wikt:弼|弼]] bit

==0407==
* 29-42/0407a [[wikt:畢|畢]] pjit
* 29-42/0407d [[wikt:罼|罼]] pjit
* 29-42/0407e [[wikt:㪤|㪤]] pjit
* 29-42/0407i [[wikt:彃|彃]] pjit
* 29-42/0407j [[wikt:篳|篳]] pjit
* 29-42/0407k [[wikt:縪|縪]] pjit
* 29-42/0407l [[wikt:蹕|蹕]] pjit
* 29-42/0407m [[wikt:韠|韠]] pjit

==0408==
* 29-38/0408a [[wikt:匹|匹]] phjit

==0409==
* 29-06/0409a [[wikt:穴|穴]] hwet
* 29-06/0409c [[wikt:泬|泬]] xwet
* 29-06/0409d [[wikt:鴥|鴥]] ywit

==0410==
Baxter &amp; Sagart (personal communication 12 April 2017) combine GSR [[#0410|0410]] and GSR [[#0930|0930]]. 
* 29-07/0410a [[wikt:血|血]] xwet
* 29-07/0410e [[wikt:恤|恤]] swit
* 29-07/0410f [[wikt:卹|卹]] swot

==0411==
* 29-36/0411a [[wikt:瑟|瑟]] srit

==0412==
* 29-37/0412a [[wikt:閉|閉]] pejH

==0413==
* 29-15/0413a [[wikt:至|至]] tsyijH
* 29-15/0413d [[wikt:致|致]] trijH
* 29-15/0413e [[wikt:輊|輊]] trijH
* 29-15/0413f [[wikt:挃|挃]] trit
* 29-15/0413g [[wikt:銍|銍]] trit
* 29-15/0413h [[wikt:窒|窒]] det, tet, trit
* 29-15/0413i [[wikt:桎|桎]] tsyit
* 29-15/0413j [[wikt:室|室]] syit
* 29-15/0413m [[wikt:咥|咥]] det
* 29-15/0413n [[wikt:垤|垤]] det
* 29-15/0413o [[wikt:姪|姪]] det, drit
* 29-15/0413q [[wikt:絰|絰]] det
* 29-15/0413r [[wikt:耊|耊]] det

==0414==
* 29-27/0414a [[wikt:臸|臸]] nyit

==0415==
* 29-16/0415a [[wikt:疐|疐]] tejH, trijH
* 29-16/0415d [[wikt:懥|懥]] trhijH, tsyijH
* 29-16/0415e [[wikt:嚏|嚏]] tejH

==0416==
* 33-01/0416a [[wikt:艮|艮]] konH
* 33-01/0416b [[wikt:根|根]] kon
* 33-01/0416c [[wikt:豤|豤]] khonX
* 33-01/0416d [[wikt:佷|佷]] honX
* 33-01/0416e [[wikt:很|很]] honX
* 33-01/0416f [[wikt:恨|恨]] honH
* 33-01/0416g [[wikt:痕|痕]] hon
* 33-01/0416h [[wikt:垠|垠]] ngjɨn
* 33-01/0416i [[wikt:限|限]] heanX
* 33-01/0416k [[wikt:銀|銀]] ngin
* 33-01/0416l [[wikt:眼|眼]] ngeanX, ngonX
* 33-01/0416m [[wikt:墾|墾]] khonX
* 33-01/0416- [[wikt:齦|齦]] ngjɨn
* 33-01/0416- [[wikt:䫀|䫀]] konX

==0417==
* 34-01/0417a [[wikt:昆|昆]] kwon
* 34-01/0417c [[wikt:崐|崐]] kwon
* 34-01/0417d [[wikt:琨|琨]] kwon
* 34-01/0417e [[wikt:䃂|䃂]] kwonX
* 34-01/0417f [[wikt:緄|緄]] kwonX
* 34-01/0417g [[wikt:輥|輥]] kwonX
* 34-01/0417h [[wikt:錕|錕]] kwon
* 34-01/0417i [[wikt:鯤|鯤]] kwon
* 34-01/0417j [[wikt:鵾|鵾]] kwon
* 34-01/0417k [[wikt:混|混]] kwon, hwonX, kwonX
* 34-01/0417l [[wikt:焜|焜]] kwon, hwonX

==0418==
* 34-02/0418a [[wikt:衮|衮]] kwonX
* 34-02/0418b [[wikt:袞|袞]] kwonX
* 34-02/0418e [[wikt:蔉|蔉]] kwonX

==0419==
* 34-03/0419a [[wikt:鯀|鯀]] kwon

==0420==
* 34-09/0420a [[wikt:困|困]] khwonH
* 34-09/0420c [[wikt:悃|悃]] khwonX
* 34-09/0420d [[wikt:捆|捆]] khwonX
* 34-09/0420e [[wikt:梱|梱]] khwonX
* 34-09/0420f [[wikt:稇|稇]] khwonX

==0421==
* 34-05/0421a [[wikt:坤|坤]] khwon

==0422==
* 34-06/0422a [[wikt:巛|巛]] khwon
* 34-06/0422b [[wikt:𤰕|𤰕]] kwenX
* 34-06/0422c [[wikt:甽|甽]] kwenX
* 34-06/0422d [[wikt:訓|訓]] xjunH

==0423==
Zhangzheng (2003) unites this series with 兀  GSR[[#0487|0487]] and 虺 GSR [[#0572|0572]].

* 34-07/0423a [[wikt:髡|髡]] khwon
* 34-07/0423- [[wikt:𨱙|𨱙]] khwon

==0424==
* 34-08/0424a [[wikt:壼|壼]] khwonX

==0425==
* 34-10/0425a [[wikt:圂|圂]] hwonH
* 34-10/0425c [[wikt:慁|慁]] hwonH
* 34-10/0425d [[wikt:溷|溷]] hwonH

==0426==
* 34-16/0426c [[wikt:溫|溫]] 'won
* 34-16/0426d [[wikt:轀|轀]] 'won
* 34-16/0426e [[wikt:慍|慍]] 'junH
* 34-16/0426f [[wikt:緼|緼]] 'jun, 'junH, 'junX, 'won
* 34-16/0426g [[wikt:韞|韞]] 'junH, 'junX
* 34-16/0426h [[wikt:薀|薀]] 'won
* 34-16/0426i [[wikt:蘊|蘊]] 'junH, 'junX

==0427==
Schuessler (2009: 337) says that originally 屯 was the phonetic for [[#0463|0463]], but does not combine these two series.
* 34-17/0427a [[wikt:屯|屯]] dwon, trwin
* 34-17/0427d [[wikt:忳|忳]] dwon
* 34-17/0427e [[wikt:㹠|㹠]] dwon
* 34-17/0427f [[wikt:芚|芚]] dwon
* 34-17/0427g [[wikt:軘|軘]] dwon
* 34-17/0427h [[wikt:沌|沌]] dwonX
* 34-17/0427i [[wikt:鈍|鈍]] dwonH
* 34-17/0427j [[wikt:頓|頓]] twonH
* 34-17/0427k [[wikt:窀|窀]] dwon, trwin
* 34-17/0427l [[wikt:杶|杶]] trhwin
* 34-17/0427m [[wikt:肫|肫]] dzywin, tsywin
* 34-17/0427n [[wikt:純|純]] dwon, dwonX, dzywin, tsi, tsywinH, tsywinX

==0428==
* 34-22/0428a [[wikt:豚|豚]] dwon, dwonX
* presumed 34-22/0428c [[wikt:𢄉|𢄉]] dwon
* 34-22/0428d [[wikt:遯|遯]] dwonH, dwonX

==0429==
* 33-12/0429a [[wikt:𡱂|𡱂]] dwon
* 33-12/0429b [[wikt:臋|臋]] dwon
* 33-12/0429c [[wikt:臀|臀]] dwon
* 33-12/0429d [[wikt:殿|殿]] denH, tenH

==0430==
* 34-26/0430a [[wikt:尊|尊]] tswon
* 34-26/0430i [[wikt:樽|樽]] tswon
* 34-26/0430j [[wikt:僔|僔]] tswonX
* 34-26/0430k [[wikt:噂|噂]] tswonX
* 34-26/0430l [[wikt:撙|撙]] tswonX
* 34-26/0430m [[wikt:繜|繜]] tswon
* 34-26/0430n [[wikt:蹲|蹲]] dzwon, tshwin
* 34-26/0430o [[wikt:鐏|鐏]] dzwonH
* 34-26/0430p [[wikt:鱒|鱒]] dzwonH, dzwonX
* 34-26/0430q [[wikt:遵|遵]] tswin

==0431==
* 34-27/0431a [[wikt:寸|寸]] tshwonH
* 34-27/0431c [[wikt:刌|刌]] tshwonX
* 34-27/0431d [[wikt:忖|忖]] tshwonX

==0432==
* 33-22/0432a [[wikt:存|存]] dzwon
* 33-22/0432b [[wikt:荐|荐]] dzenH, dzwonH
* 33-22/0432c [[wikt:栫|栫]] dzenH
* 33-22/0432d [[wikt:洊|洊]] dzenH

==0433==
* 34-30/0433a [[wikt:巽|巽]] swonH
* 34-30/0433b [[wikt:簨|簨]] swinX
* 34-30/0433d [[wikt:僎|僎]] tswin
* 34-30/0433e [[wikt:䠣|䠣]] sjwenH
* 34-30/0433f [[wikt:選|選]] sjwenH, sjwenX
* 34-30/0433g [[wikt:撰|撰]] dzrjwenX
* 34-30/0433h [[wikt:饌|饌]] dzrjwenH
* 34-30/0433i [[wikt:譔|譔]] dzrjwenH, dzrjwenX, tshjwen

==0434==
* 34-28/0434a [[wikt:孫|孫]] swon
* 34-28/0434d [[wikt:蓀|蓀]] swon
* 34-28/0434e [[wikt:遜|遜]] swonH
* 34-28/0434f [[wikt:愻|愻]] swonH

==0435==
Schuessler (2009: 246) combines [[#0227|0227]] and [[#0435|0435]].
* 23-10/0435a [[wikt:損|損]] swonX

==0436==
* 34-29/0436a [[wikt:飧|飧]] swon

==0437==
* 33-29/0437a [[wikt:賁|賁]] pwon, pjeH, bjun
* 33-29/0437e [[wikt:噴|噴]] phwon, phwonH
* 33-29/0437f [[wikt:歕|歕]] phwon, phwonH
* 33-29/0437g [[wikt:獖|獖]] bwonH
* 33-29/0437h [[wikt:僨|僨]] pjun, pjunH
* 33-29/0437i [[wikt:𩞑|𩞑]] pjun
* 33-29/0437j [[wikt:饙|饙]] pjun
* 33-29/0437m [[wikt:墳|墳]] bjun, bjunX
* 33-29/0437n [[wikt:憤|憤]] bjunX
* 33-29/0437o [[wikt:濆|濆]] bjun
* 33-29/0437p [[wikt:羵|羵]] bjun
* 33-29/0437q [[wikt:蕡|蕡]] bjun
* 33-29/0437r [[wikt:豶|豶]] bjun
* 33-29/0437s [[wikt:轒|轒]] bjun, bjunX
* 33-29/0437t [[wikt:幩|幩]] bjun, phjun
* 33-29/0437- [[wikt:鐼|鐼]]

==0438==
* 33-28/0438a [[wikt:奔|奔]] pwon
* 33-28/0438d [[wikt:犇|犇]] pwon
* 33-28/0438e [[wikt:餴|餴]] pjun
* 33-28/0438f [[wikt:鼖|鼖]] bjun

==0439==
* 33-26/0439a [[wikt:畚|畚]] pwonX

==0440==
* 33-27/0440a [[wikt:本|本]] pwonX

==0441==
* 33-35/0441a [[wikt:門|門]] mwon
* 33-35/0441d [[wikt:悶|悶]] mwon
* 33-35/0441e [[wikt:捫|捫]] mwon
* 33-35/0441f [[wikt:聞|聞]] mjun, mjunH
* 33-35/0441g [[wikt:問|問]] mjunH
* 33-35/0441i [[wikt:閩|閩]] min, mjun
* 33-35/0441- [[wikt:䦨|䦨]]

==0442==
* 18-18/0442a [[wikt:穈|穈]] mwon

==0443==
An -r series
* 33-02/0443a [[wikt:斤|斤]] kjɨn, kjɨnH
* 33-02/0443d [[wikt:釿|釿]] kjɨn
* 33-02/0443e [[wikt:靳|靳]] kjɨnH
* 33-02/0443f [[wikt:芹|芹]] gjɨn
* 33-02/0443g [[wikt:近|近]] gjɨnH, gjɨnX
* 33-02/0443h [[wikt:昕|昕]] xjɨn
* 33-02/0443i [[wikt:欣|欣]] xjɨn
* 33-02/0443j [[wikt:忻|忻]] xjɨn
* 33-02/0443k [[wikt:訢|訢]] xjɨn
* 33-02/0443l [[wikt:圻|圻]] ngjɨn, gjɨj
* 33-02/0443m [[wikt:頎|頎]] khonX, gjɨj
* 33-02/0443n [[wikt:肵|肵]] gjɨj
* 33-02/0443o [[wikt:祈|祈]] gjɨj
* 33-02/0443p [[wikt:旂|旂]] gjɨj
* 33-02/0443t [[wikt:蘄|蘄]] gjɨj
* 33-02/0443x [[wikt:焮|焮]] xjɨnH
* 33-02/0443y [[wikt:掀|掀]] xjon
* 33-02/0443- [[wikt:赾|赾]]

==0444==
* 33-04/0444a [[wikt:𢀷|𢀷]] kjɨnX

==0445==
* 33-03/0445a [[wikt:筋|筋]] kjɨn

==0446==
* 33-07/0446a [[wikt:釁|釁]] xjɨnH

==0447==
* 33-08/0447a [[wikt:衅|衅]] xinH, xjɨnH

==0448==
An -r series acc. to Baxter &amp; Sagart (2014: 264-265).
* 33-09/0448a [[wikt:殷|殷]] 'ean, 'jɨn, 'jɨnX
* 33-09/0448e [[wikt:慇|慇]] 'jɨn

==0449==
* 33-10/0499a [[wikt:隱|隱]] 'jɨnH, 'jɨnX
* 33-10/0499b [[wikt:檃|檃]] 'jɨnX

==0450==
* 33-19/0450a [[wikt:寅|寅]] yij, yin
* 33-19/0450h [[wikt:夤|夤]] yin
* 33-19/0450j [[wikt:螾|螾]] yinX
* 33-19/0450k [[wikt:演|演]] yenX

==0451==
* 33-18/0451a [[wikt:胤|胤]] yinH
* 33-18/0451c [[wikt:酳|酳]] yinH

==0452==
* 33-16/0452a [[wikt:疢|疢]] trhinH

==0453==
* 33-15/0453a [[wikt:㐱|㐱]] tsyinX
* 33-15/0453c [[wikt:眕|眕]] tsyinX
* 33-15/0453d [[wikt:畛|畛]] tsyin, tsyinH, tsyinX
* 33-15/0453e [[wikt:紾|紾]] drjenX, dzyenX, trjenX, tsyinX
* 33-15/0453f [[wikt:袗|袗]] tsyinX
* 33-15/0453g [[wikt:軫|軫]] tsyinX
* 33-15/0453i [[wikt:珍|珍]] trin, tsyin
* 33-15/0453j [[wikt:疹|疹]] trhinH
* 33-15/0453k [[wikt:殄|殄]] denX
* 33-15/0453l [[wikt:診|診]] drinH, tsyinX
* 33-15/0453m [[wikt:餮|餮]] thet
* 33-15/0453n [[wikt:跈|跈]] denX, nenX
* 33-15/0453- [[wikt:趁|趁]]

==0454==
* 33-24/0454a [[wikt:齔|齔]] tsyhinH

==0455==
* 33-13/0455a [[wikt:辰|辰]] zyin (dzyin in Baxter &amp; Sagart 2014)
* 33-13/0455h [[wikt:晨|晨]] dzyin, zyin
* 33-13/0455i [[wikt:䢅|䢅]] dzyin, zyin
* 33-13/0455k [[wikt:宸|宸]] dzyin
* 33-13/0455l [[wikt:脤|脤]] dzyinX
* 33-13/0455m [[wikt:蜃|蜃]] dzyinX
* 33-13/0455n [[wikt:侲|侲]] tsyinH
* 33-13/0455p [[wikt:振|振]] tsyin, tsyinH
* 33-13/0455q [[wikt:娠|娠]] syin, tsyinH
* 33-13/0455r [[wikt:賑|賑]] tsyinH
* 33-13/0455s [[wikt:震|震]] tsyinH
* 33-13/0455t [[wikt:辴|辴]] trhij, trhinX
* 33-13/0455u [[wikt:脣|脣]] zywin
* 33-13/0455v [[wikt:漘|漘]] zywin

==0456==
* 33-20/0456a [[wikt:刃|刃]] nyinH
* 33-20/0456b [[wikt:仞|仞]] nyinH
* 33-20/0456c [[wikt:忍|忍]] nyinX
* 33-20/0456d [[wikt:牣|牣]] nyinH
* 33-20/0456e [[wikt:肕|肕]] nyinH
* 33-20/0456f [[wikt:訒|訒]] nyinH
* 33-20/0456g [[wikt:軔|軔]] nyinH
* 33-20/0456h [[wikt:紉|紉]] nrin, nyin
* 33-20/0456j [[wikt:認|認]] nyinH

==0457==
* 32-40/0457a [[wikt:民|民]] mjin
* 32-40/0457c [[wikt:泯|泯]] mjin, mjinX
* 32-40/0457d [[wikt:珉|珉]] min
* 32-40/0457e [[wikt:眠|眠]] men, menX
* 32-40/0457f [[wikt:𣧟|𣧟]] menX, mwon
* 32-40/0457g [[wikt:敃|敃]] minX
* 32-40/0457j [[wikt:昬|昬]] xwon
* 32-40/0457k [[wikt:昏|昏]] xwon
* 32-40/0457m [[wikt:婚|婚]] xwon
* 32-40/0457n [[wikt:惛|惛]] xwon
* 32-40/0457o [[wikt:惽|惽]] xwon
* 32-40/0457p [[wikt:涽|涽]] xwon
* 32-40/0457q [[wikt:閽|閽]] xwon
* 32-40/0457r [[wikt:𤸅|𤸅]] min, xwon
* 32-40/0457t [[wikt:㨉|㨉]] min
* 32-40/0457u [[wikt:瑉|瑉]] min
* 32-40/0457v [[wikt:䃉|䃉]] min
* 32-40/0457x [[wikt:緡|緡]] min, minX
* 32-40/0457y [[wikt:暋|暋]] min, minX, xwon
* 32-40/0457z [[wikt:愍|愍]] minX
* 32-40/0457- [[wikt:殙|殙]] xwon
* 32-40/0457- [[wikt:睧|睧]] xwon
* 32-40/0457- [[wikt:𠉣|𠉣]] xwon
* 32-40/0457- [[wikt:緍|緍]] min
* 32-40/0457- [[wikt:碈|碈]]
* 32-40/0457- [[wikt:崏|崏]]
* 32-40/0457- [[wikt:捪|捪]] min
* 32-40/0457- [[wikt:琘|琘]]
* 32-40/0457- [[wikt:錉|錉]] min
* 32-40/0457- [[wikt:痻|痻]] min

==0458==
* 34-13/0458a [[wikt:軍|軍]] kjun
* 34-13/0458b [[wikt:渾|渾]] hwon
* 34-13/0458c [[wikt:暈|暈]] hjunH
* 34-13/0458d [[wikt:運|運]] hjunH
* 34-13/0458e [[wikt:餫|餫]] hjunH
* 34-13/0458f [[wikt:䩵|䩵]] hjunH, xjwonH
* 34-13/0458g [[wikt:韗|韗]] hjunH, xjwonH
* 34-13/0458h [[wikt:葷|葷]] xjun
* 34-13/0458i [[wikt:揮|揮]] xjwɨj
* 34-13/0458j [[wikt:暉|暉]] xjwɨj
* 34-13/0458k [[wikt:煇|煇]] hjunH
* 34-13/0458l [[wikt:輝|輝]] xjwɨj
* 34-13/0458m [[wikt:楎|楎]] xjwɨjH
* 34-13/0458n [[wikt:翬|翬]] xjwɨjH
* 34-13/0458- [[wikt:鶤|鶤]]

==0459==
An -r series.
* 34-12/0459a [[wikt:君|君]] kjun
* 34-12/0459d [[wikt:羣|羣]] gjun
* 34-12/0459f [[wikt:裙|裙]] gjun
* 34-12/0459g [[wikt:郡|郡]] gjunH
* 34-12/0459h [[wikt:焄|焄]] xjun
* 34-12/0459i [[wikt:麏|麏]] kwin
* 34-12/0459j [[wikt:頵|頵]] 'win, khwin
* 34-12/0459l [[wikt:窘|窘]] gwinX
* 34-12/0459- [[wikt:群|群]]

==0460==
* 34-14/0460a [[wikt:云|云]] hjun
* 34-14/0460b [[wikt:雲|雲]] hjun
* 34-14/0460c [[wikt:妘|妘]] hjun
* 34-14/0460d [[wikt:抎|抎]] hjunX
* 34-14/0460e [[wikt:耘|耘]] hjun
* 34-14/0460f [[wikt:芸|芸]], hjun, hjunH
* 34-14/0460g [[wikt:魂|魂]] hwon

==0461==
* 34-15/0461a [[wikt:熏|熏]] xjun
* 34-15/0461d [[wikt:燻|燻]] xjun
* 34-15/0461e [[wikt:薰|薰]] xjun
* 34-15/0461f [[wikt:勳|勳]] xjun
* 34-15/0461g [[wikt:獯|獯]] xjun
* 34-15/0461h [[wikt:纁|纁]] xjun
* 34-15/0461i [[wikt:臐|臐]] xjun
* 34-15/0461j [[wikt:壎|壎]] xjwon

==0462==
* 34-20/0462a [[wikt:川|川]] tsyhwen
* 34-20/0462b [[wikt:䡅|䡅]] trhwin
* 34-20/0462c [[wikt:順|順]] zywinH
* 34-20/0462d [[wikt:紃|紃]] zwin, zywin
* 34-20/0462e [[wikt:巡|巡]] zwin
* 34-20/0462f [[wikt:馴|馴]] zwin

==0463==
Schuessler (2009: 337) says that originally the phonetic was 屯 [[#0427|34-17]]/0427a, but does not combine these two series.
* 34-19/0463a [[wikt:春|春]] tsyhwin
* 34-19/0463c [[wikt:惷|惷]] tsyhwinX
* 34-19/0463d [[wikt:蠢|蠢]] tsyhwinX
* 34-19/0463e [[wikt:椿|椿]] trhwin
* 34-19/0463f [[wikt:鬊|鬊]] sywinH

==0464==
An -r series acc. to Baxter &amp; Sagart (2014: 263).
* 34-18/0464a [[wikt:𦎧|𦎧]] dzywin
* 34-18/0464e [[wikt:淳|淳]] tsywin, tsywinX, dzywin
* 34-18/0464f [[wikt:醇|醇]] dzywin
* 34-18/0464g [[wikt:錞|錞]] dwojH, dwojX, dzywin
* 34-18/0464h [[wikt:鐓|鐓]] dwojH, dwojX, dzywin
* 34-18/0464j [[wikt:鶉|鶉]] dwan, dzywin
* 34-18/0464l [[wikt:諄|諄]] tsywin
* 34-18/0464m [[wikt:犉|犉]] nywin
* 34-18/0464n [[wikt:惇|惇]] tsywin
* 34-18/0464o [[wikt:蜳|蜳]] twon
* 34-18/0464p [[wikt:敦|敦]] twoj, twon, twojH, dwan
* 34-18/0464r [[wikt:焞|焞]] thwoj, thwon
* 34-18/0464s [[wikt:暾|暾]] thwon
* 34-18/0464t [[wikt:啍|啍]] dwon, thwon
* 34-18/0464u [[wikt:憝|憝]] dwojH
* 34-18/0464v [[wikt:譈|譈]] dwojH

==0465==
* 34-21/0465a [[wikt:盾|盾]] dwonX, zywinX
* 34-21/0465b [[wikt:楯|楯]] dwonX, dzywinX
* 34-21/0465c [[wikt:揗|揗]] zwin, zywinH, zywinX
* 34-21/0465d [[wikt:輴|輴]] trhwin
* 34-21/0465e [[wikt:遁|遁]] dwonH, dwonX
* 34-21/0465f [[wikt:循|循]] zwin
* 34-21/0465g [[wikt:腯|腯]] dwot

==0466==
* 34-32/0466a [[wikt:䜭|䜭]] swinH
* 34-32/0466b [[wikt:濬|濬]] swinH
* 34-32/0466c [[wikt:璿|璿]] zwin

==0467==
* 34-31/0467a [[wikt:隼|隼]] swinX
* 34-31/0467c [[wikt:𣯍|𣯍]] nywinX
* 34-31/0467d [[wikt:準|準]] tsywinX

==0468==
An -r series
* 34-23/0468a [[wikt:允|允]] ywinX
* 34-23/0468d [[wikt:㽙|㽙]] ywinX
* 34-23/0468g [[wikt:狁|狁]] ywinX
* 34-23/0468j [[wikt:鈗|鈗]] ywinX
* 34-23/0468k [[wikt:𡴞|𡴞]] ywinX
* 34-23/0468m [[wikt:吮|吮]] zywinX
* 34-23/0468n [[wikt:沇|沇]] ywenX
* 34-23/0468p [[wikt:夋|夋]] tshwin
* 34-23/0468q [[wikt:竣|竣]] tshwin
* 34-23/0468r [[wikt:逡|逡]] swinH
* 34-23/0468s [[wikt:㕙|㕙]] tshwin, tswinH
* 34-23/0468t [[wikt:俊|俊]] tswinH
* 34-23/0468u [[wikt:焌|焌]] tswinH, tswonH
* 34-23/0468v [[wikt:畯|畯]] tswinH
* 34-23/0468x [[wikt:餕|餕]] tswinH
* 34-23/0468y [[wikt:駿|駿]] tswinH
* 34-23/0468z [[wikt:峻|峻]] swinH
* 34-23/0468a' [[wikt:浚|浚]] swinH
* 34-23/0468b' [[wikt:踆|踆]] dzwon
* 34-23/0468c' [[wikt:悛|悛]] tshjwen
* 34-23/0468d' [[wikt:狻|狻]] swan
* 34-23/0468e' [[wikt:酸|酸]] swan
* 34-23/0468f' [[wikt:捘|捘]] tswojH, tswonH
* 34-23/0468g' [[wikt:䘒|䘒]] tswoj
* 34-23/0468h' [[wikt:朘|朘]] tswoj

==0469==
* 32-24/0469a [[wikt:舜|舜]] sywinH
* 32-24/0469b [[wikt:蕣|蕣]] sywinH
* 32-24/0469c [[wikt:瞬|瞬]] sywinH
* 32-24/0469d [[wikt:瞚|瞚]] sywinH

==0470==
* 34-24/0470a [[wikt:侖|侖]] lwin
* 34-24/0470b [[wikt:論|論]] lwon, lwonH
* 34-24/0470c [[wikt:倫|倫]] lwin
* 34-24/0470d [[wikt:淪|淪]] lwin
* 34-24/0470e [[wikt:綸|綸]] lwin
* 34-24/0470f [[wikt:輪|輪]] lwin
* 34-24/0470g [[wikt:惀|惀]] lwin, lwonX
* 34-24/0470h [[wikt:崙|崙]] lwon
* 34-24/0470i [[wikt:崘|崘]] lwon
* 34-24/0470j [[wikt:掄|掄]] lwon

==0471==
* 33-30/0471a [[wikt:分|分]] pjun, bjunH
* 33-30/0471d [[wikt:粉|粉]] pjunX
* 33-30/0471e [[wikt:𦐈|𦐈]] pjun
* 33-30/0471f [[wikt:翂|翂]] pjun
* 33-30/0471g [[wikt:忿|忿]] phjunH, phjunX
* 33-30/0471h [[wikt:紛|紛]] phjun
* 33-30/0471i [[wikt:芬|芬]] phjun
* 33-30/0471j [[wikt:雰|雰]] phjun
* 33-30/0471k [[wikt:弅|弅]] bjunX
* 33-30/0471l [[wikt:扮|扮]] bjun, bjunX
* 33-30/0471m [[wikt:枌|枌]] bjun
* 33-30/0471n [[wikt:氛|氛]] bjun
* 33-30/0471o [[wikt:秎|秎]] bjunH
* 33-30/0471p [[wikt:頒|頒]] paen, bjun
* 33-30/0471q [[wikt:朌|朌]] bjun
* 33-30/0471r [[wikt:棼|棼]] bjun
* 33-30/0471s [[wikt:盆|盆]] bwon
* 33-30/0471u [[wikt:份|份]] pin
* 33-30/0471v [[wikt:貧|貧]] bin
* 33-30/0471x [[wikt:盼|盼]] pheanH
* 33-30/0471y [[wikt:肦|肦]] paen, bjun

==0472==
* 33-32/0472a [[wikt:糞|糞]] pjunH
* 33-32/0472- [[wikt:瀵|瀵]]

==0473==
* 33-33/0473a [[wikt:奮|奮]] pjunH

==0474==
* 33-34/0474a [[wikt:焚|焚]] bjun
* 33-34/0474c [[wikt:彬|彬]] pin

==0475==
* 33-36/0475a [[wikt:文|文]] mjun
* 33-36/0475h [[wikt:抆|抆]] mjunH, mjunX
* 33-36/0475i [[wikt:汶|汶]] mjunH, mwon
* 33-36/0475j [[wikt:紊|紊]] mjunH
* 33-36/0475k [[wikt:蚉|蚉]] mjun
* 33-36/0475l [[wikt:蚊|蚊]] mjun
* 33-36/0475m [[wikt:忞|忞]] min
* 33-36/0475n [[wikt:旻|旻]] min
* 33-36/0475o [[wikt:玟|玟]] min
* 33-36/0475q [[wikt:閔|閔]] minX
* 33-36/0475s [[wikt:憫|憫]] minX
* 33-36/0475t [[wikt:吝|吝]] linH

==0476==
* 33-11/0476a [[wikt:典|典]] tenX
* 33-11/0476d [[wikt:腆|腆]] thenX

==0477==
* 33-23/0477a [[wikt:薦|薦]] tsenH

==0478==
An -r series.
* 33-25/0478a [[wikt:先|先]] sen, senH
* 33-25/0478f [[wikt:毨|毨]] senX
* 33-25/0478g [[wikt:跣|跣]] senX
* 33-25/0478h [[wikt:銑|銑]] senX
* 33-25/0478i [[wikt:姺|姺]] sejX, senX
* 33-25/0478j [[wikt:洗|洗]] sejX, senX
* 33-25/0478k [[wikt:侁|侁]] srin
* 33-25/0478l [[wikt:𢓠|𢓠]] srin
* 33-25/0478n [[wikt:詵|詵]] srin
* 33-25/0478o [[wikt:駪|駪]] srin

==0479==
* 32-04/0479a [[wikt:犬|犬]] khwenX
* 32-04/0479e [[wikt:畎|畎]] kwenX
* 32-04/0479- [[wikt:肰|肰]]

==0480==
* 33-05/0480a [[wikt:𡏳|𡏳]] kean
* 33-05/0480c [[wikt:艱|艱]] kean
* 33-05/0480e [[wikt:堇|堇]] gin
* 33-05/0480j [[wikt:囏|囏]] kean
* 33-05/0480m [[wikt:僅|僅]] ginH
* 33-05/0480n [[wikt:墐|墐]] ginH
* 33-05/0480o [[wikt:殣|殣]] ginH
* 33-05/0480p [[wikt:瑾|瑾]] ginH
* 33-05/0480q [[wikt:覲|覲]] ginH
* 33-05/0480r [[wikt:饉|饉]] ginH
* 33-05/0480t [[wikt:蓳|蓳]] kjɨnH, kjɨnX
* 33-05/0480u [[wikt:謹|謹]] kjɨnX
* 33-05/0480v [[wikt:慬|慬]] gjɨn
* 33-05/0480x [[wikt:勤|勤]] gjɨn
* 33-05/0480y [[wikt:懃|懃]] gjɨn
* 33-05/0480z [[wikt:㢙|㢙]] gjɨn

==0481==
* 34-04/0481a [[wikt:鰥|鰥]] kwean
* 34-04/0481c [[wikt:瘝|瘝]] kwean

==0482==
* 33-06/0482a [[wikt:巾|巾]] kin

==0483==
* 32-10/0483a [[wikt:垔|垔]] 'jin
* 32-10/0483c [[wikt:陻|陻]] 'in
* 32-10/0483d [[wikt:堙|堙]] 'in
* 32-10/0483e [[wikt:湮|湮]] 'in
* 32-10/0483f [[wikt:闉|闉]] 'jin
* 32-10/0483g [[wikt:禋|禋]] 'jin
* 32-10/0483h [[wikt:煙|煙]] 'en

==0484==
* 32-37/0484a [[wikt:甡|甡]] srin

==0485==
* 34-11/0485a [[wikt:囷|囷]] khwin
* 34-11/0484b [[wikt:箘|箘]] gwinX, khwin
* 34-11/0484c [[wikt:菌|菌]] gwinX
* 34-11/0484d [[wikt:麕|麕]] kwin
* 34-11/0484e [[wikt:麇|麇]] khwinX
* 34-11/0484f [[wikt:攟|攟]] kjunH
* 34-11/0484g [[wikt:攗|攗]] kjunH
* 34-11/0484h [[wikt:稛|稛]] kjunH

==0486==
* 31-01/0486a [[wikt:骨|骨]] kwot
* 31-01/0486b [[wikt:鶻|鶻]] hweat, hwot, kwot
* 31-01/0486c [[wikt:搰|搰]] khwot
* 31-01/0486d [[wikt:猾|猾]] hweat
* 31-01/0486e [[wikt:滑|滑]] hweat

==0487==
Zhangzheng (2003) unites this series with 兀  GSR[[#0487|0487]] and 虺 GSR [[#0572|0572]].
* 31-10/0487a [[wikt:兀|兀]] ngwot
* 31-10/0487b [[wikt:扤|扤]] ngwot
* 31-10/0487c [[wikt:杌|杌]] ngwot
* 31-10/0487d [[wikt:阢|阢]] ngwot
* 31-10/0487e [[wikt:卼|卼]] ngwot
* 31-10/0487f [[wikt:軏|軏]] ngjwot, ngwot

==0488==
* 31-11/0488a [[wikt:𠫓|𠫓]] thwot

==0489==
* 31-12/0489a [[wikt:突|突]] dwot, thwot

==0490==
* 31-20/0490a [[wikt:卒|卒]] tshwot, tswit, tswot
* 31-20/0490b [[wikt:捽|捽]] dzwot
* 31-20/0490c [[wikt:崒|崒]] dzwit, tswit
* 31-20/0490d [[wikt:倅|倅]] tshwojH
* 31-20/0490e [[wikt:啐|啐]] tshwojH
* 31-20/0490f [[wikt:淬|淬]] tshwojH
* 31-20/0490g [[wikt:焠|焠]] tshwojH
* 31-20/0490h [[wikt:醉|醉]] tswijH
* 31-20/0490i [[wikt:翠|翠]] tshwijH
* 31-20/0490j [[wikt:悴|悴]] dzwijH
* 31-20/0490k [[wikt:瘁|瘁]] dzwijH
* 31-20/0490l [[wikt:顇|顇]] dzwijH
* 31-20/0490m [[wikt:萃|萃]] dzwijH
* 31-20/0490n [[wikt:碎|碎]] swojH
* 31-20/0490o [[wikt:睟|睟]] swijH
* 31-20/0490p [[wikt:粹|粹]] swijH
* 31-20/0490q [[wikt:誶|誶]] dzwit, swijH, swojH

==0491==
* 30-13/0491a [[wikt:孛|孛]] bwojH, bwot
* 30-13/0491b [[wikt:勃|勃]] bwot
* 30-13/0491c [[wikt:浡|浡]] bwot
* 30-13/0491d [[wikt:悖|悖]] bwojH, bwot
* 30-13/0491e [[wikt:誖|誖]] bwojH, bwot
* 30-13/0491f [[wikt:綍|綍]] pjut

==0492==
* 30-18/0492a [[wikt:𠬛|𠬛]] mwot
* 30-18/0492b [[wikt:沒|沒]] mwot
* 30-18/0492c [[wikt:歿|歿]] mwot
* 30-18/0492d [[wikt:𤣻|𤣻]] mwot

==0493==
* 30-10/0493a [[wikt:質|質]] trijH, tsyit
* 30-10/0493b [[wikt:鑕|鑕]] tsyit
* 30-10/0493c [[wikt:躓|躓]] trijH
* 30-10/0493d [[wikt:懫|懫]] trhijH, tsyijH

==0494==
* 29-29/0494a [[wikt:疾|疾]] dzit
* 29-29/0494d [[wikt:蒺|蒺]] dzit
* 29-29/0494e [[wikt:嫉|嫉]] dzijH

==0495==
* 31-08/0495a [[wikt:𩰪|𩰪]] 'jut
* 31-08/0495b [[wikt:鬱|鬱]] 'jut

==0496==
* 31-16/0496a [[wikt:出|出]] tsyhwijH, tsyhwit
* 31-16/0496f [[wikt:黜|黜]] trhwit
* 31-16/0496g [[wikt:絀|絀]] trwit
* 31-16/0496h [[wikt:咄|咄]] twot
* 31-16/0496i [[wikt:拙|拙]] tsywet
* 31-16/0496j [[wikt:茁|茁]] tsrjwet, tsrweat
* 31-16/0496k [[wikt:屈|屈]] khjut
* 31-16/0496l [[wikt:詘|詘]] khjut
* 31-16/0496m [[wikt:誳|誳]] khjut
* 31-16/0496n [[wikt:鈯|鈯]] khjut
* 31-16/0496o [[wikt:淈|淈]] hwot, kwot
* 31-16/0496p [[wikt:堀|堀]] khwot
* 31-16/0496q [[wikt:窟|窟]] khwot
* 31-16/0496r [[wikt:倔|倔]] gjut
* 31-16/0496s [[wikt:掘|掘]] gjut, gjwot

==0497==
* 31-17/0497a [[wikt:朮|朮]] zywit
* 31-17/0497c [[wikt:秫|秫]] zywit
* 31-17/0497d [[wikt:術|術]] zywit
* 31-17/0497e [[wikt:述|述]] zywit
* 31-17/0497g [[wikt:鉥|鉥]] zywit
* 31-17/0497h [[wikt:怵|怵]] trhwit
* 31-17/0497i [[wikt:訹|訹]] swit

==0498==
* 31-23/0498a [[wikt:率|率]] lwit, lwijH, srwijH, srwit
* 31-23/0498e [[wikt:䢦|䢦]] swrit
* 31-23/0498g [[wikt:蟀|蟀]] srwit
* 31-23/0498h [[wikt:膟|膟]] lwit
* 31-23/0498- [[wikt:繂|繂]] lwit

==0499==
* 31-24/0499a [[wikt:帥|帥]] srwijH, srwit

==0500==
* 30-14/0500a [[wikt:弗|弗]] bjut, pjut
* 30-14/0500d [[wikt:笰|笰]] pjut
* 30-14/0500e [[wikt:紼|紼]] pjut
* 30-14/0500f [[wikt:刜|刜]] phjut
* 30-14/0500h [[wikt:拂|拂]] phjut
* 30-14/0500i [[wikt:彿|彿]] phjut
* 30-14/0500j [[wikt:髴|髴]] phjut
* 30-14/0500k [[wikt:茀|茀]] phjut, pjut
* 30-14/0500l [[wikt:佛|佛]] bjut
* 30-14/0500m [[wikt:咈|咈]] bjut
* 30-14/0500n [[wikt:𡶒|𡶒]] bjut
* 30-14/0500o [[wikt:怫|怫]] bjɨjH, bjut
* 30-14/0500p [[wikt:艴|艴]] bwot, phjut
* 30-14/0500q [[wikt:沸|沸]] pjɨjH, pjut
* 30-14/0500r [[wikt:昲|昲]] phjɨjH
* 30-14/0500s [[wikt:費|費]] phjɨjH

==0501==
* 30-16/0501a [[wikt:巿|巿]] pjut
* 30-16/0501c [[wikt:芾|芾]] pajH, pjɨjH
* 30-16/0501d [[wikt:旆|旆]] bajH
* 30-16/0501e [[wikt:㤄|㤄]] phajH
* 30-16/0501f [[wikt:沛|沛]] pajH, phajH
* 30-16/0501g [[wikt:肺|肺]] bajH, phajH, phjojH

==0502==
* 31-18/0502a [[wikt:聿|聿]] ywit
* 31-18/0502c [[wikt:律|律]] lwit
* 31-18/0502d [[wikt:筆|筆]] pit

==0503==
* 30-19/0503a [[wikt:勿|勿]] mjut
* 30-20/0503a [[wikt:勿|勿]] mjut
* 30-20/0503h [[wikt:物|物]] mjut
* 30-20/0503j [[wikt:芴|芴]] mjut, xwot
* 30-20/0503k [[wikt:歾|歾]] mwot
* 30-20/0503l [[wikt:忽|忽]] xwot
* 30-20/0503m [[wikt:笏|笏]] xwot
* 30-20/0503n [[wikt:刎|刎]] mjunX
* 30-20/0503o [[wikt:吻|吻]] mjunX
* 30-20/0503p [[wikt:惚|惚]] xwot
* 30-20/0503q [[wikt:脗|脗]] minX, mjunX

==0504==
* 30-05/0504a [[wikt:戛|戛]] keat

==0505==
In ''addenda et corrigienda'' Schuessler combines GSR[[#0280|0280]] and GSR[[#0505|0505]]. 
Baxter &amp; Sagart (personal communication 12 April 2017) combine GSR [[#0505|0505]], GSR [[#0280|0280]], and [[#0517|0517]]. 
* 30-07/0505a [[wikt:乙|乙]] 'it

==0506==
* 29-35/0506a [[wikt:蝨|蝨]] srit

==0507==
* 29-11/0507a [[wikt:矞|矞]] ywit
* 29-11/0507b [[wikt:遹|遹]] ywit
* 29-11/0507e [[wikt:驈|驈]] ywit
* 29-11/0507f [[wikt:鷸|鷸]] ywit
* 29-11/0507g [[wikt:橘|橘]] kjwit
* 29-11/0507h [[wikt:繘|繘]] kjwit, ywit
* 29-11/0507i [[wikt:僪|僪]] gjwit
* 29-11/0507j [[wikt:獝|獝]] gjwit
* 29-11/0507k [[wikt:劀|劀]] kweat
* 29-11/0507l [[wikt:譎|譎]] kwet
* 29-11/0507m [[wikt:憰|憰]] kwet
* 29-11/0507n [[wikt:鐍|鐍]] kwet
* 29-11/0507o [[wikt:潏|潏]] kwet
* 29-11/0507p [[wikt:瞲|瞲]] xwet, xwijH

==0508==
* 30-06/0508a [[wikt:愛|愛]] 'ojH
* 30-06/0508b [[wikt:曖|曖]] 'ojH
* 30-06/0508c [[wikt:薆|薆]] 'ojH
* 30-06/0508d [[wikt:僾|僾]] 'jɨjX, 'ojH

==0509==
* 30-11/0509a [[wikt:隶|隶]] dojH, yijH
* 30-11/0509c [[wikt:逮|逮]] dejH, dojH
* 30-11/0509e [[wikt:曃|曃]] thojH
* 30-11/0509f [[wikt:棣|棣]] dejH
* 30-11/0509g [[wikt:肄|肄]] yijH
* 30-11/0509h [[wikt:肆|肆]] sijH
* 30-11/0509m [[wikt:㣈|㣈]] sijH
* 30-11/0509n [[wikt:蕼|蕼]] sijH
* 30-11/0509o [[wikt:肂|肂]] sijH, yijH
* 30-11/0509p [[wikt:殔|殔]] sijH, yijH

==0510==
* 31-03/0510a [[wikt:凷|凷]] khwojH
* 29-04/0510b [[wikt:屆|屆]] keajH

==0511==
* 31-14/0511a [[wikt:對|對]] twojH
* 31-14/0511h [[wikt:轛|轛]] trwijH, twojH
* 31-14/0511i [[wikt:懟|懟]] drwijH

==0512==
* 31-15/0512a [[wikt:退|退]] thwojH

==0513==
* 28-20/0513a [[wikt:罪|罪]] dzwojX
* 28-20/0513b [[wikt:辠|辠]] dzwojH

==0514==
* 30-12/0514a [[wikt:配|配]] phwojH

==0515==
* 30-02/0515a [[wikt:旡|旡]] kjɨjH
* 30-02/0515c [[wikt:既|既]] kjɨjH
* 30-02/0515g [[wikt:蔇|蔇]] gijH, kjɨjH
* 30-02/0515h [[wikt:塈|塈]] gijH, xijH, xjɨjH
* 30-02/0515i [[wikt:摡|摡]] kojH, xjɨjH
* 30-02/0515j [[wikt:㮣|㮣]] kojH
* 30-02/0515k [[wikt:概|概]] kojH
* 30-02/0515l [[wikt:溉|溉]] kojH
* 30-02/0515m [[wikt:嘅|嘅]] khojH
* 30-02/0515n [[wikt:慨|慨]] khojH
* 30-02/0515o [[wikt:暨|暨]] gijH

==0516==
* 30-09/0516a [[wikt:豙|豙]] ngjɨjH
* 30-09/0516c [[wikt:毅|毅]] ngjɨjH
* 30-09/0516d [[wikt:藙|藙]] ngjɨjH

==0517==
Baxter &amp; Sagart (personal communication 12 April 2017) combine GSR [[#0505|0505]], GSR [[#0280|0280]], and [[#0517|0517]]. 
* 30-01/0517a [[wikt:气|气]] khjɨjH
* 30-01/0517c [[wikt:氣|氣]] khjɨjH, xjɨjH
* 30-01/0517d [[wikt:愾|愾]] xjɨjH
* 30-01/0517e [[wikt:餼|餼]] xjɨjH
* 30-01/0517f [[wikt:乞|乞]] khjɨt
* 30-01/0517g [[wikt:吃|吃]] kjɨt
* 30-01/0517h [[wikt:訖|訖]] kjɨt, xjɨjH
* 30-01/0517i [[wikt:扢|扢]] xjɨt
* 30-01/0517j [[wikt:汔|汔]] xjɨt
* 30-01/0517k [[wikt:迄|迄]] xjɨt
* 30-01/0517m [[wikt:仡|仡]] ngjɨt, xjɨt
* 30-01/0517n [[wikt:圪|圪]] ngjɨt, xjɨt
* 30-01/0517o [[wikt:齕|齕]] het, hot
* 30-01/0517p [[wikt:刉|刉]] kjɨjH

==0518==
* 29-34/0518a [[wikt:四|四]] sijH
* 29-34/0518e [[wikt:駟|駟]] sijH
* 29-34/0518f [[wikt:柶|柶]] sijH
* 29-34/0518g [[wikt:泗|泗]] sijH

==0519==
* 26-24/0519a [[wikt:利|利]] lijH
* 26-24/0519b [[wikt:𥝢|𥝢]] lijH
* 26-24/0519g [[wikt:犁|犁]] lej, lij
* 26-24/0519h [[wikt:梨|梨]] lij
* 26-24/0519i [[wikt:棃|棃]] lij
* 26-24/0519j [[wikt:黧|黧]] lej
* 26-24/0519k [[wikt:黎|黎]] lej
* 26-24/0519l [[wikt:蔾|蔾]] lij
* 26-24/0519m [[wikt:藜|藜]] lej

==0520==
* 37-15/0520a [[wikt:涖|涖]] lijH
* 37-15/0520b [[wikt:莅|莅]] lijH
* 37-15/0520c [[wikt:蒞|蒞]] lijH

==0521==
* 29-39/0521a [[wikt:畀|畀]] pjijH
* 29-39/0521c [[wikt:鼻|鼻]] bjijH
* 29-39/0521d [[wikt:淠|淠]] phejH, phjiejH

==0522==
* 30-22/0522a [[wikt:鬽|鬽]] mijH

==0523==
* 31-05/0523a [[wikt:胃|胃]] hjwɨjH
* 31-05/0523c [[wikt:媦|媦]] hjwɨjH
* 31-05/0523d [[wikt:謂|謂]] hjwɨjH
* 31-05/0523f [[wikt:蝟|蝟]] hjwɨjH
* 31-05/0523g [[wikt:喟|喟]] khweajH, khwijH

==0524==
* 31-06/0524a [[wikt:彙|彙]] hjwɨjH

==0525==
* 31-09/0525a [[wikt:㷉|㷉]] 'jwɨjH
* 31-09/0525b [[wikt:尉|尉]] 'jwɨjH
* 31-09/0525c [[wikt:熨|熨]] 'jut, 'jwɨjH
* 31-09/0525d [[wikt:慰|慰]] 'jwɨjH
* 31-09/0525e [[wikt:罻|罻]] 'jwɨjH
* 31-09/0525f [[wikt:蔚|蔚]] 'jut, 'jwɨj, 'jwɨjH
* 31-09/0525g [[wikt:褽|褽]] 'jwɨjH

==0526==
* 29-09/0526a [[wikt:㒸|㒸]] zwijH
* 29-09/0526d [[wikt:遂|遂]] zwijH
* 29-09/0526f [[wikt:隊|隊]] drwijH, dwojH
* 29-09/0526g [[wikt:墜|墜]] drwijH
* 29-09/0526h [[wikt:檖|檖]] zwijH
* 29-09/0526i [[wikt:燧|燧]] zwijH
* 29-09/0526j [[wikt:璲|璲]] zwijH
* 29-09/0526k [[wikt:穟|穟]] zwijH
* 29-09/0526l [[wikt:襚|襚]] zwijH
* 29-09/0526m [[wikt:隧|隧]] zwijH
* 29-09/0526n [[wikt:旞|旞]] zwijH
* 29-09/0526o [[wikt:邃|邃]] swijH

==0527==
* 29-10/0527a [[wikt:彗|彗]] zjwejH, zwijH
* 29-10/0527b [[wikt:篲|篲]] zjwejH, zwijH
* 29-10/0527c [[wikt:嘒|嘒]] xwejH
* 29-10/0527d [[wikt:慧|慧]] hwejH
* 29-10/0527e [[wikt:譿|譿]] hwejH

==0528==
* 31-21/0528a [[wikt:祟|祟]] swijH

==0529==
* 31-19/0529a [[wikt:類|類]] lwijH
* 31-19/0529b [[wikt:纇|纇]] lwojH

==0530==
* 30-17/0530a [[wikt:胐|胐]] phjɨjX, phwot

==0531==
* 30-21/0531a [[wikt:未|未]] mjɨjH
* 30-21/0531g [[wikt:味|味]] mjɨjH
* 30-21/0531h [[wikt:魅|魅]] mijH
* 30-21/0531i [[wikt:寐|寐]] mjijH
* 30-21/0531k [[wikt:妹|妹]] mwojH
* 30-21/0531n [[wikt:昧|昧]] mwojH
* 30-21/0531p [[wikt:沬|沬]] mwojH
* 30-21/0531q [[wikt:𩎟|𩎟]] meajH, mwojH

==0532==
* 29-25/0532a [[wikt:戾|戾]] lejH, let
* 29-25/0532b [[wikt:悷|悷]] lejH
* 29-25/0532c [[wikt:淚|淚]] lwijH

==0533==
* 29-08/0533a [[wikt:惠|惠]] hwejH
* 29-08/0533b [[wikt:叀|叀]] hwejH
* 29-08/0533e [[wikt:蟪|蟪]] hwejH
* 29-08/0533f [[wikt:蕙|蕙]] hwejH
* 29-08/0533g [[wikt:譓|譓]] hwejH
* 29-08/0533h [[wikt:穗|穗]] zwijH
* 29-08/0533i [[wikt:繐|繐]] sjwejH

==0534==
* 31-04/0534a [[wikt:㕟|㕟]] khweajH
* 31-04/0534b [[wikt:蒯|蒯]] khweajH

==0535==
* 29-03/0535a [[wikt:棄|棄]] khjijH

==0536==
* 30-03/0536a [[wikt:器|器]] khijH

==0537==
* 30-08/0537a [[wikt:劓|劓]] ngijH

==0538==
* 29-05/0538a [[wikt:季|季]] kjwijH
* 29-05/0538e [[wikt:悸|悸]] gjwijH

==0539==
* 31-07/0539a [[wikt:位|位]] hwijH

==0540==
* 31-02/0540a [[wikt:㬰|㬰]] gwijH
* 31-02/0540b [[wikt:貴|貴]] kjwɨjH
* 31-02/0540c [[wikt:憒|憒]] kwojH
* 31-02/0540d [[wikt:潰|潰]] hwojH
* 31-02/0540e [[wikt:繢|繢]] hwojH
* 31-02/0540f [[wikt:靧|靧]] xwojH
* 31-02/0540g [[wikt:匱|匱]] gwijH
* 31-02/0540h [[wikt:櫃|櫃]] gwijH
* 31-02/0540i [[wikt:蕢|蕢]] gwijH
* 31-02/0540j [[wikt:簣|簣]] khweajH
* 31-02/0540k [[wikt:鞼|鞼]] gwijH
* 31-02/0540l [[wikt:饋|饋]] gwijH
* 31-02/0540m [[wikt:遺|遺]] ywij, ywijH
* 31-02/0540o [[wikt:僓|僓]] xweajH
* 31-02/0540p [[wikt:聵|聵]] ngweajH
* 31-02/0540q [[wikt:壝|壝]] ywij, ywijX

==0541==
* 27-01/0541a [[wikt:開|開]] khoj, kojX

==0542==
* 28-04/0542a [[wikt:回|回]] hwoj
* 28-04/0542b [[wikt:廻|廻]] hwoj
* 28-04/0542c [[wikt:迴|迴]] hwoj
* 28-04/0542d [[wikt:徊|徊]] hwoj
* 28-04/0542e [[wikt:洄|洄]] hwoj
* 28-04/0542f [[wikt:蛔|蛔]] hwoj

==0543==
* 28-12/0543d [[wikt:追|追]] trwij
* 28-12/0543h [[wikt:縋|縋]] drjweH
* 28-12/0543i [[wikt:膇|膇]] drjweH

==0544==
* 28-13/0544a [[wikt:隤|隤]] dwoj
* 28-13/0544b [[wikt:穨|穨]] dwoj
* 28-13/0544c [[wikt:頹|頹]] dwoj

==0545==
* 28-16/0545a [[wikt:磊|磊]] lwojX

==0546==
* 27-13/0546a [[wikt:枚|枚]] mwoj
* 27-13/0546b [[wikt:玫|玫]] mwoj

==0547==
* 27-04/0547a [[wikt:幾|幾]] gjɨj, kjɨj, kjɨjX
* 27-04/0547c [[wikt:機|機]] kjɨj
* 27-04/0547d [[wikt:璣|璣]] kjɨj
* 27-04/0547e [[wikt:磯|磯]] kjɨj
* 27-04/0547f [[wikt:禨|禨]] kjɨj, kjɨjH
* 27-04/0547g [[wikt:穖|穖]] kjɨjX
* 27-04/0547h [[wikt:蟣|蟣]] kjɨjX
* 27-04/0547i [[wikt:譏|譏]] kjɨj
* 27-04/0547j [[wikt:鞿|鞿]] kjɨj
* 27-04/0547k [[wikt:饑|饑]] kjɨj
* 27-04/0547l [[wikt:畿|畿]] gjɨj

==0548==
* 27-02/0548a [[wikt:豈|豈]] kjɨjX, khojX
* 27-02/0548b [[wikt:凱|凱]] khojX
* 27-02/0548c [[wikt:愷|愷]] khojX
* 27-02/0548d [[wikt:塏|塏]] khojX
* 27-02/0548e [[wikt:鎧|鎧]] khojH, khojX
* 27-02/0548f [[wikt:闓|闓]] khoj, khojX
* 27-02/0548g [[wikt:𧽊|𧽊]] hoj
* 27-02/0548i [[wikt:螘|螘]] ngjɨjX
* 27-02/0548j [[wikt:覬|覬]] kijH

==0549==
* 27-06/0549a [[wikt:希|希]] xjɨj
* 27-06/0549b [[wikt:悕|悕]] xjɨj
* 27-06/0549c [[wikt:晞|晞]] xjɨj
* 27-06/0549d [[wikt:欷|欷]] xjɨj
* 27-06/0549e [[wikt:狶|狶]] xjɨj, xjɨjX
* 27-06/0549f [[wikt:豨|豨]] xjɨj, xjɨjX
* 27-06/0549g [[wikt:睎|睎]] xjɨj

==0550==
* 27-05/0550a [[wikt:衣|衣]] 'jɨj, 'jɨjH
* 27-05/0550f [[wikt:依|依]] 'jɨj, 'jɨjX
* 27-05/0550g [[wikt:扆|扆]] 'jɨjX
* 27-05/0550h [[wikt:哀|哀]] 'oj
* 27-05/0550j [[wikt:偯|偯]] 'jɨjX

==0551==
* 26-17/0551a [[wikt:夷|夷]] yij
* 26-17/0551d [[wikt:侇|侇]] yij
* 26-17/0551e [[wikt:姨|姨]] yij
* 26-17/0551f [[wikt:洟|洟]] thejH, yij
* 26-17/0551g [[wikt:痍|痍]] yij
* 26-17/0551h [[wikt:䧅|䧅]] yij
* 26-17/0551j [[wikt:桋|桋]] yij
* 26-17/0551k [[wikt:荑|荑]] dej, yij

==0552==
* 26-06/0552a [[wikt:旨|旨]] tsyijX
* 26-06/0552f [[wikt:指|指]] tsyijX
* 26-06/0552g [[wikt:脂|脂]] tsyij
* 26-06/0552h [[wikt:鮨|鮨]] gij
* 26-06/0552i [[wikt:䭫|䭫]] khejX
* 26-06/0552k [[wikt:詣|詣]] ngejH
* 26-06/0552l [[wikt:耆|耆]] gij, tsyijX
* 26-06/0552m [[wikt:鰭|鰭]] gij
* 26-06/0552n [[wikt:鬐|鬐]] gij
* 26-06/0552o [[wikt:稽|稽]] kej
* 26-06/0552p [[wikt:嗜|嗜]] dzyijH
* 26-06/0552q [[wikt:蓍|蓍]] syij

==0553==
* 26-07/0553a [[wikt:示|示]] zyijH
* 26-07/0553h [[wikt:視|視]] dzyijH, dzyijX
* 26-07/0553i [[wikt:祁|祁]] gij

==0554==
* 26-28/0554b [[wikt:姊|姊]] tsijX
* 26-28/0554c [[wikt:姉|姉]] tsijX
* 26-28/0554d [[wikt:秭|秭]] tsijX
* 26-28/0554f [[wikt:笫|笫]] tsrijX
* 26-28/0554g [[wikt:胏|胏]] tsrijX
* 26-28/0554h [[wikt:柹|柹]] dzrijX
* 26-28/0554i [[wikt:柿|柿]] dzrijX
* 26-28/0554j [[wikt:䪡|䪡]] tsej

==0555==
* 26-29/0555a [[wikt:次|次]] tshijH
* 26-29/0555c [[wikt:佽|佽]] tshijH
* 26-29/0555d [[wikt:絘|絘]] tshijH
* 26-29/0555e [[wikt:咨|咨]] tsij
* 26-29/0555f [[wikt:恣|恣]] tsijH
* 26-29/0555g [[wikt:粢|粢]] dzejH, tsij
* 26-29/0555h [[wikt:資|資]] tsij
* 26-29/0555i [[wikt:茨|茨]] dzij
* 26-29/0555j [[wikt:餈|餈]] dzij
* 26-29/0555l [[wikt:諮|諮]] tsij
* 26-29/0555m [[wikt:䆅|䆅]] dzij
* 26-29/0555n [[wikt:薋|薋]] dzij

==0556==
* 26-21/0556a [[wikt:兕|兕]] zijX

==0557==
* 26-34/0557a [[wikt:厶|厶]] sij
* 26-34/0557b [[wikt:私|私]] sij

==0558==
* 26-35/0558a [[wikt:死|死]] sijX

==0559==
* 26-36/0559a [[wikt:師|師]] srij

==0560==
* 26-19/0560a [[wikt:矢|矢]] syij, syijX
* 26-19/0560e [[wikt:雉|雉]] drijX
* 26-19/0560i [[wikt:矧|矧]] syinX
* 26-19/0560j [[wikt:矤|矤]] syinX
* 26-19/0560k [[wikt:䀢|䀢]] sywinH
* 26-19/0560m [[wikt:薙|薙]] drijX, thejH, zijX

==0561==
* 26-20/0561a [[wikt:尸|尸]] syij
* 26-20/0561c [[wikt:屍|屍]] syij
* 26-20/0561d [[wikt:屎|屎]] syijX
* 26-20/0561e [[wikt:鳲|鳲]] syij

==0562==
* 26-22/0562a [[wikt:履|履]] lijX

==0563==
* 26-25/0563a [[wikt:尼|尼]] nejH, nrij
* 26-25/0563b [[wikt:怩|怩]] nrij
* 26-25/0563c [[wikt:柅|柅]] nrijH, nrijX
* 26-25/0563d [[wikt:泥|泥]] nej
* 26-25/0563e [[wikt:旎|旎]] nrjeX
* 26-25/0563f [[wikt:昵|昵]] nrit

==0564==
* 29-28/0564a [[wikt:二|二]] nyijH
* 29-28/0564e [[wikt:弍|弍]] nyijH
* 29-28/0564g [[wikt:貳|貳]] nyijH
* 29-28/0564i [[wikt:樲|樲]] nyijH
* 29-28/0564j [[wikt:膩|膩]] nrijH

==0565==
* 26-37/0565a [[wikt:匕|匕]] pjijX
* 26-37/0565b [[wikt:朼|朼]] pjijX

==0566==
* 26-38/0566a [[wikt:匕|匕]] pjijH
* 26-38/0566g [[wikt:比|比]] bjij, bjijH, pjijH, pjijX
* 26-38/0566i [[wikt:牝|牝]] bjijX, bjinX
* 26-38/0566k [[wikt:庀|庀]] phjieX, phjijX
* 26-38/0566l [[wikt:疕|疕]] phjieX, phjijX, pjijX
* 26-38/0566m [[wikt:枇|枇]] pjijX
* 26-38/0566n [[wikt:妣|妣]] pjijH, pjijX
* 26-38/0566p [[wikt:庇|庇]] pjij, pjijH
* 26-38/0566q [[wikt:秕|秕]] pjijX
* 26-38/0566r [[wikt:粃|粃]] pjijX
* 26-38/0566s [[wikt:仳|仳]] bijX, bjij, phjijX
* 26-38/0566t [[wikt:紕|紕]] bjie, bjijH, pej, phjie, phjij
* 26-38/0566u [[wikt:毗|毗]] bjij
* 26-38/0566v [[wikt:鈚|鈚]] bjij
* 26-38/0566y [[wikt:坒|坒]] bjijH
* 26-38/0566z [[wikt:芘|芘]] bjij
* 26-38/0566a' [[wikt:批|批]] bet, phej
* 26-38/0566b' [[wikt:梐|梐]] bejX
* 26-38/0566c' [[wikt:陛|陛]] bejX
* 26-38/0566d' [[wikt:吡|吡]] phjieX
* 26-38/0566e' [[wikt:𣬉|𣬉]] bjij
* 26-38/0566f' [[wikt:膍|膍]] bej, bjij
* 26-38/0566h' [[wikt:貔|貔]] bjij

==0567==
* 27-14/0567a [[wikt:眉|眉]] mij, mjɨjX
* 27-14/0567d [[wikt:媚|媚]] mijH
* 27-14/0567f [[wikt:楣|楣]] mij
* 27-14/0567g [[wikt:湄|湄]] mij

==0568==
* 27-16/0568a [[wikt:美|美]] mijX

==0569==
Baxter &amp; Sagart (2014: 151) combine GSR[[#0569]], GSR[[#0573]], and GSR[[#0574]].
* 28-01/0569a [[wikt:鬼|鬼]] kjwɨjX
* 28-01/0569d [[wikt:傀|傀]] kwoj
* 28-01/0569e [[wikt:瑰|瑰]] kwoj
* 28-01/0569f [[wikt:魁|魁]] khwoj
* 28-01/0569g [[wikt:塊|塊]] khweajH, khwojH
* 28-01/0569h [[wikt:瘣|瘣]] hwojX
* 28-01/0569i [[wikt:槐|槐]] hweaj, hwoj
* 28-01/0569j [[wikt:嵬|嵬]] ngwoj, ngwojX
* 28-01/0569k [[wikt:魏|魏]] ngjwɨj, ngjwɨjH
* 28-01/0569l [[wikt:愧|愧]] kwijH
* 28-01/0569n [[wikt:媿|媿]] kwijH
* 28-01/0569q [[wikt:螝|螝]] hwojH, kwij, kwijH
* 28-01/0569r [[wikt:餽|餽]] gwijH
* 28-01/0569s [[wikt:巍|巍]] ngjwɨj
* 28-01/0569- [[wikt:隗|隗]] ngjwɨj

==0570==
* 28-02/0570a [[wikt:歸|歸]] kjwɨj
* 28-02/0570g [[wikt:巋|巋]] khwij, khwijX

==0571==
* 28-05/0571a [[wikt:韋|韋]] hjwɨj
* 28-05/0571d [[wikt:違|違]] hjwɨj
* 28-05/0571f [[wikt:偉|偉]] hjwɨjX
* 28-05/0571g [[wikt:圍|圍]] hjwɨj
* 28-05/0571h [[wikt:幃|幃]] hjwɨj
* 28-05/0571j [[wikt:煒|煒]] hjwɨjX
* 28-05/0571k [[wikt:瑋|瑋]] hwjɨjX
* 28-05/0571l [[wikt:禕|禕]] 'je
* 28-05/0571m [[wikt:緯|緯]] hjwɨjH, hjwɨjX
* 28-05/0571n [[wikt:葦|葦]] hjwɨjX
* 28-05/0571o [[wikt:闈|闈]] hjwɨj
* 28-05/0571p [[wikt:韙|韙]] hjwɨjX
* 28-05/0571q [[wikt:韡|韡]] hjwɨjX
* 28-05/0571r [[wikt:褘|褘]] xjwɨj
* 28-05/0571s [[wikt:諱|諱]] xjwɨjH

==0572==
Zhangzheng (2003) unites this series with 兀  GSR[[#0487|0487]] and 虺 GSR [[#0572|0572]].
* 27-19/0572a [[wikt:虺|虺]] xjwɨjX, xweaj, xwoj

==0573==
Baxter &amp; Sagart (2014: 151) combine GSR[[#0569]], GSR[[#0573]], and GSR[[#0574]].
* 28-09/0573a [[wikt:畏|畏]] 'jwɨjH
* 28-09/0573d [[wikt:㟪|㟪]] 'jwɨjX, 'wojX
* 28-09/0573e [[wikt:偎|偎]] 'woj
* 28-09/0573f [[wikt:煨|煨]] 'woj
* 28-09/0573g [[wikt:猥|猥]] 'wojX
* 28-09/0573h [[wikt:隈|隈]] 'woj

==0574==
Baxter &amp; Sagart (2014: 151) combine GSR [[#0569|0569]], GSR [[#0573|0573]], and GSR [[#0574|0574]].
* 28-10/0574a [[wikt:威|威]] 'jwɨj
* 28-10/0574d [[wikt:崴|崴]] 'weaj

==0575==
Baxter &amp; Sagart (personal communication 12 April 2017) combine GSR [[#0575|0575]]g'-l' and GSR [[#0601|0601]].
* 28-11/0575a [[wikt:隹|隹]] tsywij
* 28-11/0575e [[wikt:䳡|䳡]] tsywij
* 28-11/0575f [[wikt:鵻|鵻]] tsywij
* 28-11/0575g [[wikt:錐|錐]] tsywij
* 28-11/0575h [[wikt:騅|騅]] tsywij
* 28-11/0575i [[wikt:唯|唯]] tshwijX, ywij, ywijX
* 28-11/0575m [[wikt:帷|帷]] hwij
* 28-11/0575n [[wikt:惟|惟]] ywij
* 28-11/0575o [[wikt:維|維]] ywij
* 28-11/0575q [[wikt:蜼|蜼]] lwijX, ywijH
* 28-11/0575r [[wikt:椎|椎]] drwij
* 28-11/0575s [[wikt:顀|顀]] drwij
* 28-11/0575u [[wikt:誰|誰]] dzywij
* 28-11/0575v [[wikt:雖|雖]] swij
* 28-11/0575y [[wikt:稚|稚]] drijH
* 28-11/0575z [[wikt:堆|堆]] twoj
* 28-11/0575a' [[wikt:推|推]] thwoj, tsyhwij
* 28-11/0575b' [[wikt:陮|陮]] dwojX
* 28-11/0575d' [[wikt:崔|崔]] dzwoj
* 28-11/0575e' [[wikt:趡|趡]] tshwijX
* 28-11/0575g' [[wikt:鷕|鷕]] ywijX
* 28-11/0575h' [[wikt:䗽|䗽]] ywijH
* 28-11/0575i' [[wikt:蓷|蓷]] thwoj, tsyhwij
* 28-11/0575j' [[wikt:催|催]] tshwoj
* 28-11/0575k' [[wikt:漼|漼]] tshwojX
* 28-11/0575l' [[wikt:摧|摧]] dzwoj

==0576==
* 28-14/0576a [[wikt:水|水]] sywijX

==0577==
* 28-15/0577a [[wikt:畾|畾]] lwijX, lwoj
* 28-15/0577d [[wikt:壘|壘]] lwijX
* 28-15/0577e [[wikt:櫐|櫐]] lwijX
* 28-15/0577f [[wikt:纍|纍]] lwij
* 28-15/0577g [[wikt:藟|藟]] lwijX
* 28-15/0577h [[wikt:讄|讄]] lwijX
* 28-15/0577i [[wikt:𧮢|𧮢]] lwijX
* 28-15/0577j [[wikt:儡|儡]] lwoj, lwojX
* 28-15/0577k [[wikt:礨|礨]] lwojX
* 28-15/0577l [[wikt:罍|罍]] lwoj
* 28-15/0577n [[wikt:靁|靁]] lwoj
* 28-15/0577o [[wikt:雷|雷]] lwoj
* 28-15/0577p [[wikt:儽|儽]] lwojH
* 28-15/0577q [[wikt:虆|虆]] lwa
* 28-15/0577r [[wikt:累|累]] ljweH, ljweX, lwaX
* 28-15/0577s [[wikt:縲|縲]] lwij
* 28-15/0577t [[wikt:騾|騾]] lwa
* 28-15/0577- [[wikt:螺|螺]] lwa

==0578==
* 28-17/0578a [[wikt:耒|耒]] lwijH, lwojH
* 28-17/0578b [[wikt:誄|誄]] lwijX

==0579==
* 27-08/0579a [[wikt:非|非]] pjɨj
* 27-08/0579c [[wikt:匪|匪]] pjɨjX
* 27-08/0579d [[wikt:扉|扉]] pjɨj
* 27-08/0579e [[wikt:棐|棐]] pjɨjX
* 27-08/0579f [[wikt:篚|篚]] pjɨjX
* 27-08/0579g [[wikt:誹|誹]] pjɨj, pjɨjH
* 27-08/0579h [[wikt:悱|悱]] phjɨjX
* 27-08/0579i [[wikt:斐|斐]] phjɨjX
* 27-08/0579j [[wikt:霏|霏]] phjɨj
* 27-08/0579k [[wikt:騑|騑]] phjɨj, pjɨj
* 27-08/0579l [[wikt:菲|菲]] bjɨjH, phjɨj, phjɨjX
* 27-08/0579m [[wikt:剕|剕]] bjɨjH
* 27-08/0579n [[wikt:厞|厞]] bjɨjH
* 27-08/0579o [[wikt:屝|屝]] bjɨjH
* 27-08/0579p [[wikt:翡|翡]] bjɨjH
* 27-08/0579q [[wikt:腓|腓]] bjɨj
* 27-08/0579r [[wikt:蜚|蜚]] bjɨjH, pjɨjX
* 27-08/0579s [[wikt:陫|陫]] bjɨjH, bjɨjX
* 27-08/0579t [[wikt:徘|徘]] bwoj
* 27-08/0579u [[wikt:悲|悲]] pij
* 27-08/0579v [[wikt:俳|俳]] beaj
* 27-08/0579x [[wikt:排|排]] beaj
* 27-08/0579- [[wikt:痱|痱]]

==0580==
* 27-09/0580a [[wikt:飛|飛]] pjɨj

==0581==
* 27-10/0581a [[wikt:妃|妃]] phjɨj, phwojH

==0582==
* 27-11/0582 [[wikt:肥|肥]] bjɨj

==0583==
* 27-17/0583a [[wikt:尾|尾]] mjɨjX
* 27-17/0583c [[wikt:娓|娓]] mjɨjX
* 27-17/0583d [[wikt:浘|浘]] mjɨjX
* 27-17/0583e [[wikt:𤈦|𤈦]] xjwɨjX

==0584==
* 27-18/0584a [[wikt:𢼸|𢼸]] mjɨj
* 27-18/0584d [[wikt:微|微]] mjɨj
* 27-18/0584f [[wikt:薇|薇]] mjɨj
* 27-18/0584g [[wikt:媺|媺]] mijX
* 27-18/0584h [[wikt:徽|徽]] xjwɨj

==0585==
* 27-15/0585a [[wikt:亹|亹]] mwon

==0586==
* 26-01/0586a [[wikt:笄|笄]] kej

==0587==
* 26-02/0587a [[wikt:卟|卟]] kej, kejX

==0588==
* 26-04/0588a [[wikt:启|启]] khejX
* 26-04/0588c [[wikt:啟|啟]] khejX
* 26-04/0588h [[wikt:綮|綮]] khejX
* 26-04/0588j [[wikt:晵|晵]] khejX

==0589==
* 26-12/0589a [[wikt:医|医]] 'ejH
* 26-12/0589b [[wikt:殹|殹]] 'ejH
* 26-12/0589e [[wikt:繄|繄]] 'ej
* 26-12/0589f [[wikt:翳|翳]] 'ej, 'ejH
* 26-12/0589g [[wikt:鷖|鷖]] 'ej

==0590==
* 26-14/0590a [[wikt:氐|氐]] tej, tejX
* 26-14/0590c [[wikt:底|底]] tejX
* 26-14/0590d [[wikt:柢|柢]] tej, tejH, tejX
* 26-14/0590e [[wikt:低|低]] tej
* 26-14/0590f [[wikt:弤|弤]] tejX
* 26-14/0590g [[wikt:抵|抵]] tejX
* 26-14/0590h [[wikt:羝|羝]] tej
* 26-14/0590i [[wikt:邸|邸]] tejX
* 26-14/0590j [[wikt:詆|詆]] dej, tejX
* 26-14/0590k [[wikt:胝|胝]] trij
* 26-14/0590l [[wikt:坻|坻]] drij
* 26-14/0590m [[wikt:蚳|蚳]] drij
* 26-14/0590n [[wikt:厎|厎]] tsyijX
* 26-14/0590o [[wikt:砥|砥]] tsyijX
* 26-14/0590p [[wikt:祗|祗]] tsyij
* 26-14/0590q [[wikt:眡|眡]] dzyijH, dzyijX
* 26-14/0590r [[wikt:眂|眂]] dzyijH, dzyijX
* 26-14/0590s [[wikt:鴟|鴟]] tsyhij

==0591==
* 26-15/0591a [[wikt:弟|弟]] dejH, dejX
* 26-15/0591d [[wikt:娣|娣]] dejH, dejX
* 26-15/0591e [[wikt:第|第]] dejH
* 26-15/0591f [[wikt:悌|悌]] dejH
* 26-15/0591g [[wikt:稊|稊]] dej
* 26-15/0591h [[wikt:綈|綈]] dej
* 26-15/0591i [[wikt:𦯔|𦯔]] dej
* 26-15/0591j [[wikt:鵜|鵜]] dej
* 26-15/0591k [[wikt:睇|睇]] dejH, thej
* 26-15/0591l [[wikt:梯|梯]] thej
* 26-15/0591m [[wikt:涕|涕]] thejH, thejX
* 26-15/0591n [[wikt:豒|豒]] drit

==0592==
* 26-26/0592a [[wikt:妻|妻]] tshej, tshejH
* 26-26/0592e [[wikt:悽|悽]] tshej
* 26-26/0592f [[wikt:淒|淒]] tshej
* 26-26/0592g [[wikt:萋|萋]] tshej
* 26-26/0592i [[wikt:緀|緀]] tshej
* 26-26/0592j [[wikt:𨹷|𨹷]] tsej, tsejH
* 26-26/0592l [[wikt:棲|棲]] sej

==0593==
* 26-27/0593a [[wikt:齊|齊]] tsij, dzej
* 26-27/0593f [[wikt:臍|臍]] dzej
* 26-27/0593g [[wikt:蠐|蠐]] dzej
* 26-27/0593h [[wikt:劑|劑]] dzejH, tsje
* 26-27/0593i [[wikt:嚌|嚌]] dzejH
* 26-27/0593j [[wikt:懠|懠]] dzej, dzejH
* 26-27/0593k [[wikt:癠|癠]] dzej, dzejH, dzejX
* 26-27/0593l [[wikt:薺|薺]] dzejX
* 26-27/0593m [[wikt:穧|穧]] dzejH, tsejH
* 26-27/0593n [[wikt:擠|擠]] tsej, tsejH, tsejX
* 26-27/0593o [[wikt:濟|濟]] tsejH, tsejX
* 26-27/0593p [[wikt:躋|躋]] tsej, tsejH
* 26-27/0593r [[wikt:隮|隮]] tsej, tsejH
* 26-27/0593s [[wikt:霽|霽]] tsejH
* 26-27/0593t [[wikt:齏|齏]] tsej
* 26-27/0593u [[wikt:齎|齎]] tsej
* 26-27/0593v [[wikt:齍|齍]] tsij
* 26-27/0593y [[wikt:齋|齋]] tsreaj
* 26-27/0593z [[wikt:儕|儕]] dzreaj

==0594==
Baxter &amp; Sagart combine with [[#0946|0946]], Schuessler hesitatingly assents.
* 26-31/0594a [[wikt:西|西]] sej
* 26-31/0594f [[wikt:栖|栖]] sej
* 26-31/0594g [[wikt:洒|洒]] sejX, sreajX, senX
* 26-31/0594i [[wikt:哂|哂]] syinX

==0595==
* 26-32/0595a [[wikt:屖|屖]] sej
* 26-16/0595d [[wikt:遟|遟]] drij
* 26-16/0595g [[wikt:稺|稺]] drijH
* 26-16/0595h [[wikt:𦃘|𦃘]] drijH

==0596==
* 26-33/0596a [[wikt:犀|犀]] sej
* 26-16/0596c [[wikt:墀|墀]] drij
* 26-16/0596d [[wikt:遲|遲]] drijH, drij
* 26-16/0596e [[wikt:穉|穉]] drijH

==0597==
*26-23/0597a [[wikt:豊|豊]] lejX
*26-23/0597d [[wikt:禮|禮]] lejX
*26-23/0597e [[wikt:醴|醴]] lejX
*26-23/0597h [[wikt:鱧|鱧]] lejX
*26-23/0597i [[wikt:體|體]] thejX

==0598==
* 26-39/0598a [[wikt:米|米]] mejX
* 26-39/0598d [[wikt:眯|眯]] mejX
* 26-39/0598e [[wikt:迷|迷]] mej
* 26-39/0598f [[wikt:麋|麋]] mij
* 26-39/0598h [[wikt:敉|敉]] mjieX
* 26-39/0598i [[wikt:侎|侎]] mjieX
* 26-39/0598k [[wikt:冞|冞]] mjie
* 26-39/0598l [[wikt:𦊮|𦊮]] mjie
* 26-39/0598m [[wikt:蘪|蘪]] mij

==0599==
* 26-09/0599a [[wikt:皆|皆]] keaj
* 26-09/0599b [[wikt:偕|偕]] keaj
* 26-09/0599c [[wikt:喈|喈]] keaj
* 26-09/0599d [[wikt:階|階]] keaj
* 26-09/0599e [[wikt:楷|楷]] kheajX
* 26-09/0599f [[wikt:湝|湝]] heaj
* 26-09/0599g [[wikt:諧|諧]] heaj
* 26-09/0599h [[wikt:揩|揩]] keat

==0600==
* 28-06/0600a [[wikt:褱|褱]] hweaj
* 28-06/0600c [[wikt:懷|懷]] hweaj
* 28-06/0600d [[wikt:壞|壞]] hweajH, hwojX, kweajH
* 28-06/0600e [[wikt:瓌|瓌]] kwoj

==0601==
Baxter &amp; Sagart (personal communication 12 April 2017) combine GSR [[#0575|0575]]g'-l' and GSR [[#0601|0601]].
* 28-11/0601a [[wikt:淮|淮]] hweaj
* 28-11/0601d [[wikt:匯|匯]] hwojX

==0602==
* 26-08/0602a [[wikt:几|几]] kijX
* 26-08/0602c [[wikt:机|机]] kijX
* 26-08/0602d [[wikt:肌|肌]] kij
* 26-08/0602e [[wikt:𩨒|𩨒]] kij
* 26-08/0602f [[wikt:飢|飢]] kij

==0603==
* 27-03/0603a [[wikt:冀|冀]] kijH
* presumed 27-03/0603b [[wikt:兾|兾]] kijH
* 27-03/0603c [[wikt:驥|驥]] kijH

==0604==
* 26-13/0604a [[wikt:伊|伊]] 'jij
* 26-13/0604d [[wikt:咿|咿]] 'jij

==0605==
* 26-10/0605a [[wikt:癸|癸]] kjwijX
* 26-10/0605e [[wikt:揆|揆]] gjwijX
* 26-10/0605f [[wikt:戣|戣]] gwij
* 26-10/0605g [[wikt:葵|葵]] gjwij
* 26-10/0605h [[wikt:騤|騤]] gjwij
* 26-10/0605i [[wikt:睽|睽]] khwej
* 26-10/0605k [[wikt:闋|闋]] khwet

==0606==
* 36-01/0606a [[wikt:甘|甘]] kam
* 36-01/0606c [[wikt:泔|泔]] kam
* 36-01/0606d [[wikt:𤯌|𤯌]] kam
* 36-01/0606g [[wikt:酣|酣]] ham
* 36-01/0606h [[wikt:拑|拑]] gjem
* 36-01/0606i [[wikt:鉗|鉗]] gjem
* 36-01/0606j [[wikt:柑|柑]] gjem
* 36-01/0606k [[wikt:紺|紺]] kom
* 36-01/0606l [[wikt:箝|箝]] gjem

==0607==
* 36-02/0607a [[wikt:敢|敢]] kamX
* 36-02/0607d [[wikt:闞|闞]] khamH, xaemX, xamX, xeamX
* 36-02/0607e [[wikt:矙|矙]] khamH
* 36-02/0607h [[wikt:嚴|嚴]] ngjaem
* 36-02/0607k [[wikt:儼|儼]] ngjaemX
* 36-02/0607l [[wikt:巖|巖]] ngaem
* 36-02/0607m [[wikt:玁|玁]] xjemX

==0608==
* 36-03/0608a [[wikt:銜|銜]] haem

==0609==
* 36-05/0609a [[wikt:監|監]] kaem, kaemH
* 36-05/0609c [[wikt:鑑|鑑]] haemH
* 36-05/0609d [[wikt:礛|礛]] kaem
* 36-05/0609e [[wikt:壏|壏]] haemX
* 36-05/0609f [[wikt:㯺|㯺]] haemX
* 36-05/0609g [[wikt:檻|檻]] haemX, hamX
* 36-05/0609h [[wikt:㜮|㜮]] lamH
* 36-05/0609i [[wikt:擥|擥]] lamX
* 36-05/0609j [[wikt:濫|濫]] hamH, lamX
* 36-05/0609k [[wikt:藍|藍]] lam
* 36-05/0609l [[wikt:覽|覽]] lamX
* 36-05/0609m [[wikt:嚂|嚂]] xamX
* 36-05/0609n [[wikt:鹽|鹽]] yem, yemH
* 36-05/0609o [[wikt:攬|攬]] lamX
* 36-05/0609- [[wikt:籃|籃]] lam

==0610==
* 36-25/0610a [[wikt:芟|芟]] sraem

==0611==
* 36-22/0611a [[wikt:斬|斬]] tsreamX
* 36-22/0611b [[wikt:摲|摲]] sraem
* 36-22/0611c [[wikt:慙|慙]] dzam
* 36-22/0611d [[wikt:暫|暫]] dzamH
* 36-22/0611e [[wikt:蹔|蹔]] dzamH
* 36-22/0611f [[wikt:漸|漸]] dzjemX, dzraem, tsjem
* 36-22/0611g [[wikt:塹|塹]] tshjem
* 36-22/0611h [[wikt:蔪|蔪]] dzjemX

==0612==
* 36-23/0612a [[wikt:毚|毚]] dzraem, dzream
* 36-23/0612b [[wikt:欃|欃]] dzream
* 36-23/0612c [[wikt:儳|儳]] dzraem, dzreamH, dzreamX, tsrhaemH
* 36-23/0612d [[wikt:讒|讒]] dzraem, dzraemH, dzream
* 36-23/0612e [[wikt:鑱|鑱]] dzraem, dzraemH

==0613==
* 36-06/0613a [[wikt:僉|僉]] tshjem
* 36-06/0613b [[wikt:憸|憸]] sjem, tshjem, tshjemX
* 36-06/0613c [[wikt:譣|譣]] sjem, tshjem, tshjemX
* 36-06/0613d [[wikt:檢|檢]] kjemX
* 36-06/0613e [[wikt:儉|儉]] gjemX
* 36-06/0613f [[wikt:險|險]] xjaemX, xjemX
* 36-06/0613g [[wikt:嶮|嶮]] xjemX
* 36-06/0613h [[wikt:驗|驗]] ngjemH
* 36-06/0613i [[wikt:劍|劍]] kjaemH, kjomH
* 36-06/0613k [[wikt:獫|獫]] ljem, ljemH, ljemX
* 36-06/0613l [[wikt:斂|斂]] ljemX, ljemH
* 36-06/0613m [[wikt:蘞|蘞]] ljem, ljemX

==0614==
* 36-08/0614a [[wikt:奄|奄]] 'jemX
* 36-08/0614b [[wikt:掩|掩]] 'jaemX, 'jemX
* 36-08/0614c [[wikt:淹|淹]] 'jem
* 36-08/0614d [[wikt:閹|閹]] 'jem
* 36-08/0614e [[wikt:晻|晻]] 'jemX, 'omH, 'omX

==0615==
* 36-09/0615a [[wikt:弇|弇]] kom
* 36-09/0615b [[wikt:揜|揜]] 'jemX
* 36-09/0615c [[wikt:渰|渰]] 'jaemX, 'jemX
* 36-09/0615d [[wikt:黭|黭]] 'amX

==0616==
* 36-10/0616a [[wikt:猒|猒]] 'jiem, 'jiemH
* 36-10/0616c [[wikt:厭|厭]] 'eamX, 'jiem, 'jiep
* 36-10/0616d [[wikt:饜|饜]] 'jemH
* 36-10/0616f [[wikt:檿|檿]] 'jiemX
* 36-10/0616g [[wikt:擪|擪]] 'jiemX
* 36-10/0616h [[wikt:壓|壓]] 'aep

==0617==
* 36-14/0617a [[wikt:炎|炎]] dam, hjem, yemH
* 36-14/0617c [[wikt:燄|燄]] yemH, yemX
* 36-14/0617d [[wikt:剡|剡]] yemX
* 36-14/0617e [[wikt:掞|掞]] yemX
* 36-14/0617f [[wikt:琰|琰]] yemX
* 36-14/0617g [[wikt:裧|裧]] tsyhem
* 36-14/0617h [[wikt:燅|燅]] zjem
* 36-14/0617i [[wikt:覢|覢]] syemX
* 36-14/0617j [[wikt:菼|菼]] thamX
* 36-14/0617k [[wikt:惔|惔]] dam
* 36-14/0617l [[wikt:談|談]] dam
* 36-14/0617m [[wikt:倓|倓]] dam, damH
* 36-14/0617n [[wikt:啖|啖]] damH, damX
* 36-14/0617o [[wikt:淡|淡]] damH, damX
* 36-14/0617p [[wikt:餤|餤]] dam, yem
* 36-14/0617- [[wikt:睒|睒]]

==0618==
* 36-12/0618a [[wikt:占|占]] tsyem
* 36-12/0618c [[wikt:沾|沾]] trjem
* 36-12/0618d [[wikt:霑|霑]] trjem
* 36-12/0618e [[wikt:阽|阽]] yem
* 36-12/0618f [[wikt:佔|佔]] trhjem
* 36-12/0618g [[wikt:覘|覘]] trhjem, trhjemH
* 36-12/0618h [[wikt:怗|怗]] thep, tsyhem
* 36-12/0618i [[wikt:苫|苫]] syem, syemH
* 36-12/0618j [[wikt:痁|痁]] syem, syemH, temH
* 36-12/0618k [[wikt:坫|坫]] temH
* 36-12/0618l [[wikt:玷|玷]] temH, temX
* 36-12/0618m [[wikt:㓠|㓠]] temH, temX
* 36-12/0618n [[wikt:點|點]] temX
* 36-12/0618o [[wikt:拈|拈]] nem
* 36-12/0618p [[wikt:呫|呫]] thep
* 36-12/0618q [[wikt:帖|帖]] thep
* 36-12/0618- [[wikt:㚲|㚲]]

==0619==
* 36-11/0619a [[wikt:詹|詹]] tsyem
* 36-11/0619b [[wikt:噡|噡]] tsyem
* 36-11/0619c [[wikt:瞻|瞻]] tsyem
* 36-11/0619d [[wikt:幨|幨]] tsyhem, tsyhemH
* 36-11/0619e [[wikt:襜|襜]] tsyhem
* 36-11/0619f [[wikt:贍|贍]] dzyemH
* 36-11/0619g [[wikt:檐|檐]] yem
* 36-11/0619h [[wikt:儋|儋]] tam, tamH
* 36-11/0619i [[wikt:甔|甔]] tam
* 36-11/0619k [[wikt:擔|擔]] dzyem, tamH, dzyemH
* 36-11/0619l [[wikt:膽|膽]] tamX
* 36-11/0619m [[wikt:憺|憺]] damH, damX
* 36-11/0619n [[wikt:澹|澹]] damH, damX

==0620==
* 36-21/0620a [[wikt:㦰|㦰]] tsjem
* 36-21/0620c [[wikt:韱|韱]] sjem
* 36-21/0620d [[wikt:孅|孅]] sjem
* 36-21/0620e [[wikt:纖|纖]] sjem
* 36-21/0620f [[wikt:殲|殲]] tsjem
* 36-21/0620g [[wikt:瀸|瀸]] tsjem
* 36-21/0620h [[wikt:攕|攕]] sream

==0621==
* 36-16/0621a [[wikt:銛|銛]] sjem
* 36-16/0621b [[wikt:恬|恬]] dem
* 36-16/0621- [[wikt:甜|甜]] dem

==0622==
* 36-18/0622a [[wikt:冄|冄]] nyemX
* 36-18/0622b [[wikt:冉|冉]] nyemX
* 36-18/0622e [[wikt:呥|呥]] nyem
* 36-18/0622f [[wikt:姌|姌]] nemX, nyemX
* 36-18/0622h [[wikt:袡|袡]] nyem
* 36-18/0622i [[wikt:衻|衻]] nyem
* 36-18/0622j [[wikt:𩑺|𩑺]] nyem, nyemH
* 36-18/0622k [[wikt:髯|髯]] nyem, nyemH
* 36-18/0622l [[wikt:枏|枏]] nom
* 36-18/0622m [[wikt:聃|聃]] nam, tham
* 36-18/0622n [[wikt:耼|耼]] nam, tham
* 36-18/0622- [[wikt:㾆|㾆]]
* 36-18/0622- [[wikt:柟|柟]]

==0623==
* 36-19/0623a [[wikt:染|染]] nyemH, nyemX

==0624==
* 36-04/0624a [[wikt:欠|欠]] khjaemH, khjomH
* 36-04/0624c [[wikt:芡|芡]] gjaemH, gjemH, gjemX
* 36-04/0624d [[wikt:坎|坎]] khomX
* 36-04/0624- [[wikt:歂|歂]]

==0625==
* 36-26/0625a [[wikt:凡|凡]] bjom
* 36-26/0625b [[wikt:芃|芃]] buwng
* 36-26/0625d [[wikt:帆|帆]] bjom
* 36-26/0625e [[wikt:軓|軓]] bjomX
* 36-26/0625f [[wikt:汎|汎]] bjuwng, phjomH
* 36-26/0625h [[wikt:風|風]] pjuwng, pjuwngH
* 36-26/0625i [[wikt:飌|飌]] pjuwng
* 36-26/0625j [[wikt:鳳|鳳]] bjuwngH
* 36-26/0625n [[wikt:楓|楓]] pjuwng
* 36-26/0625o [[wikt:諷|諷]] pjuwngH
* 36-26/0625p [[wikt:渢|渢]] bjuwng

==0626==
* 36-27/0626a [[wikt:犯|犯]] bjomX
* 36-27/0626b [[wikt:𨊠|𨊠]] bjomX
* 36-27/0626c [[wikt:氾|氾]] bjomH, phjomH
* 36-27/0626d [[wikt:範|範]] bjomX
* 36-27/0626e [[wikt:范|范]] bjomX

==0627==
* 36-07/0627a [[wikt:兼|兼]] kem, kemH
* 36-07/0627b [[wikt:蒹|蒹]] kem
* 36-07/0627c [[wikt:嗛|嗛]] hemX, khemX
* 36-07/0627d [[wikt:慊|慊]] khemX, khep
* 36-07/0627e [[wikt:歉|歉]] kheamH, kheamX, khem, khemX
* 36-07/0627f [[wikt:謙|謙]] khem
* 36-07/0627g [[wikt:溓|溓]] lem, nrjem
* 36-07/0627i [[wikt:熑|熑]] lem, ljem
* 36-07/0627j [[wikt:嫌|嫌]] hem
* 36-07/0627k [[wikt:鼸|鼸]] hemX
* 36-07/0627l [[wikt:廉|廉]] ljem
* 36-07/0627m [[wikt:磏|磏]] ljem
* 36-07/0627n [[wikt:鎌|鎌]] ljem
* 36-07/0627- [[wikt:簾|簾]] ljem

==0628==
* 35-07/0628a [[wikt:𦐇|𦐇]] thap
* 35-07/0628b [[wikt:蹋|蹋]] dap

==0629==
* 35-02/0629a [[wikt:甲|甲]] kaep
* 35-02/0629e [[wikt:匣|匣]] haep
* 35-02/0629f [[wikt:柙|柙]] haep
* 35-02/0629g [[wikt:狎|狎]] haep
* 35-02/0629h [[wikt:押|押]] 'aep

==0630==
* 35-03/0630a [[wikt:夾|夾]] keap, kep
* 35-03/0630d [[wikt:郟|郟]] keap
* 35-03/0630e [[wikt:狹|狹]] heap
* 35-03/0630f [[wikt:梜|梜]] kaep, kep
* 35-03/0630g [[wikt:莢|莢]] kep
* 35-03/0630h [[wikt:頰|頰]] kep
* 35-03/0630i [[wikt:鋏|鋏]] kep
* 35-03/0630j [[wikt:匧|匧]] khep
* 35-03/0630k [[wikt:俠|俠]] hep
* 35-03/0630l [[wikt:挾|挾]] hep
* 35-03/0630m [[wikt:浹|浹]] tsep
* 35-03/0630n [[wikt:愜|愜]] khep
* 35-03/0630o [[wikt:篋|篋]] khep

==0631==
* 35-17/0631a [[wikt:臿|臿]] tsrheap
* 35-17/0631b [[wikt:插|插]] tsrheap
* 35-17/0631c [[wikt:歃|歃]] sreap, srjep

==0632==
* 35-09/0632a [[wikt:耴|耴]] trjep
* 35-09/0632b [[wikt:輒|輒]] tep, trjep
* 35-09/0632c [[wikt:踂|踂]] nrjep

==0633==
Baxter &amp; Sagart appear to think this series is to be merged with 0339.
* 35-10/0633a [[wikt:枼|枼]] yep
* 35-10/0633d [[wikt:葉|葉]] yep
* 35-10/0633e [[wikt:鍱|鍱]] yep
* 35-10/0633f [[wikt:堞|堞]] dep
* 35-10/0633g [[wikt:牒|牒]] dep
* 35-10/0633h [[wikt:蝶|蝶]] dep
* 35-10/0633i [[wikt:褋|褋]] dep
* 35-10/0633j [[wikt:諜|諜]] dep
* 35-10/0633k [[wikt:蹀|蹀]] dep
* 35-10/0633l [[wikt:揲|揲]] sep, syet, yep, zyet
* 35-10/0633m [[wikt:偞|偞]] yep
* 35-10/0633o [[wikt:韘|韘]] syep
* 35-10/0633p [[wikt:屧|屧]] sep

==0634==
* 35-06/0634a [[wikt:涉|涉]] dzyep

==0635==
* 35-15/0635a [[wikt:妾|妾]] tshjep
* 35-15/0635d [[wikt:踥|踥]] tshjep
* 35-15/0635e [[wikt:接|接]] tsjep
* 35-15/0635f [[wikt:椄|椄]] tsjep
* 35-15/0635g [[wikt:翣|翣]] sraep

==0636==
* 35-16/0636a [[wikt:疌|疌]] dzjep
* 35-16/0636b [[wikt:捷|捷]] dzjep
* 35-16/0636c [[wikt:寁|寁]] dzjep
* 35-16/0636d [[wikt:睫|睫]] tsjep

==0637==
* 35-12/0637a [[wikt:巤|巤]] ljep
* 35-12/0637c [[wikt:儠|儠]] ljep
* 35-12/0637d [[wikt:擸|擸]] ljep
* 35-12/0637e [[wikt:獵|獵]] ljep
* 35-12/0637f [[wikt:躐|躐]] ljep
* 35-12/0637g [[wikt:邋|邋]] ljep
* 35-12/0637i [[wikt:鬣|鬣]] ljep
* 35-12/0637j [[wikt:臘|臘]] lap

==0638==
* 35-13/0638a [[wikt:聶|聶]] nrjep, tsyep
* 35-13/0638b [[wikt:躡|躡]] nrjep
* 35-13/0638c [[wikt:讘|讘]] nyep
* 35-13/0638d [[wikt:懾|懾]] tsyep
* 35-13/0638e [[wikt:攝|攝]] syep

==0639==
* 35-04/0639a [[wikt:劦|劦]] hep
* 35-04/0639b [[wikt:協|協]] hep
* 35-04/0639c [[wikt:叶|叶]] hep
* 35-04/0639d [[wikt:拹|拹]] xjaep
* 35-04/0639e [[wikt:脅|脅]] xjaep
* 35-04/0639f [[wikt:嗋|嗋]] xjaep

==0640==
* 35-05/0640a [[wikt:業|業]] ngjaep

==0641==
* 35-20/0641a [[wikt:乏|乏]] bjop
* 35-20/0641b [[wikt:泛|泛]] phjomH
* 35-20/0641c [[wikt:窆|窆]] pjemH, pongH
* 35-20/0641d [[wikt:貶|貶]] pjaemX, pjemX

==0642==
Schuessler divides this GSR series into three.
* 01-08/0642a [[wikt:去|去]] khjoH, khjoX
* 01-08/0642c [[wikt:呿|呿]] khjo, khjoH
* 01-08/0642d [[wikt:祛|祛]] khjo
* 01-08/0642e [[wikt:袪|袪]] khjo
* 01-08/0642f [[wikt:麮|麮]] khjoH, khjoX
* 01-08/0642g [[wikt:胠|胠]] khjo
* 35-01/0642g [[wikt:胠|胠]] khjaep
* 35-01/0642h [[wikt:劫|劫]] kjaep
* 35-01/0642i [[wikt:刧|刧]] kjaep
* 35-01/0642j [[wikt:怯|怯]] khjaep
* 35-21/0642k [[wikt:法|法]] pjop
* 35-21/0642l [[wikt:灋|灋]] pjop
* 35-01/0642n [[wikt:盍|盍]] hap
* 35-01/0642o [[wikt:盇|盇]] hap
* 35-01/0642p [[wikt:嗑|嗑]] xaep
* 35-01/0642q [[wikt:蓋|蓋]] hap, kajH
* 35-01/0642r [[wikt:葢|葢]] hap, kajH
* 35-01/0642s [[wikt:闔|闔]] hap
* 35-01/0642t [[wikt:榼|榼]] khap
* 35-01/0642u [[wikt:溘|溘]] khap, khop
* 35-01/0642v [[wikt:磕|磕]] khaejH, khap
* 35-01/0642x [[wikt:饁|饁]] hjep
* 35-01/0642y [[wikt:𫎽|𫎽]] ...
* 阹
* 㭕
* 㹤

==0643==
* 38-02/0643a [[wikt:圅|圅]] heam, hom
* 38-02/0643b [[wikt:函|函]] heam, hom
* 38-02/0643g [[wikt:涵|涵]] hom
* 38-02/0643h [[wikt:菡|菡]] homX

==0644==
* 38-09/0644a [[wikt:儑|儑]] ngom

==0645==
Baxter &amp; Sagart (personal communication 12 April 2017) combine GSR [[#0645|0645]] and GSR [[#0651|0651]]. 
* 38-21/0645a [[wikt:貪|貪]] thom
* 38-21/0645b [[wikt:嗿|嗿]] thomX

==0646==
* 38-16/0646a [[wikt:覃|覃]] dom, yemX
* 38-16/0646b [[wikt:潭|潭]] dom
* 38-16/0646c [[wikt:譚|譚]] dom
* 38-16/0646d [[wikt:燂|燂]] dom, dzjem, zjem
* 38-16/0646e [[wikt:鐔|鐔]] dom, yim, zim
* 38-16/0646f [[wikt:嘾|嘾]] domX
* 38-16/0646g [[wikt:禫|禫]] domX
* 38-16/0646h [[wikt:撢|撢]] thom
* 38-16/0646i [[wikt:鱏|鱏]] yim, zim
* 38-16/0646j [[wikt:簟|簟]] demX
* 38-16/0646l [[wikt:驔|驔]] demX

==0647==
* 38-29/0647a [[wikt:參|參]] syim, tshom, tsrhim
* 38-29/0647c [[wikt:驂|驂]] tshom
* 38-29/0647e [[wikt:慘|慘]] tshomX
* 38-29/0647f [[wikt:糝|糝]] somX
* 38-29/0647g [[wikt:槮|槮]] srim, tsrhim
* 38-29/0647h [[wikt:摻|摻]] sream, sreamX

==0648==
* 38-30/0648a [[wikt:三|三]] sam, samH

==0649==
* 38-22/0649a [[wikt:男|男]] nom

==0650==
* 38-23/0650a [[wikt:南|南]] nom

==0651==
Schuessler (2009: 360) combines GSR [[#0651|0651]] and GSR [[#0652|0652]].
Baxter &amp; Sagart (personal communication 12 April 2017) combine GSR [[#0645|0645]] and GSR [[#0651|0651]]; they do not see any link to GSR [[#0652|0652]].
* 38-03/0651a [[wikt:今|今]] kim
* 38-03/0651f [[wikt:紟|紟]] gimH
* 38-03/0651g [[wikt:衿|衿]] gimH, kim
* 38-03/0651h [[wikt:衾|衾]] khim
* 38-03/0651i [[wikt:坅|坅]] khimX, ngimX
* 38-03/0651j [[wikt:禽|禽]] gim
* 38-03/0651n [[wikt:擒|擒]] gim
* 38-03/0651o [[wikt:芩|芩]] gim
* 38-03/0651p [[wikt:靲|靲]] gim
* 38-03/0651q [[wikt:琴|琴]] gim
* 38-03/0651r [[wikt:黔|黔]] gim, gjem
* 38-03/0651s [[wikt:吟|吟]] ngim
* 38-03/0651t [[wikt:岑|岑]] ngimX
* 38-03/0651u [[wikt:趻|趻]] trhimX
* 38-03/0651v [[wikt:𢦟|𢦟]] khom
* 38-03/0651x [[wikt:侌|侌]] 'im
* 38-03/0651y [[wikt:陰|陰]] 'im, 'imH
* 38-03/0651a' [[wikt:𩃬|𩃬]] 'im
* 38-03/0651b' [[wikt:蔭|蔭]] 'imH
* 38-03/0651c' [[wikt:廕|廕]] 'imH
* 38-03/0651d' [[wikt:酓|酓]] 'jiemX
* 38-03/0651h' [[wikt:韽|韽]] 'om
* 38-03/0651i' [[wikt:飲|飲]] 'imX
* 38-03/0651i' [[wikt:㱃|㱃]] 'imX
* 38-03/0651k' [[wikt:㜝|㜝]] ngomX
* 38-03/0651l' [[wikt:含|含]] hom, homH
* 38-03/0651m' [[wikt:唅|唅]] hom
* 38-03/0651n' [[wikt:頷|頷]] homX, ngomX

==0652==
Schuessler (2009: 360) combines GSR [[#0651|0651]] and GSR [[#0652|0652]].
* 38-03/0652a [[wikt:金|金]] kim
* 38-03/0652d [[wikt:䘳|䘳]] kim
* 38-03/0652e [[wikt:錦|錦]] kimX
* 38-03/0652f [[wikt:欽|欽]] khim
* 38-03/0652g [[wikt:唫|唫]] gimX, khim, ngim
* 38-03/0652h [[wikt:趛|趛]] ngimX
* 38-03/0652j [[wikt:顉|顉]] ngom
* 38-03/0652k [[wikt:嶔|嶔]] khim
* 38-03/0652l [[wikt:廞|廞]] xim

==0653==
* 38-07/0653a [[wikt:音|音]] 'im
* 38-07/0653c [[wikt:愔|愔]] 'jim
* 38-07/0653d [[wikt:喑|喑]] 'im, 'imH
* 38-07/0653e [[wikt:瘖|瘖]] 'im
* 38-07/0653f [[wikt:𢉩|𢉩]] 'im
* 38-07/0653h [[wikt:暗|暗]] 'omH
* 38-07/0653i [[wikt:闇|闇]] 'omH
* 38-07/0653j [[wikt:歆|歆]] xim
* 38-07/0653- [[wikt:窨|窨]] 'imH

==0654==
* 38-08/0654a [[wikt:飲|飲]] 'imH

==0655==
* 38-18/0655a [[wikt:林|林]] lim
* 38-18/0655e [[wikt:淋|淋]] lim
* 38-18/0655f [[wikt:霖|霖]] lim
* 38-18/0655h [[wikt:琳|琳]] lim
* 38-18/0655i [[wikt:婪|婪]] lom
* 38-18/0655j [[wikt:惏|惏]] lom
* 38-18/0655k [[wikt:禁|禁]] kim, kimH
* 38-18/0655l [[wikt:襟|襟]] kim
* 38-18/0655m [[wikt:噤|噤]] gimH, gimX

==0656==
* 38-14/0656a [[wikt:冘|冘]] yim
* 38-14/0656b [[wikt:沈|沈]] drim, drimH, syimX, tshyhimX
* 38-14/0656e [[wikt:酖|酖]] drimH
* 38-14/0656f [[wikt:鴆|鴆]] drimH
* 38-14/0656g [[wikt:枕|枕]] tsyimH, tsyimX
* 38-14/0656h [[wikt:忱|忱]] dzyim
* 38-14/0656i [[wikt:抌|抌]] tomX
* 38-14/0656j [[wikt:眈|眈]] tom, tomX
* 38-14/0656k [[wikt:紞|紞]] tamX
* 38-14/0656l [[wikt:耽|耽]] tom
* 38-14/0656m [[wikt:髧|髧]] domX
* 38-14/0656n [[wikt:黕|黕]] tomX
* 38-14/0656o [[wikt:醓|醓]] thomX

==0657==
* 38-15/0657a [[wikt:㸒|㸒]] yim
* 38-15/0657b [[wikt:淫|淫]] yim

==0658==
* 38-11/0658a [[wikt:甚|甚]] dzyimH, dzyimX
* 38-11/0658b [[wikt:煁|煁]] dzyim
* 38-11/0658c [[wikt:諶|諶]] dzyim
* 38-11/0658e [[wikt:揕|揕]] trimH
* 38-11/0658f [[wikt:椹|椹]] trim
* 38-11/0658g [[wikt:踸|踸]] trhimX
* 38-11/0658h [[wikt:斟|斟]] tsyim
* 38-11/0658i [[wikt:葚|葚]] dzyimX, zyimX
* 38-11/0658j [[wikt:媅|媅]] tom
* 38-11/0658l [[wikt:湛|湛]] dreamX, drim, tom, tsjem
* 38-11/0658n [[wikt:黮|黮]] domX, thomX
* 38-11/0658o [[wikt:糂|糂]] somX
* 38-11/0658p [[wikt:堪|堪]] khom
* 38-11/0658q [[wikt:戡|戡]] khom
* 38-11/0658r [[wikt:嵁|嵁]] kheam, khom, ngom
* 38-11/0658- [[wikt:歁|歁]]
* 38-11/0658- [[wikt:勘|勘]]
* 38-11/0658- [[wikt:磡|磡]]
* 38-11/0658- [[wikt:墈|墈]]
* 38-11/0658- [[wikt:偡|偡]]
* 38-11/0658- [[wikt:碪|碪]]
* 38-11/0658- [[wikt:鍖|鍖]]
* 38-11/0658- [[wikt:愖|愖]]
* 38-11/0658- [[wikt:瘎|瘎]]
* 38-11/0658- [[wikt:𦂼|𦂼]]

==0659==
* 38-12/0659a [[wikt:闖|闖]] trhimH

==0660==
* 38-28/0660a [[wikt:兓|兓]] tsim
* 38-28/0660c [[wikt:朁|朁]] tshomX
* 38-28/0660e [[wikt:憯|憯]] tshomX
* 38-28/0660f [[wikt:噆|噆]] tshomX, tsop
* 38-28/0660g [[wikt:簪|簪]] tsom, tsrim
* 38-28/0660h [[wikt:鐕|鐕]] tsom
* 38-28/0660i [[wikt:蠶|蠶]] dzom
* 38-28/0660j [[wikt:譖|譖]] tsrimH
* 38-28/0660k [[wikt:鬵|鬵]] dzim, dzjem
* 38-28/0660l [[wikt:僭|僭]] tsemH
* 38-28/0660m [[wikt:熸|熸]] tsjem
* 38-28/0660n [[wikt:潛|潛]] dzjem, dzjemH

==0661==
* 38-27/0661a [[wikt:𠬶|𠬶]] tshim
* 38-27/0661c [[wikt:侵|侵]] tshim
* 38-27/0661e [[wikt:綅|綅]] sjem, tshim, tsim
* 38-27/0661f [[wikt:寢|寢]] tshimX
* 38-27/0661k [[wikt:鋟|鋟]] tshimX, tshjem, tsjem
* 38-27/0661l [[wikt:駸|駸]] tshim, tsrhim
* 38-27/0661m [[wikt:浸|浸]] tsimH
* 38-27/0661n [[wikt:祲|祲]] tsim, tsimH
* 38-27/0661o [[wikt:寖|寖]] tsim, tsimH

==0662==
* 38-17/0662a [[wikt:尋|尋]] zim

==0663==
* 38-31/0663a [[wikt:心|心]] sim

==0664==
* 38-32/0664a [[wikt:森|森]] srim

==0665==
* 38-13/0665a [[wikt:審|審]] syimX
* 38-13/0665b [[wikt:瀋|瀋]] tsyhimX

==0666==
* 38-26/0666b [[wikt:穼|穼]] syim
* 38-26/0666c [[wikt:深|深]] syim, syimH
* 38-26/0666e [[wikt:琛|琛]] trhim
* 38-26/0666f [[wikt:探|探]] thom

==0667==
* 38-25/0667a [[wikt:壬|壬]] nyim
* 38-25/0667f [[wikt:任|任]] nyimH
* 38-25/0667i [[wikt:妊|妊]] nyimH
* 38-25/0667k [[wikt:姙|姙]] nyimH
* 38-25/0667l [[wikt:紝|紝]] nrim, nyim
* 38-25/0667m [[wikt:絍|絍]] nrim, nyim
* 38-25/0667n [[wikt:衽|衽]] nyimH, nyimX
* 38-25/0667o [[wikt:袵|袵]] nyimH, nyimX
* 38-25/0667p [[wikt:飪|飪]] nyimH
* 38-25/0667q [[wikt:恁|恁]] nyim
* 38-25/0667s [[wikt:荏|荏]] nyimX
* 38-25/0667t [[wikt:賃|賃]] nrimH

==0668==
* 38-19/0668a [[wikt:稟|稟]] limX, pimX
* 38-19/0668b [[wikt:禀|禀]] limX, pimX
* 38-19/0668c [[wikt:廩|廩]] limX
* 38-19/0668d [[wikt:懍|懍]] limX

==0669==
* 38-20/0669a [[wikt:品|品]] phimX
* 38-20/0669e [[wikt:臨|臨]] lim, limH

==0670==
* 38-24/0670a [[wikt:念|念]] nemH
* 38-24/0670d [[wikt:稔|稔]] nyimX
* 38-24/0670e [[wikt:腍|腍]] nyimX
* 38-24/0670f [[wikt:淰|淰]] syimX
* 38-24/0670g [[wikt:諗|諗]] syimX
* 38-24/0670h [[wikt:敜|敜]] nep

==0671==
* 38-04/0671a [[wikt:咸|咸]] heam
* 38-04/0671e [[wikt:諴|諴]] heam
* 38-04/0671f [[wikt:鹹|鹹]] heam
* 38-04/0671g [[wikt:減|減]] heamX, keamX
* 38-04/0671i [[wikt:緘|緘]] keam
* 38-04/0671k [[wikt:黬|黬]] 'eamX, keam
* 38-04/0671l [[wikt:感|感]] komX
* 38-04/0671m [[wikt:顑|顑]] khomX, xomH
* 38-04/0671n [[wikt:箴|箴]] tsyim
* 38-04/0671o [[wikt:鍼|鍼]] tsyim
* 38-04/0671p [[wikt:憾|憾]] homH

==0672==
* 38-05/0672a [[wikt:臽|臽]] heamH
* 38-05/0672c [[wikt:陷|陷]] heamH
* 38-05/0672d [[wikt:錎|錎]] heamX
* 38-05/0672e [[wikt:埳|埳]] khomX
* 38-05/0672f [[wikt:欿|欿]] khomX
* 38-05/0672g [[wikt:淊|淊]] homX
* 38-05/0672i [[wikt:窞|窞]] domX
* 38-05/0672j [[wikt:萏|萏]] domX
* 38-05/0672k [[wikt:啗|啗]] damH, damX
* 38-05/0672l [[wikt:諂|諂]] trhjemX
* 38-05/0672m [[wikt:閻|閻]] yem
* 38-05/0672n [[wikt:壛|壛]] yem
* 38-05/0672o [[wikt:爓|爓]] yemH, zim
* 38-05/0672p [[wikt:讇|讇]] trhjemX

==0673==
* 38-10/0673a [[wikt:碞|碞]] ngeam

==0674==
* 38-06/0674a [[wikt:熊|熊]] hjuwng

==0675==
Schuessler combines [[#0675|0675]] and [[#0687|0687]].
* 37-01/0675a [[wikt:合|合]] hop
* 37-01/0675e [[wikt:䢔|䢔]] hop
* 37-01/0675h [[wikt:蛤|蛤]] kop
* 37-01/0675i [[wikt:閤|閤]] kop
* 37-01/0675j [[wikt:韐|韐]] keap, kop
* 37-01/0675k [[wikt:跲|跲]] gjaep, keap, kjaep
* 37-01/0675l [[wikt:鞈|鞈]] keap
* 37-01/0675m [[wikt:洽|洽]] heap
* 37-01/0675n [[wikt:祫|祫]] heap
* 37-01/0675o [[wikt:袷|袷]] kjaep
* 37-01/0675p [[wikt:給|給]] kip
* 37-01/0675q [[wikt:翕|翕]] xip
* 37-01/0675r [[wikt:噏|噏]] xip
* 37-01/0675s [[wikt:歙|歙]] xip
* 37-01/0675t [[wikt:潝|潝]] xip
* 37-01/0675u [[wikt:闟|闟]] xip

==0676==
* 37-06/0676a [[wikt:答|答]] top
* 37-06/0676b [[wikt:荅|荅]] top
* 37-06/0676c [[wikt:嗒|嗒]] thap, thop

==0677==
* 37-09/0677a [[wikt:沓|沓]] dop
* 37-09/0677b [[wikt:誻|誻]] dop

==0678==
* 37-10/0678a [[wikt:眔|眔]] dop
* 37-10/0678e [[wikt:遝|遝]] dop
* 37-10/0678f [[wikt:嚃|嚃]] thop

==0679==
* 37-18/0679a [[wikt:帀|帀]] tsop
* 37-18/0679b [[wikt:匝|匝]] tsop

==0680==
* 37-21/0680a [[wikt:颯|颯]] sop

==0681==
* 37-02/0681a [[wikt:及|及]] gip 
* 37-02/0681d [[wikt:彶|彶]] kip
* 37-02/0681g [[wikt:急|急]] kip
* 37-02/0681h [[wikt:汲|汲]] kip
* 37-02/0681i [[wikt:級|級]] kip
* 37-02/0681j [[wikt:吸|吸]] xip
* 37-02/0681k [[wikt:圾|圾]] ngip
* 37-02/0681l [[wikt:岌|岌]] ngip
* 37-02/0681m [[wikt:极|极]] gjep
* 37-02/0681o [[wikt:笈|笈]] gjep

==0682==
* 37-04/0682a [[wikt:燁|燁]] hip, hjep, yep
* 37-04/0682b [[wikt:爗|爗]] hip, hjep

==0683==
* 37-05/0683a [[wikt:邑|邑]] 'ip
* 37-05/0683f [[wikt:悒|悒]] 'ip
* 37-05/0683g [[wikt:挹|挹]] 'jip
* 37-05/0683h [[wikt:浥|浥]] 'ip
* 37-05/0683i [[wikt:唈|唈]] 'op

==0684==
* 37-07/0684a [[wikt:馽|馽]] trip

==0685==
Baxter &amp; Sagart (personal communication 12 April 2017) combine GSR [[#0696|0696]] and GSR [[#0685|0685]]. 
* 37-08/0685a [[wikt:執|執]] tsyip
* 37-08/0685f [[wikt:縶|縶]] trip
* 37-08/0685g [[wikt:蟄|蟄]] drip
* 37-08/0685h [[wikt:慹|慹]] nep, tsyep, tsyip
* 37-08/0685i [[wikt:蓻|蓻]] tsip
* 37-08/0685j [[wikt:騺|騺]] trijH
* 37-08/0685k [[wikt:摯|摯]] tsyijH
* 37-08/0685m [[wikt:贄|贄]] tsyijH
* 37-08/0685n [[wikt:鷙|鷙]] tsyijH
* 37-08/0685o [[wikt:墊|墊]] temH

==0686==
* 37-03/0686a [[wikt:十|十]] dzyip
* 37-03/0686e [[wikt:什|什]] dzyip
* 37-03/0686f [[wikt:汁|汁]] tsyip

==0687==
Schuessler combines [[#0675|0675]] and [[#0687|0687]].
* 37-01/0687a [[wikt:拾|拾]] dzyip, gjaep

==0688==
* 37-19/0688a [[wikt:咠|咠]] tship, tsip
* 37-19/0688b [[wikt:緝|緝]] tship, tsip
* 37-19/0688c [[wikt:葺|葺]] tship
* 37-19/0688d [[wikt:輯|輯]] dzip, tsrip
* 37-19/0688e [[wikt:戢|戢]] tsrip
* 37-19/0688f [[wikt:濈|濈]] tsrip
* 37-19/0688g [[wikt:揖|揖]] tsip, 'jip (cf. Baxter &amp; Sagart 2014: 389 n. 59)
* 37-19/0688h [[wikt:楫|楫]] tsjep
* 37-19/0688i [[wikt:檝|檝]] tsjep

==0689==
* 37-11/0689a [[wikt:襲|襲]] zip

==0690==
* 37-12/0690a [[wikt:習|習]] zip
* 37-12/0690b [[wikt:謵|謵]] zip
* 37-12/0690c [[wikt:槢|槢]] zip
* 37-12/0690f [[wikt:熠|熠]] yip
* 37-12/0690g [[wikt:褶|褶]] dep
* 37-12/0690h [[wikt:慴|慴]] tsyep
* 37-12/0690- [[wikt:摺|摺]] tsyep

==0691==
* 37-20/0691a [[wikt:集|集]] dzip
* 37-20/0691d [[wikt:雜|雜]] dzop

==0692==
* 37-13/0692a [[wikt:濕|濕]] khip, syip, tsrhip
* 37-13/0692b [[wikt:隰|隰]] zip

==0693==
* 37-14/0693a [[wikt:溼|溼]] syip

==0694==
Schuessler (2009: 356-357) unites [[#0694|0694]] and [[#0520|0520]].
* 37-15/0694a [[wikt:立|立]] lip
* 37-15/0694e [[wikt:笠|笠]] lip
* 37-15/0694f [[wikt:粒|粒]] lip
* 37-15/0694g [[wikt:苙|苙]] gip, lip
* 37-15/0694h [[wikt:泣|泣]] khip
* 37-15/0694i [[wikt:湇|湇]] khip
* 37-15/0694j [[wikt:㕇|㕇]] lop
* 37-15/0694l [[wikt:拉|拉]] lop

==0695==
* 37-16/0695a [[wikt:入|入]] nyip
* 37-16/0695e [[wikt:內|內]] nop, nwojH
* 37-16/0695h [[wikt:納|納]] nop
* 37-16/0695i [[wikt:軜|軜]] nop
* 37-16/0695j [[wikt:訥|訥]] nwot
* 37-16/0695k [[wikt:吶|吶]] nrjwet, nrwaet, nywet
* 37-16/0695l [[wikt:㕯|㕯]] nrjwet, nwaet, nwot, nywet
* 37-16/0695n [[wikt:枘|枘]] nywejH
* 37-16/0695o [[wikt:汭|汭]] nywejH
* 37-16/0695p [[wikt:蚋|蚋]] nywejH
* 37-16/0695q [[wikt:芮|芮]] nywejH
* 37-16/0695r [[wikt:焫|焫]] nywejH, nywet
* 37-16/0695s [[wikt:蜹|蜹]] nywejH, nywet

==0696==
Baxter &amp; Sagart (personal communication 12 April 2017) combine GSR [[#0696|0696]] and GSR [[#0685|0685]]. 
* 37-17/0696a [[wikt:㚔|㚔]] nrjep

==0697==
* 03-02/0697a [[wikt:岡|岡]] kang
* 03-02/0697b [[wikt:剛|剛]] kang
* 03-02/0697e [[wikt:綱|綱]] kang
* 03-02/0697f [[wikt:犅|犅]] kang
* 03-02/0697h [[wikt:鋼|鋼]] kang, kangH

==0698==
* 03-01/0698a [[wikt:亢|亢]] kang, khangH
* 03-01/0698b [[wikt:抗|抗]] khangH
* 03-01/0698c [[wikt:伉|伉]] khangH
* 03-01/0698d [[wikt:忼|忼]] khangH, khangX
* 03-01/0698e [[wikt:杭|杭]] hang
* 03-01/0698f [[wikt:沆|沆]] hangX
* 03-01/0698g [[wikt:頏|頏]] hang
* 03-01/0698h [[wikt:坑|坑]] khaeng
* 03-01/0698i [[wikt:阬|阬]] khaeng

==0699==
* 03-29/0699a [[wikt:卬|卬]] ngang, ngjangX
* 03-29/0699b [[wikt:昂|昂]] ngang
* 03-29/0699c [[wikt:仰|仰]] ngjangX
* 03-29/0699d [[wikt:迎|迎]] ngjaeng, ngjaengH

==0700==
Schuessler (2009: 77) combines with GSR [[#0700|0700]] and GSR [[#0746|0746]].
* 03-12/0700a [[wikt:唐|唐]] dang
* 03-12/0700c [[wikt:塘|塘]] dang
* 03-12/0700d [[wikt:榶|榶]] dang
* 03-12/0700e [[wikt:螗|螗]] dang

==0701==
* 03-30/0701a [[wikt:宕|宕]] dangH

==0702==
* 03-47/0702a [[wikt:葬|葬]] tsangH

==0703==
* 03-48/0703a [[wikt:倉|倉]] tshang
* 03-48/0703c [[wikt:凔|凔]] tshang, tsrhjangH
* 03-48/0703d [[wikt:滄|滄]] tshang
* 03-48/0703e [[wikt:蒼|蒼]] tshang
* 03-48/0703f [[wikt:鶬|鶬]] tshang, tshjang
* 03-48/0703g [[wikt:搶|搶]] tshjang, tshjangX, tsrhjangX
* 03-48/0703h [[wikt:瑲|瑲]] tshjang
* 03-48/0703i [[wikt:槍|槍]] tshjang
* 03-48/0703j [[wikt:蹌|蹌]] tshjang
* 03-48/0703k [[wikt:牄|牄]] tshjang
* 03-48/0703l [[wikt:創|創]] tsrhjang, tsrhjangH
* 03-48/0703m [[wikt:愴|愴]] tsrhjangH
* 03-48/0703n [[wikt:瘡|瘡]] tsrhjang

==0704==
* 03-53/0704a [[wikt:桑|桑]] sang
* 03-53/0704b [[wikt:顙|顙]] sangX

==0705==
Baxter and Sagart (2014: 143) see as belonging to [[#0742|0742]]; Schuessler (2009: 87) is circumspect.
* 03-54/0705a [[wikt:喪|喪]] sang, sangH

==0706==
*03-22/0706a [[wikt:光|光]] kwang
*03-22/0706f [[wikt:洸|洸]] kwang
*03-22/0706g [[wikt:絖|絖]] khwangH
*03-22/0706h [[wikt:侊|侊]] kwaeng, kwang
*03-22/0706i [[wikt:觥|觥]] kwaeng
*03-22/0706j [[wikt:恍|恍]] xwangX

==0707==
*03-23/0707a [[wikt:黃|黃]] hwang
*03-23/0707c [[wikt:璜|璜]] hwang
*03-23/0707e [[wikt:潢|潢]] hwang
*03-23/0707g [[wikt:簧|簧]] hwang
*03-23/0707h [[wikt:廣|廣]] kwangH, kwangX
*03-23/0707l [[wikt:觵|觵]] kwaeng
*03-23/0707m [[wikt:橫|橫]] hwaeng, kwangH
*03-23/0707n [[wikt:壙|壙]] khwangH
*03-23/0707o [[wikt:曠|曠]] khwangH
*03-23/0707p [[wikt:纊|纊]] khwangH
*03-23/0707r [[wikt:懬|懬]] khangX, khwangH, khwangX
*03-23/0707s [[wikt:獷|獷]] kwaengX
*03-23/0707t [[wikt:擴|擴]] khwak

==0708==
* 03-24/0708a [[wikt:皇|皇]] hwang
* 03-24/0708d [[wikt:徨|徨]] hwang
* 03-24/0708e [[wikt:偟|偟]] hwang
* 03-24/0708f [[wikt:湟|湟]] hwang
* 03-24/0708g [[wikt:煌|煌]] hwang
* 03-24/0708h [[wikt:篁|篁]] hwang
* 03-24/0708i [[wikt:遑|遑]] hwang
* 03-24/0708j [[wikt:隍|隍]] hwang
* 03-24/0708k [[wikt:餭|餭]] hwang
* 03-24/0708l [[wikt:凰|凰]] hwang
* 03-24/0708m [[wikt:蝗|蝗]] hwaeng, hwang
* 03-24/0708n [[wikt:喤|喤]] hwaeng, xwaeng
* 03-24/0708- [[wikt:惶|惶]] hwang

==0709==
* 03-64/0709a [[wikt:莽|莽]] mangX

==0710==
* 03-03/0710a [[wikt:畺|畺]] kjang
* 03-03/0710b [[wikt:壃|壃]] kjang
* 03-03/0710c [[wikt:僵|僵]] gjang, kjang
* 03-03/0710d [[wikt:薑|薑]] kjang
* 03-03/0710e [[wikt:彊|彊]] gjang, gjangX, kjang
* 03-03/0710h [[wikt:疆|疆]] kjang

==0711==
Schuessler (2009: 76) &quot;the element 羊 *jaŋ 'sheep' in the graphs may be phonetic, but could also be semantic (names referring to nomads)&quot;.

Baxter &amp; Sagart (2014: 141, and personal communication from Sagart on 10 February 2017) combine GSR[[#0711]], GSR[[#0712]] and GSR[[#0732]] .
* 03-05/0711a [[wikt:姜|姜]] kjang

==0712==
Baxter &amp; Sagart (2014: 141, and personal communication from Sagart on 10 February 2017) combine GSR[[#0711]], GSR[[#0712]] and GSR[[#0732]].
* 03-06/0712a [[wikt:羌|羌]] khjang
* 03-06/0712e [[wikt:蜣|蜣]] khjang

==0713==
* 03-04/0713a [[wikt:强|强]] gjang, gjangX
* 03-04/0713b [[wikt:強|強]] gjang, gjangX
* 03-04/0713c [[wikt:繈|繈]] kjangX
* 03-04/0713d [[wikt:襁|襁]] kjangX

==0714==
A uvular series
* 03-16/0714a [[wikt:皀|皀]] xjang
* 03-16/0714c [[wikt:鄉|鄉]] xjang, xjangH, xjangX
* 03-16/0714i [[wikt:嚮|嚮]] xjangH
* 03-16/0714j [[wikt:饗|饗]] xjangX
* 03-16/0714k [[wikt:曏|曏]] syangH, syangX, xjangH, xjangX
* 03-16/0714l [[wikt:膷|膷]] xjang
* 03-16/0714m [[wikt:薌|薌]] xjang
* 03-16/0714n [[wikt:響|響]] xjangX
* 03-16/0714o [[wikt:卿|卿]] khjaeng

==0715==
* 03-18/0715a [[wikt:向|向]] xjangH
* 03-18/0715e [[wikt:餉|餉]] syangH

==0716==
Baxter &amp; Sagart (2014:157) combine GSR[[#0716]] and [[#0751]].
*03-17/0716a [[wikt:享|享]] xaeng
*03-17/0716b [[wikt:亨|亨]] phaeng, xaeng, xjangX

==0717==
* 03-19/0717a [[wikt:香|香]] xjang

==0718==
* 03-20/0718a [[wikt:央|央]] 'jaeng, 'jang
* 03-20/0718c [[wikt:佒|佒]] 'jangX, 'jangH
* 03-20/0718d [[wikt:怏|怏]] 'jangH, 'jangX
* 03-20/0718e [[wikt:殃|殃]] 'jang
* 03-20/0718f [[wikt:鞅|鞅]] 'jangX
* 03-20/0718g [[wikt:泱|泱]] 'jang
* 03-20/0718h [[wikt:鴦|鴦]] 'ang, 'jang
* 03-20/0718i [[wikt:盎|盎]] 'angH
* 03-20/0718k [[wikt:英|英]] 'jaeng
* 03-20/0718- [[wikt:㼜|㼜]] 'angH

==0719==
* 03-37/0719a [[wikt:鬯|鬯]] trhjangH

==0720==
* 03-38/0720a [[wikt:昜|昜]] yang
* 03-38/0720e [[wikt:陽|陽]] yang
* 03-38/0720h [[wikt:暘|暘]] yang
* 03-38/0720i [[wikt:煬|煬]] yangH
* 03-38/0720j [[wikt:揚|揚]] yang
* 03-38/0720p [[wikt:颺|颺]] yang
* 03-38/0720q [[wikt:楊|楊]] yang
* 03-38/0720s [[wikt:瘍|瘍]] yang
* 03-38/0720t [[wikt:鍚|鍚]] yang
* 03-38/0720u [[wikt:畼|畼]] trhjangH
* 03-38/0720v [[wikt:暢|暢]] trhjangH
* 03-38/0720x [[wikt:場|場]] drjang
* 03-38/0720y [[wikt:腸|腸]] drjang
* 03-38/0720z [[wikt:湯|湯]] syang, thang
* 03-38/0720c' [[wikt:餳|餳]] dang
* 03-38/0720e' [[wikt:愓|愓]] dangX, syang
* 03-38/0720f' [[wikt:碭|碭]] dangH
* 03-38/0720g' [[wikt:禓|禓]] syang
* 03-38/0720h' [[wikt:𥛙|𥛙]] syang
* 03-38/0720i' [[wikt:𥏫|𥏫]] syang, tshjang
* 03-38/0720j' [[wikt:傷|傷]] syang
* 03-38/0720k' [[wikt:殤|殤]] syang
* 03-38/0720l' [[wikt:觴|觴]] syang
* 03-38/0720m' [[wikt:璗|璗]] dangX
* 03-38/0720n' [[wikt:盪|盪]] dangX, thangH
* 03-38/0720o' [[wikt:簜|簜]] dangX
* 03-38/0720p' [[wikt:蕩|蕩]] dangH, dangX
* 03-38/0720- [[wikt:踼|踼]] dang, thang
* 03-38/0720- [[wikt:偒|偒]] thangX
* 03-38/0720- [[wikt:糃|糃]] dangX
* 03-38/0720- [[wikt:逿|逿]] dang

==0721==
* 03-35/0721a [[wikt:長|長]] drjang, drjangH, trjangX
* 03-35/0721f [[wikt:萇|萇]] drjang
* 03-35/0721g [[wikt:帳|帳]] trjangH
* 03-35/0721h [[wikt:張|張]] trjang, trjangH
* 03-35/0721i [[wikt:粻|粻]] trjang
* 03-35/0721j [[wikt:餦|餦]] trjang
* 03-35/0721k [[wikt:倀|倀]] trhaeng, trhjang
* 03-35/0721l [[wikt:悵|悵]] trhjangH
* 03-35/0721m [[wikt:韔|韔]] trhjangH
* 03-35/0721n [[wikt:棖|棖]] draeng

==0722==
* 03-36/0722a [[wikt:丈|丈]] drjangX
* 03-36/0722b [[wikt:杖|杖]] drjangH, drjangX

==0723==
* 03-31/0723a [[wikt:章|章]] tsyang
* 03-31/0723e [[wikt:彰|彰]] tsyang
* 03-31/0723f [[wikt:樟|樟]] tsyang
* 03-31/0723g [[wikt:獐|獐]] tsyang
* 03-31/0723h [[wikt:璋|璋]] tsyang
* 03-31/0723j [[wikt:鄣|鄣]] tsyang
* 03-31/0723k [[wikt:障|障]] tsyang, tsyangH

==0724==
* 03-34/0724a [[wikt:昌|昌]] tsyhang
* 03-34/0724c [[wikt:倡|倡]] tsyhangH
* 03-34/0724d [[wikt:唱|唱]] tsyhangH
* 03-34/0724e [[wikt:猖|猖]] dzyang, tsyhang
* 03-34/0724f [[wikt:菖|菖]] tsyhang
* 03-34/0724g [[wikt:閶|閶]] tsyhang

==0725==
* 03-32/0725a [[wikt:尚|尚]] dzyangH
* 03-32/0725d [[wikt:裳|裳]] dzyang
* 03-32/0725e [[wikt:常|常]] dzyang
* 03-32/0725f [[wikt:嘗|嘗]] dzyang
* 03-32/0725i [[wikt:甞|甞]] dzyang
* 03-32/0725j [[wikt:掌|掌]] tsyangX
* 03-32/0725k [[wikt:倘|倘]] thang, thangX, tsyhangX
* 03-32/0725l [[wikt:惝|惝]] tsyhangX
* 03-32/0725m [[wikt:敞|敞]] tsyhangX
* 03-32/0725n [[wikt:賞|賞]] syang, syangX
* 03-32/0725q [[wikt:當|當]] tang, tangH
* 03-32/0725r [[wikt:黨|黨]] tangX
* 03-32/0725s [[wikt:堂|堂]] dang
* 03-32/0725t [[wikt:棠|棠]] dang
* 03-32/0725u [[wikt:𣥺|𣥺]] draeng
* 03-32/0725v [[wikt:鱨|鱨]] dzyang
* 03-32/0725x [[wikt:𢠵|𢠵]] tsyhangX
* 03-32/0725y [[wikt:償|償]] dzyang, dzyangH
* 03-32/0725z [[wikt:儻|儻]] thangX
* 03-32/0725a' [[wikt:攩|攩]] thangX
* 03-32/0725b' [[wikt:曭|曭]] thangX
* 03-32/0725c' [[wikt:矘|矘]] thangX
* 03-32/0725d' [[wikt:螳|螳]] dang
* 03-32/0725e' [[wikt:鏜|鏜]] thang
* 03-32/0725f' [[wikt:瞠|瞠]] trhaeng

==0726==
* 03-33/0726a [[wikt:上|上]] dzyangH, dzyangX

==0727==
* 03-49/0727a [[wikt:爿|爿]] tshjang
* 03-49/0727d [[wikt:斨|斨]] tshjang
* 03-49/0727f [[wikt:將|將]] tshjang, tsjang, tsjangH
* 03-49/0727g [[wikt:戕|戕]] dzjang
* 03-49/0727j [[wikt:牆|牆]] dzjang
* 03-49/0727l [[wikt:墻|墻]] dzjang
* 03-50/0727m [[wikt:廧|廧]] dzjang
* 03-49/0727n [[wikt:壯|壯]] tsrjangH
* 03-49/0727o [[wikt:妝|妝]] tsrjang
* 03-49/0727q [[wikt:莊|莊]] tsrjang
* 03-49/0727r [[wikt:牀|牀]] dzrjang
* 03-49/0727s [[wikt:狀|狀]] dzrjangH
* 03-49/0727t [[wikt:牂|牂]] tsang
* 03-49/0727u [[wikt:奬|奬]] tsjangX
* 03-49/0727v [[wikt:漿|漿]] tsjang
* 03-49/0727x [[wikt:蔣|蔣]] tsjang
* 03-49/0727y [[wikt:醬|醬]] tsjangH
* 03-49/0727z [[wikt:鏘|鏘]] tshjang
* 03-49/0727a' [[wikt:䵼|䵼]] syang
* 03-49/0727f' [[wikt:臧|臧]] tsang
* 03-49/0727g' [[wikt:藏|藏]] dzang, dzangH
* 03-49/0727h' [[wikt:贓|贓]] tsang
* 03-49/0727i' [[wikt:裝|裝]] tsrjang, tsrjangH
* 03-50/0727j' [[wikt:嬙|嬙]] dzjang

==0728==
* 03-41/0728a [[wikt:象|象]] zjangX
* 03-41/0728e [[wikt:像|像]] zjangX
* 03-41/0728f [[wikt:橡|橡]] zjangX

==0729==
Baxter &amp; Sagart (2014: 142) combine GSR [[#0729|0729]] and GSR [[#0741|0741]].
* 03-52/0729a [[wikt:匠|匠]] dzjangH

==0730==
* 03-42/0730a [[wikt:襄|襄]] sjang
* 03-42/0730b [[wikt:纕|纕]] sjang
* 03-42/0730c [[wikt:饟|饟]] syang, syangH, syangX
* 03-42/0730d [[wikt:壤|壤]] nyang, nyangX
* 03-42/0730e [[wikt:攘|攘]] nyang, nyangX
* 03-42/0730f [[wikt:瀼|瀼]] nyang
* 03-42/0730g [[wikt:禳|禳]] nyang
* 03-42/0730h [[wikt:穰|穰]] nyang, nyangX
* 03-42/0730i [[wikt:讓|讓]] nyangH
* 03-42/0730j [[wikt:釀|釀]] nyangH
* 03-42/0730k [[wikt:曩|曩]] nangX
* 03-42/0730l [[wikt:囊|囊]] nang

==0731==
* 03-55/0731a [[wikt:相|相]] sjang, sjangH
* 03-55/0731d [[wikt:想|想]] sjangX
* 03-55/0731e [[wikt:湘|湘]] sjang
* 03-55/0731f [[wikt:箱|箱]] sjang
* 03-55/0731g [[wikt:霜|霜]] srjang
* 03-55/0731h [[wikt:孀|孀]] srjang

==0732==
Baxter &amp; Sagart (2014: 141, and personal communication from Sagart on 10 February 2017) combine GSR[[#0711]], GSR[[#0712]] and GSR[[#0732]] .
* 03-39/0732a [[wikt:羊|羊]] yang
* 03-39/0732e [[wikt:佯|佯]] yang
* 03-39/0732f [[wikt:徉|徉]] yang
* 03-39/0732g [[wikt:恙|恙]] yangH
* 03-39/0732h [[wikt:洋|洋]] yang
* 03-39/0732i [[wikt:痒|痒]] yang, yangX, zjang
* 03-39/0732j [[wikt:養|養]] yangH, yangX
* 03-39/0732k [[wikt:羕|羕]] yangH
* 03-39/0732m [[wikt:庠|庠]] zjang
* 03-39/0732n [[wikt:祥|祥]] zjang
* 03-39/0732p [[wikt:翔|翔]] zjang
* 03-39/0732q [[wikt:詳|詳]] zjang
* 03-39/0732r [[wikt:癢|癢]] yangX
* 03-39/0732s [[wikt:漾|漾]] yangH
* 03-39/0732s [[wikt:羡|羡]]

==0733==
* 03-56/0733a [[wikt:𡙁|𡙁]] srjangX

==0734==
* 03-40/0734a [[wikt:商|商]] syang
* 03-40/0734f [[wikt:𧶜|𧶜]] syang

==0735==
* 03-43/0735a [[wikt:良|良]] ljang
* 03-43/0735e [[wikt:粮|粮]] ljang
* 03-43/0735f [[wikt:俍|俍]] langH, ljang
* 03-43/0735g [[wikt:埌|埌]] langH
* 03-43/0735h [[wikt:朗|朗]] langX
* 03-43/0735i [[wikt:桹|桹]] lang
* 03-43/0735k [[wikt:浪|浪]] lang, langH
* 03-43/0735l [[wikt:狼|狼]] lang
* 03-43/0735n [[wikt:琅|琅]] lang
* 03-43/0735o [[wikt:稂|稂]] lang
* 03-43/0735p [[wikt:筤|筤]] lang
* 03-43/0735q [[wikt:蜋|蜋]] lang
* 03-43/0735r [[wikt:郎|郎]] lang
* 03-43/0735s [[wikt:閬|閬]] lang, langH
* 03-43/0735t [[wikt:廊|廊]] lang

==0736==
* 03-44/0736a [[wikt:兩|兩]] ljangH, ljangX
* 03-44/0736c [[wikt:輛|輛]] ljangH
* 03-44/0736d [[wikt:蜽|蜽]] ljangX

==0737==
* 03-45/0737a [[wikt:量|量]] ljang, ljangH
* 03-45/0737d [[wikt:糧|糧]] ljang

==0738==
* 03-46/0738a [[wikt:梁|梁]] ljang
* 03-46/0738b [[wikt:粱|粱]] ljang

==0739==
a uvular series
* 03-26/0739a [[wikt:王|王]] hjwang, hjwangH
* 03-26/0739i [[wikt:㞷|㞷]] hjwangX
* 03-26/0739k [[wikt:往|往]] hjwangX
* 03-26/0739l [[wikt:迋|迋]] gjwangX, hjwangH, hjwangX, kjwangH, kjwangX
* 03-26/0739m [[wikt:匡|匡]] khjwang
* 03-26/0739o [[wikt:狂|狂]] gjwang
* 03-26/0739q [[wikt:枉|枉]] 'jwangX
* 03-26/0739r [[wikt:汪|汪]] 'wang
* 03-26/0739t [[wikt:尪|尪]] 'wang
* 03-26/0739u [[wikt:眶|眶]] khjwang
* 03-26/0739v [[wikt:筐|筐]] khjwang
* 03-26/0739x [[wikt:誑|誑]] kjwangH
* 03-26/0739y [[wikt:俇|俇]] gjwangX

==0740==
* 03-57/0740a [[wikt:方|方]] bang, pjang, pjangX
* 03-57/0740g [[wikt:舫|舫]] pangH, pjangH
* 03-57/0740i [[wikt:放|放]] pjangH, pjangX
* 03-57/0740j [[wikt:昉|昉]] pjangX
* 03-57/0740k [[wikt:枋|枋]] pjaengH, pjang
* 03-57/0740l [[wikt:牥|牥]] pjang
* 03-57/0740m [[wikt:瓬|瓬]] pjangX
* 03-57/0740n [[wikt:旊|旊]] pjangX
* 03-57/0740o [[wikt:邡|邡]] pjang
* 03-57/0740q [[wikt:妨|妨]] phjang
* 03-57/0740r [[wikt:紡|紡]] phjangX
* 03-57/0740s [[wikt:芳|芳]] phjang
* 03-57/0740t [[wikt:訪|訪]] phjangH
* 03-57/0740u [[wikt:髣|髣]] phjangX
* 03-57/0740v [[wikt:仿|仿]] phjangX
* 03-57/0740x [[wikt:坊|坊]] bjang
* 03-57/0740y [[wikt:房|房]] bjang
* 03-57/0740z [[wikt:防|防]] bjang
* 03-57/0740a' [[wikt:埅|埅]] bjang
* 03-57/0740b' [[wikt:魴|魴]] bjang
* 03-57/0740c' [[wikt:雱|雱]] phang
* 03-57/0740d' [[wikt:汸|汸]] phang
* 03-57/0740e' [[wikt:彷|彷]] bang
* 03-57/0740f' [[wikt:旁|旁]] bang, paeng
* 03-57/0740j' [[wikt:祊|祊]] paeng
* 03-57/0740k' [[wikt:謗|謗]] pangH
* 03-57/0740l' [[wikt:滂|滂]] phang
* 03-57/0740m' [[wikt:傍|傍]] bang, bangH
* 03-57/0740n' [[wikt:騯|騯]] baeng, bang
* 03-57/0740o' [[wikt:徬|徬]] bang
* 03-57/0740p' [[wikt:榜|榜]] paengH
* 03-57/0740r' [[wikt:蒡|蒡]] bang, paeng

==0741==
Baxter &amp; Sagart (2014: 142) combine GSR [[#0729|0729]] and GSR [[#0741|0741]].
*03-58/0741a [[wikt:匚|匚]] pjang

==0742==
Baxter &amp; Sagart (2014: 143) see as belonging to [[#0705|0705]]; Schuessler (2009: 87) is circumspect.
* 03-65/0742a [[wikt:亡|亡]] mjang
* 03-65/0742g [[wikt:妄|妄]] mjangH
* 03-65/0742i [[wikt:忘|忘]] mjang, mjangH
* 03-65/0742k [[wikt:芒|芒]] mang, mjang, xwang, xwangX
* 03-65/0742l [[wikt:罔|罔]] mjangX
* 03-65/0742m [[wikt:望|望]] mjangH
* 03-65/0742o [[wikt:忙|忙]] mang
* 03-65/0742p [[wikt:汒|汒]] mang
* 03-65/0742q [[wikt:盲|盲]] maeng
* 03-65/0742r [[wikt:甿|甿]] meang
* 03-65/0742s [[wikt:䖟|䖟]] maeng
* 03-65/0742t [[wikt:蝱|蝱]] maeng
* 03-65/0742u [[wikt:氓|氓]] meang
* 03-65/0742v [[wikt:巟|巟]] xwang
* 03-65/0742y [[wikt:肓|肓]] xwang
* 03-65/0742z [[wikt:衁|衁]] xwang
* 03-65/0742a' [[wikt:網|網]] mjangX
* 03-65/0742b' [[wikt:惘|惘]] mjangX
* 03-65/0742c' [[wikt:鋩|鋩]] mjang
* 03-65/0742d' [[wikt:茫|茫]] mang
* 03-65/0742e' [[wikt:荒|荒]] xwang
* 03-65/0742f' [[wikt:𧧢|𧧢]] xwang, xwangX
* 03-65/0742g' [[wikt:慌|慌]] xwangX
* 03-65/0742h' [[wikt:㡆|㡆]] mang, xwang
* 03-65/0742i' [[wikt:㡛|㡛]] mang
* 03-65/0742- [[wikt:𢻲|𢻲]] phjuX

==0743==
* 03-66/0743a [[wikt:𦣠|𦣠]] mjangH
* 03-66/0743d [[wikt:朢|朢]] mjangH
* 03-66/0743g [[wikt:𧭅|𧭅]] mjangH

==0744==
* 03-67/0744a [[wikt:网|网]] mjangX
* 03-67/0744c [[wikt:蛧|蛧]] mjangX

==0745==
Schuessler (2009: 77) places 0745f [[wikt:綆|綆]] with the reading ''pjiengX'' under [[#0221|0221]].
* 03-11/0745a [[wikt:更|更]] kaeng, kaengH
* 03-11/0745c [[wikt:哽|哽]] kaengX
* 03-11/0745d [[wikt:鯁|鯁]] kaengX
* 03-11/0745e [[wikt:梗|梗]] kaengX
* 03-11/0745f [[wikt:綆|綆]] kaengX
* 23-25/0745f [[wikt:綆|綆]] pjiengX
* 03-11/0745- [[wikt:硬|硬]]

==0746==
Schuessler (2009: 77) combines with [[#0700|0700]] and [[#0746|0746]].
* 03-12/0746a [[wikt:庚|庚]] kaeng
* 03-12/0746g [[wikt:賡|賡]] kaeng, kaengH
* 03-12/0746h [[wikt:康|康]] khang
* 03-12/0746k [[wikt:𡻚|𡻚]] khang
* 03-12/0746m [[wikt:慷|慷]] khangX
* 03-12/0746n [[wikt:穅|穅]] khang
* 03-12/0746o [[wikt:糠|糠]] khang

==0747==
* 03-13/0747a [[wikt:羹|羹]] kaeng

==0748==
* 03-14/0748a [[wikt:行|行]] haeng, haengH, hang, hangH
* 03-14/0748e [[wikt:荇|荇]] haengX
* 03-14/0748f [[wikt:桁|桁]] haeng, hang
* 03-14/0748g [[wikt:珩|珩]] haeng
* 03-14/0748h [[wikt:衡|衡]] haeng
* 03-14/0748j [[wikt:蘅|蘅]] haeng

==0749==
* 03-15/0749a [[wikt:杏|杏]] haengX

==0750==
* 03-59/0750a [[wikt:彭|彭]] baeng, bang, pang
* 03-59/0750e [[wikt:𥛱|𥛱]] paeng

==0751==
Baxter &amp; Sagart (2014:157) combine GSR[[#0716]] and [[#0751]].
* 03-60/0751a [[wikt:烹|烹]] phaeng

==0752==
* 03-07/0752a [[wikt:竟|竟]] kjaengH, kjaengX
* 03-07/0752b [[wikt:境|境]] kjaengX
* 03-07/0752c [[wikt:鏡|鏡]] kjaengH
* 03-07/0752d [[wikt:滰|滰]] gjangX

==0753==
* 03-08/0753a [[wikt:慶|慶]] khjaengH

==0754==
* 03-09/0754a [[wikt:競|競]] gjaengH

==0755==
Baxter &amp; Sagart (2014: 28) combine GSR[[#0755]] and GSR[[#0756]].
* 03-10/0755a [[wikt:京|京]] kjaeng
* 03-10/0755d [[wikt:景|景]] kjaengX
* 03-10/0755e [[wikt:勍|勍]] gjaeng
* 03-10/0755f [[wikt:鯨|鯨]] gjaeng
* 03-10/0755g [[wikt:黥|黥]] gjaeng
* 03-10/0755h [[wikt:憬|憬]] kjwaengX
* 03-10/0755i [[wikt:倞|倞]] ljangH
* 03-10/0755j [[wikt:亮|亮]] ljangH
* 03-10/0755k [[wikt:掠|掠]] ljak, ljangH
* 03-10/0755l [[wikt:涼|涼]] ljang
* 03-10/0755m [[wikt:諒|諒]] ljangH

==0756==
Baxter &amp; Sagart (2014: 28) combine GSR[[#0755]] and GSR[[#0756]].
*03-21/0756a [[wikt:影|影]] 'jaengX

==0757==
* 03-61/0757a [[wikt:丙|丙]] pjaengX
* 03-61/0757g [[wikt:怲|怲]] pjaengH, pjaengX
* 03-61/0757h [[wikt:柄|柄]] pjaengH
* 03-61/0757i [[wikt:炳|炳]] pjaengX
* 03-61/0757j [[wikt:邴|邴]] pjaengX
* 03-61/0757k [[wikt:病|病]] bjaengH

==0758==
* 03-62/0758a [[wikt:秉|秉]] pjaengX
* 03-62/0758d [[wikt:棅|棅]] pjaengH

==0759==
* 03-63/0759a [[wikt:兵|兵]] pjaeng

==0760==
* 03-68/0760a [[wikt:明|明]] mjaeng
* 03-68/0760e [[wikt:盟|盟]] mjaeng
* 03-68/0760g [[wikt:萌|萌]] meang

==0761==
* 03-69/0761a [[wikt:皿|皿]] mjaengX
* 03-69/0761e [[wikt:孟|孟]] maengH
* 03-69/0761g [[wikt:猛|猛]] maengX

==0762==
* 09-32/0762a [[wikt:命|命]] mjaengH

==0763==
* 03-25/0763a [[wikt:囧|囧]] kjwaengX

==0764==
* 03-27/0764a [[wikt:永|永]] hjwaengX
* 03-27/0764g [[wikt:咏|咏]] hjwaengH
* 03-27/0764i [[wikt:詠|詠]] hjwaengH
* 03-27/0764j [[wikt:泳|泳]] hjwaengH

==0765==
* 03-28/0765a [[wikt:兄|兄]] xjwaeng
* 03-28/0765f [[wikt:况|况]] xjwangX
* 03-28/0765g [[wikt:況|況]] xjwangH
* 03-28/0765h [[wikt:貺|貺]] xjwangH
* 03-28/0765i [[wikt:軦|軦]] xjwangH
* 03-28/0765- [[wikt:怳|怳]] xjwangX

==0766==
* 02-01/0766a [[wikt:各|各]] kak
* 02-01/0766d [[wikt:胳|胳]] kaek, kak
* 02-01/0766e [[wikt:袼|袼]] kaek, kak
* 02-01/0766f [[wikt:閣|閣]] kak
* 02-01/0766g [[wikt:恪|恪]] khak
* 02-01/0766h [[wikt:貉|貉]] hak maeH, maek
* 02-01/0766j [[wikt:狢|狢]] maek
* 02-01/0766k [[wikt:洛|洛]] lak
* 02-01/0766n [[wikt:烙|烙]] lak
* 02-01/0766o [[wikt:絡|絡]] lak
* 02-01/0766p [[wikt:酪|酪]] lak
* 02-01/0766q [[wikt:雒|雒]] lak
* 02-01/0766r [[wikt:𩊚|𩊚]] lak
* 02-01/0766s [[wikt:駱|駱]] lak
* 02-01/0766t [[wikt:鴼|鴼]] lak
* 02-01/0766u [[wikt:珞|珞]] lak, lek
* 02-01/0766v [[wikt:略|略]] ljak
* 02-01/0766x [[wikt:𢓜|𢓜]] kaek
* 02-01/0766z [[wikt:格|格]] haek, kaek
* 02-01/0766b' [[wikt:觡|觡]] kaek
* 02-01/0766c' [[wikt:骼|骼]] kaek, kak, khaeH
* 02-01/0766d' [[wikt:客|客]] khaek
* 02-01/0766g' [[wikt:垎|垎]] haek
* 02-01/0766h' [[wikt:詻|詻]] ngaek
* 02-01/0766j' [[wikt:頟|頟]] ngaek
* 02-01/0766k' [[wikt:賂|賂]] luH
* 02-01/0766l' [[wikt:路|路]] luH
* 02-01/0766n' [[wikt:輅|輅]] haek, luH, ngaeH
* 02-01/0766o' [[wikt:喀|喀]] khaek
* 02-01/0766p' [[wikt:愙|愙]] khak
* 02-01/0766q' [[wikt:落|落]] lak
* 02-01/0766r' [[wikt:璐|璐]] luH
* 02-01/0766s' [[wikt:簬|簬]] luH
* 02-01/0766t' [[wikt:露|露]] luH
* 02-01/0766u' [[wikt:潞|潞]] luH
* 02-01/0766v' [[wikt:鷺|鷺]] luH
* 02-01/0766x' [[wikt:簵|簵]] luH

==0767==
*02-09/0767a [[wikt:壑|壑]] xak

==0768==
*02-15/0768a [[wikt:噩|噩]] ngak
*02-15/0768d [[wikt:蘁|蘁]] ngak, nguH

==0769==
Schuessler (2009: 73) &quot;this series prob. belongs to 02-14&quot; i.e. GSR [[#0788|0788]]. Baxter &amp; Sagart appear to concur.
* 02-34/0769a [[wikt:朔|朔]] sraewk
* 02-34/0769b [[wikt:愬|愬]] suH
* 02-34/0769c [[wikt:𧪜|𧪜]] suH
* 02-34/0769d [[wikt:遡|遡]] suH

==0770==
* 02-33/0770a [[wikt:索|索]] sak, sraek

==0771==
Schuessler (2009: 60-61) combines [[#0102|0102]] and [[#0771|0771]].
* 01-67/0771a [[wikt:博|博]] pak
* 01-67/0771d [[wikt:搏|搏]] pak, pjuH
* 01-67/0771f [[wikt:溥|溥]] pak, phuX
* 01-67/0771g [[wikt:鎛|鎛]] pak
* 01-67/0771j [[wikt:𩌏|𩌏]] pak
* 01-67/0771l [[wikt:膊|膊]] phak
* 01-67/0771m [[wikt:縛|縛]] bjak
* 01-67/0771n [[wikt:簙|簙]] pak
* 01-67/0771o [[wikt:簿|簿]] buX
* 01-67/0771p [[wikt:薄|薄]] bak, phak
* 01-67/0771q [[wikt:礴|礴]] bak

==0772==
*02-39/0772b [[wikt:霸|霸]] paeH, phaek

==0773==
* 02-36/0773a [[wikt:亳|亳]] bak

==0774==
* 02-06/0774a [[wikt:郭|郭]] kwak
* 02-06/0774e [[wikt:椁|椁]] kwak
* 02-06/0774f [[wikt:槨|槨]] kwak
* 02-06/0774g [[wikt:廓|廓]] khwak
* 02-06/0774h [[wikt:鞟|鞟]] khwak
* 02-06/0774i [[wikt:鞹|鞹]] khwak
* 02-06/0774- [[wikt:𠅷|𠅷]]
* 02-06/0774- [[wikt:𨟍|𨟍]]

==0775==
* 02-12/0775a [[wikt:霍|霍]] xwak
* 02-12/0775b [[wikt:靃|靃]] xwak
* 02-12/0775e [[wikt:藿|藿]] xwak
* 02-12/0775f [[wikt:臛|臛]] xowk

==0776==
*02-02/0776a [[wikt:𧮫|𧮫]] gjak
*02-02/0776b [[wikt:卻|卻]] khjak
*02-02/0776c [[wikt:却|却]] khjak
*02-02/0776d [[wikt:綌|綌]] khjaek
*02-02/0776e [[wikt:郤|郤]] khjaek
*02-02/0776f [[wikt:郄|郄]] khjaek
*02-02/0776g [[wikt:腳|腳]] kjak
*02-02/0776h [[wikt:脚|脚]] kjak

==0777==
* 02-30/0777a [[wikt:若|若]] nyak, nyaX
* 02-30/0777f [[wikt:諾|諾]] nak
* 02-30/0777g [[wikt:箬|箬]] nyak
* 02-30/0777i [[wikt:鄀|鄀]] nyak
* 02-30/0777k [[wikt:婼|婼]] trhjak
* 02-30/0777l [[wikt:匿|匿]] nrik
* 02-30/0777n [[wikt:暱|暱]] nrik
* 02-30/0777o [[wikt:慝|慝]] thok
* 02-30/0777- [[wikt:蠚|蠚]] trhjak, xwak

==0778==
Schuessler (2009: 67) combines [[#0778|0778]] with some of the characters in [[#0096|0096]].
* 02-07/0778a [[wikt:矍|矍]] kjwak, xjwak
* 02-07/0778b [[wikt:攫|攫]] kjwak
* 02-07/0778c [[wikt:玃|玃]] kjwak
* 02-07/0778d [[wikt:躩|躩]] khjwak, kjwak
* 02-07/0778e [[wikt:戄|戄]] xjwak

==0779==
* 02-10/0779a [[wikt:赫|赫]] xaek
* 02-10/0779b [[wikt:嚇|嚇]] xaeH, xaek

==0780==
* 02-22/0780a [[wikt:乇|乇]] traek
* 02-22/0780b [[wikt:宅|宅]] draek
* 02-22/0780e [[wikt:託|託]] thak
* 02-22/0780f [[wikt:秅|秅]] drae, tuH
* 02-22/0780g [[wikt:咤|咤]] traeH
* 02-22/0780h [[wikt:詫|詫]] trhaeH
* 02-22/0780i [[wikt:侘|侘]] trhaeH
* 02-22/0780j [[wikt:㓃|㓃]] tuH

==0781==
* 02-37/0781a [[wikt:百|百]] paek
* 02-37/0781f [[wikt:貊|貊]] maek
* 02-37/0781g [[wikt:陌|陌]] maek

==0782==
* 02-38/0782a [[wikt:白|白]] baek
* 02-38/0782f [[wikt:帛|帛]] baek
* 02-38/0782i [[wikt:伯|伯]] paek
* 02-38/0782j [[wikt:柏|柏]] paek
* 02-38/0782k [[wikt:迫|迫]] paek
* 02-38/0782l [[wikt:怕|怕]] phaeH, phaek
* 02-38/0782m [[wikt:拍|拍]] phaek, pak
* 02-38/0782o [[wikt:魄|魄]] phaek
* 02-38/0782p [[wikt:粕|粕]] phak
* 02-38/0782q [[wikt:胉|胉]] phak
* 02-38/0782r [[wikt:泊|泊]] bak
* 02-38/0782s [[wikt:碧|碧]] pjaek

==0783==
* 02-07A/0783a [[wikt:虢|虢]] kwaek

==0784==
A uvular series.
* 02-08/0784a [[wikt:蒦|蒦]] hweak
* 02-08/0784d [[wikt:獲|獲]] hweak
* 02-08/0784e [[wikt:韄|韄]] hweak
* 02-08/0784f [[wikt:彠|彠]] 'jwak
* 02-08/0784h [[wikt:穫|穫]] hwak
* 02-08/0784i [[wikt:鑊|鑊]] hwak
* 02-08/0784j [[wikt:濩|濩]] huH, hwak
* 02-08/0784k [[wikt:護|護]] huH
* 02-08/0784l [[wikt:擭|擭]] 'waek
* 02-08/0784m [[wikt:雘|雘]] 'wak
* 02-08/0784n [[wikt:蠖|蠖]] 'wak

==0785==
* 02-03/0785a [[wikt:𢧢|𢧢]] kjaek
* 02-03/0785b [[wikt:戟|戟]] kjaek

==0786==
*02-04/0786a [[wikt:丮|丮]] kjaek

==0787==
A uvular series?
* 02-05/0787a [[wikt:𡭴|𡭴]] khjaek
* 02-05/0787b [[wikt:𡭽|𡭽]] khjaek
* 02-05/0787c [[wikt:隙|隙]] khjaek
* 02-05/0787d [[wikt:虩|虩]] xjaek

==0788==
Schuessler (2009: 68) &quot;this series prob. belongs to 02-34&quot; i.e. GSR [[#0769|0769]]. Baxter &amp; Sagart appear to concur.
* 02-14/0788a [[wikt:屰|屰]] ngjaek
* 02-14/0788c [[wikt:逆|逆]] ngjaek
* 02-14/0788f [[wikt:㖾|㖾]] ngak
* 02-14/0788g [[wikt:咢|咢]] ngak
* 02-14/0788h [[wikt:愕|愕]] ngak
* 02-14/0788i [[wikt:遌|遌]] ngak
* 02-14/0788j [[wikt:遻|遻]] nguH
* 02-14/0788k [[wikt:諤|諤]] ngak
* 02-14/0788l [[wikt:鄂|鄂]] ngak
* 02-14/0788m [[wikt:鍔|鍔]] ngak
* 02-14/0788n [[wikt:鶚|鶚]] ngak

==0789==
* 02-11/0789a [[wikt:覤|覤]] xjaek

==0790==
* 02-25/0790a [[wikt:睪|睪]] yek
* 02-25/0790b [[wikt:圛|圛]] yek
* 02-25/0790c [[wikt:懌|懌]] yek
* 02-25/0790d [[wikt:斁|斁]] duH, tuH, yek
* 02-25/0790e [[wikt:繹|繹]] yek
* 02-25/0790f [[wikt:譯|譯]] yek
* 02-25/0790g [[wikt:醳|醳]] yek
* 02-25/0790h [[wikt:驛|驛]] yek
* 02-25/0790i [[wikt:𢍰|𢍰]] yek
* 02-25/0790k [[wikt:𥼶|𥼶]] syek
* 02-25/0790l [[wikt:釋|釋]] syek
* 02-25/0790m [[wikt:檡|檡]] syek, draek
* 02-25/0790n [[wikt:擇|擇]] draek
* 02-25/0790o [[wikt:澤|澤]] draek, syek, yek
* 02-25/0790p [[wikt:鐸|鐸]] dak
* 02-25/0790q [[wikt:殬|殬]] tuH
* 02-25/0790r [[wikt:蘀|蘀]] thak

==0791==
A uvular series
* 02-19/0791a [[wikt:炙|炙]] tsyaeH, tsyek

==0792==
A uvular series
* 02-23/0792a [[wikt:㡿|㡿]] tsyhek
* 02-23/0792b [[wikt:斥|斥]] tsyhek
* 02-23/0792c [[wikt:厈|厈]] tsyhek
* 02-23/0792d [[wikt:坼|坼]] trhaek
* 02-23/0792e [[wikt:𣔳|𣔳]] thak
* 02-23/0792f [[wikt:柝|柝]] thak
* 02-14/0792h [[wikt:㴑|㴑]] suH
* 02-14/0792i [[wikt:泝|泝]] suH
* 02-14/0792j [[wikt:訴|訴]] suH

==0793==
A uvular series
* 02-24/0793a [[wikt:赤|赤]] tshjek, tsyhek
* 02-24/0793d [[wikt:赦|赦]] syaeH
* 02-24/0793e [[wikt:螫|螫]] syek

==0794==
* 02-20/0794a [[wikt:尺|尺]] tsyhek

==0795==
Baxter &amp; Sagart (personal communication 12 April 2017) combine GSR [[#0795|0795]], GSR [[#0797|0797]], GSR [[#0801|0801]] and GSR [[#0804|0804]].
* 02-17/0795a [[wikt:石|石]] dzyek
* 02-17/0795d [[wikt:祏|祏]] dzyek
* 02-17/0795e [[wikt:碩|碩]] dzyek
* 02-17/0795h [[wikt:鼫|鼫]] dzyek
* 02-17/0795i [[wikt:跖|跖]] tsyek
* 02-17/0795j [[wikt:磔|磔]] traek
* 02-17/0795k [[wikt:斫|斫]] tsyak
* 02-17/0795l [[wikt:柘|柘]] tsyaeH
* 02-17/0795m [[wikt:拓|拓]] thak
* 02-17/0795n [[wikt:妬|妬]] tuH
* 02-17/0795o [[wikt:妒|妒]] tuH
* 02-17/0795p [[wikt:橐|橐]] thak
* 02-17/0795r [[wikt:蠹|蠹]] tuH

==0796==
* 02-28/0796a [[wikt:夕|夕]] zjek
* 02-28/0796e [[wikt:穸|穸]] zjek

==0797==
Baxter &amp; Sagart (personal communication 12 April 2017) combine GSR [[#0795|0795]], GSR [[#0797|0797]], GSR [[#0801|0801]] and GSR [[#0804|0804]].
* 02-29/0797a [[wikt:席|席]] zjek
* 02-29/0797b [[wikt:蓆|蓆]] zjek

==0798==
* 02-32/0798a [[wikt:昔|昔]] sjek
* 02-32/0798f [[wikt:惜|惜]] sjek
* 02-32/0798g [[wikt:腊|腊]] sjek
* 02-32/0798i [[wikt:耤|耤]] dzjek
* 02-32/0798k [[wikt:踖|踖]] dzjek, tshjak, tshjek, tsjek
* 02-32/0798l [[wikt:趞|趞]] tshjak
* 02-32/0798n [[wikt:鵲|鵲]] tshjak
* 02-32/0798o [[wikt:斮|斮]] tsrjak
* 02-32/0798p [[wikt:厝|厝]] tshak
* 02-32/0798q [[wikt:逪|逪]] tshak
* 02-32/0798s [[wikt:錯|錯]] tshak
* 02-32/0798t [[wikt:醋|醋]] dzak
* 02-32/0798u [[wikt:借|借]] tsjaeH, tsjek
* 02-32/0798v [[wikt:唶|唶]] tsjaeH
* 02-32/0798x [[wikt:措|措]] tshuH
* 02-32/0798y [[wikt:蜡|蜡]] dzraeH, tshjoH
* 02-32/0798z [[wikt:矠|矠]] dzreak
* 02-32/0798a' [[wikt:籍|籍]] dzjek
* 02-32/0798b' [[wikt:藉|藉]] dzjaeH, dzjek
* 02-32/0798c' [[wikt:簎|簎]] tsrhaek

==0799==
* 02-35/0799a [[wikt:舄|舄]] sjek, tshjak
* 02-35/0799e [[wikt:潟|潟]] sjek
* 02-35/0799f [[wikt:寫|寫]] sjaeX
* 02-35/0799h [[wikt:瀉|瀉]] sjaeX

==0800==
* 02-27/0800a [[wikt:亦|亦]] yek
* 02-27/0800d [[wikt:奕|奕]] yek
* 02-27/0800e [[wikt:帟|帟]] yek
* 02-27/0800f [[wikt:弈|弈]] yek
* 02-27/0800g [[wikt:跡|跡]] tsjek
* 02-27/0800h [[wikt:迹|迹]] tsjek
* 02-27/0800j [[wikt:夜|夜]] yaeH
* 02-27/0800l [[wikt:掖|掖]] yek
* 02-27/0800m [[wikt:腋|腋]] yek
* 02-27/0800n [[wikt:液|液]] yek

==0801==
Baxter &amp; Sagart (personal communication 12 April 2017) combine GSR [[#0795|0795]], GSR [[#0797|0797]], GSR [[#0801|0801]] and GSR [[#0804|0804]].
* 02-16/0801a [[wikt:度|度]] dak, duH
* 02-16/0801b [[wikt:渡|渡]] duH
* 02-16/0801c [[wikt:剫|剫]] dak

==0802==
Acc. to Schuessler (2009: 74) the &quot;phonetic is perhaps [[#0704|03-64/704]]&quot;.
* 02-40/0802a [[wikt:莫|莫]] maek, mak, muH
* 02-40/0802d [[wikt:暮|暮]] muH
* 02-40/0802e [[wikt:募|募]] muH
* 02-40/0802f [[wikt:墓|墓]] muH
* 02-40/0802g [[wikt:嫫|嫫]] mu
* 02-40/0802h [[wikt:慕|慕]] muH
* 02-40/0802j [[wikt:模|模]] mu
* 02-40/0802k [[wikt:膜|膜]] mu
* 02-40/0802l [[wikt:謨|謨]] mu
* 02-40/0802m [[wikt:蟆|蟆]] mae
* 02-40/0802n [[wikt:寞|寞]] mak
* 02-40/0802o [[wikt:幕|幕]] mak
* 02-40/0802p [[wikt:漠|漠]] mak
* 02-40/0802q [[wikt:瘼|瘼]] mak
* 02-40/0802r [[wikt:嗼|嗼]] maek
* 02-40/0802s [[wikt:冪|冪]] mek

==0803==
* 01-09/0803a [[wikt:豦|豦]] gjo, gjoH
* 01-09/0803c [[wikt:遽|遽]] gjoH
* 01-09/0803e [[wikt:醵|醵]] gjak, gjo, gjoH
* 01-09/0803f [[wikt:據|據]] kjoH
* 01-09/0803g [[wikt:鐻|鐻]] kjoH
* 01-09/0803h [[wikt:臄|臄]] gjak
* 01-09/0803i [[wikt:劇|劇]] gjaek
* 01-09/0803j [[wikt:籧|籧]] gjo, kjoX
* 01-09/0803k [[wikt:蘧|蘧]] gjo

==0804==
Baxter &amp; Sagart (personal communication 12 April 2017) combine GSR [[#0795|0795]], GSR [[#0797|0797]], GSR [[#0801|0801]] and GSR [[#0804|0804]].
* 02-18/0804a [[wikt:庶|庶]] syoH, tsyoH
* 02-18/0804d [[wikt:遮|遮]] tsyae
* 02-18/0804e [[wikt:摭|摭]] tsyek
* 02-18/0804f [[wikt:蹠|蹠]] tsyek

==0805==
* 02-13/0805a [[wikt:亞|亞]] 'aeH
* 02-13/0805f [[wikt:啞|啞]] 'aek, 'aeX
* 02-13/0805g [[wikt:堊|堊]] 'ak
* 02-13/0805h [[wikt:惡|惡]] 'ak, 'u, 'uH

==0806==
* 02-31/0806a [[wikt:乍|乍]] dzraeH
* 02-31/0806f [[wikt:咋|咋]] dzraeH
* 02-31/0806g [[wikt:詐|詐]] tsraeH
* 02-31/0806h [[wikt:祚|祚]] dzuH
* 02-31/0806i [[wikt:胙|胙]] dzuH
* 02-31/0806j [[wikt:阼|阼]] dzuH
* 02-31/0806k [[wikt:笮|笮]] tsraek
* 02-31/0806l [[wikt:作|作]] tsak
* 02-31/0806m [[wikt:迮|迮]] tsak
* 02-31/0806p [[wikt:柞|柞]] dzak, tsak, tsraek
* 02-31/0806r [[wikt:怍|怍]] dzak
* 02-31/0806s [[wikt:昨|昨]] dzak
* 02-31/0806t [[wikt:酢|酢]] dzak
* 02-31/0806v [[wikt:筰|筰]] dzak
* 02-31/0806- [[wikt:莋|莋]] dzak

==0807==
* 02-26/0807a [[wikt:射|射]] dzyek, zyaeH
* 02-26/0807b [[wikt:䠶|䠶]] zyaeH, zyek, yek
* 02-26/0807e [[wikt:榭|榭]] zjaeH
* 02-26/0807g [[wikt:謝|謝]] zjaeH
* 02-26/0807- [[wikt:麝|麝]] dzyaeH (?)

==0808==
* 09-04/0808a [[wikt:耕|耕]] keang
* 09-04/0808b [[wikt:刑|刑]] heng
* 09-04/0808d [[wikt:形|形]] heng
* 09-04/0808e [[wikt:侀|侀]] heng
* 09-04/0808f [[wikt:硎|硎]] heng
* 09-04/0808g [[wikt:鉶|鉶]] heng
* 09-04/0808h [[wikt:鈃|鈃]] heng
* 09-04/0808i [[wikt:荊|荊]] kjaeng

==0809==
* 09-06/0809a [[wikt:耿|耿]] keangX
* 09-06/0809c [[wikt:褧|褧]] khwengX

==0810==
* 09-05/0810a [[wikt:幸|幸]] heangX
* 09-05/0810b [[wikt:倖|倖]] heangX
* 09-05/0810c [[wikt:婞|婞]] hengX
* 09-05/0810d [[wikt:涬|涬]] hengX

==0811==
* 09-23/0811a [[wikt:爭|爭]] tsreang
* 09-23/0811c [[wikt:崢|崢]] dzreang
* 09-23/0811d [[wikt:淨|淨]] dzjengH
* 09-23/0811e [[wikt:竫|竫]] dzjengX

==0812==
* 09-25/0812a [[wikt:生|生]] sraeng, srjaeng
* 09-25/0812e [[wikt:牲|牲]] sraeng
* 09-25/0812g [[wikt:甥|甥]] sraeng
* 09-25/0812h [[wikt:笙|笙]] sraeng
* 09-25/0812i [[wikt:眚|眚]] srjengX
* 09-25/0812l [[wikt:省|省]] sjengX
* 09-25/0812q [[wikt:姓|姓]] sjengH
* 09-25/0812s [[wikt:性|性]] sjengH
* 09-25/0812t [[wikt:狌|狌]] sjengH
* 09-25/0812u [[wikt:鼪|鼪]] sjengH
* 09-25/0812v [[wikt:旌|旌]] tsjeng
* 09-25/0812x [[wikt:星|星]] dzjeng, seng
* 09-25/0812y [[wikt:曐|曐]] seng
* 09-25/0812z [[wikt:猩|猩]] seng, sraeng
* 09-25/0812a' [[wikt:腥|腥]] seng, sengH
* 09-25/0812b' [[wikt:醒|醒]] seng, sengH, sengX
* 09-25/0812c' [[wikt:青|青]] tseng, tsheng
* 09-25/0812e' [[wikt:蜻|蜻]] tsheng
* 09-25/0812f' [[wikt:菁|菁]] tseng, tsjeng
* 09-25/0812g' [[wikt:精|精]] tsjeng
* 09-25/0812h' [[wikt:凊|凊]] tshjengH
* 09-25/0812i' [[wikt:清|清]] tshjeng
* 09-25/0812k' [[wikt:請|請]] dzjeng, tshjengX
* 09-25/0812l' [[wikt:情|情]] dzjeng
* 09-25/0812m' [[wikt:靖|靖]] dzjengX
* 09-25/0812n' [[wikt:靜|靜]] dzjengX
* 09-25/0812s' [[wikt:靚|靚]] dzjengX
* 09-25/0812t' [[wikt:綪|綪]] tshenH, tsreang

==0813==
* 09-03/0813a [[wikt:敬|敬]] kjaengH
* 09-03/0813g [[wikt:驚|驚]] kjaeng
* 09-03/0813h [[wikt:儆|儆]] gjaeng, gjaengH, kjaengX, kjiengX
* 09-03/0813i [[wikt:憼|憼]] gjaengX, kjaengX, kjiengX
* 09-03/0813j [[wikt:警|警]] kjaengX, kjiengX
* 09-03/0813k [[wikt:擎|擎]] gjaeng
* 09-03/0813l [[wikt:檠|檠]] gjaeng

==0814==
* 09-10/0814a [[wikt:嬰|嬰]] 'jieng
* 09-10/0814c [[wikt:攖|攖]] 'jieng
* 09-10/0814d [[wikt:癭|癭]] 'jiengX
* 09-10/0814e [[wikt:纓|纓]] 'jieng
* 09-10/0814f [[wikt:嚶|嚶]] 'eang
* 09-10/0814g [[wikt:鸚|鸚]] 'eang
* 09-10/0814h [[wikt:罌|罌]] 'eang

==0815==
* 09-15/0815a [[wikt:盈|盈]] yeng
* 09-15/0815c [[wikt:楹|楹]] yeng

==0816==
* 09-16/0816a [[wikt:嬴|嬴]] yeng
* 09-16/0816e [[wikt:瀛|瀛]] yeng
* 09-16/0816f [[wikt:贏|贏]] yeng

==0817==
Schuessler (2009: 142) unites this series with [[#0839]]. Baxter &amp; Sagart (2014) concur.
* 09-27/0817a [[wikt:騁|騁]] trhjengX

==0818==
* 09-14/0818a [[wikt:成|成]] dzyeng
* 09-14/0818e [[wikt:城|城]] dzyeng
* 09-14/0818h [[wikt:誠|誠]] dzyeng
* 09-14/0818i [[wikt:盛|盛]] dzyeng, dzyengH

==0819==
* 09-22/0819a [[wikt:井|井]] tsjengX
* 09-22/0819e [[wikt:丼|丼]] tsjengX
* 09-22/0819f [[wikt:妌|妌]] dzjengX
* 09-22/0819h [[wikt:穽|穽]] dzjengX
* 09-22/0819i [[wikt:阱|阱]] dzjengX

==0820==
* 09-21/0820a [[wikt:晶|晶]] tsjeng

==0821==
* 09-24/0821a [[wikt:觲|觲]] sjeng
* 09-24/0821b [[wikt:觪|觪]] sjeng
* 09-24/0821c [[wikt:騂|騂]] sjeng

==0822==
* 09-02/0822a [[wikt:聲|聲]] syeng

==0823==
* 09-19/0823a [[wikt:令|令]] ljeng, ljengH
* 09-19/0823f [[wikt:領|領]] ljengX
* 09-19/0823g [[wikt:伶|伶]] leng
* 09-19/0823h [[wikt:冷|冷]] lengX
* 09-19/0823i [[wikt:囹|囹]] leng
* 09-19/0823j [[wikt:泠|泠]] leng
* 09-19/0823k [[wikt:玲|玲]] leng
* 09-19/0823l [[wikt:笭|笭]] leng
* 09-19/0823n [[wikt:舲|舲]] leng
* 09-19/0823o [[wikt:苓|苓]] leng
* 09-19/0823p [[wikt:蛉|蛉]] leng
* 09-19/0823q [[wikt:軨|軨]] leng
* 09-19/0823r [[wikt:鈴|鈴]] leng
* 09-19/0823u [[wikt:零|零]] leng
* 09-19/0823v [[wikt:鴒|鴒]] leng
* 09-19/0823x [[wikt:齡|齡]] leng

==0824==
* 09-29/0824a [[wikt:并|并]] pjieng
* 09-29/0824b [[wikt:并|并]] pjiengH
* 09-29/0824d [[wikt:併|併]] bengX, pjiengH
* 09-29/0824e [[wikt:頩|頩]] pheng, phengX
* 09-29/0824f [[wikt:屏|屏]] beng, pjieng, pjiengH, pjiengX
* 09-29/0824g [[wikt:偋|偋]] bjiengH
* 09-29/0824h [[wikt:洴|洴]] beng
* 09-29/0824i [[wikt:缾|缾]] beng
* 09-29/0824j [[wikt:瓶|瓶]] beng
* 09-29/0824k [[wikt:荓|荓]] beng, pheang
* 09-29/0824l [[wikt:絣|絣]] peang
* 09-29/0824m [[wikt:迸|迸]] peangH
* 09-29/0824n [[wikt:駢|駢]] ben, beng
* 09-29/0824o [[wikt:骿|骿]] ben
* 09-29/0824p [[wikt:胼|胼]] ben
* 09-29/0824q [[wikt:跰|跰]] ben

==0825==
* 09-26/0825a [[wikt:平|平]] beanH, ben, bjaeng
* 09-26/0825c [[wikt:苹|苹]] beng, bjaeng
* 09-26/0825d [[wikt:萍|萍]] beng
* 09-26/0825e [[wikt:伻|伻]] peang
* 09-26/0825f [[wikt:怦|怦]] pheang
* 09-26/0825g [[wikt:砰|砰]] pheang

==0826==
* 09-31/0826a [[wikt:名|名]] mjieng
* 09-31/0826d [[wikt:銘|銘]] meng

==0827==
* 09-33/0827a [[wikt:鳴|鳴]] mjaeng

==0828==
* 09-07/0828a [[wikt:頃|頃]] khjwieng, khjwiengX
* 09-07/0828b [[wikt:傾|傾]] khjwieng
* 09-07/0828c [[wikt:穎|穎]] kjwiengX, kwengX, ywengX
* 09-07/0828d [[wikt:熲|熲]] kwengX
* 09-07/0828e [[wikt:顈|顈]] khwengX

==0829==
* 23-11/0829a [[wikt:瞏|瞏]] gjwieng, hwaen
* 23-11/0829b [[wikt:嬛|嬛]] gjwieng

==0830==
Schuessler (2009: 318) somewhat tentatively proposes to include 惸 [[#0830|0830a]] in GSR[[#0392]].
* 32-08/0830a [[wikt:惸|惸]] gjwieng

==0831==
Baxter &amp; Sagart (2014: 159) unite GSR[[0831]] and GSR[[0835]].
* 09-01/0831a [[wikt:巠|巠]] keng
* 09-01/0831c [[wikt:經|經]] keng
* 09-01/0831e [[wikt:剄|剄]] kengX
* 09-01/0831f [[wikt:徑|徑]] kengH
* 09-01/0831g [[wikt:涇|涇]] keng
* 09-01/0831i [[wikt:逕|逕]] kengH
* 09-01/0831j [[wikt:𥥻|𥥻]] khengH
* 09-01/0831k [[wikt:脛|脛]] hengH
* 09-01/0831l [[wikt:陘|陘]] heng
* 09-01/0831m [[wikt:勁|勁]] kjiengH
* 09-01/0831n [[wikt:頸|頸]] gjieng, kjiengX
* 09-01/0831o [[wikt:輕|輕]] khjieng, khjiengH
* 09-01/0831p [[wikt:鑋|鑋]] khengH, khjieng
* 09-01/0831q [[wikt:牼|牼]] heang, kheang
* 09-01/0831s [[wikt:硜|硜]] kheang
* 09-01/0831t [[wikt:誙|誙]] heang
* 09-01/0831u [[wikt:莖|莖]] heang
* 09-01/0831v [[wikt:俓|俓]] ngeang
* 09-01/0831x [[wikt:䞓|䞓]] trhjeng

==0832==
* 09-02/0832a [[wikt:殸|殸]] khengH
* 09-02/0832c [[wikt:磬|磬]] khengH
* 09-02/0832d [[wikt:罄|罄]] khengH
* 09-02/0832e [[wikt:謦|謦]] khengX
* 09-02/0832f [[wikt:馨|馨]] xeng

==0833==
Schuessler (2009: 319) understands 丁 09-11/0833a also as the phonetic in [[#0361|32-15/0361]].
* 09-11/0833a [[wikt:丁|丁]] teng, treang
* 09-11/0833e [[wikt:頂|頂]] tengX
* 09-11/0833f [[wikt:汀|汀]] theng
* 09-11/0833g [[wikt:町|町]] dengX, thengX
* 09-11/0833h [[wikt:亭|亭]] deng
* 09-11/0833i [[wikt:停|停]] deng
* 09-11/0833j [[wikt:正|正]] tsyeng, tsyengH
* 09-11/0833o [[wikt:征|征]] tsyeng
* 09-11/0833r [[wikt:政|政]] tsyengH
* 09-11/0833t [[wikt:整|整]] tsyengX
* 09-11/0833u [[wikt:証|証]] tsyengH
* 09-11/0833v [[wikt:鉦|鉦]] tsyeng
* 09-11/0833y [[wikt:竀|竀]] trhjeng
* 09-11/0833z [[wikt:定|定]] dengH, tengH

==0834==
* 09-12/0834a [[wikt:鼎|鼎]] tengX
* 09-12/0834g [[wikt:貞|貞]] trjeng
* 09-12/0834j [[wikt:禎|禎]] trjeng
* 09-12/0834k [[wikt:偵|偵]] trhjeng, trhjengH, trjeng
* 09-12/0834l [[wikt:楨|楨]] trjeng
* 09-12/0834m [[wikt:赬|赬]] trhjeng

==0835==
Baxter &amp; Sagart (2014: 159) unite GSR [[#0831]] and GSR [[#0835]].
* 09-17/0835a [[wikt:𡈼|𡈼]] thengX
* 09-17/0835d [[wikt:廷|廷]] deng, dengH
* 09-17/0835h [[wikt:庭|庭]] deng, thengH
* 09-17/0835i [[wikt:挺|挺]] dengX, thengX
* 09-17/0835j [[wikt:梃|梃]] dengX
* 09-17/0835k [[wikt:筳|筳]] deng
* 09-17/0835l [[wikt:莛|莛]] deng
* 09-17/0835m [[wikt:霆|霆]] deng
* 09-17/0835n [[wikt:蜓|蜓]] dengX, denX
* 09-17/0835o [[wikt:鋌|鋌]] thengX
* 09-17/0835p [[wikt:珽|珽]] theng, thengX
* 09-17/0835q [[wikt:脡|脡]] thengX
* 09-17/0835r [[wikt:呈|呈]] drjeng
* 09-17/0835s [[wikt:珵|珵]] drjeng
* 09-17/0835t [[wikt:程|程]] drjeng
* 09-17/0835u [[wikt:裎|裎]] drjeng
* 09-17/0835v [[wikt:酲|酲]] drjeng, trhjeng
* 09-17/0835x [[wikt:逞|逞]] trhjengX
* 09-17/0835y [[wikt:桯|桯]] yeng
* 09-17/0835z [[wikt:聖|聖]] syengH
* 09-17/0835c' [[wikt:檉|檉]] trhjeng
* 09-17/0835d' [[wikt:聽|聽]] theng, thengH

==0836==
* 09-18/0836a [[wikt:霝|霝]] leng
* 09-18/0836e [[wikt:𦉢|𦉢]] leng
* 09-18/0836g [[wikt:蘦|蘦]] leng
* 09-18/0836h [[wikt:𧕅|𧕅]] leng
* 09-18/0836i [[wikt:靈|靈]] leng

==0837==
* 09-20/0837a [[wikt:寧|寧]] neng
* 09-20/0837b [[wikt:𡨴|𡨴]] neng
* 09-20/0837c [[wikt:寍|寍]] neng
* 09-20/0837g [[wikt:濘|濘]] nengH
* 09-20/0837h [[wikt:嬣|嬣]] nreang

==0838==
* 29-28/0838a [[wikt:佞|佞]] nengH

==0839==
Schuessler (2009: 142) unites this series with [[#0817]]. Baxter &amp; Sagart (2014) concur.
* 09-27/0839a [[wikt:甹|甹]] pheng
* 09-27/0839c [[wikt:娉|娉]] phjiengH
* 09-27/0839d [[wikt:聘|聘]] pjiengH

==0840==
* 09-28/0840a [[wikt:竝|竝]] bengX
* 09-28/0840b [[wikt:並|並]] bengX

==0841==
* 09-30/0841a [[wikt:冥|冥]] meng, mengX
* 09-30/0841b [[wikt:瞑|瞑]] men, meng, menH
* 09-30/0841c [[wikt:溟|溟]] meng
* 09-30/0841d [[wikt:螟|螟]] meng
* 09-30/0841e [[wikt:塓|塓]] mek
* 09-30/0841f [[wikt:幎|幎]] mek
* 09-30/0841g [[wikt:𧜀|𧜀]] mek

==0842==
* 09-08/0842a [[wikt:冋|冋]] kweng
* 09-08/0842c [[wikt:坰|坰]] kweng
* 09-08/0842d [[wikt:扃|扃]] kweng, kwengX
* 09-08/0842e [[wikt:駉|駉]] kweng
* 09-08/0842f [[wikt:絅|絅]] khwengX
* 09-08/0842h [[wikt:泂|泂]] hwengX

==0843==
* 09-09/0843a [[wikt:熒|熒]] hweng, hwengH, hwengX
* 09-09/0843b [[wikt:檾|檾]] khjwiengX, khwengX
* 09-09/0843c [[wikt:塋|塋]] yweng
* 09-09/0843d [[wikt:榮|榮]] hjwaeng
* 09-09/0843e [[wikt:禜|禜]] hjwaeng, hjwaengH
* 09-09/0843f [[wikt:營|營]] yweng
* 09-09/0843g [[wikt:煢|煢]] gjwieng
* 09-09/0843h [[wikt:縈|縈]] 'jwieng
* 09-09/0843i [[wikt:螢|螢]] hweng
* 09-09/0843j [[wikt:謍|謍]] yweng
* 09-09/0843k [[wikt:瑩|瑩]] 'wengH, hjwaeng
* 09-09/0843l [[wikt:鶯|鶯]] 'eang
* 09-09/0843m [[wikt:嶸|嶸]] hjwaeng, hweang

==0844==
* 08-04/0844a [[wikt:戹|戹]] 'eak
* 08-04/0844b [[wikt:厄|厄]] 'eak
* 08-04/0844d [[wikt:軶|軶]] 'eak
* 08-04/0844e [[wikt:軛|軛]] 'eak
* 08-04/0844f [[wikt:扼|扼]] 'eak
* 08-04/0844g [[wikt:阸|阸]] 'eaH, 'eak
* 08-04/0844h [[wikt:阨|阨]] 'eaH, eak

==0845==
* 08-15/0845a [[wikt:册|册]] tsrheak
* 08-15/0845g [[wikt:栅|栅]] tsrheak

==0846==
* 08-16/0846a [[wikt:筴|筴]] tsrheak

==0847==
* 08-09/0847a [[wikt:畫|畫]] hweaH, hweak
* 08-09/0847e [[wikt:繣|繣]] hweaH, xweak

==0848==
* 08-24/0848a [[wikt:脈|脈]] meak
* 08-24/0848b [[wikt:脉|脉]] meak
* 08-24/0848c [[wikt:霢|霢]] meak
* 08-24/0848d [[wikt:覛|覛]] meak, mek
* 08-24/0848- [[wikt:眽|眽]] meak
* 08-24/0848- [[wikt:䤨|䤨]] phek
* 08-24/0848- [[wikt:𠂢|𠂢]] phjeaH
* 08-24/0848- [[wikt:派|派]] phjeaH
* 08-24/0848- [[wikt:𥿯|𥿯]] phjeaH

==0849==
Sagart &amp; Baxter (2009: 232) appear to combine GSR[[#0849]] and GSR[[#1257]]ab
*08-05/0849a [[wikt:益|益]] 'jiek
*08-05/0849c [[wikt:嗌|嗌]] 'jiek
*08-05/0849d [[wikt:膉|膉]] 'jiek
*08-05/0849e [[wikt:搤|搤]] 'eak
*08-05/0849f [[wikt:鷁|鷁]] ngek
*08-05/0849g [[wikt:縊|縊]] 'ejH, 'jieH
*08-05/0849h [[wikt:隘|隘]] 'eaH, 'eak

==0850==
* 08-12/0850a [[wikt:易|易]] yeH, yek
* 08-12/0850f [[wikt:蜴|蜴]] yek
* 08-12/0850g [[wikt:埸|埸]] yek
* 08-12/0850h [[wikt:剔|剔]] thek
* 08-12/0850i [[wikt:惕|惕]] thek
* 08-12/0850k [[wikt:逷|逷]] thek
* 08-12/0850l [[wikt:緆|緆]] sek, thejH
* 08-12/0850m [[wikt:裼|裼]] sek, thejH
* 08-12/0850n [[wikt:錫|錫]] sek
* 08-12/0850p [[wikt:睗|睗]] syek
* 08-12/0850r [[wikt:鬄|鬄]] dejH, sjek, thejH, thek
* 08-12/0850t [[wikt:賜|賜]] sjeH

==0851==
* 08-08/0851a [[wikt:役|役]] ywek
* 08-08/0851b [[wikt:垼|垼]] yek
* 08-08/0851c [[wikt:疫|疫]] yek

==0852==
* 08-17/0852a [[wikt:脊|脊]] dzjek, tsjek
* 08-17/0852b [[wikt:蹐|蹐]] tsjek
* 08-17/0852c [[wikt:瘠|瘠]] dzjek
* 08-17/0852d [[wikt:膌|膌]] dzjek

==0853==
* 08-19/0853a [[wikt:辟|辟]] bek, bjiek, pjiek
* 08-19/0853d [[wikt:璧|璧]] pjiek
* 08-19/0853g [[wikt:躃|躃]] pjiek
* 08-19/0853h [[wikt:躄|躄]] pjiek
* 08-19/0853i [[wikt:僻|僻]] phjiek
* 08-19/0853j [[wikt:擗|擗]] bjiek
* 08-19/0853k [[wikt:闢|闢]] bjiek
* 08-19/0853l [[wikt:壁|壁]] pek
* 08-19/0853m [[wikt:澼|澼]] phek
* 08-19/0853n [[wikt:甓|甓]] bek, bjieH
* 08-19/0853o [[wikt:幦|幦]] mek
* 08-19/0853p [[wikt:擘|擘]] peak
* 08-19/0853s [[wikt:臂|臂]] pjieH
* 08-19/0853t [[wikt:譬|譬]] phjieH
* 08-19/0853u [[wikt:避|避]] bjieH
* 08-19/0853v [[wikt:嬖|嬖]] pejH
* 08-19/0853x [[wikt:薜|薜]] bejH

==0854==
* 08-01/0854a [[wikt:毄|毄]] khek
* 08-01/0854b [[wikt:擊|擊]] kek
* 08-01/0854c [[wikt:轚|轚]] kejH
* 08-01/0854d [[wikt:繫|繫]] hejH, kejH

==0855==
* 08-02/0855a [[wikt:鬲|鬲]] keak, lek
* 08-02/0855d [[wikt:搹|搹]] keak
* 08-02/0855e [[wikt:膈|膈]] keak
* 08-02/0855f [[wikt:隔|隔]] keak
* 08-02/0855g [[wikt:翮|翮]] heak
* 08-02/0855h [[wikt:鷊|鷊]] ngek

==0856==
* 08-10/0856a [[wikt:狄|狄]] dek
* 08-10/0856d [[wikt:荻|荻]] dek
* 08-10/0856e [[wikt:悐|悐]] thek
* 08-10/0856f [[wikt:逖|逖]] thek

==0857==
* 08-18/0857a [[wikt:析|析]] sek
* 08-18/0857c [[wikt:晳|晳]] sek
* 08-18/0857d [[wikt:皙|皙]] sek
* 08-18/0857e [[wikt:淅|淅]] sek

==0858==
* 08-13/0858a [[wikt:秝|秝]] lek
* 08-13/0858c [[wikt:厤|厤]] lek
* 08-13/0858e [[wikt:歷|歷]] lek
* 08-13/0858h [[wikt:曆|曆]] lek
* 08-13/0858i [[wikt:磿|磿]] lek

==0859==
* 08-21/0859a [[wikt:鼏|鼏]] mek

==0860==
* 08-06/0860a [[wikt:狊|狊]] kwek
* 08-06/0860b [[wikt:鶪|鶪]] kwek
* 08-06/0860c [[wikt:鵙|鵙]] kwek
* 08-06/0860d [[wikt:闃|闃]] khwek

==0861==
* 07-07/0861a [[wikt:解|解]] heaX, keaH, keaX
* 07-07/0861b [[wikt:懈|懈]] keaH
* 07-07/0861c [[wikt:繲|繲]] keaH
* 07-07/0861d [[wikt:蟹|蟹]] heaX
* 07-07/0861e [[wikt:邂|邂]] heaH

==0862==
* 07-04/0862a [[wikt:企|企]] khjieH, khjieX

==0863==
* 07-13/0863a [[wikt:知|知]] trje
* 07-13/0863b [[wikt:智|智]] trjeH
* 07-13/0863d [[wikt:蜘|蜘]] trje
* 07-13/0863e [[wikt:踟|踟]] drje
* 07-13/0863- [[wikt:痴|痴]] trhi

==0864==
* 07-03/0864a [[wikt:支|支]] tsye
* 07-03/0864b [[wikt:枝|枝]] tsye
* 07-03/0864c [[wikt:肢|肢]] tsye
* 07-03/0864d [[wikt:忮|忮]] tsyeH
* 07-03/0864e [[wikt:翅|翅]] syeH
* 07-03/0864f [[wikt:𢺵|𢺵]] khjieH
* 07-03/0864g [[wikt:跂|跂]] gjie
* 07-03/0864h [[wikt:岐|岐]] gje, gjie
* 07-03/0864i [[wikt:歧|歧]] gjie
* 07-03/0864j [[wikt:伎|伎]] gjeX, gjie
* 07-03/0864k [[wikt:技|技]] gjeX
* 07-03/0864l [[wikt:芰|芰]] gjeH
* 07-03/0864m [[wikt:頍|頍]] khjwieX

==0865==
* 07-05/0865a [[wikt:只|只]] tsyeX
* 07-05/0865b [[wikt:胑|胑]] tsye
* 07-05/0865c [[wikt:軹|軹]] tsyeX
* 07-05/0865d [[wikt:咫|咫]] tsyeX
* 07-05/0865e [[wikt:枳|枳]] kjieX, tsyeX

==0866==
* 07-14/0866a [[wikt:是|是]] dzyeX
* 07-14/0866d [[wikt:諟|諟]] dzyeX
* 07-14/0866e [[wikt:禔|禔]] dej, dzye, tsye
* 07-14/0866f [[wikt:翨|翨]] kjieH, syeH
* 07-14/0866g [[wikt:隄|隄]] tej
* 07-14/0866h [[wikt:鞮|鞮]] dej, tej, tejX
* 07-14/0866i [[wikt:醍|醍]] thejX
* 07-14/0866j [[wikt:緹|緹]] dej, thegX
* 07-14/0866k [[wikt:堤|堤]] dej
* 07-14/0866l [[wikt:媞|媞]] dej
* 07-14/0866m [[wikt:偍|偍]] dej
* 07-14/0866n [[wikt:提|提]] dej, dzye, tejX
* 07-14/0866o [[wikt:蝭|蝭]] dej
* 07-14/0866p [[wikt:題|題]] dej, dejH
* 07-14/0866q [[wikt:踶|踶]] dejH, drjeX
* 07-14/0866r [[wikt:鯷|鯷]] dej, dejH, dzyeX
* 07-14/0866s [[wikt:寔|寔]] dzyik
* 07-14/0866t [[wikt:湜|湜]] dzyik

==0867==
*07-06/0867a [[wikt:氏|氏]] dzyeX
*07-06/0867d [[wikt:坁|坁]] tsyeX
*07-06/0867e [[wikt:扺|扺]] tsyeX
*07-06/0867f [[wikt:舐|舐]] zyeX
*07-06/0867g [[wikt:疧|疧]] gjie
*07-06/0867h [[wikt:疷|疷]] tejX
*07-06/0867i [[wikt:祇|祇]] gjie, tsye
*07-06/0867j [[wikt:軝|軝]] gjie
*07-06/0867- [[wikt:紙|紙]] tsyeX

==0868==
* 08-14/0868a [[wikt:朿|朿]] tshjeH
* 08-14/0868d [[wikt:刺|刺]] tshjeH, tshjek
* 08-14/0868e [[wikt:茦|茦]] tshjeH
* 08-14/0868f [[wikt:𧧒|𧧒]] tshjeH
* 08-14/0868h [[wikt:𨒪|𨒪]] tsjek
* 08-14/0868j [[wikt:𧻕|𧻕]] tshjek
* 08-14/0868l [[wikt:策|策]] tsrheak
* 08-14/0868m [[wikt:責|責]] tsreaH, tsreak
* 08-14/0868o [[wikt:嘖|嘖]] dzreak
* 08-14/0868p [[wikt:幘|幘]] tsreak, tsrheak
* 08-14/0868q [[wikt:簀|簀]] tsreak
* 08-14/0868r [[wikt:皟|皟]] tsrheak
* 08-14/0868s [[wikt:賾|賾]] dzreak
* 08-14/0868t [[wikt:積|積]] tsjeH, tsjek
* 08-14/0868u [[wikt:蹟|蹟]] tsjek
* 08-14/0868v [[wikt:績|績]] tsek
* 08-14/0868x [[wikt:漬|漬]] dzjeH

==0869==
* 07-26/0869a [[wikt:斯|斯]] sje, sjeH
* 07-26/0869c [[wikt:凘|凘]] sje
* 07-26/0869d [[wikt:廝|廝]] sje
* 07-26/0869e [[wikt:嘶|嘶]] sej
* 07-26/0869f [[wikt:撕|撕]] sej
* 07-26/0869- [[wikt:蟖|蟖]]
* 07-26/0869- [[wikt:簛|簛]]

==0870==
* 07-27/0870a [[wikt:虒|虒]] sje
* 07-27/0870b [[wikt:褫|褫]] drje, drjeX, trhjeX
* 07-27/0870c [[wikt:篪|篪]] drje
* 07-27/0870d [[wikt:嗁|嗁]] dej
* 07-27/0870e [[wikt:遞|遞]] dejH, dejX

==0871==
* 07-28/0871a [[wikt:徙|徙]] sjeX
* 07-28/0871b [[wikt:𢓊|𢓊]] sjeX
* 07-28/0871f [[wikt:蓰|蓰]] sjeX
* 07-28/0871g [[wikt:屣|屣]] srjeX
* 07-28/0871h [[wikt:縰|縰]] srjeX

==0872==
* 07-24/0872a [[wikt:詈|詈]] ljeH

==0873==
* 07-11/0873a [[wikt:兒|兒]] nye
* 07-11/0873e [[wikt:唲|唲]] nye
* 07-11/0873f [[wikt:倪|倪]] ngej
* 07-11/0873g [[wikt:掜|掜]] ngejH, ngejX
* 07-11/0873h [[wikt:睨|睨]] ngejH, ngejX
* 07-11/0873i [[wikt:輗|輗]] ngej
* 07-11/0873j [[wikt:郳|郳]] ngej
* 07-11/0873l [[wikt:鯢|鯢]] ngej
* 07-11/0873m [[wikt:霓|霓]] ngej
* 07-11/0873n [[wikt:蜺|蜺]] ngej, nget
* 07-11/0873o [[wikt:麑|麑]] mej, mjie, ngej
* 07-11/0873p [[wikt:鶂|鶂]] ngek
* 07-11/0873q [[wikt:鬩|鬩]] xek
* 07-11/0873- [[wikt:猊|猊]]

==0874==
* 07-29/0874a [[wikt:卑|卑]] pjie
* 07-29/0874c [[wikt:俾|俾]] pjieX
* 07-29/0874d [[wikt:碑|碑]] pje
* 07-29/0874e [[wikt:裨|裨]] bjie, pjie, pjie
* 07-29/0874f [[wikt:髀|髀]] bejX, pjieX
* 07-29/0874g [[wikt:綼|綼]] bek, bjie, bjiek, bjit
* 07-29/0874h [[wikt:脾|脾]] bjie
* 07-29/0874i [[wikt:陴|陴]] bjie
* 07-29/0874k [[wikt:埤|埤]] bjie, bjieX
* 07-29/0874l [[wikt:婢|婢]] bjieX
* 07-29/0874m [[wikt:庳|庳]] bjieX
* 07-29/0874n [[wikt:䫌|䫌]] phejX
* 07-29/0874p [[wikt:鼙|鼙]] bej
* 07-29/0874q [[wikt:椑|椑]] bej
* 07-29/0874r [[wikt:捭|捭]] peaX
* 07-29/0874s [[wikt:稗|稗]] beaH
* 07-29/0874t [[wikt:粺|粺]] beaH
* 07-29/0874u [[wikt:蜱|蜱]] bea
* 07-29/0874v [[wikt:蠯|蠯]] beangX, bjie
* 07-29/0874x [[wikt:鞞|鞞]] pengX, pjieX

==0875==
* 07-10/0875a [[wikt:規|規]] kjwie
* 07-10/0875b [[wikt:瞡|瞡]] kjwie
* 07-10/0875c [[wikt:窺|窺]] khjwie
* 07-10/0875d [[wikt:闚|闚]] khjwie

==0876==
* 07-01/0876a [[wikt:系|系]] hejH
* 07-01/0876c [[wikt:係|係]] kejH
* 07-01/0876d [[wikt:奚|奚]] hej
* 07-01/0876g [[wikt:㜎|㜎]] hej
* 07-01/0876i [[wikt:徯|徯]] hejX
* 07-01/0876j [[wikt:謑|謑]] hej, hejX
* 07-01/0876k [[wikt:豀|豀]] hej
* 07-01/0876l [[wikt:蹊|蹊]] hej
* 07-01/0876m [[wikt:鼷|鼷]] hej
* 07-01/0876n [[wikt:雞|雞]] kej
* 07-01/0876p [[wikt:鷄|鷄]] kej
* 07-01/0876q [[wikt:溪|溪]] khej, khej

==0877==
* 07-12/0877a [[wikt:帝|帝]] tejH
* 07-12/0877e [[wikt:揥|揥]] tejH, thejH
* 07-12/0877f [[wikt:諦|諦]] tejH
* 07-12/0877g [[wikt:啼|啼]] dej
* 07-12/0877h [[wikt:蹄|蹄]] dej
* 07-12/0877i [[wikt:禘|禘]] dejH
* 07-12/0877j [[wikt:締|締]] dej, dejH
* 07-12/0877k [[wikt:啻|啻]] syeH
* 07-12/0877m [[wikt:嫡|嫡]] tek
* 07-12/0877n [[wikt:鏑|鏑]] tek
* 07-12/0877o [[wikt:蹢|蹢]] tek, drjek
* 07-12/0877p [[wikt:摘|摘]] thek, treak
* 07-12/0877q [[wikt:敵|敵]] dek
* 07-12/0877r [[wikt:謫|謫]] dreak, treak
* 07-12/0877s [[wikt:適|適]] syek, tsyek
* 07-12/0877t [[wikt:擿|擿]] drjek
* 07-12/0877u [[wikt:讁|讁]] dreak, treak
* 07-12/0877- [[wikt:滴|滴]] tek

==0878==
* 07-21/0878a [[wikt:麗|麗]] lejH
* 07-21/0878c [[wikt:儷|儷]] lejH
* 07-21/0878d [[wikt:攦|攦]] lejH
* 07-21/0878e [[wikt:欐|欐]] lejH
* 07-21/0878f [[wikt:驪|驪]] lej, lje
* 07-21/0878g [[wikt:纚|纚]] lje, sreaX, srjeX
* 07-21/0878h [[wikt:釃|釃]] srje, srjo
* 07-21/0878i [[wikt:灑|灑]] sreaH, sreaX
* 07-21/0878j [[wikt:躧|躧]] srjeX

==0879==
An -r series acc. to Baxter &amp; Sagart
* 07-08/0879a [[wikt:圭|圭]] kwej
* 07-08/0879c [[wikt:珪|珪]] kwej
* 07-08/0879d [[wikt:桂|桂]] kwejH
* 07-08/0879e [[wikt:閨|閨]] kwej
* 07-08/0879f [[wikt:窐|窐]] kwej, 'wae
* 07-08/0879g [[wikt:鮭|鮭]] hwae, kwej, hea
* 07-08/0879h [[wikt:刲|刲]] khwej
* 07-08/0879i [[wikt:奎|奎]] khwej
* 07-08/0879j [[wikt:畦|畦]] hwej
* 07-08/0879k [[wikt:洼|洼]] 'wej
* 07-08/0879l [[wikt:跬|跬]] khjwieX
* 07-08/0879m [[wikt:恚|恚]] 'jwieH
* 07-08/0879n [[wikt:佳|佳]] kea
* 07-08/0879o [[wikt:街|街]] kea
* 07-08/0879p [[wikt:厓|厓]] ngea, kweaH
* 07-08/0879q [[wikt:崖|崖]] ngea
* 07-08/0879r [[wikt:涯|涯]] ngea
* 07-08/0879s [[wikt:卦|卦]] kweaH
* 07-08/0879t [[wikt:挂|挂]] kweaH
* 07-08/0879u [[wikt:掛|掛]] kweaH
* 07-08/0879v [[wikt:絓|絓]] kweaH
* 07-08/0879x [[wikt:哇|哇]] hwea, hweaH
* 07-08/0879y [[wikt:鼃|鼃]] 'wae, 'wea, hwae, hwea
* 07-08/0879z [[wikt:蛙|蛙]] 'wea
* 07-08/0879a' [[wikt:睚|睚]] ngeaH
* 07-08/0879b' [[wikt:窪|窪]] 'wae

==0880==
* 07-09/0880a [[wikt:巂|巂]] hwej
* 07-09/0880b [[wikt:𢥘|𢥘]] hwej
* 07-09/0880c [[wikt:攜|攜]] hwej
* 07-09/0880d [[wikt:蠵|蠵]] hwej
* 07-09/0880e [[wikt:觿|觿]] hwej, xjwie
* 07-09/0880f [[wikt:鑴|鑴]] hwej, xjwie

==0881==
* 06-01/0881a [[wikt:亙|亙]] kongH
* 06-01/0881d [[wikt:恆|恆]] hong
* 06-01/0881f [[wikt:絚|絚]] kong
* 06-01/0881g [[wikt:緪|緪]] kongH
* 06-01/0881h [[wikt:𡍷|𡍷]] kongH

==0882==
* 06-02/0882a [[wikt:肎|肎]] khongX
* 06-02/0882b [[wikt:肯|肯]] khongX

==0883==
*06-09/0883a [[wikt:豋|豋]] tong
*06-09/0883e [[wikt:登|登]] tong
*06-09/0883i [[wikt:鐙|鐙]] tong
*06-09/0883j [[wikt:燈|燈]] tong
*06-09/0883k [[wikt:隥|隥]] tongH
*06-09/0883l [[wikt:鄧|鄧]] dongH
*06-09/0883m [[wikt:澄|澄]] dring
*06-09/0883n [[wikt:證|證]] tsyingH

==0884==
* 06-19/0884a [[wikt:曾|曾]] dzong, tsong
* 06-19/0884c [[wikt:增|增]] tsong
* 06-19/0884d [[wikt:憎|憎]] tsong
* 06-19/0884e [[wikt:橧|橧]] tsong
* 06-19/0884f [[wikt:罾|罾]] tsong
* 06-19/0884g [[wikt:矰|矰]] tsong
* 06-19/0884h [[wikt:繒|繒]] dzing, tsong
* 06-19/0884i [[wikt:層|層]] dzong
* 06-19/0884j [[wikt:贈|贈]] dzongH
* 06-19/0884k [[wikt:甑|甑]] tsingH
* 06-19/0884- [[wikt:僧|僧]] song

==0885==
* 06-18/0885a [[wikt:能|能]] noj, nong
* 06-18/0885f [[wikt:態|態]] thojH

==0886==
* 06-20/0886a [[wikt:朋|朋]] bong
* 06-20/0886f [[wikt:倗|倗]] bong
* 06-20/0886g [[wikt:傰|傰]] bong
* 06-20/0886j [[wikt:鵬|鵬]] bong
* 06-20/0886k [[wikt:堋|堋]] pongH
* 06-20/0886l [[wikt:塴|塴]] pongH
* 06-20/0886m [[wikt:崩|崩]] pong
* 06-20/0886n [[wikt:掤|掤]] ping
* 06-20/0886o [[wikt:繃|繃]] peang
* 06-20/0886- [[wikt:棚|棚]] bong

==0887==
A uvular series
* 06-05/0887a [[wikt:厶|厶]] kwong
* 06-05/0887b [[wikt:厷|厷]] kwong
* 06-05/0887f [[wikt:肱|肱]] kwong
* 06-05/0887g [[wikt:弘|弘]] hwong
* 06-05/0887h [[wikt:宏|宏]] hweang
* 06-05/0887i [[wikt:竑|竑]] hweang
* 06-05/0887j [[wikt:紘|紘]] hweang
* 06-05/0887k [[wikt:閎|閎]] hweang
* 06-05/0887l [[wikt:雄|雄]] hjuwng
* 06-05/0887m [[wikt:鞃|鞃]] khwong, kwong

==0888==
* 06-03/0888a [[wikt:兢|兢]] ging, king

==0889==
* 06-06/0889a [[wikt:興|興]] xing, xingH

==0890==
* 06-08/0890a [[wikt:䧹|䧹]] 'ing
* 06-08/0890c [[wikt:鷹|鷹]] 'ing
* 06-08/0890d [[wikt:應|應]] 'ing, 'ingH
* 06-08/0890e [[wikt:膺|膺]] 'ing

==0891==
* 06-11/0891a [[wikt:徵|徵]] dring, tring, triX
* 06-11/0891b [[wikt:懲|懲]] dring

==0892==
Schuessler (2009: 118) and Baxter &amp; Sagart (2014: 133) include 黽 ([[#1252]]d) in GSR [[#0892]].
* 06-24/0892a [[wikt:蠅|蠅]] ying
* 06-24/0892b [[wikt:繩|繩]] yingH, zying

==0893==
* 06-13/0893a [[wikt:灷|灷]] yingH
* 06-13/0893c [[wikt:㑞|㑞]] yingH
* 06-13/0893f [[wikt:朕|朕]] drimX, drinX
* 06-13/0893j [[wikt:栚|栚]] drimX
* 06-13/0893k [[wikt:媵|媵]] yingH
* 06-13/0893l [[wikt:賸|賸]] yingH
* 06-13/0893n [[wikt:塍|塍]] zying
* 06-13/0893p [[wikt:勝|勝]] sying, syingH
* 06-13/0893q [[wikt:滕|滕]] dong
* 06-13/0893t [[wikt:縢|縢]] dong
* 06-13/0893u [[wikt:螣|螣]] dok, dong
* 06-13/0893v [[wikt:騰|騰]] dong

==0894==
* 06-12/0894a [[wikt:爯|爯]] tsyhing
* 06-12/0894d [[wikt:偁|偁]] tsyhing
* 06-12/0894g [[wikt:稱|稱]] tsyhing
* 06-12/0894g [[wikt:稱|稱]] tsyhingH

==0895==
* 06-15/0895a [[wikt:乘|乘]] zying, zyingH

==0896==
* 06-10/0896a [[wikt:氶|氶]] dzying
* 06-10/0896c [[wikt:承|承]] dzying
* 06-10/0896d [[wikt:㞼|㞼]] dzying
* 06-10/0896g [[wikt:丞|丞]] dzying
* 06-10/0896h [[wikt:烝|烝]] tsying
* 06-10/0896i [[wikt:拯|拯]] tsyingX
* 06-10/0896j [[wikt:脀|脀]] tsying
* 06-10/0896k [[wikt:蒸|蒸]] tsying
* 06-10/0896- [[wikt:巹|巹]]

==0897==
* 06-16/0897a [[wikt:升|升]] sying
* 06-16/0897c [[wikt:昇|昇]] sying
* 06-16/0897d [[wikt:陞|陞]] sying
* 06-16/0897e [[wikt:抍|抍]] sying, tsyingX

==0898==
* 06-17/0898a [[wikt:夌|夌]] ling
* 06-17/0898c [[wikt:陵|陵]] ling
* 06-17/0898e [[wikt:淩|淩]] ling
* 06-17/0898f [[wikt:凌|凌]] ling
* 06-17/0898g [[wikt:菱|菱]] ling
* 06-17/0898h [[wikt:鯪|鯪]] ling
* 06-17/0898i [[wikt:蔆|蔆]] ling

==0899==
* 06-21/0899a [[wikt:冫|冫]] ping
* 06-21/0899b [[wikt:冰|冰]] ping
* 06-21/0899d [[wikt:馮|馮]] bjuwng
* 06-21/0899e [[wikt:憑|憑]] bing

==0900==
* 06-22/0900a [[wikt:凭|凭]] bing, bingH

==0901==
* 06-04/0901a [[wikt:弓|弓]] kjuwng
* 06-04/0901e [[wikt:穹|穹]] khjuwng

==0902==
* 06-23/0902a [[wikt:夢|夢]] mjuwngH, muwng
* 06-23/0902c [[wikt:㝱|㝱]] mjungH
* 06-23/0902d [[wikt:瞢|瞢]] mjuwng, mong
* 06-23/0902e [[wikt:甍|甍]] meang, xweang
* 06-23/0902f [[wikt:蘉|蘉]] mang
* 06-23/0902g [[wikt:薨|薨]] xwong

==0903==
*05-01/0903a [[wikt:克|克]] khok
*05-01/0903f [[wikt:尅|尅]] khok
*05-01/0903g [[wikt:剋|剋]] khok

==0904==
*05-38/0904a [[wikt:黑|黑]] xok
*05-38/0904c [[wikt:墨|墨]] mok
*05-38/0904d [[wikt:默|默]] mok
*05-38/0904e [[wikt:嘿|嘿]] mok
*05-38/0904f [[wikt:纆|纆]] mok

==0905==
*05-11/0905d [[wikt:得|得]] tok

==0906==
* 05-24/0906a [[wikt:則|則]] tsok
* 05-24/0906c [[wikt:側|側]] tsrik
* 05-24/0906e [[wikt:惻|惻]] tsrhik
* 05-24/0906f [[wikt:測|測]] tsrhik
* 05-24/0906g [[wikt:廁|廁]] tsrhiH

==0907==
* 05-23/0907a [[wikt:賊|賊]] dzok

==0908==
* 05-28/0908a [[wikt:塞|塞]] sojH, sok
* 05-28/0908b [[wikt:㥶|㥶]] sok

==0909==
* 05-32/0909a [[wikt:北|北]] pok
* 05-32/0909e [[wikt:背|背]] bwojH, pwojH
* 05-32/0909f [[wikt:偝|偝]] bwojH

==0910==
* 05-04/0910a [[wikt:亟|亟]] khiH, kik
* 05-04/0910c [[wikt:㥛|㥛]] kik
* 05-04/0910d [[wikt:殛|殛]] kik
* 05-04/0910e [[wikt:極|極]] gik

==0911==
* 05-05/0911a [[wikt:棘|棘]] kik
* 05-05/0911c [[wikt:襋|襋]] kik

==0912==
* 05-18/0912a [[wikt:翊|翊]]
* 05-18/0912b [[wikt:翌|翌]]

==0913==
* 05-20/0913a [[wikt:奭|奭]] xik
* 05-20/0913b [[wikt:襫|襫]] syek

==0914==
* 05-08/0914a [[wikt:衋|衋]] xik

==0915==
* 05-09/0915a [[wikt:抑|抑]] 'ik

==0916==
* 05-14/0916a [[wikt:陟|陟]] trik

==0917==
* 05-15/0917a [[wikt:敕|敕]] trhik
* 05-15/0917b [[wikt:勅|勅]] trhik

==0918==
* 05-16/0918a [[wikt:弋|弋]] yik
* 05-16/0918c [[wikt:㚤|㚤]] yik
* 05-16/0918e [[wikt:杙|杙]] yik
* 05-16/0918f [[wikt:式|式]] syik
* 05-16/0918g [[wikt:忒|忒]] thok
* 05-16/0918h [[wikt:貣|貣]] dok, thok
* 05-16/0918i [[wikt:代|代]] dojH
* 05-16/0918k [[wikt:拭|拭]] syik
* 05-16/0918l [[wikt:軾|軾]] syik
* 05-16/0918m [[wikt:侙|侙]] trhik
* 05-16/0918n [[wikt:試|試]] syiH
* 05-16/0918o [[wikt:弒|弒]] syiH
* 05-16/0918p [[wikt:貸|貸]] thojH
* 05-16/0918q [[wikt:岱|岱]] dojH
* 05-16/0918r [[wikt:黛|黛]] dojH
* 05-16/0918s [[wikt:蟘|蟘]] dok
* 05-16/0918- [[wikt:袋|袋]] dojH

==0919==
* 05-12/0919a [[wikt:直|直]] driH, drik
* 05-12/0919b [[wikt:稙|稙]] trik
* 05-12/0919c [[wikt:埴|埴]] dzyik
* 05-12/0919d [[wikt:殖|殖]] dzyik
* 05-12/0919e [[wikt:植|植]] driH, dzyik
* 05-12/0919f [[wikt:犆|犆]] dok, drik
* 05-12/0919g [[wikt:置|置]] triH
* 05-12/0919h [[wikt:值|值]] driH
* 05-12/0919k [[wikt:德|德]] tok

==0920==
* 05-13/0920a [[wikt:戠|戠]] tsyik
* 05-13/0920e [[wikt:樴|樴]] dok, tsyik
* 05-13/0920f [[wikt:織|織]] tsyiH 'cloth n.', tsyik `weave n.'
* 05-13/0920g [[wikt:職|職]] tsyik
* 05-13/0920i [[wikt:膱|膱]] tsyik
* 05-13/0920j [[wikt:幟|幟]] syiH, syik, tsyhiH
* 05-13/0920k [[wikt:識|識]] syik
* 05-13/0920l [[wikt:熾|熾]] tsyhiH
* 05-13/0920- [[wikt:軄|軄]] tsyik (occurs as a variant for the lower fanqie speller 職 in a Dunhuang fragment ([http://idp.bl.uk/database/oo_scroll_h.a4d?uid=236471759;bst=1;recnum=59058;index=1;img=1 Pelliot Chinois 2017]) of the Qieyun)

==0921==
* 05-19/0921a [[wikt:食|食]] zijH, zyik
* 05-19/0921d [[wikt:蝕|蝕]] zyik
* 05-19/0921e [[wikt:飤|飤]] ziH
* 05-19/0921g [[wikt:飭|飭]] trhik
* 05-19/0921h [[wikt:飾|飾]] syik

==0922==
* 05-25/0922a [[wikt:畟|畟]] tsik, tsrhik
* 05-25/0922b [[wikt:稷|稷]] tsik
* 05-25/0922c [[wikt:謖|謖]] srjuwk

==0923==
Schuessler (2009: 302) combines [[#0399|0399]] and [[#0923|0923]].
* 05-26/0923a [[wikt:即|即]] tsik
* 05-26/0923b [[wikt:蝍|蝍]] tsik
* 29-30/0923c [[wikt:堲|堲]] tsit
* 05-26/0923d [[wikt:䳭|䳭]] tsik, tsjek

==0924==
*05-27/0924a [[wikt:夨|夨]] tsrik
*05-27/0924d [[wikt:仄|仄]] tsrik
*05-27/0924e [[wikt:𣅔|𣅔]] tsrik
*05-27/0924f [[wikt:昃|昃]] tsrik

==0925==
* 05-29/0925a [[wikt:息|息]] sik
* 05-29/0925b [[wikt:熄|熄]] sik

==0926==
* 05-30/0926a [[wikt:嗇|嗇]] srik
* 05-30/0926e [[wikt:穡|穡]] srik

==0927==
* 05-31/0927a [[wikt:色|色]] srik

==0928==
*05-21/0928a [[wikt:力|力]] lik
*05-21/0928c [[wikt:仂|仂]] lik, lok
*05-21/0928d [[wikt:扐|扐]] lok
*05-21/0928e [[wikt:阞|阞]] lok
*05-21/0928f [[wikt:勒|勒]] lok
*05-21/0928h [[wikt:泐|泐]] lok

==0929==
* 05-06/0929a [[wikt:或|或]] hwik, hwok
* 05-06/0929e [[wikt:域|域]] hwik
* 05-06/0929g [[wikt:棫|棫]] hwik
* 05-06/0929j [[wikt:罭|罭]] hwik
* 05-06/0929k [[wikt:閾|閾]] hwik, xwik
* 05-06/0929l [[wikt:淢|淢]] xwik
* 05-06/0929m [[wikt:窢|窢]] hwik, xwik
* 05-06/0929n [[wikt:緎|緎]] xwik
* 05-06/0929o [[wikt:國|國]] kwok
* 05-06/0929q [[wikt:惑|惑]] hwok
* 05-06/0929r [[wikt:蜮|蜮]] hwik, hwok
* 05-06/0929s [[wikt:膕|膕]] kweak
* 05-06/0929t [[wikt:蟈|蟈]] kweak
* 05-06/0929u [[wikt:馘|馘]] kweak
* 05-06/0929v [[wikt:聝|聝]] kweak
* 05-06/0929y [[wikt:彧|彧]] 'juwk

==0930==
Baxter &amp; Sagart (personal communication 12 April 2017) combine GSR [[#0410|0410]] and GSR [[#0930|0930]]. 
* 05-07/0930a [[wikt:洫|洫]] xwik
* 05-07/0930b [[wikt:侐|侐]] xwijH, xwik
* 05-07/0930c [[wikt:殈|殈]] xjwiek, xwek

==0931==
* 05-02/0931a [[wikt:革|革]] keak
* 05-02/0931c [[wikt:愅|愅]] keak

==0932==
Schuessler combines with GSR [[#0944|0944]].
* 05-22/0932a [[wikt:麥|麥]] meak

==0933==
* 05-33/0933a [[wikt:畐|畐]] bjuwk
* 05-33/0933d [[wikt:福|福]] pjuwk
* 05-33/0933i [[wikt:葍|葍]] pjuwk
* 05-33/0933j [[wikt:輻|輻]] pjuwk
* 05-33/0933k [[wikt:幅|幅]] pik, pjuwk
* 05-33/0933l [[wikt:楅|楅]] pik, pjuwk
* 05-33/0933m [[wikt:匐|匐]] bjuwk, bok
* 05-33/0933n [[wikt:偪|偪]] pik, pjuwk
* 05-33/0933o [[wikt:湢|湢]] pik
* 05-33/0933p [[wikt:逼|逼]] pik
* 05-33/0933q [[wikt:疈|疈]] peak
* 05-33/0933r [[wikt:富|富]] pjuwH
* 05-33/0933s [[wikt:副|副]] phik, phjuwH
* 05-33/0933- [[wikt:蔔|蔔]]
* 05-33/0933- [[wikt:堛|堛]]
* 05-33/0933- [[wikt:愊|愊]]
* 05-33/0933- [[wikt:踾|踾]]
* 05-33/0933- [[wikt:揊|揊]]
* 05-33/0933- [[wikt:稫|稫]]
* 05-33/0933- [[wikt:腷|腷]]
* 05-33/0933- [[wikt:鶝|鶝]]
* 05-33/0933- [[wikt:福|福]]
* 05-33/0933- [[wikt:幅|幅]]
* 05-33/0933- [[wikt:蝠|蝠]]
* 05-33/0933- [[wikt:偪|偪]]

==0934==
Baxter &amp; Sagart (personal communication 12 April 2017) combine GSR [[#0934|0934]] and GSR [[#1058|1058]].
* 05-35/0934a [[wikt:𠬝|𠬝]] bjuwk
* 05-35/0934d [[wikt:服|服]] bjuwk, bjuwX
* 05-35/0934g [[wikt:箙|箙]] bjuwk

==0935==
* 05-36/0935a [[wikt:伏|伏]] bjuwH, bjuwk

==0936==
* 04-01/0936a [[wikt:改|改]] kojX

==0937==
* 04-02/0937a [[wikt:亥|亥]] hojX
* 04-02/0937g [[wikt:咳|咳]] hoj, khojH
* 04-02/0937h [[wikt:孩|孩]] hoj
* 04-02/0937i [[wikt:㤥|㤥]] hojH
* 04-02/0937j [[wikt:侅|侅]] koj, ngojH
* 04-02/0937k [[wikt:垓|垓]] koj
* 04-02/0937l [[wikt:姟|姟]] koj
* 04-02/0937m [[wikt:晐|晐]] koj
* 04-02/0937n [[wikt:絯|絯]] heajX, koj
* 04-02/0937o [[wikt:胲|胲]] koj
* 04-02/0937p [[wikt:該|該]] koj
* 04-02/0937q [[wikt:賅|賅]] koj
* 04-02/0937r [[wikt:陔|陔]] koj
* 04-02/0937s [[wikt:欬|欬]] khojH
* 04-02/0937t [[wikt:硋|硋]] ngojH
* 04-02/0937u [[wikt:閡|閡]] ngojH
* 04-02/0937v [[wikt:刻|刻]] khok
* 04-02/0937x [[wikt:劾|劾]] hojH, hok
* 04-02/0937y [[wikt:駭|駭]] heajX
* 04-02/0937z [[wikt:骸|骸]] heaj
* 04-02/0937a' [[wikt:核|核]] heak

==0938==
* 04-30/0938a [[wikt:唉|唉]] 'oj
* 04-30/0938b [[wikt:埃|埃]] 'oj
* 04-30/0938c [[wikt:挨|挨]] 'eajX, 'ojX
* 04-30/0938d [[wikt:欸|欸]] 'oj
* 04-30/0938e [[wikt:娭|娭]] xi
* 04-30/0938f [[wikt:誒|誒]] xi

==0939==
* 04-25/0939a [[wikt:臺|臺]] doj

==0940==
* 04-42/0940a [[wikt:災|災]] tsoj
* 04-42/0940d [[wikt:灾|灾]] tsoj

==0941==
* 04-43/0941a [[wikt:再|再]] tsojH

==0942==
* 04-44/0942a [[wikt:采|采]] tshojX
* 04-44/0942a [[wikt:彩|彩]] tshojX
* 04-44/0942d [[wikt:採|採]] tshojX
* 04-44/0942e [[wikt:菜|菜]] tshojH

==0943==
* 04-45/0943a [[wikt:才|才]] dzoj
* 04-45/0943g [[wikt:材|材]] dzoj
* 04-45/0943h [[wikt:財|財]] dzoj
* 04-45/0943i [[wikt:在|在]] dzojX
* 04-45/0943l [[wikt:𢦒|𢦒]] tsoj
* 04-45/0943o [[wikt:𢦏|𢦏]] tsoj
* 04-45/0943r [[wikt:鼒|鼒]] tsi
* 04-45/0943s [[wikt:䊷|䊷]] tsri
* 04-45/0943t [[wikt:豺|豺]] dzreaj
* 04-45/0943v [[wikt:哉|哉]] tsoj
* 04-45/0943y [[wikt:栽|栽]] dzojH, tsoj
* 04-45/0943z [[wikt:烖|烖]] tsoj
* 04-45/0943a' [[wikt:載|載]] dzojH, tsojH, tsojX
* 04-45/0943c' [[wikt:裁|裁]] dzoj
* 04-45/0943d' [[wikt:胾|胾]] tsriH
* 04-45/0943e' [[wikt:戴|戴]] tojH

==0944==
Schuessler combines with [[#0932|0932]].
* 05-22/0944a [[wikt:來|來]] loj
* 05-22/0944f [[wikt:徠|徠]] loj
* 05-22/0944g [[wikt:逨|逨]] loj
* 05-22/0944i [[wikt:勑|勑]] lojH
* 05-22/0944j [[wikt:萊|萊]] loj, lojH
* 05-22/0944k [[wikt:賚|賚]] lojH
* 05-22/0944m [[wikt:騋|騋]] loj

==0945==
Schuessler divides this into two series.
* 04-38/0945a [[wikt:乃|乃]] nojX
* 04-38/0945d [[wikt:鼐|鼐]] nojX
* 04-38/0945e [[wikt:仍|仍]] nying
* 04-38/0945f [[wikt:扔|扔]] nying
* 04-38/0945g [[wikt:艿|艿]] nying
* 04-38/0945h [[wikt:芿|芿]] nying
* 06-14/0945j [[wikt:孕|孕]] yingH

==0946==
Baxter &amp; Sagart combine with [[#0594|0594]], Schuessler hesitatingly assents.
* 04-39/0946a [[wikt:迺|迺]] nojX
* 04-39/0946- [[wikt:廼|廼]] nojX

==0947==
* 04-64/0947a [[wikt:母|母]] muwX
* 04-64/0947f [[wikt:姆|姆]] muwX
* 04-64/0947g [[wikt:拇|拇]] muwX
* 04-64/0947h [[wikt:坶|坶]] mjuwk
* 04-64/0947i [[wikt:每|每]] mwoj, mwojH, mwojX
* 04-64/0947l [[wikt:梅|梅]] mwoj
* 04-64/0947m [[wikt:脢|脢]] mwoj, mwojH
* 04-64/0947n [[wikt:鋂|鋂]] mwoj
* 04-64/0947o [[wikt:畮|畮]] muwX
* 04-64/0947q [[wikt:痗|痗]] mwojH, xwojH
* 04-64/0947r [[wikt:𠧩|𠧩]] xwojH
* 04-64/0947s [[wikt:悔|悔]] xwojH, xwojX
* 04-64/0947t [[wikt:晦|晦]] xwojH
* 04-64/0947u [[wikt:誨|誨]] xwojH
* 04-64/0947x [[wikt:海|海]] xojX

==0948==
* 04-65/0948a [[wikt:某|某]] muwX
* 04-65/0948c [[wikt:媒|媒]] mwoj
* 04-65/0948d [[wikt:煤|煤]] mwoj
* 04-65/0948e [[wikt:禖|禖]] mwoj
* 04-65/0948f [[wikt:謀|謀]] mjuw

==0949==
* 04-66/0949a [[wikt:畝|畝]] muwX

==0950==
* 04-20/0950a [[wikt:灰|灰]] xwoj
* 04-20/0950b [[wikt:恢|恢]] khwoj
* 04-20/0950c [[wikt:脄|脄]] mwoj, mwojH

==0951==
* 04-56/0951a [[wikt:佩|佩]] bwojH
* 04-56/0951c [[wikt:珮|珮]] bwojH

==0952==
* 04-04/0952a [[wikt:其|其]] gi, ki, kiH
* 04-04/0952f [[wikt:箕|箕]] ki
* 04-04/0952g [[wikt:基|基]] ki
* 04-04/0952j [[wikt:朞|朞]] ki
* 04-04/0952k [[wikt:期|期]] gi
* 04-04/0952l [[wikt:稘|稘]] ki
* 04-04/0952m [[wikt:萁|萁]] gi, ki
* 04-04/0952n [[wikt:諆|諆]] khi, ki
* 04-04/0952p [[wikt:倛|倛]] khi
* 04-04/0952q [[wikt:欺|欺]] khi
* 04-04/0952r [[wikt:𣇳|𣇳]] gi
* 04-04/0952t [[wikt:棊|棊]] gi
* 04-04/0952u [[wikt:棋|棋]] gi
* 04-04/0952v [[wikt:旗|旗]] gi
* 04-04/0952x [[wikt:琪|琪]] gi
* 04-04/0952y [[wikt:祺|祺]] gi
* 04-04/0952z [[wikt:綦|綦]] gi, giH
* 04-04/0952a' [[wikt:騏|騏]] gi
* 04-04/0952b' [[wikt:麒|麒]] gi
* 04-04/0952c' [[wikt:惎|惎]] giH
* 04-04/0952d' [[wikt:諅|諅]] giH
* 04-04/0952e' [[wikt:璂|璂]] gi
* 04-04/0952f' [[wikt:僛|僛]] khi

==0953==
* 04-05/0953a [[wikt:己|己]] kiX
* 04-05/0953f [[wikt:妀|妀]] kiX
* 04-05/0953i [[wikt:紀|紀]] kiX
* 04-05/0953j [[wikt:記|記]] kiH
* 04-05/0953k [[wikt:屺|屺]] khiX
* 04-05/0953l [[wikt:杞|杞]] khiX
* 04-05/0953q [[wikt:芑|芑]] khiX
* 04-05/0953r [[wikt:起|起]] khiX
* 04-05/0953s [[wikt:忌|忌]] giH, kiH
* 04-05/0953u [[wikt:誋|誋]] giH
* 04-05/0953x [[wikt:跽|跽]] giX
* 04-05/0953y [[wikt:㠱|㠱]] giX

==0954==
* 05-17/0954a [[wikt:異|異]] yiH
* 05-17/0954d [[wikt:翼|翼]] yik
* 05-17/0954e [[wikt:廙|廙]] yiH, yik
* 05-17/0954g [[wikt:趩|趩]] trhik
* 05-17/0954i [[wikt:瀷|瀷]] yik

==0955==
* 04-21/0955a [[wikt:喜|喜]] xiX
* 04-21/0955d [[wikt:憘|憘]] xiX
* 04-21/0955e [[wikt:嘻|嘻]] xi
* 04-21/0955f [[wikt:譆|譆]] xi
* 04-21/0955g [[wikt:嬉|嬉]] xi
* 04-21/0955i [[wikt:暿|暿]] xi
* 04-21/0955j [[wikt:熺|熺]] xi
* 04-21/0955k [[wikt:熹|熹]] xi
* 04-21/0955l [[wikt:糦|糦]] tsyhiH
* 04-21/0955m [[wikt:饎|饎]] tsyhiH

==0956==
* 04-23/0956a [[wikt:疑|疑]] ngi, ngik
* 04-23/0956b [[wikt:儗|儗]] ngiX
* 04-23/0956c [[wikt:嶷|嶷]] ngi
* 04-23/0956d [[wikt:擬|擬]] ngiX
* 04-23/0956e [[wikt:薿|薿]] ngik, ngiX
* 04-23/0956f [[wikt:觺|觺]] ngi, ngik
* 04-23/0956g [[wikt:礙|礙]] ngojH
* 04-23/0956h [[wikt:凝|凝]] nging

==0957==
* 05-10/0957a [[wikt:意|意]] 'iH
* 05-10/0957b [[wikt:噫|噫]] 'eajH, 'i
* 05-10/0957c [[wikt:鷾|鷾]] 'iH
* 05-10/0957d [[wikt:醷|醷]] 'ik, 'iX
* 05-10/0957e [[wikt:億|億]] 'ik
* 05-10/0957f [[wikt:憶|憶]] 'ik
* 05-10/0957g [[wikt:檍|檍]] 'ik
* 05-10/0957h [[wikt:繶|繶]] 'ik
* 05-10/0957i [[wikt:臆|臆]] 'ik

==0958==
* 04-22/0958a [[wikt:醫|醫]] 'i

==0959==
Schuessler (2009: 100-101) unites [[#0959|0959]] and [[#0981|0981]].
* 04-40/0959a [[wikt:恥|恥]] trhiX

==0960==
* 04-34/0960c [[wikt:頤|頤]] yi
* 04-34/0960d [[wikt:巸|巸]] yi
* 04-34/0960f [[wikt:姬|姬]] ki
* 04-34/0960i [[wikt:茝|茝]] tsyhiX, tsyiX
* 04-34/0960j [[wikt:熙|熙]] xi
* 04-34/0960k [[wikt:𩟄|𩟄]] tsyhiH

==0961==
Schuessler (2009: 98) places 0961l [[wikt:齒|齒]] tsyhiX in its own series (04-29) noting that the phonetic 止 is a later addition.
* 04-26/0961a [[wikt:止|止]] tsyiX
* 04-26/0961g [[wikt:趾|趾]] tsyiX
* 04-26/0961h [[wikt:沚|沚]] tsyiX
* 04-26/0961j [[wikt:芷|芷]] tsyiX
* 04-26/0961k [[wikt:祉|祉]] trhiX
* 04-29/0961l [[wikt:齒|齒]] tsyhiX
* 04-26/0961m [[wikt:寺|寺]] ziH
* 04-26/0961p [[wikt:持|持]] dri
* 04-26/0961q [[wikt:峙|峙]] driX
* 04-26/0961r [[wikt:畤|畤]] driX
* 04-26/0961s [[wikt:庤|庤]] driX
* 04-26/0961t [[wikt:痔|痔]] driX
* 04-26/0961u [[wikt:跱|跱]] driX
* 04-26/0961v [[wikt:洔|洔]] tsyiX
* 04-26/0961x [[wikt:侍|侍]] dzyiH
* 04-26/0961y [[wikt:恃|恃]] dzyiX
* 04-26/0961z [[wikt:時|時]] dzyi
* 04-26/0961b' [[wikt:旹|旹]] dzyi
* 04-26/0961d' [[wikt:詩|詩]] syi
* 04-26/0961e' [[wikt:邿|邿]] syi
* 04-26/0961g' [[wikt:待|待]] dojX
* 04-26/0961h' [[wikt:特|特]] dok
* 04-26/0961i' [[wikt:等|等]] tojX, tongX
* 04-26/0961j' [[wikt:塒|塒]] dzyi
* 04-26/0961k' [[wikt:偫|偫]] driX

==0962==
* 04-27/0962a [[wikt:之|之]] tsyi
* 04-27/0962c [[wikt:芝|芝]] tsyi
* 04-27/0962d [[wikt:蚩|蚩]] tsyhi
* 04-27/0962e [[wikt:志|志]] tsyiH
* 04-27/0962f [[wikt:誌|誌]] tsyiH

==0963==
* 04-28/0963a [[wikt:市|市]] dzyiX

==0964==
* 04-47/0964a [[wikt:子|子]] tsiX
* 04-47/0964d [[wikt:𢀇|𢀇]] tsiX
* 04-47/0964k [[wikt:仔|仔]] tsi, tsiX
* 04-47/0964l [[wikt:孜|孜]] tsi
* 04-47/0964m [[wikt:耔|耔]] tsiX
* 04-47/0964n [[wikt:字|字]] dziH

==0965==
* 04-48/0965a [[wikt:梓|梓]] tsiX
* 04-48/0965b [[wikt:宰|宰]] tsojX

==0966==
* 04-49/0966a [[wikt:玆|玆]] tsi
* 04-49/0966b [[wikt:茲|茲]] tsi
* 04-49/0966g [[wikt:嗞|嗞]] tsi
* 04-49/0966h [[wikt:滋|滋]] tsi
* 04-49/0966i [[wikt:鎡|鎡]] tsi
* 04-49/0966j [[wikt:慈|慈]] dzi
* 04-49/0966k [[wikt:孳|孳]] dziH

==0967==
* 04-32/0967a [[wikt:巳|巳]] ziX
* 04-32/0967d [[wikt:祀|祀]] ziX
* 04-32/0967i [[wikt:汜|汜]] ziX
* 04-32/0967k [[wikt:戺|戺]] dzriX

==0968==
* 04-33/0968a [[wikt:辭|辭]] zi, ziH

==0969==
* 04-50/0969a [[wikt:甾|甾]] tsri
* 04-50/0969c [[wikt:葘|葘]] tsri, tsriH
* 04-50/0969d [[wikt:菑|菑]] tsri
* 04-50/0969e [[wikt:緇|緇]] tsri
* 04-50/0969g [[wikt:輺|輺]] tsri
* 04-50/0969h [[wikt:輜|輜]] tsri
* 04-50/0969i [[wikt:鍿|鍿]] tsri
* 04-50/0969j [[wikt:錙|錙]] tsri

==0970==
* 04-51/0970a [[wikt:士|士]] dzriX
* 04-51/0970d [[wikt:仕|仕]] dzriX

==0971==
Schuessler combines with [[#0975|0975]].
* 04-52/0971a [[wikt:事|事]] dzriH
* 04-52/0971d [[wikt:剚|剚]] tsriH

==0972==
* 04-53/0972a [[wikt:司|司]] si
* 04-53/0972f [[wikt:伺|伺]] si, siH
* 04-53/0972g [[wikt:笥|笥]] siH
* 04-53/0972h [[wikt:祠|祠]] zi
* 04-53/0972j [[wikt:詞|詞]] zi
* 04-53/0972k [[wikt:嗣|嗣]] ziH

==0973==
* 04-54/0973a [[wikt:思|思]] si, siH, soj
* 04-54/0973b [[wikt:緦|緦]] si
* 04-54/0973c [[wikt:葸|葸]] siX
* 04-54/0973d [[wikt:諰|諰]] siX
* 04-54/0973e [[wikt:颸|颸]] tsrhi
* 04-54/0973f [[wikt:偲|偲]] si

==0974==
* 04-55/0974a [[wikt:絲|絲]] si

==0975==
Schuessler combines with [[#0971|0971]].
* 04-52/0975a [[wikt:史|史]] sriX
* 04-52/0975g [[wikt:吏|吏]] liH
* 04-52/0975k [[wikt:𣬔|𣬔]] sriH
* 04-52/0975n [[wikt:使|使]] sriH, sriX

==0976==
* 04-30/0976a [[wikt:㠯|㠯]] yiX
* 04-30/0976b [[wikt:以|以]] yiX
* 04-30/0976f [[wikt:苢|苢]] yiX
* 04-30/0976g [[wikt:苡|苡]] yiX
* 04-30/0976h [[wikt:似|似]] ziX
* 04-30/0976i [[wikt:姒|姒]] ziX
* 04-30/0976k [[wikt:耜|耜]] ziX
* 04-30/0976l [[wikt:矣|矣]] hiX
* 04-30/0976m [[wikt:俟|俟]] dzriX, zriX
* 04-30/0976n [[wikt:竢|竢]] dzriX
* 04-30/0976o [[wikt:涘|涘]] dzriX
* 04-30/0976p [[wikt:台|台]] thoj, yi
* 04-30/0976t [[wikt:佁|佁]] trhiH, yiX
* 04-30/0976u [[wikt:怡|怡]] yi
* 04-30/0976v [[wikt:詒|詒]] dojX, yi
* 04-30/0976x [[wikt:貽|貽]] yi
* 04-30/0976y [[wikt:飴|飴]] yi
* 04-30/0976z [[wikt:治|治]] dri, driH
* 04-30/0976a' [[wikt:眙|眙]] dringH, trhiH
* 04-30/0976b' [[wikt:笞|笞]] trhi
* 04-30/0976c' [[wikt:鈶|鈶]] ziX
* 04-30/0976d' [[wikt:枲|枲]] siX
* 04-30/0976e' [[wikt:始|始]] syiX
* 04-30/0976h' [[wikt:胎|胎]] thoj
* 04-30/0976i' [[wikt:炱|炱]] doj
* 04-30/0976j' [[wikt:駘|駘]] doj, dojX
* 04-30/0976k' [[wikt:怠|怠]] dojX
* 04-30/0976l' [[wikt:殆|殆]] dojX
* 04-30/0976m' [[wikt:紿|紿]] dojX
* 04-30/0976n' [[wikt:迨|迨]] dojX
* 04-30/0976o' [[wikt:𨽿|𨽿]] dojH
* 04-30/0976p' [[wikt:冶|冶]] yaeX
* 04-30/0976q' [[wikt:箈|箈]] dojX

==0977==
* 04-31/0977a [[wikt:已|已]] yiX
* 04-31/0977b [[wikt:异|异]] yiH

==0978==
* 04-35/0978a [[wikt:里|里]] liX
* 04-35/0978c [[wikt:梩|梩]] li
* 04-35/0978d [[wikt:理|理]] liX
* 04-35/0978e [[wikt:裏|裏]] liX
* 04-35/0978h [[wikt:貍|貍]] li
* 04-35/0978i [[wikt:狸|狸]] li
* 04-35/0978j [[wikt:鯉|鯉]] liX
* 04-35/0978l [[wikt:埋|埋]] meaj
* 04-35/0978n [[wikt:霾|霾]] meaj

==0979==
* 04-36/0979c [[wikt:𠭰|𠭰]] li
* 04-36/0979f [[wikt:嫠|嫠]] li
* 04-36/0979g [[wikt:孷|孷]] li
* 04-36/0979i [[wikt:氂|氂]] li
* 04-36/0979j [[wikt:犛|犛]] maew, li, loj
* 04-36/0979k [[wikt:斄|斄]] li
* 04-36/0979l [[wikt:釐|釐]] li

==0980==
* 04-37/0980a [[wikt:李|李]] liX

==0981==
Schuessler (2009: 100-101) unites [[#0959|0959]] and [[#0981|0981]].
* 04-40/0981a [[wikt:耳|耳]] nyiX
* 04-40/0981c [[wikt:刵|刵]] nyiH
* 04-40/0981d [[wikt:珥|珥]] nyiH
* 04-40/0981e [[wikt:衈|衈]] nyiH
* 04-40/0981f [[wikt:佴|佴]] nyiH
* 04-40/0981g [[wikt:咡|咡]] nyi, nyiX
* 04-40/0981h [[wikt:餌|餌]] nyiH
* 04-40/0981i [[wikt:眲|眲]] nreak, nyiH

==0982==
* 04-41/0982a [[wikt:而|而]] nyi
* 04-41/0982c [[wikt:栭|栭]] nyi
* 04-41/0982d [[wikt:聏|聏]] nyi
* 04-41/0982e [[wikt:胹|胹]] nyi
* 04-41/0982f [[wikt:鴯|鴯]] nyi
* 04-41/0982g [[wikt:鮞|鮞]] nyi, nyuwk
* 04-41/0982h [[wikt:耐|耐]] nojH
* 04-41/0982i [[wikt:𨼏|𨼏]] nuwX, nying
* 04-41/0982j [[wikt:陾|陾]] nying

==0983==
* 04-57/0983a [[wikt:啚|啚]] pijX
* 04-57/0983e [[wikt:鄙|鄙]] pijX

==0984==
* 05-34/0984d [[wikt:備|備]] bijH
* 05-34/0984g [[wikt:犕|犕]] bijH
* 05-34/0984h [[wikt:憊|憊]] beajH

==0985==
* 04-06/0985a [[wikt:龜|龜]] kjuw, kwij

==0986==
* 04-07/0986a [[wikt:簋|簋]] kwijX

==0987==
* 04-08/0987a [[wikt:𣪘|𣪘]] kwijX
* 04-08/0987e [[wikt:匓|匓]] kjuwH
* 04-08/0987g [[wikt:廄|廄]] kjuwH

==0988==
* 04-09/0988a [[wikt:頯|頯]] gwij, khwijX
* 04-09/0988b [[wikt:頮|頮]] xwojH

==0989==
* 04-10/0989a [[wikt:逵|逵]] gwij

==0990==
* 04-03/0990a [[wikt:戒|戒]] keajH
* 04-03/0990c [[wikt:誡|誡]] keajH
* 04-03/0990d [[wikt:械|械]] heajH
* 04-03/0990e [[wikt:駴|駴]] heajH
* 04-03/0990f [[wikt:裓|裓]] koj, kok

==0991==
* 04-11/0991a [[wikt:怪|怪]] kweajH

==0992==
Baxter &amp; Sagart (2014: 155) combine GSR[[#0992]] and GSR[[#1073]].
* 04-12/0992a [[wikt:九|九]] kjuwX
* 04-12/0992e [[wikt:頄|頄]] gjuw
* 04-12/0992f [[wikt:宄|宄]] kwijX
* 04-12/0992j [[wikt:氿|氿]] kwijX
* 04-12/0992k [[wikt:軌|軌]] kwijX
* 04-12/0992l [[wikt:匭|匭]] kwijX
* 04-12/0992m [[wikt:馗|馗]] gwij
* 04-12/0992n [[wikt:鳩|鳩]] kjuw
* 04-12/0992o [[wikt:究|究]] kjuwH
* 04-12/0992p [[wikt:仇|仇]] gjuw
* 04-12/0992q [[wikt:厹|厹]] gjuw
* 04-12/0992r [[wikt:叴|叴]] gjuw
* 04-12/0992s [[wikt:艽|艽]] gjuw
* 04-12/0992t [[wikt:鼽|鼽]] gjuw
* 04-12/0992u [[wikt:尻|尻]] khaw
* 04-12/0992v [[wikt:虓|虓]] xaew
* 04-12/0992x [[wikt:旭|旭]] xjowk

==0993==
* 04-13/0993a [[wikt:久|久]] kjuwk
* 04-13/0993b [[wikt:灸|灸]] kjuwH, kjuwX
* 04-13/0993c [[wikt:玖|玖]] kjuwX
* 04-13/0993d [[wikt:疚|疚]] kjuwH
* 04-13/0993e [[wikt:㝌|㝌]] kjuwH
* 04-13/0993f [[wikt:羑|羑]] yuwX
* 04-13/0993g [[wikt:柩|柩]] gjuwH

==0994==
* 04-14/0994a [[wikt:丘|丘]] khjuw
* 04-14/0994d [[wikt:蚯|蚯]] khjuw

==0995==
* 04-17/0995a [[wikt:又|又]] hjuwH
* 04-17/0995e [[wikt:友|友]] hjuwX
* 04-17/0995i [[wikt:右|右]] hjuwH, hjuwX
* 04-17/0995k [[wikt:佑|佑]] hjuwH
* 04-17/0995l [[wikt:祐|祐]] hjuwH, hjuwX
* 04-17/0995n [[wikt:醢|醢]] xojX
* 04-17/0995o [[wikt:有|有]] hjuwX
* 04-17/0995q [[wikt:侑|侑]] hjuwH
* 04-17/0995r [[wikt:宥|宥]] hjuwH
* 04-17/0995u [[wikt:囿|囿]] hjuwH, hjuwk
* 04-17/0995x [[wikt:痏|痏]] hwijX
* 04-17/0995y [[wikt:鮪|鮪]] hwijX
* 04-17/0995z [[wikt:賄|賄]] xwojX
* 04-17/0995a' [[wikt:郁|郁]] 'juwk
* 04-17/0995- [[wikt:洧|洧]] hwijX

==0996==
* 04-18/0996a [[wikt:尤|尤]] hjuw
* 04-18/0996d [[wikt:訧|訧]] hjuw
* 04-18/0996e [[wikt:疣|疣]] hjuw
* 04-18/0996f [[wikt:肬|肬]] hjuw

==0997==
* 04-19/0997a [[wikt:郵|郵]] hjuw

==0998==
* 04-24/0998a [[wikt:牛|牛]] ngjuw

==0999==
* 04-61/0999a [[wikt:不|不]] pjuw, pjuwX
* 04-61/0999e [[wikt:否|否]] bijX, pijX, pjuwX
* 04-61/0999g [[wikt:紑|紑]] phjuw, phjuwX
* 04-61/0999h [[wikt:罘|罘]] bjuw
* 04-61/0999i [[wikt:芣|芣]] bjuw
* 04-61/0999j [[wikt:抔|抔]] buw
* 04-61/0999k [[wikt:丕|丕]] phij
* 04-61/0999l [[wikt:伾|伾]] phij
* 04-61/0999m [[wikt:駓|駓]] phij
* 04-61/0999n [[wikt:秠|秠]] phij, phjuw
* 04-61/0999o [[wikt:杯|杯]] pwoj
* 04-61/0999p [[wikt:桮|桮]] pwoj
* 04-61/0999q [[wikt:阫|阫]] phwoj
* 04-61/0999s [[wikt:坏|坏]] bwoj
* 04-61/0999t [[wikt:㕻|㕻]] phuwH
* 04-61/0999u [[wikt:咅|咅]] phuwH
* 04-61/0999v [[wikt:剖|剖]] phuwX
* 04-61/0999x [[wikt:棓|棓]] buw, phuwX
* 04-61/0999y [[wikt:瓿|瓿]] buwX
* 04-61/0999z [[wikt:部|部]] buwX
* 04-61/0999a' [[wikt:培|培]] bwoj
* 04-61/0999b' [[wikt:陪|陪]] bwoj
* 04-61/0999c' [[wikt:倍|倍]] bwojX
* 04-61/0999d' [[wikt:掊|掊]] phuwX, puwX
* 04-61/0999e' [[wikt:踣|踣]] bok, phuwH
* 04-61/0999f' [[wikt:鞛|鞛]] puwngX
* 04-61/0999g' [[wikt:蔀|蔀]] buwX, phuwX

==1000==
* 04-62/1000a [[wikt:負|負]] bjuwX
* 04-62/1000b [[wikt:偩|偩]] bjuwX
* 04-62/1000c [[wikt:萯|萯]] bjuwX

==1001==
* 04-63/1001a [[wikt:婦|婦]] bjuwX

==1002==
* 15-03/1002a [[wikt:冬|冬]] towng
* 15-03/1002e [[wikt:終|終]] tsyuwng
* 15-03/1002f [[wikt:螽|螽]] tsyuwng

==1003==
* 15-13/1003a [[wikt:宗|宗]] tsowng
* 15-13/1003f [[wikt:綜|綜]] tsowngH
* 15-13/1003g [[wikt:琮|琮]] dzowng
* 15-13/1003h [[wikt:崇|崇]] dzrjuwng

==1004==
* 15-12/1004a [[wikt:宋|宋]] sowngH

==1005==
* 15-09/1005a [[wikt:農|農]] nowng
* 15-09/1005b [[wikt:辳|辳]] nowng
* 15-09/1005g [[wikt:噥|噥]] nowng
* 15-09/1005h [[wikt:膿|膿]] nowng
* 15-09/1005i [[wikt:濃|濃]] nrjowng, nuwng
* 15-09/1005j [[wikt:醲|醲]] nrjowng, nuwng
* 15-09/1005k [[wikt:穠|穠]] nrjowng, nyowng
* 15-09/1005l [[wikt:襛|襛]] nrjowng, nyowng
* 15-09/1005- [[wikt:𨑊|𨑊]] nrjowng
* 15-09/1005- [[wikt:齈|齈]] nuwngH

==1006==
* 15-01/1006a [[wikt:宮|宮]] kjuwng
* 15-01/1006e [[wikt:躳|躳]] kjuwng
* 15-01/1006f [[wikt:躬|躬]] kjuwng
* 15-01/1006g [[wikt:竆|竆]] gjuwng
* 15-01/1006h [[wikt:窮|窮]] gjuwng

==1007==
* 15-06/1007a [[wikt:中|中]] trjuwng, trjuwngH
* 15-06/1007f [[wikt:仲|仲]] drjuwngH
* 15-06/1007j [[wikt:衷|衷]] trjuwng
* 15-06/1007k [[wikt:忠|忠]] trjuwng
* 15-06/1007n [[wikt:忡|忡]] trhjuwng
* 15-06/1007o [[wikt:盅|盅]] drjuwng, trhjuwng
* 15-06/1007p [[wikt:沖|沖]] drjuwng

==1008==
* 15-08/1008a [[wikt:肜|肜]] yuwng
* 15-08/1008c [[wikt:彡|彡]] yuwng
* 15-08/1008e [[wikt:彤|彤]] downg

==1009==
* 27-20/1009a [[wikt:虫|虫]] drjuwng
* 15-07/1009a [[wikt:蟲|蟲]] drjuwng
* 15-07/1009d [[wikt:融|融]] yuwng
* 15-07/1009e [[wikt:赨|赨]] downg
* 15-07/1009f [[wikt:𢥞|𢥞]] downg

==1010==
* 15-04/1010a [[wikt:眾|眾]] tsyuwngH
* 15-04/1010e [[wikt:𧑄|𧑄]] tsyuwng
* 15-04/1010f [[wikt:潨|潨]] dzowng, dzuwng, tsyuwng

==1011==
* 15-05/1011a [[wikt:充|充]] tsyhuwng
* 15-05/1011b [[wikt:統|統]] thowngH

==1012==
* 15-11/1012a [[wikt:嵩|嵩]] sjuwng

==1013==
* 15-10/1013a [[wikt:戎|戎]] nyuwng
* 15-10/1013e [[wikt:茙|茙]] nyuwng

==1014==
* 15-14/1014a [[wikt:豐|豐]] phjowng, phjuwng
* 15-14/1014e [[wikt:麷|麷]] phjuwng

==1015==
* 15-02/1015a [[wikt:降|降]] haewng, kaewngH
* 15-02/1015d [[wikt:洚|洚]] naewng, howng, huwng, kaewngH
* 15-02/1015e [[wikt:戇|戇]] xuwngH
* 15-02/1015f [[wikt:隆|隆]] ljuwng
* 15-02/1015g [[wikt:癃|癃]] ljuwng

==1016==
* 14-05/1016a [[wikt:毒|毒]] dowk
* 14-05/1016b [[wikt:纛|纛]] dawH, dowk

==1017==
* 14-02/1017a [[wikt:匊|匊]] kjuwk
* 14-02/1017c [[wikt:掬|掬]] kjuwk
* 14-02/1017d [[wikt:椈|椈]] kjuwk
* 14-02/1017e [[wikt:菊|菊]] kjuwk
* 14-02/1017f [[wikt:蘜|蘜]] kjuwk
* 14-02/1017g [[wikt:踘|踘]] kjuwk
* 14-02/1017h [[wikt:鞠|鞠]] kjuwk
* 14-02/1017i [[wikt:麴|麴]] khjuwk
* 14-02/1017j [[wikt:鞫|鞫]] kjuwk
* 14-02/1017k [[wikt:𥷚|𥷚]] kjuwk

==1018==
* 14-15/1018a [[wikt:畜|畜]] trhjuwH, trhjuwk, xjuwH, xjuwk
* 14-15/1018c [[wikt:蓄|蓄]] trhjuwk, xjuwk
* 14-15/1018d [[wikt:稸|稸]] trhjuwk, xjuwk
* 14-15/1018e [[wikt:慉|慉]] xjuwk
* 14-15/1018f [[wikt:滀|滀]] trhjuwk

==1019==
* 14-08/1019a [[wikt:竹|竹]] trjuwk
* 14-08/1019c [[wikt:筑|筑]] trjuwk
* 14-08/1019d [[wikt:築|築]] trjuwk
* 14-08/1019e [[wikt:𥲒|𥲒]] trjuwk
* 14-08/1019f [[wikt:竺|竺]] towk
* 14-08/1019g [[wikt:篤|篤]] towk

==1020==
* 14-11/1020a [[wikt:育|育]] yuwk

==1021==
* 14-12/1021a [[wikt:毓|毓]] yuwk

==1022==
* 14-13/1022a [[wikt:逐|逐]] drjuwk
* 14-13/1022d [[wikt:篴|篴]] dek
* 14-13/1022e [[wikt:蓫|蓫]] drjuwk, trhjuwk

==1023==
* 14-14/1023a [[wikt:賣|賣]] yuwk
* 14-14/1023c [[wikt:儥|儥]] yuwk
* 14-14/1023e [[wikt:覿|覿]] dek
* 14-14/1023f [[wikt:匵|匵]] duwk
* 14-14/1023g [[wikt:嬻|嬻]] duwk
* 14-14/1023h [[wikt:櫝|櫝]] duwk
* 14-14/1023i [[wikt:殰|殰]] duwk
* 14-14/1023j [[wikt:瀆|瀆]] duwk
* 14-14/1023k [[wikt:牘|牘]] duwk
* 14-14/1023l [[wikt:犢|犢]] duwk
* 14-14/1023m [[wikt:讀|讀]] duwk
* 14-14/1023n [[wikt:讟|讟]] duwk
* 14-14/1023o [[wikt:䢱|䢱]] duwk
* 14-14/1023q [[wikt:韇|韇]] duwk
* 14-14/1023r [[wikt:黷|黷]] duwk
* 14-14/1023s [[wikt:竇|竇]] duwH
* 14-14/1023t [[wikt:贖|贖]] dzyowk, zyowk
* 14-14/1023u [[wikt:續|續]] zjowk
* 14-14/1023v [[wikt:藚|藚]] zjowk

==1024==
* 14-10/1024a [[wikt:粥|粥]] tsyuwk
* 14-10/1024b [[wikt:鬻|鬻]] tsyuwk, yuwk

==1025==
* 14-06/1025a [[wikt:祝|祝]] tsyuwH, tsyuwk
* 14-06/1025f [[wikt:柷|柷]] tsyhuwk, tsyuwk

==1026==
* 14-07/1026a [[wikt:孰|孰]] dzyuwk
* 14-07/1026b [[wikt:熟|熟]] dzyuwk
* 14-07/1026c [[wikt:塾|塾]] dzyuwk

==1027==
* 14-19/1027a [[wikt:鼀|鼀]] tshjuwk
* 14-19/1027b [[wikt:灶|灶]] tsawH

==1028==
* 14-22/1028a [[wikt:肅|肅]] sjuwk
* 14-22/1028c [[wikt:鱐|鱐]] sjuwk, srjuw
* 14-22/1028d [[wikt:䐹|䐹]] sjuwk, srjuw
* 14-22/1028e [[wikt:繡|繡]] sjuwH
* 14-22/1028f [[wikt:嘯|嘯]] sewH
* 14-22/1028g [[wikt:歗|歗]] sewH
* 14-22/1028h [[wikt:簫|簫]] sew
* 14-22/1028i [[wikt:蕭|蕭]] sew
* 14-22/1028j [[wikt:瀟|瀟]] sew
* 14-22/1028k [[wikt:蠨|蠨]] sew

==1029==
* 14-20/1029a [[wikt:宿|宿]] sjuwH, sjuwk
* 14-20/1029c [[wikt:縮|縮]] srjuwk
* 14-20/1029d [[wikt:蹜|蹜]] srjuwk

==1030==
* 14-21/1030a [[wikt:夙|夙]] sjuwk

==1031==
* 14-18/1031a [[wikt:尗|尗]] syuwk
* 14-18/1031b [[wikt:叔|叔]] syuwk
* 14-18/1031e [[wikt:𣢰|𣢰]] tsjuwk
* 14-18/1031f [[wikt:戚|戚]] tshek
* 14-18/1031g [[wikt:菽|菽]] syuwk
* 14-18/1031h [[wikt:俶|俶]] tsyhuwk
* 14-18/1031i [[wikt:諔|諔]] tsyhuwk
* 14-18/1031j [[wikt:淑|淑]] dzyuwk
* 14-18/1031k [[wikt:踧|踧]] dek, tsjuwk
* 14-18/1031l [[wikt:寂|寂]] dzek
* 14-18/1031n [[wikt:督|督]] towk
* 14-18/1031o [[wikt:裻|裻]] sowk, towk
* 14-18/1031p [[wikt:惄|惄]] nek
* 14-18/1031q [[wikt:椒|椒]] tsew, tsjew
* 14-18/1031s [[wikt:蔋|蔋]] dek
* 14-18/1031t [[wikt:蹙|蹙]] tsjuwk
* 14-18/1031u [[wikt:䠞|䠞]] tsjuwk
* 14-18/1031v [[wikt:顣|顣]] tshek, tsjuwk
* 14-18/1031x [[wikt:慼|慼]] tshek
* 14-18/1031y [[wikt:鏚|鏚]] tshek

==1032==
* 14-16/1032a [[wikt:六|六]] ljuwk
* 14-16/1032e [[wikt:坴|坴]] ljuwk
* 14-16/1032f [[wikt:陸|陸]] ljuwk
* 14-16/1032h [[wikt:稑|稑]] ljuwk
* 14-16/1032i [[wikt:睦|睦]] mjuwk

==1033==
* 14-17/1033a [[wikt:肉|肉]] nyuwH, nyuwk

==1034==
* 14-23/1034a [[wikt:复|复]] bjuwk
* 14-23/1034d [[wikt:復|復]] bjuwH, bjuwk
* 14-23/1034g [[wikt:輹|輹]] bjuwk
* 14-23/1034h [[wikt:腹|腹]] pjuwk
* 14-23/1034i [[wikt:複|複]] pjuwk
* 14-26/1034j [[wikt:蝮|蝮]] phjuwk
* 14-26/1034k [[wikt:愎|愎]] bik
* 14-23/1034l [[wikt:𥨍|𥨍]] phjuwH
* 14-23/1034m [[wikt:覆|覆]] phjuwk

==1035==
* 14-25/1035a [[wikt:穆|穆]] mjuwk

==1036==
* 14-24/1036a [[wikt:目|目]] mjuwk

==1037==
* 05-39/1037a [[wikt:牧|牧]] mjuwk

==1038==
* 14-03/1038a [[wikt:學|學]] haewk
* 14-03/1038d [[wikt:斆|斆]] haewH
* 14-03/1038f [[wikt:覺|覺]] kaewH, kaewk
* 14-03/1038g [[wikt:嚳|嚳]] khowk
* 14-03/1038h [[wikt:鷽|鷽]] 'aewk, haewk
* 14-03/1038i [[wikt:攪|攪]] kaewX

==1039==
* 14-01/1039a [[wikt:告|告]] kawH, kowk
* 14-01/1039e [[wikt:誥|誥]] kawH
* 14-01/1039f [[wikt:郜|郜]] kawH, kowk
* 14-01/1039h [[wikt:皓|皓]] kawX
* 14-01/1039i [[wikt:晧|晧]] kawX
* 14-01/1039j [[wikt:浩|浩]] hawX
* 14-01/1039k [[wikt:梏|梏]] kowk
* 14-01/1039l [[wikt:牿|牿]] kowk
* 14-01/1039m [[wikt:酷|酷]] khowk
* 14-01/1039n [[wikt:鵠|鵠]] howk, kowk
* 14-01/1039o [[wikt:窖|窖]] kaewH

==1040==
* 13-01/1040a [[wikt:皐|皐]] kaw
* 13-01/1040b [[wikt:皋|皋]] kaw
* 13-01/1040c [[wikt:槹|槹]] kaw
* 13-01/1040d [[wikt:噑|噑]] haw
* 13-01/1040e [[wikt:暭|暭]] hawX
* 13-01/1040f [[wikt:皡|皡]] hawX
* 13-01/1040g [[wikt:皞|皞]] hawX
* 13-01/1040h [[wikt:翶|翶]] ngaw

==1041==
Schuessler (2009: 171. 196) divides into two series, viz. 13-03 and 16-08. Baxter &amp; Sagart (2014: 166-167) unite [[#1041|13-03]] with [[#1055|13-43]].
* 13-03/1041a [[wikt:丂|丂]] khawX
* 13-03/1041d [[wikt:考|考]] khawX
* 13-03/1041j [[wikt:攷|攷]] khawX
* 13-03/1041l [[wikt:巧|巧]] khaewH, khaewX
* 13-03/1041m [[wikt:朽|朽]] xjuwX
* 13-03/1041n [[wikt:㱙|㱙]] xjuwX
* 13-03/1041o [[wikt:栲|栲]] khawX
* 16-08/1041p [[wikt:号|号]] hawH
* 16-08/1041q [[wikt:號|號]] haw
* 16-08/1041r [[wikt:呺|呺]] xjew
* 16-08/1041s [[wikt:枵|枵]] xjew
* 16-08/1041t [[wikt:鴞|鴞]] yew
* 16-08/1041- [[wikt:殠|殠]] xjuwX

==1042==
* 13-04/1042a [[wikt:昊|昊]] hawX

==1043==
* 13-05/1043a [[wikt:顥|顥]] hawX

==1044==
* 13-09/1044a [[wikt:好|好]] xawH, xawX

==1045==
* 14-04/1045a [[wikt:奧|奧]] 'awH, 'juwk
* 14-04/1045b [[wikt:澳|澳]] 'awH
* 14-04/1045c [[wikt:隩|隩]] 'awH, 'juwk
* 14-04/1045d [[wikt:燠|燠]] 'juwk
* 14-04/1045e [[wikt:薁|薁]] 'juwk

==1046==
* 13-28/1046a [[wikt:𠬢|𠬢]] thaw
* 13-28/1046c [[wikt:弢|弢]] thaw

==1047==
* 13-29/1047a [[wikt:匋|匋]] daw
* 13-29/1047d [[wikt:陶|陶]] daw, dawH, yew
* 13-29/1047e [[wikt:綯|綯]] daw

==1048==
Schuessler (2009: 171-172) and Baxter &amp; Sagart (2014: 184) combines with [[#1102|1102]].
* 13-38/1048a [[wikt:道|道]] dawX, dawH
* 13-38/1048d [[wikt:導|導]] dawH

==1049==
* 13-51/1049a [[wikt:早|早]] tsawX
* 13-51/1049b [[wikt:草|草]] tshawX

==1050==
* 13-53/1050a [[wikt:棗|棗]] tsawX

==1051==
* 13-54/1051a [[wikt:造|造]] dzawX, tshawH
* 13-54/1051d [[wikt:慥|慥]] tshawH
* 13-54/1051e [[wikt:簉|簉]] tsrhjuwH

==1052==
* 13-52/1052a [[wikt:屮|屮]] tshawX
* 13-52/1052c [[wikt:艸|艸]] tshawX

==1053==
* 13-55/1053a [[wikt:曹|曹]] dzaw
* 13-55/1053d [[wikt:螬|螬]] dzaw
* 13-55/1053e [[wikt:漕|漕]] dzaw, dzawH
* 13-55/1053f [[wikt:傮|傮]] tsaw
* 13-55/1053g [[wikt:糟|糟]] tsaw
* 13-55/1053h [[wikt:遭|遭]] tsaw

==1054==
* 13-56/1054a [[wikt:皂|皂]] dzawX
* 13-56/1054b [[wikt:皁|皁]] dzawX

==1055==
Baxter &amp; Sagart (2014: 166-167) unite [[#1041|13-03]] with [[#1055|13-43]].
* 13-43/1055a [[wikt:老|老]] lawX

==1056==
* 13-44/1056a [[wikt:牢|牢]] law

==1057==
* 13-64/1057a [[wikt:保|保]] pawX
* 13-64/1057f [[wikt:葆|葆]] pawX
* 13-64/1057g [[wikt:褓|褓]] pawX
* 13-64/1057h [[wikt:襃|襃]] paw, pawH

==1058==
Baxter &amp; Sagart (personal communication 12 April 2017) combine GSR [[#0934|0934]] and GSR [[#1058|1058]].
* 13-65/1058a [[wikt:報|報]] pawH

==1059==
* 13-66/1059a [[wikt:寶|寶]] pawX

==1060==
* 13-67/1060b [[wikt:鴇|鴇]] pawX

==1061==
* 13-68/1061a [[wikt:虣|虣]] bawH

==1062==
Schuessler also puts 1062a under 05-37.
* 05-37/1062a [[wikt:冒|冒]] mawH, mok
* 13-74/1062a [[wikt:冒|冒]] mawH, mok
* 13-74/1062a [[wikt:冒|冒]] mawH, mok
* 13-74/1062c [[wikt:媢|媢]] mawH
* 13-74/1062d [[wikt:瑁|瑁]] mawH
* 13-74/1062- [[wikt:帽|帽]] mawH

==1063==
* 13-75/1063a [[wikt:牡|牡]] muwX

==1064==
Schuessler (2009: 171-172) puts 收 [[#1103|1103a]] and 荍 [[#1139|1139a]] in GSR [[#1064|1064]].
* 13-08/1064a [[wikt:丩|丩]] kjiw, kjiwX
* 13-08/1064b [[wikt:糾|糾]] gjiewX, kjiwX
* 13-08/1064c [[wikt:糺|糺]] kjiwX
* 13-08/1064d [[wikt:赳|赳]] kjiwX
* 13-08/1064e [[wikt:虯|虯]] gjiw, kjiw
* 13-08/1064f [[wikt:觓|觓]] gjiw
* 13-08/1064g [[wikt:叫|叫]] kewH
* 13-08/1064h [[wikt:訆|訆]] kewH
* 13-08/1064i [[wikt:嘂|嘂]] kewH

==1065==
* 13-06/1065a [[wikt:韭|韭]] kjuwX
* 13-06/1065b [[wikt:韮|韮]] kjuwX

==1066==
* 04-15/1066a [[wikt:求|求]] gjuw
* 04-15/1066e [[wikt:裘|裘]] gjuw
* 04-15/1066f [[wikt:球|球]] gjuw
* 04-15/1066g [[wikt:捄|捄]] gjuw
* 04-15/1066h [[wikt:絿|絿]] gjuw
* 04-15/1066i [[wikt:觩|觩]] gjuw
* 04-15/1066j [[wikt:賕|賕]] gjuw
* 04-15/1066k [[wikt:逑|逑]] gjuw
* 04-15/1066l [[wikt:銶|銶]] gjuw
* 04-15/1066m [[wikt:救|救]] kjuwH
* 04-15/1066n [[wikt:俅|俅]] gjuw

==1067==
* 04-16/1067a [[wikt:臼|臼]] gjuwX
* 04-16/1067b [[wikt:舅|舅]] gjuwX
* 04-16/1067c [[wikt:舊|舊]] gjuwH
* 04-16/1067f [[wikt:匶|匶]] gjuwH

==1068==
* 13-07/1068a [[wikt:咎|咎]] gjuwX, kaw
* 13-07/1068c [[wikt:𣓌|𣓌]] kaw, kawX
* 13-07/1068e [[wikt:鼛|鼛]] kaw
* 13-07/1068f [[wikt:櫜|櫜]] kaw

==1069==
* 13-45/1069a [[wikt:翏|翏]] ljewH, ljiwH, ljuwH
* 13-45/1069b [[wikt:鏐|鏐]] ljiw, ljuw
* 13-45/1069f [[wikt:飂|飂]] ljuw
* 13-45/1069g [[wikt:摎|摎]] kjiw, ljuw
* 13-45/1069h [[wikt:樛|樛]] kjiw
* 13-45/1069i [[wikt:璆|璆]] gjiw
* 13-45/1069j [[wikt:勠|勠]] ljuw, ljuwH, ljuwk
* 13-45/1069k [[wikt:瘳|瘳]] lew, trhjuw
* 13-45/1069l [[wikt:繆|繆]] mjiw
* 13-45/1069m [[wikt:謬|謬]] mjiwH
* 13-45/1069n [[wikt:寥|寥]] lew
* 13-45/1069o [[wikt:漻|漻]] lew
* 13-45/1069p [[wikt:蓼|蓼]] lewX, ljuwk
* 13-45/1069q [[wikt:熮|熮]] ljewH
* 13-45/1069r [[wikt:醪|醪]] law
* 13-45/1069s [[wikt:膠|膠]] kaew, kaewX
* 13-45/1069t [[wikt:嘐|嘐]] xaew
* 13-45/1069u [[wikt:僇|僇]] ljuwk
* 13-45/1069v [[wikt:戮|戮]] ljuwk
* 13-45/1069x [[wikt:穋|穋]] ljuwk

==1070==
* 13-11/1070a [[wikt:休|休]] xjuw
* 13-11/1070g [[wikt:咻|咻]] xjuw
* 13-11/1070h [[wikt:貅|貅]] xjuw
* 13-11/1070i [[wikt:鵂|鵂]] xjuw
* 13-11/1070j [[wikt:髹|髹]] xjuw
* 13-11/1070k [[wikt:茠|茠]] xaw
* 13-11/1070l [[wikt:烋|烋]] xaew
* 13-07A/1070m [[wikt:梟|梟]] kew
* 13-07A/1070n [[wikt:𣻏|𣻏]] kew

==1071==
* 13-14/1071a [[wikt:憂|憂]] 'juw
* 13-14/1071d [[wikt:優|優]] 'juw
* 13-14/1071e [[wikt:懮|懮]] 'juwX
* 13-14/1071f [[wikt:瀀|瀀]] 'juw
* 13-14/1071g [[wikt:纋|纋]] 'juw
* 13-14/1071h [[wikt:耰|耰]] 'juw

==1072==
* 13-15/1072a [[wikt:麀|麀]] 'juw

==1073==
Baxter &amp; Sagart (2014: 155) combine GSR[[#0992]] and GSR[[#1073]].
* 13-23/1073a [[wikt:肘|肘]] trjuwX
* 13-23/1073b [[wikt:疛|疛]] trjuwX
* 13-23/1073c [[wikt:酎|酎]] drjuwX
* 13-23/1073d [[wikt:討|討]] thawX

==1074==
* 13-24/1074a [[wikt:盩|盩]] trjuw

==1075==
* 14-09/1075a [[wikt:晝|晝]] trjuwH

==1076==
* 13-50/1076a [[wikt:丑|丑]] trhjuwX
* 13-50/1076e [[wikt:杻|杻]] nrjuwX
* 13-50/1076f [[wikt:狃|狃]] nrjuwX
* 13-50/1076g [[wikt:紐|紐]] nrjuwX
* 13-50/1076h [[wikt:羞|羞]] sjuw
* 13-50/1076k [[wikt:忸|忸]] nrjuwk

==1077==
* 13-32/1077a [[wikt:攸|攸]] yuw
* 13-32/1077c [[wikt:悠|悠]] yuw
* 13-32/1077d [[wikt:修|修]] sjuw
* 13-32/1077e [[wikt:脩|脩]] sjuw, yuw, yuwX
* 13-32/1077f [[wikt:條|條]] dew, thew
* 13-32/1077g [[wikt:䩦|䩦]] dew
* 13-32/1077h [[wikt:鋚|鋚]] dew
* 13-32/1077k [[wikt:莜|莜]] dewH
* 13-32/1077l [[wikt:翛|翛]] sew, syuwk
* 13-32/1077m [[wikt:焂|焂]] dzyuwk
* 13-32/1077o [[wikt:儵|儵]] dzyuwk
* 13-32/1077p [[wikt:倏|倏]] dzyuwk
* 13-32/1077q [[wikt:滺|滺]] yuw
* 13-32/1077r [[wikt:滫|滫]] sjuwX
* 13-32/1077s [[wikt:蓨|蓨]] thek
* 13-32/1077t [[wikt:鰷|鰷]] dew
* 13-32/1077u [[wikt:篠|篠]] sewX
* 13-32/1077v [[wikt:蓧|蓧]] dek
* 13-32/1077x [[wikt:滌|滌]] dek

==1078==
* 13-27/1078a [[wikt:舀|舀]] yewX, yuw, yuwX
* 13-27/1078b [[wikt:慆|慆]] thaw
* 13-27/1078c [[wikt:搯|搯]] thaw
* 13-27/1078d [[wikt:滔|滔]] daw, thaw
* 13-27/1078f [[wikt:謟|謟]] thaw
* 13-27/1078g [[wikt:韜|韜]] thaw
* 13-27/1078h [[wikt:稻|稻]] dawX
* 13-27/1078l [[wikt:蹈|蹈]] dawH

==1079==
* 13-30/1079a [[wikt:由|由]] yuw
* 13-30/1079b [[wikt:柚|柚]] drjuwk, yuwH
* 13-30/1079c [[wikt:油|油]] yuw
* 13-30/1079d [[wikt:鼬|鼬]] yuwH
* 13-30/1079e [[wikt:妯|妯]] drjuw, trhjuw
* 13-30/1079f [[wikt:抽|抽]] trhjuw
* 13-30/1079g [[wikt:宙|宙]] drjuwH
* 13-30/1079h [[wikt:胄|胄]] drjuwH
* 13-30/1079i [[wikt:冑|冑]] drjuwH
* 13-30/1079l [[wikt:䩜|䩜]] drjuwH
* 13-30/1079m [[wikt:袖|袖]] zjuwH
* 13-30/1079n [[wikt:褏|褏]] yuwH
* 13-30/1079o [[wikt:褎|褎]] yuwH, zjuwH
* 13-30/1079p [[wikt:軸|軸]] drjuwk
* 13-30/1079q [[wikt:迪|迪]] dek

==1080==
* 13-33/1080a [[wikt:斿|斿]] yuw
* 13-33/1080f [[wikt:游|游]] yuw
* 13-33/1080g [[wikt:遊|遊]] yuw
* 13-33/1080h [[wikt:蝣|蝣]] yuw

==1081==
* 13-34/1081a [[wikt:卣|卣]] yuw, yuwX
* 13-34/1081g [[wikt:逌|逌]] yuw

==1082==
* 13-31/1082a [[wikt:牖|牖]] yuwX

==1083==
* 13-26/1083a [[wikt:周|周]] tsyuw, tsyuwX
* 13-26/1083f [[wikt:婤|婤]] tsyuw
* 13-26/1083h [[wikt:賙|賙]] tsyuw
* 13-26/1083i [[wikt:輖|輖]] tsyuw
* 13-26/1083j [[wikt:啁|啁]] traew, trjuw
* 13-26/1083k [[wikt:惆|惆]] trhjuw
* 13-26/1083l [[wikt:稠|稠]] drjuw
* 13-26/1083m [[wikt:綢|綢]] drjuw
* 13-26/1083n [[wikt:裯|裯]] drjuw
* 13-26/1083o [[wikt:凋|凋]] tew
* 13-26/1083p [[wikt:琱|琱]] tew
* 13-26/1083r [[wikt:彫|彫]] tew
* 13-26/1083s [[wikt:錭|錭]] tew
* 13-26/1083t [[wikt:雕|雕]] tew
* 13-26/1083u [[wikt:鵰|鵰]] tew
* 13-26/1083v [[wikt:蜩|蜩]] dew
* 13-26/1083x [[wikt:調|調]] dew
* 13-26/1083y [[wikt:禂|禂]] tawX
* 13-26/1083z [[wikt:倜|倜]] thek

==1084==
* 13-19/1084a [[wikt:舟|舟]] tsyuw
* 13-19/1084f [[wikt:侜|侜]] trjuw
* 13-19/1084g [[wikt:輈|輈]] trjuw

==1085==
Schuessler combines with 1084.
* 13-19/1085a [[wikt:受|受]] dzyuwX
* 13-19/1085d [[wikt:授|授]] dzyuwH
* 13-19/1085e [[wikt:綬|綬]] dzyuwX

==1086==
* 13-20/1086a [[wikt:州|州]] tsyuw
* 13-20/1086d [[wikt:洲|洲]] tsyuw
* 13-20/1086e [[wikt:酬|酬]] dzyuw

==1087==
* 13-20A/1087a [[wikt:帚|帚]] tsyuwX
* 13-20A/1087e [[wikt:箒|箒]] tsyuwX
* 13-61/1087f [[wikt:埽|埽]] sawH, sawX
* 13-61/1087g [[wikt:掃|掃]] sawH, sawX

==1088==
* 13-12/1088a [[wikt:臭|臭]] tsyhuwH
* 13-12/1088c [[wikt:嗅|嗅]] xjuwH
* 13-12/1088d [[wikt:糗|糗]] khjuwX

==1089==
* 13-13/1089a [[wikt:醜|醜]] tsyhuwX

==1090==
* 13-22/1090b [[wikt:𢏚|𢏚]] drjuw
* 13-22/1090d [[wikt:𠷎|𠷎]] drjuw
* 13-22/1090f [[wikt:𠼡|𠼡]] drjuw
* 13-22/1090g [[wikt:壽|壽]] dzyuwH, dzyuwX
* 13-22/1090k [[wikt:儔|儔]] drjuw
* 13-22/1090l [[wikt:疇|疇]] drjuw
* 13-22/1090m [[wikt:籌|籌]] drjuw
* 13-22/1090n [[wikt:躊|躊]] drjuw
* 13-22/1090o [[wikt:醻|醻]] dzyuw
* 13-22/1090p [[wikt:魗|魗]] dzyuw
* 13-22/1090q [[wikt:譸|譸]] trjuw
* 13-22/1090r [[wikt:擣|擣]] drjuwH, tawX
* 13-22/1090s [[wikt:禱|禱]] tawH, tawX
* 13-22/1090t [[wikt:檮|檮]] daw
* 13-22/1090u [[wikt:幬|幬]] daw, dawH, drjuw
* 13-22/1090x [[wikt:燾|燾]] dawH
* 13-22/1090z [[wikt:翿|翿]] daw, dawH
* 13-22/1090a' [[wikt:鑄|鑄]] tsyuH

==1091==
* 13-21/1091a [[wikt:讎|讎]] dzyuw
* 13-21/1091c [[wikt:犨|犨]] tsyhuw
* 13-21/1091d [[wikt:犫|犫]] tsyhuw
* 13-21/1091e [[wikt:售|售]] dzyuwH

==1092==
* 13-57/1092a [[wikt:秋|秋]] tshjuw
* 13-57/1092b [[wikt:楸|楸]] tshjuw
* 13-57/1092c [[wikt:萩|萩]] tshjuw
* 13-57/1092d [[wikt:鶖|鶖]] tshjuw
* 13-57/1092e [[wikt:啾|啾]] tsjuw
* 13-57/1092f [[wikt:湫|湫]] tsewX, tsjuw
* 13-57/1092g [[wikt:揫|揫]] dzjuw
* 13-57/1092h [[wikt:甃|甃]] tsrjuwH
* 13-57/1092i [[wikt:愁|愁]] dzrjuw
* 13-57/1092j [[wikt:愀|愀]] dzjuwX, tshjewX

==1093==
* 13-58/1093a [[wikt:就|就]] dzjuwH
* 13-58/1093b [[wikt:蹴|蹴]] dzjuwk, tshjuwk, tsjuwk
* 13-58/1093c [[wikt:蹵|蹵]] tshjuwk, tsjuwk

==1094==
* 13-35/1094a [[wikt:囚|囚]] zjuw
* 13-35/1094c [[wikt:泅|泅]] zjuw

==1095==
* 13-39/1095a [[wikt:秀|秀]] sjuwH
* 13-39/1095c [[wikt:琇|琇]] sjuwH, yuwX
* 13-39/1095d [[wikt:莠|莠]] yuwX
* 13-39/1095e [[wikt:誘|誘]] yuwX

==1096==
* 13-36/1096a [[wikt:酉|酉]] yuwX
* 13-36/1096h [[wikt:庮|庮]] yuw, yuwX
* 13-36/1096i [[wikt:梄|梄]] yuwH, yuwX
* 13-36/1096j [[wikt:槱|槱]] yuwH, yuwX
* 13-36/1096k [[wikt:酒|酒]] tsjuwX
* 13-36/1096l [[wikt:酋|酋]] dzjuw
* 13-36/1096n [[wikt:蝤|蝤]] dzjuw
* 13-36/1096o [[wikt:遒|遒]] tsjuw
* 13-36/1096p [[wikt:緧|緧]] tshjuw
* 13-36/1096q [[wikt:鰌|鰌]] tshjuw
* 13-36/1096r [[wikt:猶|猶]] yuw
* 13-36/1096t [[wikt:猷|猷]] yuw
* 13-36/1096y [[wikt:輶|輶]] yuw
* 13-36/1096z [[wikt:䠓|䠓]] tshjuwk
* 13-36/1096a' [[wikt:蕕|蕕]] yuw
* 13-36/1096- [[wikt:𥙫|𥙫]]

==1097==
* 10-37/1097a [[wikt:叜|叜]] suwX
* 10-37/1097a [[wikt:叟|叟]] suwX
* 10-37/1097c [[wikt:𡨙|𡨙]] suwX
* 10-37/1097d [[wikt:搜|搜]] srjuw, suwX
* 10-37/1097e [[wikt:廋|廋]] srjuw
* 10-37/1097f [[wikt:𣸈|𣸈]] srjuwX
* 10-37/1097g [[wikt:溲|溲]] srjuw
* 10-37/1097h [[wikt:獀|獀]] srjuw
* 10-37/1097i [[wikt:瘦|瘦]] srjuwH
* 10-37/1097j [[wikt:醙|醙]] srjuwX
* 10-37/1097k [[wikt:嫂|嫂]] sawX
* 10-37/1097l [[wikt:謏|謏]] sewX
* 10-37/1097m [[wikt:傁|傁]] suwX
* 10-37/1097n [[wikt:瞍|瞍]] suwX

==1098==
* 13-62/1098a [[wikt:蒐|蒐]] srjuw

==1099==
* 13-40/1099a [[wikt:守|守]] syuwH, syuwX
* 13-40/1099c [[wikt:狩|狩]] syuwH

==1100==
* 13-41/1100a [[wikt:獸|獸]] syuwH

==1101==
* 13-42/1101a [[wikt:手|手]] syuwX

==1102==
Schuessler (2009: 177) and Baxter &amp; Sagart (2014: 184) combines this series with GSR [[#1048|1048]].
* 13-38/1102a [[wikt:首|首]] syuwH, syuwX

==1103==
Schuessler (2009: 171-172) puts 收 [[#1103|1103a]] and 荍 [[#1139|1139a]] in GSR [[#1064|1064]].
* 13-08/1103a [[wikt:收|收]] syuw

==1104==
* 13-46/1104a [[wikt:流|流]] ljuw
* 13-46/1104b [[wikt:𣹳|𣹳]] ljuw
* 13-46/1104c [[wikt:旒|旒]] ljuw

==1105==
* 13-48/1105a [[wikt:柔|柔]] nyuw
* 13-48/1105b [[wikt:揉|揉]] nyuw, nyuwH
* 13-48/1105c [[wikt:㽥|㽥]] nyuw
* 13-48/1105d [[wikt:蹂|蹂]] nyuw, nyuwH, nyuwX
* 13-48/1105e [[wikt:輮|輮]] nyuwH, nyuwX
* 13-48/1105f [[wikt:糅|糅]] nrjuwH
* 13-48/1105g [[wikt:猱|猱]] naw

==1106==
* 13-71/1106a [[wikt:彪|彪]] pjiw
* 13-71/1106b [[wikt:滮|滮]] bjiw, pjiw

==1107==
* 13-69/1107a [[wikt:缶|缶]] pjuwX
* 13-69/1107d [[wikt:㯱|㯱]] bjew

==1108==
* 13-70/1108a [[wikt:阜|阜]] bjuwX

==1109==
* 13-76/1109a [[wikt:矛|矛]] mjuw, muw
* 13-76/1109c [[wikt:茅|茅]] maew
* 13-76/1109d [[wikt:楙|楙]] maw
* 13-76/1109f [[wikt:懋|懋]] muwH
* 13-76/1109h [[wikt:敄|敄]] mjuH, mjuX
* 13-76/1109j [[wikt:務|務]] mjuH
* 13-76/1109k [[wikt:婺|婺]] mjuH
* 13-76/1109l [[wikt:騖|騖]] mjuH
* 13-76/1109m [[wikt:蝥|蝥]] mjuw
* 13-76/1109n [[wikt:蟊|蟊]] mjuw
* 13-76/1109o [[wikt:鍪|鍪]] mjuw
* 13-76/1109p [[wikt:𩭾|𩭾]] mjuw
* 13-76/1109q [[wikt:瞀|瞀]] maewk, muwH
* 13-76/1109r [[wikt:楘|楘]] muwk
* 13-76/1109s [[wikt:鶩|鶩]] muwk
* 13-76/1109t [[wikt:霧|霧]] mjuH

==1110==
* 13-77/1110a [[wikt:牟|牟]] mjuw
* 13-77/1110b [[wikt:恈|恈]] mjuw
* 13-77/1110c [[wikt:眸|眸]] mjuw
* 13-77/1110d [[wikt:麰|麰]] mjuw
* 13-77/1110e [[wikt:侔|侔]] mjuw, muw

==1111==
* 13-59/1111a [[wikt:爪|爪]] tsraewX
* 13-59/1111c [[wikt:抓|抓]] tsraew, tsraewH, tsraewX

==1112==
* 13-60/1112a [[wikt:㕚|㕚]] tsraewX
* 13-60/1112d [[wikt:蚤|蚤]] tsawX
* 13-60/1112e [[wikt:慅|慅]] saw, sawX, tshawX
* 13-60/1112f [[wikt:搔|搔]] saw
* 13-60/1112g [[wikt:騷|騷]] saw
* 13-60/1112h [[wikt:糔|糔]] sjuwX
* 13-60/1112i [[wikt:鼜|鼜]] tshek

==1113==
* 13-72/1113a [[wikt:包|包]] paew
* 13-72/1113b [[wikt:胞|胞]] paew, phaew
* 13-72/1113c [[wikt:苞|苞]] bjewX, paew
* 13-72/1113d [[wikt:飽|飽]] paewX
* 13-72/1113e [[wikt:庖|庖]] baew
* 13-72/1113f [[wikt:匏|匏]] baew
* 13-72/1113g [[wikt:炮|炮]] baew
* 13-72/1113h [[wikt:鮑|鮑]] baewX
* 13-72/1113i [[wikt:袍|袍]] baw, bawH
* 13-72/1113j [[wikt:抱|抱]] bawX
* 13-72/1113k [[wikt:枹|枹]] bjuw
* 13-72/1113l [[wikt:䍖|䍖]] bjuw
* 13-72/1113m [[wikt:鞄|鞄]] baew, baewH, baewX, phaewk
* 13-72/1113n [[wikt:雹|雹]] baewk

==1114==
* 13-47/1114a [[wikt:卯|卯]] maewX
* 13-47/1114f [[wikt:茆|茆]] ljuwX, maewX
* 13-47/1114g [[wikt:昴|昴]] maewX
* 13-47/1114i [[wikt:窌|窌]] kaewH, phaewH
* 13-47/1114j [[wikt:貿|貿]] mjuwH, muwH
* 13-47/1114l [[wikt:柳|柳]] ljuwX
* 13-47/1114m [[wikt:桺|桺]] ljuwX
* 13-47/1114p [[wikt:留|留]] ljuw
* 13-47/1114q [[wikt:畱|畱]] ljuw
* 13-47/1114s [[wikt:駠|駠]] ljuw
* 13-47/1114t [[wikt:駵|駵]] ljuw
* 13-47/1114u [[wikt:聊|聊]] lew
* 13-47/1114v [[wikt:溜|溜]] ljuwH
* 13-47/1114x [[wikt:罶|罶]] ljuwX
* 13-47/1114y [[wikt:霤|霤]] ljuwH
* 13-47/1114z [[wikt:騮|騮]] ljuw
* 13-47/1114a' [[wikt:劉|劉]] ljuw
* 13-47/1114b' [[wikt:懰|懰]] ljuwX
* 13-47/1114c' [[wikt:瀏|瀏]] ljuw, ljuwX

==1115==
* 13-16/1115a [[wikt:幺|幺]] 'ew
* 13-16/1115b [[wikt:𢆶|𢆶]] 'jiw, 'juw
* 13-16/1115c [[wikt:幽|幽]] 'jiw
* 13-16/1115f [[wikt:幼|幼]] 'jiwH
* 13-16/1115g [[wikt:呦|呦]] 'jiw
* 13-16/1115h [[wikt:黝|黝]] 'jiwX
* 13-16/1115i [[wikt:窈|窈]] 'ewX
* 13-16/1115j [[wikt:坳|坳]] 'aew

==1116==
* 13-25/1116a [[wikt:鳥|鳥]] tewX
* 13-25/1116b [[wikt:蔦|蔦]] tewH, tewX
* 13-25/1116c [[wikt:島|島]] tawX

==1117==
* 17-01/1117a [[wikt:隺|隺]] howk
* 17-01/1117b [[wikt:鶴|鶴]] haewk, hak
* 17-01/1117c [[wikt:搉|搉]] kaewk
* 17-01/1117d [[wikt:確|確]] khaewk

==1118==
* 17-02/1118a [[wikt:虐|虐]] ngjak
* 17-02/1118c [[wikt:瘧|瘧]] ngjak
* 17-02/1118d [[wikt:謔|謔]] xjak

==1119==
* 17-06/1119a [[wikt:龠|龠]] yak
* 17-06/1119c [[wikt:籥|籥]] yak
* 17-06/1119d [[wikt:瀹|瀹]] yak
* 17-06/1119e [[wikt:𤅢|𤅢]] yak
* 17-06/1119f [[wikt:爚|爚]] yak
* 17-06/1119g [[wikt:禴|禴]] yak
* 17-06/1119h [[wikt:籲|籲]] yuH

==1120==
* 17-05/1120a [[wikt:勺|勺]] dzyak, tsyak
* 17-05/1120b [[wikt:杓|杓]] dzyak
* 17-05/1120c [[wikt:汋|汋]] tsyak, yak
* 17-05/1120d [[wikt:酌|酌]] tsyak
* 17-05/1120e [[wikt:妁|妁]] dzyak
* 17-05/1120f [[wikt:灼|灼]] tsyak
* 17-05/1120g [[wikt:礿|礿]] yak
* 17-05/1120i [[wikt:旳|旳]] tek
* 17-05/1120j [[wikt:靮|靮]] tek
* 17-05/1120k [[wikt:釣|釣]] tewH
* 17-05/1120l [[wikt:魡|魡]] tewH
* 17-05/1120m [[wikt:約|約]] 'jak, 'jiewH
* 17-05/1120n [[wikt:葯|葯]] 'aewk

==1121==
* 17-12/1121a [[wikt:爵|爵]] tsjak
* 17-12/1121e [[wikt:爝|爝]] dzjak
* 17-12/1121f [[wikt:穱|穱]] tsraewk
* 17-12/1121g [[wikt:灂|灂]] tsjewH
* 17-12/1121h [[wikt:釂|釂]] tsjewH

==1122==
* 17-13/1122a [[wikt:雀|雀]] tsjak

==1123==
* 17-09/1123a [[wikt:弱|弱]] nyak
* 17-09/1123b [[wikt:蒻|蒻]] nyak
* 17-09/1123c [[wikt:愵|愵]] nek
* 17-09/1123d [[wikt:溺|溺]] nek, newH
* 17-09/1123e [[wikt:嫋|嫋]] newX

==1124==
* 17-07/1124a [[wikt:翟|翟]] dek
* 17-07/1124c [[wikt:糴|糴]] dek
* 17-07/1124d [[wikt:籊|籊]] dek, thek
* 17-07/1124e [[wikt:趯|趯]] thek
* 17-07/1124f [[wikt:躍|躍]] yak
* 17-07/1124g [[wikt:擢|擢]] draewk
* 17-07/1124h [[wikt:濯|濯]] draewH, draewk
* 17-07/1124i [[wikt:曜|曜]] yewH
* 17-07/1124j [[wikt:燿|燿]] yewH
* 17-07/1124k [[wikt:耀|耀]] yewH
* 17-07/1124l [[wikt:糶|糶]] thewH
* 17-07/1124m [[wikt:藋|藋]] dewH
* 17-07/1124n [[wikt:鑃|鑃]] dewH
* 17-07/1124q [[wikt:櫂|櫂]] draewH
 
==1125==
* 17-08/1125a [[wikt:樂|樂]] lak, ljewH, ngaewH, ngaewk
* 17-08/1125d [[wikt:轢|轢]] lak, lek
* 17-08/1125e [[wikt:𧭥|𧭥]] lak
* 17-08/1125g [[wikt:濼|濼]] lowk
* 17-08/1125i [[wikt:櫟|櫟]] lek
* 17-08/1125j [[wikt:礫|礫]] lek
* 17-08/1125k [[wikt:躒|躒]] lek
* 17-08/1125l [[wikt:䟏|䟏]] syak
* 17-08/1125n [[wikt:爍|爍]] syak
* 17-08/1125o [[wikt:鑠|鑠]] syak
* 17-08/1125p [[wikt:藥|藥]] yak

==1126==
* 17-04/1126a [[wikt:卓|卓]] traewk
* 17-04/1126b [[wikt:倬|倬]] traewk
* 17-04/1126c [[wikt:逴|逴]] trhaewk
* 17-04/1126d [[wikt:趠|趠]] trhaewk
* 17-04/1126f [[wikt:踔|踔]] trhaewk
* 17-04/1126g [[wikt:綽|綽]] tsyhak
* 17-04/1126i [[wikt:罩|罩]] traewH
* 17-04/1126j [[wikt:淖|淖]] nraewH
* 17-04/1126l [[wikt:悼|悼]] dawH
* 17-04/1126m [[wikt:掉|掉]] dewH, dewX, nraewk

==1127==
* 17-15/1127a [[wikt:駁|駁]] paewk
* 17-15/1127c [[wikt:駮|駮]] paewk

==1128==
* 17-11/1128a [[wikt:鑿|鑿]] dzak
* 17-11/1128b [[wikt:𥽿|𥽿]] tsak

==1129==
* 16-01/1129a [[wikt:高|高]] kaw
* 16-01/1129d [[wikt:皜|皜]] kawX
* 16-01/1129e [[wikt:暠|暠]] kawX
* 16-01/1129f [[wikt:稾|稾]] kawX
* 16-01/1129g [[wikt:藁|藁]] kawX
* 16-01/1129h [[wikt:縞|縞]] kawX
* 16-01/1129i [[wikt:膏|膏]] kaw, kawH
* 16-01/1129j [[wikt:槁|槁]] kawX, khawX
* 16-01/1129k [[wikt:槀|槀]] kawX, khawX
* 16-01/1129l [[wikt:犒|犒]] khawH
* 16-01/1129m [[wikt:毫|毫]] haw
* 16-01/1129n [[wikt:豪|豪]] haw
* 16-01/1129o [[wikt:鎬|鎬]] hawX
* 16-01/1129q [[wikt:蒿|蒿]] xaw
* 16-01/1129s [[wikt:㪣|㪣]] khaew, khaewH
* 16-01/1129t [[wikt:謞|謞]] xaewH
* 16-01/1129u [[wikt:熇|熇]] xak, xowk
* 16-01/1129v [[wikt:翯|翯]] haewk, xaewk
* 16-01/1129x [[wikt:嗃|嗃]] xaewk, xak
* 16-01/1129y [[wikt:壕|壕]] haw
* 16-01/1129z [[wikt:譹|譹]] haw
* 16-01/1129a' [[wikt:薧|薧]] khawX
* 16-01/1129b' [[wikt:嚆|嚆]] xaew, xaewH
* 16-01/1129c' [[wikt:藃|藃]] xaewk, xawH
* 16-01/1129- [[wikt:稿|稿]] kawX

==1130==
* 16-13/1130a [[wikt:敖|敖]] ngaw
* 16-13/1130c [[wikt:遨|遨]] ngaw
* 16-13/1130d [[wikt:傲|傲]] ngaw, ngawH
* 16-13/1130e [[wikt:嗷|嗷]] ngaw
* 16-13/1130f [[wikt:嗸|嗸]] ngaw
* 16-13/1130g [[wikt:摮|摮]] ngaw
* 16-13/1130h [[wikt:熬|熬]] ngaw
* 16-13/1130j [[wikt:獒|獒]] ngaw
* 16-13/1130k [[wikt:螯|螯]] ngaw
* 16-13/1130l [[wikt:謷|謷]] ngaew, ngaw, ngawH
* 16-13/1130m [[wikt:驁|驁]] ngaw
* 16-13/1130o [[wikt:鼇|鼇]] ngaw

==1131==
* 16-15/1131a [[wikt:刀|刀]] taw, tew
* 16-15/1131c [[wikt:忉|忉]] taw
* 16-15/1131d [[wikt:叨|叨]] thaw
* 16-15/1131e [[wikt:召|召]] drjewH, dzyewX
* 16-15/1131i [[wikt:怊|怊]] trhjew, tsyhew
* 16-15/1131j [[wikt:超|超]] trhjew
* 16-15/1131k [[wikt:軺|軺]] yew
* 16-15/1131l [[wikt:招|招]] tsyew
* 16-15/1131m [[wikt:昭|昭]] dzyew, tsyew, tsyewX
* 16-15/1131n [[wikt:炤|炤]] tsyewH
* 16-15/1131o [[wikt:照|照]] tsyewH
* 16-15/1131p [[wikt:沼|沼]] tsyewX
* 16-15/1131q [[wikt:詔|詔]] tsyewH
* 16-15/1131r [[wikt:鉊|鉊]] tsyew
* 16-15/1131s [[wikt:弨|弨]] tsyhew, tsyhewX
* 16-15/1131t [[wikt:卲|卲]] dzyewX
* 16-15/1131z [[wikt:紹|紹]] dzyewX
* 16-15/1131a' [[wikt:韶|韶]] dzyew
* 16-15/1131b' [[wikt:㲈|㲈]] dzyew
* 16-15/1131c' [[wikt:貂|貂]] tew
* 16-15/1131d' [[wikt:苕|苕]] dew
* 16-15/1131e' [[wikt:鞀|鞀]] daw

==1132==
* 16-15/1132a [[wikt:到|到]] tawH
* 16-15/1132c [[wikt:倒|倒]] tawH, tawX
* 16-15/1132d [[wikt:菿|菿]] tawH

==1133==
* 16-16/1133a [[wikt:盜|盜]] dawH

==1134==
* 16-30/1134a [[wikt:喿|喿]] sawH
* 16-30/1134c [[wikt:譟|譟]] sawH
* 16-30/1134d [[wikt:燥|燥]] sawH, sawX
* 16-30/1134e [[wikt:臊|臊]] saw
* 16-30/1134f [[wikt:鱢|鱢]] saw
* 16-30/1134g [[wikt:澡|澡]] tsawX
* 16-30/1134h [[wikt:璪|璪]] tsawX
* 16-30/1134i [[wikt:繰|繰]] tsawX
* 16-30/1134j [[wikt:趮|趮]] tsawH
* 16-30/1134k [[wikt:躁|躁]] tsawH
* 16-30/1134l [[wikt:懆|懆]] tshawX
* 16-30/1134m [[wikt:操|操]] tshawH, tshawX
* 16-30/1134n [[wikt:藻|藻]] tsawX

==1135==
* 16-23/1135a [[wikt:勞|勞]] law, lawH
* 16-23/1135b [[wikt:膋|膋]] lew

==1136==
* 17-14/1136a [[wikt:暴|暴]] bawH, buwk
* 17-14/1136b [[wikt:曝|曝]] bawH
* 17-14/1136c [[wikt:瀑|瀑]] bawH
* 17-14/1136d [[wikt:襮|襮]] pak, powk
* 17-14/1136e [[wikt:嚗|嚗]] paewk

==1137==
* 16-41/1137a [[wikt:毛|毛]] maw
* 16-41/1137c [[wikt:旄|旄]] maw
* 16-41/1137e [[wikt:髦|髦]] maw
* 16-41/1137g [[wikt:芼|芼]] mawH
* 16-41/1137h [[wikt:𦒷|𦒷]] mawH
* 16-41/1137i [[wikt:眊|眊]] maewk, mak, mawH
* 16-41/1137j [[wikt:秏|秏]] xawH
* 16-41/1137k [[wikt:耗|耗]] xawH

==1138==
* 16-03/1138a [[wikt:喬|喬]] gjew, khjew, kjew
* 16-03/1138c [[wikt:僑|僑]] gjew
* 16-03/1138d [[wikt:嶠|嶠]] gjew, gjewH
* 16-03/1138e [[wikt:鐈|鐈]] gjew
* 16-03/1138g [[wikt:橋|橋]] gjew, kjewH, kjewX
* 16-03/1138h [[wikt:趫|趫]] gjew
* 16-03/1138i [[wikt:憍|憍]] kjew
* 16-03/1138j [[wikt:撟|撟]] kjewX
* 16-03/1138k [[wikt:敿|敿]] kjewX
* 16-03/1138l [[wikt:矯|矯]] kjewX
* 16-03/1138m [[wikt:譑|譑]] kjewX
* 16-03/1138n [[wikt:鷮|鷮]] gjew, kjew
* 16-03/1138o [[wikt:驕|驕]] khjew, xjew
* 16-03/1138p [[wikt:繑|繑]] khjew
* 16-03/1138q [[wikt:蹻|蹻]] gjak, kjak, kjewX
* 16-03/1138r [[wikt:屩|屩]] kjak

==1139==
Schuessler (2009: 171-172) puts 收 [[#1103|1103a]] and 荍 [[#1139|1139a]] in GSR [[#1064|1064]].
* 13-08/1139a [[wikt:荍|荍]] gjiew

==1140==
* 16-12/1140a [[wikt:囂|囂]] xjew, ngaw

==1141==
Schuessler (2009: 196-197) adds [[#1242|1242a]] to GSR [[#1141]].
* 16-10/1141a [[wikt:夭|夭]] 'awX, 'jewX
* 16-10/1141c [[wikt:枖|枖]] 'jew
* 16-10/1141d [[wikt:妖|妖]] 'jew
* 16-10/1141e [[wikt:𡝩|𡝩]] 'jew
* 16-10/1141f [[wikt:殀|殀]] 'jewX
* 16-10/1141g [[wikt:祆|祆]] 'jew
* 16-10/1141h [[wikt:訞|訞]] 'jew
* 16-10/1141i [[wikt:宎|宎]] 'ewX
* 16-10/1141j [[wikt:穾|穾]] 'ew, 'ewH, 'ewX
* 16-10/1141k [[wikt:䴠|䴠]] 'awX
* 16-10/1141l [[wikt:沃|沃]] 'owk
* 16-10/1141m [[wikt:鋈|鋈]] 'owk

==1142==
* 16-11/1142a [[wikt:要|要]] 'jiew, 'jiewH
* 16-11/1142b [[wikt:腰|腰]] 'jiew
* 16-11/1142c [[wikt:喓|喓]] 'jiew
* 16-11/1142d [[wikt:葽|葽]] 'jiew

==1143==
Schuessler (2009: 199) adds [[#1160|1160a]] to GSR [[#1143]].
* 16-17/1143a [[wikt:朝|朝]] drjew, trjew
* 16-17/1143d [[wikt:潮|潮]] drjew

==1144==
* 16-21/1144a [[wikt:䍃|䍃]] yew
* 16-21/1144b [[wikt:窰|窰]] yew
* 16-21/1144c [[wikt:窯|窯]] yew
* 16-21/1144d [[wikt:傜|傜]] yew
* 16-21/1144e [[wikt:徭|徭]] yew
* 16-21/1144f [[wikt:媱|媱]] yew
* 16-21/1144g [[wikt:搖|搖]] yew
* 16-21/1144h [[wikt:榣|榣]] yew
* 16-21/1144i [[wikt:瑤|瑤]] yew
* 16-21/1144j [[wikt:謠|謠]] yew
* 16-21/1144k [[wikt:遙|遙]] yew
* 16-21/1144l [[wikt:鰩|鰩]] yew
* 16-21/1144m [[wikt:鷂|鷂]] yewH
* 16-21/1144n [[wikt:繇|繇]] drjuwH, yew
* 16-21/1144o [[wikt:櫾|櫾]] yuw

==1145==
* 16-20/1145a [[wikt:兆|兆]] drjewX
* 16-20/1145b [[wikt:垗|垗]] drjewX
* 16-20/1145c [[wikt:旐|旐]] drjewX
* 16-20/1145d [[wikt:姚|姚]] yew
* 16-20/1145g [[wikt:珧|珧]] yew
* 16-20/1145h [[wikt:銚|銚]] dew, thew, tshjew
* 16-20/1145i [[wikt:恌|恌]] thew
* 16-20/1145j [[wikt:眺|眺]] thewH
* 16-20/1145k [[wikt:祧|祧]] thew
* 16-20/1145l [[wikt:覜|覜]] thewH
* 16-20/1145m [[wikt:頫|頫]] thewH
* 16-20/1145n [[wikt:佻|佻]] dew, dewX, thew
* 16-20/1145o [[wikt:挑|挑]] dewX, thaw, thew
* 16-20/1145p [[wikt:跳|跳]] dew
* 16-20/1145q [[wikt:窕|窕]] dewX, thew
* 16-20/1145r [[wikt:誂|誂]] dewX
* 16-20/1145s [[wikt:洮|洮]] thaw
* 16-20/1145t [[wikt:咷|咷]] daw, thewH
* 16-20/1145u [[wikt:桃|桃]] daw
* 16-20/1145v [[wikt:逃|逃]] daw
* 16-20/1145x [[wikt:鞉|鞉]] daw
* 16-20/1145y [[wikt:鼗|鼗]] daw
* 16-20/1145z [[wikt:駣|駣]] daw, dawX

==1146==
* 16-18/1146a [[wikt:肇|肇]] drjewX

==1147==
* 16-19/1147a [[wikt:鼂|鼂]] drjew

==1148==
* 16-31/1148a [[wikt:焦|焦]] tsjew
* 16-31/1148b [[wikt:燋|燋]] tsjak, tsraewk
* 16-31/1148c [[wikt:僬|僬]] dzjew, tsjewH
* 16-31/1148d [[wikt:潐|潐]] tsjewH
* 16-31/1148e [[wikt:蕉|蕉]] tsjew
* 16-31/1148f [[wikt:醮|醮]] tsjewH
* 16-31/1148g [[wikt:鷦|鷦]] tsjew
* 16-31/1148h [[wikt:憔|憔]] dzjew
* 16-31/1148i [[wikt:樵|樵]] dzjew
* 16-31/1148j [[wikt:譙|譙]] dzjew
* 16-31/1148k [[wikt:噍|噍]] dzjewH, tsjew, tsjuw
* 16-31/1148l [[wikt:穛|穛]] tsraewk
* 16-31/1148m [[wikt:𥼚|𥼚]] tsraewk

==1149==
* 16-33/1149a [[wikt:小|小]] sjewX
* 16-22/1149e [[wikt:少|少]] syewH, syewX
* 16-33/1149g [[wikt:肖|肖]] sjew, sjewH
* 16-33/1149h [[wikt:宵|宵]] sjew
* 16-33/1149j [[wikt:消|消]] sjew
* 16-33/1149k [[wikt:痟|痟]] sjew
* 16-33/1149l [[wikt:綃|綃]] sew, sjew
* 16-33/1149m [[wikt:逍|逍]] sjew
* 16-33/1149n [[wikt:銷|銷]] sjew
* 16-33/1149o [[wikt:霄|霄]] sjew
* 16-33/1149p [[wikt:俏|俏]] tshjewH
* 16-33/1149q [[wikt:哨|哨]] tshjewH
* 16-33/1149r [[wikt:峭|峭]] tshjewH
* 16-33/1149s [[wikt:悄|悄]] tshjewX
* 16-33/1149t [[wikt:誚|誚]] dzjewH
* 16-33/1149u [[wikt:趙|趙]] dewX, drjewX
* 16-33/1149x [[wikt:捎|捎]] sew
* 16-33/1149y [[wikt:梢|梢]] sraew
* 16-33/1149z [[wikt:稍|稍]] sraewH
* 16-33/1149a' [[wikt:筲|筲]] sraew
* 16-33/1149b' [[wikt:蛸|蛸]] sraew
* 16-33/1149c' [[wikt:削|削]] sjak, sjewH, sraewH
* 16-33/1149d' [[wikt:揱|揱]] sew, sraew, sraewk
* 16-33/1149e' [[wikt:箾|箾]] sew, sraewk

==1150==
* 16-34/1150a [[wikt:笑|笑]] sjewH

==1151==
* 16-24/1151a [[wikt:𤋯|𤋯]] ljew, ljewH
* 16-24/1151b [[wikt:尞|尞]] ljewH
* 16-24/1151e [[wikt:燎|燎]] lewH
* 16-24/1151f [[wikt:療|療]] ljewH
* 16-24/1151g [[wikt:繚|繚]] lewX, ljewX
* 16-24/1151h [[wikt:僚|僚]] lew, lewX
* 16-24/1151i [[wikt:寮|寮]] lew, lewX
* 16-24/1151m [[wikt:憭|憭]] lew
* 16-24/1151n [[wikt:獠|獠]] lew
* 16-24/1151o [[wikt:瞭|瞭]] lew, lewX
* 16-24/1151p [[wikt:膫|膫]] lew
* 16-24/1151q [[wikt:遼|遼]] lew
* 16-24/1151r [[wikt:鷯|鷯]] lew
* 16-24/1151s [[wikt:橑|橑]] lawX, lew
* 16-24/1151t [[wikt:簝|簝]] law, lew
* 16-24/1151u [[wikt:潦|潦]] lawX
* 16-24/1151v [[wikt:䕩|䕩]] lawX

==1152==
* 16-27/1152a [[wikt:擾|擾]] nyewX
* 16-27/1152b [[wikt:獶|獶]] naw

==1153==
* 16-35/1153a [[wikt:表|表]] pjewX

==1154==
* 13-71/1154a [[wikt:髟|髟]] pjiew, pjiw, sraem
* 36-24/1154a [[wikt:髟|髟]] pjiew, pjiw, sraem

==1155==
* 16-37/1155a [[wikt:猋|猋]] pjiew

==1156==
* 16-38/1156a [[wikt:驫|驫]] pjiew, pjiw

==1157==
* 16-39/1157a [[wikt:𤐫|𤐫]] phjiew, phjiewH
* 16-39/1157b [[wikt:票|票]] phjiew
* 16-39/1157c [[wikt:熛|熛]], [[wikt:𤒾|𤒾]] pjiew
* 16-39/1157d [[wikt:標|標]] pjiew
* 16-39/1157e [[wikt:飄|飄]] phjiew
* 16-39/1157f [[wikt:僄|僄]] phjiew, phjiewH
* 16-39/1157g [[wikt:剽|剽]] phjiew, phjiewH, phjiewX
* 16-39/1157h [[wikt:嘌|嘌]] phjiew
* 16-39/1157i [[wikt:漂|漂]] phjiew
* 16-39/1157j [[wikt:縹|縹]] phjiewX
* 16-39/1157k [[wikt:瓢|瓢]] bjiew
* 16-39/1157l [[wikt:摽|摽]] bjiewX, phaew, phew, phjiew, pjiew

==1158==
* 16-44/1158a [[wikt:眇|眇]] mjiewX
* 16-44/1158b [[wikt:妙|妙]] mjiewH
* 16-44/1158c [[wikt:杪|杪]] mjiewX
* 16-44/1158d [[wikt:鈔|鈔]] mjiewX
* 16-44/1158e [[wikt:渺|渺]] mjiewX

==1159==
* 16-43/1159a [[wikt:苗|苗]] mjew
* 16-43/1159b [[wikt:庿|庿]] mjewH
* 16-43/1159c [[wikt:貓|貓]] maew, mjew

==1160==
Schuessler (2009: 199) adds [[#1160|1160a]] to GSR [[#1143]].
* 16-17/1160a [[wikt:廟|廟]] mjewH

==1161==
* 16-45/1161a [[wikt:淼|淼]] mjiewX

==1162==
* 16-04/1162a [[wikt:敫|敫]] kewX
* 16-04/1162b [[wikt:皦|皦]] kewX
* 16-04/1162c [[wikt:噭|噭]] kek, kewH
* 16-04/1162d [[wikt:徼|徼]] kew, kewH
* 16-04/1162e [[wikt:激|激]] kek, kewH
* 16-04/1162f [[wikt:邀|邀]] kew
* 16-04/1162g [[wikt:撽|撽]] khek, khewH
* 16-04/1162h [[wikt:竅|竅]] khewH

==1163==
* 16-05/1163a [[wikt:釗|釗]] kew, tsyew

==1164==
* 16-14/1164a [[wikt:堯|堯]] ngew
* 16-14/1164b [[wikt:僥|僥]] kewX, ngew
* 16-14/1164c [[wikt:澆|澆]] kew
* 16-14/1164d [[wikt:髐|髐]] khew
* 16-14/1164e [[wikt:嘵|嘵]] xew
* 16-14/1164f [[wikt:曉|曉]] xewX
* 16-14/1164g [[wikt:膮|膮]] xew, xewX
* 16-14/1164h [[wikt:翹|翹]] gjiew
* 16-14/1164i [[wikt:磽|磽]] khaew, khewX
* 16-14/1164j [[wikt:墝|墝]] khaew, khewX
* 16-14/1164k [[wikt:繞|繞]] nyewH, nyewX
* 16-14/1164l [[wikt:蕘|蕘]] nyew
* 16-14/1164m [[wikt:蟯|蟯]] nyew
* 16-14/1164n [[wikt:襓|襓]] nyew
* 16-14/1164o [[wikt:饒|饒]] nyew
* 16-14/1164p [[wikt:橈|橈]] nraewH, nyew
* 16-14/1164q [[wikt:譊|譊]] nraew
* 16-14/1164r [[wikt:鐃|鐃]] nraew
* 16-14/1164s [[wikt:撓|撓]] nraewX, xaw
* 16-14/1164t [[wikt:燒|燒]] syew

==1165==
* 17-03/1165a [[wikt:弔|弔]] tek, tewH
* 17-03/1165d [[wikt:盄|盄]] tsyew

==1166==
* 16-06/1166a [[wikt:交|交]] kaew
* 16-06/1166c [[wikt:烄|烄]] kaewX
* 16-06/1166e [[wikt:佼|佼]] kaewX
* 16-06/1166f [[wikt:姣|姣]] haew
* 16-06/1166g [[wikt:咬|咬]] 'aew, 'aew, kaew, kaew, ngaewX
* 16-06/1166h [[wikt:挍|挍]] kaewH
* 16-06/1166i [[wikt:校|校]] haew, haewH, haewX, kaewH, kaewX
* 16-06/1166j [[wikt:狡|狡]] kaewX
* 16-06/1166k [[wikt:絞|絞]] haew, kaewX
* 16-06/1166l [[wikt:茭|茭]] kaew
* 16-06/1166m [[wikt:蛟|蛟]] kaew
* 16-06/1166n [[wikt:郊|郊]] kaew
* 16-06/1166o [[wikt:鮫|鮫]] kaew
* 16-06/1166p [[wikt:骹|骹]] khaew
* 16-06/1166q [[wikt:恔|恔]] haewH
* 16-06/1166r [[wikt:效|效]] haewH
* 16-06/1166u [[wikt:傚|傚]] haewH
* 16-06/1166v [[wikt:効|効]] haewH
* 16-06/1166x [[wikt:晈|晈]] kewX
* 16-06/1166y [[wikt:皎|皎]] kewX
* 16-06/1166z [[wikt:㝔|㝔]] 'ew
* 16-06/1166a' [[wikt:窔|窔]] 'ewH
* 16-06/1166b' [[wikt:較|較]] kaewk

==1167==
* 16-07/1167a [[wikt:爻|爻]] haew
* 16-07/1167d [[wikt:肴|肴]] haew
* 16-07/1167e [[wikt:殽|殽]] haew
* 16-07/1167f [[wikt:𢼂|𢼂]] kaewH
* 16-07/1167g [[wikt:𤕝|𤕝]] kaewH
* 16-07/1167i [[wikt:教|教]] kaewH
* 16-07/1167m [[wikt:䡈|䡈]] kaewk

==1168==
* 16-09/1168a [[wikt:孝|孝]] xaewH
* 16-09/1168d [[wikt:哮|哮]] xaew, xaewH

==1169==
* 16-32/1169a [[wikt:巢|巢]] dzraew
* 16-32/1169b [[wikt:𠞰|𠞰]] tsjewX, tsrhaew
* 16-32/1169c [[wikt:勦|勦]] dzraew, tsjewX
* 16-32/1169d [[wikt:繅|繅]] saw
* 16-32/1169e [[wikt:薻|薻]] tsawX

==1170==
* 16-40/1170a [[wikt:麃|麃]] baew, pjew
* 16-40/1170b [[wikt:儦|儦]] pjew
* 16-40/1170c [[wikt:瀌|瀌]] pjew
* 16-40/1170d [[wikt:穮|穮]] pjew
* 16-40/1170e [[wikt:鑣|鑣]] pjew
* 16-40/1170f [[wikt:皫|皫]] phjewX
* 16-40/1170g [[wikt:犥|犥]] phjewX

==1171==
* 16-42/1171a [[wikt:皃|皃]] maewH
* 16-42/1171b [[wikt:貌|貌]] maewH
* 16-42/1171c [[wikt:藐|藐]] maewk
* 16-42/1171d [[wikt:邈|邈]] maewk

==1172==
* 12-01/1172a [[wikt:工|工]] kuwng
* 12-01/1172d [[wikt:功|功]] kuwng
* 12-01/1172e [[wikt:攻|攻]] kuwng
* 12-01/1172g [[wikt:貢|貢]] kuwngH
* 12-01/1172h [[wikt:空|空]] khuwng, khuwngH, khuwngX
* 12-01/1172i [[wikt:紅|紅]] huwng
* 12-01/1172j [[wikt:虹|虹]] huwng, kaewngH
* 12-01/1172k [[wikt:訌|訌]] huwng
* 12-01/1172l [[wikt:䲨|䲨]] huwng
* 12-01/1172m [[wikt:𨾊|𨾊]] huwng
* 12-01/1172p [[wikt:𢀜|𢀜]] kjowngX
* 12-01/1172s [[wikt:邛|邛]] gjowng
* 12-01/1172u [[wikt:杠|杠]] kaewng
* 12-01/1172v [[wikt:江|江]] kaewng
* 12-01/1172x [[wikt:矼|矼]] kaewng, khuwngH
* 12-01/1172y [[wikt:項|項]] haewngX
* 12-01/1172z [[wikt:悾|悾]] khaewng, khuwng, khuwngH
* 12-01/1172a' [[wikt:控|控]] khaewngH, khuwngH
* 12-01/1172b' [[wikt:椌|椌]] khaewng
* 12-01/1172c' [[wikt:鞏|鞏]] kjowngX
* 12-01/1172d' [[wikt:恐|恐]] khjowngX
* 12-01/1172e' [[wikt:蛩|蛩]] gjowng
* 12-01/1172f' [[wikt:跫|跫]] gjowng, khaewng
* 12-01/1172g' [[wikt:鴻|鴻]] huwng

==1173==
A uvular series.
Schuessler (2009: 166) combines GSR [[#1173|1173]] and GSR [[#1190|1190]]. 
Baxter &amp; Sagart (personal communication 12 April 2017) combine GSR [[#1173|1173]], GSR [[#1187|1187]], GSR [[#1189|1189]], and GSR [[#1190|1190]]. 
* 12-13/1173a [[wikt:公|公]] kuwng
* 12-13/1173g [[wikt:瓮|瓮]] 'uwngH

==1174==
* 12-02/1174a [[wikt:孔|孔]] khuwngX

==1175==
* 12-06/1175a [[wikt:東|東]] tuwng
* 12-06/1175e [[wikt:凍|凍]] tuwngH
* 12-06/1175f [[wikt:棟|棟]] tuwngH
* 12-06/1175g [[wikt:涷|涷]] tuwngH
* 12-06/1175h [[wikt:蝀|蝀]] tuwng
* 12-06/1175- [[wikt:倲|倲]]
* 12-06/1175- [[wikt:鯟|鯟]]
* 12-06/1175- [[wikt:崠|崠]]
* 12-06/1175- [[wikt:埬|埬]]
* 12-06/1175- [[wikt:棟|棟]]
* 12-06/1175- [[wikt:㨂|㨂]] tuwngX

==1176==
* 12-09/1176a [[wikt:同|同]] duwng
* 12-09/1176d [[wikt:銅|銅]] duwng
* 12-09/1176e [[wikt:桐|桐]] duwng
* 12-09/1176g [[wikt:筒|筒]] duwng
* 12-09/1176h [[wikt:洞|洞]] duwngH
* 12-09/1176i [[wikt:詷|詷]] duwng
* 12-09/1176j [[wikt:侗|侗]] duwng, duwngX, thuwng, thuwngH
* 12-09/1176k [[wikt:恫|恫]] thuwng, thuwngH

==1177==
* 12-20/1177a [[wikt:㚇|㚇]] tsuwng, tsuwngH
* 12-20/1177b [[wikt:惾|惾]] tsuwng
* 12-20/1177c [[wikt:椶|椶]] tsuwng
* 12-20/1177e [[wikt:稯|稯]] tsuwng
* 12-20/1177f [[wikt:鬷|鬷]] tsuwng

==1178==
* 12-21/1178a [[wikt:叢|叢]] dzuwng

==1179==
* 12-23/1179a [[wikt:送|送]] suwngH

==1180==
* 12-14/1180a [[wikt:弄|弄]] luwngH

==1181==
* 12-27/1181a [[wikt:蒙|蒙]] muwng
* 12-27/1181b [[wikt:幪|幪]] muwngX
* 12-27/1181c [[wikt:矇|矇]] muwng
* 12-27/1181d [[wikt:濛|濛]] muwng
* 12-27/1181e [[wikt:蠓|蠓]] muwng, muwngX
* 12-27/1181f [[wikt:饛|饛]] muwng
* 12-27/1181- [[wikt:朦|朦]]

==1182==
* 12-03/1182a [[wikt:廾|廾]] kjowngX
* 12-03/1182b [[wikt:𠬞|𠬞]] kjowngX
* 12-03/1182c [[wikt:共|共]] gjowngH
* 12-03/1182e [[wikt:拱|拱]] kjowngX
* 12-03/1182f [[wikt:供|供]] kjowng, kjowngH
* 12-03/1182g [[wikt:龏|龏]] kjuwng
* 12-03/1182k [[wikt:龔|龔]] kjuwng
* 12-03/1182l [[wikt:恭|恭]] kjowng, kuwng
* 12-03/1182m [[wikt:拲|拲]] kjowk, kjowngX
* 12-03/1182n [[wikt:輁|輁]] gjowng, kjowngX
* 12-03/1182o [[wikt:洪|洪]] huwng
* 12-03/1182p [[wikt:鬨|鬨]] haewngH, huwngH
* 12-03/1182q [[wikt:閧|閧]] haewngH, huwngH
* 12-03/1182r [[wikt:烘|烘]] xuwng
* 12-03/1182s [[wikt:巷|巷]] haewngH
* 12-03/1182t [[wikt:輂|輂]] kjowk

==1183==
* 12-05/1183a [[wikt:凶|凶]] xjowng
* 12-05/1183b [[wikt:兇|兇]] xjowng
* 12-05/1183c [[wikt:訩|訩]] xjowng
* 12-05/1183d [[wikt:匈|匈]] xjowng
* 12-05/1183e [[wikt:胷|胷]] xjowng
* 12-05/1183f [[wikt:胸|胸]] xjowng
* 12-05/1183g [[wikt:洶|洶]] xjowng, xjowngX

==1184==
* 12-04/1184a [[wikt:邕|邕]] 'jowng
* 12-04/1184c [[wikt:雝|雝]] 'jowng
* 12-04/1184h [[wikt:雍|雍]] 'jowng, 'jowngX
* 12-04/1184i [[wikt:壅|壅]] 'jowng, 'jowngH, 'jowngX
* 12-04/1184j [[wikt:廱|廱]] 'jowng
* 12-04/1184k [[wikt:擁|擁]] 'jowngX
* 12-04/1184l [[wikt:癰|癰]] 'jowng
* 12-04/1184m [[wikt:饔|饔]] 'jowng
* 12-04/1184o [[wikt:罋|罋]] 'jowng, 'jowngH
* 12-04/1184p [[wikt:甕|甕]] 'uwngH

==1185==
* 12-10/1185a [[wikt:用|用]] yowngH
* 12-10/1185f [[wikt:𢦨|𢦨]] yowngX
* 12-10/1185h [[wikt:甬|甬]] yowngX
* 12-10/1185j [[wikt:俑|俑]] yowngX
* 12-10/1185k [[wikt:勇|勇]] yowngX
* 12-10/1185l [[wikt:涌|涌]] yowngX
* 12-10/1185m [[wikt:蛹|蛹]] yowngX
* 12-10/1185n [[wikt:踊|踊]] yowngX
* 12-10/1185o [[wikt:誦|誦]] zjowngH
* 12-10/1185p [[wikt:桶|桶]] thuwngX
* 12-10/1185q [[wikt:痛|痛]] thuwngH
* 12-10/1185r [[wikt:通|通]] thuwng
* 12-10/1185t [[wikt:筩|筩]] duwng
* 12-10/1185u [[wikt:湧|湧]] yowngX
* 12-10/1185x [[wikt:庸|庸]] yowng
* 12-10/1185y [[wikt:傭|傭]] trhjowng, yowng
* 12-10/1185z [[wikt:墉|墉]] yowng
* 12-10/1185a' [[wikt:鏞|鏞]] yowng

==1186==
* 12-10A/1186a [[wikt:𦤘|𦤘]] yowng

==1187==
A uvular series.
Schuessler (2009: 166) appears propose combining GSR [[#1187|1187]] with GSR [[#1173|1173]]+GSR [[#1190|1190]] (which he does combine), citing Unger, but does not reflect this decision in the number of his series. 
Baxter &amp; Sagart (personal communication 12 April 2017) combine GSR [[#1173|1173]], GSR [[#1187|1187]], GSR [[#1189|1189]], and GSR [[#1190|1190]].

* 12-11/1187a [[wikt:容|容]] yowng
* 12-11/1187b [[wikt:溶|溶]] yowng
* 12-11/1187c [[wikt:蓉|蓉]] yowng

==1188==
* 12-08/1188a [[wikt:重|重]] drjowng, drjowngX
* 12-08/1188b [[wikt:偅|偅]] tsyowngH
* 12-08/1188c [[wikt:湩|湩]] trjowngH, tuwngH
* 12-08/1188d [[wikt:種|種]] tsyowngH, tsyowngX
* 12-08/1188e [[wikt:腫|腫]] tsyowngX
* 12-08/1188f [[wikt:踵|踵]] tsyowngX
* 12-08/1188g [[wikt:鍾|鍾]] tsyowng
* 12-08/1188j [[wikt:衝|衝]] tsyhowng
* 12-08/1188k [[wikt:尰|尰]] dzyowngX
* 12-08/1188l [[wikt:董|董]] tuwngX
* 12-08/1188m [[wikt:動|動]] duwngX
* 12-08/1188n [[wikt:慟|慟]] duwngH
* 12-08/1188o [[wikt:童|童]] duwng
* 12-08/1188r [[wikt:僮|僮]] duwng
* 12-08/1188s [[wikt:瞳|瞳]] thuwng
* 12-08/1188t [[wikt:穜|穜]] drjowng, duwng
* 12-08/1188u [[wikt:𣦟|𣦟]] tsyowngX
* 12-08/1188x [[wikt:鐘|鐘]] tsyowng
* 12-08/1188a' [[wikt:𠟍|𠟍]] tsyhowng
* 12-08/1188b' [[wikt:憧|憧]] draewngH, tsyhowng
* 12-08/1188c' [[wikt:罿|罿]] duwng, tsyhowng
* 12-08/1188d' [[wikt:𤺄|𤺄]] dzyowngX
* 12-08/1188e' [[wikt:幢|幢]] draewng
* 12-08/1188f' [[wikt:撞|撞]] draewng, draewngH

==1189==
Baxter &amp; Sagart (personal communication 12 April 2017) combine GSR [[#1173|1173]], GSR [[#1187|1187]], GSR [[#1189|1189]], and GSR [[#1190|1190]]. Schuessler (2007: 164) regards the 公 in 妐 as semantic, thus he denies that GSR [[#1189|1189]] can be combined with GSR [[#1173|1173]] and GSR [[#1190|1190]]. 
* 12-07/1189a [[wikt:妐|妐]] tsyowng

==1190==
Schuessler (2009: 166) combines GSR [[#1173|1173]] and GSR [[#1190|1190]]. 
Baxter &amp; Sagart (personal communication 12 April 2017) combine GSR [[#1173|1173]], GSR [[#1187|1187]], GSR [[#1189|1189]], and GSR [[#1190|1190]]. 
* 12-13/1190a [[wikt:松|松]] zjowng
* 12-13/1190b [[wikt:訟|訟]] zjowng, zjowngH
* 12-13/1190d [[wikt:頌|頌]] zjowngH
* 12-13/1190f [[wikt:崧|崧]] sjuwng

==1191==
* 12-22/1191a [[wikt:从|从]] dzjowng
* 12-22/1191d [[wikt:從|從]] dzjowng, dzjowngH, tshjowng, tsjowng, tsuwngX
* 12-22/1191h [[wikt:縱|縱]] tsjowngH, tsuwngX
* 12-22/1191i [[wikt:樅|樅]] tshjowng, tsjowng
* 12-22/1191j [[wikt:聳|聳]] sjowngX
* 12-22/1191k [[wikt:豵|豵]] tsuwng
* 12-22/1191- [[wikt:蹤|蹤]] tsjowng

==1192==
* 12-12/1192a [[wikt:舂|舂]] syowng
* 12-12/1192c [[wikt:摏|摏]] syowng
* 12-12/1192d [[wikt:憃|憃]] syowng, trhaewng, trhjowngH

==1193==
* 12-15/1193a [[wikt:龍|龍]] ljowng, maewng
* 12-15/1193f [[wikt:壟|壟]] ljowngX
* 12-15/1193g [[wikt:隴|隴]] ljowngX
* 12-15/1193h [[wikt:蘢|蘢]] ljowng, luwng
* 12-15/1193i [[wikt:龐|龐]] luwng
* 12-15/1193k [[wikt:礱|礱]] luwng
* 12-15/1193l [[wikt:籠|籠]] luwng, luwngX, ljowng
* 12-15/1193m [[wikt:聾|聾]] luwng
* 12-15/1193o [[wikt:蠪|蠪]] luwng
* 12-15/1193p [[wikt:寵|寵]] trhjowngX
* 12-15/1193- [[wikt:朧|朧]]

==1194==
* 12-16/1194a [[wikt:茸|茸]] nyowng, nyowngX

==1195==
* 12-17/1195a [[wikt:氄|氄]] nyowng

==1196==
* 12-18/1196a [[wikt:宂|宂]] nyowngX

==1197==
* 12-25/1197a [[wikt:丰|丰]] phjowng
* 12-25/1197d [[wikt:蚌|蚌]] baewngX
* 12-25/1197e [[wikt:邦|邦]] paewng
* 12-25/1197i [[wikt:封|封]] pjowng
* 12-25/1197k [[wikt:葑|葑]] phjowng
* 12-25/1197l [[wikt:䋽|䋽]] paewngX, puwngX
* 12-25/1197m [[wikt:夆|夆]] bjowng, phjowng
* 12-25/1197o [[wikt:逢|逢]] bjowng, buwng
* 12-25/1197p [[wikt:𢓱|𢓱]] bjowng
* 12-25/1197r [[wikt:烽|烽]] phjowng
* 12-25/1197s [[wikt:蜂|蜂]] phjowng
* 12-25/1197t [[wikt:𧒒|𧒒]] phjowng
* 12-25/1197u [[wikt:鋒|鋒]] phjowng
* 12-25/1197v [[wikt:摓|摓]] bjowng
* 12-25/1197x [[wikt:縫|縫]] bjowng, bjowngH
* 12-25/1197y [[wikt:蓬|蓬]] buwng
* 12-25/1197z [[wikt:奉|奉]] bjowngX, phjowngX
* 12-25/1197b' [[wikt:捧|捧]] phjowngX
* 12-25/1197c' [[wikt:俸|俸]] bjowngH
* 12-25/1197d' [[wikt:唪|唪]] buwngX, puwngX
* 12-25/1197e' [[wikt:琫|琫]] puwngX
* 12-25/1197f' [[wikt:菶|菶]] puwngX
* 12-25/1197g' [[wikt:蜯|蜯]] baewngX
* 12-25/1197- [[wikt:幫|幫]] pang

==1198==
* 10-02/1198a [[wikt:講|講]] kaewngX

==1199==
* 12-19/1199a [[wikt:囱|囱]] tsrhaewng
* 12-19/1199b [[wikt:匆|匆]] tsrhaewng
* 12-19/1199c [[wikt:悤|悤]] tshuwng
* 12-19/1199d [[wikt:怱|怱]] tshuwng
* 12-19/1199f [[wikt:聰|聰]] tshuwng
* 12-19/1199g [[wikt:蔥|蔥]] tshuwng, tsrhaewng
* 12-19/1199h [[wikt:葱|葱]] tshuwng
* 12-19/1199i [[wikt:總|總]] tsuwngX
* 12-19/1199j [[wikt:緫|緫]] tsuwng, tsuwngX
* 12-19/1199k [[wikt:揔|揔]] tsuwng, tsuwngX
* 12-19/1199l [[wikt:窻|窻]] tsrhaewng
* 12-19/1199m [[wikt:䆫|䆫]] tsrhaewng
* 12-19/1199- [[wikt:窗|窗]] tsrhaewng

==1200==
* 12-24/1200a [[wikt:雙|雙]] sraewng

==1201==
* 12-26/1201a [[wikt:尨|尨]] maewng
* 12-26/1201c [[wikt:哤|哤]] maewng
* 12-26/1201d [[wikt:駹|駹]] maewng
* 12-26/1201e [[wikt:厖|厖]] maewng

==1202==
Schuessler (2009: 158-159) combines GSR[[#1202|1202]] with GSR[[#1220|1220]].
* 11-14/1202a [[wikt:谷|谷]] kuwk
* 11-14/1202d [[wikt:欲|欲]] yowk
* 11-14/1202e [[wikt:慾|慾]] yowk
* 11-14/1202f [[wikt:浴|浴]] yowk
* 11-14/1202g [[wikt:鵒|鵒]] yowk
* 11-14/1202h [[wikt:裕|裕]] yuH

==1203==
* 11-01/1203a [[wikt:哭|哭]] khuwk

==1204==
* 11-06/1204a [[wikt:屋|屋]] 'uwk
* 11-06/1204b [[wikt:剭|剭]] 'uwk
* 11-06/1204c [[wikt:偓|偓]] 'aewk
* 11-06/1204d [[wikt:喔|喔]] 'aewk
* 11-06/1204e [[wikt:幄|幄]] 'aewk
* 11-06/1204f [[wikt:握|握]] 'aewk
* 11-06/1204g [[wikt:渥|渥]] 'aewk, 'uwH
* 11-06/1204h [[wikt:腛|腛]] 'aewk

==1205==
* 11-11/1205a [[wikt:禿|禿]] thuwk

==1206==
* 11-18/1206a [[wikt:族|族]] dzuwk
* 11-18/1206d [[wikt:鏃|鏃]] tsuwk
* 11-18/1206e [[wikt:瘯|瘯]] tshuwk
* 11-18/1206f [[wikt:蔟|蔟]] tshuwH, tshuwk
* 11-18/1206g [[wikt:嗾|嗾]] tshuwH

==1207==
Schuessler combines [[#123]] series with [[#1207]].
* 10-29/1207a [[wikt:數|數]] sraewk, tshjowk
* 10-29/1207b [[wikt:籔|籔]] srjuX, suwk
* 10-29/1207c [[wikt:藪|藪]] suwX

==1208==
* 11-15/1208a [[wikt:彔|彔]] luwk
* 11-15/1208e [[wikt:盝|盝]] luwk
* 11-15/1208f [[wikt:琭|琭]] luwk
* 11-15/1208g [[wikt:睩|睩]] luwk
* 11-15/1208h [[wikt:祿|祿]] luwk
* 11-15/1208i [[wikt:㯟|㯟]] luwk
* 11-15/1208k [[wikt:綠|綠]] ljowk
* 11-15/1208l [[wikt:菉|菉]] ljowk
* 11-15/1208m [[wikt:錄|錄]] ljowk

==1209==
* 11-16/1209a [[wikt:鹿|鹿]] luwk
* 11-16/1209e [[wikt:摝|摝]] luwk
* 11-16/1209f [[wikt:漉|漉]] luwk
* 11-16/1209h [[wikt:麓|麓]] luwk

==1210==
* 11-22/1210a [[wikt:卜|卜]] puwk
* 11-22/1210e [[wikt:扑|扑]] phuwk
* 11-22/1210f [[wikt:朴|朴]] phaewk
* 11-22/1210g [[wikt:仆|仆]] bok, phjuH, phjuwH, phuwH
* 11-22/1210h [[wikt:訃|訃]] phjuH
* 11-22/1210i [[wikt:赴|赴]] phjuH

==1211==
* 11-23/1211a [[wikt:菐|菐]] buwk
* 11-23/1211b [[wikt:僕|僕]] bowk, buwk, phuwk
* 11-23/1211g [[wikt:樸|樸]] buwk, phuwk, puwk
* 11-23/1211i [[wikt:轐|轐]] puwk
* 11-23/1211j [[wikt:撲|撲]] phuwk
* 11-23/1211m [[wikt:墣|墣]] phaewk, phuwk
* 11-23/1211n [[wikt:璞|璞]] phaewk

==1212==
* 11-24/1212a [[wikt:木|木]] muwk
* 11-24/1212e [[wikt:沐|沐]] muwk
* 11-24/1212f [[wikt:霂|霂]] muwk

==1213==
* 11-04/1213a [[wikt:曲|曲]] khjowk

==1214==
* 11-05/1214a [[wikt:局|局]] gjowk
* 11-05/1214b [[wikt:跼|跼]] gjowk
* 11-05/1214c [[wikt:挶|挶]] kjowk
* 11-05/1214d [[wikt:梮|梮]] kjowk

==1215==
* 11-10/1215a [[wikt:獄|獄]] ngjowk
* 11-10/1215c [[wikt:嶽|嶽]] ngaewk
* 11-10/1215d [[wikt:鸑|鸑]] ngaewk

==1216==
* 11-09/1216a [[wikt:玉|玉]] ngjowk
* 11-09/1216d [[wikt:頊|頊]] xjowk

==1217==
* 11-07/1217a [[wikt:勖|勖]] xjowk

==1218==
* 11-13/1218a [[wikt:豖|豖]] trhjowk
* 11-13/1218b [[wikt:啄|啄]] traewk, tuwk
* 11-13/1218c [[wikt:椓|椓]] traewk
* 11-13/1218d [[wikt:㧻|㧻]] traewk
* 11-13/1218e [[wikt:涿|涿]] traewk
* 11-13/1218f [[wikt:琢|琢]] traewk
* 11-13/1218g [[wikt:諑|諑]] traewk
* 11-13/1218h [[wikt:冢|冢]] trjowngX
* 11-13/1218- [[wikt:瘃|瘃]] trjowk

==1219==
* 11-19/1219a [[wikt:足|足]] tsjowk, tsjuH
* 11-19/1219c [[wikt:哫|哫]] tsjowk
* 11-19/1219d [[wikt:促|促]] tshjowk
* 11-19/1219e [[wikt:捉|捉]] tsraewk

==1220==
Schuessler (2009: 158-159) combines GSR[[#1220|1220]] with GSR[[#1202|1202]].
* 11-14/1220a [[wikt:俗|俗]] zjowk

==1221==
* 11-20/1221a [[wikt:粟|粟]] sjowk

==1222==
* 11-21/1222a [[wikt:束|束]] syowk
* 11-21/1222g [[wikt:誎|誎]] tshjowk
* 11-21/1222i [[wikt:速|速]] suwk
* 11-21/1222k [[wikt:餗|餗]] suwk
* 11-21/1222l [[wikt:駷|駷]] suwH, suwX
* 11-21/1222m [[wikt:悚|悚]] sjowngX
* 11-21/1222n [[wikt:竦|竦]] sjowngX
* 11-21/1222o [[wikt:欶|欶]] sraewk
* 11-21/1222p [[wikt:樕|樕]] suwk
* 11-21/1222q [[wikt:蔌|蔌]] suwk
* 11-21/1222r [[wikt:遫|遫]] suwk
* 11-21/1222s [[wikt:嗽|嗽]] suwH
* 11-21/1222t [[wikt:漱|漱]] suwH

==1223==
* 11-17/1223a [[wikt:辱|辱]] nyowk
* 11-17/1223b [[wikt:溽|溽]] nyowk
* 11-17/1223c [[wikt:縟|縟]] nyowk
* 11-17/1223d [[wikt:蓐|蓐]] nyowk
* 11-17/1223e [[wikt:槈|槈]] nuwH
* 11-17/1223f [[wikt:耨|耨]] nuwH

==1224==
* 11-12/1224a [[wikt:蜀|蜀]] dzyowk
* 11-12/1224d [[wikt:蠋|蠋]] dzyowk
* 11-12/1224e [[wikt:燭|燭]] tsyowk
* 11-12/1224f [[wikt:臅|臅]] tsyhowk
* 11-12/1224g [[wikt:觸|觸]] tsyhowk
* 11-12/1224h [[wikt:躅|躅]] drjowk
* 11-12/1224i [[wikt:獨|獨]] duwk
* 11-12/1224j [[wikt:襡|襡]] duwk
* 11-12/1224k [[wikt:韣|韣]] duwk, dzyowk, tsyowk
* 11-12/1224l [[wikt:䪅|䪅]] dzyowk, tsyowk
* 11-12/1224m [[wikt:髑|髑]] duwk
* 11-12/1224n [[wikt:噣|噣]] tuwH
* 11-12/1224o [[wikt:斀|斀]] traewk
* 11-12/1224p [[wikt:濁|濁]] traewk
* 11-12/1224q [[wikt:鐲|鐲]] draewk
* 11-12/1224r [[wikt:擉|擉]] tsrhaewk
* 11-12/1224s [[wikt:屬|屬]] dzyowk, tsyowk
* 11-12/1224t [[wikt:斸|斸]] trjowk
* 11-12/1224u [[wikt:欘|欘]] trjowk
* 11-12/1224v [[wikt:钃|钃]] trjowk
* 11-12/1224x [[wikt:䠱|䠱]] drjowk

==1225==
* 11-02/1225a [[wikt:角|角]] kaewk
* 11-02/1225d [[wikt:桷|桷]] kaewk
* 11-02/1225e [[wikt:确|确]] haewk
* 11-02/1225f [[wikt:斛|斛]] huwk

==1226==
* 11-03/1226a [[wikt:㱿|㱿]] khaewk
* 11-03/1226a [[wikt:殼|殼]] khaewk
* 11-03/1226b [[wikt:愨|愨]] khaewk
* 11-03/1226c [[wikt:慤|慤]] khaewk
* 11-03/1226d [[wikt:瑴|瑴]] kaewk
* 11-03/1226g [[wikt:嗀|嗀]] xaewk, xuwk
* 11-03/1226h [[wikt:榖|榖]] kuwk
* 11-03/1226i [[wikt:穀|穀]] kuwk
* 11-03/1226j [[wikt:轂|轂]] kuwk
* 11-03/1226k [[wikt:縠|縠]] huwk
* 11-03/1226l [[wikt:觳|觳]] haewk, huwk, khaewk
* 11-03/1226m [[wikt:㝅|㝅]] kuwH
* 11-03/1226p [[wikt:彀|彀]] kuwH
* 11-03/1226q [[wikt:鷇|鷇]] khuwH

==1227==
* 11-08/1227a [[wikt:岳|岳]] ngaewk

==1228==
* 11-15/1228a [[wikt:剝|剝]] paewk

==1229==
* 10-34/1229a [[wikt:奏|奏]] tsuwH
* 10-34/1229b [[wikt:湊|湊]] tshuwH
* 10-34/1229c [[wikt:腠|腠]] tshuwH

==1230==
* 10-38/1230a [[wikt:裒|裒]] buw

==1231==
* 13-78/1231a [[wikt:戊|戊]] muwH
* 13-78/1231f [[wikt:茂|茂]] muwH

==1232==
* 10-20/1232a [[wikt:馵|馵]] tsyuH

==1233==
* 13-73/1233a [[wikt:孚|孚]] phju
* 13-73/1233d [[wikt:俘|俘]] phju
* 13-73/1233f [[wikt:莩|莩]] bjewX, phju
* 13-73/1233g [[wikt:郛|郛]] phju
* 13-73/1233h [[wikt:垺|垺]] phju, phjuw, phwoj
* 13-73/1233i [[wikt:殍|殍]] bjewX, phju
* 13-73/1233j [[wikt:罦|罦]] phju
* 13-73/1233k [[wikt:桴|桴]] phju
* 13-73/1233l [[wikt:浮|浮]] bjuw
* 13-73/1233n [[wikt:蜉|蜉]] bjuw
* 13-73/1233o [[wikt:捊|捊]] baew

==1234==
* 10-17/1234a [[wikt:鬥|鬥]] tuwH

==1235==
* 10-15/1235b [[wikt:斲|斲]] traewk
* 10-15/1235c [[wikt:鬭|鬭]] tuwH

==1236==
Schuessler (2009: 48) adds [[#1236]]c to [[#0036]].
* 07-25/1236a [[wikt:些|些]] saH
* 19-18A/1236b [[wikt:蓏|蓏]] lwaX
* 01-15/1236c [[wikt:嗄|嗄]] 'eajH, sraeH

==1237==
* 30-04/1237a [[wikt:洎|洎]] gijH
* 26-18/1237c [[wikt:彝|彝]] yij
* 27-07/1237i [[wikt:黹|黹]] trijX
* 27-06/1237k [[wikt:絺|絺]] trhij
* 26-05/1237l [[wikt:諡|諡]] zyijH
* 26-30/1237m [[wikt:自|自]] dzijH
* 04-36/1237q [[wikt:漦|漦]] zri
* 04-59/1237r [[wikt:奰|奰]] biH, bijH
* 28-03/1237s [[wikt:夔|夔]] gwij
* 28-11/1237u [[wikt:睢|睢]] xjwij
* 28-18/1237v [[wikt:蕤|蕤]] nywij
* 28-19/1237x [[wikt:夊|夊]] swij
* 04-60/1237y [[wikt:轡|轡]] pijH
* 04-58/1237a’ [[wikt:圮|圮]] bijX
* 29-40/1237- [[wikt:自|自]] dzijH

==1238==
Baxter &amp; Sagart (personal communication 11 April 2017) combine GSR [[#0006|0006]], GSR [[#0024|0024]], GSR [[#0026|0026]], GSR [[#1238|1238]]a, and [[#1240|1240]]c.
* 18-03/1238a [[wikt:羈|羈]] kje
* 07-16/1238b [[wikt:豸|豸]] drjeX
* 07-15/1238d [[wikt:卮|卮]] tsye ([[wikt:巵|巵]] is an alternative form)
* 07-18/1238e [[wikt:咶|咶]] zyeX
* 07-19/1238f [[wikt:豕|豕]] syeX
* 19-20/1238j [[wikt:繠|繠]] nyweX, nywijX
* 19-20/1238k [[wikt:蕊|蕊]] nyweX, nywijX

==1239==
* 28-08/1239a [[wikt:卉|卉]] xjwɨjH

==1240==
Baxter &amp; Sagart (personal communication 11 April 2017) combine GSR [[#0006|0006]], GSR [[#0024|0024]], GSR [[#0026|0026]], GSR [[#1238|1238]]a, and [[#1240|1240]]c.
* 04-30/1240a [[wikt:咍|咍]] xoj
* 04-45A/1240b [[wikt:猜|猜]] tshoj
* 07-33/1240c [[wikt:買|買]] meaX
* 07-33/1240e [[wikt:賣|賣]] meaH
* 07-07A/1240f [[wikt:瀣|瀣]] heajH
* 07-07A/1240g [[wikt:薤|薤]] heajH
* 28-07/1240h [[wikt:乖|乖]] kweajH

==1241==
* 26-03/1241a [[wikt:計|計]] kejH
* 07-02/1241b [[wikt:繼|繼]] kejH
* 26-05/1241d [[wikt:兮|兮]] hej
* 26-05/1241h [[wikt:盻|盻]] hejH, ngejH
* 26-11/1241i [[wikt:醯|醯]] xej
* 29-14/1241j [[wikt:替|替]] thejH
* 1241k [[wikt:暜|暜]] thejH
* 32-34/1241l [[wikt:細|細]] sejH
* 30-11/1241m [[wikt:隸|隸]] lejH
* 29-24/1241n [[wikt:盭|盭]] lejH
* 07-22/1241o [[wikt:蠡|蠡]] lejX, lwaX
* 07-22/1241p [[wikt:劙|劙]] lejH, lejX
* 07-22/1241q [[wikt:攭|攭]] lejH, lejX, lje
* 07-23/1241r [[wikt:荔|荔]] lejH, ljeH
* 33-15/1241s [[wikt:沴|沴]] lejH

==1242==
* 16-10/1242a [[wikt:飫|飫]] 'joH
* 01-40/1242b [[wikt:樗|樗]] trhjo

==1243==
* 12-05/1243a [[wikt:酗|酗]] xjuH
* 10-25/1243b [[wikt:窳|窳]] yuX
* 10-26/1243c [[wikt:戍|戍]] syuH

==1244==
* 16-02/1244a [[wikt:羔|羔]] kaw
* 16-02/1244b [[wikt:䅵|䅵]] kowk, tsyak
* 13-02/1244c [[wikt:杲|杲]] kawX
* 13-10/1244d [[wikt:薅|薅]] xaw
* 34-16/1244e [[wikt:媼|媼]] 'awX
* 16-28/1244f [[wikt:腦|腦]] nawX
* 16-28A/1244g [[wikt:𠜶|𠜶]] nawX
* 13-18/1244h [[wikt:饕|饕]] thaw
* 16-29/1244i [[wikt:呶|呶]] nraew
* 16-29/1244j [[wikt:怓|怓]] nraew
* 17-16/1244k [[wikt:豹|豹]] paewH

==1245==
* 13-17/1245a [[wikt:窅|窅]] 'ewX
* 13-17/1245b [[wikt:杳|杳]] 'ewX
* 16-26/1245c [[wikt:料|料]] lew, lewH
* 16-26/1245d [[wikt:敹|敹]] lew

==1246==
* 10-14/1246a [[wikt:𧱓|𧱓]] tuwH
* 10-28/1246b [[wikt:陋|陋]] luwH
* 13-37/1246c [[wikt:狖|狖]] yuwH

==1247==
* 36-13/1247a [[wikt:豓|豓]] yemH
* 36-13/1247b [[wikt:豔|豔]] yemH
* 36-17/1247c [[wikt:忝|忝]] themH, themX

==1248==
* 12-08/1248a [[wikt:畽|畽]] thwanX
* 09-11/1248b [[wikt:綻|綻]] dreanH
* 23-13/1248c [[wikt:幻|幻]] hweanH

==1249==
* 25-41/1249a [[wikt:縓|縓]] tshjwen, tshjwenH

==1250==
* 32-02/1250a [[wikt:繭|繭]] kenX
* 32-02/1250b [[wikt:襺|襺]] kenX
* 09-25/1250c [[wikt:倩|倩]] tshenH
* 09-25/1250d [[wikt:輤|輤]] tshenH
* 23-19/1250e [[wikt:晛|晛]] henH, nenH
* 23-08/1250f [[wikt:蠲|蠲]] kwen
* 32-06/1250g [[wikt:贙|贙]] hiwenH, hiwenX

==1251==
* 32-13/1251a [[wikt:嚚|嚚]] ngin
* 32-14/1251b [[wikt:憖|憖]] nginH
* 1251c [[wikt:憗|憗]] nginH
* 32-11/1251f [[wikt:印|印]] 'jinH
* 33-14/1251h [[wikt:甄|甄]] kjien, tsyin, tsyinH
* 32-27/1251i [[wikt:藺|藺]] linH
* 32-27/1251j [[wikt:焛|焛]] linH
* 32-25/1251l [[wikt:尹|尹]] ywinX
* 34-25/1251o [[wikt:閏|閏]] nywinH
* 34-25/1251p [[wikt:潤|潤]] nywinH
* 04-64/1251q [[wikt:敏|敏]] minX

==1252==
Schuessler (2009: 118) and Baxter &amp; Sagart (2014: 133) include 黽 ([[#1252]]d) in GSR [[#0892]].
* 32-01/1252a [[wikt:鏗|鏗]] kheang
* 32-07/1252b [[wikt:訇|訇]] xweang
* 06-24/1252d [[wikt:黽|黽]] meangX

==1253==
* 15-15/1253a [[wikt:賵|賵]] phjuwngH

==1254==
* 35-04/1254a [[wikt:搚|搚]] lop
* 35-18/1254b [[wikt:扱|扱]] tsrheap
* 37-02/1254b [[wikt:扱|扱]] tsrheap

==1255==
* 35-11/1255a [[wikt:疊|疊]] dep
* 35-11/1255b [[wikt:曡|曡]] dep
* 35-19/1255c [[wikt:燮|燮]] sep
* 35-14/1255e [[wikt:苶|苶]] nep

==1256==
* 20-05/1256a [[wikt:隉|隉]] nget
* 20-09/1256b [[wikt:鐵|鐵]] thet
* 20-09/1256c [[wikt:驖|驖]] det, thet
* 29-21/1256d [[wikt:㞕|㞕]] set
* 29-21/1256e [[wikt:屑|屑]] set
* 23-12/1256f [[wikt:觼|觼]] kwet

==1257==
Baxter &amp; Sagart (2012: 30) take 31-22h/1257h [[wikt:戌|戌]] as phonetic in [[wikt:滅|滅]] [[#0294]]b.
Sagart &amp; Baxter (2009: 232) appear to combine GSR[[#0849]] and GSR[[#1257]]ab
* 29-20/1257a [[wikt:溢|溢]] yit
* 29-20/1257b [[wikt:鎰|鎰]] yit
* 29-22/1257c [[wikt:欥|欥]] yit
* 05-14/1257d [[wikt:騭|騭]] tsyit
* 29-33/1257e [[wikt:悉|悉]] sit
* 29-33/1257f [[wikt:蟋|蟋]] sit, srit
* 29-43/1257g [[wikt:觱|觱]] hjut, pjit
* 31-22/1257h [[wikt:戌|戌]] swit
* 31-22/1257m [[wikt:怴|怴]] xjwit

==1258==
* 01-01/1258a [[wikt:涸|涸]] xak
* 02-21/1258b [[wikt:辵|辵]] trhjaek
* 16-04/1258e [[wikt:繳|繳]] tsyak

==1259==
* 02-10A/1259a [[wikt:謋|謋]] xaek
* 07-03/1259b [[wikt:屐|屐]] gjaek

==1260==
Schussler suggests that 簚 mek ([[#1260|1260e]]) may also belong to GSR[[#0311]].
* 05-03/1260a [[wikt:覈|覈]] heak
* 05-20A/1260b [[wikt:疒|疒]] nreak
* 08-11/1260c [[wikt:隻|隻]] tsyek
* 08-03/1260d [[wikt:覡|覡]] hek
* 08-22/1260e [[wikt:簚|簚]] mek
* 08-07/1260f [[wikt:砉|砉]] xwaek, xwek

{{Shelves|Chinese language}}
{{Alphabetical|C}}
{{status|0%}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>User:Atcovi/Health Psychology</title>
    <ns>2</ns>
    <id>317234</id>
    <revision>
      <id>2693681</id>
      <parentid>2693446</parentid>
      <timestamp>2024-12-28T18:32:03Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Atcovi</username>
        <id>276019</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ch 13</comment>
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      <text bytes="859" sha1="em4cm5vz72fsw2nkzyd55fpbruq4l1m" xml:space="preserve">* [[User:Atcovi/Health Psychology/Chapter 1 - What is Health?]]
* [[User:Atcovi/Health Psychology/Chapter 5 - Diverse Understandings of Stress]]
* [[User:Atcovi/Health Psychology/Chapter 6 - Coping and Social Support]]
* [[User:Atcovi/Health Psychology/Chapter 7 -Why Don’t We Do What We Need to?|User:Atcovi/Health Psychology/Chapter 7 - Why Don’t We Do What We Need to?]]
* [[User:Atcovi/Health Psychology/Chapter 8 - Health Behaviors]]
* SEPERATION
* [[User:Atcovi/Health Psychology/Chapter 9 - Illness Cognitions, Adherence, and Patient–Practitioner Interactions: Introduction]]
* [[User:Atcovi/Health Psychology/Chapter 10: Diverse Approaches to Pain]]
* [[User:Atcovi/Health Psychology/Chapter 11: Disability, Terminal Illness, and Death]]
* [[User:Atcovi/Health Psychology/Chapter 13: Cancer]]

[[Category:Psychology]]

[[Category:Atcovi's Work]]</text>
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    <title>HR 9495, the nonprofit-killer bill, per Michael Novick</title>
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      <contributor>
        <username>DavidMCEddy</username>
        <id>218607</id>
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      <minor />
      <comment>/* Bibliography */ add Proj 2025 to bib</comment>
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      <text bytes="22096" sha1="qvx0hybjplyd8h3uvjx96awwlu06aeh" xml:space="preserve">:''This is a discussion of a Zoom interview recorded 2024-12-20 with Michael Novick, former interim general manager for KPFK, the second station in the Pacifica Radio Network, about HR 9495, which has been called the &quot;nonprofit-killer bill, by its opponents. A 29:00 mm:ss podcast excerpted from the companion video will be posted here after it is released to the fortnightly &quot;Media &amp; Democracy&quot; show&lt;ref name=M&amp;D&gt;&lt;!--Media &amp; Democracy--&gt;{{cite Q|Q127839818}}&lt;/ref&gt; syndicated for the [[w:Pacifica Foundation|Pacifica Radio]]&lt;ref&gt;&lt;!--Pacifica Radio Network--&gt;{{cite Q|Q2045587}}&lt;/ref&gt; Network of [[w:List of Pacifica Radio stations and affiliates|over 200 community radio stations]].&lt;ref&gt;&lt;!--list of Pacifica Radio stations and affiliates--&gt;{{cite Q|Q6593294}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

:''It is posted here to invite others to contribute other perspectives, subject to the Wikimedia rules of [[w:Wikipedia:Neutral point of view|writing from a neutral point of view]] while [[w:Wikipedia:Citing sources|citing credible sources]]&lt;ref name=NPOV&gt;The rules of writing from a neutral point of view citing credible sources may not be enforced on other parts of Wikiversity. However, they can facilitate dialog between people with dramatically different beliefs&lt;/ref&gt; and treating others with respect.&lt;ref name=AGF&gt;[[Wikiversity:Assume good faith|Wikiversity asks contributors to assume good faith]], similar to Wikipedia. The rule in [[w:Wikinews|Wikinews]] is different: Contributors there are asked to [[Wikinews:Never assume|&quot;Don't assume things; be skeptical about everything.&quot;]] That's wise. However, we should still treat others with respect while being skeptical.&lt;/ref&gt;'' 

[[File:HR 9495, the nonprofit-killer bill, per Michael Novick.webm|thumb|Interview recorded 2024-12-20 with Michael Novick regarding HR 9495, called the nonprofit-killer bill, because it is allegedly designed to suppress dissent in the US.]]
&lt;!--[[File: ... .ogg|thumb|29:00 mm:ss extract from interview recorded 2024-12-20 with Michael Novick regarding, HR 9495, the nonprofit-killer bill.]]--&gt;

Michael Novick discussed HR 9495, the “Stop Terror Financing and Tax Penalties on American Hostages Act”, which passed the House November 21. Its opponents have called it the “nonprofit-killer” bill, because it would give the Secretary of Treasury the authority to designate any nonprofit as a suspected “Terrorist Supporting Organization&quot; and remove their tax-exempt status unless they convince the Secretary of Treasury that they do not support terrorists.&lt;ref name=HR9495&gt;US House (2024).&lt;/ref&gt; Mother Jones reported, 'In the bill’s original iteration, it was popular among both Republicans and Democrats, who saw it as an appealing way to police Palestinian rights organizations after protests last year. An earlier version, in April, passed the House easily, with only 11 votes against the bill. It didn’t make it through the Senate ... One of those early no votes was Rep. Rashida Tlaib (D-Mich.), who said on the House floor [November 21], “... This is a dangerous and an unconstitutional bill that would allow unchecked power to target nonprofit organizations as political enemies and shut them down without due process.”'&lt;ref&gt;Hurwitz (2024).&lt;/ref&gt; 

Beth Gazley, Professor of Nonprofit Management and Policy at Indiana University,&lt;ref&gt;&lt;!--Beth Gazley--&gt;{{cite Q|Q131542978}}&lt;/ref&gt; said, &quot;I believe that this is part of a strategy to preempt opposition to Republican policies and encourage self-censorship. It’s a way for the GOP to try to restrict what activists and nonprofit organizations can say or do. And, essentially, it’s a threat to political opponents of President-elect Donald Trump.&quot; On November 21, only 15 Democrats supported it and one Republican opposed it. Rep. [[w:Jamie Raskin|Jamie Raskin]] (D-MD) called the bill “a werewolf in sheep’s clothing.&quot; ... An earlier version of this legislation was introduced in December 2023 and passed in the House in April 2024. Based on the timing, it was widely interpreted as an attempt to quell widespread protests by students and other people who were expressing their solidarity with Palestinians and their objections to Israel’s military operations in Gaza. But this legislation could easily do far more than that, because it does not distinguish between foreign and domestic terrorism – whether it’s real or imagined.&lt;ref name=Gazley&gt;Gazley (2024).&lt;/ref&gt; Raskin further noted that “rendering support to terrorists is already a felony”,&lt;ref&gt;Raskin was quoted in Gazley (2024). In fact, &quot;[[w:Providing material support for terrorism|Providing material support for terrorism]]&quot; is a felony under the USA Patriot Act of 2001 punishable by fines and imprisonment of up to 15 years or 20 years if human(s) convicted ''know(s)'' they were aiding an organization so classified by the US State Department and life in prison if the &quot;death of a person&quot; has resulted, and 'the term “person” means any individual or entity capable of holding a legal or beneficial interest in property'. In ''[[w:Holder v. the Humanitarian Law Project|Holder v. the Humanitarian Law Project]]'' (2010), the US Supreme Court ruled that teaching nonviolence to someone designated as a &quot;terrorist&quot; was &quot;providing material support for terrorism&quot;. [[w:David D. Cole|David D. Cole]], attorney for the [[w:Humanitarian Law Project|Humanitarian Law Project]], said that under that ruling, even asking the State Department to explain why some individual or group was designated as a &quot;terrorist&quot; was similarly &quot;providing material support&quot;, a major felony with penalties as just described.&lt;/ref&gt; and this bill could end all rights to due process.&lt;ref name=Gazley/&gt; 

== Michael Novick == 

Novick has described himself as antiracist, antisexist, anti-imperialist, and anti-authoritarian. Between 2022 and November 2024, he was the interim general manager of [[w:KPFK|KPFK]],&lt;ref&gt;Novick (2022) noted that he began as interim general manager of KKFK in 2022. In this interview, he said he was no longer in that position.&lt;/ref&gt; the second [[w:Pacifica Foundation|station in the Pacifica Radio Network]].&lt;ref&gt;The Pacifica Radio Network includes stations owned by the Pacifica Foundation plus over 200 that are &quot;affiliates&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; 

Novick can be reached at antiracistaction_la@yahoo.com or changelinks2@gmail.com. The latter is for the Change Links community calendar.&lt;ref name=Change-Links&gt;&lt;!-- Change-Links--&gt;{{cite Q|Q131544553}}&lt;/ref&gt; &quot;antiracist.org&quot; is the website for ''Turning the Tide'',&lt;ref&gt;&lt;!-- Turning the Tide--&gt;{{cite Q|Q131544806}}&lt;/ref&gt; which Novick has been doing since 1988. 

== HR 9495 == 

HR 9495 says that &quot;the term ‘terrorist supporting organization’ means any organization which is designated by the Secretary [of Treasury] as having provided, during the 3-year period ending on the date of such designation, material support or resources&quot; to a designated terrorist organization. Before an organization can be so designated, the Secretary is required to mail a written notice of such impending designation and giving them 90 days to &quot;demonstrated to the satisfaction of the Secretary that such organization did not provide the material support or resources&quot;.&lt;ref name=HR9495/&gt; 

== Selected comments == 

Novik noted that 9495 is not likely to pass the Senate this year,

{{blockquote|
but they are going to bring it back immediately when the new Congress is seated, which is even prior to the inauguration of the new president. ... It's also related to a separate initiative of [[w:Project 2025|Project 2025]] that Trump, of course, said he never read ... but he's been appointing all sorts of people involved in that Project 2025 to his administration. And he has already said he'll be appointing the person who wrote the section of 2025 on media, who is a current member of the [[w:Federal Communications Commission|FCC]], ... [[w:Brendan Carr|Brendan Carr]]. And in that document, they talk about actually not just defunding the [[w:Corporation for Public Broadcasting|Corporation for Public Broadcasting]] and public media efforts like [[w:NPR|NPR]]. ... But they actually want to remove the non-commercial educational licensing entirely. And they mentioned Pacifica by name in that report 2025. 

So we're expecting a lot of attacks of this nature to come down the pike. Because ... nonprofits and non-commercial media have been an important avenue for exposing some of the ills of the society and whistleblowing ... . They want to really contain and control the philanthropic sector and the public media sector to carry out some of their other goals ... that have been spelled out pretty clearly in the campaign of mass deportations, ... privatization ... . They want to try to force everything into the commercial enterprises, ... the billionaire owned media.&quot;
}} 

Regarding Trump suing [[w:American Broadcasting Company|ABC]] and ''[[w:The Des Moines Register|The Des Moines Register]]'',&lt;ref&gt;Gold (2024).&lt;/ref&gt; Novick said, &quot;I think it's part and parcel of this whole attack on on freedom of speech, freedom of the press, the whole thing about fake news. ... [T]his effort internationally and nationally to really control the free flow of information because they understand that an informed public is less likely to sit still for its own rights being violated. And certainly the other end of the freedom of speech is freedom of discourse and freedom of listening. If you can't hear any contrary views to those being expressed by the great leader, that's a violation of your rights, not just the rights of the speakers. And so I think ... that it is an attack on human rights and on people's ability to understand what's going on in the world and do something about it.&quot; 

Graves asked Novick about Trump saying that Liz Cheney, a Republican who represented Wyoming in the US House, should be prosecuted and jailed for her role in a Trump impeachment proceeding during Trump's first term.&lt;ref&gt;Mascaro (2024).&lt;/ref&gt; Novick replied, 

{{blockquote|
I think it's a much deeper problem. It it started before him. ... The Biden administration ... prosecuted [[w:Julian Assange|Julian Assange]] and actually won a conviction. They got him to plead guilty to a violation of the Espionage act for releasing data that was not espionage at all. It was whistleblowing about a war crime by the United States killing of reporters in Iraq. 

And similarly the Biden Administration is the one that pursued the case of the [[w:Uhuru Movement|Uhuru 3]] ... from the [[w:African People's Socialist Party|African People's Socialist party]] ... accusing them of being foreign agents for opposing the war in Iraq and ... the genocide in Palestine. So I think that this is a bipartisan issue. In fact, there were votes on both sides of the aisle for 9495.

&quot;One of the first things that Richard Nixon did [as president of the US] was introduce the [[w: Tax Reform Act of 1969|Tax Reform Act of 1969]], as they were trying to dismantle the great society and some of those programs that were about empowering communities, particularly poor people, people of color. The Tax Reform Act of 1969 specifically ... said that any ... organization that wanted nonprofit status could not support voter registration drives or ... activities that ... affected legislation. ... This is a very similar effort, I think,&quot; though 9495 has a much more authoritarian stamp. ... 9495 is targeted directly at organizations that are engaged with international solidarity, particularly with the Palestinian cause. But ... the terrorism term has been used extensively as the so-called Communist threat faded ... . 

I think the head&lt;ref&gt;[[w:Mufid Abdulqader|Mufid Abdulqader]] was released 2024-12-12 after 16 years in federal prison. He was described as a &quot;top fundraiser&quot; and &quot;leader&quot; of the [[w:Holy Land Foundation for Relief and Development|Holy Land Foundation]]&lt;/ref&gt; of the [[w:Holy Land Foundation for Relief and Development|Holy Land Foundation ]] was just recently released from prison. ... This was a humanitarian project, ... based in, obviously, the Muslim community ... . [I]t was humanitarian aid, but it was criminalized. And I think that's what they're trying to do here is to really prevent people from any kind of person to person diplomacy outside the bounds of what the State Department is carrying out which is really militarized. The State Department, I think, follows the same dictates as the Department of Defense, so-called, and the CIA. They're basically involved in, you know, trying to identify forces within different societies that will follow the dictates of US Policy. And anybody that does not want to do that is identified as a potential targeted terrorist or someone supporting terrorism. ... 

I've been associated for many years with the Los Angeles Chapter of the [[w:Anti-Racist Action|Anti-Racist Action Network]] ... . The idea was, be part of the solution. 

But ... terror is, you know, very widespread in this world, and has mainly been used actually by the right and by State actors including the United States. You know when [[w:George W. Bush|Bush]] [[w:2003 invasion of Iraq|went into Iraq]], ... the second bush and the second [[w:Iraq War|Iraq War]], they talked about &quot;[[w:Shock and awe|shock and awe]]&quot;. Well, it's just a polite name for terror. Right? You're bombing people into submission. You're trying to intimidate them through violence. ... it can be classified as terror as well as genocide. They're terrorizing the entire population.  

Historically, the [[w:Ku Klux Klan|Ku Klux Klan]], and a lot of other organizations have been terrorist organizations. But that's not what they're talking about. They're talking about resistance to white supremacy, resistance to colonialism. ... If there's some action against the German occupation, or in this case the Israeli occupation, they're going to punish people ... in the area where it happened without regard to who is responsible. ... The term is used is to justify that kind of actual terrorism by labelling any resistances as terrorism. ...

The case of the [[w:Humanitarian Law Project|Humanitarian Law Project]] ... went all the way to the Supreme Court ... [which] ruled that even providing nonviolence training was a form of material support. 

Lydia Brazon&lt;ref&gt;Pacifica in Exile (2015).&lt;/ref&gt; ... was with the Humanitarian Law Project for a long time. ... She was at one point the executive director of Pacifica. ...

Pacifica's mission is to identify the causes of conflict and try to resolve them without violence. ... It was created by a group of pacifists who actually resisted even World War 2. 

[[w:Lewis Hill (Pacifica Radio)|Lew Hill]] and a group of others ... formed the Pacifica Foundation and launched this project of listener sponsored non-commercial radio. But that's seen as a threat, trying to to solve things, because the State wants to reserve that power of the use of violence. And if you oppose violence by the state, then you're somehow a subversive. 

When 9495 passed, [[w:Mike Johnson|Mike Johnson]], who is the [[w:Speaker of the United States House of Representatives|Speaker of the House]], sent a tweet to a number of organizations, saying, &quot;We're thinking about you.&quot; That included, for example, a [[w:Jewish Voice for Peace|Jewish Voice for Peace]]; ... because they believe in supporting Palestinian rights, they're targeted. We have a program on our station [[w:KPFK|KPFK]], which is Middle Eastern focus for many years, and the current co-host is the head of the LA chapter of a Jewish Voice for Peace, trying to bring about peace in the Middle East. But that's seen as a threat. I also work on a newspaper called ''Change-Links''.&lt;ref name=Change-Links/&gt; It's a community calendar for [[w:Los Angeles|Los Angeles]]. We publish every month with a list of activities that people might be interested in, cultural, political, and otherwise. ... It's not a nonprofit itself. But we have a fiscal sponsor which is the Alliance for Global Justice based in Tucson, Arizona.&lt;ref&gt;&lt;!--Alliance for Global Justice--&gt;{{cite Q|Q129502246}}&lt;/ref&gt; They serve this purpose for a number of smaller projects around the country. Media and other community service organizations that are not full nonprofits themselves have a fiscal sponsor. The Alliance for Global Justice is also in Mike Johnson's Tweet. He tweeted out to 5 or 6 or maybe 8 organizations. This is something that's very clearly directed at not just the activities but the information. They want everything to be like the right wing echo chamber of right wing talk media. Anything that's outside those bounds becomes a fair target. 
}}

Graves noted that in August he had interviewed Heidi Beirich,&lt;ref name=Beirich&gt;&lt;!-- Heidi Beirich--&gt;{{cite Q|Q128844587}}&lt;/ref&gt; co-founder and Chief Strategy Officer of the [[Global Project Against Hate &amp; Extremism (GPAHE)]].&lt;ref name=GPAHE&gt;&lt;!-- GPAHE--&gt;{{cite Q|Q125952435}}&lt;/ref&gt; She noted that recent [[w:National Defense Authorization Act|National Defense Authorization Act]]s have included provisions that explicitly prohibited the Secretary of Defense from attempting to root violent extremists out of the Us. Military.&lt;ref&gt;Donnelly (2022).&lt;/ref&gt;

Novick replied, 

{{blockquote|
It's not surprising. There is a big struggle in the military. Trump has come in saying he wants to get rid of &quot;[[w:woke|Woke]]&quot; generals.&lt;ref&gt;Axe (2024).&lt;/ref&gt; And there is a group that focuses on the question of religious freedom in the military, to be free, free from religion if you want. And there's a number of quite fundamentalist Christian people in high positions of authority in the military that are trying to enforce Christian nationalism. You see a lot of these right wing groups specifically targeting members of the military. We saw that both law enforcement and the military were overrepresented in the people involved in [[w:January 6 United States Capitol attack|January 6 storming of the Capitol]]. 

It's a longstanding phenomenon. ... I was just reading a book called ''Morningside'' about the [[w:Greensboro massacre|1979 massacre of anti-clan activists in Greensboro, North Carolina]]. The people involved in that were included people in the so-called [[w:White Patriot Party|White Patriot Party]], which was based at a marine base in North Carolina, and law enforcement, ..., the Nazis and the Klan and the United Racist front.&lt;ref&gt;Shetterly (2024).&lt;/ref&gt;  
}}

Novick continued, 

{{blockquote|
The militia movement got its start from a couple of sources. One of them was a guy named [[w:John Singlaub|John Singlaub]], who was a general, removed, similar to what happened with [[w:Douglas MacArthur|MacArthur]] in [[w:Korean War|Korea]]. ... He formed something called the [[w:World League for Freedom and Democracy|World Anti-Communist League]] and then proceeded to use right wing Christian forces in the Philippines and Guatemala as a model for organizing similar forces in the United States. They collected money in the United States for these right wing militias in Guatemala and in the Philippines that were involved in terroristic activities of a supposedly anti-communist nature. And once they got that going, they started using it to build up militia groups in the United States on the same model. And you saw some of the repercussions of that with, you know, the [[w:Oklahoma City bombing|Federal building in Oklahoma City]], and other actions that came out of that. 

So I think that people need to take the threat of terrorism seriously, but that we need to understand where it's coming from. It's not coming from nonprofit humanitarian aid for poor people around the world or poor people in this country. It is coming from very well established and well rooted right wing forces in this country. 
}}

== The threat == 

Internet company executives have knowingly increased political polarization and violence including the [[w:Rohingya genocide|Rohingya genocide]] in [[w:Myanmar|Myanmar]], because doing otherwise might have reduced their profits. Documentation of this is summarized in other interviews regarding &quot;Media &amp; Democracy&quot;, available on Wikiversity under [[:Category:Media reform to improve democracy]].

==Discussion == 

:''[Interested readers are invite to comment here, subject to the Wikimedia rules of [[w:Wikipedia:Neutral point of view|writing from a neutral point of view]] [[w:Wikipedia:Citing sources|citing credible sources]]&lt;ref name=NPOV/&gt; and treating others with respect.&lt;ref name=AGF/&gt;]''

== Notes ==
{{reflist}}

== Bibliography ==

* &lt;!--David Axe (2024-12-05) &quot;Trump is planning to rip the guts out of the US armed forces&quot;, The Telegraph--&gt;{{cite Q|Q131545681}}
* &lt;!--John M. Donnelly (2022-12-14) Final NDAA removes most House provisions on hate groups, Roll Call--&gt;{{cite Q|Q130545466}}
* &lt;!--Beth Gazley (2024-11-22) &quot;US House passes measure that could punish nonprofits Treasury Department decides are ‘terrorist’&quot;, The Conversation--&gt;{{cite Q|Q131543053}}
* &lt;!--Hadas Gold (2024-12-16) &quot;Emboldened by ABC settlement, Trump threatens more lawsuits against the press&quot;, CNN--&gt;{{cite Q|Q131545105}}
* &lt;!-- Sophie Hurwitz (2024-11-21) &quot;The House Passes Bill Allowing Trump Admin to Declare Nonprofits Terrorist Supporters&quot;--&gt;{{cite Q|Q131540369}} 
* &lt;!-- Lisa Mascaro (2024-12-16) &quot; After investigating Jan. 6, House GOP sides with Trump and goes after Liz Cheney--&gt;{{cite Q|Q131545154}}
* &lt;!--Michael Novick (2022-11-15) &quot;General Manager Report&quot;, KPFK--&gt;{{cite Q|Q131543205}} 
* &lt;!--Pacifica in Exile (2015-09-14) &quot;Lydia Brazon, Executive Director&quot;, Pacifica in Exile Newsletter --&gt;{{cite Q|Q131545325|author=Pacifica in Exile}}
* &lt;!--  Project 2025--&gt;{{cite Q|Q122382481}} 
* &lt;!--Aran Shetterly (2024-10-15) Morningside: The 1979 Greensboro Massacre and the Struggle for an American City's Soul--&gt;{{cite Q|Q131545762}}
* &lt;!--US House (2024-11-21) H.R.9495 - Stop Terror-Financing and Tax Penalties on American Hostages Act--&gt;{{cite Q|Q131540249|author = US House of Representatives}}

[[Category:Politics]]
[[Category:Freedom and abundance]]
[[Category:Media reform to improve democracy]]</text>
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      <text bytes="22129" sha1="a0xns9zqz7gplosudfccmgtd6gt1x8w" xml:space="preserve">:''This is a discussion of a Zoom interview recorded 2024-12-20 with Michael Novick, former interim general manager for KPFK, the second station in the Pacifica Radio Network, about HR 9495, which has been called the &quot;nonprofit-killer bill, by its opponents. A 29:00 mm:ss podcast excerpted from the companion video will be posted here after it is released to the fortnightly &quot;Media &amp; Democracy&quot; show&lt;ref name=M&amp;D&gt;&lt;!--Media &amp; Democracy--&gt;{{cite Q|Q127839818}}&lt;/ref&gt; syndicated for the [[w:Pacifica Foundation|Pacifica Radio]]&lt;ref&gt;&lt;!--Pacifica Radio Network--&gt;{{cite Q|Q2045587}}&lt;/ref&gt; Network of [[w:List of Pacifica Radio stations and affiliates|over 200 community radio stations]].&lt;ref&gt;&lt;!--list of Pacifica Radio stations and affiliates--&gt;{{cite Q|Q6593294}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

:''It is posted here to invite others to contribute other perspectives, subject to the Wikimedia rules of [[w:Wikipedia:Neutral point of view|writing from a neutral point of view]] while [[w:Wikipedia:Citing sources|citing credible sources]]&lt;ref name=NPOV&gt;The rules of writing from a neutral point of view citing credible sources may not be enforced on other parts of Wikiversity. However, they can facilitate dialog between people with dramatically different beliefs&lt;/ref&gt; and treating others with respect.&lt;ref name=AGF&gt;[[Wikiversity:Assume good faith|Wikiversity asks contributors to assume good faith]], similar to Wikipedia. The rule in [[w:Wikinews|Wikinews]] is different: Contributors there are asked to [[Wikinews:Never assume|&quot;Don't assume things; be skeptical about everything.&quot;]] That's wise. However, we should still treat others with respect while being skeptical.&lt;/ref&gt;'' 

[[File:HR 9495, the nonprofit-killer bill, per Michael Novick.webm|thumb|Interview recorded 2024-12-20 with Michael Novick regarding HR 9495, called the nonprofit-killer bill, because it is allegedly designed to suppress dissent in the US.]]
&lt;!--[[File: ... .ogg|thumb|29:00 mm:ss extract from interview recorded 2024-12-20 with Michael Novick regarding, HR 9495, the nonprofit-killer bill.]]--&gt;

Michael Novick discussed HR 9495, the “Stop Terror Financing and Tax Penalties on American Hostages Act”, which passed the House November 21. Its opponents have called it the “nonprofit-killer” bill, because it would give the Secretary of Treasury the authority to designate any nonprofit as a suspected “Terrorist Supporting Organization&quot; and remove their tax-exempt status unless they convince the Secretary of Treasury that they do not support terrorists.&lt;ref name=HR9495&gt;US House (2024).&lt;/ref&gt; Mother Jones reported, 'In the bill’s original iteration, it was popular among both Republicans and Democrats, who saw it as an appealing way to police Palestinian rights organizations after protests last year. An earlier version, in April, passed the House easily, with only 11 votes against the bill. It didn’t make it through the Senate ... One of those early no votes was Rep. Rashida Tlaib (D-Mich.), who said on the House floor [November 21], “... This is a dangerous and an unconstitutional bill that would allow unchecked power to target nonprofit organizations as political enemies and shut them down without due process.”'&lt;ref&gt;Hurwitz (2024).&lt;/ref&gt; 

Beth Gazley, Professor of Nonprofit Management and Policy at Indiana University,&lt;ref&gt;&lt;!--Beth Gazley--&gt;{{cite Q|Q131542978}}&lt;/ref&gt; said, &quot;I believe that this is part of a strategy to preempt opposition to Republican policies and encourage self-censorship. It’s a way for the GOP to try to restrict what activists and nonprofit organizations can say or do. And, essentially, it’s a threat to political opponents of President-elect Donald Trump.&quot; On November 21, only 15 Democrats supported it and one Republican opposed it. Rep. [[w:Jamie Raskin|Jamie Raskin]] (D-MD) called the bill “a werewolf in sheep’s clothing.&quot; ... An earlier version of this legislation was introduced in December 2023 and passed in the House in April 2024. Based on the timing, it was widely interpreted as an attempt to quell widespread protests by students and other people who were expressing their solidarity with Palestinians and their objections to Israel’s military operations in Gaza. But this legislation could easily do far more than that, because it does not distinguish between foreign and domestic terrorism – whether it’s real or imagined.&lt;ref name=Gazley&gt;Gazley (2024).&lt;/ref&gt; Raskin further noted that “rendering support to terrorists is already a felony”,&lt;ref&gt;Raskin was quoted in Gazley (2024). In fact, &quot;[[w:Providing material support for terrorism|Providing material support for terrorism]]&quot; is a felony under the USA Patriot Act of 2001 punishable by fines and imprisonment of up to 15 years or 20 years if human(s) convicted ''know(s)'' they were aiding an organization so classified by the US State Department and life in prison if the &quot;death of a person&quot; has resulted, and 'the term “person” means any individual or entity capable of holding a legal or beneficial interest in property'. In ''[[w:Holder v. the Humanitarian Law Project|Holder v. the Humanitarian Law Project]]'' (2010), the US Supreme Court ruled that teaching nonviolence to someone designated as a &quot;terrorist&quot; was &quot;providing material support for terrorism&quot;. [[w:David D. Cole|David D. Cole]], attorney for the [[w:Humanitarian Law Project|Humanitarian Law Project]], said that under that ruling, even asking the State Department to explain why some individual or group was designated as a &quot;terrorist&quot; was similarly &quot;providing material support&quot;, a major felony with penalties as just described.&lt;/ref&gt; and this bill could end all rights to due process.&lt;ref name=Gazley/&gt; 

== Michael Novick == 

Novick has described himself as antiracist, antisexist, anti-imperialist, and anti-authoritarian. Between 2022 and November 2024, he was the interim general manager of [[w:KPFK|KPFK]],&lt;ref&gt;Novick (2022) noted that he began as interim general manager of KKFK in 2022. In this interview, he said he was no longer in that position.&lt;/ref&gt; the second [[w:Pacifica Foundation|station in the Pacifica Radio Network]].&lt;ref&gt;The Pacifica Radio Network includes stations owned by the Pacifica Foundation plus over 200 that are &quot;affiliates&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; 

Novick can be reached at antiracistaction_la@yahoo.com or changelinks2@gmail.com. The latter is for the Change Links community calendar.&lt;ref name=Change-Links&gt;&lt;!-- Change-Links--&gt;{{cite Q|Q131544553}}&lt;/ref&gt; &quot;antiracist.org&quot; is the website for ''Turning the Tide'',&lt;ref&gt;&lt;!-- Turning the Tide--&gt;{{cite Q|Q131544806}}&lt;/ref&gt; which Novick has been doing since 1988. 

== HR 9495 == 

HR 9495 says that &quot;the term ‘terrorist supporting organization’ means any organization which is designated by the Secretary [of Treasury] as having provided, during the 3-year period ending on the date of such designation, material support or resources&quot; to a designated terrorist organization. Before an organization can be so designated, the Secretary is required to mail a written notice of such impending designation and giving them 90 days to &quot;demonstrated to the satisfaction of the Secretary that such organization did not provide the material support or resources&quot;.&lt;ref name=HR9495/&gt; 

== Selected comments == 

Novik noted that 9495 is not likely to pass the Senate this year,

{{blockquote|
but they are going to bring it back immediately when the new Congress is seated, which is even prior to the inauguration of the new president. ... It's also related to a separate initiative of [[w:Project 2025|Project 2025]] that Trump, of course, said he never read ... but he's been appointing all sorts of people involved in that Project 2025 to his administration. And he has already said he'll be appointing the person who wrote the section of 2025 on media, who is a current member of the [[w:Federal Communications Commission|FCC]], ... [[w:Brendan Carr|Brendan Carr]]. And in that document, they talk about actually not just defunding the [[w:Corporation for Public Broadcasting|Corporation for Public Broadcasting]] and public media efforts like [[w:NPR|NPR]]. ... But they actually want to remove the non-commercial educational licensing entirely.&lt;ref&gt;Project 2025 (p. 248).&lt;/ref&gt; And they mentioned Pacifica by name in that report 2025. 

So we're expecting a lot of attacks of this nature to come down the pike. Because ... nonprofits and non-commercial media have been an important avenue for exposing some of the ills of the society and whistleblowing ... . They want to really contain and control the philanthropic sector and the public media sector to carry out some of their other goals ... that have been spelled out pretty clearly in the campaign of mass deportations, ... privatization ... . They want to try to force everything into the commercial enterprises, ... the billionaire owned media.&quot;
}} 

Regarding Trump suing [[w:American Broadcasting Company|ABC]] and ''[[w:The Des Moines Register|The Des Moines Register]]'',&lt;ref&gt;Gold (2024).&lt;/ref&gt; Novick said, &quot;I think it's part and parcel of this whole attack on on freedom of speech, freedom of the press, the whole thing about fake news. ... [T]his effort internationally and nationally to really control the free flow of information because they understand that an informed public is less likely to sit still for its own rights being violated. And certainly the other end of the freedom of speech is freedom of discourse and freedom of listening. If you can't hear any contrary views to those being expressed by the great leader, that's a violation of your rights, not just the rights of the speakers. And so I think ... that it is an attack on human rights and on people's ability to understand what's going on in the world and do something about it.&quot; 

Graves asked Novick about Trump saying that Liz Cheney, a Republican who represented Wyoming in the US House, should be prosecuted and jailed for her role in a Trump impeachment proceeding during Trump's first term.&lt;ref&gt;Mascaro (2024).&lt;/ref&gt; Novick replied, 

{{blockquote|
I think it's a much deeper problem. It it started before him. ... The Biden administration ... prosecuted [[w:Julian Assange|Julian Assange]] and actually won a conviction. They got him to plead guilty to a violation of the Espionage act for releasing data that was not espionage at all. It was whistleblowing about a war crime by the United States killing of reporters in Iraq. 

And similarly the Biden Administration is the one that pursued the case of the [[w:Uhuru Movement|Uhuru 3]] ... from the [[w:African People's Socialist Party|African People's Socialist party]] ... accusing them of being foreign agents for opposing the war in Iraq and ... the genocide in Palestine. So I think that this is a bipartisan issue. In fact, there were votes on both sides of the aisle for 9495.

&quot;One of the first things that Richard Nixon did [as president of the US] was introduce the [[w: Tax Reform Act of 1969|Tax Reform Act of 1969]], as they were trying to dismantle the great society and some of those programs that were about empowering communities, particularly poor people, people of color. The Tax Reform Act of 1969 specifically ... said that any ... organization that wanted nonprofit status could not support voter registration drives or ... activities that ... affected legislation. ... This is a very similar effort, I think,&quot; though 9495 has a much more authoritarian stamp. ... 9495 is targeted directly at organizations that are engaged with international solidarity, particularly with the Palestinian cause. But ... the terrorism term has been used extensively as the so-called Communist threat faded ... . 

I think the head&lt;ref&gt;[[w:Mufid Abdulqader|Mufid Abdulqader]] was released 2024-12-12 after 16 years in federal prison. He was described as a &quot;top fundraiser&quot; and &quot;leader&quot; of the [[w:Holy Land Foundation for Relief and Development|Holy Land Foundation]]&lt;/ref&gt; of the [[w:Holy Land Foundation for Relief and Development|Holy Land Foundation ]] was just recently released from prison. ... This was a humanitarian project, ... based in, obviously, the Muslim community ... . [I]t was humanitarian aid, but it was criminalized. And I think that's what they're trying to do here is to really prevent people from any kind of person to person diplomacy outside the bounds of what the State Department is carrying out which is really militarized. The State Department, I think, follows the same dictates as the Department of Defense, so-called, and the CIA. They're basically involved in, you know, trying to identify forces within different societies that will follow the dictates of US Policy. And anybody that does not want to do that is identified as a potential targeted terrorist or someone supporting terrorism. ... 

I've been associated for many years with the Los Angeles Chapter of the [[w:Anti-Racist Action|Anti-Racist Action Network]] ... . The idea was, be part of the solution. 

But ... terror is, you know, very widespread in this world, and has mainly been used actually by the right and by State actors including the United States. You know when [[w:George W. Bush|Bush]] [[w:2003 invasion of Iraq|went into Iraq]], ... the second bush and the second [[w:Iraq War|Iraq War]], they talked about &quot;[[w:Shock and awe|shock and awe]]&quot;. Well, it's just a polite name for terror. Right? You're bombing people into submission. You're trying to intimidate them through violence. ... it can be classified as terror as well as genocide. They're terrorizing the entire population.  

Historically, the [[w:Ku Klux Klan|Ku Klux Klan]], and a lot of other organizations have been terrorist organizations. But that's not what they're talking about. They're talking about resistance to white supremacy, resistance to colonialism. ... If there's some action against the German occupation, or in this case the Israeli occupation, they're going to punish people ... in the area where it happened without regard to who is responsible. ... The term is used is to justify that kind of actual terrorism by labelling any resistances as terrorism. ...

The case of the [[w:Humanitarian Law Project|Humanitarian Law Project]] ... went all the way to the Supreme Court ... [which] ruled that even providing nonviolence training was a form of material support. 

Lydia Brazon&lt;ref&gt;Pacifica in Exile (2015).&lt;/ref&gt; ... was with the Humanitarian Law Project for a long time. ... She was at one point the executive director of Pacifica. ...

Pacifica's mission is to identify the causes of conflict and try to resolve them without violence. ... It was created by a group of pacifists who actually resisted even World War 2. 

[[w:Lewis Hill (Pacifica Radio)|Lew Hill]] and a group of others ... formed the Pacifica Foundation and launched this project of listener sponsored non-commercial radio. But that's seen as a threat, trying to to solve things, because the State wants to reserve that power of the use of violence. And if you oppose violence by the state, then you're somehow a subversive. 

When 9495 passed, [[w:Mike Johnson|Mike Johnson]], who is the [[w:Speaker of the United States House of Representatives|Speaker of the House]], sent a tweet to a number of organizations, saying, &quot;We're thinking about you.&quot; That included, for example, a [[w:Jewish Voice for Peace|Jewish Voice for Peace]]; ... because they believe in supporting Palestinian rights, they're targeted. We have a program on our station [[w:KPFK|KPFK]], which is Middle Eastern focus for many years, and the current co-host is the head of the LA chapter of a Jewish Voice for Peace, trying to bring about peace in the Middle East. But that's seen as a threat. I also work on a newspaper called ''Change-Links''.&lt;ref name=Change-Links/&gt; It's a community calendar for [[w:Los Angeles|Los Angeles]]. We publish every month with a list of activities that people might be interested in, cultural, political, and otherwise. ... It's not a nonprofit itself. But we have a fiscal sponsor which is the Alliance for Global Justice based in Tucson, Arizona.&lt;ref&gt;&lt;!--Alliance for Global Justice--&gt;{{cite Q|Q129502246}}&lt;/ref&gt; They serve this purpose for a number of smaller projects around the country. Media and other community service organizations that are not full nonprofits themselves have a fiscal sponsor. The Alliance for Global Justice is also in Mike Johnson's Tweet. He tweeted out to 5 or 6 or maybe 8 organizations. This is something that's very clearly directed at not just the activities but the information. They want everything to be like the right wing echo chamber of right wing talk media. Anything that's outside those bounds becomes a fair target. 
}}

Graves noted that in August he had interviewed Heidi Beirich,&lt;ref name=Beirich&gt;&lt;!-- Heidi Beirich--&gt;{{cite Q|Q128844587}}&lt;/ref&gt; co-founder and Chief Strategy Officer of the [[Global Project Against Hate &amp; Extremism (GPAHE)]].&lt;ref name=GPAHE&gt;&lt;!-- GPAHE--&gt;{{cite Q|Q125952435}}&lt;/ref&gt; She noted that recent [[w:National Defense Authorization Act|National Defense Authorization Act]]s have included provisions that explicitly prohibited the Secretary of Defense from attempting to root violent extremists out of the Us. Military.&lt;ref&gt;Donnelly (2022).&lt;/ref&gt;

Novick replied, 

{{blockquote|
It's not surprising. There is a big struggle in the military. Trump has come in saying he wants to get rid of &quot;[[w:woke|Woke]]&quot; generals.&lt;ref&gt;Axe (2024).&lt;/ref&gt; And there is a group that focuses on the question of religious freedom in the military, to be free, free from religion if you want. And there's a number of quite fundamentalist Christian people in high positions of authority in the military that are trying to enforce Christian nationalism. You see a lot of these right wing groups specifically targeting members of the military. We saw that both law enforcement and the military were overrepresented in the people involved in [[w:January 6 United States Capitol attack|January 6 storming of the Capitol]]. 

It's a longstanding phenomenon. ... I was just reading a book called ''Morningside'' about the [[w:Greensboro massacre|1979 massacre of anti-clan activists in Greensboro, North Carolina]]. The people involved in that were included people in the so-called [[w:White Patriot Party|White Patriot Party]], which was based at a marine base in North Carolina, and law enforcement, ..., the Nazis and the Klan and the United Racist front.&lt;ref&gt;Shetterly (2024).&lt;/ref&gt;  
}}

Novick continued, 

{{blockquote|
The militia movement got its start from a couple of sources. One of them was a guy named [[w:John Singlaub|John Singlaub]], who was a general, removed, similar to what happened with [[w:Douglas MacArthur|MacArthur]] in [[w:Korean War|Korea]]. ... He formed something called the [[w:World League for Freedom and Democracy|World Anti-Communist League]] and then proceeded to use right wing Christian forces in the Philippines and Guatemala as a model for organizing similar forces in the United States. They collected money in the United States for these right wing militias in Guatemala and in the Philippines that were involved in terroristic activities of a supposedly anti-communist nature. And once they got that going, they started using it to build up militia groups in the United States on the same model. And you saw some of the repercussions of that with, you know, the [[w:Oklahoma City bombing|Federal building in Oklahoma City]], and other actions that came out of that. 

So I think that people need to take the threat of terrorism seriously, but that we need to understand where it's coming from. It's not coming from nonprofit humanitarian aid for poor people around the world or poor people in this country. It is coming from very well established and well rooted right wing forces in this country. 
}}

== The threat == 

Internet company executives have knowingly increased political polarization and violence including the [[w:Rohingya genocide|Rohingya genocide]] in [[w:Myanmar|Myanmar]], because doing otherwise might have reduced their profits. Documentation of this is summarized in other interviews regarding &quot;Media &amp; Democracy&quot;, available on Wikiversity under [[:Category:Media reform to improve democracy]].

==Discussion == 

:''[Interested readers are invite to comment here, subject to the Wikimedia rules of [[w:Wikipedia:Neutral point of view|writing from a neutral point of view]] [[w:Wikipedia:Citing sources|citing credible sources]]&lt;ref name=NPOV/&gt; and treating others with respect.&lt;ref name=AGF/&gt;]''

== Notes ==
{{reflist}}

== Bibliography ==

* &lt;!--David Axe (2024-12-05) &quot;Trump is planning to rip the guts out of the US armed forces&quot;, The Telegraph--&gt;{{cite Q|Q131545681}}
* &lt;!--John M. Donnelly (2022-12-14) Final NDAA removes most House provisions on hate groups, Roll Call--&gt;{{cite Q|Q130545466}}
* &lt;!--Beth Gazley (2024-11-22) &quot;US House passes measure that could punish nonprofits Treasury Department decides are ‘terrorist’&quot;, The Conversation--&gt;{{cite Q|Q131543053}}
* &lt;!--Hadas Gold (2024-12-16) &quot;Emboldened by ABC settlement, Trump threatens more lawsuits against the press&quot;, CNN--&gt;{{cite Q|Q131545105}}
* &lt;!-- Sophie Hurwitz (2024-11-21) &quot;The House Passes Bill Allowing Trump Admin to Declare Nonprofits Terrorist Supporters&quot;--&gt;{{cite Q|Q131540369}} 
* &lt;!-- Lisa Mascaro (2024-12-16) &quot; After investigating Jan. 6, House GOP sides with Trump and goes after Liz Cheney--&gt;{{cite Q|Q131545154}}
* &lt;!--Michael Novick (2022-11-15) &quot;General Manager Report&quot;, KPFK--&gt;{{cite Q|Q131543205}} 
* &lt;!--Pacifica in Exile (2015-09-14) &quot;Lydia Brazon, Executive Director&quot;, Pacifica in Exile Newsletter --&gt;{{cite Q|Q131545325|author=Pacifica in Exile}}
* &lt;!--  Project 2025--&gt;{{cite Q|Q122382481}} 
* &lt;!--Aran Shetterly (2024-10-15) Morningside: The 1979 Greensboro Massacre and the Struggle for an American City's Soul--&gt;{{cite Q|Q131545762}}
* &lt;!--US House (2024-11-21) H.R.9495 - Stop Terror-Financing and Tax Penalties on American Hostages Act--&gt;{{cite Q|Q131540249|author = US House of Representatives}}

[[Category:Politics]]
[[Category:Freedom and abundance]]
[[Category:Media reform to improve democracy]]</text>
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      <text bytes="22162" sha1="nz7hhfucmyv5kar1sv3e293qzenlwus" xml:space="preserve">:''This is a discussion of a Zoom interview recorded 2024-12-20 with Michael Novick, former interim general manager for KPFK, the second station in the Pacifica Radio Network, about HR 9495, which has been called the &quot;nonprofit-killer bill, by its opponents. A 29:00 mm:ss podcast excerpted from the companion video will be posted here after it is released to the fortnightly &quot;Media &amp; Democracy&quot; show&lt;ref name=M&amp;D&gt;&lt;!--Media &amp; Democracy--&gt;{{cite Q|Q127839818}}&lt;/ref&gt; syndicated for the [[w:Pacifica Foundation|Pacifica Radio]]&lt;ref&gt;&lt;!--Pacifica Radio Network--&gt;{{cite Q|Q2045587}}&lt;/ref&gt; Network of [[w:List of Pacifica Radio stations and affiliates|over 200 community radio stations]].&lt;ref&gt;&lt;!--list of Pacifica Radio stations and affiliates--&gt;{{cite Q|Q6593294}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

:''It is posted here to invite others to contribute other perspectives, subject to the Wikimedia rules of [[w:Wikipedia:Neutral point of view|writing from a neutral point of view]] while [[w:Wikipedia:Citing sources|citing credible sources]]&lt;ref name=NPOV&gt;The rules of writing from a neutral point of view citing credible sources may not be enforced on other parts of Wikiversity. However, they can facilitate dialog between people with dramatically different beliefs&lt;/ref&gt; and treating others with respect.&lt;ref name=AGF&gt;[[Wikiversity:Assume good faith|Wikiversity asks contributors to assume good faith]], similar to Wikipedia. The rule in [[w:Wikinews|Wikinews]] is different: Contributors there are asked to [[Wikinews:Never assume|&quot;Don't assume things; be skeptical about everything.&quot;]] That's wise. However, we should still treat others with respect while being skeptical.&lt;/ref&gt;'' 

[[File:HR 9495, the nonprofit-killer bill, per Michael Novick.webm|thumb|Interview recorded 2024-12-20 with Michael Novick regarding HR 9495, called the nonprofit-killer bill, because it is allegedly designed to suppress dissent in the US.]]
&lt;!--[[File: ... .ogg|thumb|29:00 mm:ss extract from interview recorded 2024-12-20 with Michael Novick regarding, HR 9495, the nonprofit-killer bill.]]--&gt;

Michael Novick discussed HR 9495, the “Stop Terror Financing and Tax Penalties on American Hostages Act”, which passed the House November 21. Its opponents have called it the “nonprofit-killer” bill, because it would give the Secretary of Treasury the authority to designate any nonprofit as a suspected “Terrorist Supporting Organization&quot; and remove their tax-exempt status unless they convince the Secretary of Treasury that they do not support terrorists.&lt;ref name=HR9495&gt;US House (2024).&lt;/ref&gt; Mother Jones reported, 'In the bill’s original iteration, it was popular among both Republicans and Democrats, who saw it as an appealing way to police Palestinian rights organizations after protests last year. An earlier version, in April, passed the House easily, with only 11 votes against the bill. It didn’t make it through the Senate ... One of those early no votes was Rep. Rashida Tlaib (D-Mich.), who said on the House floor [November 21], “... This is a dangerous and an unconstitutional bill that would allow unchecked power to target nonprofit organizations as political enemies and shut them down without due process.”'&lt;ref&gt;Hurwitz (2024).&lt;/ref&gt; 

Beth Gazley, Professor of Nonprofit Management and Policy at Indiana University,&lt;ref&gt;&lt;!--Beth Gazley--&gt;{{cite Q|Q131542978}}&lt;/ref&gt; said, &quot;I believe that this is part of a strategy to preempt opposition to Republican policies and encourage self-censorship. It’s a way for the GOP to try to restrict what activists and nonprofit organizations can say or do. And, essentially, it’s a threat to political opponents of President-elect Donald Trump.&quot; On November 21, only 15 Democrats supported it and one Republican opposed it. Rep. [[w:Jamie Raskin|Jamie Raskin]] (D-MD) called the bill “a werewolf in sheep’s clothing.&quot; ... An earlier version of this legislation was introduced in December 2023 and passed in the House in April 2024. Based on the timing, it was widely interpreted as an attempt to quell widespread protests by students and other people who were expressing their solidarity with Palestinians and their objections to Israel’s military operations in Gaza. But this legislation could easily do far more than that, because it does not distinguish between foreign and domestic terrorism – whether it’s real or imagined.&lt;ref name=Gazley&gt;Gazley (2024).&lt;/ref&gt; Raskin further noted that “rendering support to terrorists is already a felony”,&lt;ref&gt;Raskin was quoted in Gazley (2024). In fact, &quot;[[w:Providing material support for terrorism|Providing material support for terrorism]]&quot; is a felony under the USA Patriot Act of 2001 punishable by fines and imprisonment of up to 15 years or 20 years if human(s) convicted ''know(s)'' they were aiding an organization so classified by the US State Department and life in prison if the &quot;death of a person&quot; has resulted, and 'the term “person” means any individual or entity capable of holding a legal or beneficial interest in property'. In ''[[w:Holder v. the Humanitarian Law Project|Holder v. the Humanitarian Law Project]]'' (2010), the US Supreme Court ruled that teaching nonviolence to someone designated as a &quot;terrorist&quot; was &quot;providing material support for terrorism&quot;. [[w:David D. Cole|David D. Cole]], attorney for the [[w:Humanitarian Law Project|Humanitarian Law Project]], said that under that ruling, even asking the State Department to explain why some individual or group was designated as a &quot;terrorist&quot; was similarly &quot;providing material support&quot;, a major felony with penalties as just described.&lt;/ref&gt; and this bill could end all rights to due process.&lt;ref name=Gazley/&gt; 

== Michael Novick == 

Novick has described himself as antiracist, antisexist, anti-imperialist, and anti-authoritarian. Between 2022 and November 2024, he was the interim general manager of [[w:KPFK|KPFK]],&lt;ref&gt;Novick (2022) noted that he began as interim general manager of KKFK in 2022. In this interview, he said he was no longer in that position.&lt;/ref&gt; the second [[w:Pacifica Foundation|station in the Pacifica Radio Network]].&lt;ref&gt;The Pacifica Radio Network includes stations owned by the Pacifica Foundation plus over 200 that are &quot;affiliates&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; 

Novick can be reached at antiracistaction_la@yahoo.com or changelinks2@gmail.com. The latter is for the Change Links community calendar.&lt;ref name=Change-Links&gt;&lt;!-- Change-Links--&gt;{{cite Q|Q131544553}}&lt;/ref&gt; &quot;antiracist.org&quot; is the website for ''Turning the Tide'',&lt;ref&gt;&lt;!-- Turning the Tide--&gt;{{cite Q|Q131544806}}&lt;/ref&gt; which Novick has been doing since 1988. 

== HR 9495 == 

HR 9495 says that &quot;the term ‘terrorist supporting organization’ means any organization which is designated by the Secretary [of Treasury] as having provided, during the 3-year period ending on the date of such designation, material support or resources&quot; to a designated terrorist organization. Before an organization can be so designated, the Secretary is required to mail a written notice of such impending designation and giving them 90 days to &quot;demonstrated to the satisfaction of the Secretary that such organization did not provide the material support or resources&quot;.&lt;ref name=HR9495/&gt; 

== Selected comments == 

Novik noted that 9495 is not likely to pass the Senate this year,

{{blockquote|
but they are going to bring it back immediately when the new Congress is seated, which is even prior to the inauguration of the new president. ... It's also related to a separate initiative of [[w:Project 2025|Project 2025]] that Trump, of course, said he never read ... but he's been appointing all sorts of people involved in that Project 2025 to his administration. And he has already said he'll be appointing the person who wrote the section of 2025 on media, who is a current member of the [[w:Federal Communications Commission|FCC]], ... [[w:Brendan Carr|Brendan Carr]]. And in that document, they talk about actually not just defunding the [[w:Corporation for Public Broadcasting|Corporation for Public Broadcasting]] and public media efforts like [[w:NPR|NPR]]. ... But they actually want to remove the non-commercial educational licensing entirely.&lt;ref&gt;Project 2025 (p. 248).&lt;/ref&gt; And they mentioned Pacifica by name in that report 2025.&lt;ref&gt;Project 2025 (p. 247).&lt;/ref&gt; 

So we're expecting a lot of attacks of this nature to come down the pike. Because ... nonprofits and non-commercial media have been an important avenue for exposing some of the ills of the society and whistleblowing ... . They want to really contain and control the philanthropic sector and the public media sector to carry out some of their other goals ... that have been spelled out pretty clearly in the campaign of mass deportations, ... privatization ... . They want to try to force everything into the commercial enterprises, ... the billionaire owned media.&quot;
}} 

Regarding Trump suing [[w:American Broadcasting Company|ABC]] and ''[[w:The Des Moines Register|The Des Moines Register]]'',&lt;ref&gt;Gold (2024).&lt;/ref&gt; Novick said, &quot;I think it's part and parcel of this whole attack on on freedom of speech, freedom of the press, the whole thing about fake news. ... [T]his effort internationally and nationally to really control the free flow of information because they understand that an informed public is less likely to sit still for its own rights being violated. And certainly the other end of the freedom of speech is freedom of discourse and freedom of listening. If you can't hear any contrary views to those being expressed by the great leader, that's a violation of your rights, not just the rights of the speakers. And so I think ... that it is an attack on human rights and on people's ability to understand what's going on in the world and do something about it.&quot; 

Graves asked Novick about Trump saying that Liz Cheney, a Republican who represented Wyoming in the US House, should be prosecuted and jailed for her role in a Trump impeachment proceeding during Trump's first term.&lt;ref&gt;Mascaro (2024).&lt;/ref&gt; Novick replied, 

{{blockquote|
I think it's a much deeper problem. It it started before him. ... The Biden administration ... prosecuted [[w:Julian Assange|Julian Assange]] and actually won a conviction. They got him to plead guilty to a violation of the Espionage act for releasing data that was not espionage at all. It was whistleblowing about a war crime by the United States killing of reporters in Iraq. 

And similarly the Biden Administration is the one that pursued the case of the [[w:Uhuru Movement|Uhuru 3]] ... from the [[w:African People's Socialist Party|African People's Socialist party]] ... accusing them of being foreign agents for opposing the war in Iraq and ... the genocide in Palestine. So I think that this is a bipartisan issue. In fact, there were votes on both sides of the aisle for 9495.

&quot;One of the first things that Richard Nixon did [as president of the US] was introduce the [[w: Tax Reform Act of 1969|Tax Reform Act of 1969]], as they were trying to dismantle the great society and some of those programs that were about empowering communities, particularly poor people, people of color. The Tax Reform Act of 1969 specifically ... said that any ... organization that wanted nonprofit status could not support voter registration drives or ... activities that ... affected legislation. ... This is a very similar effort, I think,&quot; though 9495 has a much more authoritarian stamp. ... 9495 is targeted directly at organizations that are engaged with international solidarity, particularly with the Palestinian cause. But ... the terrorism term has been used extensively as the so-called Communist threat faded ... . 

I think the head&lt;ref&gt;[[w:Mufid Abdulqader|Mufid Abdulqader]] was released 2024-12-12 after 16 years in federal prison. He was described as a &quot;top fundraiser&quot; and &quot;leader&quot; of the [[w:Holy Land Foundation for Relief and Development|Holy Land Foundation]]&lt;/ref&gt; of the [[w:Holy Land Foundation for Relief and Development|Holy Land Foundation ]] was just recently released from prison. ... This was a humanitarian project, ... based in, obviously, the Muslim community ... . [I]t was humanitarian aid, but it was criminalized. And I think that's what they're trying to do here is to really prevent people from any kind of person to person diplomacy outside the bounds of what the State Department is carrying out which is really militarized. The State Department, I think, follows the same dictates as the Department of Defense, so-called, and the CIA. They're basically involved in, you know, trying to identify forces within different societies that will follow the dictates of US Policy. And anybody that does not want to do that is identified as a potential targeted terrorist or someone supporting terrorism. ... 

I've been associated for many years with the Los Angeles Chapter of the [[w:Anti-Racist Action|Anti-Racist Action Network]] ... . The idea was, be part of the solution. 

But ... terror is, you know, very widespread in this world, and has mainly been used actually by the right and by State actors including the United States. You know when [[w:George W. Bush|Bush]] [[w:2003 invasion of Iraq|went into Iraq]], ... the second bush and the second [[w:Iraq War|Iraq War]], they talked about &quot;[[w:Shock and awe|shock and awe]]&quot;. Well, it's just a polite name for terror. Right? You're bombing people into submission. You're trying to intimidate them through violence. ... it can be classified as terror as well as genocide. They're terrorizing the entire population.  

Historically, the [[w:Ku Klux Klan|Ku Klux Klan]], and a lot of other organizations have been terrorist organizations. But that's not what they're talking about. They're talking about resistance to white supremacy, resistance to colonialism. ... If there's some action against the German occupation, or in this case the Israeli occupation, they're going to punish people ... in the area where it happened without regard to who is responsible. ... The term is used is to justify that kind of actual terrorism by labelling any resistances as terrorism. ...

The case of the [[w:Humanitarian Law Project|Humanitarian Law Project]] ... went all the way to the Supreme Court ... [which] ruled that even providing nonviolence training was a form of material support. 

Lydia Brazon&lt;ref&gt;Pacifica in Exile (2015).&lt;/ref&gt; ... was with the Humanitarian Law Project for a long time. ... She was at one point the executive director of Pacifica. ...

Pacifica's mission is to identify the causes of conflict and try to resolve them without violence. ... It was created by a group of pacifists who actually resisted even World War 2. 

[[w:Lewis Hill (Pacifica Radio)|Lew Hill]] and a group of others ... formed the Pacifica Foundation and launched this project of listener sponsored non-commercial radio. But that's seen as a threat, trying to to solve things, because the State wants to reserve that power of the use of violence. And if you oppose violence by the state, then you're somehow a subversive. 

When 9495 passed, [[w:Mike Johnson|Mike Johnson]], who is the [[w:Speaker of the United States House of Representatives|Speaker of the House]], sent a tweet to a number of organizations, saying, &quot;We're thinking about you.&quot; That included, for example, a [[w:Jewish Voice for Peace|Jewish Voice for Peace]]; ... because they believe in supporting Palestinian rights, they're targeted. We have a program on our station [[w:KPFK|KPFK]], which is Middle Eastern focus for many years, and the current co-host is the head of the LA chapter of a Jewish Voice for Peace, trying to bring about peace in the Middle East. But that's seen as a threat. I also work on a newspaper called ''Change-Links''.&lt;ref name=Change-Links/&gt; It's a community calendar for [[w:Los Angeles|Los Angeles]]. We publish every month with a list of activities that people might be interested in, cultural, political, and otherwise. ... It's not a nonprofit itself. But we have a fiscal sponsor which is the Alliance for Global Justice based in Tucson, Arizona.&lt;ref&gt;&lt;!--Alliance for Global Justice--&gt;{{cite Q|Q129502246}}&lt;/ref&gt; They serve this purpose for a number of smaller projects around the country. Media and other community service organizations that are not full nonprofits themselves have a fiscal sponsor. The Alliance for Global Justice is also in Mike Johnson's Tweet. He tweeted out to 5 or 6 or maybe 8 organizations. This is something that's very clearly directed at not just the activities but the information. They want everything to be like the right wing echo chamber of right wing talk media. Anything that's outside those bounds becomes a fair target. 
}}

Graves noted that in August he had interviewed Heidi Beirich,&lt;ref name=Beirich&gt;&lt;!-- Heidi Beirich--&gt;{{cite Q|Q128844587}}&lt;/ref&gt; co-founder and Chief Strategy Officer of the [[Global Project Against Hate &amp; Extremism (GPAHE)]].&lt;ref name=GPAHE&gt;&lt;!-- GPAHE--&gt;{{cite Q|Q125952435}}&lt;/ref&gt; She noted that recent [[w:National Defense Authorization Act|National Defense Authorization Act]]s have included provisions that explicitly prohibited the Secretary of Defense from attempting to root violent extremists out of the Us. Military.&lt;ref&gt;Donnelly (2022).&lt;/ref&gt;

Novick replied, 

{{blockquote|
It's not surprising. There is a big struggle in the military. Trump has come in saying he wants to get rid of &quot;[[w:woke|Woke]]&quot; generals.&lt;ref&gt;Axe (2024).&lt;/ref&gt; And there is a group that focuses on the question of religious freedom in the military, to be free, free from religion if you want. And there's a number of quite fundamentalist Christian people in high positions of authority in the military that are trying to enforce Christian nationalism. You see a lot of these right wing groups specifically targeting members of the military. We saw that both law enforcement and the military were overrepresented in the people involved in [[w:January 6 United States Capitol attack|January 6 storming of the Capitol]]. 

It's a longstanding phenomenon. ... I was just reading a book called ''Morningside'' about the [[w:Greensboro massacre|1979 massacre of anti-clan activists in Greensboro, North Carolina]]. The people involved in that were included people in the so-called [[w:White Patriot Party|White Patriot Party]], which was based at a marine base in North Carolina, and law enforcement, ..., the Nazis and the Klan and the United Racist front.&lt;ref&gt;Shetterly (2024).&lt;/ref&gt;  
}}

Novick continued, 

{{blockquote|
The militia movement got its start from a couple of sources. One of them was a guy named [[w:John Singlaub|John Singlaub]], who was a general, removed, similar to what happened with [[w:Douglas MacArthur|MacArthur]] in [[w:Korean War|Korea]]. ... He formed something called the [[w:World League for Freedom and Democracy|World Anti-Communist League]] and then proceeded to use right wing Christian forces in the Philippines and Guatemala as a model for organizing similar forces in the United States. They collected money in the United States for these right wing militias in Guatemala and in the Philippines that were involved in terroristic activities of a supposedly anti-communist nature. And once they got that going, they started using it to build up militia groups in the United States on the same model. And you saw some of the repercussions of that with, you know, the [[w:Oklahoma City bombing|Federal building in Oklahoma City]], and other actions that came out of that. 

So I think that people need to take the threat of terrorism seriously, but that we need to understand where it's coming from. It's not coming from nonprofit humanitarian aid for poor people around the world or poor people in this country. It is coming from very well established and well rooted right wing forces in this country. 
}}

== The threat == 

Internet company executives have knowingly increased political polarization and violence including the [[w:Rohingya genocide|Rohingya genocide]] in [[w:Myanmar|Myanmar]], because doing otherwise might have reduced their profits. Documentation of this is summarized in other interviews regarding &quot;Media &amp; Democracy&quot;, available on Wikiversity under [[:Category:Media reform to improve democracy]].

==Discussion == 

:''[Interested readers are invite to comment here, subject to the Wikimedia rules of [[w:Wikipedia:Neutral point of view|writing from a neutral point of view]] [[w:Wikipedia:Citing sources|citing credible sources]]&lt;ref name=NPOV/&gt; and treating others with respect.&lt;ref name=AGF/&gt;]''

== Notes ==
{{reflist}}

== Bibliography ==

* &lt;!--David Axe (2024-12-05) &quot;Trump is planning to rip the guts out of the US armed forces&quot;, The Telegraph--&gt;{{cite Q|Q131545681}}
* &lt;!--John M. Donnelly (2022-12-14) Final NDAA removes most House provisions on hate groups, Roll Call--&gt;{{cite Q|Q130545466}}
* &lt;!--Beth Gazley (2024-11-22) &quot;US House passes measure that could punish nonprofits Treasury Department decides are ‘terrorist’&quot;, The Conversation--&gt;{{cite Q|Q131543053}}
* &lt;!--Hadas Gold (2024-12-16) &quot;Emboldened by ABC settlement, Trump threatens more lawsuits against the press&quot;, CNN--&gt;{{cite Q|Q131545105}}
* &lt;!-- Sophie Hurwitz (2024-11-21) &quot;The House Passes Bill Allowing Trump Admin to Declare Nonprofits Terrorist Supporters&quot;--&gt;{{cite Q|Q131540369}} 
* &lt;!-- Lisa Mascaro (2024-12-16) &quot; After investigating Jan. 6, House GOP sides with Trump and goes after Liz Cheney--&gt;{{cite Q|Q131545154}}
* &lt;!--Michael Novick (2022-11-15) &quot;General Manager Report&quot;, KPFK--&gt;{{cite Q|Q131543205}} 
* &lt;!--Pacifica in Exile (2015-09-14) &quot;Lydia Brazon, Executive Director&quot;, Pacifica in Exile Newsletter --&gt;{{cite Q|Q131545325|author=Pacifica in Exile}}
* &lt;!--  Project 2025--&gt;{{cite Q|Q122382481}} 
* &lt;!--Aran Shetterly (2024-10-15) Morningside: The 1979 Greensboro Massacre and the Struggle for an American City's Soul--&gt;{{cite Q|Q131545762}}
* &lt;!--US House (2024-11-21) H.R.9495 - Stop Terror-Financing and Tax Penalties on American Hostages Act--&gt;{{cite Q|Q131540249|author = US House of Representatives}}

[[Category:Politics]]
[[Category:Freedom and abundance]]
[[Category:Media reform to improve democracy]]</text>
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      <id>2693733</id>
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      <text bytes="22200" sha1="l98ksdxihiobyo1u4belg40lzmja63j" xml:space="preserve">:''This is a discussion of a Zoom interview recorded 2024-12-20 with Michael Novick, former interim general manager for KPFK, the second station in the Pacifica Radio Network, about HR 9495, which has been called the &quot;nonprofit-killer bill, by its opponents. A 29:00 mm:ss podcast excerpted from the companion video will be posted here after it is released to the fortnightly &quot;Media &amp; Democracy&quot; show&lt;ref name=M&amp;D&gt;&lt;!--Media &amp; Democracy--&gt;{{cite Q|Q127839818}}&lt;/ref&gt; syndicated for the [[w:Pacifica Foundation|Pacifica Radio]]&lt;ref&gt;&lt;!--Pacifica Radio Network--&gt;{{cite Q|Q2045587}}&lt;/ref&gt; Network of [[w:List of Pacifica Radio stations and affiliates|over 200 community radio stations]].&lt;ref&gt;&lt;!--list of Pacifica Radio stations and affiliates--&gt;{{cite Q|Q6593294}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

:''It is posted here to invite others to contribute other perspectives, subject to the Wikimedia rules of [[w:Wikipedia:Neutral point of view|writing from a neutral point of view]] while [[w:Wikipedia:Citing sources|citing credible sources]]&lt;ref name=NPOV&gt;The rules of writing from a neutral point of view citing credible sources may not be enforced on other parts of Wikiversity. However, they can facilitate dialog between people with dramatically different beliefs&lt;/ref&gt; and treating others with respect.&lt;ref name=AGF&gt;[[Wikiversity:Assume good faith|Wikiversity asks contributors to assume good faith]], similar to Wikipedia. The rule in [[w:Wikinews|Wikinews]] is different: Contributors there are asked to [[Wikinews:Never assume|&quot;Don't assume things; be skeptical about everything.&quot;]] That's wise. However, we should still treat others with respect while being skeptical.&lt;/ref&gt;'' 

[[File:HR 9495, the nonprofit-killer bill, per Michael Novick.webm|thumb|Interview recorded 2024-12-20 with Michael Novick regarding HR 9495, called the nonprofit-killer bill, because it is allegedly designed to suppress dissent in the US.]]
&lt;!--[[File: ... .ogg|thumb|29:00 mm:ss extract from interview recorded 2024-12-20 with Michael Novick regarding, HR 9495, the nonprofit-killer bill.]]--&gt;

Michael Novick discussed HR 9495, the “Stop Terror Financing and Tax Penalties on American Hostages Act”, which passed the House November 21. Its opponents have called it the “nonprofit-killer” bill, because it would give the Secretary of Treasury the authority to designate any nonprofit as a suspected “Terrorist Supporting Organization&quot; and remove their tax-exempt status unless they convince the Secretary of Treasury that they do not support terrorists.&lt;ref name=HR9495&gt;US House (2024).&lt;/ref&gt; Mother Jones reported, 'In the bill’s original iteration, it was popular among both Republicans and Democrats, who saw it as an appealing way to police Palestinian rights organizations after protests last year. An earlier version, in April, passed the House easily, with only 11 votes against the bill. It didn’t make it through the Senate ... One of those early no votes was Rep. Rashida Tlaib (D-Mich.), who said on the House floor [November 21], “... This is a dangerous and an unconstitutional bill that would allow unchecked power to target nonprofit organizations as political enemies and shut them down without due process.”'&lt;ref&gt;Hurwitz (2024).&lt;/ref&gt; 

Beth Gazley, Professor of Nonprofit Management and Policy at Indiana University,&lt;ref&gt;&lt;!--Beth Gazley--&gt;{{cite Q|Q131542978}}&lt;/ref&gt; said, &quot;I believe that this is part of a strategy to preempt opposition to Republican policies and encourage self-censorship. It’s a way for the GOP to try to restrict what activists and nonprofit organizations can say or do. And, essentially, it’s a threat to political opponents of President-elect Donald Trump.&quot; On November 21, only 15 Democrats supported it and one Republican opposed it. Rep. [[w:Jamie Raskin|Jamie Raskin]] (D-MD) called the bill “a werewolf in sheep’s clothing.&quot; ... An earlier version of this legislation was introduced in December 2023 and passed in the House in April 2024. Based on the timing, it was widely interpreted as an attempt to quell widespread protests by students and other people who were expressing their solidarity with Palestinians and their objections to Israel’s military operations in Gaza. But this legislation could easily do far more than that, because it does not distinguish between foreign and domestic terrorism – whether it’s real or imagined.&lt;ref name=Gazley&gt;Gazley (2024).&lt;/ref&gt; Raskin further noted that “rendering support to terrorists is already a felony”,&lt;ref&gt;Raskin was quoted in Gazley (2024). In fact, &quot;[[w:Providing material support for terrorism|Providing material support for terrorism]]&quot; is a felony under the USA Patriot Act of 2001 punishable by fines and imprisonment of up to 15 years or 20 years if human(s) convicted ''know(s)'' they were aiding an organization so classified by the US State Department and life in prison if the &quot;death of a person&quot; has resulted, and 'the term “person” means any individual or entity capable of holding a legal or beneficial interest in property'. In ''[[w:Holder v. the Humanitarian Law Project|Holder v. the Humanitarian Law Project]]'' (2010), the US Supreme Court ruled that teaching nonviolence to someone designated as a &quot;terrorist&quot; was &quot;providing material support for terrorism&quot;. [[w:David D. Cole|David D. Cole]], attorney for the [[w:Humanitarian Law Project|Humanitarian Law Project]], said that under that ruling, even asking the State Department to explain why some individual or group was designated as a &quot;terrorist&quot; was similarly &quot;providing material support&quot;, a major felony with penalties as just described.&lt;/ref&gt; and this bill could end all rights to due process.&lt;ref name=Gazley/&gt; 

== Michael Novick == 

Novick has described himself as antiracist, antisexist, anti-imperialist, and anti-authoritarian. Between 2022 and November 2024, he was the interim general manager of [[w:KPFK|KPFK]],&lt;ref&gt;Novick (2022) noted that he began as interim general manager of KKFK in 2022. In this interview, he said he was no longer in that position.&lt;/ref&gt; the second [[w:Pacifica Foundation|station in the Pacifica Radio Network]].&lt;ref&gt;The Pacifica Radio Network includes stations owned by the Pacifica Foundation plus over 200 that are &quot;affiliates&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; 

Novick can be reached at antiracistaction_la@yahoo.com or changelinks2@gmail.com. The latter is for the Change Links community calendar.&lt;ref name=Change-Links&gt;&lt;!-- Change-Links--&gt;{{cite Q|Q131544553}}&lt;/ref&gt; &quot;antiracist.org&quot; is the website for ''Turning the Tide'',&lt;ref&gt;&lt;!-- Turning the Tide--&gt;{{cite Q|Q131544806}}&lt;/ref&gt; which Novick has been doing since 1988. 

== HR 9495 == 

HR 9495 says that &quot;the term ‘terrorist supporting organization’ means any organization which is designated by the Secretary [of Treasury] as having provided, during the 3-year period ending on the date of such designation, material support or resources&quot; to a designated terrorist organization. Before an organization can be so designated, the Secretary is required to mail a written notice of such impending designation and giving them 90 days to &quot;demonstrated to the satisfaction of the Secretary that such organization did not provide the material support or resources&quot;.&lt;ref name=HR9495/&gt; 

== Selected comments == 

Novik noted that 9495 is not likely to pass the Senate this year,

{{blockquote|
but they are going to bring it back immediately when the new Congress is seated, which is even prior to the inauguration of the new president. ... It's also related to a separate initiative of [[w:Project 2025|Project 2025]] that Trump, of course, said he never read ... but he's been appointing all sorts of people involved in that Project 2025 to his administration. And he has already said he'll be appointing the person who wrote the section of 2025 on media, who is a current member of the [[w:Federal Communications Commission|FCC]], ... [[w:Brendan Carr|Brendan Carr]]. And in that document, they talk about actually not just defunding the [[w:Corporation for Public Broadcasting|Corporation for Public Broadcasting]] and public media efforts like [[w:NPR|NPR]].&lt;ref&gt;Project 2025 (pp. 246-251).&lt;/ref&gt; ... But they actually want to remove the non-commercial educational licensing entirely.&lt;ref&gt;Project 2025 (p. 248).&lt;/ref&gt; And they mentioned Pacifica by name in that report 2025.&lt;ref&gt;Project 2025 (p. 247).&lt;/ref&gt; 

So we're expecting a lot of attacks of this nature to come down the pike. Because ... nonprofits and non-commercial media have been an important avenue for exposing some of the ills of the society and whistleblowing ... . They want to really contain and control the philanthropic sector and the public media sector to carry out some of their other goals ... that have been spelled out pretty clearly in the campaign of mass deportations, ... privatization ... . They want to try to force everything into the commercial enterprises, ... the billionaire owned media.&quot;
}} 

Regarding Trump suing [[w:American Broadcasting Company|ABC]] and ''[[w:The Des Moines Register|The Des Moines Register]]'',&lt;ref&gt;Gold (2024).&lt;/ref&gt; Novick said, &quot;I think it's part and parcel of this whole attack on on freedom of speech, freedom of the press, the whole thing about fake news. ... [T]his effort internationally and nationally to really control the free flow of information because they understand that an informed public is less likely to sit still for its own rights being violated. And certainly the other end of the freedom of speech is freedom of discourse and freedom of listening. If you can't hear any contrary views to those being expressed by the great leader, that's a violation of your rights, not just the rights of the speakers. And so I think ... that it is an attack on human rights and on people's ability to understand what's going on in the world and do something about it.&quot; 

Graves asked Novick about Trump saying that Liz Cheney, a Republican who represented Wyoming in the US House, should be prosecuted and jailed for her role in a Trump impeachment proceeding during Trump's first term.&lt;ref&gt;Mascaro (2024).&lt;/ref&gt; Novick replied, 

{{blockquote|
I think it's a much deeper problem. It it started before him. ... The Biden administration ... prosecuted [[w:Julian Assange|Julian Assange]] and actually won a conviction. They got him to plead guilty to a violation of the Espionage act for releasing data that was not espionage at all. It was whistleblowing about a war crime by the United States killing of reporters in Iraq. 

And similarly the Biden Administration is the one that pursued the case of the [[w:Uhuru Movement|Uhuru 3]] ... from the [[w:African People's Socialist Party|African People's Socialist party]] ... accusing them of being foreign agents for opposing the war in Iraq and ... the genocide in Palestine. So I think that this is a bipartisan issue. In fact, there were votes on both sides of the aisle for 9495.

&quot;One of the first things that Richard Nixon did [as president of the US] was introduce the [[w: Tax Reform Act of 1969|Tax Reform Act of 1969]], as they were trying to dismantle the great society and some of those programs that were about empowering communities, particularly poor people, people of color. The Tax Reform Act of 1969 specifically ... said that any ... organization that wanted nonprofit status could not support voter registration drives or ... activities that ... affected legislation. ... This is a very similar effort, I think,&quot; though 9495 has a much more authoritarian stamp. ... 9495 is targeted directly at organizations that are engaged with international solidarity, particularly with the Palestinian cause. But ... the terrorism term has been used extensively as the so-called Communist threat faded ... . 

I think the head&lt;ref&gt;[[w:Mufid Abdulqader|Mufid Abdulqader]] was released 2024-12-12 after 16 years in federal prison. He was described as a &quot;top fundraiser&quot; and &quot;leader&quot; of the [[w:Holy Land Foundation for Relief and Development|Holy Land Foundation]]&lt;/ref&gt; of the [[w:Holy Land Foundation for Relief and Development|Holy Land Foundation ]] was just recently released from prison. ... This was a humanitarian project, ... based in, obviously, the Muslim community ... . [I]t was humanitarian aid, but it was criminalized. And I think that's what they're trying to do here is to really prevent people from any kind of person to person diplomacy outside the bounds of what the State Department is carrying out which is really militarized. The State Department, I think, follows the same dictates as the Department of Defense, so-called, and the CIA. They're basically involved in, you know, trying to identify forces within different societies that will follow the dictates of US Policy. And anybody that does not want to do that is identified as a potential targeted terrorist or someone supporting terrorism. ... 

I've been associated for many years with the Los Angeles Chapter of the [[w:Anti-Racist Action|Anti-Racist Action Network]] ... . The idea was, be part of the solution. 

But ... terror is, you know, very widespread in this world, and has mainly been used actually by the right and by State actors including the United States. You know when [[w:George W. Bush|Bush]] [[w:2003 invasion of Iraq|went into Iraq]], ... the second bush and the second [[w:Iraq War|Iraq War]], they talked about &quot;[[w:Shock and awe|shock and awe]]&quot;. Well, it's just a polite name for terror. Right? You're bombing people into submission. You're trying to intimidate them through violence. ... it can be classified as terror as well as genocide. They're terrorizing the entire population.  

Historically, the [[w:Ku Klux Klan|Ku Klux Klan]], and a lot of other organizations have been terrorist organizations. But that's not what they're talking about. They're talking about resistance to white supremacy, resistance to colonialism. ... If there's some action against the German occupation, or in this case the Israeli occupation, they're going to punish people ... in the area where it happened without regard to who is responsible. ... The term is used is to justify that kind of actual terrorism by labelling any resistances as terrorism. ...

The case of the [[w:Humanitarian Law Project|Humanitarian Law Project]] ... went all the way to the Supreme Court ... [which] ruled that even providing nonviolence training was a form of material support. 

Lydia Brazon&lt;ref&gt;Pacifica in Exile (2015).&lt;/ref&gt; ... was with the Humanitarian Law Project for a long time. ... She was at one point the executive director of Pacifica. ...

Pacifica's mission is to identify the causes of conflict and try to resolve them without violence. ... It was created by a group of pacifists who actually resisted even World War 2. 

[[w:Lewis Hill (Pacifica Radio)|Lew Hill]] and a group of others ... formed the Pacifica Foundation and launched this project of listener sponsored non-commercial radio. But that's seen as a threat, trying to to solve things, because the State wants to reserve that power of the use of violence. And if you oppose violence by the state, then you're somehow a subversive. 

When 9495 passed, [[w:Mike Johnson|Mike Johnson]], who is the [[w:Speaker of the United States House of Representatives|Speaker of the House]], sent a tweet to a number of organizations, saying, &quot;We're thinking about you.&quot; That included, for example, a [[w:Jewish Voice for Peace|Jewish Voice for Peace]]; ... because they believe in supporting Palestinian rights, they're targeted. We have a program on our station [[w:KPFK|KPFK]], which is Middle Eastern focus for many years, and the current co-host is the head of the LA chapter of a Jewish Voice for Peace, trying to bring about peace in the Middle East. But that's seen as a threat. I also work on a newspaper called ''Change-Links''.&lt;ref name=Change-Links/&gt; It's a community calendar for [[w:Los Angeles|Los Angeles]]. We publish every month with a list of activities that people might be interested in, cultural, political, and otherwise. ... It's not a nonprofit itself. But we have a fiscal sponsor which is the Alliance for Global Justice based in Tucson, Arizona.&lt;ref&gt;&lt;!--Alliance for Global Justice--&gt;{{cite Q|Q129502246}}&lt;/ref&gt; They serve this purpose for a number of smaller projects around the country. Media and other community service organizations that are not full nonprofits themselves have a fiscal sponsor. The Alliance for Global Justice is also in Mike Johnson's Tweet. He tweeted out to 5 or 6 or maybe 8 organizations. This is something that's very clearly directed at not just the activities but the information. They want everything to be like the right wing echo chamber of right wing talk media. Anything that's outside those bounds becomes a fair target. 
}}

Graves noted that in August he had interviewed Heidi Beirich,&lt;ref name=Beirich&gt;&lt;!-- Heidi Beirich--&gt;{{cite Q|Q128844587}}&lt;/ref&gt; co-founder and Chief Strategy Officer of the [[Global Project Against Hate &amp; Extremism (GPAHE)]].&lt;ref name=GPAHE&gt;&lt;!-- GPAHE--&gt;{{cite Q|Q125952435}}&lt;/ref&gt; She noted that recent [[w:National Defense Authorization Act|National Defense Authorization Act]]s have included provisions that explicitly prohibited the Secretary of Defense from attempting to root violent extremists out of the Us. Military.&lt;ref&gt;Donnelly (2022).&lt;/ref&gt;

Novick replied, 

{{blockquote|
It's not surprising. There is a big struggle in the military. Trump has come in saying he wants to get rid of &quot;[[w:woke|Woke]]&quot; generals.&lt;ref&gt;Axe (2024).&lt;/ref&gt; And there is a group that focuses on the question of religious freedom in the military, to be free, free from religion if you want. And there's a number of quite fundamentalist Christian people in high positions of authority in the military that are trying to enforce Christian nationalism. You see a lot of these right wing groups specifically targeting members of the military. We saw that both law enforcement and the military were overrepresented in the people involved in [[w:January 6 United States Capitol attack|January 6 storming of the Capitol]]. 

It's a longstanding phenomenon. ... I was just reading a book called ''Morningside'' about the [[w:Greensboro massacre|1979 massacre of anti-clan activists in Greensboro, North Carolina]]. The people involved in that were included people in the so-called [[w:White Patriot Party|White Patriot Party]], which was based at a marine base in North Carolina, and law enforcement, ..., the Nazis and the Klan and the United Racist front.&lt;ref&gt;Shetterly (2024).&lt;/ref&gt;  
}}

Novick continued, 

{{blockquote|
The militia movement got its start from a couple of sources. One of them was a guy named [[w:John Singlaub|John Singlaub]], who was a general, removed, similar to what happened with [[w:Douglas MacArthur|MacArthur]] in [[w:Korean War|Korea]]. ... He formed something called the [[w:World League for Freedom and Democracy|World Anti-Communist League]] and then proceeded to use right wing Christian forces in the Philippines and Guatemala as a model for organizing similar forces in the United States. They collected money in the United States for these right wing militias in Guatemala and in the Philippines that were involved in terroristic activities of a supposedly anti-communist nature. And once they got that going, they started using it to build up militia groups in the United States on the same model. And you saw some of the repercussions of that with, you know, the [[w:Oklahoma City bombing|Federal building in Oklahoma City]], and other actions that came out of that. 

So I think that people need to take the threat of terrorism seriously, but that we need to understand where it's coming from. It's not coming from nonprofit humanitarian aid for poor people around the world or poor people in this country. It is coming from very well established and well rooted right wing forces in this country. 
}}

== The threat == 

Internet company executives have knowingly increased political polarization and violence including the [[w:Rohingya genocide|Rohingya genocide]] in [[w:Myanmar|Myanmar]], because doing otherwise might have reduced their profits. Documentation of this is summarized in other interviews regarding &quot;Media &amp; Democracy&quot;, available on Wikiversity under [[:Category:Media reform to improve democracy]].

==Discussion == 

:''[Interested readers are invite to comment here, subject to the Wikimedia rules of [[w:Wikipedia:Neutral point of view|writing from a neutral point of view]] [[w:Wikipedia:Citing sources|citing credible sources]]&lt;ref name=NPOV/&gt; and treating others with respect.&lt;ref name=AGF/&gt;]''

== Notes ==
{{reflist}}

== Bibliography ==

* &lt;!--David Axe (2024-12-05) &quot;Trump is planning to rip the guts out of the US armed forces&quot;, The Telegraph--&gt;{{cite Q|Q131545681}}
* &lt;!--John M. Donnelly (2022-12-14) Final NDAA removes most House provisions on hate groups, Roll Call--&gt;{{cite Q|Q130545466}}
* &lt;!--Beth Gazley (2024-11-22) &quot;US House passes measure that could punish nonprofits Treasury Department decides are ‘terrorist’&quot;, The Conversation--&gt;{{cite Q|Q131543053}}
* &lt;!--Hadas Gold (2024-12-16) &quot;Emboldened by ABC settlement, Trump threatens more lawsuits against the press&quot;, CNN--&gt;{{cite Q|Q131545105}}
* &lt;!-- Sophie Hurwitz (2024-11-21) &quot;The House Passes Bill Allowing Trump Admin to Declare Nonprofits Terrorist Supporters&quot;--&gt;{{cite Q|Q131540369}} 
* &lt;!-- Lisa Mascaro (2024-12-16) &quot; After investigating Jan. 6, House GOP sides with Trump and goes after Liz Cheney--&gt;{{cite Q|Q131545154}}
* &lt;!--Michael Novick (2022-11-15) &quot;General Manager Report&quot;, KPFK--&gt;{{cite Q|Q131543205}} 
* &lt;!--Pacifica in Exile (2015-09-14) &quot;Lydia Brazon, Executive Director&quot;, Pacifica in Exile Newsletter --&gt;{{cite Q|Q131545325|author=Pacifica in Exile}}
* &lt;!--  Project 2025--&gt;{{cite Q|Q122382481}} 
* &lt;!--Aran Shetterly (2024-10-15) Morningside: The 1979 Greensboro Massacre and the Struggle for an American City's Soul--&gt;{{cite Q|Q131545762}}
* &lt;!--US House (2024-11-21) H.R.9495 - Stop Terror-Financing and Tax Penalties on American Hostages Act--&gt;{{cite Q|Q131540249|author = US House of Representatives}}

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      <text bytes="13934" sha1="ihespiacwbygq7ejlrlsvhf4pup00ah" xml:space="preserve">—Shaping our beliefs and actions
[[File:Bauhaus_Marionette_Nachbau_Der-Bucklige-Seite.jpg|thumb|Know who is pulling your strings?]]
&lt;nowiki&gt;{{TOC right | limit|limit=2}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;

== Introduction ==
[[w:Social_influence|Influence]] and [[w:Persuasion|persuasion]] are two powerful forces that shape human interactions and societal progress.&lt;ref&gt;[[w:ChatGPT|ChatGPT]] generated this text responding to the prompt: “Write an extended essay on the topic of influence and persuasion. Characterize each term. Describe the various strategies and techniques used to attain each. Consider influencing as distinct from being influenced. Also consider persuading as distinct from being persuaded. Describe how these can be used for pro-social purposes and for anti-social purposes.” That text has subsequentially been substantially augmented and edited.&lt;/ref&gt; While they are closely related, each term carries distinct meanings and implications. ''Influence'' refers to the capacity to affect the thoughts, feelings, or behaviors of others, often subtly and indirectly. 

''Persuasion'', on the other hand, involves the deliberate attempt to convince someone to adopt a specific belief, attitude, or course of action. Both can be used for [[w:Prosocial_behavior|pro-social]] or anti-social purposes, depending on the intent and [[Moral Reasoning|ethical considerations]] of those wielding them. This course explores these concepts, their strategies, and their potential applications.

== Objectives ==
The objectives of this course are to help students:

* Recognize how different modes of influence and methods of persuasion affect our attention, understanding, beliefs, and actions.
* Develop the ability to effectively direct attention, modify beliefs, and influence actions in others using these techniques. 

== Influence: Shaping Without Direct Effort ==

=== Definition and Characteristics ===
Influence is often a passive or indirect process through which individuals or groups shape the behavior or opinions of others. Unlike persuasion, influence does not always involve explicit communication or conscious effort. It is embedded in social roles, relationships, cultural norms, and environmental factors.

[[w:Social_influence|Social influence]] comprises the ways in which individuals adjust their behavior to meet the demands of a social environment. It takes many forms and can be seen in [[w:Social_influence|conformity]], [[w:Socialization|socialization]], [[w:Peer_pressure|peer pressure]], [[w:Obedience_(human_behavior)|obedience]], [[w:Leadership|leadership]], [[w:Persuasion|persuasion]], [[w:Sales|sales]], and [[w:Marketing|marketing]]. Typically, social influence results from a specific action, command, or request, but people also alter their attitudes and behaviors in response to what they perceive others might do or think. In 1958, Harvard psychologist [[w:Herbert_Kelman|Herbert Kelman]] identified three broad varieties of social influence.

# [[w:Compliance_(psychology)|Compliance]] is when people appear to agree with others but keep their dissenting opinions private.
# [[w:Identification_(psychology)|Identification]] is when people are influenced by someone who is liked and respected, such as a celebrity.
# [[w:Internalisation_(sociology)|Internalization]] is when people accept a belief or behavior and agree both publicly and privately.

[[w:Morton_Deutsch|Morton Deutsch]] and Harold Gerard identified two psychological needs that drive humans to conform to the expectations of others. These needs are our desire to be right (informational social influence) and our need to be liked (normative social influence). Informational influence, also known as [[w:Social_proof|social proof]], is the tendency to accept information from others as evidence of reality. It becomes relevant when individuals are uncertain, either due to ambiguous stimuli or social disagreements. Normative influence, on the other hand, is the pressure to conform to the positive expectations of others. In Kelman’s typology, normative influence leads to public compliance, while informational influence fosters private acceptance.

=== Strategies and Techniques for Influencing ===

# '''Modeling Behavior''':
#* Demonstrating desired actions can influence others through social learning. For instance, leaders who exhibit integrity inspire their teams to act similarly.
# '''[[w:Social_proof|Social Proof]]''':
#* People often look to others for cues on how to behave, particularly in uncertain situations. Highlighting the popularity or widespread adoption of a behavior can encourage others to follow suit.
# '''[[w:Authority|Authority]]''':
#* Expertise or position often commands respect, making people more likely to be influenced by those perceived as authorities.
# '''Scarcity''':
#* Limited availability of a resource or opportunity creates a sense of urgency and influences decisions.
# '''[[w:Limbic_resonance|Emotional Resonance]]''':
#* Building [[w:Rapport|rapport]] and appealing to [[Emotional Competency|emotions]], such as empathy or trust, can influence others subtly but effectively.
# '''Social Contagion'''
#* [[w:Social_contagion|Social contagion]] involves the spontaneous spread of behaviors or emotions through a group, population or social network.
# '''Conformity'''
#* [[w:Conformity|Conformity]] is a type of social influence involving a change in behavior, belief, or thinking to align with those of others or with normative standards. It is the most common and pervasive form of social influence
# '''Reactance'''
#* [[w:Reactance_(psychology)|Reactance]] is the adoption of a view contrary to the view that a person is being pressured to accept, perhaps due to a perceived threat to behavioral freedoms.
# '''Obedience'''
#* [[w:Obedience_(human_behavior)|Obedience]] is a form of social influence that derives from an authority figure, based on order or command.
# '''Propaganda'''
#* [[w:Propaganda|Propaganda]] is information that is not [[w:Objectivity_(journalism)|objective]] and is used primarily to influence an audience and further an agenda, often by presenting facts selectively to encourage a particular synthesis or perception, or using [[w:Loaded_language|loaded language]] to produce an emotional rather than a rational response to the information that is presented.
# '''Hard Power'''
#* [[w:Hard_power|Hard power]] is the use of military and economic means to influence the behavior or interests of other political bodies. This form of political power is often aggressive (coercion) and is most effective when imposed by one political body upon another of lesser military and/or economic power. Hard power contrasts with [[w:Soft_power|soft power]], which comes from diplomacy, culture and history.

=== Assignment: ===

# When do you deliberately seek to influence others?
# What techniques do you use?
# What techniques are most effective?
# What are the least effective?

=== Being Influenced ===
Understanding how one is influenced requires awareness of the factors shaping perceptions and behaviors. People are more likely to be influenced by those they trust, admire, or feel connected to. However, [[Clear Thinking/Curriculum|critical thinking]] and [[True Self|self-awareness]] can act as safeguards against unwanted or unethical influence.

=== Pro-Social vs. Anti-Social Applications ===

* '''Pro-Social''': Influence can foster positive social change, such as promoting [[w:Recycling|recycling]] by highlighting its prevalence in a community.
* '''Anti-Social''': It can also perpetuate harm, as seen in peer pressure leading to harmful behaviors like [[w:Substance_abuse|substance abuse]].

== Distinctions Between Influencing and Being Influenced ==
Influencing focuses on outward actions to shape others, while being influenced involves the internal process of adapting to external cues. Influencers often hold positions of power or authority, but even subtle social dynamics can exert influence. Recognizing the mechanisms of influence enables individuals to navigate these dynamics with greater autonomy.

=== Assignment ===

# Recall several instances when you were being influenced.
# Were you aware of the influences acting on you?
# How susceptible were you to these influences?
## [[Knowing How You Know|How do you know]]?
# Were these pro-social or anti-social influences?
## [[Knowing How You Know|How do you know]]?

== Persuasion: Deliberate Convincing ==

=== Definition and Characteristics ===
Persuasion involves a conscious effort to change someone’s mind, beliefs, or actions through communication. It relies on logical arguments, emotional appeals, or credibility to achieve its goals. Unlike influence, persuasion is typically more direct and deliberate.

=== Strategies and Techniques for Persuasion ===

# '''[[w:Rhetoric|Rhetoric]]'''—The Art of Persuasion—combines these three strategies: 
#* '''[[w:Ethos|Ethos]] (Credibility)''': Establishing the persuader’s authority or trustworthiness.
#* '''[[w:Pathos|Pathos]] (Emotion)''': Evoking feelings to motivate action.
#* '''[[w:Logos|Logos]] (Logic)''': Using facts, data, and logical arguments to convince.
# '''Framing''':
#* Presenting information in a way that highlights certain aspects over others to shape perceptions.
# '''Reciprocity''':
#* People are more likely to agree with someone who has done something for them, creating a sense of obligation.
# '''Repetition''':
#* Repeated exposure to a message increases familiarity and acceptance.
# '''[[w:Storytelling|Storytelling]]''':
#* Narratives engage the audience emotionally and make ideas more memorable and relatable.
# '''Persuasive Technology'''
#* [[w:Persuasive_technology|Persuasive technology]] is broadly defined as technology that is designed to change attitudes or behaviors of the users through persuasion and social influence, but not necessarily through coercion.

=== Assignment: ===

# When do you deliberately seek to persuade others?
# What techniques do you use?
# What techniques are most effective?
# What are the least effective?

=== Being Persuaded ===
Being persuaded involves a shift in perspective, often influenced by the communicator’s message and delivery. Evaluating the [[Recognizing Fallacies|validity of arguments]], considering alternative viewpoints, and recognizing emotional appeals are essential for discerning persuasion.

=== Pro-Social vs. Anti-Social Applications ===

* '''Pro-Social''': Persuasion can mobilize collective action for good, such as campaigns encouraging vaccination to improve [[w:Public_health|public health]].
* '''Anti-Social''': It can manipulate people for selfish or harmful ends, such as deceptive advertising that exploits vulnerabilities. Beware of [[w:Charlatan|charlatans]]. 

== Distinctions Between Persuading and Being Persuaded ==
Persuading is an active process requiring intention and skill, whereas being persuaded involves an evaluative response to external arguments. Ethical persuasion respects autonomy and transparency, while manipulative persuasion seeks to control or deceive.

== Pro-Social and Anti-Social Implications ==

=== Pro-Social Uses ===

* '''Public Health''': Campaigns persuading people to adopt healthier lifestyles or influencing communities to support mental health initiatives.
* '''Social Justice''': Using influence to amplify marginalized voices or persuade policymakers to enact equitable legislation.
* '''Environmental Advocacy''': Influencing public opinion to adopt sustainable practices and persuading industries to reduce [[w:Carbon_footprint|carbon footprints]].

=== Anti-Social Risks ===

* '''Exploitation''': Influence and persuasion can exploit emotions or fears for financial or political gain.
* '''Misinformation''': Spreading [[w:False_statement|false information]] to manipulate opinions or behaviors undermines trust and social cohesion.
* '''[[w:Coercion|Coercion]]''': Persuasion techniques can be misused to pressure individuals into unethical or harmful actions.

=== Assignment ===

# Recall several instances when you were being persuaded.
# Were you aware of the persuasions acting on you?
# How susceptible were you to these persuasions?
## [[Knowing How You Know|How do you know]]?
# Were these pro-social or anti-social persuasions?
## [[Knowing How You Know|How do you know]]?

== Conclusion ==
Influence and persuasion are fundamental to [[Layers of Human Interaction|human interaction]], shaping individual decisions and societal trends. While their mechanisms and effects overlap, understanding their distinctions enriches our capacity to wield them responsibly. By leveraging these tools for pro-social purposes—fostering empathy, collaboration, and progress—we can create a more equitable and [[Virtues/Compassion|compassionate]] world. However, vigilance is necessary to guard against their misuse, ensuring that influence and persuasion remain forces for good rather than tools for harm.

== Recommended Reading ==
Students who are interested in learning more about influence and persuasion may wish to read these books:

* Influence: The Psychology of Persuasion ISBN-13 ‏ : ‎ 978-0061241895
* The Power Principle: Influence With Honor. ISBN-13 ‏ : ‎ 978-0684810584
* Pulling your own strings ISBN-13 : 978-0060919757 

== References ==
&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;references/&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;


&lt;nowiki&gt;[[Category:Life skills]]&lt;/nowiki&gt;

&lt;nowiki&gt;[[Category:Applied Wisdom]]&lt;/nowiki&gt;
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      <text bytes="13789" sha1="mf0s9zv623n5680qskmhg4bi61zaryw" xml:space="preserve">—Shaping our beliefs and actions
[[File:Bauhaus_Marionette_Nachbau_Der-Bucklige-Seite.jpg|thumb|Know who is pulling your strings.]]
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== Introduction ==
[[w:Social_influence|Influence]] and [[w:Persuasion|persuasion]] are two powerful forces that shape human interactions and societal progress.&lt;ref&gt;[[w:ChatGPT|ChatGPT]] generated this text responding to the prompt: “Write an extended essay on the topic of influence and persuasion. Characterize each term. Describe the various strategies and techniques used to attain each. Consider influencing as distinct from being influenced. Also consider persuading as distinct from being persuaded. Describe how these can be used for pro-social purposes and for anti-social purposes.” That text has subsequentially been substantially augmented and edited.&lt;/ref&gt; While they are closely related, each term carries distinct meanings and implications. ''Influence'' refers to the capacity to affect the thoughts, feelings, or behaviors of others, often subtly and indirectly. 

''Persuasion'', on the other hand, involves the deliberate attempt to convince someone to adopt a specific belief, attitude, or course of action. Both can be used for [[w:Prosocial_behavior|pro-social]] or anti-social purposes, depending on the intent and [[Moral Reasoning|ethical considerations]] of those wielding them. This course explores these concepts, their strategies, and their potential applications.

== Objectives ==
The objectives of this course are to help students:

* Recognize how different modes of influence and methods of persuasion affect our attention, understanding, beliefs, and actions.
* Develop the ability to effectively direct attention, modify beliefs, and influence actions in others using these techniques. 

== Influence: Shaping Without Direct Effort ==

=== Definition and Characteristics ===
Influence is often a passive or indirect process through which individuals or groups shape the behavior or opinions of others. Unlike persuasion, influence does not always involve explicit communication or conscious effort. It is embedded in social roles, relationships, cultural norms, and environmental factors.

[[w:Social_influence|Social influence]] comprises the ways in which individuals adjust their behavior to meet the demands of a social environment. It takes many forms and can be seen in [[w:Social_influence|conformity]], [[w:Socialization|socialization]], [[w:Peer_pressure|peer pressure]], [[w:Obedience_(human_behavior)|obedience]], [[w:Leadership|leadership]], [[w:Persuasion|persuasion]], [[w:Sales|sales]], and [[w:Marketing|marketing]]. Typically, social influence results from a specific action, command, or request, but people also alter their attitudes and behaviors in response to what they perceive others might do or think. In 1958, Harvard psychologist [[w:Herbert_Kelman|Herbert Kelman]] identified three broad varieties of social influence.

# [[w:Compliance_(psychology)|Compliance]] is when people appear to agree with others but keep their dissenting opinions private.
# [[w:Identification_(psychology)|Identification]] is when people are influenced by someone who is liked and respected, such as a celebrity.
# [[w:Internalisation_(sociology)|Internalization]] is when people accept a belief or behavior and agree both publicly and privately.

[[w:Morton_Deutsch|Morton Deutsch]] and Harold Gerard identified two psychological needs that drive humans to conform to the expectations of others. These needs are our desire to be right (informational social influence) and our need to be liked (normative social influence). Informational influence, also known as [[w:Social_proof|social proof]], is the tendency to accept information from others as evidence of reality. It becomes relevant when individuals are uncertain, either due to ambiguous stimuli or social disagreements. Normative influence, on the other hand, is the pressure to conform to the positive expectations of others. In Kelman’s typology, normative influence leads to public compliance, while informational influence fosters private acceptance.

=== Strategies and Techniques for Influencing ===

# '''Modeling Behavior''':
#* Demonstrating desired actions can influence others through social learning. For instance, leaders who exhibit integrity inspire their teams to act similarly.
# '''[[w:Social_proof|Social Proof]]''':
#* People often look to others for cues on how to behave, particularly in uncertain situations. Highlighting the popularity or widespread adoption of a behavior can encourage others to follow suit.
# '''[[w:Authority|Authority]]''':
#* Expertise or position often commands respect, making people more likely to be influenced by those perceived as authorities.
# '''Scarcity''':
#* Limited availability of a resource or opportunity creates a sense of urgency and influences decisions.
# '''[[w:Limbic_resonance|Emotional Resonance]]''':
#* Building [[w:Rapport|rapport]] and appealing to [[Emotional Competency|emotions]], such as empathy or trust, can influence others subtly but effectively.
# '''Social Contagion'''
#* [[w:Social_contagion|Social contagion]] involves the spontaneous spread of behaviors or emotions through a group, population or social network.
# '''Conformity'''
#* [[w:Conformity|Conformity]] is a type of social influence involving a change in behavior, belief, or thinking to align with those of others or with normative standards. It is the most common and pervasive form of social influence
# '''Reactance'''
#* [[w:Reactance_(psychology)|Reactance]] is the adoption of a view contrary to the view that a person is being pressured to accept, perhaps due to a perceived threat to behavioral freedoms.
# '''Obedience'''
#* [[w:Obedience_(human_behavior)|Obedience]] is a form of social influence that derives from an authority figure, based on order or command.
# '''Propaganda'''
#* [[w:Propaganda|Propaganda]] is information that is not [[w:Objectivity_(journalism)|objective]] and is used primarily to influence an audience and further an agenda, often by presenting facts selectively to encourage a particular synthesis or perception, or using [[w:Loaded_language|loaded language]] to produce an emotional rather than a rational response to the information that is presented.
# '''Hard Power'''
#* [[w:Hard_power|Hard power]] is the use of military and economic means to influence the behavior or interests of other political bodies. This form of political power is often aggressive (coercion) and is most effective when imposed by one political body upon another of lesser military and/or economic power. Hard power contrasts with [[w:Soft_power|soft power]], which comes from diplomacy, culture and history.

=== Assignment: ===

# When do you deliberately seek to influence others?
# What techniques do you use?
# What techniques are most effective?
# What are the least effective?

=== Being Influenced ===
Understanding how one is influenced requires awareness of the factors shaping perceptions and behaviors. People are more likely to be influenced by those they trust, admire, or feel connected to. However, [[Clear Thinking/Curriculum|critical thinking]] and [[True Self|self-awareness]] can act as safeguards against unwanted or unethical influence.

=== Pro-Social vs. Anti-Social Applications ===

* '''Pro-Social''': Influence can foster positive social change, such as promoting [[w:Recycling|recycling]] by highlighting its prevalence in a community.
* '''Anti-Social''': It can also perpetuate harm, as seen in peer pressure leading to harmful behaviors like [[w:Substance_abuse|substance abuse]].

== Distinctions Between Influencing and Being Influenced ==
Influencing focuses on outward actions to shape others, while being influenced involves the internal process of adapting to external cues. Influencers often hold positions of power or authority, but even subtle social dynamics can exert influence. Recognizing the mechanisms of influence enables individuals to navigate these dynamics with greater autonomy.

=== Assignment ===

# Recall several instances when you were being influenced.
# Were you aware of the influences acting on you?
# How susceptible were you to these influences?
## [[Knowing How You Know|How do you know]]?
# Were these pro-social or anti-social influences?
## [[Knowing How You Know|How do you know]]?

== Persuasion: Deliberate Convincing ==

=== Definition and Characteristics ===
Persuasion involves a conscious effort to change someone’s mind, beliefs, or actions through communication. It relies on logical arguments, emotional appeals, or credibility to achieve its goals. Unlike influence, persuasion is typically more direct and deliberate.

=== Strategies and Techniques for Persuasion ===

# '''[[w:Rhetoric|Rhetoric]]'''—The Art of Persuasion—combines these three strategies: 
#* '''[[w:Ethos|Ethos]] (Credibility)''': Establishing the persuader’s authority or trustworthiness.
#* '''[[w:Pathos|Pathos]] (Emotion)''': Evoking feelings to motivate action.
#* '''[[w:Logos|Logos]] (Logic)''': Using facts, data, and logical arguments to convince.
# '''Framing''':
#* Presenting information in a way that highlights certain aspects over others to shape perceptions.
# '''Reciprocity''':
#* People are more likely to agree with someone who has done something for them, creating a sense of obligation.
# '''Repetition''':
#* Repeated exposure to a message increases familiarity and acceptance.
# '''[[w:Storytelling|Storytelling]]''':
#* Narratives engage the audience emotionally and make ideas more memorable and relatable.
# '''Persuasive Technology'''
#* [[w:Persuasive_technology|Persuasive technology]] is broadly defined as technology that is designed to change attitudes or behaviors of the users through persuasion and social influence, but not necessarily through coercion.

=== Assignment: ===

# When do you deliberately seek to persuade others?
# What techniques do you use?
# What techniques are most effective?
# What are the least effective?

=== Being Persuaded ===
Being persuaded involves a shift in perspective, often influenced by the communicator’s message and delivery. Evaluating the [[Recognizing Fallacies|validity of arguments]], considering alternative viewpoints, and recognizing emotional appeals are essential for discerning persuasion.

=== Pro-Social vs. Anti-Social Applications ===

* '''Pro-Social''': Persuasion can mobilize collective action for good, such as campaigns encouraging vaccination to improve [[w:Public_health|public health]].
* '''Anti-Social''': It can manipulate people for selfish or harmful ends, such as deceptive advertising that exploits vulnerabilities. Beware of [[w:Charlatan|charlatans]]. 

== Distinctions Between Persuading and Being Persuaded ==
Persuading is an active process requiring intention and skill, whereas being persuaded involves an evaluative response to external arguments. Ethical persuasion respects autonomy and transparency, while manipulative persuasion seeks to control or deceive.

== Pro-Social and Anti-Social Implications ==

=== Pro-Social Uses ===

* '''Public Health''': Campaigns persuading people to adopt healthier lifestyles or influencing communities to support mental health initiatives.
* '''Social Justice''': Using influence to amplify marginalized voices or persuade policymakers to enact equitable legislation.
* '''Environmental Advocacy''': Influencing public opinion to adopt sustainable practices and persuading industries to reduce [[w:Carbon_footprint|carbon footprints]].

=== Anti-Social Risks ===

* '''Exploitation''': Influence and persuasion can exploit emotions or fears for financial or political gain.
* '''Misinformation''': Spreading [[w:False_statement|false information]] to manipulate opinions or behaviors undermines trust and social cohesion.
* '''[[w:Coercion|Coercion]]''': Persuasion techniques can be misused to pressure individuals into unethical or harmful actions.

=== Assignment ===

# Recall several instances when you were being persuaded.
# Were you aware of the persuasions acting on you?
# How susceptible were you to these persuasions?
## [[Knowing How You Know|How do you know]]?
# Were these pro-social or anti-social persuasions?
## [[Knowing How You Know|How do you know]]?

== Conclusion ==
Influence and persuasion are fundamental to [[Layers of Human Interaction|human interaction]], shaping individual decisions and societal trends. While their mechanisms and effects overlap, understanding their distinctions enriches our capacity to wield them responsibly. By leveraging these tools for pro-social purposes—fostering empathy, collaboration, and progress—we can create a more equitable and [[Virtues/Compassion|compassionate]] world. However, vigilance is necessary to guard against their misuse, ensuring that influence and persuasion remain forces for good rather than tools for harm.

== Recommended Reading ==
Students who are interested in learning more about influence and persuasion may wish to read these books:

* {{Cite book|title=Influence: the psychology of persuasion|last=Cialdini|first=Robert B.|date=20|publisher=Collins|isbn=978-0-06-124189-5|edition=Rev. ed., [Nachdr.]|location=New York, NY}}
* {{Cite book|title=The power principle: influence with honor|last=Lee|first=Blaine|date=1997|publisher=Simon &amp; Schuster|isbn=978-0-684-81058-4|location=New York, NY}}
* {{Cite book|title=Pulling your own strings: dynamic techniques for dealing with other people and living your life as you choose|last=Dyer|first=Wayne W.|date=1991|publisher=HarperPerennial|isbn=978-0-06-091975-7|edition=1st HarperPerennial ed|location=New York, NY}}

== References ==
&lt;references/&gt;

[[Category:Life skills]]
[[Category:Applied Wisdom]]</text>
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    <title>Improving Social Systems</title>
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      <text bytes="31476" sha1="bsr195oxv6rwyd20tjkc9km0nngvor2" xml:space="preserve">—Steps Toward a Better World

== Introduction ==
[[File:Improving_Social_Structures.png|thumb|We can improve the social structures that organize people.]]
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[[w:Social_change|Social change]] refers to altering the social order within a society, encompassing modifications in social institutions, social behaviors, or social relationships. At a broader scale, it can lead to significant transformations, either within a society or even the entire society.

Because improving social systems is very difficult, this course begins by exploring what you want to change and why you want to change it, before exploring how to change the system. 

== Objectives ==
The objective of this course is to help people improve social systems.

== What do you want? ==
Improving social systems is a demanding task that often requires decades of dedicated effort from a many highly motivated and skilled people. Studying the histories of successful and unsuccessful social movements provides valuable insights and preparation for the challenges ahead. Moreover, it is crucial to clearly describe the benefits of the change and its significance to the broader society. Effective communication and persuasion are essential to engage the diverse group of supporters whose work will be required to carry out this transformation.

=== This Will be Difficult ===
It is useful to study the history of [[w:List_of_social_movements|several social movements]] that have occurred throughout recent history. The histories of abolition, women’s suffrage, and LGBTQ movements are briefly described here to illustrate the magnitude of the efforts, and to identify successful and unsuccessful strategies and tactics.

==== Abolition ====
[[w:Abolitionism|Abolitionism]], or the abolitionist movement, is the movement to end slavery and liberate enslaved individuals around the world.
[[File:UncleTomsCabinCover.jpg|right|thumb|''[[wikipedia:Uncle Tom's Cabin|w:Uncle Tom's Cabin]]'' inflamed public opinion in the North and Britain against the evils of slavery.]]
The [[w:Timeline_of_abolition_of_slavery_and_serfdom|timeline of abolition of slavery and serfdom]] extends from [[w:Slavery_in_antiquity|ancient times]] through the present day. 

The [[w:Code_of_Ur-Nammu|Code of Ur-Nammu]], the oldest surviving law code, written around 2100 – 2050 BCE, includes laws about slaves in Sumerian Mesopotamia. It states that a slave who marries can’t be forced to leave the household, and returning an escaped slave earns two [[w:Shekel|shekels]]. It reveals two major [[w:Social_stratification|social strata]]: free people and slaves.

The first country to fully outlaw slavery was France in 1315, but slavery was later used in its colonies.

Under the actions of [[w:Toyotomi_Hideyoshi#Cultural_legacy|Toyotomi Hideyoshi]], [[w:Slavery#Chattel_slavery|chattel slavery]] has been abolished across Japan since 1590, though other forms of forced labor were used during World War II. The first and only country to self-liberate from slavery was a former French colony, Haiti, because of the Revolution of 1791–1804.

The [[w:Abolitionism_in_the_United_Kingdom|British abolitionist movement]] began in the late 18th century, and the 1772 Somersett case established that slavery did not exist in English law. In 1807, the slave trade was made illegal throughout the British Empire, though existing slaves in British colonies were not liberated until the Slavery Abolition Act in 1833.

In the [[w:Abolitionism_in_the_United_States|United States, abolitionism]], was active from the [[w:Colonial_history_of_the_United_States|colonial era]] until the end of the [[w:American_Civil_War|American Civil War]], which brought about the abolition of American slavery, except as punishment for a crime, through passage of the Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution, ratified 1865.

Despite the 1865 abolition of slavery in the United States, there is much work still to be done. The [[w:Civil_rights_movement|civil rights movement]] continues to expand the rights provided to blacks. Although this movement was most active from 1954 through 1968, the struggle for equal rights continues today.

==== Women’s Suffrage ====
[[w:Women's_suffrage|Women's suffrage]] – the right of women to vote – has been achieved at various times in countries throughout the world. In many nations, women's suffrage was granted before [[w:Universal_suffrage|universal suffrage]], in which cases women and men from certain socioeconomic classes or races were still unable to vote. 
[[File:PAUL,_ALICE_11.jpg|thumb|[[w:Alice_Paul|Alice Paul]] was an American Suffragist.]]
The [[w:Timeline_of_women's_suffrage|timeline of women’s suffrage]] worldwide extends from 1689 through the present, and is far from complete worldwide. The [[w:Timeline_of_women's_suffrage_in_the_United_States|timeline of women's suffrage in the United States]] begins in the 1780’s. The [[w:Woman_Suffrage_Procession|Woman Suffrage Procession of 1913]] was a significant event in this movement.

Although the [[w:Nineteenth_Amendment_to_the_U.S._Constitution|Nineteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution]] giving women the right to vote was ratified in 1920, it was not until the 1960’s that poll taxes and literacy tests were abolished, racial discrimination in voting was reduced, and poll taxes were eliminated at all levels of government. It was not until 1984 that Mississippi became the last state in the union to ratify the Nineteenth Amendment

The [[w:Timeline_of_women's_legal_rights_(other_than_voting)|timeline of women's legal rights in addition to voting]] is also very long. [[w:Feminist_movement|Feminist movements]], including efforts to pass the [[w:Equal_Rights_Amendment|Equal Rights Amendment]] are on-going.

==== LGBTQ movements ====
Lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender and queer ([[w:LGBTQ|LGBTQ]]) [[w:LGBTQ_movements|movements]] are social movements that advocate for LGBTQ people in society. These movements have a [[w:Timeline_of_LGBTQ_history|long history around the world]]. The [[w:Timeline_of_LGBTQ_history_in_the_United_States|timeline of LGBTQ history in the United States]] begins as early as 1860 and is still ongoing. The [[w:Stonewall_riots|Stonewall riots]], which occurred June 28, 1969, is widely considered a turning point for gay rights in the United States. 

===== Assignment =====

# Scan this list of [[w:List_of_social_movements|social movements]].
# Identify a few that seem most like what you are planning.
# Study the history of those movements in depth to learn what did and did not work.
# Learn from this history.

=== What Do You Want to Have Happen? ===
Make certain that the changes you are planning are in the direction of [[Living Wisely/Seeking Real Good|real good]]. Be clear what it is you want to have happen. 

==== Assignment ====

# Read the essay [[Living Wisely/Seeking Real Good|Seeking Real Good]].
# Complete the Wikiversity course [[Moral Reasoning]].
# Read the essay [[Evolving Governments/Good Government|Good Government]]. 
# Carefully consider the question “[[Exploring Existential Concerns/What Ought We Do?|What ought we do]]?”
# Study the Wikiversity course on [[Problem Finding]].
# Answer the three questions: “What do you want?” “What is true?” and “What are you going to do about it?”
# Optionally complete the [[Evolving Governments#Possibilities|Possibilities assignment]] in the [[Evolving Governments]] course. 

=== Why do you want this? ===
Because many people need to remain highly motivated to carry out the required improvements, it is important to be clear with yourself and others why this change is necessary and why it will provide benefits for many people.

==== Assignment ====

# Identify the [[Thinking Tools#Assisters and Resisters|assistors and resistors]] to the proposed changes.
# Write down, as clearly as possible, the main reason, and several supporting reasons why you want this improvement to happen. Use clear, concise, and powerful language. Be persuasive. Include both rational and emotional appeals. These will be used to engage assistors. 
# Write down, as clearly as possible, the main reason, and supporting reasons why others will benefit from this improvement. Use clear, concise, and powerful language. Include both rational and emotional appeals. This will be used to gain a broad base of support.
# Consider who will be opposed to this change, and why they will be opposed. Learn what they have at stake. Understand their actual and potential arguments as deeply and fully as you can. Create counterarguments that appeal both rationally and emotionally. These will be used to mitigate opposition by your resisters.  

=== The Pitch ===
Decide how you will communicate the nature and importance of this improvement to your advocates and your opponents.

==== Assignment ====

# Study successful [[w:Elevator_pitch|elevator pitches]]. 
# Study successful [[w:Slogan|slogans]]. 
# Study [[w:List_of_speeches|influential speeches]] given by [[w:Orator|prominent orators]].
# Study successful [[w:Long-form_journalism|long-form journalism]] articles.
# Write your first-draft elevator pitch, slogans, speech, and long-form journalism articles.
# [[Writing/Requesting Feedback|Request feedback]] on these communications materials from strong supporters, potential supporters, and likely resisters. 
# Improve the [[w:Rhetoric|rhetoric]]. 
# Continue to revise, refine, and improve your communications methods, and materials.

== Theories of Social Change ==
[[w:Social_change|Social change]], the transformation of cultural, social, political, or economic structures over time, is explained by several prevailing theories.&lt;sup&gt;[1]&lt;/sup&gt; Each theory highlights different factors and mechanisms driving change, ranging from material conditions to ideas and collective actions. 

Understanding these theories of social change can help to develop effective strategies for the work.

Here are major theories of social change:

=== 1. Evolutionary Theory ===

* '''Overview''': Evolutionary theory views social change as a gradual and progressive process, often likened to biological evolution. Societies move through stages of development, from simple to complex, as they adapt to their environment.
* '''Key Proponents''': Auguste Comte, Herbert Spencer
* '''Key Concepts''':
** Societies evolve from primitive to advanced forms.
** Change is inevitable and continuous.
* '''Criticisms''': Overemphasis on linear progress and failure to account for abrupt or regressive changes.
* '''The Wikiversity courses on [[Evolving Governments]], [[Evolving Money]], and [[Intentional Evolution]] use this strategy.'''

=== 2. Conflict Theory ===

* '''Overview''': Conflict theory proposes that social change arises from conflicts between groups with opposing interests, often driven by power and resource inequalities. Change typically occurs through revolution or reform.
* '''Key Proponents''': Karl Marx, Friedrich Engels
* '''Key Concepts''':
** Class struggle (e.g., between the bourgeoisie and proletariat) is a primary driver of change.
** Conflict over resources and power leads to systemic transformation.
* '''Modern Applications''': Feminist theory, critical race theory
* '''Criticisms''': May overemphasize conflict and neglect cooperation as a driver of change.

=== 3. Functionalist Theory ===

* '''Overview''': In the Functionalist Theory social change is seen as a process to restore balance or equilibrium in society when dysfunctions arise. Changes often occur incrementally to maintain stability.
* '''Key Proponents''': Émile Durkheim, Talcott Parsons
* '''Key Concepts''':
** Institutions evolve to meet new needs or correct imbalances.
** Social change is adaptive and preserves social order.
* '''Criticisms''': Tends to ignore power dynamics and conflict as drivers of change.

=== 4. Cyclical Theory ===

* '''Overview''': In cyclical theory social change is seen as recurring in cycles, often characterized by periods of growth, stability, decline, and renewal. It challenges the notion of linear progress.
* '''Key Proponents''': Oswald Spengler, Arnold Toynbee, Pitirim Sorokin
* '''Key Concepts''':
** Societies or civilizations rise and fall in predictable patterns.
** Change is not necessarily progressive; regression or collapse is possible.
* '''Criticisms''': Overemphasis on fatalistic cycles; limited predictive power.

=== 5. Modernization Theory ===

* '''Overview''': '''Modernization theory''' proposes that social change occurs as traditional societies adopt modern practices and technologies. It emphasizes the transition from agrarian to industrial societies.
* '''Key Proponents''': W.W. Rostow, Daniel Lerner
* '''Key Concepts''':
** Economic development and technological advancement drive change.
** Traditional values and practices are replaced by rationality and efficiency.
* '''Criticisms''': Often ethnocentric and dismissive of non-Western developmental paths.

=== 6. Dependency Theory ===

* '''Overview''': '''Dependency theory''' proposes that social change is shaped by the global economic system, wheredeveloped nations exploit underdeveloped ones, creating dependency and limiting their growth.
* '''Key Proponents''': Andre Gunder Frank, Immanuel Wallerstein (world-systems theory)
* '''Key Concepts''':
** Core-periphery dynamics perpetuate inequalities.
** Change requires breaking free from exploitative systems.
* '''Criticisms''': Often criticized for economic determinism and oversimplification of global dynamics.

=== 7. Cultural Lag Theory ===

* '''Overview''': '''Cultural lag theory''' proposes that social change occurs unevenly, with material culture (technology, tools) advancing faster than non-material culture (values, norms), creating a “lag” that causes tension and adaptation.
* '''Key Proponents''': William F. Ogburn
* '''Key Concepts''':
** Technological innovation is a primary driver of change.
** Society must adapt its values and institutions to technological shifts.
* '''Criticisms''': Underestimates the role of intentional cultural shifts and agency.

=== 8. Collective Behavior and Social Movements Theory ===

* '''Overview''': '''Collective Behavior and Social Movements Theory''' proposes that social change emerges through collective actions, such as protests, revolutions, or movements, driven by shared grievances or goals.
* '''Key Proponents''': Neil Smelser, Charles Tilly
* '''Key Concepts''':
** Social movements arise from resource mobilization and shared ideologies.
** Collective identity and leadership play critical roles.
* '''Criticisms''': Focuses heavily on short-term movements, sometimes neglecting broader structural changes.

=== 9. Postmodern Theories ===

* '''Overview''': Postmodern Theories reject the notion of universal explanations for social change, emphasizing pluralism, local narratives, and cultural diversity.
* '''Key Proponents''': Michel Foucault, Jean Baudrillard
* '''Key Concepts''':
** Power and knowledge are central to understanding change.
** Social change is fragmented and context specific.
* '''Criticisms''': Often criticized for relativism and lack of practical applications.

=== 10. Environmental Determinism and Ecological Theory ===

* '''Overview''': Environmental Determinism and Ecological Theory emphasize the impact of environmental factors, such as climate or geography, on societal structures and change.
* '''Key Proponents''': Jared Diamond, Lester Brown
* '''Key Concepts''':
** Environmental constraints or crises often drive systemic change.
** Sustainability is critical for future transformation.
* '''Criticisms''': Risks underestimating human agency and innovation.

=== Conclusion ===
Each theory offers a unique lens to understand the dynamics of social change, often complementing others. Effective analyses typically combine multiple theories, recognizing the complexity of social systems and the interplay of economic, cultural, technological, and environmental factors. 

== Influence and Persuasion ==
Influence and persuasion are two powerful forces that shape human interactions and societal progress. While they are closely related, each term carries distinct meanings and implications. ''Influence'' refers to the capacity to affect the thoughts, feelings, or behaviors of others, often subtly and indirectly.  

''Persuasion'', on the other hand, involves the deliberate attempt to convince someone to adopt a specific belief, attitude, or course of action. Both can be used for pro-social or anti-social purposes, depending on the intent and [[Moral Reasoning|ethical considerations]] of those wielding them. This course explores these concepts, their strategies, and their potential applications.


Improving social systems demands the skillful application and strategic navigation of various modes of influence and persuasive methods.

=== Assignment ===
1.     Study the Wikiversity course on [[Influence and Persuasion]].

2.     Plan effective use of the modes of influence and the methods of persuasion.

3.     Beware of influences and persuasions that are detrimental to your work.

a.     Learn from, adopt, and amplify influences that are [[Living Wisely/Seeking Real Good|real good]].

b.     Avoid, resist, or dispute influences that are not [[Living Wisely/Seeking Real Good|real good]]. 

== Leverage Points ==
Twelve leverage points that are the most effective places to intervene in a system were proposed by Donella Meadows, a scientist and system analyst who studied environmental limits to economic growth.

=== Assignment ===
1.     Study the twelve leverage points.

a.     Studying these additional examples may also be helpful.

2.     Identify the leverage points that can be most effective in achieving the improvements you seek. 

== Effective Change Strategies and Examples ==
Below is a list of some of the most effective strategies, approaches, and techniques for achieving positive social change, along with examples of their successful implementation:&lt;sup&gt;[2]&lt;/sup&gt;

Understanding these change strategies can help to develop effective strategies for the work.

=== 1. Grassroots Mobilization ===

* '''Description''': Involves engaging local communities to advocate for change from the ground up. This often includes organizing protests, campaigns, or community meetings to build momentum.
* '''Example''': The Civil Rights Movement in the U.S. used grassroots strategies like the Montgomery Bus Boycott and Freedom Rides to dismantle segregation.
* '''Salient Leverage Points''': Leverage Point: 12. Constants, parameters, and numbers (e.g., subsidies, taxes, standards). The Civil Rights Movement's Montgomery Bus Boycott changed public transportation revenues (a parameter) and applied pressure for desegregation policies.

=== 2. Advocacy and Lobbying ===
&lt;nowiki&gt;[[File:P051702-149695.jpg|thumb|Gay couple with a child.]]&lt;/nowiki&gt;

* '''Description''': Involves influencing policymakers and stakeholders to enact legislative or policy changes. Advocacy campaigns often include petitions, public awareness drives, lobbying, and meetings with officials.
* '''Example''': The marriage equality movement used lobbying efforts combined with public advocacy, culminating in the U.S. Supreme Court’s decision to legalize same-sex marriage in 2015.
* '''Salient Leverage Points''': Leverage Point: 5. Rules of the system (incentives, punishments, constraints) The advocacy for marriage equality influenced laws and institutional rules, fundamentally altering societal incentives and constraints around same-sex relationships.

=== 3. Public Awareness Campaigns ===

* '''Description''': Uses media, art, and storytelling to educate the public and shift cultural attitudes on a specific issue. These campaigns often rely on social media, television ads, and grassroots outreach.
* '''Example''': The “It Gets Better” campaign helped change public attitudes toward LGBTQ+ youth, offering hope and combating bullying.
* '''Salient Leverage Points''': Leverage Point: 4. The power to add, change, or self-organize system structure. The “It Gets Better” campaign created new networks of support, empowering individuals to challenge existing social norms.

=== 4. Coalition Building ===

* '''Description''': Brings together organizations, communities, and individuals with shared goals to amplify their impact through collaboration.
* '''Example''': The global coalition to ban landmines united NGOs, activists, and governments, resulting in the 1997 Mine Ban Treaty.
* '''Salient Leverage Points''': Leverage Point: 8. The strength of feedback loops. The global coalition to ban landmines amplified feedback by uniting diverse voices, ensuring mutual reinforcement and greater systemic impact.

=== 5. Nonviolent Direct Action ===
&lt;nowiki&gt;[[File:Marche sel.jpg|thumb|Gandhi leading the famous 1930 Salt March, a notable example of satyagraha (nonviolent resistance)]]&lt;/nowiki&gt;

* '''Description''': Involves peaceful demonstrations, sit-ins, or acts of civil disobedience to draw attention to an injustice and pressure change.
* '''Example''': Mahatma Gandhi’s Salt March in 1930 challenged British colonial rule and demonstrated the power of nonviolent resistance.
* '''Salient Leverage Points''': Leverage Point: 10. The structure of information flows (who does and does not have access to information.) Gandhi’s Salt March disrupted colonial economic structures and informed the public, empowering collective resistance.

=== 6. Policy Innovation and Pilots ===

* '''Description''': Proposing and testing new policies or solutions on a small scale before broader implementation. This approach demonstrates viability and minimizes risks.
* '''Example''': The participatory budgeting movement, first implemented in Porto Alegre, Brazil, has empowered citizens to decide how municipal funds are allocated.
* '''Salient Leverage Points''': Leverage Point: 9. The gain around driving positive feedback loops. Participatory budgeting in Porto Alegre, Brazil, established a feedback loop where citizens’ involvement in budgeting decisions directly benefited their communities, reinforcing trust and participation.

=== 7. Strategic Litigation ===

* '''Description''': Using the legal system to set precedents, challenge unjust laws, or protect rights.
* '''Example''': Brown v. Board of Education (1954) ended racial segregation in U.S. public schools and set a legal precedent for civil rights.
* '''Salient Leverage Points''': Leverage Point: 5. Rules of the system (incentives, punishments, constraints). Example: Brown v. Board of Education changed the legal rules around racial segregation, forcing systemic compliance with new constraints.

=== 8. Education and Capacity Building ===

* '''Description''': Empowering individuals and communities through education, skill-building, and resource access to enable long-term change.
* '''Example''': Malala Yousafzai’s activism has emphasized the importance of girls' education, leading to increased global investment in gender equality in schools.
* '''Salient Leverage Points''': Leverage Point: 10. The structure of information flows (who does and does not have access to information). Malala Yousafzai’s advocacy for girls’ education increased awareness and improved access to learning, altering societal priorities.

=== 9. Social Entrepreneurship ===

* '''Description''': Combining business principles with social impact goals to create sustainable solutions to societal problems.
* '''Example''': Organizations like TOMS Shoes operate on a “one-for-one” model, providing shoes to those in need with every purchase.
* '''Salient Leverage Points''': Leverage Point: 6. The structure of the system (e.g., the stock and flow of resources). TOMS Shoes introduced a sustainable system that linked consumer behavior directly to social impact, reallocating economic flows.

=== 10. Technology and Digital Activism ===

* '''Description''': Leveraging social media, mobile apps, and other digital tools to mobilize, inform, and organize people for social change.
* '''Example''': The #MeToo movement used social media to amplify survivors' voices and demand accountability for sexual harassment and assault.
* '''Salient Leverage Points''': Leverage Point: 10. The structure of information flows (who does and does not have access to information). The #MeToo movement leveraged social media to democratize access to information, challenging existing power dynamics.

=== 11. Cultural and Artistic Expression ===

* '''Description''': Using art, music, literature, and other cultural mediums to challenge norms, inspire empathy, and promote new ways of thinking.
* '''Example''': Bob Dylan’s protest songs became anthems for the Civil Rights and anti-war movements in the 1960s.
* '''Salient Leverage Points''': Leverage Point: 2. The mindset or paradigm out of which the system arises. Bob Dylan’s protest songs challenged dominant cultural paradigms, inspiring shifts in societal attitudes toward justice and freedom.

=== 12. Participatory Development ===

* '''Description''': Actively involving local communities in the design and implementation of development projects to ensure they are contextually appropriate and sustainable.
* '''Example''': Farmer-led agricultural programs in sub-Saharan Africa have increased food security by integrating local knowledge and needs.
* '''Salient Leverage Points''': Leverage Point: 6. The structure of the system (e.g., the stock and flow of resources). Farmer-led agricultural programs realigned resource flows and empowered local communities to influence their development.

=== 13. Private Sector Partnerships ===

* '''Description''': Collaborating with businesses to align profit motives with social good, such as corporate social responsibility (CSR) initiatives.
* '''Example''': Patagonia’s environmental campaigns, including their commitment to sustainable manufacturing, highlight how businesses can drive positive change.
* '''Salient Leverage Points''': Leverage Point: 7. The rules and flows of the system. Patagonia’s environmental campaigns introduced rules and practices in business aligned with sustainability, altering market incentives.

=== 14. Systems Thinking and Holistic Approaches ===

* '''Description''': Addressing social issues by tackling underlying systems and interconnections rather than isolated symptoms.
* '''Example''': The “Housing First” model for homelessness focuses on providing stable housing as a foundation for addressing other issues like employment and mental health.
* '''Salient Leverage Points''': Leverage Point: 1. Transcending paradigms. The “Housing First” model transcends traditional paradigms about homelessness by focusing on stability as a prerequisite for addressing other issues.

=== 15. Data and Evidence-Based Approaches ===

* '''Description''': Using research and data to identify problems, test interventions, and scale solutions that work.
* '''Example''': The success of microfinance institutions like Grameen Bank demonstrates how data-driven approaches can alleviate poverty.
* '''Salient Leverage Points''': Leverage Point: 11. Buffer sizes (stabilizing stocks in the system). Microfinance institutions like Grameen Bank increased economic stability for individuals, building resilience into the financial system.

=== 16. Youth Leadership and Mentorship ===

* '''Description''': Empowering young people to take leadership roles and contribute fresh perspectives to social change efforts.
* '''Example''': Greta Thunberg’s climate activism galvanized millions of young people to demand action on climate change.
* '''Salient Leverage Points''': Leverage Point: 3. The goals of the system. Greta Thunberg’s climate activism shifted public and governmental goals toward prioritizing sustainability and long-term climate action.

By combining these strategies and tailoring them to specific issues, significant and sustainable social change can be achieved. Each example showcases how these methods have successfully addressed pressing global challenges.

By targeting these specific leverage points, each example harnesses the power of systemic intervention, creating ripples of change that are amplified across society.

== Assignment ==
1.     Study the examples listed above.

2.     Be clear on [[what you can change and what you cannot]].

3.     Study the twelve leverage points identified by Donella Meadows.

4.     Identify [[Thinking Tools#Assisters and Resisters|assisters and resisters]].

5.     Refine your pitch. Improve your rhetoric. 

6.     Select the strategies, approaches, and techniques you’ll use to achieve your desired outcome and effect positive social change.

7.     Identify the communications channels you will use to spread your message. Consider traditional media channels,alternative media, and social media platforms 

8.     Take the actions needed to [[Solving Problems|solve the identified problem]].

== Recommended Reading ==
Students who are interested in learning more about improving social systems may wish to read these books:

·       * &lt;nowiki&gt;{{Cite book|title=Influence: the psychology of persuasion|last=Cialdini|first=Robert B.|date=20|publisher=Collins|isbn=978-0-06-124189-5|edition=Rev. ed., [Nachdr.]|location=New York, NY}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;

·       * &lt;nowiki&gt;{{Cite book|title=The power principle: influence with honor|last=Lee|first=Blaine|date=1997|publisher=Simon &amp; Schuster|isbn=978-0-684-81058-4|location=New York, NY}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;

* *&lt;nowiki&gt;{{cite book |last=Snyder |first=Timothy |author-link=w:Timothy_D._Snyder |date=February 28, 2017 |title=On Tyranny: Twenty Lessons from the Twentieth Century |publisher=Crown |pages=128 |isbn=978-0804190114}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;
* Sharp, Gene (September 4, 2012). ''From Dictatorship to Democracy: A Conceptual Framework for Liberation''. The New Press. pp. 160. ISBN [[Special:BookSources/978-1595588500|978-1595588500]].
* Reich, Robert B. (February 20, 2018). ''The Common Good''. Knopf. pp. 208. ISBN [[Special:BookSources/978-0525520498|978-0525520498]].
* Christakis, Nicholas A. (March 26, 2019). ''Blueprint: The Evolutionary Origins of a Good Society''. Little, Brown Spark. pp. 441. ISBN [[Special:BookSources/978-0316230032|978-0316230032]].
* Ridley, Matt (October 25, 2016). ''The Evolution of Everything: How New Ideas Emerge''. Harper Perennial. pp. 368. ISBN [[Special:BookSources/978-0062296016|978-0062296016]].
* Diamond, Jared (January 4, 2011). ''Collapse: How Societies Choose to Fail or Succeed''. Penguin Books. pp. 608. ISBN [[Special:BookSources/978-0143117001|978-0143117001]].

== References ==
&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;references/&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;


&lt;nowiki&gt;[[Category:Applied Wisdom]]&lt;/nowiki&gt;


&lt;nowiki&gt;{{CourseCat}}&lt;/nowiki&gt; 

&lt;nowiki&gt;{{Possibilities}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;
----[1] ChatGPT generated this text, responding to the prompt: “What are the prevailing theories of social change?”.

[2] ChatGPT generated this text responding to two prompts: 1) “List and briefly describe the most effective strategies, approaches, and techniques for achieving effective positive social change. Cite important examples of each. “2)  “Identify the leverage points, selected from the Twelve leverage points identified by Donella Meadows, used in each of the examples.” The responses were then merged and lightly edited</text>
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      <text bytes="33288" sha1="h5fixlcksbvm5rsimqyt70b1iwvpmwp" xml:space="preserve">—Steps Toward a Better World

== Introduction ==
[[File:Improving_Social_Structures.png|thumb|We can improve the social structures that organize people.]]
&lt;nowiki&gt;{{TOC right | limit|limit=2}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;

[[w:Social_change|Social change]] refers to altering the social order within a society, encompassing modifications in social institutions, social behaviors, or social relationships. At a broader scale, it can lead to significant transformations, either within a society or even the entire society.

Because improving social systems is very difficult, this course begins by exploring what you want to change and why you want to change it, before exploring how to change the system. 

== Objectives ==
The objective of this course is to help people improve social systems.

== What do you want? ==
Improving social systems is a demanding task that often requires decades of dedicated effort from a many highly motivated and skilled people. Studying the histories of successful and unsuccessful social movements provides valuable insights and preparation for the challenges ahead. Moreover, it is crucial to clearly describe the benefits of the change and its significance to the broader society. Effective communication and persuasion are essential to engage the diverse group of supporters whose work will be required to carry out this transformation.

=== This Will be Difficult ===
It is useful to study the history of [[w:List_of_social_movements|several social movements]] that have occurred throughout recent history. The histories of abolition, women’s suffrage, and LGBTQ movements are briefly described here to illustrate the magnitude of the efforts, and to identify successful and unsuccessful strategies and tactics.

==== Abolition ====
[[w:Abolitionism|Abolitionism]], or the abolitionist movement, is the movement to end slavery and liberate enslaved individuals around the world.
[[File:UncleTomsCabinCover.jpg|right|thumb|''[[wikipedia:Uncle Tom's Cabin|w:Uncle Tom's Cabin]]'' inflamed public opinion in the North and Britain against the evils of slavery.]]
The [[w:Timeline_of_abolition_of_slavery_and_serfdom|timeline of abolition of slavery and serfdom]] extends from [[w:Slavery_in_antiquity|ancient times]] through the present day. 

The [[w:Code_of_Ur-Nammu|Code of Ur-Nammu]], the oldest surviving law code, written around 2100 – 2050 BCE, includes laws about slaves in Sumerian Mesopotamia. It states that a slave who marries can’t be forced to leave the household, and returning an escaped slave earns two [[w:Shekel|shekels]]. It reveals two major [[w:Social_stratification|social strata]]: free people and slaves.

The first country to fully outlaw slavery was France in 1315, but slavery was later used in its colonies.

Under the actions of [[w:Toyotomi_Hideyoshi#Cultural_legacy|Toyotomi Hideyoshi]], [[w:Slavery#Chattel_slavery|chattel slavery]] has been abolished across Japan since 1590, though other forms of forced labor were used during World War II. The first and only country to self-liberate from slavery was a former French colony, Haiti, because of the Revolution of 1791–1804.

The [[w:Abolitionism_in_the_United_Kingdom|British abolitionist movement]] began in the late 18th century, and the 1772 Somersett case established that slavery did not exist in English law. In 1807, the slave trade was made illegal throughout the British Empire, though existing slaves in British colonies were not liberated until the Slavery Abolition Act in 1833.

In the [[w:Abolitionism_in_the_United_States|United States, abolitionism]], was active from the [[w:Colonial_history_of_the_United_States|colonial era]] until the end of the [[w:American_Civil_War|American Civil War]], which brought about the abolition of American slavery, except as punishment for a crime, through passage of the Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution, ratified 1865.

Despite the 1865 abolition of slavery in the United States, there is much work still to be done. The [[w:Civil_rights_movement|civil rights movement]] continues to expand the rights provided to blacks. Although this movement was most active from 1954 through 1968, the struggle for equal rights continues today.

==== Women’s Suffrage ====
[[w:Women's_suffrage|Women's suffrage]] – the right of women to vote – has been achieved at various times in countries throughout the world. In many nations, women's suffrage was granted before [[w:Universal_suffrage|universal suffrage]], in which cases women and men from certain socioeconomic classes or races were still unable to vote. 
[[File:PAUL,_ALICE_11.jpg|thumb|[[w:Alice_Paul|Alice Paul]] was an American Suffragist.]]
The [[w:Timeline_of_women's_suffrage|timeline of women’s suffrage]] worldwide extends from 1689 through the present, and is far from complete worldwide. The [[w:Timeline_of_women's_suffrage_in_the_United_States|timeline of women's suffrage in the United States]] begins in the 1780’s. The [[w:Woman_Suffrage_Procession|Woman Suffrage Procession of 1913]] was a significant event in this movement.

Although the [[w:Nineteenth_Amendment_to_the_U.S._Constitution|Nineteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution]] giving women the right to vote was ratified in 1920, it was not until the 1960’s that poll taxes and literacy tests were abolished, racial discrimination in voting was reduced, and poll taxes were eliminated at all levels of government. It was not until 1984 that Mississippi became the last state in the union to ratify the Nineteenth Amendment

The [[w:Timeline_of_women's_legal_rights_(other_than_voting)|timeline of women's legal rights in addition to voting]] is also very long. [[w:Feminist_movement|Feminist movements]], including efforts to pass the [[w:Equal_Rights_Amendment|Equal Rights Amendment]] are on-going.

==== LGBTQ movements ====
Lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender and queer ([[w:LGBTQ|LGBTQ]]) [[w:LGBTQ_movements|movements]] are social movements that advocate for LGBTQ people in society. These movements have a [[w:Timeline_of_LGBTQ_history|long history around the world]]. The [[w:Timeline_of_LGBTQ_history_in_the_United_States|timeline of LGBTQ history in the United States]] begins as early as 1860 and is still ongoing. The [[w:Stonewall_riots|Stonewall riots]], which occurred June 28, 1969, is widely considered a turning point for gay rights in the United States. 

===== Assignment =====

# Scan this list of [[w:List_of_social_movements|social movements]].
# Identify a few that seem most like what you are planning.
# Study the history of those movements in depth to learn what did and did not work.
# Learn from this history.

=== What Do You Want to Have Happen? ===
Make certain that the changes you are planning are in the direction of [[Living Wisely/Seeking Real Good|real good]]. Be clear what it is you want to have happen. 

==== Assignment ====

# Read the essay [[Living Wisely/Seeking Real Good|Seeking Real Good]].
# Complete the Wikiversity course [[Moral Reasoning]].
# Read the essay [[Evolving Governments/Good Government|Good Government]]. 
# Carefully consider the question “[[Exploring Existential Concerns/What Ought We Do?|What ought we do]]?”
# Study the Wikiversity course on [[Problem Finding]].
# Answer the three questions: “What do you want?” “What is true?” and “What are you going to do about it?”
# Optionally complete the [[Evolving Governments#Possibilities|Possibilities assignment]] in the [[Evolving Governments]] course. 

=== Why do you want this? ===
Because many people need to remain highly motivated to carry out the required improvements, it is important to be clear with yourself and others why this change is necessary and why it will provide benefits for many people.

==== Assignment ====

# Identify the [[Thinking Tools#Assisters and Resisters|assistors and resistors]] to the proposed changes.
# Write down, as clearly as possible, the main reason, and several supporting reasons why you want this improvement to happen. Use clear, concise, and powerful language. Be persuasive. Include both rational and emotional appeals. These will be used to engage assistors. 
# Write down, as clearly as possible, the main reason, and supporting reasons why others will benefit from this improvement. Use clear, concise, and powerful language. Include both rational and emotional appeals. This will be used to gain a broad base of support.
# Consider who will be opposed to this change, and why they will be opposed. Learn what they have at stake. Understand their actual and potential arguments as deeply and fully as you can. Create counterarguments that appeal both rationally and emotionally. These will be used to mitigate opposition by your resisters.  

=== The Pitch ===
Decide how you will communicate the nature and importance of this improvement to your advocates and your opponents.

==== Assignment ====

# Study successful [[w:Elevator_pitch|elevator pitches]]. 
# Study successful [[w:Slogan|slogans]]. 
# Study [[w:List_of_speeches|influential speeches]] given by [[w:Orator|prominent orators]].
# Study successful [[w:Long-form_journalism|long-form journalism]] articles.
# Write your first-draft elevator pitch, slogans, speech, and long-form journalism articles.
# [[Writing/Requesting Feedback|Request feedback]] on these communications materials from strong supporters, potential supporters, and likely resisters. 
# Improve the [[w:Rhetoric|rhetoric]]. 
# Continue to revise, refine, and improve your communications methods, and materials.

== Theories of Social Change ==
[[w:Social_change|Social change]], the transformation of cultural, social, political, or economic structures over time, is explained by several prevailing theories.&lt;ref&gt;[[w:ChatGPT|ChatGPT]] generated this text, responding to the prompt: “What are the prevailing theories of social change?”.&lt;/ref&gt; Each theory highlights different factors and mechanisms driving change, ranging from material conditions to ideas and collective actions. 

Understanding these theories of social change can help to develop effective strategies for the work.

Here are major theories of social change:

=== 1. Evolutionary Theory ===

* '''Overview''': [[w:Sociocultural_evolution|Evolutionary theory]] views social change as a gradual and progressive process, often likened to biological evolution. Societies move through stages of development, from simple to complex, as they adapt to their environment.
* '''Key Proponents''': [[w:Auguste_Comte|Auguste Comte]], [[w:Herbert_Spencer|Herbert Spencer]]
* '''Key Concepts''':
** Societies evolve from primitive to advanced forms.
** Change is inevitable and continuous.
* '''Criticisms''': Overemphasis on linear progress and failure to account for abrupt or regressive changes.
* The Wikiversity courses on [[Evolving Governments]], [[Evolving Money]], and [[Intentional Evolution]] use this strategy.

=== 2. Conflict Theory ===

* '''Overview''': [[w:Conflict_theories|Conflict theory]] proposes that social change arises from conflicts between groups with opposing interests, often driven by power and resource inequalities. Change typically occurs through [[w:Revolution|revolution]] or [[w:Reform|reform]].
* '''Key Proponents''': [[w:Karl_Marx|Karl Marx]], [[w:Friedrich_Engels|Friedrich Engels]]
* '''Key Concepts''':
** [[w:Class_conflict|Class struggle]] (e.g., between the [[w:Bourgeoisie|bourgeoisie]] and [[w:Proletariat|proletariat]]) is a primary driver of change.
** Conflict over resources and power leads to systemic transformation.
* '''Modern Applications''': [[w:Feminist_theoryt|Feminist theory]], [[w:Critical_race_theory|critical race theory]]
* '''Criticisms''': May overemphasize conflict and neglect cooperation as a driver of change.

=== 3. Functionalist Theory ===

* '''Overview''': In [[w:Structural_functionalism|Functionalist Theory]] social change is seen as a process to restore balance or equilibrium in society when dysfunctions arise. Changes often occur incrementally to maintain stability.
* '''Key Proponents''': [[w:Émile_Durkheim|Émile Durkheim]], [[w:Talcott_Parsons|Talcott Parsons]]
* '''Key Concepts''':
** Institutions evolve to meet new needs or correct imbalances.
** Social change is adaptive and preserves [[w:Social_order|social order]].
* '''Criticisms''': Tends to ignore power dynamics and conflict as drivers of change.

=== 4. Cyclical Theory ===

* '''Overview''': In [[w:Social_cycle_theory|cyclical theory]] social change is seen as recurring in cycles, often characterized by periods of growth, stability, decline, and renewal. It challenges the notion of linear progress.
* '''Key Proponents''': [[w:Oswald_Spengler|Oswald Spengler]], [[w:Arnold_J._Toynbee|Arnold Toynbee]], [[w:Pitirim_Sorokin|Pitirim Sorokin]]
* '''Key Concepts''':
** Societies or civilizations rise and fall in predictable patterns.
** Change is not necessarily progressive; regression or collapse is possible.
* '''Criticisms''': Overemphasis on fatalistic cycles; limited predictive power.

=== 5. Modernization Theory ===

* '''Overview''': [[w:Modernization_theory|Modernization theory]] proposes that social change occurs as traditional societies adopt modern practices and technologies. It emphasizes the transition from [[w:Agrarian_society|agrarian]] to [[w:Industrial_society|industrial societies]].
* '''Key Proponents''': [[w:Walt_Rostow|W.W. Rostow]], [[w:Daniel_Lerner|Daniel Lerner]]
* '''Key Concepts''':
** Economic development and technological advancement drive change.
** Traditional values and practices are replaced by rationality and efficiency.
* '''Criticisms''': Often [[w:Ethnocentrism|ethnocentric]] and dismissive of non-Western developmental paths.

=== 6. Dependency Theory ===

* '''Overview''': [[w:Dependency_theory|Dependency theory]] proposes that social change is shaped by the global economic system, where developed nations exploit underdeveloped ones, creating dependency and limiting their growth.
* '''Key Proponents''': [[w:Andre_Gunder_Frank|Andre Gunder Frank]], [[w:Immanuel_Wallerstein|Immanuel Wallerstein]] ([[w:World-systems_theory|world-systems theory]])
* '''Key Concepts''':
** Core-periphery dynamics perpetuate inequalities.
** Change requires breaking free from exploitative systems.
* '''Criticisms''': Often criticized for economic determinism and oversimplification of global dynamics.

=== 7. Cultural Lag Theory ===

* '''Overview''': [[w:Cultural_lag|Cultural lag theory]] proposes that social change occurs unevenly, with material culture (technology, tools) advancing faster than non-material culture (values, norms), creating a “lag” that causes tension and adaptation.
* '''Key Proponents''': [[w:William_Fielding_Ogburn|William F. Ogburn]]
* '''Key Concepts''':
** Technological innovation is a primary driver of change.
** Society must adapt its values and institutions to technological shifts.
* '''Criticisms''': Underestimates the role of intentional cultural shifts and agency.

=== 8. Collective Behavior and Social Movements Theory ===

* '''Overview''': Collective Behavior and [[w:Social_movement_theory|Social Movements Theory]] proposes that social change emerges through collective actions, such as [[w:Protest|protests]], revolutions, or movements, driven by shared grievances or goals.
* '''Key Proponents''': [[w:Neil_Smelser|Neil Smelser]], [[w:Charles_Tilly|Charles Tilly]]
* '''Key Concepts''':
** Social movements arise from resource mobilization and shared ideologies.
** [[w:Collective_identity|Collective identity]] and leadership play critical roles.
* '''Criticisms''': Focuses heavily on short-term movements, sometimes neglecting broader structural changes.

=== 9. Postmodern Theories ===

* '''Overview''': [[w:Postmodern_philosophy|Postmodern Theories]] reject the notion of universal explanations for social change, emphasizing [[w:Pluralism_(political_philosophy)|pluralism]], local narratives, and cultural diversity.
* '''Key Proponents''': [[w:Michel_Foucault|Michel Foucault]], [[w:Jean_Baudrillard|Jean Baudrillard]]
* '''Key Concepts''':
** Power and knowledge are central to understanding change.
** Social change is fragmented and context specific.
* '''Criticisms''': Often criticized for relativism and lack of practical applications.

=== 10. Environmental Determinism and Ecological Theory ===

* '''Overview''': [[w:Environmental_determinism|Environmental Determinism]] and Ecological Theory emphasize the impact of environmental factors, such as climate or geography, on societal structures and change.
* '''Key Proponents''': [[w:Jared_Diamond|Jared Diamond]], [[w:Lester_R._Brown|Lester Brown]]
* '''Key Concepts''':
** Environmental constraints or crises often drive systemic change.
** [[w:Sustainability|Sustainability]] is critical for future transformation.
* '''Criticisms''': Risks underestimating human agency and innovation.

=== Conclusion ===
Each theory offers a unique lens to understand the dynamics of social change, often complementing others. Effective analyses typically combine multiple theories, recognizing the complexity of social systems and the interplay of economic, cultural, technological, and environmental factors. 

== Influence and Persuasion ==
[[w:Social_influence|Influence]] and [[w:Persuasion|persuasion]] are two powerful forces that shape human interactions and societal progress. While they are closely related, each term carries distinct meanings and implications. ''Influence'' refers to the capacity to affect the thoughts, feelings, or behaviors of others, often subtly and indirectly.  

''Persuasion'', on the other hand, involves the deliberate attempt to convince someone to adopt a specific belief, attitude, or course of action. Both can be used for pro-social or anti-social purposes, depending on the intent and [[Moral Reasoning|ethical considerations]] of those wielding them. This course explores these concepts, their strategies, and their potential applications.

Improving social systems demands the skillful application and strategic navigation of various modes of influence and persuasive methods.

=== Assignment ===

# Study the Wikiversity course on [[Influence and Persuasion]].
# Plan effective use of the modes of influence and the methods of persuasion.
# Beware of influences and persuasions that are detrimental to your work.
## Learn from, adopt, and amplify influences that are [[Living Wisely/Seeking Real Good|real good]].
## Avoid, resist, or dispute influences that are not [[Living Wisely/Seeking Real Good|real good]]. 

== Leverage Points ==
[[w:Twelve_leverage_points|Twelve leverage points]] that are the most effective places to intervene in a system were proposed by [[w:Donella_Meadows|Donella Meadows]], a scientist and system analyst who studied environmental limits to economic growth.

=== Assignment ===

# Study the [[w:Twelve_leverage_points|twelve leverage points]].
## Studying these additional examples may also be helpful.
# Identify the leverage points that can be most effective in achieving the improvements you seek.

== Effective Change Strategies and Examples ==
Below is a list of some of the most effective strategies, approaches, and techniques for achieving positive [[w:Social_change|social change]], along with examples of their successful implementation:&lt;ref&gt;[[w:ChatGPT|ChatGPT]] generated this text responding to two prompts: 1) “List and briefly describe the most effective strategies, approaches, and techniques for achieving effective positive social change. Cite important examples of each. “2)  “Identify the leverage points, selected from the Twelve leverage points identified by Donella Meadows, used in each of the examples.” The responses were then merged and lightly edited 

&lt;/ref&gt;

Understanding these change strategies can help to develop effective strategies for the work.

=== 1. Grassroots Mobilization ===

* '''Description''': Involves engaging local communities to advocate for change from the ground up. This often includes organizing protests, campaigns, or community meetings to build momentum.
* '''Example''': The [[w:Civil_rights_movement|Civil Rights Movement]] in the U.S. used grassroots strategies like the [[w:Montgomery_bus_boycott|Montgomery Bus Boycott]] and [[w:Freedom_Riders|Freedom Rides]] to dismantle segregation.
* '''Salient Leverage Points''': Leverage Point: 12. Constants, [[w:Parameter|parameters]], and numbers (e.g., subsidies, taxes, standards). The Civil Rights Movement's [[w:Montgomery_bus_boycott|Montgomery Bus Boycott]] changed public transportation revenues (a parameter) and applied pressure for desegregation policies.

=== 2. Advocacy and Lobbying ===
[[File:P051702-149695.jpg|thumb|Gay couple with a child.]]
* '''Description''': Involves influencing policymakers and stakeholders to enact legislative or policy changes. Advocacy campaigns often include [[w:Petition|petitions]], public awareness drives, [[w:Lobbying|lobbying]], and meetings with officials.
* '''Example''': The [[w:Same-sex_marriage|marriage equality movement]] used lobbying efforts combined with public advocacy, culminating in the [[w:Obergefell_v._Hodges|U.S. Supreme Court’s decision]] to legalize same-sex marriage in 2015.
* '''Salient Leverage Points''': Leverage Point: 5. Rules of the system (incentives, punishments, constraints) The advocacy for marriage equality influenced laws and institutional rules, fundamentally altering societal incentives and constraints around same-sex relationships.

=== 3. Public Awareness Campaigns ===

* '''Description''': Uses media, art, and storytelling to educate the public and shift cultural attitudes on a specific issue. These campaigns often rely on [[w:Social_media|social media]], television ads, and [[w:Grassroots|grassroots]] outreach.
* '''Example''': The “[[w:It_Gets_Better_Project|It Gets Better]]” campaign helped change public attitudes toward LGBTQ+ youth, offering hope and combating bullying.
* '''Salient Leverage Points''': Leverage Point: 4. The power to add, change, or [[w:Spontaneous_order|self-organize]] system structure. The “It Gets Better” campaign created new networks of support, empowering individuals to challenge existing social norms.

=== 4. Coalition Building ===

* '''Description''': Brings together organizations, communities, and individuals with shared goals to amplify their impact through collaboration.
* '''Example''': The global coalition to ban landmines united [[w:Non-governmental_organization|NGOs]], activists, and governments, resulting in the [[w:Ottawa_Treaty|1997 Mine Ban Treaty]].
* '''Salient Leverage Points''': Leverage Point: 8. The strength of feedback loops. The global coalition to ban landmines amplified feedback by uniting diverse voices, ensuring mutual reinforcement and greater systemic impact.

=== 5. Nonviolent Direct Action ===
[[File:Marche_sel.jpg|thumb|Gandhi leading the famous 1930 Salt March, a notable example of satyagraha (nonviolent resistance)]]
* '''Description''': Involves peaceful demonstrations, [[w:Sit-in|sit-ins]], or acts of [[w:Civil_disobedience|civil disobedience]] to draw attention to an injustice and pressure change.
* '''Example''': Mahatma Gandhi’s [[w:Salt_March|Salt March]] in 1930 challenged British colonial rule and demonstrated the power of nonviolent resistance.
* '''Salient Leverage Points''': Leverage Point: 10. The structure of information flows (who does and does not have access to information.) Gandhi’s Salt March disrupted colonial economic structures and informed the public, empowering collective resistance.

=== 6. Policy Innovation and Pilots ===

* '''Description''': Proposing and testing new policies or solutions on a small scale before broader implementation. This approach demonstrates viability and minimizes risks.
* '''Example''': The [[w:Participatory_budgeting|participatory budgeting movement]], first implemented in Porto Alegre, Brazil, has empowered citizens to decide how municipal funds are allocated.
* '''Salient Leverage Points''': Leverage Point: 9. The gain around driving positive feedback loops. Participatory budgeting in Porto Alegre, Brazil, established a feedback loop where citizens’ involvement in budgeting decisions directly benefited their communities, reinforcing trust and participation.

=== 7. Strategic Litigation ===

* '''Description''': Using the legal system to set precedents, challenge unjust laws, or protect rights.
* '''Example''': [[w:Brown_v._Board_of_Education|Brown v. Board of Education]] (1954) ended racial segregation in U.S. public schools and set a legal precedent for civil rights.
* '''Salient Leverage Points''': Leverage Point: 5. Rules of the system (incentives, punishments, constraints). Example: Brown v. Board of Education changed the legal rules around racial segregation, forcing systemic compliance with new constraints.

=== 8. Education and Capacity Building ===

* '''Description''': Empowering individuals and communities through education, skill-building, and resource access to enable long-term change.
* '''Example''': [[w:Malala_Yousafzai#Continuing_activism|Malala Yousafzai’s activism]] has emphasized the importance of girls' education, leading to increased global investment in gender equality in schools.
* '''Salient Leverage Points''': Leverage Point: 10. The structure of information flows (who does and does not have access to information). Malala Yousafzai’s advocacy for girls’ education increased awareness and improved access to learning, altering societal priorities.

=== 9. Social Entrepreneurship ===

* '''Description''': Combining business principles with social impact goals to create sustainable solutions to societal problems.
* '''Example''': Organizations like [[w:Toms_Shoes#Philanthropy|TOMS Shoes]] operate on a “[[w:One_for_one|one-for-one]]” model, providing shoes to those in need with every purchase.
* '''Salient Leverage Points''': Leverage Point: 6. The structure of the system (e.g., the stock and flow of resources). TOMS Shoes introduced a sustainable system that linked consumer behavior directly to social impact, reallocating economic flows.

=== 10. Technology and Digital Activism ===

* '''Description''': Leveraging social media, mobile apps, and other digital tools to mobilize, inform, and organize people for social change.
* '''Example''': The #[[w:MeToo_movement|MeToo movement]] used social media to amplify survivors' voices and demand accountability for sexual harassment and assault.
* '''Salient Leverage Points''': Leverage Point: 10. The structure of information flows (who does and does not have access to information). The #MeToo movement leveraged social media to democratize access to information, challenging existing power dynamics.

=== 11. Cultural and Artistic Expression ===

* '''Description''': Using art, music, literature, and other cultural mediums to challenge norms, inspire empathy, and promote new ways of thinking.
* '''Example''': [[w:Bob_Dylan#Legacy|Bob Dylan’s protest songs]] became anthems for the Civil Rights and anti-war movements in the 1960s.
* '''Salient Leverage Points''': Leverage Point: 2. The mindset or paradigm out of which the system arises. Bob Dylan’s protest songs challenged dominant cultural paradigms, inspiring shifts in societal attitudes toward justice and freedom.

=== 12. Participatory Development ===

* '''Description''': Actively involving local communities in the design and implementation of development projects to ensure they are contextually appropriate and sustainable.
* '''Example''': Farmer-led agricultural programs in sub-Saharan Africa have increased food security by integrating local knowledge and needs.
* '''Salient Leverage Points''': Leverage Point: 6. The structure of the system (e.g., the stock and flow of resources). Farmer-led agricultural programs realigned resource flows and empowered local communities to influence their development.

=== 13. Private Sector Partnerships ===

* '''Description''': Collaborating with businesses to align profit motives with social good, such as [[w:Corporate_social_responsibility|corporate social responsibility]] (CSR) initiatives.
* '''Example''': [[w:Patagonia,_Inc.#Activism|Patagonia’s environmental campaigns]], including their commitment to sustainable manufacturing, highlight how businesses can drive positive change.
* '''Salient Leverage Points''': Leverage Point: 7. The rules and flows of the system. Patagonia’s environmental campaigns introduced rules and practices in business aligned with sustainability, altering market incentives.

=== 14. Systems Thinking and Holistic Approaches ===

* '''Description''': Addressing social issues by tackling underlying systems and interconnections rather than isolated symptoms.
* '''Example''': The “[[w:Housing_First|Housing First]]” model for [[w:Homelessness|homelessness]] focuses on providing stable housing as a foundation for addressing other issues like employment and mental health.
* '''Salient Leverage Points''': Leverage Point: 1. Transcending paradigms. The “Housing First” model transcends traditional paradigms about homelessness by focusing on stability as a prerequisite for addressing other issues.

=== 15. Data and Evidence-Based Approaches ===

* '''Description''': Using research and data to identify problems, test interventions, and scale solutions that work.
* '''Example''': The success of [[w:Microfinance|microfinance]] institutions like [[w:Grameen_Bank|Grameen Bank]] demonstrates how data-driven approaches can alleviate poverty.
* '''Salient Leverage Points''': Leverage Point: 11. Buffer sizes (stabilizing stocks in the system). Microfinance institutions like Grameen Bank increased economic stability for individuals, building resilience into the financial system.

=== 16. Youth Leadership and Mentorship ===

* '''Description''': Empowering young people to take leadership roles and contribute fresh perspectives to social change efforts.
* '''Example''': [[w:Greta_Thunberg#Activism|Greta Thunberg’s climate activism]] galvanized millions of young people to demand action on climate change.
* '''Salient Leverage Points''': Leverage Point: 3. The goals of the system. Greta Thunberg’s climate activism shifted public and governmental goals toward prioritizing sustainability and long-term climate action.

By combining these strategies and tailoring them to specific issues, significant and sustainable social change can be achieved. Each example showcases how these methods have successfully addressed pressing global challenges.

By targeting these specific leverage points, each example harnesses the power of systemic intervention, creating ripples of change that are amplified across society.

== Assignment ==

# Study the examples listed above.
# Be clear on [[what you can change and what you cannot]].
# Study the twelve leverage points identified by Donella Meadows.
# Identify [[Thinking Tools#Assisters and Resisters|assisters and resisters]].
# Refine your pitch. Improve your [[w:Rhetoric|rhetoric]].
# Select the strategies, approaches, and techniques you’ll use to achieve your desired outcome and effect positive social change.
# Identify the communications channels you will use to spread your message. Consider traditional media channels,alternative media, and social media platforms
# Take the actions needed to [[Solving Problems|solve the identified problem]].

== Recommended Reading ==
Students who are interested in learning more about improving social systems may wish to read these books:

·       * &lt;nowiki&gt;{{Cite book|title=Influence: the psychology of persuasion|last=Cialdini|first=Robert B.|date=20|publisher=Collins|isbn=978-0-06-124189-5|edition=Rev. ed., [Nachdr.]|location=New York, NY}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;

·       * &lt;nowiki&gt;{{Cite book|title=The power principle: influence with honor|last=Lee|first=Blaine|date=1997|publisher=Simon &amp; Schuster|isbn=978-0-684-81058-4|location=New York, NY}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;

* *&lt;nowiki&gt;{{cite book |last=Snyder |first=Timothy |author-link=w:Timothy_D._Snyder |date=February 28, 2017 |title=On Tyranny: Twenty Lessons from the Twentieth Century |publisher=Crown |pages=128 |isbn=978-0804190114}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;
* Sharp, Gene (September 4, 2012). ''From Dictatorship to Democracy: A Conceptual Framework for Liberation''. The New Press. pp. 160. ISBN [[Special:BookSources/978-1595588500|978-1595588500]].
* Reich, Robert B. (February 20, 2018). ''The Common Good''. Knopf. pp. 208. ISBN [[Special:BookSources/978-0525520498|978-0525520498]].
* Christakis, Nicholas A. (March 26, 2019). ''Blueprint: The Evolutionary Origins of a Good Society''. Little, Brown Spark. pp. 441. ISBN [[Special:BookSources/978-0316230032|978-0316230032]].
* Ridley, Matt (October 25, 2016). ''The Evolution of Everything: How New Ideas Emerge''. Harper Perennial. pp. 368. ISBN [[Special:BookSources/978-0062296016|978-0062296016]].
* Diamond, Jared (January 4, 2011). ''Collapse: How Societies Choose to Fail or Succeed''. Penguin Books. pp. 608. ISBN [[Special:BookSources/978-0143117001|978-0143117001]].

== References ==
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&lt;nowiki&gt;[[Category:Applied Wisdom]]&lt;/nowiki&gt;


&lt;nowiki&gt;{{CourseCat}}&lt;/nowiki&gt; 

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      <text bytes="33270" sha1="gnpn1l2h2xbn0woi5s5dp8pyf5ir89d" xml:space="preserve">—Steps Toward a Better World

== Introduction ==
[[File:Improving_Social_Structures.png|thumb|We can improve the social structures that organize people.]]
{{TOC right | limit|limit=2}}

[[w:Social_change|Social change]] refers to altering the social order within a society, encompassing modifications in social institutions, social behaviors, or social relationships. At a broader scale, it can lead to significant transformations, either within a society or even the entire society.

Because improving social systems is very difficult, this course begins by exploring what you want to change and why you want to change it, before exploring how to change the system.

== Objectives ==
The objective of this course is to help people improve social systems.

== What do you want? ==
Improving social systems is a demanding task that often requires decades of dedicated effort from a many highly motivated and skilled people. Studying the histories of successful and unsuccessful social movements provides valuable insights and preparation for the challenges ahead. Moreover, it is crucial to clearly describe the benefits of the change and its significance to the broader society. Effective communication and persuasion are essential to engage the diverse group of supporters whose work will be required to carry out this transformation.

=== This Will be Difficult ===
It is useful to study the history of [[w:List_of_social_movements|several social movements]] that have occurred throughout recent history. The histories of abolition, women’s suffrage, and LGBTQ movements are briefly described here to illustrate the magnitude of the efforts, and to identify successful and unsuccessful strategies and tactics.

==== Abolition ====
[[w:Abolitionism|Abolitionism]], or the abolitionist movement, is the movement to end slavery and liberate enslaved individuals around the world.
[[File:UncleTomsCabinCover.jpg|right|thumb|''[[wikipedia:Uncle Tom's Cabin|w:Uncle Tom's Cabin]]'' inflamed public opinion in the North and Britain against the evils of slavery.]]
The [[w:Timeline_of_abolition_of_slavery_and_serfdom|timeline of abolition of slavery and serfdom]] extends from [[w:Slavery_in_antiquity|ancient times]] through the present day. 

The [[w:Code_of_Ur-Nammu|Code of Ur-Nammu]], the oldest surviving law code, written around 2100 – 2050 BCE, includes laws about slaves in Sumerian Mesopotamia. It states that a slave who marries can’t be forced to leave the household, and returning an escaped slave earns two [[w:Shekel|shekels]]. It reveals two major [[w:Social_stratification|social strata]]: free people and slaves.

The first country to fully outlaw slavery was France in 1315, but slavery was later used in its colonies.

Under the actions of [[w:Toyotomi_Hideyoshi#Cultural_legacy|Toyotomi Hideyoshi]], [[w:Slavery#Chattel_slavery|chattel slavery]] has been abolished across Japan since 1590, though other forms of forced labor were used during World War II. The first and only country to self-liberate from slavery was a former French colony, Haiti, because of the Revolution of 1791–1804.

The [[w:Abolitionism_in_the_United_Kingdom|British abolitionist movement]] began in the late 18th century, and the 1772 Somersett case established that slavery did not exist in English law. In 1807, the slave trade was made illegal throughout the British Empire, though existing slaves in British colonies were not liberated until the Slavery Abolition Act in 1833.

In the [[w:Abolitionism_in_the_United_States|United States, abolitionism]], was active from the [[w:Colonial_history_of_the_United_States|colonial era]] until the end of the [[w:American_Civil_War|American Civil War]], which brought about the abolition of American slavery, except as punishment for a crime, through passage of the Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution, ratified 1865.

Despite the 1865 abolition of slavery in the United States, there is much work still to be done. The [[w:Civil_rights_movement|civil rights movement]] continues to expand the rights provided to blacks. Although this movement was most active from 1954 through 1968, the struggle for equal rights continues today.

==== Women’s Suffrage ====
[[w:Women's_suffrage|Women's suffrage]] – the right of women to vote – has been achieved at various times in countries throughout the world. In many nations, women's suffrage was granted before [[w:Universal_suffrage|universal suffrage]], in which cases women and men from certain socioeconomic classes or races were still unable to vote. 
[[File:PAUL,_ALICE_11.jpg|thumb|[[w:Alice_Paul|Alice Paul]] was an American Suffragist.]]
The [[w:Timeline_of_women's_suffrage|timeline of women’s suffrage]] worldwide extends from 1689 through the present, and is far from complete worldwide. The [[w:Timeline_of_women's_suffrage_in_the_United_States|timeline of women's suffrage in the United States]] begins in the 1780’s. The [[w:Woman_Suffrage_Procession|Woman Suffrage Procession of 1913]] was a significant event in this movement.

Although the [[w:Nineteenth_Amendment_to_the_U.S._Constitution|Nineteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution]] giving women the right to vote was ratified in 1920, it was not until the 1960’s that poll taxes and literacy tests were abolished, racial discrimination in voting was reduced, and poll taxes were eliminated at all levels of government. It was not until 1984 that Mississippi became the last state in the union to ratify the Nineteenth Amendment

The [[w:Timeline_of_women's_legal_rights_(other_than_voting)|timeline of women's legal rights in addition to voting]] is also very long. [[w:Feminist_movement|Feminist movements]], including efforts to pass the [[w:Equal_Rights_Amendment|Equal Rights Amendment]] are on-going.

==== LGBTQ movements ====
Lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender and queer ([[w:LGBTQ|LGBTQ]]) [[w:LGBTQ_movements|movements]] are social movements that advocate for LGBTQ people in society. These movements have a [[w:Timeline_of_LGBTQ_history|long history around the world]]. The [[w:Timeline_of_LGBTQ_history_in_the_United_States|timeline of LGBTQ history in the United States]] begins as early as 1860 and is still ongoing. The [[w:Stonewall_riots|Stonewall riots]], which occurred June 28, 1969, is widely considered a turning point for gay rights in the United States. 

===== Assignment =====

# Scan this list of [[w:List_of_social_movements|social movements]].
# Identify a few that seem most like what you are planning.
# Study the history of those movements in depth to learn what did and did not work.
# Learn from this history.

=== What Do You Want to Have Happen? ===
Make certain that the changes you are planning are in the direction of [[Living Wisely/Seeking Real Good|real good]]. Be clear what it is you want to have happen. 

==== Assignment ====

# Read the essay [[Living Wisely/Seeking Real Good|Seeking Real Good]].
# Complete the Wikiversity course [[Moral Reasoning]].
# Read the essay [[Evolving Governments/Good Government|Good Government]]. 
# Carefully consider the question “[[Exploring Existential Concerns/What Ought We Do?|What ought we do]]?”
# Study the Wikiversity course on [[Problem Finding]].
# Answer the three questions: “What do you want?” “What is true?” and “What are you going to do about it?”
# Optionally complete the [[Evolving Governments#Possibilities|Possibilities assignment]] in the [[Evolving Governments]] course. 

=== Why do you want this? ===
Because many people need to remain highly motivated to carry out the required improvements, it is important to be clear with yourself and others why this change is necessary and why it will provide benefits for many people.

==== Assignment ====

# Identify the [[Thinking Tools#Assisters and Resisters|assistors and resistors]] to the proposed changes.
# Write down, as clearly as possible, the main reason, and several supporting reasons why you want this improvement to happen. Use clear, concise, and powerful language. Be persuasive. Include both rational and emotional appeals. These will be used to engage assistors. 
# Write down, as clearly as possible, the main reason, and supporting reasons why others will benefit from this improvement. Use clear, concise, and powerful language. Include both rational and emotional appeals. This will be used to gain a broad base of support.
# Consider who will be opposed to this change, and why they will be opposed. Learn what they have at stake. Understand their actual and potential arguments as deeply and fully as you can. Create counterarguments that appeal both rationally and emotionally. These will be used to mitigate opposition by your resisters.  

=== The Pitch ===
Decide how you will communicate the nature and importance of this improvement to your advocates and your opponents.

==== Assignment ====

# Study successful [[w:Elevator_pitch|elevator pitches]]. 
# Study successful [[w:Slogan|slogans]]. 
# Study [[w:List_of_speeches|influential speeches]] given by [[w:Orator|prominent orators]].
# Study successful [[w:Long-form_journalism|long-form journalism]] articles.
# Write your first-draft elevator pitch, slogans, speech, and long-form journalism articles.
# [[Writing/Requesting Feedback|Request feedback]] on these communications materials from strong supporters, potential supporters, and likely resisters. 
# Improve the [[w:Rhetoric|rhetoric]]. 
# Continue to revise, refine, and improve your communications methods, and materials.

== Theories of Social Change ==
[[w:Social_change|Social change]], the transformation of cultural, social, political, or economic structures over time, is explained by several prevailing theories.&lt;ref&gt;[[w:ChatGPT|ChatGPT]] generated this text, responding to the prompt: “What are the prevailing theories of social change?”.&lt;/ref&gt; Each theory highlights different factors and mechanisms driving change, ranging from material conditions to ideas and collective actions. 

Understanding these theories of social change can help to develop effective strategies for the work.

Here are major theories of social change:

=== 1. Evolutionary Theory ===

* '''Overview''': [[w:Sociocultural_evolution|Evolutionary theory]] views social change as a gradual and progressive process, often likened to biological evolution. Societies move through stages of development, from simple to complex, as they adapt to their environment.
* '''Key Proponents''': [[w:Auguste_Comte|Auguste Comte]], [[w:Herbert_Spencer|Herbert Spencer]]
* '''Key Concepts''':
** Societies evolve from primitive to advanced forms.
** Change is inevitable and continuous.
* '''Criticisms''': Overemphasis on linear progress and failure to account for abrupt or regressive changes.
* The Wikiversity courses on [[Evolving Governments]], [[Evolving Money]], and [[Intentional Evolution]] use this strategy.

=== 2. Conflict Theory ===

* '''Overview''': [[w:Conflict_theories|Conflict theory]] proposes that social change arises from conflicts between groups with opposing interests, often driven by power and resource inequalities. Change typically occurs through [[w:Revolution|revolution]] or [[w:Reform|reform]].
* '''Key Proponents''': [[w:Karl_Marx|Karl Marx]], [[w:Friedrich_Engels|Friedrich Engels]]
* '''Key Concepts''':
** [[w:Class_conflict|Class struggle]] (e.g., between the [[w:Bourgeoisie|bourgeoisie]] and [[w:Proletariat|proletariat]]) is a primary driver of change.
** Conflict over resources and power leads to systemic transformation.
* '''Modern Applications''': [[w:Feminist_theoryt|Feminist theory]], [[w:Critical_race_theory|critical race theory]]
* '''Criticisms''': May overemphasize conflict and neglect cooperation as a driver of change.

=== 3. Functionalist Theory ===

* '''Overview''': In [[w:Structural_functionalism|Functionalist Theory]] social change is seen as a process to restore balance or equilibrium in society when dysfunctions arise. Changes often occur incrementally to maintain stability.
* '''Key Proponents''': [[w:Émile_Durkheim|Émile Durkheim]], [[w:Talcott_Parsons|Talcott Parsons]]
* '''Key Concepts''':
** Institutions evolve to meet new needs or correct imbalances.
** Social change is adaptive and preserves [[w:Social_order|social order]].
* '''Criticisms''': Tends to ignore power dynamics and conflict as drivers of change.

=== 4. Cyclical Theory ===

* '''Overview''': In [[w:Social_cycle_theory|cyclical theory]] social change is seen as recurring in cycles, often characterized by periods of growth, stability, decline, and renewal. It challenges the notion of linear progress.
* '''Key Proponents''': [[w:Oswald_Spengler|Oswald Spengler]], [[w:Arnold_J._Toynbee|Arnold Toynbee]], [[w:Pitirim_Sorokin|Pitirim Sorokin]]
* '''Key Concepts''':
** Societies or civilizations rise and fall in predictable patterns.
** Change is not necessarily progressive; regression or collapse is possible.
* '''Criticisms''': Overemphasis on fatalistic cycles; limited predictive power.

=== 5. Modernization Theory ===

* '''Overview''': [[w:Modernization_theory|Modernization theory]] proposes that social change occurs as traditional societies adopt modern practices and technologies. It emphasizes the transition from [[w:Agrarian_society|agrarian]] to [[w:Industrial_society|industrial societies]].
* '''Key Proponents''': [[w:Walt_Rostow|W.W. Rostow]], [[w:Daniel_Lerner|Daniel Lerner]]
* '''Key Concepts''':
** Economic development and technological advancement drive change.
** Traditional values and practices are replaced by rationality and efficiency.
* '''Criticisms''': Often [[w:Ethnocentrism|ethnocentric]] and dismissive of non-Western developmental paths.

=== 6. Dependency Theory ===

* '''Overview''': [[w:Dependency_theory|Dependency theory]] proposes that social change is shaped by the global economic system, where developed nations exploit underdeveloped ones, creating dependency and limiting their growth.
* '''Key Proponents''': [[w:Andre_Gunder_Frank|Andre Gunder Frank]], [[w:Immanuel_Wallerstein|Immanuel Wallerstein]] ([[w:World-systems_theory|world-systems theory]])
* '''Key Concepts''':
** Core-periphery dynamics perpetuate inequalities.
** Change requires breaking free from exploitative systems.
* '''Criticisms''': Often criticized for economic determinism and oversimplification of global dynamics.

=== 7. Cultural Lag Theory ===

* '''Overview''': [[w:Cultural_lag|Cultural lag theory]] proposes that social change occurs unevenly, with material culture (technology, tools) advancing faster than non-material culture (values, norms), creating a “lag” that causes tension and adaptation.
* '''Key Proponents''': [[w:William_Fielding_Ogburn|William F. Ogburn]]
* '''Key Concepts''':
** Technological innovation is a primary driver of change.
** Society must adapt its values and institutions to technological shifts.
* '''Criticisms''': Underestimates the role of intentional cultural shifts and agency.

=== 8. Collective Behavior and Social Movements Theory ===

* '''Overview''': Collective Behavior and [[w:Social_movement_theory|Social Movements Theory]] proposes that social change emerges through collective actions, such as [[w:Protest|protests]], revolutions, or movements, driven by shared grievances or goals.
* '''Key Proponents''': [[w:Neil_Smelser|Neil Smelser]], [[w:Charles_Tilly|Charles Tilly]]
* '''Key Concepts''':
** Social movements arise from resource mobilization and shared ideologies.
** [[w:Collective_identity|Collective identity]] and leadership play critical roles.
* '''Criticisms''': Focuses heavily on short-term movements, sometimes neglecting broader structural changes.

=== 9. Postmodern Theories ===

* '''Overview''': [[w:Postmodern_philosophy|Postmodern Theories]] reject the notion of universal explanations for social change, emphasizing [[w:Pluralism_(political_philosophy)|pluralism]], local narratives, and cultural diversity.
* '''Key Proponents''': [[w:Michel_Foucault|Michel Foucault]], [[w:Jean_Baudrillard|Jean Baudrillard]]
* '''Key Concepts''':
** Power and knowledge are central to understanding change.
** Social change is fragmented and context specific.
* '''Criticisms''': Often criticized for relativism and lack of practical applications.

=== 10. Environmental Determinism and Ecological Theory ===

* '''Overview''': [[w:Environmental_determinism|Environmental Determinism]] and Ecological Theory emphasize the impact of environmental factors, such as climate or geography, on societal structures and change.
* '''Key Proponents''': [[w:Jared_Diamond|Jared Diamond]], [[w:Lester_R._Brown|Lester Brown]]
* '''Key Concepts''':
** Environmental constraints or crises often drive systemic change.
** [[w:Sustainability|Sustainability]] is critical for future transformation.
* '''Criticisms''': Risks underestimating human agency and innovation.

=== Conclusion ===
Each theory offers a unique lens to understand the dynamics of social change, often complementing others. Effective analyses typically combine multiple theories, recognizing the complexity of social systems and the interplay of economic, cultural, technological, and environmental factors. 

== Influence and Persuasion ==
[[w:Social_influence|Influence]] and [[w:Persuasion|persuasion]] are two powerful forces that shape human interactions and societal progress. While they are closely related, each term carries distinct meanings and implications. ''Influence'' refers to the capacity to affect the thoughts, feelings, or behaviors of others, often subtly and indirectly.  

''Persuasion'', on the other hand, involves the deliberate attempt to convince someone to adopt a specific belief, attitude, or course of action. Both can be used for pro-social or anti-social purposes, depending on the intent and [[Moral Reasoning|ethical considerations]] of those wielding them. This course explores these concepts, their strategies, and their potential applications.

Improving social systems demands the skillful application and strategic navigation of various modes of influence and persuasive methods.

=== Assignment ===

# Study the Wikiversity course on [[Influence and Persuasion]].
# Plan effective use of the modes of influence and the methods of persuasion.
# Beware of influences and persuasions that are detrimental to your work.
## Learn from, adopt, and amplify influences that are [[Living Wisely/Seeking Real Good|real good]].
## Avoid, resist, or dispute influences that are not [[Living Wisely/Seeking Real Good|real good]]. 

== Leverage Points ==
[[w:Twelve_leverage_points|Twelve leverage points]] that are the most effective places to intervene in a system were proposed by [[w:Donella_Meadows|Donella Meadows]], a scientist and system analyst who studied environmental limits to economic growth.

=== Assignment ===

# Study the [[w:Twelve_leverage_points|twelve leverage points]].
## Studying these additional examples may also be helpful.
# Identify the leverage points that can be most effective in achieving the improvements you seek.

== Effective Change Strategies and Examples ==
Below is a list of some of the most effective strategies, approaches, and techniques for achieving positive [[w:Social_change|social change]], along with examples of their successful implementation:&lt;ref&gt;[[w:ChatGPT|ChatGPT]] generated this text responding to two prompts: 1) “List and briefly describe the most effective strategies, approaches, and techniques for achieving effective positive social change. Cite important examples of each. “2)  “Identify the leverage points, selected from the Twelve leverage points identified by Donella Meadows, used in each of the examples.” The responses were then merged and lightly edited 

&lt;/ref&gt;

Understanding these change strategies can help to develop effective strategies for the work.

=== 1. Grassroots Mobilization ===

* '''Description''': Involves engaging local communities to advocate for change from the ground up. This often includes organizing protests, campaigns, or community meetings to build momentum.
* '''Example''': The [[w:Civil_rights_movement|Civil Rights Movement]] in the U.S. used grassroots strategies like the [[w:Montgomery_bus_boycott|Montgomery Bus Boycott]] and [[w:Freedom_Riders|Freedom Rides]] to dismantle segregation.
* '''Salient Leverage Points''': Leverage Point: 12. Constants, [[w:Parameter|parameters]], and numbers (e.g., subsidies, taxes, standards). The Civil Rights Movement's [[w:Montgomery_bus_boycott|Montgomery Bus Boycott]] changed public transportation revenues (a parameter) and applied pressure for desegregation policies.

=== 2. Advocacy and Lobbying ===
[[File:P051702-149695.jpg|thumb|Gay couple with a child.]]
* '''Description''': Involves influencing policymakers and stakeholders to enact legislative or policy changes. Advocacy campaigns often include [[w:Petition|petitions]], public awareness drives, [[w:Lobbying|lobbying]], and meetings with officials.
* '''Example''': The [[w:Same-sex_marriage|marriage equality movement]] used lobbying efforts combined with public advocacy, culminating in the [[w:Obergefell_v._Hodges|U.S. Supreme Court’s decision]] to legalize same-sex marriage in 2015.
* '''Salient Leverage Points''': Leverage Point: 5. Rules of the system (incentives, punishments, constraints) The advocacy for marriage equality influenced laws and institutional rules, fundamentally altering societal incentives and constraints around same-sex relationships.

=== 3. Public Awareness Campaigns ===

* '''Description''': Uses media, art, and storytelling to educate the public and shift cultural attitudes on a specific issue. These campaigns often rely on [[w:Social_media|social media]], television ads, and [[w:Grassroots|grassroots]] outreach.
* '''Example''': The “[[w:It_Gets_Better_Project|It Gets Better]]” campaign helped change public attitudes toward LGBTQ+ youth, offering hope and combating bullying.
* '''Salient Leverage Points''': Leverage Point: 4. The power to add, change, or [[w:Spontaneous_order|self-organize]] system structure. The “It Gets Better” campaign created new networks of support, empowering individuals to challenge existing social norms.

=== 4. Coalition Building ===

* '''Description''': Brings together organizations, communities, and individuals with shared goals to amplify their impact through collaboration.
* '''Example''': The global coalition to ban landmines united [[w:Non-governmental_organization|NGOs]], activists, and governments, resulting in the [[w:Ottawa_Treaty|1997 Mine Ban Treaty]].
* '''Salient Leverage Points''': Leverage Point: 8. The strength of feedback loops. The global coalition to ban landmines amplified feedback by uniting diverse voices, ensuring mutual reinforcement and greater systemic impact.

=== 5. Nonviolent Direct Action ===
[[File:Marche_sel.jpg|thumb|Gandhi leading the famous 1930 Salt March, a notable example of satyagraha (nonviolent resistance)]]
* '''Description''': Involves peaceful demonstrations, [[w:Sit-in|sit-ins]], or acts of [[w:Civil_disobedience|civil disobedience]] to draw attention to an injustice and pressure change.
* '''Example''': Mahatma Gandhi’s [[w:Salt_March|Salt March]] in 1930 challenged British colonial rule and demonstrated the power of nonviolent resistance.
* '''Salient Leverage Points''': Leverage Point: 10. The structure of information flows (who does and does not have access to information.) Gandhi’s Salt March disrupted colonial economic structures and informed the public, empowering collective resistance.

=== 6. Policy Innovation and Pilots ===

* '''Description''': Proposing and testing new policies or solutions on a small scale before broader implementation. This approach demonstrates viability and minimizes risks.
* '''Example''': The [[w:Participatory_budgeting|participatory budgeting movement]], first implemented in Porto Alegre, Brazil, has empowered citizens to decide how municipal funds are allocated.
* '''Salient Leverage Points''': Leverage Point: 9. The gain around driving positive feedback loops. Participatory budgeting in Porto Alegre, Brazil, established a feedback loop where citizens’ involvement in budgeting decisions directly benefited their communities, reinforcing trust and participation.

=== 7. Strategic Litigation ===

* '''Description''': Using the legal system to set precedents, challenge unjust laws, or protect rights.
* '''Example''': [[w:Brown_v._Board_of_Education|Brown v. Board of Education]] (1954) ended racial segregation in U.S. public schools and set a legal precedent for civil rights.
* '''Salient Leverage Points''': Leverage Point: 5. Rules of the system (incentives, punishments, constraints). Example: Brown v. Board of Education changed the legal rules around racial segregation, forcing systemic compliance with new constraints.

=== 8. Education and Capacity Building ===

* '''Description''': Empowering individuals and communities through education, skill-building, and resource access to enable long-term change.
* '''Example''': [[w:Malala_Yousafzai#Continuing_activism|Malala Yousafzai’s activism]] has emphasized the importance of girls' education, leading to increased global investment in gender equality in schools.
* '''Salient Leverage Points''': Leverage Point: 10. The structure of information flows (who does and does not have access to information). Malala Yousafzai’s advocacy for girls’ education increased awareness and improved access to learning, altering societal priorities.

=== 9. Social Entrepreneurship ===

* '''Description''': Combining business principles with social impact goals to create sustainable solutions to societal problems.
* '''Example''': Organizations like [[w:Toms_Shoes#Philanthropy|TOMS Shoes]] operate on a “[[w:One_for_one|one-for-one]]” model, providing shoes to those in need with every purchase.
* '''Salient Leverage Points''': Leverage Point: 6. The structure of the system (e.g., the stock and flow of resources). TOMS Shoes introduced a sustainable system that linked consumer behavior directly to social impact, reallocating economic flows.

=== 10. Technology and Digital Activism ===

* '''Description''': Leveraging social media, mobile apps, and other digital tools to mobilize, inform, and organize people for social change.
* '''Example''': The #[[w:MeToo_movement|MeToo movement]] used social media to amplify survivors' voices and demand accountability for sexual harassment and assault.
* '''Salient Leverage Points''': Leverage Point: 10. The structure of information flows (who does and does not have access to information). The #MeToo movement leveraged social media to democratize access to information, challenging existing power dynamics.

=== 11. Cultural and Artistic Expression ===

* '''Description''': Using art, music, literature, and other cultural mediums to challenge norms, inspire empathy, and promote new ways of thinking.
* '''Example''': [[w:Bob_Dylan#Legacy|Bob Dylan’s protest songs]] became anthems for the Civil Rights and anti-war movements in the 1960s.
* '''Salient Leverage Points''': Leverage Point: 2. The mindset or paradigm out of which the system arises. Bob Dylan’s protest songs challenged dominant cultural paradigms, inspiring shifts in societal attitudes toward justice and freedom.

=== 12. Participatory Development ===

* '''Description''': Actively involving local communities in the design and implementation of development projects to ensure they are contextually appropriate and sustainable.
* '''Example''': Farmer-led agricultural programs in sub-Saharan Africa have increased food security by integrating local knowledge and needs.
* '''Salient Leverage Points''': Leverage Point: 6. The structure of the system (e.g., the stock and flow of resources). Farmer-led agricultural programs realigned resource flows and empowered local communities to influence their development.

=== 13. Private Sector Partnerships ===

* '''Description''': Collaborating with businesses to align profit motives with social good, such as [[w:Corporate_social_responsibility|corporate social responsibility]] (CSR) initiatives.
* '''Example''': [[w:Patagonia,_Inc.#Activism|Patagonia’s environmental campaigns]], including their commitment to sustainable manufacturing, highlight how businesses can drive positive change.
* '''Salient Leverage Points''': Leverage Point: 7. The rules and flows of the system. Patagonia’s environmental campaigns introduced rules and practices in business aligned with sustainability, altering market incentives.

=== 14. Systems Thinking and Holistic Approaches ===

* '''Description''': Addressing social issues by tackling underlying systems and interconnections rather than isolated symptoms.
* '''Example''': The “[[w:Housing_First|Housing First]]” model for [[w:Homelessness|homelessness]] focuses on providing stable housing as a foundation for addressing other issues like employment and mental health.
* '''Salient Leverage Points''': Leverage Point: 1. Transcending paradigms. The “Housing First” model transcends traditional paradigms about homelessness by focusing on stability as a prerequisite for addressing other issues.

=== 15. Data and Evidence-Based Approaches ===

* '''Description''': Using research and data to identify problems, test interventions, and scale solutions that work.
* '''Example''': The success of [[w:Microfinance|microfinance]] institutions like [[w:Grameen_Bank|Grameen Bank]] demonstrates how data-driven approaches can alleviate poverty.
* '''Salient Leverage Points''': Leverage Point: 11. Buffer sizes (stabilizing stocks in the system). Microfinance institutions like Grameen Bank increased economic stability for individuals, building resilience into the financial system.

=== 16. Youth Leadership and Mentorship ===

* '''Description''': Empowering young people to take leadership roles and contribute fresh perspectives to social change efforts.
* '''Example''': [[w:Greta_Thunberg#Activism|Greta Thunberg’s climate activism]] galvanized millions of young people to demand action on climate change.
* '''Salient Leverage Points''': Leverage Point: 3. The goals of the system. Greta Thunberg’s climate activism shifted public and governmental goals toward prioritizing sustainability and long-term climate action.

By combining these strategies and tailoring them to specific issues, significant and sustainable social change can be achieved. Each example showcases how these methods have successfully addressed pressing global challenges.

By targeting these specific leverage points, each example harnesses the power of systemic intervention, creating ripples of change that are amplified across society.

== Assignment ==

# Study the examples listed above.
# Be clear on [[what you can change and what you cannot]].
# Study the twelve leverage points identified by Donella Meadows.
# Identify [[Thinking Tools#Assisters and Resisters|assisters and resisters]].
# Refine your pitch. Improve your [[w:Rhetoric|rhetoric]].
# Select the strategies, approaches, and techniques you’ll use to achieve your desired outcome and effect positive social change.
# Identify the communications channels you will use to spread your message. Consider traditional media channels,alternative media, and social media platforms
# Take the actions needed to [[Solving Problems|solve the identified problem]].

== Recommended Reading ==
Students who are interested in learning more about improving social systems may wish to read these books:

·       * &lt;nowiki&gt;{{Cite book|title=Influence: the psychology of persuasion|last=Cialdini|first=Robert B.|date=20|publisher=Collins|isbn=978-0-06-124189-5|edition=Rev. ed., [Nachdr.]|location=New York, NY}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;

·       * &lt;nowiki&gt;{{Cite book|title=The power principle: influence with honor|last=Lee|first=Blaine|date=1997|publisher=Simon &amp; Schuster|isbn=978-0-684-81058-4|location=New York, NY}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;

* *&lt;nowiki&gt;{{cite book |last=Snyder |first=Timothy |author-link=w:Timothy_D._Snyder |date=February 28, 2017 |title=On Tyranny: Twenty Lessons from the Twentieth Century |publisher=Crown |pages=128 |isbn=978-0804190114}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;
* Sharp, Gene (September 4, 2012). ''From Dictatorship to Democracy: A Conceptual Framework for Liberation''. The New Press. pp. 160. ISBN [[Special:BookSources/978-1595588500|978-1595588500]].
* Reich, Robert B. (February 20, 2018). ''The Common Good''. Knopf. pp. 208. ISBN [[Special:BookSources/978-0525520498|978-0525520498]].
* Christakis, Nicholas A. (March 26, 2019). ''Blueprint: The Evolutionary Origins of a Good Society''. Little, Brown Spark. pp. 441. ISBN [[Special:BookSources/978-0316230032|978-0316230032]].
* Ridley, Matt (October 25, 2016). ''The Evolution of Everything: How New Ideas Emerge''. Harper Perennial. pp. 368. ISBN [[Special:BookSources/978-0062296016|978-0062296016]].
* Diamond, Jared (January 4, 2011). ''Collapse: How Societies Choose to Fail or Succeed''. Penguin Books. pp. 608. ISBN [[Special:BookSources/978-0143117001|978-0143117001]].

== References ==
&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;references/&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;


&lt;nowiki&gt;[[Category:Applied Wisdom]]&lt;/nowiki&gt;


&lt;nowiki&gt;{{CourseCat}}&lt;/nowiki&gt; 

&lt;nowiki&gt;{{Possibilities}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;</text>
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      <text bytes="34784" sha1="i5cf3ngwefbi310yc1sa13ohk5gyx9a" xml:space="preserve">—Steps Toward a Better World

== Introduction ==
[[File:Improving_Social_Structures.png|thumb|We can improve the social structures that organize people.]]
{{TOC right | limit|limit=2}}

[[w:Social_change|Social change]] refers to altering the social order within a society, encompassing modifications in social institutions, social behaviors, or social relationships. At a broader scale, it can lead to significant transformations, either within a society or even the entire society.

Because improving social systems is very difficult, this course begins by exploring what you want to change and why you want to change it, before exploring how to change the system.

== Objectives ==
The objective of this course is to help people improve social systems.

== What do you want? ==
Improving social systems is a demanding task that often requires decades of dedicated effort from a many highly motivated and skilled people. Studying the histories of successful and unsuccessful social movements provides valuable insights and preparation for the challenges ahead. Moreover, it is crucial to clearly describe the benefits of the change and its significance to the broader society. Effective communication and persuasion are essential to engage the diverse group of supporters whose work will be required to carry out this transformation.

=== This Will be Difficult ===
It is useful to study the history of [[w:List_of_social_movements|several social movements]] that have occurred throughout recent history. The histories of abolition, women’s suffrage, and LGBTQ movements are briefly described here to illustrate the magnitude of the efforts, and to identify successful and unsuccessful strategies and tactics.

==== Abolition ====
[[w:Abolitionism|Abolitionism]], or the abolitionist movement, is the movement to end slavery and liberate enslaved individuals around the world.
[[File:UncleTomsCabinCover.jpg|right|thumb|''[[wikipedia:Uncle Tom's Cabin|w:Uncle Tom's Cabin]]'' inflamed public opinion in the North and Britain against the evils of slavery.]]
The [[w:Timeline_of_abolition_of_slavery_and_serfdom|timeline of abolition of slavery and serfdom]] extends from [[w:Slavery_in_antiquity|ancient times]] through the present day. 

The [[w:Code_of_Ur-Nammu|Code of Ur-Nammu]], the oldest surviving law code, written around 2100 – 2050 BCE, includes laws about slaves in Sumerian Mesopotamia. It states that a slave who marries can’t be forced to leave the household, and returning an escaped slave earns two [[w:Shekel|shekels]]. It reveals two major [[w:Social_stratification|social strata]]: free people and slaves.

The first country to fully outlaw slavery was France in 1315, but slavery was later used in its colonies.

Under the actions of [[w:Toyotomi_Hideyoshi#Cultural_legacy|Toyotomi Hideyoshi]], [[w:Slavery#Chattel_slavery|chattel slavery]] has been abolished across Japan since 1590, though other forms of forced labor were used during World War II. The first and only country to self-liberate from slavery was a former French colony, Haiti, because of the Revolution of 1791–1804.

The [[w:Abolitionism_in_the_United_Kingdom|British abolitionist movement]] began in the late 18th century, and the 1772 Somersett case established that slavery did not exist in English law. In 1807, the slave trade was made illegal throughout the British Empire, though existing slaves in British colonies were not liberated until the Slavery Abolition Act in 1833.

In the [[w:Abolitionism_in_the_United_States|United States, abolitionism]], was active from the [[w:Colonial_history_of_the_United_States|colonial era]] until the end of the [[w:American_Civil_War|American Civil War]], which brought about the abolition of American slavery, except as punishment for a crime, through passage of the Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution, ratified 1865.

Despite the 1865 abolition of slavery in the United States, there is much work still to be done. The [[w:Civil_rights_movement|civil rights movement]] continues to expand the rights provided to blacks. Although this movement was most active from 1954 through 1968, the struggle for equal rights continues today.

==== Women’s Suffrage ====
[[w:Women's_suffrage|Women's suffrage]] – the right of women to vote – has been achieved at various times in countries throughout the world. In many nations, women's suffrage was granted before [[w:Universal_suffrage|universal suffrage]], in which cases women and men from certain socioeconomic classes or races were still unable to vote. 
[[File:PAUL,_ALICE_11.jpg|thumb|[[w:Alice_Paul|Alice Paul]] was an American Suffragist.]]
The [[w:Timeline_of_women's_suffrage|timeline of women’s suffrage]] worldwide extends from 1689 through the present, and is far from complete worldwide. The [[w:Timeline_of_women's_suffrage_in_the_United_States|timeline of women's suffrage in the United States]] begins in the 1780’s. The [[w:Woman_Suffrage_Procession|Woman Suffrage Procession of 1913]] was a significant event in this movement.

Although the [[w:Nineteenth_Amendment_to_the_U.S._Constitution|Nineteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution]] giving women the right to vote was ratified in 1920, it was not until the 1960’s that poll taxes and literacy tests were abolished, racial discrimination in voting was reduced, and poll taxes were eliminated at all levels of government. It was not until 1984 that Mississippi became the last state in the union to ratify the Nineteenth Amendment

The [[w:Timeline_of_women's_legal_rights_(other_than_voting)|timeline of women's legal rights in addition to voting]] is also very long. [[w:Feminist_movement|Feminist movements]], including efforts to pass the [[w:Equal_Rights_Amendment|Equal Rights Amendment]] are on-going.

==== LGBTQ movements ====
Lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender and queer ([[w:LGBTQ|LGBTQ]]) [[w:LGBTQ_movements|movements]] are social movements that advocate for LGBTQ people in society. These movements have a [[w:Timeline_of_LGBTQ_history|long history around the world]]. The [[w:Timeline_of_LGBTQ_history_in_the_United_States|timeline of LGBTQ history in the United States]] begins as early as 1860 and is still ongoing. The [[w:Stonewall_riots|Stonewall riots]], which occurred June 28, 1969, is widely considered a turning point for gay rights in the United States. 

===== Assignment =====

# Scan this list of [[w:List_of_social_movements|social movements]].
# Identify a few that seem most like what you are planning.
# Study the history of those movements in depth to learn what did and did not work.
# Learn from this history.

=== What Do You Want to Have Happen? ===
Make certain that the changes you are planning are in the direction of [[Living Wisely/Seeking Real Good|real good]]. Be clear what it is you want to have happen. 

==== Assignment ====

# Read the essay [[Living Wisely/Seeking Real Good|Seeking Real Good]].
# Complete the Wikiversity course [[Moral Reasoning]].
# Read the essay [[Evolving Governments/Good Government|Good Government]]. 
# Carefully consider the question “[[Exploring Existential Concerns/What Ought We Do?|What ought we do]]?”
# Study the Wikiversity course on [[Problem Finding]].
# Answer the three questions: “What do you want?” “What is true?” and “What are you going to do about it?”
# Optionally complete the [[Evolving Governments#Possibilities|Possibilities assignment]] in the [[Evolving Governments]] course. 

=== Why do you want this? ===
Because many people need to remain highly motivated to carry out the required improvements, it is important to be clear with yourself and others why this change is necessary and why it will provide benefits for many people.

==== Assignment ====

# Identify the [[Thinking Tools#Assisters and Resisters|assistors and resistors]] to the proposed changes.
# Write down, as clearly as possible, the main reason, and several supporting reasons why you want this improvement to happen. Use clear, concise, and powerful language. Be persuasive. Include both rational and emotional appeals. These will be used to engage assistors. 
# Write down, as clearly as possible, the main reason, and supporting reasons why others will benefit from this improvement. Use clear, concise, and powerful language. Include both rational and emotional appeals. This will be used to gain a broad base of support.
# Consider who will be opposed to this change, and why they will be opposed. Learn what they have at stake. Understand their actual and potential arguments as deeply and fully as you can. Create counterarguments that appeal both rationally and emotionally. These will be used to mitigate opposition by your resisters.  

=== The Pitch ===
Decide how you will communicate the nature and importance of this improvement to your advocates and your opponents.

==== Assignment ====

# Study successful [[w:Elevator_pitch|elevator pitches]]. 
# Study successful [[w:Slogan|slogans]]. 
# Study [[w:List_of_speeches|influential speeches]] given by [[w:Orator|prominent orators]].
# Study successful [[w:Long-form_journalism|long-form journalism]] articles.
# Write your first-draft elevator pitch, slogans, speech, and long-form journalism articles.
# [[Writing/Requesting Feedback|Request feedback]] on these communications materials from strong supporters, potential supporters, and likely resisters. 
# Improve the [[w:Rhetoric|rhetoric]]. 
# Continue to revise, refine, and improve your communications methods, and materials.

== Theories of Social Change ==
[[w:Social_change|Social change]], the transformation of cultural, social, political, or economic structures over time, is explained by several prevailing theories.&lt;ref&gt;[[w:ChatGPT|ChatGPT]] generated this text, responding to the prompt: “What are the prevailing theories of social change?”.&lt;/ref&gt; Each theory highlights different factors and mechanisms driving change, ranging from material conditions to ideas and collective actions. 

Understanding these theories of social change can help to develop effective strategies for the work.

Here are major theories of social change:

=== 1. Evolutionary Theory ===

* '''Overview''': [[w:Sociocultural_evolution|Evolutionary theory]] views social change as a gradual and progressive process, often likened to biological evolution. Societies move through stages of development, from simple to complex, as they adapt to their environment.
* '''Key Proponents''': [[w:Auguste_Comte|Auguste Comte]], [[w:Herbert_Spencer|Herbert Spencer]]
* '''Key Concepts''':
** Societies evolve from primitive to advanced forms.
** Change is inevitable and continuous.
* '''Criticisms''': Overemphasis on linear progress and failure to account for abrupt or regressive changes.
* The Wikiversity courses on [[Evolving Governments]], [[Evolving Money]], and [[Intentional Evolution]] use this strategy.

=== 2. Conflict Theory ===

* '''Overview''': [[w:Conflict_theories|Conflict theory]] proposes that social change arises from conflicts between groups with opposing interests, often driven by power and resource inequalities. Change typically occurs through [[w:Revolution|revolution]] or [[w:Reform|reform]].
* '''Key Proponents''': [[w:Karl_Marx|Karl Marx]], [[w:Friedrich_Engels|Friedrich Engels]]
* '''Key Concepts''':
** [[w:Class_conflict|Class struggle]] (e.g., between the [[w:Bourgeoisie|bourgeoisie]] and [[w:Proletariat|proletariat]]) is a primary driver of change.
** Conflict over resources and power leads to systemic transformation.
* '''Modern Applications''': [[w:Feminist_theoryt|Feminist theory]], [[w:Critical_race_theory|critical race theory]]
* '''Criticisms''': May overemphasize conflict and neglect cooperation as a driver of change.

=== 3. Functionalist Theory ===

* '''Overview''': In [[w:Structural_functionalism|Functionalist Theory]] social change is seen as a process to restore balance or equilibrium in society when dysfunctions arise. Changes often occur incrementally to maintain stability.
* '''Key Proponents''': [[w:Émile_Durkheim|Émile Durkheim]], [[w:Talcott_Parsons|Talcott Parsons]]
* '''Key Concepts''':
** Institutions evolve to meet new needs or correct imbalances.
** Social change is adaptive and preserves [[w:Social_order|social order]].
* '''Criticisms''': Tends to ignore power dynamics and conflict as drivers of change.

=== 4. Cyclical Theory ===

* '''Overview''': In [[w:Social_cycle_theory|cyclical theory]] social change is seen as recurring in cycles, often characterized by periods of growth, stability, decline, and renewal. It challenges the notion of linear progress.
* '''Key Proponents''': [[w:Oswald_Spengler|Oswald Spengler]], [[w:Arnold_J._Toynbee|Arnold Toynbee]], [[w:Pitirim_Sorokin|Pitirim Sorokin]]
* '''Key Concepts''':
** Societies or civilizations rise and fall in predictable patterns.
** Change is not necessarily progressive; regression or collapse is possible.
* '''Criticisms''': Overemphasis on fatalistic cycles; limited predictive power.

=== 5. Modernization Theory ===

* '''Overview''': [[w:Modernization_theory|Modernization theory]] proposes that social change occurs as traditional societies adopt modern practices and technologies. It emphasizes the transition from [[w:Agrarian_society|agrarian]] to [[w:Industrial_society|industrial societies]].
* '''Key Proponents''': [[w:Walt_Rostow|W.W. Rostow]], [[w:Daniel_Lerner|Daniel Lerner]]
* '''Key Concepts''':
** Economic development and technological advancement drive change.
** Traditional values and practices are replaced by rationality and efficiency.
* '''Criticisms''': Often [[w:Ethnocentrism|ethnocentric]] and dismissive of non-Western developmental paths.

=== 6. Dependency Theory ===

* '''Overview''': [[w:Dependency_theory|Dependency theory]] proposes that social change is shaped by the global economic system, where developed nations exploit underdeveloped ones, creating dependency and limiting their growth.
* '''Key Proponents''': [[w:Andre_Gunder_Frank|Andre Gunder Frank]], [[w:Immanuel_Wallerstein|Immanuel Wallerstein]] ([[w:World-systems_theory|world-systems theory]])
* '''Key Concepts''':
** Core-periphery dynamics perpetuate inequalities.
** Change requires breaking free from exploitative systems.
* '''Criticisms''': Often criticized for economic determinism and oversimplification of global dynamics.

=== 7. Cultural Lag Theory ===

* '''Overview''': [[w:Cultural_lag|Cultural lag theory]] proposes that social change occurs unevenly, with material culture (technology, tools) advancing faster than non-material culture (values, norms), creating a “lag” that causes tension and adaptation.
* '''Key Proponents''': [[w:William_Fielding_Ogburn|William F. Ogburn]]
* '''Key Concepts''':
** Technological innovation is a primary driver of change.
** Society must adapt its values and institutions to technological shifts.
* '''Criticisms''': Underestimates the role of intentional cultural shifts and agency.

=== 8. Collective Behavior and Social Movements Theory ===

* '''Overview''': Collective Behavior and [[w:Social_movement_theory|Social Movements Theory]] proposes that social change emerges through collective actions, such as [[w:Protest|protests]], revolutions, or movements, driven by shared grievances or goals.
* '''Key Proponents''': [[w:Neil_Smelser|Neil Smelser]], [[w:Charles_Tilly|Charles Tilly]]
* '''Key Concepts''':
** Social movements arise from resource mobilization and shared ideologies.
** [[w:Collective_identity|Collective identity]] and leadership play critical roles.
* '''Criticisms''': Focuses heavily on short-term movements, sometimes neglecting broader structural changes.

=== 9. Postmodern Theories ===

* '''Overview''': [[w:Postmodern_philosophy|Postmodern Theories]] reject the notion of universal explanations for social change, emphasizing [[w:Pluralism_(political_philosophy)|pluralism]], local narratives, and cultural diversity.
* '''Key Proponents''': [[w:Michel_Foucault|Michel Foucault]], [[w:Jean_Baudrillard|Jean Baudrillard]]
* '''Key Concepts''':
** Power and knowledge are central to understanding change.
** Social change is fragmented and context specific.
* '''Criticisms''': Often criticized for relativism and lack of practical applications.

=== 10. Environmental Determinism and Ecological Theory ===

* '''Overview''': [[w:Environmental_determinism|Environmental Determinism]] and Ecological Theory emphasize the impact of environmental factors, such as climate or geography, on societal structures and change.
* '''Key Proponents''': [[w:Jared_Diamond|Jared Diamond]], [[w:Lester_R._Brown|Lester Brown]]
* '''Key Concepts''':
** Environmental constraints or crises often drive systemic change.
** [[w:Sustainability|Sustainability]] is critical for future transformation.
* '''Criticisms''': Risks underestimating human agency and innovation.

=== Conclusion ===
Each theory offers a unique lens to understand the dynamics of social change, often complementing others. Effective analyses typically combine multiple theories, recognizing the complexity of social systems and the interplay of economic, cultural, technological, and environmental factors. 

== Influence and Persuasion ==
[[w:Social_influence|Influence]] and [[w:Persuasion|persuasion]] are two powerful forces that shape human interactions and societal progress. While they are closely related, each term carries distinct meanings and implications. ''Influence'' refers to the capacity to affect the thoughts, feelings, or behaviors of others, often subtly and indirectly.  

''Persuasion'', on the other hand, involves the deliberate attempt to convince someone to adopt a specific belief, attitude, or course of action. Both can be used for pro-social or anti-social purposes, depending on the intent and [[Moral Reasoning|ethical considerations]] of those wielding them. This course explores these concepts, their strategies, and their potential applications.

Improving social systems demands the skillful application and strategic navigation of various modes of influence and persuasive methods.

=== Assignment ===

# Study the Wikiversity course on [[Influence and Persuasion]].
# Plan effective use of the modes of influence and the methods of persuasion.
# Beware of influences and persuasions that are detrimental to your work.
## Learn from, adopt, and amplify influences that are [[Living Wisely/Seeking Real Good|real good]].
## Avoid, resist, or dispute influences that are not [[Living Wisely/Seeking Real Good|real good]]. 

== Leverage Points ==
[[w:Twelve_leverage_points|Twelve leverage points]] that are the most effective places to intervene in a system were proposed by [[w:Donella_Meadows|Donella Meadows]], a scientist and system analyst who studied environmental limits to economic growth.

=== Assignment ===

# Study the [[w:Twelve_leverage_points|twelve leverage points]].
## Studying these additional examples may also be helpful.
# Identify the leverage points that can be most effective in achieving the improvements you seek.

== Effective Change Strategies and Examples ==
Below is a list of some of the most effective strategies, approaches, and techniques for achieving positive [[w:Social_change|social change]], along with examples of their successful implementation:&lt;ref&gt;[[w:ChatGPT|ChatGPT]] generated this text responding to two prompts: 1) “List and briefly describe the most effective strategies, approaches, and techniques for achieving effective positive social change. Cite important examples of each. “2)  “Identify the leverage points, selected from the Twelve leverage points identified by Donella Meadows, used in each of the examples.” The responses were then merged and lightly edited 

&lt;/ref&gt;

Understanding these change strategies can help to develop effective strategies for the work.

=== 1. Grassroots Mobilization ===

* '''Description''': Involves engaging local communities to advocate for change from the ground up. This often includes organizing protests, campaigns, or community meetings to build momentum.
* '''Example''': The [[w:Civil_rights_movement|Civil Rights Movement]] in the U.S. used grassroots strategies like the [[w:Montgomery_bus_boycott|Montgomery Bus Boycott]] and [[w:Freedom_Riders|Freedom Rides]] to dismantle segregation.
* '''Salient Leverage Points''': Leverage Point: 12. Constants, [[w:Parameter|parameters]], and numbers (e.g., subsidies, taxes, standards). The Civil Rights Movement's [[w:Montgomery_bus_boycott|Montgomery Bus Boycott]] changed public transportation revenues (a parameter) and applied pressure for desegregation policies.

=== 2. Advocacy and Lobbying ===
[[File:P051702-149695.jpg|thumb|Gay couple with a child.]]
* '''Description''': Involves influencing policymakers and stakeholders to enact legislative or policy changes. Advocacy campaigns often include [[w:Petition|petitions]], public awareness drives, [[w:Lobbying|lobbying]], and meetings with officials.
* '''Example''': The [[w:Same-sex_marriage|marriage equality movement]] used lobbying efforts combined with public advocacy, culminating in the [[w:Obergefell_v._Hodges|U.S. Supreme Court’s decision]] to legalize same-sex marriage in 2015.
* '''Salient Leverage Points''': Leverage Point: 5. Rules of the system (incentives, punishments, constraints) The advocacy for marriage equality influenced laws and institutional rules, fundamentally altering societal incentives and constraints around same-sex relationships.

=== 3. Public Awareness Campaigns ===

* '''Description''': Uses media, art, and storytelling to educate the public and shift cultural attitudes on a specific issue. These campaigns often rely on [[w:Social_media|social media]], television ads, and [[w:Grassroots|grassroots]] outreach.
* '''Example''': The “[[w:It_Gets_Better_Project|It Gets Better]]” campaign helped change public attitudes toward LGBTQ+ youth, offering hope and combating bullying.
* '''Salient Leverage Points''': Leverage Point: 4. The power to add, change, or [[w:Spontaneous_order|self-organize]] system structure. The “It Gets Better” campaign created new networks of support, empowering individuals to challenge existing social norms.

=== 4. Coalition Building ===

* '''Description''': Brings together organizations, communities, and individuals with shared goals to amplify their impact through collaboration.
* '''Example''': The global coalition to ban landmines united [[w:Non-governmental_organization|NGOs]], activists, and governments, resulting in the [[w:Ottawa_Treaty|1997 Mine Ban Treaty]].
* '''Salient Leverage Points''': Leverage Point: 8. The strength of feedback loops. The global coalition to ban landmines amplified feedback by uniting diverse voices, ensuring mutual reinforcement and greater systemic impact.

=== 5. Nonviolent Direct Action ===
[[File:Marche_sel.jpg|thumb|Gandhi leading the famous 1930 Salt March, a notable example of satyagraha (nonviolent resistance)]]
* '''Description''': Involves peaceful demonstrations, [[w:Sit-in|sit-ins]], or acts of [[w:Civil_disobedience|civil disobedience]] to draw attention to an injustice and pressure change.
* '''Example''': Mahatma Gandhi’s [[w:Salt_March|Salt March]] in 1930 challenged British colonial rule and demonstrated the power of nonviolent resistance.
* '''Salient Leverage Points''': Leverage Point: 10. The structure of information flows (who does and does not have access to information.) Gandhi’s Salt March disrupted colonial economic structures and informed the public, empowering collective resistance.

=== 6. Policy Innovation and Pilots ===

* '''Description''': Proposing and testing new policies or solutions on a small scale before broader implementation. This approach demonstrates viability and minimizes risks.
* '''Example''': The [[w:Participatory_budgeting|participatory budgeting movement]], first implemented in Porto Alegre, Brazil, has empowered citizens to decide how municipal funds are allocated.
* '''Salient Leverage Points''': Leverage Point: 9. The gain around driving positive feedback loops. Participatory budgeting in Porto Alegre, Brazil, established a feedback loop where citizens’ involvement in budgeting decisions directly benefited their communities, reinforcing trust and participation.

=== 7. Strategic Litigation ===

* '''Description''': Using the legal system to set precedents, challenge unjust laws, or protect rights.
* '''Example''': [[w:Brown_v._Board_of_Education|Brown v. Board of Education]] (1954) ended racial segregation in U.S. public schools and set a legal precedent for civil rights.
* '''Salient Leverage Points''': Leverage Point: 5. Rules of the system (incentives, punishments, constraints). Example: Brown v. Board of Education changed the legal rules around racial segregation, forcing systemic compliance with new constraints.

=== 8. Education and Capacity Building ===

* '''Description''': Empowering individuals and communities through education, skill-building, and resource access to enable long-term change.
* '''Example''': [[w:Malala_Yousafzai#Continuing_activism|Malala Yousafzai’s activism]] has emphasized the importance of girls' education, leading to increased global investment in gender equality in schools.
* '''Salient Leverage Points''': Leverage Point: 10. The structure of information flows (who does and does not have access to information). Malala Yousafzai’s advocacy for girls’ education increased awareness and improved access to learning, altering societal priorities.

=== 9. Social Entrepreneurship ===

* '''Description''': Combining business principles with social impact goals to create sustainable solutions to societal problems.
* '''Example''': Organizations like [[w:Toms_Shoes#Philanthropy|TOMS Shoes]] operate on a “[[w:One_for_one|one-for-one]]” model, providing shoes to those in need with every purchase.
* '''Salient Leverage Points''': Leverage Point: 6. The structure of the system (e.g., the stock and flow of resources). TOMS Shoes introduced a sustainable system that linked consumer behavior directly to social impact, reallocating economic flows.

=== 10. Technology and Digital Activism ===

* '''Description''': Leveraging social media, mobile apps, and other digital tools to mobilize, inform, and organize people for social change.
* '''Example''': The #[[w:MeToo_movement|MeToo movement]] used social media to amplify survivors' voices and demand accountability for sexual harassment and assault.
* '''Salient Leverage Points''': Leverage Point: 10. The structure of information flows (who does and does not have access to information). The #MeToo movement leveraged social media to democratize access to information, challenging existing power dynamics.

=== 11. Cultural and Artistic Expression ===

* '''Description''': Using art, music, literature, and other cultural mediums to challenge norms, inspire empathy, and promote new ways of thinking.
* '''Example''': [[w:Bob_Dylan#Legacy|Bob Dylan’s protest songs]] became anthems for the Civil Rights and anti-war movements in the 1960s.
* '''Salient Leverage Points''': Leverage Point: 2. The mindset or paradigm out of which the system arises. Bob Dylan’s protest songs challenged dominant cultural paradigms, inspiring shifts in societal attitudes toward justice and freedom.

=== 12. Participatory Development ===

* '''Description''': Actively involving local communities in the design and implementation of development projects to ensure they are contextually appropriate and sustainable.
* '''Example''': Farmer-led agricultural programs in sub-Saharan Africa have increased food security by integrating local knowledge and needs.
* '''Salient Leverage Points''': Leverage Point: 6. The structure of the system (e.g., the stock and flow of resources). Farmer-led agricultural programs realigned resource flows and empowered local communities to influence their development.

=== 13. Private Sector Partnerships ===

* '''Description''': Collaborating with businesses to align profit motives with social good, such as [[w:Corporate_social_responsibility|corporate social responsibility]] (CSR) initiatives.
* '''Example''': [[w:Patagonia,_Inc.#Activism|Patagonia’s environmental campaigns]], including their commitment to sustainable manufacturing, highlight how businesses can drive positive change.
* '''Salient Leverage Points''': Leverage Point: 7. The rules and flows of the system. Patagonia’s environmental campaigns introduced rules and practices in business aligned with sustainability, altering market incentives.

=== 14. Systems Thinking and Holistic Approaches ===

* '''Description''': Addressing social issues by tackling underlying systems and interconnections rather than isolated symptoms.
* '''Example''': The “[[w:Housing_First|Housing First]]” model for [[w:Homelessness|homelessness]] focuses on providing stable housing as a foundation for addressing other issues like employment and mental health.
* '''Salient Leverage Points''': Leverage Point: 1. Transcending paradigms. The “Housing First” model transcends traditional paradigms about homelessness by focusing on stability as a prerequisite for addressing other issues.

=== 15. Data and Evidence-Based Approaches ===

* '''Description''': Using research and data to identify problems, test interventions, and scale solutions that work.
* '''Example''': The success of [[w:Microfinance|microfinance]] institutions like [[w:Grameen_Bank|Grameen Bank]] demonstrates how data-driven approaches can alleviate poverty.
* '''Salient Leverage Points''': Leverage Point: 11. Buffer sizes (stabilizing stocks in the system). Microfinance institutions like Grameen Bank increased economic stability for individuals, building resilience into the financial system.

=== 16. Youth Leadership and Mentorship ===

* '''Description''': Empowering young people to take leadership roles and contribute fresh perspectives to social change efforts.
* '''Example''': [[w:Greta_Thunberg#Activism|Greta Thunberg’s climate activism]] galvanized millions of young people to demand action on climate change.
* '''Salient Leverage Points''': Leverage Point: 3. The goals of the system. Greta Thunberg’s climate activism shifted public and governmental goals toward prioritizing sustainability and long-term climate action.

By combining these strategies and tailoring them to specific issues, significant and sustainable social change can be achieved. Each example showcases how these methods have successfully addressed pressing global challenges.

By targeting these specific leverage points, each example harnesses the power of systemic intervention, creating ripples of change that are amplified across society.

== Assignment ==

# Study the examples listed above.
# Be clear on [[what you can change and what you cannot]].
# Study the twelve leverage points identified by Donella Meadows.
# Identify [[Thinking Tools#Assisters and Resisters|assisters and resisters]].
# Refine your pitch. Improve your [[w:Rhetoric|rhetoric]].
# Select the strategies, approaches, and techniques you’ll use to achieve your desired outcome and effect positive social change.
# Identify the communications channels you will use to spread your message. Consider traditional media channels,alternative media, and social media platforms
# Take the actions needed to [[Solving Problems|solve the identified problem]].

== Recommended Reading ==
Students who are interested in learning more about improving social systems may wish to read these books:

*{{Cite book|title=Influence: the psychology of persuasion|last=Cialdini|first=Robert B.|date=20|publisher=Collins|isbn=978-0-06-124189-5|edition=Rev. ed., [Nachdr.]|location=New York, NY}}
*{{Cite book|title=The power principle: influence with honor|last=Lee|first=Blaine|date=1997|publisher=Simon &amp; Schuster|isbn=978-0-684-81058-4|location=New York, NY}}
* {{cite book |last=Snyder |first=Timothy |author-link=w:Timothy_D._Snyder |date=February 28, 2017 |title=On Tyranny: Twenty Lessons from the Twentieth Century |publisher=Crown |pages=128 |isbn=978-0804190114}}
*	{{cite book |last=Snyder |first=Timothy |author-link=w:Timothy_D._Snyder |date=February 28, 2017 |title=On Tyranny: Twenty Lessons from the Twentieth Century |publisher=Crown |pages=128 |isbn=978-0804190114}}
*	{{cite book |last=Freinacht  |first=Hanzi  |date=March 10, 2017 |title=The Listening Society: A Metamodern Guide to Politics |publisher=Metamoderna ApS |pages=414 |isbn=978-8799973903}}
*	{{cite book |last=Freinacht  |first=Hanzi  |date=May 29, 2019 |title=Nordic Ideology: A Metamodern Guide to Politics |publisher=Metamoderna ApS |pages=495 |isbn=978-8799973927}} Nordic Ideology
*	{{cite book |last=Sharp |first=Gene |author-link=w:Gene_Sharp |date=September 4, 2012 |title=From Dictatorship to Democracy: A Conceptual Framework for Liberation |publisher=The New Press |pages=160 |isbn=978-1595588500}}
*	{{cite book |last=Manzi |first=Jim  |author-link=w:Jim_Manzi_(software_entrepreneur) |date=May 1, 2012 |title=Uncontrolled: The Surprising Payoff of Trial-and-Error for Business, Politics, and Society  |publisher=Basic Books |pages=320 |isbn=978-0465023240}}
*	{{cite book |last1=Gehl |first1=Katherine M. |last2=Porter |first2=Michael E. |author-link=w:Michael_Porter |date=June 23, 2020 |title=The Politics Industry: How Political Innovation Can Break Partisan Gridlock and Save Our Democracy  |publisher=Harvard Business Review Press |pages=272 |isbn=978-1633699236}} 
*	{{cite book |last=Bok |first=Derek  |author-link=w:Derek_Bok |date=February 21, 2010 |title=The Politics of Happiness: What Government Can Learn from the New Research on Well-Being |publisher=Princeton University Press |pages=272 |isbn=978-0691144894}}
*	{{cite book |last=Reich |first=Robert B. |date=February 20, 2018 |title=The Common Good  |publisher=Knopf |pages=208 |isbn=978-0525520498 |author-link=w:Robert_Reich }}
*	{{cite book |last=Christakis |first=Nicholas A. |author-link=w:Nicholas_Christakis |date=March 26, 2019 |title=Blueprint: The Evolutionary Origins of a Good Society |publisher=Little, Brown Spark |pages=441  |isbn=978-0316230032}} 
*	{{cite book |last=Ridley |first=Matt |author-link=w:Matt_Ridley |date=October 25, 2016 |title=The Evolution of Everything: How New Ideas Emerge |publisher=Harper Perennial |pages=368 |isbn=978-0062296016}} 
*{{cite book |last=Diamond |first=Jared  |author-link=w:Jared_Diamond |date=January 4, 2011 |title=Collapse: How Societies Choose to Fail or Succeed |publisher=Penguin Books |pages=608 |isbn=978-0143117001}}

== References ==
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      <text bytes="34713" sha1="ipew5090m231yj04ekobtb4nqzf7rmr" xml:space="preserve">—Steps Toward a Better World

== Introduction ==
[[File:Improving_Social_Structures.png|thumb|We can improve the social structures that organize people.]]
{{TOC right | limit|limit=2}}

[[w:Social_change|Social change]] refers to altering the social order within a society, encompassing modifications in social institutions, social behaviors, or social relationships. At a broader scale, it can lead to significant transformations, either within a society or even the entire society.

Because improving social systems is very difficult, this course begins by exploring what you want to change and why you want to change it, before exploring how to change the system.

== Objectives ==
The objective of this course is to help people improve social systems.

== What do you want? ==
Improving social systems is a demanding task that often requires decades of dedicated effort from a many highly motivated and skilled people. Studying the histories of successful and unsuccessful social movements provides valuable insights and preparation for the challenges ahead. Moreover, it is crucial to clearly describe the benefits of the change and its significance to the broader society. Effective communication and persuasion are essential to engage the diverse group of supporters whose work will be required to carry out this transformation.

=== This Will be Difficult ===
It is useful to study the history of [[w:List_of_social_movements|several social movements]] that have occurred throughout recent history. The histories of abolition, women’s suffrage, and LGBTQ movements are briefly described here to illustrate the magnitude of the efforts, and to identify successful and unsuccessful strategies and tactics.

==== Abolition ====
[[w:Abolitionism|Abolitionism]], or the abolitionist movement, is the movement to end slavery and liberate enslaved individuals around the world.
[[File:UncleTomsCabinCover.jpg|right|thumb|''[[wikipedia:Uncle Tom's Cabin|w:Uncle Tom's Cabin]]'' inflamed public opinion in the North and Britain against the evils of slavery.]]
The [[w:Timeline_of_abolition_of_slavery_and_serfdom|timeline of abolition of slavery and serfdom]] extends from [[w:Slavery_in_antiquity|ancient times]] through the present day. 

The [[w:Code_of_Ur-Nammu|Code of Ur-Nammu]], the oldest surviving law code, written around 2100 – 2050 BCE, includes laws about slaves in Sumerian Mesopotamia. It states that a slave who marries can’t be forced to leave the household, and returning an escaped slave earns two [[w:Shekel|shekels]]. It reveals two major [[w:Social_stratification|social strata]]: free people and slaves.

The first country to fully outlaw slavery was France in 1315, but slavery was later used in its colonies.

Under the actions of [[w:Toyotomi_Hideyoshi#Cultural_legacy|Toyotomi Hideyoshi]], [[w:Slavery#Chattel_slavery|chattel slavery]] has been abolished across Japan since 1590, though other forms of forced labor were used during World War II. The first and only country to self-liberate from slavery was a former French colony, Haiti, because of the Revolution of 1791–1804.

The [[w:Abolitionism_in_the_United_Kingdom|British abolitionist movement]] began in the late 18th century, and the 1772 Somersett case established that slavery did not exist in English law. In 1807, the slave trade was made illegal throughout the British Empire, though existing slaves in British colonies were not liberated until the Slavery Abolition Act in 1833.

In the [[w:Abolitionism_in_the_United_States|United States, abolitionism]], was active from the [[w:Colonial_history_of_the_United_States|colonial era]] until the end of the [[w:American_Civil_War|American Civil War]], which brought about the abolition of American slavery, except as punishment for a crime, through passage of the Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution, ratified 1865.

Despite the 1865 abolition of slavery in the United States, there is much work still to be done. The [[w:Civil_rights_movement|civil rights movement]] continues to expand the rights provided to blacks. Although this movement was most active from 1954 through 1968, the struggle for equal rights continues today.

==== Women’s Suffrage ====
[[w:Women's_suffrage|Women's suffrage]] – the right of women to vote – has been achieved at various times in countries throughout the world. In many nations, women's suffrage was granted before [[w:Universal_suffrage|universal suffrage]], in which cases women and men from certain socioeconomic classes or races were still unable to vote. 
[[File:PAUL,_ALICE_11.jpg|thumb|[[w:Alice_Paul|Alice Paul]] was an American Suffragist.]]
The [[w:Timeline_of_women's_suffrage|timeline of women’s suffrage]] worldwide extends from 1689 through the present, and is far from complete worldwide. The [[w:Timeline_of_women's_suffrage_in_the_United_States|timeline of women's suffrage in the United States]] begins in the 1780’s. The [[w:Woman_Suffrage_Procession|Woman Suffrage Procession of 1913]] was a significant event in this movement.

Although the [[w:Nineteenth_Amendment_to_the_U.S._Constitution|Nineteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution]] giving women the right to vote was ratified in 1920, it was not until the 1960’s that poll taxes and literacy tests were abolished, racial discrimination in voting was reduced, and poll taxes were eliminated at all levels of government. It was not until 1984 that Mississippi became the last state in the union to ratify the Nineteenth Amendment

The [[w:Timeline_of_women's_legal_rights_(other_than_voting)|timeline of women's legal rights in addition to voting]] is also very long. [[w:Feminist_movement|Feminist movements]], including efforts to pass the [[w:Equal_Rights_Amendment|Equal Rights Amendment]] are on-going.

==== LGBTQ movements ====
Lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender and queer ([[w:LGBTQ|LGBTQ]]) [[w:LGBTQ_movements|movements]] are social movements that advocate for LGBTQ people in society. These movements have a [[w:Timeline_of_LGBTQ_history|long history around the world]]. The [[w:Timeline_of_LGBTQ_history_in_the_United_States|timeline of LGBTQ history in the United States]] begins as early as 1860 and is still ongoing. The [[w:Stonewall_riots|Stonewall riots]], which occurred June 28, 1969, is widely considered a turning point for gay rights in the United States. 

===== Assignment =====

# Scan this list of [[w:List_of_social_movements|social movements]].
# Identify a few that seem most like what you are planning.
# Study the history of those movements in depth to learn what did and did not work.
# Learn from this history.

=== What Do You Want to Have Happen? ===
Make certain that the changes you are planning are in the direction of [[Living Wisely/Seeking Real Good|real good]]. Be clear what it is you want to have happen. 

==== Assignment ====

# Read the essay [[Living Wisely/Seeking Real Good|Seeking Real Good]].
# Complete the Wikiversity course [[Moral Reasoning]].
# Read the essay [[Evolving Governments/Good Government|Good Government]]. 
# Carefully consider the question “[[Exploring Existential Concerns/What Ought We Do?|What ought we do]]?”
# Study the Wikiversity course on [[Problem Finding]].
# Answer the three questions: “What do you want?” “What is true?” and “What are you going to do about it?”
# Optionally complete the [[Evolving Governments#Possibilities|Possibilities assignment]] in the [[Evolving Governments]] course. 

=== Why do you want this? ===
Because many people need to remain highly motivated to carry out the required improvements, it is important to be clear with yourself and others why this change is necessary and why it will provide benefits for many people.

==== Assignment ====

# Identify the [[Thinking Tools#Assisters and Resisters|assistors and resistors]] to the proposed changes.
# Write down, as clearly as possible, the main reason, and several supporting reasons why you want this improvement to happen. Use clear, concise, and powerful language. Be persuasive. Include both rational and emotional appeals. These will be used to engage assistors. 
# Write down, as clearly as possible, the main reason, and supporting reasons why others will benefit from this improvement. Use clear, concise, and powerful language. Include both rational and emotional appeals. This will be used to gain a broad base of support.
# Consider who will be opposed to this change, and why they will be opposed. Learn what they have at stake. Understand their actual and potential arguments as deeply and fully as you can. Create counterarguments that appeal both rationally and emotionally. These will be used to mitigate opposition by your resisters.  

=== The Pitch ===
Decide how you will communicate the nature and importance of this improvement to your advocates and your opponents.

==== Assignment ====

# Study successful [[w:Elevator_pitch|elevator pitches]]. 
# Study successful [[w:Slogan|slogans]]. 
# Study [[w:List_of_speeches|influential speeches]] given by [[w:Orator|prominent orators]].
# Study successful [[w:Long-form_journalism|long-form journalism]] articles.
# Write your first-draft elevator pitch, slogans, speech, and long-form journalism articles.
# [[Writing/Requesting Feedback|Request feedback]] on these communications materials from strong supporters, potential supporters, and likely resisters. 
# Improve the [[w:Rhetoric|rhetoric]]. 
# Continue to revise, refine, and improve your communications methods, and materials.

== Theories of Social Change ==
[[w:Social_change|Social change]], the transformation of cultural, social, political, or economic structures over time, is explained by several prevailing theories.&lt;ref&gt;[[w:ChatGPT|ChatGPT]] generated this text, responding to the prompt: “What are the prevailing theories of social change?”.&lt;/ref&gt; Each theory highlights different factors and mechanisms driving change, ranging from material conditions to ideas and collective actions. 

Understanding these theories of social change can help to develop effective strategies for the work.

Here are major theories of social change:

=== 1. Evolutionary Theory ===

* '''Overview''': [[w:Sociocultural_evolution|Evolutionary theory]] views social change as a gradual and progressive process, often likened to biological evolution. Societies move through stages of development, from simple to complex, as they adapt to their environment.
* '''Key Proponents''': [[w:Auguste_Comte|Auguste Comte]], [[w:Herbert_Spencer|Herbert Spencer]]
* '''Key Concepts''':
** Societies evolve from primitive to advanced forms.
** Change is inevitable and continuous.
* '''Criticisms''': Overemphasis on linear progress and failure to account for abrupt or regressive changes.
* The Wikiversity courses on [[Evolving Governments]], [[Evolving Money]], and [[Intentional Evolution]] use this strategy.

=== 2. Conflict Theory ===

* '''Overview''': [[w:Conflict_theories|Conflict theory]] proposes that social change arises from conflicts between groups with opposing interests, often driven by power and resource inequalities. Change typically occurs through [[w:Revolution|revolution]] or [[w:Reform|reform]].
* '''Key Proponents''': [[w:Karl_Marx|Karl Marx]], [[w:Friedrich_Engels|Friedrich Engels]]
* '''Key Concepts''':
** [[w:Class_conflict|Class struggle]] (e.g., between the [[w:Bourgeoisie|bourgeoisie]] and [[w:Proletariat|proletariat]]) is a primary driver of change.
** Conflict over resources and power leads to systemic transformation.
* '''Modern Applications''': [[w:Feminist_theoryt|Feminist theory]], [[w:Critical_race_theory|critical race theory]]
* '''Criticisms''': May overemphasize conflict and neglect cooperation as a driver of change.

=== 3. Functionalist Theory ===

* '''Overview''': In [[w:Structural_functionalism|Functionalist Theory]] social change is seen as a process to restore balance or equilibrium in society when dysfunctions arise. Changes often occur incrementally to maintain stability.
* '''Key Proponents''': [[w:Émile_Durkheim|Émile Durkheim]], [[w:Talcott_Parsons|Talcott Parsons]]
* '''Key Concepts''':
** Institutions evolve to meet new needs or correct imbalances.
** Social change is adaptive and preserves [[w:Social_order|social order]].
* '''Criticisms''': Tends to ignore power dynamics and conflict as drivers of change.

=== 4. Cyclical Theory ===

* '''Overview''': In [[w:Social_cycle_theory|cyclical theory]] social change is seen as recurring in cycles, often characterized by periods of growth, stability, decline, and renewal. It challenges the notion of linear progress.
* '''Key Proponents''': [[w:Oswald_Spengler|Oswald Spengler]], [[w:Arnold_J._Toynbee|Arnold Toynbee]], [[w:Pitirim_Sorokin|Pitirim Sorokin]]
* '''Key Concepts''':
** Societies or civilizations rise and fall in predictable patterns.
** Change is not necessarily progressive; regression or collapse is possible.
* '''Criticisms''': Overemphasis on fatalistic cycles; limited predictive power.

=== 5. Modernization Theory ===

* '''Overview''': [[w:Modernization_theory|Modernization theory]] proposes that social change occurs as traditional societies adopt modern practices and technologies. It emphasizes the transition from [[w:Agrarian_society|agrarian]] to [[w:Industrial_society|industrial societies]].
* '''Key Proponents''': [[w:Walt_Rostow|W.W. Rostow]], [[w:Daniel_Lerner|Daniel Lerner]]
* '''Key Concepts''':
** Economic development and technological advancement drive change.
** Traditional values and practices are replaced by rationality and efficiency.
* '''Criticisms''': Often [[w:Ethnocentrism|ethnocentric]] and dismissive of non-Western developmental paths.

=== 6. Dependency Theory ===

* '''Overview''': [[w:Dependency_theory|Dependency theory]] proposes that social change is shaped by the global economic system, where developed nations exploit underdeveloped ones, creating dependency and limiting their growth.
* '''Key Proponents''': [[w:Andre_Gunder_Frank|Andre Gunder Frank]], [[w:Immanuel_Wallerstein|Immanuel Wallerstein]] ([[w:World-systems_theory|world-systems theory]])
* '''Key Concepts''':
** Core-periphery dynamics perpetuate inequalities.
** Change requires breaking free from exploitative systems.
* '''Criticisms''': Often criticized for economic determinism and oversimplification of global dynamics.

=== 7. Cultural Lag Theory ===

* '''Overview''': [[w:Cultural_lag|Cultural lag theory]] proposes that social change occurs unevenly, with material culture (technology, tools) advancing faster than non-material culture (values, norms), creating a “lag” that causes tension and adaptation.
* '''Key Proponents''': [[w:William_Fielding_Ogburn|William F. Ogburn]]
* '''Key Concepts''':
** Technological innovation is a primary driver of change.
** Society must adapt its values and institutions to technological shifts.
* '''Criticisms''': Underestimates the role of intentional cultural shifts and agency.

=== 8. Collective Behavior and Social Movements Theory ===

* '''Overview''': Collective Behavior and [[w:Social_movement_theory|Social Movements Theory]] proposes that social change emerges through collective actions, such as [[w:Protest|protests]], revolutions, or movements, driven by shared grievances or goals.
* '''Key Proponents''': [[w:Neil_Smelser|Neil Smelser]], [[w:Charles_Tilly|Charles Tilly]]
* '''Key Concepts''':
** Social movements arise from resource mobilization and shared ideologies.
** [[w:Collective_identity|Collective identity]] and leadership play critical roles.
* '''Criticisms''': Focuses heavily on short-term movements, sometimes neglecting broader structural changes.

=== 9. Postmodern Theories ===

* '''Overview''': [[w:Postmodern_philosophy|Postmodern Theories]] reject the notion of universal explanations for social change, emphasizing [[w:Pluralism_(political_philosophy)|pluralism]], local narratives, and cultural diversity.
* '''Key Proponents''': [[w:Michel_Foucault|Michel Foucault]], [[w:Jean_Baudrillard|Jean Baudrillard]]
* '''Key Concepts''':
** Power and knowledge are central to understanding change.
** Social change is fragmented and context specific.
* '''Criticisms''': Often criticized for relativism and lack of practical applications.

=== 10. Environmental Determinism and Ecological Theory ===

* '''Overview''': [[w:Environmental_determinism|Environmental Determinism]] and Ecological Theory emphasize the impact of environmental factors, such as climate or geography, on societal structures and change.
* '''Key Proponents''': [[w:Jared_Diamond|Jared Diamond]], [[w:Lester_R._Brown|Lester Brown]]
* '''Key Concepts''':
** Environmental constraints or crises often drive systemic change.
** [[w:Sustainability|Sustainability]] is critical for future transformation.
* '''Criticisms''': Risks underestimating human agency and innovation.

=== Conclusion ===
Each theory offers a unique lens to understand the dynamics of social change, often complementing others. Effective analyses typically combine multiple theories, recognizing the complexity of social systems and the interplay of economic, cultural, technological, and environmental factors. 

== Influence and Persuasion ==
[[w:Social_influence|Influence]] and [[w:Persuasion|persuasion]] are two powerful forces that shape human interactions and societal progress. While they are closely related, each term carries distinct meanings and implications. ''Influence'' refers to the capacity to affect the thoughts, feelings, or behaviors of others, often subtly and indirectly.  

''Persuasion'', on the other hand, involves the deliberate attempt to convince someone to adopt a specific belief, attitude, or course of action. Both can be used for pro-social or anti-social purposes, depending on the intent and [[Moral Reasoning|ethical considerations]] of those wielding them. This course explores these concepts, their strategies, and their potential applications.

Improving social systems demands the skillful application and strategic navigation of various modes of influence and persuasive methods.

=== Assignment ===

# Study the Wikiversity course on [[Influence and Persuasion]].
# Plan effective use of the modes of influence and the methods of persuasion.
# Beware of influences and persuasions that are detrimental to your work.
## Learn from, adopt, and amplify influences that are [[Living Wisely/Seeking Real Good|real good]].
## Avoid, resist, or dispute influences that are not [[Living Wisely/Seeking Real Good|real good]]. 

== Leverage Points ==
[[w:Twelve_leverage_points|Twelve leverage points]] that are the most effective places to intervene in a system were proposed by [[w:Donella_Meadows|Donella Meadows]], a scientist and system analyst who studied environmental limits to economic growth.

=== Assignment ===

# Study the [[w:Twelve_leverage_points|twelve leverage points]].
## Studying these additional examples may also be helpful.
# Identify the leverage points that can be most effective in achieving the improvements you seek.

== Effective Change Strategies and Examples ==
Below is a list of some of the most effective strategies, approaches, and techniques for achieving positive [[w:Social_change|social change]], along with examples of their successful implementation:&lt;ref&gt;[[w:ChatGPT|ChatGPT]] generated this text responding to two prompts: 1) “List and briefly describe the most effective strategies, approaches, and techniques for achieving effective positive social change. Cite important examples of each. “2)  “Identify the leverage points, selected from the Twelve leverage points identified by Donella Meadows, used in each of the examples.” The responses were then merged and lightly edited 

&lt;/ref&gt;

Understanding these change strategies can help to develop effective strategies for the work.

=== 1. Grassroots Mobilization ===

* '''Description''': Involves engaging local communities to advocate for change from the ground up. This often includes organizing protests, campaigns, or community meetings to build momentum.
* '''Example''': The [[w:Civil_rights_movement|Civil Rights Movement]] in the U.S. used grassroots strategies like the [[w:Montgomery_bus_boycott|Montgomery Bus Boycott]] and [[w:Freedom_Riders|Freedom Rides]] to dismantle segregation.
* '''Salient Leverage Points''': Leverage Point: 12. Constants, [[w:Parameter|parameters]], and numbers (e.g., subsidies, taxes, standards). The Civil Rights Movement's [[w:Montgomery_bus_boycott|Montgomery Bus Boycott]] changed public transportation revenues (a parameter) and applied pressure for desegregation policies.

=== 2. Advocacy and Lobbying ===
[[File:P051702-149695.jpg|thumb|Gay couple with a child.]]
* '''Description''': Involves influencing policymakers and stakeholders to enact legislative or policy changes. Advocacy campaigns often include [[w:Petition|petitions]], public awareness drives, [[w:Lobbying|lobbying]], and meetings with officials.
* '''Example''': The [[w:Same-sex_marriage|marriage equality movement]] used lobbying efforts combined with public advocacy, culminating in the [[w:Obergefell_v._Hodges|U.S. Supreme Court’s decision]] to legalize same-sex marriage in 2015.
* '''Salient Leverage Points''': Leverage Point: 5. Rules of the system (incentives, punishments, constraints) The advocacy for marriage equality influenced laws and institutional rules, fundamentally altering societal incentives and constraints around same-sex relationships.

=== 3. Public Awareness Campaigns ===

* '''Description''': Uses media, art, and storytelling to educate the public and shift cultural attitudes on a specific issue. These campaigns often rely on [[w:Social_media|social media]], television ads, and [[w:Grassroots|grassroots]] outreach.
* '''Example''': The “[[w:It_Gets_Better_Project|It Gets Better]]” campaign helped change public attitudes toward LGBTQ+ youth, offering hope and combating bullying.
* '''Salient Leverage Points''': Leverage Point: 4. The power to add, change, or [[w:Spontaneous_order|self-organize]] system structure. The “It Gets Better” campaign created new networks of support, empowering individuals to challenge existing social norms.

=== 4. Coalition Building ===

* '''Description''': Brings together organizations, communities, and individuals with shared goals to amplify their impact through collaboration.
* '''Example''': The global coalition to ban landmines united [[w:Non-governmental_organization|NGOs]], activists, and governments, resulting in the [[w:Ottawa_Treaty|1997 Mine Ban Treaty]].
* '''Salient Leverage Points''': Leverage Point: 8. The strength of feedback loops. The global coalition to ban landmines amplified feedback by uniting diverse voices, ensuring mutual reinforcement and greater systemic impact.

=== 5. Nonviolent Direct Action ===
[[File:Marche_sel.jpg|thumb|Gandhi leading the famous 1930 Salt March, a notable example of satyagraha (nonviolent resistance)]]
* '''Description''': Involves peaceful demonstrations, [[w:Sit-in|sit-ins]], or acts of [[w:Civil_disobedience|civil disobedience]] to draw attention to an injustice and pressure change.
* '''Example''': Mahatma Gandhi’s [[w:Salt_March|Salt March]] in 1930 challenged British colonial rule and demonstrated the power of nonviolent resistance.
* '''Salient Leverage Points''': Leverage Point: 10. The structure of information flows (who does and does not have access to information.) Gandhi’s Salt March disrupted colonial economic structures and informed the public, empowering collective resistance.

=== 6. Policy Innovation and Pilots ===

* '''Description''': Proposing and testing new policies or solutions on a small scale before broader implementation. This approach demonstrates viability and minimizes risks.
* '''Example''': The [[w:Participatory_budgeting|participatory budgeting movement]], first implemented in Porto Alegre, Brazil, has empowered citizens to decide how municipal funds are allocated.
* '''Salient Leverage Points''': Leverage Point: 9. The gain around driving positive feedback loops. Participatory budgeting in Porto Alegre, Brazil, established a feedback loop where citizens’ involvement in budgeting decisions directly benefited their communities, reinforcing trust and participation.

=== 7. Strategic Litigation ===

* '''Description''': Using the legal system to set precedents, challenge unjust laws, or protect rights.
* '''Example''': [[w:Brown_v._Board_of_Education|Brown v. Board of Education]] (1954) ended racial segregation in U.S. public schools and set a legal precedent for civil rights.
* '''Salient Leverage Points''': Leverage Point: 5. Rules of the system (incentives, punishments, constraints). Example: Brown v. Board of Education changed the legal rules around racial segregation, forcing systemic compliance with new constraints.

=== 8. Education and Capacity Building ===

* '''Description''': Empowering individuals and communities through education, skill-building, and resource access to enable long-term change.
* '''Example''': [[w:Malala_Yousafzai#Continuing_activism|Malala Yousafzai’s activism]] has emphasized the importance of girls' education, leading to increased global investment in gender equality in schools.
* '''Salient Leverage Points''': Leverage Point: 10. The structure of information flows (who does and does not have access to information). Malala Yousafzai’s advocacy for girls’ education increased awareness and improved access to learning, altering societal priorities.

=== 9. Social Entrepreneurship ===

* '''Description''': Combining business principles with social impact goals to create sustainable solutions to societal problems.
* '''Example''': Organizations like [[w:Toms_Shoes#Philanthropy|TOMS Shoes]] operate on a “[[w:One_for_one|one-for-one]]” model, providing shoes to those in need with every purchase.
* '''Salient Leverage Points''': Leverage Point: 6. The structure of the system (e.g., the stock and flow of resources). TOMS Shoes introduced a sustainable system that linked consumer behavior directly to social impact, reallocating economic flows.

=== 10. Technology and Digital Activism ===

* '''Description''': Leveraging social media, mobile apps, and other digital tools to mobilize, inform, and organize people for social change.
* '''Example''': The #[[w:MeToo_movement|MeToo movement]] used social media to amplify survivors' voices and demand accountability for sexual harassment and assault.
* '''Salient Leverage Points''': Leverage Point: 10. The structure of information flows (who does and does not have access to information). The #MeToo movement leveraged social media to democratize access to information, challenging existing power dynamics.

=== 11. Cultural and Artistic Expression ===

* '''Description''': Using art, music, literature, and other cultural mediums to challenge norms, inspire empathy, and promote new ways of thinking.
* '''Example''': [[w:Bob_Dylan#Legacy|Bob Dylan’s protest songs]] became anthems for the Civil Rights and anti-war movements in the 1960s.
* '''Salient Leverage Points''': Leverage Point: 2. The mindset or paradigm out of which the system arises. Bob Dylan’s protest songs challenged dominant cultural paradigms, inspiring shifts in societal attitudes toward justice and freedom.

=== 12. Participatory Development ===

* '''Description''': Actively involving local communities in the design and implementation of development projects to ensure they are contextually appropriate and sustainable.
* '''Example''': Farmer-led agricultural programs in sub-Saharan Africa have increased food security by integrating local knowledge and needs.
* '''Salient Leverage Points''': Leverage Point: 6. The structure of the system (e.g., the stock and flow of resources). Farmer-led agricultural programs realigned resource flows and empowered local communities to influence their development.

=== 13. Private Sector Partnerships ===

* '''Description''': Collaborating with businesses to align profit motives with social good, such as [[w:Corporate_social_responsibility|corporate social responsibility]] (CSR) initiatives.
* '''Example''': [[w:Patagonia,_Inc.#Activism|Patagonia’s environmental campaigns]], including their commitment to sustainable manufacturing, highlight how businesses can drive positive change.
* '''Salient Leverage Points''': Leverage Point: 7. The rules and flows of the system. Patagonia’s environmental campaigns introduced rules and practices in business aligned with sustainability, altering market incentives.

=== 14. Systems Thinking and Holistic Approaches ===

* '''Description''': Addressing social issues by tackling underlying systems and interconnections rather than isolated symptoms.
* '''Example''': The “[[w:Housing_First|Housing First]]” model for [[w:Homelessness|homelessness]] focuses on providing stable housing as a foundation for addressing other issues like employment and mental health.
* '''Salient Leverage Points''': Leverage Point: 1. Transcending paradigms. The “Housing First” model transcends traditional paradigms about homelessness by focusing on stability as a prerequisite for addressing other issues.

=== 15. Data and Evidence-Based Approaches ===

* '''Description''': Using research and data to identify problems, test interventions, and scale solutions that work.
* '''Example''': The success of [[w:Microfinance|microfinance]] institutions like [[w:Grameen_Bank|Grameen Bank]] demonstrates how data-driven approaches can alleviate poverty.
* '''Salient Leverage Points''': Leverage Point: 11. Buffer sizes (stabilizing stocks in the system). Microfinance institutions like Grameen Bank increased economic stability for individuals, building resilience into the financial system.

=== 16. Youth Leadership and Mentorship ===

* '''Description''': Empowering young people to take leadership roles and contribute fresh perspectives to social change efforts.
* '''Example''': [[w:Greta_Thunberg#Activism|Greta Thunberg’s climate activism]] galvanized millions of young people to demand action on climate change.
* '''Salient Leverage Points''': Leverage Point: 3. The goals of the system. Greta Thunberg’s climate activism shifted public and governmental goals toward prioritizing sustainability and long-term climate action.

By combining these strategies and tailoring them to specific issues, significant and sustainable social change can be achieved. Each example showcases how these methods have successfully addressed pressing global challenges.

By targeting these specific leverage points, each example harnesses the power of systemic intervention, creating ripples of change that are amplified across society.

== Assignment ==

# Study the examples listed above.
# Be clear on [[what you can change and what you cannot]].
# Study the twelve leverage points identified by Donella Meadows.
# Identify [[Thinking Tools#Assisters and Resisters|assisters and resisters]].
# Refine your pitch. Improve your [[w:Rhetoric|rhetoric]].
# Select the strategies, approaches, and techniques you’ll use to achieve your desired outcome and effect positive social change.
# Identify the communications channels you will use to spread your message. Consider traditional media channels,alternative media, and social media platforms
# Take the actions needed to [[Solving Problems|solve the identified problem]].

== Recommended Reading ==
Students who are interested in learning more about improving social systems may wish to read these books:

*{{Cite book|title=Influence: the psychology of persuasion|last=Cialdini|first=Robert B.|date=20|publisher=Collins|isbn=978-0-06-124189-5|edition=Rev. ed., [Nachdr.]|location=New York, NY}}
*{{Cite book|title=The power principle: influence with honor|last=Lee|first=Blaine|date=1997|publisher=Simon &amp; Schuster|isbn=978-0-684-81058-4|location=New York, NY}}
* {{cite book |last=Snyder |first=Timothy |author-link=w:Timothy_D._Snyder |date=February 28, 2017 |title=On Tyranny: Twenty Lessons from the Twentieth Century |publisher=Crown |pages=128 |isbn=978-0804190114}}
*	{{cite book |last=Snyder |first=Timothy |author-link=w:Timothy_D._Snyder |date=February 28, 2017 |title=On Tyranny: Twenty Lessons from the Twentieth Century |publisher=Crown |pages=128 |isbn=978-0804190114}}
*	{{cite book |last=Freinacht  |first=Hanzi  |date=March 10, 2017 |title=The Listening Society: A Metamodern Guide to Politics |publisher=Metamoderna ApS |pages=414 |isbn=978-8799973903}}
*	{{cite book |last=Freinacht  |first=Hanzi  |date=May 29, 2019 |title=Nordic Ideology: A Metamodern Guide to Politics |publisher=Metamoderna ApS |pages=495 |isbn=978-8799973927}} Nordic Ideology
*	{{cite book |last=Sharp |first=Gene |author-link=w:Gene_Sharp |date=September 4, 2012 |title=From Dictatorship to Democracy: A Conceptual Framework for Liberation |publisher=The New Press |pages=160 |isbn=978-1595588500}}
*	{{cite book |last=Manzi |first=Jim  |author-link=w:Jim_Manzi_(software_entrepreneur) |date=May 1, 2012 |title=Uncontrolled: The Surprising Payoff of Trial-and-Error for Business, Politics, and Society  |publisher=Basic Books |pages=320 |isbn=978-0465023240}}
*	{{cite book |last1=Gehl |first1=Katherine M. |last2=Porter |first2=Michael E. |author-link=w:Michael_Porter |date=June 23, 2020 |title=The Politics Industry: How Political Innovation Can Break Partisan Gridlock and Save Our Democracy  |publisher=Harvard Business Review Press |pages=272 |isbn=978-1633699236}} 
*	{{cite book |last=Bok |first=Derek  |author-link=w:Derek_Bok |date=February 21, 2010 |title=The Politics of Happiness: What Government Can Learn from the New Research on Well-Being |publisher=Princeton University Press |pages=272 |isbn=978-0691144894}}
*	{{cite book |last=Reich |first=Robert B. |date=February 20, 2018 |title=The Common Good  |publisher=Knopf |pages=208 |isbn=978-0525520498 |author-link=w:Robert_Reich }}
*	{{cite book |last=Christakis |first=Nicholas A. |author-link=w:Nicholas_Christakis |date=March 26, 2019 |title=Blueprint: The Evolutionary Origins of a Good Society |publisher=Little, Brown Spark |pages=441  |isbn=978-0316230032}} 
*	{{cite book |last=Ridley |first=Matt |author-link=w:Matt_Ridley |date=October 25, 2016 |title=The Evolution of Everything: How New Ideas Emerge |publisher=Harper Perennial |pages=368 |isbn=978-0062296016}} 
*{{cite book |last=Diamond |first=Jared  |author-link=w:Jared_Diamond |date=January 4, 2011 |title=Collapse: How Societies Choose to Fail or Succeed |publisher=Penguin Books |pages=608 |isbn=978-0143117001}}

== References ==
&lt;references/&gt;

[[Category:Applied Wisdom]]


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      <text bytes="34758" sha1="o51bpfkdds7133isxzoxhllb7y4tu1t" xml:space="preserve">—Steps Toward a Better World

== Introduction ==
[[File:Improving_Social_Structures.png|thumb|We can improve the social structures that organize people.]]
{{TOC right | limit|limit=2}}

[[w:Social_change|Social change]] refers to altering the social order within a society, encompassing modifications in social institutions, social behaviors, or social relationships. At a broader scale, it can lead to significant transformations, either within a society or even the entire society.

Because improving social systems is very difficult, this course begins by exploring what you want to change and why you want to change it, before exploring how to change the system.

== Objectives ==
The objective of this course is to help people improve social systems.

== What do you want? ==
Improving social systems is a demanding task that often requires decades of dedicated effort from a many highly motivated and skilled people. Studying the histories of successful and unsuccessful social movements provides valuable insights and preparation for the challenges ahead. Moreover, it is crucial to clearly describe the benefits of the change and its significance to the broader society. Effective communication and persuasion are essential to engage the diverse group of supporters whose work will be required to carry out this transformation.

=== This Will be Difficult ===
It is useful to study the history of [[w:List_of_social_movements|several social movements]] that have occurred throughout recent history. The histories of abolition, women’s suffrage, and LGBTQ movements are briefly described here to illustrate the magnitude of the efforts, and to identify successful and unsuccessful strategies and tactics.

==== Abolition ====
[[w:Abolitionism|Abolitionism]], or the abolitionist movement, is the movement to end slavery and liberate enslaved individuals around the world.
[[File:UncleTomsCabinCover.jpg|right|thumb|''[[wikipedia:Uncle Tom's Cabin|w:Uncle Tom's Cabin]]'' inflamed public opinion in the North and Britain against the evils of slavery.]]
The [[w:Timeline_of_abolition_of_slavery_and_serfdom|timeline of abolition of slavery and serfdom]] extends from [[w:Slavery_in_antiquity|ancient times]] through the present day. 

The [[w:Code_of_Ur-Nammu|Code of Ur-Nammu]], the oldest surviving law code, written around 2100 – 2050 BCE, includes laws about slaves in Sumerian Mesopotamia. It states that a slave who marries can’t be forced to leave the household, and returning an escaped slave earns two [[w:Shekel|shekels]]. It reveals two major [[w:Social_stratification|social strata]]: free people and slaves.

The first country to fully outlaw slavery was France in 1315, but slavery was later used in its colonies.

Under the actions of [[w:Toyotomi_Hideyoshi#Cultural_legacy|Toyotomi Hideyoshi]], [[w:Slavery#Chattel_slavery|chattel slavery]] has been abolished across Japan since 1590, though other forms of forced labor were used during World War II. The first and only country to self-liberate from slavery was a former French colony, Haiti, because of the Revolution of 1791–1804.

The [[w:Abolitionism_in_the_United_Kingdom|British abolitionist movement]] began in the late 18th century, and the 1772 Somersett case established that slavery did not exist in English law. In 1807, the slave trade was made illegal throughout the British Empire, though existing slaves in British colonies were not liberated until the Slavery Abolition Act in 1833.

In the [[w:Abolitionism_in_the_United_States|United States, abolitionism]], was active from the [[w:Colonial_history_of_the_United_States|colonial era]] until the end of the [[w:American_Civil_War|American Civil War]], which brought about the abolition of American slavery, except as punishment for a crime, through passage of the Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution, ratified 1865.

Despite the 1865 abolition of slavery in the United States, there is much work still to be done. The [[w:Civil_rights_movement|civil rights movement]] continues to expand the rights provided to blacks. Although this movement was most active from 1954 through 1968, the struggle for equal rights continues today.

==== Women’s Suffrage ====
[[w:Women's_suffrage|Women's suffrage]] – the right of women to vote – has been achieved at various times in countries throughout the world. In many nations, women's suffrage was granted before [[w:Universal_suffrage|universal suffrage]], in which cases women and men from certain socioeconomic classes or races were still unable to vote. 
[[File:PAUL,_ALICE_11.jpg|thumb|[[w:Alice_Paul|Alice Paul]] was an American Suffragist.]]
The [[w:Timeline_of_women's_suffrage|timeline of women’s suffrage]] worldwide extends from 1689 through the present, and is far from complete worldwide. The [[w:Timeline_of_women's_suffrage_in_the_United_States|timeline of women's suffrage in the United States]] begins in the 1780’s. The [[w:Woman_Suffrage_Procession|Woman Suffrage Procession of 1913]] was a significant event in this movement.

Although the [[w:Nineteenth_Amendment_to_the_U.S._Constitution|Nineteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution]] giving women the right to vote was ratified in 1920, it was not until the 1960’s that poll taxes and literacy tests were abolished, racial discrimination in voting was reduced, and poll taxes were eliminated at all levels of government. It was not until 1984 that Mississippi became the last state in the union to ratify the Nineteenth Amendment

The [[w:Timeline_of_women's_legal_rights_(other_than_voting)|timeline of women's legal rights in addition to voting]] is also very long. [[w:Feminist_movement|Feminist movements]], including efforts to pass the [[w:Equal_Rights_Amendment|Equal Rights Amendment]] are on-going.

==== LGBTQ movements ====
Lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender and queer ([[w:LGBTQ|LGBTQ]]) [[w:LGBTQ_movements|movements]] are social movements that advocate for LGBTQ people in society. These movements have a [[w:Timeline_of_LGBTQ_history|long history around the world]]. The [[w:Timeline_of_LGBTQ_history_in_the_United_States|timeline of LGBTQ history in the United States]] begins as early as 1860 and is still ongoing. The [[w:Stonewall_riots|Stonewall riots]], which occurred June 28, 1969, is widely considered a turning point for gay rights in the United States. 

===== Assignment =====

# Scan this list of [[w:List_of_social_movements|social movements]].
# Identify a few that seem most like what you are planning.
# Study the history of those movements in depth to learn what did and did not work.
# Learn from this history.

=== What Do You Want to Have Happen? ===
Make certain that the changes you are planning are in the direction of [[Living Wisely/Seeking Real Good|real good]]. Be clear what it is you want to have happen. 

==== Assignment ====

# Read the essay [[Living Wisely/Seeking Real Good|Seeking Real Good]].
# Complete the Wikiversity course [[Moral Reasoning]].
# Read the essay [[Evolving Governments/Good Government|Good Government]]. 
# Carefully consider the question “[[Exploring Existential Concerns/What Ought We Do?|What ought we do]]?”
# Study the Wikiversity course on [[Problem Finding]].
# Answer the three questions: “What do you want?” “What is true?” and “What are you going to do about it?”
# Optionally complete the [[Evolving Governments#Possibilities|Possibilities assignment]] in the [[Evolving Governments]] course. 

=== Why do you want this? ===
Because many people need to remain highly motivated to carry out the required improvements, it is important to be clear with yourself and others why this change is necessary and why it will provide benefits for many people.

==== Assignment ====

# Identify the [[Thinking Tools#Assisters and Resisters|assistors and resistors]] to the proposed changes.
# Write down, as clearly as possible, the main reason, and several supporting reasons why you want this improvement to happen. Use clear, concise, and powerful language. Be persuasive. Include both rational and emotional appeals. These will be used to engage assistors. 
# Write down, as clearly as possible, the main reason, and supporting reasons why others will benefit from this improvement. Use clear, concise, and powerful language. Include both rational and emotional appeals. This will be used to gain a broad base of support.
# Consider who will be opposed to this change, and why they will be opposed. Learn what they have at stake. Understand their actual and potential arguments as deeply and fully as you can. Create counterarguments that appeal both rationally and emotionally. These will be used to mitigate opposition by your resisters.  

=== The Pitch ===
Decide how you will communicate the nature and importance of this improvement to your advocates and your opponents.

==== Assignment ====

# Study successful [[w:Elevator_pitch|elevator pitches]]. 
# Study successful [[w:Slogan|slogans]]. 
# Study [[w:List_of_speeches|influential speeches]] given by [[w:Orator|prominent orators]].
# Study successful [[w:Long-form_journalism|long-form journalism]] articles.
# Write your first-draft elevator pitch, slogans, speech, and long-form journalism articles.
# [[Writing/Requesting Feedback|Request feedback]] on these communications materials from strong supporters, potential supporters, and likely resisters. 
# Improve the [[w:Rhetoric|rhetoric]]. 
# Continue to revise, refine, and improve your communications methods, and materials.

== Theories of Social Change ==
[[w:Social_change|Social change]], the transformation of cultural, social, political, or economic structures over time, is explained by several prevailing theories.&lt;ref&gt;[[w:ChatGPT|ChatGPT]] generated this text, responding to the prompt: “What are the prevailing theories of social change?”.&lt;/ref&gt; Each theory highlights different factors and mechanisms driving change, ranging from material conditions to ideas and collective actions. 

Understanding these theories of social change can help to develop effective strategies for the work.

Here are major theories of social change:

=== 1. Evolutionary Theory ===

* '''Overview''': [[w:Sociocultural_evolution|Evolutionary theory]] views social change as a gradual and progressive process, often likened to biological evolution. Societies move through stages of development, from simple to complex, as they adapt to their environment.
* '''Key Proponents''': [[w:Auguste_Comte|Auguste Comte]], [[w:Herbert_Spencer|Herbert Spencer]]
* '''Key Concepts''':
** Societies evolve from primitive to advanced forms.
** Change is inevitable and continuous.
* '''Criticisms''': Overemphasis on linear progress and failure to account for abrupt or regressive changes.
* The Wikiversity courses on [[Evolving Governments]], [[Evolving Money]], and [[Intentional Evolution]] use this strategy.

=== 2. Conflict Theory ===

* '''Overview''': [[w:Conflict_theories|Conflict theory]] proposes that social change arises from conflicts between groups with opposing interests, often driven by power and resource inequalities. Change typically occurs through [[w:Revolution|revolution]] or [[w:Reform|reform]].
* '''Key Proponents''': [[w:Karl_Marx|Karl Marx]], [[w:Friedrich_Engels|Friedrich Engels]]
* '''Key Concepts''':
** [[w:Class_conflict|Class struggle]] (e.g., between the [[w:Bourgeoisie|bourgeoisie]] and [[w:Proletariat|proletariat]]) is a primary driver of change.
** Conflict over resources and power leads to systemic transformation.
* '''Modern Applications''': [[w:Feminist_theoryt|Feminist theory]], [[w:Critical_race_theory|critical race theory]]
* '''Criticisms''': May overemphasize conflict and neglect cooperation as a driver of change.

=== 3. Functionalist Theory ===

* '''Overview''': In [[w:Structural_functionalism|Functionalist Theory]] social change is seen as a process to restore balance or equilibrium in society when dysfunctions arise. Changes often occur incrementally to maintain stability.
* '''Key Proponents''': [[w:Émile_Durkheim|Émile Durkheim]], [[w:Talcott_Parsons|Talcott Parsons]]
* '''Key Concepts''':
** Institutions evolve to meet new needs or correct imbalances.
** Social change is adaptive and preserves [[w:Social_order|social order]].
* '''Criticisms''': Tends to ignore power dynamics and conflict as drivers of change.

=== 4. Cyclical Theory ===

* '''Overview''': In [[w:Social_cycle_theory|cyclical theory]] social change is seen as recurring in cycles, often characterized by periods of growth, stability, decline, and renewal. It challenges the notion of linear progress.
* '''Key Proponents''': [[w:Oswald_Spengler|Oswald Spengler]], [[w:Arnold_J._Toynbee|Arnold Toynbee]], [[w:Pitirim_Sorokin|Pitirim Sorokin]]
* '''Key Concepts''':
** Societies or civilizations rise and fall in predictable patterns.
** Change is not necessarily progressive; regression or collapse is possible.
* '''Criticisms''': Overemphasis on fatalistic cycles; limited predictive power.

=== 5. Modernization Theory ===

* '''Overview''': [[w:Modernization_theory|Modernization theory]] proposes that social change occurs as traditional societies adopt modern practices and technologies. It emphasizes the transition from [[w:Agrarian_society|agrarian]] to [[w:Industrial_society|industrial societies]].
* '''Key Proponents''': [[w:Walt_Rostow|W.W. Rostow]], [[w:Daniel_Lerner|Daniel Lerner]]
* '''Key Concepts''':
** Economic development and technological advancement drive change.
** Traditional values and practices are replaced by rationality and efficiency.
* '''Criticisms''': Often [[w:Ethnocentrism|ethnocentric]] and dismissive of non-Western developmental paths.

=== 6. Dependency Theory ===

* '''Overview''': [[w:Dependency_theory|Dependency theory]] proposes that social change is shaped by the global economic system, where developed nations exploit underdeveloped ones, creating dependency and limiting their growth.
* '''Key Proponents''': [[w:Andre_Gunder_Frank|Andre Gunder Frank]], [[w:Immanuel_Wallerstein|Immanuel Wallerstein]] ([[w:World-systems_theory|world-systems theory]])
* '''Key Concepts''':
** Core-periphery dynamics perpetuate inequalities.
** Change requires breaking free from exploitative systems.
* '''Criticisms''': Often criticized for economic determinism and oversimplification of global dynamics.

=== 7. Cultural Lag Theory ===

* '''Overview''': [[w:Cultural_lag|Cultural lag theory]] proposes that social change occurs unevenly, with material culture (technology, tools) advancing faster than non-material culture (values, norms), creating a “lag” that causes tension and adaptation.
* '''Key Proponents''': [[w:William_Fielding_Ogburn|William F. Ogburn]]
* '''Key Concepts''':
** Technological innovation is a primary driver of change.
** Society must adapt its values and institutions to technological shifts.
* '''Criticisms''': Underestimates the role of intentional cultural shifts and agency.

=== 8. Collective Behavior and Social Movements Theory ===

* '''Overview''': Collective Behavior and [[w:Social_movement_theory|Social Movements Theory]] proposes that social change emerges through collective actions, such as [[w:Protest|protests]], revolutions, or movements, driven by shared grievances or goals.
* '''Key Proponents''': [[w:Neil_Smelser|Neil Smelser]], [[w:Charles_Tilly|Charles Tilly]]
* '''Key Concepts''':
** Social movements arise from resource mobilization and shared ideologies.
** [[w:Collective_identity|Collective identity]] and leadership play critical roles.
* '''Criticisms''': Focuses heavily on short-term movements, sometimes neglecting broader structural changes.

=== 9. Postmodern Theories ===

* '''Overview''': [[w:Postmodern_philosophy|Postmodern Theories]] reject the notion of universal explanations for social change, emphasizing [[w:Pluralism_(political_philosophy)|pluralism]], local narratives, and cultural diversity.
* '''Key Proponents''': [[w:Michel_Foucault|Michel Foucault]], [[w:Jean_Baudrillard|Jean Baudrillard]]
* '''Key Concepts''':
** Power and knowledge are central to understanding change.
** Social change is fragmented and context specific.
* '''Criticisms''': Often criticized for relativism and lack of practical applications.

=== 10. Environmental Determinism and Ecological Theory ===

* '''Overview''': [[w:Environmental_determinism|Environmental Determinism]] and Ecological Theory emphasize the impact of environmental factors, such as climate or geography, on societal structures and change.
* '''Key Proponents''': [[w:Jared_Diamond|Jared Diamond]], [[w:Lester_R._Brown|Lester Brown]]
* '''Key Concepts''':
** Environmental constraints or crises often drive systemic change.
** [[w:Sustainability|Sustainability]] is critical for future transformation.
* '''Criticisms''': Risks underestimating human agency and innovation.

=== Conclusion ===
Each theory offers a unique lens to understand the dynamics of social change, often complementing others. Effective analyses typically combine multiple theories, recognizing the complexity of social systems and the interplay of economic, cultural, technological, and environmental factors. 

== Influence and Persuasion ==
[[w:Social_influence|Influence]] and [[w:Persuasion|persuasion]] are two powerful forces that shape human interactions and societal progress. While they are closely related, each term carries distinct meanings and implications. ''Influence'' refers to the capacity to affect the thoughts, feelings, or behaviors of others, often subtly and indirectly.  

''Persuasion'', on the other hand, involves the deliberate attempt to convince someone to adopt a specific belief, attitude, or course of action. Both can be used for pro-social or anti-social purposes, depending on the intent and [[Moral Reasoning|ethical considerations]] of those wielding them. This course explores these concepts, their strategies, and their potential applications.

Improving social systems demands the skillful application and strategic navigation of various modes of influence and persuasive methods.

=== Assignment ===

# Study the Wikiversity course on [[Influence and Persuasion]].
# Plan effective use of the modes of influence and the methods of persuasion.
# Beware of influences and persuasions that are detrimental to your work.
## Learn from, adopt, and amplify influences that are [[Living Wisely/Seeking Real Good|real good]].
## Avoid, resist, or dispute influences that are not [[Living Wisely/Seeking Real Good|real good]]. 

== Leverage Points ==
[[w:Twelve_leverage_points|Twelve leverage points]] that are the most effective places to intervene in a system were proposed by [[w:Donella_Meadows|Donella Meadows]], a scientist and system analyst who studied environmental limits to economic growth.

=== Assignment ===

# Study the [[w:Twelve_leverage_points|twelve leverage points]].
## Studying these [[/Leverage Point Examples/|additional leverage point examples]] may also be helpful.
# Identify the leverage points that can be most effective in achieving the improvements you seek.

== Effective Change Strategies and Examples ==
Below is a list of some of the most effective strategies, approaches, and techniques for achieving positive [[w:Social_change|social change]], along with examples of their successful implementation:&lt;ref&gt;[[w:ChatGPT|ChatGPT]] generated this text responding to two prompts: 1) “List and briefly describe the most effective strategies, approaches, and techniques for achieving effective positive social change. Cite important examples of each. “2)  “Identify the leverage points, selected from the Twelve leverage points identified by Donella Meadows, used in each of the examples.” The responses were then merged and lightly edited 

&lt;/ref&gt;

Understanding these change strategies can help to develop effective strategies for the work.

=== 1. Grassroots Mobilization ===

* '''Description''': Involves engaging local communities to advocate for change from the ground up. This often includes organizing protests, campaigns, or community meetings to build momentum.
* '''Example''': The [[w:Civil_rights_movement|Civil Rights Movement]] in the U.S. used grassroots strategies like the [[w:Montgomery_bus_boycott|Montgomery Bus Boycott]] and [[w:Freedom_Riders|Freedom Rides]] to dismantle segregation.
* '''Salient Leverage Points''': Leverage Point: 12. Constants, [[w:Parameter|parameters]], and numbers (e.g., subsidies, taxes, standards). The Civil Rights Movement's [[w:Montgomery_bus_boycott|Montgomery Bus Boycott]] changed public transportation revenues (a parameter) and applied pressure for desegregation policies.

=== 2. Advocacy and Lobbying ===
[[File:P051702-149695.jpg|thumb|Gay couple with a child.]]
* '''Description''': Involves influencing policymakers and stakeholders to enact legislative or policy changes. Advocacy campaigns often include [[w:Petition|petitions]], public awareness drives, [[w:Lobbying|lobbying]], and meetings with officials.
* '''Example''': The [[w:Same-sex_marriage|marriage equality movement]] used lobbying efforts combined with public advocacy, culminating in the [[w:Obergefell_v._Hodges|U.S. Supreme Court’s decision]] to legalize same-sex marriage in 2015.
* '''Salient Leverage Points''': Leverage Point: 5. Rules of the system (incentives, punishments, constraints) The advocacy for marriage equality influenced laws and institutional rules, fundamentally altering societal incentives and constraints around same-sex relationships.

=== 3. Public Awareness Campaigns ===

* '''Description''': Uses media, art, and storytelling to educate the public and shift cultural attitudes on a specific issue. These campaigns often rely on [[w:Social_media|social media]], television ads, and [[w:Grassroots|grassroots]] outreach.
* '''Example''': The “[[w:It_Gets_Better_Project|It Gets Better]]” campaign helped change public attitudes toward LGBTQ+ youth, offering hope and combating bullying.
* '''Salient Leverage Points''': Leverage Point: 4. The power to add, change, or [[w:Spontaneous_order|self-organize]] system structure. The “It Gets Better” campaign created new networks of support, empowering individuals to challenge existing social norms.

=== 4. Coalition Building ===

* '''Description''': Brings together organizations, communities, and individuals with shared goals to amplify their impact through collaboration.
* '''Example''': The global coalition to ban landmines united [[w:Non-governmental_organization|NGOs]], activists, and governments, resulting in the [[w:Ottawa_Treaty|1997 Mine Ban Treaty]].
* '''Salient Leverage Points''': Leverage Point: 8. The strength of feedback loops. The global coalition to ban landmines amplified feedback by uniting diverse voices, ensuring mutual reinforcement and greater systemic impact.

=== 5. Nonviolent Direct Action ===
[[File:Marche_sel.jpg|thumb|Gandhi leading the famous 1930 Salt March, a notable example of satyagraha (nonviolent resistance)]]
* '''Description''': Involves peaceful demonstrations, [[w:Sit-in|sit-ins]], or acts of [[w:Civil_disobedience|civil disobedience]] to draw attention to an injustice and pressure change.
* '''Example''': Mahatma Gandhi’s [[w:Salt_March|Salt March]] in 1930 challenged British colonial rule and demonstrated the power of nonviolent resistance.
* '''Salient Leverage Points''': Leverage Point: 10. The structure of information flows (who does and does not have access to information.) Gandhi’s Salt March disrupted colonial economic structures and informed the public, empowering collective resistance.

=== 6. Policy Innovation and Pilots ===

* '''Description''': Proposing and testing new policies or solutions on a small scale before broader implementation. This approach demonstrates viability and minimizes risks.
* '''Example''': The [[w:Participatory_budgeting|participatory budgeting movement]], first implemented in Porto Alegre, Brazil, has empowered citizens to decide how municipal funds are allocated.
* '''Salient Leverage Points''': Leverage Point: 9. The gain around driving positive feedback loops. Participatory budgeting in Porto Alegre, Brazil, established a feedback loop where citizens’ involvement in budgeting decisions directly benefited their communities, reinforcing trust and participation.

=== 7. Strategic Litigation ===

* '''Description''': Using the legal system to set precedents, challenge unjust laws, or protect rights.
* '''Example''': [[w:Brown_v._Board_of_Education|Brown v. Board of Education]] (1954) ended racial segregation in U.S. public schools and set a legal precedent for civil rights.
* '''Salient Leverage Points''': Leverage Point: 5. Rules of the system (incentives, punishments, constraints). Example: Brown v. Board of Education changed the legal rules around racial segregation, forcing systemic compliance with new constraints.

=== 8. Education and Capacity Building ===

* '''Description''': Empowering individuals and communities through education, skill-building, and resource access to enable long-term change.
* '''Example''': [[w:Malala_Yousafzai#Continuing_activism|Malala Yousafzai’s activism]] has emphasized the importance of girls' education, leading to increased global investment in gender equality in schools.
* '''Salient Leverage Points''': Leverage Point: 10. The structure of information flows (who does and does not have access to information). Malala Yousafzai’s advocacy for girls’ education increased awareness and improved access to learning, altering societal priorities.

=== 9. Social Entrepreneurship ===

* '''Description''': Combining business principles with social impact goals to create sustainable solutions to societal problems.
* '''Example''': Organizations like [[w:Toms_Shoes#Philanthropy|TOMS Shoes]] operate on a “[[w:One_for_one|one-for-one]]” model, providing shoes to those in need with every purchase.
* '''Salient Leverage Points''': Leverage Point: 6. The structure of the system (e.g., the stock and flow of resources). TOMS Shoes introduced a sustainable system that linked consumer behavior directly to social impact, reallocating economic flows.

=== 10. Technology and Digital Activism ===

* '''Description''': Leveraging social media, mobile apps, and other digital tools to mobilize, inform, and organize people for social change.
* '''Example''': The #[[w:MeToo_movement|MeToo movement]] used social media to amplify survivors' voices and demand accountability for sexual harassment and assault.
* '''Salient Leverage Points''': Leverage Point: 10. The structure of information flows (who does and does not have access to information). The #MeToo movement leveraged social media to democratize access to information, challenging existing power dynamics.

=== 11. Cultural and Artistic Expression ===

* '''Description''': Using art, music, literature, and other cultural mediums to challenge norms, inspire empathy, and promote new ways of thinking.
* '''Example''': [[w:Bob_Dylan#Legacy|Bob Dylan’s protest songs]] became anthems for the Civil Rights and anti-war movements in the 1960s.
* '''Salient Leverage Points''': Leverage Point: 2. The mindset or paradigm out of which the system arises. Bob Dylan’s protest songs challenged dominant cultural paradigms, inspiring shifts in societal attitudes toward justice and freedom.

=== 12. Participatory Development ===

* '''Description''': Actively involving local communities in the design and implementation of development projects to ensure they are contextually appropriate and sustainable.
* '''Example''': Farmer-led agricultural programs in sub-Saharan Africa have increased food security by integrating local knowledge and needs.
* '''Salient Leverage Points''': Leverage Point: 6. The structure of the system (e.g., the stock and flow of resources). Farmer-led agricultural programs realigned resource flows and empowered local communities to influence their development.

=== 13. Private Sector Partnerships ===

* '''Description''': Collaborating with businesses to align profit motives with social good, such as [[w:Corporate_social_responsibility|corporate social responsibility]] (CSR) initiatives.
* '''Example''': [[w:Patagonia,_Inc.#Activism|Patagonia’s environmental campaigns]], including their commitment to sustainable manufacturing, highlight how businesses can drive positive change.
* '''Salient Leverage Points''': Leverage Point: 7. The rules and flows of the system. Patagonia’s environmental campaigns introduced rules and practices in business aligned with sustainability, altering market incentives.

=== 14. Systems Thinking and Holistic Approaches ===

* '''Description''': Addressing social issues by tackling underlying systems and interconnections rather than isolated symptoms.
* '''Example''': The “[[w:Housing_First|Housing First]]” model for [[w:Homelessness|homelessness]] focuses on providing stable housing as a foundation for addressing other issues like employment and mental health.
* '''Salient Leverage Points''': Leverage Point: 1. Transcending paradigms. The “Housing First” model transcends traditional paradigms about homelessness by focusing on stability as a prerequisite for addressing other issues.

=== 15. Data and Evidence-Based Approaches ===

* '''Description''': Using research and data to identify problems, test interventions, and scale solutions that work.
* '''Example''': The success of [[w:Microfinance|microfinance]] institutions like [[w:Grameen_Bank|Grameen Bank]] demonstrates how data-driven approaches can alleviate poverty.
* '''Salient Leverage Points''': Leverage Point: 11. Buffer sizes (stabilizing stocks in the system). Microfinance institutions like Grameen Bank increased economic stability for individuals, building resilience into the financial system.

=== 16. Youth Leadership and Mentorship ===

* '''Description''': Empowering young people to take leadership roles and contribute fresh perspectives to social change efforts.
* '''Example''': [[w:Greta_Thunberg#Activism|Greta Thunberg’s climate activism]] galvanized millions of young people to demand action on climate change.
* '''Salient Leverage Points''': Leverage Point: 3. The goals of the system. Greta Thunberg’s climate activism shifted public and governmental goals toward prioritizing sustainability and long-term climate action.

By combining these strategies and tailoring them to specific issues, significant and sustainable social change can be achieved. Each example showcases how these methods have successfully addressed pressing global challenges.

By targeting these specific leverage points, each example harnesses the power of systemic intervention, creating ripples of change that are amplified across society.

== Assignment ==

# Study the examples listed above.
# Be clear on [[what you can change and what you cannot]].
# Study the twelve leverage points identified by Donella Meadows.
# Identify [[Thinking Tools#Assisters and Resisters|assisters and resisters]].
# Refine your pitch. Improve your [[w:Rhetoric|rhetoric]].
# Select the strategies, approaches, and techniques you’ll use to achieve your desired outcome and effect positive social change.
# Identify the communications channels you will use to spread your message. Consider traditional media channels,alternative media, and social media platforms
# Take the actions needed to [[Solving Problems|solve the identified problem]].

== Recommended Reading ==
Students who are interested in learning more about improving social systems may wish to read these books:

*{{Cite book|title=Influence: the psychology of persuasion|last=Cialdini|first=Robert B.|date=20|publisher=Collins|isbn=978-0-06-124189-5|edition=Rev. ed., [Nachdr.]|location=New York, NY}}
*{{Cite book|title=The power principle: influence with honor|last=Lee|first=Blaine|date=1997|publisher=Simon &amp; Schuster|isbn=978-0-684-81058-4|location=New York, NY}}
* {{cite book |last=Snyder |first=Timothy |author-link=w:Timothy_D._Snyder |date=February 28, 2017 |title=On Tyranny: Twenty Lessons from the Twentieth Century |publisher=Crown |pages=128 |isbn=978-0804190114}}
*	{{cite book |last=Snyder |first=Timothy |author-link=w:Timothy_D._Snyder |date=February 28, 2017 |title=On Tyranny: Twenty Lessons from the Twentieth Century |publisher=Crown |pages=128 |isbn=978-0804190114}}
*	{{cite book |last=Freinacht  |first=Hanzi  |date=March 10, 2017 |title=The Listening Society: A Metamodern Guide to Politics |publisher=Metamoderna ApS |pages=414 |isbn=978-8799973903}}
*	{{cite book |last=Freinacht  |first=Hanzi  |date=May 29, 2019 |title=Nordic Ideology: A Metamodern Guide to Politics |publisher=Metamoderna ApS |pages=495 |isbn=978-8799973927}} Nordic Ideology
*	{{cite book |last=Sharp |first=Gene |author-link=w:Gene_Sharp |date=September 4, 2012 |title=From Dictatorship to Democracy: A Conceptual Framework for Liberation |publisher=The New Press |pages=160 |isbn=978-1595588500}}
*	{{cite book |last=Manzi |first=Jim  |author-link=w:Jim_Manzi_(software_entrepreneur) |date=May 1, 2012 |title=Uncontrolled: The Surprising Payoff of Trial-and-Error for Business, Politics, and Society  |publisher=Basic Books |pages=320 |isbn=978-0465023240}}
*	{{cite book |last1=Gehl |first1=Katherine M. |last2=Porter |first2=Michael E. |author-link=w:Michael_Porter |date=June 23, 2020 |title=The Politics Industry: How Political Innovation Can Break Partisan Gridlock and Save Our Democracy  |publisher=Harvard Business Review Press |pages=272 |isbn=978-1633699236}} 
*	{{cite book |last=Bok |first=Derek  |author-link=w:Derek_Bok |date=February 21, 2010 |title=The Politics of Happiness: What Government Can Learn from the New Research on Well-Being |publisher=Princeton University Press |pages=272 |isbn=978-0691144894}}
*	{{cite book |last=Reich |first=Robert B. |date=February 20, 2018 |title=The Common Good  |publisher=Knopf |pages=208 |isbn=978-0525520498 |author-link=w:Robert_Reich }}
*	{{cite book |last=Christakis |first=Nicholas A. |author-link=w:Nicholas_Christakis |date=March 26, 2019 |title=Blueprint: The Evolutionary Origins of a Good Society |publisher=Little, Brown Spark |pages=441  |isbn=978-0316230032}} 
*	{{cite book |last=Ridley |first=Matt |author-link=w:Matt_Ridley |date=October 25, 2016 |title=The Evolution of Everything: How New Ideas Emerge |publisher=Harper Perennial |pages=368 |isbn=978-0062296016}} 
*{{cite book |last=Diamond |first=Jared  |author-link=w:Jared_Diamond |date=January 4, 2011 |title=Collapse: How Societies Choose to Fail or Succeed |publisher=Penguin Books |pages=608 |isbn=978-0143117001}}

== References ==
&lt;references/&gt;

[[Category:Applied Wisdom]]


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== Introduction ==
[[File:Improving_Social_Structures.png|thumb|We can improve the social structures that organize people.]]
{{TOC right | limit|limit=2}}

[[w:Social_change|Social change]] refers to altering the social order within a society, encompassing modifications in social institutions, social behaviors, or social relationships. At a broader scale, it can lead to significant transformations, either within a society or even the entire society.

Because improving social systems is very difficult, this course begins by exploring what you want to change and why you want to change it, before exploring how to change the system.

== Objectives ==
The objective of this course is to help people improve social systems.

== What do you want? ==
Improving social systems is a demanding task that often requires decades of dedicated effort from a many highly motivated and skilled people. Studying the histories of successful and unsuccessful social movements provides valuable insights and preparation for the challenges ahead. Moreover, it is crucial to clearly describe the benefits of the change and its significance to the broader society. Effective communication and persuasion are essential to engage the diverse group of supporters whose work will be required to carry out this transformation.

=== This Will be Difficult ===
It is useful to study the history of [[w:List_of_social_movements|several social movements]] that have occurred throughout recent history. The histories of abolition, women’s suffrage, and LGBTQ movements are briefly described here to illustrate the magnitude of the efforts, and to identify successful and unsuccessful strategies and tactics.

==== Abolition ====
[[w:Abolitionism|Abolitionism]], or the abolitionist movement, is the movement to end slavery and liberate enslaved individuals around the world.
[[File:UncleTomsCabinCover.jpg|right|thumb|''[[wikipedia:Uncle Tom's Cabin|Uncle Tom's Cabin]]'' inflamed public opinion in the North and Britain against the evils of slavery.]]
The [[w:Timeline_of_abolition_of_slavery_and_serfdom|timeline of abolition of slavery and serfdom]] extends from [[w:Slavery_in_antiquity|ancient times]] through the present day. 

The [[w:Code_of_Ur-Nammu|Code of Ur-Nammu]], the oldest surviving law code, written around 2100 – 2050 BCE, includes laws about slaves in Sumerian Mesopotamia. It states that a slave who marries can’t be forced to leave the household, and returning an escaped slave earns two [[w:Shekel|shekels]]. It reveals two major [[w:Social_stratification|social strata]]: free people and slaves.

The first country to fully outlaw slavery was France in 1315, but slavery was later used in its colonies.

Under the actions of [[w:Toyotomi_Hideyoshi#Cultural_legacy|Toyotomi Hideyoshi]], [[w:Slavery#Chattel_slavery|chattel slavery]] has been abolished across Japan since 1590, though other forms of forced labor were used during World War II. The first and only country to self-liberate from slavery was a former French colony, Haiti, because of the Revolution of 1791–1804.

The [[w:Abolitionism_in_the_United_Kingdom|British abolitionist movement]] began in the late 18th century, and the 1772 Somersett case established that slavery did not exist in English law. In 1807, the slave trade was made illegal throughout the British Empire, though existing slaves in British colonies were not liberated until the Slavery Abolition Act in 1833.

In the [[w:Abolitionism_in_the_United_States|United States, abolitionism]], was active from the [[w:Colonial_history_of_the_United_States|colonial era]] until the end of the [[w:American_Civil_War|American Civil War]], which brought about the abolition of American slavery, except as punishment for a crime, through passage of the Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution, ratified 1865.

Despite the 1865 abolition of slavery in the United States, there is much work still to be done. The [[w:Civil_rights_movement|civil rights movement]] continues to expand the rights provided to blacks. Although this movement was most active from 1954 through 1968, the struggle for equal rights continues today.

==== Women’s Suffrage ====
[[w:Women's_suffrage|Women's suffrage]] – the right of women to vote – has been achieved at various times in countries throughout the world. In many nations, women's suffrage was granted before [[w:Universal_suffrage|universal suffrage]], in which cases women and men from certain socioeconomic classes or races were still unable to vote. 
[[File:PAUL,_ALICE_11.jpg|thumb|[[w:Alice_Paul|Alice Paul]] was an American Suffragist.]]
The [[w:Timeline_of_women's_suffrage|timeline of women’s suffrage]] worldwide extends from 1689 through the present, and is far from complete worldwide. The [[w:Timeline_of_women's_suffrage_in_the_United_States|timeline of women's suffrage in the United States]] begins in the 1780’s. The [[w:Woman_Suffrage_Procession|Woman Suffrage Procession of 1913]] was a significant event in this movement.

Although the [[w:Nineteenth_Amendment_to_the_U.S._Constitution|Nineteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution]] giving women the right to vote was ratified in 1920, it was not until the 1960’s that poll taxes and literacy tests were abolished, racial discrimination in voting was reduced, and poll taxes were eliminated at all levels of government. It was not until 1984 that Mississippi became the last state in the union to ratify the Nineteenth Amendment

The [[w:Timeline_of_women's_legal_rights_(other_than_voting)|timeline of women's legal rights in addition to voting]] is also very long. [[w:Feminist_movement|Feminist movements]], including efforts to pass the [[w:Equal_Rights_Amendment|Equal Rights Amendment]] are on-going.

==== LGBTQ movements ====
Lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender and queer ([[w:LGBTQ|LGBTQ]]) [[w:LGBTQ_movements|movements]] are social movements that advocate for LGBTQ people in society. These movements have a [[w:Timeline_of_LGBTQ_history|long history around the world]]. The [[w:Timeline_of_LGBTQ_history_in_the_United_States|timeline of LGBTQ history in the United States]] begins as early as 1860 and is still ongoing. The [[w:Stonewall_riots|Stonewall riots]], which occurred June 28, 1969, is widely considered a turning point for gay rights in the United States. 

===== Assignment =====

# Scan this list of [[w:List_of_social_movements|social movements]].
# Identify a few that seem most like what you are planning.
# Study the history of those movements in depth to learn what did and did not work.
# Learn from this history.

=== What Do You Want to Have Happen? ===
Make certain that the changes you are planning are in the direction of [[Living Wisely/Seeking Real Good|real good]]. Be clear what it is you want to have happen. 

==== Assignment ====

# Read the essay [[Living Wisely/Seeking Real Good|Seeking Real Good]].
# Complete the Wikiversity course [[Moral Reasoning]].
# Read the essay [[Evolving Governments/Good Government|Good Government]]. 
# Carefully consider the question “[[Exploring Existential Concerns/What Ought We Do?|What ought we do]]?”
# Study the Wikiversity course on [[Problem Finding]].
# Answer the three questions: “What do you want?” “What is true?” and “What are you going to do about it?”
# Optionally complete the [[Evolving Governments#Possibilities|Possibilities assignment]] in the [[Evolving Governments]] course. 

=== Why do you want this? ===
Because many people need to remain highly motivated to carry out the required improvements, it is important to be clear with yourself and others why this change is necessary and why it will provide benefits for many people.

==== Assignment ====

# Identify the [[Thinking Tools#Assisters and Resisters|assistors and resistors]] to the proposed changes.
# Write down, as clearly as possible, the main reason, and several supporting reasons why you want this improvement to happen. Use clear, concise, and powerful language. Be persuasive. Include both rational and emotional appeals. These will be used to engage assistors. 
# Write down, as clearly as possible, the main reason, and supporting reasons why others will benefit from this improvement. Use clear, concise, and powerful language. Include both rational and emotional appeals. This will be used to gain a broad base of support.
# Consider who will be opposed to this change, and why they will be opposed. Learn what they have at stake. Understand their actual and potential arguments as deeply and fully as you can. Create counterarguments that appeal both rationally and emotionally. These will be used to mitigate opposition by your resisters.  

=== The Pitch ===
Decide how you will communicate the nature and importance of this improvement to your advocates and your opponents.

==== Assignment ====

# Study successful [[w:Elevator_pitch|elevator pitches]]. 
# Study successful [[w:Slogan|slogans]]. 
# Study [[w:List_of_speeches|influential speeches]] given by [[w:Orator|prominent orators]].
# Study successful [[w:Long-form_journalism|long-form journalism]] articles.
# Write your first-draft elevator pitch, slogans, speech, and long-form journalism articles.
# [[Writing/Requesting Feedback|Request feedback]] on these communications materials from strong supporters, potential supporters, and likely resisters. 
# Improve the [[w:Rhetoric|rhetoric]]. 
# Continue to revise, refine, and improve your communications methods, and materials.

== Theories of Social Change ==
[[w:Social_change|Social change]], the transformation of cultural, social, political, or economic structures over time, is explained by several prevailing theories.&lt;ref&gt;[[w:ChatGPT|ChatGPT]] generated this text, responding to the prompt: “What are the prevailing theories of social change?”.&lt;/ref&gt; Each theory highlights different factors and mechanisms driving change, ranging from material conditions to ideas and collective actions. 

Understanding these theories of social change can help to develop effective strategies for the work.

Here are major theories of social change:

=== 1. Evolutionary Theory ===

* '''Overview''': [[w:Sociocultural_evolution|Evolutionary theory]] views social change as a gradual and progressive process, often likened to biological evolution. Societies move through stages of development, from simple to complex, as they adapt to their environment.
* '''Key Proponents''': [[w:Auguste_Comte|Auguste Comte]], [[w:Herbert_Spencer|Herbert Spencer]]
* '''Key Concepts''':
** Societies evolve from primitive to advanced forms.
** Change is inevitable and continuous.
* '''Criticisms''': Overemphasis on linear progress and failure to account for abrupt or regressive changes.
* The Wikiversity courses on [[Evolving Governments]], [[Evolving Money]], and [[Intentional Evolution]] use this strategy.

=== 2. Conflict Theory ===

* '''Overview''': [[w:Conflict_theories|Conflict theory]] proposes that social change arises from conflicts between groups with opposing interests, often driven by power and resource inequalities. Change typically occurs through [[w:Revolution|revolution]] or [[w:Reform|reform]].
* '''Key Proponents''': [[w:Karl_Marx|Karl Marx]], [[w:Friedrich_Engels|Friedrich Engels]]
* '''Key Concepts''':
** [[w:Class_conflict|Class struggle]] (e.g., between the [[w:Bourgeoisie|bourgeoisie]] and [[w:Proletariat|proletariat]]) is a primary driver of change.
** Conflict over resources and power leads to systemic transformation.
* '''Modern Applications''': [[w:Feminist_theoryt|Feminist theory]], [[w:Critical_race_theory|critical race theory]]
* '''Criticisms''': May overemphasize conflict and neglect cooperation as a driver of change.

=== 3. Functionalist Theory ===

* '''Overview''': In [[w:Structural_functionalism|Functionalist Theory]] social change is seen as a process to restore balance or equilibrium in society when dysfunctions arise. Changes often occur incrementally to maintain stability.
* '''Key Proponents''': [[w:Émile_Durkheim|Émile Durkheim]], [[w:Talcott_Parsons|Talcott Parsons]]
* '''Key Concepts''':
** Institutions evolve to meet new needs or correct imbalances.
** Social change is adaptive and preserves [[w:Social_order|social order]].
* '''Criticisms''': Tends to ignore power dynamics and conflict as drivers of change.

=== 4. Cyclical Theory ===

* '''Overview''': In [[w:Social_cycle_theory|cyclical theory]] social change is seen as recurring in cycles, often characterized by periods of growth, stability, decline, and renewal. It challenges the notion of linear progress.
* '''Key Proponents''': [[w:Oswald_Spengler|Oswald Spengler]], [[w:Arnold_J._Toynbee|Arnold Toynbee]], [[w:Pitirim_Sorokin|Pitirim Sorokin]]
* '''Key Concepts''':
** Societies or civilizations rise and fall in predictable patterns.
** Change is not necessarily progressive; regression or collapse is possible.
* '''Criticisms''': Overemphasis on fatalistic cycles; limited predictive power.

=== 5. Modernization Theory ===

* '''Overview''': [[w:Modernization_theory|Modernization theory]] proposes that social change occurs as traditional societies adopt modern practices and technologies. It emphasizes the transition from [[w:Agrarian_society|agrarian]] to [[w:Industrial_society|industrial societies]].
* '''Key Proponents''': [[w:Walt_Rostow|W.W. Rostow]], [[w:Daniel_Lerner|Daniel Lerner]]
* '''Key Concepts''':
** Economic development and technological advancement drive change.
** Traditional values and practices are replaced by rationality and efficiency.
* '''Criticisms''': Often [[w:Ethnocentrism|ethnocentric]] and dismissive of non-Western developmental paths.

=== 6. Dependency Theory ===

* '''Overview''': [[w:Dependency_theory|Dependency theory]] proposes that social change is shaped by the global economic system, where developed nations exploit underdeveloped ones, creating dependency and limiting their growth.
* '''Key Proponents''': [[w:Andre_Gunder_Frank|Andre Gunder Frank]], [[w:Immanuel_Wallerstein|Immanuel Wallerstein]] ([[w:World-systems_theory|world-systems theory]])
* '''Key Concepts''':
** Core-periphery dynamics perpetuate inequalities.
** Change requires breaking free from exploitative systems.
* '''Criticisms''': Often criticized for economic determinism and oversimplification of global dynamics.

=== 7. Cultural Lag Theory ===

* '''Overview''': [[w:Cultural_lag|Cultural lag theory]] proposes that social change occurs unevenly, with material culture (technology, tools) advancing faster than non-material culture (values, norms), creating a “lag” that causes tension and adaptation.
* '''Key Proponents''': [[w:William_Fielding_Ogburn|William F. Ogburn]]
* '''Key Concepts''':
** Technological innovation is a primary driver of change.
** Society must adapt its values and institutions to technological shifts.
* '''Criticisms''': Underestimates the role of intentional cultural shifts and agency.

=== 8. Collective Behavior and Social Movements Theory ===

* '''Overview''': Collective Behavior and [[w:Social_movement_theory|Social Movements Theory]] proposes that social change emerges through collective actions, such as [[w:Protest|protests]], revolutions, or movements, driven by shared grievances or goals.
* '''Key Proponents''': [[w:Neil_Smelser|Neil Smelser]], [[w:Charles_Tilly|Charles Tilly]]
* '''Key Concepts''':
** Social movements arise from resource mobilization and shared ideologies.
** [[w:Collective_identity|Collective identity]] and leadership play critical roles.
* '''Criticisms''': Focuses heavily on short-term movements, sometimes neglecting broader structural changes.

=== 9. Postmodern Theories ===

* '''Overview''': [[w:Postmodern_philosophy|Postmodern Theories]] reject the notion of universal explanations for social change, emphasizing [[w:Pluralism_(political_philosophy)|pluralism]], local narratives, and cultural diversity.
* '''Key Proponents''': [[w:Michel_Foucault|Michel Foucault]], [[w:Jean_Baudrillard|Jean Baudrillard]]
* '''Key Concepts''':
** Power and knowledge are central to understanding change.
** Social change is fragmented and context specific.
* '''Criticisms''': Often criticized for relativism and lack of practical applications.

=== 10. Environmental Determinism and Ecological Theory ===

* '''Overview''': [[w:Environmental_determinism|Environmental Determinism]] and Ecological Theory emphasize the impact of environmental factors, such as climate or geography, on societal structures and change.
* '''Key Proponents''': [[w:Jared_Diamond|Jared Diamond]], [[w:Lester_R._Brown|Lester Brown]]
* '''Key Concepts''':
** Environmental constraints or crises often drive systemic change.
** [[w:Sustainability|Sustainability]] is critical for future transformation.
* '''Criticisms''': Risks underestimating human agency and innovation.

=== Conclusion ===
Each theory offers a unique lens to understand the dynamics of social change, often complementing others. Effective analyses typically combine multiple theories, recognizing the complexity of social systems and the interplay of economic, cultural, technological, and environmental factors. 

== Influence and Persuasion ==
[[w:Social_influence|Influence]] and [[w:Persuasion|persuasion]] are two powerful forces that shape human interactions and societal progress. While they are closely related, each term carries distinct meanings and implications. ''Influence'' refers to the capacity to affect the thoughts, feelings, or behaviors of others, often subtly and indirectly.  

''Persuasion'', on the other hand, involves the deliberate attempt to convince someone to adopt a specific belief, attitude, or course of action. Both can be used for pro-social or anti-social purposes, depending on the intent and [[Moral Reasoning|ethical considerations]] of those wielding them. This course explores these concepts, their strategies, and their potential applications.

Improving social systems demands the skillful application and strategic navigation of various modes of influence and persuasive methods.

=== Assignment ===

# Study the Wikiversity course on [[Influence and Persuasion]].
# Plan effective use of the modes of influence and the methods of persuasion.
# Beware of influences and persuasions that are detrimental to your work.
## Learn from, adopt, and amplify influences that are [[Living Wisely/Seeking Real Good|real good]].
## Avoid, resist, or dispute influences that are not [[Living Wisely/Seeking Real Good|real good]]. 

== Leverage Points ==
[[w:Twelve_leverage_points|Twelve leverage points]] that are the most effective places to intervene in a system were proposed by [[w:Donella_Meadows|Donella Meadows]], a scientist and system analyst who studied environmental limits to economic growth.

=== Assignment ===

# Study the [[w:Twelve_leverage_points|twelve leverage points]].
## Studying these [[/Leverage Point Examples/|additional leverage point examples]] may also be helpful.
# Identify the leverage points that can be most effective in achieving the improvements you seek.

== Effective Change Strategies and Examples ==
Below is a list of some of the most effective strategies, approaches, and techniques for achieving positive [[w:Social_change|social change]], along with examples of their successful implementation:&lt;ref&gt;[[w:ChatGPT|ChatGPT]] generated this text responding to two prompts: 1) “List and briefly describe the most effective strategies, approaches, and techniques for achieving effective positive social change. Cite important examples of each. “2)  “Identify the leverage points, selected from the Twelve leverage points identified by Donella Meadows, used in each of the examples.” The responses were then merged and lightly edited 

&lt;/ref&gt;

Understanding these change strategies can help to develop effective strategies for the work.

=== 1. Grassroots Mobilization ===

* '''Description''': Involves engaging local communities to advocate for change from the ground up. This often includes organizing protests, campaigns, or community meetings to build momentum.
* '''Example''': The [[w:Civil_rights_movement|Civil Rights Movement]] in the U.S. used grassroots strategies like the [[w:Montgomery_bus_boycott|Montgomery Bus Boycott]] and [[w:Freedom_Riders|Freedom Rides]] to dismantle segregation.
* '''Salient Leverage Points''': Leverage Point: 12. Constants, [[w:Parameter|parameters]], and numbers (e.g., subsidies, taxes, standards). The Civil Rights Movement's [[w:Montgomery_bus_boycott|Montgomery Bus Boycott]] changed public transportation revenues (a parameter) and applied pressure for desegregation policies.

=== 2. Advocacy and Lobbying ===
[[File:P051702-149695.jpg|thumb|Gay couple with a child.]]
* '''Description''': Involves influencing policymakers and stakeholders to enact legislative or policy changes. Advocacy campaigns often include [[w:Petition|petitions]], public awareness drives, [[w:Lobbying|lobbying]], and meetings with officials.
* '''Example''': The [[w:Same-sex_marriage|marriage equality movement]] used lobbying efforts combined with public advocacy, culminating in the [[w:Obergefell_v._Hodges|U.S. Supreme Court’s decision]] to legalize same-sex marriage in 2015.
* '''Salient Leverage Points''': Leverage Point: 5. Rules of the system (incentives, punishments, constraints) The advocacy for marriage equality influenced laws and institutional rules, fundamentally altering societal incentives and constraints around same-sex relationships.

=== 3. Public Awareness Campaigns ===

* '''Description''': Uses media, art, and storytelling to educate the public and shift cultural attitudes on a specific issue. These campaigns often rely on [[w:Social_media|social media]], television ads, and [[w:Grassroots|grassroots]] outreach.
* '''Example''': The “[[w:It_Gets_Better_Project|It Gets Better]]” campaign helped change public attitudes toward LGBTQ+ youth, offering hope and combating bullying.
* '''Salient Leverage Points''': Leverage Point: 4. The power to add, change, or [[w:Spontaneous_order|self-organize]] system structure. The “It Gets Better” campaign created new networks of support, empowering individuals to challenge existing social norms.

=== 4. Coalition Building ===

* '''Description''': Brings together organizations, communities, and individuals with shared goals to amplify their impact through collaboration.
* '''Example''': The global coalition to ban landmines united [[w:Non-governmental_organization|NGOs]], activists, and governments, resulting in the [[w:Ottawa_Treaty|1997 Mine Ban Treaty]].
* '''Salient Leverage Points''': Leverage Point: 8. The strength of feedback loops. The global coalition to ban landmines amplified feedback by uniting diverse voices, ensuring mutual reinforcement and greater systemic impact.

=== 5. Nonviolent Direct Action ===
[[File:Marche_sel.jpg|thumb|Gandhi leading the famous 1930 Salt March, a notable example of satyagraha (nonviolent resistance)]]
* '''Description''': Involves peaceful demonstrations, [[w:Sit-in|sit-ins]], or acts of [[w:Civil_disobedience|civil disobedience]] to draw attention to an injustice and pressure change.
* '''Example''': Mahatma Gandhi’s [[w:Salt_March|Salt March]] in 1930 challenged British colonial rule and demonstrated the power of nonviolent resistance.
* '''Salient Leverage Points''': Leverage Point: 10. The structure of information flows (who does and does not have access to information.) Gandhi’s Salt March disrupted colonial economic structures and informed the public, empowering collective resistance.

=== 6. Policy Innovation and Pilots ===

* '''Description''': Proposing and testing new policies or solutions on a small scale before broader implementation. This approach demonstrates viability and minimizes risks.
* '''Example''': The [[w:Participatory_budgeting|participatory budgeting movement]], first implemented in Porto Alegre, Brazil, has empowered citizens to decide how municipal funds are allocated.
* '''Salient Leverage Points''': Leverage Point: 9. The gain around driving positive feedback loops. Participatory budgeting in Porto Alegre, Brazil, established a feedback loop where citizens’ involvement in budgeting decisions directly benefited their communities, reinforcing trust and participation.

=== 7. Strategic Litigation ===

* '''Description''': Using the legal system to set precedents, challenge unjust laws, or protect rights.
* '''Example''': [[w:Brown_v._Board_of_Education|Brown v. Board of Education]] (1954) ended racial segregation in U.S. public schools and set a legal precedent for civil rights.
* '''Salient Leverage Points''': Leverage Point: 5. Rules of the system (incentives, punishments, constraints). Example: Brown v. Board of Education changed the legal rules around racial segregation, forcing systemic compliance with new constraints.

=== 8. Education and Capacity Building ===

* '''Description''': Empowering individuals and communities through education, skill-building, and resource access to enable long-term change.
* '''Example''': [[w:Malala_Yousafzai#Continuing_activism|Malala Yousafzai’s activism]] has emphasized the importance of girls' education, leading to increased global investment in gender equality in schools.
* '''Salient Leverage Points''': Leverage Point: 10. The structure of information flows (who does and does not have access to information). Malala Yousafzai’s advocacy for girls’ education increased awareness and improved access to learning, altering societal priorities.

=== 9. Social Entrepreneurship ===

* '''Description''': Combining business principles with social impact goals to create sustainable solutions to societal problems.
* '''Example''': Organizations like [[w:Toms_Shoes#Philanthropy|TOMS Shoes]] operate on a “[[w:One_for_one|one-for-one]]” model, providing shoes to those in need with every purchase.
* '''Salient Leverage Points''': Leverage Point: 6. The structure of the system (e.g., the stock and flow of resources). TOMS Shoes introduced a sustainable system that linked consumer behavior directly to social impact, reallocating economic flows.

=== 10. Technology and Digital Activism ===

* '''Description''': Leveraging social media, mobile apps, and other digital tools to mobilize, inform, and organize people for social change.
* '''Example''': The #[[w:MeToo_movement|MeToo movement]] used social media to amplify survivors' voices and demand accountability for sexual harassment and assault.
* '''Salient Leverage Points''': Leverage Point: 10. The structure of information flows (who does and does not have access to information). The #MeToo movement leveraged social media to democratize access to information, challenging existing power dynamics.

=== 11. Cultural and Artistic Expression ===

* '''Description''': Using art, music, literature, and other cultural mediums to challenge norms, inspire empathy, and promote new ways of thinking.
* '''Example''': [[w:Bob_Dylan#Legacy|Bob Dylan’s protest songs]] became anthems for the Civil Rights and anti-war movements in the 1960s.
* '''Salient Leverage Points''': Leverage Point: 2. The mindset or paradigm out of which the system arises. Bob Dylan’s protest songs challenged dominant cultural paradigms, inspiring shifts in societal attitudes toward justice and freedom.

=== 12. Participatory Development ===

* '''Description''': Actively involving local communities in the design and implementation of development projects to ensure they are contextually appropriate and sustainable.
* '''Example''': Farmer-led agricultural programs in sub-Saharan Africa have increased food security by integrating local knowledge and needs.
* '''Salient Leverage Points''': Leverage Point: 6. The structure of the system (e.g., the stock and flow of resources). Farmer-led agricultural programs realigned resource flows and empowered local communities to influence their development.

=== 13. Private Sector Partnerships ===

* '''Description''': Collaborating with businesses to align profit motives with social good, such as [[w:Corporate_social_responsibility|corporate social responsibility]] (CSR) initiatives.
* '''Example''': [[w:Patagonia,_Inc.#Activism|Patagonia’s environmental campaigns]], including their commitment to sustainable manufacturing, highlight how businesses can drive positive change.
* '''Salient Leverage Points''': Leverage Point: 7. The rules and flows of the system. Patagonia’s environmental campaigns introduced rules and practices in business aligned with sustainability, altering market incentives.

=== 14. Systems Thinking and Holistic Approaches ===

* '''Description''': Addressing social issues by tackling underlying systems and interconnections rather than isolated symptoms.
* '''Example''': The “[[w:Housing_First|Housing First]]” model for [[w:Homelessness|homelessness]] focuses on providing stable housing as a foundation for addressing other issues like employment and mental health.
* '''Salient Leverage Points''': Leverage Point: 1. Transcending paradigms. The “Housing First” model transcends traditional paradigms about homelessness by focusing on stability as a prerequisite for addressing other issues.

=== 15. Data and Evidence-Based Approaches ===

* '''Description''': Using research and data to identify problems, test interventions, and scale solutions that work.
* '''Example''': The success of [[w:Microfinance|microfinance]] institutions like [[w:Grameen_Bank|Grameen Bank]] demonstrates how data-driven approaches can alleviate poverty.
* '''Salient Leverage Points''': Leverage Point: 11. Buffer sizes (stabilizing stocks in the system). Microfinance institutions like Grameen Bank increased economic stability for individuals, building resilience into the financial system.

=== 16. Youth Leadership and Mentorship ===

* '''Description''': Empowering young people to take leadership roles and contribute fresh perspectives to social change efforts.
* '''Example''': [[w:Greta_Thunberg#Activism|Greta Thunberg’s climate activism]] galvanized millions of young people to demand action on climate change.
* '''Salient Leverage Points''': Leverage Point: 3. The goals of the system. Greta Thunberg’s climate activism shifted public and governmental goals toward prioritizing sustainability and long-term climate action.

By combining these strategies and tailoring them to specific issues, significant and sustainable social change can be achieved. Each example showcases how these methods have successfully addressed pressing global challenges.

By targeting these specific leverage points, each example harnesses the power of systemic intervention, creating ripples of change that are amplified across society.

== Assignment ==

# Study the examples listed above.
# Be clear on [[what you can change and what you cannot]].
# Study the twelve leverage points identified by Donella Meadows.
# Identify [[Thinking Tools#Assisters and Resisters|assisters and resisters]].
# Refine [[Improving Social Systems#The Pitch|your pitch]]. Improve your [[w:Rhetoric|rhetoric]].
# Select the strategies, approaches, and techniques you’ll use to achieve your desired outcome and effect positive social change.
# Identify the communications channels you will use to spread your message. Consider traditional media channels,alternative media, and social media platforms
# Take the actions needed to [[Solving Problems|solve the identified problem]].

== Recommended Reading ==
Students who are interested in learning more about improving social systems may wish to read these books:

*{{Cite book|title=Influence: the psychology of persuasion|last=Cialdini|first=Robert B.|date=20|publisher=Collins|isbn=978-0-06-124189-5|edition=Rev. ed., [Nachdr.]|location=New York, NY}}
*{{Cite book|title=The power principle: influence with honor|last=Lee|first=Blaine|date=1997|publisher=Simon &amp; Schuster|isbn=978-0-684-81058-4|location=New York, NY}}
* {{cite book |last=Snyder |first=Timothy |author-link=w:Timothy_D._Snyder |date=February 28, 2017 |title=On Tyranny: Twenty Lessons from the Twentieth Century |publisher=Crown |pages=128 |isbn=978-0804190114}}
*	{{cite book |last=Snyder |first=Timothy |author-link=w:Timothy_D._Snyder |date=February 28, 2017 |title=On Tyranny: Twenty Lessons from the Twentieth Century |publisher=Crown |pages=128 |isbn=978-0804190114}}
*	{{cite book |last=Freinacht  |first=Hanzi  |date=March 10, 2017 |title=The Listening Society: A Metamodern Guide to Politics |publisher=Metamoderna ApS |pages=414 |isbn=978-8799973903}}
*	{{cite book |last=Freinacht  |first=Hanzi  |date=May 29, 2019 |title=Nordic Ideology: A Metamodern Guide to Politics |publisher=Metamoderna ApS |pages=495 |isbn=978-8799973927}} Nordic Ideology
*	{{cite book |last=Sharp |first=Gene |author-link=w:Gene_Sharp |date=September 4, 2012 |title=From Dictatorship to Democracy: A Conceptual Framework for Liberation |publisher=The New Press |pages=160 |isbn=978-1595588500}}
*	{{cite book |last=Manzi |first=Jim  |author-link=w:Jim_Manzi_(software_entrepreneur) |date=May 1, 2012 |title=Uncontrolled: The Surprising Payoff of Trial-and-Error for Business, Politics, and Society  |publisher=Basic Books |pages=320 |isbn=978-0465023240}}
*	{{cite book |last1=Gehl |first1=Katherine M. |last2=Porter |first2=Michael E. |author-link=w:Michael_Porter |date=June 23, 2020 |title=The Politics Industry: How Political Innovation Can Break Partisan Gridlock and Save Our Democracy  |publisher=Harvard Business Review Press |pages=272 |isbn=978-1633699236}} 
*	{{cite book |last=Bok |first=Derek  |author-link=w:Derek_Bok |date=February 21, 2010 |title=The Politics of Happiness: What Government Can Learn from the New Research on Well-Being |publisher=Princeton University Press |pages=272 |isbn=978-0691144894}}
*	{{cite book |last=Reich |first=Robert B. |date=February 20, 2018 |title=The Common Good  |publisher=Knopf |pages=208 |isbn=978-0525520498 |author-link=w:Robert_Reich }}
*	{{cite book |last=Christakis |first=Nicholas A. |author-link=w:Nicholas_Christakis |date=March 26, 2019 |title=Blueprint: The Evolutionary Origins of a Good Society |publisher=Little, Brown Spark |pages=441  |isbn=978-0316230032}} 
*	{{cite book |last=Ridley |first=Matt |author-link=w:Matt_Ridley |date=October 25, 2016 |title=The Evolution of Everything: How New Ideas Emerge |publisher=Harper Perennial |pages=368 |isbn=978-0062296016}} 
*{{cite book |last=Diamond |first=Jared  |author-link=w:Jared_Diamond |date=January 4, 2011 |title=Collapse: How Societies Choose to Fail or Succeed |publisher=Penguin Books |pages=608 |isbn=978-0143117001}}
I have not yet read the following books, but they seem interesting and relevant. They are listed here to invite further research.

* {{Cite book|title=The Darwinian trap: the hidden evolutionary forces that explain our world (and threaten our future)|last=Rönn|first=Kristian|date=2024|publisher=Crown Currency|isbn=978-0-593-59406-3|edition=First edition|location=New York}}

== References ==
&lt;references/&gt;

[[Category:Applied Wisdom]]


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      <text bytes="35184" sha1="3fzqq9tpw6trpa5c1ohuxfrbv0uhxrp" xml:space="preserve">—Steps Toward a Better World

== Introduction ==
[[File:Improving_Social_Structures.png|thumb|We can improve the social structures that organize people.]]
{{TOC right | limit|limit=2}}

[[w:Social_change|Social change]] refers to altering the social order within a society, encompassing modifications in social institutions, social behaviors, or social relationships. At a broader scale, it can lead to significant transformations, either within a society or even the entire society.

Because improving social systems is very difficult, this course begins by exploring what you want to change and why you want to change it, before exploring how to change the system.

== Objectives ==
The objective of this course is to help people improve social systems.

== What do you want? ==
Improving social systems is a demanding task that often requires decades of dedicated effort from a many highly motivated and skilled people. Studying the histories of successful and unsuccessful social movements provides valuable insights and preparation for the challenges ahead. Moreover, it is crucial to clearly describe the benefits of the change and its significance to the broader society. Effective communication and persuasion are essential to engage the diverse group of supporters whose work will be required to carry out this transformation.

=== This Will be Difficult ===
It is useful to study the history of [[w:List_of_social_movements|several social movements]] that have occurred throughout recent history. The histories of abolition, women’s suffrage, and LGBTQ movements are briefly described here to illustrate the magnitude of the efforts, and to identify successful and unsuccessful strategies and tactics.

==== Abolition ====
[[w:Abolitionism|Abolitionism]], or the abolitionist movement, is the movement to end slavery and liberate enslaved individuals around the world.
[[File:UncleTomsCabinCover.jpg|right|thumb|''[[wikipedia:Uncle Tom's Cabin|Uncle Tom's Cabin]]'' inflamed public opinion in the North and Britain against the evils of slavery.]]
The [[w:Timeline_of_abolition_of_slavery_and_serfdom|timeline of abolition of slavery and serfdom]] extends from [[w:Slavery_in_antiquity|ancient times]] through the present day. 

The [[w:Code_of_Ur-Nammu|Code of Ur-Nammu]], the oldest surviving law code, written around 2100 – 2050 BCE, includes laws about slaves in Sumerian Mesopotamia. It states that a slave who marries can’t be forced to leave the household, and returning an escaped slave earns two [[w:Shekel|shekels]]. It reveals two major [[w:Social_stratification|social strata]]: free people and slaves.

The first country to fully outlaw slavery was France in 1315, but slavery was later used in its colonies.

Under the actions of [[w:Toyotomi_Hideyoshi#Cultural_legacy|Toyotomi Hideyoshi]], [[w:Slavery#Chattel_slavery|chattel slavery]] has been abolished across Japan since 1590, though other forms of forced labor were used during World War II. The first and only country to self-liberate from slavery was a former French colony, Haiti, because of the Revolution of 1791–1804.

The [[w:Abolitionism_in_the_United_Kingdom|British abolitionist movement]] began in the late 18th century, and the 1772 Somersett case established that slavery did not exist in English law. In 1807, the slave trade was made illegal throughout the British Empire, though existing slaves in British colonies were not liberated until the Slavery Abolition Act in 1833.

In the [[w:Abolitionism_in_the_United_States|United States, abolitionism]], was active from the [[w:Colonial_history_of_the_United_States|colonial era]] until the end of the [[w:American_Civil_War|American Civil War]], which brought about the abolition of American slavery, except as punishment for a crime, through passage of the Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution, ratified 1865.

Despite the 1865 abolition of slavery in the United States, there is much work still to be done. The [[w:Civil_rights_movement|civil rights movement]] continues to expand the rights provided to blacks. Although this movement was most active from 1954 through 1968, the struggle for equal rights continues today.

==== Women’s Suffrage ====
[[w:Women's_suffrage|Women's suffrage]] – the right of women to vote – has been achieved at various times in countries throughout the world. In many nations, women's suffrage was granted before [[w:Universal_suffrage|universal suffrage]], in which cases women and men from certain socioeconomic classes or races were still unable to vote. 
[[File:Inez Milholland 1913 two.jpg|thumb|[[w:Inez Milholland|Inez Milholland]] led the procession.]]
The [[w:Timeline_of_women's_suffrage|timeline of women’s suffrage]] worldwide extends from 1689 through the present, and is far from complete worldwide. The [[w:Timeline_of_women's_suffrage_in_the_United_States|timeline of women's suffrage in the United States]] begins in the 1780’s. The [[w:Woman_Suffrage_Procession|Woman Suffrage Procession of 1913]] was a significant event in this movement.

Although the [[w:Nineteenth_Amendment_to_the_U.S._Constitution|Nineteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution]] giving women the right to vote was ratified in 1920, it was not until the 1960’s that poll taxes and literacy tests were abolished, racial discrimination in voting was reduced, and poll taxes were eliminated at all levels of government. It was not until 1984 that Mississippi became the last state in the union to ratify the Nineteenth Amendment

The [[w:Timeline_of_women's_legal_rights_(other_than_voting)|timeline of women's legal rights in addition to voting]] is also very long. [[w:Feminist_movement|Feminist movements]], including efforts to pass the [[w:Equal_Rights_Amendment|Equal Rights Amendment]] are on-going.

==== LGBTQ movements ====
Lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender and queer ([[w:LGBTQ|LGBTQ]]) [[w:LGBTQ_movements|movements]] are social movements that advocate for LGBTQ people in society. These movements have a [[w:Timeline_of_LGBTQ_history|long history around the world]]. The [[w:Timeline_of_LGBTQ_history_in_the_United_States|timeline of LGBTQ history in the United States]] begins as early as 1860 and is still ongoing. The [[w:Stonewall_riots|Stonewall riots]], which occurred June 28, 1969, is widely considered a turning point for gay rights in the United States. 

===== Assignment =====

# Scan this list of [[w:List_of_social_movements|social movements]].
# Identify a few that seem most like what you are planning.
# Study the history of those movements in depth to learn what did and did not work.
# Learn from this history.

=== What Do You Want to Have Happen? ===
Make certain that the changes you are planning are in the direction of [[Living Wisely/Seeking Real Good|real good]]. Be clear what it is you want to have happen. 

==== Assignment ====

# Read the essay [[Living Wisely/Seeking Real Good|Seeking Real Good]].
# Complete the Wikiversity course [[Moral Reasoning]].
# Read the essay [[Evolving Governments/Good Government|Good Government]]. 
# Carefully consider the question “[[Exploring Existential Concerns/What Ought We Do?|What ought we do]]?”
# Study the Wikiversity course on [[Problem Finding]].
# Answer the three questions: “What do you want?” “What is true?” and “What are you going to do about it?”
# Optionally complete the [[Evolving Governments#Possibilities|Possibilities assignment]] in the [[Evolving Governments]] course. 

=== Why do you want this? ===
Because many people need to remain highly motivated to carry out the required improvements, it is important to be clear with yourself and others why this change is necessary and why it will provide benefits for many people.

==== Assignment ====

# Identify the [[Thinking Tools#Assisters and Resisters|assistors and resistors]] to the proposed changes.
# Write down, as clearly as possible, the main reason, and several supporting reasons why you want this improvement to happen. Use clear, concise, and powerful language. Be persuasive. Include both rational and emotional appeals. These will be used to engage assistors. 
# Write down, as clearly as possible, the main reason, and supporting reasons why others will benefit from this improvement. Use clear, concise, and powerful language. Include both rational and emotional appeals. This will be used to gain a broad base of support.
# Consider who will be opposed to this change, and why they will be opposed. Learn what they have at stake. Understand their actual and potential arguments as deeply and fully as you can. Create counterarguments that appeal both rationally and emotionally. These will be used to mitigate opposition by your resisters.  

=== The Pitch ===
Decide how you will communicate the nature and importance of this improvement to your advocates and your opponents.

==== Assignment ====

# Study successful [[w:Elevator_pitch|elevator pitches]]. 
# Study successful [[w:Slogan|slogans]]. 
# Study [[w:List_of_speeches|influential speeches]] given by [[w:Orator|prominent orators]].
# Study successful [[w:Long-form_journalism|long-form journalism]] articles.
# Write your first-draft elevator pitch, slogans, speech, and long-form journalism articles.
# [[Writing/Requesting Feedback|Request feedback]] on these communications materials from strong supporters, potential supporters, and likely resisters. 
# Improve the [[w:Rhetoric|rhetoric]]. 
# Continue to revise, refine, and improve your communications methods, and materials.

== Theories of Social Change ==
[[w:Social_change|Social change]], the transformation of cultural, social, political, or economic structures over time, is explained by several prevailing theories.&lt;ref&gt;[[w:ChatGPT|ChatGPT]] generated this text, responding to the prompt: “What are the prevailing theories of social change?”.&lt;/ref&gt; Each theory highlights different factors and mechanisms driving change, ranging from material conditions to ideas and collective actions. 

Understanding these theories of social change can help to develop effective strategies for the work.

Here are major theories of social change:

=== 1. Evolutionary Theory ===

* '''Overview''': [[w:Sociocultural_evolution|Evolutionary theory]] views social change as a gradual and progressive process, often likened to biological evolution. Societies move through stages of development, from simple to complex, as they adapt to their environment.
* '''Key Proponents''': [[w:Auguste_Comte|Auguste Comte]], [[w:Herbert_Spencer|Herbert Spencer]]
* '''Key Concepts''':
** Societies evolve from primitive to advanced forms.
** Change is inevitable and continuous.
* '''Criticisms''': Overemphasis on linear progress and failure to account for abrupt or regressive changes.
* The Wikiversity courses on [[Evolving Governments]], [[Evolving Money]], and [[Intentional Evolution]] use this strategy.

=== 2. Conflict Theory ===

* '''Overview''': [[w:Conflict_theories|Conflict theory]] proposes that social change arises from conflicts between groups with opposing interests, often driven by power and resource inequalities. Change typically occurs through [[w:Revolution|revolution]] or [[w:Reform|reform]].
* '''Key Proponents''': [[w:Karl_Marx|Karl Marx]], [[w:Friedrich_Engels|Friedrich Engels]]
* '''Key Concepts''':
** [[w:Class_conflict|Class struggle]] (e.g., between the [[w:Bourgeoisie|bourgeoisie]] and [[w:Proletariat|proletariat]]) is a primary driver of change.
** Conflict over resources and power leads to systemic transformation.
* '''Modern Applications''': [[w:Feminist_theoryt|Feminist theory]], [[w:Critical_race_theory|critical race theory]]
* '''Criticisms''': May overemphasize conflict and neglect cooperation as a driver of change.

=== 3. Functionalist Theory ===

* '''Overview''': In [[w:Structural_functionalism|Functionalist Theory]] social change is seen as a process to restore balance or equilibrium in society when dysfunctions arise. Changes often occur incrementally to maintain stability.
* '''Key Proponents''': [[w:Émile_Durkheim|Émile Durkheim]], [[w:Talcott_Parsons|Talcott Parsons]]
* '''Key Concepts''':
** Institutions evolve to meet new needs or correct imbalances.
** Social change is adaptive and preserves [[w:Social_order|social order]].
* '''Criticisms''': Tends to ignore power dynamics and conflict as drivers of change.

=== 4. Cyclical Theory ===

* '''Overview''': In [[w:Social_cycle_theory|cyclical theory]] social change is seen as recurring in cycles, often characterized by periods of growth, stability, decline, and renewal. It challenges the notion of linear progress.
* '''Key Proponents''': [[w:Oswald_Spengler|Oswald Spengler]], [[w:Arnold_J._Toynbee|Arnold Toynbee]], [[w:Pitirim_Sorokin|Pitirim Sorokin]]
* '''Key Concepts''':
** Societies or civilizations rise and fall in predictable patterns.
** Change is not necessarily progressive; regression or collapse is possible.
* '''Criticisms''': Overemphasis on fatalistic cycles; limited predictive power.

=== 5. Modernization Theory ===

* '''Overview''': [[w:Modernization_theory|Modernization theory]] proposes that social change occurs as traditional societies adopt modern practices and technologies. It emphasizes the transition from [[w:Agrarian_society|agrarian]] to [[w:Industrial_society|industrial societies]].
* '''Key Proponents''': [[w:Walt_Rostow|W.W. Rostow]], [[w:Daniel_Lerner|Daniel Lerner]]
* '''Key Concepts''':
** Economic development and technological advancement drive change.
** Traditional values and practices are replaced by rationality and efficiency.
* '''Criticisms''': Often [[w:Ethnocentrism|ethnocentric]] and dismissive of non-Western developmental paths.

=== 6. Dependency Theory ===

* '''Overview''': [[w:Dependency_theory|Dependency theory]] proposes that social change is shaped by the global economic system, where developed nations exploit underdeveloped ones, creating dependency and limiting their growth.
* '''Key Proponents''': [[w:Andre_Gunder_Frank|Andre Gunder Frank]], [[w:Immanuel_Wallerstein|Immanuel Wallerstein]] ([[w:World-systems_theory|world-systems theory]])
* '''Key Concepts''':
** Core-periphery dynamics perpetuate inequalities.
** Change requires breaking free from exploitative systems.
* '''Criticisms''': Often criticized for economic determinism and oversimplification of global dynamics.

=== 7. Cultural Lag Theory ===

* '''Overview''': [[w:Cultural_lag|Cultural lag theory]] proposes that social change occurs unevenly, with material culture (technology, tools) advancing faster than non-material culture (values, norms), creating a “lag” that causes tension and adaptation.
* '''Key Proponents''': [[w:William_Fielding_Ogburn|William F. Ogburn]]
* '''Key Concepts''':
** Technological innovation is a primary driver of change.
** Society must adapt its values and institutions to technological shifts.
* '''Criticisms''': Underestimates the role of intentional cultural shifts and agency.

=== 8. Collective Behavior and Social Movements Theory ===

* '''Overview''': Collective Behavior and [[w:Social_movement_theory|Social Movements Theory]] proposes that social change emerges through collective actions, such as [[w:Protest|protests]], revolutions, or movements, driven by shared grievances or goals.
* '''Key Proponents''': [[w:Neil_Smelser|Neil Smelser]], [[w:Charles_Tilly|Charles Tilly]]
* '''Key Concepts''':
** Social movements arise from resource mobilization and shared ideologies.
** [[w:Collective_identity|Collective identity]] and leadership play critical roles.
* '''Criticisms''': Focuses heavily on short-term movements, sometimes neglecting broader structural changes.

=== 9. Postmodern Theories ===

* '''Overview''': [[w:Postmodern_philosophy|Postmodern Theories]] reject the notion of universal explanations for social change, emphasizing [[w:Pluralism_(political_philosophy)|pluralism]], local narratives, and cultural diversity.
* '''Key Proponents''': [[w:Michel_Foucault|Michel Foucault]], [[w:Jean_Baudrillard|Jean Baudrillard]]
* '''Key Concepts''':
** Power and knowledge are central to understanding change.
** Social change is fragmented and context specific.
* '''Criticisms''': Often criticized for relativism and lack of practical applications.

=== 10. Environmental Determinism and Ecological Theory ===

* '''Overview''': [[w:Environmental_determinism|Environmental Determinism]] and Ecological Theory emphasize the impact of environmental factors, such as climate or geography, on societal structures and change.
* '''Key Proponents''': [[w:Jared_Diamond|Jared Diamond]], [[w:Lester_R._Brown|Lester Brown]]
* '''Key Concepts''':
** Environmental constraints or crises often drive systemic change.
** [[w:Sustainability|Sustainability]] is critical for future transformation.
* '''Criticisms''': Risks underestimating human agency and innovation.

=== Conclusion ===
Each theory offers a unique lens to understand the dynamics of social change, often complementing others. Effective analyses typically combine multiple theories, recognizing the complexity of social systems and the interplay of economic, cultural, technological, and environmental factors. 

== Influence and Persuasion ==
[[w:Social_influence|Influence]] and [[w:Persuasion|persuasion]] are two powerful forces that shape human interactions and societal progress. While they are closely related, each term carries distinct meanings and implications. ''Influence'' refers to the capacity to affect the thoughts, feelings, or behaviors of others, often subtly and indirectly.  

''Persuasion'', on the other hand, involves the deliberate attempt to convince someone to adopt a specific belief, attitude, or course of action. Both can be used for pro-social or anti-social purposes, depending on the intent and [[Moral Reasoning|ethical considerations]] of those wielding them. This course explores these concepts, their strategies, and their potential applications.

Improving social systems demands the skillful application and strategic navigation of various modes of influence and persuasive methods.

=== Assignment ===

# Study the Wikiversity course on [[Influence and Persuasion]].
# Plan effective use of the modes of influence and the methods of persuasion.
# Beware of influences and persuasions that are detrimental to your work.
## Learn from, adopt, and amplify influences that are [[Living Wisely/Seeking Real Good|real good]].
## Avoid, resist, or dispute influences that are not [[Living Wisely/Seeking Real Good|real good]]. 

== Leverage Points ==
[[w:Twelve_leverage_points|Twelve leverage points]] that are the most effective places to intervene in a system were proposed by [[w:Donella_Meadows|Donella Meadows]], a scientist and system analyst who studied environmental limits to economic growth.

=== Assignment ===

# Study the [[w:Twelve_leverage_points|twelve leverage points]].
## Studying these [[/Leverage Point Examples/|additional leverage point examples]] may also be helpful.
# Identify the leverage points that can be most effective in achieving the improvements you seek.

== Effective Change Strategies and Examples ==
Below is a list of some of the most effective strategies, approaches, and techniques for achieving positive [[w:Social_change|social change]], along with examples of their successful implementation:&lt;ref&gt;[[w:ChatGPT|ChatGPT]] generated this text responding to two prompts: 1) “List and briefly describe the most effective strategies, approaches, and techniques for achieving effective positive social change. Cite important examples of each. “2)  “Identify the leverage points, selected from the Twelve leverage points identified by Donella Meadows, used in each of the examples.” The responses were then merged and lightly edited 

&lt;/ref&gt;

Understanding these change strategies can help to develop effective strategies for the work.

=== 1. Grassroots Mobilization ===

* '''Description''': Involves engaging local communities to advocate for change from the ground up. This often includes organizing protests, campaigns, or community meetings to build momentum.
* '''Example''': The [[w:Civil_rights_movement|Civil Rights Movement]] in the U.S. used grassroots strategies like the [[w:Montgomery_bus_boycott|Montgomery Bus Boycott]] and [[w:Freedom_Riders|Freedom Rides]] to dismantle segregation.
* '''Salient Leverage Points''': Leverage Point: 12. Constants, [[w:Parameter|parameters]], and numbers (e.g., subsidies, taxes, standards). The Civil Rights Movement's [[w:Montgomery_bus_boycott|Montgomery Bus Boycott]] changed public transportation revenues (a parameter) and applied pressure for desegregation policies.

=== 2. Advocacy and Lobbying ===
[[File:P051702-149695.jpg|thumb|Gay couple with a child.]]
* '''Description''': Involves influencing policymakers and stakeholders to enact legislative or policy changes. Advocacy campaigns often include [[w:Petition|petitions]], public awareness drives, [[w:Lobbying|lobbying]], and meetings with officials.
* '''Example''': The [[w:Same-sex_marriage|marriage equality movement]] used lobbying efforts combined with public advocacy, culminating in the [[w:Obergefell_v._Hodges|U.S. Supreme Court’s decision]] to legalize same-sex marriage in 2015.
* '''Salient Leverage Points''': Leverage Point: 5. Rules of the system (incentives, punishments, constraints) The advocacy for marriage equality influenced laws and institutional rules, fundamentally altering societal incentives and constraints around same-sex relationships.

=== 3. Public Awareness Campaigns ===

* '''Description''': Uses media, art, and storytelling to educate the public and shift cultural attitudes on a specific issue. These campaigns often rely on [[w:Social_media|social media]], television ads, and [[w:Grassroots|grassroots]] outreach.
* '''Example''': The “[[w:It_Gets_Better_Project|It Gets Better]]” campaign helped change public attitudes toward LGBTQ+ youth, offering hope and combating bullying.
* '''Salient Leverage Points''': Leverage Point: 4. The power to add, change, or [[w:Spontaneous_order|self-organize]] system structure. The “It Gets Better” campaign created new networks of support, empowering individuals to challenge existing social norms.

=== 4. Coalition Building ===

* '''Description''': Brings together organizations, communities, and individuals with shared goals to amplify their impact through collaboration.
* '''Example''': The global coalition to ban landmines united [[w:Non-governmental_organization|NGOs]], activists, and governments, resulting in the [[w:Ottawa_Treaty|1997 Mine Ban Treaty]].
* '''Salient Leverage Points''': Leverage Point: 8. The strength of feedback loops. The global coalition to ban landmines amplified feedback by uniting diverse voices, ensuring mutual reinforcement and greater systemic impact.

=== 5. Nonviolent Direct Action ===
[[File:Marche_sel.jpg|thumb|Gandhi leading the famous 1930 Salt March, a notable example of satyagraha (nonviolent resistance)]]
* '''Description''': Involves peaceful demonstrations, [[w:Sit-in|sit-ins]], or acts of [[w:Civil_disobedience|civil disobedience]] to draw attention to an injustice and pressure change.
* '''Example''': Mahatma Gandhi’s [[w:Salt_March|Salt March]] in 1930 challenged British colonial rule and demonstrated the power of nonviolent resistance.
* '''Salient Leverage Points''': Leverage Point: 10. The structure of information flows (who does and does not have access to information.) Gandhi’s Salt March disrupted colonial economic structures and informed the public, empowering collective resistance.

=== 6. Policy Innovation and Pilots ===

* '''Description''': Proposing and testing new policies or solutions on a small scale before broader implementation. This approach demonstrates viability and minimizes risks.
* '''Example''': The [[w:Participatory_budgeting|participatory budgeting movement]], first implemented in Porto Alegre, Brazil, has empowered citizens to decide how municipal funds are allocated.
* '''Salient Leverage Points''': Leverage Point: 9. The gain around driving positive feedback loops. Participatory budgeting in Porto Alegre, Brazil, established a feedback loop where citizens’ involvement in budgeting decisions directly benefited their communities, reinforcing trust and participation.

=== 7. Strategic Litigation ===

* '''Description''': Using the legal system to set precedents, challenge unjust laws, or protect rights.
* '''Example''': [[w:Brown_v._Board_of_Education|Brown v. Board of Education]] (1954) ended racial segregation in U.S. public schools and set a legal precedent for civil rights.
* '''Salient Leverage Points''': Leverage Point: 5. Rules of the system (incentives, punishments, constraints). Example: Brown v. Board of Education changed the legal rules around racial segregation, forcing systemic compliance with new constraints.

=== 8. Education and Capacity Building ===

* '''Description''': Empowering individuals and communities through education, skill-building, and resource access to enable long-term change.
* '''Example''': [[w:Malala_Yousafzai#Continuing_activism|Malala Yousafzai’s activism]] has emphasized the importance of girls' education, leading to increased global investment in gender equality in schools.
* '''Salient Leverage Points''': Leverage Point: 10. The structure of information flows (who does and does not have access to information). Malala Yousafzai’s advocacy for girls’ education increased awareness and improved access to learning, altering societal priorities.

=== 9. Social Entrepreneurship ===

* '''Description''': Combining business principles with social impact goals to create sustainable solutions to societal problems.
* '''Example''': Organizations like [[w:Toms_Shoes#Philanthropy|TOMS Shoes]] operate on a “[[w:One_for_one|one-for-one]]” model, providing shoes to those in need with every purchase.
* '''Salient Leverage Points''': Leverage Point: 6. The structure of the system (e.g., the stock and flow of resources). TOMS Shoes introduced a sustainable system that linked consumer behavior directly to social impact, reallocating economic flows.

=== 10. Technology and Digital Activism ===

* '''Description''': Leveraging social media, mobile apps, and other digital tools to mobilize, inform, and organize people for social change.
* '''Example''': The #[[w:MeToo_movement|MeToo movement]] used social media to amplify survivors' voices and demand accountability for sexual harassment and assault.
* '''Salient Leverage Points''': Leverage Point: 10. The structure of information flows (who does and does not have access to information). The #MeToo movement leveraged social media to democratize access to information, challenging existing power dynamics.

=== 11. Cultural and Artistic Expression ===

* '''Description''': Using art, music, literature, and other cultural mediums to challenge norms, inspire empathy, and promote new ways of thinking.
* '''Example''': [[w:Bob_Dylan#Legacy|Bob Dylan’s protest songs]] became anthems for the Civil Rights and anti-war movements in the 1960s.
* '''Salient Leverage Points''': Leverage Point: 2. The mindset or paradigm out of which the system arises. Bob Dylan’s protest songs challenged dominant cultural paradigms, inspiring shifts in societal attitudes toward justice and freedom.

=== 12. Participatory Development ===

* '''Description''': Actively involving local communities in the design and implementation of development projects to ensure they are contextually appropriate and sustainable.
* '''Example''': Farmer-led agricultural programs in sub-Saharan Africa have increased food security by integrating local knowledge and needs.
* '''Salient Leverage Points''': Leverage Point: 6. The structure of the system (e.g., the stock and flow of resources). Farmer-led agricultural programs realigned resource flows and empowered local communities to influence their development.

=== 13. Private Sector Partnerships ===

* '''Description''': Collaborating with businesses to align profit motives with social good, such as [[w:Corporate_social_responsibility|corporate social responsibility]] (CSR) initiatives.
* '''Example''': [[w:Patagonia,_Inc.#Activism|Patagonia’s environmental campaigns]], including their commitment to sustainable manufacturing, highlight how businesses can drive positive change.
* '''Salient Leverage Points''': Leverage Point: 7. The rules and flows of the system. Patagonia’s environmental campaigns introduced rules and practices in business aligned with sustainability, altering market incentives.

=== 14. Systems Thinking and Holistic Approaches ===

* '''Description''': Addressing social issues by tackling underlying systems and interconnections rather than isolated symptoms.
* '''Example''': The “[[w:Housing_First|Housing First]]” model for [[w:Homelessness|homelessness]] focuses on providing stable housing as a foundation for addressing other issues like employment and mental health.
* '''Salient Leverage Points''': Leverage Point: 1. Transcending paradigms. The “Housing First” model transcends traditional paradigms about homelessness by focusing on stability as a prerequisite for addressing other issues.

=== 15. Data and Evidence-Based Approaches ===

* '''Description''': Using research and data to identify problems, test interventions, and scale solutions that work.
* '''Example''': The success of [[w:Microfinance|microfinance]] institutions like [[w:Grameen_Bank|Grameen Bank]] demonstrates how data-driven approaches can alleviate poverty.
* '''Salient Leverage Points''': Leverage Point: 11. Buffer sizes (stabilizing stocks in the system). Microfinance institutions like Grameen Bank increased economic stability for individuals, building resilience into the financial system.

=== 16. Youth Leadership and Mentorship ===

* '''Description''': Empowering young people to take leadership roles and contribute fresh perspectives to social change efforts.
* '''Example''': [[w:Greta_Thunberg#Activism|Greta Thunberg’s climate activism]] galvanized millions of young people to demand action on climate change.
* '''Salient Leverage Points''': Leverage Point: 3. The goals of the system. Greta Thunberg’s climate activism shifted public and governmental goals toward prioritizing sustainability and long-term climate action.

By combining these strategies and tailoring them to specific issues, significant and sustainable social change can be achieved. Each example showcases how these methods have successfully addressed pressing global challenges.

By targeting these specific leverage points, each example harnesses the power of systemic intervention, creating ripples of change that are amplified across society.

== Assignment ==

# Study the examples listed above.
# Be clear on [[what you can change and what you cannot]].
# Study the twelve leverage points identified by Donella Meadows.
# Identify [[Thinking Tools#Assisters and Resisters|assisters and resisters]].
# Refine [[Improving Social Systems#The Pitch|your pitch]]. Improve your [[w:Rhetoric|rhetoric]].
# Select the strategies, approaches, and techniques you’ll use to achieve your desired outcome and effect positive social change.
# Identify the communications channels you will use to spread your message. Consider traditional media channels,alternative media, and social media platforms
# Take the actions needed to [[Solving Problems|solve the identified problem]].

== Recommended Reading ==
Students who are interested in learning more about improving social systems may wish to read these books:

*{{Cite book|title=Influence: the psychology of persuasion|last=Cialdini|first=Robert B.|date=20|publisher=Collins|isbn=978-0-06-124189-5|edition=Rev. ed., [Nachdr.]|location=New York, NY}}
*{{Cite book|title=The power principle: influence with honor|last=Lee|first=Blaine|date=1997|publisher=Simon &amp; Schuster|isbn=978-0-684-81058-4|location=New York, NY}}
* {{cite book |last=Snyder |first=Timothy |author-link=w:Timothy_D._Snyder |date=February 28, 2017 |title=On Tyranny: Twenty Lessons from the Twentieth Century |publisher=Crown |pages=128 |isbn=978-0804190114}}
*	{{cite book |last=Snyder |first=Timothy |author-link=w:Timothy_D._Snyder |date=February 28, 2017 |title=On Tyranny: Twenty Lessons from the Twentieth Century |publisher=Crown |pages=128 |isbn=978-0804190114}}
*	{{cite book |last=Freinacht  |first=Hanzi  |date=March 10, 2017 |title=The Listening Society: A Metamodern Guide to Politics |publisher=Metamoderna ApS |pages=414 |isbn=978-8799973903}}
*	{{cite book |last=Freinacht  |first=Hanzi  |date=May 29, 2019 |title=Nordic Ideology: A Metamodern Guide to Politics |publisher=Metamoderna ApS |pages=495 |isbn=978-8799973927}} Nordic Ideology
*	{{cite book |last=Sharp |first=Gene |author-link=w:Gene_Sharp |date=September 4, 2012 |title=From Dictatorship to Democracy: A Conceptual Framework for Liberation |publisher=The New Press |pages=160 |isbn=978-1595588500}}
*	{{cite book |last=Manzi |first=Jim  |author-link=w:Jim_Manzi_(software_entrepreneur) |date=May 1, 2012 |title=Uncontrolled: The Surprising Payoff of Trial-and-Error for Business, Politics, and Society  |publisher=Basic Books |pages=320 |isbn=978-0465023240}}
*	{{cite book |last1=Gehl |first1=Katherine M. |last2=Porter |first2=Michael E. |author-link=w:Michael_Porter |date=June 23, 2020 |title=The Politics Industry: How Political Innovation Can Break Partisan Gridlock and Save Our Democracy  |publisher=Harvard Business Review Press |pages=272 |isbn=978-1633699236}} 
*	{{cite book |last=Bok |first=Derek  |author-link=w:Derek_Bok |date=February 21, 2010 |title=The Politics of Happiness: What Government Can Learn from the New Research on Well-Being |publisher=Princeton University Press |pages=272 |isbn=978-0691144894}}
*	{{cite book |last=Reich |first=Robert B. |date=February 20, 2018 |title=The Common Good  |publisher=Knopf |pages=208 |isbn=978-0525520498 |author-link=w:Robert_Reich }}
*	{{cite book |last=Christakis |first=Nicholas A. |author-link=w:Nicholas_Christakis |date=March 26, 2019 |title=Blueprint: The Evolutionary Origins of a Good Society |publisher=Little, Brown Spark |pages=441  |isbn=978-0316230032}} 
*	{{cite book |last=Ridley |first=Matt |author-link=w:Matt_Ridley |date=October 25, 2016 |title=The Evolution of Everything: How New Ideas Emerge |publisher=Harper Perennial |pages=368 |isbn=978-0062296016}} 
*{{cite book |last=Diamond |first=Jared  |author-link=w:Jared_Diamond |date=January 4, 2011 |title=Collapse: How Societies Choose to Fail or Succeed |publisher=Penguin Books |pages=608 |isbn=978-0143117001}}
I have not yet read the following books, but they seem interesting and relevant. They are listed here to invite further research.

* {{Cite book|title=The Darwinian trap: the hidden evolutionary forces that explain our world (and threaten our future)|last=Rönn|first=Kristian|date=2024|publisher=Crown Currency|isbn=978-0-593-59406-3|edition=First edition|location=New York}}

== References ==
&lt;references/&gt;

[[Category:Applied Wisdom]]


{{CourseCat}} 
{{Possibilities}}</text>
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      <comment>New resource with &quot;{{dh-box|top row of Ч matrix calculated in Python}} &lt;source lang=&quot;python&quot;&gt; from discretehelpers.boolf import Boolf   def fun(arity):     linear = ~Boolf(multi_xor=range(arity))    # negated XOR of all arguments (top row of Щ matrix)     right_bit = Boolf(multi_and=range(arity))  # AND of all arguments     boolf = (linear ^ right_bit).reverse       # their XOR (top row of Ш matrix), then reversed     return boolf.twin(arity).reverse           # its Zhegalkin twin, then...&quot;</comment>
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      <text bytes="776" sha1="hjci1yucxu0k9o97nood899e0l1tthn" xml:space="preserve">{{dh-box|top row of Ч matrix calculated in Python}}
&lt;source lang=&quot;python&quot;&gt;
from discretehelpers.boolf import Boolf


def fun(arity):
    linear = ~Boolf(multi_xor=range(arity))    # negated XOR of all arguments (top row of Щ matrix)
    right_bit = Boolf(multi_and=range(arity))  # AND of all arguments
    boolf = (linear ^ right_bit).reverse       # their XOR (top row of Ш matrix), then reversed
    return boolf.twin(arity).reverse           # its Zhegalkin twin, then reversed


for i in range(1, 5):
    boolf = fun(i)
    print(i, boolf, boolf.zhe)
&lt;/source&gt;

&lt;source&gt;
1 Boolf('01') 2
2 Boolf('1000') 15
3 Boolf('1110 1001') 233
4 Boolf('1111 1110 1110 1000') 59521
&lt;/source&gt;
|}&lt;!-- end of dh-box --&gt;&lt;noinclude&gt;
[[Category:Mentors of Boolean functions]]
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==13.1 Cancer: Definitions and Prevalence==</text>
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      <text bytes="9878" sha1="mjseo4092qteuf81wykswhsvln97z61" xml:space="preserve">In 2019, more than 1.7 million new cases of cancer were diagnosed and nearly 600,000 people died of cancer in the United States (U.S. Cancer Statistics Working Group, 2022). Cancer is the second leading cause of death in the United States (after heart disease), with nearly 1 in 4 deaths due to cancer (U.S. Cancer Statistics Working Group, 2022).    

==13.1 Cancer: Definitions and Prevalence==

=== Raw Textbook Page ===
Similar to stress and pain, the word cancer has many different forms and meanings. Cancer is derived from carcinos and carcinoma, terms first used by the Greek Hippocrates to describe non-ulcer-forming and ulcer-forming tumors. The shape of a spreading cancer cell resembles the outstretching legs of a crab to which these words refer (in Greek the word for crab is cancer, think of the zodiac sign). Although typically discussed as one illness, cancer is a group of diseases that vary in terms of incidence and mortality rates, epidemiology, risk factors and causes, and treatments. Also, understanding cancer and its effects through a cultural approach is an important area of health psychology because a comprehensive understanding of cancer requires a consideration of sex, gender, ethnicity, geographical location, sexual orientation, and all the other aspects of what makes up culture.

First, let’s look at basic biology and some terminology. Cancer is the name given to the illness or condition caused by the presence of a malignant tumor. A malignant tumor or cancerous cell is identified as one showing uncontrollable cell growth that destroys healthy tissue. Cells that show abnormal growth are also referred to as neoplasms. Normally our cells grow, divide, and die in an orderly fashion, and cell growth is more pronounced when we are young. As we grow older, cells in most parts of our body divide only to replace worn-out or dying cells and to repair injuries. Because cancer cells continue to grow and divide, they are different from normal cells. Instead of dying, they outlive normal cells and continue to form new abnormal cells.

When a normal cell turns cancerous, it is often the result of a mutation in the cell’s DNA that alters it and makes it grow uncontrollably, disrupting surrounding tissue and often spreading to organs all around the body (Pecorino, 2021). Most of the time when DNA becomes damaged, the body is able to repair it. In cancer cells, the damaged DNA cannot be repaired. Such genetic mutations can also be inherited, which accounts for why risk for cancer increases if someone in a person’s family has had cancer. Many times, though, a person’s cancerous cell mutations occur because of exposure to environmental toxins such as cigarette smoke or other carcinogens (cancer-causing substances). The branch of medicine that concerns the study and treatment of cancer is referred to as oncology, and this is the term used more frequently in hospitals.

A scanning electron micrograph depicting a killer T cell attacking cancer cells.

A Cancer Cell Being Attacked by Immune System Killer T Cells. A Colored Scanning Electron Micrograph (SEM) image shows a human Natural Killer (NK) cell attacking a cancer cell. The yellow NK cell has numerous long fluid-projections, which are beginning to flow around the large orange cancer cell. Natural killer cells are a type of white blood cell known as T-lymphocytes. These have the ability to destroy virus-infected cells and tumor cells. On contact with the surface of a tumor cell, the NK cell recognizes certain proteins called antigens, which activate its cell-killing mechanism. The NK cell then binds to and destroys the cancer cell using toxins.


Types of Cancer

There are more than 100 different types of cancer, and even tumors within each type show a lot of variability. However, note that not all tumors are cancerous or malignant. Benign or noncancerous tumors do not metastasize or spread to other parts of the body and, with very rare exceptions, are not life threatening. Some cancers, such as leukemia, do not form tumors. Instead, these cancer cells involve the blood and blood-forming organs and circulate through other tissues where they grow (ACS, 2018). The course of cancer and the likelihood of survival vary greatly according to the type of cancer diagnosed. Therefore, if someone just says they have cancer, you should not make any generalizations about their experiences until you have more information. Some cancers show very little deviation in patterns of disease course, and psychosocial influences on coping and treatment are minimal (Henderson &amp; Baum, 2002). That said, psychosocial factors do relate to differences in biomarkers and disease progression (Cheng &amp; Meiser, 2019).

The key variables that influence the interaction between biological, psychological, and social factors and the role each plays in cancer morbidity or mortality are cancer site, type, and severity. The most common sites for cancer are the lungs, breasts, prostate gland, colon, and rectum (the latter two are often affected together, which is referred to as colorectal cancer). The top 10 cancer sites by sex and related incidence and mortality statistics for each are shown in Figures 13.1 and 13.3.


Figure 13.1 Description

There are four main types of cancer. The most common are carcinomas that start in the surface layers of the body or epithelial cells. This form of cancer accounts for the bulk of cancer cases and is seen in the most common sites. Sarcomas are cancers of the muscles, bones, and cartilage. Lymphomas are cancers of the lymphatic system and are referred to as Hodgkin’s disease if the cancer spreads from a single lymph node (non-Hodgkin lymphomas are found at several sites). Leukemias are cancers that are found in the blood and bone marrow. In leukemia, white blood cells proliferate to displace red blood cells, which causes anemia (a shortage of red blood cells), bleeding, and other immune system problems (ACS, 2018).

The severity of cancer is determined by a multifactor assessment of stage. The TNM system is the most common method used to stage cancer (ACS, 2022b). It provides three main pieces of information. The T describes the size of the tumor and whether cancer has spread to nearby tissues and organs. The N describes how far the cancer has spread to nearby lymph nodes. Given that the lymph nodes are critical components of the body’s immune system, they are often heavily involved in fighting cancer cells. The M indicates the extent to which the cancer has metastasized. Letters or numbers after the T, N, and M give more details about each of these factors. For example, a tumor classified as Tl, N0, M0 is a tumor that is very small, has not spread to the lymph nodes, and has not spread to distant organs of the body. Once TNM descriptions have been established, they can be grouped together into a simpler set of stages, stages 0 through IV. In general, the lower the number, the less the cancer has spread. A higher number, such as stage IV, indicates a more serious, widespread cancer (ACS, 2022b).

Prevalence of Cancer

Cancer has been around for centuries and has been called the emperor of all maladies (Mukherjee, 2010). Unfortunately, the chances of our developing some form of cancer in our lifetime are pretty high (it is estimated one out of two males and one out of three females will develop cancer in their lifetime; Siegel et al., 2022), and the chances get higher as we get older, dropping again in our 80s (DeSantis et al., 2019). For people ages between 60 and 69, there is a 1 in 7 chance (if you are male) or 1 in 10 chance (if you are female) of getting cancer (Siegel et al., 2022). This incidence drops to a 1 in 16 chance for males and females between the ages of 50 and 59, and a 1 in 29 chance for males and 1 in 17 chance for females from birth until 49 (Siegel et al., 2022). Culture is again very important. Prevalence rates vary across many levels of culture—by sex, ethnicity, and geography. Differences in overall cancer rates by sex are shown in Figure 13.2.


Figure 13.2 Description

We are making strides in the fight against cancer (Stanton, 2019). New results on the incidence of cancer show that it is not as common as it was before, although the good news favors White American populations. Siegel et al. (2021) collected cancer morbidity and mortality data from several government organizations such as the National Cancer Institute and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, evaluated trends in cancer incidence and death rates, and compared survival rates over time and across racial/ethnic populations. The good news is that incidence rates for males for all cancers combined decreased from 1990 through 2013 and then stabilized during 2018 (Siegel et al., 2022). For females, incidence for all cancers remained relatively stable through the mid-2010s, but has seen a slight increase in recent years (Siegel et al., 2022). The good news is that since their peak in 1991, overall cancer death rates in 2019 have decreased by 32% (Siegel et al., 2022). The bad news from a cultural perspective is that cancer-specific survival rates are lower and the risk of dying from cancer once it is diagnosed is higher in some ethnic minority populations compared with the White American population, as shown in Table 13.1 (Siegel et al., 2022). The relative risk of death from cancer (all types combined), after adjusting for sex, age, and cancer stage at diagnosis, is 33% and 51% higher in Black Americans and Native Americans, respectively, compared with that for White Americans (Jemal et al., 2017). Additionally, when considering all cancer stages, Black Americans have lower survival rates than White Americans for bladder, breast, colorectal, esophageal, oral cavity and pharynx, ovarian, and uterine cancer, and melanoma (Siegel et al., 2022).</text>
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      <text bytes="12261" sha1="0uny7gc03ckbf0qdzgwbonl5iu42eqy" xml:space="preserve">In 2019, more than 1.7 million new cases of cancer were diagnosed and nearly 600,000 people died of cancer in the United States (U.S. Cancer Statistics Working Group, 2022). Cancer is the second leading cause of death in the United States (after heart disease), with nearly 1 in 4 deaths due to cancer (U.S. Cancer Statistics Working Group, 2022).    

==13.1 Cancer: Definitions and Prevalence==
'''Origins and Terminology''':

* Cancer originates from the Greek terms &quot;carcinos&quot; and &quot;carcinoma,&quot; referring to tumor types. Its name is linked to the crab-like appearance of spreading cancer cells.
* Cancer encompasses over 100 diseases, differing in incidence, risk factors, and treatment.

'''Biological Basis''':

* Cancer arises from malignant tumors characterized by uncontrolled cell growth and tissue destruction.
* Mutations in DNA disrupt normal cell processes, often caused by genetic factors or exposure to carcinogens (e.g., cigarette smoke).
* Normal cells divide and die systematically, while cancer cells grow indefinitely, forming abnormal cells.

'''Types of Cancer''':

* '''Carcinomas''': The most common type, originating in epithelial cells.
* '''Sarcomas''': Affect muscles, bones, and cartilage.
* '''Lymphomas''': Involve the lymphatic system (e.g., Hodgkin’s and non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma).
* '''Leukemias''': Found in blood and bone marrow, leading to anemia and immune issues.

'''Staging and Severity''':

* The TNM system assesses tumor size (T), lymph node involvement (N), and metastasis (M).
* Stages range from 0 (localized) to IV (widespread and severe).

'''Epidemiology and Risk''':

* About 1 in 2 men and 1 in 3 women are diagnosed with cancer during their lifetimes, with risks increasing with age.
* Prevalence varies by sex, ethnicity, and geography, with significant disparities in survival rates among ethnic groups.

'''Cultural and Psychosocial Factors''':

* Understanding cancer requires considering cultural influences, including ethnicity, gender, and socioeconomic factors.
* Minority groups face higher risks of death from cancer and lower survival rates, highlighting healthcare inequities.

'''Advancements and Trends''':

* Overall cancer incidence and mortality have decreased over decades, especially for males, though disparities persist.
* Early diagnosis and treatment advances have contributed to better outcomes in many populations.

'''Notable Trends''':

* Death rates from cancer decreased by 32% between 1991 and 2019.
* Minority populations experience lower survival rates, with Black Americans and Native Americans facing the highest relative risk of cancer death compared to White Americans.

By addressing cultural, biological, and environmental factors, we can better understand and combat cancer effectively

=== Raw Textbook Page ===
Similar to stress and pain, the word cancer has many different forms and meanings. Cancer is derived from carcinos and carcinoma, terms first used by the Greek Hippocrates to describe non-ulcer-forming and ulcer-forming tumors. The shape of a spreading cancer cell resembles the outstretching legs of a crab to which these words refer (in Greek the word for crab is cancer, think of the zodiac sign). Although typically discussed as one illness, cancer is a group of diseases that vary in terms of incidence and mortality rates, epidemiology, risk factors and causes, and treatments. Also, understanding cancer and its effects through a cultural approach is an important area of health psychology because a comprehensive understanding of cancer requires a consideration of sex, gender, ethnicity, geographical location, sexual orientation, and all the other aspects of what makes up culture.

First, let’s look at basic biology and some terminology. Cancer is the name given to the illness or condition caused by the presence of a malignant tumor. A malignant tumor or cancerous cell is identified as one showing uncontrollable cell growth that destroys healthy tissue. Cells that show abnormal growth are also referred to as neoplasms. Normally our cells grow, divide, and die in an orderly fashion, and cell growth is more pronounced when we are young. As we grow older, cells in most parts of our body divide only to replace worn-out or dying cells and to repair injuries. Because cancer cells continue to grow and divide, they are different from normal cells. Instead of dying, they outlive normal cells and continue to form new abnormal cells.

When a normal cell turns cancerous, it is often the result of a mutation in the cell’s DNA that alters it and makes it grow uncontrollably, disrupting surrounding tissue and often spreading to organs all around the body (Pecorino, 2021). Most of the time when DNA becomes damaged, the body is able to repair it. In cancer cells, the damaged DNA cannot be repaired. Such genetic mutations can also be inherited, which accounts for why risk for cancer increases if someone in a person’s family has had cancer. Many times, though, a person’s cancerous cell mutations occur because of exposure to environmental toxins such as cigarette smoke or other carcinogens (cancer-causing substances). The branch of medicine that concerns the study and treatment of cancer is referred to as oncology, and this is the term used more frequently in hospitals.

A scanning electron micrograph depicting a killer T cell attacking cancer cells.

A Cancer Cell Being Attacked by Immune System Killer T Cells. A Colored Scanning Electron Micrograph (SEM) image shows a human Natural Killer (NK) cell attacking a cancer cell. The yellow NK cell has numerous long fluid-projections, which are beginning to flow around the large orange cancer cell. Natural killer cells are a type of white blood cell known as T-lymphocytes. These have the ability to destroy virus-infected cells and tumor cells. On contact with the surface of a tumor cell, the NK cell recognizes certain proteins called antigens, which activate its cell-killing mechanism. The NK cell then binds to and destroys the cancer cell using toxins.


Types of Cancer

There are more than 100 different types of cancer, and even tumors within each type show a lot of variability. However, note that not all tumors are cancerous or malignant. Benign or noncancerous tumors do not metastasize or spread to other parts of the body and, with very rare exceptions, are not life threatening. Some cancers, such as leukemia, do not form tumors. Instead, these cancer cells involve the blood and blood-forming organs and circulate through other tissues where they grow (ACS, 2018). The course of cancer and the likelihood of survival vary greatly according to the type of cancer diagnosed. Therefore, if someone just says they have cancer, you should not make any generalizations about their experiences until you have more information. Some cancers show very little deviation in patterns of disease course, and psychosocial influences on coping and treatment are minimal (Henderson &amp; Baum, 2002). That said, psychosocial factors do relate to differences in biomarkers and disease progression (Cheng &amp; Meiser, 2019).

The key variables that influence the interaction between biological, psychological, and social factors and the role each plays in cancer morbidity or mortality are cancer site, type, and severity. The most common sites for cancer are the lungs, breasts, prostate gland, colon, and rectum (the latter two are often affected together, which is referred to as colorectal cancer). The top 10 cancer sites by sex and related incidence and mortality statistics for each are shown in Figures 13.1 and 13.3.


Figure 13.1 Description

There are four main types of cancer. The most common are carcinomas that start in the surface layers of the body or epithelial cells. This form of cancer accounts for the bulk of cancer cases and is seen in the most common sites. Sarcomas are cancers of the muscles, bones, and cartilage. Lymphomas are cancers of the lymphatic system and are referred to as Hodgkin’s disease if the cancer spreads from a single lymph node (non-Hodgkin lymphomas are found at several sites). Leukemias are cancers that are found in the blood and bone marrow. In leukemia, white blood cells proliferate to displace red blood cells, which causes anemia (a shortage of red blood cells), bleeding, and other immune system problems (ACS, 2018).

The severity of cancer is determined by a multifactor assessment of stage. The TNM system is the most common method used to stage cancer (ACS, 2022b). It provides three main pieces of information. The T describes the size of the tumor and whether cancer has spread to nearby tissues and organs. The N describes how far the cancer has spread to nearby lymph nodes. Given that the lymph nodes are critical components of the body’s immune system, they are often heavily involved in fighting cancer cells. The M indicates the extent to which the cancer has metastasized. Letters or numbers after the T, N, and M give more details about each of these factors. For example, a tumor classified as Tl, N0, M0 is a tumor that is very small, has not spread to the lymph nodes, and has not spread to distant organs of the body. Once TNM descriptions have been established, they can be grouped together into a simpler set of stages, stages 0 through IV. In general, the lower the number, the less the cancer has spread. A higher number, such as stage IV, indicates a more serious, widespread cancer (ACS, 2022b).

Prevalence of Cancer

Cancer has been around for centuries and has been called the emperor of all maladies (Mukherjee, 2010). Unfortunately, the chances of our developing some form of cancer in our lifetime are pretty high (it is estimated one out of two males and one out of three females will develop cancer in their lifetime; Siegel et al., 2022), and the chances get higher as we get older, dropping again in our 80s (DeSantis et al., 2019). For people ages between 60 and 69, there is a 1 in 7 chance (if you are male) or 1 in 10 chance (if you are female) of getting cancer (Siegel et al., 2022). This incidence drops to a 1 in 16 chance for males and females between the ages of 50 and 59, and a 1 in 29 chance for males and 1 in 17 chance for females from birth until 49 (Siegel et al., 2022). Culture is again very important. Prevalence rates vary across many levels of culture—by sex, ethnicity, and geography. Differences in overall cancer rates by sex are shown in Figure 13.2.


Figure 13.2 Description

We are making strides in the fight against cancer (Stanton, 2019). New results on the incidence of cancer show that it is not as common as it was before, although the good news favors White American populations. Siegel et al. (2021) collected cancer morbidity and mortality data from several government organizations such as the National Cancer Institute and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, evaluated trends in cancer incidence and death rates, and compared survival rates over time and across racial/ethnic populations. The good news is that incidence rates for males for all cancers combined decreased from 1990 through 2013 and then stabilized during 2018 (Siegel et al., 2022). For females, incidence for all cancers remained relatively stable through the mid-2010s, but has seen a slight increase in recent years (Siegel et al., 2022). The good news is that since their peak in 1991, overall cancer death rates in 2019 have decreased by 32% (Siegel et al., 2022). The bad news from a cultural perspective is that cancer-specific survival rates are lower and the risk of dying from cancer once it is diagnosed is higher in some ethnic minority populations compared with the White American population, as shown in Table 13.1 (Siegel et al., 2022). The relative risk of death from cancer (all types combined), after adjusting for sex, age, and cancer stage at diagnosis, is 33% and 51% higher in Black Americans and Native Americans, respectively, compared with that for White Americans (Jemal et al., 2017). Additionally, when considering all cancer stages, Black Americans have lower survival rates than White Americans for bladder, breast, colorectal, esophageal, oral cavity and pharynx, ovarian, and uterine cancer, and melanoma (Siegel et al., 2022).</text>
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      <text bytes="12345" sha1="myipkvhnvkyw3evtxy6to7hladgvq9u" xml:space="preserve">In 2019, more than 1.7 million new cases of cancer were diagnosed and nearly 600,000 people died of cancer in the United States (U.S. Cancer Statistics Working Group, 2022). Cancer is the second leading cause of death in the United States (after heart disease), with nearly 1 in 4 deaths due to cancer (U.S. Cancer Statistics Working Group, 2022).    

==13.1 Cancer: Definitions and Prevalence==
'''Origins and Terminology''':

* Cancer originates from the Greek terms &quot;carcinos&quot; and &quot;carcinoma,&quot; referring to tumor types. Its name is linked to the crab-like appearance of spreading cancer cells.
* Cancer encompasses over 100 diseases, differing in incidence, risk factors, and treatment.

'''Biological Basis''':

* Cancer arises from malignant tumors characterized by uncontrolled cell growth and tissue destruction.
* Mutations in DNA disrupt normal cell processes, often caused by genetic factors or exposure to carcinogens (e.g., cigarette smoke).
* Normal cells divide and die systematically, while cancer cells grow indefinitely, forming abnormal cells.

'''Types of Cancer''':

* '''Carcinomas''': The most common type, originating in epithelial cells.
* '''Sarcomas''': Affect muscles, bones, and cartilage.
* '''Lymphomas''': Involve the lymphatic system (e.g., Hodgkin’s and non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma).
* '''Leukemias''': Found in blood and bone marrow, leading to anemia and immune issues.

'''Staging and Severity''':

* The TNM system assesses tumor size (T), lymph node involvement (N), and metastasis (M).
* Stages range from 0 (localized) to IV (widespread and severe).

'''Epidemiology and Risk''':

* About 1 in 2 men and 1 in 3 women are diagnosed with cancer during their lifetimes, with risks increasing with age.
* Prevalence varies by sex, ethnicity, and geography, with significant disparities in survival rates among ethnic groups.

'''Cultural and Psychosocial Factors''':

* Understanding cancer requires considering cultural influences, including ethnicity, gender, and socioeconomic factors.
* Minority groups face higher risks of death from cancer and lower survival rates, highlighting healthcare inequities.

'''Advancements and Trends''':

* Overall cancer incidence and mortality have decreased over decades, especially for males, though disparities persist.
* Early diagnosis and treatment advances have contributed to better outcomes in many populations.

'''Notable Trends''':

* Death rates from cancer decreased by 32% between 1991 and 2019.
* Minority populations experience lower survival rates, with Black Americans and Native Americans facing the highest relative risk of cancer death compared to White Americans.

By addressing cultural, biological, and environmental factors, we can better understand and combat cancer effectively

=== Raw Textbook Page ===
Similar to stress and pain, the word cancer has many different forms and meanings. Cancer is derived from carcinos and carcinoma, terms first used by the Greek Hippocrates to describe non-ulcer-forming and ulcer-forming tumors. The shape of a spreading cancer cell resembles the outstretching legs of a crab to which these words refer (in Greek the word for crab is cancer, think of the zodiac sign). Although typically discussed as one illness, cancer is a group of diseases that vary in terms of incidence and mortality rates, epidemiology, risk factors and causes, and treatments. Also, understanding cancer and its effects through a cultural approach is an important area of health psychology because a comprehensive understanding of cancer requires a consideration of sex, gender, ethnicity, geographical location, sexual orientation, and all the other aspects of what makes up culture.

First, let’s look at basic biology and some terminology. Cancer is the name given to the illness or condition caused by the presence of a malignant tumor. A malignant tumor or cancerous cell is identified as one showing uncontrollable cell growth that destroys healthy tissue. Cells that show abnormal growth are also referred to as neoplasms. Normally our cells grow, divide, and die in an orderly fashion, and cell growth is more pronounced when we are young. As we grow older, cells in most parts of our body divide only to replace worn-out or dying cells and to repair injuries. Because cancer cells continue to grow and divide, they are different from normal cells. Instead of dying, they outlive normal cells and continue to form new abnormal cells.

When a normal cell turns cancerous, it is often the result of a mutation in the cell’s DNA that alters it and makes it grow uncontrollably, disrupting surrounding tissue and often spreading to organs all around the body (Pecorino, 2021). Most of the time when DNA becomes damaged, the body is able to repair it. In cancer cells, the damaged DNA cannot be repaired. Such genetic mutations can also be inherited, which accounts for why risk for cancer increases if someone in a person’s family has had cancer. Many times, though, a person’s cancerous cell mutations occur because of exposure to environmental toxins such as cigarette smoke or other carcinogens (cancer-causing substances). The branch of medicine that concerns the study and treatment of cancer is referred to as oncology, and this is the term used more frequently in hospitals.

A scanning electron micrograph depicting a killer T cell attacking cancer cells.

A Cancer Cell Being Attacked by Immune System Killer T Cells. A Colored Scanning Electron Micrograph (SEM) image shows a human Natural Killer (NK) cell attacking a cancer cell. The yellow NK cell has numerous long fluid-projections, which are beginning to flow around the large orange cancer cell. Natural killer cells are a type of white blood cell known as T-lymphocytes. These have the ability to destroy virus-infected cells and tumor cells. On contact with the surface of a tumor cell, the NK cell recognizes certain proteins called antigens, which activate its cell-killing mechanism. The NK cell then binds to and destroys the cancer cell using toxins.


Types of Cancer

There are more than 100 different types of cancer, and even tumors within each type show a lot of variability. However, note that not all tumors are cancerous or malignant. Benign or noncancerous tumors do not metastasize or spread to other parts of the body and, with very rare exceptions, are not life threatening. Some cancers, such as leukemia, do not form tumors. Instead, these cancer cells involve the blood and blood-forming organs and circulate through other tissues where they grow (ACS, 2018). The course of cancer and the likelihood of survival vary greatly according to the type of cancer diagnosed. Therefore, if someone just says they have cancer, you should not make any generalizations about their experiences until you have more information. Some cancers show very little deviation in patterns of disease course, and psychosocial influences on coping and treatment are minimal (Henderson &amp; Baum, 2002). That said, psychosocial factors do relate to differences in biomarkers and disease progression (Cheng &amp; Meiser, 2019).

The key variables that influence the interaction between biological, psychological, and social factors and the role each plays in cancer morbidity or mortality are cancer site, type, and severity. The most common sites for cancer are the lungs, breasts, prostate gland, colon, and rectum (the latter two are often affected together, which is referred to as colorectal cancer). The top 10 cancer sites by sex and related incidence and mortality statistics for each are shown in Figures 13.1 and 13.3.


Figure 13.1 Description

There are four main types of cancer. The most common are carcinomas that start in the surface layers of the body or epithelial cells. This form of cancer accounts for the bulk of cancer cases and is seen in the most common sites. Sarcomas are cancers of the muscles, bones, and cartilage. Lymphomas are cancers of the lymphatic system and are referred to as Hodgkin’s disease if the cancer spreads from a single lymph node (non-Hodgkin lymphomas are found at several sites). Leukemias are cancers that are found in the blood and bone marrow. In leukemia, white blood cells proliferate to displace red blood cells, which causes anemia (a shortage of red blood cells), bleeding, and other immune system problems (ACS, 2018).

The severity of cancer is determined by a multifactor assessment of stage. The TNM system is the most common method used to stage cancer (ACS, 2022b). It provides three main pieces of information. The T describes the size of the tumor and whether cancer has spread to nearby tissues and organs. The N describes how far the cancer has spread to nearby lymph nodes. Given that the lymph nodes are critical components of the body’s immune system, they are often heavily involved in fighting cancer cells. The M indicates the extent to which the cancer has metastasized. Letters or numbers after the T, N, and M give more details about each of these factors. For example, a tumor classified as Tl, N0, M0 is a tumor that is very small, has not spread to the lymph nodes, and has not spread to distant organs of the body. Once TNM descriptions have been established, they can be grouped together into a simpler set of stages, stages 0 through IV. In general, the lower the number, the less the cancer has spread. A higher number, such as stage IV, indicates a more serious, widespread cancer (ACS, 2022b).

Prevalence of Cancer

Cancer has been around for centuries and has been called the emperor of all maladies (Mukherjee, 2010). Unfortunately, the chances of our developing some form of cancer in our lifetime are pretty high (it is estimated one out of two males and one out of three females will develop cancer in their lifetime; Siegel et al., 2022), and the chances get higher as we get older, dropping again in our 80s (DeSantis et al., 2019). For people ages between 60 and 69, there is a 1 in 7 chance (if you are male) or 1 in 10 chance (if you are female) of getting cancer (Siegel et al., 2022). This incidence drops to a 1 in 16 chance for males and females between the ages of 50 and 59, and a 1 in 29 chance for males and 1 in 17 chance for females from birth until 49 (Siegel et al., 2022). Culture is again very important. Prevalence rates vary across many levels of culture—by sex, ethnicity, and geography. Differences in overall cancer rates by sex are shown in Figure 13.2.


Figure 13.2 Description

We are making strides in the fight against cancer (Stanton, 2019). New results on the incidence of cancer show that it is not as common as it was before, although the good news favors White American populations. Siegel et al. (2021) collected cancer morbidity and mortality data from several government organizations such as the National Cancer Institute and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, evaluated trends in cancer incidence and death rates, and compared survival rates over time and across racial/ethnic populations. The good news is that incidence rates for males for all cancers combined decreased from 1990 through 2013 and then stabilized during 2018 (Siegel et al., 2022). For females, incidence for all cancers remained relatively stable through the mid-2010s, but has seen a slight increase in recent years (Siegel et al., 2022). The good news is that since their peak in 1991, overall cancer death rates in 2019 have decreased by 32% (Siegel et al., 2022). The bad news from a cultural perspective is that cancer-specific survival rates are lower and the risk of dying from cancer once it is diagnosed is higher in some ethnic minority populations compared with the White American population, as shown in Table 13.1 (Siegel et al., 2022). The relative risk of death from cancer (all types combined), after adjusting for sex, age, and cancer stage at diagnosis, is 33% and 51% higher in Black Americans and Native Americans, respectively, compared with that for White Americans (Jemal et al., 2017). Additionally, when considering all cancer stages, Black Americans have lower survival rates than White Americans for bladder, breast, colorectal, esophageal, oral cavity and pharynx, ovarian, and uterine cancer, and melanoma (Siegel et al., 2022).

== 13.2 Cultural Variations and Developmental Issues ==

=== Raw Textbook Page ===</text>
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      <text bytes="23276" sha1="sikpp0srdy5y5e7dvlt00xzmp84ygyt" xml:space="preserve">In 2019, more than 1.7 million new cases of cancer were diagnosed and nearly 600,000 people died of cancer in the United States (U.S. Cancer Statistics Working Group, 2022). Cancer is the second leading cause of death in the United States (after heart disease), with nearly 1 in 4 deaths due to cancer (U.S. Cancer Statistics Working Group, 2022).    

==13.1 Cancer: Definitions and Prevalence==
'''Origins and Terminology''':

* Cancer originates from the Greek terms &quot;carcinos&quot; and &quot;carcinoma,&quot; referring to tumor types. Its name is linked to the crab-like appearance of spreading cancer cells.
* Cancer encompasses over 100 diseases, differing in incidence, risk factors, and treatment.

'''Biological Basis''':

* Cancer arises from malignant tumors characterized by uncontrolled cell growth and tissue destruction.
* Mutations in DNA disrupt normal cell processes, often caused by genetic factors or exposure to carcinogens (e.g., cigarette smoke).
* Normal cells divide and die systematically, while cancer cells grow indefinitely, forming abnormal cells.

'''Types of Cancer''':

* '''Carcinomas''': The most common type, originating in epithelial cells.
* '''Sarcomas''': Affect muscles, bones, and cartilage.
* '''Lymphomas''': Involve the lymphatic system (e.g., Hodgkin’s and non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma).
* '''Leukemias''': Found in blood and bone marrow, leading to anemia and immune issues.

'''Staging and Severity''':

* The TNM system assesses tumor size (T), lymph node involvement (N), and metastasis (M).
* Stages range from 0 (localized) to IV (widespread and severe).

'''Epidemiology and Risk''':

* About 1 in 2 men and 1 in 3 women are diagnosed with cancer during their lifetimes, with risks increasing with age.
* Prevalence varies by sex, ethnicity, and geography, with significant disparities in survival rates among ethnic groups.

'''Cultural and Psychosocial Factors''':

* Understanding cancer requires considering cultural influences, including ethnicity, gender, and socioeconomic factors.
* Minority groups face higher risks of death from cancer and lower survival rates, highlighting healthcare inequities.

'''Advancements and Trends''':

* Overall cancer incidence and mortality have decreased over decades, especially for males, though disparities persist.
* Early diagnosis and treatment advances have contributed to better outcomes in many populations.

'''Notable Trends''':

* Death rates from cancer decreased by 32% between 1991 and 2019.
* Minority populations experience lower survival rates, with Black Americans and Native Americans facing the highest relative risk of cancer death compared to White Americans.

By addressing cultural, biological, and environmental factors, we can better understand and combat cancer effectively

=== Raw Textbook Page ===
Similar to stress and pain, the word cancer has many different forms and meanings. Cancer is derived from carcinos and carcinoma, terms first used by the Greek Hippocrates to describe non-ulcer-forming and ulcer-forming tumors. The shape of a spreading cancer cell resembles the outstretching legs of a crab to which these words refer (in Greek the word for crab is cancer, think of the zodiac sign). Although typically discussed as one illness, cancer is a group of diseases that vary in terms of incidence and mortality rates, epidemiology, risk factors and causes, and treatments. Also, understanding cancer and its effects through a cultural approach is an important area of health psychology because a comprehensive understanding of cancer requires a consideration of sex, gender, ethnicity, geographical location, sexual orientation, and all the other aspects of what makes up culture.

First, let’s look at basic biology and some terminology. Cancer is the name given to the illness or condition caused by the presence of a malignant tumor. A malignant tumor or cancerous cell is identified as one showing uncontrollable cell growth that destroys healthy tissue. Cells that show abnormal growth are also referred to as neoplasms. Normally our cells grow, divide, and die in an orderly fashion, and cell growth is more pronounced when we are young. As we grow older, cells in most parts of our body divide only to replace worn-out or dying cells and to repair injuries. Because cancer cells continue to grow and divide, they are different from normal cells. Instead of dying, they outlive normal cells and continue to form new abnormal cells.

When a normal cell turns cancerous, it is often the result of a mutation in the cell’s DNA that alters it and makes it grow uncontrollably, disrupting surrounding tissue and often spreading to organs all around the body (Pecorino, 2021). Most of the time when DNA becomes damaged, the body is able to repair it. In cancer cells, the damaged DNA cannot be repaired. Such genetic mutations can also be inherited, which accounts for why risk for cancer increases if someone in a person’s family has had cancer. Many times, though, a person’s cancerous cell mutations occur because of exposure to environmental toxins such as cigarette smoke or other carcinogens (cancer-causing substances). The branch of medicine that concerns the study and treatment of cancer is referred to as oncology, and this is the term used more frequently in hospitals.

A scanning electron micrograph depicting a killer T cell attacking cancer cells.

A Cancer Cell Being Attacked by Immune System Killer T Cells. A Colored Scanning Electron Micrograph (SEM) image shows a human Natural Killer (NK) cell attacking a cancer cell. The yellow NK cell has numerous long fluid-projections, which are beginning to flow around the large orange cancer cell. Natural killer cells are a type of white blood cell known as T-lymphocytes. These have the ability to destroy virus-infected cells and tumor cells. On contact with the surface of a tumor cell, the NK cell recognizes certain proteins called antigens, which activate its cell-killing mechanism. The NK cell then binds to and destroys the cancer cell using toxins.


Types of Cancer

There are more than 100 different types of cancer, and even tumors within each type show a lot of variability. However, note that not all tumors are cancerous or malignant. Benign or noncancerous tumors do not metastasize or spread to other parts of the body and, with very rare exceptions, are not life threatening. Some cancers, such as leukemia, do not form tumors. Instead, these cancer cells involve the blood and blood-forming organs and circulate through other tissues where they grow (ACS, 2018). The course of cancer and the likelihood of survival vary greatly according to the type of cancer diagnosed. Therefore, if someone just says they have cancer, you should not make any generalizations about their experiences until you have more information. Some cancers show very little deviation in patterns of disease course, and psychosocial influences on coping and treatment are minimal (Henderson &amp; Baum, 2002). That said, psychosocial factors do relate to differences in biomarkers and disease progression (Cheng &amp; Meiser, 2019).

The key variables that influence the interaction between biological, psychological, and social factors and the role each plays in cancer morbidity or mortality are cancer site, type, and severity. The most common sites for cancer are the lungs, breasts, prostate gland, colon, and rectum (the latter two are often affected together, which is referred to as colorectal cancer). The top 10 cancer sites by sex and related incidence and mortality statistics for each are shown in Figures 13.1 and 13.3.


Figure 13.1 Description

There are four main types of cancer. The most common are carcinomas that start in the surface layers of the body or epithelial cells. This form of cancer accounts for the bulk of cancer cases and is seen in the most common sites. Sarcomas are cancers of the muscles, bones, and cartilage. Lymphomas are cancers of the lymphatic system and are referred to as Hodgkin’s disease if the cancer spreads from a single lymph node (non-Hodgkin lymphomas are found at several sites). Leukemias are cancers that are found in the blood and bone marrow. In leukemia, white blood cells proliferate to displace red blood cells, which causes anemia (a shortage of red blood cells), bleeding, and other immune system problems (ACS, 2018).

The severity of cancer is determined by a multifactor assessment of stage. The TNM system is the most common method used to stage cancer (ACS, 2022b). It provides three main pieces of information. The T describes the size of the tumor and whether cancer has spread to nearby tissues and organs. The N describes how far the cancer has spread to nearby lymph nodes. Given that the lymph nodes are critical components of the body’s immune system, they are often heavily involved in fighting cancer cells. The M indicates the extent to which the cancer has metastasized. Letters or numbers after the T, N, and M give more details about each of these factors. For example, a tumor classified as Tl, N0, M0 is a tumor that is very small, has not spread to the lymph nodes, and has not spread to distant organs of the body. Once TNM descriptions have been established, they can be grouped together into a simpler set of stages, stages 0 through IV. In general, the lower the number, the less the cancer has spread. A higher number, such as stage IV, indicates a more serious, widespread cancer (ACS, 2022b).

Prevalence of Cancer

Cancer has been around for centuries and has been called the emperor of all maladies (Mukherjee, 2010). Unfortunately, the chances of our developing some form of cancer in our lifetime are pretty high (it is estimated one out of two males and one out of three females will develop cancer in their lifetime; Siegel et al., 2022), and the chances get higher as we get older, dropping again in our 80s (DeSantis et al., 2019). For people ages between 60 and 69, there is a 1 in 7 chance (if you are male) or 1 in 10 chance (if you are female) of getting cancer (Siegel et al., 2022). This incidence drops to a 1 in 16 chance for males and females between the ages of 50 and 59, and a 1 in 29 chance for males and 1 in 17 chance for females from birth until 49 (Siegel et al., 2022). Culture is again very important. Prevalence rates vary across many levels of culture—by sex, ethnicity, and geography. Differences in overall cancer rates by sex are shown in Figure 13.2.


Figure 13.2 Description

We are making strides in the fight against cancer (Stanton, 2019). New results on the incidence of cancer show that it is not as common as it was before, although the good news favors White American populations. Siegel et al. (2021) collected cancer morbidity and mortality data from several government organizations such as the National Cancer Institute and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, evaluated trends in cancer incidence and death rates, and compared survival rates over time and across racial/ethnic populations. The good news is that incidence rates for males for all cancers combined decreased from 1990 through 2013 and then stabilized during 2018 (Siegel et al., 2022). For females, incidence for all cancers remained relatively stable through the mid-2010s, but has seen a slight increase in recent years (Siegel et al., 2022). The good news is that since their peak in 1991, overall cancer death rates in 2019 have decreased by 32% (Siegel et al., 2022). The bad news from a cultural perspective is that cancer-specific survival rates are lower and the risk of dying from cancer once it is diagnosed is higher in some ethnic minority populations compared with the White American population, as shown in Table 13.1 (Siegel et al., 2022). The relative risk of death from cancer (all types combined), after adjusting for sex, age, and cancer stage at diagnosis, is 33% and 51% higher in Black Americans and Native Americans, respectively, compared with that for White Americans (Jemal et al., 2017). Additionally, when considering all cancer stages, Black Americans have lower survival rates than White Americans for bladder, breast, colorectal, esophageal, oral cavity and pharynx, ovarian, and uterine cancer, and melanoma (Siegel et al., 2022).

== 13.2 Cultural Variations and Developmental Issues ==

=== Raw Textbook Page ===
Similar to the ethnic differences in incidence of HIV infection described in the previous chapter, there are large differences in the cultural makeup of people who have cancer both across nations and across ethnic and racial groups (Kim &amp; Lwing, 2017; Song et al., 2014; Vahabi et al., 2017). In fact, there is a growing body of research clarifying the link between cancer and membership in certain ethnic groups (Yamoah et al., 2015). Before looking at possible biological reasons why one ethnicity may be more at risk than another, let’s first look at the different patterns of cancer across diverse ethnic groups.

There are two main statistics to bear in mind when studying the prevalence of cancer. The first is incidence or rates of newly diagnosed cases of the disease. The second is actual mortality. Keeping the two numbers separate is important because there are many people who are diagnosed with cancer who live (remember there was good news), and the number of survivors varies across cultural groups. So even if there are two cultural groups who both have the same incidence levels for a certain type of cancer, they may not show the same mortality rates. Figure 13.3 shows the incidence and mortality rates for the main types of cancer broken down by sex.

As you can see, different ethnic groups and the two sexes do not get cancer or die from it in the same ways (Dornelas, 2018; Siegel et al., 2022). Black Americans have the second highest general cancer incidence rates (behind White Americans), but the highest mortality rates of any population in the United States, with this difference being driven more by higher rates of cancer among Black American males (Siegel et al., 2022). Illustrating the difference between incidence and mortality, Black Americans have greater mortality rates relative to their incidence rates, suggesting that if they have cancer they are more likely to die of it. In 2019, the disparity in cancer deaths (for both sexes and all cancer types) between Black Americans and White Americans was 14% (Siegel et al., 2022). While White American females are diagnosed with cancer more than any other group of females, Black American females are the most likely to die from cancer (Siegel et al., 2022). This disparity is most pronounced in relation to breast cancer; Black American females have 4% lower incidence than White American females but 41% higher breast cancer mortality (Siegel et al., 2022). Similarly, Black American males’ cancer death rates are 19% higher than those of White American males and double those of Asian/Pacific Islander American males (Siegel et al., 2022). Separating total cases of cancer from individual types of cancer is important too. Although Asian/Pacific Islander Americans show much lower rates of cancer than White Americans in general, they have higher rates of stomach and liver cancer (Siegel et al., 2022). In contrast to some other ethnic differences, White American females have similar rates of lung cancer to Native American females but are more likely to have lung cancer than Black American, Asian/Pacific Islander American or Hispanic/Latino American females (Siegel et al., 2022).

In addition to these ethnic differences, there are significant sex differences in cancer incidence as well. Males experience higher incidences of cancer in general (Siegel et al., 2022). The most common cancers for males are prostate, lung, and colorectal (Siegel et al., 2022). Testicular cancer is relatively uncommon among men in general, but it is one of the most common forms of cancer in younger men ages 15 to 35. For some time, male cancers did not receive as much research attention as female cancers, and we know less about the etiology of most male cancers and males’ psychological and social experiences with cancer (Dornelas, 2018). No-Shave November is a recent phenomenon (did you know it started to raise awareness about male prostate cancer?).

The most common cancers for females for most ethnic groups are breast, lung, and colorectal (Siegel et al., 2022). In case you were wondering, men do get breast cancer although the rates are infinitesimal. Breast cancer incidence rates are somewhat counter to normal ethnic difference patterns; a higher incidence of breast cancer has been reported both in White American females and females of higher socioeconomic status (SES) compared to females of other ethnicities and lower SES (Coughlin, 2019; Seiler et al., 2017). However, low SES is associated with increased risk of aggressive premenopausal breast cancer, later diagnosis and poorer survival (Coughlin, 2019). Other common cancers tend to vary by ethnicity but usually include cancers of the reproductive organs (e.g., the uterus, cervix, and ovaries) and may be due to some ethnic groups such as Asian American and Latina American females not getting screened for the cancers (Suchday et al., 2019).

Cultural Differences in Beliefs and Knowledge About Cancer

Some of the cultural differences in cancer incidence are explained by cultural differences pertaining to beliefs held about cancer, people’s attitudes toward cancer, and knowledge of cancer (Licqurish et al., 2017). Many studies have shown that low socioeconomic groups are less knowledgeable about cancer regardless of their sex, ethnicity, or religion (e.g., McCutchan et al.,, 2015). Ethnically diverse groups exhibit different levels of knowledge as well. African Americans (Ogunsanya et al., 2017), Arab Americans (Abboud et al., 2017), Latino Americans (Szalacha et al., 2017), Chinese Americans (Robison et al., 2014), and Korean Americans (Sin et al., 2016) have all been found to have lower levels of knowledge about risk factors and cancer symptoms than White Americans.

Sometimes these cultural differences are linked to cultural beliefs and misconceptions about disease in general (Tejeda et al., 2017). Many religious individuals may believe that cancer is just punishment for sins or that cancer has spiritual meaning (Gall &amp; Bilodeau, 2017). The misperceived causes of cancer may also be more tangible. Vietnamese American, Chinese Americans, and Latino Americans (Luque et al., 2010) and Mexican immigrants to America (Luque et al., 2015) reported poor hygiene as a cause for cervical cancer. Another common cultural cancer belief is fatalism, the belief that a person with cancer cannot live a normal life and will die (Duberstein et al., 2017). High levels of fatalism have been found in Black Americans (Bustillo et al., 2017), Korean Americans, Chinese Americans, Mexican Americans (Gonzalez et al., 2016), and Latino Americans (Ramirez, 2014).

A vivid example of how culture influences perceptions is seen in the views of Native Americans. Many Native Americans see cancer as a White man’s disease and something that is a punishment for one’s actions or the actions of a family member (Yost et al., 2017). Some Native Americans see cancer as a natural part of life’s pathway and as providing a lesson from which to learn. Many also see cancer as penance and a person with cancer must wear the pain to protect other members of the community (Burhansstipanov, 2000). A diagnosis of cancer is equivalent to a doctor shooting a hole through the spirit and thus results in depression and fear of the doctor instead of trust. Beliefs about how you can get cancer may seem outlandish to the ethnocentric non-Native Americans. Some Native Americans believe cancer can result from a curse or from violating tribal mores like stepping on a frog or urinating on a spider. Others believe that it is contagious and that it can be caught from a mammography machine or from the child of someone who has cancer (Burhansstipanov, 2000). Some Native Americans do not want to even talk about cancer for fear of catching the cancer spirit. Regardless of the extent to which you think these beliefs are far-fetched, they have to be respected and anticipated to optimize helping the Native Americans who do hold them.

Developmental Issues in Cancer

You are more likely to get cancer as you get older (ACS, 2021a). The rates for cancer increase dramatically over the life span. Between 2013 and 2017, incidence rates ranged from 16.8 per 100,000 for those younger than 15 years of age, to 75.9 per 100,000 for adolescents and young adults (15–39 years) (Islami et al., 2021). In 2019, in the United States, the incidence rate was 474 and 415 per 100,000 for males and females, respectively, of all ages, and 2630 and 1804 per 100,000 for males and females, respectively, ages over 75 (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention [CDC], 2022). Age is a cultural variable as well, and one that also needs to be attended to in understanding cancer.

We consider cancer a developmental disease. Why is this? Although cancer is primarily diagnosed in older adults, cancers actually develop when people are younger. Because there typically is a large gap between when a tumor starts to grow and when it is large enough to be diagnosed, exposure to many of the risk factors for cancer (described below) at a young age necessarily predicts the occurrence of cancer at an older age. Significant risks for cancer are also associated with the different developmental milestones (as described in Chapter 4). There is a risk associated with girls starting to menstruate early (Goldberg et al., 2020; Olsson &amp; Olsson, 2020) and female’s dietary choices during adolescence and adulthood are associated with the early development of colorectal cancer (at less than 50 years; Hur et al., 2021). Risks also associate with menopause and the ways that females cope with it. The biggest risk factor for cancer—smoking (Kim et al., 2018; Lewandowska et al., 2019)—has a strong developmental link: Smoking almost always begins in the teenage years; few adults initiate a regular smoking habit (Park et al., 2018).

Developmental age also influences how people, especially children, will cope with a cancer diagnosis. For example, Barrera et al. (2003) recruited preschool, school age, and adolescent patients and measured their psychological adjustment and quality of life (QOL) 3, 9, and 15 months after cancer was diagnosed. The children’s age at diagnosis significantly affected both their adjustment and QOL. At 3 months after diagnosis, preschoolers had more externalizing behavior problems than adolescents. Preschoolers had better QOL than adolescents at all three assessments, suggesting that preschoolers with cancer are at risk for behavior problems and adolescents are at risk for poor QOL. Studies such as these are gentle reminders that the psychological reactions to cancer experienced by adults may be very different from those of children (Anderzén Carlsson et al., 2008). A developmental approach also helps us understand how family interactions change when one family member has cancer (Caruso et al., 2017; Erker et al., 2018; Long et al., 2018).</text>
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      <text bytes="25340" sha1="a2ds4gsgqyrrwkojedywoqb6fjgstw2" xml:space="preserve">In 2019, more than 1.7 million new cases of cancer were diagnosed and nearly 600,000 people died of cancer in the United States (U.S. Cancer Statistics Working Group, 2022). Cancer is the second leading cause of death in the United States (after heart disease), with nearly 1 in 4 deaths due to cancer (U.S. Cancer Statistics Working Group, 2022).    

==13.1 Cancer: Definitions and Prevalence==
'''Origins and Terminology''':

* Cancer originates from the Greek terms &quot;carcinos&quot; and &quot;carcinoma,&quot; referring to tumor types. Its name is linked to the crab-like appearance of spreading cancer cells.
* Cancer encompasses over 100 diseases, differing in incidence, risk factors, and treatment.

'''Biological Basis''':

* Cancer arises from malignant tumors characterized by uncontrolled cell growth and tissue destruction.
* Mutations in DNA disrupt normal cell processes, often caused by genetic factors or exposure to carcinogens (e.g., cigarette smoke).
* Normal cells divide and die systematically, while cancer cells grow indefinitely, forming abnormal cells.

'''Types of Cancer''':

* '''Carcinomas''': The most common type, originating in epithelial cells.
* '''Sarcomas''': Affect muscles, bones, and cartilage.
* '''Lymphomas''': Involve the lymphatic system (e.g., Hodgkin’s and non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma).
* '''Leukemias''': Found in blood and bone marrow, leading to anemia and immune issues.

'''Staging and Severity''':

* The TNM system assesses tumor size (T), lymph node involvement (N), and metastasis (M).
* Stages range from 0 (localized) to IV (widespread and severe).

'''Epidemiology and Risk''':

* About 1 in 2 men and 1 in 3 women are diagnosed with cancer during their lifetimes, with risks increasing with age.
* Prevalence varies by sex, ethnicity, and geography, with significant disparities in survival rates among ethnic groups.

'''Cultural and Psychosocial Factors''':

* Understanding cancer requires considering cultural influences, including ethnicity, gender, and socioeconomic factors.
* Minority groups face higher risks of death from cancer and lower survival rates, highlighting healthcare inequities.

'''Advancements and Trends''':

* Overall cancer incidence and mortality have decreased over decades, especially for males, though disparities persist.
* Early diagnosis and treatment advances have contributed to better outcomes in many populations.

'''Notable Trends''':

* Death rates from cancer decreased by 32% between 1991 and 2019.
* Minority populations experience lower survival rates, with Black Americans and Native Americans facing the highest relative risk of cancer death compared to White Americans.

By addressing cultural, biological, and environmental factors, we can better understand and combat cancer effectively

=== Raw Textbook Page ===
Similar to stress and pain, the word cancer has many different forms and meanings. Cancer is derived from carcinos and carcinoma, terms first used by the Greek Hippocrates to describe non-ulcer-forming and ulcer-forming tumors. The shape of a spreading cancer cell resembles the outstretching legs of a crab to which these words refer (in Greek the word for crab is cancer, think of the zodiac sign). Although typically discussed as one illness, cancer is a group of diseases that vary in terms of incidence and mortality rates, epidemiology, risk factors and causes, and treatments. Also, understanding cancer and its effects through a cultural approach is an important area of health psychology because a comprehensive understanding of cancer requires a consideration of sex, gender, ethnicity, geographical location, sexual orientation, and all the other aspects of what makes up culture.

First, let’s look at basic biology and some terminology. Cancer is the name given to the illness or condition caused by the presence of a malignant tumor. A malignant tumor or cancerous cell is identified as one showing uncontrollable cell growth that destroys healthy tissue. Cells that show abnormal growth are also referred to as neoplasms. Normally our cells grow, divide, and die in an orderly fashion, and cell growth is more pronounced when we are young. As we grow older, cells in most parts of our body divide only to replace worn-out or dying cells and to repair injuries. Because cancer cells continue to grow and divide, they are different from normal cells. Instead of dying, they outlive normal cells and continue to form new abnormal cells.

When a normal cell turns cancerous, it is often the result of a mutation in the cell’s DNA that alters it and makes it grow uncontrollably, disrupting surrounding tissue and often spreading to organs all around the body (Pecorino, 2021). Most of the time when DNA becomes damaged, the body is able to repair it. In cancer cells, the damaged DNA cannot be repaired. Such genetic mutations can also be inherited, which accounts for why risk for cancer increases if someone in a person’s family has had cancer. Many times, though, a person’s cancerous cell mutations occur because of exposure to environmental toxins such as cigarette smoke or other carcinogens (cancer-causing substances). The branch of medicine that concerns the study and treatment of cancer is referred to as oncology, and this is the term used more frequently in hospitals.

A scanning electron micrograph depicting a killer T cell attacking cancer cells.

A Cancer Cell Being Attacked by Immune System Killer T Cells. A Colored Scanning Electron Micrograph (SEM) image shows a human Natural Killer (NK) cell attacking a cancer cell. The yellow NK cell has numerous long fluid-projections, which are beginning to flow around the large orange cancer cell. Natural killer cells are a type of white blood cell known as T-lymphocytes. These have the ability to destroy virus-infected cells and tumor cells. On contact with the surface of a tumor cell, the NK cell recognizes certain proteins called antigens, which activate its cell-killing mechanism. The NK cell then binds to and destroys the cancer cell using toxins.


Types of Cancer

There are more than 100 different types of cancer, and even tumors within each type show a lot of variability. However, note that not all tumors are cancerous or malignant. Benign or noncancerous tumors do not metastasize or spread to other parts of the body and, with very rare exceptions, are not life threatening. Some cancers, such as leukemia, do not form tumors. Instead, these cancer cells involve the blood and blood-forming organs and circulate through other tissues where they grow (ACS, 2018). The course of cancer and the likelihood of survival vary greatly according to the type of cancer diagnosed. Therefore, if someone just says they have cancer, you should not make any generalizations about their experiences until you have more information. Some cancers show very little deviation in patterns of disease course, and psychosocial influences on coping and treatment are minimal (Henderson &amp; Baum, 2002). That said, psychosocial factors do relate to differences in biomarkers and disease progression (Cheng &amp; Meiser, 2019).

The key variables that influence the interaction between biological, psychological, and social factors and the role each plays in cancer morbidity or mortality are cancer site, type, and severity. The most common sites for cancer are the lungs, breasts, prostate gland, colon, and rectum (the latter two are often affected together, which is referred to as colorectal cancer). The top 10 cancer sites by sex and related incidence and mortality statistics for each are shown in Figures 13.1 and 13.3.


Figure 13.1 Description

There are four main types of cancer. The most common are carcinomas that start in the surface layers of the body or epithelial cells. This form of cancer accounts for the bulk of cancer cases and is seen in the most common sites. Sarcomas are cancers of the muscles, bones, and cartilage. Lymphomas are cancers of the lymphatic system and are referred to as Hodgkin’s disease if the cancer spreads from a single lymph node (non-Hodgkin lymphomas are found at several sites). Leukemias are cancers that are found in the blood and bone marrow. In leukemia, white blood cells proliferate to displace red blood cells, which causes anemia (a shortage of red blood cells), bleeding, and other immune system problems (ACS, 2018).

The severity of cancer is determined by a multifactor assessment of stage. The TNM system is the most common method used to stage cancer (ACS, 2022b). It provides three main pieces of information. The T describes the size of the tumor and whether cancer has spread to nearby tissues and organs. The N describes how far the cancer has spread to nearby lymph nodes. Given that the lymph nodes are critical components of the body’s immune system, they are often heavily involved in fighting cancer cells. The M indicates the extent to which the cancer has metastasized. Letters or numbers after the T, N, and M give more details about each of these factors. For example, a tumor classified as Tl, N0, M0 is a tumor that is very small, has not spread to the lymph nodes, and has not spread to distant organs of the body. Once TNM descriptions have been established, they can be grouped together into a simpler set of stages, stages 0 through IV. In general, the lower the number, the less the cancer has spread. A higher number, such as stage IV, indicates a more serious, widespread cancer (ACS, 2022b).

Prevalence of Cancer

Cancer has been around for centuries and has been called the emperor of all maladies (Mukherjee, 2010). Unfortunately, the chances of our developing some form of cancer in our lifetime are pretty high (it is estimated one out of two males and one out of three females will develop cancer in their lifetime; Siegel et al., 2022), and the chances get higher as we get older, dropping again in our 80s (DeSantis et al., 2019). For people ages between 60 and 69, there is a 1 in 7 chance (if you are male) or 1 in 10 chance (if you are female) of getting cancer (Siegel et al., 2022). This incidence drops to a 1 in 16 chance for males and females between the ages of 50 and 59, and a 1 in 29 chance for males and 1 in 17 chance for females from birth until 49 (Siegel et al., 2022). Culture is again very important. Prevalence rates vary across many levels of culture—by sex, ethnicity, and geography. Differences in overall cancer rates by sex are shown in Figure 13.2.


Figure 13.2 Description

We are making strides in the fight against cancer (Stanton, 2019). New results on the incidence of cancer show that it is not as common as it was before, although the good news favors White American populations. Siegel et al. (2021) collected cancer morbidity and mortality data from several government organizations such as the National Cancer Institute and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, evaluated trends in cancer incidence and death rates, and compared survival rates over time and across racial/ethnic populations. The good news is that incidence rates for males for all cancers combined decreased from 1990 through 2013 and then stabilized during 2018 (Siegel et al., 2022). For females, incidence for all cancers remained relatively stable through the mid-2010s, but has seen a slight increase in recent years (Siegel et al., 2022). The good news is that since their peak in 1991, overall cancer death rates in 2019 have decreased by 32% (Siegel et al., 2022). The bad news from a cultural perspective is that cancer-specific survival rates are lower and the risk of dying from cancer once it is diagnosed is higher in some ethnic minority populations compared with the White American population, as shown in Table 13.1 (Siegel et al., 2022). The relative risk of death from cancer (all types combined), after adjusting for sex, age, and cancer stage at diagnosis, is 33% and 51% higher in Black Americans and Native Americans, respectively, compared with that for White Americans (Jemal et al., 2017). Additionally, when considering all cancer stages, Black Americans have lower survival rates than White Americans for bladder, breast, colorectal, esophageal, oral cavity and pharynx, ovarian, and uterine cancer, and melanoma (Siegel et al., 2022).

== 13.2 Cultural Variations and Developmental Issues ==
'''Cancer Across Cultures and Groups'''

Cancer affects people differently based on their ethnicity, race, sex, and socioeconomic status. Black Americans face higher cancer death rates than other groups in the U.S., despite White Americans having higher cancer diagnosis rates. For example, Black women are 41% more likely to die from breast cancer than White women, even though they are diagnosed less often. Similarly, Black men have double the cancer death rate compared to Asian/Pacific Islander men.

Cultural factors also influence cancer risks. Asian and Latino Americans show higher stomach and liver cancer rates, while Native Americans often see cancer as a punishment or a spiritual issue. Low socioeconomic status worsens outcomes due to limited knowledge about cancer and later diagnoses.

'''Sex Differences'''

Men are generally diagnosed with cancer more often than women, with prostate, lung, and colorectal cancers being the most common. For women, breast, lung, and colorectal cancers are most prevalent. Research on male-specific cancers, like testicular cancer, lags behind studies on female cancers, but awareness campaigns like No-Shave November are helping.

'''Beliefs and Knowledge About Cancer'''

Cultural beliefs affect understanding and attitudes toward cancer. Some groups attribute cancer to punishment or fate, leading to misconceptions. For instance, some Native Americans believe cancer can result from curses or violations of traditions. Fatalism—the idea that cancer always leads to death—is common in many communities, which can discourage seeking treatment.

'''Cancer as a Developmental Disease'''

Cancer risk increases with age, but many risk factors start early in life. For instance, smoking—a leading cause of cancer—often begins in teenage years. Children and teens diagnosed with cancer experience unique challenges, such as different coping mechanisms and impacts on their quality of life. Understanding how cancer affects individuals at different life stages is essential for providing appropriate support.

=== Raw Textbook Page ===
Similar to the ethnic differences in incidence of HIV infection described in the previous chapter, there are large differences in the cultural makeup of people who have cancer both across nations and across ethnic and racial groups (Kim &amp; Lwing, 2017; Song et al., 2014; Vahabi et al., 2017). In fact, there is a growing body of research clarifying the link between cancer and membership in certain ethnic groups (Yamoah et al., 2015). Before looking at possible biological reasons why one ethnicity may be more at risk than another, let’s first look at the different patterns of cancer across diverse ethnic groups.

There are two main statistics to bear in mind when studying the prevalence of cancer. The first is incidence or rates of newly diagnosed cases of the disease. The second is actual mortality. Keeping the two numbers separate is important because there are many people who are diagnosed with cancer who live (remember there was good news), and the number of survivors varies across cultural groups. So even if there are two cultural groups who both have the same incidence levels for a certain type of cancer, they may not show the same mortality rates. Figure 13.3 shows the incidence and mortality rates for the main types of cancer broken down by sex.

As you can see, different ethnic groups and the two sexes do not get cancer or die from it in the same ways (Dornelas, 2018; Siegel et al., 2022). Black Americans have the second highest general cancer incidence rates (behind White Americans), but the highest mortality rates of any population in the United States, with this difference being driven more by higher rates of cancer among Black American males (Siegel et al., 2022). Illustrating the difference between incidence and mortality, Black Americans have greater mortality rates relative to their incidence rates, suggesting that if they have cancer they are more likely to die of it. In 2019, the disparity in cancer deaths (for both sexes and all cancer types) between Black Americans and White Americans was 14% (Siegel et al., 2022). While White American females are diagnosed with cancer more than any other group of females, Black American females are the most likely to die from cancer (Siegel et al., 2022). This disparity is most pronounced in relation to breast cancer; Black American females have 4% lower incidence than White American females but 41% higher breast cancer mortality (Siegel et al., 2022). Similarly, Black American males’ cancer death rates are 19% higher than those of White American males and double those of Asian/Pacific Islander American males (Siegel et al., 2022). Separating total cases of cancer from individual types of cancer is important too. Although Asian/Pacific Islander Americans show much lower rates of cancer than White Americans in general, they have higher rates of stomach and liver cancer (Siegel et al., 2022). In contrast to some other ethnic differences, White American females have similar rates of lung cancer to Native American females but are more likely to have lung cancer than Black American, Asian/Pacific Islander American or Hispanic/Latino American females (Siegel et al., 2022).

In addition to these ethnic differences, there are significant sex differences in cancer incidence as well. Males experience higher incidences of cancer in general (Siegel et al., 2022). The most common cancers for males are prostate, lung, and colorectal (Siegel et al., 2022). Testicular cancer is relatively uncommon among men in general, but it is one of the most common forms of cancer in younger men ages 15 to 35. For some time, male cancers did not receive as much research attention as female cancers, and we know less about the etiology of most male cancers and males’ psychological and social experiences with cancer (Dornelas, 2018). No-Shave November is a recent phenomenon (did you know it started to raise awareness about male prostate cancer?).

The most common cancers for females for most ethnic groups are breast, lung, and colorectal (Siegel et al., 2022). In case you were wondering, men do get breast cancer although the rates are infinitesimal. Breast cancer incidence rates are somewhat counter to normal ethnic difference patterns; a higher incidence of breast cancer has been reported both in White American females and females of higher socioeconomic status (SES) compared to females of other ethnicities and lower SES (Coughlin, 2019; Seiler et al., 2017). However, low SES is associated with increased risk of aggressive premenopausal breast cancer, later diagnosis and poorer survival (Coughlin, 2019). Other common cancers tend to vary by ethnicity but usually include cancers of the reproductive organs (e.g., the uterus, cervix, and ovaries) and may be due to some ethnic groups such as Asian American and Latina American females not getting screened for the cancers (Suchday et al., 2019).

Cultural Differences in Beliefs and Knowledge About Cancer

Some of the cultural differences in cancer incidence are explained by cultural differences pertaining to beliefs held about cancer, people’s attitudes toward cancer, and knowledge of cancer (Licqurish et al., 2017). Many studies have shown that low socioeconomic groups are less knowledgeable about cancer regardless of their sex, ethnicity, or religion (e.g., McCutchan et al.,, 2015). Ethnically diverse groups exhibit different levels of knowledge as well. African Americans (Ogunsanya et al., 2017), Arab Americans (Abboud et al., 2017), Latino Americans (Szalacha et al., 2017), Chinese Americans (Robison et al., 2014), and Korean Americans (Sin et al., 2016) have all been found to have lower levels of knowledge about risk factors and cancer symptoms than White Americans.

Sometimes these cultural differences are linked to cultural beliefs and misconceptions about disease in general (Tejeda et al., 2017). Many religious individuals may believe that cancer is just punishment for sins or that cancer has spiritual meaning (Gall &amp; Bilodeau, 2017). The misperceived causes of cancer may also be more tangible. Vietnamese American, Chinese Americans, and Latino Americans (Luque et al., 2010) and Mexican immigrants to America (Luque et al., 2015) reported poor hygiene as a cause for cervical cancer. Another common cultural cancer belief is fatalism, the belief that a person with cancer cannot live a normal life and will die (Duberstein et al., 2017). High levels of fatalism have been found in Black Americans (Bustillo et al., 2017), Korean Americans, Chinese Americans, Mexican Americans (Gonzalez et al., 2016), and Latino Americans (Ramirez, 2014).

A vivid example of how culture influences perceptions is seen in the views of Native Americans. Many Native Americans see cancer as a White man’s disease and something that is a punishment for one’s actions or the actions of a family member (Yost et al., 2017). Some Native Americans see cancer as a natural part of life’s pathway and as providing a lesson from which to learn. Many also see cancer as penance and a person with cancer must wear the pain to protect other members of the community (Burhansstipanov, 2000). A diagnosis of cancer is equivalent to a doctor shooting a hole through the spirit and thus results in depression and fear of the doctor instead of trust. Beliefs about how you can get cancer may seem outlandish to the ethnocentric non-Native Americans. Some Native Americans believe cancer can result from a curse or from violating tribal mores like stepping on a frog or urinating on a spider. Others believe that it is contagious and that it can be caught from a mammography machine or from the child of someone who has cancer (Burhansstipanov, 2000). Some Native Americans do not want to even talk about cancer for fear of catching the cancer spirit. Regardless of the extent to which you think these beliefs are far-fetched, they have to be respected and anticipated to optimize helping the Native Americans who do hold them.

Developmental Issues in Cancer

You are more likely to get cancer as you get older (ACS, 2021a). The rates for cancer increase dramatically over the life span. Between 2013 and 2017, incidence rates ranged from 16.8 per 100,000 for those younger than 15 years of age, to 75.9 per 100,000 for adolescents and young adults (15–39 years) (Islami et al., 2021). In 2019, in the United States, the incidence rate was 474 and 415 per 100,000 for males and females, respectively, of all ages, and 2630 and 1804 per 100,000 for males and females, respectively, ages over 75 (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention [CDC], 2022). Age is a cultural variable as well, and one that also needs to be attended to in understanding cancer.

We consider cancer a developmental disease. Why is this? Although cancer is primarily diagnosed in older adults, cancers actually develop when people are younger. Because there typically is a large gap between when a tumor starts to grow and when it is large enough to be diagnosed, exposure to many of the risk factors for cancer (described below) at a young age necessarily predicts the occurrence of cancer at an older age. Significant risks for cancer are also associated with the different developmental milestones (as described in Chapter 4). There is a risk associated with girls starting to menstruate early (Goldberg et al., 2020; Olsson &amp; Olsson, 2020) and female’s dietary choices during adolescence and adulthood are associated with the early development of colorectal cancer (at less than 50 years; Hur et al., 2021). Risks also associate with menopause and the ways that females cope with it. The biggest risk factor for cancer—smoking (Kim et al., 2018; Lewandowska et al., 2019)—has a strong developmental link: Smoking almost always begins in the teenage years; few adults initiate a regular smoking habit (Park et al., 2018).

Developmental age also influences how people, especially children, will cope with a cancer diagnosis. For example, Barrera et al. (2003) recruited preschool, school age, and adolescent patients and measured their psychological adjustment and quality of life (QOL) 3, 9, and 15 months after cancer was diagnosed. The children’s age at diagnosis significantly affected both their adjustment and QOL. At 3 months after diagnosis, preschoolers had more externalizing behavior problems than adolescents. Preschoolers had better QOL than adolescents at all three assessments, suggesting that preschoolers with cancer are at risk for behavior problems and adolescents are at risk for poor QOL. Studies such as these are gentle reminders that the psychological reactions to cancer experienced by adults may be very different from those of children (Anderzén Carlsson et al., 2008). A developmental approach also helps us understand how family interactions change when one family member has cancer (Caruso et al., 2017; Erker et al., 2018; Long et al., 2018).</text>
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      <text bytes="44463" sha1="nb060zcas3vp0sycb0kl4etish0p7lh" xml:space="preserve">In 2019, more than 1.7 million new cases of cancer were diagnosed and nearly 600,000 people died of cancer in the United States (U.S. Cancer Statistics Working Group, 2022). Cancer is the second leading cause of death in the United States (after heart disease), with nearly 1 in 4 deaths due to cancer (U.S. Cancer Statistics Working Group, 2022).    

==13.1 - Cancer: Definitions and Prevalence==
'''Origins and Terminology''':

* Cancer originates from the Greek terms &quot;carcinos&quot; and &quot;carcinoma,&quot; referring to tumor types. Its name is linked to the crab-like appearance of spreading cancer cells.
* Cancer encompasses over 100 diseases, differing in incidence, risk factors, and treatment.

'''Biological Basis''':

* Cancer arises from malignant tumors characterized by uncontrolled cell growth and tissue destruction.
* Mutations in DNA disrupt normal cell processes, often caused by genetic factors or exposure to carcinogens (e.g., cigarette smoke).
* Normal cells divide and die systematically, while cancer cells grow indefinitely, forming abnormal cells.

'''Types of Cancer''':

* '''Carcinomas''': The most common type, originating in epithelial cells.
* '''Sarcomas''': Affect muscles, bones, and cartilage.
* '''Lymphomas''': Involve the lymphatic system (e.g., Hodgkin’s and non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma).
* '''Leukemias''': Found in blood and bone marrow, leading to anemia and immune issues.

'''Staging and Severity''':

* The TNM system assesses tumor size (T), lymph node involvement (N), and metastasis (M).
* Stages range from 0 (localized) to IV (widespread and severe).

'''Epidemiology and Risk''':

* About 1 in 2 men and 1 in 3 women are diagnosed with cancer during their lifetimes, with risks increasing with age.
* Prevalence varies by sex, ethnicity, and geography, with significant disparities in survival rates among ethnic groups.

'''Cultural and Psychosocial Factors''':

* Understanding cancer requires considering cultural influences, including ethnicity, gender, and socioeconomic factors.
* Minority groups face higher risks of death from cancer and lower survival rates, highlighting healthcare inequities.

'''Advancements and Trends''':

* Overall cancer incidence and mortality have decreased over decades, especially for males, though disparities persist.
* Early diagnosis and treatment advances have contributed to better outcomes in many populations.

'''Notable Trends''':

* Death rates from cancer decreased by 32% between 1991 and 2019.
* Minority populations experience lower survival rates, with Black Americans and Native Americans facing the highest relative risk of cancer death compared to White Americans.

By addressing cultural, biological, and environmental factors, we can better understand and combat cancer effectively

=== Raw Textbook Page ===
Similar to stress and pain, the word cancer has many different forms and meanings. Cancer is derived from carcinos and carcinoma, terms first used by the Greek Hippocrates to describe non-ulcer-forming and ulcer-forming tumors. The shape of a spreading cancer cell resembles the outstretching legs of a crab to which these words refer (in Greek the word for crab is cancer, think of the zodiac sign). Although typically discussed as one illness, cancer is a group of diseases that vary in terms of incidence and mortality rates, epidemiology, risk factors and causes, and treatments. Also, understanding cancer and its effects through a cultural approach is an important area of health psychology because a comprehensive understanding of cancer requires a consideration of sex, gender, ethnicity, geographical location, sexual orientation, and all the other aspects of what makes up culture.

First, let’s look at basic biology and some terminology. Cancer is the name given to the illness or condition caused by the presence of a malignant tumor. A malignant tumor or cancerous cell is identified as one showing uncontrollable cell growth that destroys healthy tissue. Cells that show abnormal growth are also referred to as neoplasms. Normally our cells grow, divide, and die in an orderly fashion, and cell growth is more pronounced when we are young. As we grow older, cells in most parts of our body divide only to replace worn-out or dying cells and to repair injuries. Because cancer cells continue to grow and divide, they are different from normal cells. Instead of dying, they outlive normal cells and continue to form new abnormal cells.

When a normal cell turns cancerous, it is often the result of a mutation in the cell’s DNA that alters it and makes it grow uncontrollably, disrupting surrounding tissue and often spreading to organs all around the body (Pecorino, 2021). Most of the time when DNA becomes damaged, the body is able to repair it. In cancer cells, the damaged DNA cannot be repaired. Such genetic mutations can also be inherited, which accounts for why risk for cancer increases if someone in a person’s family has had cancer. Many times, though, a person’s cancerous cell mutations occur because of exposure to environmental toxins such as cigarette smoke or other carcinogens (cancer-causing substances). The branch of medicine that concerns the study and treatment of cancer is referred to as oncology, and this is the term used more frequently in hospitals.

A scanning electron micrograph depicting a killer T cell attacking cancer cells.

A Cancer Cell Being Attacked by Immune System Killer T Cells. A Colored Scanning Electron Micrograph (SEM) image shows a human Natural Killer (NK) cell attacking a cancer cell. The yellow NK cell has numerous long fluid-projections, which are beginning to flow around the large orange cancer cell. Natural killer cells are a type of white blood cell known as T-lymphocytes. These have the ability to destroy virus-infected cells and tumor cells. On contact with the surface of a tumor cell, the NK cell recognizes certain proteins called antigens, which activate its cell-killing mechanism. The NK cell then binds to and destroys the cancer cell using toxins.


Types of Cancer

There are more than 100 different types of cancer, and even tumors within each type show a lot of variability. However, note that not all tumors are cancerous or malignant. Benign or noncancerous tumors do not metastasize or spread to other parts of the body and, with very rare exceptions, are not life threatening. Some cancers, such as leukemia, do not form tumors. Instead, these cancer cells involve the blood and blood-forming organs and circulate through other tissues where they grow (ACS, 2018). The course of cancer and the likelihood of survival vary greatly according to the type of cancer diagnosed. Therefore, if someone just says they have cancer, you should not make any generalizations about their experiences until you have more information. Some cancers show very little deviation in patterns of disease course, and psychosocial influences on coping and treatment are minimal (Henderson &amp; Baum, 2002). That said, psychosocial factors do relate to differences in biomarkers and disease progression (Cheng &amp; Meiser, 2019).

The key variables that influence the interaction between biological, psychological, and social factors and the role each plays in cancer morbidity or mortality are cancer site, type, and severity. The most common sites for cancer are the lungs, breasts, prostate gland, colon, and rectum (the latter two are often affected together, which is referred to as colorectal cancer). The top 10 cancer sites by sex and related incidence and mortality statistics for each are shown in Figures 13.1 and 13.3.


Figure 13.1 Description

There are four main types of cancer. The most common are carcinomas that start in the surface layers of the body or epithelial cells. This form of cancer accounts for the bulk of cancer cases and is seen in the most common sites. Sarcomas are cancers of the muscles, bones, and cartilage. Lymphomas are cancers of the lymphatic system and are referred to as Hodgkin’s disease if the cancer spreads from a single lymph node (non-Hodgkin lymphomas are found at several sites). Leukemias are cancers that are found in the blood and bone marrow. In leukemia, white blood cells proliferate to displace red blood cells, which causes anemia (a shortage of red blood cells), bleeding, and other immune system problems (ACS, 2018).

The severity of cancer is determined by a multifactor assessment of stage. The TNM system is the most common method used to stage cancer (ACS, 2022b). It provides three main pieces of information. The T describes the size of the tumor and whether cancer has spread to nearby tissues and organs. The N describes how far the cancer has spread to nearby lymph nodes. Given that the lymph nodes are critical components of the body’s immune system, they are often heavily involved in fighting cancer cells. The M indicates the extent to which the cancer has metastasized. Letters or numbers after the T, N, and M give more details about each of these factors. For example, a tumor classified as Tl, N0, M0 is a tumor that is very small, has not spread to the lymph nodes, and has not spread to distant organs of the body. Once TNM descriptions have been established, they can be grouped together into a simpler set of stages, stages 0 through IV. In general, the lower the number, the less the cancer has spread. A higher number, such as stage IV, indicates a more serious, widespread cancer (ACS, 2022b).

Prevalence of Cancer

Cancer has been around for centuries and has been called the emperor of all maladies (Mukherjee, 2010). Unfortunately, the chances of our developing some form of cancer in our lifetime are pretty high (it is estimated one out of two males and one out of three females will develop cancer in their lifetime; Siegel et al., 2022), and the chances get higher as we get older, dropping again in our 80s (DeSantis et al., 2019). For people ages between 60 and 69, there is a 1 in 7 chance (if you are male) or 1 in 10 chance (if you are female) of getting cancer (Siegel et al., 2022). This incidence drops to a 1 in 16 chance for males and females between the ages of 50 and 59, and a 1 in 29 chance for males and 1 in 17 chance for females from birth until 49 (Siegel et al., 2022). Culture is again very important. Prevalence rates vary across many levels of culture—by sex, ethnicity, and geography. Differences in overall cancer rates by sex are shown in Figure 13.2.


Figure 13.2 Description

We are making strides in the fight against cancer (Stanton, 2019). New results on the incidence of cancer show that it is not as common as it was before, although the good news favors White American populations. Siegel et al. (2021) collected cancer morbidity and mortality data from several government organizations such as the National Cancer Institute and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, evaluated trends in cancer incidence and death rates, and compared survival rates over time and across racial/ethnic populations. The good news is that incidence rates for males for all cancers combined decreased from 1990 through 2013 and then stabilized during 2018 (Siegel et al., 2022). For females, incidence for all cancers remained relatively stable through the mid-2010s, but has seen a slight increase in recent years (Siegel et al., 2022). The good news is that since their peak in 1991, overall cancer death rates in 2019 have decreased by 32% (Siegel et al., 2022). The bad news from a cultural perspective is that cancer-specific survival rates are lower and the risk of dying from cancer once it is diagnosed is higher in some ethnic minority populations compared with the White American population, as shown in Table 13.1 (Siegel et al., 2022). The relative risk of death from cancer (all types combined), after adjusting for sex, age, and cancer stage at diagnosis, is 33% and 51% higher in Black Americans and Native Americans, respectively, compared with that for White Americans (Jemal et al., 2017). Additionally, when considering all cancer stages, Black Americans have lower survival rates than White Americans for bladder, breast, colorectal, esophageal, oral cavity and pharynx, ovarian, and uterine cancer, and melanoma (Siegel et al., 2022).

== 13.2 - Cultural Variations and Developmental Issues ==
'''Cancer Across Cultures and Groups'''

Cancer affects people differently based on their ethnicity, race, sex, and socioeconomic status. Black Americans face higher cancer death rates than other groups in the U.S., despite White Americans having higher cancer diagnosis rates. For example, Black women are 41% more likely to die from breast cancer than White women, even though they are diagnosed less often. Similarly, Black men have double the cancer death rate compared to Asian/Pacific Islander men.

Cultural factors also influence cancer risks. Asian and Latino Americans show higher stomach and liver cancer rates, while Native Americans often see cancer as a punishment or a spiritual issue. Low socioeconomic status worsens outcomes due to limited knowledge about cancer and later diagnoses.

'''Sex Differences'''

Men are generally diagnosed with cancer more often than women, with prostate, lung, and colorectal cancers being the most common. For women, breast, lung, and colorectal cancers are most prevalent. Research on male-specific cancers, like testicular cancer, lags behind studies on female cancers, but awareness campaigns like No-Shave November are helping.

'''Beliefs and Knowledge About Cancer'''

Cultural beliefs affect understanding and attitudes toward cancer. Some groups attribute cancer to punishment or fate, leading to misconceptions. For instance, some Native Americans believe cancer can result from curses or violations of traditions. Fatalism—the idea that cancer always leads to death—is common in many communities, which can discourage seeking treatment.

'''Cancer as a Developmental Disease'''

Cancer risk increases with age, but many risk factors start early in life. For instance, smoking—a leading cause of cancer—often begins in teenage years. Children and teens diagnosed with cancer experience unique challenges, such as different coping mechanisms and impacts on their quality of life. Understanding how cancer affects individuals at different life stages is essential for providing appropriate support.

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Similar to the ethnic differences in incidence of HIV infection described in the previous chapter, there are large differences in the cultural makeup of people who have cancer both across nations and across ethnic and racial groups (Kim &amp; Lwing, 2017; Song et al., 2014; Vahabi et al., 2017). In fact, there is a growing body of research clarifying the link between cancer and membership in certain ethnic groups (Yamoah et al., 2015). Before looking at possible biological reasons why one ethnicity may be more at risk than another, let’s first look at the different patterns of cancer across diverse ethnic groups.

There are two main statistics to bear in mind when studying the prevalence of cancer. The first is incidence or rates of newly diagnosed cases of the disease. The second is actual mortality. Keeping the two numbers separate is important because there are many people who are diagnosed with cancer who live (remember there was good news), and the number of survivors varies across cultural groups. So even if there are two cultural groups who both have the same incidence levels for a certain type of cancer, they may not show the same mortality rates. Figure 13.3 shows the incidence and mortality rates for the main types of cancer broken down by sex.

As you can see, different ethnic groups and the two sexes do not get cancer or die from it in the same ways (Dornelas, 2018; Siegel et al., 2022). Black Americans have the second highest general cancer incidence rates (behind White Americans), but the highest mortality rates of any population in the United States, with this difference being driven more by higher rates of cancer among Black American males (Siegel et al., 2022). Illustrating the difference between incidence and mortality, Black Americans have greater mortality rates relative to their incidence rates, suggesting that if they have cancer they are more likely to die of it. In 2019, the disparity in cancer deaths (for both sexes and all cancer types) between Black Americans and White Americans was 14% (Siegel et al., 2022). While White American females are diagnosed with cancer more than any other group of females, Black American females are the most likely to die from cancer (Siegel et al., 2022). This disparity is most pronounced in relation to breast cancer; Black American females have 4% lower incidence than White American females but 41% higher breast cancer mortality (Siegel et al., 2022). Similarly, Black American males’ cancer death rates are 19% higher than those of White American males and double those of Asian/Pacific Islander American males (Siegel et al., 2022). Separating total cases of cancer from individual types of cancer is important too. Although Asian/Pacific Islander Americans show much lower rates of cancer than White Americans in general, they have higher rates of stomach and liver cancer (Siegel et al., 2022). In contrast to some other ethnic differences, White American females have similar rates of lung cancer to Native American females but are more likely to have lung cancer than Black American, Asian/Pacific Islander American or Hispanic/Latino American females (Siegel et al., 2022).

In addition to these ethnic differences, there are significant sex differences in cancer incidence as well. Males experience higher incidences of cancer in general (Siegel et al., 2022). The most common cancers for males are prostate, lung, and colorectal (Siegel et al., 2022). Testicular cancer is relatively uncommon among men in general, but it is one of the most common forms of cancer in younger men ages 15 to 35. For some time, male cancers did not receive as much research attention as female cancers, and we know less about the etiology of most male cancers and males’ psychological and social experiences with cancer (Dornelas, 2018). No-Shave November is a recent phenomenon (did you know it started to raise awareness about male prostate cancer?).

The most common cancers for females for most ethnic groups are breast, lung, and colorectal (Siegel et al., 2022). In case you were wondering, men do get breast cancer although the rates are infinitesimal. Breast cancer incidence rates are somewhat counter to normal ethnic difference patterns; a higher incidence of breast cancer has been reported both in White American females and females of higher socioeconomic status (SES) compared to females of other ethnicities and lower SES (Coughlin, 2019; Seiler et al., 2017). However, low SES is associated with increased risk of aggressive premenopausal breast cancer, later diagnosis and poorer survival (Coughlin, 2019). Other common cancers tend to vary by ethnicity but usually include cancers of the reproductive organs (e.g., the uterus, cervix, and ovaries) and may be due to some ethnic groups such as Asian American and Latina American females not getting screened for the cancers (Suchday et al., 2019).

Cultural Differences in Beliefs and Knowledge About Cancer

Some of the cultural differences in cancer incidence are explained by cultural differences pertaining to beliefs held about cancer, people’s attitudes toward cancer, and knowledge of cancer (Licqurish et al., 2017). Many studies have shown that low socioeconomic groups are less knowledgeable about cancer regardless of their sex, ethnicity, or religion (e.g., McCutchan et al.,, 2015). Ethnically diverse groups exhibit different levels of knowledge as well. African Americans (Ogunsanya et al., 2017), Arab Americans (Abboud et al., 2017), Latino Americans (Szalacha et al., 2017), Chinese Americans (Robison et al., 2014), and Korean Americans (Sin et al., 2016) have all been found to have lower levels of knowledge about risk factors and cancer symptoms than White Americans.

Sometimes these cultural differences are linked to cultural beliefs and misconceptions about disease in general (Tejeda et al., 2017). Many religious individuals may believe that cancer is just punishment for sins or that cancer has spiritual meaning (Gall &amp; Bilodeau, 2017). The misperceived causes of cancer may also be more tangible. Vietnamese American, Chinese Americans, and Latino Americans (Luque et al., 2010) and Mexican immigrants to America (Luque et al., 2015) reported poor hygiene as a cause for cervical cancer. Another common cultural cancer belief is fatalism, the belief that a person with cancer cannot live a normal life and will die (Duberstein et al., 2017). High levels of fatalism have been found in Black Americans (Bustillo et al., 2017), Korean Americans, Chinese Americans, Mexican Americans (Gonzalez et al., 2016), and Latino Americans (Ramirez, 2014).

A vivid example of how culture influences perceptions is seen in the views of Native Americans. Many Native Americans see cancer as a White man’s disease and something that is a punishment for one’s actions or the actions of a family member (Yost et al., 2017). Some Native Americans see cancer as a natural part of life’s pathway and as providing a lesson from which to learn. Many also see cancer as penance and a person with cancer must wear the pain to protect other members of the community (Burhansstipanov, 2000). A diagnosis of cancer is equivalent to a doctor shooting a hole through the spirit and thus results in depression and fear of the doctor instead of trust. Beliefs about how you can get cancer may seem outlandish to the ethnocentric non-Native Americans. Some Native Americans believe cancer can result from a curse or from violating tribal mores like stepping on a frog or urinating on a spider. Others believe that it is contagious and that it can be caught from a mammography machine or from the child of someone who has cancer (Burhansstipanov, 2000). Some Native Americans do not want to even talk about cancer for fear of catching the cancer spirit. Regardless of the extent to which you think these beliefs are far-fetched, they have to be respected and anticipated to optimize helping the Native Americans who do hold them.

Developmental Issues in Cancer

You are more likely to get cancer as you get older (ACS, 2021a). The rates for cancer increase dramatically over the life span. Between 2013 and 2017, incidence rates ranged from 16.8 per 100,000 for those younger than 15 years of age, to 75.9 per 100,000 for adolescents and young adults (15–39 years) (Islami et al., 2021). In 2019, in the United States, the incidence rate was 474 and 415 per 100,000 for males and females, respectively, of all ages, and 2630 and 1804 per 100,000 for males and females, respectively, ages over 75 (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention [CDC], 2022). Age is a cultural variable as well, and one that also needs to be attended to in understanding cancer.

We consider cancer a developmental disease. Why is this? Although cancer is primarily diagnosed in older adults, cancers actually develop when people are younger. Because there typically is a large gap between when a tumor starts to grow and when it is large enough to be diagnosed, exposure to many of the risk factors for cancer (described below) at a young age necessarily predicts the occurrence of cancer at an older age. Significant risks for cancer are also associated with the different developmental milestones (as described in Chapter 4). There is a risk associated with girls starting to menstruate early (Goldberg et al., 2020; Olsson &amp; Olsson, 2020) and female’s dietary choices during adolescence and adulthood are associated with the early development of colorectal cancer (at less than 50 years; Hur et al., 2021). Risks also associate with menopause and the ways that females cope with it. The biggest risk factor for cancer—smoking (Kim et al., 2018; Lewandowska et al., 2019)—has a strong developmental link: Smoking almost always begins in the teenage years; few adults initiate a regular smoking habit (Park et al., 2018).

Developmental age also influences how people, especially children, will cope with a cancer diagnosis. For example, Barrera et al. (2003) recruited preschool, school age, and adolescent patients and measured their psychological adjustment and quality of life (QOL) 3, 9, and 15 months after cancer was diagnosed. The children’s age at diagnosis significantly affected both their adjustment and QOL. At 3 months after diagnosis, preschoolers had more externalizing behavior problems than adolescents. Preschoolers had better QOL than adolescents at all three assessments, suggesting that preschoolers with cancer are at risk for behavior problems and adolescents are at risk for poor QOL. Studies such as these are gentle reminders that the psychological reactions to cancer experienced by adults may be very different from those of children (Anderzén Carlsson et al., 2008). A developmental approach also helps us understand how family interactions change when one family member has cancer (Caruso et al., 2017; Erker et al., 2018; Long et al., 2018).

== 13.3 - Correlates of Cancer ==

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Physiological Correlates of Cancer

The physiological symptoms of cancer depend on the size, location, and stage of cancer (Weinberg, 2013). If a cancer has reached a later stage and metastasizes, then symptoms may occur at different locations in the body. As the mutant cells divide, they exert pressure on the surrounding organs, blood vessels, and nerves that is consciously felt by the individual (Pecorino, 2021). Some cancers, such as pancreatic cancer, are not felt until the cell has reached an advanced stage of development. Some of the general symptoms of cancer are fever, fatigue, pain, changes in the skin, and weight loss. Remember that having these symptoms does not necessarily mean a person has cancer but suggests that something is not right (there are many other reasons for these same symptoms). Sometimes, cancer cells release substances into the bloodstream that cause symptoms not generally thought to result from cancers (Pecorino, 2021). For example, some cancers of the pancreas can release substances that cause blood clots to develop in veins of the legs. Some lung cancers produce hormone-like substances that change blood calcium levels, affecting nerves and muscles and causing weakness and dizziness.

Together with general symptoms, some symptoms are more specifically indicative of cancer. Any changes in your excretory functions could signify cancer of the colon (such as constipation, constant diarrhea or a change in stool consistency) or bladder/prostate gland (such as painful urination or blood in the urine). Sores that do not heal, especially in the mouth or on sexual organs, are signs of skin cancers. As a rule, the appearance of blood in fluids in which you do not normally see it like in the saliva, urine, stool, nonmenstrual vaginal fluids, or breast fluid should be reported to a doctor immediately. The appearance of lumps in the breast, testicles, or lymph nodes may also be a sign of cancer. In general, it is clear that the better you know your body, the more aware you will be of changes that may signify problems with it.

Psychological Correlates of Cancer

You can divide the reality of cancer into three main phases: the period leading up to a diagnosis, the diagnosis and reactions to it, and the period following it. Psychological factors may play a role in all three, although the research evidence on how psychology influences progression is clearer than that on its role in the development of cancer.

Psychological Factors in Cancer Incidence

There is presently little unequivocal proof that psychological factors cause cancer (e.g., Stanton, 2019), except for the case of stress. We discuss this in more detail later. There are at least three general pathways through which psychological factors may influence the development of cancer: (1) direct effects of psychological processes on bodily systems; (2) healthy and unhealthy behaviors; and (3) responses to perceived or actual illness, such as screening behaviors or adherence to treatment recommendations (Henderson &amp; Baum, 2002). The main psychological processes studied have been personality, social support, depression, stress, and health behaviors. Stress and health behaviors are perhaps the most pervasive and will be discussed later in the chapter.

Although receiving a lot of attention in the mid-1980s, the role of personality in cancer has been somewhat exaggerated. Morris et al. (1981) first found an association between breast cancer and anger suppression, leading to the hypothesis of a cancer-prone or Type C personality (Zozulya et al., 2008). A Type C person was described as cooperative, appeasing, unassertive, and compliant and as someone who did not express negative emotions (Temoshok, 1987). Some later reviews supported these early findings, but more recently the research methodology used in studies examining personality as a risk factor for cancer has been criticized and it has been concluded that there is no sound evidence to suggest that personality plays a role in cancer etiology or survival (Johansen, 2018). However, while personality may not have a direct influence on cancer risk, it may influence health behaviors that are associated with cancer (Johansen, 2018).

If personality has no direct role, what is the influence of one’s social environment? Social support appears not to have a strong protective effect against cancer development (Ikeda et al., 2013) although it does play a significant role in coping with cancer (as discussed in the next section). To be fair, social support research is hampered by the fact that there are many different types of social support (as described in Chapter 6), and because it is operationally defined in different ways, study comparisons are difficult (Knoll, 2018). If your intuition says that social support must influence incidences of cancer, you are right (although don’t let intuition get in the way of empirical evidence to the contrary). For instance, social isolation was found to be associated with higher risk of cancer mortality for White Americans (male and female) but not for Black Americans (Alcaraz et al., 2019).

There is more evidence for the role of depression in cancer incidence than for social support (Wang, Li et al., 2020). Wang and colleagues (2020), in a meta-analysis comprising 51 cohort studies, with over two and a half million participants and a mean follow-up period of approximately 10 years, found that clinically diagnosed depression was associated with higher cancer incidence (for all cancer types combined), poorer cancer survival, and higher cancer-specific mortality; symptoms of depression were not associated with cancer risk. Depression was also associated with higher incidence for specific cancers including lung, oral cavity, prostate and skin cancer (Wang, Li et al., 2020). Furthermore, subgroup analyses found cancer risk to be higher in males and people of Asian ethnicity (Wang, Li et al., 2020).

In conjunction with similar cultural differences for social support, it is clear that the link between psychological factors and cancer may differ by sex and ethnicity. Such variations may be linked to biological pathways or may be indicative of greater cultural differences that have biopsychosocial components.

Psychological Responses to Cancer Diagnosis

Even being screened for a potential cancer can be a fearful experience (Nagendiram et al., 2020). A positive diagnosis (i.e., that cells are cancerous) can be devastating and has been referred to as causing an existential plight (increased thoughts about life and death) (Weisman &amp; Worden, 1972) and existential uncertainty regarding disease trajectory, likelihood of survival, and life before death (Karlsson et al., 2014). In the early stages after diagnosis, people may experience clinically relevant symptoms of anxiety and depression (Civilotti et al., 2021). In addition to anxiety, denial, and depression—the major responses to learning you have a chronic illness, as covered in Chapter 10—a cancer diagnosis and its treatment result in stress and a lowered QOL (Dornelas, 2018). The high emotions experienced right after diagnoses lessen with time, and emotions actually improve as recovery begins after the end of treatment. Two other highly psychologically disturbing times occur during treatment, whether it is surgery or radiotherapy (Dornelas, 2018).

In general, depression is more common in patients undergoing active treatment and those experiencing pain or with a history of stressors or low social support, rather than those in follow-up treatment (Johansen et al., 2011). Depression also varies according to age, sex and type of cancer (Linden et al., 2012). The relationship between age and depression is variable, but younger age has been associated with increased depression for some cancers (Linden et al., 2012). Regarding sex, females have been found to be almost twice as likely to report clinically significant depression than males, with the highest prevalence of depression occurring for females with lung cancer, followed by haematological and bone cancers (Linden et al., 2012). People with lung, haematological and gynecological cancers have been reported to have the highest levels of depression, while people with skin or prostate cancer have been found to have lower levels of depression than the average cancer patient (Linden et al., 2012). In addition to depression, people with cancer may also experience fear, anxiety, pain, and insomnia (Fischer et al., 2010; Hoang et al., 2020; Linden et al., 2012).

Psychological Factors in Cancer Progression and Coping

Similar to HIV infection and other chronic illnesses, some psychological characteristics help people cope better with cancer and also influence the course of the disease. Similar to the factors associated with incidence, a person’s personality, social support, depression, stress, and health behaviors again figure prominently (Smith, 2018; Stanton, 2019).

Personality

We have already discussed how personality relates to cancer incidence—meaning whether personality has any influence over whether someone will get cancer (there is no sound evidence to say it does). In the late 1970s, the first positive links between personality and cancer progression were seen. How people coped with cancer seemed to be one of the most important factors. Patients who denied they had cancer had higher disease recurrence rates (Greer et al., 1979). Other studies followed and have established that avoidant, repressive, or unexpressive personalities or coping styles are associated with poorer disease courses (Epping-Jordan et al., 1994). Other personality characteristics are important, too. For example, optimism is strongly and positively correlated with active coping and emotional regulation coping strategies and strongly negatively correlated with avoidant coping strategies (Scheier et al., 1986). Optimists, in general, show better psychological well-being and physical health (Scheier &amp; Carver, 2018; Solberg Nes, 2016). In the context of cancer, optimism has been associated with health-related QOL (Marton et al., 2022). Additionally, a number of studies show that optimism predicts better adjustment for a variety of cancers (breast cancer, Colby &amp; Shifren, 2013; colorectal cancer, Chambers et al., 2012; prostate cancer, Thornton et al., 2012; urogenital cancer, Zenger et al., 2010; advanced cancer (mixed types), Applebaum et al., 2014).

Social Support

The case for a positive correlation between social support and survival of cancer patients is very strong (Imm et al., 2017; LeBarre &amp; Riding-Malon, 2017). Of course, some of the best studies to look at are prospective in nature. For example, Nausheen et al. (2009) reviewed 31 longitudinal prospective studies from 26 published articles assessing the role of structural (e.g., size, range, proximity of social network and frequency of contact) and functional (e.g., function or quality of support network) social support in cancer progression and found that lower social support was associated with cancer progression, although some findings were contrary to what was expected. For all cancer types combined, structural support appeared to have a stronger association than functional support; however, most of the nonsignificant findings for functional support were in people with metastatic cancer, leading Nausheen et al. (2009) to conclude that functional social support may be beneficial for people with less severe cancer. Also, some of the differences may be due to the conceptualization and measurement of social support. With regard to cancer type, the evidence for a relationship between social support and cancer progression was deemed to be sufficiently strong for breast cancer; the relationship was not demonstrated for lung cancer, melanoma, or mixed cancers (studies containing more than one type of cancer; Nausheen et al., 2009). In terms of specific aspects of social support, having a larger social network of confidants with which to discuss personal problems (Kroenke et al., 2013), higher social connectedness (i.e., more frequent contact with family and friends, attending religious services, and involvement in community activities) (Beasley et al., 2010), and higher perceived level of support (Pinquart &amp; Duberstein, 2010) all link to slower progression of cancer and higher rates of survival. A growing body of work suggests that spiritual sources, such as belief in a God and prayer, also provide social support, aiding adjustment and slowing cancer progression (Chaturvedi &amp; Venkateswaran, 2008), although females who were not spiritual before cancer diagnosis but turned to God after diagnosis show lower levels of well-being than females who were always religious (Schreiber &amp; Brockopp, 2012).

Depression has also been linked to cancer progression (Bortolato et al., 2017) with a number of studies suggesting that depression and lower QOL in general have adverse effects on survival (Wang, Li et al., 2020). We discuss further the role of social support and depression in the section about interventions later in this chapter.

Although we have discussed the role of psychological factors in cancer progression, we would be remiss if we did not mention the effect cancer has on social relationships. The caregivers—spouses, friends, relatives—of cancer patients often experience negative outcomes as well (Borrescio-Higa &amp; Valdés, 2022; Long et al., 2018). For example, psychological interventions have been designed to help the spouses of females with breast cancer that reduce the spouse’s anxiety and depression and increase their self-efficacy and skills to assist their spouse (Lewis et al., 2019; Lewis et al., 2022). Across all cancer types, interventions for spouses have also targeted social support, problem solving, emotional resilience, coping strategies, role expectations, and relationship quality, with a review findings benefits for social support, emotional distress, coping, posttraumatic growth, self-efficacy, and communication (Kleine et al., 2019).

Cancer, Stress, and Immunity

Stress has been shown to influence both the incidence of cancer and its progression, although again, the link for the latter is stronger. There is no equivocation: stress-related psychosocial factors influence cancer. Chida et al. (2008) conducted a meta-analysis of 165 studies and found that stress-related psychosocial factors were associated with higher cancer incidence in initially healthy populations, poorer survival in patients with diagnosed cancer, and higher cancer mortality. While the methodology of this study has been criticized (Coyne et al., 2010), primary studies have also indicated a relationship between stress and cancer. For example, females who experienced four to six major life stressors were at more than five times higher risk for breast cancer (Kruk, 2012). Özkan et al (2017), similarly found that females who had experienced important stressors within the last 5 years and those with chronic stress were at increased risk of breast cancer. When biopsychosocial factors were analyzed together, females who had experienced important stressors within the last 5 years were at more than five and a half times higher risk for breast cancer (Özkan et al, 2017). A cancer diagnosis sets up a negative cycle of experiences between stress and illness (see Chapters 12 and 14 for other examples). The diagnosis and treatment cause stress that in turn influences the course of the disease by affecting the immune system (Andersen et al., 2017).

Stress affects cancer through a number of pathways. It has a direct effect on the activity of natural killer (NK) cells, which themselves are critical in the body’s fight against cancer (Capellino et al., 2020). Patients with a variety of cancers have lowered NK cell activity in the blood to begin with (Imai et al., 2000) and psychological distress associated with cancer diagnosis and treatment has been accompanied by immune dysregulation, including reduced NK activity and change in cytokine profile (Witek-Janusek et al., 2008). Low NK cell activity in cancer patients is significantly associated with the spread of cancer and in patients treated for metastases, the survival time without metastasis correlates with NK cell activity. Correspondingly, the experience of any additional stress can have direct effects on the development of the cancer, complementing and antagonizing the low NK cell levels. Stress can also increase unhealthy behaviors that can accelerate illness progression (Matsushita &amp; Takaki, 2019; Poluektov, 2021). The patient may increase drug, tobacco, or alcohol use, get less sleep or physical activity, or eat badly, all behaviors that may further affect immunity (Matsushita &amp; Takaki, 2019; Poluektov, 2021).

It may be no surprise that cancer can stress you, but can stress actually give you cancer? We discussed the negative impact stress can have on our minds and bodies in Chapter 5, so this is clearly a possibility. In fact, this question has been actively debated (Reiche et al., 2004; Tez &amp; Tez, 2008), with suggestions that stress, through a number of mechanisms, may contribute to cancer development, progression, and metastasization (Mravec et al., 2020).

Specific mechanisms have been proposed to explain the relationship between chronic stress and immune dysregulation that appears important for cancer development and progression. Stress acts through neuroendocrine processes, activating the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) and the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis (Dai et al., 2020). Stress hormones that are generated with activation of the SNS and HPA axis can promote tumorigenesis (the initial formation of tumors) and cancer development (Dai et al., 2020; See Figure 13.4). Indeed, it has been argued that while further research must explore it in more detail, the HPA axis appears important in cancer development and progression, but that the evidence for the role of SNS is now generally accepted (Mravec et al., 2020).

Chronic stress suppresses protective immune responses (i.e., responses that mediate cancer immunosurveillance, facilitate tumor immunotherapy, promote wound healing) (Antoni &amp; Dhabhar, 2019; Dai et al., 2020). It also induces/exacerbates chronic inflammation, which is important as chronic inflammation appears pivotal in cancer development and progression, impacting health through multiple pathways such as increased oxidative stress and damage, and mutations in DNA (Antoni &amp; Dhabhar, 2019; Mravec et al., 2020). These bodily changes are important as chronic inflammation and reduced immune surveillance are related to tumorigenesis (Dai et al., 2020). Chronic stress appears to also increase immunoregulatory/suppressive mechanisms, such that the body produces more cells that suppress protective antitumor immune responses (Antoni &amp; Dhabhar, 2019). While knowledge about mechanisms continues to evolve, the relationship between stress and cancer appears undeniable.</text>
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      <text bytes="49081" sha1="cdxccq8j9kmh1so1ez9slkt2q0laxrg" xml:space="preserve">In 2019, more than 1.7 million new cases of cancer were diagnosed and nearly 600,000 people died of cancer in the United States (U.S. Cancer Statistics Working Group, 2022). Cancer is the second leading cause of death in the United States (after heart disease), with nearly 1 in 4 deaths due to cancer (U.S. Cancer Statistics Working Group, 2022).    

==13.1 - Cancer: Definitions and Prevalence==
'''Origins and Terminology''':

* Cancer originates from the Greek terms &quot;carcinos&quot; and &quot;carcinoma,&quot; referring to tumor types. Its name is linked to the crab-like appearance of spreading cancer cells.
* Cancer encompasses over 100 diseases, differing in incidence, risk factors, and treatment.

'''Biological Basis''':

* Cancer arises from malignant tumors characterized by uncontrolled cell growth and tissue destruction.
* Mutations in DNA disrupt normal cell processes, often caused by genetic factors or exposure to carcinogens (e.g., cigarette smoke).
* Normal cells divide and die systematically, while cancer cells grow indefinitely, forming abnormal cells.

'''Types of Cancer''':

* '''Carcinomas''': The most common type, originating in epithelial cells.
* '''Sarcomas''': Affect muscles, bones, and cartilage.
* '''Lymphomas''': Involve the lymphatic system (e.g., Hodgkin’s and non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma).
* '''Leukemias''': Found in blood and bone marrow, leading to anemia and immune issues.

'''Staging and Severity''':

* The TNM system assesses tumor size (T), lymph node involvement (N), and metastasis (M).
* Stages range from 0 (localized) to IV (widespread and severe).

'''Epidemiology and Risk''':

* About 1 in 2 men and 1 in 3 women are diagnosed with cancer during their lifetimes, with risks increasing with age.
* Prevalence varies by sex, ethnicity, and geography, with significant disparities in survival rates among ethnic groups.

'''Cultural and Psychosocial Factors''':

* Understanding cancer requires considering cultural influences, including ethnicity, gender, and socioeconomic factors.
* Minority groups face higher risks of death from cancer and lower survival rates, highlighting healthcare inequities.

'''Advancements and Trends''':

* Overall cancer incidence and mortality have decreased over decades, especially for males, though disparities persist.
* Early diagnosis and treatment advances have contributed to better outcomes in many populations.

'''Notable Trends''':

* Death rates from cancer decreased by 32% between 1991 and 2019.
* Minority populations experience lower survival rates, with Black Americans and Native Americans facing the highest relative risk of cancer death compared to White Americans.

By addressing cultural, biological, and environmental factors, we can better understand and combat cancer effectively

=== Raw Textbook Page ===
Similar to stress and pain, the word cancer has many different forms and meanings. Cancer is derived from carcinos and carcinoma, terms first used by the Greek Hippocrates to describe non-ulcer-forming and ulcer-forming tumors. The shape of a spreading cancer cell resembles the outstretching legs of a crab to which these words refer (in Greek the word for crab is cancer, think of the zodiac sign). Although typically discussed as one illness, cancer is a group of diseases that vary in terms of incidence and mortality rates, epidemiology, risk factors and causes, and treatments. Also, understanding cancer and its effects through a cultural approach is an important area of health psychology because a comprehensive understanding of cancer requires a consideration of sex, gender, ethnicity, geographical location, sexual orientation, and all the other aspects of what makes up culture.

First, let’s look at basic biology and some terminology. Cancer is the name given to the illness or condition caused by the presence of a malignant tumor. A malignant tumor or cancerous cell is identified as one showing uncontrollable cell growth that destroys healthy tissue. Cells that show abnormal growth are also referred to as neoplasms. Normally our cells grow, divide, and die in an orderly fashion, and cell growth is more pronounced when we are young. As we grow older, cells in most parts of our body divide only to replace worn-out or dying cells and to repair injuries. Because cancer cells continue to grow and divide, they are different from normal cells. Instead of dying, they outlive normal cells and continue to form new abnormal cells.

When a normal cell turns cancerous, it is often the result of a mutation in the cell’s DNA that alters it and makes it grow uncontrollably, disrupting surrounding tissue and often spreading to organs all around the body (Pecorino, 2021). Most of the time when DNA becomes damaged, the body is able to repair it. In cancer cells, the damaged DNA cannot be repaired. Such genetic mutations can also be inherited, which accounts for why risk for cancer increases if someone in a person’s family has had cancer. Many times, though, a person’s cancerous cell mutations occur because of exposure to environmental toxins such as cigarette smoke or other carcinogens (cancer-causing substances). The branch of medicine that concerns the study and treatment of cancer is referred to as oncology, and this is the term used more frequently in hospitals.

A scanning electron micrograph depicting a killer T cell attacking cancer cells.

A Cancer Cell Being Attacked by Immune System Killer T Cells. A Colored Scanning Electron Micrograph (SEM) image shows a human Natural Killer (NK) cell attacking a cancer cell. The yellow NK cell has numerous long fluid-projections, which are beginning to flow around the large orange cancer cell. Natural killer cells are a type of white blood cell known as T-lymphocytes. These have the ability to destroy virus-infected cells and tumor cells. On contact with the surface of a tumor cell, the NK cell recognizes certain proteins called antigens, which activate its cell-killing mechanism. The NK cell then binds to and destroys the cancer cell using toxins.


Types of Cancer

There are more than 100 different types of cancer, and even tumors within each type show a lot of variability. However, note that not all tumors are cancerous or malignant. Benign or noncancerous tumors do not metastasize or spread to other parts of the body and, with very rare exceptions, are not life threatening. Some cancers, such as leukemia, do not form tumors. Instead, these cancer cells involve the blood and blood-forming organs and circulate through other tissues where they grow (ACS, 2018). The course of cancer and the likelihood of survival vary greatly according to the type of cancer diagnosed. Therefore, if someone just says they have cancer, you should not make any generalizations about their experiences until you have more information. Some cancers show very little deviation in patterns of disease course, and psychosocial influences on coping and treatment are minimal (Henderson &amp; Baum, 2002). That said, psychosocial factors do relate to differences in biomarkers and disease progression (Cheng &amp; Meiser, 2019).

The key variables that influence the interaction between biological, psychological, and social factors and the role each plays in cancer morbidity or mortality are cancer site, type, and severity. The most common sites for cancer are the lungs, breasts, prostate gland, colon, and rectum (the latter two are often affected together, which is referred to as colorectal cancer). The top 10 cancer sites by sex and related incidence and mortality statistics for each are shown in Figures 13.1 and 13.3.


Figure 13.1 Description

There are four main types of cancer. The most common are carcinomas that start in the surface layers of the body or epithelial cells. This form of cancer accounts for the bulk of cancer cases and is seen in the most common sites. Sarcomas are cancers of the muscles, bones, and cartilage. Lymphomas are cancers of the lymphatic system and are referred to as Hodgkin’s disease if the cancer spreads from a single lymph node (non-Hodgkin lymphomas are found at several sites). Leukemias are cancers that are found in the blood and bone marrow. In leukemia, white blood cells proliferate to displace red blood cells, which causes anemia (a shortage of red blood cells), bleeding, and other immune system problems (ACS, 2018).

The severity of cancer is determined by a multifactor assessment of stage. The TNM system is the most common method used to stage cancer (ACS, 2022b). It provides three main pieces of information. The T describes the size of the tumor and whether cancer has spread to nearby tissues and organs. The N describes how far the cancer has spread to nearby lymph nodes. Given that the lymph nodes are critical components of the body’s immune system, they are often heavily involved in fighting cancer cells. The M indicates the extent to which the cancer has metastasized. Letters or numbers after the T, N, and M give more details about each of these factors. For example, a tumor classified as Tl, N0, M0 is a tumor that is very small, has not spread to the lymph nodes, and has not spread to distant organs of the body. Once TNM descriptions have been established, they can be grouped together into a simpler set of stages, stages 0 through IV. In general, the lower the number, the less the cancer has spread. A higher number, such as stage IV, indicates a more serious, widespread cancer (ACS, 2022b).

Prevalence of Cancer

Cancer has been around for centuries and has been called the emperor of all maladies (Mukherjee, 2010). Unfortunately, the chances of our developing some form of cancer in our lifetime are pretty high (it is estimated one out of two males and one out of three females will develop cancer in their lifetime; Siegel et al., 2022), and the chances get higher as we get older, dropping again in our 80s (DeSantis et al., 2019). For people ages between 60 and 69, there is a 1 in 7 chance (if you are male) or 1 in 10 chance (if you are female) of getting cancer (Siegel et al., 2022). This incidence drops to a 1 in 16 chance for males and females between the ages of 50 and 59, and a 1 in 29 chance for males and 1 in 17 chance for females from birth until 49 (Siegel et al., 2022). Culture is again very important. Prevalence rates vary across many levels of culture—by sex, ethnicity, and geography. Differences in overall cancer rates by sex are shown in Figure 13.2.


Figure 13.2 Description

We are making strides in the fight against cancer (Stanton, 2019). New results on the incidence of cancer show that it is not as common as it was before, although the good news favors White American populations. Siegel et al. (2021) collected cancer morbidity and mortality data from several government organizations such as the National Cancer Institute and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, evaluated trends in cancer incidence and death rates, and compared survival rates over time and across racial/ethnic populations. The good news is that incidence rates for males for all cancers combined decreased from 1990 through 2013 and then stabilized during 2018 (Siegel et al., 2022). For females, incidence for all cancers remained relatively stable through the mid-2010s, but has seen a slight increase in recent years (Siegel et al., 2022). The good news is that since their peak in 1991, overall cancer death rates in 2019 have decreased by 32% (Siegel et al., 2022). The bad news from a cultural perspective is that cancer-specific survival rates are lower and the risk of dying from cancer once it is diagnosed is higher in some ethnic minority populations compared with the White American population, as shown in Table 13.1 (Siegel et al., 2022). The relative risk of death from cancer (all types combined), after adjusting for sex, age, and cancer stage at diagnosis, is 33% and 51% higher in Black Americans and Native Americans, respectively, compared with that for White Americans (Jemal et al., 2017). Additionally, when considering all cancer stages, Black Americans have lower survival rates than White Americans for bladder, breast, colorectal, esophageal, oral cavity and pharynx, ovarian, and uterine cancer, and melanoma (Siegel et al., 2022).

== 13.2 - Cultural Variations and Developmental Issues ==
'''Cancer Across Cultures and Groups'''

Cancer affects people differently based on their ethnicity, race, sex, and socioeconomic status. Black Americans face higher cancer death rates than other groups in the U.S., despite White Americans having higher cancer diagnosis rates. For example, Black women are 41% more likely to die from breast cancer than White women, even though they are diagnosed less often. Similarly, Black men have double the cancer death rate compared to Asian/Pacific Islander men.

Cultural factors also influence cancer risks. Asian and Latino Americans show higher stomach and liver cancer rates, while Native Americans often see cancer as a punishment or a spiritual issue. Low socioeconomic status worsens outcomes due to limited knowledge about cancer and later diagnoses.

'''Sex Differences'''

Men are generally diagnosed with cancer more often than women, with prostate, lung, and colorectal cancers being the most common. For women, breast, lung, and colorectal cancers are most prevalent. Research on male-specific cancers, like testicular cancer, lags behind studies on female cancers, but awareness campaigns like No-Shave November are helping.

'''Beliefs and Knowledge About Cancer'''

Cultural beliefs affect understanding and attitudes toward cancer. Some groups attribute cancer to punishment or fate, leading to misconceptions. For instance, some Native Americans believe cancer can result from curses or violations of traditions. Fatalism—the idea that cancer always leads to death—is common in many communities, which can discourage seeking treatment.

'''Cancer as a Developmental Disease'''

Cancer risk increases with age, but many risk factors start early in life. For instance, smoking—a leading cause of cancer—often begins in teenage years. Children and teens diagnosed with cancer experience unique challenges, such as different coping mechanisms and impacts on their quality of life. Understanding how cancer affects individuals at different life stages is essential for providing appropriate support.

=== Raw Textbook Page ===
Similar to the ethnic differences in incidence of HIV infection described in the previous chapter, there are large differences in the cultural makeup of people who have cancer both across nations and across ethnic and racial groups (Kim &amp; Lwing, 2017; Song et al., 2014; Vahabi et al., 2017). In fact, there is a growing body of research clarifying the link between cancer and membership in certain ethnic groups (Yamoah et al., 2015). Before looking at possible biological reasons why one ethnicity may be more at risk than another, let’s first look at the different patterns of cancer across diverse ethnic groups.

There are two main statistics to bear in mind when studying the prevalence of cancer. The first is incidence or rates of newly diagnosed cases of the disease. The second is actual mortality. Keeping the two numbers separate is important because there are many people who are diagnosed with cancer who live (remember there was good news), and the number of survivors varies across cultural groups. So even if there are two cultural groups who both have the same incidence levels for a certain type of cancer, they may not show the same mortality rates. Figure 13.3 shows the incidence and mortality rates for the main types of cancer broken down by sex.

As you can see, different ethnic groups and the two sexes do not get cancer or die from it in the same ways (Dornelas, 2018; Siegel et al., 2022). Black Americans have the second highest general cancer incidence rates (behind White Americans), but the highest mortality rates of any population in the United States, with this difference being driven more by higher rates of cancer among Black American males (Siegel et al., 2022). Illustrating the difference between incidence and mortality, Black Americans have greater mortality rates relative to their incidence rates, suggesting that if they have cancer they are more likely to die of it. In 2019, the disparity in cancer deaths (for both sexes and all cancer types) between Black Americans and White Americans was 14% (Siegel et al., 2022). While White American females are diagnosed with cancer more than any other group of females, Black American females are the most likely to die from cancer (Siegel et al., 2022). This disparity is most pronounced in relation to breast cancer; Black American females have 4% lower incidence than White American females but 41% higher breast cancer mortality (Siegel et al., 2022). Similarly, Black American males’ cancer death rates are 19% higher than those of White American males and double those of Asian/Pacific Islander American males (Siegel et al., 2022). Separating total cases of cancer from individual types of cancer is important too. Although Asian/Pacific Islander Americans show much lower rates of cancer than White Americans in general, they have higher rates of stomach and liver cancer (Siegel et al., 2022). In contrast to some other ethnic differences, White American females have similar rates of lung cancer to Native American females but are more likely to have lung cancer than Black American, Asian/Pacific Islander American or Hispanic/Latino American females (Siegel et al., 2022).

In addition to these ethnic differences, there are significant sex differences in cancer incidence as well. Males experience higher incidences of cancer in general (Siegel et al., 2022). The most common cancers for males are prostate, lung, and colorectal (Siegel et al., 2022). Testicular cancer is relatively uncommon among men in general, but it is one of the most common forms of cancer in younger men ages 15 to 35. For some time, male cancers did not receive as much research attention as female cancers, and we know less about the etiology of most male cancers and males’ psychological and social experiences with cancer (Dornelas, 2018). No-Shave November is a recent phenomenon (did you know it started to raise awareness about male prostate cancer?).

The most common cancers for females for most ethnic groups are breast, lung, and colorectal (Siegel et al., 2022). In case you were wondering, men do get breast cancer although the rates are infinitesimal. Breast cancer incidence rates are somewhat counter to normal ethnic difference patterns; a higher incidence of breast cancer has been reported both in White American females and females of higher socioeconomic status (SES) compared to females of other ethnicities and lower SES (Coughlin, 2019; Seiler et al., 2017). However, low SES is associated with increased risk of aggressive premenopausal breast cancer, later diagnosis and poorer survival (Coughlin, 2019). Other common cancers tend to vary by ethnicity but usually include cancers of the reproductive organs (e.g., the uterus, cervix, and ovaries) and may be due to some ethnic groups such as Asian American and Latina American females not getting screened for the cancers (Suchday et al., 2019).

Cultural Differences in Beliefs and Knowledge About Cancer

Some of the cultural differences in cancer incidence are explained by cultural differences pertaining to beliefs held about cancer, people’s attitudes toward cancer, and knowledge of cancer (Licqurish et al., 2017). Many studies have shown that low socioeconomic groups are less knowledgeable about cancer regardless of their sex, ethnicity, or religion (e.g., McCutchan et al.,, 2015). Ethnically diverse groups exhibit different levels of knowledge as well. African Americans (Ogunsanya et al., 2017), Arab Americans (Abboud et al., 2017), Latino Americans (Szalacha et al., 2017), Chinese Americans (Robison et al., 2014), and Korean Americans (Sin et al., 2016) have all been found to have lower levels of knowledge about risk factors and cancer symptoms than White Americans.

Sometimes these cultural differences are linked to cultural beliefs and misconceptions about disease in general (Tejeda et al., 2017). Many religious individuals may believe that cancer is just punishment for sins or that cancer has spiritual meaning (Gall &amp; Bilodeau, 2017). The misperceived causes of cancer may also be more tangible. Vietnamese American, Chinese Americans, and Latino Americans (Luque et al., 2010) and Mexican immigrants to America (Luque et al., 2015) reported poor hygiene as a cause for cervical cancer. Another common cultural cancer belief is fatalism, the belief that a person with cancer cannot live a normal life and will die (Duberstein et al., 2017). High levels of fatalism have been found in Black Americans (Bustillo et al., 2017), Korean Americans, Chinese Americans, Mexican Americans (Gonzalez et al., 2016), and Latino Americans (Ramirez, 2014).

A vivid example of how culture influences perceptions is seen in the views of Native Americans. Many Native Americans see cancer as a White man’s disease and something that is a punishment for one’s actions or the actions of a family member (Yost et al., 2017). Some Native Americans see cancer as a natural part of life’s pathway and as providing a lesson from which to learn. Many also see cancer as penance and a person with cancer must wear the pain to protect other members of the community (Burhansstipanov, 2000). A diagnosis of cancer is equivalent to a doctor shooting a hole through the spirit and thus results in depression and fear of the doctor instead of trust. Beliefs about how you can get cancer may seem outlandish to the ethnocentric non-Native Americans. Some Native Americans believe cancer can result from a curse or from violating tribal mores like stepping on a frog or urinating on a spider. Others believe that it is contagious and that it can be caught from a mammography machine or from the child of someone who has cancer (Burhansstipanov, 2000). Some Native Americans do not want to even talk about cancer for fear of catching the cancer spirit. Regardless of the extent to which you think these beliefs are far-fetched, they have to be respected and anticipated to optimize helping the Native Americans who do hold them.

Developmental Issues in Cancer

You are more likely to get cancer as you get older (ACS, 2021a). The rates for cancer increase dramatically over the life span. Between 2013 and 2017, incidence rates ranged from 16.8 per 100,000 for those younger than 15 years of age, to 75.9 per 100,000 for adolescents and young adults (15–39 years) (Islami et al., 2021). In 2019, in the United States, the incidence rate was 474 and 415 per 100,000 for males and females, respectively, of all ages, and 2630 and 1804 per 100,000 for males and females, respectively, ages over 75 (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention [CDC], 2022). Age is a cultural variable as well, and one that also needs to be attended to in understanding cancer.

We consider cancer a developmental disease. Why is this? Although cancer is primarily diagnosed in older adults, cancers actually develop when people are younger. Because there typically is a large gap between when a tumor starts to grow and when it is large enough to be diagnosed, exposure to many of the risk factors for cancer (described below) at a young age necessarily predicts the occurrence of cancer at an older age. Significant risks for cancer are also associated with the different developmental milestones (as described in Chapter 4). There is a risk associated with girls starting to menstruate early (Goldberg et al., 2020; Olsson &amp; Olsson, 2020) and female’s dietary choices during adolescence and adulthood are associated with the early development of colorectal cancer (at less than 50 years; Hur et al., 2021). Risks also associate with menopause and the ways that females cope with it. The biggest risk factor for cancer—smoking (Kim et al., 2018; Lewandowska et al., 2019)—has a strong developmental link: Smoking almost always begins in the teenage years; few adults initiate a regular smoking habit (Park et al., 2018).

Developmental age also influences how people, especially children, will cope with a cancer diagnosis. For example, Barrera et al. (2003) recruited preschool, school age, and adolescent patients and measured their psychological adjustment and quality of life (QOL) 3, 9, and 15 months after cancer was diagnosed. The children’s age at diagnosis significantly affected both their adjustment and QOL. At 3 months after diagnosis, preschoolers had more externalizing behavior problems than adolescents. Preschoolers had better QOL than adolescents at all three assessments, suggesting that preschoolers with cancer are at risk for behavior problems and adolescents are at risk for poor QOL. Studies such as these are gentle reminders that the psychological reactions to cancer experienced by adults may be very different from those of children (Anderzén Carlsson et al., 2008). A developmental approach also helps us understand how family interactions change when one family member has cancer (Caruso et al., 2017; Erker et al., 2018; Long et al., 2018).

== 13.3 - Correlates of Cancer ==

=== Physiological Correlates of Cancer ===
The '''physiological symptoms''' of cancer depend on its '''size, location, and stage''' (Weinberg, 2013). If cancer has reached an advanced stage and '''metastasizes''' (spreads to other parts of the body), symptoms may occur at different locations. As '''mutant cells''' divide, they exert '''pressure''' on surrounding organs, blood vessels, and nerves, causing '''pain''' and discomfort (Pecorino, 2021).

Certain cancers, like '''pancreatic cancer''', often remain '''asymptomatic''' until they reach an advanced stage. '''General symptoms''' include fever, fatigue, pain, skin changes, and weight loss, though these symptoms are not exclusive to cancer. Sometimes, '''cancer cells''' release '''substances''' into the bloodstream that trigger unusual symptoms. For instance:

* '''Pancreatic cancer''' may release substances causing '''blood clots''' in leg veins.
* '''Lung cancers''' can produce '''hormone-like substances''' that alter '''blood calcium levels''', leading to '''weakness and dizziness'''.

Specific symptoms may also indicate particular cancers:

* '''Excretory function changes''': Could signal '''colon cancer''' (e.g., chronic diarrhea or altered stool consistency) or '''bladder/prostate cancer''' (e.g., painful urination, blood in urine).
* '''Sores that do not heal''': Signs of '''skin cancer''', particularly in the mouth or sexual organs.
* '''Unusual bleeding''': Blood in saliva, urine, stool, or other fluids should be reported immediately.
* '''Lumps''': In the breast, testicles, or lymph nodes could suggest cancer.

Being familiar with your body and recognizing changes is key to identifying potential issues early.
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=== Psychological Correlates of Cancer ===

==== Psychological Factors in Cancer Incidence ====
Although there is little evidence that psychological factors '''cause cancer''', '''stress''' has been recognized as a contributing factor (Stanton, 2019). There are three main pathways through which '''psychological processes''' may influence cancer:

# '''Direct effects''' on bodily systems.
# '''Health behaviors''' (e.g., smoking or diet).
# Responses to '''illness or treatment''', such as screening behaviors.

Key psychological influences include:

* '''Personality''': Early studies linked '''anger suppression''' to a '''Type C personality'''—characterized by being unassertive and suppressing emotions—but this connection has since been discredited (Johansen, 2018).
* '''Social Support''': While it plays a major role in '''coping''', its impact on '''cancer incidence''' is inconsistent. For example, '''social isolation''' is linked to higher cancer mortality among White Americans but not Black Americans (Alcaraz et al., 2019).
* '''Depression''': Stronger evidence links '''clinical depression''' to higher cancer incidence and poorer survival rates (Wang, Li et al., 2020).

==== Psychological Responses to Diagnosis ====
The experience of a '''cancer diagnosis''' can trigger:

* '''Existential plight''': Heightened thoughts about life and death (Weisman &amp; Worden, 1972).
* '''Anxiety and depression''', particularly after diagnosis and during treatment (Civilotti et al., 2021).
* '''Stress''', reducing '''quality of life (QOL)''' (Dornelas, 2018).

Depression varies with '''age, sex''', and '''cancer type''':

* '''Younger patients''' often experience higher rates of depression.
* '''Females''' report almost twice the depression rates as males.
* Certain cancers, like '''lung''' or '''gynecological cancers''', are associated with higher depression levels (Linden et al., 2012).

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=== Psychological Factors in Cancer Progression and Coping ===
Key factors influencing '''cancer progression''' include:

# '''Personality''': '''Optimism''' is strongly linked to better coping and recovery (Scheier &amp; Carver, 2018).
# '''Social Support''': A larger and stronger '''support network''' correlates with better survival outcomes (Nausheen et al., 2009).
# '''Depression''': Associated with faster disease progression and lower QOL (Bortolato et al., 2017).

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=== Cancer, Stress, and Immunity ===
'''Stress''' has been shown to:

* Increase cancer risk and worsen progression (Chida et al., 2008).
* Reduce '''natural killer (NK) cell activity''', critical for fighting cancer (Capellino et al., 2020).
* Trigger '''unhealthy behaviors''' (e.g., smoking, poor diet), which accelerate progression.

Mechanisms include activation of the '''sympathetic nervous system (SNS)''' and '''hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis''', leading to immune dysregulation (Dai et al., 2020).

=== Raw Textbook Page ===
Physiological Correlates of Cancer

The physiological symptoms of cancer depend on the size, location, and stage of cancer (Weinberg, 2013). If a cancer has reached a later stage and metastasizes, then symptoms may occur at different locations in the body. As the mutant cells divide, they exert pressure on the surrounding organs, blood vessels, and nerves that is consciously felt by the individual (Pecorino, 2021). Some cancers, such as pancreatic cancer, are not felt until the cell has reached an advanced stage of development. Some of the general symptoms of cancer are fever, fatigue, pain, changes in the skin, and weight loss. Remember that having these symptoms does not necessarily mean a person has cancer but suggests that something is not right (there are many other reasons for these same symptoms). Sometimes, cancer cells release substances into the bloodstream that cause symptoms not generally thought to result from cancers (Pecorino, 2021). For example, some cancers of the pancreas can release substances that cause blood clots to develop in veins of the legs. Some lung cancers produce hormone-like substances that change blood calcium levels, affecting nerves and muscles and causing weakness and dizziness.

Together with general symptoms, some symptoms are more specifically indicative of cancer. Any changes in your excretory functions could signify cancer of the colon (such as constipation, constant diarrhea or a change in stool consistency) or bladder/prostate gland (such as painful urination or blood in the urine). Sores that do not heal, especially in the mouth or on sexual organs, are signs of skin cancers. As a rule, the appearance of blood in fluids in which you do not normally see it like in the saliva, urine, stool, nonmenstrual vaginal fluids, or breast fluid should be reported to a doctor immediately. The appearance of lumps in the breast, testicles, or lymph nodes may also be a sign of cancer. In general, it is clear that the better you know your body, the more aware you will be of changes that may signify problems with it.

Psychological Correlates of Cancer

You can divide the reality of cancer into three main phases: the period leading up to a diagnosis, the diagnosis and reactions to it, and the period following it. Psychological factors may play a role in all three, although the research evidence on how psychology influences progression is clearer than that on its role in the development of cancer.

Psychological Factors in Cancer Incidence

There is presently little unequivocal proof that psychological factors cause cancer (e.g., Stanton, 2019), except for the case of stress. We discuss this in more detail later. There are at least three general pathways through which psychological factors may influence the development of cancer: (1) direct effects of psychological processes on bodily systems; (2) healthy and unhealthy behaviors; and (3) responses to perceived or actual illness, such as screening behaviors or adherence to treatment recommendations (Henderson &amp; Baum, 2002). The main psychological processes studied have been personality, social support, depression, stress, and health behaviors. Stress and health behaviors are perhaps the most pervasive and will be discussed later in the chapter.

Although receiving a lot of attention in the mid-1980s, the role of personality in cancer has been somewhat exaggerated. Morris et al. (1981) first found an association between breast cancer and anger suppression, leading to the hypothesis of a cancer-prone or Type C personality (Zozulya et al., 2008). A Type C person was described as cooperative, appeasing, unassertive, and compliant and as someone who did not express negative emotions (Temoshok, 1987). Some later reviews supported these early findings, but more recently the research methodology used in studies examining personality as a risk factor for cancer has been criticized and it has been concluded that there is no sound evidence to suggest that personality plays a role in cancer etiology or survival (Johansen, 2018). However, while personality may not have a direct influence on cancer risk, it may influence health behaviors that are associated with cancer (Johansen, 2018).

If personality has no direct role, what is the influence of one’s social environment? Social support appears not to have a strong protective effect against cancer development (Ikeda et al., 2013) although it does play a significant role in coping with cancer (as discussed in the next section). To be fair, social support research is hampered by the fact that there are many different types of social support (as described in Chapter 6), and because it is operationally defined in different ways, study comparisons are difficult (Knoll, 2018). If your intuition says that social support must influence incidences of cancer, you are right (although don’t let intuition get in the way of empirical evidence to the contrary). For instance, social isolation was found to be associated with higher risk of cancer mortality for White Americans (male and female) but not for Black Americans (Alcaraz et al., 2019).

There is more evidence for the role of depression in cancer incidence than for social support (Wang, Li et al., 2020). Wang and colleagues (2020), in a meta-analysis comprising 51 cohort studies, with over two and a half million participants and a mean follow-up period of approximately 10 years, found that clinically diagnosed depression was associated with higher cancer incidence (for all cancer types combined), poorer cancer survival, and higher cancer-specific mortality; symptoms of depression were not associated with cancer risk. Depression was also associated with higher incidence for specific cancers including lung, oral cavity, prostate and skin cancer (Wang, Li et al., 2020). Furthermore, subgroup analyses found cancer risk to be higher in males and people of Asian ethnicity (Wang, Li et al., 2020).

In conjunction with similar cultural differences for social support, it is clear that the link between psychological factors and cancer may differ by sex and ethnicity. Such variations may be linked to biological pathways or may be indicative of greater cultural differences that have biopsychosocial components.

Psychological Responses to Cancer Diagnosis

Even being screened for a potential cancer can be a fearful experience (Nagendiram et al., 2020). A positive diagnosis (i.e., that cells are cancerous) can be devastating and has been referred to as causing an existential plight (increased thoughts about life and death) (Weisman &amp; Worden, 1972) and existential uncertainty regarding disease trajectory, likelihood of survival, and life before death (Karlsson et al., 2014). In the early stages after diagnosis, people may experience clinically relevant symptoms of anxiety and depression (Civilotti et al., 2021). In addition to anxiety, denial, and depression—the major responses to learning you have a chronic illness, as covered in Chapter 10—a cancer diagnosis and its treatment result in stress and a lowered QOL (Dornelas, 2018). The high emotions experienced right after diagnoses lessen with time, and emotions actually improve as recovery begins after the end of treatment. Two other highly psychologically disturbing times occur during treatment, whether it is surgery or radiotherapy (Dornelas, 2018).

In general, depression is more common in patients undergoing active treatment and those experiencing pain or with a history of stressors or low social support, rather than those in follow-up treatment (Johansen et al., 2011). Depression also varies according to age, sex and type of cancer (Linden et al., 2012). The relationship between age and depression is variable, but younger age has been associated with increased depression for some cancers (Linden et al., 2012). Regarding sex, females have been found to be almost twice as likely to report clinically significant depression than males, with the highest prevalence of depression occurring for females with lung cancer, followed by haematological and bone cancers (Linden et al., 2012). People with lung, haematological and gynecological cancers have been reported to have the highest levels of depression, while people with skin or prostate cancer have been found to have lower levels of depression than the average cancer patient (Linden et al., 2012). In addition to depression, people with cancer may also experience fear, anxiety, pain, and insomnia (Fischer et al., 2010; Hoang et al., 2020; Linden et al., 2012).

Psychological Factors in Cancer Progression and Coping

Similar to HIV infection and other chronic illnesses, some psychological characteristics help people cope better with cancer and also influence the course of the disease. Similar to the factors associated with incidence, a person’s personality, social support, depression, stress, and health behaviors again figure prominently (Smith, 2018; Stanton, 2019).

Personality

We have already discussed how personality relates to cancer incidence—meaning whether personality has any influence over whether someone will get cancer (there is no sound evidence to say it does). In the late 1970s, the first positive links between personality and cancer progression were seen. How people coped with cancer seemed to be one of the most important factors. Patients who denied they had cancer had higher disease recurrence rates (Greer et al., 1979). Other studies followed and have established that avoidant, repressive, or unexpressive personalities or coping styles are associated with poorer disease courses (Epping-Jordan et al., 1994). Other personality characteristics are important, too. For example, optimism is strongly and positively correlated with active coping and emotional regulation coping strategies and strongly negatively correlated with avoidant coping strategies (Scheier et al., 1986). Optimists, in general, show better psychological well-being and physical health (Scheier &amp; Carver, 2018; Solberg Nes, 2016). In the context of cancer, optimism has been associated with health-related QOL (Marton et al., 2022). Additionally, a number of studies show that optimism predicts better adjustment for a variety of cancers (breast cancer, Colby &amp; Shifren, 2013; colorectal cancer, Chambers et al., 2012; prostate cancer, Thornton et al., 2012; urogenital cancer, Zenger et al., 2010; advanced cancer (mixed types), Applebaum et al., 2014).

Social Support

The case for a positive correlation between social support and survival of cancer patients is very strong (Imm et al., 2017; LeBarre &amp; Riding-Malon, 2017). Of course, some of the best studies to look at are prospective in nature. For example, Nausheen et al. (2009) reviewed 31 longitudinal prospective studies from 26 published articles assessing the role of structural (e.g., size, range, proximity of social network and frequency of contact) and functional (e.g., function or quality of support network) social support in cancer progression and found that lower social support was associated with cancer progression, although some findings were contrary to what was expected. For all cancer types combined, structural support appeared to have a stronger association than functional support; however, most of the nonsignificant findings for functional support were in people with metastatic cancer, leading Nausheen et al. (2009) to conclude that functional social support may be beneficial for people with less severe cancer. Also, some of the differences may be due to the conceptualization and measurement of social support. With regard to cancer type, the evidence for a relationship between social support and cancer progression was deemed to be sufficiently strong for breast cancer; the relationship was not demonstrated for lung cancer, melanoma, or mixed cancers (studies containing more than one type of cancer; Nausheen et al., 2009). In terms of specific aspects of social support, having a larger social network of confidants with which to discuss personal problems (Kroenke et al., 2013), higher social connectedness (i.e., more frequent contact with family and friends, attending religious services, and involvement in community activities) (Beasley et al., 2010), and higher perceived level of support (Pinquart &amp; Duberstein, 2010) all link to slower progression of cancer and higher rates of survival. A growing body of work suggests that spiritual sources, such as belief in a God and prayer, also provide social support, aiding adjustment and slowing cancer progression (Chaturvedi &amp; Venkateswaran, 2008), although females who were not spiritual before cancer diagnosis but turned to God after diagnosis show lower levels of well-being than females who were always religious (Schreiber &amp; Brockopp, 2012).

Depression has also been linked to cancer progression (Bortolato et al., 2017) with a number of studies suggesting that depression and lower QOL in general have adverse effects on survival (Wang, Li et al., 2020). We discuss further the role of social support and depression in the section about interventions later in this chapter.

Although we have discussed the role of psychological factors in cancer progression, we would be remiss if we did not mention the effect cancer has on social relationships. The caregivers—spouses, friends, relatives—of cancer patients often experience negative outcomes as well (Borrescio-Higa &amp; Valdés, 2022; Long et al., 2018). For example, psychological interventions have been designed to help the spouses of females with breast cancer that reduce the spouse’s anxiety and depression and increase their self-efficacy and skills to assist their spouse (Lewis et al., 2019; Lewis et al., 2022). Across all cancer types, interventions for spouses have also targeted social support, problem solving, emotional resilience, coping strategies, role expectations, and relationship quality, with a review findings benefits for social support, emotional distress, coping, posttraumatic growth, self-efficacy, and communication (Kleine et al., 2019).

Cancer, Stress, and Immunity

Stress has been shown to influence both the incidence of cancer and its progression, although again, the link for the latter is stronger. There is no equivocation: stress-related psychosocial factors influence cancer. Chida et al. (2008) conducted a meta-analysis of 165 studies and found that stress-related psychosocial factors were associated with higher cancer incidence in initially healthy populations, poorer survival in patients with diagnosed cancer, and higher cancer mortality. While the methodology of this study has been criticized (Coyne et al., 2010), primary studies have also indicated a relationship between stress and cancer. For example, females who experienced four to six major life stressors were at more than five times higher risk for breast cancer (Kruk, 2012). Özkan et al (2017), similarly found that females who had experienced important stressors within the last 5 years and those with chronic stress were at increased risk of breast cancer. When biopsychosocial factors were analyzed together, females who had experienced important stressors within the last 5 years were at more than five and a half times higher risk for breast cancer (Özkan et al, 2017). A cancer diagnosis sets up a negative cycle of experiences between stress and illness (see Chapters 12 and 14 for other examples). The diagnosis and treatment cause stress that in turn influences the course of the disease by affecting the immune system (Andersen et al., 2017).

Stress affects cancer through a number of pathways. It has a direct effect on the activity of natural killer (NK) cells, which themselves are critical in the body’s fight against cancer (Capellino et al., 2020). Patients with a variety of cancers have lowered NK cell activity in the blood to begin with (Imai et al., 2000) and psychological distress associated with cancer diagnosis and treatment has been accompanied by immune dysregulation, including reduced NK activity and change in cytokine profile (Witek-Janusek et al., 2008). Low NK cell activity in cancer patients is significantly associated with the spread of cancer and in patients treated for metastases, the survival time without metastasis correlates with NK cell activity. Correspondingly, the experience of any additional stress can have direct effects on the development of the cancer, complementing and antagonizing the low NK cell levels. Stress can also increase unhealthy behaviors that can accelerate illness progression (Matsushita &amp; Takaki, 2019; Poluektov, 2021). The patient may increase drug, tobacco, or alcohol use, get less sleep or physical activity, or eat badly, all behaviors that may further affect immunity (Matsushita &amp; Takaki, 2019; Poluektov, 2021).

It may be no surprise that cancer can stress you, but can stress actually give you cancer? We discussed the negative impact stress can have on our minds and bodies in Chapter 5, so this is clearly a possibility. In fact, this question has been actively debated (Reiche et al., 2004; Tez &amp; Tez, 2008), with suggestions that stress, through a number of mechanisms, may contribute to cancer development, progression, and metastasization (Mravec et al., 2020).

Specific mechanisms have been proposed to explain the relationship between chronic stress and immune dysregulation that appears important for cancer development and progression. Stress acts through neuroendocrine processes, activating the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) and the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis (Dai et al., 2020). Stress hormones that are generated with activation of the SNS and HPA axis can promote tumorigenesis (the initial formation of tumors) and cancer development (Dai et al., 2020; See Figure 13.4). Indeed, it has been argued that while further research must explore it in more detail, the HPA axis appears important in cancer development and progression, but that the evidence for the role of SNS is now generally accepted (Mravec et al., 2020).

Chronic stress suppresses protective immune responses (i.e., responses that mediate cancer immunosurveillance, facilitate tumor immunotherapy, promote wound healing) (Antoni &amp; Dhabhar, 2019; Dai et al., 2020). It also induces/exacerbates chronic inflammation, which is important as chronic inflammation appears pivotal in cancer development and progression, impacting health through multiple pathways such as increased oxidative stress and damage, and mutations in DNA (Antoni &amp; Dhabhar, 2019; Mravec et al., 2020). These bodily changes are important as chronic inflammation and reduced immune surveillance are related to tumorigenesis (Dai et al., 2020). Chronic stress appears to also increase immunoregulatory/suppressive mechanisms, such that the body produces more cells that suppress protective antitumor immune responses (Antoni &amp; Dhabhar, 2019). While knowledge about mechanisms continues to evolve, the relationship between stress and cancer appears undeniable.</text>
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      <text bytes="64528" sha1="kby33w3sx7w9hxbi6pkt2uk4xmh781l" xml:space="preserve">In 2019, more than 1.7 million new cases of cancer were diagnosed and nearly 600,000 people died of cancer in the United States (U.S. Cancer Statistics Working Group, 2022). Cancer is the second leading cause of death in the United States (after heart disease), with nearly 1 in 4 deaths due to cancer (U.S. Cancer Statistics Working Group, 2022).    

==13.1 - Cancer: Definitions and Prevalence==
'''Origins and Terminology''':

* Cancer originates from the Greek terms &quot;carcinos&quot; and &quot;carcinoma,&quot; referring to tumor types. Its name is linked to the crab-like appearance of spreading cancer cells.
* Cancer encompasses over 100 diseases, differing in incidence, risk factors, and treatment.

'''Biological Basis''':

* Cancer arises from malignant tumors characterized by uncontrolled cell growth and tissue destruction.
* Mutations in DNA disrupt normal cell processes, often caused by genetic factors or exposure to carcinogens (e.g., cigarette smoke).
* Normal cells divide and die systematically, while cancer cells grow indefinitely, forming abnormal cells.

'''Types of Cancer''':

* '''Carcinomas''': The most common type, originating in epithelial cells.
* '''Sarcomas''': Affect muscles, bones, and cartilage.
* '''Lymphomas''': Involve the lymphatic system (e.g., Hodgkin’s and non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma).
* '''Leukemias''': Found in blood and bone marrow, leading to anemia and immune issues.

'''Staging and Severity''':

* The TNM system assesses tumor size (T), lymph node involvement (N), and metastasis (M).
* Stages range from 0 (localized) to IV (widespread and severe).

'''Epidemiology and Risk''':

* About 1 in 2 men and 1 in 3 women are diagnosed with cancer during their lifetimes, with risks increasing with age.
* Prevalence varies by sex, ethnicity, and geography, with significant disparities in survival rates among ethnic groups.

'''Cultural and Psychosocial Factors''':

* Understanding cancer requires considering cultural influences, including ethnicity, gender, and socioeconomic factors.
* Minority groups face higher risks of death from cancer and lower survival rates, highlighting healthcare inequities.

'''Advancements and Trends''':

* Overall cancer incidence and mortality have decreased over decades, especially for males, though disparities persist.
* Early diagnosis and treatment advances have contributed to better outcomes in many populations.

'''Notable Trends''':

* Death rates from cancer decreased by 32% between 1991 and 2019.
* Minority populations experience lower survival rates, with Black Americans and Native Americans facing the highest relative risk of cancer death compared to White Americans.

By addressing cultural, biological, and environmental factors, we can better understand and combat cancer effectively

=== Raw Textbook Page ===
Similar to stress and pain, the word cancer has many different forms and meanings. Cancer is derived from carcinos and carcinoma, terms first used by the Greek Hippocrates to describe non-ulcer-forming and ulcer-forming tumors. The shape of a spreading cancer cell resembles the outstretching legs of a crab to which these words refer (in Greek the word for crab is cancer, think of the zodiac sign). Although typically discussed as one illness, cancer is a group of diseases that vary in terms of incidence and mortality rates, epidemiology, risk factors and causes, and treatments. Also, understanding cancer and its effects through a cultural approach is an important area of health psychology because a comprehensive understanding of cancer requires a consideration of sex, gender, ethnicity, geographical location, sexual orientation, and all the other aspects of what makes up culture.

First, let’s look at basic biology and some terminology. Cancer is the name given to the illness or condition caused by the presence of a malignant tumor. A malignant tumor or cancerous cell is identified as one showing uncontrollable cell growth that destroys healthy tissue. Cells that show abnormal growth are also referred to as neoplasms. Normally our cells grow, divide, and die in an orderly fashion, and cell growth is more pronounced when we are young. As we grow older, cells in most parts of our body divide only to replace worn-out or dying cells and to repair injuries. Because cancer cells continue to grow and divide, they are different from normal cells. Instead of dying, they outlive normal cells and continue to form new abnormal cells.

When a normal cell turns cancerous, it is often the result of a mutation in the cell’s DNA that alters it and makes it grow uncontrollably, disrupting surrounding tissue and often spreading to organs all around the body (Pecorino, 2021). Most of the time when DNA becomes damaged, the body is able to repair it. In cancer cells, the damaged DNA cannot be repaired. Such genetic mutations can also be inherited, which accounts for why risk for cancer increases if someone in a person’s family has had cancer. Many times, though, a person’s cancerous cell mutations occur because of exposure to environmental toxins such as cigarette smoke or other carcinogens (cancer-causing substances). The branch of medicine that concerns the study and treatment of cancer is referred to as oncology, and this is the term used more frequently in hospitals.

A scanning electron micrograph depicting a killer T cell attacking cancer cells.

A Cancer Cell Being Attacked by Immune System Killer T Cells. A Colored Scanning Electron Micrograph (SEM) image shows a human Natural Killer (NK) cell attacking a cancer cell. The yellow NK cell has numerous long fluid-projections, which are beginning to flow around the large orange cancer cell. Natural killer cells are a type of white blood cell known as T-lymphocytes. These have the ability to destroy virus-infected cells and tumor cells. On contact with the surface of a tumor cell, the NK cell recognizes certain proteins called antigens, which activate its cell-killing mechanism. The NK cell then binds to and destroys the cancer cell using toxins.


Types of Cancer

There are more than 100 different types of cancer, and even tumors within each type show a lot of variability. However, note that not all tumors are cancerous or malignant. Benign or noncancerous tumors do not metastasize or spread to other parts of the body and, with very rare exceptions, are not life threatening. Some cancers, such as leukemia, do not form tumors. Instead, these cancer cells involve the blood and blood-forming organs and circulate through other tissues where they grow (ACS, 2018). The course of cancer and the likelihood of survival vary greatly according to the type of cancer diagnosed. Therefore, if someone just says they have cancer, you should not make any generalizations about their experiences until you have more information. Some cancers show very little deviation in patterns of disease course, and psychosocial influences on coping and treatment are minimal (Henderson &amp; Baum, 2002). That said, psychosocial factors do relate to differences in biomarkers and disease progression (Cheng &amp; Meiser, 2019).

The key variables that influence the interaction between biological, psychological, and social factors and the role each plays in cancer morbidity or mortality are cancer site, type, and severity. The most common sites for cancer are the lungs, breasts, prostate gland, colon, and rectum (the latter two are often affected together, which is referred to as colorectal cancer). The top 10 cancer sites by sex and related incidence and mortality statistics for each are shown in Figures 13.1 and 13.3.


Figure 13.1 Description

There are four main types of cancer. The most common are carcinomas that start in the surface layers of the body or epithelial cells. This form of cancer accounts for the bulk of cancer cases and is seen in the most common sites. Sarcomas are cancers of the muscles, bones, and cartilage. Lymphomas are cancers of the lymphatic system and are referred to as Hodgkin’s disease if the cancer spreads from a single lymph node (non-Hodgkin lymphomas are found at several sites). Leukemias are cancers that are found in the blood and bone marrow. In leukemia, white blood cells proliferate to displace red blood cells, which causes anemia (a shortage of red blood cells), bleeding, and other immune system problems (ACS, 2018).

The severity of cancer is determined by a multifactor assessment of stage. The TNM system is the most common method used to stage cancer (ACS, 2022b). It provides three main pieces of information. The T describes the size of the tumor and whether cancer has spread to nearby tissues and organs. The N describes how far the cancer has spread to nearby lymph nodes. Given that the lymph nodes are critical components of the body’s immune system, they are often heavily involved in fighting cancer cells. The M indicates the extent to which the cancer has metastasized. Letters or numbers after the T, N, and M give more details about each of these factors. For example, a tumor classified as Tl, N0, M0 is a tumor that is very small, has not spread to the lymph nodes, and has not spread to distant organs of the body. Once TNM descriptions have been established, they can be grouped together into a simpler set of stages, stages 0 through IV. In general, the lower the number, the less the cancer has spread. A higher number, such as stage IV, indicates a more serious, widespread cancer (ACS, 2022b).

Prevalence of Cancer

Cancer has been around for centuries and has been called the emperor of all maladies (Mukherjee, 2010). Unfortunately, the chances of our developing some form of cancer in our lifetime are pretty high (it is estimated one out of two males and one out of three females will develop cancer in their lifetime; Siegel et al., 2022), and the chances get higher as we get older, dropping again in our 80s (DeSantis et al., 2019). For people ages between 60 and 69, there is a 1 in 7 chance (if you are male) or 1 in 10 chance (if you are female) of getting cancer (Siegel et al., 2022). This incidence drops to a 1 in 16 chance for males and females between the ages of 50 and 59, and a 1 in 29 chance for males and 1 in 17 chance for females from birth until 49 (Siegel et al., 2022). Culture is again very important. Prevalence rates vary across many levels of culture—by sex, ethnicity, and geography. Differences in overall cancer rates by sex are shown in Figure 13.2.


Figure 13.2 Description

We are making strides in the fight against cancer (Stanton, 2019). New results on the incidence of cancer show that it is not as common as it was before, although the good news favors White American populations. Siegel et al. (2021) collected cancer morbidity and mortality data from several government organizations such as the National Cancer Institute and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, evaluated trends in cancer incidence and death rates, and compared survival rates over time and across racial/ethnic populations. The good news is that incidence rates for males for all cancers combined decreased from 1990 through 2013 and then stabilized during 2018 (Siegel et al., 2022). For females, incidence for all cancers remained relatively stable through the mid-2010s, but has seen a slight increase in recent years (Siegel et al., 2022). The good news is that since their peak in 1991, overall cancer death rates in 2019 have decreased by 32% (Siegel et al., 2022). The bad news from a cultural perspective is that cancer-specific survival rates are lower and the risk of dying from cancer once it is diagnosed is higher in some ethnic minority populations compared with the White American population, as shown in Table 13.1 (Siegel et al., 2022). The relative risk of death from cancer (all types combined), after adjusting for sex, age, and cancer stage at diagnosis, is 33% and 51% higher in Black Americans and Native Americans, respectively, compared with that for White Americans (Jemal et al., 2017). Additionally, when considering all cancer stages, Black Americans have lower survival rates than White Americans for bladder, breast, colorectal, esophageal, oral cavity and pharynx, ovarian, and uterine cancer, and melanoma (Siegel et al., 2022).

== 13.2 - Cultural Variations and Developmental Issues ==
'''Cancer Across Cultures and Groups'''

Cancer affects people differently based on their ethnicity, race, sex, and socioeconomic status. Black Americans face higher cancer death rates than other groups in the U.S., despite White Americans having higher cancer diagnosis rates. For example, Black women are 41% more likely to die from breast cancer than White women, even though they are diagnosed less often. Similarly, Black men have double the cancer death rate compared to Asian/Pacific Islander men.

Cultural factors also influence cancer risks. Asian and Latino Americans show higher stomach and liver cancer rates, while Native Americans often see cancer as a punishment or a spiritual issue. Low socioeconomic status worsens outcomes due to limited knowledge about cancer and later diagnoses.

'''Sex Differences'''

Men are generally diagnosed with cancer more often than women, with prostate, lung, and colorectal cancers being the most common. For women, breast, lung, and colorectal cancers are most prevalent. Research on male-specific cancers, like testicular cancer, lags behind studies on female cancers, but awareness campaigns like No-Shave November are helping.

'''Beliefs and Knowledge About Cancer'''

Cultural beliefs affect understanding and attitudes toward cancer. Some groups attribute cancer to punishment or fate, leading to misconceptions. For instance, some Native Americans believe cancer can result from curses or violations of traditions. Fatalism—the idea that cancer always leads to death—is common in many communities, which can discourage seeking treatment.

'''Cancer as a Developmental Disease'''

Cancer risk increases with age, but many risk factors start early in life. For instance, smoking—a leading cause of cancer—often begins in teenage years. Children and teens diagnosed with cancer experience unique challenges, such as different coping mechanisms and impacts on their quality of life. Understanding how cancer affects individuals at different life stages is essential for providing appropriate support.

=== Raw Textbook Page ===
Similar to the ethnic differences in incidence of HIV infection described in the previous chapter, there are large differences in the cultural makeup of people who have cancer both across nations and across ethnic and racial groups (Kim &amp; Lwing, 2017; Song et al., 2014; Vahabi et al., 2017). In fact, there is a growing body of research clarifying the link between cancer and membership in certain ethnic groups (Yamoah et al., 2015). Before looking at possible biological reasons why one ethnicity may be more at risk than another, let’s first look at the different patterns of cancer across diverse ethnic groups.

There are two main statistics to bear in mind when studying the prevalence of cancer. The first is incidence or rates of newly diagnosed cases of the disease. The second is actual mortality. Keeping the two numbers separate is important because there are many people who are diagnosed with cancer who live (remember there was good news), and the number of survivors varies across cultural groups. So even if there are two cultural groups who both have the same incidence levels for a certain type of cancer, they may not show the same mortality rates. Figure 13.3 shows the incidence and mortality rates for the main types of cancer broken down by sex.

As you can see, different ethnic groups and the two sexes do not get cancer or die from it in the same ways (Dornelas, 2018; Siegel et al., 2022). Black Americans have the second highest general cancer incidence rates (behind White Americans), but the highest mortality rates of any population in the United States, with this difference being driven more by higher rates of cancer among Black American males (Siegel et al., 2022). Illustrating the difference between incidence and mortality, Black Americans have greater mortality rates relative to their incidence rates, suggesting that if they have cancer they are more likely to die of it. In 2019, the disparity in cancer deaths (for both sexes and all cancer types) between Black Americans and White Americans was 14% (Siegel et al., 2022). While White American females are diagnosed with cancer more than any other group of females, Black American females are the most likely to die from cancer (Siegel et al., 2022). This disparity is most pronounced in relation to breast cancer; Black American females have 4% lower incidence than White American females but 41% higher breast cancer mortality (Siegel et al., 2022). Similarly, Black American males’ cancer death rates are 19% higher than those of White American males and double those of Asian/Pacific Islander American males (Siegel et al., 2022). Separating total cases of cancer from individual types of cancer is important too. Although Asian/Pacific Islander Americans show much lower rates of cancer than White Americans in general, they have higher rates of stomach and liver cancer (Siegel et al., 2022). In contrast to some other ethnic differences, White American females have similar rates of lung cancer to Native American females but are more likely to have lung cancer than Black American, Asian/Pacific Islander American or Hispanic/Latino American females (Siegel et al., 2022).

In addition to these ethnic differences, there are significant sex differences in cancer incidence as well. Males experience higher incidences of cancer in general (Siegel et al., 2022). The most common cancers for males are prostate, lung, and colorectal (Siegel et al., 2022). Testicular cancer is relatively uncommon among men in general, but it is one of the most common forms of cancer in younger men ages 15 to 35. For some time, male cancers did not receive as much research attention as female cancers, and we know less about the etiology of most male cancers and males’ psychological and social experiences with cancer (Dornelas, 2018). No-Shave November is a recent phenomenon (did you know it started to raise awareness about male prostate cancer?).

The most common cancers for females for most ethnic groups are breast, lung, and colorectal (Siegel et al., 2022). In case you were wondering, men do get breast cancer although the rates are infinitesimal. Breast cancer incidence rates are somewhat counter to normal ethnic difference patterns; a higher incidence of breast cancer has been reported both in White American females and females of higher socioeconomic status (SES) compared to females of other ethnicities and lower SES (Coughlin, 2019; Seiler et al., 2017). However, low SES is associated with increased risk of aggressive premenopausal breast cancer, later diagnosis and poorer survival (Coughlin, 2019). Other common cancers tend to vary by ethnicity but usually include cancers of the reproductive organs (e.g., the uterus, cervix, and ovaries) and may be due to some ethnic groups such as Asian American and Latina American females not getting screened for the cancers (Suchday et al., 2019).

Cultural Differences in Beliefs and Knowledge About Cancer

Some of the cultural differences in cancer incidence are explained by cultural differences pertaining to beliefs held about cancer, people’s attitudes toward cancer, and knowledge of cancer (Licqurish et al., 2017). Many studies have shown that low socioeconomic groups are less knowledgeable about cancer regardless of their sex, ethnicity, or religion (e.g., McCutchan et al.,, 2015). Ethnically diverse groups exhibit different levels of knowledge as well. African Americans (Ogunsanya et al., 2017), Arab Americans (Abboud et al., 2017), Latino Americans (Szalacha et al., 2017), Chinese Americans (Robison et al., 2014), and Korean Americans (Sin et al., 2016) have all been found to have lower levels of knowledge about risk factors and cancer symptoms than White Americans.

Sometimes these cultural differences are linked to cultural beliefs and misconceptions about disease in general (Tejeda et al., 2017). Many religious individuals may believe that cancer is just punishment for sins or that cancer has spiritual meaning (Gall &amp; Bilodeau, 2017). The misperceived causes of cancer may also be more tangible. Vietnamese American, Chinese Americans, and Latino Americans (Luque et al., 2010) and Mexican immigrants to America (Luque et al., 2015) reported poor hygiene as a cause for cervical cancer. Another common cultural cancer belief is fatalism, the belief that a person with cancer cannot live a normal life and will die (Duberstein et al., 2017). High levels of fatalism have been found in Black Americans (Bustillo et al., 2017), Korean Americans, Chinese Americans, Mexican Americans (Gonzalez et al., 2016), and Latino Americans (Ramirez, 2014).

A vivid example of how culture influences perceptions is seen in the views of Native Americans. Many Native Americans see cancer as a White man’s disease and something that is a punishment for one’s actions or the actions of a family member (Yost et al., 2017). Some Native Americans see cancer as a natural part of life’s pathway and as providing a lesson from which to learn. Many also see cancer as penance and a person with cancer must wear the pain to protect other members of the community (Burhansstipanov, 2000). A diagnosis of cancer is equivalent to a doctor shooting a hole through the spirit and thus results in depression and fear of the doctor instead of trust. Beliefs about how you can get cancer may seem outlandish to the ethnocentric non-Native Americans. Some Native Americans believe cancer can result from a curse or from violating tribal mores like stepping on a frog or urinating on a spider. Others believe that it is contagious and that it can be caught from a mammography machine or from the child of someone who has cancer (Burhansstipanov, 2000). Some Native Americans do not want to even talk about cancer for fear of catching the cancer spirit. Regardless of the extent to which you think these beliefs are far-fetched, they have to be respected and anticipated to optimize helping the Native Americans who do hold them.

Developmental Issues in Cancer

You are more likely to get cancer as you get older (ACS, 2021a). The rates for cancer increase dramatically over the life span. Between 2013 and 2017, incidence rates ranged from 16.8 per 100,000 for those younger than 15 years of age, to 75.9 per 100,000 for adolescents and young adults (15–39 years) (Islami et al., 2021). In 2019, in the United States, the incidence rate was 474 and 415 per 100,000 for males and females, respectively, of all ages, and 2630 and 1804 per 100,000 for males and females, respectively, ages over 75 (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention [CDC], 2022). Age is a cultural variable as well, and one that also needs to be attended to in understanding cancer.

We consider cancer a developmental disease. Why is this? Although cancer is primarily diagnosed in older adults, cancers actually develop when people are younger. Because there typically is a large gap between when a tumor starts to grow and when it is large enough to be diagnosed, exposure to many of the risk factors for cancer (described below) at a young age necessarily predicts the occurrence of cancer at an older age. Significant risks for cancer are also associated with the different developmental milestones (as described in Chapter 4). There is a risk associated with girls starting to menstruate early (Goldberg et al., 2020; Olsson &amp; Olsson, 2020) and female’s dietary choices during adolescence and adulthood are associated with the early development of colorectal cancer (at less than 50 years; Hur et al., 2021). Risks also associate with menopause and the ways that females cope with it. The biggest risk factor for cancer—smoking (Kim et al., 2018; Lewandowska et al., 2019)—has a strong developmental link: Smoking almost always begins in the teenage years; few adults initiate a regular smoking habit (Park et al., 2018).

Developmental age also influences how people, especially children, will cope with a cancer diagnosis. For example, Barrera et al. (2003) recruited preschool, school age, and adolescent patients and measured their psychological adjustment and quality of life (QOL) 3, 9, and 15 months after cancer was diagnosed. The children’s age at diagnosis significantly affected both their adjustment and QOL. At 3 months after diagnosis, preschoolers had more externalizing behavior problems than adolescents. Preschoolers had better QOL than adolescents at all three assessments, suggesting that preschoolers with cancer are at risk for behavior problems and adolescents are at risk for poor QOL. Studies such as these are gentle reminders that the psychological reactions to cancer experienced by adults may be very different from those of children (Anderzén Carlsson et al., 2008). A developmental approach also helps us understand how family interactions change when one family member has cancer (Caruso et al., 2017; Erker et al., 2018; Long et al., 2018).

== 13.3 - Correlates of Cancer ==

=== Physiological Correlates of Cancer ===
The '''physiological symptoms''' of cancer depend on its '''size, location, and stage''' (Weinberg, 2013). If cancer has reached an advanced stage and '''metastasizes''' (spreads to other parts of the body), symptoms may occur at different locations. As '''mutant cells''' divide, they exert '''pressure''' on surrounding organs, blood vessels, and nerves, causing '''pain''' and discomfort (Pecorino, 2021).

Certain cancers, like '''pancreatic cancer''', often remain '''asymptomatic''' until they reach an advanced stage. '''General symptoms''' include fever, fatigue, pain, skin changes, and weight loss, though these symptoms are not exclusive to cancer. Sometimes, '''cancer cells''' release '''substances''' into the bloodstream that trigger unusual symptoms. For instance:

* '''Pancreatic cancer''' may release substances causing '''blood clots''' in leg veins.
* '''Lung cancers''' can produce '''hormone-like substances''' that alter '''blood calcium levels''', leading to '''weakness and dizziness'''.

Specific symptoms may also indicate particular cancers:

* '''Excretory function changes''': Could signal '''colon cancer''' (e.g., chronic diarrhea or altered stool consistency) or '''bladder/prostate cancer''' (e.g., painful urination, blood in urine).
* '''Sores that do not heal''': Signs of '''skin cancer''', particularly in the mouth or sexual organs.
* '''Unusual bleeding''': Blood in saliva, urine, stool, or other fluids should be reported immediately.
* '''Lumps''': In the breast, testicles, or lymph nodes could suggest cancer.

Being familiar with your body and recognizing changes is key to identifying potential issues early.
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=== Psychological Correlates of Cancer ===

==== Psychological Factors in Cancer Incidence ====
Although there is little evidence that psychological factors '''cause cancer''', '''stress''' has been recognized as a contributing factor (Stanton, 2019). There are three main pathways through which '''psychological processes''' may influence cancer:

# '''Direct effects''' on bodily systems.
# '''Health behaviors''' (e.g., smoking or diet).
# Responses to '''illness or treatment''', such as screening behaviors.

Key psychological influences include:

* '''Personality''': Early studies linked '''anger suppression''' to a '''Type C personality'''—characterized by being unassertive and suppressing emotions—but this connection has since been discredited (Johansen, 2018).
* '''Social Support''': While it plays a major role in '''coping''', its impact on '''cancer incidence''' is inconsistent. For example, '''social isolation''' is linked to higher cancer mortality among White Americans but not Black Americans (Alcaraz et al., 2019).
* '''Depression''': Stronger evidence links '''clinical depression''' to higher cancer incidence and poorer survival rates (Wang, Li et al., 2020).

==== Psychological Responses to Diagnosis ====
The experience of a '''cancer diagnosis''' can trigger:

* '''Existential plight''': Heightened thoughts about life and death (Weisman &amp; Worden, 1972).
* '''Anxiety and depression''', particularly after diagnosis and during treatment (Civilotti et al., 2021).
* '''Stress''', reducing '''quality of life (QOL)''' (Dornelas, 2018).

Depression varies with '''age, sex''', and '''cancer type''':

* '''Younger patients''' often experience higher rates of depression.
* '''Females''' report almost twice the depression rates as males.
* Certain cancers, like '''lung''' or '''gynecological cancers''', are associated with higher depression levels (Linden et al., 2012).

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=== Psychological Factors in Cancer Progression and Coping ===
Key factors influencing '''cancer progression''' include:

# '''Personality''': '''Optimism''' is strongly linked to better coping and recovery (Scheier &amp; Carver, 2018).
# '''Social Support''': A larger and stronger '''support network''' correlates with better survival outcomes (Nausheen et al., 2009).
# '''Depression''': Associated with faster disease progression and lower QOL (Bortolato et al., 2017).

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=== Cancer, Stress, and Immunity ===
'''Stress''' has been shown to:

* Increase cancer risk and worsen progression (Chida et al., 2008).
* Reduce '''natural killer (NK) cell activity''', critical for fighting cancer (Capellino et al., 2020).
* Trigger '''unhealthy behaviors''' (e.g., smoking, poor diet), which accelerate progression.

Mechanisms include activation of the '''sympathetic nervous system (SNS)''' and '''hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis''', leading to immune dysregulation (Dai et al., 2020).

=== Raw Textbook Page ===
Physiological Correlates of Cancer

The physiological symptoms of cancer depend on the size, location, and stage of cancer (Weinberg, 2013). If a cancer has reached a later stage and metastasizes, then symptoms may occur at different locations in the body. As the mutant cells divide, they exert pressure on the surrounding organs, blood vessels, and nerves that is consciously felt by the individual (Pecorino, 2021). Some cancers, such as pancreatic cancer, are not felt until the cell has reached an advanced stage of development. Some of the general symptoms of cancer are fever, fatigue, pain, changes in the skin, and weight loss. Remember that having these symptoms does not necessarily mean a person has cancer but suggests that something is not right (there are many other reasons for these same symptoms). Sometimes, cancer cells release substances into the bloodstream that cause symptoms not generally thought to result from cancers (Pecorino, 2021). For example, some cancers of the pancreas can release substances that cause blood clots to develop in veins of the legs. Some lung cancers produce hormone-like substances that change blood calcium levels, affecting nerves and muscles and causing weakness and dizziness.

Together with general symptoms, some symptoms are more specifically indicative of cancer. Any changes in your excretory functions could signify cancer of the colon (such as constipation, constant diarrhea or a change in stool consistency) or bladder/prostate gland (such as painful urination or blood in the urine). Sores that do not heal, especially in the mouth or on sexual organs, are signs of skin cancers. As a rule, the appearance of blood in fluids in which you do not normally see it like in the saliva, urine, stool, nonmenstrual vaginal fluids, or breast fluid should be reported to a doctor immediately. The appearance of lumps in the breast, testicles, or lymph nodes may also be a sign of cancer. In general, it is clear that the better you know your body, the more aware you will be of changes that may signify problems with it.

Psychological Correlates of Cancer

You can divide the reality of cancer into three main phases: the period leading up to a diagnosis, the diagnosis and reactions to it, and the period following it. Psychological factors may play a role in all three, although the research evidence on how psychology influences progression is clearer than that on its role in the development of cancer.

Psychological Factors in Cancer Incidence

There is presently little unequivocal proof that psychological factors cause cancer (e.g., Stanton, 2019), except for the case of stress. We discuss this in more detail later. There are at least three general pathways through which psychological factors may influence the development of cancer: (1) direct effects of psychological processes on bodily systems; (2) healthy and unhealthy behaviors; and (3) responses to perceived or actual illness, such as screening behaviors or adherence to treatment recommendations (Henderson &amp; Baum, 2002). The main psychological processes studied have been personality, social support, depression, stress, and health behaviors. Stress and health behaviors are perhaps the most pervasive and will be discussed later in the chapter.

Although receiving a lot of attention in the mid-1980s, the role of personality in cancer has been somewhat exaggerated. Morris et al. (1981) first found an association between breast cancer and anger suppression, leading to the hypothesis of a cancer-prone or Type C personality (Zozulya et al., 2008). A Type C person was described as cooperative, appeasing, unassertive, and compliant and as someone who did not express negative emotions (Temoshok, 1987). Some later reviews supported these early findings, but more recently the research methodology used in studies examining personality as a risk factor for cancer has been criticized and it has been concluded that there is no sound evidence to suggest that personality plays a role in cancer etiology or survival (Johansen, 2018). However, while personality may not have a direct influence on cancer risk, it may influence health behaviors that are associated with cancer (Johansen, 2018).

If personality has no direct role, what is the influence of one’s social environment? Social support appears not to have a strong protective effect against cancer development (Ikeda et al., 2013) although it does play a significant role in coping with cancer (as discussed in the next section). To be fair, social support research is hampered by the fact that there are many different types of social support (as described in Chapter 6), and because it is operationally defined in different ways, study comparisons are difficult (Knoll, 2018). If your intuition says that social support must influence incidences of cancer, you are right (although don’t let intuition get in the way of empirical evidence to the contrary). For instance, social isolation was found to be associated with higher risk of cancer mortality for White Americans (male and female) but not for Black Americans (Alcaraz et al., 2019).

There is more evidence for the role of depression in cancer incidence than for social support (Wang, Li et al., 2020). Wang and colleagues (2020), in a meta-analysis comprising 51 cohort studies, with over two and a half million participants and a mean follow-up period of approximately 10 years, found that clinically diagnosed depression was associated with higher cancer incidence (for all cancer types combined), poorer cancer survival, and higher cancer-specific mortality; symptoms of depression were not associated with cancer risk. Depression was also associated with higher incidence for specific cancers including lung, oral cavity, prostate and skin cancer (Wang, Li et al., 2020). Furthermore, subgroup analyses found cancer risk to be higher in males and people of Asian ethnicity (Wang, Li et al., 2020).

In conjunction with similar cultural differences for social support, it is clear that the link between psychological factors and cancer may differ by sex and ethnicity. Such variations may be linked to biological pathways or may be indicative of greater cultural differences that have biopsychosocial components.

Psychological Responses to Cancer Diagnosis

Even being screened for a potential cancer can be a fearful experience (Nagendiram et al., 2020). A positive diagnosis (i.e., that cells are cancerous) can be devastating and has been referred to as causing an existential plight (increased thoughts about life and death) (Weisman &amp; Worden, 1972) and existential uncertainty regarding disease trajectory, likelihood of survival, and life before death (Karlsson et al., 2014). In the early stages after diagnosis, people may experience clinically relevant symptoms of anxiety and depression (Civilotti et al., 2021). In addition to anxiety, denial, and depression—the major responses to learning you have a chronic illness, as covered in Chapter 10—a cancer diagnosis and its treatment result in stress and a lowered QOL (Dornelas, 2018). The high emotions experienced right after diagnoses lessen with time, and emotions actually improve as recovery begins after the end of treatment. Two other highly psychologically disturbing times occur during treatment, whether it is surgery or radiotherapy (Dornelas, 2018).

In general, depression is more common in patients undergoing active treatment and those experiencing pain or with a history of stressors or low social support, rather than those in follow-up treatment (Johansen et al., 2011). Depression also varies according to age, sex and type of cancer (Linden et al., 2012). The relationship between age and depression is variable, but younger age has been associated with increased depression for some cancers (Linden et al., 2012). Regarding sex, females have been found to be almost twice as likely to report clinically significant depression than males, with the highest prevalence of depression occurring for females with lung cancer, followed by haematological and bone cancers (Linden et al., 2012). People with lung, haematological and gynecological cancers have been reported to have the highest levels of depression, while people with skin or prostate cancer have been found to have lower levels of depression than the average cancer patient (Linden et al., 2012). In addition to depression, people with cancer may also experience fear, anxiety, pain, and insomnia (Fischer et al., 2010; Hoang et al., 2020; Linden et al., 2012).

Psychological Factors in Cancer Progression and Coping

Similar to HIV infection and other chronic illnesses, some psychological characteristics help people cope better with cancer and also influence the course of the disease. Similar to the factors associated with incidence, a person’s personality, social support, depression, stress, and health behaviors again figure prominently (Smith, 2018; Stanton, 2019).

Personality

We have already discussed how personality relates to cancer incidence—meaning whether personality has any influence over whether someone will get cancer (there is no sound evidence to say it does). In the late 1970s, the first positive links between personality and cancer progression were seen. How people coped with cancer seemed to be one of the most important factors. Patients who denied they had cancer had higher disease recurrence rates (Greer et al., 1979). Other studies followed and have established that avoidant, repressive, or unexpressive personalities or coping styles are associated with poorer disease courses (Epping-Jordan et al., 1994). Other personality characteristics are important, too. For example, optimism is strongly and positively correlated with active coping and emotional regulation coping strategies and strongly negatively correlated with avoidant coping strategies (Scheier et al., 1986). Optimists, in general, show better psychological well-being and physical health (Scheier &amp; Carver, 2018; Solberg Nes, 2016). In the context of cancer, optimism has been associated with health-related QOL (Marton et al., 2022). Additionally, a number of studies show that optimism predicts better adjustment for a variety of cancers (breast cancer, Colby &amp; Shifren, 2013; colorectal cancer, Chambers et al., 2012; prostate cancer, Thornton et al., 2012; urogenital cancer, Zenger et al., 2010; advanced cancer (mixed types), Applebaum et al., 2014).

Social Support

The case for a positive correlation between social support and survival of cancer patients is very strong (Imm et al., 2017; LeBarre &amp; Riding-Malon, 2017). Of course, some of the best studies to look at are prospective in nature. For example, Nausheen et al. (2009) reviewed 31 longitudinal prospective studies from 26 published articles assessing the role of structural (e.g., size, range, proximity of social network and frequency of contact) and functional (e.g., function or quality of support network) social support in cancer progression and found that lower social support was associated with cancer progression, although some findings were contrary to what was expected. For all cancer types combined, structural support appeared to have a stronger association than functional support; however, most of the nonsignificant findings for functional support were in people with metastatic cancer, leading Nausheen et al. (2009) to conclude that functional social support may be beneficial for people with less severe cancer. Also, some of the differences may be due to the conceptualization and measurement of social support. With regard to cancer type, the evidence for a relationship between social support and cancer progression was deemed to be sufficiently strong for breast cancer; the relationship was not demonstrated for lung cancer, melanoma, or mixed cancers (studies containing more than one type of cancer; Nausheen et al., 2009). In terms of specific aspects of social support, having a larger social network of confidants with which to discuss personal problems (Kroenke et al., 2013), higher social connectedness (i.e., more frequent contact with family and friends, attending religious services, and involvement in community activities) (Beasley et al., 2010), and higher perceived level of support (Pinquart &amp; Duberstein, 2010) all link to slower progression of cancer and higher rates of survival. A growing body of work suggests that spiritual sources, such as belief in a God and prayer, also provide social support, aiding adjustment and slowing cancer progression (Chaturvedi &amp; Venkateswaran, 2008), although females who were not spiritual before cancer diagnosis but turned to God after diagnosis show lower levels of well-being than females who were always religious (Schreiber &amp; Brockopp, 2012).

Depression has also been linked to cancer progression (Bortolato et al., 2017) with a number of studies suggesting that depression and lower QOL in general have adverse effects on survival (Wang, Li et al., 2020). We discuss further the role of social support and depression in the section about interventions later in this chapter.

Although we have discussed the role of psychological factors in cancer progression, we would be remiss if we did not mention the effect cancer has on social relationships. The caregivers—spouses, friends, relatives—of cancer patients often experience negative outcomes as well (Borrescio-Higa &amp; Valdés, 2022; Long et al., 2018). For example, psychological interventions have been designed to help the spouses of females with breast cancer that reduce the spouse’s anxiety and depression and increase their self-efficacy and skills to assist their spouse (Lewis et al., 2019; Lewis et al., 2022). Across all cancer types, interventions for spouses have also targeted social support, problem solving, emotional resilience, coping strategies, role expectations, and relationship quality, with a review findings benefits for social support, emotional distress, coping, posttraumatic growth, self-efficacy, and communication (Kleine et al., 2019).

Cancer, Stress, and Immunity

Stress has been shown to influence both the incidence of cancer and its progression, although again, the link for the latter is stronger. There is no equivocation: stress-related psychosocial factors influence cancer. Chida et al. (2008) conducted a meta-analysis of 165 studies and found that stress-related psychosocial factors were associated with higher cancer incidence in initially healthy populations, poorer survival in patients with diagnosed cancer, and higher cancer mortality. While the methodology of this study has been criticized (Coyne et al., 2010), primary studies have also indicated a relationship between stress and cancer. For example, females who experienced four to six major life stressors were at more than five times higher risk for breast cancer (Kruk, 2012). Özkan et al (2017), similarly found that females who had experienced important stressors within the last 5 years and those with chronic stress were at increased risk of breast cancer. When biopsychosocial factors were analyzed together, females who had experienced important stressors within the last 5 years were at more than five and a half times higher risk for breast cancer (Özkan et al, 2017). A cancer diagnosis sets up a negative cycle of experiences between stress and illness (see Chapters 12 and 14 for other examples). The diagnosis and treatment cause stress that in turn influences the course of the disease by affecting the immune system (Andersen et al., 2017).

Stress affects cancer through a number of pathways. It has a direct effect on the activity of natural killer (NK) cells, which themselves are critical in the body’s fight against cancer (Capellino et al., 2020). Patients with a variety of cancers have lowered NK cell activity in the blood to begin with (Imai et al., 2000) and psychological distress associated with cancer diagnosis and treatment has been accompanied by immune dysregulation, including reduced NK activity and change in cytokine profile (Witek-Janusek et al., 2008). Low NK cell activity in cancer patients is significantly associated with the spread of cancer and in patients treated for metastases, the survival time without metastasis correlates with NK cell activity. Correspondingly, the experience of any additional stress can have direct effects on the development of the cancer, complementing and antagonizing the low NK cell levels. Stress can also increase unhealthy behaviors that can accelerate illness progression (Matsushita &amp; Takaki, 2019; Poluektov, 2021). The patient may increase drug, tobacco, or alcohol use, get less sleep or physical activity, or eat badly, all behaviors that may further affect immunity (Matsushita &amp; Takaki, 2019; Poluektov, 2021).

It may be no surprise that cancer can stress you, but can stress actually give you cancer? We discussed the negative impact stress can have on our minds and bodies in Chapter 5, so this is clearly a possibility. In fact, this question has been actively debated (Reiche et al., 2004; Tez &amp; Tez, 2008), with suggestions that stress, through a number of mechanisms, may contribute to cancer development, progression, and metastasization (Mravec et al., 2020).

Specific mechanisms have been proposed to explain the relationship between chronic stress and immune dysregulation that appears important for cancer development and progression. Stress acts through neuroendocrine processes, activating the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) and the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis (Dai et al., 2020). Stress hormones that are generated with activation of the SNS and HPA axis can promote tumorigenesis (the initial formation of tumors) and cancer development (Dai et al., 2020; See Figure 13.4). Indeed, it has been argued that while further research must explore it in more detail, the HPA axis appears important in cancer development and progression, but that the evidence for the role of SNS is now generally accepted (Mravec et al., 2020).

Chronic stress suppresses protective immune responses (i.e., responses that mediate cancer immunosurveillance, facilitate tumor immunotherapy, promote wound healing) (Antoni &amp; Dhabhar, 2019; Dai et al., 2020). It also induces/exacerbates chronic inflammation, which is important as chronic inflammation appears pivotal in cancer development and progression, impacting health through multiple pathways such as increased oxidative stress and damage, and mutations in DNA (Antoni &amp; Dhabhar, 2019; Mravec et al., 2020). These bodily changes are important as chronic inflammation and reduced immune surveillance are related to tumorigenesis (Dai et al., 2020). Chronic stress appears to also increase immunoregulatory/suppressive mechanisms, such that the body produces more cells that suppress protective antitumor immune responses (Antoni &amp; Dhabhar, 2019). While knowledge about mechanisms continues to evolve, the relationship between stress and cancer appears undeniable.

== 13.4 - Health Behaviors and Cancer ==

=== Raw Textbook Page ===
As mentioned in the introduction to this chapter, many of your health behaviors predict your likelihood of getting cancer and the course cancer takes (Arem et al., 2020; Kerschbaum &amp; Nüssler, 2019; Stanton, 2019). The Measuring Up opener lists some of the main health behaviors that put you at risk for getting cancer. Take a moment to see how you fare. To some extent the results may surprise you. (“You mean doing that puts me at risk for cancer?” Yes, it may.) The usual unhealthy behaviors turn up again (see Chapter 7) and, not surprisingly, cultural differences in the practice of some of these behaviors are significant in explaining cultural differences in cancer.

Tobacco Use

Do you want an easy way to decrease your risk of getting cancer? Make sure you do not smoke. Probably the most clear-cut cause of cancer is tobacco use, which has been described as the most important preventable cause of cancer; cigarettes contain more than 60 carcinogenic substances (Bialous &amp; Sarma, 2017). Cigarettes account for 19% of all cancers among Americans (23.6% and 14.5% in males and females, respectively; Islami et al., 2018) and cause approximately 82% of lung, 74% of larynx (voice box), and 50% of esophageal cancers (Islami et al., 2018). Smokers have a much higher risk of lung cancer compared to nonsmokers. In a meta-analysis containing information from more than 7 million people, when adjusted for age, female smokers had nearly seven and a half times the risk and male smokers had nearly nine times the risk of lung cancer compared to nonsmokers (O’Keeffe et al., 2018). Only 12.5% of lung cancer patients have never smoked, although this varies by sex (15.7% of females and 9.6% for males, respectively; Siegel et al., 2022). Note that this risk is seven and a half to nearly nine times—not double, not triple—but seven and a half to nearly nine times. Talk about really playing with fire! Cigarette smoking accounts for approximately 30% of all cancer deaths; 33.1% for males and 24% for females (Islami et al., 2018). Smoking is a major cause of cancers of the lung, larynx, oral cavity, pharynx (throat), and esophagus and is a contributing cause in the development of cancers of the bladder, pancreas, liver, uterine cervix, kidney, stomach, colon and rectum, and some leukemias (Stanton, 2019).

The link between smoking and cancer is best illustrated when we look at populations that increased tobacco use. Smoking rates among females rose dramatically between the 1960s and the 1990s, and deaths due to lung cancer in females increased correspondingly (Thun et al., 2013). As male’s and female’s smoking rates become similar, their lung cancer rates and mortality also become similar; lung cancer accounts for 12% of new cancers for males and 13% for females, while it accounts for 21% of cancer deaths for both sexes (Siegel et al., 2022). Cigarette smoking has declined over time; in 2020, 12.5% of Americans were cigarette smokers (Cornelius et al., 2020). However, Americans are also using other tobacco products such as e-cigarettes, cigars, smokeless tobacco and pipes (Cornelius et al., 2020). Cigarette use is higher among Black Americans, Latino Americans, and White Americans living in rural areas and Asian Americans residing in urban areas (Cornelius et al., 2020). When considering use of any tobacco product, rates of use were higher among males, people younger than 65, White Americans, Black Americans and Native Americans, lesbian, gay, or bisexual adults, people in rural areas, and people with low income (Cornelius et al., 2020). Figure 13.5 shows how overall smoking rates, and rates according to sex, have changed in the United States since 1998.

Differences in tobacco use also highlight many of the cultural differences in cancer rates (see Figure 13.6). Different ethnic groups have had different historical relationships with tobacco, serving to either increase or decrease their exposure to it. Black Americans, for example, had heavy exposure to tobacco from the early 1600s when they were forced into slavery on southern tobacco-growing plantations and in tobacco manufacturing during the colonial period (Gately, 2003). Tobacco was used in South America and Latin America even before the European colonization, and the curanderismos (see Chapter 3) often used tobacco in religious and healing practices. Even today, cigarette smoking is considered a social activity for Latinos, consistent with cultural values of personalismo (importance of personal relations) (Echeverria et al., 2015). Not surprisingly, many Latin American countries show high rates of smoking (Pichon-Riviere et al., 2020). Many Asian groups also have had a long history of smoking. In China, tobacco was mixed with opium and smoked and was used also medicinally. In India, the end of a hard day in the fields was often marked by the smoking of a hookah, a contraption that bubbles tobacco through water. Use of a hookah to smoke also has become a trendy habit in many North American cities. While the specific impacts from different forms of tobacco use may vary, statistics prove that even exposure to secondhand smoke is associated with cancer incidence (Su et al., 2018).

Diet
For the majority of Americans who do not smoke, eating a nutritionally balanced diet and being physically active are the most important ways to reduce cancer risk (LaCaille, 2019; Mermelstein, 2019; Song, 2019). Evidence suggests that one third of the 550,000 cancer deaths that occur in the United States each year are due to unhealthy diet and insufficient physical activity (Greger, 2015). Different cultural groups have different eating habits (see Chapter 8), which can accentuate their risk for cancer. There are a number of dietary features that are linked to an increased risk for cancer (Bail et al., 2016; Grosso et al., 2017). For example, eating too much fat and not getting enough fiber have been associated with increased cancer incidence (Gudenkauf &amp; Thrift, 2021; He et al., 2017). On the other hand, diets with high consumption of fruits and vegetables are associated with a lower risk for several types of cancer (Liu et al., 2021). Also, some fats such as omega-3 polyunsaturated fat (found in salmon) may prevent or inhibit growth of a range of cancers including breast, colorectal, and gastric cancer (Nabavi et al., 2015). In Hawaii, native Hawaiians have the shortest life expectancy of any ethnic group because of their diets, including high consumption of cholesterol-containing foods and red meat, animal fat, eggs, milk, and cheese (the traditional roast pig at a luau is an example).

The diet-cancer link is probably mediated by obesity. Overweight and obesity often result from bad diets and eating too much. Obesity may promote breast cancer due to dysregulated metabolism and inflammation, with cytokine production in excess adipose tissues creating a chronic inflammatory microenvironment where tumors can develop (Seiler et al., 2018) or affecting the production and functioning of hormones such as estrogen (Bhardwaj et al., 2019). Indeed, obesity accounts for 11.9% for males and 13.1% for females of the burden attributed to cancer globally and has been associated with an increased risk of 13 cancers including breast, colorectal endometrial, esophageal, gallbladder, gastric, hepatocellular (liver), kidney, ovarian, pancreatic, and thyroid cancers, meningioma and multiple myeloma (Avgerinos et al., 2019).

A wide variety of foods are supposed to help prevent cancer and also to cure it. Only a small percentage of the foods touted as preventative or curative have stood the test of scientific research (Table 13.2). Be warned that there are a lot of television and internet reports of so-called cancer-busting foods for which there is no scientific basis. For example, eating grapes is supposed to be good, but the effects have not been proven. That said, eating a diet with high amounts of fruits and vegetables, especially those containing antioxidants, does seem to increase the cancer-fighting capacity of the body (Liu et al., 2021; Parohan et al., 2019). Also, eating soy products may reduce the risk of some cancers (Applegate et al., 2018; Takagi et al., 2015), and vegetarianism may be linked to lower incidence of cancer (Oussalah et al., 2020). Diet guidelines for the prevention of cancer from the American Cancer Society (Rock et al., 2020) recommend a nutrient-rich diet including a variety of colors of fruits (i.e., whole fruit) and vegetables (i.e., dark green, red, and orange, fiber-rich beans and peas) and whole grains. They also recommend avoiding or limiting highly processed foods and refined grains, red and processed meats, sugar-sweetened beverages and alcohol (Rock et al., 2020). Figure 13.7 illustrates the relationship between diet and cancer.

As far as popular diets like South Beach and Atkins go, the Mediterranean diet, which is rich in nuts, grains, and olive oil, has shown the most promise for keeping cancer at bay (Mentella et al., 2019). For the rest of the things you may hear about, for example, vitamin A or C, the mineral selenium, and flavonoids (effective antioxidants that you’ll hear more about in the next chapter), there is enough research to suggest that each is a potential cancer fighter (Rodríguez-García et al., 2019), but we are far from having a guaranteed perfect anticancer diet. However, we are getting closer, as more and more nutrients prove to be viable cancer fighters (Jeurnink et al., 2015). As always, you should be a critical consumer of what claims you hear or read about.

Given that some foods may have the potential to reduce the risk for cancer, it follows that cultural differences in dietary patterns correspondingly explain cultural differences in cancer incidence and progression. For example, Gudenkauf and Thrift (2021) found that a higher proportion of cancers were attributable to inadequate diet among non-Hispanic Black Americans (4.4%), than Hispanic Americans (3.7%) and non-Hispanic White Americans (3.1%). Non-Hispanic Black Americans also had more cancers attributed to eating processed meat, and a diet insufficient in calcium and fiber, than other Americans (Gudenkauf &amp; Thrift, 2021).

Furthermore, there is a lower incidence of breast cancer among Latinas than among non-Latina White American females. Can diet explain this? Murtaugh et al. (2008) examined the associations of dietary patterns (e.g., Western, Native Mexican, Mediterranean) with risk for breast cancer in Latinas (757 cases, 867 controls) and non-Latina White American females (1,524 cases, 1,598 controls) from the Four-Corners Breast Cancer Study. They found that it was the dietary pattern followed and not just the ethnicity that was important. The Western dietary pattern was associated with greater risk, and the Native Mexican and Mediterranean dietary patterns were associated with lower risk of breast cancer.

Physical Activity

The reasons for staying in shape (or getting in shape) continue to increase (LaCaille, 2018). A large body of evidence suggests that physical activity can reduce the risk of bladder, breast, colon, endometrial, esophageal, gastric, head and neck, liver, lung, rectal and kidney cancer (Figure 13.8), along with myeloma and myeloid leukemia (McTiernan et al., 2019; Moore et al., 2016). Getting regular physical activity also lowers the risk for breast cancer for both pre- and postmenopausal females (Guo et al., 2020). Being active is good for males too. Physical activity appears important in the development and progression of prostate cancer, however evidence of a relationship between physical activity and reduced prostate cancer risk remains inconclusive (Shephard, 2017). Similarly, at present evidence that physical activity reduces risk for testicular cancer is lacking (McTiernan et al., 2019).

While the evidence may be mixed, physical activity guidelines for the prevention of cancer from the American Cancer Society (Rock et al., 2020) recommend limiting sedentary behavior (i.e., sitting and lying down, screen-based entertainment) and engaging in physical activity. Children and adolescents are recommended to do at least one hour of moderate- or vigorous-intensity activity each day, while adults should complete 150 to 300 minutes of moderate- or 75 to 150 minutes of vigorous-intensity physical activity per week (Rock et al., 2020).

Sun Exposure

Few people lying on the beach soaking in the sun’s rays are thinking about the fact that such sun exposure increases their chances of the most common form of cancer—skin cancer (basal and squamous cell skin cancers) (ACS, 2023). Did you know that one in five Americans will be diagnosed with skin cancer by 70, and that experiencing five or more sunburns doubles the risk of melanoma? (Skin Cancer Foundation, 2023a). Prevention is again the key: Using sunscreen regularly (at least 15+) can reduce the risk of squamous cell skin cancers and melanoma by approximately 40% and 50%, respectively (Skin Cancer Foundation, 2023b).

Even tanning booths are carcinogenic. A 15- to 20-minute session is equivalent in ultraviolet (UV) ray exposure to one full day at the beach. Although tanning salons often advertise that sun bed tanning is safer than sunbathing outside, the intensity of light in tanning beds is actually much greater. The customer not only has light rays above their body but also below it. Many of the older tanning beds emit short-wave UV rays, which burn the outer layers of the skin. The majority of the tanning beds used today, however, emit long-wave UV rays, which actually penetrate deeper and weaken the skin’s inner connective tissue. Tanning salon rays also increase the damage that is done by the sunlight, because the UV light from the tanning beds thins the skin, making it less able to heal. Both the sun and tanning beds produce a tan from UV rays. UV rays cause the skin to protect itself from burning by producing additional pigmentation and coloring. Overexposure to these UV rays can lead to eye injury, premature wrinkling, light-induced skin rashes, and increased chances of skin cancer. To get that nice tanned look without the risk, consumers are now flocking to risk-free tanning booths that use sprays.

So, should you stay out of the sun altogether? No, that’s not right, either. Although overexposure to sunlight can be very detrimental to one’s health, we still need some amount of exposure to sunlight for both physical and psychological reasons. A lack of sunlight is associated with poor mood, as well as with a condition called seasonal affective disorder. Sunlight is also a major source of vitamin D in humans, because it produces vitamin D in the skin after exposure to UV radiation (Religi et al., 2019). Without vitamin D, diseases such as rickets occur. In direct relationship to this chapter, in recent studies sunlight exposure has been associated with reduced risk of breast cancer in females living in the Caribbean (Nazario et al., 2022), and authors of a meta-analysis suggested that spending at least an hour per day in the sun during summer could reduce the risk of breast cancer (Hiller et al., 2020).

Tanning. Visiting a tanning booth, even once, can expose you to carcinogenic ultraviolet rays. A safer alternative for a tanned look is a spray-on tan or tanning lotion.</text>
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      <text bytes="66152" sha1="lfgxn009fy7on5zepn6na6oqh95c3pz" xml:space="preserve">In 2019, more than 1.7 million new cases of cancer were diagnosed and nearly 600,000 people died of cancer in the United States (U.S. Cancer Statistics Working Group, 2022). Cancer is the second leading cause of death in the United States (after heart disease), with nearly 1 in 4 deaths due to cancer (U.S. Cancer Statistics Working Group, 2022).    

==13.1 - Cancer: Definitions and Prevalence==
'''Origins and Terminology''':

* Cancer originates from the Greek terms &quot;carcinos&quot; and &quot;carcinoma,&quot; referring to tumor types. Its name is linked to the crab-like appearance of spreading cancer cells.
* Cancer encompasses over 100 diseases, differing in incidence, risk factors, and treatment.

'''Biological Basis''':

* Cancer arises from malignant tumors characterized by uncontrolled cell growth and tissue destruction.
* Mutations in DNA disrupt normal cell processes, often caused by genetic factors or exposure to carcinogens (e.g., cigarette smoke).
* Normal cells divide and die systematically, while cancer cells grow indefinitely, forming abnormal cells.

'''Types of Cancer''':

* '''Carcinomas''': The most common type, originating in epithelial cells.
* '''Sarcomas''': Affect muscles, bones, and cartilage.
* '''Lymphomas''': Involve the lymphatic system (e.g., Hodgkin’s and non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma).
* '''Leukemias''': Found in blood and bone marrow, leading to anemia and immune issues.

'''Staging and Severity''':

* The TNM system assesses tumor size (T), lymph node involvement (N), and metastasis (M).
* Stages range from 0 (localized) to IV (widespread and severe).

'''Epidemiology and Risk''':

* About 1 in 2 men and 1 in 3 women are diagnosed with cancer during their lifetimes, with risks increasing with age.
* Prevalence varies by sex, ethnicity, and geography, with significant disparities in survival rates among ethnic groups.

'''Cultural and Psychosocial Factors''':

* Understanding cancer requires considering cultural influences, including ethnicity, gender, and socioeconomic factors.
* Minority groups face higher risks of death from cancer and lower survival rates, highlighting healthcare inequities.

'''Advancements and Trends''':

* Overall cancer incidence and mortality have decreased over decades, especially for males, though disparities persist.
* Early diagnosis and treatment advances have contributed to better outcomes in many populations.

'''Notable Trends''':

* Death rates from cancer decreased by 32% between 1991 and 2019.
* Minority populations experience lower survival rates, with Black Americans and Native Americans facing the highest relative risk of cancer death compared to White Americans.

By addressing cultural, biological, and environmental factors, we can better understand and combat cancer effectively

=== Raw Textbook Page ===
Similar to stress and pain, the word cancer has many different forms and meanings. Cancer is derived from carcinos and carcinoma, terms first used by the Greek Hippocrates to describe non-ulcer-forming and ulcer-forming tumors. The shape of a spreading cancer cell resembles the outstretching legs of a crab to which these words refer (in Greek the word for crab is cancer, think of the zodiac sign). Although typically discussed as one illness, cancer is a group of diseases that vary in terms of incidence and mortality rates, epidemiology, risk factors and causes, and treatments. Also, understanding cancer and its effects through a cultural approach is an important area of health psychology because a comprehensive understanding of cancer requires a consideration of sex, gender, ethnicity, geographical location, sexual orientation, and all the other aspects of what makes up culture.

First, let’s look at basic biology and some terminology. Cancer is the name given to the illness or condition caused by the presence of a malignant tumor. A malignant tumor or cancerous cell is identified as one showing uncontrollable cell growth that destroys healthy tissue. Cells that show abnormal growth are also referred to as neoplasms. Normally our cells grow, divide, and die in an orderly fashion, and cell growth is more pronounced when we are young. As we grow older, cells in most parts of our body divide only to replace worn-out or dying cells and to repair injuries. Because cancer cells continue to grow and divide, they are different from normal cells. Instead of dying, they outlive normal cells and continue to form new abnormal cells.

When a normal cell turns cancerous, it is often the result of a mutation in the cell’s DNA that alters it and makes it grow uncontrollably, disrupting surrounding tissue and often spreading to organs all around the body (Pecorino, 2021). Most of the time when DNA becomes damaged, the body is able to repair it. In cancer cells, the damaged DNA cannot be repaired. Such genetic mutations can also be inherited, which accounts for why risk for cancer increases if someone in a person’s family has had cancer. Many times, though, a person’s cancerous cell mutations occur because of exposure to environmental toxins such as cigarette smoke or other carcinogens (cancer-causing substances). The branch of medicine that concerns the study and treatment of cancer is referred to as oncology, and this is the term used more frequently in hospitals.

A scanning electron micrograph depicting a killer T cell attacking cancer cells.

A Cancer Cell Being Attacked by Immune System Killer T Cells. A Colored Scanning Electron Micrograph (SEM) image shows a human Natural Killer (NK) cell attacking a cancer cell. The yellow NK cell has numerous long fluid-projections, which are beginning to flow around the large orange cancer cell. Natural killer cells are a type of white blood cell known as T-lymphocytes. These have the ability to destroy virus-infected cells and tumor cells. On contact with the surface of a tumor cell, the NK cell recognizes certain proteins called antigens, which activate its cell-killing mechanism. The NK cell then binds to and destroys the cancer cell using toxins.


Types of Cancer

There are more than 100 different types of cancer, and even tumors within each type show a lot of variability. However, note that not all tumors are cancerous or malignant. Benign or noncancerous tumors do not metastasize or spread to other parts of the body and, with very rare exceptions, are not life threatening. Some cancers, such as leukemia, do not form tumors. Instead, these cancer cells involve the blood and blood-forming organs and circulate through other tissues where they grow (ACS, 2018). The course of cancer and the likelihood of survival vary greatly according to the type of cancer diagnosed. Therefore, if someone just says they have cancer, you should not make any generalizations about their experiences until you have more information. Some cancers show very little deviation in patterns of disease course, and psychosocial influences on coping and treatment are minimal (Henderson &amp; Baum, 2002). That said, psychosocial factors do relate to differences in biomarkers and disease progression (Cheng &amp; Meiser, 2019).

The key variables that influence the interaction between biological, psychological, and social factors and the role each plays in cancer morbidity or mortality are cancer site, type, and severity. The most common sites for cancer are the lungs, breasts, prostate gland, colon, and rectum (the latter two are often affected together, which is referred to as colorectal cancer). The top 10 cancer sites by sex and related incidence and mortality statistics for each are shown in Figures 13.1 and 13.3.


Figure 13.1 Description

There are four main types of cancer. The most common are carcinomas that start in the surface layers of the body or epithelial cells. This form of cancer accounts for the bulk of cancer cases and is seen in the most common sites. Sarcomas are cancers of the muscles, bones, and cartilage. Lymphomas are cancers of the lymphatic system and are referred to as Hodgkin’s disease if the cancer spreads from a single lymph node (non-Hodgkin lymphomas are found at several sites). Leukemias are cancers that are found in the blood and bone marrow. In leukemia, white blood cells proliferate to displace red blood cells, which causes anemia (a shortage of red blood cells), bleeding, and other immune system problems (ACS, 2018).

The severity of cancer is determined by a multifactor assessment of stage. The TNM system is the most common method used to stage cancer (ACS, 2022b). It provides three main pieces of information. The T describes the size of the tumor and whether cancer has spread to nearby tissues and organs. The N describes how far the cancer has spread to nearby lymph nodes. Given that the lymph nodes are critical components of the body’s immune system, they are often heavily involved in fighting cancer cells. The M indicates the extent to which the cancer has metastasized. Letters or numbers after the T, N, and M give more details about each of these factors. For example, a tumor classified as Tl, N0, M0 is a tumor that is very small, has not spread to the lymph nodes, and has not spread to distant organs of the body. Once TNM descriptions have been established, they can be grouped together into a simpler set of stages, stages 0 through IV. In general, the lower the number, the less the cancer has spread. A higher number, such as stage IV, indicates a more serious, widespread cancer (ACS, 2022b).

Prevalence of Cancer

Cancer has been around for centuries and has been called the emperor of all maladies (Mukherjee, 2010). Unfortunately, the chances of our developing some form of cancer in our lifetime are pretty high (it is estimated one out of two males and one out of three females will develop cancer in their lifetime; Siegel et al., 2022), and the chances get higher as we get older, dropping again in our 80s (DeSantis et al., 2019). For people ages between 60 and 69, there is a 1 in 7 chance (if you are male) or 1 in 10 chance (if you are female) of getting cancer (Siegel et al., 2022). This incidence drops to a 1 in 16 chance for males and females between the ages of 50 and 59, and a 1 in 29 chance for males and 1 in 17 chance for females from birth until 49 (Siegel et al., 2022). Culture is again very important. Prevalence rates vary across many levels of culture—by sex, ethnicity, and geography. Differences in overall cancer rates by sex are shown in Figure 13.2.


Figure 13.2 Description

We are making strides in the fight against cancer (Stanton, 2019). New results on the incidence of cancer show that it is not as common as it was before, although the good news favors White American populations. Siegel et al. (2021) collected cancer morbidity and mortality data from several government organizations such as the National Cancer Institute and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, evaluated trends in cancer incidence and death rates, and compared survival rates over time and across racial/ethnic populations. The good news is that incidence rates for males for all cancers combined decreased from 1990 through 2013 and then stabilized during 2018 (Siegel et al., 2022). For females, incidence for all cancers remained relatively stable through the mid-2010s, but has seen a slight increase in recent years (Siegel et al., 2022). The good news is that since their peak in 1991, overall cancer death rates in 2019 have decreased by 32% (Siegel et al., 2022). The bad news from a cultural perspective is that cancer-specific survival rates are lower and the risk of dying from cancer once it is diagnosed is higher in some ethnic minority populations compared with the White American population, as shown in Table 13.1 (Siegel et al., 2022). The relative risk of death from cancer (all types combined), after adjusting for sex, age, and cancer stage at diagnosis, is 33% and 51% higher in Black Americans and Native Americans, respectively, compared with that for White Americans (Jemal et al., 2017). Additionally, when considering all cancer stages, Black Americans have lower survival rates than White Americans for bladder, breast, colorectal, esophageal, oral cavity and pharynx, ovarian, and uterine cancer, and melanoma (Siegel et al., 2022).

== 13.2 - Cultural Variations and Developmental Issues ==
'''Cancer Across Cultures and Groups'''

Cancer affects people differently based on their ethnicity, race, sex, and socioeconomic status. Black Americans face higher cancer death rates than other groups in the U.S., despite White Americans having higher cancer diagnosis rates. For example, Black women are 41% more likely to die from breast cancer than White women, even though they are diagnosed less often. Similarly, Black men have double the cancer death rate compared to Asian/Pacific Islander men.

Cultural factors also influence cancer risks. Asian and Latino Americans show higher stomach and liver cancer rates, while Native Americans often see cancer as a punishment or a spiritual issue. Low socioeconomic status worsens outcomes due to limited knowledge about cancer and later diagnoses.

'''Sex Differences'''

Men are generally diagnosed with cancer more often than women, with prostate, lung, and colorectal cancers being the most common. For women, breast, lung, and colorectal cancers are most prevalent. Research on male-specific cancers, like testicular cancer, lags behind studies on female cancers, but awareness campaigns like No-Shave November are helping.

'''Beliefs and Knowledge About Cancer'''

Cultural beliefs affect understanding and attitudes toward cancer. Some groups attribute cancer to punishment or fate, leading to misconceptions. For instance, some Native Americans believe cancer can result from curses or violations of traditions. Fatalism—the idea that cancer always leads to death—is common in many communities, which can discourage seeking treatment.

'''Cancer as a Developmental Disease'''

Cancer risk increases with age, but many risk factors start early in life. For instance, smoking—a leading cause of cancer—often begins in teenage years. Children and teens diagnosed with cancer experience unique challenges, such as different coping mechanisms and impacts on their quality of life. Understanding how cancer affects individuals at different life stages is essential for providing appropriate support.

=== Raw Textbook Page ===
Similar to the ethnic differences in incidence of HIV infection described in the previous chapter, there are large differences in the cultural makeup of people who have cancer both across nations and across ethnic and racial groups (Kim &amp; Lwing, 2017; Song et al., 2014; Vahabi et al., 2017). In fact, there is a growing body of research clarifying the link between cancer and membership in certain ethnic groups (Yamoah et al., 2015). Before looking at possible biological reasons why one ethnicity may be more at risk than another, let’s first look at the different patterns of cancer across diverse ethnic groups.

There are two main statistics to bear in mind when studying the prevalence of cancer. The first is incidence or rates of newly diagnosed cases of the disease. The second is actual mortality. Keeping the two numbers separate is important because there are many people who are diagnosed with cancer who live (remember there was good news), and the number of survivors varies across cultural groups. So even if there are two cultural groups who both have the same incidence levels for a certain type of cancer, they may not show the same mortality rates. Figure 13.3 shows the incidence and mortality rates for the main types of cancer broken down by sex.

As you can see, different ethnic groups and the two sexes do not get cancer or die from it in the same ways (Dornelas, 2018; Siegel et al., 2022). Black Americans have the second highest general cancer incidence rates (behind White Americans), but the highest mortality rates of any population in the United States, with this difference being driven more by higher rates of cancer among Black American males (Siegel et al., 2022). Illustrating the difference between incidence and mortality, Black Americans have greater mortality rates relative to their incidence rates, suggesting that if they have cancer they are more likely to die of it. In 2019, the disparity in cancer deaths (for both sexes and all cancer types) between Black Americans and White Americans was 14% (Siegel et al., 2022). While White American females are diagnosed with cancer more than any other group of females, Black American females are the most likely to die from cancer (Siegel et al., 2022). This disparity is most pronounced in relation to breast cancer; Black American females have 4% lower incidence than White American females but 41% higher breast cancer mortality (Siegel et al., 2022). Similarly, Black American males’ cancer death rates are 19% higher than those of White American males and double those of Asian/Pacific Islander American males (Siegel et al., 2022). Separating total cases of cancer from individual types of cancer is important too. Although Asian/Pacific Islander Americans show much lower rates of cancer than White Americans in general, they have higher rates of stomach and liver cancer (Siegel et al., 2022). In contrast to some other ethnic differences, White American females have similar rates of lung cancer to Native American females but are more likely to have lung cancer than Black American, Asian/Pacific Islander American or Hispanic/Latino American females (Siegel et al., 2022).

In addition to these ethnic differences, there are significant sex differences in cancer incidence as well. Males experience higher incidences of cancer in general (Siegel et al., 2022). The most common cancers for males are prostate, lung, and colorectal (Siegel et al., 2022). Testicular cancer is relatively uncommon among men in general, but it is one of the most common forms of cancer in younger men ages 15 to 35. For some time, male cancers did not receive as much research attention as female cancers, and we know less about the etiology of most male cancers and males’ psychological and social experiences with cancer (Dornelas, 2018). No-Shave November is a recent phenomenon (did you know it started to raise awareness about male prostate cancer?).

The most common cancers for females for most ethnic groups are breast, lung, and colorectal (Siegel et al., 2022). In case you were wondering, men do get breast cancer although the rates are infinitesimal. Breast cancer incidence rates are somewhat counter to normal ethnic difference patterns; a higher incidence of breast cancer has been reported both in White American females and females of higher socioeconomic status (SES) compared to females of other ethnicities and lower SES (Coughlin, 2019; Seiler et al., 2017). However, low SES is associated with increased risk of aggressive premenopausal breast cancer, later diagnosis and poorer survival (Coughlin, 2019). Other common cancers tend to vary by ethnicity but usually include cancers of the reproductive organs (e.g., the uterus, cervix, and ovaries) and may be due to some ethnic groups such as Asian American and Latina American females not getting screened for the cancers (Suchday et al., 2019).

Cultural Differences in Beliefs and Knowledge About Cancer

Some of the cultural differences in cancer incidence are explained by cultural differences pertaining to beliefs held about cancer, people’s attitudes toward cancer, and knowledge of cancer (Licqurish et al., 2017). Many studies have shown that low socioeconomic groups are less knowledgeable about cancer regardless of their sex, ethnicity, or religion (e.g., McCutchan et al.,, 2015). Ethnically diverse groups exhibit different levels of knowledge as well. African Americans (Ogunsanya et al., 2017), Arab Americans (Abboud et al., 2017), Latino Americans (Szalacha et al., 2017), Chinese Americans (Robison et al., 2014), and Korean Americans (Sin et al., 2016) have all been found to have lower levels of knowledge about risk factors and cancer symptoms than White Americans.

Sometimes these cultural differences are linked to cultural beliefs and misconceptions about disease in general (Tejeda et al., 2017). Many religious individuals may believe that cancer is just punishment for sins or that cancer has spiritual meaning (Gall &amp; Bilodeau, 2017). The misperceived causes of cancer may also be more tangible. Vietnamese American, Chinese Americans, and Latino Americans (Luque et al., 2010) and Mexican immigrants to America (Luque et al., 2015) reported poor hygiene as a cause for cervical cancer. Another common cultural cancer belief is fatalism, the belief that a person with cancer cannot live a normal life and will die (Duberstein et al., 2017). High levels of fatalism have been found in Black Americans (Bustillo et al., 2017), Korean Americans, Chinese Americans, Mexican Americans (Gonzalez et al., 2016), and Latino Americans (Ramirez, 2014).

A vivid example of how culture influences perceptions is seen in the views of Native Americans. Many Native Americans see cancer as a White man’s disease and something that is a punishment for one’s actions or the actions of a family member (Yost et al., 2017). Some Native Americans see cancer as a natural part of life’s pathway and as providing a lesson from which to learn. Many also see cancer as penance and a person with cancer must wear the pain to protect other members of the community (Burhansstipanov, 2000). A diagnosis of cancer is equivalent to a doctor shooting a hole through the spirit and thus results in depression and fear of the doctor instead of trust. Beliefs about how you can get cancer may seem outlandish to the ethnocentric non-Native Americans. Some Native Americans believe cancer can result from a curse or from violating tribal mores like stepping on a frog or urinating on a spider. Others believe that it is contagious and that it can be caught from a mammography machine or from the child of someone who has cancer (Burhansstipanov, 2000). Some Native Americans do not want to even talk about cancer for fear of catching the cancer spirit. Regardless of the extent to which you think these beliefs are far-fetched, they have to be respected and anticipated to optimize helping the Native Americans who do hold them.

Developmental Issues in Cancer

You are more likely to get cancer as you get older (ACS, 2021a). The rates for cancer increase dramatically over the life span. Between 2013 and 2017, incidence rates ranged from 16.8 per 100,000 for those younger than 15 years of age, to 75.9 per 100,000 for adolescents and young adults (15–39 years) (Islami et al., 2021). In 2019, in the United States, the incidence rate was 474 and 415 per 100,000 for males and females, respectively, of all ages, and 2630 and 1804 per 100,000 for males and females, respectively, ages over 75 (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention [CDC], 2022). Age is a cultural variable as well, and one that also needs to be attended to in understanding cancer.

We consider cancer a developmental disease. Why is this? Although cancer is primarily diagnosed in older adults, cancers actually develop when people are younger. Because there typically is a large gap between when a tumor starts to grow and when it is large enough to be diagnosed, exposure to many of the risk factors for cancer (described below) at a young age necessarily predicts the occurrence of cancer at an older age. Significant risks for cancer are also associated with the different developmental milestones (as described in Chapter 4). There is a risk associated with girls starting to menstruate early (Goldberg et al., 2020; Olsson &amp; Olsson, 2020) and female’s dietary choices during adolescence and adulthood are associated with the early development of colorectal cancer (at less than 50 years; Hur et al., 2021). Risks also associate with menopause and the ways that females cope with it. The biggest risk factor for cancer—smoking (Kim et al., 2018; Lewandowska et al., 2019)—has a strong developmental link: Smoking almost always begins in the teenage years; few adults initiate a regular smoking habit (Park et al., 2018).

Developmental age also influences how people, especially children, will cope with a cancer diagnosis. For example, Barrera et al. (2003) recruited preschool, school age, and adolescent patients and measured their psychological adjustment and quality of life (QOL) 3, 9, and 15 months after cancer was diagnosed. The children’s age at diagnosis significantly affected both their adjustment and QOL. At 3 months after diagnosis, preschoolers had more externalizing behavior problems than adolescents. Preschoolers had better QOL than adolescents at all three assessments, suggesting that preschoolers with cancer are at risk for behavior problems and adolescents are at risk for poor QOL. Studies such as these are gentle reminders that the psychological reactions to cancer experienced by adults may be very different from those of children (Anderzén Carlsson et al., 2008). A developmental approach also helps us understand how family interactions change when one family member has cancer (Caruso et al., 2017; Erker et al., 2018; Long et al., 2018).

== 13.3 - Correlates of Cancer ==

=== Physiological Correlates of Cancer ===
The '''physiological symptoms''' of cancer depend on its '''size, location, and stage''' (Weinberg, 2013). If cancer has reached an advanced stage and '''metastasizes''' (spreads to other parts of the body), symptoms may occur at different locations. As '''mutant cells''' divide, they exert '''pressure''' on surrounding organs, blood vessels, and nerves, causing '''pain''' and discomfort (Pecorino, 2021).

Certain cancers, like '''pancreatic cancer''', often remain '''asymptomatic''' until they reach an advanced stage. '''General symptoms''' include fever, fatigue, pain, skin changes, and weight loss, though these symptoms are not exclusive to cancer. Sometimes, '''cancer cells''' release '''substances''' into the bloodstream that trigger unusual symptoms. For instance:

* '''Pancreatic cancer''' may release substances causing '''blood clots''' in leg veins.
* '''Lung cancers''' can produce '''hormone-like substances''' that alter '''blood calcium levels''', leading to '''weakness and dizziness'''.

Specific symptoms may also indicate particular cancers:

* '''Excretory function changes''': Could signal '''colon cancer''' (e.g., chronic diarrhea or altered stool consistency) or '''bladder/prostate cancer''' (e.g., painful urination, blood in urine).
* '''Sores that do not heal''': Signs of '''skin cancer''', particularly in the mouth or sexual organs.
* '''Unusual bleeding''': Blood in saliva, urine, stool, or other fluids should be reported immediately.
* '''Lumps''': In the breast, testicles, or lymph nodes could suggest cancer.

Being familiar with your body and recognizing changes is key to identifying potential issues early.
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=== Psychological Correlates of Cancer ===

==== Psychological Factors in Cancer Incidence ====
Although there is little evidence that psychological factors '''cause cancer''', '''stress''' has been recognized as a contributing factor (Stanton, 2019). There are three main pathways through which '''psychological processes''' may influence cancer:

# '''Direct effects''' on bodily systems.
# '''Health behaviors''' (e.g., smoking or diet).
# Responses to '''illness or treatment''', such as screening behaviors.

Key psychological influences include:

* '''Personality''': Early studies linked '''anger suppression''' to a '''Type C personality'''—characterized by being unassertive and suppressing emotions—but this connection has since been discredited (Johansen, 2018).
* '''Social Support''': While it plays a major role in '''coping''', its impact on '''cancer incidence''' is inconsistent. For example, '''social isolation''' is linked to higher cancer mortality among White Americans but not Black Americans (Alcaraz et al., 2019).
* '''Depression''': Stronger evidence links '''clinical depression''' to higher cancer incidence and poorer survival rates (Wang, Li et al., 2020).

==== Psychological Responses to Diagnosis ====
The experience of a '''cancer diagnosis''' can trigger:

* '''Existential plight''': Heightened thoughts about life and death (Weisman &amp; Worden, 1972).
* '''Anxiety and depression''', particularly after diagnosis and during treatment (Civilotti et al., 2021).
* '''Stress''', reducing '''quality of life (QOL)''' (Dornelas, 2018).

Depression varies with '''age, sex''', and '''cancer type''':

* '''Younger patients''' often experience higher rates of depression.
* '''Females''' report almost twice the depression rates as males.
* Certain cancers, like '''lung''' or '''gynecological cancers''', are associated with higher depression levels (Linden et al., 2012).

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=== Psychological Factors in Cancer Progression and Coping ===
Key factors influencing '''cancer progression''' include:

# '''Personality''': '''Optimism''' is strongly linked to better coping and recovery (Scheier &amp; Carver, 2018).
# '''Social Support''': A larger and stronger '''support network''' correlates with better survival outcomes (Nausheen et al., 2009).
# '''Depression''': Associated with faster disease progression and lower QOL (Bortolato et al., 2017).

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=== Cancer, Stress, and Immunity ===
'''Stress''' has been shown to:

* Increase cancer risk and worsen progression (Chida et al., 2008).
* Reduce '''natural killer (NK) cell activity''', critical for fighting cancer (Capellino et al., 2020).
* Trigger '''unhealthy behaviors''' (e.g., smoking, poor diet), which accelerate progression.

Mechanisms include activation of the '''sympathetic nervous system (SNS)''' and '''hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis''', leading to immune dysregulation (Dai et al., 2020).

=== Raw Textbook Page ===
Physiological Correlates of Cancer

The physiological symptoms of cancer depend on the size, location, and stage of cancer (Weinberg, 2013). If a cancer has reached a later stage and metastasizes, then symptoms may occur at different locations in the body. As the mutant cells divide, they exert pressure on the surrounding organs, blood vessels, and nerves that is consciously felt by the individual (Pecorino, 2021). Some cancers, such as pancreatic cancer, are not felt until the cell has reached an advanced stage of development. Some of the general symptoms of cancer are fever, fatigue, pain, changes in the skin, and weight loss. Remember that having these symptoms does not necessarily mean a person has cancer but suggests that something is not right (there are many other reasons for these same symptoms). Sometimes, cancer cells release substances into the bloodstream that cause symptoms not generally thought to result from cancers (Pecorino, 2021). For example, some cancers of the pancreas can release substances that cause blood clots to develop in veins of the legs. Some lung cancers produce hormone-like substances that change blood calcium levels, affecting nerves and muscles and causing weakness and dizziness.

Together with general symptoms, some symptoms are more specifically indicative of cancer. Any changes in your excretory functions could signify cancer of the colon (such as constipation, constant diarrhea or a change in stool consistency) or bladder/prostate gland (such as painful urination or blood in the urine). Sores that do not heal, especially in the mouth or on sexual organs, are signs of skin cancers. As a rule, the appearance of blood in fluids in which you do not normally see it like in the saliva, urine, stool, nonmenstrual vaginal fluids, or breast fluid should be reported to a doctor immediately. The appearance of lumps in the breast, testicles, or lymph nodes may also be a sign of cancer. In general, it is clear that the better you know your body, the more aware you will be of changes that may signify problems with it.

Psychological Correlates of Cancer

You can divide the reality of cancer into three main phases: the period leading up to a diagnosis, the diagnosis and reactions to it, and the period following it. Psychological factors may play a role in all three, although the research evidence on how psychology influences progression is clearer than that on its role in the development of cancer.

Psychological Factors in Cancer Incidence

There is presently little unequivocal proof that psychological factors cause cancer (e.g., Stanton, 2019), except for the case of stress. We discuss this in more detail later. There are at least three general pathways through which psychological factors may influence the development of cancer: (1) direct effects of psychological processes on bodily systems; (2) healthy and unhealthy behaviors; and (3) responses to perceived or actual illness, such as screening behaviors or adherence to treatment recommendations (Henderson &amp; Baum, 2002). The main psychological processes studied have been personality, social support, depression, stress, and health behaviors. Stress and health behaviors are perhaps the most pervasive and will be discussed later in the chapter.

Although receiving a lot of attention in the mid-1980s, the role of personality in cancer has been somewhat exaggerated. Morris et al. (1981) first found an association between breast cancer and anger suppression, leading to the hypothesis of a cancer-prone or Type C personality (Zozulya et al., 2008). A Type C person was described as cooperative, appeasing, unassertive, and compliant and as someone who did not express negative emotions (Temoshok, 1987). Some later reviews supported these early findings, but more recently the research methodology used in studies examining personality as a risk factor for cancer has been criticized and it has been concluded that there is no sound evidence to suggest that personality plays a role in cancer etiology or survival (Johansen, 2018). However, while personality may not have a direct influence on cancer risk, it may influence health behaviors that are associated with cancer (Johansen, 2018).

If personality has no direct role, what is the influence of one’s social environment? Social support appears not to have a strong protective effect against cancer development (Ikeda et al., 2013) although it does play a significant role in coping with cancer (as discussed in the next section). To be fair, social support research is hampered by the fact that there are many different types of social support (as described in Chapter 6), and because it is operationally defined in different ways, study comparisons are difficult (Knoll, 2018). If your intuition says that social support must influence incidences of cancer, you are right (although don’t let intuition get in the way of empirical evidence to the contrary). For instance, social isolation was found to be associated with higher risk of cancer mortality for White Americans (male and female) but not for Black Americans (Alcaraz et al., 2019).

There is more evidence for the role of depression in cancer incidence than for social support (Wang, Li et al., 2020). Wang and colleagues (2020), in a meta-analysis comprising 51 cohort studies, with over two and a half million participants and a mean follow-up period of approximately 10 years, found that clinically diagnosed depression was associated with higher cancer incidence (for all cancer types combined), poorer cancer survival, and higher cancer-specific mortality; symptoms of depression were not associated with cancer risk. Depression was also associated with higher incidence for specific cancers including lung, oral cavity, prostate and skin cancer (Wang, Li et al., 2020). Furthermore, subgroup analyses found cancer risk to be higher in males and people of Asian ethnicity (Wang, Li et al., 2020).

In conjunction with similar cultural differences for social support, it is clear that the link between psychological factors and cancer may differ by sex and ethnicity. Such variations may be linked to biological pathways or may be indicative of greater cultural differences that have biopsychosocial components.

Psychological Responses to Cancer Diagnosis

Even being screened for a potential cancer can be a fearful experience (Nagendiram et al., 2020). A positive diagnosis (i.e., that cells are cancerous) can be devastating and has been referred to as causing an existential plight (increased thoughts about life and death) (Weisman &amp; Worden, 1972) and existential uncertainty regarding disease trajectory, likelihood of survival, and life before death (Karlsson et al., 2014). In the early stages after diagnosis, people may experience clinically relevant symptoms of anxiety and depression (Civilotti et al., 2021). In addition to anxiety, denial, and depression—the major responses to learning you have a chronic illness, as covered in Chapter 10—a cancer diagnosis and its treatment result in stress and a lowered QOL (Dornelas, 2018). The high emotions experienced right after diagnoses lessen with time, and emotions actually improve as recovery begins after the end of treatment. Two other highly psychologically disturbing times occur during treatment, whether it is surgery or radiotherapy (Dornelas, 2018).

In general, depression is more common in patients undergoing active treatment and those experiencing pain or with a history of stressors or low social support, rather than those in follow-up treatment (Johansen et al., 2011). Depression also varies according to age, sex and type of cancer (Linden et al., 2012). The relationship between age and depression is variable, but younger age has been associated with increased depression for some cancers (Linden et al., 2012). Regarding sex, females have been found to be almost twice as likely to report clinically significant depression than males, with the highest prevalence of depression occurring for females with lung cancer, followed by haematological and bone cancers (Linden et al., 2012). People with lung, haematological and gynecological cancers have been reported to have the highest levels of depression, while people with skin or prostate cancer have been found to have lower levels of depression than the average cancer patient (Linden et al., 2012). In addition to depression, people with cancer may also experience fear, anxiety, pain, and insomnia (Fischer et al., 2010; Hoang et al., 2020; Linden et al., 2012).

Psychological Factors in Cancer Progression and Coping

Similar to HIV infection and other chronic illnesses, some psychological characteristics help people cope better with cancer and also influence the course of the disease. Similar to the factors associated with incidence, a person’s personality, social support, depression, stress, and health behaviors again figure prominently (Smith, 2018; Stanton, 2019).

Personality

We have already discussed how personality relates to cancer incidence—meaning whether personality has any influence over whether someone will get cancer (there is no sound evidence to say it does). In the late 1970s, the first positive links between personality and cancer progression were seen. How people coped with cancer seemed to be one of the most important factors. Patients who denied they had cancer had higher disease recurrence rates (Greer et al., 1979). Other studies followed and have established that avoidant, repressive, or unexpressive personalities or coping styles are associated with poorer disease courses (Epping-Jordan et al., 1994). Other personality characteristics are important, too. For example, optimism is strongly and positively correlated with active coping and emotional regulation coping strategies and strongly negatively correlated with avoidant coping strategies (Scheier et al., 1986). Optimists, in general, show better psychological well-being and physical health (Scheier &amp; Carver, 2018; Solberg Nes, 2016). In the context of cancer, optimism has been associated with health-related QOL (Marton et al., 2022). Additionally, a number of studies show that optimism predicts better adjustment for a variety of cancers (breast cancer, Colby &amp; Shifren, 2013; colorectal cancer, Chambers et al., 2012; prostate cancer, Thornton et al., 2012; urogenital cancer, Zenger et al., 2010; advanced cancer (mixed types), Applebaum et al., 2014).

Social Support

The case for a positive correlation between social support and survival of cancer patients is very strong (Imm et al., 2017; LeBarre &amp; Riding-Malon, 2017). Of course, some of the best studies to look at are prospective in nature. For example, Nausheen et al. (2009) reviewed 31 longitudinal prospective studies from 26 published articles assessing the role of structural (e.g., size, range, proximity of social network and frequency of contact) and functional (e.g., function or quality of support network) social support in cancer progression and found that lower social support was associated with cancer progression, although some findings were contrary to what was expected. For all cancer types combined, structural support appeared to have a stronger association than functional support; however, most of the nonsignificant findings for functional support were in people with metastatic cancer, leading Nausheen et al. (2009) to conclude that functional social support may be beneficial for people with less severe cancer. Also, some of the differences may be due to the conceptualization and measurement of social support. With regard to cancer type, the evidence for a relationship between social support and cancer progression was deemed to be sufficiently strong for breast cancer; the relationship was not demonstrated for lung cancer, melanoma, or mixed cancers (studies containing more than one type of cancer; Nausheen et al., 2009). In terms of specific aspects of social support, having a larger social network of confidants with which to discuss personal problems (Kroenke et al., 2013), higher social connectedness (i.e., more frequent contact with family and friends, attending religious services, and involvement in community activities) (Beasley et al., 2010), and higher perceived level of support (Pinquart &amp; Duberstein, 2010) all link to slower progression of cancer and higher rates of survival. A growing body of work suggests that spiritual sources, such as belief in a God and prayer, also provide social support, aiding adjustment and slowing cancer progression (Chaturvedi &amp; Venkateswaran, 2008), although females who were not spiritual before cancer diagnosis but turned to God after diagnosis show lower levels of well-being than females who were always religious (Schreiber &amp; Brockopp, 2012).

Depression has also been linked to cancer progression (Bortolato et al., 2017) with a number of studies suggesting that depression and lower QOL in general have adverse effects on survival (Wang, Li et al., 2020). We discuss further the role of social support and depression in the section about interventions later in this chapter.

Although we have discussed the role of psychological factors in cancer progression, we would be remiss if we did not mention the effect cancer has on social relationships. The caregivers—spouses, friends, relatives—of cancer patients often experience negative outcomes as well (Borrescio-Higa &amp; Valdés, 2022; Long et al., 2018). For example, psychological interventions have been designed to help the spouses of females with breast cancer that reduce the spouse’s anxiety and depression and increase their self-efficacy and skills to assist their spouse (Lewis et al., 2019; Lewis et al., 2022). Across all cancer types, interventions for spouses have also targeted social support, problem solving, emotional resilience, coping strategies, role expectations, and relationship quality, with a review findings benefits for social support, emotional distress, coping, posttraumatic growth, self-efficacy, and communication (Kleine et al., 2019).

Cancer, Stress, and Immunity

Stress has been shown to influence both the incidence of cancer and its progression, although again, the link for the latter is stronger. There is no equivocation: stress-related psychosocial factors influence cancer. Chida et al. (2008) conducted a meta-analysis of 165 studies and found that stress-related psychosocial factors were associated with higher cancer incidence in initially healthy populations, poorer survival in patients with diagnosed cancer, and higher cancer mortality. While the methodology of this study has been criticized (Coyne et al., 2010), primary studies have also indicated a relationship between stress and cancer. For example, females who experienced four to six major life stressors were at more than five times higher risk for breast cancer (Kruk, 2012). Özkan et al (2017), similarly found that females who had experienced important stressors within the last 5 years and those with chronic stress were at increased risk of breast cancer. When biopsychosocial factors were analyzed together, females who had experienced important stressors within the last 5 years were at more than five and a half times higher risk for breast cancer (Özkan et al, 2017). A cancer diagnosis sets up a negative cycle of experiences between stress and illness (see Chapters 12 and 14 for other examples). The diagnosis and treatment cause stress that in turn influences the course of the disease by affecting the immune system (Andersen et al., 2017).

Stress affects cancer through a number of pathways. It has a direct effect on the activity of natural killer (NK) cells, which themselves are critical in the body’s fight against cancer (Capellino et al., 2020). Patients with a variety of cancers have lowered NK cell activity in the blood to begin with (Imai et al., 2000) and psychological distress associated with cancer diagnosis and treatment has been accompanied by immune dysregulation, including reduced NK activity and change in cytokine profile (Witek-Janusek et al., 2008). Low NK cell activity in cancer patients is significantly associated with the spread of cancer and in patients treated for metastases, the survival time without metastasis correlates with NK cell activity. Correspondingly, the experience of any additional stress can have direct effects on the development of the cancer, complementing and antagonizing the low NK cell levels. Stress can also increase unhealthy behaviors that can accelerate illness progression (Matsushita &amp; Takaki, 2019; Poluektov, 2021). The patient may increase drug, tobacco, or alcohol use, get less sleep or physical activity, or eat badly, all behaviors that may further affect immunity (Matsushita &amp; Takaki, 2019; Poluektov, 2021).

It may be no surprise that cancer can stress you, but can stress actually give you cancer? We discussed the negative impact stress can have on our minds and bodies in Chapter 5, so this is clearly a possibility. In fact, this question has been actively debated (Reiche et al., 2004; Tez &amp; Tez, 2008), with suggestions that stress, through a number of mechanisms, may contribute to cancer development, progression, and metastasization (Mravec et al., 2020).

Specific mechanisms have been proposed to explain the relationship between chronic stress and immune dysregulation that appears important for cancer development and progression. Stress acts through neuroendocrine processes, activating the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) and the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis (Dai et al., 2020). Stress hormones that are generated with activation of the SNS and HPA axis can promote tumorigenesis (the initial formation of tumors) and cancer development (Dai et al., 2020; See Figure 13.4). Indeed, it has been argued that while further research must explore it in more detail, the HPA axis appears important in cancer development and progression, but that the evidence for the role of SNS is now generally accepted (Mravec et al., 2020).

Chronic stress suppresses protective immune responses (i.e., responses that mediate cancer immunosurveillance, facilitate tumor immunotherapy, promote wound healing) (Antoni &amp; Dhabhar, 2019; Dai et al., 2020). It also induces/exacerbates chronic inflammation, which is important as chronic inflammation appears pivotal in cancer development and progression, impacting health through multiple pathways such as increased oxidative stress and damage, and mutations in DNA (Antoni &amp; Dhabhar, 2019; Mravec et al., 2020). These bodily changes are important as chronic inflammation and reduced immune surveillance are related to tumorigenesis (Dai et al., 2020). Chronic stress appears to also increase immunoregulatory/suppressive mechanisms, such that the body produces more cells that suppress protective antitumor immune responses (Antoni &amp; Dhabhar, 2019). While knowledge about mechanisms continues to evolve, the relationship between stress and cancer appears undeniable.

== 13.4 - Health Behaviors and Cancer ==
'''Health Behaviors and Cancer:'''

Your daily habits can significantly impact your chances of developing or surviving cancer. Some health risks, like smoking and unhealthy diets, are widely recognized, but others might surprise you.

'''Tobacco Use:'''

* Smoking is the leading preventable cause of cancer, contributing to 19% of all cases in the U.S.
* Smokers face 7.5 to 9 times the risk of lung cancer compared to nonsmokers.
* Tobacco use also increases risks for cancers of the throat, mouth, esophagus, and more.
* Cultural and regional differences affect tobacco usage rates and cancer risks.

'''Diet:'''

* Diet is the second biggest factor after smoking for cancer risk.
* Diets high in fat and low in fiber raise cancer risks, while fruits, vegetables, and certain fats (like omega-3s) help lower them.
* Obesity, often linked to poor diets, increases the risk of at least 13 cancers.
* Some cultural diets (e.g., Mediterranean) are associated with lower cancer risks.

'''Physical Activity:'''

* Regular physical activity reduces the risk of many cancers, including breast, colon, and bladder cancer.
* Adults should aim for 150–300 minutes of moderate exercise per week.

'''Sun Exposure:'''

* Excessive sun exposure leads to skin cancer, including melanoma.
* Regular sunscreen use and avoiding tanning beds significantly lower risks.
* Moderate sun exposure is beneficial for vitamin D production and mood.

'''Key Takeaway:'''

Prevent cancer by avoiding smoking, eating a healthy diet, staying physically active, protecting your skin from UV rays, and being mindful of your overall lifestyle habits.

=== Raw Textbook Page ===
As mentioned in the introduction to this chapter, many of your health behaviors predict your likelihood of getting cancer and the course cancer takes (Arem et al., 2020; Kerschbaum &amp; Nüssler, 2019; Stanton, 2019). The Measuring Up opener lists some of the main health behaviors that put you at risk for getting cancer. Take a moment to see how you fare. To some extent the results may surprise you. (“You mean doing that puts me at risk for cancer?” Yes, it may.) The usual unhealthy behaviors turn up again (see Chapter 7) and, not surprisingly, cultural differences in the practice of some of these behaviors are significant in explaining cultural differences in cancer.

Tobacco Use

Do you want an easy way to decrease your risk of getting cancer? Make sure you do not smoke. Probably the most clear-cut cause of cancer is tobacco use, which has been described as the most important preventable cause of cancer; cigarettes contain more than 60 carcinogenic substances (Bialous &amp; Sarma, 2017). Cigarettes account for 19% of all cancers among Americans (23.6% and 14.5% in males and females, respectively; Islami et al., 2018) and cause approximately 82% of lung, 74% of larynx (voice box), and 50% of esophageal cancers (Islami et al., 2018). Smokers have a much higher risk of lung cancer compared to nonsmokers. In a meta-analysis containing information from more than 7 million people, when adjusted for age, female smokers had nearly seven and a half times the risk and male smokers had nearly nine times the risk of lung cancer compared to nonsmokers (O’Keeffe et al., 2018). Only 12.5% of lung cancer patients have never smoked, although this varies by sex (15.7% of females and 9.6% for males, respectively; Siegel et al., 2022). Note that this risk is seven and a half to nearly nine times—not double, not triple—but seven and a half to nearly nine times. Talk about really playing with fire! Cigarette smoking accounts for approximately 30% of all cancer deaths; 33.1% for males and 24% for females (Islami et al., 2018). Smoking is a major cause of cancers of the lung, larynx, oral cavity, pharynx (throat), and esophagus and is a contributing cause in the development of cancers of the bladder, pancreas, liver, uterine cervix, kidney, stomach, colon and rectum, and some leukemias (Stanton, 2019).

The link between smoking and cancer is best illustrated when we look at populations that increased tobacco use. Smoking rates among females rose dramatically between the 1960s and the 1990s, and deaths due to lung cancer in females increased correspondingly (Thun et al., 2013). As male’s and female’s smoking rates become similar, their lung cancer rates and mortality also become similar; lung cancer accounts for 12% of new cancers for males and 13% for females, while it accounts for 21% of cancer deaths for both sexes (Siegel et al., 2022). Cigarette smoking has declined over time; in 2020, 12.5% of Americans were cigarette smokers (Cornelius et al., 2020). However, Americans are also using other tobacco products such as e-cigarettes, cigars, smokeless tobacco and pipes (Cornelius et al., 2020). Cigarette use is higher among Black Americans, Latino Americans, and White Americans living in rural areas and Asian Americans residing in urban areas (Cornelius et al., 2020). When considering use of any tobacco product, rates of use were higher among males, people younger than 65, White Americans, Black Americans and Native Americans, lesbian, gay, or bisexual adults, people in rural areas, and people with low income (Cornelius et al., 2020). Figure 13.5 shows how overall smoking rates, and rates according to sex, have changed in the United States since 1998.

Differences in tobacco use also highlight many of the cultural differences in cancer rates (see Figure 13.6). Different ethnic groups have had different historical relationships with tobacco, serving to either increase or decrease their exposure to it. Black Americans, for example, had heavy exposure to tobacco from the early 1600s when they were forced into slavery on southern tobacco-growing plantations and in tobacco manufacturing during the colonial period (Gately, 2003). Tobacco was used in South America and Latin America even before the European colonization, and the curanderismos (see Chapter 3) often used tobacco in religious and healing practices. Even today, cigarette smoking is considered a social activity for Latinos, consistent with cultural values of personalismo (importance of personal relations) (Echeverria et al., 2015). Not surprisingly, many Latin American countries show high rates of smoking (Pichon-Riviere et al., 2020). Many Asian groups also have had a long history of smoking. In China, tobacco was mixed with opium and smoked and was used also medicinally. In India, the end of a hard day in the fields was often marked by the smoking of a hookah, a contraption that bubbles tobacco through water. Use of a hookah to smoke also has become a trendy habit in many North American cities. While the specific impacts from different forms of tobacco use may vary, statistics prove that even exposure to secondhand smoke is associated with cancer incidence (Su et al., 2018).

Diet
For the majority of Americans who do not smoke, eating a nutritionally balanced diet and being physically active are the most important ways to reduce cancer risk (LaCaille, 2019; Mermelstein, 2019; Song, 2019). Evidence suggests that one third of the 550,000 cancer deaths that occur in the United States each year are due to unhealthy diet and insufficient physical activity (Greger, 2015). Different cultural groups have different eating habits (see Chapter 8), which can accentuate their risk for cancer. There are a number of dietary features that are linked to an increased risk for cancer (Bail et al., 2016; Grosso et al., 2017). For example, eating too much fat and not getting enough fiber have been associated with increased cancer incidence (Gudenkauf &amp; Thrift, 2021; He et al., 2017). On the other hand, diets with high consumption of fruits and vegetables are associated with a lower risk for several types of cancer (Liu et al., 2021). Also, some fats such as omega-3 polyunsaturated fat (found in salmon) may prevent or inhibit growth of a range of cancers including breast, colorectal, and gastric cancer (Nabavi et al., 2015). In Hawaii, native Hawaiians have the shortest life expectancy of any ethnic group because of their diets, including high consumption of cholesterol-containing foods and red meat, animal fat, eggs, milk, and cheese (the traditional roast pig at a luau is an example).

The diet-cancer link is probably mediated by obesity. Overweight and obesity often result from bad diets and eating too much. Obesity may promote breast cancer due to dysregulated metabolism and inflammation, with cytokine production in excess adipose tissues creating a chronic inflammatory microenvironment where tumors can develop (Seiler et al., 2018) or affecting the production and functioning of hormones such as estrogen (Bhardwaj et al., 2019). Indeed, obesity accounts for 11.9% for males and 13.1% for females of the burden attributed to cancer globally and has been associated with an increased risk of 13 cancers including breast, colorectal endometrial, esophageal, gallbladder, gastric, hepatocellular (liver), kidney, ovarian, pancreatic, and thyroid cancers, meningioma and multiple myeloma (Avgerinos et al., 2019).

A wide variety of foods are supposed to help prevent cancer and also to cure it. Only a small percentage of the foods touted as preventative or curative have stood the test of scientific research (Table 13.2). Be warned that there are a lot of television and internet reports of so-called cancer-busting foods for which there is no scientific basis. For example, eating grapes is supposed to be good, but the effects have not been proven. That said, eating a diet with high amounts of fruits and vegetables, especially those containing antioxidants, does seem to increase the cancer-fighting capacity of the body (Liu et al., 2021; Parohan et al., 2019). Also, eating soy products may reduce the risk of some cancers (Applegate et al., 2018; Takagi et al., 2015), and vegetarianism may be linked to lower incidence of cancer (Oussalah et al., 2020). Diet guidelines for the prevention of cancer from the American Cancer Society (Rock et al., 2020) recommend a nutrient-rich diet including a variety of colors of fruits (i.e., whole fruit) and vegetables (i.e., dark green, red, and orange, fiber-rich beans and peas) and whole grains. They also recommend avoiding or limiting highly processed foods and refined grains, red and processed meats, sugar-sweetened beverages and alcohol (Rock et al., 2020). Figure 13.7 illustrates the relationship between diet and cancer.

As far as popular diets like South Beach and Atkins go, the Mediterranean diet, which is rich in nuts, grains, and olive oil, has shown the most promise for keeping cancer at bay (Mentella et al., 2019). For the rest of the things you may hear about, for example, vitamin A or C, the mineral selenium, and flavonoids (effective antioxidants that you’ll hear more about in the next chapter), there is enough research to suggest that each is a potential cancer fighter (Rodríguez-García et al., 2019), but we are far from having a guaranteed perfect anticancer diet. However, we are getting closer, as more and more nutrients prove to be viable cancer fighters (Jeurnink et al., 2015). As always, you should be a critical consumer of what claims you hear or read about.

Given that some foods may have the potential to reduce the risk for cancer, it follows that cultural differences in dietary patterns correspondingly explain cultural differences in cancer incidence and progression. For example, Gudenkauf and Thrift (2021) found that a higher proportion of cancers were attributable to inadequate diet among non-Hispanic Black Americans (4.4%), than Hispanic Americans (3.7%) and non-Hispanic White Americans (3.1%). Non-Hispanic Black Americans also had more cancers attributed to eating processed meat, and a diet insufficient in calcium and fiber, than other Americans (Gudenkauf &amp; Thrift, 2021).

Furthermore, there is a lower incidence of breast cancer among Latinas than among non-Latina White American females. Can diet explain this? Murtaugh et al. (2008) examined the associations of dietary patterns (e.g., Western, Native Mexican, Mediterranean) with risk for breast cancer in Latinas (757 cases, 867 controls) and non-Latina White American females (1,524 cases, 1,598 controls) from the Four-Corners Breast Cancer Study. They found that it was the dietary pattern followed and not just the ethnicity that was important. The Western dietary pattern was associated with greater risk, and the Native Mexican and Mediterranean dietary patterns were associated with lower risk of breast cancer.

Physical Activity

The reasons for staying in shape (or getting in shape) continue to increase (LaCaille, 2018). A large body of evidence suggests that physical activity can reduce the risk of bladder, breast, colon, endometrial, esophageal, gastric, head and neck, liver, lung, rectal and kidney cancer (Figure 13.8), along with myeloma and myeloid leukemia (McTiernan et al., 2019; Moore et al., 2016). Getting regular physical activity also lowers the risk for breast cancer for both pre- and postmenopausal females (Guo et al., 2020). Being active is good for males too. Physical activity appears important in the development and progression of prostate cancer, however evidence of a relationship between physical activity and reduced prostate cancer risk remains inconclusive (Shephard, 2017). Similarly, at present evidence that physical activity reduces risk for testicular cancer is lacking (McTiernan et al., 2019).

While the evidence may be mixed, physical activity guidelines for the prevention of cancer from the American Cancer Society (Rock et al., 2020) recommend limiting sedentary behavior (i.e., sitting and lying down, screen-based entertainment) and engaging in physical activity. Children and adolescents are recommended to do at least one hour of moderate- or vigorous-intensity activity each day, while adults should complete 150 to 300 minutes of moderate- or 75 to 150 minutes of vigorous-intensity physical activity per week (Rock et al., 2020).

Sun Exposure

Few people lying on the beach soaking in the sun’s rays are thinking about the fact that such sun exposure increases their chances of the most common form of cancer—skin cancer (basal and squamous cell skin cancers) (ACS, 2023). Did you know that one in five Americans will be diagnosed with skin cancer by 70, and that experiencing five or more sunburns doubles the risk of melanoma? (Skin Cancer Foundation, 2023a). Prevention is again the key: Using sunscreen regularly (at least 15+) can reduce the risk of squamous cell skin cancers and melanoma by approximately 40% and 50%, respectively (Skin Cancer Foundation, 2023b).

Even tanning booths are carcinogenic. A 15- to 20-minute session is equivalent in ultraviolet (UV) ray exposure to one full day at the beach. Although tanning salons often advertise that sun bed tanning is safer than sunbathing outside, the intensity of light in tanning beds is actually much greater. The customer not only has light rays above their body but also below it. Many of the older tanning beds emit short-wave UV rays, which burn the outer layers of the skin. The majority of the tanning beds used today, however, emit long-wave UV rays, which actually penetrate deeper and weaken the skin’s inner connective tissue. Tanning salon rays also increase the damage that is done by the sunlight, because the UV light from the tanning beds thins the skin, making it less able to heal. Both the sun and tanning beds produce a tan from UV rays. UV rays cause the skin to protect itself from burning by producing additional pigmentation and coloring. Overexposure to these UV rays can lead to eye injury, premature wrinkling, light-induced skin rashes, and increased chances of skin cancer. To get that nice tanned look without the risk, consumers are now flocking to risk-free tanning booths that use sprays.

So, should you stay out of the sun altogether? No, that’s not right, either. Although overexposure to sunlight can be very detrimental to one’s health, we still need some amount of exposure to sunlight for both physical and psychological reasons. A lack of sunlight is associated with poor mood, as well as with a condition called seasonal affective disorder. Sunlight is also a major source of vitamin D in humans, because it produces vitamin D in the skin after exposure to UV radiation (Religi et al., 2019). Without vitamin D, diseases such as rickets occur. In direct relationship to this chapter, in recent studies sunlight exposure has been associated with reduced risk of breast cancer in females living in the Caribbean (Nazario et al., 2022), and authors of a meta-analysis suggested that spending at least an hour per day in the sun during summer could reduce the risk of breast cancer (Hiller et al., 2020).

Tanning. Visiting a tanning booth, even once, can expose you to carcinogenic ultraviolet rays. A safer alternative for a tanned look is a spray-on tan or tanning lotion.</text>
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      <text bytes="66230" sha1="164uqy8myl32qb7fqotvw381e13evxn" xml:space="preserve">In 2019, more than 1.7 million new cases of cancer were diagnosed and nearly 600,000 people died of cancer in the United States (U.S. Cancer Statistics Working Group, 2022). Cancer is the second leading cause of death in the United States (after heart disease), with nearly 1 in 4 deaths due to cancer (U.S. Cancer Statistics Working Group, 2022).    

==13.1 - Cancer: Definitions and Prevalence==
'''Origins and Terminology''':

* Cancer originates from the Greek terms &quot;carcinos&quot; and &quot;carcinoma,&quot; referring to tumor types. Its name is linked to the crab-like appearance of spreading cancer cells.
* Cancer encompasses over 100 diseases, differing in incidence, risk factors, and treatment.

'''Biological Basis''':

* Cancer arises from malignant tumors characterized by uncontrolled cell growth and tissue destruction.
* Mutations in DNA disrupt normal cell processes, often caused by genetic factors or exposure to carcinogens (e.g., cigarette smoke).
* Normal cells divide and die systematically, while cancer cells grow indefinitely, forming abnormal cells.

'''Types of Cancer''':

* '''Carcinomas''': The most common type, originating in epithelial cells.
* '''Sarcomas''': Affect muscles, bones, and cartilage.
* '''Lymphomas''': Involve the lymphatic system (e.g., Hodgkin’s and non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma).
* '''Leukemias''': Found in blood and bone marrow, leading to anemia and immune issues.

'''Staging and Severity''':

* The TNM system assesses tumor size (T), lymph node involvement (N), and metastasis (M).
* Stages range from 0 (localized) to IV (widespread and severe).

'''Epidemiology and Risk''':

* About 1 in 2 men and 1 in 3 women are diagnosed with cancer during their lifetimes, with risks increasing with age.
* Prevalence varies by sex, ethnicity, and geography, with significant disparities in survival rates among ethnic groups.

'''Cultural and Psychosocial Factors''':

* Understanding cancer requires considering cultural influences, including ethnicity, gender, and socioeconomic factors.
* Minority groups face higher risks of death from cancer and lower survival rates, highlighting healthcare inequities.

'''Advancements and Trends''':

* Overall cancer incidence and mortality have decreased over decades, especially for males, though disparities persist.
* Early diagnosis and treatment advances have contributed to better outcomes in many populations.

'''Notable Trends''':

* Death rates from cancer decreased by 32% between 1991 and 2019.
* Minority populations experience lower survival rates, with Black Americans and Native Americans facing the highest relative risk of cancer death compared to White Americans.

By addressing cultural, biological, and environmental factors, we can better understand and combat cancer effectively

=== Raw Textbook Page ===
Similar to stress and pain, the word cancer has many different forms and meanings. Cancer is derived from carcinos and carcinoma, terms first used by the Greek Hippocrates to describe non-ulcer-forming and ulcer-forming tumors. The shape of a spreading cancer cell resembles the outstretching legs of a crab to which these words refer (in Greek the word for crab is cancer, think of the zodiac sign). Although typically discussed as one illness, cancer is a group of diseases that vary in terms of incidence and mortality rates, epidemiology, risk factors and causes, and treatments. Also, understanding cancer and its effects through a cultural approach is an important area of health psychology because a comprehensive understanding of cancer requires a consideration of sex, gender, ethnicity, geographical location, sexual orientation, and all the other aspects of what makes up culture.

First, let’s look at basic biology and some terminology. Cancer is the name given to the illness or condition caused by the presence of a malignant tumor. A malignant tumor or cancerous cell is identified as one showing uncontrollable cell growth that destroys healthy tissue. Cells that show abnormal growth are also referred to as neoplasms. Normally our cells grow, divide, and die in an orderly fashion, and cell growth is more pronounced when we are young. As we grow older, cells in most parts of our body divide only to replace worn-out or dying cells and to repair injuries. Because cancer cells continue to grow and divide, they are different from normal cells. Instead of dying, they outlive normal cells and continue to form new abnormal cells.

When a normal cell turns cancerous, it is often the result of a mutation in the cell’s DNA that alters it and makes it grow uncontrollably, disrupting surrounding tissue and often spreading to organs all around the body (Pecorino, 2021). Most of the time when DNA becomes damaged, the body is able to repair it. In cancer cells, the damaged DNA cannot be repaired. Such genetic mutations can also be inherited, which accounts for why risk for cancer increases if someone in a person’s family has had cancer. Many times, though, a person’s cancerous cell mutations occur because of exposure to environmental toxins such as cigarette smoke or other carcinogens (cancer-causing substances). The branch of medicine that concerns the study and treatment of cancer is referred to as oncology, and this is the term used more frequently in hospitals.

A scanning electron micrograph depicting a killer T cell attacking cancer cells.

A Cancer Cell Being Attacked by Immune System Killer T Cells. A Colored Scanning Electron Micrograph (SEM) image shows a human Natural Killer (NK) cell attacking a cancer cell. The yellow NK cell has numerous long fluid-projections, which are beginning to flow around the large orange cancer cell. Natural killer cells are a type of white blood cell known as T-lymphocytes. These have the ability to destroy virus-infected cells and tumor cells. On contact with the surface of a tumor cell, the NK cell recognizes certain proteins called antigens, which activate its cell-killing mechanism. The NK cell then binds to and destroys the cancer cell using toxins.


Types of Cancer

There are more than 100 different types of cancer, and even tumors within each type show a lot of variability. However, note that not all tumors are cancerous or malignant. Benign or noncancerous tumors do not metastasize or spread to other parts of the body and, with very rare exceptions, are not life threatening. Some cancers, such as leukemia, do not form tumors. Instead, these cancer cells involve the blood and blood-forming organs and circulate through other tissues where they grow (ACS, 2018). The course of cancer and the likelihood of survival vary greatly according to the type of cancer diagnosed. Therefore, if someone just says they have cancer, you should not make any generalizations about their experiences until you have more information. Some cancers show very little deviation in patterns of disease course, and psychosocial influences on coping and treatment are minimal (Henderson &amp; Baum, 2002). That said, psychosocial factors do relate to differences in biomarkers and disease progression (Cheng &amp; Meiser, 2019).

The key variables that influence the interaction between biological, psychological, and social factors and the role each plays in cancer morbidity or mortality are cancer site, type, and severity. The most common sites for cancer are the lungs, breasts, prostate gland, colon, and rectum (the latter two are often affected together, which is referred to as colorectal cancer). The top 10 cancer sites by sex and related incidence and mortality statistics for each are shown in Figures 13.1 and 13.3.


Figure 13.1 Description

There are four main types of cancer. The most common are carcinomas that start in the surface layers of the body or epithelial cells. This form of cancer accounts for the bulk of cancer cases and is seen in the most common sites. Sarcomas are cancers of the muscles, bones, and cartilage. Lymphomas are cancers of the lymphatic system and are referred to as Hodgkin’s disease if the cancer spreads from a single lymph node (non-Hodgkin lymphomas are found at several sites). Leukemias are cancers that are found in the blood and bone marrow. In leukemia, white blood cells proliferate to displace red blood cells, which causes anemia (a shortage of red blood cells), bleeding, and other immune system problems (ACS, 2018).

The severity of cancer is determined by a multifactor assessment of stage. The TNM system is the most common method used to stage cancer (ACS, 2022b). It provides three main pieces of information. The T describes the size of the tumor and whether cancer has spread to nearby tissues and organs. The N describes how far the cancer has spread to nearby lymph nodes. Given that the lymph nodes are critical components of the body’s immune system, they are often heavily involved in fighting cancer cells. The M indicates the extent to which the cancer has metastasized. Letters or numbers after the T, N, and M give more details about each of these factors. For example, a tumor classified as Tl, N0, M0 is a tumor that is very small, has not spread to the lymph nodes, and has not spread to distant organs of the body. Once TNM descriptions have been established, they can be grouped together into a simpler set of stages, stages 0 through IV. In general, the lower the number, the less the cancer has spread. A higher number, such as stage IV, indicates a more serious, widespread cancer (ACS, 2022b).

Prevalence of Cancer

Cancer has been around for centuries and has been called the emperor of all maladies (Mukherjee, 2010). Unfortunately, the chances of our developing some form of cancer in our lifetime are pretty high (it is estimated one out of two males and one out of three females will develop cancer in their lifetime; Siegel et al., 2022), and the chances get higher as we get older, dropping again in our 80s (DeSantis et al., 2019). For people ages between 60 and 69, there is a 1 in 7 chance (if you are male) or 1 in 10 chance (if you are female) of getting cancer (Siegel et al., 2022). This incidence drops to a 1 in 16 chance for males and females between the ages of 50 and 59, and a 1 in 29 chance for males and 1 in 17 chance for females from birth until 49 (Siegel et al., 2022). Culture is again very important. Prevalence rates vary across many levels of culture—by sex, ethnicity, and geography. Differences in overall cancer rates by sex are shown in Figure 13.2.


Figure 13.2 Description

We are making strides in the fight against cancer (Stanton, 2019). New results on the incidence of cancer show that it is not as common as it was before, although the good news favors White American populations. Siegel et al. (2021) collected cancer morbidity and mortality data from several government organizations such as the National Cancer Institute and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, evaluated trends in cancer incidence and death rates, and compared survival rates over time and across racial/ethnic populations. The good news is that incidence rates for males for all cancers combined decreased from 1990 through 2013 and then stabilized during 2018 (Siegel et al., 2022). For females, incidence for all cancers remained relatively stable through the mid-2010s, but has seen a slight increase in recent years (Siegel et al., 2022). The good news is that since their peak in 1991, overall cancer death rates in 2019 have decreased by 32% (Siegel et al., 2022). The bad news from a cultural perspective is that cancer-specific survival rates are lower and the risk of dying from cancer once it is diagnosed is higher in some ethnic minority populations compared with the White American population, as shown in Table 13.1 (Siegel et al., 2022). The relative risk of death from cancer (all types combined), after adjusting for sex, age, and cancer stage at diagnosis, is 33% and 51% higher in Black Americans and Native Americans, respectively, compared with that for White Americans (Jemal et al., 2017). Additionally, when considering all cancer stages, Black Americans have lower survival rates than White Americans for bladder, breast, colorectal, esophageal, oral cavity and pharynx, ovarian, and uterine cancer, and melanoma (Siegel et al., 2022).

== 13.2 - Cultural Variations and Developmental Issues ==
'''Cancer Across Cultures and Groups'''

Cancer affects people differently based on their ethnicity, race, sex, and socioeconomic status. Black Americans face higher cancer death rates than other groups in the U.S., despite White Americans having higher cancer diagnosis rates. For example, Black women are 41% more likely to die from breast cancer than White women, even though they are diagnosed less often. Similarly, Black men have double the cancer death rate compared to Asian/Pacific Islander men.

Cultural factors also influence cancer risks. Asian and Latino Americans show higher stomach and liver cancer rates, while Native Americans often see cancer as a punishment or a spiritual issue. Low socioeconomic status worsens outcomes due to limited knowledge about cancer and later diagnoses.

'''Sex Differences'''

Men are generally diagnosed with cancer more often than women, with prostate, lung, and colorectal cancers being the most common. For women, breast, lung, and colorectal cancers are most prevalent. Research on male-specific cancers, like testicular cancer, lags behind studies on female cancers, but awareness campaigns like No-Shave November are helping.

'''Beliefs and Knowledge About Cancer'''

Cultural beliefs affect understanding and attitudes toward cancer. Some groups attribute cancer to punishment or fate, leading to misconceptions. For instance, some Native Americans believe cancer can result from curses or violations of traditions. Fatalism—the idea that cancer always leads to death—is common in many communities, which can discourage seeking treatment.

'''Cancer as a Developmental Disease'''

Cancer risk increases with age, but many risk factors start early in life. For instance, smoking—a leading cause of cancer—often begins in teenage years. Children and teens diagnosed with cancer experience unique challenges, such as different coping mechanisms and impacts on their quality of life. Understanding how cancer affects individuals at different life stages is essential for providing appropriate support.

=== Raw Textbook Page ===
Similar to the ethnic differences in incidence of HIV infection described in the previous chapter, there are large differences in the cultural makeup of people who have cancer both across nations and across ethnic and racial groups (Kim &amp; Lwing, 2017; Song et al., 2014; Vahabi et al., 2017). In fact, there is a growing body of research clarifying the link between cancer and membership in certain ethnic groups (Yamoah et al., 2015). Before looking at possible biological reasons why one ethnicity may be more at risk than another, let’s first look at the different patterns of cancer across diverse ethnic groups.

There are two main statistics to bear in mind when studying the prevalence of cancer. The first is incidence or rates of newly diagnosed cases of the disease. The second is actual mortality. Keeping the two numbers separate is important because there are many people who are diagnosed with cancer who live (remember there was good news), and the number of survivors varies across cultural groups. So even if there are two cultural groups who both have the same incidence levels for a certain type of cancer, they may not show the same mortality rates. Figure 13.3 shows the incidence and mortality rates for the main types of cancer broken down by sex.

As you can see, different ethnic groups and the two sexes do not get cancer or die from it in the same ways (Dornelas, 2018; Siegel et al., 2022). Black Americans have the second highest general cancer incidence rates (behind White Americans), but the highest mortality rates of any population in the United States, with this difference being driven more by higher rates of cancer among Black American males (Siegel et al., 2022). Illustrating the difference between incidence and mortality, Black Americans have greater mortality rates relative to their incidence rates, suggesting that if they have cancer they are more likely to die of it. In 2019, the disparity in cancer deaths (for both sexes and all cancer types) between Black Americans and White Americans was 14% (Siegel et al., 2022). While White American females are diagnosed with cancer more than any other group of females, Black American females are the most likely to die from cancer (Siegel et al., 2022). This disparity is most pronounced in relation to breast cancer; Black American females have 4% lower incidence than White American females but 41% higher breast cancer mortality (Siegel et al., 2022). Similarly, Black American males’ cancer death rates are 19% higher than those of White American males and double those of Asian/Pacific Islander American males (Siegel et al., 2022). Separating total cases of cancer from individual types of cancer is important too. Although Asian/Pacific Islander Americans show much lower rates of cancer than White Americans in general, they have higher rates of stomach and liver cancer (Siegel et al., 2022). In contrast to some other ethnic differences, White American females have similar rates of lung cancer to Native American females but are more likely to have lung cancer than Black American, Asian/Pacific Islander American or Hispanic/Latino American females (Siegel et al., 2022).

In addition to these ethnic differences, there are significant sex differences in cancer incidence as well. Males experience higher incidences of cancer in general (Siegel et al., 2022). The most common cancers for males are prostate, lung, and colorectal (Siegel et al., 2022). Testicular cancer is relatively uncommon among men in general, but it is one of the most common forms of cancer in younger men ages 15 to 35. For some time, male cancers did not receive as much research attention as female cancers, and we know less about the etiology of most male cancers and males’ psychological and social experiences with cancer (Dornelas, 2018). No-Shave November is a recent phenomenon (did you know it started to raise awareness about male prostate cancer?).

The most common cancers for females for most ethnic groups are breast, lung, and colorectal (Siegel et al., 2022). In case you were wondering, men do get breast cancer although the rates are infinitesimal. Breast cancer incidence rates are somewhat counter to normal ethnic difference patterns; a higher incidence of breast cancer has been reported both in White American females and females of higher socioeconomic status (SES) compared to females of other ethnicities and lower SES (Coughlin, 2019; Seiler et al., 2017). However, low SES is associated with increased risk of aggressive premenopausal breast cancer, later diagnosis and poorer survival (Coughlin, 2019). Other common cancers tend to vary by ethnicity but usually include cancers of the reproductive organs (e.g., the uterus, cervix, and ovaries) and may be due to some ethnic groups such as Asian American and Latina American females not getting screened for the cancers (Suchday et al., 2019).

Cultural Differences in Beliefs and Knowledge About Cancer

Some of the cultural differences in cancer incidence are explained by cultural differences pertaining to beliefs held about cancer, people’s attitudes toward cancer, and knowledge of cancer (Licqurish et al., 2017). Many studies have shown that low socioeconomic groups are less knowledgeable about cancer regardless of their sex, ethnicity, or religion (e.g., McCutchan et al.,, 2015). Ethnically diverse groups exhibit different levels of knowledge as well. African Americans (Ogunsanya et al., 2017), Arab Americans (Abboud et al., 2017), Latino Americans (Szalacha et al., 2017), Chinese Americans (Robison et al., 2014), and Korean Americans (Sin et al., 2016) have all been found to have lower levels of knowledge about risk factors and cancer symptoms than White Americans.

Sometimes these cultural differences are linked to cultural beliefs and misconceptions about disease in general (Tejeda et al., 2017). Many religious individuals may believe that cancer is just punishment for sins or that cancer has spiritual meaning (Gall &amp; Bilodeau, 2017). The misperceived causes of cancer may also be more tangible. Vietnamese American, Chinese Americans, and Latino Americans (Luque et al., 2010) and Mexican immigrants to America (Luque et al., 2015) reported poor hygiene as a cause for cervical cancer. Another common cultural cancer belief is fatalism, the belief that a person with cancer cannot live a normal life and will die (Duberstein et al., 2017). High levels of fatalism have been found in Black Americans (Bustillo et al., 2017), Korean Americans, Chinese Americans, Mexican Americans (Gonzalez et al., 2016), and Latino Americans (Ramirez, 2014).

A vivid example of how culture influences perceptions is seen in the views of Native Americans. Many Native Americans see cancer as a White man’s disease and something that is a punishment for one’s actions or the actions of a family member (Yost et al., 2017). Some Native Americans see cancer as a natural part of life’s pathway and as providing a lesson from which to learn. Many also see cancer as penance and a person with cancer must wear the pain to protect other members of the community (Burhansstipanov, 2000). A diagnosis of cancer is equivalent to a doctor shooting a hole through the spirit and thus results in depression and fear of the doctor instead of trust. Beliefs about how you can get cancer may seem outlandish to the ethnocentric non-Native Americans. Some Native Americans believe cancer can result from a curse or from violating tribal mores like stepping on a frog or urinating on a spider. Others believe that it is contagious and that it can be caught from a mammography machine or from the child of someone who has cancer (Burhansstipanov, 2000). Some Native Americans do not want to even talk about cancer for fear of catching the cancer spirit. Regardless of the extent to which you think these beliefs are far-fetched, they have to be respected and anticipated to optimize helping the Native Americans who do hold them.

Developmental Issues in Cancer

You are more likely to get cancer as you get older (ACS, 2021a). The rates for cancer increase dramatically over the life span. Between 2013 and 2017, incidence rates ranged from 16.8 per 100,000 for those younger than 15 years of age, to 75.9 per 100,000 for adolescents and young adults (15–39 years) (Islami et al., 2021). In 2019, in the United States, the incidence rate was 474 and 415 per 100,000 for males and females, respectively, of all ages, and 2630 and 1804 per 100,000 for males and females, respectively, ages over 75 (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention [CDC], 2022). Age is a cultural variable as well, and one that also needs to be attended to in understanding cancer.

We consider cancer a developmental disease. Why is this? Although cancer is primarily diagnosed in older adults, cancers actually develop when people are younger. Because there typically is a large gap between when a tumor starts to grow and when it is large enough to be diagnosed, exposure to many of the risk factors for cancer (described below) at a young age necessarily predicts the occurrence of cancer at an older age. Significant risks for cancer are also associated with the different developmental milestones (as described in Chapter 4). There is a risk associated with girls starting to menstruate early (Goldberg et al., 2020; Olsson &amp; Olsson, 2020) and female’s dietary choices during adolescence and adulthood are associated with the early development of colorectal cancer (at less than 50 years; Hur et al., 2021). Risks also associate with menopause and the ways that females cope with it. The biggest risk factor for cancer—smoking (Kim et al., 2018; Lewandowska et al., 2019)—has a strong developmental link: Smoking almost always begins in the teenage years; few adults initiate a regular smoking habit (Park et al., 2018).

Developmental age also influences how people, especially children, will cope with a cancer diagnosis. For example, Barrera et al. (2003) recruited preschool, school age, and adolescent patients and measured their psychological adjustment and quality of life (QOL) 3, 9, and 15 months after cancer was diagnosed. The children’s age at diagnosis significantly affected both their adjustment and QOL. At 3 months after diagnosis, preschoolers had more externalizing behavior problems than adolescents. Preschoolers had better QOL than adolescents at all three assessments, suggesting that preschoolers with cancer are at risk for behavior problems and adolescents are at risk for poor QOL. Studies such as these are gentle reminders that the psychological reactions to cancer experienced by adults may be very different from those of children (Anderzén Carlsson et al., 2008). A developmental approach also helps us understand how family interactions change when one family member has cancer (Caruso et al., 2017; Erker et al., 2018; Long et al., 2018).

== 13.3 - Correlates of Cancer ==

=== Physiological Correlates of Cancer ===
The '''physiological symptoms''' of cancer depend on its '''size, location, and stage''' (Weinberg, 2013). If cancer has reached an advanced stage and '''metastasizes''' (spreads to other parts of the body), symptoms may occur at different locations. As '''mutant cells''' divide, they exert '''pressure''' on surrounding organs, blood vessels, and nerves, causing '''pain''' and discomfort (Pecorino, 2021).

Certain cancers, like '''pancreatic cancer''', often remain '''asymptomatic''' until they reach an advanced stage. '''General symptoms''' include fever, fatigue, pain, skin changes, and weight loss, though these symptoms are not exclusive to cancer. Sometimes, '''cancer cells''' release '''substances''' into the bloodstream that trigger unusual symptoms. For instance:

* '''Pancreatic cancer''' may release substances causing '''blood clots''' in leg veins.
* '''Lung cancers''' can produce '''hormone-like substances''' that alter '''blood calcium levels''', leading to '''weakness and dizziness'''.

Specific symptoms may also indicate particular cancers:

* '''Excretory function changes''': Could signal '''colon cancer''' (e.g., chronic diarrhea or altered stool consistency) or '''bladder/prostate cancer''' (e.g., painful urination, blood in urine).
* '''Sores that do not heal''': Signs of '''skin cancer''', particularly in the mouth or sexual organs.
* '''Unusual bleeding''': Blood in saliva, urine, stool, or other fluids should be reported immediately.
* '''Lumps''': In the breast, testicles, or lymph nodes could suggest cancer.

Being familiar with your body and recognizing changes is key to identifying potential issues early.
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=== Psychological Correlates of Cancer ===

==== Psychological Factors in Cancer Incidence ====
Although there is little evidence that psychological factors '''cause cancer''', '''stress''' has been recognized as a contributing factor (Stanton, 2019). There are three main pathways through which '''psychological processes''' may influence cancer:

# '''Direct effects''' on bodily systems.
# '''Health behaviors''' (e.g., smoking or diet).
# Responses to '''illness or treatment''', such as screening behaviors.

Key psychological influences include:

* '''Personality''': Early studies linked '''anger suppression''' to a '''Type C personality'''—characterized by being unassertive and suppressing emotions—but this connection has since been discredited (Johansen, 2018).
* '''Social Support''': While it plays a major role in '''coping''', its impact on '''cancer incidence''' is inconsistent. For example, '''social isolation''' is linked to higher cancer mortality among White Americans but not Black Americans (Alcaraz et al., 2019).
* '''Depression''': Stronger evidence links '''clinical depression''' to higher cancer incidence and poorer survival rates (Wang, Li et al., 2020).

==== Psychological Responses to Diagnosis ====
The experience of a '''cancer diagnosis''' can trigger:

* '''Existential plight''': Heightened thoughts about life and death (Weisman &amp; Worden, 1972).
* '''Anxiety and depression''', particularly after diagnosis and during treatment (Civilotti et al., 2021).
* '''Stress''', reducing '''quality of life (QOL)''' (Dornelas, 2018).

Depression varies with '''age, sex''', and '''cancer type''':

* '''Younger patients''' often experience higher rates of depression.
* '''Females''' report almost twice the depression rates as males.
* Certain cancers, like '''lung''' or '''gynecological cancers''', are associated with higher depression levels (Linden et al., 2012).

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=== Psychological Factors in Cancer Progression and Coping ===
Key factors influencing '''cancer progression''' include:

# '''Personality''': '''Optimism''' is strongly linked to better coping and recovery (Scheier &amp; Carver, 2018).
# '''Social Support''': A larger and stronger '''support network''' correlates with better survival outcomes (Nausheen et al., 2009).
# '''Depression''': Associated with faster disease progression and lower QOL (Bortolato et al., 2017).

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=== Cancer, Stress, and Immunity ===
'''Stress''' has been shown to:

* Increase cancer risk and worsen progression (Chida et al., 2008).
* Reduce '''natural killer (NK) cell activity''', critical for fighting cancer (Capellino et al., 2020).
* Trigger '''unhealthy behaviors''' (e.g., smoking, poor diet), which accelerate progression.

Mechanisms include activation of the '''sympathetic nervous system (SNS)''' and '''hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis''', leading to immune dysregulation (Dai et al., 2020).

=== Raw Textbook Page ===
Physiological Correlates of Cancer

The physiological symptoms of cancer depend on the size, location, and stage of cancer (Weinberg, 2013). If a cancer has reached a later stage and metastasizes, then symptoms may occur at different locations in the body. As the mutant cells divide, they exert pressure on the surrounding organs, blood vessels, and nerves that is consciously felt by the individual (Pecorino, 2021). Some cancers, such as pancreatic cancer, are not felt until the cell has reached an advanced stage of development. Some of the general symptoms of cancer are fever, fatigue, pain, changes in the skin, and weight loss. Remember that having these symptoms does not necessarily mean a person has cancer but suggests that something is not right (there are many other reasons for these same symptoms). Sometimes, cancer cells release substances into the bloodstream that cause symptoms not generally thought to result from cancers (Pecorino, 2021). For example, some cancers of the pancreas can release substances that cause blood clots to develop in veins of the legs. Some lung cancers produce hormone-like substances that change blood calcium levels, affecting nerves and muscles and causing weakness and dizziness.

Together with general symptoms, some symptoms are more specifically indicative of cancer. Any changes in your excretory functions could signify cancer of the colon (such as constipation, constant diarrhea or a change in stool consistency) or bladder/prostate gland (such as painful urination or blood in the urine). Sores that do not heal, especially in the mouth or on sexual organs, are signs of skin cancers. As a rule, the appearance of blood in fluids in which you do not normally see it like in the saliva, urine, stool, nonmenstrual vaginal fluids, or breast fluid should be reported to a doctor immediately. The appearance of lumps in the breast, testicles, or lymph nodes may also be a sign of cancer. In general, it is clear that the better you know your body, the more aware you will be of changes that may signify problems with it.

Psychological Correlates of Cancer

You can divide the reality of cancer into three main phases: the period leading up to a diagnosis, the diagnosis and reactions to it, and the period following it. Psychological factors may play a role in all three, although the research evidence on how psychology influences progression is clearer than that on its role in the development of cancer.

Psychological Factors in Cancer Incidence

There is presently little unequivocal proof that psychological factors cause cancer (e.g., Stanton, 2019), except for the case of stress. We discuss this in more detail later. There are at least three general pathways through which psychological factors may influence the development of cancer: (1) direct effects of psychological processes on bodily systems; (2) healthy and unhealthy behaviors; and (3) responses to perceived or actual illness, such as screening behaviors or adherence to treatment recommendations (Henderson &amp; Baum, 2002). The main psychological processes studied have been personality, social support, depression, stress, and health behaviors. Stress and health behaviors are perhaps the most pervasive and will be discussed later in the chapter.

Although receiving a lot of attention in the mid-1980s, the role of personality in cancer has been somewhat exaggerated. Morris et al. (1981) first found an association between breast cancer and anger suppression, leading to the hypothesis of a cancer-prone or Type C personality (Zozulya et al., 2008). A Type C person was described as cooperative, appeasing, unassertive, and compliant and as someone who did not express negative emotions (Temoshok, 1987). Some later reviews supported these early findings, but more recently the research methodology used in studies examining personality as a risk factor for cancer has been criticized and it has been concluded that there is no sound evidence to suggest that personality plays a role in cancer etiology or survival (Johansen, 2018). However, while personality may not have a direct influence on cancer risk, it may influence health behaviors that are associated with cancer (Johansen, 2018).

If personality has no direct role, what is the influence of one’s social environment? Social support appears not to have a strong protective effect against cancer development (Ikeda et al., 2013) although it does play a significant role in coping with cancer (as discussed in the next section). To be fair, social support research is hampered by the fact that there are many different types of social support (as described in Chapter 6), and because it is operationally defined in different ways, study comparisons are difficult (Knoll, 2018). If your intuition says that social support must influence incidences of cancer, you are right (although don’t let intuition get in the way of empirical evidence to the contrary). For instance, social isolation was found to be associated with higher risk of cancer mortality for White Americans (male and female) but not for Black Americans (Alcaraz et al., 2019).

There is more evidence for the role of depression in cancer incidence than for social support (Wang, Li et al., 2020). Wang and colleagues (2020), in a meta-analysis comprising 51 cohort studies, with over two and a half million participants and a mean follow-up period of approximately 10 years, found that clinically diagnosed depression was associated with higher cancer incidence (for all cancer types combined), poorer cancer survival, and higher cancer-specific mortality; symptoms of depression were not associated with cancer risk. Depression was also associated with higher incidence for specific cancers including lung, oral cavity, prostate and skin cancer (Wang, Li et al., 2020). Furthermore, subgroup analyses found cancer risk to be higher in males and people of Asian ethnicity (Wang, Li et al., 2020).

In conjunction with similar cultural differences for social support, it is clear that the link between psychological factors and cancer may differ by sex and ethnicity. Such variations may be linked to biological pathways or may be indicative of greater cultural differences that have biopsychosocial components.

Psychological Responses to Cancer Diagnosis

Even being screened for a potential cancer can be a fearful experience (Nagendiram et al., 2020). A positive diagnosis (i.e., that cells are cancerous) can be devastating and has been referred to as causing an existential plight (increased thoughts about life and death) (Weisman &amp; Worden, 1972) and existential uncertainty regarding disease trajectory, likelihood of survival, and life before death (Karlsson et al., 2014). In the early stages after diagnosis, people may experience clinically relevant symptoms of anxiety and depression (Civilotti et al., 2021). In addition to anxiety, denial, and depression—the major responses to learning you have a chronic illness, as covered in Chapter 10—a cancer diagnosis and its treatment result in stress and a lowered QOL (Dornelas, 2018). The high emotions experienced right after diagnoses lessen with time, and emotions actually improve as recovery begins after the end of treatment. Two other highly psychologically disturbing times occur during treatment, whether it is surgery or radiotherapy (Dornelas, 2018).

In general, depression is more common in patients undergoing active treatment and those experiencing pain or with a history of stressors or low social support, rather than those in follow-up treatment (Johansen et al., 2011). Depression also varies according to age, sex and type of cancer (Linden et al., 2012). The relationship between age and depression is variable, but younger age has been associated with increased depression for some cancers (Linden et al., 2012). Regarding sex, females have been found to be almost twice as likely to report clinically significant depression than males, with the highest prevalence of depression occurring for females with lung cancer, followed by haematological and bone cancers (Linden et al., 2012). People with lung, haematological and gynecological cancers have been reported to have the highest levels of depression, while people with skin or prostate cancer have been found to have lower levels of depression than the average cancer patient (Linden et al., 2012). In addition to depression, people with cancer may also experience fear, anxiety, pain, and insomnia (Fischer et al., 2010; Hoang et al., 2020; Linden et al., 2012).

Psychological Factors in Cancer Progression and Coping

Similar to HIV infection and other chronic illnesses, some psychological characteristics help people cope better with cancer and also influence the course of the disease. Similar to the factors associated with incidence, a person’s personality, social support, depression, stress, and health behaviors again figure prominently (Smith, 2018; Stanton, 2019).

Personality

We have already discussed how personality relates to cancer incidence—meaning whether personality has any influence over whether someone will get cancer (there is no sound evidence to say it does). In the late 1970s, the first positive links between personality and cancer progression were seen. How people coped with cancer seemed to be one of the most important factors. Patients who denied they had cancer had higher disease recurrence rates (Greer et al., 1979). Other studies followed and have established that avoidant, repressive, or unexpressive personalities or coping styles are associated with poorer disease courses (Epping-Jordan et al., 1994). Other personality characteristics are important, too. For example, optimism is strongly and positively correlated with active coping and emotional regulation coping strategies and strongly negatively correlated with avoidant coping strategies (Scheier et al., 1986). Optimists, in general, show better psychological well-being and physical health (Scheier &amp; Carver, 2018; Solberg Nes, 2016). In the context of cancer, optimism has been associated with health-related QOL (Marton et al., 2022). Additionally, a number of studies show that optimism predicts better adjustment for a variety of cancers (breast cancer, Colby &amp; Shifren, 2013; colorectal cancer, Chambers et al., 2012; prostate cancer, Thornton et al., 2012; urogenital cancer, Zenger et al., 2010; advanced cancer (mixed types), Applebaum et al., 2014).

Social Support

The case for a positive correlation between social support and survival of cancer patients is very strong (Imm et al., 2017; LeBarre &amp; Riding-Malon, 2017). Of course, some of the best studies to look at are prospective in nature. For example, Nausheen et al. (2009) reviewed 31 longitudinal prospective studies from 26 published articles assessing the role of structural (e.g., size, range, proximity of social network and frequency of contact) and functional (e.g., function or quality of support network) social support in cancer progression and found that lower social support was associated with cancer progression, although some findings were contrary to what was expected. For all cancer types combined, structural support appeared to have a stronger association than functional support; however, most of the nonsignificant findings for functional support were in people with metastatic cancer, leading Nausheen et al. (2009) to conclude that functional social support may be beneficial for people with less severe cancer. Also, some of the differences may be due to the conceptualization and measurement of social support. With regard to cancer type, the evidence for a relationship between social support and cancer progression was deemed to be sufficiently strong for breast cancer; the relationship was not demonstrated for lung cancer, melanoma, or mixed cancers (studies containing more than one type of cancer; Nausheen et al., 2009). In terms of specific aspects of social support, having a larger social network of confidants with which to discuss personal problems (Kroenke et al., 2013), higher social connectedness (i.e., more frequent contact with family and friends, attending religious services, and involvement in community activities) (Beasley et al., 2010), and higher perceived level of support (Pinquart &amp; Duberstein, 2010) all link to slower progression of cancer and higher rates of survival. A growing body of work suggests that spiritual sources, such as belief in a God and prayer, also provide social support, aiding adjustment and slowing cancer progression (Chaturvedi &amp; Venkateswaran, 2008), although females who were not spiritual before cancer diagnosis but turned to God after diagnosis show lower levels of well-being than females who were always religious (Schreiber &amp; Brockopp, 2012).

Depression has also been linked to cancer progression (Bortolato et al., 2017) with a number of studies suggesting that depression and lower QOL in general have adverse effects on survival (Wang, Li et al., 2020). We discuss further the role of social support and depression in the section about interventions later in this chapter.

Although we have discussed the role of psychological factors in cancer progression, we would be remiss if we did not mention the effect cancer has on social relationships. The caregivers—spouses, friends, relatives—of cancer patients often experience negative outcomes as well (Borrescio-Higa &amp; Valdés, 2022; Long et al., 2018). For example, psychological interventions have been designed to help the spouses of females with breast cancer that reduce the spouse’s anxiety and depression and increase their self-efficacy and skills to assist their spouse (Lewis et al., 2019; Lewis et al., 2022). Across all cancer types, interventions for spouses have also targeted social support, problem solving, emotional resilience, coping strategies, role expectations, and relationship quality, with a review findings benefits for social support, emotional distress, coping, posttraumatic growth, self-efficacy, and communication (Kleine et al., 2019).

Cancer, Stress, and Immunity

Stress has been shown to influence both the incidence of cancer and its progression, although again, the link for the latter is stronger. There is no equivocation: stress-related psychosocial factors influence cancer. Chida et al. (2008) conducted a meta-analysis of 165 studies and found that stress-related psychosocial factors were associated with higher cancer incidence in initially healthy populations, poorer survival in patients with diagnosed cancer, and higher cancer mortality. While the methodology of this study has been criticized (Coyne et al., 2010), primary studies have also indicated a relationship between stress and cancer. For example, females who experienced four to six major life stressors were at more than five times higher risk for breast cancer (Kruk, 2012). Özkan et al (2017), similarly found that females who had experienced important stressors within the last 5 years and those with chronic stress were at increased risk of breast cancer. When biopsychosocial factors were analyzed together, females who had experienced important stressors within the last 5 years were at more than five and a half times higher risk for breast cancer (Özkan et al, 2017). A cancer diagnosis sets up a negative cycle of experiences between stress and illness (see Chapters 12 and 14 for other examples). The diagnosis and treatment cause stress that in turn influences the course of the disease by affecting the immune system (Andersen et al., 2017).

Stress affects cancer through a number of pathways. It has a direct effect on the activity of natural killer (NK) cells, which themselves are critical in the body’s fight against cancer (Capellino et al., 2020). Patients with a variety of cancers have lowered NK cell activity in the blood to begin with (Imai et al., 2000) and psychological distress associated with cancer diagnosis and treatment has been accompanied by immune dysregulation, including reduced NK activity and change in cytokine profile (Witek-Janusek et al., 2008). Low NK cell activity in cancer patients is significantly associated with the spread of cancer and in patients treated for metastases, the survival time without metastasis correlates with NK cell activity. Correspondingly, the experience of any additional stress can have direct effects on the development of the cancer, complementing and antagonizing the low NK cell levels. Stress can also increase unhealthy behaviors that can accelerate illness progression (Matsushita &amp; Takaki, 2019; Poluektov, 2021). The patient may increase drug, tobacco, or alcohol use, get less sleep or physical activity, or eat badly, all behaviors that may further affect immunity (Matsushita &amp; Takaki, 2019; Poluektov, 2021).

It may be no surprise that cancer can stress you, but can stress actually give you cancer? We discussed the negative impact stress can have on our minds and bodies in Chapter 5, so this is clearly a possibility. In fact, this question has been actively debated (Reiche et al., 2004; Tez &amp; Tez, 2008), with suggestions that stress, through a number of mechanisms, may contribute to cancer development, progression, and metastasization (Mravec et al., 2020).

Specific mechanisms have been proposed to explain the relationship between chronic stress and immune dysregulation that appears important for cancer development and progression. Stress acts through neuroendocrine processes, activating the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) and the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis (Dai et al., 2020). Stress hormones that are generated with activation of the SNS and HPA axis can promote tumorigenesis (the initial formation of tumors) and cancer development (Dai et al., 2020; See Figure 13.4). Indeed, it has been argued that while further research must explore it in more detail, the HPA axis appears important in cancer development and progression, but that the evidence for the role of SNS is now generally accepted (Mravec et al., 2020).

Chronic stress suppresses protective immune responses (i.e., responses that mediate cancer immunosurveillance, facilitate tumor immunotherapy, promote wound healing) (Antoni &amp; Dhabhar, 2019; Dai et al., 2020). It also induces/exacerbates chronic inflammation, which is important as chronic inflammation appears pivotal in cancer development and progression, impacting health through multiple pathways such as increased oxidative stress and damage, and mutations in DNA (Antoni &amp; Dhabhar, 2019; Mravec et al., 2020). These bodily changes are important as chronic inflammation and reduced immune surveillance are related to tumorigenesis (Dai et al., 2020). Chronic stress appears to also increase immunoregulatory/suppressive mechanisms, such that the body produces more cells that suppress protective antitumor immune responses (Antoni &amp; Dhabhar, 2019). While knowledge about mechanisms continues to evolve, the relationship between stress and cancer appears undeniable.

== 13.4 - Health Behaviors and Cancer ==
'''Health Behaviors and Cancer:'''

Your daily habits can significantly impact your chances of developing or surviving cancer. Some health risks, like smoking and unhealthy diets, are widely recognized, but others might surprise you.

'''Tobacco Use:'''

* Smoking is the leading preventable cause of cancer, contributing to 19% of all cases in the U.S.
* Smokers face 7.5 to 9 times the risk of lung cancer compared to nonsmokers.
* Tobacco use also increases risks for cancers of the throat, mouth, esophagus, and more.
* Cultural and regional differences affect tobacco usage rates and cancer risks.

'''Diet:'''

* Diet is the second biggest factor after smoking for cancer risk.
* Diets high in fat and low in fiber raise cancer risks, while fruits, vegetables, and certain fats (like omega-3s) help lower them.
* Obesity, often linked to poor diets, increases the risk of at least 13 cancers.
* Some cultural diets (e.g., Mediterranean) are associated with lower cancer risks.

'''Physical Activity:'''

* Regular physical activity reduces the risk of many cancers, including breast, colon, and bladder cancer.
* Adults should aim for 150–300 minutes of moderate exercise per week.

'''Sun Exposure:'''

* Excessive sun exposure leads to skin cancer, including melanoma.
* Regular sunscreen use and avoiding tanning beds significantly lower risks.
* Moderate sun exposure is beneficial for vitamin D production and mood.

'''Key Takeaway:'''

Prevent cancer by avoiding smoking, eating a healthy diet, staying physically active, protecting your skin from UV rays, and being mindful of your overall lifestyle habits.

=== Raw Textbook Page ===
As mentioned in the introduction to this chapter, many of your health behaviors predict your likelihood of getting cancer and the course cancer takes (Arem et al., 2020; Kerschbaum &amp; Nüssler, 2019; Stanton, 2019). The Measuring Up opener lists some of the main health behaviors that put you at risk for getting cancer. Take a moment to see how you fare. To some extent the results may surprise you. (“You mean doing that puts me at risk for cancer?” Yes, it may.) The usual unhealthy behaviors turn up again (see Chapter 7) and, not surprisingly, cultural differences in the practice of some of these behaviors are significant in explaining cultural differences in cancer.

Tobacco Use

Do you want an easy way to decrease your risk of getting cancer? Make sure you do not smoke. Probably the most clear-cut cause of cancer is tobacco use, which has been described as the most important preventable cause of cancer; cigarettes contain more than 60 carcinogenic substances (Bialous &amp; Sarma, 2017). Cigarettes account for 19% of all cancers among Americans (23.6% and 14.5% in males and females, respectively; Islami et al., 2018) and cause approximately 82% of lung, 74% of larynx (voice box), and 50% of esophageal cancers (Islami et al., 2018). Smokers have a much higher risk of lung cancer compared to nonsmokers. In a meta-analysis containing information from more than 7 million people, when adjusted for age, female smokers had nearly seven and a half times the risk and male smokers had nearly nine times the risk of lung cancer compared to nonsmokers (O’Keeffe et al., 2018). Only 12.5% of lung cancer patients have never smoked, although this varies by sex (15.7% of females and 9.6% for males, respectively; Siegel et al., 2022). Note that this risk is seven and a half to nearly nine times—not double, not triple—but seven and a half to nearly nine times. Talk about really playing with fire! Cigarette smoking accounts for approximately 30% of all cancer deaths; 33.1% for males and 24% for females (Islami et al., 2018). Smoking is a major cause of cancers of the lung, larynx, oral cavity, pharynx (throat), and esophagus and is a contributing cause in the development of cancers of the bladder, pancreas, liver, uterine cervix, kidney, stomach, colon and rectum, and some leukemias (Stanton, 2019).

The link between smoking and cancer is best illustrated when we look at populations that increased tobacco use. Smoking rates among females rose dramatically between the 1960s and the 1990s, and deaths due to lung cancer in females increased correspondingly (Thun et al., 2013). As male’s and female’s smoking rates become similar, their lung cancer rates and mortality also become similar; lung cancer accounts for 12% of new cancers for males and 13% for females, while it accounts for 21% of cancer deaths for both sexes (Siegel et al., 2022). Cigarette smoking has declined over time; in 2020, 12.5% of Americans were cigarette smokers (Cornelius et al., 2020). However, Americans are also using other tobacco products such as e-cigarettes, cigars, smokeless tobacco and pipes (Cornelius et al., 2020). Cigarette use is higher among Black Americans, Latino Americans, and White Americans living in rural areas and Asian Americans residing in urban areas (Cornelius et al., 2020). When considering use of any tobacco product, rates of use were higher among males, people younger than 65, White Americans, Black Americans and Native Americans, lesbian, gay, or bisexual adults, people in rural areas, and people with low income (Cornelius et al., 2020). Figure 13.5 shows how overall smoking rates, and rates according to sex, have changed in the United States since 1998.

Differences in tobacco use also highlight many of the cultural differences in cancer rates (see Figure 13.6). Different ethnic groups have had different historical relationships with tobacco, serving to either increase or decrease their exposure to it. Black Americans, for example, had heavy exposure to tobacco from the early 1600s when they were forced into slavery on southern tobacco-growing plantations and in tobacco manufacturing during the colonial period (Gately, 2003). Tobacco was used in South America and Latin America even before the European colonization, and the curanderismos (see Chapter 3) often used tobacco in religious and healing practices. Even today, cigarette smoking is considered a social activity for Latinos, consistent with cultural values of personalismo (importance of personal relations) (Echeverria et al., 2015). Not surprisingly, many Latin American countries show high rates of smoking (Pichon-Riviere et al., 2020). Many Asian groups also have had a long history of smoking. In China, tobacco was mixed with opium and smoked and was used also medicinally. In India, the end of a hard day in the fields was often marked by the smoking of a hookah, a contraption that bubbles tobacco through water. Use of a hookah to smoke also has become a trendy habit in many North American cities. While the specific impacts from different forms of tobacco use may vary, statistics prove that even exposure to secondhand smoke is associated with cancer incidence (Su et al., 2018).

Diet
For the majority of Americans who do not smoke, eating a nutritionally balanced diet and being physically active are the most important ways to reduce cancer risk (LaCaille, 2019; Mermelstein, 2019; Song, 2019). Evidence suggests that one third of the 550,000 cancer deaths that occur in the United States each year are due to unhealthy diet and insufficient physical activity (Greger, 2015). Different cultural groups have different eating habits (see Chapter 8), which can accentuate their risk for cancer. There are a number of dietary features that are linked to an increased risk for cancer (Bail et al., 2016; Grosso et al., 2017). For example, eating too much fat and not getting enough fiber have been associated with increased cancer incidence (Gudenkauf &amp; Thrift, 2021; He et al., 2017). On the other hand, diets with high consumption of fruits and vegetables are associated with a lower risk for several types of cancer (Liu et al., 2021). Also, some fats such as omega-3 polyunsaturated fat (found in salmon) may prevent or inhibit growth of a range of cancers including breast, colorectal, and gastric cancer (Nabavi et al., 2015). In Hawaii, native Hawaiians have the shortest life expectancy of any ethnic group because of their diets, including high consumption of cholesterol-containing foods and red meat, animal fat, eggs, milk, and cheese (the traditional roast pig at a luau is an example).

The diet-cancer link is probably mediated by obesity. Overweight and obesity often result from bad diets and eating too much. Obesity may promote breast cancer due to dysregulated metabolism and inflammation, with cytokine production in excess adipose tissues creating a chronic inflammatory microenvironment where tumors can develop (Seiler et al., 2018) or affecting the production and functioning of hormones such as estrogen (Bhardwaj et al., 2019). Indeed, obesity accounts for 11.9% for males and 13.1% for females of the burden attributed to cancer globally and has been associated with an increased risk of 13 cancers including breast, colorectal endometrial, esophageal, gallbladder, gastric, hepatocellular (liver), kidney, ovarian, pancreatic, and thyroid cancers, meningioma and multiple myeloma (Avgerinos et al., 2019).

A wide variety of foods are supposed to help prevent cancer and also to cure it. Only a small percentage of the foods touted as preventative or curative have stood the test of scientific research (Table 13.2). Be warned that there are a lot of television and internet reports of so-called cancer-busting foods for which there is no scientific basis. For example, eating grapes is supposed to be good, but the effects have not been proven. That said, eating a diet with high amounts of fruits and vegetables, especially those containing antioxidants, does seem to increase the cancer-fighting capacity of the body (Liu et al., 2021; Parohan et al., 2019). Also, eating soy products may reduce the risk of some cancers (Applegate et al., 2018; Takagi et al., 2015), and vegetarianism may be linked to lower incidence of cancer (Oussalah et al., 2020). Diet guidelines for the prevention of cancer from the American Cancer Society (Rock et al., 2020) recommend a nutrient-rich diet including a variety of colors of fruits (i.e., whole fruit) and vegetables (i.e., dark green, red, and orange, fiber-rich beans and peas) and whole grains. They also recommend avoiding or limiting highly processed foods and refined grains, red and processed meats, sugar-sweetened beverages and alcohol (Rock et al., 2020). Figure 13.7 illustrates the relationship between diet and cancer.

As far as popular diets like South Beach and Atkins go, the Mediterranean diet, which is rich in nuts, grains, and olive oil, has shown the most promise for keeping cancer at bay (Mentella et al., 2019). For the rest of the things you may hear about, for example, vitamin A or C, the mineral selenium, and flavonoids (effective antioxidants that you’ll hear more about in the next chapter), there is enough research to suggest that each is a potential cancer fighter (Rodríguez-García et al., 2019), but we are far from having a guaranteed perfect anticancer diet. However, we are getting closer, as more and more nutrients prove to be viable cancer fighters (Jeurnink et al., 2015). As always, you should be a critical consumer of what claims you hear or read about.

Given that some foods may have the potential to reduce the risk for cancer, it follows that cultural differences in dietary patterns correspondingly explain cultural differences in cancer incidence and progression. For example, Gudenkauf and Thrift (2021) found that a higher proportion of cancers were attributable to inadequate diet among non-Hispanic Black Americans (4.4%), than Hispanic Americans (3.7%) and non-Hispanic White Americans (3.1%). Non-Hispanic Black Americans also had more cancers attributed to eating processed meat, and a diet insufficient in calcium and fiber, than other Americans (Gudenkauf &amp; Thrift, 2021).

Furthermore, there is a lower incidence of breast cancer among Latinas than among non-Latina White American females. Can diet explain this? Murtaugh et al. (2008) examined the associations of dietary patterns (e.g., Western, Native Mexican, Mediterranean) with risk for breast cancer in Latinas (757 cases, 867 controls) and non-Latina White American females (1,524 cases, 1,598 controls) from the Four-Corners Breast Cancer Study. They found that it was the dietary pattern followed and not just the ethnicity that was important. The Western dietary pattern was associated with greater risk, and the Native Mexican and Mediterranean dietary patterns were associated with lower risk of breast cancer.

Physical Activity

The reasons for staying in shape (or getting in shape) continue to increase (LaCaille, 2018). A large body of evidence suggests that physical activity can reduce the risk of bladder, breast, colon, endometrial, esophageal, gastric, head and neck, liver, lung, rectal and kidney cancer (Figure 13.8), along with myeloma and myeloid leukemia (McTiernan et al., 2019; Moore et al., 2016). Getting regular physical activity also lowers the risk for breast cancer for both pre- and postmenopausal females (Guo et al., 2020). Being active is good for males too. Physical activity appears important in the development and progression of prostate cancer, however evidence of a relationship between physical activity and reduced prostate cancer risk remains inconclusive (Shephard, 2017). Similarly, at present evidence that physical activity reduces risk for testicular cancer is lacking (McTiernan et al., 2019).

While the evidence may be mixed, physical activity guidelines for the prevention of cancer from the American Cancer Society (Rock et al., 2020) recommend limiting sedentary behavior (i.e., sitting and lying down, screen-based entertainment) and engaging in physical activity. Children and adolescents are recommended to do at least one hour of moderate- or vigorous-intensity activity each day, while adults should complete 150 to 300 minutes of moderate- or 75 to 150 minutes of vigorous-intensity physical activity per week (Rock et al., 2020).

Sun Exposure

Few people lying on the beach soaking in the sun’s rays are thinking about the fact that such sun exposure increases their chances of the most common form of cancer—skin cancer (basal and squamous cell skin cancers) (ACS, 2023). Did you know that one in five Americans will be diagnosed with skin cancer by 70, and that experiencing five or more sunburns doubles the risk of melanoma? (Skin Cancer Foundation, 2023a). Prevention is again the key: Using sunscreen regularly (at least 15+) can reduce the risk of squamous cell skin cancers and melanoma by approximately 40% and 50%, respectively (Skin Cancer Foundation, 2023b).

Even tanning booths are carcinogenic. A 15- to 20-minute session is equivalent in ultraviolet (UV) ray exposure to one full day at the beach. Although tanning salons often advertise that sun bed tanning is safer than sunbathing outside, the intensity of light in tanning beds is actually much greater. The customer not only has light rays above their body but also below it. Many of the older tanning beds emit short-wave UV rays, which burn the outer layers of the skin. The majority of the tanning beds used today, however, emit long-wave UV rays, which actually penetrate deeper and weaken the skin’s inner connective tissue. Tanning salon rays also increase the damage that is done by the sunlight, because the UV light from the tanning beds thins the skin, making it less able to heal. Both the sun and tanning beds produce a tan from UV rays. UV rays cause the skin to protect itself from burning by producing additional pigmentation and coloring. Overexposure to these UV rays can lead to eye injury, premature wrinkling, light-induced skin rashes, and increased chances of skin cancer. To get that nice tanned look without the risk, consumers are now flocking to risk-free tanning booths that use sprays.

So, should you stay out of the sun altogether? No, that’s not right, either. Although overexposure to sunlight can be very detrimental to one’s health, we still need some amount of exposure to sunlight for both physical and psychological reasons. A lack of sunlight is associated with poor mood, as well as with a condition called seasonal affective disorder. Sunlight is also a major source of vitamin D in humans, because it produces vitamin D in the skin after exposure to UV radiation (Religi et al., 2019). Without vitamin D, diseases such as rickets occur. In direct relationship to this chapter, in recent studies sunlight exposure has been associated with reduced risk of breast cancer in females living in the Caribbean (Nazario et al., 2022), and authors of a meta-analysis suggested that spending at least an hour per day in the sun during summer could reduce the risk of breast cancer (Hiller et al., 2020).

Tanning. Visiting a tanning booth, even once, can expose you to carcinogenic ultraviolet rays. A safer alternative for a tanned look is a spray-on tan or tanning lotion.

== 13.5 ==

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== 13.6 ==

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      <text bytes="78555" sha1="9n85ih7bvkuw0xm319xd2f9xilqtngf" xml:space="preserve">In 2019, more than 1.7 million new cases of cancer were diagnosed and nearly 600,000 people died of cancer in the United States (U.S. Cancer Statistics Working Group, 2022). Cancer is the second leading cause of death in the United States (after heart disease), with nearly 1 in 4 deaths due to cancer (U.S. Cancer Statistics Working Group, 2022).    

==13.1 - Cancer: Definitions and Prevalence==
'''Origins and Terminology''':

* Cancer originates from the Greek terms &quot;carcinos&quot; and &quot;carcinoma,&quot; referring to tumor types. Its name is linked to the crab-like appearance of spreading cancer cells.
* Cancer encompasses over 100 diseases, differing in incidence, risk factors, and treatment.

'''Biological Basis''':

* Cancer arises from malignant tumors characterized by uncontrolled cell growth and tissue destruction.
* Mutations in DNA disrupt normal cell processes, often caused by genetic factors or exposure to carcinogens (e.g., cigarette smoke).
* Normal cells divide and die systematically, while cancer cells grow indefinitely, forming abnormal cells.

'''Types of Cancer''':

* '''Carcinomas''': The most common type, originating in epithelial cells.
* '''Sarcomas''': Affect muscles, bones, and cartilage.
* '''Lymphomas''': Involve the lymphatic system (e.g., Hodgkin’s and non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma).
* '''Leukemias''': Found in blood and bone marrow, leading to anemia and immune issues.

'''Staging and Severity''':

* The TNM system assesses tumor size (T), lymph node involvement (N), and metastasis (M).
* Stages range from 0 (localized) to IV (widespread and severe).

'''Epidemiology and Risk''':

* About 1 in 2 men and 1 in 3 women are diagnosed with cancer during their lifetimes, with risks increasing with age.
* Prevalence varies by sex, ethnicity, and geography, with significant disparities in survival rates among ethnic groups.

'''Cultural and Psychosocial Factors''':

* Understanding cancer requires considering cultural influences, including ethnicity, gender, and socioeconomic factors.
* Minority groups face higher risks of death from cancer and lower survival rates, highlighting healthcare inequities.

'''Advancements and Trends''':

* Overall cancer incidence and mortality have decreased over decades, especially for males, though disparities persist.
* Early diagnosis and treatment advances have contributed to better outcomes in many populations.

'''Notable Trends''':

* Death rates from cancer decreased by 32% between 1991 and 2019.
* Minority populations experience lower survival rates, with Black Americans and Native Americans facing the highest relative risk of cancer death compared to White Americans.

By addressing cultural, biological, and environmental factors, we can better understand and combat cancer effectively

=== Raw Textbook Page ===
Similar to stress and pain, the word cancer has many different forms and meanings. Cancer is derived from carcinos and carcinoma, terms first used by the Greek Hippocrates to describe non-ulcer-forming and ulcer-forming tumors. The shape of a spreading cancer cell resembles the outstretching legs of a crab to which these words refer (in Greek the word for crab is cancer, think of the zodiac sign). Although typically discussed as one illness, cancer is a group of diseases that vary in terms of incidence and mortality rates, epidemiology, risk factors and causes, and treatments. Also, understanding cancer and its effects through a cultural approach is an important area of health psychology because a comprehensive understanding of cancer requires a consideration of sex, gender, ethnicity, geographical location, sexual orientation, and all the other aspects of what makes up culture.

First, let’s look at basic biology and some terminology. Cancer is the name given to the illness or condition caused by the presence of a malignant tumor. A malignant tumor or cancerous cell is identified as one showing uncontrollable cell growth that destroys healthy tissue. Cells that show abnormal growth are also referred to as neoplasms. Normally our cells grow, divide, and die in an orderly fashion, and cell growth is more pronounced when we are young. As we grow older, cells in most parts of our body divide only to replace worn-out or dying cells and to repair injuries. Because cancer cells continue to grow and divide, they are different from normal cells. Instead of dying, they outlive normal cells and continue to form new abnormal cells.

When a normal cell turns cancerous, it is often the result of a mutation in the cell’s DNA that alters it and makes it grow uncontrollably, disrupting surrounding tissue and often spreading to organs all around the body (Pecorino, 2021). Most of the time when DNA becomes damaged, the body is able to repair it. In cancer cells, the damaged DNA cannot be repaired. Such genetic mutations can also be inherited, which accounts for why risk for cancer increases if someone in a person’s family has had cancer. Many times, though, a person’s cancerous cell mutations occur because of exposure to environmental toxins such as cigarette smoke or other carcinogens (cancer-causing substances). The branch of medicine that concerns the study and treatment of cancer is referred to as oncology, and this is the term used more frequently in hospitals.

A scanning electron micrograph depicting a killer T cell attacking cancer cells.

A Cancer Cell Being Attacked by Immune System Killer T Cells. A Colored Scanning Electron Micrograph (SEM) image shows a human Natural Killer (NK) cell attacking a cancer cell. The yellow NK cell has numerous long fluid-projections, which are beginning to flow around the large orange cancer cell. Natural killer cells are a type of white blood cell known as T-lymphocytes. These have the ability to destroy virus-infected cells and tumor cells. On contact with the surface of a tumor cell, the NK cell recognizes certain proteins called antigens, which activate its cell-killing mechanism. The NK cell then binds to and destroys the cancer cell using toxins.


Types of Cancer

There are more than 100 different types of cancer, and even tumors within each type show a lot of variability. However, note that not all tumors are cancerous or malignant. Benign or noncancerous tumors do not metastasize or spread to other parts of the body and, with very rare exceptions, are not life threatening. Some cancers, such as leukemia, do not form tumors. Instead, these cancer cells involve the blood and blood-forming organs and circulate through other tissues where they grow (ACS, 2018). The course of cancer and the likelihood of survival vary greatly according to the type of cancer diagnosed. Therefore, if someone just says they have cancer, you should not make any generalizations about their experiences until you have more information. Some cancers show very little deviation in patterns of disease course, and psychosocial influences on coping and treatment are minimal (Henderson &amp; Baum, 2002). That said, psychosocial factors do relate to differences in biomarkers and disease progression (Cheng &amp; Meiser, 2019).

The key variables that influence the interaction between biological, psychological, and social factors and the role each plays in cancer morbidity or mortality are cancer site, type, and severity. The most common sites for cancer are the lungs, breasts, prostate gland, colon, and rectum (the latter two are often affected together, which is referred to as colorectal cancer). The top 10 cancer sites by sex and related incidence and mortality statistics for each are shown in Figures 13.1 and 13.3.


Figure 13.1 Description

There are four main types of cancer. The most common are carcinomas that start in the surface layers of the body or epithelial cells. This form of cancer accounts for the bulk of cancer cases and is seen in the most common sites. Sarcomas are cancers of the muscles, bones, and cartilage. Lymphomas are cancers of the lymphatic system and are referred to as Hodgkin’s disease if the cancer spreads from a single lymph node (non-Hodgkin lymphomas are found at several sites). Leukemias are cancers that are found in the blood and bone marrow. In leukemia, white blood cells proliferate to displace red blood cells, which causes anemia (a shortage of red blood cells), bleeding, and other immune system problems (ACS, 2018).

The severity of cancer is determined by a multifactor assessment of stage. The TNM system is the most common method used to stage cancer (ACS, 2022b). It provides three main pieces of information. The T describes the size of the tumor and whether cancer has spread to nearby tissues and organs. The N describes how far the cancer has spread to nearby lymph nodes. Given that the lymph nodes are critical components of the body’s immune system, they are often heavily involved in fighting cancer cells. The M indicates the extent to which the cancer has metastasized. Letters or numbers after the T, N, and M give more details about each of these factors. For example, a tumor classified as Tl, N0, M0 is a tumor that is very small, has not spread to the lymph nodes, and has not spread to distant organs of the body. Once TNM descriptions have been established, they can be grouped together into a simpler set of stages, stages 0 through IV. In general, the lower the number, the less the cancer has spread. A higher number, such as stage IV, indicates a more serious, widespread cancer (ACS, 2022b).

Prevalence of Cancer

Cancer has been around for centuries and has been called the emperor of all maladies (Mukherjee, 2010). Unfortunately, the chances of our developing some form of cancer in our lifetime are pretty high (it is estimated one out of two males and one out of three females will develop cancer in their lifetime; Siegel et al., 2022), and the chances get higher as we get older, dropping again in our 80s (DeSantis et al., 2019). For people ages between 60 and 69, there is a 1 in 7 chance (if you are male) or 1 in 10 chance (if you are female) of getting cancer (Siegel et al., 2022). This incidence drops to a 1 in 16 chance for males and females between the ages of 50 and 59, and a 1 in 29 chance for males and 1 in 17 chance for females from birth until 49 (Siegel et al., 2022). Culture is again very important. Prevalence rates vary across many levels of culture—by sex, ethnicity, and geography. Differences in overall cancer rates by sex are shown in Figure 13.2.


Figure 13.2 Description

We are making strides in the fight against cancer (Stanton, 2019). New results on the incidence of cancer show that it is not as common as it was before, although the good news favors White American populations. Siegel et al. (2021) collected cancer morbidity and mortality data from several government organizations such as the National Cancer Institute and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, evaluated trends in cancer incidence and death rates, and compared survival rates over time and across racial/ethnic populations. The good news is that incidence rates for males for all cancers combined decreased from 1990 through 2013 and then stabilized during 2018 (Siegel et al., 2022). For females, incidence for all cancers remained relatively stable through the mid-2010s, but has seen a slight increase in recent years (Siegel et al., 2022). The good news is that since their peak in 1991, overall cancer death rates in 2019 have decreased by 32% (Siegel et al., 2022). The bad news from a cultural perspective is that cancer-specific survival rates are lower and the risk of dying from cancer once it is diagnosed is higher in some ethnic minority populations compared with the White American population, as shown in Table 13.1 (Siegel et al., 2022). The relative risk of death from cancer (all types combined), after adjusting for sex, age, and cancer stage at diagnosis, is 33% and 51% higher in Black Americans and Native Americans, respectively, compared with that for White Americans (Jemal et al., 2017). Additionally, when considering all cancer stages, Black Americans have lower survival rates than White Americans for bladder, breast, colorectal, esophageal, oral cavity and pharynx, ovarian, and uterine cancer, and melanoma (Siegel et al., 2022).

== 13.2 - Cultural Variations and Developmental Issues ==
'''Cancer Across Cultures and Groups'''

Cancer affects people differently based on their ethnicity, race, sex, and socioeconomic status. Black Americans face higher cancer death rates than other groups in the U.S., despite White Americans having higher cancer diagnosis rates. For example, Black women are 41% more likely to die from breast cancer than White women, even though they are diagnosed less often. Similarly, Black men have double the cancer death rate compared to Asian/Pacific Islander men.

Cultural factors also influence cancer risks. Asian and Latino Americans show higher stomach and liver cancer rates, while Native Americans often see cancer as a punishment or a spiritual issue. Low socioeconomic status worsens outcomes due to limited knowledge about cancer and later diagnoses.

'''Sex Differences'''

Men are generally diagnosed with cancer more often than women, with prostate, lung, and colorectal cancers being the most common. For women, breast, lung, and colorectal cancers are most prevalent. Research on male-specific cancers, like testicular cancer, lags behind studies on female cancers, but awareness campaigns like No-Shave November are helping.

'''Beliefs and Knowledge About Cancer'''

Cultural beliefs affect understanding and attitudes toward cancer. Some groups attribute cancer to punishment or fate, leading to misconceptions. For instance, some Native Americans believe cancer can result from curses or violations of traditions. Fatalism—the idea that cancer always leads to death—is common in many communities, which can discourage seeking treatment.

'''Cancer as a Developmental Disease'''

Cancer risk increases with age, but many risk factors start early in life. For instance, smoking—a leading cause of cancer—often begins in teenage years. Children and teens diagnosed with cancer experience unique challenges, such as different coping mechanisms and impacts on their quality of life. Understanding how cancer affects individuals at different life stages is essential for providing appropriate support.

=== Raw Textbook Page ===
Similar to the ethnic differences in incidence of HIV infection described in the previous chapter, there are large differences in the cultural makeup of people who have cancer both across nations and across ethnic and racial groups (Kim &amp; Lwing, 2017; Song et al., 2014; Vahabi et al., 2017). In fact, there is a growing body of research clarifying the link between cancer and membership in certain ethnic groups (Yamoah et al., 2015). Before looking at possible biological reasons why one ethnicity may be more at risk than another, let’s first look at the different patterns of cancer across diverse ethnic groups.

There are two main statistics to bear in mind when studying the prevalence of cancer. The first is incidence or rates of newly diagnosed cases of the disease. The second is actual mortality. Keeping the two numbers separate is important because there are many people who are diagnosed with cancer who live (remember there was good news), and the number of survivors varies across cultural groups. So even if there are two cultural groups who both have the same incidence levels for a certain type of cancer, they may not show the same mortality rates. Figure 13.3 shows the incidence and mortality rates for the main types of cancer broken down by sex.

As you can see, different ethnic groups and the two sexes do not get cancer or die from it in the same ways (Dornelas, 2018; Siegel et al., 2022). Black Americans have the second highest general cancer incidence rates (behind White Americans), but the highest mortality rates of any population in the United States, with this difference being driven more by higher rates of cancer among Black American males (Siegel et al., 2022). Illustrating the difference between incidence and mortality, Black Americans have greater mortality rates relative to their incidence rates, suggesting that if they have cancer they are more likely to die of it. In 2019, the disparity in cancer deaths (for both sexes and all cancer types) between Black Americans and White Americans was 14% (Siegel et al., 2022). While White American females are diagnosed with cancer more than any other group of females, Black American females are the most likely to die from cancer (Siegel et al., 2022). This disparity is most pronounced in relation to breast cancer; Black American females have 4% lower incidence than White American females but 41% higher breast cancer mortality (Siegel et al., 2022). Similarly, Black American males’ cancer death rates are 19% higher than those of White American males and double those of Asian/Pacific Islander American males (Siegel et al., 2022). Separating total cases of cancer from individual types of cancer is important too. Although Asian/Pacific Islander Americans show much lower rates of cancer than White Americans in general, they have higher rates of stomach and liver cancer (Siegel et al., 2022). In contrast to some other ethnic differences, White American females have similar rates of lung cancer to Native American females but are more likely to have lung cancer than Black American, Asian/Pacific Islander American or Hispanic/Latino American females (Siegel et al., 2022).

In addition to these ethnic differences, there are significant sex differences in cancer incidence as well. Males experience higher incidences of cancer in general (Siegel et al., 2022). The most common cancers for males are prostate, lung, and colorectal (Siegel et al., 2022). Testicular cancer is relatively uncommon among men in general, but it is one of the most common forms of cancer in younger men ages 15 to 35. For some time, male cancers did not receive as much research attention as female cancers, and we know less about the etiology of most male cancers and males’ psychological and social experiences with cancer (Dornelas, 2018). No-Shave November is a recent phenomenon (did you know it started to raise awareness about male prostate cancer?).

The most common cancers for females for most ethnic groups are breast, lung, and colorectal (Siegel et al., 2022). In case you were wondering, men do get breast cancer although the rates are infinitesimal. Breast cancer incidence rates are somewhat counter to normal ethnic difference patterns; a higher incidence of breast cancer has been reported both in White American females and females of higher socioeconomic status (SES) compared to females of other ethnicities and lower SES (Coughlin, 2019; Seiler et al., 2017). However, low SES is associated with increased risk of aggressive premenopausal breast cancer, later diagnosis and poorer survival (Coughlin, 2019). Other common cancers tend to vary by ethnicity but usually include cancers of the reproductive organs (e.g., the uterus, cervix, and ovaries) and may be due to some ethnic groups such as Asian American and Latina American females not getting screened for the cancers (Suchday et al., 2019).

Cultural Differences in Beliefs and Knowledge About Cancer

Some of the cultural differences in cancer incidence are explained by cultural differences pertaining to beliefs held about cancer, people’s attitudes toward cancer, and knowledge of cancer (Licqurish et al., 2017). Many studies have shown that low socioeconomic groups are less knowledgeable about cancer regardless of their sex, ethnicity, or religion (e.g., McCutchan et al.,, 2015). Ethnically diverse groups exhibit different levels of knowledge as well. African Americans (Ogunsanya et al., 2017), Arab Americans (Abboud et al., 2017), Latino Americans (Szalacha et al., 2017), Chinese Americans (Robison et al., 2014), and Korean Americans (Sin et al., 2016) have all been found to have lower levels of knowledge about risk factors and cancer symptoms than White Americans.

Sometimes these cultural differences are linked to cultural beliefs and misconceptions about disease in general (Tejeda et al., 2017). Many religious individuals may believe that cancer is just punishment for sins or that cancer has spiritual meaning (Gall &amp; Bilodeau, 2017). The misperceived causes of cancer may also be more tangible. Vietnamese American, Chinese Americans, and Latino Americans (Luque et al., 2010) and Mexican immigrants to America (Luque et al., 2015) reported poor hygiene as a cause for cervical cancer. Another common cultural cancer belief is fatalism, the belief that a person with cancer cannot live a normal life and will die (Duberstein et al., 2017). High levels of fatalism have been found in Black Americans (Bustillo et al., 2017), Korean Americans, Chinese Americans, Mexican Americans (Gonzalez et al., 2016), and Latino Americans (Ramirez, 2014).

A vivid example of how culture influences perceptions is seen in the views of Native Americans. Many Native Americans see cancer as a White man’s disease and something that is a punishment for one’s actions or the actions of a family member (Yost et al., 2017). Some Native Americans see cancer as a natural part of life’s pathway and as providing a lesson from which to learn. Many also see cancer as penance and a person with cancer must wear the pain to protect other members of the community (Burhansstipanov, 2000). A diagnosis of cancer is equivalent to a doctor shooting a hole through the spirit and thus results in depression and fear of the doctor instead of trust. Beliefs about how you can get cancer may seem outlandish to the ethnocentric non-Native Americans. Some Native Americans believe cancer can result from a curse or from violating tribal mores like stepping on a frog or urinating on a spider. Others believe that it is contagious and that it can be caught from a mammography machine or from the child of someone who has cancer (Burhansstipanov, 2000). Some Native Americans do not want to even talk about cancer for fear of catching the cancer spirit. Regardless of the extent to which you think these beliefs are far-fetched, they have to be respected and anticipated to optimize helping the Native Americans who do hold them.

Developmental Issues in Cancer

You are more likely to get cancer as you get older (ACS, 2021a). The rates for cancer increase dramatically over the life span. Between 2013 and 2017, incidence rates ranged from 16.8 per 100,000 for those younger than 15 years of age, to 75.9 per 100,000 for adolescents and young adults (15–39 years) (Islami et al., 2021). In 2019, in the United States, the incidence rate was 474 and 415 per 100,000 for males and females, respectively, of all ages, and 2630 and 1804 per 100,000 for males and females, respectively, ages over 75 (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention [CDC], 2022). Age is a cultural variable as well, and one that also needs to be attended to in understanding cancer.

We consider cancer a developmental disease. Why is this? Although cancer is primarily diagnosed in older adults, cancers actually develop when people are younger. Because there typically is a large gap between when a tumor starts to grow and when it is large enough to be diagnosed, exposure to many of the risk factors for cancer (described below) at a young age necessarily predicts the occurrence of cancer at an older age. Significant risks for cancer are also associated with the different developmental milestones (as described in Chapter 4). There is a risk associated with girls starting to menstruate early (Goldberg et al., 2020; Olsson &amp; Olsson, 2020) and female’s dietary choices during adolescence and adulthood are associated with the early development of colorectal cancer (at less than 50 years; Hur et al., 2021). Risks also associate with menopause and the ways that females cope with it. The biggest risk factor for cancer—smoking (Kim et al., 2018; Lewandowska et al., 2019)—has a strong developmental link: Smoking almost always begins in the teenage years; few adults initiate a regular smoking habit (Park et al., 2018).

Developmental age also influences how people, especially children, will cope with a cancer diagnosis. For example, Barrera et al. (2003) recruited preschool, school age, and adolescent patients and measured their psychological adjustment and quality of life (QOL) 3, 9, and 15 months after cancer was diagnosed. The children’s age at diagnosis significantly affected both their adjustment and QOL. At 3 months after diagnosis, preschoolers had more externalizing behavior problems than adolescents. Preschoolers had better QOL than adolescents at all three assessments, suggesting that preschoolers with cancer are at risk for behavior problems and adolescents are at risk for poor QOL. Studies such as these are gentle reminders that the psychological reactions to cancer experienced by adults may be very different from those of children (Anderzén Carlsson et al., 2008). A developmental approach also helps us understand how family interactions change when one family member has cancer (Caruso et al., 2017; Erker et al., 2018; Long et al., 2018).

== 13.3 - Correlates of Cancer ==

=== Physiological Correlates of Cancer ===
The '''physiological symptoms''' of cancer depend on its '''size, location, and stage''' (Weinberg, 2013). If cancer has reached an advanced stage and '''metastasizes''' (spreads to other parts of the body), symptoms may occur at different locations. As '''mutant cells''' divide, they exert '''pressure''' on surrounding organs, blood vessels, and nerves, causing '''pain''' and discomfort (Pecorino, 2021).

Certain cancers, like '''pancreatic cancer''', often remain '''asymptomatic''' until they reach an advanced stage. '''General symptoms''' include fever, fatigue, pain, skin changes, and weight loss, though these symptoms are not exclusive to cancer. Sometimes, '''cancer cells''' release '''substances''' into the bloodstream that trigger unusual symptoms. For instance:

* '''Pancreatic cancer''' may release substances causing '''blood clots''' in leg veins.
* '''Lung cancers''' can produce '''hormone-like substances''' that alter '''blood calcium levels''', leading to '''weakness and dizziness'''.

Specific symptoms may also indicate particular cancers:

* '''Excretory function changes''': Could signal '''colon cancer''' (e.g., chronic diarrhea or altered stool consistency) or '''bladder/prostate cancer''' (e.g., painful urination, blood in urine).
* '''Sores that do not heal''': Signs of '''skin cancer''', particularly in the mouth or sexual organs.
* '''Unusual bleeding''': Blood in saliva, urine, stool, or other fluids should be reported immediately.
* '''Lumps''': In the breast, testicles, or lymph nodes could suggest cancer.

Being familiar with your body and recognizing changes is key to identifying potential issues early.
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=== Psychological Correlates of Cancer ===

==== Psychological Factors in Cancer Incidence ====
Although there is little evidence that psychological factors '''cause cancer''', '''stress''' has been recognized as a contributing factor (Stanton, 2019). There are three main pathways through which '''psychological processes''' may influence cancer:

# '''Direct effects''' on bodily systems.
# '''Health behaviors''' (e.g., smoking or diet).
# Responses to '''illness or treatment''', such as screening behaviors.

Key psychological influences include:

* '''Personality''': Early studies linked '''anger suppression''' to a '''Type C personality'''—characterized by being unassertive and suppressing emotions—but this connection has since been discredited (Johansen, 2018).
* '''Social Support''': While it plays a major role in '''coping''', its impact on '''cancer incidence''' is inconsistent. For example, '''social isolation''' is linked to higher cancer mortality among White Americans but not Black Americans (Alcaraz et al., 2019).
* '''Depression''': Stronger evidence links '''clinical depression''' to higher cancer incidence and poorer survival rates (Wang, Li et al., 2020).

==== Psychological Responses to Diagnosis ====
The experience of a '''cancer diagnosis''' can trigger:

* '''Existential plight''': Heightened thoughts about life and death (Weisman &amp; Worden, 1972).
* '''Anxiety and depression''', particularly after diagnosis and during treatment (Civilotti et al., 2021).
* '''Stress''', reducing '''quality of life (QOL)''' (Dornelas, 2018).

Depression varies with '''age, sex''', and '''cancer type''':

* '''Younger patients''' often experience higher rates of depression.
* '''Females''' report almost twice the depression rates as males.
* Certain cancers, like '''lung''' or '''gynecological cancers''', are associated with higher depression levels (Linden et al., 2012).

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=== Psychological Factors in Cancer Progression and Coping ===
Key factors influencing '''cancer progression''' include:

# '''Personality''': '''Optimism''' is strongly linked to better coping and recovery (Scheier &amp; Carver, 2018).
# '''Social Support''': A larger and stronger '''support network''' correlates with better survival outcomes (Nausheen et al., 2009).
# '''Depression''': Associated with faster disease progression and lower QOL (Bortolato et al., 2017).

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=== Cancer, Stress, and Immunity ===
'''Stress''' has been shown to:

* Increase cancer risk and worsen progression (Chida et al., 2008).
* Reduce '''natural killer (NK) cell activity''', critical for fighting cancer (Capellino et al., 2020).
* Trigger '''unhealthy behaviors''' (e.g., smoking, poor diet), which accelerate progression.

Mechanisms include activation of the '''sympathetic nervous system (SNS)''' and '''hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis''', leading to immune dysregulation (Dai et al., 2020).

=== Raw Textbook Page ===
Physiological Correlates of Cancer

The physiological symptoms of cancer depend on the size, location, and stage of cancer (Weinberg, 2013). If a cancer has reached a later stage and metastasizes, then symptoms may occur at different locations in the body. As the mutant cells divide, they exert pressure on the surrounding organs, blood vessels, and nerves that is consciously felt by the individual (Pecorino, 2021). Some cancers, such as pancreatic cancer, are not felt until the cell has reached an advanced stage of development. Some of the general symptoms of cancer are fever, fatigue, pain, changes in the skin, and weight loss. Remember that having these symptoms does not necessarily mean a person has cancer but suggests that something is not right (there are many other reasons for these same symptoms). Sometimes, cancer cells release substances into the bloodstream that cause symptoms not generally thought to result from cancers (Pecorino, 2021). For example, some cancers of the pancreas can release substances that cause blood clots to develop in veins of the legs. Some lung cancers produce hormone-like substances that change blood calcium levels, affecting nerves and muscles and causing weakness and dizziness.

Together with general symptoms, some symptoms are more specifically indicative of cancer. Any changes in your excretory functions could signify cancer of the colon (such as constipation, constant diarrhea or a change in stool consistency) or bladder/prostate gland (such as painful urination or blood in the urine). Sores that do not heal, especially in the mouth or on sexual organs, are signs of skin cancers. As a rule, the appearance of blood in fluids in which you do not normally see it like in the saliva, urine, stool, nonmenstrual vaginal fluids, or breast fluid should be reported to a doctor immediately. The appearance of lumps in the breast, testicles, or lymph nodes may also be a sign of cancer. In general, it is clear that the better you know your body, the more aware you will be of changes that may signify problems with it.

Psychological Correlates of Cancer

You can divide the reality of cancer into three main phases: the period leading up to a diagnosis, the diagnosis and reactions to it, and the period following it. Psychological factors may play a role in all three, although the research evidence on how psychology influences progression is clearer than that on its role in the development of cancer.

Psychological Factors in Cancer Incidence

There is presently little unequivocal proof that psychological factors cause cancer (e.g., Stanton, 2019), except for the case of stress. We discuss this in more detail later. There are at least three general pathways through which psychological factors may influence the development of cancer: (1) direct effects of psychological processes on bodily systems; (2) healthy and unhealthy behaviors; and (3) responses to perceived or actual illness, such as screening behaviors or adherence to treatment recommendations (Henderson &amp; Baum, 2002). The main psychological processes studied have been personality, social support, depression, stress, and health behaviors. Stress and health behaviors are perhaps the most pervasive and will be discussed later in the chapter.

Although receiving a lot of attention in the mid-1980s, the role of personality in cancer has been somewhat exaggerated. Morris et al. (1981) first found an association between breast cancer and anger suppression, leading to the hypothesis of a cancer-prone or Type C personality (Zozulya et al., 2008). A Type C person was described as cooperative, appeasing, unassertive, and compliant and as someone who did not express negative emotions (Temoshok, 1987). Some later reviews supported these early findings, but more recently the research methodology used in studies examining personality as a risk factor for cancer has been criticized and it has been concluded that there is no sound evidence to suggest that personality plays a role in cancer etiology or survival (Johansen, 2018). However, while personality may not have a direct influence on cancer risk, it may influence health behaviors that are associated with cancer (Johansen, 2018).

If personality has no direct role, what is the influence of one’s social environment? Social support appears not to have a strong protective effect against cancer development (Ikeda et al., 2013) although it does play a significant role in coping with cancer (as discussed in the next section). To be fair, social support research is hampered by the fact that there are many different types of social support (as described in Chapter 6), and because it is operationally defined in different ways, study comparisons are difficult (Knoll, 2018). If your intuition says that social support must influence incidences of cancer, you are right (although don’t let intuition get in the way of empirical evidence to the contrary). For instance, social isolation was found to be associated with higher risk of cancer mortality for White Americans (male and female) but not for Black Americans (Alcaraz et al., 2019).

There is more evidence for the role of depression in cancer incidence than for social support (Wang, Li et al., 2020). Wang and colleagues (2020), in a meta-analysis comprising 51 cohort studies, with over two and a half million participants and a mean follow-up period of approximately 10 years, found that clinically diagnosed depression was associated with higher cancer incidence (for all cancer types combined), poorer cancer survival, and higher cancer-specific mortality; symptoms of depression were not associated with cancer risk. Depression was also associated with higher incidence for specific cancers including lung, oral cavity, prostate and skin cancer (Wang, Li et al., 2020). Furthermore, subgroup analyses found cancer risk to be higher in males and people of Asian ethnicity (Wang, Li et al., 2020).

In conjunction with similar cultural differences for social support, it is clear that the link between psychological factors and cancer may differ by sex and ethnicity. Such variations may be linked to biological pathways or may be indicative of greater cultural differences that have biopsychosocial components.

Psychological Responses to Cancer Diagnosis

Even being screened for a potential cancer can be a fearful experience (Nagendiram et al., 2020). A positive diagnosis (i.e., that cells are cancerous) can be devastating and has been referred to as causing an existential plight (increased thoughts about life and death) (Weisman &amp; Worden, 1972) and existential uncertainty regarding disease trajectory, likelihood of survival, and life before death (Karlsson et al., 2014). In the early stages after diagnosis, people may experience clinically relevant symptoms of anxiety and depression (Civilotti et al., 2021). In addition to anxiety, denial, and depression—the major responses to learning you have a chronic illness, as covered in Chapter 10—a cancer diagnosis and its treatment result in stress and a lowered QOL (Dornelas, 2018). The high emotions experienced right after diagnoses lessen with time, and emotions actually improve as recovery begins after the end of treatment. Two other highly psychologically disturbing times occur during treatment, whether it is surgery or radiotherapy (Dornelas, 2018).

In general, depression is more common in patients undergoing active treatment and those experiencing pain or with a history of stressors or low social support, rather than those in follow-up treatment (Johansen et al., 2011). Depression also varies according to age, sex and type of cancer (Linden et al., 2012). The relationship between age and depression is variable, but younger age has been associated with increased depression for some cancers (Linden et al., 2012). Regarding sex, females have been found to be almost twice as likely to report clinically significant depression than males, with the highest prevalence of depression occurring for females with lung cancer, followed by haematological and bone cancers (Linden et al., 2012). People with lung, haematological and gynecological cancers have been reported to have the highest levels of depression, while people with skin or prostate cancer have been found to have lower levels of depression than the average cancer patient (Linden et al., 2012). In addition to depression, people with cancer may also experience fear, anxiety, pain, and insomnia (Fischer et al., 2010; Hoang et al., 2020; Linden et al., 2012).

Psychological Factors in Cancer Progression and Coping

Similar to HIV infection and other chronic illnesses, some psychological characteristics help people cope better with cancer and also influence the course of the disease. Similar to the factors associated with incidence, a person’s personality, social support, depression, stress, and health behaviors again figure prominently (Smith, 2018; Stanton, 2019).

Personality

We have already discussed how personality relates to cancer incidence—meaning whether personality has any influence over whether someone will get cancer (there is no sound evidence to say it does). In the late 1970s, the first positive links between personality and cancer progression were seen. How people coped with cancer seemed to be one of the most important factors. Patients who denied they had cancer had higher disease recurrence rates (Greer et al., 1979). Other studies followed and have established that avoidant, repressive, or unexpressive personalities or coping styles are associated with poorer disease courses (Epping-Jordan et al., 1994). Other personality characteristics are important, too. For example, optimism is strongly and positively correlated with active coping and emotional regulation coping strategies and strongly negatively correlated with avoidant coping strategies (Scheier et al., 1986). Optimists, in general, show better psychological well-being and physical health (Scheier &amp; Carver, 2018; Solberg Nes, 2016). In the context of cancer, optimism has been associated with health-related QOL (Marton et al., 2022). Additionally, a number of studies show that optimism predicts better adjustment for a variety of cancers (breast cancer, Colby &amp; Shifren, 2013; colorectal cancer, Chambers et al., 2012; prostate cancer, Thornton et al., 2012; urogenital cancer, Zenger et al., 2010; advanced cancer (mixed types), Applebaum et al., 2014).

Social Support

The case for a positive correlation between social support and survival of cancer patients is very strong (Imm et al., 2017; LeBarre &amp; Riding-Malon, 2017). Of course, some of the best studies to look at are prospective in nature. For example, Nausheen et al. (2009) reviewed 31 longitudinal prospective studies from 26 published articles assessing the role of structural (e.g., size, range, proximity of social network and frequency of contact) and functional (e.g., function or quality of support network) social support in cancer progression and found that lower social support was associated with cancer progression, although some findings were contrary to what was expected. For all cancer types combined, structural support appeared to have a stronger association than functional support; however, most of the nonsignificant findings for functional support were in people with metastatic cancer, leading Nausheen et al. (2009) to conclude that functional social support may be beneficial for people with less severe cancer. Also, some of the differences may be due to the conceptualization and measurement of social support. With regard to cancer type, the evidence for a relationship between social support and cancer progression was deemed to be sufficiently strong for breast cancer; the relationship was not demonstrated for lung cancer, melanoma, or mixed cancers (studies containing more than one type of cancer; Nausheen et al., 2009). In terms of specific aspects of social support, having a larger social network of confidants with which to discuss personal problems (Kroenke et al., 2013), higher social connectedness (i.e., more frequent contact with family and friends, attending religious services, and involvement in community activities) (Beasley et al., 2010), and higher perceived level of support (Pinquart &amp; Duberstein, 2010) all link to slower progression of cancer and higher rates of survival. A growing body of work suggests that spiritual sources, such as belief in a God and prayer, also provide social support, aiding adjustment and slowing cancer progression (Chaturvedi &amp; Venkateswaran, 2008), although females who were not spiritual before cancer diagnosis but turned to God after diagnosis show lower levels of well-being than females who were always religious (Schreiber &amp; Brockopp, 2012).

Depression has also been linked to cancer progression (Bortolato et al., 2017) with a number of studies suggesting that depression and lower QOL in general have adverse effects on survival (Wang, Li et al., 2020). We discuss further the role of social support and depression in the section about interventions later in this chapter.

Although we have discussed the role of psychological factors in cancer progression, we would be remiss if we did not mention the effect cancer has on social relationships. The caregivers—spouses, friends, relatives—of cancer patients often experience negative outcomes as well (Borrescio-Higa &amp; Valdés, 2022; Long et al., 2018). For example, psychological interventions have been designed to help the spouses of females with breast cancer that reduce the spouse’s anxiety and depression and increase their self-efficacy and skills to assist their spouse (Lewis et al., 2019; Lewis et al., 2022). Across all cancer types, interventions for spouses have also targeted social support, problem solving, emotional resilience, coping strategies, role expectations, and relationship quality, with a review findings benefits for social support, emotional distress, coping, posttraumatic growth, self-efficacy, and communication (Kleine et al., 2019).

Cancer, Stress, and Immunity

Stress has been shown to influence both the incidence of cancer and its progression, although again, the link for the latter is stronger. There is no equivocation: stress-related psychosocial factors influence cancer. Chida et al. (2008) conducted a meta-analysis of 165 studies and found that stress-related psychosocial factors were associated with higher cancer incidence in initially healthy populations, poorer survival in patients with diagnosed cancer, and higher cancer mortality. While the methodology of this study has been criticized (Coyne et al., 2010), primary studies have also indicated a relationship between stress and cancer. For example, females who experienced four to six major life stressors were at more than five times higher risk for breast cancer (Kruk, 2012). Özkan et al (2017), similarly found that females who had experienced important stressors within the last 5 years and those with chronic stress were at increased risk of breast cancer. When biopsychosocial factors were analyzed together, females who had experienced important stressors within the last 5 years were at more than five and a half times higher risk for breast cancer (Özkan et al, 2017). A cancer diagnosis sets up a negative cycle of experiences between stress and illness (see Chapters 12 and 14 for other examples). The diagnosis and treatment cause stress that in turn influences the course of the disease by affecting the immune system (Andersen et al., 2017).

Stress affects cancer through a number of pathways. It has a direct effect on the activity of natural killer (NK) cells, which themselves are critical in the body’s fight against cancer (Capellino et al., 2020). Patients with a variety of cancers have lowered NK cell activity in the blood to begin with (Imai et al., 2000) and psychological distress associated with cancer diagnosis and treatment has been accompanied by immune dysregulation, including reduced NK activity and change in cytokine profile (Witek-Janusek et al., 2008). Low NK cell activity in cancer patients is significantly associated with the spread of cancer and in patients treated for metastases, the survival time without metastasis correlates with NK cell activity. Correspondingly, the experience of any additional stress can have direct effects on the development of the cancer, complementing and antagonizing the low NK cell levels. Stress can also increase unhealthy behaviors that can accelerate illness progression (Matsushita &amp; Takaki, 2019; Poluektov, 2021). The patient may increase drug, tobacco, or alcohol use, get less sleep or physical activity, or eat badly, all behaviors that may further affect immunity (Matsushita &amp; Takaki, 2019; Poluektov, 2021).

It may be no surprise that cancer can stress you, but can stress actually give you cancer? We discussed the negative impact stress can have on our minds and bodies in Chapter 5, so this is clearly a possibility. In fact, this question has been actively debated (Reiche et al., 2004; Tez &amp; Tez, 2008), with suggestions that stress, through a number of mechanisms, may contribute to cancer development, progression, and metastasization (Mravec et al., 2020).

Specific mechanisms have been proposed to explain the relationship between chronic stress and immune dysregulation that appears important for cancer development and progression. Stress acts through neuroendocrine processes, activating the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) and the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis (Dai et al., 2020). Stress hormones that are generated with activation of the SNS and HPA axis can promote tumorigenesis (the initial formation of tumors) and cancer development (Dai et al., 2020; See Figure 13.4). Indeed, it has been argued that while further research must explore it in more detail, the HPA axis appears important in cancer development and progression, but that the evidence for the role of SNS is now generally accepted (Mravec et al., 2020).

Chronic stress suppresses protective immune responses (i.e., responses that mediate cancer immunosurveillance, facilitate tumor immunotherapy, promote wound healing) (Antoni &amp; Dhabhar, 2019; Dai et al., 2020). It also induces/exacerbates chronic inflammation, which is important as chronic inflammation appears pivotal in cancer development and progression, impacting health through multiple pathways such as increased oxidative stress and damage, and mutations in DNA (Antoni &amp; Dhabhar, 2019; Mravec et al., 2020). These bodily changes are important as chronic inflammation and reduced immune surveillance are related to tumorigenesis (Dai et al., 2020). Chronic stress appears to also increase immunoregulatory/suppressive mechanisms, such that the body produces more cells that suppress protective antitumor immune responses (Antoni &amp; Dhabhar, 2019). While knowledge about mechanisms continues to evolve, the relationship between stress and cancer appears undeniable.

== 13.4 - Health Behaviors and Cancer ==
'''Health Behaviors and Cancer:'''

Your daily habits can significantly impact your chances of developing or surviving cancer. Some health risks, like smoking and unhealthy diets, are widely recognized, but others might surprise you.

'''Tobacco Use:'''

* Smoking is the leading preventable cause of cancer, contributing to 19% of all cases in the U.S.
* Smokers face 7.5 to 9 times the risk of lung cancer compared to nonsmokers.
* Tobacco use also increases risks for cancers of the throat, mouth, esophagus, and more.
* Cultural and regional differences affect tobacco usage rates and cancer risks.

'''Diet:'''

* Diet is the second biggest factor after smoking for cancer risk.
* Diets high in fat and low in fiber raise cancer risks, while fruits, vegetables, and certain fats (like omega-3s) help lower them.
* Obesity, often linked to poor diets, increases the risk of at least 13 cancers.
* Some cultural diets (e.g., Mediterranean) are associated with lower cancer risks.

'''Physical Activity:'''

* Regular physical activity reduces the risk of many cancers, including breast, colon, and bladder cancer.
* Adults should aim for 150–300 minutes of moderate exercise per week.

'''Sun Exposure:'''

* Excessive sun exposure leads to skin cancer, including melanoma.
* Regular sunscreen use and avoiding tanning beds significantly lower risks.
* Moderate sun exposure is beneficial for vitamin D production and mood.

'''Key Takeaway:'''

Prevent cancer by avoiding smoking, eating a healthy diet, staying physically active, protecting your skin from UV rays, and being mindful of your overall lifestyle habits.

=== Raw Textbook Page ===
As mentioned in the introduction to this chapter, many of your health behaviors predict your likelihood of getting cancer and the course cancer takes (Arem et al., 2020; Kerschbaum &amp; Nüssler, 2019; Stanton, 2019). The Measuring Up opener lists some of the main health behaviors that put you at risk for getting cancer. Take a moment to see how you fare. To some extent the results may surprise you. (“You mean doing that puts me at risk for cancer?” Yes, it may.) The usual unhealthy behaviors turn up again (see Chapter 7) and, not surprisingly, cultural differences in the practice of some of these behaviors are significant in explaining cultural differences in cancer.

Tobacco Use

Do you want an easy way to decrease your risk of getting cancer? Make sure you do not smoke. Probably the most clear-cut cause of cancer is tobacco use, which has been described as the most important preventable cause of cancer; cigarettes contain more than 60 carcinogenic substances (Bialous &amp; Sarma, 2017). Cigarettes account for 19% of all cancers among Americans (23.6% and 14.5% in males and females, respectively; Islami et al., 2018) and cause approximately 82% of lung, 74% of larynx (voice box), and 50% of esophageal cancers (Islami et al., 2018). Smokers have a much higher risk of lung cancer compared to nonsmokers. In a meta-analysis containing information from more than 7 million people, when adjusted for age, female smokers had nearly seven and a half times the risk and male smokers had nearly nine times the risk of lung cancer compared to nonsmokers (O’Keeffe et al., 2018). Only 12.5% of lung cancer patients have never smoked, although this varies by sex (15.7% of females and 9.6% for males, respectively; Siegel et al., 2022). Note that this risk is seven and a half to nearly nine times—not double, not triple—but seven and a half to nearly nine times. Talk about really playing with fire! Cigarette smoking accounts for approximately 30% of all cancer deaths; 33.1% for males and 24% for females (Islami et al., 2018). Smoking is a major cause of cancers of the lung, larynx, oral cavity, pharynx (throat), and esophagus and is a contributing cause in the development of cancers of the bladder, pancreas, liver, uterine cervix, kidney, stomach, colon and rectum, and some leukemias (Stanton, 2019).

The link between smoking and cancer is best illustrated when we look at populations that increased tobacco use. Smoking rates among females rose dramatically between the 1960s and the 1990s, and deaths due to lung cancer in females increased correspondingly (Thun et al., 2013). As male’s and female’s smoking rates become similar, their lung cancer rates and mortality also become similar; lung cancer accounts for 12% of new cancers for males and 13% for females, while it accounts for 21% of cancer deaths for both sexes (Siegel et al., 2022). Cigarette smoking has declined over time; in 2020, 12.5% of Americans were cigarette smokers (Cornelius et al., 2020). However, Americans are also using other tobacco products such as e-cigarettes, cigars, smokeless tobacco and pipes (Cornelius et al., 2020). Cigarette use is higher among Black Americans, Latino Americans, and White Americans living in rural areas and Asian Americans residing in urban areas (Cornelius et al., 2020). When considering use of any tobacco product, rates of use were higher among males, people younger than 65, White Americans, Black Americans and Native Americans, lesbian, gay, or bisexual adults, people in rural areas, and people with low income (Cornelius et al., 2020). Figure 13.5 shows how overall smoking rates, and rates according to sex, have changed in the United States since 1998.

Differences in tobacco use also highlight many of the cultural differences in cancer rates (see Figure 13.6). Different ethnic groups have had different historical relationships with tobacco, serving to either increase or decrease their exposure to it. Black Americans, for example, had heavy exposure to tobacco from the early 1600s when they were forced into slavery on southern tobacco-growing plantations and in tobacco manufacturing during the colonial period (Gately, 2003). Tobacco was used in South America and Latin America even before the European colonization, and the curanderismos (see Chapter 3) often used tobacco in religious and healing practices. Even today, cigarette smoking is considered a social activity for Latinos, consistent with cultural values of personalismo (importance of personal relations) (Echeverria et al., 2015). Not surprisingly, many Latin American countries show high rates of smoking (Pichon-Riviere et al., 2020). Many Asian groups also have had a long history of smoking. In China, tobacco was mixed with opium and smoked and was used also medicinally. In India, the end of a hard day in the fields was often marked by the smoking of a hookah, a contraption that bubbles tobacco through water. Use of a hookah to smoke also has become a trendy habit in many North American cities. While the specific impacts from different forms of tobacco use may vary, statistics prove that even exposure to secondhand smoke is associated with cancer incidence (Su et al., 2018).

Diet
For the majority of Americans who do not smoke, eating a nutritionally balanced diet and being physically active are the most important ways to reduce cancer risk (LaCaille, 2019; Mermelstein, 2019; Song, 2019). Evidence suggests that one third of the 550,000 cancer deaths that occur in the United States each year are due to unhealthy diet and insufficient physical activity (Greger, 2015). Different cultural groups have different eating habits (see Chapter 8), which can accentuate their risk for cancer. There are a number of dietary features that are linked to an increased risk for cancer (Bail et al., 2016; Grosso et al., 2017). For example, eating too much fat and not getting enough fiber have been associated with increased cancer incidence (Gudenkauf &amp; Thrift, 2021; He et al., 2017). On the other hand, diets with high consumption of fruits and vegetables are associated with a lower risk for several types of cancer (Liu et al., 2021). Also, some fats such as omega-3 polyunsaturated fat (found in salmon) may prevent or inhibit growth of a range of cancers including breast, colorectal, and gastric cancer (Nabavi et al., 2015). In Hawaii, native Hawaiians have the shortest life expectancy of any ethnic group because of their diets, including high consumption of cholesterol-containing foods and red meat, animal fat, eggs, milk, and cheese (the traditional roast pig at a luau is an example).

The diet-cancer link is probably mediated by obesity. Overweight and obesity often result from bad diets and eating too much. Obesity may promote breast cancer due to dysregulated metabolism and inflammation, with cytokine production in excess adipose tissues creating a chronic inflammatory microenvironment where tumors can develop (Seiler et al., 2018) or affecting the production and functioning of hormones such as estrogen (Bhardwaj et al., 2019). Indeed, obesity accounts for 11.9% for males and 13.1% for females of the burden attributed to cancer globally and has been associated with an increased risk of 13 cancers including breast, colorectal endometrial, esophageal, gallbladder, gastric, hepatocellular (liver), kidney, ovarian, pancreatic, and thyroid cancers, meningioma and multiple myeloma (Avgerinos et al., 2019).

A wide variety of foods are supposed to help prevent cancer and also to cure it. Only a small percentage of the foods touted as preventative or curative have stood the test of scientific research (Table 13.2). Be warned that there are a lot of television and internet reports of so-called cancer-busting foods for which there is no scientific basis. For example, eating grapes is supposed to be good, but the effects have not been proven. That said, eating a diet with high amounts of fruits and vegetables, especially those containing antioxidants, does seem to increase the cancer-fighting capacity of the body (Liu et al., 2021; Parohan et al., 2019). Also, eating soy products may reduce the risk of some cancers (Applegate et al., 2018; Takagi et al., 2015), and vegetarianism may be linked to lower incidence of cancer (Oussalah et al., 2020). Diet guidelines for the prevention of cancer from the American Cancer Society (Rock et al., 2020) recommend a nutrient-rich diet including a variety of colors of fruits (i.e., whole fruit) and vegetables (i.e., dark green, red, and orange, fiber-rich beans and peas) and whole grains. They also recommend avoiding or limiting highly processed foods and refined grains, red and processed meats, sugar-sweetened beverages and alcohol (Rock et al., 2020). Figure 13.7 illustrates the relationship between diet and cancer.

As far as popular diets like South Beach and Atkins go, the Mediterranean diet, which is rich in nuts, grains, and olive oil, has shown the most promise for keeping cancer at bay (Mentella et al., 2019). For the rest of the things you may hear about, for example, vitamin A or C, the mineral selenium, and flavonoids (effective antioxidants that you’ll hear more about in the next chapter), there is enough research to suggest that each is a potential cancer fighter (Rodríguez-García et al., 2019), but we are far from having a guaranteed perfect anticancer diet. However, we are getting closer, as more and more nutrients prove to be viable cancer fighters (Jeurnink et al., 2015). As always, you should be a critical consumer of what claims you hear or read about.

Given that some foods may have the potential to reduce the risk for cancer, it follows that cultural differences in dietary patterns correspondingly explain cultural differences in cancer incidence and progression. For example, Gudenkauf and Thrift (2021) found that a higher proportion of cancers were attributable to inadequate diet among non-Hispanic Black Americans (4.4%), than Hispanic Americans (3.7%) and non-Hispanic White Americans (3.1%). Non-Hispanic Black Americans also had more cancers attributed to eating processed meat, and a diet insufficient in calcium and fiber, than other Americans (Gudenkauf &amp; Thrift, 2021).

Furthermore, there is a lower incidence of breast cancer among Latinas than among non-Latina White American females. Can diet explain this? Murtaugh et al. (2008) examined the associations of dietary patterns (e.g., Western, Native Mexican, Mediterranean) with risk for breast cancer in Latinas (757 cases, 867 controls) and non-Latina White American females (1,524 cases, 1,598 controls) from the Four-Corners Breast Cancer Study. They found that it was the dietary pattern followed and not just the ethnicity that was important. The Western dietary pattern was associated with greater risk, and the Native Mexican and Mediterranean dietary patterns were associated with lower risk of breast cancer.

Physical Activity

The reasons for staying in shape (or getting in shape) continue to increase (LaCaille, 2018). A large body of evidence suggests that physical activity can reduce the risk of bladder, breast, colon, endometrial, esophageal, gastric, head and neck, liver, lung, rectal and kidney cancer (Figure 13.8), along with myeloma and myeloid leukemia (McTiernan et al., 2019; Moore et al., 2016). Getting regular physical activity also lowers the risk for breast cancer for both pre- and postmenopausal females (Guo et al., 2020). Being active is good for males too. Physical activity appears important in the development and progression of prostate cancer, however evidence of a relationship between physical activity and reduced prostate cancer risk remains inconclusive (Shephard, 2017). Similarly, at present evidence that physical activity reduces risk for testicular cancer is lacking (McTiernan et al., 2019).

While the evidence may be mixed, physical activity guidelines for the prevention of cancer from the American Cancer Society (Rock et al., 2020) recommend limiting sedentary behavior (i.e., sitting and lying down, screen-based entertainment) and engaging in physical activity. Children and adolescents are recommended to do at least one hour of moderate- or vigorous-intensity activity each day, while adults should complete 150 to 300 minutes of moderate- or 75 to 150 minutes of vigorous-intensity physical activity per week (Rock et al., 2020).

Sun Exposure

Few people lying on the beach soaking in the sun’s rays are thinking about the fact that such sun exposure increases their chances of the most common form of cancer—skin cancer (basal and squamous cell skin cancers) (ACS, 2023). Did you know that one in five Americans will be diagnosed with skin cancer by 70, and that experiencing five or more sunburns doubles the risk of melanoma? (Skin Cancer Foundation, 2023a). Prevention is again the key: Using sunscreen regularly (at least 15+) can reduce the risk of squamous cell skin cancers and melanoma by approximately 40% and 50%, respectively (Skin Cancer Foundation, 2023b).

Even tanning booths are carcinogenic. A 15- to 20-minute session is equivalent in ultraviolet (UV) ray exposure to one full day at the beach. Although tanning salons often advertise that sun bed tanning is safer than sunbathing outside, the intensity of light in tanning beds is actually much greater. The customer not only has light rays above their body but also below it. Many of the older tanning beds emit short-wave UV rays, which burn the outer layers of the skin. The majority of the tanning beds used today, however, emit long-wave UV rays, which actually penetrate deeper and weaken the skin’s inner connective tissue. Tanning salon rays also increase the damage that is done by the sunlight, because the UV light from the tanning beds thins the skin, making it less able to heal. Both the sun and tanning beds produce a tan from UV rays. UV rays cause the skin to protect itself from burning by producing additional pigmentation and coloring. Overexposure to these UV rays can lead to eye injury, premature wrinkling, light-induced skin rashes, and increased chances of skin cancer. To get that nice tanned look without the risk, consumers are now flocking to risk-free tanning booths that use sprays.

So, should you stay out of the sun altogether? No, that’s not right, either. Although overexposure to sunlight can be very detrimental to one’s health, we still need some amount of exposure to sunlight for both physical and psychological reasons. A lack of sunlight is associated with poor mood, as well as with a condition called seasonal affective disorder. Sunlight is also a major source of vitamin D in humans, because it produces vitamin D in the skin after exposure to UV radiation (Religi et al., 2019). Without vitamin D, diseases such as rickets occur. In direct relationship to this chapter, in recent studies sunlight exposure has been associated with reduced risk of breast cancer in females living in the Caribbean (Nazario et al., 2022), and authors of a meta-analysis suggested that spending at least an hour per day in the sun during summer could reduce the risk of breast cancer (Hiller et al., 2020).

Tanning. Visiting a tanning booth, even once, can expose you to carcinogenic ultraviolet rays. A safer alternative for a tanned look is a spray-on tan or tanning lotion.

== 13.5 - Treatment Options ==

=== Raw Textbook Page ===
Cancer need no longer be a death sentence, although many people still believe it is. Although earlier cancer detection increases its chances of being completely treated, even some cancers in their later stages can be successfully treated. Because cancer is essentially cells that are out of control, the main goal of treatment is to remove the cells from the body. There are three major ways to treat cancer.

Surgery

The oldest and most straightforward way to treat cancer is surgery, during which the surgeon can remove the tumor. Surgery is most successful when the cancer has not spread because this provides the best chance of removing all the mutant cells. Surgery also has other uses in cancer (ACS, 2019a). Preventive surgery is performed to remove tissue that is not malignant as yet but has a high chance of turning malignant. This happens in the case of females with a family history of breast cancer who also have a mutant breast cancer gene (BRCA1 or BRCA2). Preventive surgery may also be used to remove parts of the colon if polyps, small stalk-shaped growths (not the little marine animals), are found.

Diagnostic surgery is the process of removing a small amount of tissue to either identify a cancer or to make a diagnosis (ACS, 2019a). If the patient receives a positive diagnosis of cancer, sometimes staging surgery is needed to ascertain what stage of development the cancer is in. This form of surgery helps determine how far the cancer has spread, provides a clinical stage for the growth and can guide treatment decisions. If the cancer has been localized to a small area, curative surgery can be used to remove the growth. This is the primary form of treatment for cancer and is often used in conjunction with other treatments. If it is not possible to remove the entire tumor without damaging the surrounding tissues, debulking surgery reduces the tumor mass. Finally, palliative surgery is used to treat complications of advanced disease (not as a cure), and restorative surgery is used to modify a person’s appearance after curative surgery (e.g., breast reconstructive surgery after a mastectomy or breast removal) (ACS, 2019a).

Chemotherapy

The second major form of treatment for cancer involves taking medications with the aim of disabling the cancer growth, a process referred to as chemotherapy (ACS, 2019b). The medications are either given in pill form, in the form of an injection, or in the form of an intravenous injection (medication delivered through a catheter right into a vein). Chemotherapy can be used alone or in combination with other treatments. Neuroadjuvant chemotherapy involves using chemotherapy to reduce the size of a tumor before surgery or radiation therapy. At other times, chemotherapy is adjuvant, that is, used after surgery or radiation therapy to destroy any remaining cancer cells. Chemotherapy can also be used in conjunction with targeted therapy, hormone therapy or immunotherapy.

The type of cancer and its severity determine the frequency of chemotherapy, and it can range from daily to monthly medication. This form of treatment can have very strong side effects but often results in successful outcomes. Patients who undergo chemotherapy (or chemo for short) may lose all their hair (not just the hair on their head as is commonly believed), experience severe nausea, and have a dry mouth and skin.

Chemotherapy also has biopsychosocial effects (Lorusso et al., 2017). Biologically, the treatment lowers both red and white blood cell counts. Fewer red blood cells make a person anemic and feel weak and tired. A reduced number of white blood cells makes a person more prone to infection, and a person undergoing chemotherapy needs to take special care to not be exposed to germs or sources of contamination. Psychologically, the fatigue can lead to low moods and also a loss of sexual desire and low sociability. Social interactions become strained as well. The patient often feels embarrassed by not having any hair and may not want to be seen by other people or may be too tired to interact. Simultaneously, many visitors and friends feel uncomfortable at the sight of the hairless, fatigued patient. As with most chronic illnesses it is important for the patient’s support networks to be prepared for and compensate for the effects of treatment.

Radiation Therapy

The third major form of treatment for cancer involves the use of radioactive particles aimed at the DNA of the cancer cells, a process referred to as radiation therapy (ACS, 2019c). Radiation used for cancer treatment is called ionizing radiation because it forms ions as it passes through tissues and dislodges electrons from atoms. The ionization causes cell death or a genetic change in the cancerous cells (Sia et al., 2020). There are many different types of external radiation treatments (e.g., electron beams, high-energy photons, protons, and neutrons), each sounding like something out of a science fiction movie and varying in intensity and energy. The process for getting radiation therapy is a little more complex than that for chemotherapy and surgery, although the preliminary stages are the same. Medical personnel first need to identify the location and size of the tumor and then pick the correct level of radiation. The key is to be able to do the most damage to the cancerous cells without damaging the normal cells. This is hard to do because the radiation stream cannot differentiate between types of cells, and normal cells often end up being affected as part of the process, resulting in treatment side effects. For external radiation, radiation is delivered from outside the body into the tumor. The total dose of radiation, a rad, is often broken down into fractions, and delivered as an outpatient over several weeks. Radiation therapy is perhaps the most involved type of therapy, with treatments usually being given daily, 5 days a week, for 5 to 7 weeks (ACS, 2019c). Radiation therapy can also be delivered internally, known as brachytherapy. In this treatment, a radioactive source is put inside the body or located close to the tumor; it may be left there or removed after a specific period of time. Lastly, radiotherapy may involve systemic radiation, where radioactive substances given by mouth or through a vein (ACS, 2019c). The type of radiotherapy will vary depending on the type and location of the cancer; sometimes multiple types will be used.

The main side effects of radiotherapy are fatigue and irritation of the body areas close to the radiation site (for external radiation), often accompanied by some disruption of functioning. For example, radiation to the mouth and throat area can cause loss of salivary function, difficulty in swallowing, and a redness of the neck and surrounding areas. Depending on the location (i.e., ovaries or testicles), radiation may also affect future fertility, with females advised not to conceive while undergoing radiation therapy (ACS, 2019c).

Other Treatments

In addition to these three main forms of treatment, there are also a variety of other possible ways to treat cancer. For example, immunotherapy involves the activation of the body’s own immune system to fight the cancer (ACS, 2019d), while targeted therapy uses medications that are designed to target cancer cells without damaging normal cells (ACS, 2021b) and hormonal therapy involves altering or blocking hormones to slow or stop cancer growth (ACS, 2020). There are also a number of alternative and complementary therapies that help people cope with cancer (some of which are believed to keep cancer at bay as well). These include aromatherapy, music therapy, yoga, massage therapy, meditation to reduce stress, special diets like taking peppermint tea for nausea, and acupuncture. There is growing public interest, especially among those living with cancer or the relatives of people with cancer, in obtaining information about complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) as discussed in Chapter 3 and methods of treatment. This interest is even more prevalent among individuals from different cultural groups who may have approaches and beliefs about cancer and its treatment that vary greatly from the view held by Western biomedicine. Very often cancer patients do not tell their doctors that they are also trying other treatments. Although there may be many treatments for cancer used by other cultures that are actually beneficial, very few methods have been tested by Western science and correspondingly North American health practitioners recommend very few alternative methods.

The stance of Western biomedicine is reflected particularly well in how the ACS refers to complementary and alternative medicine. The American Cancer Society defines alternative methods as “unproven or disproven methods used instead of standard medical treatments to prevent, diagnose, or treat cancer” (ACS, 2021c) and complementary methods as “supportive methods used along with standard medical treatment . . . used to help relieve symptoms of cancer and side effects of treatment” (ACS, 2021d). They differentiate between the two, stating that complementary methods are used with standard treatments, while alternative methods are used instead of standard treatments (ACS, 2021d). The American Cancer Society acknowledges that more research is needed to determine the safety and effectiveness of many of these methods and advocates for peer-reviewed scientific evidence of the safety and efficacy of these methods. Health-care practitioners recognize the need to balance access to complementary and alternative methods while protecting patients against methods that might be harmful to them. For example, the American Cancer Society supports patients having access to complementary methods but cautions them that the evidence for such methods is of lower quality than for standard treatments, and that their use should be discussed with treating health professionals. Part of the problem arises from the fact that harmful drug interactions may occur and must be recognized. In addition, sometimes use of the other treatments causes delays in starting standard therapies and is detrimental to the success of cancer treatment. The American Cancer Society also give greater warning with regards to alternative methods, indicating that the level of harm from such methods can vary (from few harms to life-threatening), these methods have not been sufficiently studied to demonstrate effectiveness and that people who use alternative methods instead of standard treatment for the most common cancers have a greater risk of cancer-related death.

A patient is lying on a stretcher, wearing an immobilization thermoplastic mask that covers his head and face. Two individuals are standing on both sides of the patient.
Radiation Therapy. A cancer patient has his head immobilized before targeted laser-guided radiation treatment.


When treatments succeed in keeping cancer at bay, the health psychologist’s job is not done. There is evidence that cancer survivors may develop secondary cancers. This risk is particularly evident for survivors of childhood cancer (Turcotte et al., 2018) as well as adolescent and young adult survivors due to greater sensitivity to treatments and longer life-expectancy (Demoor-Goldschmidt &amp; de Vathaire, 2019). Similarly problematic, a significant number of adolescent cancer survivors report posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), anxiety and depression (Kosir et al., 2019). Many cancer survivors begin to (or continue to) use complementary and alternative treatments. For example, Keene et al. (2019) conducted a systematic review of 61 studies exploring complementary and alternative treatment use among cancer patients, finding that on average, 51% of cancer patients used complementary and alternative treatments, with the main motivation reported to be to treat or cure cancer (73.8%). People also used complementary and alternative treatments to manage treatment complications (62.3%), meet holistic needs (57.4%), influence their general health (55.7%), and take control of their treatment (45.9%). Complementary and alternative treatments may provide the survivors with psychological benefits and prevent relapse, though this possibility has not been tested.    

== 13.6 ==

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      <text bytes="81826" sha1="34svyw4njk63lzr7nmg9fzo1a3ht5ha" xml:space="preserve">In 2019, more than 1.7 million new cases of cancer were diagnosed and nearly 600,000 people died of cancer in the United States (U.S. Cancer Statistics Working Group, 2022). Cancer is the second leading cause of death in the United States (after heart disease), with nearly 1 in 4 deaths due to cancer (U.S. Cancer Statistics Working Group, 2022).    

==13.1 - Cancer: Definitions and Prevalence==
'''Origins and Terminology''':

* Cancer originates from the Greek terms &quot;carcinos&quot; and &quot;carcinoma,&quot; referring to tumor types. Its name is linked to the crab-like appearance of spreading cancer cells.
* Cancer encompasses over 100 diseases, differing in incidence, risk factors, and treatment.

'''Biological Basis''':

* Cancer arises from malignant tumors characterized by uncontrolled cell growth and tissue destruction.
* Mutations in DNA disrupt normal cell processes, often caused by genetic factors or exposure to carcinogens (e.g., cigarette smoke).
* Normal cells divide and die systematically, while cancer cells grow indefinitely, forming abnormal cells.

'''Types of Cancer''':

* '''Carcinomas''': The most common type, originating in epithelial cells.
* '''Sarcomas''': Affect muscles, bones, and cartilage.
* '''Lymphomas''': Involve the lymphatic system (e.g., Hodgkin’s and non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma).
* '''Leukemias''': Found in blood and bone marrow, leading to anemia and immune issues.

'''Staging and Severity''':

* The TNM system assesses tumor size (T), lymph node involvement (N), and metastasis (M).
* Stages range from 0 (localized) to IV (widespread and severe).

'''Epidemiology and Risk''':

* About 1 in 2 men and 1 in 3 women are diagnosed with cancer during their lifetimes, with risks increasing with age.
* Prevalence varies by sex, ethnicity, and geography, with significant disparities in survival rates among ethnic groups.

'''Cultural and Psychosocial Factors''':

* Understanding cancer requires considering cultural influences, including ethnicity, gender, and socioeconomic factors.
* Minority groups face higher risks of death from cancer and lower survival rates, highlighting healthcare inequities.

'''Advancements and Trends''':

* Overall cancer incidence and mortality have decreased over decades, especially for males, though disparities persist.
* Early diagnosis and treatment advances have contributed to better outcomes in many populations.

'''Notable Trends''':

* Death rates from cancer decreased by 32% between 1991 and 2019.
* Minority populations experience lower survival rates, with Black Americans and Native Americans facing the highest relative risk of cancer death compared to White Americans.

By addressing cultural, biological, and environmental factors, we can better understand and combat cancer effectively

=== Raw Textbook Page ===
Similar to stress and pain, the word cancer has many different forms and meanings. Cancer is derived from carcinos and carcinoma, terms first used by the Greek Hippocrates to describe non-ulcer-forming and ulcer-forming tumors. The shape of a spreading cancer cell resembles the outstretching legs of a crab to which these words refer (in Greek the word for crab is cancer, think of the zodiac sign). Although typically discussed as one illness, cancer is a group of diseases that vary in terms of incidence and mortality rates, epidemiology, risk factors and causes, and treatments. Also, understanding cancer and its effects through a cultural approach is an important area of health psychology because a comprehensive understanding of cancer requires a consideration of sex, gender, ethnicity, geographical location, sexual orientation, and all the other aspects of what makes up culture.

First, let’s look at basic biology and some terminology. Cancer is the name given to the illness or condition caused by the presence of a malignant tumor. A malignant tumor or cancerous cell is identified as one showing uncontrollable cell growth that destroys healthy tissue. Cells that show abnormal growth are also referred to as neoplasms. Normally our cells grow, divide, and die in an orderly fashion, and cell growth is more pronounced when we are young. As we grow older, cells in most parts of our body divide only to replace worn-out or dying cells and to repair injuries. Because cancer cells continue to grow and divide, they are different from normal cells. Instead of dying, they outlive normal cells and continue to form new abnormal cells.

When a normal cell turns cancerous, it is often the result of a mutation in the cell’s DNA that alters it and makes it grow uncontrollably, disrupting surrounding tissue and often spreading to organs all around the body (Pecorino, 2021). Most of the time when DNA becomes damaged, the body is able to repair it. In cancer cells, the damaged DNA cannot be repaired. Such genetic mutations can also be inherited, which accounts for why risk for cancer increases if someone in a person’s family has had cancer. Many times, though, a person’s cancerous cell mutations occur because of exposure to environmental toxins such as cigarette smoke or other carcinogens (cancer-causing substances). The branch of medicine that concerns the study and treatment of cancer is referred to as oncology, and this is the term used more frequently in hospitals.

A scanning electron micrograph depicting a killer T cell attacking cancer cells.

A Cancer Cell Being Attacked by Immune System Killer T Cells. A Colored Scanning Electron Micrograph (SEM) image shows a human Natural Killer (NK) cell attacking a cancer cell. The yellow NK cell has numerous long fluid-projections, which are beginning to flow around the large orange cancer cell. Natural killer cells are a type of white blood cell known as T-lymphocytes. These have the ability to destroy virus-infected cells and tumor cells. On contact with the surface of a tumor cell, the NK cell recognizes certain proteins called antigens, which activate its cell-killing mechanism. The NK cell then binds to and destroys the cancer cell using toxins.


Types of Cancer

There are more than 100 different types of cancer, and even tumors within each type show a lot of variability. However, note that not all tumors are cancerous or malignant. Benign or noncancerous tumors do not metastasize or spread to other parts of the body and, with very rare exceptions, are not life threatening. Some cancers, such as leukemia, do not form tumors. Instead, these cancer cells involve the blood and blood-forming organs and circulate through other tissues where they grow (ACS, 2018). The course of cancer and the likelihood of survival vary greatly according to the type of cancer diagnosed. Therefore, if someone just says they have cancer, you should not make any generalizations about their experiences until you have more information. Some cancers show very little deviation in patterns of disease course, and psychosocial influences on coping and treatment are minimal (Henderson &amp; Baum, 2002). That said, psychosocial factors do relate to differences in biomarkers and disease progression (Cheng &amp; Meiser, 2019).

The key variables that influence the interaction between biological, psychological, and social factors and the role each plays in cancer morbidity or mortality are cancer site, type, and severity. The most common sites for cancer are the lungs, breasts, prostate gland, colon, and rectum (the latter two are often affected together, which is referred to as colorectal cancer). The top 10 cancer sites by sex and related incidence and mortality statistics for each are shown in Figures 13.1 and 13.3.


Figure 13.1 Description

There are four main types of cancer. The most common are carcinomas that start in the surface layers of the body or epithelial cells. This form of cancer accounts for the bulk of cancer cases and is seen in the most common sites. Sarcomas are cancers of the muscles, bones, and cartilage. Lymphomas are cancers of the lymphatic system and are referred to as Hodgkin’s disease if the cancer spreads from a single lymph node (non-Hodgkin lymphomas are found at several sites). Leukemias are cancers that are found in the blood and bone marrow. In leukemia, white blood cells proliferate to displace red blood cells, which causes anemia (a shortage of red blood cells), bleeding, and other immune system problems (ACS, 2018).

The severity of cancer is determined by a multifactor assessment of stage. The TNM system is the most common method used to stage cancer (ACS, 2022b). It provides three main pieces of information. The T describes the size of the tumor and whether cancer has spread to nearby tissues and organs. The N describes how far the cancer has spread to nearby lymph nodes. Given that the lymph nodes are critical components of the body’s immune system, they are often heavily involved in fighting cancer cells. The M indicates the extent to which the cancer has metastasized. Letters or numbers after the T, N, and M give more details about each of these factors. For example, a tumor classified as Tl, N0, M0 is a tumor that is very small, has not spread to the lymph nodes, and has not spread to distant organs of the body. Once TNM descriptions have been established, they can be grouped together into a simpler set of stages, stages 0 through IV. In general, the lower the number, the less the cancer has spread. A higher number, such as stage IV, indicates a more serious, widespread cancer (ACS, 2022b).

Prevalence of Cancer

Cancer has been around for centuries and has been called the emperor of all maladies (Mukherjee, 2010). Unfortunately, the chances of our developing some form of cancer in our lifetime are pretty high (it is estimated one out of two males and one out of three females will develop cancer in their lifetime; Siegel et al., 2022), and the chances get higher as we get older, dropping again in our 80s (DeSantis et al., 2019). For people ages between 60 and 69, there is a 1 in 7 chance (if you are male) or 1 in 10 chance (if you are female) of getting cancer (Siegel et al., 2022). This incidence drops to a 1 in 16 chance for males and females between the ages of 50 and 59, and a 1 in 29 chance for males and 1 in 17 chance for females from birth until 49 (Siegel et al., 2022). Culture is again very important. Prevalence rates vary across many levels of culture—by sex, ethnicity, and geography. Differences in overall cancer rates by sex are shown in Figure 13.2.


Figure 13.2 Description

We are making strides in the fight against cancer (Stanton, 2019). New results on the incidence of cancer show that it is not as common as it was before, although the good news favors White American populations. Siegel et al. (2021) collected cancer morbidity and mortality data from several government organizations such as the National Cancer Institute and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, evaluated trends in cancer incidence and death rates, and compared survival rates over time and across racial/ethnic populations. The good news is that incidence rates for males for all cancers combined decreased from 1990 through 2013 and then stabilized during 2018 (Siegel et al., 2022). For females, incidence for all cancers remained relatively stable through the mid-2010s, but has seen a slight increase in recent years (Siegel et al., 2022). The good news is that since their peak in 1991, overall cancer death rates in 2019 have decreased by 32% (Siegel et al., 2022). The bad news from a cultural perspective is that cancer-specific survival rates are lower and the risk of dying from cancer once it is diagnosed is higher in some ethnic minority populations compared with the White American population, as shown in Table 13.1 (Siegel et al., 2022). The relative risk of death from cancer (all types combined), after adjusting for sex, age, and cancer stage at diagnosis, is 33% and 51% higher in Black Americans and Native Americans, respectively, compared with that for White Americans (Jemal et al., 2017). Additionally, when considering all cancer stages, Black Americans have lower survival rates than White Americans for bladder, breast, colorectal, esophageal, oral cavity and pharynx, ovarian, and uterine cancer, and melanoma (Siegel et al., 2022).

== 13.2 - Cultural Variations and Developmental Issues ==
'''Cancer Across Cultures and Groups'''

Cancer affects people differently based on their ethnicity, race, sex, and socioeconomic status. Black Americans face higher cancer death rates than other groups in the U.S., despite White Americans having higher cancer diagnosis rates. For example, Black women are 41% more likely to die from breast cancer than White women, even though they are diagnosed less often. Similarly, Black men have double the cancer death rate compared to Asian/Pacific Islander men.

Cultural factors also influence cancer risks. Asian and Latino Americans show higher stomach and liver cancer rates, while Native Americans often see cancer as a punishment or a spiritual issue. Low socioeconomic status worsens outcomes due to limited knowledge about cancer and later diagnoses.

'''Sex Differences'''

Men are generally diagnosed with cancer more often than women, with prostate, lung, and colorectal cancers being the most common. For women, breast, lung, and colorectal cancers are most prevalent. Research on male-specific cancers, like testicular cancer, lags behind studies on female cancers, but awareness campaigns like No-Shave November are helping.

'''Beliefs and Knowledge About Cancer'''

Cultural beliefs affect understanding and attitudes toward cancer. Some groups attribute cancer to punishment or fate, leading to misconceptions. For instance, some Native Americans believe cancer can result from curses or violations of traditions. Fatalism—the idea that cancer always leads to death—is common in many communities, which can discourage seeking treatment.

'''Cancer as a Developmental Disease'''

Cancer risk increases with age, but many risk factors start early in life. For instance, smoking—a leading cause of cancer—often begins in teenage years. Children and teens diagnosed with cancer experience unique challenges, such as different coping mechanisms and impacts on their quality of life. Understanding how cancer affects individuals at different life stages is essential for providing appropriate support.

=== Raw Textbook Page ===
Similar to the ethnic differences in incidence of HIV infection described in the previous chapter, there are large differences in the cultural makeup of people who have cancer both across nations and across ethnic and racial groups (Kim &amp; Lwing, 2017; Song et al., 2014; Vahabi et al., 2017). In fact, there is a growing body of research clarifying the link between cancer and membership in certain ethnic groups (Yamoah et al., 2015). Before looking at possible biological reasons why one ethnicity may be more at risk than another, let’s first look at the different patterns of cancer across diverse ethnic groups.

There are two main statistics to bear in mind when studying the prevalence of cancer. The first is incidence or rates of newly diagnosed cases of the disease. The second is actual mortality. Keeping the two numbers separate is important because there are many people who are diagnosed with cancer who live (remember there was good news), and the number of survivors varies across cultural groups. So even if there are two cultural groups who both have the same incidence levels for a certain type of cancer, they may not show the same mortality rates. Figure 13.3 shows the incidence and mortality rates for the main types of cancer broken down by sex.

As you can see, different ethnic groups and the two sexes do not get cancer or die from it in the same ways (Dornelas, 2018; Siegel et al., 2022). Black Americans have the second highest general cancer incidence rates (behind White Americans), but the highest mortality rates of any population in the United States, with this difference being driven more by higher rates of cancer among Black American males (Siegel et al., 2022). Illustrating the difference between incidence and mortality, Black Americans have greater mortality rates relative to their incidence rates, suggesting that if they have cancer they are more likely to die of it. In 2019, the disparity in cancer deaths (for both sexes and all cancer types) between Black Americans and White Americans was 14% (Siegel et al., 2022). While White American females are diagnosed with cancer more than any other group of females, Black American females are the most likely to die from cancer (Siegel et al., 2022). This disparity is most pronounced in relation to breast cancer; Black American females have 4% lower incidence than White American females but 41% higher breast cancer mortality (Siegel et al., 2022). Similarly, Black American males’ cancer death rates are 19% higher than those of White American males and double those of Asian/Pacific Islander American males (Siegel et al., 2022). Separating total cases of cancer from individual types of cancer is important too. Although Asian/Pacific Islander Americans show much lower rates of cancer than White Americans in general, they have higher rates of stomach and liver cancer (Siegel et al., 2022). In contrast to some other ethnic differences, White American females have similar rates of lung cancer to Native American females but are more likely to have lung cancer than Black American, Asian/Pacific Islander American or Hispanic/Latino American females (Siegel et al., 2022).

In addition to these ethnic differences, there are significant sex differences in cancer incidence as well. Males experience higher incidences of cancer in general (Siegel et al., 2022). The most common cancers for males are prostate, lung, and colorectal (Siegel et al., 2022). Testicular cancer is relatively uncommon among men in general, but it is one of the most common forms of cancer in younger men ages 15 to 35. For some time, male cancers did not receive as much research attention as female cancers, and we know less about the etiology of most male cancers and males’ psychological and social experiences with cancer (Dornelas, 2018). No-Shave November is a recent phenomenon (did you know it started to raise awareness about male prostate cancer?).

The most common cancers for females for most ethnic groups are breast, lung, and colorectal (Siegel et al., 2022). In case you were wondering, men do get breast cancer although the rates are infinitesimal. Breast cancer incidence rates are somewhat counter to normal ethnic difference patterns; a higher incidence of breast cancer has been reported both in White American females and females of higher socioeconomic status (SES) compared to females of other ethnicities and lower SES (Coughlin, 2019; Seiler et al., 2017). However, low SES is associated with increased risk of aggressive premenopausal breast cancer, later diagnosis and poorer survival (Coughlin, 2019). Other common cancers tend to vary by ethnicity but usually include cancers of the reproductive organs (e.g., the uterus, cervix, and ovaries) and may be due to some ethnic groups such as Asian American and Latina American females not getting screened for the cancers (Suchday et al., 2019).

Cultural Differences in Beliefs and Knowledge About Cancer

Some of the cultural differences in cancer incidence are explained by cultural differences pertaining to beliefs held about cancer, people’s attitudes toward cancer, and knowledge of cancer (Licqurish et al., 2017). Many studies have shown that low socioeconomic groups are less knowledgeable about cancer regardless of their sex, ethnicity, or religion (e.g., McCutchan et al.,, 2015). Ethnically diverse groups exhibit different levels of knowledge as well. African Americans (Ogunsanya et al., 2017), Arab Americans (Abboud et al., 2017), Latino Americans (Szalacha et al., 2017), Chinese Americans (Robison et al., 2014), and Korean Americans (Sin et al., 2016) have all been found to have lower levels of knowledge about risk factors and cancer symptoms than White Americans.

Sometimes these cultural differences are linked to cultural beliefs and misconceptions about disease in general (Tejeda et al., 2017). Many religious individuals may believe that cancer is just punishment for sins or that cancer has spiritual meaning (Gall &amp; Bilodeau, 2017). The misperceived causes of cancer may also be more tangible. Vietnamese American, Chinese Americans, and Latino Americans (Luque et al., 2010) and Mexican immigrants to America (Luque et al., 2015) reported poor hygiene as a cause for cervical cancer. Another common cultural cancer belief is fatalism, the belief that a person with cancer cannot live a normal life and will die (Duberstein et al., 2017). High levels of fatalism have been found in Black Americans (Bustillo et al., 2017), Korean Americans, Chinese Americans, Mexican Americans (Gonzalez et al., 2016), and Latino Americans (Ramirez, 2014).

A vivid example of how culture influences perceptions is seen in the views of Native Americans. Many Native Americans see cancer as a White man’s disease and something that is a punishment for one’s actions or the actions of a family member (Yost et al., 2017). Some Native Americans see cancer as a natural part of life’s pathway and as providing a lesson from which to learn. Many also see cancer as penance and a person with cancer must wear the pain to protect other members of the community (Burhansstipanov, 2000). A diagnosis of cancer is equivalent to a doctor shooting a hole through the spirit and thus results in depression and fear of the doctor instead of trust. Beliefs about how you can get cancer may seem outlandish to the ethnocentric non-Native Americans. Some Native Americans believe cancer can result from a curse or from violating tribal mores like stepping on a frog or urinating on a spider. Others believe that it is contagious and that it can be caught from a mammography machine or from the child of someone who has cancer (Burhansstipanov, 2000). Some Native Americans do not want to even talk about cancer for fear of catching the cancer spirit. Regardless of the extent to which you think these beliefs are far-fetched, they have to be respected and anticipated to optimize helping the Native Americans who do hold them.

Developmental Issues in Cancer

You are more likely to get cancer as you get older (ACS, 2021a). The rates for cancer increase dramatically over the life span. Between 2013 and 2017, incidence rates ranged from 16.8 per 100,000 for those younger than 15 years of age, to 75.9 per 100,000 for adolescents and young adults (15–39 years) (Islami et al., 2021). In 2019, in the United States, the incidence rate was 474 and 415 per 100,000 for males and females, respectively, of all ages, and 2630 and 1804 per 100,000 for males and females, respectively, ages over 75 (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention [CDC], 2022). Age is a cultural variable as well, and one that also needs to be attended to in understanding cancer.

We consider cancer a developmental disease. Why is this? Although cancer is primarily diagnosed in older adults, cancers actually develop when people are younger. Because there typically is a large gap between when a tumor starts to grow and when it is large enough to be diagnosed, exposure to many of the risk factors for cancer (described below) at a young age necessarily predicts the occurrence of cancer at an older age. Significant risks for cancer are also associated with the different developmental milestones (as described in Chapter 4). There is a risk associated with girls starting to menstruate early (Goldberg et al., 2020; Olsson &amp; Olsson, 2020) and female’s dietary choices during adolescence and adulthood are associated with the early development of colorectal cancer (at less than 50 years; Hur et al., 2021). Risks also associate with menopause and the ways that females cope with it. The biggest risk factor for cancer—smoking (Kim et al., 2018; Lewandowska et al., 2019)—has a strong developmental link: Smoking almost always begins in the teenage years; few adults initiate a regular smoking habit (Park et al., 2018).

Developmental age also influences how people, especially children, will cope with a cancer diagnosis. For example, Barrera et al. (2003) recruited preschool, school age, and adolescent patients and measured their psychological adjustment and quality of life (QOL) 3, 9, and 15 months after cancer was diagnosed. The children’s age at diagnosis significantly affected both their adjustment and QOL. At 3 months after diagnosis, preschoolers had more externalizing behavior problems than adolescents. Preschoolers had better QOL than adolescents at all three assessments, suggesting that preschoolers with cancer are at risk for behavior problems and adolescents are at risk for poor QOL. Studies such as these are gentle reminders that the psychological reactions to cancer experienced by adults may be very different from those of children (Anderzén Carlsson et al., 2008). A developmental approach also helps us understand how family interactions change when one family member has cancer (Caruso et al., 2017; Erker et al., 2018; Long et al., 2018).

== 13.3 - Correlates of Cancer ==

=== Physiological Correlates of Cancer ===
The '''physiological symptoms''' of cancer depend on its '''size, location, and stage''' (Weinberg, 2013). If cancer has reached an advanced stage and '''metastasizes''' (spreads to other parts of the body), symptoms may occur at different locations. As '''mutant cells''' divide, they exert '''pressure''' on surrounding organs, blood vessels, and nerves, causing '''pain''' and discomfort (Pecorino, 2021).

Certain cancers, like '''pancreatic cancer''', often remain '''asymptomatic''' until they reach an advanced stage. '''General symptoms''' include fever, fatigue, pain, skin changes, and weight loss, though these symptoms are not exclusive to cancer. Sometimes, '''cancer cells''' release '''substances''' into the bloodstream that trigger unusual symptoms. For instance:

* '''Pancreatic cancer''' may release substances causing '''blood clots''' in leg veins.
* '''Lung cancers''' can produce '''hormone-like substances''' that alter '''blood calcium levels''', leading to '''weakness and dizziness'''.

Specific symptoms may also indicate particular cancers:

* '''Excretory function changes''': Could signal '''colon cancer''' (e.g., chronic diarrhea or altered stool consistency) or '''bladder/prostate cancer''' (e.g., painful urination, blood in urine).
* '''Sores that do not heal''': Signs of '''skin cancer''', particularly in the mouth or sexual organs.
* '''Unusual bleeding''': Blood in saliva, urine, stool, or other fluids should be reported immediately.
* '''Lumps''': In the breast, testicles, or lymph nodes could suggest cancer.

Being familiar with your body and recognizing changes is key to identifying potential issues early.
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=== Psychological Correlates of Cancer ===

==== Psychological Factors in Cancer Incidence ====
Although there is little evidence that psychological factors '''cause cancer''', '''stress''' has been recognized as a contributing factor (Stanton, 2019). There are three main pathways through which '''psychological processes''' may influence cancer:

# '''Direct effects''' on bodily systems.
# '''Health behaviors''' (e.g., smoking or diet).
# Responses to '''illness or treatment''', such as screening behaviors.

Key psychological influences include:

* '''Personality''': Early studies linked '''anger suppression''' to a '''Type C personality'''—characterized by being unassertive and suppressing emotions—but this connection has since been discredited (Johansen, 2018).
* '''Social Support''': While it plays a major role in '''coping''', its impact on '''cancer incidence''' is inconsistent. For example, '''social isolation''' is linked to higher cancer mortality among White Americans but not Black Americans (Alcaraz et al., 2019).
* '''Depression''': Stronger evidence links '''clinical depression''' to higher cancer incidence and poorer survival rates (Wang, Li et al., 2020).

==== Psychological Responses to Diagnosis ====
The experience of a '''cancer diagnosis''' can trigger:

* '''Existential plight''': Heightened thoughts about life and death (Weisman &amp; Worden, 1972).
* '''Anxiety and depression''', particularly after diagnosis and during treatment (Civilotti et al., 2021).
* '''Stress''', reducing '''quality of life (QOL)''' (Dornelas, 2018).

Depression varies with '''age, sex''', and '''cancer type''':

* '''Younger patients''' often experience higher rates of depression.
* '''Females''' report almost twice the depression rates as males.
* Certain cancers, like '''lung''' or '''gynecological cancers''', are associated with higher depression levels (Linden et al., 2012).

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=== Psychological Factors in Cancer Progression and Coping ===
Key factors influencing '''cancer progression''' include:

# '''Personality''': '''Optimism''' is strongly linked to better coping and recovery (Scheier &amp; Carver, 2018).
# '''Social Support''': A larger and stronger '''support network''' correlates with better survival outcomes (Nausheen et al., 2009).
# '''Depression''': Associated with faster disease progression and lower QOL (Bortolato et al., 2017).

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=== Cancer, Stress, and Immunity ===
'''Stress''' has been shown to:

* Increase cancer risk and worsen progression (Chida et al., 2008).
* Reduce '''natural killer (NK) cell activity''', critical for fighting cancer (Capellino et al., 2020).
* Trigger '''unhealthy behaviors''' (e.g., smoking, poor diet), which accelerate progression.

Mechanisms include activation of the '''sympathetic nervous system (SNS)''' and '''hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis''', leading to immune dysregulation (Dai et al., 2020).

=== Raw Textbook Page ===
Physiological Correlates of Cancer

The physiological symptoms of cancer depend on the size, location, and stage of cancer (Weinberg, 2013). If a cancer has reached a later stage and metastasizes, then symptoms may occur at different locations in the body. As the mutant cells divide, they exert pressure on the surrounding organs, blood vessels, and nerves that is consciously felt by the individual (Pecorino, 2021). Some cancers, such as pancreatic cancer, are not felt until the cell has reached an advanced stage of development. Some of the general symptoms of cancer are fever, fatigue, pain, changes in the skin, and weight loss. Remember that having these symptoms does not necessarily mean a person has cancer but suggests that something is not right (there are many other reasons for these same symptoms). Sometimes, cancer cells release substances into the bloodstream that cause symptoms not generally thought to result from cancers (Pecorino, 2021). For example, some cancers of the pancreas can release substances that cause blood clots to develop in veins of the legs. Some lung cancers produce hormone-like substances that change blood calcium levels, affecting nerves and muscles and causing weakness and dizziness.

Together with general symptoms, some symptoms are more specifically indicative of cancer. Any changes in your excretory functions could signify cancer of the colon (such as constipation, constant diarrhea or a change in stool consistency) or bladder/prostate gland (such as painful urination or blood in the urine). Sores that do not heal, especially in the mouth or on sexual organs, are signs of skin cancers. As a rule, the appearance of blood in fluids in which you do not normally see it like in the saliva, urine, stool, nonmenstrual vaginal fluids, or breast fluid should be reported to a doctor immediately. The appearance of lumps in the breast, testicles, or lymph nodes may also be a sign of cancer. In general, it is clear that the better you know your body, the more aware you will be of changes that may signify problems with it.

Psychological Correlates of Cancer

You can divide the reality of cancer into three main phases: the period leading up to a diagnosis, the diagnosis and reactions to it, and the period following it. Psychological factors may play a role in all three, although the research evidence on how psychology influences progression is clearer than that on its role in the development of cancer.

Psychological Factors in Cancer Incidence

There is presently little unequivocal proof that psychological factors cause cancer (e.g., Stanton, 2019), except for the case of stress. We discuss this in more detail later. There are at least three general pathways through which psychological factors may influence the development of cancer: (1) direct effects of psychological processes on bodily systems; (2) healthy and unhealthy behaviors; and (3) responses to perceived or actual illness, such as screening behaviors or adherence to treatment recommendations (Henderson &amp; Baum, 2002). The main psychological processes studied have been personality, social support, depression, stress, and health behaviors. Stress and health behaviors are perhaps the most pervasive and will be discussed later in the chapter.

Although receiving a lot of attention in the mid-1980s, the role of personality in cancer has been somewhat exaggerated. Morris et al. (1981) first found an association between breast cancer and anger suppression, leading to the hypothesis of a cancer-prone or Type C personality (Zozulya et al., 2008). A Type C person was described as cooperative, appeasing, unassertive, and compliant and as someone who did not express negative emotions (Temoshok, 1987). Some later reviews supported these early findings, but more recently the research methodology used in studies examining personality as a risk factor for cancer has been criticized and it has been concluded that there is no sound evidence to suggest that personality plays a role in cancer etiology or survival (Johansen, 2018). However, while personality may not have a direct influence on cancer risk, it may influence health behaviors that are associated with cancer (Johansen, 2018).

If personality has no direct role, what is the influence of one’s social environment? Social support appears not to have a strong protective effect against cancer development (Ikeda et al., 2013) although it does play a significant role in coping with cancer (as discussed in the next section). To be fair, social support research is hampered by the fact that there are many different types of social support (as described in Chapter 6), and because it is operationally defined in different ways, study comparisons are difficult (Knoll, 2018). If your intuition says that social support must influence incidences of cancer, you are right (although don’t let intuition get in the way of empirical evidence to the contrary). For instance, social isolation was found to be associated with higher risk of cancer mortality for White Americans (male and female) but not for Black Americans (Alcaraz et al., 2019).

There is more evidence for the role of depression in cancer incidence than for social support (Wang, Li et al., 2020). Wang and colleagues (2020), in a meta-analysis comprising 51 cohort studies, with over two and a half million participants and a mean follow-up period of approximately 10 years, found that clinically diagnosed depression was associated with higher cancer incidence (for all cancer types combined), poorer cancer survival, and higher cancer-specific mortality; symptoms of depression were not associated with cancer risk. Depression was also associated with higher incidence for specific cancers including lung, oral cavity, prostate and skin cancer (Wang, Li et al., 2020). Furthermore, subgroup analyses found cancer risk to be higher in males and people of Asian ethnicity (Wang, Li et al., 2020).

In conjunction with similar cultural differences for social support, it is clear that the link between psychological factors and cancer may differ by sex and ethnicity. Such variations may be linked to biological pathways or may be indicative of greater cultural differences that have biopsychosocial components.

Psychological Responses to Cancer Diagnosis

Even being screened for a potential cancer can be a fearful experience (Nagendiram et al., 2020). A positive diagnosis (i.e., that cells are cancerous) can be devastating and has been referred to as causing an existential plight (increased thoughts about life and death) (Weisman &amp; Worden, 1972) and existential uncertainty regarding disease trajectory, likelihood of survival, and life before death (Karlsson et al., 2014). In the early stages after diagnosis, people may experience clinically relevant symptoms of anxiety and depression (Civilotti et al., 2021). In addition to anxiety, denial, and depression—the major responses to learning you have a chronic illness, as covered in Chapter 10—a cancer diagnosis and its treatment result in stress and a lowered QOL (Dornelas, 2018). The high emotions experienced right after diagnoses lessen with time, and emotions actually improve as recovery begins after the end of treatment. Two other highly psychologically disturbing times occur during treatment, whether it is surgery or radiotherapy (Dornelas, 2018).

In general, depression is more common in patients undergoing active treatment and those experiencing pain or with a history of stressors or low social support, rather than those in follow-up treatment (Johansen et al., 2011). Depression also varies according to age, sex and type of cancer (Linden et al., 2012). The relationship between age and depression is variable, but younger age has been associated with increased depression for some cancers (Linden et al., 2012). Regarding sex, females have been found to be almost twice as likely to report clinically significant depression than males, with the highest prevalence of depression occurring for females with lung cancer, followed by haematological and bone cancers (Linden et al., 2012). People with lung, haematological and gynecological cancers have been reported to have the highest levels of depression, while people with skin or prostate cancer have been found to have lower levels of depression than the average cancer patient (Linden et al., 2012). In addition to depression, people with cancer may also experience fear, anxiety, pain, and insomnia (Fischer et al., 2010; Hoang et al., 2020; Linden et al., 2012).

Psychological Factors in Cancer Progression and Coping

Similar to HIV infection and other chronic illnesses, some psychological characteristics help people cope better with cancer and also influence the course of the disease. Similar to the factors associated with incidence, a person’s personality, social support, depression, stress, and health behaviors again figure prominently (Smith, 2018; Stanton, 2019).

Personality

We have already discussed how personality relates to cancer incidence—meaning whether personality has any influence over whether someone will get cancer (there is no sound evidence to say it does). In the late 1970s, the first positive links between personality and cancer progression were seen. How people coped with cancer seemed to be one of the most important factors. Patients who denied they had cancer had higher disease recurrence rates (Greer et al., 1979). Other studies followed and have established that avoidant, repressive, or unexpressive personalities or coping styles are associated with poorer disease courses (Epping-Jordan et al., 1994). Other personality characteristics are important, too. For example, optimism is strongly and positively correlated with active coping and emotional regulation coping strategies and strongly negatively correlated with avoidant coping strategies (Scheier et al., 1986). Optimists, in general, show better psychological well-being and physical health (Scheier &amp; Carver, 2018; Solberg Nes, 2016). In the context of cancer, optimism has been associated with health-related QOL (Marton et al., 2022). Additionally, a number of studies show that optimism predicts better adjustment for a variety of cancers (breast cancer, Colby &amp; Shifren, 2013; colorectal cancer, Chambers et al., 2012; prostate cancer, Thornton et al., 2012; urogenital cancer, Zenger et al., 2010; advanced cancer (mixed types), Applebaum et al., 2014).

Social Support

The case for a positive correlation between social support and survival of cancer patients is very strong (Imm et al., 2017; LeBarre &amp; Riding-Malon, 2017). Of course, some of the best studies to look at are prospective in nature. For example, Nausheen et al. (2009) reviewed 31 longitudinal prospective studies from 26 published articles assessing the role of structural (e.g., size, range, proximity of social network and frequency of contact) and functional (e.g., function or quality of support network) social support in cancer progression and found that lower social support was associated with cancer progression, although some findings were contrary to what was expected. For all cancer types combined, structural support appeared to have a stronger association than functional support; however, most of the nonsignificant findings for functional support were in people with metastatic cancer, leading Nausheen et al. (2009) to conclude that functional social support may be beneficial for people with less severe cancer. Also, some of the differences may be due to the conceptualization and measurement of social support. With regard to cancer type, the evidence for a relationship between social support and cancer progression was deemed to be sufficiently strong for breast cancer; the relationship was not demonstrated for lung cancer, melanoma, or mixed cancers (studies containing more than one type of cancer; Nausheen et al., 2009). In terms of specific aspects of social support, having a larger social network of confidants with which to discuss personal problems (Kroenke et al., 2013), higher social connectedness (i.e., more frequent contact with family and friends, attending religious services, and involvement in community activities) (Beasley et al., 2010), and higher perceived level of support (Pinquart &amp; Duberstein, 2010) all link to slower progression of cancer and higher rates of survival. A growing body of work suggests that spiritual sources, such as belief in a God and prayer, also provide social support, aiding adjustment and slowing cancer progression (Chaturvedi &amp; Venkateswaran, 2008), although females who were not spiritual before cancer diagnosis but turned to God after diagnosis show lower levels of well-being than females who were always religious (Schreiber &amp; Brockopp, 2012).

Depression has also been linked to cancer progression (Bortolato et al., 2017) with a number of studies suggesting that depression and lower QOL in general have adverse effects on survival (Wang, Li et al., 2020). We discuss further the role of social support and depression in the section about interventions later in this chapter.

Although we have discussed the role of psychological factors in cancer progression, we would be remiss if we did not mention the effect cancer has on social relationships. The caregivers—spouses, friends, relatives—of cancer patients often experience negative outcomes as well (Borrescio-Higa &amp; Valdés, 2022; Long et al., 2018). For example, psychological interventions have been designed to help the spouses of females with breast cancer that reduce the spouse’s anxiety and depression and increase their self-efficacy and skills to assist their spouse (Lewis et al., 2019; Lewis et al., 2022). Across all cancer types, interventions for spouses have also targeted social support, problem solving, emotional resilience, coping strategies, role expectations, and relationship quality, with a review findings benefits for social support, emotional distress, coping, posttraumatic growth, self-efficacy, and communication (Kleine et al., 2019).

Cancer, Stress, and Immunity

Stress has been shown to influence both the incidence of cancer and its progression, although again, the link for the latter is stronger. There is no equivocation: stress-related psychosocial factors influence cancer. Chida et al. (2008) conducted a meta-analysis of 165 studies and found that stress-related psychosocial factors were associated with higher cancer incidence in initially healthy populations, poorer survival in patients with diagnosed cancer, and higher cancer mortality. While the methodology of this study has been criticized (Coyne et al., 2010), primary studies have also indicated a relationship between stress and cancer. For example, females who experienced four to six major life stressors were at more than five times higher risk for breast cancer (Kruk, 2012). Özkan et al (2017), similarly found that females who had experienced important stressors within the last 5 years and those with chronic stress were at increased risk of breast cancer. When biopsychosocial factors were analyzed together, females who had experienced important stressors within the last 5 years were at more than five and a half times higher risk for breast cancer (Özkan et al, 2017). A cancer diagnosis sets up a negative cycle of experiences between stress and illness (see Chapters 12 and 14 for other examples). The diagnosis and treatment cause stress that in turn influences the course of the disease by affecting the immune system (Andersen et al., 2017).

Stress affects cancer through a number of pathways. It has a direct effect on the activity of natural killer (NK) cells, which themselves are critical in the body’s fight against cancer (Capellino et al., 2020). Patients with a variety of cancers have lowered NK cell activity in the blood to begin with (Imai et al., 2000) and psychological distress associated with cancer diagnosis and treatment has been accompanied by immune dysregulation, including reduced NK activity and change in cytokine profile (Witek-Janusek et al., 2008). Low NK cell activity in cancer patients is significantly associated with the spread of cancer and in patients treated for metastases, the survival time without metastasis correlates with NK cell activity. Correspondingly, the experience of any additional stress can have direct effects on the development of the cancer, complementing and antagonizing the low NK cell levels. Stress can also increase unhealthy behaviors that can accelerate illness progression (Matsushita &amp; Takaki, 2019; Poluektov, 2021). The patient may increase drug, tobacco, or alcohol use, get less sleep or physical activity, or eat badly, all behaviors that may further affect immunity (Matsushita &amp; Takaki, 2019; Poluektov, 2021).

It may be no surprise that cancer can stress you, but can stress actually give you cancer? We discussed the negative impact stress can have on our minds and bodies in Chapter 5, so this is clearly a possibility. In fact, this question has been actively debated (Reiche et al., 2004; Tez &amp; Tez, 2008), with suggestions that stress, through a number of mechanisms, may contribute to cancer development, progression, and metastasization (Mravec et al., 2020).

Specific mechanisms have been proposed to explain the relationship between chronic stress and immune dysregulation that appears important for cancer development and progression. Stress acts through neuroendocrine processes, activating the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) and the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis (Dai et al., 2020). Stress hormones that are generated with activation of the SNS and HPA axis can promote tumorigenesis (the initial formation of tumors) and cancer development (Dai et al., 2020; See Figure 13.4). Indeed, it has been argued that while further research must explore it in more detail, the HPA axis appears important in cancer development and progression, but that the evidence for the role of SNS is now generally accepted (Mravec et al., 2020).

Chronic stress suppresses protective immune responses (i.e., responses that mediate cancer immunosurveillance, facilitate tumor immunotherapy, promote wound healing) (Antoni &amp; Dhabhar, 2019; Dai et al., 2020). It also induces/exacerbates chronic inflammation, which is important as chronic inflammation appears pivotal in cancer development and progression, impacting health through multiple pathways such as increased oxidative stress and damage, and mutations in DNA (Antoni &amp; Dhabhar, 2019; Mravec et al., 2020). These bodily changes are important as chronic inflammation and reduced immune surveillance are related to tumorigenesis (Dai et al., 2020). Chronic stress appears to also increase immunoregulatory/suppressive mechanisms, such that the body produces more cells that suppress protective antitumor immune responses (Antoni &amp; Dhabhar, 2019). While knowledge about mechanisms continues to evolve, the relationship between stress and cancer appears undeniable.

== 13.4 - Health Behaviors and Cancer ==
'''Health Behaviors and Cancer:'''

Your daily habits can significantly impact your chances of developing or surviving cancer. Some health risks, like smoking and unhealthy diets, are widely recognized, but others might surprise you.

'''Tobacco Use:'''

* Smoking is the leading preventable cause of cancer, contributing to 19% of all cases in the U.S.
* Smokers face 7.5 to 9 times the risk of lung cancer compared to nonsmokers.
* Tobacco use also increases risks for cancers of the throat, mouth, esophagus, and more.
* Cultural and regional differences affect tobacco usage rates and cancer risks.

'''Diet:'''

* Diet is the second biggest factor after smoking for cancer risk.
* Diets high in fat and low in fiber raise cancer risks, while fruits, vegetables, and certain fats (like omega-3s) help lower them.
* Obesity, often linked to poor diets, increases the risk of at least 13 cancers.
* Some cultural diets (e.g., Mediterranean) are associated with lower cancer risks.

'''Physical Activity:'''

* Regular physical activity reduces the risk of many cancers, including breast, colon, and bladder cancer.
* Adults should aim for 150–300 minutes of moderate exercise per week.

'''Sun Exposure:'''

* Excessive sun exposure leads to skin cancer, including melanoma.
* Regular sunscreen use and avoiding tanning beds significantly lower risks.
* Moderate sun exposure is beneficial for vitamin D production and mood.

'''Key Takeaway:'''

Prevent cancer by avoiding smoking, eating a healthy diet, staying physically active, protecting your skin from UV rays, and being mindful of your overall lifestyle habits.

=== Raw Textbook Page ===
As mentioned in the introduction to this chapter, many of your health behaviors predict your likelihood of getting cancer and the course cancer takes (Arem et al., 2020; Kerschbaum &amp; Nüssler, 2019; Stanton, 2019). The Measuring Up opener lists some of the main health behaviors that put you at risk for getting cancer. Take a moment to see how you fare. To some extent the results may surprise you. (“You mean doing that puts me at risk for cancer?” Yes, it may.) The usual unhealthy behaviors turn up again (see Chapter 7) and, not surprisingly, cultural differences in the practice of some of these behaviors are significant in explaining cultural differences in cancer.

Tobacco Use

Do you want an easy way to decrease your risk of getting cancer? Make sure you do not smoke. Probably the most clear-cut cause of cancer is tobacco use, which has been described as the most important preventable cause of cancer; cigarettes contain more than 60 carcinogenic substances (Bialous &amp; Sarma, 2017). Cigarettes account for 19% of all cancers among Americans (23.6% and 14.5% in males and females, respectively; Islami et al., 2018) and cause approximately 82% of lung, 74% of larynx (voice box), and 50% of esophageal cancers (Islami et al., 2018). Smokers have a much higher risk of lung cancer compared to nonsmokers. In a meta-analysis containing information from more than 7 million people, when adjusted for age, female smokers had nearly seven and a half times the risk and male smokers had nearly nine times the risk of lung cancer compared to nonsmokers (O’Keeffe et al., 2018). Only 12.5% of lung cancer patients have never smoked, although this varies by sex (15.7% of females and 9.6% for males, respectively; Siegel et al., 2022). Note that this risk is seven and a half to nearly nine times—not double, not triple—but seven and a half to nearly nine times. Talk about really playing with fire! Cigarette smoking accounts for approximately 30% of all cancer deaths; 33.1% for males and 24% for females (Islami et al., 2018). Smoking is a major cause of cancers of the lung, larynx, oral cavity, pharynx (throat), and esophagus and is a contributing cause in the development of cancers of the bladder, pancreas, liver, uterine cervix, kidney, stomach, colon and rectum, and some leukemias (Stanton, 2019).

The link between smoking and cancer is best illustrated when we look at populations that increased tobacco use. Smoking rates among females rose dramatically between the 1960s and the 1990s, and deaths due to lung cancer in females increased correspondingly (Thun et al., 2013). As male’s and female’s smoking rates become similar, their lung cancer rates and mortality also become similar; lung cancer accounts for 12% of new cancers for males and 13% for females, while it accounts for 21% of cancer deaths for both sexes (Siegel et al., 2022). Cigarette smoking has declined over time; in 2020, 12.5% of Americans were cigarette smokers (Cornelius et al., 2020). However, Americans are also using other tobacco products such as e-cigarettes, cigars, smokeless tobacco and pipes (Cornelius et al., 2020). Cigarette use is higher among Black Americans, Latino Americans, and White Americans living in rural areas and Asian Americans residing in urban areas (Cornelius et al., 2020). When considering use of any tobacco product, rates of use were higher among males, people younger than 65, White Americans, Black Americans and Native Americans, lesbian, gay, or bisexual adults, people in rural areas, and people with low income (Cornelius et al., 2020). Figure 13.5 shows how overall smoking rates, and rates according to sex, have changed in the United States since 1998.

Differences in tobacco use also highlight many of the cultural differences in cancer rates (see Figure 13.6). Different ethnic groups have had different historical relationships with tobacco, serving to either increase or decrease their exposure to it. Black Americans, for example, had heavy exposure to tobacco from the early 1600s when they were forced into slavery on southern tobacco-growing plantations and in tobacco manufacturing during the colonial period (Gately, 2003). Tobacco was used in South America and Latin America even before the European colonization, and the curanderismos (see Chapter 3) often used tobacco in religious and healing practices. Even today, cigarette smoking is considered a social activity for Latinos, consistent with cultural values of personalismo (importance of personal relations) (Echeverria et al., 2015). Not surprisingly, many Latin American countries show high rates of smoking (Pichon-Riviere et al., 2020). Many Asian groups also have had a long history of smoking. In China, tobacco was mixed with opium and smoked and was used also medicinally. In India, the end of a hard day in the fields was often marked by the smoking of a hookah, a contraption that bubbles tobacco through water. Use of a hookah to smoke also has become a trendy habit in many North American cities. While the specific impacts from different forms of tobacco use may vary, statistics prove that even exposure to secondhand smoke is associated with cancer incidence (Su et al., 2018).

Diet
For the majority of Americans who do not smoke, eating a nutritionally balanced diet and being physically active are the most important ways to reduce cancer risk (LaCaille, 2019; Mermelstein, 2019; Song, 2019). Evidence suggests that one third of the 550,000 cancer deaths that occur in the United States each year are due to unhealthy diet and insufficient physical activity (Greger, 2015). Different cultural groups have different eating habits (see Chapter 8), which can accentuate their risk for cancer. There are a number of dietary features that are linked to an increased risk for cancer (Bail et al., 2016; Grosso et al., 2017). For example, eating too much fat and not getting enough fiber have been associated with increased cancer incidence (Gudenkauf &amp; Thrift, 2021; He et al., 2017). On the other hand, diets with high consumption of fruits and vegetables are associated with a lower risk for several types of cancer (Liu et al., 2021). Also, some fats such as omega-3 polyunsaturated fat (found in salmon) may prevent or inhibit growth of a range of cancers including breast, colorectal, and gastric cancer (Nabavi et al., 2015). In Hawaii, native Hawaiians have the shortest life expectancy of any ethnic group because of their diets, including high consumption of cholesterol-containing foods and red meat, animal fat, eggs, milk, and cheese (the traditional roast pig at a luau is an example).

The diet-cancer link is probably mediated by obesity. Overweight and obesity often result from bad diets and eating too much. Obesity may promote breast cancer due to dysregulated metabolism and inflammation, with cytokine production in excess adipose tissues creating a chronic inflammatory microenvironment where tumors can develop (Seiler et al., 2018) or affecting the production and functioning of hormones such as estrogen (Bhardwaj et al., 2019). Indeed, obesity accounts for 11.9% for males and 13.1% for females of the burden attributed to cancer globally and has been associated with an increased risk of 13 cancers including breast, colorectal endometrial, esophageal, gallbladder, gastric, hepatocellular (liver), kidney, ovarian, pancreatic, and thyroid cancers, meningioma and multiple myeloma (Avgerinos et al., 2019).

A wide variety of foods are supposed to help prevent cancer and also to cure it. Only a small percentage of the foods touted as preventative or curative have stood the test of scientific research (Table 13.2). Be warned that there are a lot of television and internet reports of so-called cancer-busting foods for which there is no scientific basis. For example, eating grapes is supposed to be good, but the effects have not been proven. That said, eating a diet with high amounts of fruits and vegetables, especially those containing antioxidants, does seem to increase the cancer-fighting capacity of the body (Liu et al., 2021; Parohan et al., 2019). Also, eating soy products may reduce the risk of some cancers (Applegate et al., 2018; Takagi et al., 2015), and vegetarianism may be linked to lower incidence of cancer (Oussalah et al., 2020). Diet guidelines for the prevention of cancer from the American Cancer Society (Rock et al., 2020) recommend a nutrient-rich diet including a variety of colors of fruits (i.e., whole fruit) and vegetables (i.e., dark green, red, and orange, fiber-rich beans and peas) and whole grains. They also recommend avoiding or limiting highly processed foods and refined grains, red and processed meats, sugar-sweetened beverages and alcohol (Rock et al., 2020). Figure 13.7 illustrates the relationship between diet and cancer.

As far as popular diets like South Beach and Atkins go, the Mediterranean diet, which is rich in nuts, grains, and olive oil, has shown the most promise for keeping cancer at bay (Mentella et al., 2019). For the rest of the things you may hear about, for example, vitamin A or C, the mineral selenium, and flavonoids (effective antioxidants that you’ll hear more about in the next chapter), there is enough research to suggest that each is a potential cancer fighter (Rodríguez-García et al., 2019), but we are far from having a guaranteed perfect anticancer diet. However, we are getting closer, as more and more nutrients prove to be viable cancer fighters (Jeurnink et al., 2015). As always, you should be a critical consumer of what claims you hear or read about.

Given that some foods may have the potential to reduce the risk for cancer, it follows that cultural differences in dietary patterns correspondingly explain cultural differences in cancer incidence and progression. For example, Gudenkauf and Thrift (2021) found that a higher proportion of cancers were attributable to inadequate diet among non-Hispanic Black Americans (4.4%), than Hispanic Americans (3.7%) and non-Hispanic White Americans (3.1%). Non-Hispanic Black Americans also had more cancers attributed to eating processed meat, and a diet insufficient in calcium and fiber, than other Americans (Gudenkauf &amp; Thrift, 2021).

Furthermore, there is a lower incidence of breast cancer among Latinas than among non-Latina White American females. Can diet explain this? Murtaugh et al. (2008) examined the associations of dietary patterns (e.g., Western, Native Mexican, Mediterranean) with risk for breast cancer in Latinas (757 cases, 867 controls) and non-Latina White American females (1,524 cases, 1,598 controls) from the Four-Corners Breast Cancer Study. They found that it was the dietary pattern followed and not just the ethnicity that was important. The Western dietary pattern was associated with greater risk, and the Native Mexican and Mediterranean dietary patterns were associated with lower risk of breast cancer.

Physical Activity

The reasons for staying in shape (or getting in shape) continue to increase (LaCaille, 2018). A large body of evidence suggests that physical activity can reduce the risk of bladder, breast, colon, endometrial, esophageal, gastric, head and neck, liver, lung, rectal and kidney cancer (Figure 13.8), along with myeloma and myeloid leukemia (McTiernan et al., 2019; Moore et al., 2016). Getting regular physical activity also lowers the risk for breast cancer for both pre- and postmenopausal females (Guo et al., 2020). Being active is good for males too. Physical activity appears important in the development and progression of prostate cancer, however evidence of a relationship between physical activity and reduced prostate cancer risk remains inconclusive (Shephard, 2017). Similarly, at present evidence that physical activity reduces risk for testicular cancer is lacking (McTiernan et al., 2019).

While the evidence may be mixed, physical activity guidelines for the prevention of cancer from the American Cancer Society (Rock et al., 2020) recommend limiting sedentary behavior (i.e., sitting and lying down, screen-based entertainment) and engaging in physical activity. Children and adolescents are recommended to do at least one hour of moderate- or vigorous-intensity activity each day, while adults should complete 150 to 300 minutes of moderate- or 75 to 150 minutes of vigorous-intensity physical activity per week (Rock et al., 2020).

Sun Exposure

Few people lying on the beach soaking in the sun’s rays are thinking about the fact that such sun exposure increases their chances of the most common form of cancer—skin cancer (basal and squamous cell skin cancers) (ACS, 2023). Did you know that one in five Americans will be diagnosed with skin cancer by 70, and that experiencing five or more sunburns doubles the risk of melanoma? (Skin Cancer Foundation, 2023a). Prevention is again the key: Using sunscreen regularly (at least 15+) can reduce the risk of squamous cell skin cancers and melanoma by approximately 40% and 50%, respectively (Skin Cancer Foundation, 2023b).

Even tanning booths are carcinogenic. A 15- to 20-minute session is equivalent in ultraviolet (UV) ray exposure to one full day at the beach. Although tanning salons often advertise that sun bed tanning is safer than sunbathing outside, the intensity of light in tanning beds is actually much greater. The customer not only has light rays above their body but also below it. Many of the older tanning beds emit short-wave UV rays, which burn the outer layers of the skin. The majority of the tanning beds used today, however, emit long-wave UV rays, which actually penetrate deeper and weaken the skin’s inner connective tissue. Tanning salon rays also increase the damage that is done by the sunlight, because the UV light from the tanning beds thins the skin, making it less able to heal. Both the sun and tanning beds produce a tan from UV rays. UV rays cause the skin to protect itself from burning by producing additional pigmentation and coloring. Overexposure to these UV rays can lead to eye injury, premature wrinkling, light-induced skin rashes, and increased chances of skin cancer. To get that nice tanned look without the risk, consumers are now flocking to risk-free tanning booths that use sprays.

So, should you stay out of the sun altogether? No, that’s not right, either. Although overexposure to sunlight can be very detrimental to one’s health, we still need some amount of exposure to sunlight for both physical and psychological reasons. A lack of sunlight is associated with poor mood, as well as with a condition called seasonal affective disorder. Sunlight is also a major source of vitamin D in humans, because it produces vitamin D in the skin after exposure to UV radiation (Religi et al., 2019). Without vitamin D, diseases such as rickets occur. In direct relationship to this chapter, in recent studies sunlight exposure has been associated with reduced risk of breast cancer in females living in the Caribbean (Nazario et al., 2022), and authors of a meta-analysis suggested that spending at least an hour per day in the sun during summer could reduce the risk of breast cancer (Hiller et al., 2020).

Tanning. Visiting a tanning booth, even once, can expose you to carcinogenic ultraviolet rays. A safer alternative for a tanned look is a spray-on tan or tanning lotion.

== 13.5 - Treatment Options ==
Cancer is no longer an automatic death sentence, as advances in detection and treatment have improved survival rates. While early detection increases the chances of successful treatment, some advanced cancers can still be treated effectively. Cancer treatments aim to remove or control abnormal cells, with three main approaches: surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation therapy.

=== 1. Surgery ===
Surgery is the oldest cancer treatment, primarily used to remove tumors. It is most effective when cancer is localized.

* '''Preventive Surgery:''' Removes tissue likely to become cancerous, such as in individuals with BRCA gene mutations.
* '''Diagnostic Surgery:''' Extracts small tissue samples to confirm or stage cancer.
* '''Curative Surgery:''' Targets localized cancer, often combined with other treatments.
* '''Other Types:'''
** '''Debulking Surgery:''' Reduces tumor size when complete removal isn’t possible.
** '''Palliative Surgery:''' Eases complications in advanced cancer.
** '''Restorative Surgery:''' Reconstructs appearance post-surgery (e.g., breast reconstruction).

=== 2. Chemotherapy ===
Chemotherapy involves administering drugs to halt cancer growth and can be used alone or with other treatments.

* '''Forms:''' Pills, injections, or intravenous delivery.
* '''Purposes:'''
** '''Neuroadjuvant Therapy:''' Shrinks tumors before surgery/radiation.
** '''Adjuvant Therapy:''' Destroys residual cancer cells after primary treatment.
* '''Effects:'''
** '''Biological:''' Reduces red/white blood cells, causing fatigue and vulnerability to infections.
** '''Psychological and Social:''' Side effects like hair loss, nausea, and fatigue impact self-esteem and relationships.

=== 3. Radiation Therapy ===
Radiation therapy uses ionizing radiation to damage cancer DNA, leading to cell death.

* '''Techniques:'''
** '''External Radiation:''' Targets tumors with precise beams over weeks.
** '''Internal Radiation (Brachytherapy):''' Places radioactive sources near the tumor.
** '''Systemic Radiation:''' Uses radioactive substances administered orally or intravenously.
* '''Side Effects:''' Fatigue, localized irritation, difficulty swallowing (if applied to the throat), and potential fertility issues.

=== Other Treatments ===

* '''Immunotherapy:''' Activates the immune system against cancer.
* '''Targeted Therapy:''' Uses drugs that specifically target cancer cells.
* '''Hormonal Therapy:''' Alters hormone activity to slow cancer growth.
* '''Complementary and Alternative Medicine (CAM):''' Includes yoga, acupuncture, and special diets for symptom management and psychological benefits. However, these methods require caution due to varying effectiveness and potential risks when delaying standard treatments.

=== Survivorship and Challenges ===
Cancer survivors face risks like secondary cancers, PTSD, anxiety, and depression. Many turn to CAM for holistic healing, but more research is needed to validate its efficacy. Health professionals advise patients to discuss CAM use to avoid harmful interactions or delays in effective treatment.

Advances in treatment and care have significantly improved outcomes for cancer patients, but ongoing research and psychological support remain crucial for long-term recovery and well-being.

=== Raw Textbook Page ===
Cancer need no longer be a death sentence, although many people still believe it is. Although earlier cancer detection increases its chances of being completely treated, even some cancers in their later stages can be successfully treated. Because cancer is essentially cells that are out of control, the main goal of treatment is to remove the cells from the body. There are three major ways to treat cancer.

Surgery

The oldest and most straightforward way to treat cancer is surgery, during which the surgeon can remove the tumor. Surgery is most successful when the cancer has not spread because this provides the best chance of removing all the mutant cells. Surgery also has other uses in cancer (ACS, 2019a). Preventive surgery is performed to remove tissue that is not malignant as yet but has a high chance of turning malignant. This happens in the case of females with a family history of breast cancer who also have a mutant breast cancer gene (BRCA1 or BRCA2). Preventive surgery may also be used to remove parts of the colon if polyps, small stalk-shaped growths (not the little marine animals), are found.

Diagnostic surgery is the process of removing a small amount of tissue to either identify a cancer or to make a diagnosis (ACS, 2019a). If the patient receives a positive diagnosis of cancer, sometimes staging surgery is needed to ascertain what stage of development the cancer is in. This form of surgery helps determine how far the cancer has spread, provides a clinical stage for the growth and can guide treatment decisions. If the cancer has been localized to a small area, curative surgery can be used to remove the growth. This is the primary form of treatment for cancer and is often used in conjunction with other treatments. If it is not possible to remove the entire tumor without damaging the surrounding tissues, debulking surgery reduces the tumor mass. Finally, palliative surgery is used to treat complications of advanced disease (not as a cure), and restorative surgery is used to modify a person’s appearance after curative surgery (e.g., breast reconstructive surgery after a mastectomy or breast removal) (ACS, 2019a).

Chemotherapy

The second major form of treatment for cancer involves taking medications with the aim of disabling the cancer growth, a process referred to as chemotherapy (ACS, 2019b). The medications are either given in pill form, in the form of an injection, or in the form of an intravenous injection (medication delivered through a catheter right into a vein). Chemotherapy can be used alone or in combination with other treatments. Neuroadjuvant chemotherapy involves using chemotherapy to reduce the size of a tumor before surgery or radiation therapy. At other times, chemotherapy is adjuvant, that is, used after surgery or radiation therapy to destroy any remaining cancer cells. Chemotherapy can also be used in conjunction with targeted therapy, hormone therapy or immunotherapy.

The type of cancer and its severity determine the frequency of chemotherapy, and it can range from daily to monthly medication. This form of treatment can have very strong side effects but often results in successful outcomes. Patients who undergo chemotherapy (or chemo for short) may lose all their hair (not just the hair on their head as is commonly believed), experience severe nausea, and have a dry mouth and skin.

Chemotherapy also has biopsychosocial effects (Lorusso et al., 2017). Biologically, the treatment lowers both red and white blood cell counts. Fewer red blood cells make a person anemic and feel weak and tired. A reduced number of white blood cells makes a person more prone to infection, and a person undergoing chemotherapy needs to take special care to not be exposed to germs or sources of contamination. Psychologically, the fatigue can lead to low moods and also a loss of sexual desire and low sociability. Social interactions become strained as well. The patient often feels embarrassed by not having any hair and may not want to be seen by other people or may be too tired to interact. Simultaneously, many visitors and friends feel uncomfortable at the sight of the hairless, fatigued patient. As with most chronic illnesses it is important for the patient’s support networks to be prepared for and compensate for the effects of treatment.

Radiation Therapy

The third major form of treatment for cancer involves the use of radioactive particles aimed at the DNA of the cancer cells, a process referred to as radiation therapy (ACS, 2019c). Radiation used for cancer treatment is called ionizing radiation because it forms ions as it passes through tissues and dislodges electrons from atoms. The ionization causes cell death or a genetic change in the cancerous cells (Sia et al., 2020). There are many different types of external radiation treatments (e.g., electron beams, high-energy photons, protons, and neutrons), each sounding like something out of a science fiction movie and varying in intensity and energy. The process for getting radiation therapy is a little more complex than that for chemotherapy and surgery, although the preliminary stages are the same. Medical personnel first need to identify the location and size of the tumor and then pick the correct level of radiation. The key is to be able to do the most damage to the cancerous cells without damaging the normal cells. This is hard to do because the radiation stream cannot differentiate between types of cells, and normal cells often end up being affected as part of the process, resulting in treatment side effects. For external radiation, radiation is delivered from outside the body into the tumor. The total dose of radiation, a rad, is often broken down into fractions, and delivered as an outpatient over several weeks. Radiation therapy is perhaps the most involved type of therapy, with treatments usually being given daily, 5 days a week, for 5 to 7 weeks (ACS, 2019c). Radiation therapy can also be delivered internally, known as brachytherapy. In this treatment, a radioactive source is put inside the body or located close to the tumor; it may be left there or removed after a specific period of time. Lastly, radiotherapy may involve systemic radiation, where radioactive substances given by mouth or through a vein (ACS, 2019c). The type of radiotherapy will vary depending on the type and location of the cancer; sometimes multiple types will be used.

The main side effects of radiotherapy are fatigue and irritation of the body areas close to the radiation site (for external radiation), often accompanied by some disruption of functioning. For example, radiation to the mouth and throat area can cause loss of salivary function, difficulty in swallowing, and a redness of the neck and surrounding areas. Depending on the location (i.e., ovaries or testicles), radiation may also affect future fertility, with females advised not to conceive while undergoing radiation therapy (ACS, 2019c).

Other Treatments

In addition to these three main forms of treatment, there are also a variety of other possible ways to treat cancer. For example, immunotherapy involves the activation of the body’s own immune system to fight the cancer (ACS, 2019d), while targeted therapy uses medications that are designed to target cancer cells without damaging normal cells (ACS, 2021b) and hormonal therapy involves altering or blocking hormones to slow or stop cancer growth (ACS, 2020). There are also a number of alternative and complementary therapies that help people cope with cancer (some of which are believed to keep cancer at bay as well). These include aromatherapy, music therapy, yoga, massage therapy, meditation to reduce stress, special diets like taking peppermint tea for nausea, and acupuncture. There is growing public interest, especially among those living with cancer or the relatives of people with cancer, in obtaining information about complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) as discussed in Chapter 3 and methods of treatment. This interest is even more prevalent among individuals from different cultural groups who may have approaches and beliefs about cancer and its treatment that vary greatly from the view held by Western biomedicine. Very often cancer patients do not tell their doctors that they are also trying other treatments. Although there may be many treatments for cancer used by other cultures that are actually beneficial, very few methods have been tested by Western science and correspondingly North American health practitioners recommend very few alternative methods.

The stance of Western biomedicine is reflected particularly well in how the ACS refers to complementary and alternative medicine. The American Cancer Society defines alternative methods as “unproven or disproven methods used instead of standard medical treatments to prevent, diagnose, or treat cancer” (ACS, 2021c) and complementary methods as “supportive methods used along with standard medical treatment . . . used to help relieve symptoms of cancer and side effects of treatment” (ACS, 2021d). They differentiate between the two, stating that complementary methods are used with standard treatments, while alternative methods are used instead of standard treatments (ACS, 2021d). The American Cancer Society acknowledges that more research is needed to determine the safety and effectiveness of many of these methods and advocates for peer-reviewed scientific evidence of the safety and efficacy of these methods. Health-care practitioners recognize the need to balance access to complementary and alternative methods while protecting patients against methods that might be harmful to them. For example, the American Cancer Society supports patients having access to complementary methods but cautions them that the evidence for such methods is of lower quality than for standard treatments, and that their use should be discussed with treating health professionals. Part of the problem arises from the fact that harmful drug interactions may occur and must be recognized. In addition, sometimes use of the other treatments causes delays in starting standard therapies and is detrimental to the success of cancer treatment. The American Cancer Society also give greater warning with regards to alternative methods, indicating that the level of harm from such methods can vary (from few harms to life-threatening), these methods have not been sufficiently studied to demonstrate effectiveness and that people who use alternative methods instead of standard treatment for the most common cancers have a greater risk of cancer-related death.

A patient is lying on a stretcher, wearing an immobilization thermoplastic mask that covers his head and face. Two individuals are standing on both sides of the patient.
Radiation Therapy. A cancer patient has his head immobilized before targeted laser-guided radiation treatment.


When treatments succeed in keeping cancer at bay, the health psychologist’s job is not done. There is evidence that cancer survivors may develop secondary cancers. This risk is particularly evident for survivors of childhood cancer (Turcotte et al., 2018) as well as adolescent and young adult survivors due to greater sensitivity to treatments and longer life-expectancy (Demoor-Goldschmidt &amp; de Vathaire, 2019). Similarly problematic, a significant number of adolescent cancer survivors report posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), anxiety and depression (Kosir et al., 2019). Many cancer survivors begin to (or continue to) use complementary and alternative treatments. For example, Keene et al. (2019) conducted a systematic review of 61 studies exploring complementary and alternative treatment use among cancer patients, finding that on average, 51% of cancer patients used complementary and alternative treatments, with the main motivation reported to be to treat or cure cancer (73.8%). People also used complementary and alternative treatments to manage treatment complications (62.3%), meet holistic needs (57.4%), influence their general health (55.7%), and take control of their treatment (45.9%). Complementary and alternative treatments may provide the survivors with psychological benefits and prevent relapse, though this possibility has not been tested.    

== 13.6 ==

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      <text bytes="81815" sha1="i85brys0bepnlhfn87hfoj3qg92q3bl" xml:space="preserve">In 2019, more than 1.7 million new cases of cancer were diagnosed and nearly 600,000 people died of cancer in the United States (U.S. Cancer Statistics Working Group, 2022). Cancer is the second leading cause of death in the United States (after heart disease), with nearly 1 in 4 deaths due to cancer (U.S. Cancer Statistics Working Group, 2022).    

==13.1 - Cancer: Definitions and Prevalence==
'''Origins and Terminology''':

* Cancer originates from the Greek terms &quot;carcinos&quot; and &quot;carcinoma,&quot; referring to tumor types. Its name is linked to the crab-like appearance of spreading cancer cells.
* Cancer encompasses over 100 diseases, differing in incidence, risk factors, and treatment.

'''Biological Basis''':

* Cancer arises from malignant tumors characterized by uncontrolled cell growth and tissue destruction.
* Mutations in DNA disrupt normal cell processes, often caused by genetic factors or exposure to carcinogens (e.g., cigarette smoke).
* Normal cells divide and die systematically, while cancer cells grow indefinitely, forming abnormal cells.

'''Types of Cancer''':

* '''Carcinomas''': The most common type, originating in epithelial cells.
* '''Sarcomas''': Affect muscles, bones, and cartilage.
* '''Lymphomas''': Involve the lymphatic system (e.g., Hodgkin’s and non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma).
* '''Leukemias''': Found in blood and bone marrow, leading to anemia and immune issues.

'''Staging and Severity''':

* The TNM system assesses tumor size (T), lymph node involvement (N), and metastasis (M).
* Stages range from 0 (localized) to IV (widespread and severe).

'''Epidemiology and Risk''':

* About 1 in 2 men and 1 in 3 women are diagnosed with cancer during their lifetimes, with risks increasing with age.
* Prevalence varies by sex, ethnicity, and geography, with significant disparities in survival rates among ethnic groups.

'''Cultural and Psychosocial Factors''':

* Understanding cancer requires considering cultural influences, including ethnicity, gender, and socioeconomic factors.
* Minority groups face higher risks of death from cancer and lower survival rates, highlighting healthcare inequities.

'''Advancements and Trends''':

* Overall cancer incidence and mortality have decreased over decades, especially for males, though disparities persist.
* Early diagnosis and treatment advances have contributed to better outcomes in many populations.

'''Notable Trends''':

* Death rates from cancer decreased by 32% between 1991 and 2019.
* Minority populations experience lower survival rates, with Black Americans and Native Americans facing the highest relative risk of cancer death compared to White Americans.

By addressing cultural, biological, and environmental factors, we can better understand and combat cancer effectively

=== Raw Textbook Page ===
Similar to stress and pain, the word cancer has many different forms and meanings. Cancer is derived from carcinos and carcinoma, terms first used by the Greek Hippocrates to describe non-ulcer-forming and ulcer-forming tumors. The shape of a spreading cancer cell resembles the outstretching legs of a crab to which these words refer (in Greek the word for crab is cancer, think of the zodiac sign). Although typically discussed as one illness, cancer is a group of diseases that vary in terms of incidence and mortality rates, epidemiology, risk factors and causes, and treatments. Also, understanding cancer and its effects through a cultural approach is an important area of health psychology because a comprehensive understanding of cancer requires a consideration of sex, gender, ethnicity, geographical location, sexual orientation, and all the other aspects of what makes up culture.

First, let’s look at basic biology and some terminology. Cancer is the name given to the illness or condition caused by the presence of a malignant tumor. A malignant tumor or cancerous cell is identified as one showing uncontrollable cell growth that destroys healthy tissue. Cells that show abnormal growth are also referred to as neoplasms. Normally our cells grow, divide, and die in an orderly fashion, and cell growth is more pronounced when we are young. As we grow older, cells in most parts of our body divide only to replace worn-out or dying cells and to repair injuries. Because cancer cells continue to grow and divide, they are different from normal cells. Instead of dying, they outlive normal cells and continue to form new abnormal cells.

When a normal cell turns cancerous, it is often the result of a mutation in the cell’s DNA that alters it and makes it grow uncontrollably, disrupting surrounding tissue and often spreading to organs all around the body (Pecorino, 2021). Most of the time when DNA becomes damaged, the body is able to repair it. In cancer cells, the damaged DNA cannot be repaired. Such genetic mutations can also be inherited, which accounts for why risk for cancer increases if someone in a person’s family has had cancer. Many times, though, a person’s cancerous cell mutations occur because of exposure to environmental toxins such as cigarette smoke or other carcinogens (cancer-causing substances). The branch of medicine that concerns the study and treatment of cancer is referred to as oncology, and this is the term used more frequently in hospitals.

A scanning electron micrograph depicting a killer T cell attacking cancer cells.

A Cancer Cell Being Attacked by Immune System Killer T Cells. A Colored Scanning Electron Micrograph (SEM) image shows a human Natural Killer (NK) cell attacking a cancer cell. The yellow NK cell has numerous long fluid-projections, which are beginning to flow around the large orange cancer cell. Natural killer cells are a type of white blood cell known as T-lymphocytes. These have the ability to destroy virus-infected cells and tumor cells. On contact with the surface of a tumor cell, the NK cell recognizes certain proteins called antigens, which activate its cell-killing mechanism. The NK cell then binds to and destroys the cancer cell using toxins.


Types of Cancer

There are more than 100 different types of cancer, and even tumors within each type show a lot of variability. However, note that not all tumors are cancerous or malignant. Benign or noncancerous tumors do not metastasize or spread to other parts of the body and, with very rare exceptions, are not life threatening. Some cancers, such as leukemia, do not form tumors. Instead, these cancer cells involve the blood and blood-forming organs and circulate through other tissues where they grow (ACS, 2018). The course of cancer and the likelihood of survival vary greatly according to the type of cancer diagnosed. Therefore, if someone just says they have cancer, you should not make any generalizations about their experiences until you have more information. Some cancers show very little deviation in patterns of disease course, and psychosocial influences on coping and treatment are minimal (Henderson &amp; Baum, 2002). That said, psychosocial factors do relate to differences in biomarkers and disease progression (Cheng &amp; Meiser, 2019).

The key variables that influence the interaction between biological, psychological, and social factors and the role each plays in cancer morbidity or mortality are cancer site, type, and severity. The most common sites for cancer are the lungs, breasts, prostate gland, colon, and rectum (the latter two are often affected together, which is referred to as colorectal cancer). The top 10 cancer sites by sex and related incidence and mortality statistics for each are shown in Figures 13.1 and 13.3.


Figure 13.1 Description

There are four main types of cancer. The most common are carcinomas that start in the surface layers of the body or epithelial cells. This form of cancer accounts for the bulk of cancer cases and is seen in the most common sites. Sarcomas are cancers of the muscles, bones, and cartilage. Lymphomas are cancers of the lymphatic system and are referred to as Hodgkin’s disease if the cancer spreads from a single lymph node (non-Hodgkin lymphomas are found at several sites). Leukemias are cancers that are found in the blood and bone marrow. In leukemia, white blood cells proliferate to displace red blood cells, which causes anemia (a shortage of red blood cells), bleeding, and other immune system problems (ACS, 2018).

The severity of cancer is determined by a multifactor assessment of stage. The TNM system is the most common method used to stage cancer (ACS, 2022b). It provides three main pieces of information. The T describes the size of the tumor and whether cancer has spread to nearby tissues and organs. The N describes how far the cancer has spread to nearby lymph nodes. Given that the lymph nodes are critical components of the body’s immune system, they are often heavily involved in fighting cancer cells. The M indicates the extent to which the cancer has metastasized. Letters or numbers after the T, N, and M give more details about each of these factors. For example, a tumor classified as Tl, N0, M0 is a tumor that is very small, has not spread to the lymph nodes, and has not spread to distant organs of the body. Once TNM descriptions have been established, they can be grouped together into a simpler set of stages, stages 0 through IV. In general, the lower the number, the less the cancer has spread. A higher number, such as stage IV, indicates a more serious, widespread cancer (ACS, 2022b).

Prevalence of Cancer

Cancer has been around for centuries and has been called the emperor of all maladies (Mukherjee, 2010). Unfortunately, the chances of our developing some form of cancer in our lifetime are pretty high (it is estimated one out of two males and one out of three females will develop cancer in their lifetime; Siegel et al., 2022), and the chances get higher as we get older, dropping again in our 80s (DeSantis et al., 2019). For people ages between 60 and 69, there is a 1 in 7 chance (if you are male) or 1 in 10 chance (if you are female) of getting cancer (Siegel et al., 2022). This incidence drops to a 1 in 16 chance for males and females between the ages of 50 and 59, and a 1 in 29 chance for males and 1 in 17 chance for females from birth until 49 (Siegel et al., 2022). Culture is again very important. Prevalence rates vary across many levels of culture—by sex, ethnicity, and geography. Differences in overall cancer rates by sex are shown in Figure 13.2.


Figure 13.2 Description

We are making strides in the fight against cancer (Stanton, 2019). New results on the incidence of cancer show that it is not as common as it was before, although the good news favors White American populations. Siegel et al. (2021) collected cancer morbidity and mortality data from several government organizations such as the National Cancer Institute and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, evaluated trends in cancer incidence and death rates, and compared survival rates over time and across racial/ethnic populations. The good news is that incidence rates for males for all cancers combined decreased from 1990 through 2013 and then stabilized during 2018 (Siegel et al., 2022). For females, incidence for all cancers remained relatively stable through the mid-2010s, but has seen a slight increase in recent years (Siegel et al., 2022). The good news is that since their peak in 1991, overall cancer death rates in 2019 have decreased by 32% (Siegel et al., 2022). The bad news from a cultural perspective is that cancer-specific survival rates are lower and the risk of dying from cancer once it is diagnosed is higher in some ethnic minority populations compared with the White American population, as shown in Table 13.1 (Siegel et al., 2022). The relative risk of death from cancer (all types combined), after adjusting for sex, age, and cancer stage at diagnosis, is 33% and 51% higher in Black Americans and Native Americans, respectively, compared with that for White Americans (Jemal et al., 2017). Additionally, when considering all cancer stages, Black Americans have lower survival rates than White Americans for bladder, breast, colorectal, esophageal, oral cavity and pharynx, ovarian, and uterine cancer, and melanoma (Siegel et al., 2022).

== 13.2 - Cultural Variations and Developmental Issues ==
'''Cancer Across Cultures and Groups'''

Cancer affects people differently based on their ethnicity, race, sex, and socioeconomic status. Black Americans face higher cancer death rates than other groups in the U.S., despite White Americans having higher cancer diagnosis rates. For example, Black women are 41% more likely to die from breast cancer than White women, even though they are diagnosed less often. Similarly, Black men have double the cancer death rate compared to Asian/Pacific Islander men.

Cultural factors also influence cancer risks. Asian and Latino Americans show higher stomach and liver cancer rates, while Native Americans often see cancer as a punishment or a spiritual issue. Low socioeconomic status worsens outcomes due to limited knowledge about cancer and later diagnoses.

'''Sex Differences'''

Men are generally diagnosed with cancer more often than women, with prostate, lung, and colorectal cancers being the most common. For women, breast, lung, and colorectal cancers are most prevalent. Research on male-specific cancers, like testicular cancer, lags behind studies on female cancers, but awareness campaigns like No-Shave November are helping.

'''Beliefs and Knowledge About Cancer'''

Cultural beliefs affect understanding and attitudes toward cancer. Some groups attribute cancer to punishment or fate, leading to misconceptions. For instance, some Native Americans believe cancer can result from curses or violations of traditions. Fatalism—the idea that cancer always leads to death—is common in many communities, which can discourage seeking treatment.

'''Cancer as a Developmental Disease'''

Cancer risk increases with age, but many risk factors start early in life. For instance, smoking—a leading cause of cancer—often begins in teenage years. Children and teens diagnosed with cancer experience unique challenges, such as different coping mechanisms and impacts on their quality of life. Understanding how cancer affects individuals at different life stages is essential for providing appropriate support.

=== Raw Textbook Page ===
Similar to the ethnic differences in incidence of HIV infection described in the previous chapter, there are large differences in the cultural makeup of people who have cancer both across nations and across ethnic and racial groups (Kim &amp; Lwing, 2017; Song et al., 2014; Vahabi et al., 2017). In fact, there is a growing body of research clarifying the link between cancer and membership in certain ethnic groups (Yamoah et al., 2015). Before looking at possible biological reasons why one ethnicity may be more at risk than another, let’s first look at the different patterns of cancer across diverse ethnic groups.

There are two main statistics to bear in mind when studying the prevalence of cancer. The first is incidence or rates of newly diagnosed cases of the disease. The second is actual mortality. Keeping the two numbers separate is important because there are many people who are diagnosed with cancer who live (remember there was good news), and the number of survivors varies across cultural groups. So even if there are two cultural groups who both have the same incidence levels for a certain type of cancer, they may not show the same mortality rates. Figure 13.3 shows the incidence and mortality rates for the main types of cancer broken down by sex.

As you can see, different ethnic groups and the two sexes do not get cancer or die from it in the same ways (Dornelas, 2018; Siegel et al., 2022). Black Americans have the second highest general cancer incidence rates (behind White Americans), but the highest mortality rates of any population in the United States, with this difference being driven more by higher rates of cancer among Black American males (Siegel et al., 2022). Illustrating the difference between incidence and mortality, Black Americans have greater mortality rates relative to their incidence rates, suggesting that if they have cancer they are more likely to die of it. In 2019, the disparity in cancer deaths (for both sexes and all cancer types) between Black Americans and White Americans was 14% (Siegel et al., 2022). While White American females are diagnosed with cancer more than any other group of females, Black American females are the most likely to die from cancer (Siegel et al., 2022). This disparity is most pronounced in relation to breast cancer; Black American females have 4% lower incidence than White American females but 41% higher breast cancer mortality (Siegel et al., 2022). Similarly, Black American males’ cancer death rates are 19% higher than those of White American males and double those of Asian/Pacific Islander American males (Siegel et al., 2022). Separating total cases of cancer from individual types of cancer is important too. Although Asian/Pacific Islander Americans show much lower rates of cancer than White Americans in general, they have higher rates of stomach and liver cancer (Siegel et al., 2022). In contrast to some other ethnic differences, White American females have similar rates of lung cancer to Native American females but are more likely to have lung cancer than Black American, Asian/Pacific Islander American or Hispanic/Latino American females (Siegel et al., 2022).

In addition to these ethnic differences, there are significant sex differences in cancer incidence as well. Males experience higher incidences of cancer in general (Siegel et al., 2022). The most common cancers for males are prostate, lung, and colorectal (Siegel et al., 2022). Testicular cancer is relatively uncommon among men in general, but it is one of the most common forms of cancer in younger men ages 15 to 35. For some time, male cancers did not receive as much research attention as female cancers, and we know less about the etiology of most male cancers and males’ psychological and social experiences with cancer (Dornelas, 2018). No-Shave November is a recent phenomenon (did you know it started to raise awareness about male prostate cancer?).

The most common cancers for females for most ethnic groups are breast, lung, and colorectal (Siegel et al., 2022). In case you were wondering, men do get breast cancer although the rates are infinitesimal. Breast cancer incidence rates are somewhat counter to normal ethnic difference patterns; a higher incidence of breast cancer has been reported both in White American females and females of higher socioeconomic status (SES) compared to females of other ethnicities and lower SES (Coughlin, 2019; Seiler et al., 2017). However, low SES is associated with increased risk of aggressive premenopausal breast cancer, later diagnosis and poorer survival (Coughlin, 2019). Other common cancers tend to vary by ethnicity but usually include cancers of the reproductive organs (e.g., the uterus, cervix, and ovaries) and may be due to some ethnic groups such as Asian American and Latina American females not getting screened for the cancers (Suchday et al., 2019).

Cultural Differences in Beliefs and Knowledge About Cancer

Some of the cultural differences in cancer incidence are explained by cultural differences pertaining to beliefs held about cancer, people’s attitudes toward cancer, and knowledge of cancer (Licqurish et al., 2017). Many studies have shown that low socioeconomic groups are less knowledgeable about cancer regardless of their sex, ethnicity, or religion (e.g., McCutchan et al.,, 2015). Ethnically diverse groups exhibit different levels of knowledge as well. African Americans (Ogunsanya et al., 2017), Arab Americans (Abboud et al., 2017), Latino Americans (Szalacha et al., 2017), Chinese Americans (Robison et al., 2014), and Korean Americans (Sin et al., 2016) have all been found to have lower levels of knowledge about risk factors and cancer symptoms than White Americans.

Sometimes these cultural differences are linked to cultural beliefs and misconceptions about disease in general (Tejeda et al., 2017). Many religious individuals may believe that cancer is just punishment for sins or that cancer has spiritual meaning (Gall &amp; Bilodeau, 2017). The misperceived causes of cancer may also be more tangible. Vietnamese American, Chinese Americans, and Latino Americans (Luque et al., 2010) and Mexican immigrants to America (Luque et al., 2015) reported poor hygiene as a cause for cervical cancer. Another common cultural cancer belief is fatalism, the belief that a person with cancer cannot live a normal life and will die (Duberstein et al., 2017). High levels of fatalism have been found in Black Americans (Bustillo et al., 2017), Korean Americans, Chinese Americans, Mexican Americans (Gonzalez et al., 2016), and Latino Americans (Ramirez, 2014).

A vivid example of how culture influences perceptions is seen in the views of Native Americans. Many Native Americans see cancer as a White man’s disease and something that is a punishment for one’s actions or the actions of a family member (Yost et al., 2017). Some Native Americans see cancer as a natural part of life’s pathway and as providing a lesson from which to learn. Many also see cancer as penance and a person with cancer must wear the pain to protect other members of the community (Burhansstipanov, 2000). A diagnosis of cancer is equivalent to a doctor shooting a hole through the spirit and thus results in depression and fear of the doctor instead of trust. Beliefs about how you can get cancer may seem outlandish to the ethnocentric non-Native Americans. Some Native Americans believe cancer can result from a curse or from violating tribal mores like stepping on a frog or urinating on a spider. Others believe that it is contagious and that it can be caught from a mammography machine or from the child of someone who has cancer (Burhansstipanov, 2000). Some Native Americans do not want to even talk about cancer for fear of catching the cancer spirit. Regardless of the extent to which you think these beliefs are far-fetched, they have to be respected and anticipated to optimize helping the Native Americans who do hold them.

Developmental Issues in Cancer

You are more likely to get cancer as you get older (ACS, 2021a). The rates for cancer increase dramatically over the life span. Between 2013 and 2017, incidence rates ranged from 16.8 per 100,000 for those younger than 15 years of age, to 75.9 per 100,000 for adolescents and young adults (15–39 years) (Islami et al., 2021). In 2019, in the United States, the incidence rate was 474 and 415 per 100,000 for males and females, respectively, of all ages, and 2630 and 1804 per 100,000 for males and females, respectively, ages over 75 (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention [CDC], 2022). Age is a cultural variable as well, and one that also needs to be attended to in understanding cancer.

We consider cancer a developmental disease. Why is this? Although cancer is primarily diagnosed in older adults, cancers actually develop when people are younger. Because there typically is a large gap between when a tumor starts to grow and when it is large enough to be diagnosed, exposure to many of the risk factors for cancer (described below) at a young age necessarily predicts the occurrence of cancer at an older age. Significant risks for cancer are also associated with the different developmental milestones (as described in Chapter 4). There is a risk associated with girls starting to menstruate early (Goldberg et al., 2020; Olsson &amp; Olsson, 2020) and female’s dietary choices during adolescence and adulthood are associated with the early development of colorectal cancer (at less than 50 years; Hur et al., 2021). Risks also associate with menopause and the ways that females cope with it. The biggest risk factor for cancer—smoking (Kim et al., 2018; Lewandowska et al., 2019)—has a strong developmental link: Smoking almost always begins in the teenage years; few adults initiate a regular smoking habit (Park et al., 2018).

Developmental age also influences how people, especially children, will cope with a cancer diagnosis. For example, Barrera et al. (2003) recruited preschool, school age, and adolescent patients and measured their psychological adjustment and quality of life (QOL) 3, 9, and 15 months after cancer was diagnosed. The children’s age at diagnosis significantly affected both their adjustment and QOL. At 3 months after diagnosis, preschoolers had more externalizing behavior problems than adolescents. Preschoolers had better QOL than adolescents at all three assessments, suggesting that preschoolers with cancer are at risk for behavior problems and adolescents are at risk for poor QOL. Studies such as these are gentle reminders that the psychological reactions to cancer experienced by adults may be very different from those of children (Anderzén Carlsson et al., 2008). A developmental approach also helps us understand how family interactions change when one family member has cancer (Caruso et al., 2017; Erker et al., 2018; Long et al., 2018).

== 13.3 - Correlates of Cancer ==

=== Physiological Correlates of Cancer ===
The '''physiological symptoms''' of cancer depend on its '''size, location, and stage''' (Weinberg, 2013). If cancer has reached an advanced stage and '''metastasizes''' (spreads to other parts of the body), symptoms may occur at different locations. As '''mutant cells''' divide, they exert '''pressure''' on surrounding organs, blood vessels, and nerves, causing '''pain''' and discomfort (Pecorino, 2021).

Certain cancers, like '''pancreatic cancer''', often remain '''asymptomatic''' until they reach an advanced stage. '''General symptoms''' include fever, fatigue, pain, skin changes, and weight loss, though these symptoms are not exclusive to cancer. Sometimes, '''cancer cells''' release '''substances''' into the bloodstream that trigger unusual symptoms. For instance:

* '''Pancreatic cancer''' may release substances causing '''blood clots''' in leg veins.
* '''Lung cancers''' can produce '''hormone-like substances''' that alter '''blood calcium levels''', leading to '''weakness and dizziness'''.

Specific symptoms may also indicate particular cancers:

* '''Excretory function changes''': Could signal '''colon cancer''' (e.g., chronic diarrhea or altered stool consistency) or '''bladder/prostate cancer''' (e.g., painful urination, blood in urine).
* '''Sores that do not heal''': Signs of '''skin cancer''', particularly in the mouth or sexual organs.
* '''Unusual bleeding''': Blood in saliva, urine, stool, or other fluids should be reported immediately.
* '''Lumps''': In the breast, testicles, or lymph nodes could suggest cancer.

Being familiar with your body and recognizing changes is key to identifying potential issues early.
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=== Psychological Correlates of Cancer ===

==== Psychological Factors in Cancer Incidence ====
Although there is little evidence that psychological factors '''cause cancer''', '''stress''' has been recognized as a contributing factor (Stanton, 2019). There are three main pathways through which '''psychological processes''' may influence cancer:

# '''Direct effects''' on bodily systems.
# '''Health behaviors''' (e.g., smoking or diet).
# Responses to '''illness or treatment''', such as screening behaviors.

Key psychological influences include:

* '''Personality''': Early studies linked '''anger suppression''' to a '''Type C personality'''—characterized by being unassertive and suppressing emotions—but this connection has since been discredited (Johansen, 2018).
* '''Social Support''': While it plays a major role in '''coping''', its impact on '''cancer incidence''' is inconsistent. For example, '''social isolation''' is linked to higher cancer mortality among White Americans but not Black Americans (Alcaraz et al., 2019).
* '''Depression''': Stronger evidence links '''clinical depression''' to higher cancer incidence and poorer survival rates (Wang, Li et al., 2020).

==== Psychological Responses to Diagnosis ====
The experience of a '''cancer diagnosis''' can trigger:

* '''Existential plight''': Heightened thoughts about life and death (Weisman &amp; Worden, 1972).
* '''Anxiety and depression''', particularly after diagnosis and during treatment (Civilotti et al., 2021).
* '''Stress''', reducing '''quality of life (QOL)''' (Dornelas, 2018).

Depression varies with '''age, sex''', and '''cancer type''':

* '''Younger patients''' often experience higher rates of depression.
* '''Females''' report almost twice the depression rates as males.
* Certain cancers, like '''lung''' or '''gynecological cancers''', are associated with higher depression levels (Linden et al., 2012).

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=== Psychological Factors in Cancer Progression and Coping ===
Key factors influencing '''cancer progression''' include:

# '''Personality''': '''Optimism''' is strongly linked to better coping and recovery (Scheier &amp; Carver, 2018).
# '''Social Support''': A larger and stronger '''support network''' correlates with better survival outcomes (Nausheen et al., 2009).
# '''Depression''': Associated with faster disease progression and lower QOL (Bortolato et al., 2017).

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=== Cancer, Stress, and Immunity ===
'''Stress''' has been shown to:

* Increase cancer risk and worsen progression (Chida et al., 2008).
* Reduce '''natural killer (NK) cell activity''', critical for fighting cancer (Capellino et al., 2020).
* Trigger '''unhealthy behaviors''' (e.g., smoking, poor diet), which accelerate progression.

Mechanisms include activation of the '''sympathetic nervous system (SNS)''' and '''hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis''', leading to immune dysregulation (Dai et al., 2020).

=== Raw Textbook Page ===
Physiological Correlates of Cancer

The physiological symptoms of cancer depend on the size, location, and stage of cancer (Weinberg, 2013). If a cancer has reached a later stage and metastasizes, then symptoms may occur at different locations in the body. As the mutant cells divide, they exert pressure on the surrounding organs, blood vessels, and nerves that is consciously felt by the individual (Pecorino, 2021). Some cancers, such as pancreatic cancer, are not felt until the cell has reached an advanced stage of development. Some of the general symptoms of cancer are fever, fatigue, pain, changes in the skin, and weight loss. Remember that having these symptoms does not necessarily mean a person has cancer but suggests that something is not right (there are many other reasons for these same symptoms). Sometimes, cancer cells release substances into the bloodstream that cause symptoms not generally thought to result from cancers (Pecorino, 2021). For example, some cancers of the pancreas can release substances that cause blood clots to develop in veins of the legs. Some lung cancers produce hormone-like substances that change blood calcium levels, affecting nerves and muscles and causing weakness and dizziness.

Together with general symptoms, some symptoms are more specifically indicative of cancer. Any changes in your excretory functions could signify cancer of the colon (such as constipation, constant diarrhea or a change in stool consistency) or bladder/prostate gland (such as painful urination or blood in the urine). Sores that do not heal, especially in the mouth or on sexual organs, are signs of skin cancers. As a rule, the appearance of blood in fluids in which you do not normally see it like in the saliva, urine, stool, nonmenstrual vaginal fluids, or breast fluid should be reported to a doctor immediately. The appearance of lumps in the breast, testicles, or lymph nodes may also be a sign of cancer. In general, it is clear that the better you know your body, the more aware you will be of changes that may signify problems with it.

Psychological Correlates of Cancer

You can divide the reality of cancer into three main phases: the period leading up to a diagnosis, the diagnosis and reactions to it, and the period following it. Psychological factors may play a role in all three, although the research evidence on how psychology influences progression is clearer than that on its role in the development of cancer.

Psychological Factors in Cancer Incidence

There is presently little unequivocal proof that psychological factors cause cancer (e.g., Stanton, 2019), except for the case of stress. We discuss this in more detail later. There are at least three general pathways through which psychological factors may influence the development of cancer: (1) direct effects of psychological processes on bodily systems; (2) healthy and unhealthy behaviors; and (3) responses to perceived or actual illness, such as screening behaviors or adherence to treatment recommendations (Henderson &amp; Baum, 2002). The main psychological processes studied have been personality, social support, depression, stress, and health behaviors. Stress and health behaviors are perhaps the most pervasive and will be discussed later in the chapter.

Although receiving a lot of attention in the mid-1980s, the role of personality in cancer has been somewhat exaggerated. Morris et al. (1981) first found an association between breast cancer and anger suppression, leading to the hypothesis of a cancer-prone or Type C personality (Zozulya et al., 2008). A Type C person was described as cooperative, appeasing, unassertive, and compliant and as someone who did not express negative emotions (Temoshok, 1987). Some later reviews supported these early findings, but more recently the research methodology used in studies examining personality as a risk factor for cancer has been criticized and it has been concluded that there is no sound evidence to suggest that personality plays a role in cancer etiology or survival (Johansen, 2018). However, while personality may not have a direct influence on cancer risk, it may influence health behaviors that are associated with cancer (Johansen, 2018).

If personality has no direct role, what is the influence of one’s social environment? Social support appears not to have a strong protective effect against cancer development (Ikeda et al., 2013) although it does play a significant role in coping with cancer (as discussed in the next section). To be fair, social support research is hampered by the fact that there are many different types of social support (as described in Chapter 6), and because it is operationally defined in different ways, study comparisons are difficult (Knoll, 2018). If your intuition says that social support must influence incidences of cancer, you are right (although don’t let intuition get in the way of empirical evidence to the contrary). For instance, social isolation was found to be associated with higher risk of cancer mortality for White Americans (male and female) but not for Black Americans (Alcaraz et al., 2019).

There is more evidence for the role of depression in cancer incidence than for social support (Wang, Li et al., 2020). Wang and colleagues (2020), in a meta-analysis comprising 51 cohort studies, with over two and a half million participants and a mean follow-up period of approximately 10 years, found that clinically diagnosed depression was associated with higher cancer incidence (for all cancer types combined), poorer cancer survival, and higher cancer-specific mortality; symptoms of depression were not associated with cancer risk. Depression was also associated with higher incidence for specific cancers including lung, oral cavity, prostate and skin cancer (Wang, Li et al., 2020). Furthermore, subgroup analyses found cancer risk to be higher in males and people of Asian ethnicity (Wang, Li et al., 2020).

In conjunction with similar cultural differences for social support, it is clear that the link between psychological factors and cancer may differ by sex and ethnicity. Such variations may be linked to biological pathways or may be indicative of greater cultural differences that have biopsychosocial components.

Psychological Responses to Cancer Diagnosis

Even being screened for a potential cancer can be a fearful experience (Nagendiram et al., 2020). A positive diagnosis (i.e., that cells are cancerous) can be devastating and has been referred to as causing an existential plight (increased thoughts about life and death) (Weisman &amp; Worden, 1972) and existential uncertainty regarding disease trajectory, likelihood of survival, and life before death (Karlsson et al., 2014). In the early stages after diagnosis, people may experience clinically relevant symptoms of anxiety and depression (Civilotti et al., 2021). In addition to anxiety, denial, and depression—the major responses to learning you have a chronic illness, as covered in Chapter 10—a cancer diagnosis and its treatment result in stress and a lowered QOL (Dornelas, 2018). The high emotions experienced right after diagnoses lessen with time, and emotions actually improve as recovery begins after the end of treatment. Two other highly psychologically disturbing times occur during treatment, whether it is surgery or radiotherapy (Dornelas, 2018).

In general, depression is more common in patients undergoing active treatment and those experiencing pain or with a history of stressors or low social support, rather than those in follow-up treatment (Johansen et al., 2011). Depression also varies according to age, sex and type of cancer (Linden et al., 2012). The relationship between age and depression is variable, but younger age has been associated with increased depression for some cancers (Linden et al., 2012). Regarding sex, females have been found to be almost twice as likely to report clinically significant depression than males, with the highest prevalence of depression occurring for females with lung cancer, followed by haematological and bone cancers (Linden et al., 2012). People with lung, haematological and gynecological cancers have been reported to have the highest levels of depression, while people with skin or prostate cancer have been found to have lower levels of depression than the average cancer patient (Linden et al., 2012). In addition to depression, people with cancer may also experience fear, anxiety, pain, and insomnia (Fischer et al., 2010; Hoang et al., 2020; Linden et al., 2012).

Psychological Factors in Cancer Progression and Coping

Similar to HIV infection and other chronic illnesses, some psychological characteristics help people cope better with cancer and also influence the course of the disease. Similar to the factors associated with incidence, a person’s personality, social support, depression, stress, and health behaviors again figure prominently (Smith, 2018; Stanton, 2019).

Personality

We have already discussed how personality relates to cancer incidence—meaning whether personality has any influence over whether someone will get cancer (there is no sound evidence to say it does). In the late 1970s, the first positive links between personality and cancer progression were seen. How people coped with cancer seemed to be one of the most important factors. Patients who denied they had cancer had higher disease recurrence rates (Greer et al., 1979). Other studies followed and have established that avoidant, repressive, or unexpressive personalities or coping styles are associated with poorer disease courses (Epping-Jordan et al., 1994). Other personality characteristics are important, too. For example, optimism is strongly and positively correlated with active coping and emotional regulation coping strategies and strongly negatively correlated with avoidant coping strategies (Scheier et al., 1986). Optimists, in general, show better psychological well-being and physical health (Scheier &amp; Carver, 2018; Solberg Nes, 2016). In the context of cancer, optimism has been associated with health-related QOL (Marton et al., 2022). Additionally, a number of studies show that optimism predicts better adjustment for a variety of cancers (breast cancer, Colby &amp; Shifren, 2013; colorectal cancer, Chambers et al., 2012; prostate cancer, Thornton et al., 2012; urogenital cancer, Zenger et al., 2010; advanced cancer (mixed types), Applebaum et al., 2014).

Social Support

The case for a positive correlation between social support and survival of cancer patients is very strong (Imm et al., 2017; LeBarre &amp; Riding-Malon, 2017). Of course, some of the best studies to look at are prospective in nature. For example, Nausheen et al. (2009) reviewed 31 longitudinal prospective studies from 26 published articles assessing the role of structural (e.g., size, range, proximity of social network and frequency of contact) and functional (e.g., function or quality of support network) social support in cancer progression and found that lower social support was associated with cancer progression, although some findings were contrary to what was expected. For all cancer types combined, structural support appeared to have a stronger association than functional support; however, most of the nonsignificant findings for functional support were in people with metastatic cancer, leading Nausheen et al. (2009) to conclude that functional social support may be beneficial for people with less severe cancer. Also, some of the differences may be due to the conceptualization and measurement of social support. With regard to cancer type, the evidence for a relationship between social support and cancer progression was deemed to be sufficiently strong for breast cancer; the relationship was not demonstrated for lung cancer, melanoma, or mixed cancers (studies containing more than one type of cancer; Nausheen et al., 2009). In terms of specific aspects of social support, having a larger social network of confidants with which to discuss personal problems (Kroenke et al., 2013), higher social connectedness (i.e., more frequent contact with family and friends, attending religious services, and involvement in community activities) (Beasley et al., 2010), and higher perceived level of support (Pinquart &amp; Duberstein, 2010) all link to slower progression of cancer and higher rates of survival. A growing body of work suggests that spiritual sources, such as belief in a God and prayer, also provide social support, aiding adjustment and slowing cancer progression (Chaturvedi &amp; Venkateswaran, 2008), although females who were not spiritual before cancer diagnosis but turned to God after diagnosis show lower levels of well-being than females who were always religious (Schreiber &amp; Brockopp, 2012).

Depression has also been linked to cancer progression (Bortolato et al., 2017) with a number of studies suggesting that depression and lower QOL in general have adverse effects on survival (Wang, Li et al., 2020). We discuss further the role of social support and depression in the section about interventions later in this chapter.

Although we have discussed the role of psychological factors in cancer progression, we would be remiss if we did not mention the effect cancer has on social relationships. The caregivers—spouses, friends, relatives—of cancer patients often experience negative outcomes as well (Borrescio-Higa &amp; Valdés, 2022; Long et al., 2018). For example, psychological interventions have been designed to help the spouses of females with breast cancer that reduce the spouse’s anxiety and depression and increase their self-efficacy and skills to assist their spouse (Lewis et al., 2019; Lewis et al., 2022). Across all cancer types, interventions for spouses have also targeted social support, problem solving, emotional resilience, coping strategies, role expectations, and relationship quality, with a review findings benefits for social support, emotional distress, coping, posttraumatic growth, self-efficacy, and communication (Kleine et al., 2019).

Cancer, Stress, and Immunity

Stress has been shown to influence both the incidence of cancer and its progression, although again, the link for the latter is stronger. There is no equivocation: stress-related psychosocial factors influence cancer. Chida et al. (2008) conducted a meta-analysis of 165 studies and found that stress-related psychosocial factors were associated with higher cancer incidence in initially healthy populations, poorer survival in patients with diagnosed cancer, and higher cancer mortality. While the methodology of this study has been criticized (Coyne et al., 2010), primary studies have also indicated a relationship between stress and cancer. For example, females who experienced four to six major life stressors were at more than five times higher risk for breast cancer (Kruk, 2012). Özkan et al (2017), similarly found that females who had experienced important stressors within the last 5 years and those with chronic stress were at increased risk of breast cancer. When biopsychosocial factors were analyzed together, females who had experienced important stressors within the last 5 years were at more than five and a half times higher risk for breast cancer (Özkan et al, 2017). A cancer diagnosis sets up a negative cycle of experiences between stress and illness (see Chapters 12 and 14 for other examples). The diagnosis and treatment cause stress that in turn influences the course of the disease by affecting the immune system (Andersen et al., 2017).

Stress affects cancer through a number of pathways. It has a direct effect on the activity of natural killer (NK) cells, which themselves are critical in the body’s fight against cancer (Capellino et al., 2020). Patients with a variety of cancers have lowered NK cell activity in the blood to begin with (Imai et al., 2000) and psychological distress associated with cancer diagnosis and treatment has been accompanied by immune dysregulation, including reduced NK activity and change in cytokine profile (Witek-Janusek et al., 2008). Low NK cell activity in cancer patients is significantly associated with the spread of cancer and in patients treated for metastases, the survival time without metastasis correlates with NK cell activity. Correspondingly, the experience of any additional stress can have direct effects on the development of the cancer, complementing and antagonizing the low NK cell levels. Stress can also increase unhealthy behaviors that can accelerate illness progression (Matsushita &amp; Takaki, 2019; Poluektov, 2021). The patient may increase drug, tobacco, or alcohol use, get less sleep or physical activity, or eat badly, all behaviors that may further affect immunity (Matsushita &amp; Takaki, 2019; Poluektov, 2021).

It may be no surprise that cancer can stress you, but can stress actually give you cancer? We discussed the negative impact stress can have on our minds and bodies in Chapter 5, so this is clearly a possibility. In fact, this question has been actively debated (Reiche et al., 2004; Tez &amp; Tez, 2008), with suggestions that stress, through a number of mechanisms, may contribute to cancer development, progression, and metastasization (Mravec et al., 2020).

Specific mechanisms have been proposed to explain the relationship between chronic stress and immune dysregulation that appears important for cancer development and progression. Stress acts through neuroendocrine processes, activating the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) and the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis (Dai et al., 2020). Stress hormones that are generated with activation of the SNS and HPA axis can promote tumorigenesis (the initial formation of tumors) and cancer development (Dai et al., 2020; See Figure 13.4). Indeed, it has been argued that while further research must explore it in more detail, the HPA axis appears important in cancer development and progression, but that the evidence for the role of SNS is now generally accepted (Mravec et al., 2020).

Chronic stress suppresses protective immune responses (i.e., responses that mediate cancer immunosurveillance, facilitate tumor immunotherapy, promote wound healing) (Antoni &amp; Dhabhar, 2019; Dai et al., 2020). It also induces/exacerbates chronic inflammation, which is important as chronic inflammation appears pivotal in cancer development and progression, impacting health through multiple pathways such as increased oxidative stress and damage, and mutations in DNA (Antoni &amp; Dhabhar, 2019; Mravec et al., 2020). These bodily changes are important as chronic inflammation and reduced immune surveillance are related to tumorigenesis (Dai et al., 2020). Chronic stress appears to also increase immunoregulatory/suppressive mechanisms, such that the body produces more cells that suppress protective antitumor immune responses (Antoni &amp; Dhabhar, 2019). While knowledge about mechanisms continues to evolve, the relationship between stress and cancer appears undeniable.

== 13.4 - Health Behaviors and Cancer ==
'''Health Behaviors and Cancer:'''

Your daily habits can significantly impact your chances of developing or surviving cancer. Some health risks, like smoking and unhealthy diets, are widely recognized, but others might surprise you.

'''Tobacco Use:'''

* Smoking is the leading preventable cause of cancer, contributing to 19% of all cases in the U.S.
* Smokers face 7.5 to 9 times the risk of lung cancer compared to nonsmokers.
* Tobacco use also increases risks for cancers of the throat, mouth, esophagus, and more.
* Cultural and regional differences affect tobacco usage rates and cancer risks.

'''Diet:'''

* Diet is the second biggest factor after smoking for cancer risk.
* Diets high in fat and low in fiber raise cancer risks, while fruits, vegetables, and certain fats (like omega-3s) help lower them.
* Obesity, often linked to poor diets, increases the risk of at least 13 cancers.
* Some cultural diets (e.g., Mediterranean) are associated with lower cancer risks.

'''Physical Activity:'''

* Regular physical activity reduces the risk of many cancers, including breast, colon, and bladder cancer.
* Adults should aim for 150–300 minutes of moderate exercise per week.

'''Sun Exposure:'''

* Excessive sun exposure leads to skin cancer, including melanoma.
* Regular sunscreen use and avoiding tanning beds significantly lower risks.
* Moderate sun exposure is beneficial for vitamin D production and mood.

'''Key Takeaway:'''

Prevent cancer by avoiding smoking, eating a healthy diet, staying physically active, protecting your skin from UV rays, and being mindful of your overall lifestyle habits.

=== Raw Textbook Page ===
As mentioned in the introduction to this chapter, many of your health behaviors predict your likelihood of getting cancer and the course cancer takes (Arem et al., 2020; Kerschbaum &amp; Nüssler, 2019; Stanton, 2019). The Measuring Up opener lists some of the main health behaviors that put you at risk for getting cancer. Take a moment to see how you fare. To some extent the results may surprise you. (“You mean doing that puts me at risk for cancer?” Yes, it may.) The usual unhealthy behaviors turn up again (see Chapter 7) and, not surprisingly, cultural differences in the practice of some of these behaviors are significant in explaining cultural differences in cancer.

Tobacco Use

Do you want an easy way to decrease your risk of getting cancer? Make sure you do not smoke. Probably the most clear-cut cause of cancer is tobacco use, which has been described as the most important preventable cause of cancer; cigarettes contain more than 60 carcinogenic substances (Bialous &amp; Sarma, 2017). Cigarettes account for 19% of all cancers among Americans (23.6% and 14.5% in males and females, respectively; Islami et al., 2018) and cause approximately 82% of lung, 74% of larynx (voice box), and 50% of esophageal cancers (Islami et al., 2018). Smokers have a much higher risk of lung cancer compared to nonsmokers. In a meta-analysis containing information from more than 7 million people, when adjusted for age, female smokers had nearly seven and a half times the risk and male smokers had nearly nine times the risk of lung cancer compared to nonsmokers (O’Keeffe et al., 2018). Only 12.5% of lung cancer patients have never smoked, although this varies by sex (15.7% of females and 9.6% for males, respectively; Siegel et al., 2022). Note that this risk is seven and a half to nearly nine times—not double, not triple—but seven and a half to nearly nine times. Talk about really playing with fire! Cigarette smoking accounts for approximately 30% of all cancer deaths; 33.1% for males and 24% for females (Islami et al., 2018). Smoking is a major cause of cancers of the lung, larynx, oral cavity, pharynx (throat), and esophagus and is a contributing cause in the development of cancers of the bladder, pancreas, liver, uterine cervix, kidney, stomach, colon and rectum, and some leukemias (Stanton, 2019).

The link between smoking and cancer is best illustrated when we look at populations that increased tobacco use. Smoking rates among females rose dramatically between the 1960s and the 1990s, and deaths due to lung cancer in females increased correspondingly (Thun et al., 2013). As male’s and female’s smoking rates become similar, their lung cancer rates and mortality also become similar; lung cancer accounts for 12% of new cancers for males and 13% for females, while it accounts for 21% of cancer deaths for both sexes (Siegel et al., 2022). Cigarette smoking has declined over time; in 2020, 12.5% of Americans were cigarette smokers (Cornelius et al., 2020). However, Americans are also using other tobacco products such as e-cigarettes, cigars, smokeless tobacco and pipes (Cornelius et al., 2020). Cigarette use is higher among Black Americans, Latino Americans, and White Americans living in rural areas and Asian Americans residing in urban areas (Cornelius et al., 2020). When considering use of any tobacco product, rates of use were higher among males, people younger than 65, White Americans, Black Americans and Native Americans, lesbian, gay, or bisexual adults, people in rural areas, and people with low income (Cornelius et al., 2020). Figure 13.5 shows how overall smoking rates, and rates according to sex, have changed in the United States since 1998.

Differences in tobacco use also highlight many of the cultural differences in cancer rates (see Figure 13.6). Different ethnic groups have had different historical relationships with tobacco, serving to either increase or decrease their exposure to it. Black Americans, for example, had heavy exposure to tobacco from the early 1600s when they were forced into slavery on southern tobacco-growing plantations and in tobacco manufacturing during the colonial period (Gately, 2003). Tobacco was used in South America and Latin America even before the European colonization, and the curanderismos (see Chapter 3) often used tobacco in religious and healing practices. Even today, cigarette smoking is considered a social activity for Latinos, consistent with cultural values of personalismo (importance of personal relations) (Echeverria et al., 2015). Not surprisingly, many Latin American countries show high rates of smoking (Pichon-Riviere et al., 2020). Many Asian groups also have had a long history of smoking. In China, tobacco was mixed with opium and smoked and was used also medicinally. In India, the end of a hard day in the fields was often marked by the smoking of a hookah, a contraption that bubbles tobacco through water. Use of a hookah to smoke also has become a trendy habit in many North American cities. While the specific impacts from different forms of tobacco use may vary, statistics prove that even exposure to secondhand smoke is associated with cancer incidence (Su et al., 2018).

Diet
For the majority of Americans who do not smoke, eating a nutritionally balanced diet and being physically active are the most important ways to reduce cancer risk (LaCaille, 2019; Mermelstein, 2019; Song, 2019). Evidence suggests that one third of the 550,000 cancer deaths that occur in the United States each year are due to unhealthy diet and insufficient physical activity (Greger, 2015). Different cultural groups have different eating habits (see Chapter 8), which can accentuate their risk for cancer. There are a number of dietary features that are linked to an increased risk for cancer (Bail et al., 2016; Grosso et al., 2017). For example, eating too much fat and not getting enough fiber have been associated with increased cancer incidence (Gudenkauf &amp; Thrift, 2021; He et al., 2017). On the other hand, diets with high consumption of fruits and vegetables are associated with a lower risk for several types of cancer (Liu et al., 2021). Also, some fats such as omega-3 polyunsaturated fat (found in salmon) may prevent or inhibit growth of a range of cancers including breast, colorectal, and gastric cancer (Nabavi et al., 2015). In Hawaii, native Hawaiians have the shortest life expectancy of any ethnic group because of their diets, including high consumption of cholesterol-containing foods and red meat, animal fat, eggs, milk, and cheese (the traditional roast pig at a luau is an example).

The diet-cancer link is probably mediated by obesity. Overweight and obesity often result from bad diets and eating too much. Obesity may promote breast cancer due to dysregulated metabolism and inflammation, with cytokine production in excess adipose tissues creating a chronic inflammatory microenvironment where tumors can develop (Seiler et al., 2018) or affecting the production and functioning of hormones such as estrogen (Bhardwaj et al., 2019). Indeed, obesity accounts for 11.9% for males and 13.1% for females of the burden attributed to cancer globally and has been associated with an increased risk of 13 cancers including breast, colorectal endometrial, esophageal, gallbladder, gastric, hepatocellular (liver), kidney, ovarian, pancreatic, and thyroid cancers, meningioma and multiple myeloma (Avgerinos et al., 2019).

A wide variety of foods are supposed to help prevent cancer and also to cure it. Only a small percentage of the foods touted as preventative or curative have stood the test of scientific research (Table 13.2). Be warned that there are a lot of television and internet reports of so-called cancer-busting foods for which there is no scientific basis. For example, eating grapes is supposed to be good, but the effects have not been proven. That said, eating a diet with high amounts of fruits and vegetables, especially those containing antioxidants, does seem to increase the cancer-fighting capacity of the body (Liu et al., 2021; Parohan et al., 2019). Also, eating soy products may reduce the risk of some cancers (Applegate et al., 2018; Takagi et al., 2015), and vegetarianism may be linked to lower incidence of cancer (Oussalah et al., 2020). Diet guidelines for the prevention of cancer from the American Cancer Society (Rock et al., 2020) recommend a nutrient-rich diet including a variety of colors of fruits (i.e., whole fruit) and vegetables (i.e., dark green, red, and orange, fiber-rich beans and peas) and whole grains. They also recommend avoiding or limiting highly processed foods and refined grains, red and processed meats, sugar-sweetened beverages and alcohol (Rock et al., 2020). Figure 13.7 illustrates the relationship between diet and cancer.

As far as popular diets like South Beach and Atkins go, the Mediterranean diet, which is rich in nuts, grains, and olive oil, has shown the most promise for keeping cancer at bay (Mentella et al., 2019). For the rest of the things you may hear about, for example, vitamin A or C, the mineral selenium, and flavonoids (effective antioxidants that you’ll hear more about in the next chapter), there is enough research to suggest that each is a potential cancer fighter (Rodríguez-García et al., 2019), but we are far from having a guaranteed perfect anticancer diet. However, we are getting closer, as more and more nutrients prove to be viable cancer fighters (Jeurnink et al., 2015). As always, you should be a critical consumer of what claims you hear or read about.

Given that some foods may have the potential to reduce the risk for cancer, it follows that cultural differences in dietary patterns correspondingly explain cultural differences in cancer incidence and progression. For example, Gudenkauf and Thrift (2021) found that a higher proportion of cancers were attributable to inadequate diet among non-Hispanic Black Americans (4.4%), than Hispanic Americans (3.7%) and non-Hispanic White Americans (3.1%). Non-Hispanic Black Americans also had more cancers attributed to eating processed meat, and a diet insufficient in calcium and fiber, than other Americans (Gudenkauf &amp; Thrift, 2021).

Furthermore, there is a lower incidence of breast cancer among Latinas than among non-Latina White American females. Can diet explain this? Murtaugh et al. (2008) examined the associations of dietary patterns (e.g., Western, Native Mexican, Mediterranean) with risk for breast cancer in Latinas (757 cases, 867 controls) and non-Latina White American females (1,524 cases, 1,598 controls) from the Four-Corners Breast Cancer Study. They found that it was the dietary pattern followed and not just the ethnicity that was important. The Western dietary pattern was associated with greater risk, and the Native Mexican and Mediterranean dietary patterns were associated with lower risk of breast cancer.

Physical Activity

The reasons for staying in shape (or getting in shape) continue to increase (LaCaille, 2018). A large body of evidence suggests that physical activity can reduce the risk of bladder, breast, colon, endometrial, esophageal, gastric, head and neck, liver, lung, rectal and kidney cancer (Figure 13.8), along with myeloma and myeloid leukemia (McTiernan et al., 2019; Moore et al., 2016). Getting regular physical activity also lowers the risk for breast cancer for both pre- and postmenopausal females (Guo et al., 2020). Being active is good for males too. Physical activity appears important in the development and progression of prostate cancer, however evidence of a relationship between physical activity and reduced prostate cancer risk remains inconclusive (Shephard, 2017). Similarly, at present evidence that physical activity reduces risk for testicular cancer is lacking (McTiernan et al., 2019).

While the evidence may be mixed, physical activity guidelines for the prevention of cancer from the American Cancer Society (Rock et al., 2020) recommend limiting sedentary behavior (i.e., sitting and lying down, screen-based entertainment) and engaging in physical activity. Children and adolescents are recommended to do at least one hour of moderate- or vigorous-intensity activity each day, while adults should complete 150 to 300 minutes of moderate- or 75 to 150 minutes of vigorous-intensity physical activity per week (Rock et al., 2020).

Sun Exposure

Few people lying on the beach soaking in the sun’s rays are thinking about the fact that such sun exposure increases their chances of the most common form of cancer—skin cancer (basal and squamous cell skin cancers) (ACS, 2023). Did you know that one in five Americans will be diagnosed with skin cancer by 70, and that experiencing five or more sunburns doubles the risk of melanoma? (Skin Cancer Foundation, 2023a). Prevention is again the key: Using sunscreen regularly (at least 15+) can reduce the risk of squamous cell skin cancers and melanoma by approximately 40% and 50%, respectively (Skin Cancer Foundation, 2023b).

Even tanning booths are carcinogenic. A 15- to 20-minute session is equivalent in ultraviolet (UV) ray exposure to one full day at the beach. Although tanning salons often advertise that sun bed tanning is safer than sunbathing outside, the intensity of light in tanning beds is actually much greater. The customer not only has light rays above their body but also below it. Many of the older tanning beds emit short-wave UV rays, which burn the outer layers of the skin. The majority of the tanning beds used today, however, emit long-wave UV rays, which actually penetrate deeper and weaken the skin’s inner connective tissue. Tanning salon rays also increase the damage that is done by the sunlight, because the UV light from the tanning beds thins the skin, making it less able to heal. Both the sun and tanning beds produce a tan from UV rays. UV rays cause the skin to protect itself from burning by producing additional pigmentation and coloring. Overexposure to these UV rays can lead to eye injury, premature wrinkling, light-induced skin rashes, and increased chances of skin cancer. To get that nice tanned look without the risk, consumers are now flocking to risk-free tanning booths that use sprays.

So, should you stay out of the sun altogether? No, that’s not right, either. Although overexposure to sunlight can be very detrimental to one’s health, we still need some amount of exposure to sunlight for both physical and psychological reasons. A lack of sunlight is associated with poor mood, as well as with a condition called seasonal affective disorder. Sunlight is also a major source of vitamin D in humans, because it produces vitamin D in the skin after exposure to UV radiation (Religi et al., 2019). Without vitamin D, diseases such as rickets occur. In direct relationship to this chapter, in recent studies sunlight exposure has been associated with reduced risk of breast cancer in females living in the Caribbean (Nazario et al., 2022), and authors of a meta-analysis suggested that spending at least an hour per day in the sun during summer could reduce the risk of breast cancer (Hiller et al., 2020).

Tanning. Visiting a tanning booth, even once, can expose you to carcinogenic ultraviolet rays. A safer alternative for a tanned look is a spray-on tan or tanning lotion.

== 13.5 - Treatment Options ==
Cancer is no longer an automatic death sentence, as advances in detection and treatment have improved survival rates. While early detection increases the chances of successful treatment, some advanced cancers can still be treated effectively. Cancer treatments aim to remove or control abnormal cells, with three main approaches: surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation therapy.

'''1. Surgery'''

Surgery is the oldest cancer treatment, primarily used to remove tumors. It is most effective when cancer is localized.

* '''Preventive Surgery:''' Removes tissue likely to become cancerous, such as in individuals with BRCA gene mutations.
* '''Diagnostic Surgery:''' Extracts small tissue samples to confirm or stage cancer.
* '''Curative Surgery:''' Targets localized cancer, often combined with other treatments.
* '''Other Types:'''
** '''Debulking Surgery:''' Reduces tumor size when complete removal isn’t possible.
** '''Palliative Surgery:''' Eases complications in advanced cancer.
** '''Restorative Surgery:''' Reconstructs appearance post-surgery (e.g., breast reconstruction).
'''2. Chemotherapy'''

Chemotherapy involves administering drugs to halt cancer growth and can be used alone or with other treatments.

* '''Forms:''' Pills, injections, or intravenous delivery.
* '''Purposes:'''
** '''Neuroadjuvant Therapy:''' Shrinks tumors before surgery/radiation.
** '''Adjuvant Therapy:''' Destroys residual cancer cells after primary treatment.
* '''Effects:'''
** '''Biological:''' Reduces red/white blood cells, causing fatigue and vulnerability to infections.
** '''Psychological and Social:''' Side effects like hair loss, nausea, and fatigue impact self-esteem and relationships.
'''3. Radiation Therapy'''

Radiation therapy uses ionizing radiation to damage cancer DNA, leading to cell death.

* '''Techniques:'''
** '''External Radiation:''' Targets tumors with precise beams over weeks.
** '''Internal Radiation (Brachytherapy):''' Places radioactive sources near the tumor.
** '''Systemic Radiation:''' Uses radioactive substances administered orally or intravenously.
* '''Side Effects:''' Fatigue, localized irritation, difficulty swallowing (if applied to the throat), and potential fertility issues.
'''Other Treatments'''
* '''Immunotherapy:''' Activates the immune system against cancer.
* '''Targeted Therapy:''' Uses drugs that specifically target cancer cells.
* '''Hormonal Therapy:''' Alters hormone activity to slow cancer growth.
* '''Complementary and Alternative Medicine (CAM):''' Includes yoga, acupuncture, and special diets for symptom management and psychological benefits. However, these methods require caution due to varying effectiveness and potential risks when delaying standard treatments.
'''Survivorship and Challenges'''

Cancer survivors face risks like secondary cancers, PTSD, anxiety, and depression. Many turn to CAM for holistic healing, but more research is needed to validate its efficacy. Health professionals advise patients to discuss CAM use to avoid harmful interactions or delays in effective treatment.

Advances in treatment and care have significantly improved outcomes for cancer patients, but ongoing research and psychological support remain crucial for long-term recovery and well-being.

=== Raw Textbook Page ===
Cancer need no longer be a death sentence, although many people still believe it is. Although earlier cancer detection increases its chances of being completely treated, even some cancers in their later stages can be successfully treated. Because cancer is essentially cells that are out of control, the main goal of treatment is to remove the cells from the body. There are three major ways to treat cancer.

Surgery

The oldest and most straightforward way to treat cancer is surgery, during which the surgeon can remove the tumor. Surgery is most successful when the cancer has not spread because this provides the best chance of removing all the mutant cells. Surgery also has other uses in cancer (ACS, 2019a). Preventive surgery is performed to remove tissue that is not malignant as yet but has a high chance of turning malignant. This happens in the case of females with a family history of breast cancer who also have a mutant breast cancer gene (BRCA1 or BRCA2). Preventive surgery may also be used to remove parts of the colon if polyps, small stalk-shaped growths (not the little marine animals), are found.

Diagnostic surgery is the process of removing a small amount of tissue to either identify a cancer or to make a diagnosis (ACS, 2019a). If the patient receives a positive diagnosis of cancer, sometimes staging surgery is needed to ascertain what stage of development the cancer is in. This form of surgery helps determine how far the cancer has spread, provides a clinical stage for the growth and can guide treatment decisions. If the cancer has been localized to a small area, curative surgery can be used to remove the growth. This is the primary form of treatment for cancer and is often used in conjunction with other treatments. If it is not possible to remove the entire tumor without damaging the surrounding tissues, debulking surgery reduces the tumor mass. Finally, palliative surgery is used to treat complications of advanced disease (not as a cure), and restorative surgery is used to modify a person’s appearance after curative surgery (e.g., breast reconstructive surgery after a mastectomy or breast removal) (ACS, 2019a).

Chemotherapy

The second major form of treatment for cancer involves taking medications with the aim of disabling the cancer growth, a process referred to as chemotherapy (ACS, 2019b). The medications are either given in pill form, in the form of an injection, or in the form of an intravenous injection (medication delivered through a catheter right into a vein). Chemotherapy can be used alone or in combination with other treatments. Neuroadjuvant chemotherapy involves using chemotherapy to reduce the size of a tumor before surgery or radiation therapy. At other times, chemotherapy is adjuvant, that is, used after surgery or radiation therapy to destroy any remaining cancer cells. Chemotherapy can also be used in conjunction with targeted therapy, hormone therapy or immunotherapy.

The type of cancer and its severity determine the frequency of chemotherapy, and it can range from daily to monthly medication. This form of treatment can have very strong side effects but often results in successful outcomes. Patients who undergo chemotherapy (or chemo for short) may lose all their hair (not just the hair on their head as is commonly believed), experience severe nausea, and have a dry mouth and skin.

Chemotherapy also has biopsychosocial effects (Lorusso et al., 2017). Biologically, the treatment lowers both red and white blood cell counts. Fewer red blood cells make a person anemic and feel weak and tired. A reduced number of white blood cells makes a person more prone to infection, and a person undergoing chemotherapy needs to take special care to not be exposed to germs or sources of contamination. Psychologically, the fatigue can lead to low moods and also a loss of sexual desire and low sociability. Social interactions become strained as well. The patient often feels embarrassed by not having any hair and may not want to be seen by other people or may be too tired to interact. Simultaneously, many visitors and friends feel uncomfortable at the sight of the hairless, fatigued patient. As with most chronic illnesses it is important for the patient’s support networks to be prepared for and compensate for the effects of treatment.

Radiation Therapy

The third major form of treatment for cancer involves the use of radioactive particles aimed at the DNA of the cancer cells, a process referred to as radiation therapy (ACS, 2019c). Radiation used for cancer treatment is called ionizing radiation because it forms ions as it passes through tissues and dislodges electrons from atoms. The ionization causes cell death or a genetic change in the cancerous cells (Sia et al., 2020). There are many different types of external radiation treatments (e.g., electron beams, high-energy photons, protons, and neutrons), each sounding like something out of a science fiction movie and varying in intensity and energy. The process for getting radiation therapy is a little more complex than that for chemotherapy and surgery, although the preliminary stages are the same. Medical personnel first need to identify the location and size of the tumor and then pick the correct level of radiation. The key is to be able to do the most damage to the cancerous cells without damaging the normal cells. This is hard to do because the radiation stream cannot differentiate between types of cells, and normal cells often end up being affected as part of the process, resulting in treatment side effects. For external radiation, radiation is delivered from outside the body into the tumor. The total dose of radiation, a rad, is often broken down into fractions, and delivered as an outpatient over several weeks. Radiation therapy is perhaps the most involved type of therapy, with treatments usually being given daily, 5 days a week, for 5 to 7 weeks (ACS, 2019c). Radiation therapy can also be delivered internally, known as brachytherapy. In this treatment, a radioactive source is put inside the body or located close to the tumor; it may be left there or removed after a specific period of time. Lastly, radiotherapy may involve systemic radiation, where radioactive substances given by mouth or through a vein (ACS, 2019c). The type of radiotherapy will vary depending on the type and location of the cancer; sometimes multiple types will be used.

The main side effects of radiotherapy are fatigue and irritation of the body areas close to the radiation site (for external radiation), often accompanied by some disruption of functioning. For example, radiation to the mouth and throat area can cause loss of salivary function, difficulty in swallowing, and a redness of the neck and surrounding areas. Depending on the location (i.e., ovaries or testicles), radiation may also affect future fertility, with females advised not to conceive while undergoing radiation therapy (ACS, 2019c).

Other Treatments

In addition to these three main forms of treatment, there are also a variety of other possible ways to treat cancer. For example, immunotherapy involves the activation of the body’s own immune system to fight the cancer (ACS, 2019d), while targeted therapy uses medications that are designed to target cancer cells without damaging normal cells (ACS, 2021b) and hormonal therapy involves altering or blocking hormones to slow or stop cancer growth (ACS, 2020). There are also a number of alternative and complementary therapies that help people cope with cancer (some of which are believed to keep cancer at bay as well). These include aromatherapy, music therapy, yoga, massage therapy, meditation to reduce stress, special diets like taking peppermint tea for nausea, and acupuncture. There is growing public interest, especially among those living with cancer or the relatives of people with cancer, in obtaining information about complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) as discussed in Chapter 3 and methods of treatment. This interest is even more prevalent among individuals from different cultural groups who may have approaches and beliefs about cancer and its treatment that vary greatly from the view held by Western biomedicine. Very often cancer patients do not tell their doctors that they are also trying other treatments. Although there may be many treatments for cancer used by other cultures that are actually beneficial, very few methods have been tested by Western science and correspondingly North American health practitioners recommend very few alternative methods.

The stance of Western biomedicine is reflected particularly well in how the ACS refers to complementary and alternative medicine. The American Cancer Society defines alternative methods as “unproven or disproven methods used instead of standard medical treatments to prevent, diagnose, or treat cancer” (ACS, 2021c) and complementary methods as “supportive methods used along with standard medical treatment . . . used to help relieve symptoms of cancer and side effects of treatment” (ACS, 2021d). They differentiate between the two, stating that complementary methods are used with standard treatments, while alternative methods are used instead of standard treatments (ACS, 2021d). The American Cancer Society acknowledges that more research is needed to determine the safety and effectiveness of many of these methods and advocates for peer-reviewed scientific evidence of the safety and efficacy of these methods. Health-care practitioners recognize the need to balance access to complementary and alternative methods while protecting patients against methods that might be harmful to them. For example, the American Cancer Society supports patients having access to complementary methods but cautions them that the evidence for such methods is of lower quality than for standard treatments, and that their use should be discussed with treating health professionals. Part of the problem arises from the fact that harmful drug interactions may occur and must be recognized. In addition, sometimes use of the other treatments causes delays in starting standard therapies and is detrimental to the success of cancer treatment. The American Cancer Society also give greater warning with regards to alternative methods, indicating that the level of harm from such methods can vary (from few harms to life-threatening), these methods have not been sufficiently studied to demonstrate effectiveness and that people who use alternative methods instead of standard treatment for the most common cancers have a greater risk of cancer-related death.

A patient is lying on a stretcher, wearing an immobilization thermoplastic mask that covers his head and face. Two individuals are standing on both sides of the patient.
Radiation Therapy. A cancer patient has his head immobilized before targeted laser-guided radiation treatment.


When treatments succeed in keeping cancer at bay, the health psychologist’s job is not done. There is evidence that cancer survivors may develop secondary cancers. This risk is particularly evident for survivors of childhood cancer (Turcotte et al., 2018) as well as adolescent and young adult survivors due to greater sensitivity to treatments and longer life-expectancy (Demoor-Goldschmidt &amp; de Vathaire, 2019). Similarly problematic, a significant number of adolescent cancer survivors report posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), anxiety and depression (Kosir et al., 2019). Many cancer survivors begin to (or continue to) use complementary and alternative treatments. For example, Keene et al. (2019) conducted a systematic review of 61 studies exploring complementary and alternative treatment use among cancer patients, finding that on average, 51% of cancer patients used complementary and alternative treatments, with the main motivation reported to be to treat or cure cancer (73.8%). People also used complementary and alternative treatments to manage treatment complications (62.3%), meet holistic needs (57.4%), influence their general health (55.7%), and take control of their treatment (45.9%). Complementary and alternative treatments may provide the survivors with psychological benefits and prevent relapse, though this possibility has not been tested.    

== 13.6 ==

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      <text bytes="81811" sha1="2eosy216lm4ytooacuu983gk1x8mpww" xml:space="preserve">In 2019, more than 1.7 million new cases of cancer were diagnosed and nearly 600,000 people died of cancer in the United States (U.S. Cancer Statistics Working Group, 2022). Cancer is the second leading cause of death in the United States (after heart disease), with nearly 1 in 4 deaths due to cancer (U.S. Cancer Statistics Working Group, 2022).    

==13.1 - Cancer: Definitions and Prevalence==
'''Origins and Terminology''':

* Cancer originates from the Greek terms &quot;carcinos&quot; and &quot;carcinoma,&quot; referring to tumor types. Its name is linked to the crab-like appearance of spreading cancer cells.
* Cancer encompasses over 100 diseases, differing in incidence, risk factors, and treatment.

'''Biological Basis''':

* Cancer arises from malignant tumors characterized by uncontrolled cell growth and tissue destruction.
* Mutations in DNA disrupt normal cell processes, often caused by genetic factors or exposure to carcinogens (e.g., cigarette smoke).
* Normal cells divide and die systematically, while cancer cells grow indefinitely, forming abnormal cells.

'''Types of Cancer''':

* '''Carcinomas''': The most common type, originating in epithelial cells.
* '''Sarcomas''': Affect muscles, bones, and cartilage.
* '''Lymphomas''': Involve the lymphatic system (e.g., Hodgkin’s and non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma).
* '''Leukemias''': Found in blood and bone marrow, leading to anemia and immune issues.

'''Staging and Severity''':

* The TNM system assesses tumor size (T), lymph node involvement (N), and metastasis (M).
* Stages range from 0 (localized) to IV (widespread and severe).

'''Epidemiology and Risk''':

* About 1 in 2 men and 1 in 3 women are diagnosed with cancer during their lifetimes, with risks increasing with age.
* Prevalence varies by sex, ethnicity, and geography, with significant disparities in survival rates among ethnic groups.

'''Cultural and Psychosocial Factors''':

* Understanding cancer requires considering cultural influences, including ethnicity, gender, and socioeconomic factors.
* Minority groups face higher risks of death from cancer and lower survival rates, highlighting healthcare inequities.

'''Advancements and Trends''':

* Overall cancer incidence and mortality have decreased over decades, especially for males, though disparities persist.
* Early diagnosis and treatment advances have contributed to better outcomes in many populations.

'''Notable Trends''':

* Death rates from cancer decreased by 32% between 1991 and 2019.
* Minority populations experience lower survival rates, with Black Americans and Native Americans facing the highest relative risk of cancer death compared to White Americans.

By addressing cultural, biological, and environmental factors, we can better understand and combat cancer effectively

=== Raw Textbook Page ===
Similar to stress and pain, the word cancer has many different forms and meanings. Cancer is derived from carcinos and carcinoma, terms first used by the Greek Hippocrates to describe non-ulcer-forming and ulcer-forming tumors. The shape of a spreading cancer cell resembles the outstretching legs of a crab to which these words refer (in Greek the word for crab is cancer, think of the zodiac sign). Although typically discussed as one illness, cancer is a group of diseases that vary in terms of incidence and mortality rates, epidemiology, risk factors and causes, and treatments. Also, understanding cancer and its effects through a cultural approach is an important area of health psychology because a comprehensive understanding of cancer requires a consideration of sex, gender, ethnicity, geographical location, sexual orientation, and all the other aspects of what makes up culture.

First, let’s look at basic biology and some terminology. Cancer is the name given to the illness or condition caused by the presence of a malignant tumor. A malignant tumor or cancerous cell is identified as one showing uncontrollable cell growth that destroys healthy tissue. Cells that show abnormal growth are also referred to as neoplasms. Normally our cells grow, divide, and die in an orderly fashion, and cell growth is more pronounced when we are young. As we grow older, cells in most parts of our body divide only to replace worn-out or dying cells and to repair injuries. Because cancer cells continue to grow and divide, they are different from normal cells. Instead of dying, they outlive normal cells and continue to form new abnormal cells.

When a normal cell turns cancerous, it is often the result of a mutation in the cell’s DNA that alters it and makes it grow uncontrollably, disrupting surrounding tissue and often spreading to organs all around the body (Pecorino, 2021). Most of the time when DNA becomes damaged, the body is able to repair it. In cancer cells, the damaged DNA cannot be repaired. Such genetic mutations can also be inherited, which accounts for why risk for cancer increases if someone in a person’s family has had cancer. Many times, though, a person’s cancerous cell mutations occur because of exposure to environmental toxins such as cigarette smoke or other carcinogens (cancer-causing substances). The branch of medicine that concerns the study and treatment of cancer is referred to as oncology, and this is the term used more frequently in hospitals.

A scanning electron micrograph depicting a killer T cell attacking cancer cells.

A Cancer Cell Being Attacked by Immune System Killer T Cells. A Colored Scanning Electron Micrograph (SEM) image shows a human Natural Killer (NK) cell attacking a cancer cell. The yellow NK cell has numerous long fluid-projections, which are beginning to flow around the large orange cancer cell. Natural killer cells are a type of white blood cell known as T-lymphocytes. These have the ability to destroy virus-infected cells and tumor cells. On contact with the surface of a tumor cell, the NK cell recognizes certain proteins called antigens, which activate its cell-killing mechanism. The NK cell then binds to and destroys the cancer cell using toxins.


Types of Cancer

There are more than 100 different types of cancer, and even tumors within each type show a lot of variability. However, note that not all tumors are cancerous or malignant. Benign or noncancerous tumors do not metastasize or spread to other parts of the body and, with very rare exceptions, are not life threatening. Some cancers, such as leukemia, do not form tumors. Instead, these cancer cells involve the blood and blood-forming organs and circulate through other tissues where they grow (ACS, 2018). The course of cancer and the likelihood of survival vary greatly according to the type of cancer diagnosed. Therefore, if someone just says they have cancer, you should not make any generalizations about their experiences until you have more information. Some cancers show very little deviation in patterns of disease course, and psychosocial influences on coping and treatment are minimal (Henderson &amp; Baum, 2002). That said, psychosocial factors do relate to differences in biomarkers and disease progression (Cheng &amp; Meiser, 2019).

The key variables that influence the interaction between biological, psychological, and social factors and the role each plays in cancer morbidity or mortality are cancer site, type, and severity. The most common sites for cancer are the lungs, breasts, prostate gland, colon, and rectum (the latter two are often affected together, which is referred to as colorectal cancer). The top 10 cancer sites by sex and related incidence and mortality statistics for each are shown in Figures 13.1 and 13.3.


Figure 13.1 Description

There are four main types of cancer. The most common are carcinomas that start in the surface layers of the body or epithelial cells. This form of cancer accounts for the bulk of cancer cases and is seen in the most common sites. Sarcomas are cancers of the muscles, bones, and cartilage. Lymphomas are cancers of the lymphatic system and are referred to as Hodgkin’s disease if the cancer spreads from a single lymph node (non-Hodgkin lymphomas are found at several sites). Leukemias are cancers that are found in the blood and bone marrow. In leukemia, white blood cells proliferate to displace red blood cells, which causes anemia (a shortage of red blood cells), bleeding, and other immune system problems (ACS, 2018).

The severity of cancer is determined by a multifactor assessment of stage. The TNM system is the most common method used to stage cancer (ACS, 2022b). It provides three main pieces of information. The T describes the size of the tumor and whether cancer has spread to nearby tissues and organs. The N describes how far the cancer has spread to nearby lymph nodes. Given that the lymph nodes are critical components of the body’s immune system, they are often heavily involved in fighting cancer cells. The M indicates the extent to which the cancer has metastasized. Letters or numbers after the T, N, and M give more details about each of these factors. For example, a tumor classified as Tl, N0, M0 is a tumor that is very small, has not spread to the lymph nodes, and has not spread to distant organs of the body. Once TNM descriptions have been established, they can be grouped together into a simpler set of stages, stages 0 through IV. In general, the lower the number, the less the cancer has spread. A higher number, such as stage IV, indicates a more serious, widespread cancer (ACS, 2022b).

Prevalence of Cancer

Cancer has been around for centuries and has been called the emperor of all maladies (Mukherjee, 2010). Unfortunately, the chances of our developing some form of cancer in our lifetime are pretty high (it is estimated one out of two males and one out of three females will develop cancer in their lifetime; Siegel et al., 2022), and the chances get higher as we get older, dropping again in our 80s (DeSantis et al., 2019). For people ages between 60 and 69, there is a 1 in 7 chance (if you are male) or 1 in 10 chance (if you are female) of getting cancer (Siegel et al., 2022). This incidence drops to a 1 in 16 chance for males and females between the ages of 50 and 59, and a 1 in 29 chance for males and 1 in 17 chance for females from birth until 49 (Siegel et al., 2022). Culture is again very important. Prevalence rates vary across many levels of culture—by sex, ethnicity, and geography. Differences in overall cancer rates by sex are shown in Figure 13.2.


Figure 13.2 Description

We are making strides in the fight against cancer (Stanton, 2019). New results on the incidence of cancer show that it is not as common as it was before, although the good news favors White American populations. Siegel et al. (2021) collected cancer morbidity and mortality data from several government organizations such as the National Cancer Institute and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, evaluated trends in cancer incidence and death rates, and compared survival rates over time and across racial/ethnic populations. The good news is that incidence rates for males for all cancers combined decreased from 1990 through 2013 and then stabilized during 2018 (Siegel et al., 2022). For females, incidence for all cancers remained relatively stable through the mid-2010s, but has seen a slight increase in recent years (Siegel et al., 2022). The good news is that since their peak in 1991, overall cancer death rates in 2019 have decreased by 32% (Siegel et al., 2022). The bad news from a cultural perspective is that cancer-specific survival rates are lower and the risk of dying from cancer once it is diagnosed is higher in some ethnic minority populations compared with the White American population, as shown in Table 13.1 (Siegel et al., 2022). The relative risk of death from cancer (all types combined), after adjusting for sex, age, and cancer stage at diagnosis, is 33% and 51% higher in Black Americans and Native Americans, respectively, compared with that for White Americans (Jemal et al., 2017). Additionally, when considering all cancer stages, Black Americans have lower survival rates than White Americans for bladder, breast, colorectal, esophageal, oral cavity and pharynx, ovarian, and uterine cancer, and melanoma (Siegel et al., 2022).

== 13.2 - Cultural Variations and Developmental Issues ==
'''Cancer Across Cultures and Groups'''

Cancer affects people differently based on their ethnicity, race, sex, and socioeconomic status. Black Americans face higher cancer death rates than other groups in the U.S., despite White Americans having higher cancer diagnosis rates. For example, Black women are 41% more likely to die from breast cancer than White women, even though they are diagnosed less often. Similarly, Black men have double the cancer death rate compared to Asian/Pacific Islander men.

Cultural factors also influence cancer risks. Asian and Latino Americans show higher stomach and liver cancer rates, while Native Americans often see cancer as a punishment or a spiritual issue. Low socioeconomic status worsens outcomes due to limited knowledge about cancer and later diagnoses.

'''Sex Differences'''

Men are generally diagnosed with cancer more often than women, with prostate, lung, and colorectal cancers being the most common. For women, breast, lung, and colorectal cancers are most prevalent. Research on male-specific cancers, like testicular cancer, lags behind studies on female cancers, but awareness campaigns like No-Shave November are helping.

'''Beliefs and Knowledge About Cancer'''

Cultural beliefs affect understanding and attitudes toward cancer. Some groups attribute cancer to punishment or fate, leading to misconceptions. For instance, some Native Americans believe cancer can result from curses or violations of traditions. Fatalism—the idea that cancer always leads to death—is common in many communities, which can discourage seeking treatment.

'''Cancer as a Developmental Disease'''

Cancer risk increases with age, but many risk factors start early in life. For instance, smoking—a leading cause of cancer—often begins in teenage years. Children and teens diagnosed with cancer experience unique challenges, such as different coping mechanisms and impacts on their quality of life. Understanding how cancer affects individuals at different life stages is essential for providing appropriate support.

=== Raw Textbook Page ===
Similar to the ethnic differences in incidence of HIV infection described in the previous chapter, there are large differences in the cultural makeup of people who have cancer both across nations and across ethnic and racial groups (Kim &amp; Lwing, 2017; Song et al., 2014; Vahabi et al., 2017). In fact, there is a growing body of research clarifying the link between cancer and membership in certain ethnic groups (Yamoah et al., 2015). Before looking at possible biological reasons why one ethnicity may be more at risk than another, let’s first look at the different patterns of cancer across diverse ethnic groups.

There are two main statistics to bear in mind when studying the prevalence of cancer. The first is incidence or rates of newly diagnosed cases of the disease. The second is actual mortality. Keeping the two numbers separate is important because there are many people who are diagnosed with cancer who live (remember there was good news), and the number of survivors varies across cultural groups. So even if there are two cultural groups who both have the same incidence levels for a certain type of cancer, they may not show the same mortality rates. Figure 13.3 shows the incidence and mortality rates for the main types of cancer broken down by sex.

As you can see, different ethnic groups and the two sexes do not get cancer or die from it in the same ways (Dornelas, 2018; Siegel et al., 2022). Black Americans have the second highest general cancer incidence rates (behind White Americans), but the highest mortality rates of any population in the United States, with this difference being driven more by higher rates of cancer among Black American males (Siegel et al., 2022). Illustrating the difference between incidence and mortality, Black Americans have greater mortality rates relative to their incidence rates, suggesting that if they have cancer they are more likely to die of it. In 2019, the disparity in cancer deaths (for both sexes and all cancer types) between Black Americans and White Americans was 14% (Siegel et al., 2022). While White American females are diagnosed with cancer more than any other group of females, Black American females are the most likely to die from cancer (Siegel et al., 2022). This disparity is most pronounced in relation to breast cancer; Black American females have 4% lower incidence than White American females but 41% higher breast cancer mortality (Siegel et al., 2022). Similarly, Black American males’ cancer death rates are 19% higher than those of White American males and double those of Asian/Pacific Islander American males (Siegel et al., 2022). Separating total cases of cancer from individual types of cancer is important too. Although Asian/Pacific Islander Americans show much lower rates of cancer than White Americans in general, they have higher rates of stomach and liver cancer (Siegel et al., 2022). In contrast to some other ethnic differences, White American females have similar rates of lung cancer to Native American females but are more likely to have lung cancer than Black American, Asian/Pacific Islander American or Hispanic/Latino American females (Siegel et al., 2022).

In addition to these ethnic differences, there are significant sex differences in cancer incidence as well. Males experience higher incidences of cancer in general (Siegel et al., 2022). The most common cancers for males are prostate, lung, and colorectal (Siegel et al., 2022). Testicular cancer is relatively uncommon among men in general, but it is one of the most common forms of cancer in younger men ages 15 to 35. For some time, male cancers did not receive as much research attention as female cancers, and we know less about the etiology of most male cancers and males’ psychological and social experiences with cancer (Dornelas, 2018). No-Shave November is a recent phenomenon (did you know it started to raise awareness about male prostate cancer?).

The most common cancers for females for most ethnic groups are breast, lung, and colorectal (Siegel et al., 2022). In case you were wondering, men do get breast cancer although the rates are infinitesimal. Breast cancer incidence rates are somewhat counter to normal ethnic difference patterns; a higher incidence of breast cancer has been reported both in White American females and females of higher socioeconomic status (SES) compared to females of other ethnicities and lower SES (Coughlin, 2019; Seiler et al., 2017). However, low SES is associated with increased risk of aggressive premenopausal breast cancer, later diagnosis and poorer survival (Coughlin, 2019). Other common cancers tend to vary by ethnicity but usually include cancers of the reproductive organs (e.g., the uterus, cervix, and ovaries) and may be due to some ethnic groups such as Asian American and Latina American females not getting screened for the cancers (Suchday et al., 2019).

Cultural Differences in Beliefs and Knowledge About Cancer

Some of the cultural differences in cancer incidence are explained by cultural differences pertaining to beliefs held about cancer, people’s attitudes toward cancer, and knowledge of cancer (Licqurish et al., 2017). Many studies have shown that low socioeconomic groups are less knowledgeable about cancer regardless of their sex, ethnicity, or religion (e.g., McCutchan et al.,, 2015). Ethnically diverse groups exhibit different levels of knowledge as well. African Americans (Ogunsanya et al., 2017), Arab Americans (Abboud et al., 2017), Latino Americans (Szalacha et al., 2017), Chinese Americans (Robison et al., 2014), and Korean Americans (Sin et al., 2016) have all been found to have lower levels of knowledge about risk factors and cancer symptoms than White Americans.

Sometimes these cultural differences are linked to cultural beliefs and misconceptions about disease in general (Tejeda et al., 2017). Many religious individuals may believe that cancer is just punishment for sins or that cancer has spiritual meaning (Gall &amp; Bilodeau, 2017). The misperceived causes of cancer may also be more tangible. Vietnamese American, Chinese Americans, and Latino Americans (Luque et al., 2010) and Mexican immigrants to America (Luque et al., 2015) reported poor hygiene as a cause for cervical cancer. Another common cultural cancer belief is fatalism, the belief that a person with cancer cannot live a normal life and will die (Duberstein et al., 2017). High levels of fatalism have been found in Black Americans (Bustillo et al., 2017), Korean Americans, Chinese Americans, Mexican Americans (Gonzalez et al., 2016), and Latino Americans (Ramirez, 2014).

A vivid example of how culture influences perceptions is seen in the views of Native Americans. Many Native Americans see cancer as a White man’s disease and something that is a punishment for one’s actions or the actions of a family member (Yost et al., 2017). Some Native Americans see cancer as a natural part of life’s pathway and as providing a lesson from which to learn. Many also see cancer as penance and a person with cancer must wear the pain to protect other members of the community (Burhansstipanov, 2000). A diagnosis of cancer is equivalent to a doctor shooting a hole through the spirit and thus results in depression and fear of the doctor instead of trust. Beliefs about how you can get cancer may seem outlandish to the ethnocentric non-Native Americans. Some Native Americans believe cancer can result from a curse or from violating tribal mores like stepping on a frog or urinating on a spider. Others believe that it is contagious and that it can be caught from a mammography machine or from the child of someone who has cancer (Burhansstipanov, 2000). Some Native Americans do not want to even talk about cancer for fear of catching the cancer spirit. Regardless of the extent to which you think these beliefs are far-fetched, they have to be respected and anticipated to optimize helping the Native Americans who do hold them.

Developmental Issues in Cancer

You are more likely to get cancer as you get older (ACS, 2021a). The rates for cancer increase dramatically over the life span. Between 2013 and 2017, incidence rates ranged from 16.8 per 100,000 for those younger than 15 years of age, to 75.9 per 100,000 for adolescents and young adults (15–39 years) (Islami et al., 2021). In 2019, in the United States, the incidence rate was 474 and 415 per 100,000 for males and females, respectively, of all ages, and 2630 and 1804 per 100,000 for males and females, respectively, ages over 75 (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention [CDC], 2022). Age is a cultural variable as well, and one that also needs to be attended to in understanding cancer.

We consider cancer a developmental disease. Why is this? Although cancer is primarily diagnosed in older adults, cancers actually develop when people are younger. Because there typically is a large gap between when a tumor starts to grow and when it is large enough to be diagnosed, exposure to many of the risk factors for cancer (described below) at a young age necessarily predicts the occurrence of cancer at an older age. Significant risks for cancer are also associated with the different developmental milestones (as described in Chapter 4). There is a risk associated with girls starting to menstruate early (Goldberg et al., 2020; Olsson &amp; Olsson, 2020) and female’s dietary choices during adolescence and adulthood are associated with the early development of colorectal cancer (at less than 50 years; Hur et al., 2021). Risks also associate with menopause and the ways that females cope with it. The biggest risk factor for cancer—smoking (Kim et al., 2018; Lewandowska et al., 2019)—has a strong developmental link: Smoking almost always begins in the teenage years; few adults initiate a regular smoking habit (Park et al., 2018).

Developmental age also influences how people, especially children, will cope with a cancer diagnosis. For example, Barrera et al. (2003) recruited preschool, school age, and adolescent patients and measured their psychological adjustment and quality of life (QOL) 3, 9, and 15 months after cancer was diagnosed. The children’s age at diagnosis significantly affected both their adjustment and QOL. At 3 months after diagnosis, preschoolers had more externalizing behavior problems than adolescents. Preschoolers had better QOL than adolescents at all three assessments, suggesting that preschoolers with cancer are at risk for behavior problems and adolescents are at risk for poor QOL. Studies such as these are gentle reminders that the psychological reactions to cancer experienced by adults may be very different from those of children (Anderzén Carlsson et al., 2008). A developmental approach also helps us understand how family interactions change when one family member has cancer (Caruso et al., 2017; Erker et al., 2018; Long et al., 2018).

== 13.3 - Correlates of Cancer ==

=== Physiological Correlates of Cancer ===
The '''physiological symptoms''' of cancer depend on its '''size, location, and stage''' (Weinberg, 2013). If cancer has reached an advanced stage and '''metastasizes''' (spreads to other parts of the body), symptoms may occur at different locations. As '''mutant cells''' divide, they exert '''pressure''' on surrounding organs, blood vessels, and nerves, causing '''pain''' and discomfort (Pecorino, 2021).

Certain cancers, like '''pancreatic cancer''', often remain '''asymptomatic''' until they reach an advanced stage. '''General symptoms''' include fever, fatigue, pain, skin changes, and weight loss, though these symptoms are not exclusive to cancer. Sometimes, '''cancer cells''' release '''substances''' into the bloodstream that trigger unusual symptoms. For instance:

* '''Pancreatic cancer''' may release substances causing '''blood clots''' in leg veins.
* '''Lung cancers''' can produce '''hormone-like substances''' that alter '''blood calcium levels''', leading to '''weakness and dizziness'''.

Specific symptoms may also indicate particular cancers:

* '''Excretory function changes''': Could signal '''colon cancer''' (e.g., chronic diarrhea or altered stool consistency) or '''bladder/prostate cancer''' (e.g., painful urination, blood in urine).
* '''Sores that do not heal''': Signs of '''skin cancer''', particularly in the mouth or sexual organs.
* '''Unusual bleeding''': Blood in saliva, urine, stool, or other fluids should be reported immediately.
* '''Lumps''': In the breast, testicles, or lymph nodes could suggest cancer.

Being familiar with your body and recognizing changes is key to identifying potential issues early.
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=== Psychological Correlates of Cancer ===

==== Psychological Factors in Cancer Incidence ====
Although there is little evidence that psychological factors '''cause cancer''', '''stress''' has been recognized as a contributing factor (Stanton, 2019). There are three main pathways through which '''psychological processes''' may influence cancer:

# '''Direct effects''' on bodily systems.
# '''Health behaviors''' (e.g., smoking or diet).
# Responses to '''illness or treatment''', such as screening behaviors.

Key psychological influences include:

* '''Personality''': Early studies linked '''anger suppression''' to a '''Type C personality'''—characterized by being unassertive and suppressing emotions—but this connection has since been discredited (Johansen, 2018).
* '''Social Support''': While it plays a major role in '''coping''', its impact on '''cancer incidence''' is inconsistent. For example, '''social isolation''' is linked to higher cancer mortality among White Americans but not Black Americans (Alcaraz et al., 2019).
* '''Depression''': Stronger evidence links '''clinical depression''' to higher cancer incidence and poorer survival rates (Wang, Li et al., 2020).

==== Psychological Responses to Diagnosis ====
The experience of a '''cancer diagnosis''' can trigger:

* '''Existential plight''': Heightened thoughts about life and death (Weisman &amp; Worden, 1972).
* '''Anxiety and depression''', particularly after diagnosis and during treatment (Civilotti et al., 2021).
* '''Stress''', reducing '''quality of life (QOL)''' (Dornelas, 2018).

Depression varies with '''age, sex''', and '''cancer type''':

* '''Younger patients''' often experience higher rates of depression.
* '''Females''' report almost twice the depression rates as males.
* Certain cancers, like '''lung''' or '''gynecological cancers''', are associated with higher depression levels (Linden et al., 2012).

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=== Psychological Factors in Cancer Progression and Coping ===
Key factors influencing '''cancer progression''' include:

# '''Personality''': '''Optimism''' is strongly linked to better coping and recovery (Scheier &amp; Carver, 2018).
# '''Social Support''': A larger and stronger '''support network''' correlates with better survival outcomes (Nausheen et al., 2009).
# '''Depression''': Associated with faster disease progression and lower QOL (Bortolato et al., 2017).

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=== Cancer, Stress, and Immunity ===
'''Stress''' has been shown to:

* Increase cancer risk and worsen progression (Chida et al., 2008).
* Reduce '''natural killer (NK) cell activity''', critical for fighting cancer (Capellino et al., 2020).
* Trigger '''unhealthy behaviors''' (e.g., smoking, poor diet), which accelerate progression.

Mechanisms include activation of the '''sympathetic nervous system (SNS)''' and '''hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis''', leading to immune dysregulation (Dai et al., 2020).

=== Raw Textbook Page ===
Physiological Correlates of Cancer

The physiological symptoms of cancer depend on the size, location, and stage of cancer (Weinberg, 2013). If a cancer has reached a later stage and metastasizes, then symptoms may occur at different locations in the body. As the mutant cells divide, they exert pressure on the surrounding organs, blood vessels, and nerves that is consciously felt by the individual (Pecorino, 2021). Some cancers, such as pancreatic cancer, are not felt until the cell has reached an advanced stage of development. Some of the general symptoms of cancer are fever, fatigue, pain, changes in the skin, and weight loss. Remember that having these symptoms does not necessarily mean a person has cancer but suggests that something is not right (there are many other reasons for these same symptoms). Sometimes, cancer cells release substances into the bloodstream that cause symptoms not generally thought to result from cancers (Pecorino, 2021). For example, some cancers of the pancreas can release substances that cause blood clots to develop in veins of the legs. Some lung cancers produce hormone-like substances that change blood calcium levels, affecting nerves and muscles and causing weakness and dizziness.

Together with general symptoms, some symptoms are more specifically indicative of cancer. Any changes in your excretory functions could signify cancer of the colon (such as constipation, constant diarrhea or a change in stool consistency) or bladder/prostate gland (such as painful urination or blood in the urine). Sores that do not heal, especially in the mouth or on sexual organs, are signs of skin cancers. As a rule, the appearance of blood in fluids in which you do not normally see it like in the saliva, urine, stool, nonmenstrual vaginal fluids, or breast fluid should be reported to a doctor immediately. The appearance of lumps in the breast, testicles, or lymph nodes may also be a sign of cancer. In general, it is clear that the better you know your body, the more aware you will be of changes that may signify problems with it.

Psychological Correlates of Cancer

You can divide the reality of cancer into three main phases: the period leading up to a diagnosis, the diagnosis and reactions to it, and the period following it. Psychological factors may play a role in all three, although the research evidence on how psychology influences progression is clearer than that on its role in the development of cancer.

Psychological Factors in Cancer Incidence

There is presently little unequivocal proof that psychological factors cause cancer (e.g., Stanton, 2019), except for the case of stress. We discuss this in more detail later. There are at least three general pathways through which psychological factors may influence the development of cancer: (1) direct effects of psychological processes on bodily systems; (2) healthy and unhealthy behaviors; and (3) responses to perceived or actual illness, such as screening behaviors or adherence to treatment recommendations (Henderson &amp; Baum, 2002). The main psychological processes studied have been personality, social support, depression, stress, and health behaviors. Stress and health behaviors are perhaps the most pervasive and will be discussed later in the chapter.

Although receiving a lot of attention in the mid-1980s, the role of personality in cancer has been somewhat exaggerated. Morris et al. (1981) first found an association between breast cancer and anger suppression, leading to the hypothesis of a cancer-prone or Type C personality (Zozulya et al., 2008). A Type C person was described as cooperative, appeasing, unassertive, and compliant and as someone who did not express negative emotions (Temoshok, 1987). Some later reviews supported these early findings, but more recently the research methodology used in studies examining personality as a risk factor for cancer has been criticized and it has been concluded that there is no sound evidence to suggest that personality plays a role in cancer etiology or survival (Johansen, 2018). However, while personality may not have a direct influence on cancer risk, it may influence health behaviors that are associated with cancer (Johansen, 2018).

If personality has no direct role, what is the influence of one’s social environment? Social support appears not to have a strong protective effect against cancer development (Ikeda et al., 2013) although it does play a significant role in coping with cancer (as discussed in the next section). To be fair, social support research is hampered by the fact that there are many different types of social support (as described in Chapter 6), and because it is operationally defined in different ways, study comparisons are difficult (Knoll, 2018). If your intuition says that social support must influence incidences of cancer, you are right (although don’t let intuition get in the way of empirical evidence to the contrary). For instance, social isolation was found to be associated with higher risk of cancer mortality for White Americans (male and female) but not for Black Americans (Alcaraz et al., 2019).

There is more evidence for the role of depression in cancer incidence than for social support (Wang, Li et al., 2020). Wang and colleagues (2020), in a meta-analysis comprising 51 cohort studies, with over two and a half million participants and a mean follow-up period of approximately 10 years, found that clinically diagnosed depression was associated with higher cancer incidence (for all cancer types combined), poorer cancer survival, and higher cancer-specific mortality; symptoms of depression were not associated with cancer risk. Depression was also associated with higher incidence for specific cancers including lung, oral cavity, prostate and skin cancer (Wang, Li et al., 2020). Furthermore, subgroup analyses found cancer risk to be higher in males and people of Asian ethnicity (Wang, Li et al., 2020).

In conjunction with similar cultural differences for social support, it is clear that the link between psychological factors and cancer may differ by sex and ethnicity. Such variations may be linked to biological pathways or may be indicative of greater cultural differences that have biopsychosocial components.

Psychological Responses to Cancer Diagnosis

Even being screened for a potential cancer can be a fearful experience (Nagendiram et al., 2020). A positive diagnosis (i.e., that cells are cancerous) can be devastating and has been referred to as causing an existential plight (increased thoughts about life and death) (Weisman &amp; Worden, 1972) and existential uncertainty regarding disease trajectory, likelihood of survival, and life before death (Karlsson et al., 2014). In the early stages after diagnosis, people may experience clinically relevant symptoms of anxiety and depression (Civilotti et al., 2021). In addition to anxiety, denial, and depression—the major responses to learning you have a chronic illness, as covered in Chapter 10—a cancer diagnosis and its treatment result in stress and a lowered QOL (Dornelas, 2018). The high emotions experienced right after diagnoses lessen with time, and emotions actually improve as recovery begins after the end of treatment. Two other highly psychologically disturbing times occur during treatment, whether it is surgery or radiotherapy (Dornelas, 2018).

In general, depression is more common in patients undergoing active treatment and those experiencing pain or with a history of stressors or low social support, rather than those in follow-up treatment (Johansen et al., 2011). Depression also varies according to age, sex and type of cancer (Linden et al., 2012). The relationship between age and depression is variable, but younger age has been associated with increased depression for some cancers (Linden et al., 2012). Regarding sex, females have been found to be almost twice as likely to report clinically significant depression than males, with the highest prevalence of depression occurring for females with lung cancer, followed by haematological and bone cancers (Linden et al., 2012). People with lung, haematological and gynecological cancers have been reported to have the highest levels of depression, while people with skin or prostate cancer have been found to have lower levels of depression than the average cancer patient (Linden et al., 2012). In addition to depression, people with cancer may also experience fear, anxiety, pain, and insomnia (Fischer et al., 2010; Hoang et al., 2020; Linden et al., 2012).

Psychological Factors in Cancer Progression and Coping

Similar to HIV infection and other chronic illnesses, some psychological characteristics help people cope better with cancer and also influence the course of the disease. Similar to the factors associated with incidence, a person’s personality, social support, depression, stress, and health behaviors again figure prominently (Smith, 2018; Stanton, 2019).

Personality

We have already discussed how personality relates to cancer incidence—meaning whether personality has any influence over whether someone will get cancer (there is no sound evidence to say it does). In the late 1970s, the first positive links between personality and cancer progression were seen. How people coped with cancer seemed to be one of the most important factors. Patients who denied they had cancer had higher disease recurrence rates (Greer et al., 1979). Other studies followed and have established that avoidant, repressive, or unexpressive personalities or coping styles are associated with poorer disease courses (Epping-Jordan et al., 1994). Other personality characteristics are important, too. For example, optimism is strongly and positively correlated with active coping and emotional regulation coping strategies and strongly negatively correlated with avoidant coping strategies (Scheier et al., 1986). Optimists, in general, show better psychological well-being and physical health (Scheier &amp; Carver, 2018; Solberg Nes, 2016). In the context of cancer, optimism has been associated with health-related QOL (Marton et al., 2022). Additionally, a number of studies show that optimism predicts better adjustment for a variety of cancers (breast cancer, Colby &amp; Shifren, 2013; colorectal cancer, Chambers et al., 2012; prostate cancer, Thornton et al., 2012; urogenital cancer, Zenger et al., 2010; advanced cancer (mixed types), Applebaum et al., 2014).

Social Support

The case for a positive correlation between social support and survival of cancer patients is very strong (Imm et al., 2017; LeBarre &amp; Riding-Malon, 2017). Of course, some of the best studies to look at are prospective in nature. For example, Nausheen et al. (2009) reviewed 31 longitudinal prospective studies from 26 published articles assessing the role of structural (e.g., size, range, proximity of social network and frequency of contact) and functional (e.g., function or quality of support network) social support in cancer progression and found that lower social support was associated with cancer progression, although some findings were contrary to what was expected. For all cancer types combined, structural support appeared to have a stronger association than functional support; however, most of the nonsignificant findings for functional support were in people with metastatic cancer, leading Nausheen et al. (2009) to conclude that functional social support may be beneficial for people with less severe cancer. Also, some of the differences may be due to the conceptualization and measurement of social support. With regard to cancer type, the evidence for a relationship between social support and cancer progression was deemed to be sufficiently strong for breast cancer; the relationship was not demonstrated for lung cancer, melanoma, or mixed cancers (studies containing more than one type of cancer; Nausheen et al., 2009). In terms of specific aspects of social support, having a larger social network of confidants with which to discuss personal problems (Kroenke et al., 2013), higher social connectedness (i.e., more frequent contact with family and friends, attending religious services, and involvement in community activities) (Beasley et al., 2010), and higher perceived level of support (Pinquart &amp; Duberstein, 2010) all link to slower progression of cancer and higher rates of survival. A growing body of work suggests that spiritual sources, such as belief in a God and prayer, also provide social support, aiding adjustment and slowing cancer progression (Chaturvedi &amp; Venkateswaran, 2008), although females who were not spiritual before cancer diagnosis but turned to God after diagnosis show lower levels of well-being than females who were always religious (Schreiber &amp; Brockopp, 2012).

Depression has also been linked to cancer progression (Bortolato et al., 2017) with a number of studies suggesting that depression and lower QOL in general have adverse effects on survival (Wang, Li et al., 2020). We discuss further the role of social support and depression in the section about interventions later in this chapter.

Although we have discussed the role of psychological factors in cancer progression, we would be remiss if we did not mention the effect cancer has on social relationships. The caregivers—spouses, friends, relatives—of cancer patients often experience negative outcomes as well (Borrescio-Higa &amp; Valdés, 2022; Long et al., 2018). For example, psychological interventions have been designed to help the spouses of females with breast cancer that reduce the spouse’s anxiety and depression and increase their self-efficacy and skills to assist their spouse (Lewis et al., 2019; Lewis et al., 2022). Across all cancer types, interventions for spouses have also targeted social support, problem solving, emotional resilience, coping strategies, role expectations, and relationship quality, with a review findings benefits for social support, emotional distress, coping, posttraumatic growth, self-efficacy, and communication (Kleine et al., 2019).

Cancer, Stress, and Immunity

Stress has been shown to influence both the incidence of cancer and its progression, although again, the link for the latter is stronger. There is no equivocation: stress-related psychosocial factors influence cancer. Chida et al. (2008) conducted a meta-analysis of 165 studies and found that stress-related psychosocial factors were associated with higher cancer incidence in initially healthy populations, poorer survival in patients with diagnosed cancer, and higher cancer mortality. While the methodology of this study has been criticized (Coyne et al., 2010), primary studies have also indicated a relationship between stress and cancer. For example, females who experienced four to six major life stressors were at more than five times higher risk for breast cancer (Kruk, 2012). Özkan et al (2017), similarly found that females who had experienced important stressors within the last 5 years and those with chronic stress were at increased risk of breast cancer. When biopsychosocial factors were analyzed together, females who had experienced important stressors within the last 5 years were at more than five and a half times higher risk for breast cancer (Özkan et al, 2017). A cancer diagnosis sets up a negative cycle of experiences between stress and illness (see Chapters 12 and 14 for other examples). The diagnosis and treatment cause stress that in turn influences the course of the disease by affecting the immune system (Andersen et al., 2017).

Stress affects cancer through a number of pathways. It has a direct effect on the activity of natural killer (NK) cells, which themselves are critical in the body’s fight against cancer (Capellino et al., 2020). Patients with a variety of cancers have lowered NK cell activity in the blood to begin with (Imai et al., 2000) and psychological distress associated with cancer diagnosis and treatment has been accompanied by immune dysregulation, including reduced NK activity and change in cytokine profile (Witek-Janusek et al., 2008). Low NK cell activity in cancer patients is significantly associated with the spread of cancer and in patients treated for metastases, the survival time without metastasis correlates with NK cell activity. Correspondingly, the experience of any additional stress can have direct effects on the development of the cancer, complementing and antagonizing the low NK cell levels. Stress can also increase unhealthy behaviors that can accelerate illness progression (Matsushita &amp; Takaki, 2019; Poluektov, 2021). The patient may increase drug, tobacco, or alcohol use, get less sleep or physical activity, or eat badly, all behaviors that may further affect immunity (Matsushita &amp; Takaki, 2019; Poluektov, 2021).

It may be no surprise that cancer can stress you, but can stress actually give you cancer? We discussed the negative impact stress can have on our minds and bodies in Chapter 5, so this is clearly a possibility. In fact, this question has been actively debated (Reiche et al., 2004; Tez &amp; Tez, 2008), with suggestions that stress, through a number of mechanisms, may contribute to cancer development, progression, and metastasization (Mravec et al., 2020).

Specific mechanisms have been proposed to explain the relationship between chronic stress and immune dysregulation that appears important for cancer development and progression. Stress acts through neuroendocrine processes, activating the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) and the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis (Dai et al., 2020). Stress hormones that are generated with activation of the SNS and HPA axis can promote tumorigenesis (the initial formation of tumors) and cancer development (Dai et al., 2020; See Figure 13.4). Indeed, it has been argued that while further research must explore it in more detail, the HPA axis appears important in cancer development and progression, but that the evidence for the role of SNS is now generally accepted (Mravec et al., 2020).

Chronic stress suppresses protective immune responses (i.e., responses that mediate cancer immunosurveillance, facilitate tumor immunotherapy, promote wound healing) (Antoni &amp; Dhabhar, 2019; Dai et al., 2020). It also induces/exacerbates chronic inflammation, which is important as chronic inflammation appears pivotal in cancer development and progression, impacting health through multiple pathways such as increased oxidative stress and damage, and mutations in DNA (Antoni &amp; Dhabhar, 2019; Mravec et al., 2020). These bodily changes are important as chronic inflammation and reduced immune surveillance are related to tumorigenesis (Dai et al., 2020). Chronic stress appears to also increase immunoregulatory/suppressive mechanisms, such that the body produces more cells that suppress protective antitumor immune responses (Antoni &amp; Dhabhar, 2019). While knowledge about mechanisms continues to evolve, the relationship between stress and cancer appears undeniable.

== 13.4 - Health Behaviors and Cancer ==
'''Health Behaviors and Cancer:'''

Your daily habits can significantly impact your chances of developing or surviving cancer. Some health risks, like smoking and unhealthy diets, are widely recognized, but others might surprise you.

'''Tobacco Use:'''

* Smoking is the leading preventable cause of cancer, contributing to 19% of all cases in the U.S.
* Smokers face 7.5 to 9 times the risk of lung cancer compared to nonsmokers.
* Tobacco use also increases risks for cancers of the throat, mouth, esophagus, and more.
* Cultural and regional differences affect tobacco usage rates and cancer risks.

'''Diet:'''

* Diet is the second biggest factor after smoking for cancer risk.
* Diets high in fat and low in fiber raise cancer risks, while fruits, vegetables, and certain fats (like omega-3s) help lower them.
* Obesity, often linked to poor diets, increases the risk of at least 13 cancers.
* Some cultural diets (e.g., Mediterranean) are associated with lower cancer risks.

'''Physical Activity:'''

* Regular physical activity reduces the risk of many cancers, including breast, colon, and bladder cancer.
* Adults should aim for 150–300 minutes of moderate exercise per week.

'''Sun Exposure:'''

* Excessive sun exposure leads to skin cancer, including melanoma.
* Regular sunscreen use and avoiding tanning beds significantly lower risks.
* Moderate sun exposure is beneficial for vitamin D production and mood.

'''Key Takeaway:'''

Prevent cancer by avoiding smoking, eating a healthy diet, staying physically active, protecting your skin from UV rays, and being mindful of your overall lifestyle habits.

=== Raw Textbook Page ===
As mentioned in the introduction to this chapter, many of your health behaviors predict your likelihood of getting cancer and the course cancer takes (Arem et al., 2020; Kerschbaum &amp; Nüssler, 2019; Stanton, 2019). The Measuring Up opener lists some of the main health behaviors that put you at risk for getting cancer. Take a moment to see how you fare. To some extent the results may surprise you. (“You mean doing that puts me at risk for cancer?” Yes, it may.) The usual unhealthy behaviors turn up again (see Chapter 7) and, not surprisingly, cultural differences in the practice of some of these behaviors are significant in explaining cultural differences in cancer.

Tobacco Use

Do you want an easy way to decrease your risk of getting cancer? Make sure you do not smoke. Probably the most clear-cut cause of cancer is tobacco use, which has been described as the most important preventable cause of cancer; cigarettes contain more than 60 carcinogenic substances (Bialous &amp; Sarma, 2017). Cigarettes account for 19% of all cancers among Americans (23.6% and 14.5% in males and females, respectively; Islami et al., 2018) and cause approximately 82% of lung, 74% of larynx (voice box), and 50% of esophageal cancers (Islami et al., 2018). Smokers have a much higher risk of lung cancer compared to nonsmokers. In a meta-analysis containing information from more than 7 million people, when adjusted for age, female smokers had nearly seven and a half times the risk and male smokers had nearly nine times the risk of lung cancer compared to nonsmokers (O’Keeffe et al., 2018). Only 12.5% of lung cancer patients have never smoked, although this varies by sex (15.7% of females and 9.6% for males, respectively; Siegel et al., 2022). Note that this risk is seven and a half to nearly nine times—not double, not triple—but seven and a half to nearly nine times. Talk about really playing with fire! Cigarette smoking accounts for approximately 30% of all cancer deaths; 33.1% for males and 24% for females (Islami et al., 2018). Smoking is a major cause of cancers of the lung, larynx, oral cavity, pharynx (throat), and esophagus and is a contributing cause in the development of cancers of the bladder, pancreas, liver, uterine cervix, kidney, stomach, colon and rectum, and some leukemias (Stanton, 2019).

The link between smoking and cancer is best illustrated when we look at populations that increased tobacco use. Smoking rates among females rose dramatically between the 1960s and the 1990s, and deaths due to lung cancer in females increased correspondingly (Thun et al., 2013). As male’s and female’s smoking rates become similar, their lung cancer rates and mortality also become similar; lung cancer accounts for 12% of new cancers for males and 13% for females, while it accounts for 21% of cancer deaths for both sexes (Siegel et al., 2022). Cigarette smoking has declined over time; in 2020, 12.5% of Americans were cigarette smokers (Cornelius et al., 2020). However, Americans are also using other tobacco products such as e-cigarettes, cigars, smokeless tobacco and pipes (Cornelius et al., 2020). Cigarette use is higher among Black Americans, Latino Americans, and White Americans living in rural areas and Asian Americans residing in urban areas (Cornelius et al., 2020). When considering use of any tobacco product, rates of use were higher among males, people younger than 65, White Americans, Black Americans and Native Americans, lesbian, gay, or bisexual adults, people in rural areas, and people with low income (Cornelius et al., 2020). Figure 13.5 shows how overall smoking rates, and rates according to sex, have changed in the United States since 1998.

Differences in tobacco use also highlight many of the cultural differences in cancer rates (see Figure 13.6). Different ethnic groups have had different historical relationships with tobacco, serving to either increase or decrease their exposure to it. Black Americans, for example, had heavy exposure to tobacco from the early 1600s when they were forced into slavery on southern tobacco-growing plantations and in tobacco manufacturing during the colonial period (Gately, 2003). Tobacco was used in South America and Latin America even before the European colonization, and the curanderismos (see Chapter 3) often used tobacco in religious and healing practices. Even today, cigarette smoking is considered a social activity for Latinos, consistent with cultural values of personalismo (importance of personal relations) (Echeverria et al., 2015). Not surprisingly, many Latin American countries show high rates of smoking (Pichon-Riviere et al., 2020). Many Asian groups also have had a long history of smoking. In China, tobacco was mixed with opium and smoked and was used also medicinally. In India, the end of a hard day in the fields was often marked by the smoking of a hookah, a contraption that bubbles tobacco through water. Use of a hookah to smoke also has become a trendy habit in many North American cities. While the specific impacts from different forms of tobacco use may vary, statistics prove that even exposure to secondhand smoke is associated with cancer incidence (Su et al., 2018).

Diet
For the majority of Americans who do not smoke, eating a nutritionally balanced diet and being physically active are the most important ways to reduce cancer risk (LaCaille, 2019; Mermelstein, 2019; Song, 2019). Evidence suggests that one third of the 550,000 cancer deaths that occur in the United States each year are due to unhealthy diet and insufficient physical activity (Greger, 2015). Different cultural groups have different eating habits (see Chapter 8), which can accentuate their risk for cancer. There are a number of dietary features that are linked to an increased risk for cancer (Bail et al., 2016; Grosso et al., 2017). For example, eating too much fat and not getting enough fiber have been associated with increased cancer incidence (Gudenkauf &amp; Thrift, 2021; He et al., 2017). On the other hand, diets with high consumption of fruits and vegetables are associated with a lower risk for several types of cancer (Liu et al., 2021). Also, some fats such as omega-3 polyunsaturated fat (found in salmon) may prevent or inhibit growth of a range of cancers including breast, colorectal, and gastric cancer (Nabavi et al., 2015). In Hawaii, native Hawaiians have the shortest life expectancy of any ethnic group because of their diets, including high consumption of cholesterol-containing foods and red meat, animal fat, eggs, milk, and cheese (the traditional roast pig at a luau is an example).

The diet-cancer link is probably mediated by obesity. Overweight and obesity often result from bad diets and eating too much. Obesity may promote breast cancer due to dysregulated metabolism and inflammation, with cytokine production in excess adipose tissues creating a chronic inflammatory microenvironment where tumors can develop (Seiler et al., 2018) or affecting the production and functioning of hormones such as estrogen (Bhardwaj et al., 2019). Indeed, obesity accounts for 11.9% for males and 13.1% for females of the burden attributed to cancer globally and has been associated with an increased risk of 13 cancers including breast, colorectal endometrial, esophageal, gallbladder, gastric, hepatocellular (liver), kidney, ovarian, pancreatic, and thyroid cancers, meningioma and multiple myeloma (Avgerinos et al., 2019).

A wide variety of foods are supposed to help prevent cancer and also to cure it. Only a small percentage of the foods touted as preventative or curative have stood the test of scientific research (Table 13.2). Be warned that there are a lot of television and internet reports of so-called cancer-busting foods for which there is no scientific basis. For example, eating grapes is supposed to be good, but the effects have not been proven. That said, eating a diet with high amounts of fruits and vegetables, especially those containing antioxidants, does seem to increase the cancer-fighting capacity of the body (Liu et al., 2021; Parohan et al., 2019). Also, eating soy products may reduce the risk of some cancers (Applegate et al., 2018; Takagi et al., 2015), and vegetarianism may be linked to lower incidence of cancer (Oussalah et al., 2020). Diet guidelines for the prevention of cancer from the American Cancer Society (Rock et al., 2020) recommend a nutrient-rich diet including a variety of colors of fruits (i.e., whole fruit) and vegetables (i.e., dark green, red, and orange, fiber-rich beans and peas) and whole grains. They also recommend avoiding or limiting highly processed foods and refined grains, red and processed meats, sugar-sweetened beverages and alcohol (Rock et al., 2020). Figure 13.7 illustrates the relationship between diet and cancer.

As far as popular diets like South Beach and Atkins go, the Mediterranean diet, which is rich in nuts, grains, and olive oil, has shown the most promise for keeping cancer at bay (Mentella et al., 2019). For the rest of the things you may hear about, for example, vitamin A or C, the mineral selenium, and flavonoids (effective antioxidants that you’ll hear more about in the next chapter), there is enough research to suggest that each is a potential cancer fighter (Rodríguez-García et al., 2019), but we are far from having a guaranteed perfect anticancer diet. However, we are getting closer, as more and more nutrients prove to be viable cancer fighters (Jeurnink et al., 2015). As always, you should be a critical consumer of what claims you hear or read about.

Given that some foods may have the potential to reduce the risk for cancer, it follows that cultural differences in dietary patterns correspondingly explain cultural differences in cancer incidence and progression. For example, Gudenkauf and Thrift (2021) found that a higher proportion of cancers were attributable to inadequate diet among non-Hispanic Black Americans (4.4%), than Hispanic Americans (3.7%) and non-Hispanic White Americans (3.1%). Non-Hispanic Black Americans also had more cancers attributed to eating processed meat, and a diet insufficient in calcium and fiber, than other Americans (Gudenkauf &amp; Thrift, 2021).

Furthermore, there is a lower incidence of breast cancer among Latinas than among non-Latina White American females. Can diet explain this? Murtaugh et al. (2008) examined the associations of dietary patterns (e.g., Western, Native Mexican, Mediterranean) with risk for breast cancer in Latinas (757 cases, 867 controls) and non-Latina White American females (1,524 cases, 1,598 controls) from the Four-Corners Breast Cancer Study. They found that it was the dietary pattern followed and not just the ethnicity that was important. The Western dietary pattern was associated with greater risk, and the Native Mexican and Mediterranean dietary patterns were associated with lower risk of breast cancer.

Physical Activity

The reasons for staying in shape (or getting in shape) continue to increase (LaCaille, 2018). A large body of evidence suggests that physical activity can reduce the risk of bladder, breast, colon, endometrial, esophageal, gastric, head and neck, liver, lung, rectal and kidney cancer (Figure 13.8), along with myeloma and myeloid leukemia (McTiernan et al., 2019; Moore et al., 2016). Getting regular physical activity also lowers the risk for breast cancer for both pre- and postmenopausal females (Guo et al., 2020). Being active is good for males too. Physical activity appears important in the development and progression of prostate cancer, however evidence of a relationship between physical activity and reduced prostate cancer risk remains inconclusive (Shephard, 2017). Similarly, at present evidence that physical activity reduces risk for testicular cancer is lacking (McTiernan et al., 2019).

While the evidence may be mixed, physical activity guidelines for the prevention of cancer from the American Cancer Society (Rock et al., 2020) recommend limiting sedentary behavior (i.e., sitting and lying down, screen-based entertainment) and engaging in physical activity. Children and adolescents are recommended to do at least one hour of moderate- or vigorous-intensity activity each day, while adults should complete 150 to 300 minutes of moderate- or 75 to 150 minutes of vigorous-intensity physical activity per week (Rock et al., 2020).

Sun Exposure

Few people lying on the beach soaking in the sun’s rays are thinking about the fact that such sun exposure increases their chances of the most common form of cancer—skin cancer (basal and squamous cell skin cancers) (ACS, 2023). Did you know that one in five Americans will be diagnosed with skin cancer by 70, and that experiencing five or more sunburns doubles the risk of melanoma? (Skin Cancer Foundation, 2023a). Prevention is again the key: Using sunscreen regularly (at least 15+) can reduce the risk of squamous cell skin cancers and melanoma by approximately 40% and 50%, respectively (Skin Cancer Foundation, 2023b).

Even tanning booths are carcinogenic. A 15- to 20-minute session is equivalent in ultraviolet (UV) ray exposure to one full day at the beach. Although tanning salons often advertise that sun bed tanning is safer than sunbathing outside, the intensity of light in tanning beds is actually much greater. The customer not only has light rays above their body but also below it. Many of the older tanning beds emit short-wave UV rays, which burn the outer layers of the skin. The majority of the tanning beds used today, however, emit long-wave UV rays, which actually penetrate deeper and weaken the skin’s inner connective tissue. Tanning salon rays also increase the damage that is done by the sunlight, because the UV light from the tanning beds thins the skin, making it less able to heal. Both the sun and tanning beds produce a tan from UV rays. UV rays cause the skin to protect itself from burning by producing additional pigmentation and coloring. Overexposure to these UV rays can lead to eye injury, premature wrinkling, light-induced skin rashes, and increased chances of skin cancer. To get that nice tanned look without the risk, consumers are now flocking to risk-free tanning booths that use sprays.

So, should you stay out of the sun altogether? No, that’s not right, either. Although overexposure to sunlight can be very detrimental to one’s health, we still need some amount of exposure to sunlight for both physical and psychological reasons. A lack of sunlight is associated with poor mood, as well as with a condition called seasonal affective disorder. Sunlight is also a major source of vitamin D in humans, because it produces vitamin D in the skin after exposure to UV radiation (Religi et al., 2019). Without vitamin D, diseases such as rickets occur. In direct relationship to this chapter, in recent studies sunlight exposure has been associated with reduced risk of breast cancer in females living in the Caribbean (Nazario et al., 2022), and authors of a meta-analysis suggested that spending at least an hour per day in the sun during summer could reduce the risk of breast cancer (Hiller et al., 2020).

Tanning. Visiting a tanning booth, even once, can expose you to carcinogenic ultraviolet rays. A safer alternative for a tanned look is a spray-on tan or tanning lotion.

== 13.5 - Treatment Options ==
Cancer is no longer an automatic death sentence, as advances in detection and treatment have improved survival rates. While early detection increases the chances of successful treatment, some advanced cancers can still be treated effectively. Cancer treatments aim to remove or control abnormal cells, with three main approaches: surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation therapy.

'''1. Surgery'''

Surgery is the oldest cancer treatment, primarily used to remove tumors. It is most effective when cancer is localized.

* '''Preventive Surgery:''' Removes tissue likely to become cancerous, such as in individuals with BRCA gene mutations.
* '''Diagnostic Surgery:''' Extracts small tissue samples to confirm or stage cancer.
* '''Curative Surgery:''' Targets localized cancer, often combined with other treatments.
* '''Other Types:'''
** '''Debulking Surgery:''' Reduces tumor size when complete removal isn’t possible.
** '''Palliative Surgery:''' Eases complications in advanced cancer.
** '''Restorative Surgery:''' Reconstructs appearance post-surgery (e.g., breast reconstruction).
'''2. Chemotherapy'''

Chemotherapy involves administering drugs to halt cancer growth and can be used alone or with other treatments.

* '''Forms:''' Pills, injections, or intravenous delivery.
* '''Purposes:'''
** '''Neuroadjuvant Therapy:''' Shrinks tumors before surgery/radiation.
** '''Adjuvant Therapy:''' Destroys residual cancer cells after primary treatment.
* '''Effects:'''
** '''Biological:''' Reduces white blood cells, causing fatigue and vulnerability to infections.
** '''Psychological and Social:''' Side effects like hair loss, nausea, and fatigue impact self-esteem and relationships.
'''3. Radiation Therapy'''

Radiation therapy uses ionizing radiation to damage cancer DNA, leading to cell death.

* '''Techniques:'''
** '''External Radiation:''' Targets tumors with precise beams over weeks.
** '''Internal Radiation (Brachytherapy):''' Places radioactive sources near the tumor.
** '''Systemic Radiation:''' Uses radioactive substances administered orally or intravenously.
* '''Side Effects:''' Fatigue, localized irritation, difficulty swallowing (if applied to the throat), and potential fertility issues.
'''Other Treatments'''
* '''Immunotherapy:''' Activates the immune system against cancer.
* '''Targeted Therapy:''' Uses drugs that specifically target cancer cells.
* '''Hormonal Therapy:''' Alters hormone activity to slow cancer growth.
* '''Complementary and Alternative Medicine (CAM):''' Includes yoga, acupuncture, and special diets for symptom management and psychological benefits. However, these methods require caution due to varying effectiveness and potential risks when delaying standard treatments.
'''Survivorship and Challenges'''

Cancer survivors face risks like secondary cancers, PTSD, anxiety, and depression. Many turn to CAM for holistic healing, but more research is needed to validate its efficacy. Health professionals advise patients to discuss CAM use to avoid harmful interactions or delays in effective treatment.

Advances in treatment and care have significantly improved outcomes for cancer patients, but ongoing research and psychological support remain crucial for long-term recovery and well-being.

=== Raw Textbook Page ===
Cancer need no longer be a death sentence, although many people still believe it is. Although earlier cancer detection increases its chances of being completely treated, even some cancers in their later stages can be successfully treated. Because cancer is essentially cells that are out of control, the main goal of treatment is to remove the cells from the body. There are three major ways to treat cancer.

Surgery

The oldest and most straightforward way to treat cancer is surgery, during which the surgeon can remove the tumor. Surgery is most successful when the cancer has not spread because this provides the best chance of removing all the mutant cells. Surgery also has other uses in cancer (ACS, 2019a). Preventive surgery is performed to remove tissue that is not malignant as yet but has a high chance of turning malignant. This happens in the case of females with a family history of breast cancer who also have a mutant breast cancer gene (BRCA1 or BRCA2). Preventive surgery may also be used to remove parts of the colon if polyps, small stalk-shaped growths (not the little marine animals), are found.

Diagnostic surgery is the process of removing a small amount of tissue to either identify a cancer or to make a diagnosis (ACS, 2019a). If the patient receives a positive diagnosis of cancer, sometimes staging surgery is needed to ascertain what stage of development the cancer is in. This form of surgery helps determine how far the cancer has spread, provides a clinical stage for the growth and can guide treatment decisions. If the cancer has been localized to a small area, curative surgery can be used to remove the growth. This is the primary form of treatment for cancer and is often used in conjunction with other treatments. If it is not possible to remove the entire tumor without damaging the surrounding tissues, debulking surgery reduces the tumor mass. Finally, palliative surgery is used to treat complications of advanced disease (not as a cure), and restorative surgery is used to modify a person’s appearance after curative surgery (e.g., breast reconstructive surgery after a mastectomy or breast removal) (ACS, 2019a).

Chemotherapy

The second major form of treatment for cancer involves taking medications with the aim of disabling the cancer growth, a process referred to as chemotherapy (ACS, 2019b). The medications are either given in pill form, in the form of an injection, or in the form of an intravenous injection (medication delivered through a catheter right into a vein). Chemotherapy can be used alone or in combination with other treatments. Neuroadjuvant chemotherapy involves using chemotherapy to reduce the size of a tumor before surgery or radiation therapy. At other times, chemotherapy is adjuvant, that is, used after surgery or radiation therapy to destroy any remaining cancer cells. Chemotherapy can also be used in conjunction with targeted therapy, hormone therapy or immunotherapy.

The type of cancer and its severity determine the frequency of chemotherapy, and it can range from daily to monthly medication. This form of treatment can have very strong side effects but often results in successful outcomes. Patients who undergo chemotherapy (or chemo for short) may lose all their hair (not just the hair on their head as is commonly believed), experience severe nausea, and have a dry mouth and skin.

Chemotherapy also has biopsychosocial effects (Lorusso et al., 2017). Biologically, the treatment lowers both red and white blood cell counts. Fewer red blood cells make a person anemic and feel weak and tired. A reduced number of white blood cells makes a person more prone to infection, and a person undergoing chemotherapy needs to take special care to not be exposed to germs or sources of contamination. Psychologically, the fatigue can lead to low moods and also a loss of sexual desire and low sociability. Social interactions become strained as well. The patient often feels embarrassed by not having any hair and may not want to be seen by other people or may be too tired to interact. Simultaneously, many visitors and friends feel uncomfortable at the sight of the hairless, fatigued patient. As with most chronic illnesses it is important for the patient’s support networks to be prepared for and compensate for the effects of treatment.

Radiation Therapy

The third major form of treatment for cancer involves the use of radioactive particles aimed at the DNA of the cancer cells, a process referred to as radiation therapy (ACS, 2019c). Radiation used for cancer treatment is called ionizing radiation because it forms ions as it passes through tissues and dislodges electrons from atoms. The ionization causes cell death or a genetic change in the cancerous cells (Sia et al., 2020). There are many different types of external radiation treatments (e.g., electron beams, high-energy photons, protons, and neutrons), each sounding like something out of a science fiction movie and varying in intensity and energy. The process for getting radiation therapy is a little more complex than that for chemotherapy and surgery, although the preliminary stages are the same. Medical personnel first need to identify the location and size of the tumor and then pick the correct level of radiation. The key is to be able to do the most damage to the cancerous cells without damaging the normal cells. This is hard to do because the radiation stream cannot differentiate between types of cells, and normal cells often end up being affected as part of the process, resulting in treatment side effects. For external radiation, radiation is delivered from outside the body into the tumor. The total dose of radiation, a rad, is often broken down into fractions, and delivered as an outpatient over several weeks. Radiation therapy is perhaps the most involved type of therapy, with treatments usually being given daily, 5 days a week, for 5 to 7 weeks (ACS, 2019c). Radiation therapy can also be delivered internally, known as brachytherapy. In this treatment, a radioactive source is put inside the body or located close to the tumor; it may be left there or removed after a specific period of time. Lastly, radiotherapy may involve systemic radiation, where radioactive substances given by mouth or through a vein (ACS, 2019c). The type of radiotherapy will vary depending on the type and location of the cancer; sometimes multiple types will be used.

The main side effects of radiotherapy are fatigue and irritation of the body areas close to the radiation site (for external radiation), often accompanied by some disruption of functioning. For example, radiation to the mouth and throat area can cause loss of salivary function, difficulty in swallowing, and a redness of the neck and surrounding areas. Depending on the location (i.e., ovaries or testicles), radiation may also affect future fertility, with females advised not to conceive while undergoing radiation therapy (ACS, 2019c).

Other Treatments

In addition to these three main forms of treatment, there are also a variety of other possible ways to treat cancer. For example, immunotherapy involves the activation of the body’s own immune system to fight the cancer (ACS, 2019d), while targeted therapy uses medications that are designed to target cancer cells without damaging normal cells (ACS, 2021b) and hormonal therapy involves altering or blocking hormones to slow or stop cancer growth (ACS, 2020). There are also a number of alternative and complementary therapies that help people cope with cancer (some of which are believed to keep cancer at bay as well). These include aromatherapy, music therapy, yoga, massage therapy, meditation to reduce stress, special diets like taking peppermint tea for nausea, and acupuncture. There is growing public interest, especially among those living with cancer or the relatives of people with cancer, in obtaining information about complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) as discussed in Chapter 3 and methods of treatment. This interest is even more prevalent among individuals from different cultural groups who may have approaches and beliefs about cancer and its treatment that vary greatly from the view held by Western biomedicine. Very often cancer patients do not tell their doctors that they are also trying other treatments. Although there may be many treatments for cancer used by other cultures that are actually beneficial, very few methods have been tested by Western science and correspondingly North American health practitioners recommend very few alternative methods.

The stance of Western biomedicine is reflected particularly well in how the ACS refers to complementary and alternative medicine. The American Cancer Society defines alternative methods as “unproven or disproven methods used instead of standard medical treatments to prevent, diagnose, or treat cancer” (ACS, 2021c) and complementary methods as “supportive methods used along with standard medical treatment . . . used to help relieve symptoms of cancer and side effects of treatment” (ACS, 2021d). They differentiate between the two, stating that complementary methods are used with standard treatments, while alternative methods are used instead of standard treatments (ACS, 2021d). The American Cancer Society acknowledges that more research is needed to determine the safety and effectiveness of many of these methods and advocates for peer-reviewed scientific evidence of the safety and efficacy of these methods. Health-care practitioners recognize the need to balance access to complementary and alternative methods while protecting patients against methods that might be harmful to them. For example, the American Cancer Society supports patients having access to complementary methods but cautions them that the evidence for such methods is of lower quality than for standard treatments, and that their use should be discussed with treating health professionals. Part of the problem arises from the fact that harmful drug interactions may occur and must be recognized. In addition, sometimes use of the other treatments causes delays in starting standard therapies and is detrimental to the success of cancer treatment. The American Cancer Society also give greater warning with regards to alternative methods, indicating that the level of harm from such methods can vary (from few harms to life-threatening), these methods have not been sufficiently studied to demonstrate effectiveness and that people who use alternative methods instead of standard treatment for the most common cancers have a greater risk of cancer-related death.

A patient is lying on a stretcher, wearing an immobilization thermoplastic mask that covers his head and face. Two individuals are standing on both sides of the patient.
Radiation Therapy. A cancer patient has his head immobilized before targeted laser-guided radiation treatment.


When treatments succeed in keeping cancer at bay, the health psychologist’s job is not done. There is evidence that cancer survivors may develop secondary cancers. This risk is particularly evident for survivors of childhood cancer (Turcotte et al., 2018) as well as adolescent and young adult survivors due to greater sensitivity to treatments and longer life-expectancy (Demoor-Goldschmidt &amp; de Vathaire, 2019). Similarly problematic, a significant number of adolescent cancer survivors report posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), anxiety and depression (Kosir et al., 2019). Many cancer survivors begin to (or continue to) use complementary and alternative treatments. For example, Keene et al. (2019) conducted a systematic review of 61 studies exploring complementary and alternative treatment use among cancer patients, finding that on average, 51% of cancer patients used complementary and alternative treatments, with the main motivation reported to be to treat or cure cancer (73.8%). People also used complementary and alternative treatments to manage treatment complications (62.3%), meet holistic needs (57.4%), influence their general health (55.7%), and take control of their treatment (45.9%). Complementary and alternative treatments may provide the survivors with psychological benefits and prevent relapse, though this possibility has not been tested.    

== 13.6 ==

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      <text bytes="97016" sha1="m1swtfgn933ckfi76ryqz3kuc0cxyx8" xml:space="preserve">In 2019, more than 1.7 million new cases of cancer were diagnosed and nearly 600,000 people died of cancer in the United States (U.S. Cancer Statistics Working Group, 2022). Cancer is the second leading cause of death in the United States (after heart disease), with nearly 1 in 4 deaths due to cancer (U.S. Cancer Statistics Working Group, 2022).    

==13.1 - Cancer: Definitions and Prevalence==
'''Origins and Terminology''':

* Cancer originates from the Greek terms &quot;carcinos&quot; and &quot;carcinoma,&quot; referring to tumor types. Its name is linked to the crab-like appearance of spreading cancer cells.
* Cancer encompasses over 100 diseases, differing in incidence, risk factors, and treatment.

'''Biological Basis''':

* Cancer arises from malignant tumors characterized by uncontrolled cell growth and tissue destruction.
* Mutations in DNA disrupt normal cell processes, often caused by genetic factors or exposure to carcinogens (e.g., cigarette smoke).
* Normal cells divide and die systematically, while cancer cells grow indefinitely, forming abnormal cells.

'''Types of Cancer''':

* '''Carcinomas''': The most common type, originating in epithelial cells.
* '''Sarcomas''': Affect muscles, bones, and cartilage.
* '''Lymphomas''': Involve the lymphatic system (e.g., Hodgkin’s and non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma).
* '''Leukemias''': Found in blood and bone marrow, leading to anemia and immune issues.

'''Staging and Severity''':

* The TNM system assesses tumor size (T), lymph node involvement (N), and metastasis (M).
* Stages range from 0 (localized) to IV (widespread and severe).

'''Epidemiology and Risk''':

* About 1 in 2 men and 1 in 3 women are diagnosed with cancer during their lifetimes, with risks increasing with age.
* Prevalence varies by sex, ethnicity, and geography, with significant disparities in survival rates among ethnic groups.

'''Cultural and Psychosocial Factors''':

* Understanding cancer requires considering cultural influences, including ethnicity, gender, and socioeconomic factors.
* Minority groups face higher risks of death from cancer and lower survival rates, highlighting healthcare inequities.

'''Advancements and Trends''':

* Overall cancer incidence and mortality have decreased over decades, especially for males, though disparities persist.
* Early diagnosis and treatment advances have contributed to better outcomes in many populations.

'''Notable Trends''':

* Death rates from cancer decreased by 32% between 1991 and 2019.
* Minority populations experience lower survival rates, with Black Americans and Native Americans facing the highest relative risk of cancer death compared to White Americans.

By addressing cultural, biological, and environmental factors, we can better understand and combat cancer effectively

=== Raw Textbook Page ===
Similar to stress and pain, the word cancer has many different forms and meanings. Cancer is derived from carcinos and carcinoma, terms first used by the Greek Hippocrates to describe non-ulcer-forming and ulcer-forming tumors. The shape of a spreading cancer cell resembles the outstretching legs of a crab to which these words refer (in Greek the word for crab is cancer, think of the zodiac sign). Although typically discussed as one illness, cancer is a group of diseases that vary in terms of incidence and mortality rates, epidemiology, risk factors and causes, and treatments. Also, understanding cancer and its effects through a cultural approach is an important area of health psychology because a comprehensive understanding of cancer requires a consideration of sex, gender, ethnicity, geographical location, sexual orientation, and all the other aspects of what makes up culture.

First, let’s look at basic biology and some terminology. Cancer is the name given to the illness or condition caused by the presence of a malignant tumor. A malignant tumor or cancerous cell is identified as one showing uncontrollable cell growth that destroys healthy tissue. Cells that show abnormal growth are also referred to as neoplasms. Normally our cells grow, divide, and die in an orderly fashion, and cell growth is more pronounced when we are young. As we grow older, cells in most parts of our body divide only to replace worn-out or dying cells and to repair injuries. Because cancer cells continue to grow and divide, they are different from normal cells. Instead of dying, they outlive normal cells and continue to form new abnormal cells.

When a normal cell turns cancerous, it is often the result of a mutation in the cell’s DNA that alters it and makes it grow uncontrollably, disrupting surrounding tissue and often spreading to organs all around the body (Pecorino, 2021). Most of the time when DNA becomes damaged, the body is able to repair it. In cancer cells, the damaged DNA cannot be repaired. Such genetic mutations can also be inherited, which accounts for why risk for cancer increases if someone in a person’s family has had cancer. Many times, though, a person’s cancerous cell mutations occur because of exposure to environmental toxins such as cigarette smoke or other carcinogens (cancer-causing substances). The branch of medicine that concerns the study and treatment of cancer is referred to as oncology, and this is the term used more frequently in hospitals.

A scanning electron micrograph depicting a killer T cell attacking cancer cells.

A Cancer Cell Being Attacked by Immune System Killer T Cells. A Colored Scanning Electron Micrograph (SEM) image shows a human Natural Killer (NK) cell attacking a cancer cell. The yellow NK cell has numerous long fluid-projections, which are beginning to flow around the large orange cancer cell. Natural killer cells are a type of white blood cell known as T-lymphocytes. These have the ability to destroy virus-infected cells and tumor cells. On contact with the surface of a tumor cell, the NK cell recognizes certain proteins called antigens, which activate its cell-killing mechanism. The NK cell then binds to and destroys the cancer cell using toxins.


Types of Cancer

There are more than 100 different types of cancer, and even tumors within each type show a lot of variability. However, note that not all tumors are cancerous or malignant. Benign or noncancerous tumors do not metastasize or spread to other parts of the body and, with very rare exceptions, are not life threatening. Some cancers, such as leukemia, do not form tumors. Instead, these cancer cells involve the blood and blood-forming organs and circulate through other tissues where they grow (ACS, 2018). The course of cancer and the likelihood of survival vary greatly according to the type of cancer diagnosed. Therefore, if someone just says they have cancer, you should not make any generalizations about their experiences until you have more information. Some cancers show very little deviation in patterns of disease course, and psychosocial influences on coping and treatment are minimal (Henderson &amp; Baum, 2002). That said, psychosocial factors do relate to differences in biomarkers and disease progression (Cheng &amp; Meiser, 2019).

The key variables that influence the interaction between biological, psychological, and social factors and the role each plays in cancer morbidity or mortality are cancer site, type, and severity. The most common sites for cancer are the lungs, breasts, prostate gland, colon, and rectum (the latter two are often affected together, which is referred to as colorectal cancer). The top 10 cancer sites by sex and related incidence and mortality statistics for each are shown in Figures 13.1 and 13.3.


Figure 13.1 Description

There are four main types of cancer. The most common are carcinomas that start in the surface layers of the body or epithelial cells. This form of cancer accounts for the bulk of cancer cases and is seen in the most common sites. Sarcomas are cancers of the muscles, bones, and cartilage. Lymphomas are cancers of the lymphatic system and are referred to as Hodgkin’s disease if the cancer spreads from a single lymph node (non-Hodgkin lymphomas are found at several sites). Leukemias are cancers that are found in the blood and bone marrow. In leukemia, white blood cells proliferate to displace red blood cells, which causes anemia (a shortage of red blood cells), bleeding, and other immune system problems (ACS, 2018).

The severity of cancer is determined by a multifactor assessment of stage. The TNM system is the most common method used to stage cancer (ACS, 2022b). It provides three main pieces of information. The T describes the size of the tumor and whether cancer has spread to nearby tissues and organs. The N describes how far the cancer has spread to nearby lymph nodes. Given that the lymph nodes are critical components of the body’s immune system, they are often heavily involved in fighting cancer cells. The M indicates the extent to which the cancer has metastasized. Letters or numbers after the T, N, and M give more details about each of these factors. For example, a tumor classified as Tl, N0, M0 is a tumor that is very small, has not spread to the lymph nodes, and has not spread to distant organs of the body. Once TNM descriptions have been established, they can be grouped together into a simpler set of stages, stages 0 through IV. In general, the lower the number, the less the cancer has spread. A higher number, such as stage IV, indicates a more serious, widespread cancer (ACS, 2022b).

Prevalence of Cancer

Cancer has been around for centuries and has been called the emperor of all maladies (Mukherjee, 2010). Unfortunately, the chances of our developing some form of cancer in our lifetime are pretty high (it is estimated one out of two males and one out of three females will develop cancer in their lifetime; Siegel et al., 2022), and the chances get higher as we get older, dropping again in our 80s (DeSantis et al., 2019). For people ages between 60 and 69, there is a 1 in 7 chance (if you are male) or 1 in 10 chance (if you are female) of getting cancer (Siegel et al., 2022). This incidence drops to a 1 in 16 chance for males and females between the ages of 50 and 59, and a 1 in 29 chance for males and 1 in 17 chance for females from birth until 49 (Siegel et al., 2022). Culture is again very important. Prevalence rates vary across many levels of culture—by sex, ethnicity, and geography. Differences in overall cancer rates by sex are shown in Figure 13.2.


Figure 13.2 Description

We are making strides in the fight against cancer (Stanton, 2019). New results on the incidence of cancer show that it is not as common as it was before, although the good news favors White American populations. Siegel et al. (2021) collected cancer morbidity and mortality data from several government organizations such as the National Cancer Institute and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, evaluated trends in cancer incidence and death rates, and compared survival rates over time and across racial/ethnic populations. The good news is that incidence rates for males for all cancers combined decreased from 1990 through 2013 and then stabilized during 2018 (Siegel et al., 2022). For females, incidence for all cancers remained relatively stable through the mid-2010s, but has seen a slight increase in recent years (Siegel et al., 2022). The good news is that since their peak in 1991, overall cancer death rates in 2019 have decreased by 32% (Siegel et al., 2022). The bad news from a cultural perspective is that cancer-specific survival rates are lower and the risk of dying from cancer once it is diagnosed is higher in some ethnic minority populations compared with the White American population, as shown in Table 13.1 (Siegel et al., 2022). The relative risk of death from cancer (all types combined), after adjusting for sex, age, and cancer stage at diagnosis, is 33% and 51% higher in Black Americans and Native Americans, respectively, compared with that for White Americans (Jemal et al., 2017). Additionally, when considering all cancer stages, Black Americans have lower survival rates than White Americans for bladder, breast, colorectal, esophageal, oral cavity and pharynx, ovarian, and uterine cancer, and melanoma (Siegel et al., 2022).

== 13.2 - Cultural Variations and Developmental Issues ==
'''Cancer Across Cultures and Groups'''

Cancer affects people differently based on their ethnicity, race, sex, and socioeconomic status. Black Americans face higher cancer death rates than other groups in the U.S., despite White Americans having higher cancer diagnosis rates. For example, Black women are 41% more likely to die from breast cancer than White women, even though they are diagnosed less often. Similarly, Black men have double the cancer death rate compared to Asian/Pacific Islander men.

Cultural factors also influence cancer risks. Asian and Latino Americans show higher stomach and liver cancer rates, while Native Americans often see cancer as a punishment or a spiritual issue. Low socioeconomic status worsens outcomes due to limited knowledge about cancer and later diagnoses.

'''Sex Differences'''

Men are generally diagnosed with cancer more often than women, with prostate, lung, and colorectal cancers being the most common. For women, breast, lung, and colorectal cancers are most prevalent. Research on male-specific cancers, like testicular cancer, lags behind studies on female cancers, but awareness campaigns like No-Shave November are helping.

'''Beliefs and Knowledge About Cancer'''

Cultural beliefs affect understanding and attitudes toward cancer. Some groups attribute cancer to punishment or fate, leading to misconceptions. For instance, some Native Americans believe cancer can result from curses or violations of traditions. Fatalism—the idea that cancer always leads to death—is common in many communities, which can discourage seeking treatment.

'''Cancer as a Developmental Disease'''

Cancer risk increases with age, but many risk factors start early in life. For instance, smoking—a leading cause of cancer—often begins in teenage years. Children and teens diagnosed with cancer experience unique challenges, such as different coping mechanisms and impacts on their quality of life. Understanding how cancer affects individuals at different life stages is essential for providing appropriate support.

=== Raw Textbook Page ===
Similar to the ethnic differences in incidence of HIV infection described in the previous chapter, there are large differences in the cultural makeup of people who have cancer both across nations and across ethnic and racial groups (Kim &amp; Lwing, 2017; Song et al., 2014; Vahabi et al., 2017). In fact, there is a growing body of research clarifying the link between cancer and membership in certain ethnic groups (Yamoah et al., 2015). Before looking at possible biological reasons why one ethnicity may be more at risk than another, let’s first look at the different patterns of cancer across diverse ethnic groups.

There are two main statistics to bear in mind when studying the prevalence of cancer. The first is incidence or rates of newly diagnosed cases of the disease. The second is actual mortality. Keeping the two numbers separate is important because there are many people who are diagnosed with cancer who live (remember there was good news), and the number of survivors varies across cultural groups. So even if there are two cultural groups who both have the same incidence levels for a certain type of cancer, they may not show the same mortality rates. Figure 13.3 shows the incidence and mortality rates for the main types of cancer broken down by sex.

As you can see, different ethnic groups and the two sexes do not get cancer or die from it in the same ways (Dornelas, 2018; Siegel et al., 2022). Black Americans have the second highest general cancer incidence rates (behind White Americans), but the highest mortality rates of any population in the United States, with this difference being driven more by higher rates of cancer among Black American males (Siegel et al., 2022). Illustrating the difference between incidence and mortality, Black Americans have greater mortality rates relative to their incidence rates, suggesting that if they have cancer they are more likely to die of it. In 2019, the disparity in cancer deaths (for both sexes and all cancer types) between Black Americans and White Americans was 14% (Siegel et al., 2022). While White American females are diagnosed with cancer more than any other group of females, Black American females are the most likely to die from cancer (Siegel et al., 2022). This disparity is most pronounced in relation to breast cancer; Black American females have 4% lower incidence than White American females but 41% higher breast cancer mortality (Siegel et al., 2022). Similarly, Black American males’ cancer death rates are 19% higher than those of White American males and double those of Asian/Pacific Islander American males (Siegel et al., 2022). Separating total cases of cancer from individual types of cancer is important too. Although Asian/Pacific Islander Americans show much lower rates of cancer than White Americans in general, they have higher rates of stomach and liver cancer (Siegel et al., 2022). In contrast to some other ethnic differences, White American females have similar rates of lung cancer to Native American females but are more likely to have lung cancer than Black American, Asian/Pacific Islander American or Hispanic/Latino American females (Siegel et al., 2022).

In addition to these ethnic differences, there are significant sex differences in cancer incidence as well. Males experience higher incidences of cancer in general (Siegel et al., 2022). The most common cancers for males are prostate, lung, and colorectal (Siegel et al., 2022). Testicular cancer is relatively uncommon among men in general, but it is one of the most common forms of cancer in younger men ages 15 to 35. For some time, male cancers did not receive as much research attention as female cancers, and we know less about the etiology of most male cancers and males’ psychological and social experiences with cancer (Dornelas, 2018). No-Shave November is a recent phenomenon (did you know it started to raise awareness about male prostate cancer?).

The most common cancers for females for most ethnic groups are breast, lung, and colorectal (Siegel et al., 2022). In case you were wondering, men do get breast cancer although the rates are infinitesimal. Breast cancer incidence rates are somewhat counter to normal ethnic difference patterns; a higher incidence of breast cancer has been reported both in White American females and females of higher socioeconomic status (SES) compared to females of other ethnicities and lower SES (Coughlin, 2019; Seiler et al., 2017). However, low SES is associated with increased risk of aggressive premenopausal breast cancer, later diagnosis and poorer survival (Coughlin, 2019). Other common cancers tend to vary by ethnicity but usually include cancers of the reproductive organs (e.g., the uterus, cervix, and ovaries) and may be due to some ethnic groups such as Asian American and Latina American females not getting screened for the cancers (Suchday et al., 2019).

Cultural Differences in Beliefs and Knowledge About Cancer

Some of the cultural differences in cancer incidence are explained by cultural differences pertaining to beliefs held about cancer, people’s attitudes toward cancer, and knowledge of cancer (Licqurish et al., 2017). Many studies have shown that low socioeconomic groups are less knowledgeable about cancer regardless of their sex, ethnicity, or religion (e.g., McCutchan et al.,, 2015). Ethnically diverse groups exhibit different levels of knowledge as well. African Americans (Ogunsanya et al., 2017), Arab Americans (Abboud et al., 2017), Latino Americans (Szalacha et al., 2017), Chinese Americans (Robison et al., 2014), and Korean Americans (Sin et al., 2016) have all been found to have lower levels of knowledge about risk factors and cancer symptoms than White Americans.

Sometimes these cultural differences are linked to cultural beliefs and misconceptions about disease in general (Tejeda et al., 2017). Many religious individuals may believe that cancer is just punishment for sins or that cancer has spiritual meaning (Gall &amp; Bilodeau, 2017). The misperceived causes of cancer may also be more tangible. Vietnamese American, Chinese Americans, and Latino Americans (Luque et al., 2010) and Mexican immigrants to America (Luque et al., 2015) reported poor hygiene as a cause for cervical cancer. Another common cultural cancer belief is fatalism, the belief that a person with cancer cannot live a normal life and will die (Duberstein et al., 2017). High levels of fatalism have been found in Black Americans (Bustillo et al., 2017), Korean Americans, Chinese Americans, Mexican Americans (Gonzalez et al., 2016), and Latino Americans (Ramirez, 2014).

A vivid example of how culture influences perceptions is seen in the views of Native Americans. Many Native Americans see cancer as a White man’s disease and something that is a punishment for one’s actions or the actions of a family member (Yost et al., 2017). Some Native Americans see cancer as a natural part of life’s pathway and as providing a lesson from which to learn. Many also see cancer as penance and a person with cancer must wear the pain to protect other members of the community (Burhansstipanov, 2000). A diagnosis of cancer is equivalent to a doctor shooting a hole through the spirit and thus results in depression and fear of the doctor instead of trust. Beliefs about how you can get cancer may seem outlandish to the ethnocentric non-Native Americans. Some Native Americans believe cancer can result from a curse or from violating tribal mores like stepping on a frog or urinating on a spider. Others believe that it is contagious and that it can be caught from a mammography machine or from the child of someone who has cancer (Burhansstipanov, 2000). Some Native Americans do not want to even talk about cancer for fear of catching the cancer spirit. Regardless of the extent to which you think these beliefs are far-fetched, they have to be respected and anticipated to optimize helping the Native Americans who do hold them.

Developmental Issues in Cancer

You are more likely to get cancer as you get older (ACS, 2021a). The rates for cancer increase dramatically over the life span. Between 2013 and 2017, incidence rates ranged from 16.8 per 100,000 for those younger than 15 years of age, to 75.9 per 100,000 for adolescents and young adults (15–39 years) (Islami et al., 2021). In 2019, in the United States, the incidence rate was 474 and 415 per 100,000 for males and females, respectively, of all ages, and 2630 and 1804 per 100,000 for males and females, respectively, ages over 75 (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention [CDC], 2022). Age is a cultural variable as well, and one that also needs to be attended to in understanding cancer.

We consider cancer a developmental disease. Why is this? Although cancer is primarily diagnosed in older adults, cancers actually develop when people are younger. Because there typically is a large gap between when a tumor starts to grow and when it is large enough to be diagnosed, exposure to many of the risk factors for cancer (described below) at a young age necessarily predicts the occurrence of cancer at an older age. Significant risks for cancer are also associated with the different developmental milestones (as described in Chapter 4). There is a risk associated with girls starting to menstruate early (Goldberg et al., 2020; Olsson &amp; Olsson, 2020) and female’s dietary choices during adolescence and adulthood are associated with the early development of colorectal cancer (at less than 50 years; Hur et al., 2021). Risks also associate with menopause and the ways that females cope with it. The biggest risk factor for cancer—smoking (Kim et al., 2018; Lewandowska et al., 2019)—has a strong developmental link: Smoking almost always begins in the teenage years; few adults initiate a regular smoking habit (Park et al., 2018).

Developmental age also influences how people, especially children, will cope with a cancer diagnosis. For example, Barrera et al. (2003) recruited preschool, school age, and adolescent patients and measured their psychological adjustment and quality of life (QOL) 3, 9, and 15 months after cancer was diagnosed. The children’s age at diagnosis significantly affected both their adjustment and QOL. At 3 months after diagnosis, preschoolers had more externalizing behavior problems than adolescents. Preschoolers had better QOL than adolescents at all three assessments, suggesting that preschoolers with cancer are at risk for behavior problems and adolescents are at risk for poor QOL. Studies such as these are gentle reminders that the psychological reactions to cancer experienced by adults may be very different from those of children (Anderzén Carlsson et al., 2008). A developmental approach also helps us understand how family interactions change when one family member has cancer (Caruso et al., 2017; Erker et al., 2018; Long et al., 2018).

== 13.3 - Correlates of Cancer ==

=== Physiological Correlates of Cancer ===
The '''physiological symptoms''' of cancer depend on its '''size, location, and stage''' (Weinberg, 2013). If cancer has reached an advanced stage and '''metastasizes''' (spreads to other parts of the body), symptoms may occur at different locations. As '''mutant cells''' divide, they exert '''pressure''' on surrounding organs, blood vessels, and nerves, causing '''pain''' and discomfort (Pecorino, 2021).

Certain cancers, like '''pancreatic cancer''', often remain '''asymptomatic''' until they reach an advanced stage. '''General symptoms''' include fever, fatigue, pain, skin changes, and weight loss, though these symptoms are not exclusive to cancer. Sometimes, '''cancer cells''' release '''substances''' into the bloodstream that trigger unusual symptoms. For instance:

* '''Pancreatic cancer''' may release substances causing '''blood clots''' in leg veins.
* '''Lung cancers''' can produce '''hormone-like substances''' that alter '''blood calcium levels''', leading to '''weakness and dizziness'''.

Specific symptoms may also indicate particular cancers:

* '''Excretory function changes''': Could signal '''colon cancer''' (e.g., chronic diarrhea or altered stool consistency) or '''bladder/prostate cancer''' (e.g., painful urination, blood in urine).
* '''Sores that do not heal''': Signs of '''skin cancer''', particularly in the mouth or sexual organs.
* '''Unusual bleeding''': Blood in saliva, urine, stool, or other fluids should be reported immediately.
* '''Lumps''': In the breast, testicles, or lymph nodes could suggest cancer.

Being familiar with your body and recognizing changes is key to identifying potential issues early.
----

=== Psychological Correlates of Cancer ===

==== Psychological Factors in Cancer Incidence ====
Although there is little evidence that psychological factors '''cause cancer''', '''stress''' has been recognized as a contributing factor (Stanton, 2019). There are three main pathways through which '''psychological processes''' may influence cancer:

# '''Direct effects''' on bodily systems.
# '''Health behaviors''' (e.g., smoking or diet).
# Responses to '''illness or treatment''', such as screening behaviors.

Key psychological influences include:

* '''Personality''': Early studies linked '''anger suppression''' to a '''Type C personality'''—characterized by being unassertive and suppressing emotions—but this connection has since been discredited (Johansen, 2018).
* '''Social Support''': While it plays a major role in '''coping''', its impact on '''cancer incidence''' is inconsistent. For example, '''social isolation''' is linked to higher cancer mortality among White Americans but not Black Americans (Alcaraz et al., 2019).
* '''Depression''': Stronger evidence links '''clinical depression''' to higher cancer incidence and poorer survival rates (Wang, Li et al., 2020).

==== Psychological Responses to Diagnosis ====
The experience of a '''cancer diagnosis''' can trigger:

* '''Existential plight''': Heightened thoughts about life and death (Weisman &amp; Worden, 1972).
* '''Anxiety and depression''', particularly after diagnosis and during treatment (Civilotti et al., 2021).
* '''Stress''', reducing '''quality of life (QOL)''' (Dornelas, 2018).

Depression varies with '''age, sex''', and '''cancer type''':

* '''Younger patients''' often experience higher rates of depression.
* '''Females''' report almost twice the depression rates as males.
* Certain cancers, like '''lung''' or '''gynecological cancers''', are associated with higher depression levels (Linden et al., 2012).

----

=== Psychological Factors in Cancer Progression and Coping ===
Key factors influencing '''cancer progression''' include:

# '''Personality''': '''Optimism''' is strongly linked to better coping and recovery (Scheier &amp; Carver, 2018).
# '''Social Support''': A larger and stronger '''support network''' correlates with better survival outcomes (Nausheen et al., 2009).
# '''Depression''': Associated with faster disease progression and lower QOL (Bortolato et al., 2017).

----

=== Cancer, Stress, and Immunity ===
'''Stress''' has been shown to:

* Increase cancer risk and worsen progression (Chida et al., 2008).
* Reduce '''natural killer (NK) cell activity''', critical for fighting cancer (Capellino et al., 2020).
* Trigger '''unhealthy behaviors''' (e.g., smoking, poor diet), which accelerate progression.

Mechanisms include activation of the '''sympathetic nervous system (SNS)''' and '''hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis''', leading to immune dysregulation (Dai et al., 2020).

=== Raw Textbook Page ===
Physiological Correlates of Cancer

The physiological symptoms of cancer depend on the size, location, and stage of cancer (Weinberg, 2013). If a cancer has reached a later stage and metastasizes, then symptoms may occur at different locations in the body. As the mutant cells divide, they exert pressure on the surrounding organs, blood vessels, and nerves that is consciously felt by the individual (Pecorino, 2021). Some cancers, such as pancreatic cancer, are not felt until the cell has reached an advanced stage of development. Some of the general symptoms of cancer are fever, fatigue, pain, changes in the skin, and weight loss. Remember that having these symptoms does not necessarily mean a person has cancer but suggests that something is not right (there are many other reasons for these same symptoms). Sometimes, cancer cells release substances into the bloodstream that cause symptoms not generally thought to result from cancers (Pecorino, 2021). For example, some cancers of the pancreas can release substances that cause blood clots to develop in veins of the legs. Some lung cancers produce hormone-like substances that change blood calcium levels, affecting nerves and muscles and causing weakness and dizziness.

Together with general symptoms, some symptoms are more specifically indicative of cancer. Any changes in your excretory functions could signify cancer of the colon (such as constipation, constant diarrhea or a change in stool consistency) or bladder/prostate gland (such as painful urination or blood in the urine). Sores that do not heal, especially in the mouth or on sexual organs, are signs of skin cancers. As a rule, the appearance of blood in fluids in which you do not normally see it like in the saliva, urine, stool, nonmenstrual vaginal fluids, or breast fluid should be reported to a doctor immediately. The appearance of lumps in the breast, testicles, or lymph nodes may also be a sign of cancer. In general, it is clear that the better you know your body, the more aware you will be of changes that may signify problems with it.

Psychological Correlates of Cancer

You can divide the reality of cancer into three main phases: the period leading up to a diagnosis, the diagnosis and reactions to it, and the period following it. Psychological factors may play a role in all three, although the research evidence on how psychology influences progression is clearer than that on its role in the development of cancer.

Psychological Factors in Cancer Incidence

There is presently little unequivocal proof that psychological factors cause cancer (e.g., Stanton, 2019), except for the case of stress. We discuss this in more detail later. There are at least three general pathways through which psychological factors may influence the development of cancer: (1) direct effects of psychological processes on bodily systems; (2) healthy and unhealthy behaviors; and (3) responses to perceived or actual illness, such as screening behaviors or adherence to treatment recommendations (Henderson &amp; Baum, 2002). The main psychological processes studied have been personality, social support, depression, stress, and health behaviors. Stress and health behaviors are perhaps the most pervasive and will be discussed later in the chapter.

Although receiving a lot of attention in the mid-1980s, the role of personality in cancer has been somewhat exaggerated. Morris et al. (1981) first found an association between breast cancer and anger suppression, leading to the hypothesis of a cancer-prone or Type C personality (Zozulya et al., 2008). A Type C person was described as cooperative, appeasing, unassertive, and compliant and as someone who did not express negative emotions (Temoshok, 1987). Some later reviews supported these early findings, but more recently the research methodology used in studies examining personality as a risk factor for cancer has been criticized and it has been concluded that there is no sound evidence to suggest that personality plays a role in cancer etiology or survival (Johansen, 2018). However, while personality may not have a direct influence on cancer risk, it may influence health behaviors that are associated with cancer (Johansen, 2018).

If personality has no direct role, what is the influence of one’s social environment? Social support appears not to have a strong protective effect against cancer development (Ikeda et al., 2013) although it does play a significant role in coping with cancer (as discussed in the next section). To be fair, social support research is hampered by the fact that there are many different types of social support (as described in Chapter 6), and because it is operationally defined in different ways, study comparisons are difficult (Knoll, 2018). If your intuition says that social support must influence incidences of cancer, you are right (although don’t let intuition get in the way of empirical evidence to the contrary). For instance, social isolation was found to be associated with higher risk of cancer mortality for White Americans (male and female) but not for Black Americans (Alcaraz et al., 2019).

There is more evidence for the role of depression in cancer incidence than for social support (Wang, Li et al., 2020). Wang and colleagues (2020), in a meta-analysis comprising 51 cohort studies, with over two and a half million participants and a mean follow-up period of approximately 10 years, found that clinically diagnosed depression was associated with higher cancer incidence (for all cancer types combined), poorer cancer survival, and higher cancer-specific mortality; symptoms of depression were not associated with cancer risk. Depression was also associated with higher incidence for specific cancers including lung, oral cavity, prostate and skin cancer (Wang, Li et al., 2020). Furthermore, subgroup analyses found cancer risk to be higher in males and people of Asian ethnicity (Wang, Li et al., 2020).

In conjunction with similar cultural differences for social support, it is clear that the link between psychological factors and cancer may differ by sex and ethnicity. Such variations may be linked to biological pathways or may be indicative of greater cultural differences that have biopsychosocial components.

Psychological Responses to Cancer Diagnosis

Even being screened for a potential cancer can be a fearful experience (Nagendiram et al., 2020). A positive diagnosis (i.e., that cells are cancerous) can be devastating and has been referred to as causing an existential plight (increased thoughts about life and death) (Weisman &amp; Worden, 1972) and existential uncertainty regarding disease trajectory, likelihood of survival, and life before death (Karlsson et al., 2014). In the early stages after diagnosis, people may experience clinically relevant symptoms of anxiety and depression (Civilotti et al., 2021). In addition to anxiety, denial, and depression—the major responses to learning you have a chronic illness, as covered in Chapter 10—a cancer diagnosis and its treatment result in stress and a lowered QOL (Dornelas, 2018). The high emotions experienced right after diagnoses lessen with time, and emotions actually improve as recovery begins after the end of treatment. Two other highly psychologically disturbing times occur during treatment, whether it is surgery or radiotherapy (Dornelas, 2018).

In general, depression is more common in patients undergoing active treatment and those experiencing pain or with a history of stressors or low social support, rather than those in follow-up treatment (Johansen et al., 2011). Depression also varies according to age, sex and type of cancer (Linden et al., 2012). The relationship between age and depression is variable, but younger age has been associated with increased depression for some cancers (Linden et al., 2012). Regarding sex, females have been found to be almost twice as likely to report clinically significant depression than males, with the highest prevalence of depression occurring for females with lung cancer, followed by haematological and bone cancers (Linden et al., 2012). People with lung, haematological and gynecological cancers have been reported to have the highest levels of depression, while people with skin or prostate cancer have been found to have lower levels of depression than the average cancer patient (Linden et al., 2012). In addition to depression, people with cancer may also experience fear, anxiety, pain, and insomnia (Fischer et al., 2010; Hoang et al., 2020; Linden et al., 2012).

Psychological Factors in Cancer Progression and Coping

Similar to HIV infection and other chronic illnesses, some psychological characteristics help people cope better with cancer and also influence the course of the disease. Similar to the factors associated with incidence, a person’s personality, social support, depression, stress, and health behaviors again figure prominently (Smith, 2018; Stanton, 2019).

Personality

We have already discussed how personality relates to cancer incidence—meaning whether personality has any influence over whether someone will get cancer (there is no sound evidence to say it does). In the late 1970s, the first positive links between personality and cancer progression were seen. How people coped with cancer seemed to be one of the most important factors. Patients who denied they had cancer had higher disease recurrence rates (Greer et al., 1979). Other studies followed and have established that avoidant, repressive, or unexpressive personalities or coping styles are associated with poorer disease courses (Epping-Jordan et al., 1994). Other personality characteristics are important, too. For example, optimism is strongly and positively correlated with active coping and emotional regulation coping strategies and strongly negatively correlated with avoidant coping strategies (Scheier et al., 1986). Optimists, in general, show better psychological well-being and physical health (Scheier &amp; Carver, 2018; Solberg Nes, 2016). In the context of cancer, optimism has been associated with health-related QOL (Marton et al., 2022). Additionally, a number of studies show that optimism predicts better adjustment for a variety of cancers (breast cancer, Colby &amp; Shifren, 2013; colorectal cancer, Chambers et al., 2012; prostate cancer, Thornton et al., 2012; urogenital cancer, Zenger et al., 2010; advanced cancer (mixed types), Applebaum et al., 2014).

Social Support

The case for a positive correlation between social support and survival of cancer patients is very strong (Imm et al., 2017; LeBarre &amp; Riding-Malon, 2017). Of course, some of the best studies to look at are prospective in nature. For example, Nausheen et al. (2009) reviewed 31 longitudinal prospective studies from 26 published articles assessing the role of structural (e.g., size, range, proximity of social network and frequency of contact) and functional (e.g., function or quality of support network) social support in cancer progression and found that lower social support was associated with cancer progression, although some findings were contrary to what was expected. For all cancer types combined, structural support appeared to have a stronger association than functional support; however, most of the nonsignificant findings for functional support were in people with metastatic cancer, leading Nausheen et al. (2009) to conclude that functional social support may be beneficial for people with less severe cancer. Also, some of the differences may be due to the conceptualization and measurement of social support. With regard to cancer type, the evidence for a relationship between social support and cancer progression was deemed to be sufficiently strong for breast cancer; the relationship was not demonstrated for lung cancer, melanoma, or mixed cancers (studies containing more than one type of cancer; Nausheen et al., 2009). In terms of specific aspects of social support, having a larger social network of confidants with which to discuss personal problems (Kroenke et al., 2013), higher social connectedness (i.e., more frequent contact with family and friends, attending religious services, and involvement in community activities) (Beasley et al., 2010), and higher perceived level of support (Pinquart &amp; Duberstein, 2010) all link to slower progression of cancer and higher rates of survival. A growing body of work suggests that spiritual sources, such as belief in a God and prayer, also provide social support, aiding adjustment and slowing cancer progression (Chaturvedi &amp; Venkateswaran, 2008), although females who were not spiritual before cancer diagnosis but turned to God after diagnosis show lower levels of well-being than females who were always religious (Schreiber &amp; Brockopp, 2012).

Depression has also been linked to cancer progression (Bortolato et al., 2017) with a number of studies suggesting that depression and lower QOL in general have adverse effects on survival (Wang, Li et al., 2020). We discuss further the role of social support and depression in the section about interventions later in this chapter.

Although we have discussed the role of psychological factors in cancer progression, we would be remiss if we did not mention the effect cancer has on social relationships. The caregivers—spouses, friends, relatives—of cancer patients often experience negative outcomes as well (Borrescio-Higa &amp; Valdés, 2022; Long et al., 2018). For example, psychological interventions have been designed to help the spouses of females with breast cancer that reduce the spouse’s anxiety and depression and increase their self-efficacy and skills to assist their spouse (Lewis et al., 2019; Lewis et al., 2022). Across all cancer types, interventions for spouses have also targeted social support, problem solving, emotional resilience, coping strategies, role expectations, and relationship quality, with a review findings benefits for social support, emotional distress, coping, posttraumatic growth, self-efficacy, and communication (Kleine et al., 2019).

Cancer, Stress, and Immunity

Stress has been shown to influence both the incidence of cancer and its progression, although again, the link for the latter is stronger. There is no equivocation: stress-related psychosocial factors influence cancer. Chida et al. (2008) conducted a meta-analysis of 165 studies and found that stress-related psychosocial factors were associated with higher cancer incidence in initially healthy populations, poorer survival in patients with diagnosed cancer, and higher cancer mortality. While the methodology of this study has been criticized (Coyne et al., 2010), primary studies have also indicated a relationship between stress and cancer. For example, females who experienced four to six major life stressors were at more than five times higher risk for breast cancer (Kruk, 2012). Özkan et al (2017), similarly found that females who had experienced important stressors within the last 5 years and those with chronic stress were at increased risk of breast cancer. When biopsychosocial factors were analyzed together, females who had experienced important stressors within the last 5 years were at more than five and a half times higher risk for breast cancer (Özkan et al, 2017). A cancer diagnosis sets up a negative cycle of experiences between stress and illness (see Chapters 12 and 14 for other examples). The diagnosis and treatment cause stress that in turn influences the course of the disease by affecting the immune system (Andersen et al., 2017).

Stress affects cancer through a number of pathways. It has a direct effect on the activity of natural killer (NK) cells, which themselves are critical in the body’s fight against cancer (Capellino et al., 2020). Patients with a variety of cancers have lowered NK cell activity in the blood to begin with (Imai et al., 2000) and psychological distress associated with cancer diagnosis and treatment has been accompanied by immune dysregulation, including reduced NK activity and change in cytokine profile (Witek-Janusek et al., 2008). Low NK cell activity in cancer patients is significantly associated with the spread of cancer and in patients treated for metastases, the survival time without metastasis correlates with NK cell activity. Correspondingly, the experience of any additional stress can have direct effects on the development of the cancer, complementing and antagonizing the low NK cell levels. Stress can also increase unhealthy behaviors that can accelerate illness progression (Matsushita &amp; Takaki, 2019; Poluektov, 2021). The patient may increase drug, tobacco, or alcohol use, get less sleep or physical activity, or eat badly, all behaviors that may further affect immunity (Matsushita &amp; Takaki, 2019; Poluektov, 2021).

It may be no surprise that cancer can stress you, but can stress actually give you cancer? We discussed the negative impact stress can have on our minds and bodies in Chapter 5, so this is clearly a possibility. In fact, this question has been actively debated (Reiche et al., 2004; Tez &amp; Tez, 2008), with suggestions that stress, through a number of mechanisms, may contribute to cancer development, progression, and metastasization (Mravec et al., 2020).

Specific mechanisms have been proposed to explain the relationship between chronic stress and immune dysregulation that appears important for cancer development and progression. Stress acts through neuroendocrine processes, activating the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) and the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis (Dai et al., 2020). Stress hormones that are generated with activation of the SNS and HPA axis can promote tumorigenesis (the initial formation of tumors) and cancer development (Dai et al., 2020; See Figure 13.4). Indeed, it has been argued that while further research must explore it in more detail, the HPA axis appears important in cancer development and progression, but that the evidence for the role of SNS is now generally accepted (Mravec et al., 2020).

Chronic stress suppresses protective immune responses (i.e., responses that mediate cancer immunosurveillance, facilitate tumor immunotherapy, promote wound healing) (Antoni &amp; Dhabhar, 2019; Dai et al., 2020). It also induces/exacerbates chronic inflammation, which is important as chronic inflammation appears pivotal in cancer development and progression, impacting health through multiple pathways such as increased oxidative stress and damage, and mutations in DNA (Antoni &amp; Dhabhar, 2019; Mravec et al., 2020). These bodily changes are important as chronic inflammation and reduced immune surveillance are related to tumorigenesis (Dai et al., 2020). Chronic stress appears to also increase immunoregulatory/suppressive mechanisms, such that the body produces more cells that suppress protective antitumor immune responses (Antoni &amp; Dhabhar, 2019). While knowledge about mechanisms continues to evolve, the relationship between stress and cancer appears undeniable.

== 13.4 - Health Behaviors and Cancer ==
'''Health Behaviors and Cancer:'''

Your daily habits can significantly impact your chances of developing or surviving cancer. Some health risks, like smoking and unhealthy diets, are widely recognized, but others might surprise you.

'''Tobacco Use:'''

* Smoking is the leading preventable cause of cancer, contributing to 19% of all cases in the U.S.
* Smokers face 7.5 to 9 times the risk of lung cancer compared to nonsmokers.
* Tobacco use also increases risks for cancers of the throat, mouth, esophagus, and more.
* Cultural and regional differences affect tobacco usage rates and cancer risks.

'''Diet:'''

* Diet is the second biggest factor after smoking for cancer risk.
* Diets high in fat and low in fiber raise cancer risks, while fruits, vegetables, and certain fats (like omega-3s) help lower them.
* Obesity, often linked to poor diets, increases the risk of at least 13 cancers.
* Some cultural diets (e.g., Mediterranean) are associated with lower cancer risks.

'''Physical Activity:'''

* Regular physical activity reduces the risk of many cancers, including breast, colon, and bladder cancer.
* Adults should aim for 150–300 minutes of moderate exercise per week.

'''Sun Exposure:'''

* Excessive sun exposure leads to skin cancer, including melanoma.
* Regular sunscreen use and avoiding tanning beds significantly lower risks.
* Moderate sun exposure is beneficial for vitamin D production and mood.

'''Key Takeaway:'''

Prevent cancer by avoiding smoking, eating a healthy diet, staying physically active, protecting your skin from UV rays, and being mindful of your overall lifestyle habits.

=== Raw Textbook Page ===
As mentioned in the introduction to this chapter, many of your health behaviors predict your likelihood of getting cancer and the course cancer takes (Arem et al., 2020; Kerschbaum &amp; Nüssler, 2019; Stanton, 2019). The Measuring Up opener lists some of the main health behaviors that put you at risk for getting cancer. Take a moment to see how you fare. To some extent the results may surprise you. (“You mean doing that puts me at risk for cancer?” Yes, it may.) The usual unhealthy behaviors turn up again (see Chapter 7) and, not surprisingly, cultural differences in the practice of some of these behaviors are significant in explaining cultural differences in cancer.

Tobacco Use

Do you want an easy way to decrease your risk of getting cancer? Make sure you do not smoke. Probably the most clear-cut cause of cancer is tobacco use, which has been described as the most important preventable cause of cancer; cigarettes contain more than 60 carcinogenic substances (Bialous &amp; Sarma, 2017). Cigarettes account for 19% of all cancers among Americans (23.6% and 14.5% in males and females, respectively; Islami et al., 2018) and cause approximately 82% of lung, 74% of larynx (voice box), and 50% of esophageal cancers (Islami et al., 2018). Smokers have a much higher risk of lung cancer compared to nonsmokers. In a meta-analysis containing information from more than 7 million people, when adjusted for age, female smokers had nearly seven and a half times the risk and male smokers had nearly nine times the risk of lung cancer compared to nonsmokers (O’Keeffe et al., 2018). Only 12.5% of lung cancer patients have never smoked, although this varies by sex (15.7% of females and 9.6% for males, respectively; Siegel et al., 2022). Note that this risk is seven and a half to nearly nine times—not double, not triple—but seven and a half to nearly nine times. Talk about really playing with fire! Cigarette smoking accounts for approximately 30% of all cancer deaths; 33.1% for males and 24% for females (Islami et al., 2018). Smoking is a major cause of cancers of the lung, larynx, oral cavity, pharynx (throat), and esophagus and is a contributing cause in the development of cancers of the bladder, pancreas, liver, uterine cervix, kidney, stomach, colon and rectum, and some leukemias (Stanton, 2019).

The link between smoking and cancer is best illustrated when we look at populations that increased tobacco use. Smoking rates among females rose dramatically between the 1960s and the 1990s, and deaths due to lung cancer in females increased correspondingly (Thun et al., 2013). As male’s and female’s smoking rates become similar, their lung cancer rates and mortality also become similar; lung cancer accounts for 12% of new cancers for males and 13% for females, while it accounts for 21% of cancer deaths for both sexes (Siegel et al., 2022). Cigarette smoking has declined over time; in 2020, 12.5% of Americans were cigarette smokers (Cornelius et al., 2020). However, Americans are also using other tobacco products such as e-cigarettes, cigars, smokeless tobacco and pipes (Cornelius et al., 2020). Cigarette use is higher among Black Americans, Latino Americans, and White Americans living in rural areas and Asian Americans residing in urban areas (Cornelius et al., 2020). When considering use of any tobacco product, rates of use were higher among males, people younger than 65, White Americans, Black Americans and Native Americans, lesbian, gay, or bisexual adults, people in rural areas, and people with low income (Cornelius et al., 2020). Figure 13.5 shows how overall smoking rates, and rates according to sex, have changed in the United States since 1998.

Differences in tobacco use also highlight many of the cultural differences in cancer rates (see Figure 13.6). Different ethnic groups have had different historical relationships with tobacco, serving to either increase or decrease their exposure to it. Black Americans, for example, had heavy exposure to tobacco from the early 1600s when they were forced into slavery on southern tobacco-growing plantations and in tobacco manufacturing during the colonial period (Gately, 2003). Tobacco was used in South America and Latin America even before the European colonization, and the curanderismos (see Chapter 3) often used tobacco in religious and healing practices. Even today, cigarette smoking is considered a social activity for Latinos, consistent with cultural values of personalismo (importance of personal relations) (Echeverria et al., 2015). Not surprisingly, many Latin American countries show high rates of smoking (Pichon-Riviere et al., 2020). Many Asian groups also have had a long history of smoking. In China, tobacco was mixed with opium and smoked and was used also medicinally. In India, the end of a hard day in the fields was often marked by the smoking of a hookah, a contraption that bubbles tobacco through water. Use of a hookah to smoke also has become a trendy habit in many North American cities. While the specific impacts from different forms of tobacco use may vary, statistics prove that even exposure to secondhand smoke is associated with cancer incidence (Su et al., 2018).

Diet
For the majority of Americans who do not smoke, eating a nutritionally balanced diet and being physically active are the most important ways to reduce cancer risk (LaCaille, 2019; Mermelstein, 2019; Song, 2019). Evidence suggests that one third of the 550,000 cancer deaths that occur in the United States each year are due to unhealthy diet and insufficient physical activity (Greger, 2015). Different cultural groups have different eating habits (see Chapter 8), which can accentuate their risk for cancer. There are a number of dietary features that are linked to an increased risk for cancer (Bail et al., 2016; Grosso et al., 2017). For example, eating too much fat and not getting enough fiber have been associated with increased cancer incidence (Gudenkauf &amp; Thrift, 2021; He et al., 2017). On the other hand, diets with high consumption of fruits and vegetables are associated with a lower risk for several types of cancer (Liu et al., 2021). Also, some fats such as omega-3 polyunsaturated fat (found in salmon) may prevent or inhibit growth of a range of cancers including breast, colorectal, and gastric cancer (Nabavi et al., 2015). In Hawaii, native Hawaiians have the shortest life expectancy of any ethnic group because of their diets, including high consumption of cholesterol-containing foods and red meat, animal fat, eggs, milk, and cheese (the traditional roast pig at a luau is an example).

The diet-cancer link is probably mediated by obesity. Overweight and obesity often result from bad diets and eating too much. Obesity may promote breast cancer due to dysregulated metabolism and inflammation, with cytokine production in excess adipose tissues creating a chronic inflammatory microenvironment where tumors can develop (Seiler et al., 2018) or affecting the production and functioning of hormones such as estrogen (Bhardwaj et al., 2019). Indeed, obesity accounts for 11.9% for males and 13.1% for females of the burden attributed to cancer globally and has been associated with an increased risk of 13 cancers including breast, colorectal endometrial, esophageal, gallbladder, gastric, hepatocellular (liver), kidney, ovarian, pancreatic, and thyroid cancers, meningioma and multiple myeloma (Avgerinos et al., 2019).

A wide variety of foods are supposed to help prevent cancer and also to cure it. Only a small percentage of the foods touted as preventative or curative have stood the test of scientific research (Table 13.2). Be warned that there are a lot of television and internet reports of so-called cancer-busting foods for which there is no scientific basis. For example, eating grapes is supposed to be good, but the effects have not been proven. That said, eating a diet with high amounts of fruits and vegetables, especially those containing antioxidants, does seem to increase the cancer-fighting capacity of the body (Liu et al., 2021; Parohan et al., 2019). Also, eating soy products may reduce the risk of some cancers (Applegate et al., 2018; Takagi et al., 2015), and vegetarianism may be linked to lower incidence of cancer (Oussalah et al., 2020). Diet guidelines for the prevention of cancer from the American Cancer Society (Rock et al., 2020) recommend a nutrient-rich diet including a variety of colors of fruits (i.e., whole fruit) and vegetables (i.e., dark green, red, and orange, fiber-rich beans and peas) and whole grains. They also recommend avoiding or limiting highly processed foods and refined grains, red and processed meats, sugar-sweetened beverages and alcohol (Rock et al., 2020). Figure 13.7 illustrates the relationship between diet and cancer.

As far as popular diets like South Beach and Atkins go, the Mediterranean diet, which is rich in nuts, grains, and olive oil, has shown the most promise for keeping cancer at bay (Mentella et al., 2019). For the rest of the things you may hear about, for example, vitamin A or C, the mineral selenium, and flavonoids (effective antioxidants that you’ll hear more about in the next chapter), there is enough research to suggest that each is a potential cancer fighter (Rodríguez-García et al., 2019), but we are far from having a guaranteed perfect anticancer diet. However, we are getting closer, as more and more nutrients prove to be viable cancer fighters (Jeurnink et al., 2015). As always, you should be a critical consumer of what claims you hear or read about.

Given that some foods may have the potential to reduce the risk for cancer, it follows that cultural differences in dietary patterns correspondingly explain cultural differences in cancer incidence and progression. For example, Gudenkauf and Thrift (2021) found that a higher proportion of cancers were attributable to inadequate diet among non-Hispanic Black Americans (4.4%), than Hispanic Americans (3.7%) and non-Hispanic White Americans (3.1%). Non-Hispanic Black Americans also had more cancers attributed to eating processed meat, and a diet insufficient in calcium and fiber, than other Americans (Gudenkauf &amp; Thrift, 2021).

Furthermore, there is a lower incidence of breast cancer among Latinas than among non-Latina White American females. Can diet explain this? Murtaugh et al. (2008) examined the associations of dietary patterns (e.g., Western, Native Mexican, Mediterranean) with risk for breast cancer in Latinas (757 cases, 867 controls) and non-Latina White American females (1,524 cases, 1,598 controls) from the Four-Corners Breast Cancer Study. They found that it was the dietary pattern followed and not just the ethnicity that was important. The Western dietary pattern was associated with greater risk, and the Native Mexican and Mediterranean dietary patterns were associated with lower risk of breast cancer.

Physical Activity

The reasons for staying in shape (or getting in shape) continue to increase (LaCaille, 2018). A large body of evidence suggests that physical activity can reduce the risk of bladder, breast, colon, endometrial, esophageal, gastric, head and neck, liver, lung, rectal and kidney cancer (Figure 13.8), along with myeloma and myeloid leukemia (McTiernan et al., 2019; Moore et al., 2016). Getting regular physical activity also lowers the risk for breast cancer for both pre- and postmenopausal females (Guo et al., 2020). Being active is good for males too. Physical activity appears important in the development and progression of prostate cancer, however evidence of a relationship between physical activity and reduced prostate cancer risk remains inconclusive (Shephard, 2017). Similarly, at present evidence that physical activity reduces risk for testicular cancer is lacking (McTiernan et al., 2019).

While the evidence may be mixed, physical activity guidelines for the prevention of cancer from the American Cancer Society (Rock et al., 2020) recommend limiting sedentary behavior (i.e., sitting and lying down, screen-based entertainment) and engaging in physical activity. Children and adolescents are recommended to do at least one hour of moderate- or vigorous-intensity activity each day, while adults should complete 150 to 300 minutes of moderate- or 75 to 150 minutes of vigorous-intensity physical activity per week (Rock et al., 2020).

Sun Exposure

Few people lying on the beach soaking in the sun’s rays are thinking about the fact that such sun exposure increases their chances of the most common form of cancer—skin cancer (basal and squamous cell skin cancers) (ACS, 2023). Did you know that one in five Americans will be diagnosed with skin cancer by 70, and that experiencing five or more sunburns doubles the risk of melanoma? (Skin Cancer Foundation, 2023a). Prevention is again the key: Using sunscreen regularly (at least 15+) can reduce the risk of squamous cell skin cancers and melanoma by approximately 40% and 50%, respectively (Skin Cancer Foundation, 2023b).

Even tanning booths are carcinogenic. A 15- to 20-minute session is equivalent in ultraviolet (UV) ray exposure to one full day at the beach. Although tanning salons often advertise that sun bed tanning is safer than sunbathing outside, the intensity of light in tanning beds is actually much greater. The customer not only has light rays above their body but also below it. Many of the older tanning beds emit short-wave UV rays, which burn the outer layers of the skin. The majority of the tanning beds used today, however, emit long-wave UV rays, which actually penetrate deeper and weaken the skin’s inner connective tissue. Tanning salon rays also increase the damage that is done by the sunlight, because the UV light from the tanning beds thins the skin, making it less able to heal. Both the sun and tanning beds produce a tan from UV rays. UV rays cause the skin to protect itself from burning by producing additional pigmentation and coloring. Overexposure to these UV rays can lead to eye injury, premature wrinkling, light-induced skin rashes, and increased chances of skin cancer. To get that nice tanned look without the risk, consumers are now flocking to risk-free tanning booths that use sprays.

So, should you stay out of the sun altogether? No, that’s not right, either. Although overexposure to sunlight can be very detrimental to one’s health, we still need some amount of exposure to sunlight for both physical and psychological reasons. A lack of sunlight is associated with poor mood, as well as with a condition called seasonal affective disorder. Sunlight is also a major source of vitamin D in humans, because it produces vitamin D in the skin after exposure to UV radiation (Religi et al., 2019). Without vitamin D, diseases such as rickets occur. In direct relationship to this chapter, in recent studies sunlight exposure has been associated with reduced risk of breast cancer in females living in the Caribbean (Nazario et al., 2022), and authors of a meta-analysis suggested that spending at least an hour per day in the sun during summer could reduce the risk of breast cancer (Hiller et al., 2020).

Tanning. Visiting a tanning booth, even once, can expose you to carcinogenic ultraviolet rays. A safer alternative for a tanned look is a spray-on tan or tanning lotion.

== 13.5 - Treatment Options ==
Cancer is no longer an automatic death sentence, as advances in detection and treatment have improved survival rates. While early detection increases the chances of successful treatment, some advanced cancers can still be treated effectively. Cancer treatments aim to remove or control abnormal cells, with three main approaches: surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation therapy.

'''1. Surgery'''

Surgery is the oldest cancer treatment, primarily used to remove tumors. It is most effective when cancer is localized.

* '''Preventive Surgery:''' Removes tissue likely to become cancerous, such as in individuals with BRCA gene mutations.
* '''Diagnostic Surgery:''' Extracts small tissue samples to confirm or stage cancer.
* '''Curative Surgery:''' Targets localized cancer, often combined with other treatments.
* '''Other Types:'''
** '''Debulking Surgery:''' Reduces tumor size when complete removal isn’t possible.
** '''Palliative Surgery:''' Eases complications in advanced cancer.
** '''Restorative Surgery:''' Reconstructs appearance post-surgery (e.g., breast reconstruction).
'''2. Chemotherapy'''

Chemotherapy involves administering drugs to halt cancer growth and can be used alone or with other treatments.

* '''Forms:''' Pills, injections, or intravenous delivery.
* '''Purposes:'''
** '''Neuroadjuvant Therapy:''' Shrinks tumors before surgery/radiation.
** '''Adjuvant Therapy:''' Destroys residual cancer cells after primary treatment.
* '''Effects:'''
** '''Biological:''' Reduces white blood cells, causing fatigue and vulnerability to infections.
** '''Psychological and Social:''' Side effects like hair loss, nausea, and fatigue impact self-esteem and relationships.
'''3. Radiation Therapy'''

Radiation therapy uses ionizing radiation to damage cancer DNA, leading to cell death.

* '''Techniques:'''
** '''External Radiation:''' Targets tumors with precise beams over weeks.
** '''Internal Radiation (Brachytherapy):''' Places radioactive sources near the tumor.
** '''Systemic Radiation:''' Uses radioactive substances administered orally or intravenously.
* '''Side Effects:''' Fatigue, localized irritation, difficulty swallowing (if applied to the throat), and potential fertility issues.
'''Other Treatments'''
* '''Immunotherapy:''' Activates the immune system against cancer.
* '''Targeted Therapy:''' Uses drugs that specifically target cancer cells.
* '''Hormonal Therapy:''' Alters hormone activity to slow cancer growth.
* '''Complementary and Alternative Medicine (CAM):''' Includes yoga, acupuncture, and special diets for symptom management and psychological benefits. However, these methods require caution due to varying effectiveness and potential risks when delaying standard treatments.
'''Survivorship and Challenges'''

Cancer survivors face risks like secondary cancers, PTSD, anxiety, and depression. Many turn to CAM for holistic healing, but more research is needed to validate its efficacy. Health professionals advise patients to discuss CAM use to avoid harmful interactions or delays in effective treatment.

Advances in treatment and care have significantly improved outcomes for cancer patients, but ongoing research and psychological support remain crucial for long-term recovery and well-being.

=== Raw Textbook Page ===
Cancer need no longer be a death sentence, although many people still believe it is. Although earlier cancer detection increases its chances of being completely treated, even some cancers in their later stages can be successfully treated. Because cancer is essentially cells that are out of control, the main goal of treatment is to remove the cells from the body. There are three major ways to treat cancer.

Surgery

The oldest and most straightforward way to treat cancer is surgery, during which the surgeon can remove the tumor. Surgery is most successful when the cancer has not spread because this provides the best chance of removing all the mutant cells. Surgery also has other uses in cancer (ACS, 2019a). Preventive surgery is performed to remove tissue that is not malignant as yet but has a high chance of turning malignant. This happens in the case of females with a family history of breast cancer who also have a mutant breast cancer gene (BRCA1 or BRCA2). Preventive surgery may also be used to remove parts of the colon if polyps, small stalk-shaped growths (not the little marine animals), are found.

Diagnostic surgery is the process of removing a small amount of tissue to either identify a cancer or to make a diagnosis (ACS, 2019a). If the patient receives a positive diagnosis of cancer, sometimes staging surgery is needed to ascertain what stage of development the cancer is in. This form of surgery helps determine how far the cancer has spread, provides a clinical stage for the growth and can guide treatment decisions. If the cancer has been localized to a small area, curative surgery can be used to remove the growth. This is the primary form of treatment for cancer and is often used in conjunction with other treatments. If it is not possible to remove the entire tumor without damaging the surrounding tissues, debulking surgery reduces the tumor mass. Finally, palliative surgery is used to treat complications of advanced disease (not as a cure), and restorative surgery is used to modify a person’s appearance after curative surgery (e.g., breast reconstructive surgery after a mastectomy or breast removal) (ACS, 2019a).

Chemotherapy

The second major form of treatment for cancer involves taking medications with the aim of disabling the cancer growth, a process referred to as chemotherapy (ACS, 2019b). The medications are either given in pill form, in the form of an injection, or in the form of an intravenous injection (medication delivered through a catheter right into a vein). Chemotherapy can be used alone or in combination with other treatments. Neuroadjuvant chemotherapy involves using chemotherapy to reduce the size of a tumor before surgery or radiation therapy. At other times, chemotherapy is adjuvant, that is, used after surgery or radiation therapy to destroy any remaining cancer cells. Chemotherapy can also be used in conjunction with targeted therapy, hormone therapy or immunotherapy.

The type of cancer and its severity determine the frequency of chemotherapy, and it can range from daily to monthly medication. This form of treatment can have very strong side effects but often results in successful outcomes. Patients who undergo chemotherapy (or chemo for short) may lose all their hair (not just the hair on their head as is commonly believed), experience severe nausea, and have a dry mouth and skin.

Chemotherapy also has biopsychosocial effects (Lorusso et al., 2017). Biologically, the treatment lowers both red and white blood cell counts. Fewer red blood cells make a person anemic and feel weak and tired. A reduced number of white blood cells makes a person more prone to infection, and a person undergoing chemotherapy needs to take special care to not be exposed to germs or sources of contamination. Psychologically, the fatigue can lead to low moods and also a loss of sexual desire and low sociability. Social interactions become strained as well. The patient often feels embarrassed by not having any hair and may not want to be seen by other people or may be too tired to interact. Simultaneously, many visitors and friends feel uncomfortable at the sight of the hairless, fatigued patient. As with most chronic illnesses it is important for the patient’s support networks to be prepared for and compensate for the effects of treatment.

Radiation Therapy

The third major form of treatment for cancer involves the use of radioactive particles aimed at the DNA of the cancer cells, a process referred to as radiation therapy (ACS, 2019c). Radiation used for cancer treatment is called ionizing radiation because it forms ions as it passes through tissues and dislodges electrons from atoms. The ionization causes cell death or a genetic change in the cancerous cells (Sia et al., 2020). There are many different types of external radiation treatments (e.g., electron beams, high-energy photons, protons, and neutrons), each sounding like something out of a science fiction movie and varying in intensity and energy. The process for getting radiation therapy is a little more complex than that for chemotherapy and surgery, although the preliminary stages are the same. Medical personnel first need to identify the location and size of the tumor and then pick the correct level of radiation. The key is to be able to do the most damage to the cancerous cells without damaging the normal cells. This is hard to do because the radiation stream cannot differentiate between types of cells, and normal cells often end up being affected as part of the process, resulting in treatment side effects. For external radiation, radiation is delivered from outside the body into the tumor. The total dose of radiation, a rad, is often broken down into fractions, and delivered as an outpatient over several weeks. Radiation therapy is perhaps the most involved type of therapy, with treatments usually being given daily, 5 days a week, for 5 to 7 weeks (ACS, 2019c). Radiation therapy can also be delivered internally, known as brachytherapy. In this treatment, a radioactive source is put inside the body or located close to the tumor; it may be left there or removed after a specific period of time. Lastly, radiotherapy may involve systemic radiation, where radioactive substances given by mouth or through a vein (ACS, 2019c). The type of radiotherapy will vary depending on the type and location of the cancer; sometimes multiple types will be used.

The main side effects of radiotherapy are fatigue and irritation of the body areas close to the radiation site (for external radiation), often accompanied by some disruption of functioning. For example, radiation to the mouth and throat area can cause loss of salivary function, difficulty in swallowing, and a redness of the neck and surrounding areas. Depending on the location (i.e., ovaries or testicles), radiation may also affect future fertility, with females advised not to conceive while undergoing radiation therapy (ACS, 2019c).

Other Treatments

In addition to these three main forms of treatment, there are also a variety of other possible ways to treat cancer. For example, immunotherapy involves the activation of the body’s own immune system to fight the cancer (ACS, 2019d), while targeted therapy uses medications that are designed to target cancer cells without damaging normal cells (ACS, 2021b) and hormonal therapy involves altering or blocking hormones to slow or stop cancer growth (ACS, 2020). There are also a number of alternative and complementary therapies that help people cope with cancer (some of which are believed to keep cancer at bay as well). These include aromatherapy, music therapy, yoga, massage therapy, meditation to reduce stress, special diets like taking peppermint tea for nausea, and acupuncture. There is growing public interest, especially among those living with cancer or the relatives of people with cancer, in obtaining information about complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) as discussed in Chapter 3 and methods of treatment. This interest is even more prevalent among individuals from different cultural groups who may have approaches and beliefs about cancer and its treatment that vary greatly from the view held by Western biomedicine. Very often cancer patients do not tell their doctors that they are also trying other treatments. Although there may be many treatments for cancer used by other cultures that are actually beneficial, very few methods have been tested by Western science and correspondingly North American health practitioners recommend very few alternative methods.

The stance of Western biomedicine is reflected particularly well in how the ACS refers to complementary and alternative medicine. The American Cancer Society defines alternative methods as “unproven or disproven methods used instead of standard medical treatments to prevent, diagnose, or treat cancer” (ACS, 2021c) and complementary methods as “supportive methods used along with standard medical treatment . . . used to help relieve symptoms of cancer and side effects of treatment” (ACS, 2021d). They differentiate between the two, stating that complementary methods are used with standard treatments, while alternative methods are used instead of standard treatments (ACS, 2021d). The American Cancer Society acknowledges that more research is needed to determine the safety and effectiveness of many of these methods and advocates for peer-reviewed scientific evidence of the safety and efficacy of these methods. Health-care practitioners recognize the need to balance access to complementary and alternative methods while protecting patients against methods that might be harmful to them. For example, the American Cancer Society supports patients having access to complementary methods but cautions them that the evidence for such methods is of lower quality than for standard treatments, and that their use should be discussed with treating health professionals. Part of the problem arises from the fact that harmful drug interactions may occur and must be recognized. In addition, sometimes use of the other treatments causes delays in starting standard therapies and is detrimental to the success of cancer treatment. The American Cancer Society also give greater warning with regards to alternative methods, indicating that the level of harm from such methods can vary (from few harms to life-threatening), these methods have not been sufficiently studied to demonstrate effectiveness and that people who use alternative methods instead of standard treatment for the most common cancers have a greater risk of cancer-related death.

A patient is lying on a stretcher, wearing an immobilization thermoplastic mask that covers his head and face. Two individuals are standing on both sides of the patient.
Radiation Therapy. A cancer patient has his head immobilized before targeted laser-guided radiation treatment.


When treatments succeed in keeping cancer at bay, the health psychologist’s job is not done. There is evidence that cancer survivors may develop secondary cancers. This risk is particularly evident for survivors of childhood cancer (Turcotte et al., 2018) as well as adolescent and young adult survivors due to greater sensitivity to treatments and longer life-expectancy (Demoor-Goldschmidt &amp; de Vathaire, 2019). Similarly problematic, a significant number of adolescent cancer survivors report posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), anxiety and depression (Kosir et al., 2019). Many cancer survivors begin to (or continue to) use complementary and alternative treatments. For example, Keene et al. (2019) conducted a systematic review of 61 studies exploring complementary and alternative treatment use among cancer patients, finding that on average, 51% of cancer patients used complementary and alternative treatments, with the main motivation reported to be to treat or cure cancer (73.8%). People also used complementary and alternative treatments to manage treatment complications (62.3%), meet holistic needs (57.4%), influence their general health (55.7%), and take control of their treatment (45.9%). Complementary and alternative treatments may provide the survivors with psychological benefits and prevent relapse, though this possibility has not been tested.    

== 13.6 ==

=== Raw Textbook Page ===
The main way to reduce the death rates from cancer is to increase the practice of healthy behaviors and decrease other behavioral contributions to cancer risk (Lovejoy &amp; Fowler, 2018). The general approaches to improving common behaviors—reduce tobacco use, eat a nutritionally balanced meal, and be physically activity—have been covered in some detail in Chapters 7 and 8. Although challenging, interventions to get people to change old habits, such as what they eat, are beginning to be successful (James et al., 2022) and health psychologists have focused on a range of psychosocial interventions for patients with cancer (Benedict et al., 2022; Stanton, 2019). Another major health behavior not covered in as much detail before is getting routine screenings.

Aiding Prevention: Increasing Screening Behaviors
One of the strongest contributions of health psychological research has been to illustrate how we can increase health behaviors that will ensure the early detection of cancer. The most direct early detection behavior is screening, and a number of interventions attempt to increase cancer screenings especially for breast, cervical, and colorectal cancer (Agide et al., 2018; Dougherty et al., 2018). Early detection ensures that the cancer can be treated in an early stage, almost literally being nipped in the bud. Screening can take two main forms: screening by professionals and medical equipment such as mammograms, and screening that you can do at home such as testicular or breast self-examinations. The American Cancer Society has a clear set of recommendations for when and how often a person should be screened or should check for cancer (Table 13.3 shows recommendations for breast cancer screenings). The big question here is this: Even if you know how often you should get screened, will you do it?

Regular clinical breast examinations or breast self-examinations are not recommended as part of routine breast cancer screening as there is little evidence that such examinations are helpful in this context. However, they may be appropriate in some circumstances. Health providers may offer clinical breast examinations to females at higher-risk. Also, some females may choose to continue regular self-examinations to monitor the look and feel of their breasts.

The Health Belief Model (HBM) described in Chapter 7 (Rosenstock, 1974) is the model used most often to guide interventions to increase screening behavior (Lau et al., 2020). According to this model, the extent to which you see yourself as being susceptible to cancer, the extent to which you believe cancer to have severe consequences, the perceived barriers keeping you from getting screened, and the perceived benefits to getting screened all combine to predict your screening behavior. A number of interventions have included components especially designed to influence different parts of the HBM (e.g., Ghaffari et al., 2019). The Application Showcase section at the end of this chapter gives you a concrete example of an intervention aimed at increasing screening.

The model works well. Increasing people’s knowledge about cancer susceptibility and severity can increase screening behaviors (Masoudiyekta et al., 2018). Similarly, increased perceived knowledge about the benefits of screening has been found to predict increased mammogram screening, while increased perceived barriers to screening has been found to significantly reduce the likelihood of mammogram screening (Darvishpour et al., 2018). Factors that influence perceptions of susceptibility or risk are important as well (Katapodi et al., 2004). People with a family history of breast cancer perceive themselves to be at higher risk, with a significant relationship shown between perceived risk and likelihood of screening (Katapodi et al., 2004). However, disparities in mammography screening have been found across the United States, with higher rates of screening in coastal cities, with higher percentages of Asian Americans, people up to date with their Papanicolaou test, and private insurance (Kim et al., 2019). As noted below, cultural barriers to screening also pose challenges to cancer care.

A poster highlighting colorectal cancer and emphasizing the significance of screening for early detection.
Ad Campaign to Increase Screening for Colorectal Cancer. Colorectal cancer is another cancer that can be successfully treated if it is detected early enough. This is one of the posters in a national campaign to increase screenings.


Long Description

Paradoxically, believing yourself to be extremely susceptible to cancer (e.g., taking a genetic test showing you have a mutated gene) or having a strong knowledge of severity and the fact that the disease could be fatal sometimes keeps people from getting screened (Cohen, 2022). The fear of actually finding something can keep people from even getting the test (Smits et al., 2018). This problem is amplified in some cultural groups. Fatalism, discussed previously, among Latina American females is associated with lower Pap smear rates (a test for uterine cancer) (Chen et al., 2018).

Cultural Differences in Screening

Cultural differences arise once more in the use of preventive measures for cancer. Females from low-SES groups are less likely to get mammograms (Ruiz et al., 2019). Non-White American groups do not use routine screening tests as frequently as White American groups (DeSantis et al., 2019; Jackson et al., 2016) and, consequently, have more severe cancer at diagnosis (DeSantis et al., 2019). White et al. (2017) collected data on ethnic differences in screening from a study of 7,021 individuals. Illustrative data from White et al. (2017) are shown in Table 13.4.


As you can see, there are significant differences between Black Americans, White Americans, Native Americans, Asian Americans, Chinese Americans, and Filipino Americans. In terms of ever having a screening test for both breast and cervical cancer, Asian Americans reported significantly lower rates. Similar patterns can be seen for adherence to recommendations to get screening tests. Why is this? The main barriers to getting screened, described above, particularly affect low-SES people across all ethnic groups (White et al., 2017). For some cultural groups the embarrassment of having the test keeps them away. A recent review concerning mammography screening highlighted that embarrassment, modesty and concern about male health professionals were barriers to screening for Asian/Pacific Islander American, Black American, and Native American females (Miller et al., 2019). Similarly, Korean American and Vietnamese American females, are embarrassed when undergoing breast and cervical cancer screenings (Do, 2015; Lee, 2015). Cultural beliefs about modesty and who is allowed to see the naked body also have an influence. For members of many cultures, it is inappropriate for an unknown member of the opposite sex, such as a doctor or nurse, to see the person’s body (Gurung, 2014). Such issues are seen in the preferences of Vietnamese, Chinese, and Latina females requesting service from a female physician (Galanti, 2014).

Common barriers to breast cancer screening for Black American females include pain or discomfort, fear, and cost, while for Latina American females, lack of knowledge and cost are barriers (Miller et al., 2019). For Native American females, fear, mistrust, cost, lack of insurance, location of screening facilities, transport, and prioritization of other matters present barriers, while Asian/Pacific Islander American females experience more cultural barriers than other females as well as barriers due to pain or discomfort, cost, and lack of knowledge (Miller et al., 2019). Additionally, in the United States among immigrants and refugees, barriers to screening include lack of knowledge, poor access to health services, language or lack of interpreters, high costs and lack of health insurance, and health professionals’ gender and insensitivity to cultural or religious beliefs and practices, embarrassment, and shame (Abdi et al., 2020; Adunlin et al., 2019). Furthermore, for some cultures, for example Latina females, decisions about health care are made in consultation with family members (Madhivanan et al., 2016). Females are more likely to attend screening with family support, however family can also act as a barrier with females prioritizing family needs over their own health (Madhivanan et al., 2016). While fear of cancer, can impact screening behavior as discussed below, Latina females have also reported a fear that screening would lead members of their community to conclude they were promiscuous (Madhivanan et al., 2016).

The previously mentioned paradox between fear and screening (more fear of having cancer leads to avoiding the screening) is evidenced in Latinx and Black American people (Bromley et al., 2015; Byrd et al., 2019), as well as Native Americans (Miller et al., 2019). Latina American females are more likely to report fear of finding cancer as a barrier to cervical cancer screening than White American females (Akinlotan et al., 2017). Fear that the radiation from a mammogram is dangerous is evident among Korean American (Lee &amp; Schwartz, 2021), Black American, and Asian/Pacific Islander American females but not Latina American females (Miller et al., 2019). Black American, Asian/Pacific Islander American, Latina American, and Native American females all report fear of discomfort and pain associated with mammograms (Miller et al., 2019). Fear of screening has also been found to be relatively high for Mexican American females; however, a relationship between fear of screening and screening behavior was not found (Flores-Luevano et al., 2020).

Inhibiting Progression and Helping Patients Cope

Going beyond the prevention of cancer, another category of interventions has been designed to prolong life after diagnosis and to reduce patients’ treatment anxiety (de la Torre-Luque et al., 2016). Social support again figures prominently (Bouma et al., 2015). In the classic demonstration of the effectiveness of social support, Spiegel et al. (1989) had females with breast cancer attend weekly supportive group therapy meetings. This group lived on average 36.6 months after the start of the intervention. In contrast, survival of the control patients who only received standard cancer care averaged 18.9 months. Subsequently, Fawzy et al. (1993) used a structured social support group to reduce distress and enhance the immune functioning in patients with newly diagnosed cancer. The group involved health education, illness-related problem solving, and relaxation, and members met weekly for 6 weeks. By 6 months, the intervention group showed lower levels of emotional distress, depression, confusion, and fatigue than the control group. Even their immune activity was higher. In general, such support groups are designed to promote the development of supportive relationships among group members and encourage expression of patients’ feelings or disease-related anxieties (Henderson &amp; Baum, 2002).

Some interventions focus directly on cancer pain. Ward et al. (2008) developed an intervention to decrease cancer pain (RIDcancerPain) and tested it using a classic randomized control trial. The main variables of interest, pain severity, pain interference with life, and overall quality of life and coping style were measured three times (baseline, 1 month, and 2 months later). Participants in the intervention group who experienced pain related to metastatic cancer showed greater decreases in pain severity than those in control (Ward et al., 2008). Evidence suggests that mindfulness-based interventions, including mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR) and mindfulness-based cognitive therapy (MBCT) may beneficial in assisting with cancer-related pain (Feng et al., 2022; Johannsen et al., 2016). Furthermore, MBSR is beneficial for cancer-related fatigue (Xie et al., 2020) and also shows promise as an avenue to help improve immune system inflammatory biomarkers (i.e., cytokines) among people with cancer (Reich et al., 2017).

Other potentially useful psychological interventions involve relaxation training or hypnosis (Carlson et al., 2018) although both interventions have limited empirical support. For example, although relaxation is often recommended for cancer-related pain (Loh et al., 2022) and has been found to be a useful tool in pain management in general (see Chapter 10), high-quality evidence for its efficacy in this context is sparse (Eaton et al., 2017). Some evidence also exists for its use for anxiety, depression and in managing cancer treatment side-effects (i.e., nausea, vomiting); however, one review of progressive muscle relaxation contained only five studies (three randomized trials; Pelekasis et al., 2017), while another review of progressive muscle relaxation and guided imagery contained eight studies (all randomized trials; Kapogiannis et al., 2018). The included studies in both reviews were of low quality and most used samples of females with breast cancer. Similarly, a recent review concerning the use of hypnosis in cancer care concluded that, for children and adults, it may assist with nausea and vomiting, pain management, anxiety and distress, and hot flashes (for women with breast cancer) (Carlson et al., 2018). However, caution is needed due to methodological limitations in the research; to date the research has largely focused on females with breast cancer, examined small samples, and employed limited use of randomized control trials (Carlson et al., 2018).

Keeping cultural differences in beliefs about cancer in mind, some interventions build on cultural values to change health behaviors that could cause cancer, in particular, culturally adapted interventions have been implemented for smoking cessation. For example, Kim and colleagues (2015) evaluated a culturally adapted intervention to assist Korean Americans to cease smoking, which was compared to a nonculturally adapted intervention. The adapted intervention included explaining the harmful effects of smoking using a culturally relevant analogy, and providing information about the high rate of smoking-related cancer deaths for Korean men, harms caused by secondhand smoke exposure and the high rates of secondhand-smoke exposure in the Korean community, and information about Korean celebrities who died from cancer. The intervention also used Korean news media in education efforts, involved family members, and employed behavioral skills training to prepare people for situations where Korean people would be most prone to relapse. Using biochemical approaches to verify abstinence, both males and females who received the culturally adapted intervention were almost five times more likely to achieve 12-month prolonged abstinence than those in the nonculturally adapted intervention.

In general, a number of psychosocial interventions have shown promise for alleviating the pain and discomfort of cancer. When used in conjunction with medications, these interventions can help make life bearable and even enjoyable for the patient with cancer.</text>
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      <text bytes="99997" sha1="jf31iz3kmjexnknkjehnv9pm5ho78j1" xml:space="preserve">In 2019, more than 1.7 million new cases of cancer were diagnosed and nearly 600,000 people died of cancer in the United States (U.S. Cancer Statistics Working Group, 2022). Cancer is the second leading cause of death in the United States (after heart disease), with nearly 1 in 4 deaths due to cancer (U.S. Cancer Statistics Working Group, 2022).    

==13.1 - Cancer: Definitions and Prevalence==
'''Origins and Terminology''':

* Cancer originates from the Greek terms &quot;carcinos&quot; and &quot;carcinoma,&quot; referring to tumor types. Its name is linked to the crab-like appearance of spreading cancer cells.
* Cancer encompasses over 100 diseases, differing in incidence, risk factors, and treatment.

'''Biological Basis''':

* Cancer arises from malignant tumors characterized by uncontrolled cell growth and tissue destruction.
* Mutations in DNA disrupt normal cell processes, often caused by genetic factors or exposure to carcinogens (e.g., cigarette smoke).
* Normal cells divide and die systematically, while cancer cells grow indefinitely, forming abnormal cells.

'''Types of Cancer''':

* '''Carcinomas''': The most common type, originating in epithelial cells.
* '''Sarcomas''': Affect muscles, bones, and cartilage.
* '''Lymphomas''': Involve the lymphatic system (e.g., Hodgkin’s and non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma).
* '''Leukemias''': Found in blood and bone marrow, leading to anemia and immune issues.

'''Staging and Severity''':

* The TNM system assesses tumor size (T), lymph node involvement (N), and metastasis (M).
* Stages range from 0 (localized) to IV (widespread and severe).

'''Epidemiology and Risk''':

* About 1 in 2 men and 1 in 3 women are diagnosed with cancer during their lifetimes, with risks increasing with age.
* Prevalence varies by sex, ethnicity, and geography, with significant disparities in survival rates among ethnic groups.

'''Cultural and Psychosocial Factors''':

* Understanding cancer requires considering cultural influences, including ethnicity, gender, and socioeconomic factors.
* Minority groups face higher risks of death from cancer and lower survival rates, highlighting healthcare inequities.

'''Advancements and Trends''':

* Overall cancer incidence and mortality have decreased over decades, especially for males, though disparities persist.
* Early diagnosis and treatment advances have contributed to better outcomes in many populations.

'''Notable Trends''':

* Death rates from cancer decreased by 32% between 1991 and 2019.
* Minority populations experience lower survival rates, with Black Americans and Native Americans facing the highest relative risk of cancer death compared to White Americans.

By addressing cultural, biological, and environmental factors, we can better understand and combat cancer effectively

=== Raw Textbook Page ===
Similar to stress and pain, the word cancer has many different forms and meanings. Cancer is derived from carcinos and carcinoma, terms first used by the Greek Hippocrates to describe non-ulcer-forming and ulcer-forming tumors. The shape of a spreading cancer cell resembles the outstretching legs of a crab to which these words refer (in Greek the word for crab is cancer, think of the zodiac sign). Although typically discussed as one illness, cancer is a group of diseases that vary in terms of incidence and mortality rates, epidemiology, risk factors and causes, and treatments. Also, understanding cancer and its effects through a cultural approach is an important area of health psychology because a comprehensive understanding of cancer requires a consideration of sex, gender, ethnicity, geographical location, sexual orientation, and all the other aspects of what makes up culture.

First, let’s look at basic biology and some terminology. Cancer is the name given to the illness or condition caused by the presence of a malignant tumor. A malignant tumor or cancerous cell is identified as one showing uncontrollable cell growth that destroys healthy tissue. Cells that show abnormal growth are also referred to as neoplasms. Normally our cells grow, divide, and die in an orderly fashion, and cell growth is more pronounced when we are young. As we grow older, cells in most parts of our body divide only to replace worn-out or dying cells and to repair injuries. Because cancer cells continue to grow and divide, they are different from normal cells. Instead of dying, they outlive normal cells and continue to form new abnormal cells.

When a normal cell turns cancerous, it is often the result of a mutation in the cell’s DNA that alters it and makes it grow uncontrollably, disrupting surrounding tissue and often spreading to organs all around the body (Pecorino, 2021). Most of the time when DNA becomes damaged, the body is able to repair it. In cancer cells, the damaged DNA cannot be repaired. Such genetic mutations can also be inherited, which accounts for why risk for cancer increases if someone in a person’s family has had cancer. Many times, though, a person’s cancerous cell mutations occur because of exposure to environmental toxins such as cigarette smoke or other carcinogens (cancer-causing substances). The branch of medicine that concerns the study and treatment of cancer is referred to as oncology, and this is the term used more frequently in hospitals.

A scanning electron micrograph depicting a killer T cell attacking cancer cells.

A Cancer Cell Being Attacked by Immune System Killer T Cells. A Colored Scanning Electron Micrograph (SEM) image shows a human Natural Killer (NK) cell attacking a cancer cell. The yellow NK cell has numerous long fluid-projections, which are beginning to flow around the large orange cancer cell. Natural killer cells are a type of white blood cell known as T-lymphocytes. These have the ability to destroy virus-infected cells and tumor cells. On contact with the surface of a tumor cell, the NK cell recognizes certain proteins called antigens, which activate its cell-killing mechanism. The NK cell then binds to and destroys the cancer cell using toxins.


Types of Cancer

There are more than 100 different types of cancer, and even tumors within each type show a lot of variability. However, note that not all tumors are cancerous or malignant. Benign or noncancerous tumors do not metastasize or spread to other parts of the body and, with very rare exceptions, are not life threatening. Some cancers, such as leukemia, do not form tumors. Instead, these cancer cells involve the blood and blood-forming organs and circulate through other tissues where they grow (ACS, 2018). The course of cancer and the likelihood of survival vary greatly according to the type of cancer diagnosed. Therefore, if someone just says they have cancer, you should not make any generalizations about their experiences until you have more information. Some cancers show very little deviation in patterns of disease course, and psychosocial influences on coping and treatment are minimal (Henderson &amp; Baum, 2002). That said, psychosocial factors do relate to differences in biomarkers and disease progression (Cheng &amp; Meiser, 2019).

The key variables that influence the interaction between biological, psychological, and social factors and the role each plays in cancer morbidity or mortality are cancer site, type, and severity. The most common sites for cancer are the lungs, breasts, prostate gland, colon, and rectum (the latter two are often affected together, which is referred to as colorectal cancer). The top 10 cancer sites by sex and related incidence and mortality statistics for each are shown in Figures 13.1 and 13.3.


Figure 13.1 Description

There are four main types of cancer. The most common are carcinomas that start in the surface layers of the body or epithelial cells. This form of cancer accounts for the bulk of cancer cases and is seen in the most common sites. Sarcomas are cancers of the muscles, bones, and cartilage. Lymphomas are cancers of the lymphatic system and are referred to as Hodgkin’s disease if the cancer spreads from a single lymph node (non-Hodgkin lymphomas are found at several sites). Leukemias are cancers that are found in the blood and bone marrow. In leukemia, white blood cells proliferate to displace red blood cells, which causes anemia (a shortage of red blood cells), bleeding, and other immune system problems (ACS, 2018).

The severity of cancer is determined by a multifactor assessment of stage. The TNM system is the most common method used to stage cancer (ACS, 2022b). It provides three main pieces of information. The T describes the size of the tumor and whether cancer has spread to nearby tissues and organs. The N describes how far the cancer has spread to nearby lymph nodes. Given that the lymph nodes are critical components of the body’s immune system, they are often heavily involved in fighting cancer cells. The M indicates the extent to which the cancer has metastasized. Letters or numbers after the T, N, and M give more details about each of these factors. For example, a tumor classified as Tl, N0, M0 is a tumor that is very small, has not spread to the lymph nodes, and has not spread to distant organs of the body. Once TNM descriptions have been established, they can be grouped together into a simpler set of stages, stages 0 through IV. In general, the lower the number, the less the cancer has spread. A higher number, such as stage IV, indicates a more serious, widespread cancer (ACS, 2022b).

Prevalence of Cancer

Cancer has been around for centuries and has been called the emperor of all maladies (Mukherjee, 2010). Unfortunately, the chances of our developing some form of cancer in our lifetime are pretty high (it is estimated one out of two males and one out of three females will develop cancer in their lifetime; Siegel et al., 2022), and the chances get higher as we get older, dropping again in our 80s (DeSantis et al., 2019). For people ages between 60 and 69, there is a 1 in 7 chance (if you are male) or 1 in 10 chance (if you are female) of getting cancer (Siegel et al., 2022). This incidence drops to a 1 in 16 chance for males and females between the ages of 50 and 59, and a 1 in 29 chance for males and 1 in 17 chance for females from birth until 49 (Siegel et al., 2022). Culture is again very important. Prevalence rates vary across many levels of culture—by sex, ethnicity, and geography. Differences in overall cancer rates by sex are shown in Figure 13.2.


Figure 13.2 Description

We are making strides in the fight against cancer (Stanton, 2019). New results on the incidence of cancer show that it is not as common as it was before, although the good news favors White American populations. Siegel et al. (2021) collected cancer morbidity and mortality data from several government organizations such as the National Cancer Institute and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, evaluated trends in cancer incidence and death rates, and compared survival rates over time and across racial/ethnic populations. The good news is that incidence rates for males for all cancers combined decreased from 1990 through 2013 and then stabilized during 2018 (Siegel et al., 2022). For females, incidence for all cancers remained relatively stable through the mid-2010s, but has seen a slight increase in recent years (Siegel et al., 2022). The good news is that since their peak in 1991, overall cancer death rates in 2019 have decreased by 32% (Siegel et al., 2022). The bad news from a cultural perspective is that cancer-specific survival rates are lower and the risk of dying from cancer once it is diagnosed is higher in some ethnic minority populations compared with the White American population, as shown in Table 13.1 (Siegel et al., 2022). The relative risk of death from cancer (all types combined), after adjusting for sex, age, and cancer stage at diagnosis, is 33% and 51% higher in Black Americans and Native Americans, respectively, compared with that for White Americans (Jemal et al., 2017). Additionally, when considering all cancer stages, Black Americans have lower survival rates than White Americans for bladder, breast, colorectal, esophageal, oral cavity and pharynx, ovarian, and uterine cancer, and melanoma (Siegel et al., 2022).

== 13.2 - Cultural Variations and Developmental Issues ==
'''Cancer Across Cultures and Groups'''

Cancer affects people differently based on their ethnicity, race, sex, and socioeconomic status. Black Americans face higher cancer death rates than other groups in the U.S., despite White Americans having higher cancer diagnosis rates. For example, Black women are 41% more likely to die from breast cancer than White women, even though they are diagnosed less often. Similarly, Black men have double the cancer death rate compared to Asian/Pacific Islander men.

Cultural factors also influence cancer risks. Asian and Latino Americans show higher stomach and liver cancer rates, while Native Americans often see cancer as a punishment or a spiritual issue. Low socioeconomic status worsens outcomes due to limited knowledge about cancer and later diagnoses.

'''Sex Differences'''

Men are generally diagnosed with cancer more often than women, with prostate, lung, and colorectal cancers being the most common. For women, breast, lung, and colorectal cancers are most prevalent. Research on male-specific cancers, like testicular cancer, lags behind studies on female cancers, but awareness campaigns like No-Shave November are helping.

'''Beliefs and Knowledge About Cancer'''

Cultural beliefs affect understanding and attitudes toward cancer. Some groups attribute cancer to punishment or fate, leading to misconceptions. For instance, some Native Americans believe cancer can result from curses or violations of traditions. Fatalism—the idea that cancer always leads to death—is common in many communities, which can discourage seeking treatment.

'''Cancer as a Developmental Disease'''

Cancer risk increases with age, but many risk factors start early in life. For instance, smoking—a leading cause of cancer—often begins in teenage years. Children and teens diagnosed with cancer experience unique challenges, such as different coping mechanisms and impacts on their quality of life. Understanding how cancer affects individuals at different life stages is essential for providing appropriate support.

=== Raw Textbook Page ===
Similar to the ethnic differences in incidence of HIV infection described in the previous chapter, there are large differences in the cultural makeup of people who have cancer both across nations and across ethnic and racial groups (Kim &amp; Lwing, 2017; Song et al., 2014; Vahabi et al., 2017). In fact, there is a growing body of research clarifying the link between cancer and membership in certain ethnic groups (Yamoah et al., 2015). Before looking at possible biological reasons why one ethnicity may be more at risk than another, let’s first look at the different patterns of cancer across diverse ethnic groups.

There are two main statistics to bear in mind when studying the prevalence of cancer. The first is incidence or rates of newly diagnosed cases of the disease. The second is actual mortality. Keeping the two numbers separate is important because there are many people who are diagnosed with cancer who live (remember there was good news), and the number of survivors varies across cultural groups. So even if there are two cultural groups who both have the same incidence levels for a certain type of cancer, they may not show the same mortality rates. Figure 13.3 shows the incidence and mortality rates for the main types of cancer broken down by sex.

As you can see, different ethnic groups and the two sexes do not get cancer or die from it in the same ways (Dornelas, 2018; Siegel et al., 2022). Black Americans have the second highest general cancer incidence rates (behind White Americans), but the highest mortality rates of any population in the United States, with this difference being driven more by higher rates of cancer among Black American males (Siegel et al., 2022). Illustrating the difference between incidence and mortality, Black Americans have greater mortality rates relative to their incidence rates, suggesting that if they have cancer they are more likely to die of it. In 2019, the disparity in cancer deaths (for both sexes and all cancer types) between Black Americans and White Americans was 14% (Siegel et al., 2022). While White American females are diagnosed with cancer more than any other group of females, Black American females are the most likely to die from cancer (Siegel et al., 2022). This disparity is most pronounced in relation to breast cancer; Black American females have 4% lower incidence than White American females but 41% higher breast cancer mortality (Siegel et al., 2022). Similarly, Black American males’ cancer death rates are 19% higher than those of White American males and double those of Asian/Pacific Islander American males (Siegel et al., 2022). Separating total cases of cancer from individual types of cancer is important too. Although Asian/Pacific Islander Americans show much lower rates of cancer than White Americans in general, they have higher rates of stomach and liver cancer (Siegel et al., 2022). In contrast to some other ethnic differences, White American females have similar rates of lung cancer to Native American females but are more likely to have lung cancer than Black American, Asian/Pacific Islander American or Hispanic/Latino American females (Siegel et al., 2022).

In addition to these ethnic differences, there are significant sex differences in cancer incidence as well. Males experience higher incidences of cancer in general (Siegel et al., 2022). The most common cancers for males are prostate, lung, and colorectal (Siegel et al., 2022). Testicular cancer is relatively uncommon among men in general, but it is one of the most common forms of cancer in younger men ages 15 to 35. For some time, male cancers did not receive as much research attention as female cancers, and we know less about the etiology of most male cancers and males’ psychological and social experiences with cancer (Dornelas, 2018). No-Shave November is a recent phenomenon (did you know it started to raise awareness about male prostate cancer?).

The most common cancers for females for most ethnic groups are breast, lung, and colorectal (Siegel et al., 2022). In case you were wondering, men do get breast cancer although the rates are infinitesimal. Breast cancer incidence rates are somewhat counter to normal ethnic difference patterns; a higher incidence of breast cancer has been reported both in White American females and females of higher socioeconomic status (SES) compared to females of other ethnicities and lower SES (Coughlin, 2019; Seiler et al., 2017). However, low SES is associated with increased risk of aggressive premenopausal breast cancer, later diagnosis and poorer survival (Coughlin, 2019). Other common cancers tend to vary by ethnicity but usually include cancers of the reproductive organs (e.g., the uterus, cervix, and ovaries) and may be due to some ethnic groups such as Asian American and Latina American females not getting screened for the cancers (Suchday et al., 2019).

Cultural Differences in Beliefs and Knowledge About Cancer

Some of the cultural differences in cancer incidence are explained by cultural differences pertaining to beliefs held about cancer, people’s attitudes toward cancer, and knowledge of cancer (Licqurish et al., 2017). Many studies have shown that low socioeconomic groups are less knowledgeable about cancer regardless of their sex, ethnicity, or religion (e.g., McCutchan et al.,, 2015). Ethnically diverse groups exhibit different levels of knowledge as well. African Americans (Ogunsanya et al., 2017), Arab Americans (Abboud et al., 2017), Latino Americans (Szalacha et al., 2017), Chinese Americans (Robison et al., 2014), and Korean Americans (Sin et al., 2016) have all been found to have lower levels of knowledge about risk factors and cancer symptoms than White Americans.

Sometimes these cultural differences are linked to cultural beliefs and misconceptions about disease in general (Tejeda et al., 2017). Many religious individuals may believe that cancer is just punishment for sins or that cancer has spiritual meaning (Gall &amp; Bilodeau, 2017). The misperceived causes of cancer may also be more tangible. Vietnamese American, Chinese Americans, and Latino Americans (Luque et al., 2010) and Mexican immigrants to America (Luque et al., 2015) reported poor hygiene as a cause for cervical cancer. Another common cultural cancer belief is fatalism, the belief that a person with cancer cannot live a normal life and will die (Duberstein et al., 2017). High levels of fatalism have been found in Black Americans (Bustillo et al., 2017), Korean Americans, Chinese Americans, Mexican Americans (Gonzalez et al., 2016), and Latino Americans (Ramirez, 2014).

A vivid example of how culture influences perceptions is seen in the views of Native Americans. Many Native Americans see cancer as a White man’s disease and something that is a punishment for one’s actions or the actions of a family member (Yost et al., 2017). Some Native Americans see cancer as a natural part of life’s pathway and as providing a lesson from which to learn. Many also see cancer as penance and a person with cancer must wear the pain to protect other members of the community (Burhansstipanov, 2000). A diagnosis of cancer is equivalent to a doctor shooting a hole through the spirit and thus results in depression and fear of the doctor instead of trust. Beliefs about how you can get cancer may seem outlandish to the ethnocentric non-Native Americans. Some Native Americans believe cancer can result from a curse or from violating tribal mores like stepping on a frog or urinating on a spider. Others believe that it is contagious and that it can be caught from a mammography machine or from the child of someone who has cancer (Burhansstipanov, 2000). Some Native Americans do not want to even talk about cancer for fear of catching the cancer spirit. Regardless of the extent to which you think these beliefs are far-fetched, they have to be respected and anticipated to optimize helping the Native Americans who do hold them.

Developmental Issues in Cancer

You are more likely to get cancer as you get older (ACS, 2021a). The rates for cancer increase dramatically over the life span. Between 2013 and 2017, incidence rates ranged from 16.8 per 100,000 for those younger than 15 years of age, to 75.9 per 100,000 for adolescents and young adults (15–39 years) (Islami et al., 2021). In 2019, in the United States, the incidence rate was 474 and 415 per 100,000 for males and females, respectively, of all ages, and 2630 and 1804 per 100,000 for males and females, respectively, ages over 75 (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention [CDC], 2022). Age is a cultural variable as well, and one that also needs to be attended to in understanding cancer.

We consider cancer a developmental disease. Why is this? Although cancer is primarily diagnosed in older adults, cancers actually develop when people are younger. Because there typically is a large gap between when a tumor starts to grow and when it is large enough to be diagnosed, exposure to many of the risk factors for cancer (described below) at a young age necessarily predicts the occurrence of cancer at an older age. Significant risks for cancer are also associated with the different developmental milestones (as described in Chapter 4). There is a risk associated with girls starting to menstruate early (Goldberg et al., 2020; Olsson &amp; Olsson, 2020) and female’s dietary choices during adolescence and adulthood are associated with the early development of colorectal cancer (at less than 50 years; Hur et al., 2021). Risks also associate with menopause and the ways that females cope with it. The biggest risk factor for cancer—smoking (Kim et al., 2018; Lewandowska et al., 2019)—has a strong developmental link: Smoking almost always begins in the teenage years; few adults initiate a regular smoking habit (Park et al., 2018).

Developmental age also influences how people, especially children, will cope with a cancer diagnosis. For example, Barrera et al. (2003) recruited preschool, school age, and adolescent patients and measured their psychological adjustment and quality of life (QOL) 3, 9, and 15 months after cancer was diagnosed. The children’s age at diagnosis significantly affected both their adjustment and QOL. At 3 months after diagnosis, preschoolers had more externalizing behavior problems than adolescents. Preschoolers had better QOL than adolescents at all three assessments, suggesting that preschoolers with cancer are at risk for behavior problems and adolescents are at risk for poor QOL. Studies such as these are gentle reminders that the psychological reactions to cancer experienced by adults may be very different from those of children (Anderzén Carlsson et al., 2008). A developmental approach also helps us understand how family interactions change when one family member has cancer (Caruso et al., 2017; Erker et al., 2018; Long et al., 2018).

== 13.3 - Correlates of Cancer ==

=== Physiological Correlates of Cancer ===
The '''physiological symptoms''' of cancer depend on its '''size, location, and stage''' (Weinberg, 2013). If cancer has reached an advanced stage and '''metastasizes''' (spreads to other parts of the body), symptoms may occur at different locations. As '''mutant cells''' divide, they exert '''pressure''' on surrounding organs, blood vessels, and nerves, causing '''pain''' and discomfort (Pecorino, 2021).

Certain cancers, like '''pancreatic cancer''', often remain '''asymptomatic''' until they reach an advanced stage. '''General symptoms''' include fever, fatigue, pain, skin changes, and weight loss, though these symptoms are not exclusive to cancer. Sometimes, '''cancer cells''' release '''substances''' into the bloodstream that trigger unusual symptoms. For instance:

* '''Pancreatic cancer''' may release substances causing '''blood clots''' in leg veins.
* '''Lung cancers''' can produce '''hormone-like substances''' that alter '''blood calcium levels''', leading to '''weakness and dizziness'''.

Specific symptoms may also indicate particular cancers:

* '''Excretory function changes''': Could signal '''colon cancer''' (e.g., chronic diarrhea or altered stool consistency) or '''bladder/prostate cancer''' (e.g., painful urination, blood in urine).
* '''Sores that do not heal''': Signs of '''skin cancer''', particularly in the mouth or sexual organs.
* '''Unusual bleeding''': Blood in saliva, urine, stool, or other fluids should be reported immediately.
* '''Lumps''': In the breast, testicles, or lymph nodes could suggest cancer.

Being familiar with your body and recognizing changes is key to identifying potential issues early.
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=== Psychological Correlates of Cancer ===

==== Psychological Factors in Cancer Incidence ====
Although there is little evidence that psychological factors '''cause cancer''', '''stress''' has been recognized as a contributing factor (Stanton, 2019). There are three main pathways through which '''psychological processes''' may influence cancer:

# '''Direct effects''' on bodily systems.
# '''Health behaviors''' (e.g., smoking or diet).
# Responses to '''illness or treatment''', such as screening behaviors.

Key psychological influences include:

* '''Personality''': Early studies linked '''anger suppression''' to a '''Type C personality'''—characterized by being unassertive and suppressing emotions—but this connection has since been discredited (Johansen, 2018).
* '''Social Support''': While it plays a major role in '''coping''', its impact on '''cancer incidence''' is inconsistent. For example, '''social isolation''' is linked to higher cancer mortality among White Americans but not Black Americans (Alcaraz et al., 2019).
* '''Depression''': Stronger evidence links '''clinical depression''' to higher cancer incidence and poorer survival rates (Wang, Li et al., 2020).

==== Psychological Responses to Diagnosis ====
The experience of a '''cancer diagnosis''' can trigger:

* '''Existential plight''': Heightened thoughts about life and death (Weisman &amp; Worden, 1972).
* '''Anxiety and depression''', particularly after diagnosis and during treatment (Civilotti et al., 2021).
* '''Stress''', reducing '''quality of life (QOL)''' (Dornelas, 2018).

Depression varies with '''age, sex''', and '''cancer type''':

* '''Younger patients''' often experience higher rates of depression.
* '''Females''' report almost twice the depression rates as males.
* Certain cancers, like '''lung''' or '''gynecological cancers''', are associated with higher depression levels (Linden et al., 2012).

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=== Psychological Factors in Cancer Progression and Coping ===
Key factors influencing '''cancer progression''' include:

# '''Personality''': '''Optimism''' is strongly linked to better coping and recovery (Scheier &amp; Carver, 2018).
# '''Social Support''': A larger and stronger '''support network''' correlates with better survival outcomes (Nausheen et al., 2009).
# '''Depression''': Associated with faster disease progression and lower QOL (Bortolato et al., 2017).

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=== Cancer, Stress, and Immunity ===
'''Stress''' has been shown to:

* Increase cancer risk and worsen progression (Chida et al., 2008).
* Reduce '''natural killer (NK) cell activity''', critical for fighting cancer (Capellino et al., 2020).
* Trigger '''unhealthy behaviors''' (e.g., smoking, poor diet), which accelerate progression.

Mechanisms include activation of the '''sympathetic nervous system (SNS)''' and '''hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis''', leading to immune dysregulation (Dai et al., 2020).

=== Raw Textbook Page ===
Physiological Correlates of Cancer

The physiological symptoms of cancer depend on the size, location, and stage of cancer (Weinberg, 2013). If a cancer has reached a later stage and metastasizes, then symptoms may occur at different locations in the body. As the mutant cells divide, they exert pressure on the surrounding organs, blood vessels, and nerves that is consciously felt by the individual (Pecorino, 2021). Some cancers, such as pancreatic cancer, are not felt until the cell has reached an advanced stage of development. Some of the general symptoms of cancer are fever, fatigue, pain, changes in the skin, and weight loss. Remember that having these symptoms does not necessarily mean a person has cancer but suggests that something is not right (there are many other reasons for these same symptoms). Sometimes, cancer cells release substances into the bloodstream that cause symptoms not generally thought to result from cancers (Pecorino, 2021). For example, some cancers of the pancreas can release substances that cause blood clots to develop in veins of the legs. Some lung cancers produce hormone-like substances that change blood calcium levels, affecting nerves and muscles and causing weakness and dizziness.

Together with general symptoms, some symptoms are more specifically indicative of cancer. Any changes in your excretory functions could signify cancer of the colon (such as constipation, constant diarrhea or a change in stool consistency) or bladder/prostate gland (such as painful urination or blood in the urine). Sores that do not heal, especially in the mouth or on sexual organs, are signs of skin cancers. As a rule, the appearance of blood in fluids in which you do not normally see it like in the saliva, urine, stool, nonmenstrual vaginal fluids, or breast fluid should be reported to a doctor immediately. The appearance of lumps in the breast, testicles, or lymph nodes may also be a sign of cancer. In general, it is clear that the better you know your body, the more aware you will be of changes that may signify problems with it.

Psychological Correlates of Cancer

You can divide the reality of cancer into three main phases: the period leading up to a diagnosis, the diagnosis and reactions to it, and the period following it. Psychological factors may play a role in all three, although the research evidence on how psychology influences progression is clearer than that on its role in the development of cancer.

Psychological Factors in Cancer Incidence

There is presently little unequivocal proof that psychological factors cause cancer (e.g., Stanton, 2019), except for the case of stress. We discuss this in more detail later. There are at least three general pathways through which psychological factors may influence the development of cancer: (1) direct effects of psychological processes on bodily systems; (2) healthy and unhealthy behaviors; and (3) responses to perceived or actual illness, such as screening behaviors or adherence to treatment recommendations (Henderson &amp; Baum, 2002). The main psychological processes studied have been personality, social support, depression, stress, and health behaviors. Stress and health behaviors are perhaps the most pervasive and will be discussed later in the chapter.

Although receiving a lot of attention in the mid-1980s, the role of personality in cancer has been somewhat exaggerated. Morris et al. (1981) first found an association between breast cancer and anger suppression, leading to the hypothesis of a cancer-prone or Type C personality (Zozulya et al., 2008). A Type C person was described as cooperative, appeasing, unassertive, and compliant and as someone who did not express negative emotions (Temoshok, 1987). Some later reviews supported these early findings, but more recently the research methodology used in studies examining personality as a risk factor for cancer has been criticized and it has been concluded that there is no sound evidence to suggest that personality plays a role in cancer etiology or survival (Johansen, 2018). However, while personality may not have a direct influence on cancer risk, it may influence health behaviors that are associated with cancer (Johansen, 2018).

If personality has no direct role, what is the influence of one’s social environment? Social support appears not to have a strong protective effect against cancer development (Ikeda et al., 2013) although it does play a significant role in coping with cancer (as discussed in the next section). To be fair, social support research is hampered by the fact that there are many different types of social support (as described in Chapter 6), and because it is operationally defined in different ways, study comparisons are difficult (Knoll, 2018). If your intuition says that social support must influence incidences of cancer, you are right (although don’t let intuition get in the way of empirical evidence to the contrary). For instance, social isolation was found to be associated with higher risk of cancer mortality for White Americans (male and female) but not for Black Americans (Alcaraz et al., 2019).

There is more evidence for the role of depression in cancer incidence than for social support (Wang, Li et al., 2020). Wang and colleagues (2020), in a meta-analysis comprising 51 cohort studies, with over two and a half million participants and a mean follow-up period of approximately 10 years, found that clinically diagnosed depression was associated with higher cancer incidence (for all cancer types combined), poorer cancer survival, and higher cancer-specific mortality; symptoms of depression were not associated with cancer risk. Depression was also associated with higher incidence for specific cancers including lung, oral cavity, prostate and skin cancer (Wang, Li et al., 2020). Furthermore, subgroup analyses found cancer risk to be higher in males and people of Asian ethnicity (Wang, Li et al., 2020).

In conjunction with similar cultural differences for social support, it is clear that the link between psychological factors and cancer may differ by sex and ethnicity. Such variations may be linked to biological pathways or may be indicative of greater cultural differences that have biopsychosocial components.

Psychological Responses to Cancer Diagnosis

Even being screened for a potential cancer can be a fearful experience (Nagendiram et al., 2020). A positive diagnosis (i.e., that cells are cancerous) can be devastating and has been referred to as causing an existential plight (increased thoughts about life and death) (Weisman &amp; Worden, 1972) and existential uncertainty regarding disease trajectory, likelihood of survival, and life before death (Karlsson et al., 2014). In the early stages after diagnosis, people may experience clinically relevant symptoms of anxiety and depression (Civilotti et al., 2021). In addition to anxiety, denial, and depression—the major responses to learning you have a chronic illness, as covered in Chapter 10—a cancer diagnosis and its treatment result in stress and a lowered QOL (Dornelas, 2018). The high emotions experienced right after diagnoses lessen with time, and emotions actually improve as recovery begins after the end of treatment. Two other highly psychologically disturbing times occur during treatment, whether it is surgery or radiotherapy (Dornelas, 2018).

In general, depression is more common in patients undergoing active treatment and those experiencing pain or with a history of stressors or low social support, rather than those in follow-up treatment (Johansen et al., 2011). Depression also varies according to age, sex and type of cancer (Linden et al., 2012). The relationship between age and depression is variable, but younger age has been associated with increased depression for some cancers (Linden et al., 2012). Regarding sex, females have been found to be almost twice as likely to report clinically significant depression than males, with the highest prevalence of depression occurring for females with lung cancer, followed by haematological and bone cancers (Linden et al., 2012). People with lung, haematological and gynecological cancers have been reported to have the highest levels of depression, while people with skin or prostate cancer have been found to have lower levels of depression than the average cancer patient (Linden et al., 2012). In addition to depression, people with cancer may also experience fear, anxiety, pain, and insomnia (Fischer et al., 2010; Hoang et al., 2020; Linden et al., 2012).

Psychological Factors in Cancer Progression and Coping

Similar to HIV infection and other chronic illnesses, some psychological characteristics help people cope better with cancer and also influence the course of the disease. Similar to the factors associated with incidence, a person’s personality, social support, depression, stress, and health behaviors again figure prominently (Smith, 2018; Stanton, 2019).

Personality

We have already discussed how personality relates to cancer incidence—meaning whether personality has any influence over whether someone will get cancer (there is no sound evidence to say it does). In the late 1970s, the first positive links between personality and cancer progression were seen. How people coped with cancer seemed to be one of the most important factors. Patients who denied they had cancer had higher disease recurrence rates (Greer et al., 1979). Other studies followed and have established that avoidant, repressive, or unexpressive personalities or coping styles are associated with poorer disease courses (Epping-Jordan et al., 1994). Other personality characteristics are important, too. For example, optimism is strongly and positively correlated with active coping and emotional regulation coping strategies and strongly negatively correlated with avoidant coping strategies (Scheier et al., 1986). Optimists, in general, show better psychological well-being and physical health (Scheier &amp; Carver, 2018; Solberg Nes, 2016). In the context of cancer, optimism has been associated with health-related QOL (Marton et al., 2022). Additionally, a number of studies show that optimism predicts better adjustment for a variety of cancers (breast cancer, Colby &amp; Shifren, 2013; colorectal cancer, Chambers et al., 2012; prostate cancer, Thornton et al., 2012; urogenital cancer, Zenger et al., 2010; advanced cancer (mixed types), Applebaum et al., 2014).

Social Support

The case for a positive correlation between social support and survival of cancer patients is very strong (Imm et al., 2017; LeBarre &amp; Riding-Malon, 2017). Of course, some of the best studies to look at are prospective in nature. For example, Nausheen et al. (2009) reviewed 31 longitudinal prospective studies from 26 published articles assessing the role of structural (e.g., size, range, proximity of social network and frequency of contact) and functional (e.g., function or quality of support network) social support in cancer progression and found that lower social support was associated with cancer progression, although some findings were contrary to what was expected. For all cancer types combined, structural support appeared to have a stronger association than functional support; however, most of the nonsignificant findings for functional support were in people with metastatic cancer, leading Nausheen et al. (2009) to conclude that functional social support may be beneficial for people with less severe cancer. Also, some of the differences may be due to the conceptualization and measurement of social support. With regard to cancer type, the evidence for a relationship between social support and cancer progression was deemed to be sufficiently strong for breast cancer; the relationship was not demonstrated for lung cancer, melanoma, or mixed cancers (studies containing more than one type of cancer; Nausheen et al., 2009). In terms of specific aspects of social support, having a larger social network of confidants with which to discuss personal problems (Kroenke et al., 2013), higher social connectedness (i.e., more frequent contact with family and friends, attending religious services, and involvement in community activities) (Beasley et al., 2010), and higher perceived level of support (Pinquart &amp; Duberstein, 2010) all link to slower progression of cancer and higher rates of survival. A growing body of work suggests that spiritual sources, such as belief in a God and prayer, also provide social support, aiding adjustment and slowing cancer progression (Chaturvedi &amp; Venkateswaran, 2008), although females who were not spiritual before cancer diagnosis but turned to God after diagnosis show lower levels of well-being than females who were always religious (Schreiber &amp; Brockopp, 2012).

Depression has also been linked to cancer progression (Bortolato et al., 2017) with a number of studies suggesting that depression and lower QOL in general have adverse effects on survival (Wang, Li et al., 2020). We discuss further the role of social support and depression in the section about interventions later in this chapter.

Although we have discussed the role of psychological factors in cancer progression, we would be remiss if we did not mention the effect cancer has on social relationships. The caregivers—spouses, friends, relatives—of cancer patients often experience negative outcomes as well (Borrescio-Higa &amp; Valdés, 2022; Long et al., 2018). For example, psychological interventions have been designed to help the spouses of females with breast cancer that reduce the spouse’s anxiety and depression and increase their self-efficacy and skills to assist their spouse (Lewis et al., 2019; Lewis et al., 2022). Across all cancer types, interventions for spouses have also targeted social support, problem solving, emotional resilience, coping strategies, role expectations, and relationship quality, with a review findings benefits for social support, emotional distress, coping, posttraumatic growth, self-efficacy, and communication (Kleine et al., 2019).

Cancer, Stress, and Immunity

Stress has been shown to influence both the incidence of cancer and its progression, although again, the link for the latter is stronger. There is no equivocation: stress-related psychosocial factors influence cancer. Chida et al. (2008) conducted a meta-analysis of 165 studies and found that stress-related psychosocial factors were associated with higher cancer incidence in initially healthy populations, poorer survival in patients with diagnosed cancer, and higher cancer mortality. While the methodology of this study has been criticized (Coyne et al., 2010), primary studies have also indicated a relationship between stress and cancer. For example, females who experienced four to six major life stressors were at more than five times higher risk for breast cancer (Kruk, 2012). Özkan et al (2017), similarly found that females who had experienced important stressors within the last 5 years and those with chronic stress were at increased risk of breast cancer. When biopsychosocial factors were analyzed together, females who had experienced important stressors within the last 5 years were at more than five and a half times higher risk for breast cancer (Özkan et al, 2017). A cancer diagnosis sets up a negative cycle of experiences between stress and illness (see Chapters 12 and 14 for other examples). The diagnosis and treatment cause stress that in turn influences the course of the disease by affecting the immune system (Andersen et al., 2017).

Stress affects cancer through a number of pathways. It has a direct effect on the activity of natural killer (NK) cells, which themselves are critical in the body’s fight against cancer (Capellino et al., 2020). Patients with a variety of cancers have lowered NK cell activity in the blood to begin with (Imai et al., 2000) and psychological distress associated with cancer diagnosis and treatment has been accompanied by immune dysregulation, including reduced NK activity and change in cytokine profile (Witek-Janusek et al., 2008). Low NK cell activity in cancer patients is significantly associated with the spread of cancer and in patients treated for metastases, the survival time without metastasis correlates with NK cell activity. Correspondingly, the experience of any additional stress can have direct effects on the development of the cancer, complementing and antagonizing the low NK cell levels. Stress can also increase unhealthy behaviors that can accelerate illness progression (Matsushita &amp; Takaki, 2019; Poluektov, 2021). The patient may increase drug, tobacco, or alcohol use, get less sleep or physical activity, or eat badly, all behaviors that may further affect immunity (Matsushita &amp; Takaki, 2019; Poluektov, 2021).

It may be no surprise that cancer can stress you, but can stress actually give you cancer? We discussed the negative impact stress can have on our minds and bodies in Chapter 5, so this is clearly a possibility. In fact, this question has been actively debated (Reiche et al., 2004; Tez &amp; Tez, 2008), with suggestions that stress, through a number of mechanisms, may contribute to cancer development, progression, and metastasization (Mravec et al., 2020).

Specific mechanisms have been proposed to explain the relationship between chronic stress and immune dysregulation that appears important for cancer development and progression. Stress acts through neuroendocrine processes, activating the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) and the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis (Dai et al., 2020). Stress hormones that are generated with activation of the SNS and HPA axis can promote tumorigenesis (the initial formation of tumors) and cancer development (Dai et al., 2020; See Figure 13.4). Indeed, it has been argued that while further research must explore it in more detail, the HPA axis appears important in cancer development and progression, but that the evidence for the role of SNS is now generally accepted (Mravec et al., 2020).

Chronic stress suppresses protective immune responses (i.e., responses that mediate cancer immunosurveillance, facilitate tumor immunotherapy, promote wound healing) (Antoni &amp; Dhabhar, 2019; Dai et al., 2020). It also induces/exacerbates chronic inflammation, which is important as chronic inflammation appears pivotal in cancer development and progression, impacting health through multiple pathways such as increased oxidative stress and damage, and mutations in DNA (Antoni &amp; Dhabhar, 2019; Mravec et al., 2020). These bodily changes are important as chronic inflammation and reduced immune surveillance are related to tumorigenesis (Dai et al., 2020). Chronic stress appears to also increase immunoregulatory/suppressive mechanisms, such that the body produces more cells that suppress protective antitumor immune responses (Antoni &amp; Dhabhar, 2019). While knowledge about mechanisms continues to evolve, the relationship between stress and cancer appears undeniable.

== 13.4 - Health Behaviors and Cancer ==
'''Health Behaviors and Cancer:'''

Your daily habits can significantly impact your chances of developing or surviving cancer. Some health risks, like smoking and unhealthy diets, are widely recognized, but others might surprise you.

'''Tobacco Use:'''

* Smoking is the leading preventable cause of cancer, contributing to 19% of all cases in the U.S.
* Smokers face 7.5 to 9 times the risk of lung cancer compared to nonsmokers.
* Tobacco use also increases risks for cancers of the throat, mouth, esophagus, and more.
* Cultural and regional differences affect tobacco usage rates and cancer risks.

'''Diet:'''

* Diet is the second biggest factor after smoking for cancer risk.
* Diets high in fat and low in fiber raise cancer risks, while fruits, vegetables, and certain fats (like omega-3s) help lower them.
* Obesity, often linked to poor diets, increases the risk of at least 13 cancers.
* Some cultural diets (e.g., Mediterranean) are associated with lower cancer risks.

'''Physical Activity:'''

* Regular physical activity reduces the risk of many cancers, including breast, colon, and bladder cancer.
* Adults should aim for 150–300 minutes of moderate exercise per week.

'''Sun Exposure:'''

* Excessive sun exposure leads to skin cancer, including melanoma.
* Regular sunscreen use and avoiding tanning beds significantly lower risks.
* Moderate sun exposure is beneficial for vitamin D production and mood.

'''Key Takeaway:'''

Prevent cancer by avoiding smoking, eating a healthy diet, staying physically active, protecting your skin from UV rays, and being mindful of your overall lifestyle habits.

=== Raw Textbook Page ===
As mentioned in the introduction to this chapter, many of your health behaviors predict your likelihood of getting cancer and the course cancer takes (Arem et al., 2020; Kerschbaum &amp; Nüssler, 2019; Stanton, 2019). The Measuring Up opener lists some of the main health behaviors that put you at risk for getting cancer. Take a moment to see how you fare. To some extent the results may surprise you. (“You mean doing that puts me at risk for cancer?” Yes, it may.) The usual unhealthy behaviors turn up again (see Chapter 7) and, not surprisingly, cultural differences in the practice of some of these behaviors are significant in explaining cultural differences in cancer.

Tobacco Use

Do you want an easy way to decrease your risk of getting cancer? Make sure you do not smoke. Probably the most clear-cut cause of cancer is tobacco use, which has been described as the most important preventable cause of cancer; cigarettes contain more than 60 carcinogenic substances (Bialous &amp; Sarma, 2017). Cigarettes account for 19% of all cancers among Americans (23.6% and 14.5% in males and females, respectively; Islami et al., 2018) and cause approximately 82% of lung, 74% of larynx (voice box), and 50% of esophageal cancers (Islami et al., 2018). Smokers have a much higher risk of lung cancer compared to nonsmokers. In a meta-analysis containing information from more than 7 million people, when adjusted for age, female smokers had nearly seven and a half times the risk and male smokers had nearly nine times the risk of lung cancer compared to nonsmokers (O’Keeffe et al., 2018). Only 12.5% of lung cancer patients have never smoked, although this varies by sex (15.7% of females and 9.6% for males, respectively; Siegel et al., 2022). Note that this risk is seven and a half to nearly nine times—not double, not triple—but seven and a half to nearly nine times. Talk about really playing with fire! Cigarette smoking accounts for approximately 30% of all cancer deaths; 33.1% for males and 24% for females (Islami et al., 2018). Smoking is a major cause of cancers of the lung, larynx, oral cavity, pharynx (throat), and esophagus and is a contributing cause in the development of cancers of the bladder, pancreas, liver, uterine cervix, kidney, stomach, colon and rectum, and some leukemias (Stanton, 2019).

The link between smoking and cancer is best illustrated when we look at populations that increased tobacco use. Smoking rates among females rose dramatically between the 1960s and the 1990s, and deaths due to lung cancer in females increased correspondingly (Thun et al., 2013). As male’s and female’s smoking rates become similar, their lung cancer rates and mortality also become similar; lung cancer accounts for 12% of new cancers for males and 13% for females, while it accounts for 21% of cancer deaths for both sexes (Siegel et al., 2022). Cigarette smoking has declined over time; in 2020, 12.5% of Americans were cigarette smokers (Cornelius et al., 2020). However, Americans are also using other tobacco products such as e-cigarettes, cigars, smokeless tobacco and pipes (Cornelius et al., 2020). Cigarette use is higher among Black Americans, Latino Americans, and White Americans living in rural areas and Asian Americans residing in urban areas (Cornelius et al., 2020). When considering use of any tobacco product, rates of use were higher among males, people younger than 65, White Americans, Black Americans and Native Americans, lesbian, gay, or bisexual adults, people in rural areas, and people with low income (Cornelius et al., 2020). Figure 13.5 shows how overall smoking rates, and rates according to sex, have changed in the United States since 1998.

Differences in tobacco use also highlight many of the cultural differences in cancer rates (see Figure 13.6). Different ethnic groups have had different historical relationships with tobacco, serving to either increase or decrease their exposure to it. Black Americans, for example, had heavy exposure to tobacco from the early 1600s when they were forced into slavery on southern tobacco-growing plantations and in tobacco manufacturing during the colonial period (Gately, 2003). Tobacco was used in South America and Latin America even before the European colonization, and the curanderismos (see Chapter 3) often used tobacco in religious and healing practices. Even today, cigarette smoking is considered a social activity for Latinos, consistent with cultural values of personalismo (importance of personal relations) (Echeverria et al., 2015). Not surprisingly, many Latin American countries show high rates of smoking (Pichon-Riviere et al., 2020). Many Asian groups also have had a long history of smoking. In China, tobacco was mixed with opium and smoked and was used also medicinally. In India, the end of a hard day in the fields was often marked by the smoking of a hookah, a contraption that bubbles tobacco through water. Use of a hookah to smoke also has become a trendy habit in many North American cities. While the specific impacts from different forms of tobacco use may vary, statistics prove that even exposure to secondhand smoke is associated with cancer incidence (Su et al., 2018).

Diet
For the majority of Americans who do not smoke, eating a nutritionally balanced diet and being physically active are the most important ways to reduce cancer risk (LaCaille, 2019; Mermelstein, 2019; Song, 2019). Evidence suggests that one third of the 550,000 cancer deaths that occur in the United States each year are due to unhealthy diet and insufficient physical activity (Greger, 2015). Different cultural groups have different eating habits (see Chapter 8), which can accentuate their risk for cancer. There are a number of dietary features that are linked to an increased risk for cancer (Bail et al., 2016; Grosso et al., 2017). For example, eating too much fat and not getting enough fiber have been associated with increased cancer incidence (Gudenkauf &amp; Thrift, 2021; He et al., 2017). On the other hand, diets with high consumption of fruits and vegetables are associated with a lower risk for several types of cancer (Liu et al., 2021). Also, some fats such as omega-3 polyunsaturated fat (found in salmon) may prevent or inhibit growth of a range of cancers including breast, colorectal, and gastric cancer (Nabavi et al., 2015). In Hawaii, native Hawaiians have the shortest life expectancy of any ethnic group because of their diets, including high consumption of cholesterol-containing foods and red meat, animal fat, eggs, milk, and cheese (the traditional roast pig at a luau is an example).

The diet-cancer link is probably mediated by obesity. Overweight and obesity often result from bad diets and eating too much. Obesity may promote breast cancer due to dysregulated metabolism and inflammation, with cytokine production in excess adipose tissues creating a chronic inflammatory microenvironment where tumors can develop (Seiler et al., 2018) or affecting the production and functioning of hormones such as estrogen (Bhardwaj et al., 2019). Indeed, obesity accounts for 11.9% for males and 13.1% for females of the burden attributed to cancer globally and has been associated with an increased risk of 13 cancers including breast, colorectal endometrial, esophageal, gallbladder, gastric, hepatocellular (liver), kidney, ovarian, pancreatic, and thyroid cancers, meningioma and multiple myeloma (Avgerinos et al., 2019).

A wide variety of foods are supposed to help prevent cancer and also to cure it. Only a small percentage of the foods touted as preventative or curative have stood the test of scientific research (Table 13.2). Be warned that there are a lot of television and internet reports of so-called cancer-busting foods for which there is no scientific basis. For example, eating grapes is supposed to be good, but the effects have not been proven. That said, eating a diet with high amounts of fruits and vegetables, especially those containing antioxidants, does seem to increase the cancer-fighting capacity of the body (Liu et al., 2021; Parohan et al., 2019). Also, eating soy products may reduce the risk of some cancers (Applegate et al., 2018; Takagi et al., 2015), and vegetarianism may be linked to lower incidence of cancer (Oussalah et al., 2020). Diet guidelines for the prevention of cancer from the American Cancer Society (Rock et al., 2020) recommend a nutrient-rich diet including a variety of colors of fruits (i.e., whole fruit) and vegetables (i.e., dark green, red, and orange, fiber-rich beans and peas) and whole grains. They also recommend avoiding or limiting highly processed foods and refined grains, red and processed meats, sugar-sweetened beverages and alcohol (Rock et al., 2020). Figure 13.7 illustrates the relationship between diet and cancer.

As far as popular diets like South Beach and Atkins go, the Mediterranean diet, which is rich in nuts, grains, and olive oil, has shown the most promise for keeping cancer at bay (Mentella et al., 2019). For the rest of the things you may hear about, for example, vitamin A or C, the mineral selenium, and flavonoids (effective antioxidants that you’ll hear more about in the next chapter), there is enough research to suggest that each is a potential cancer fighter (Rodríguez-García et al., 2019), but we are far from having a guaranteed perfect anticancer diet. However, we are getting closer, as more and more nutrients prove to be viable cancer fighters (Jeurnink et al., 2015). As always, you should be a critical consumer of what claims you hear or read about.

Given that some foods may have the potential to reduce the risk for cancer, it follows that cultural differences in dietary patterns correspondingly explain cultural differences in cancer incidence and progression. For example, Gudenkauf and Thrift (2021) found that a higher proportion of cancers were attributable to inadequate diet among non-Hispanic Black Americans (4.4%), than Hispanic Americans (3.7%) and non-Hispanic White Americans (3.1%). Non-Hispanic Black Americans also had more cancers attributed to eating processed meat, and a diet insufficient in calcium and fiber, than other Americans (Gudenkauf &amp; Thrift, 2021).

Furthermore, there is a lower incidence of breast cancer among Latinas than among non-Latina White American females. Can diet explain this? Murtaugh et al. (2008) examined the associations of dietary patterns (e.g., Western, Native Mexican, Mediterranean) with risk for breast cancer in Latinas (757 cases, 867 controls) and non-Latina White American females (1,524 cases, 1,598 controls) from the Four-Corners Breast Cancer Study. They found that it was the dietary pattern followed and not just the ethnicity that was important. The Western dietary pattern was associated with greater risk, and the Native Mexican and Mediterranean dietary patterns were associated with lower risk of breast cancer.

Physical Activity

The reasons for staying in shape (or getting in shape) continue to increase (LaCaille, 2018). A large body of evidence suggests that physical activity can reduce the risk of bladder, breast, colon, endometrial, esophageal, gastric, head and neck, liver, lung, rectal and kidney cancer (Figure 13.8), along with myeloma and myeloid leukemia (McTiernan et al., 2019; Moore et al., 2016). Getting regular physical activity also lowers the risk for breast cancer for both pre- and postmenopausal females (Guo et al., 2020). Being active is good for males too. Physical activity appears important in the development and progression of prostate cancer, however evidence of a relationship between physical activity and reduced prostate cancer risk remains inconclusive (Shephard, 2017). Similarly, at present evidence that physical activity reduces risk for testicular cancer is lacking (McTiernan et al., 2019).

While the evidence may be mixed, physical activity guidelines for the prevention of cancer from the American Cancer Society (Rock et al., 2020) recommend limiting sedentary behavior (i.e., sitting and lying down, screen-based entertainment) and engaging in physical activity. Children and adolescents are recommended to do at least one hour of moderate- or vigorous-intensity activity each day, while adults should complete 150 to 300 minutes of moderate- or 75 to 150 minutes of vigorous-intensity physical activity per week (Rock et al., 2020).

Sun Exposure

Few people lying on the beach soaking in the sun’s rays are thinking about the fact that such sun exposure increases their chances of the most common form of cancer—skin cancer (basal and squamous cell skin cancers) (ACS, 2023). Did you know that one in five Americans will be diagnosed with skin cancer by 70, and that experiencing five or more sunburns doubles the risk of melanoma? (Skin Cancer Foundation, 2023a). Prevention is again the key: Using sunscreen regularly (at least 15+) can reduce the risk of squamous cell skin cancers and melanoma by approximately 40% and 50%, respectively (Skin Cancer Foundation, 2023b).

Even tanning booths are carcinogenic. A 15- to 20-minute session is equivalent in ultraviolet (UV) ray exposure to one full day at the beach. Although tanning salons often advertise that sun bed tanning is safer than sunbathing outside, the intensity of light in tanning beds is actually much greater. The customer not only has light rays above their body but also below it. Many of the older tanning beds emit short-wave UV rays, which burn the outer layers of the skin. The majority of the tanning beds used today, however, emit long-wave UV rays, which actually penetrate deeper and weaken the skin’s inner connective tissue. Tanning salon rays also increase the damage that is done by the sunlight, because the UV light from the tanning beds thins the skin, making it less able to heal. Both the sun and tanning beds produce a tan from UV rays. UV rays cause the skin to protect itself from burning by producing additional pigmentation and coloring. Overexposure to these UV rays can lead to eye injury, premature wrinkling, light-induced skin rashes, and increased chances of skin cancer. To get that nice tanned look without the risk, consumers are now flocking to risk-free tanning booths that use sprays.

So, should you stay out of the sun altogether? No, that’s not right, either. Although overexposure to sunlight can be very detrimental to one’s health, we still need some amount of exposure to sunlight for both physical and psychological reasons. A lack of sunlight is associated with poor mood, as well as with a condition called seasonal affective disorder. Sunlight is also a major source of vitamin D in humans, because it produces vitamin D in the skin after exposure to UV radiation (Religi et al., 2019). Without vitamin D, diseases such as rickets occur. In direct relationship to this chapter, in recent studies sunlight exposure has been associated with reduced risk of breast cancer in females living in the Caribbean (Nazario et al., 2022), and authors of a meta-analysis suggested that spending at least an hour per day in the sun during summer could reduce the risk of breast cancer (Hiller et al., 2020).

Tanning. Visiting a tanning booth, even once, can expose you to carcinogenic ultraviolet rays. A safer alternative for a tanned look is a spray-on tan or tanning lotion.

== 13.5 - Treatment Options ==
Cancer is no longer an automatic death sentence, as advances in detection and treatment have improved survival rates. While early detection increases the chances of successful treatment, some advanced cancers can still be treated effectively. Cancer treatments aim to remove or control abnormal cells, with three main approaches: surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation therapy.

'''1. Surgery'''

Surgery is the oldest cancer treatment, primarily used to remove tumors. It is most effective when cancer is localized.

* '''Preventive Surgery:''' Removes tissue likely to become cancerous, such as in individuals with BRCA gene mutations.
* '''Diagnostic Surgery:''' Extracts small tissue samples to confirm or stage cancer.
* '''Curative Surgery:''' Targets localized cancer, often combined with other treatments.
* '''Other Types:'''
** '''Debulking Surgery:''' Reduces tumor size when complete removal isn’t possible.
** '''Palliative Surgery:''' Eases complications in advanced cancer.
** '''Restorative Surgery:''' Reconstructs appearance post-surgery (e.g., breast reconstruction).
'''2. Chemotherapy'''

Chemotherapy involves administering drugs to halt cancer growth and can be used alone or with other treatments.

* '''Forms:''' Pills, injections, or intravenous delivery.
* '''Purposes:'''
** '''Neuroadjuvant Therapy:''' Shrinks tumors before surgery/radiation.
** '''Adjuvant Therapy:''' Destroys residual cancer cells after primary treatment.
* '''Effects:'''
** '''Biological:''' Reduces white blood cells, causing fatigue and vulnerability to infections.
** '''Psychological and Social:''' Side effects like hair loss, nausea, and fatigue impact self-esteem and relationships.
'''3. Radiation Therapy'''

Radiation therapy uses ionizing radiation to damage cancer DNA, leading to cell death.

* '''Techniques:'''
** '''External Radiation:''' Targets tumors with precise beams over weeks.
** '''Internal Radiation (Brachytherapy):''' Places radioactive sources near the tumor.
** '''Systemic Radiation:''' Uses radioactive substances administered orally or intravenously.
* '''Side Effects:''' Fatigue, localized irritation, difficulty swallowing (if applied to the throat), and potential fertility issues.
'''Other Treatments'''
* '''Immunotherapy:''' Activates the immune system against cancer.
* '''Targeted Therapy:''' Uses drugs that specifically target cancer cells.
* '''Hormonal Therapy:''' Alters hormone activity to slow cancer growth.
* '''Complementary and Alternative Medicine (CAM):''' Includes yoga, acupuncture, and special diets for symptom management and psychological benefits. However, these methods require caution due to varying effectiveness and potential risks when delaying standard treatments.
'''Survivorship and Challenges'''

Cancer survivors face risks like secondary cancers, PTSD, anxiety, and depression. Many turn to CAM for holistic healing, but more research is needed to validate its efficacy. Health professionals advise patients to discuss CAM use to avoid harmful interactions or delays in effective treatment.

Advances in treatment and care have significantly improved outcomes for cancer patients, but ongoing research and psychological support remain crucial for long-term recovery and well-being.

=== Raw Textbook Page ===
Cancer need no longer be a death sentence, although many people still believe it is. Although earlier cancer detection increases its chances of being completely treated, even some cancers in their later stages can be successfully treated. Because cancer is essentially cells that are out of control, the main goal of treatment is to remove the cells from the body. There are three major ways to treat cancer.

Surgery

The oldest and most straightforward way to treat cancer is surgery, during which the surgeon can remove the tumor. Surgery is most successful when the cancer has not spread because this provides the best chance of removing all the mutant cells. Surgery also has other uses in cancer (ACS, 2019a). Preventive surgery is performed to remove tissue that is not malignant as yet but has a high chance of turning malignant. This happens in the case of females with a family history of breast cancer who also have a mutant breast cancer gene (BRCA1 or BRCA2). Preventive surgery may also be used to remove parts of the colon if polyps, small stalk-shaped growths (not the little marine animals), are found.

Diagnostic surgery is the process of removing a small amount of tissue to either identify a cancer or to make a diagnosis (ACS, 2019a). If the patient receives a positive diagnosis of cancer, sometimes staging surgery is needed to ascertain what stage of development the cancer is in. This form of surgery helps determine how far the cancer has spread, provides a clinical stage for the growth and can guide treatment decisions. If the cancer has been localized to a small area, curative surgery can be used to remove the growth. This is the primary form of treatment for cancer and is often used in conjunction with other treatments. If it is not possible to remove the entire tumor without damaging the surrounding tissues, debulking surgery reduces the tumor mass. Finally, palliative surgery is used to treat complications of advanced disease (not as a cure), and restorative surgery is used to modify a person’s appearance after curative surgery (e.g., breast reconstructive surgery after a mastectomy or breast removal) (ACS, 2019a).

Chemotherapy

The second major form of treatment for cancer involves taking medications with the aim of disabling the cancer growth, a process referred to as chemotherapy (ACS, 2019b). The medications are either given in pill form, in the form of an injection, or in the form of an intravenous injection (medication delivered through a catheter right into a vein). Chemotherapy can be used alone or in combination with other treatments. Neuroadjuvant chemotherapy involves using chemotherapy to reduce the size of a tumor before surgery or radiation therapy. At other times, chemotherapy is adjuvant, that is, used after surgery or radiation therapy to destroy any remaining cancer cells. Chemotherapy can also be used in conjunction with targeted therapy, hormone therapy or immunotherapy.

The type of cancer and its severity determine the frequency of chemotherapy, and it can range from daily to monthly medication. This form of treatment can have very strong side effects but often results in successful outcomes. Patients who undergo chemotherapy (or chemo for short) may lose all their hair (not just the hair on their head as is commonly believed), experience severe nausea, and have a dry mouth and skin.

Chemotherapy also has biopsychosocial effects (Lorusso et al., 2017). Biologically, the treatment lowers both red and white blood cell counts. Fewer red blood cells make a person anemic and feel weak and tired. A reduced number of white blood cells makes a person more prone to infection, and a person undergoing chemotherapy needs to take special care to not be exposed to germs or sources of contamination. Psychologically, the fatigue can lead to low moods and also a loss of sexual desire and low sociability. Social interactions become strained as well. The patient often feels embarrassed by not having any hair and may not want to be seen by other people or may be too tired to interact. Simultaneously, many visitors and friends feel uncomfortable at the sight of the hairless, fatigued patient. As with most chronic illnesses it is important for the patient’s support networks to be prepared for and compensate for the effects of treatment.

Radiation Therapy

The third major form of treatment for cancer involves the use of radioactive particles aimed at the DNA of the cancer cells, a process referred to as radiation therapy (ACS, 2019c). Radiation used for cancer treatment is called ionizing radiation because it forms ions as it passes through tissues and dislodges electrons from atoms. The ionization causes cell death or a genetic change in the cancerous cells (Sia et al., 2020). There are many different types of external radiation treatments (e.g., electron beams, high-energy photons, protons, and neutrons), each sounding like something out of a science fiction movie and varying in intensity and energy. The process for getting radiation therapy is a little more complex than that for chemotherapy and surgery, although the preliminary stages are the same. Medical personnel first need to identify the location and size of the tumor and then pick the correct level of radiation. The key is to be able to do the most damage to the cancerous cells without damaging the normal cells. This is hard to do because the radiation stream cannot differentiate between types of cells, and normal cells often end up being affected as part of the process, resulting in treatment side effects. For external radiation, radiation is delivered from outside the body into the tumor. The total dose of radiation, a rad, is often broken down into fractions, and delivered as an outpatient over several weeks. Radiation therapy is perhaps the most involved type of therapy, with treatments usually being given daily, 5 days a week, for 5 to 7 weeks (ACS, 2019c). Radiation therapy can also be delivered internally, known as brachytherapy. In this treatment, a radioactive source is put inside the body or located close to the tumor; it may be left there or removed after a specific period of time. Lastly, radiotherapy may involve systemic radiation, where radioactive substances given by mouth or through a vein (ACS, 2019c). The type of radiotherapy will vary depending on the type and location of the cancer; sometimes multiple types will be used.

The main side effects of radiotherapy are fatigue and irritation of the body areas close to the radiation site (for external radiation), often accompanied by some disruption of functioning. For example, radiation to the mouth and throat area can cause loss of salivary function, difficulty in swallowing, and a redness of the neck and surrounding areas. Depending on the location (i.e., ovaries or testicles), radiation may also affect future fertility, with females advised not to conceive while undergoing radiation therapy (ACS, 2019c).

Other Treatments

In addition to these three main forms of treatment, there are also a variety of other possible ways to treat cancer. For example, immunotherapy involves the activation of the body’s own immune system to fight the cancer (ACS, 2019d), while targeted therapy uses medications that are designed to target cancer cells without damaging normal cells (ACS, 2021b) and hormonal therapy involves altering or blocking hormones to slow or stop cancer growth (ACS, 2020). There are also a number of alternative and complementary therapies that help people cope with cancer (some of which are believed to keep cancer at bay as well). These include aromatherapy, music therapy, yoga, massage therapy, meditation to reduce stress, special diets like taking peppermint tea for nausea, and acupuncture. There is growing public interest, especially among those living with cancer or the relatives of people with cancer, in obtaining information about complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) as discussed in Chapter 3 and methods of treatment. This interest is even more prevalent among individuals from different cultural groups who may have approaches and beliefs about cancer and its treatment that vary greatly from the view held by Western biomedicine. Very often cancer patients do not tell their doctors that they are also trying other treatments. Although there may be many treatments for cancer used by other cultures that are actually beneficial, very few methods have been tested by Western science and correspondingly North American health practitioners recommend very few alternative methods.

The stance of Western biomedicine is reflected particularly well in how the ACS refers to complementary and alternative medicine. The American Cancer Society defines alternative methods as “unproven or disproven methods used instead of standard medical treatments to prevent, diagnose, or treat cancer” (ACS, 2021c) and complementary methods as “supportive methods used along with standard medical treatment . . . used to help relieve symptoms of cancer and side effects of treatment” (ACS, 2021d). They differentiate between the two, stating that complementary methods are used with standard treatments, while alternative methods are used instead of standard treatments (ACS, 2021d). The American Cancer Society acknowledges that more research is needed to determine the safety and effectiveness of many of these methods and advocates for peer-reviewed scientific evidence of the safety and efficacy of these methods. Health-care practitioners recognize the need to balance access to complementary and alternative methods while protecting patients against methods that might be harmful to them. For example, the American Cancer Society supports patients having access to complementary methods but cautions them that the evidence for such methods is of lower quality than for standard treatments, and that their use should be discussed with treating health professionals. Part of the problem arises from the fact that harmful drug interactions may occur and must be recognized. In addition, sometimes use of the other treatments causes delays in starting standard therapies and is detrimental to the success of cancer treatment. The American Cancer Society also give greater warning with regards to alternative methods, indicating that the level of harm from such methods can vary (from few harms to life-threatening), these methods have not been sufficiently studied to demonstrate effectiveness and that people who use alternative methods instead of standard treatment for the most common cancers have a greater risk of cancer-related death.

A patient is lying on a stretcher, wearing an immobilization thermoplastic mask that covers his head and face. Two individuals are standing on both sides of the patient.
Radiation Therapy. A cancer patient has his head immobilized before targeted laser-guided radiation treatment.


When treatments succeed in keeping cancer at bay, the health psychologist’s job is not done. There is evidence that cancer survivors may develop secondary cancers. This risk is particularly evident for survivors of childhood cancer (Turcotte et al., 2018) as well as adolescent and young adult survivors due to greater sensitivity to treatments and longer life-expectancy (Demoor-Goldschmidt &amp; de Vathaire, 2019). Similarly problematic, a significant number of adolescent cancer survivors report posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), anxiety and depression (Kosir et al., 2019). Many cancer survivors begin to (or continue to) use complementary and alternative treatments. For example, Keene et al. (2019) conducted a systematic review of 61 studies exploring complementary and alternative treatment use among cancer patients, finding that on average, 51% of cancer patients used complementary and alternative treatments, with the main motivation reported to be to treat or cure cancer (73.8%). People also used complementary and alternative treatments to manage treatment complications (62.3%), meet holistic needs (57.4%), influence their general health (55.7%), and take control of their treatment (45.9%). Complementary and alternative treatments may provide the survivors with psychological benefits and prevent relapse, though this possibility has not been tested.    

== 13.6 ==

=== The Primary Strategies for Reducing Cancer Mortality ===
The most effective approach to reducing cancer mortality rates involves promoting healthy behaviors while minimizing risk-enhancing habits. Key strategies include decreasing tobacco use, improving nutrition, and encouraging physical activity. Despite challenges in changing long-established habits like dietary practices, recent interventions have shown success in these areas. Additionally, health psychologists have developed various psychosocial interventions to support cancer patients.

=== Screening as a Preventative Measure ===
Routine cancer screening is crucial for early detection, significantly improving treatment outcomes. Screenings can be clinical (e.g., mammograms) or self-conducted (e.g., breast or testicular self-examinations). The Health Belief Model (HBM) frequently guides interventions to enhance screening adherence by addressing perceptions of susceptibility, severity, barriers, and benefits. Evidence suggests that increasing awareness about cancer risks and benefits of screening boosts screening rates, while perceived barriers hinder participation.

=== Cultural and Socioeconomic Influences on Screening ===
Screening disparities exist due to socioeconomic and cultural factors. Low-income groups and non-White populations generally exhibit lower screening rates, often facing barriers like cost, access, and cultural norms. For instance, modesty concerns and mistrust toward male healthcare providers deter screenings among many Asian, Black, and Native American women. Fear of cancer or the screening process itself further complicates efforts to increase adherence.

=== Psychosocial Interventions for Cancer Patients ===
Beyond prevention, interventions aim to extend life expectancy and ease anxiety for diagnosed patients. Social support programs, like group therapy, have demonstrated significant benefits in reducing emotional distress and improving immune function. Mindfulness-based practices, relaxation training, and hypnosis also hold promise for managing cancer-related pain, fatigue, and treatment side effects. However, empirical support for some techniques remains limited.

=== Addressing Cultural Sensitivity in Cancer Care ===
Culturally adapted interventions have proven effective in changing cancer-related health behaviors, such as smoking cessation. Tailored approaches that incorporate cultural values and community-specific messaging significantly enhance the efficacy of these programs. Integrating cultural awareness into broader cancer care initiatives can improve access and outcomes for underserved populations.

=== Summary ===
Efforts to combat cancer mortality require a multifaceted approach encompassing behavior modification, routine screenings, and culturally sensitive interventions. Combining medical advances with psychosocial support ensures comprehensive care, improving both prevention and quality of life for individuals affected by cancer.

=== Raw Textbook Page ===
The main way to reduce the death rates from cancer is to increase the practice of healthy behaviors and decrease other behavioral contributions to cancer risk (Lovejoy &amp; Fowler, 2018). The general approaches to improving common behaviors—reduce tobacco use, eat a nutritionally balanced meal, and be physically activity—have been covered in some detail in Chapters 7 and 8. Although challenging, interventions to get people to change old habits, such as what they eat, are beginning to be successful (James et al., 2022) and health psychologists have focused on a range of psychosocial interventions for patients with cancer (Benedict et al., 2022; Stanton, 2019). Another major health behavior not covered in as much detail before is getting routine screenings.

Aiding Prevention: Increasing Screening Behaviors
One of the strongest contributions of health psychological research has been to illustrate how we can increase health behaviors that will ensure the early detection of cancer. The most direct early detection behavior is screening, and a number of interventions attempt to increase cancer screenings especially for breast, cervical, and colorectal cancer (Agide et al., 2018; Dougherty et al., 2018). Early detection ensures that the cancer can be treated in an early stage, almost literally being nipped in the bud. Screening can take two main forms: screening by professionals and medical equipment such as mammograms, and screening that you can do at home such as testicular or breast self-examinations. The American Cancer Society has a clear set of recommendations for when and how often a person should be screened or should check for cancer (Table 13.3 shows recommendations for breast cancer screenings). The big question here is this: Even if you know how often you should get screened, will you do it?

Regular clinical breast examinations or breast self-examinations are not recommended as part of routine breast cancer screening as there is little evidence that such examinations are helpful in this context. However, they may be appropriate in some circumstances. Health providers may offer clinical breast examinations to females at higher-risk. Also, some females may choose to continue regular self-examinations to monitor the look and feel of their breasts.

The Health Belief Model (HBM) described in Chapter 7 (Rosenstock, 1974) is the model used most often to guide interventions to increase screening behavior (Lau et al., 2020). According to this model, the extent to which you see yourself as being susceptible to cancer, the extent to which you believe cancer to have severe consequences, the perceived barriers keeping you from getting screened, and the perceived benefits to getting screened all combine to predict your screening behavior. A number of interventions have included components especially designed to influence different parts of the HBM (e.g., Ghaffari et al., 2019). The Application Showcase section at the end of this chapter gives you a concrete example of an intervention aimed at increasing screening.

The model works well. Increasing people’s knowledge about cancer susceptibility and severity can increase screening behaviors (Masoudiyekta et al., 2018). Similarly, increased perceived knowledge about the benefits of screening has been found to predict increased mammogram screening, while increased perceived barriers to screening has been found to significantly reduce the likelihood of mammogram screening (Darvishpour et al., 2018). Factors that influence perceptions of susceptibility or risk are important as well (Katapodi et al., 2004). People with a family history of breast cancer perceive themselves to be at higher risk, with a significant relationship shown between perceived risk and likelihood of screening (Katapodi et al., 2004). However, disparities in mammography screening have been found across the United States, with higher rates of screening in coastal cities, with higher percentages of Asian Americans, people up to date with their Papanicolaou test, and private insurance (Kim et al., 2019). As noted below, cultural barriers to screening also pose challenges to cancer care.

A poster highlighting colorectal cancer and emphasizing the significance of screening for early detection.
Ad Campaign to Increase Screening for Colorectal Cancer. Colorectal cancer is another cancer that can be successfully treated if it is detected early enough. This is one of the posters in a national campaign to increase screenings.


Long Description

Paradoxically, believing yourself to be extremely susceptible to cancer (e.g., taking a genetic test showing you have a mutated gene) or having a strong knowledge of severity and the fact that the disease could be fatal sometimes keeps people from getting screened (Cohen, 2022). The fear of actually finding something can keep people from even getting the test (Smits et al., 2018). This problem is amplified in some cultural groups. Fatalism, discussed previously, among Latina American females is associated with lower Pap smear rates (a test for uterine cancer) (Chen et al., 2018).

Cultural Differences in Screening

Cultural differences arise once more in the use of preventive measures for cancer. Females from low-SES groups are less likely to get mammograms (Ruiz et al., 2019). Non-White American groups do not use routine screening tests as frequently as White American groups (DeSantis et al., 2019; Jackson et al., 2016) and, consequently, have more severe cancer at diagnosis (DeSantis et al., 2019). White et al. (2017) collected data on ethnic differences in screening from a study of 7,021 individuals. Illustrative data from White et al. (2017) are shown in Table 13.4.


As you can see, there are significant differences between Black Americans, White Americans, Native Americans, Asian Americans, Chinese Americans, and Filipino Americans. In terms of ever having a screening test for both breast and cervical cancer, Asian Americans reported significantly lower rates. Similar patterns can be seen for adherence to recommendations to get screening tests. Why is this? The main barriers to getting screened, described above, particularly affect low-SES people across all ethnic groups (White et al., 2017). For some cultural groups the embarrassment of having the test keeps them away. A recent review concerning mammography screening highlighted that embarrassment, modesty and concern about male health professionals were barriers to screening for Asian/Pacific Islander American, Black American, and Native American females (Miller et al., 2019). Similarly, Korean American and Vietnamese American females, are embarrassed when undergoing breast and cervical cancer screenings (Do, 2015; Lee, 2015). Cultural beliefs about modesty and who is allowed to see the naked body also have an influence. For members of many cultures, it is inappropriate for an unknown member of the opposite sex, such as a doctor or nurse, to see the person’s body (Gurung, 2014). Such issues are seen in the preferences of Vietnamese, Chinese, and Latina females requesting service from a female physician (Galanti, 2014).

Common barriers to breast cancer screening for Black American females include pain or discomfort, fear, and cost, while for Latina American females, lack of knowledge and cost are barriers (Miller et al., 2019). For Native American females, fear, mistrust, cost, lack of insurance, location of screening facilities, transport, and prioritization of other matters present barriers, while Asian/Pacific Islander American females experience more cultural barriers than other females as well as barriers due to pain or discomfort, cost, and lack of knowledge (Miller et al., 2019). Additionally, in the United States among immigrants and refugees, barriers to screening include lack of knowledge, poor access to health services, language or lack of interpreters, high costs and lack of health insurance, and health professionals’ gender and insensitivity to cultural or religious beliefs and practices, embarrassment, and shame (Abdi et al., 2020; Adunlin et al., 2019). Furthermore, for some cultures, for example Latina females, decisions about health care are made in consultation with family members (Madhivanan et al., 2016). Females are more likely to attend screening with family support, however family can also act as a barrier with females prioritizing family needs over their own health (Madhivanan et al., 2016). While fear of cancer, can impact screening behavior as discussed below, Latina females have also reported a fear that screening would lead members of their community to conclude they were promiscuous (Madhivanan et al., 2016).

The previously mentioned paradox between fear and screening (more fear of having cancer leads to avoiding the screening) is evidenced in Latinx and Black American people (Bromley et al., 2015; Byrd et al., 2019), as well as Native Americans (Miller et al., 2019). Latina American females are more likely to report fear of finding cancer as a barrier to cervical cancer screening than White American females (Akinlotan et al., 2017). Fear that the radiation from a mammogram is dangerous is evident among Korean American (Lee &amp; Schwartz, 2021), Black American, and Asian/Pacific Islander American females but not Latina American females (Miller et al., 2019). Black American, Asian/Pacific Islander American, Latina American, and Native American females all report fear of discomfort and pain associated with mammograms (Miller et al., 2019). Fear of screening has also been found to be relatively high for Mexican American females; however, a relationship between fear of screening and screening behavior was not found (Flores-Luevano et al., 2020).

Inhibiting Progression and Helping Patients Cope

Going beyond the prevention of cancer, another category of interventions has been designed to prolong life after diagnosis and to reduce patients’ treatment anxiety (de la Torre-Luque et al., 2016). Social support again figures prominently (Bouma et al., 2015). In the classic demonstration of the effectiveness of social support, Spiegel et al. (1989) had females with breast cancer attend weekly supportive group therapy meetings. This group lived on average 36.6 months after the start of the intervention. In contrast, survival of the control patients who only received standard cancer care averaged 18.9 months. Subsequently, Fawzy et al. (1993) used a structured social support group to reduce distress and enhance the immune functioning in patients with newly diagnosed cancer. The group involved health education, illness-related problem solving, and relaxation, and members met weekly for 6 weeks. By 6 months, the intervention group showed lower levels of emotional distress, depression, confusion, and fatigue than the control group. Even their immune activity was higher. In general, such support groups are designed to promote the development of supportive relationships among group members and encourage expression of patients’ feelings or disease-related anxieties (Henderson &amp; Baum, 2002).

Some interventions focus directly on cancer pain. Ward et al. (2008) developed an intervention to decrease cancer pain (RIDcancerPain) and tested it using a classic randomized control trial. The main variables of interest, pain severity, pain interference with life, and overall quality of life and coping style were measured three times (baseline, 1 month, and 2 months later). Participants in the intervention group who experienced pain related to metastatic cancer showed greater decreases in pain severity than those in control (Ward et al., 2008). Evidence suggests that mindfulness-based interventions, including mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR) and mindfulness-based cognitive therapy (MBCT) may beneficial in assisting with cancer-related pain (Feng et al., 2022; Johannsen et al., 2016). Furthermore, MBSR is beneficial for cancer-related fatigue (Xie et al., 2020) and also shows promise as an avenue to help improve immune system inflammatory biomarkers (i.e., cytokines) among people with cancer (Reich et al., 2017).

Other potentially useful psychological interventions involve relaxation training or hypnosis (Carlson et al., 2018) although both interventions have limited empirical support. For example, although relaxation is often recommended for cancer-related pain (Loh et al., 2022) and has been found to be a useful tool in pain management in general (see Chapter 10), high-quality evidence for its efficacy in this context is sparse (Eaton et al., 2017). Some evidence also exists for its use for anxiety, depression and in managing cancer treatment side-effects (i.e., nausea, vomiting); however, one review of progressive muscle relaxation contained only five studies (three randomized trials; Pelekasis et al., 2017), while another review of progressive muscle relaxation and guided imagery contained eight studies (all randomized trials; Kapogiannis et al., 2018). The included studies in both reviews were of low quality and most used samples of females with breast cancer. Similarly, a recent review concerning the use of hypnosis in cancer care concluded that, for children and adults, it may assist with nausea and vomiting, pain management, anxiety and distress, and hot flashes (for women with breast cancer) (Carlson et al., 2018). However, caution is needed due to methodological limitations in the research; to date the research has largely focused on females with breast cancer, examined small samples, and employed limited use of randomized control trials (Carlson et al., 2018).

Keeping cultural differences in beliefs about cancer in mind, some interventions build on cultural values to change health behaviors that could cause cancer, in particular, culturally adapted interventions have been implemented for smoking cessation. For example, Kim and colleagues (2015) evaluated a culturally adapted intervention to assist Korean Americans to cease smoking, which was compared to a nonculturally adapted intervention. The adapted intervention included explaining the harmful effects of smoking using a culturally relevant analogy, and providing information about the high rate of smoking-related cancer deaths for Korean men, harms caused by secondhand smoke exposure and the high rates of secondhand-smoke exposure in the Korean community, and information about Korean celebrities who died from cancer. The intervention also used Korean news media in education efforts, involved family members, and employed behavioral skills training to prepare people for situations where Korean people would be most prone to relapse. Using biochemical approaches to verify abstinence, both males and females who received the culturally adapted intervention were almost five times more likely to achieve 12-month prolonged abstinence than those in the nonculturally adapted intervention.

In general, a number of psychosocial interventions have shown promise for alleviating the pain and discomfort of cancer. When used in conjunction with medications, these interventions can help make life bearable and even enjoyable for the patient with cancer.</text>
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      <text bytes="99990" sha1="ncajokjvmdyscykahcvo6wqoccadph4" xml:space="preserve">In 2019, more than 1.7 million new cases of cancer were diagnosed and nearly 600,000 people died of cancer in the United States (U.S. Cancer Statistics Working Group, 2022). Cancer is the second leading cause of death in the United States (after heart disease), with nearly 1 in 4 deaths due to cancer (U.S. Cancer Statistics Working Group, 2022).    

==13.1 - Cancer: Definitions and Prevalence==
'''Origins and Terminology''':

* Cancer originates from the Greek terms &quot;carcinos&quot; and &quot;carcinoma,&quot; referring to tumor types. Its name is linked to the crab-like appearance of spreading cancer cells.
* Cancer encompasses over 100 diseases, differing in incidence, risk factors, and treatment.

'''Biological Basis''':

* Cancer arises from malignant tumors characterized by uncontrolled cell growth and tissue destruction.
* Mutations in DNA disrupt normal cell processes, often caused by genetic factors or exposure to carcinogens (e.g., cigarette smoke).
* Normal cells divide and die systematically, while cancer cells grow indefinitely, forming abnormal cells.

'''Types of Cancer''':

* '''Carcinomas''': The most common type, originating in epithelial cells.
* '''Sarcomas''': Affect muscles, bones, and cartilage.
* '''Lymphomas''': Involve the lymphatic system (e.g., Hodgkin’s and non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma).
* '''Leukemias''': Found in blood and bone marrow, leading to anemia and immune issues.

'''Staging and Severity''':

* The TNM system assesses tumor size (T), lymph node involvement (N), and metastasis (M).
* Stages range from 0 (localized) to IV (widespread and severe).

'''Epidemiology and Risk''':

* About 1 in 2 men and 1 in 3 women are diagnosed with cancer during their lifetimes, with risks increasing with age.
* Prevalence varies by sex, ethnicity, and geography, with significant disparities in survival rates among ethnic groups.

'''Cultural and Psychosocial Factors''':

* Understanding cancer requires considering cultural influences, including ethnicity, gender, and socioeconomic factors.
* Minority groups face higher risks of death from cancer and lower survival rates, highlighting healthcare inequities.

'''Advancements and Trends''':

* Overall cancer incidence and mortality have decreased over decades, especially for males, though disparities persist.
* Early diagnosis and treatment advances have contributed to better outcomes in many populations.

'''Notable Trends''':

* Death rates from cancer decreased by 32% between 1991 and 2019.
* Minority populations experience lower survival rates, with Black Americans and Native Americans facing the highest relative risk of cancer death compared to White Americans.

By addressing cultural, biological, and environmental factors, we can better understand and combat cancer effectively

=== Raw Textbook Page ===
Similar to stress and pain, the word cancer has many different forms and meanings. Cancer is derived from carcinos and carcinoma, terms first used by the Greek Hippocrates to describe non-ulcer-forming and ulcer-forming tumors. The shape of a spreading cancer cell resembles the outstretching legs of a crab to which these words refer (in Greek the word for crab is cancer, think of the zodiac sign). Although typically discussed as one illness, cancer is a group of diseases that vary in terms of incidence and mortality rates, epidemiology, risk factors and causes, and treatments. Also, understanding cancer and its effects through a cultural approach is an important area of health psychology because a comprehensive understanding of cancer requires a consideration of sex, gender, ethnicity, geographical location, sexual orientation, and all the other aspects of what makes up culture.

First, let’s look at basic biology and some terminology. Cancer is the name given to the illness or condition caused by the presence of a malignant tumor. A malignant tumor or cancerous cell is identified as one showing uncontrollable cell growth that destroys healthy tissue. Cells that show abnormal growth are also referred to as neoplasms. Normally our cells grow, divide, and die in an orderly fashion, and cell growth is more pronounced when we are young. As we grow older, cells in most parts of our body divide only to replace worn-out or dying cells and to repair injuries. Because cancer cells continue to grow and divide, they are different from normal cells. Instead of dying, they outlive normal cells and continue to form new abnormal cells.

When a normal cell turns cancerous, it is often the result of a mutation in the cell’s DNA that alters it and makes it grow uncontrollably, disrupting surrounding tissue and often spreading to organs all around the body (Pecorino, 2021). Most of the time when DNA becomes damaged, the body is able to repair it. In cancer cells, the damaged DNA cannot be repaired. Such genetic mutations can also be inherited, which accounts for why risk for cancer increases if someone in a person’s family has had cancer. Many times, though, a person’s cancerous cell mutations occur because of exposure to environmental toxins such as cigarette smoke or other carcinogens (cancer-causing substances). The branch of medicine that concerns the study and treatment of cancer is referred to as oncology, and this is the term used more frequently in hospitals.

A scanning electron micrograph depicting a killer T cell attacking cancer cells.

A Cancer Cell Being Attacked by Immune System Killer T Cells. A Colored Scanning Electron Micrograph (SEM) image shows a human Natural Killer (NK) cell attacking a cancer cell. The yellow NK cell has numerous long fluid-projections, which are beginning to flow around the large orange cancer cell. Natural killer cells are a type of white blood cell known as T-lymphocytes. These have the ability to destroy virus-infected cells and tumor cells. On contact with the surface of a tumor cell, the NK cell recognizes certain proteins called antigens, which activate its cell-killing mechanism. The NK cell then binds to and destroys the cancer cell using toxins.


Types of Cancer

There are more than 100 different types of cancer, and even tumors within each type show a lot of variability. However, note that not all tumors are cancerous or malignant. Benign or noncancerous tumors do not metastasize or spread to other parts of the body and, with very rare exceptions, are not life threatening. Some cancers, such as leukemia, do not form tumors. Instead, these cancer cells involve the blood and blood-forming organs and circulate through other tissues where they grow (ACS, 2018). The course of cancer and the likelihood of survival vary greatly according to the type of cancer diagnosed. Therefore, if someone just says they have cancer, you should not make any generalizations about their experiences until you have more information. Some cancers show very little deviation in patterns of disease course, and psychosocial influences on coping and treatment are minimal (Henderson &amp; Baum, 2002). That said, psychosocial factors do relate to differences in biomarkers and disease progression (Cheng &amp; Meiser, 2019).

The key variables that influence the interaction between biological, psychological, and social factors and the role each plays in cancer morbidity or mortality are cancer site, type, and severity. The most common sites for cancer are the lungs, breasts, prostate gland, colon, and rectum (the latter two are often affected together, which is referred to as colorectal cancer). The top 10 cancer sites by sex and related incidence and mortality statistics for each are shown in Figures 13.1 and 13.3.


Figure 13.1 Description

There are four main types of cancer. The most common are carcinomas that start in the surface layers of the body or epithelial cells. This form of cancer accounts for the bulk of cancer cases and is seen in the most common sites. Sarcomas are cancers of the muscles, bones, and cartilage. Lymphomas are cancers of the lymphatic system and are referred to as Hodgkin’s disease if the cancer spreads from a single lymph node (non-Hodgkin lymphomas are found at several sites). Leukemias are cancers that are found in the blood and bone marrow. In leukemia, white blood cells proliferate to displace red blood cells, which causes anemia (a shortage of red blood cells), bleeding, and other immune system problems (ACS, 2018).

The severity of cancer is determined by a multifactor assessment of stage. The TNM system is the most common method used to stage cancer (ACS, 2022b). It provides three main pieces of information. The T describes the size of the tumor and whether cancer has spread to nearby tissues and organs. The N describes how far the cancer has spread to nearby lymph nodes. Given that the lymph nodes are critical components of the body’s immune system, they are often heavily involved in fighting cancer cells. The M indicates the extent to which the cancer has metastasized. Letters or numbers after the T, N, and M give more details about each of these factors. For example, a tumor classified as Tl, N0, M0 is a tumor that is very small, has not spread to the lymph nodes, and has not spread to distant organs of the body. Once TNM descriptions have been established, they can be grouped together into a simpler set of stages, stages 0 through IV. In general, the lower the number, the less the cancer has spread. A higher number, such as stage IV, indicates a more serious, widespread cancer (ACS, 2022b).

Prevalence of Cancer

Cancer has been around for centuries and has been called the emperor of all maladies (Mukherjee, 2010). Unfortunately, the chances of our developing some form of cancer in our lifetime are pretty high (it is estimated one out of two males and one out of three females will develop cancer in their lifetime; Siegel et al., 2022), and the chances get higher as we get older, dropping again in our 80s (DeSantis et al., 2019). For people ages between 60 and 69, there is a 1 in 7 chance (if you are male) or 1 in 10 chance (if you are female) of getting cancer (Siegel et al., 2022). This incidence drops to a 1 in 16 chance for males and females between the ages of 50 and 59, and a 1 in 29 chance for males and 1 in 17 chance for females from birth until 49 (Siegel et al., 2022). Culture is again very important. Prevalence rates vary across many levels of culture—by sex, ethnicity, and geography. Differences in overall cancer rates by sex are shown in Figure 13.2.


Figure 13.2 Description

We are making strides in the fight against cancer (Stanton, 2019). New results on the incidence of cancer show that it is not as common as it was before, although the good news favors White American populations. Siegel et al. (2021) collected cancer morbidity and mortality data from several government organizations such as the National Cancer Institute and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, evaluated trends in cancer incidence and death rates, and compared survival rates over time and across racial/ethnic populations. The good news is that incidence rates for males for all cancers combined decreased from 1990 through 2013 and then stabilized during 2018 (Siegel et al., 2022). For females, incidence for all cancers remained relatively stable through the mid-2010s, but has seen a slight increase in recent years (Siegel et al., 2022). The good news is that since their peak in 1991, overall cancer death rates in 2019 have decreased by 32% (Siegel et al., 2022). The bad news from a cultural perspective is that cancer-specific survival rates are lower and the risk of dying from cancer once it is diagnosed is higher in some ethnic minority populations compared with the White American population, as shown in Table 13.1 (Siegel et al., 2022). The relative risk of death from cancer (all types combined), after adjusting for sex, age, and cancer stage at diagnosis, is 33% and 51% higher in Black Americans and Native Americans, respectively, compared with that for White Americans (Jemal et al., 2017). Additionally, when considering all cancer stages, Black Americans have lower survival rates than White Americans for bladder, breast, colorectal, esophageal, oral cavity and pharynx, ovarian, and uterine cancer, and melanoma (Siegel et al., 2022).

== 13.2 - Cultural Variations and Developmental Issues ==
'''Cancer Across Cultures and Groups'''

Cancer affects people differently based on their ethnicity, race, sex, and socioeconomic status. Black Americans face higher cancer death rates than other groups in the U.S., despite White Americans having higher cancer diagnosis rates. For example, Black women are 41% more likely to die from breast cancer than White women, even though they are diagnosed less often. Similarly, Black men have double the cancer death rate compared to Asian/Pacific Islander men.

Cultural factors also influence cancer risks. Asian and Latino Americans show higher stomach and liver cancer rates, while Native Americans often see cancer as a punishment or a spiritual issue. Low socioeconomic status worsens outcomes due to limited knowledge about cancer and later diagnoses.

'''Sex Differences'''

Men are generally diagnosed with cancer more often than women, with prostate, lung, and colorectal cancers being the most common. For women, breast, lung, and colorectal cancers are most prevalent. Research on male-specific cancers, like testicular cancer, lags behind studies on female cancers, but awareness campaigns like No-Shave November are helping.

'''Beliefs and Knowledge About Cancer'''

Cultural beliefs affect understanding and attitudes toward cancer. Some groups attribute cancer to punishment or fate, leading to misconceptions. For instance, some Native Americans believe cancer can result from curses or violations of traditions. Fatalism—the idea that cancer always leads to death—is common in many communities, which can discourage seeking treatment.

'''Cancer as a Developmental Disease'''

Cancer risk increases with age, but many risk factors start early in life. For instance, smoking—a leading cause of cancer—often begins in teenage years. Children and teens diagnosed with cancer experience unique challenges, such as different coping mechanisms and impacts on their quality of life. Understanding how cancer affects individuals at different life stages is essential for providing appropriate support.

=== Raw Textbook Page ===
Similar to the ethnic differences in incidence of HIV infection described in the previous chapter, there are large differences in the cultural makeup of people who have cancer both across nations and across ethnic and racial groups (Kim &amp; Lwing, 2017; Song et al., 2014; Vahabi et al., 2017). In fact, there is a growing body of research clarifying the link between cancer and membership in certain ethnic groups (Yamoah et al., 2015). Before looking at possible biological reasons why one ethnicity may be more at risk than another, let’s first look at the different patterns of cancer across diverse ethnic groups.

There are two main statistics to bear in mind when studying the prevalence of cancer. The first is incidence or rates of newly diagnosed cases of the disease. The second is actual mortality. Keeping the two numbers separate is important because there are many people who are diagnosed with cancer who live (remember there was good news), and the number of survivors varies across cultural groups. So even if there are two cultural groups who both have the same incidence levels for a certain type of cancer, they may not show the same mortality rates. Figure 13.3 shows the incidence and mortality rates for the main types of cancer broken down by sex.

As you can see, different ethnic groups and the two sexes do not get cancer or die from it in the same ways (Dornelas, 2018; Siegel et al., 2022). Black Americans have the second highest general cancer incidence rates (behind White Americans), but the highest mortality rates of any population in the United States, with this difference being driven more by higher rates of cancer among Black American males (Siegel et al., 2022). Illustrating the difference between incidence and mortality, Black Americans have greater mortality rates relative to their incidence rates, suggesting that if they have cancer they are more likely to die of it. In 2019, the disparity in cancer deaths (for both sexes and all cancer types) between Black Americans and White Americans was 14% (Siegel et al., 2022). While White American females are diagnosed with cancer more than any other group of females, Black American females are the most likely to die from cancer (Siegel et al., 2022). This disparity is most pronounced in relation to breast cancer; Black American females have 4% lower incidence than White American females but 41% higher breast cancer mortality (Siegel et al., 2022). Similarly, Black American males’ cancer death rates are 19% higher than those of White American males and double those of Asian/Pacific Islander American males (Siegel et al., 2022). Separating total cases of cancer from individual types of cancer is important too. Although Asian/Pacific Islander Americans show much lower rates of cancer than White Americans in general, they have higher rates of stomach and liver cancer (Siegel et al., 2022). In contrast to some other ethnic differences, White American females have similar rates of lung cancer to Native American females but are more likely to have lung cancer than Black American, Asian/Pacific Islander American or Hispanic/Latino American females (Siegel et al., 2022).

In addition to these ethnic differences, there are significant sex differences in cancer incidence as well. Males experience higher incidences of cancer in general (Siegel et al., 2022). The most common cancers for males are prostate, lung, and colorectal (Siegel et al., 2022). Testicular cancer is relatively uncommon among men in general, but it is one of the most common forms of cancer in younger men ages 15 to 35. For some time, male cancers did not receive as much research attention as female cancers, and we know less about the etiology of most male cancers and males’ psychological and social experiences with cancer (Dornelas, 2018). No-Shave November is a recent phenomenon (did you know it started to raise awareness about male prostate cancer?).

The most common cancers for females for most ethnic groups are breast, lung, and colorectal (Siegel et al., 2022). In case you were wondering, men do get breast cancer although the rates are infinitesimal. Breast cancer incidence rates are somewhat counter to normal ethnic difference patterns; a higher incidence of breast cancer has been reported both in White American females and females of higher socioeconomic status (SES) compared to females of other ethnicities and lower SES (Coughlin, 2019; Seiler et al., 2017). However, low SES is associated with increased risk of aggressive premenopausal breast cancer, later diagnosis and poorer survival (Coughlin, 2019). Other common cancers tend to vary by ethnicity but usually include cancers of the reproductive organs (e.g., the uterus, cervix, and ovaries) and may be due to some ethnic groups such as Asian American and Latina American females not getting screened for the cancers (Suchday et al., 2019).

Cultural Differences in Beliefs and Knowledge About Cancer

Some of the cultural differences in cancer incidence are explained by cultural differences pertaining to beliefs held about cancer, people’s attitudes toward cancer, and knowledge of cancer (Licqurish et al., 2017). Many studies have shown that low socioeconomic groups are less knowledgeable about cancer regardless of their sex, ethnicity, or religion (e.g., McCutchan et al.,, 2015). Ethnically diverse groups exhibit different levels of knowledge as well. African Americans (Ogunsanya et al., 2017), Arab Americans (Abboud et al., 2017), Latino Americans (Szalacha et al., 2017), Chinese Americans (Robison et al., 2014), and Korean Americans (Sin et al., 2016) have all been found to have lower levels of knowledge about risk factors and cancer symptoms than White Americans.

Sometimes these cultural differences are linked to cultural beliefs and misconceptions about disease in general (Tejeda et al., 2017). Many religious individuals may believe that cancer is just punishment for sins or that cancer has spiritual meaning (Gall &amp; Bilodeau, 2017). The misperceived causes of cancer may also be more tangible. Vietnamese American, Chinese Americans, and Latino Americans (Luque et al., 2010) and Mexican immigrants to America (Luque et al., 2015) reported poor hygiene as a cause for cervical cancer. Another common cultural cancer belief is fatalism, the belief that a person with cancer cannot live a normal life and will die (Duberstein et al., 2017). High levels of fatalism have been found in Black Americans (Bustillo et al., 2017), Korean Americans, Chinese Americans, Mexican Americans (Gonzalez et al., 2016), and Latino Americans (Ramirez, 2014).

A vivid example of how culture influences perceptions is seen in the views of Native Americans. Many Native Americans see cancer as a White man’s disease and something that is a punishment for one’s actions or the actions of a family member (Yost et al., 2017). Some Native Americans see cancer as a natural part of life’s pathway and as providing a lesson from which to learn. Many also see cancer as penance and a person with cancer must wear the pain to protect other members of the community (Burhansstipanov, 2000). A diagnosis of cancer is equivalent to a doctor shooting a hole through the spirit and thus results in depression and fear of the doctor instead of trust. Beliefs about how you can get cancer may seem outlandish to the ethnocentric non-Native Americans. Some Native Americans believe cancer can result from a curse or from violating tribal mores like stepping on a frog or urinating on a spider. Others believe that it is contagious and that it can be caught from a mammography machine or from the child of someone who has cancer (Burhansstipanov, 2000). Some Native Americans do not want to even talk about cancer for fear of catching the cancer spirit. Regardless of the extent to which you think these beliefs are far-fetched, they have to be respected and anticipated to optimize helping the Native Americans who do hold them.

Developmental Issues in Cancer

You are more likely to get cancer as you get older (ACS, 2021a). The rates for cancer increase dramatically over the life span. Between 2013 and 2017, incidence rates ranged from 16.8 per 100,000 for those younger than 15 years of age, to 75.9 per 100,000 for adolescents and young adults (15–39 years) (Islami et al., 2021). In 2019, in the United States, the incidence rate was 474 and 415 per 100,000 for males and females, respectively, of all ages, and 2630 and 1804 per 100,000 for males and females, respectively, ages over 75 (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention [CDC], 2022). Age is a cultural variable as well, and one that also needs to be attended to in understanding cancer.

We consider cancer a developmental disease. Why is this? Although cancer is primarily diagnosed in older adults, cancers actually develop when people are younger. Because there typically is a large gap between when a tumor starts to grow and when it is large enough to be diagnosed, exposure to many of the risk factors for cancer (described below) at a young age necessarily predicts the occurrence of cancer at an older age. Significant risks for cancer are also associated with the different developmental milestones (as described in Chapter 4). There is a risk associated with girls starting to menstruate early (Goldberg et al., 2020; Olsson &amp; Olsson, 2020) and female’s dietary choices during adolescence and adulthood are associated with the early development of colorectal cancer (at less than 50 years; Hur et al., 2021). Risks also associate with menopause and the ways that females cope with it. The biggest risk factor for cancer—smoking (Kim et al., 2018; Lewandowska et al., 2019)—has a strong developmental link: Smoking almost always begins in the teenage years; few adults initiate a regular smoking habit (Park et al., 2018).

Developmental age also influences how people, especially children, will cope with a cancer diagnosis. For example, Barrera et al. (2003) recruited preschool, school age, and adolescent patients and measured their psychological adjustment and quality of life (QOL) 3, 9, and 15 months after cancer was diagnosed. The children’s age at diagnosis significantly affected both their adjustment and QOL. At 3 months after diagnosis, preschoolers had more externalizing behavior problems than adolescents. Preschoolers had better QOL than adolescents at all three assessments, suggesting that preschoolers with cancer are at risk for behavior problems and adolescents are at risk for poor QOL. Studies such as these are gentle reminders that the psychological reactions to cancer experienced by adults may be very different from those of children (Anderzén Carlsson et al., 2008). A developmental approach also helps us understand how family interactions change when one family member has cancer (Caruso et al., 2017; Erker et al., 2018; Long et al., 2018).

== 13.3 - Correlates of Cancer ==

=== Physiological Correlates of Cancer ===
The '''physiological symptoms''' of cancer depend on its '''size, location, and stage''' (Weinberg, 2013). If cancer has reached an advanced stage and '''metastasizes''' (spreads to other parts of the body), symptoms may occur at different locations. As '''mutant cells''' divide, they exert '''pressure''' on surrounding organs, blood vessels, and nerves, causing '''pain''' and discomfort (Pecorino, 2021).

Certain cancers, like '''pancreatic cancer''', often remain '''asymptomatic''' until they reach an advanced stage. '''General symptoms''' include fever, fatigue, pain, skin changes, and weight loss, though these symptoms are not exclusive to cancer. Sometimes, '''cancer cells''' release '''substances''' into the bloodstream that trigger unusual symptoms. For instance:

* '''Pancreatic cancer''' may release substances causing '''blood clots''' in leg veins.
* '''Lung cancers''' can produce '''hormone-like substances''' that alter '''blood calcium levels''', leading to '''weakness and dizziness'''.

Specific symptoms may also indicate particular cancers:

* '''Excretory function changes''': Could signal '''colon cancer''' (e.g., chronic diarrhea or altered stool consistency) or '''bladder/prostate cancer''' (e.g., painful urination, blood in urine).
* '''Sores that do not heal''': Signs of '''skin cancer''', particularly in the mouth or sexual organs.
* '''Unusual bleeding''': Blood in saliva, urine, stool, or other fluids should be reported immediately.
* '''Lumps''': In the breast, testicles, or lymph nodes could suggest cancer.

Being familiar with your body and recognizing changes is key to identifying potential issues early.
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=== Psychological Correlates of Cancer ===

==== Psychological Factors in Cancer Incidence ====
Although there is little evidence that psychological factors '''cause cancer''', '''stress''' has been recognized as a contributing factor (Stanton, 2019). There are three main pathways through which '''psychological processes''' may influence cancer:

# '''Direct effects''' on bodily systems.
# '''Health behaviors''' (e.g., smoking or diet).
# Responses to '''illness or treatment''', such as screening behaviors.

Key psychological influences include:

* '''Personality''': Early studies linked '''anger suppression''' to a '''Type C personality'''—characterized by being unassertive and suppressing emotions—but this connection has since been discredited (Johansen, 2018).
* '''Social Support''': While it plays a major role in '''coping''', its impact on '''cancer incidence''' is inconsistent. For example, '''social isolation''' is linked to higher cancer mortality among White Americans but not Black Americans (Alcaraz et al., 2019).
* '''Depression''': Stronger evidence links '''clinical depression''' to higher cancer incidence and poorer survival rates (Wang, Li et al., 2020).

==== Psychological Responses to Diagnosis ====
The experience of a '''cancer diagnosis''' can trigger:

* '''Existential plight''': Heightened thoughts about life and death (Weisman &amp; Worden, 1972).
* '''Anxiety and depression''', particularly after diagnosis and during treatment (Civilotti et al., 2021).
* '''Stress''', reducing '''quality of life (QOL)''' (Dornelas, 2018).

Depression varies with '''age, sex''', and '''cancer type''':

* '''Younger patients''' often experience higher rates of depression.
* '''Females''' report almost twice the depression rates as males.
* Certain cancers, like '''lung''' or '''gynecological cancers''', are associated with higher depression levels (Linden et al., 2012).

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=== Psychological Factors in Cancer Progression and Coping ===
Key factors influencing '''cancer progression''' include:

# '''Personality''': '''Optimism''' is strongly linked to better coping and recovery (Scheier &amp; Carver, 2018).
# '''Social Support''': A larger and stronger '''support network''' correlates with better survival outcomes (Nausheen et al., 2009).
# '''Depression''': Associated with faster disease progression and lower QOL (Bortolato et al., 2017).

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=== Cancer, Stress, and Immunity ===
'''Stress''' has been shown to:

* Increase cancer risk and worsen progression (Chida et al., 2008).
* Reduce '''natural killer (NK) cell activity''', critical for fighting cancer (Capellino et al., 2020).
* Trigger '''unhealthy behaviors''' (e.g., smoking, poor diet), which accelerate progression.

Mechanisms include activation of the '''sympathetic nervous system (SNS)''' and '''hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis''', leading to immune dysregulation (Dai et al., 2020).

=== Raw Textbook Page ===
Physiological Correlates of Cancer

The physiological symptoms of cancer depend on the size, location, and stage of cancer (Weinberg, 2013). If a cancer has reached a later stage and metastasizes, then symptoms may occur at different locations in the body. As the mutant cells divide, they exert pressure on the surrounding organs, blood vessels, and nerves that is consciously felt by the individual (Pecorino, 2021). Some cancers, such as pancreatic cancer, are not felt until the cell has reached an advanced stage of development. Some of the general symptoms of cancer are fever, fatigue, pain, changes in the skin, and weight loss. Remember that having these symptoms does not necessarily mean a person has cancer but suggests that something is not right (there are many other reasons for these same symptoms). Sometimes, cancer cells release substances into the bloodstream that cause symptoms not generally thought to result from cancers (Pecorino, 2021). For example, some cancers of the pancreas can release substances that cause blood clots to develop in veins of the legs. Some lung cancers produce hormone-like substances that change blood calcium levels, affecting nerves and muscles and causing weakness and dizziness.

Together with general symptoms, some symptoms are more specifically indicative of cancer. Any changes in your excretory functions could signify cancer of the colon (such as constipation, constant diarrhea or a change in stool consistency) or bladder/prostate gland (such as painful urination or blood in the urine). Sores that do not heal, especially in the mouth or on sexual organs, are signs of skin cancers. As a rule, the appearance of blood in fluids in which you do not normally see it like in the saliva, urine, stool, nonmenstrual vaginal fluids, or breast fluid should be reported to a doctor immediately. The appearance of lumps in the breast, testicles, or lymph nodes may also be a sign of cancer. In general, it is clear that the better you know your body, the more aware you will be of changes that may signify problems with it.

Psychological Correlates of Cancer

You can divide the reality of cancer into three main phases: the period leading up to a diagnosis, the diagnosis and reactions to it, and the period following it. Psychological factors may play a role in all three, although the research evidence on how psychology influences progression is clearer than that on its role in the development of cancer.

Psychological Factors in Cancer Incidence

There is presently little unequivocal proof that psychological factors cause cancer (e.g., Stanton, 2019), except for the case of stress. We discuss this in more detail later. There are at least three general pathways through which psychological factors may influence the development of cancer: (1) direct effects of psychological processes on bodily systems; (2) healthy and unhealthy behaviors; and (3) responses to perceived or actual illness, such as screening behaviors or adherence to treatment recommendations (Henderson &amp; Baum, 2002). The main psychological processes studied have been personality, social support, depression, stress, and health behaviors. Stress and health behaviors are perhaps the most pervasive and will be discussed later in the chapter.

Although receiving a lot of attention in the mid-1980s, the role of personality in cancer has been somewhat exaggerated. Morris et al. (1981) first found an association between breast cancer and anger suppression, leading to the hypothesis of a cancer-prone or Type C personality (Zozulya et al., 2008). A Type C person was described as cooperative, appeasing, unassertive, and compliant and as someone who did not express negative emotions (Temoshok, 1987). Some later reviews supported these early findings, but more recently the research methodology used in studies examining personality as a risk factor for cancer has been criticized and it has been concluded that there is no sound evidence to suggest that personality plays a role in cancer etiology or survival (Johansen, 2018). However, while personality may not have a direct influence on cancer risk, it may influence health behaviors that are associated with cancer (Johansen, 2018).

If personality has no direct role, what is the influence of one’s social environment? Social support appears not to have a strong protective effect against cancer development (Ikeda et al., 2013) although it does play a significant role in coping with cancer (as discussed in the next section). To be fair, social support research is hampered by the fact that there are many different types of social support (as described in Chapter 6), and because it is operationally defined in different ways, study comparisons are difficult (Knoll, 2018). If your intuition says that social support must influence incidences of cancer, you are right (although don’t let intuition get in the way of empirical evidence to the contrary). For instance, social isolation was found to be associated with higher risk of cancer mortality for White Americans (male and female) but not for Black Americans (Alcaraz et al., 2019).

There is more evidence for the role of depression in cancer incidence than for social support (Wang, Li et al., 2020). Wang and colleagues (2020), in a meta-analysis comprising 51 cohort studies, with over two and a half million participants and a mean follow-up period of approximately 10 years, found that clinically diagnosed depression was associated with higher cancer incidence (for all cancer types combined), poorer cancer survival, and higher cancer-specific mortality; symptoms of depression were not associated with cancer risk. Depression was also associated with higher incidence for specific cancers including lung, oral cavity, prostate and skin cancer (Wang, Li et al., 2020). Furthermore, subgroup analyses found cancer risk to be higher in males and people of Asian ethnicity (Wang, Li et al., 2020).

In conjunction with similar cultural differences for social support, it is clear that the link between psychological factors and cancer may differ by sex and ethnicity. Such variations may be linked to biological pathways or may be indicative of greater cultural differences that have biopsychosocial components.

Psychological Responses to Cancer Diagnosis

Even being screened for a potential cancer can be a fearful experience (Nagendiram et al., 2020). A positive diagnosis (i.e., that cells are cancerous) can be devastating and has been referred to as causing an existential plight (increased thoughts about life and death) (Weisman &amp; Worden, 1972) and existential uncertainty regarding disease trajectory, likelihood of survival, and life before death (Karlsson et al., 2014). In the early stages after diagnosis, people may experience clinically relevant symptoms of anxiety and depression (Civilotti et al., 2021). In addition to anxiety, denial, and depression—the major responses to learning you have a chronic illness, as covered in Chapter 10—a cancer diagnosis and its treatment result in stress and a lowered QOL (Dornelas, 2018). The high emotions experienced right after diagnoses lessen with time, and emotions actually improve as recovery begins after the end of treatment. Two other highly psychologically disturbing times occur during treatment, whether it is surgery or radiotherapy (Dornelas, 2018).

In general, depression is more common in patients undergoing active treatment and those experiencing pain or with a history of stressors or low social support, rather than those in follow-up treatment (Johansen et al., 2011). Depression also varies according to age, sex and type of cancer (Linden et al., 2012). The relationship between age and depression is variable, but younger age has been associated with increased depression for some cancers (Linden et al., 2012). Regarding sex, females have been found to be almost twice as likely to report clinically significant depression than males, with the highest prevalence of depression occurring for females with lung cancer, followed by haematological and bone cancers (Linden et al., 2012). People with lung, haematological and gynecological cancers have been reported to have the highest levels of depression, while people with skin or prostate cancer have been found to have lower levels of depression than the average cancer patient (Linden et al., 2012). In addition to depression, people with cancer may also experience fear, anxiety, pain, and insomnia (Fischer et al., 2010; Hoang et al., 2020; Linden et al., 2012).

Psychological Factors in Cancer Progression and Coping

Similar to HIV infection and other chronic illnesses, some psychological characteristics help people cope better with cancer and also influence the course of the disease. Similar to the factors associated with incidence, a person’s personality, social support, depression, stress, and health behaviors again figure prominently (Smith, 2018; Stanton, 2019).

Personality

We have already discussed how personality relates to cancer incidence—meaning whether personality has any influence over whether someone will get cancer (there is no sound evidence to say it does). In the late 1970s, the first positive links between personality and cancer progression were seen. How people coped with cancer seemed to be one of the most important factors. Patients who denied they had cancer had higher disease recurrence rates (Greer et al., 1979). Other studies followed and have established that avoidant, repressive, or unexpressive personalities or coping styles are associated with poorer disease courses (Epping-Jordan et al., 1994). Other personality characteristics are important, too. For example, optimism is strongly and positively correlated with active coping and emotional regulation coping strategies and strongly negatively correlated with avoidant coping strategies (Scheier et al., 1986). Optimists, in general, show better psychological well-being and physical health (Scheier &amp; Carver, 2018; Solberg Nes, 2016). In the context of cancer, optimism has been associated with health-related QOL (Marton et al., 2022). Additionally, a number of studies show that optimism predicts better adjustment for a variety of cancers (breast cancer, Colby &amp; Shifren, 2013; colorectal cancer, Chambers et al., 2012; prostate cancer, Thornton et al., 2012; urogenital cancer, Zenger et al., 2010; advanced cancer (mixed types), Applebaum et al., 2014).

Social Support

The case for a positive correlation between social support and survival of cancer patients is very strong (Imm et al., 2017; LeBarre &amp; Riding-Malon, 2017). Of course, some of the best studies to look at are prospective in nature. For example, Nausheen et al. (2009) reviewed 31 longitudinal prospective studies from 26 published articles assessing the role of structural (e.g., size, range, proximity of social network and frequency of contact) and functional (e.g., function or quality of support network) social support in cancer progression and found that lower social support was associated with cancer progression, although some findings were contrary to what was expected. For all cancer types combined, structural support appeared to have a stronger association than functional support; however, most of the nonsignificant findings for functional support were in people with metastatic cancer, leading Nausheen et al. (2009) to conclude that functional social support may be beneficial for people with less severe cancer. Also, some of the differences may be due to the conceptualization and measurement of social support. With regard to cancer type, the evidence for a relationship between social support and cancer progression was deemed to be sufficiently strong for breast cancer; the relationship was not demonstrated for lung cancer, melanoma, or mixed cancers (studies containing more than one type of cancer; Nausheen et al., 2009). In terms of specific aspects of social support, having a larger social network of confidants with which to discuss personal problems (Kroenke et al., 2013), higher social connectedness (i.e., more frequent contact with family and friends, attending religious services, and involvement in community activities) (Beasley et al., 2010), and higher perceived level of support (Pinquart &amp; Duberstein, 2010) all link to slower progression of cancer and higher rates of survival. A growing body of work suggests that spiritual sources, such as belief in a God and prayer, also provide social support, aiding adjustment and slowing cancer progression (Chaturvedi &amp; Venkateswaran, 2008), although females who were not spiritual before cancer diagnosis but turned to God after diagnosis show lower levels of well-being than females who were always religious (Schreiber &amp; Brockopp, 2012).

Depression has also been linked to cancer progression (Bortolato et al., 2017) with a number of studies suggesting that depression and lower QOL in general have adverse effects on survival (Wang, Li et al., 2020). We discuss further the role of social support and depression in the section about interventions later in this chapter.

Although we have discussed the role of psychological factors in cancer progression, we would be remiss if we did not mention the effect cancer has on social relationships. The caregivers—spouses, friends, relatives—of cancer patients often experience negative outcomes as well (Borrescio-Higa &amp; Valdés, 2022; Long et al., 2018). For example, psychological interventions have been designed to help the spouses of females with breast cancer that reduce the spouse’s anxiety and depression and increase their self-efficacy and skills to assist their spouse (Lewis et al., 2019; Lewis et al., 2022). Across all cancer types, interventions for spouses have also targeted social support, problem solving, emotional resilience, coping strategies, role expectations, and relationship quality, with a review findings benefits for social support, emotional distress, coping, posttraumatic growth, self-efficacy, and communication (Kleine et al., 2019).

Cancer, Stress, and Immunity

Stress has been shown to influence both the incidence of cancer and its progression, although again, the link for the latter is stronger. There is no equivocation: stress-related psychosocial factors influence cancer. Chida et al. (2008) conducted a meta-analysis of 165 studies and found that stress-related psychosocial factors were associated with higher cancer incidence in initially healthy populations, poorer survival in patients with diagnosed cancer, and higher cancer mortality. While the methodology of this study has been criticized (Coyne et al., 2010), primary studies have also indicated a relationship between stress and cancer. For example, females who experienced four to six major life stressors were at more than five times higher risk for breast cancer (Kruk, 2012). Özkan et al (2017), similarly found that females who had experienced important stressors within the last 5 years and those with chronic stress were at increased risk of breast cancer. When biopsychosocial factors were analyzed together, females who had experienced important stressors within the last 5 years were at more than five and a half times higher risk for breast cancer (Özkan et al, 2017). A cancer diagnosis sets up a negative cycle of experiences between stress and illness (see Chapters 12 and 14 for other examples). The diagnosis and treatment cause stress that in turn influences the course of the disease by affecting the immune system (Andersen et al., 2017).

Stress affects cancer through a number of pathways. It has a direct effect on the activity of natural killer (NK) cells, which themselves are critical in the body’s fight against cancer (Capellino et al., 2020). Patients with a variety of cancers have lowered NK cell activity in the blood to begin with (Imai et al., 2000) and psychological distress associated with cancer diagnosis and treatment has been accompanied by immune dysregulation, including reduced NK activity and change in cytokine profile (Witek-Janusek et al., 2008). Low NK cell activity in cancer patients is significantly associated with the spread of cancer and in patients treated for metastases, the survival time without metastasis correlates with NK cell activity. Correspondingly, the experience of any additional stress can have direct effects on the development of the cancer, complementing and antagonizing the low NK cell levels. Stress can also increase unhealthy behaviors that can accelerate illness progression (Matsushita &amp; Takaki, 2019; Poluektov, 2021). The patient may increase drug, tobacco, or alcohol use, get less sleep or physical activity, or eat badly, all behaviors that may further affect immunity (Matsushita &amp; Takaki, 2019; Poluektov, 2021).

It may be no surprise that cancer can stress you, but can stress actually give you cancer? We discussed the negative impact stress can have on our minds and bodies in Chapter 5, so this is clearly a possibility. In fact, this question has been actively debated (Reiche et al., 2004; Tez &amp; Tez, 2008), with suggestions that stress, through a number of mechanisms, may contribute to cancer development, progression, and metastasization (Mravec et al., 2020).

Specific mechanisms have been proposed to explain the relationship between chronic stress and immune dysregulation that appears important for cancer development and progression. Stress acts through neuroendocrine processes, activating the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) and the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis (Dai et al., 2020). Stress hormones that are generated with activation of the SNS and HPA axis can promote tumorigenesis (the initial formation of tumors) and cancer development (Dai et al., 2020; See Figure 13.4). Indeed, it has been argued that while further research must explore it in more detail, the HPA axis appears important in cancer development and progression, but that the evidence for the role of SNS is now generally accepted (Mravec et al., 2020).

Chronic stress suppresses protective immune responses (i.e., responses that mediate cancer immunosurveillance, facilitate tumor immunotherapy, promote wound healing) (Antoni &amp; Dhabhar, 2019; Dai et al., 2020). It also induces/exacerbates chronic inflammation, which is important as chronic inflammation appears pivotal in cancer development and progression, impacting health through multiple pathways such as increased oxidative stress and damage, and mutations in DNA (Antoni &amp; Dhabhar, 2019; Mravec et al., 2020). These bodily changes are important as chronic inflammation and reduced immune surveillance are related to tumorigenesis (Dai et al., 2020). Chronic stress appears to also increase immunoregulatory/suppressive mechanisms, such that the body produces more cells that suppress protective antitumor immune responses (Antoni &amp; Dhabhar, 2019). While knowledge about mechanisms continues to evolve, the relationship between stress and cancer appears undeniable.

== 13.4 - Health Behaviors and Cancer ==
'''Health Behaviors and Cancer:'''

Your daily habits can significantly impact your chances of developing or surviving cancer. Some health risks, like smoking and unhealthy diets, are widely recognized, but others might surprise you.

'''Tobacco Use:'''

* Smoking is the leading preventable cause of cancer, contributing to 19% of all cases in the U.S.
* Smokers face 7.5 to 9 times the risk of lung cancer compared to nonsmokers.
* Tobacco use also increases risks for cancers of the throat, mouth, esophagus, and more.
* Cultural and regional differences affect tobacco usage rates and cancer risks.

'''Diet:'''

* Diet is the second biggest factor after smoking for cancer risk.
* Diets high in fat and low in fiber raise cancer risks, while fruits, vegetables, and certain fats (like omega-3s) help lower them.
* Obesity, often linked to poor diets, increases the risk of at least 13 cancers.
* Some cultural diets (e.g., Mediterranean) are associated with lower cancer risks.

'''Physical Activity:'''

* Regular physical activity reduces the risk of many cancers, including breast, colon, and bladder cancer.
* Adults should aim for 150–300 minutes of moderate exercise per week.

'''Sun Exposure:'''

* Excessive sun exposure leads to skin cancer, including melanoma.
* Regular sunscreen use and avoiding tanning beds significantly lower risks.
* Moderate sun exposure is beneficial for vitamin D production and mood.

'''Key Takeaway:'''

Prevent cancer by avoiding smoking, eating a healthy diet, staying physically active, protecting your skin from UV rays, and being mindful of your overall lifestyle habits.

=== Raw Textbook Page ===
As mentioned in the introduction to this chapter, many of your health behaviors predict your likelihood of getting cancer and the course cancer takes (Arem et al., 2020; Kerschbaum &amp; Nüssler, 2019; Stanton, 2019). The Measuring Up opener lists some of the main health behaviors that put you at risk for getting cancer. Take a moment to see how you fare. To some extent the results may surprise you. (“You mean doing that puts me at risk for cancer?” Yes, it may.) The usual unhealthy behaviors turn up again (see Chapter 7) and, not surprisingly, cultural differences in the practice of some of these behaviors are significant in explaining cultural differences in cancer.

Tobacco Use

Do you want an easy way to decrease your risk of getting cancer? Make sure you do not smoke. Probably the most clear-cut cause of cancer is tobacco use, which has been described as the most important preventable cause of cancer; cigarettes contain more than 60 carcinogenic substances (Bialous &amp; Sarma, 2017). Cigarettes account for 19% of all cancers among Americans (23.6% and 14.5% in males and females, respectively; Islami et al., 2018) and cause approximately 82% of lung, 74% of larynx (voice box), and 50% of esophageal cancers (Islami et al., 2018). Smokers have a much higher risk of lung cancer compared to nonsmokers. In a meta-analysis containing information from more than 7 million people, when adjusted for age, female smokers had nearly seven and a half times the risk and male smokers had nearly nine times the risk of lung cancer compared to nonsmokers (O’Keeffe et al., 2018). Only 12.5% of lung cancer patients have never smoked, although this varies by sex (15.7% of females and 9.6% for males, respectively; Siegel et al., 2022). Note that this risk is seven and a half to nearly nine times—not double, not triple—but seven and a half to nearly nine times. Talk about really playing with fire! Cigarette smoking accounts for approximately 30% of all cancer deaths; 33.1% for males and 24% for females (Islami et al., 2018). Smoking is a major cause of cancers of the lung, larynx, oral cavity, pharynx (throat), and esophagus and is a contributing cause in the development of cancers of the bladder, pancreas, liver, uterine cervix, kidney, stomach, colon and rectum, and some leukemias (Stanton, 2019).

The link between smoking and cancer is best illustrated when we look at populations that increased tobacco use. Smoking rates among females rose dramatically between the 1960s and the 1990s, and deaths due to lung cancer in females increased correspondingly (Thun et al., 2013). As male’s and female’s smoking rates become similar, their lung cancer rates and mortality also become similar; lung cancer accounts for 12% of new cancers for males and 13% for females, while it accounts for 21% of cancer deaths for both sexes (Siegel et al., 2022). Cigarette smoking has declined over time; in 2020, 12.5% of Americans were cigarette smokers (Cornelius et al., 2020). However, Americans are also using other tobacco products such as e-cigarettes, cigars, smokeless tobacco and pipes (Cornelius et al., 2020). Cigarette use is higher among Black Americans, Latino Americans, and White Americans living in rural areas and Asian Americans residing in urban areas (Cornelius et al., 2020). When considering use of any tobacco product, rates of use were higher among males, people younger than 65, White Americans, Black Americans and Native Americans, lesbian, gay, or bisexual adults, people in rural areas, and people with low income (Cornelius et al., 2020). Figure 13.5 shows how overall smoking rates, and rates according to sex, have changed in the United States since 1998.

Differences in tobacco use also highlight many of the cultural differences in cancer rates (see Figure 13.6). Different ethnic groups have had different historical relationships with tobacco, serving to either increase or decrease their exposure to it. Black Americans, for example, had heavy exposure to tobacco from the early 1600s when they were forced into slavery on southern tobacco-growing plantations and in tobacco manufacturing during the colonial period (Gately, 2003). Tobacco was used in South America and Latin America even before the European colonization, and the curanderismos (see Chapter 3) often used tobacco in religious and healing practices. Even today, cigarette smoking is considered a social activity for Latinos, consistent with cultural values of personalismo (importance of personal relations) (Echeverria et al., 2015). Not surprisingly, many Latin American countries show high rates of smoking (Pichon-Riviere et al., 2020). Many Asian groups also have had a long history of smoking. In China, tobacco was mixed with opium and smoked and was used also medicinally. In India, the end of a hard day in the fields was often marked by the smoking of a hookah, a contraption that bubbles tobacco through water. Use of a hookah to smoke also has become a trendy habit in many North American cities. While the specific impacts from different forms of tobacco use may vary, statistics prove that even exposure to secondhand smoke is associated with cancer incidence (Su et al., 2018).

Diet
For the majority of Americans who do not smoke, eating a nutritionally balanced diet and being physically active are the most important ways to reduce cancer risk (LaCaille, 2019; Mermelstein, 2019; Song, 2019). Evidence suggests that one third of the 550,000 cancer deaths that occur in the United States each year are due to unhealthy diet and insufficient physical activity (Greger, 2015). Different cultural groups have different eating habits (see Chapter 8), which can accentuate their risk for cancer. There are a number of dietary features that are linked to an increased risk for cancer (Bail et al., 2016; Grosso et al., 2017). For example, eating too much fat and not getting enough fiber have been associated with increased cancer incidence (Gudenkauf &amp; Thrift, 2021; He et al., 2017). On the other hand, diets with high consumption of fruits and vegetables are associated with a lower risk for several types of cancer (Liu et al., 2021). Also, some fats such as omega-3 polyunsaturated fat (found in salmon) may prevent or inhibit growth of a range of cancers including breast, colorectal, and gastric cancer (Nabavi et al., 2015). In Hawaii, native Hawaiians have the shortest life expectancy of any ethnic group because of their diets, including high consumption of cholesterol-containing foods and red meat, animal fat, eggs, milk, and cheese (the traditional roast pig at a luau is an example).

The diet-cancer link is probably mediated by obesity. Overweight and obesity often result from bad diets and eating too much. Obesity may promote breast cancer due to dysregulated metabolism and inflammation, with cytokine production in excess adipose tissues creating a chronic inflammatory microenvironment where tumors can develop (Seiler et al., 2018) or affecting the production and functioning of hormones such as estrogen (Bhardwaj et al., 2019). Indeed, obesity accounts for 11.9% for males and 13.1% for females of the burden attributed to cancer globally and has been associated with an increased risk of 13 cancers including breast, colorectal endometrial, esophageal, gallbladder, gastric, hepatocellular (liver), kidney, ovarian, pancreatic, and thyroid cancers, meningioma and multiple myeloma (Avgerinos et al., 2019).

A wide variety of foods are supposed to help prevent cancer and also to cure it. Only a small percentage of the foods touted as preventative or curative have stood the test of scientific research (Table 13.2). Be warned that there are a lot of television and internet reports of so-called cancer-busting foods for which there is no scientific basis. For example, eating grapes is supposed to be good, but the effects have not been proven. That said, eating a diet with high amounts of fruits and vegetables, especially those containing antioxidants, does seem to increase the cancer-fighting capacity of the body (Liu et al., 2021; Parohan et al., 2019). Also, eating soy products may reduce the risk of some cancers (Applegate et al., 2018; Takagi et al., 2015), and vegetarianism may be linked to lower incidence of cancer (Oussalah et al., 2020). Diet guidelines for the prevention of cancer from the American Cancer Society (Rock et al., 2020) recommend a nutrient-rich diet including a variety of colors of fruits (i.e., whole fruit) and vegetables (i.e., dark green, red, and orange, fiber-rich beans and peas) and whole grains. They also recommend avoiding or limiting highly processed foods and refined grains, red and processed meats, sugar-sweetened beverages and alcohol (Rock et al., 2020). Figure 13.7 illustrates the relationship between diet and cancer.

As far as popular diets like South Beach and Atkins go, the Mediterranean diet, which is rich in nuts, grains, and olive oil, has shown the most promise for keeping cancer at bay (Mentella et al., 2019). For the rest of the things you may hear about, for example, vitamin A or C, the mineral selenium, and flavonoids (effective antioxidants that you’ll hear more about in the next chapter), there is enough research to suggest that each is a potential cancer fighter (Rodríguez-García et al., 2019), but we are far from having a guaranteed perfect anticancer diet. However, we are getting closer, as more and more nutrients prove to be viable cancer fighters (Jeurnink et al., 2015). As always, you should be a critical consumer of what claims you hear or read about.

Given that some foods may have the potential to reduce the risk for cancer, it follows that cultural differences in dietary patterns correspondingly explain cultural differences in cancer incidence and progression. For example, Gudenkauf and Thrift (2021) found that a higher proportion of cancers were attributable to inadequate diet among non-Hispanic Black Americans (4.4%), than Hispanic Americans (3.7%) and non-Hispanic White Americans (3.1%). Non-Hispanic Black Americans also had more cancers attributed to eating processed meat, and a diet insufficient in calcium and fiber, than other Americans (Gudenkauf &amp; Thrift, 2021).

Furthermore, there is a lower incidence of breast cancer among Latinas than among non-Latina White American females. Can diet explain this? Murtaugh et al. (2008) examined the associations of dietary patterns (e.g., Western, Native Mexican, Mediterranean) with risk for breast cancer in Latinas (757 cases, 867 controls) and non-Latina White American females (1,524 cases, 1,598 controls) from the Four-Corners Breast Cancer Study. They found that it was the dietary pattern followed and not just the ethnicity that was important. The Western dietary pattern was associated with greater risk, and the Native Mexican and Mediterranean dietary patterns were associated with lower risk of breast cancer.

Physical Activity

The reasons for staying in shape (or getting in shape) continue to increase (LaCaille, 2018). A large body of evidence suggests that physical activity can reduce the risk of bladder, breast, colon, endometrial, esophageal, gastric, head and neck, liver, lung, rectal and kidney cancer (Figure 13.8), along with myeloma and myeloid leukemia (McTiernan et al., 2019; Moore et al., 2016). Getting regular physical activity also lowers the risk for breast cancer for both pre- and postmenopausal females (Guo et al., 2020). Being active is good for males too. Physical activity appears important in the development and progression of prostate cancer, however evidence of a relationship between physical activity and reduced prostate cancer risk remains inconclusive (Shephard, 2017). Similarly, at present evidence that physical activity reduces risk for testicular cancer is lacking (McTiernan et al., 2019).

While the evidence may be mixed, physical activity guidelines for the prevention of cancer from the American Cancer Society (Rock et al., 2020) recommend limiting sedentary behavior (i.e., sitting and lying down, screen-based entertainment) and engaging in physical activity. Children and adolescents are recommended to do at least one hour of moderate- or vigorous-intensity activity each day, while adults should complete 150 to 300 minutes of moderate- or 75 to 150 minutes of vigorous-intensity physical activity per week (Rock et al., 2020).

Sun Exposure

Few people lying on the beach soaking in the sun’s rays are thinking about the fact that such sun exposure increases their chances of the most common form of cancer—skin cancer (basal and squamous cell skin cancers) (ACS, 2023). Did you know that one in five Americans will be diagnosed with skin cancer by 70, and that experiencing five or more sunburns doubles the risk of melanoma? (Skin Cancer Foundation, 2023a). Prevention is again the key: Using sunscreen regularly (at least 15+) can reduce the risk of squamous cell skin cancers and melanoma by approximately 40% and 50%, respectively (Skin Cancer Foundation, 2023b).

Even tanning booths are carcinogenic. A 15- to 20-minute session is equivalent in ultraviolet (UV) ray exposure to one full day at the beach. Although tanning salons often advertise that sun bed tanning is safer than sunbathing outside, the intensity of light in tanning beds is actually much greater. The customer not only has light rays above their body but also below it. Many of the older tanning beds emit short-wave UV rays, which burn the outer layers of the skin. The majority of the tanning beds used today, however, emit long-wave UV rays, which actually penetrate deeper and weaken the skin’s inner connective tissue. Tanning salon rays also increase the damage that is done by the sunlight, because the UV light from the tanning beds thins the skin, making it less able to heal. Both the sun and tanning beds produce a tan from UV rays. UV rays cause the skin to protect itself from burning by producing additional pigmentation and coloring. Overexposure to these UV rays can lead to eye injury, premature wrinkling, light-induced skin rashes, and increased chances of skin cancer. To get that nice tanned look without the risk, consumers are now flocking to risk-free tanning booths that use sprays.

So, should you stay out of the sun altogether? No, that’s not right, either. Although overexposure to sunlight can be very detrimental to one’s health, we still need some amount of exposure to sunlight for both physical and psychological reasons. A lack of sunlight is associated with poor mood, as well as with a condition called seasonal affective disorder. Sunlight is also a major source of vitamin D in humans, because it produces vitamin D in the skin after exposure to UV radiation (Religi et al., 2019). Without vitamin D, diseases such as rickets occur. In direct relationship to this chapter, in recent studies sunlight exposure has been associated with reduced risk of breast cancer in females living in the Caribbean (Nazario et al., 2022), and authors of a meta-analysis suggested that spending at least an hour per day in the sun during summer could reduce the risk of breast cancer (Hiller et al., 2020).

Tanning. Visiting a tanning booth, even once, can expose you to carcinogenic ultraviolet rays. A safer alternative for a tanned look is a spray-on tan or tanning lotion.

== 13.5 - Treatment Options ==
Cancer is no longer an automatic death sentence, as advances in detection and treatment have improved survival rates. While early detection increases the chances of successful treatment, some advanced cancers can still be treated effectively. Cancer treatments aim to remove or control abnormal cells, with three main approaches: surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation therapy.

'''1. Surgery'''

Surgery is the oldest cancer treatment, primarily used to remove tumors. It is most effective when cancer is localized.

* '''Preventive Surgery:''' Removes tissue likely to become cancerous, such as in individuals with BRCA gene mutations.
* '''Diagnostic Surgery:''' Extracts small tissue samples to confirm or stage cancer.
* '''Curative Surgery:''' Targets localized cancer, often combined with other treatments.
* '''Other Types:'''
** '''Debulking Surgery:''' Reduces tumor size when complete removal isn’t possible.
** '''Palliative Surgery:''' Eases complications in advanced cancer.
** '''Restorative Surgery:''' Reconstructs appearance post-surgery (e.g., breast reconstruction).
'''2. Chemotherapy'''

Chemotherapy involves administering drugs to halt cancer growth and can be used alone or with other treatments.

* '''Forms:''' Pills, injections, or intravenous delivery.
* '''Purposes:'''
** '''Neuroadjuvant Therapy:''' Shrinks tumors before surgery/radiation.
** '''Adjuvant Therapy:''' Destroys residual cancer cells after primary treatment.
* '''Effects:'''
** '''Biological:''' Reduces white blood cells, causing fatigue and vulnerability to infections.
** '''Psychological and Social:''' Side effects like hair loss, nausea, and fatigue impact self-esteem and relationships.
'''3. Radiation Therapy'''

Radiation therapy uses ionizing radiation to damage cancer DNA, leading to cell death.

* '''Techniques:'''
** '''External Radiation:''' Targets tumors with precise beams over weeks.
** '''Internal Radiation (Brachytherapy):''' Places radioactive sources near the tumor.
** '''Systemic Radiation:''' Uses radioactive substances administered orally or intravenously.
* '''Side Effects:''' Fatigue, localized irritation, difficulty swallowing (if applied to the throat), and potential fertility issues.
'''Other Treatments'''
* '''Immunotherapy:''' Activates the immune system against cancer.
* '''Targeted Therapy:''' Uses drugs that specifically target cancer cells.
* '''Hormonal Therapy:''' Alters hormone activity to slow cancer growth.
* '''Complementary and Alternative Medicine (CAM):''' Includes yoga, acupuncture, and special diets for symptom management and psychological benefits. However, these methods require caution due to varying effectiveness and potential risks when delaying standard treatments.
'''Survivorship and Challenges'''

Cancer survivors face risks like secondary cancers, PTSD, anxiety, and depression. Many turn to CAM for holistic healing, but more research is needed to validate its efficacy. Health professionals advise patients to discuss CAM use to avoid harmful interactions or delays in effective treatment.

Advances in treatment and care have significantly improved outcomes for cancer patients, but ongoing research and psychological support remain crucial for long-term recovery and well-being.

=== Raw Textbook Page ===
Cancer need no longer be a death sentence, although many people still believe it is. Although earlier cancer detection increases its chances of being completely treated, even some cancers in their later stages can be successfully treated. Because cancer is essentially cells that are out of control, the main goal of treatment is to remove the cells from the body. There are three major ways to treat cancer.

Surgery

The oldest and most straightforward way to treat cancer is surgery, during which the surgeon can remove the tumor. Surgery is most successful when the cancer has not spread because this provides the best chance of removing all the mutant cells. Surgery also has other uses in cancer (ACS, 2019a). Preventive surgery is performed to remove tissue that is not malignant as yet but has a high chance of turning malignant. This happens in the case of females with a family history of breast cancer who also have a mutant breast cancer gene (BRCA1 or BRCA2). Preventive surgery may also be used to remove parts of the colon if polyps, small stalk-shaped growths (not the little marine animals), are found.

Diagnostic surgery is the process of removing a small amount of tissue to either identify a cancer or to make a diagnosis (ACS, 2019a). If the patient receives a positive diagnosis of cancer, sometimes staging surgery is needed to ascertain what stage of development the cancer is in. This form of surgery helps determine how far the cancer has spread, provides a clinical stage for the growth and can guide treatment decisions. If the cancer has been localized to a small area, curative surgery can be used to remove the growth. This is the primary form of treatment for cancer and is often used in conjunction with other treatments. If it is not possible to remove the entire tumor without damaging the surrounding tissues, debulking surgery reduces the tumor mass. Finally, palliative surgery is used to treat complications of advanced disease (not as a cure), and restorative surgery is used to modify a person’s appearance after curative surgery (e.g., breast reconstructive surgery after a mastectomy or breast removal) (ACS, 2019a).

Chemotherapy

The second major form of treatment for cancer involves taking medications with the aim of disabling the cancer growth, a process referred to as chemotherapy (ACS, 2019b). The medications are either given in pill form, in the form of an injection, or in the form of an intravenous injection (medication delivered through a catheter right into a vein). Chemotherapy can be used alone or in combination with other treatments. Neuroadjuvant chemotherapy involves using chemotherapy to reduce the size of a tumor before surgery or radiation therapy. At other times, chemotherapy is adjuvant, that is, used after surgery or radiation therapy to destroy any remaining cancer cells. Chemotherapy can also be used in conjunction with targeted therapy, hormone therapy or immunotherapy.

The type of cancer and its severity determine the frequency of chemotherapy, and it can range from daily to monthly medication. This form of treatment can have very strong side effects but often results in successful outcomes. Patients who undergo chemotherapy (or chemo for short) may lose all their hair (not just the hair on their head as is commonly believed), experience severe nausea, and have a dry mouth and skin.

Chemotherapy also has biopsychosocial effects (Lorusso et al., 2017). Biologically, the treatment lowers both red and white blood cell counts. Fewer red blood cells make a person anemic and feel weak and tired. A reduced number of white blood cells makes a person more prone to infection, and a person undergoing chemotherapy needs to take special care to not be exposed to germs or sources of contamination. Psychologically, the fatigue can lead to low moods and also a loss of sexual desire and low sociability. Social interactions become strained as well. The patient often feels embarrassed by not having any hair and may not want to be seen by other people or may be too tired to interact. Simultaneously, many visitors and friends feel uncomfortable at the sight of the hairless, fatigued patient. As with most chronic illnesses it is important for the patient’s support networks to be prepared for and compensate for the effects of treatment.

Radiation Therapy

The third major form of treatment for cancer involves the use of radioactive particles aimed at the DNA of the cancer cells, a process referred to as radiation therapy (ACS, 2019c). Radiation used for cancer treatment is called ionizing radiation because it forms ions as it passes through tissues and dislodges electrons from atoms. The ionization causes cell death or a genetic change in the cancerous cells (Sia et al., 2020). There are many different types of external radiation treatments (e.g., electron beams, high-energy photons, protons, and neutrons), each sounding like something out of a science fiction movie and varying in intensity and energy. The process for getting radiation therapy is a little more complex than that for chemotherapy and surgery, although the preliminary stages are the same. Medical personnel first need to identify the location and size of the tumor and then pick the correct level of radiation. The key is to be able to do the most damage to the cancerous cells without damaging the normal cells. This is hard to do because the radiation stream cannot differentiate between types of cells, and normal cells often end up being affected as part of the process, resulting in treatment side effects. For external radiation, radiation is delivered from outside the body into the tumor. The total dose of radiation, a rad, is often broken down into fractions, and delivered as an outpatient over several weeks. Radiation therapy is perhaps the most involved type of therapy, with treatments usually being given daily, 5 days a week, for 5 to 7 weeks (ACS, 2019c). Radiation therapy can also be delivered internally, known as brachytherapy. In this treatment, a radioactive source is put inside the body or located close to the tumor; it may be left there or removed after a specific period of time. Lastly, radiotherapy may involve systemic radiation, where radioactive substances given by mouth or through a vein (ACS, 2019c). The type of radiotherapy will vary depending on the type and location of the cancer; sometimes multiple types will be used.

The main side effects of radiotherapy are fatigue and irritation of the body areas close to the radiation site (for external radiation), often accompanied by some disruption of functioning. For example, radiation to the mouth and throat area can cause loss of salivary function, difficulty in swallowing, and a redness of the neck and surrounding areas. Depending on the location (i.e., ovaries or testicles), radiation may also affect future fertility, with females advised not to conceive while undergoing radiation therapy (ACS, 2019c).

Other Treatments

In addition to these three main forms of treatment, there are also a variety of other possible ways to treat cancer. For example, immunotherapy involves the activation of the body’s own immune system to fight the cancer (ACS, 2019d), while targeted therapy uses medications that are designed to target cancer cells without damaging normal cells (ACS, 2021b) and hormonal therapy involves altering or blocking hormones to slow or stop cancer growth (ACS, 2020). There are also a number of alternative and complementary therapies that help people cope with cancer (some of which are believed to keep cancer at bay as well). These include aromatherapy, music therapy, yoga, massage therapy, meditation to reduce stress, special diets like taking peppermint tea for nausea, and acupuncture. There is growing public interest, especially among those living with cancer or the relatives of people with cancer, in obtaining information about complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) as discussed in Chapter 3 and methods of treatment. This interest is even more prevalent among individuals from different cultural groups who may have approaches and beliefs about cancer and its treatment that vary greatly from the view held by Western biomedicine. Very often cancer patients do not tell their doctors that they are also trying other treatments. Although there may be many treatments for cancer used by other cultures that are actually beneficial, very few methods have been tested by Western science and correspondingly North American health practitioners recommend very few alternative methods.

The stance of Western biomedicine is reflected particularly well in how the ACS refers to complementary and alternative medicine. The American Cancer Society defines alternative methods as “unproven or disproven methods used instead of standard medical treatments to prevent, diagnose, or treat cancer” (ACS, 2021c) and complementary methods as “supportive methods used along with standard medical treatment . . . used to help relieve symptoms of cancer and side effects of treatment” (ACS, 2021d). They differentiate between the two, stating that complementary methods are used with standard treatments, while alternative methods are used instead of standard treatments (ACS, 2021d). The American Cancer Society acknowledges that more research is needed to determine the safety and effectiveness of many of these methods and advocates for peer-reviewed scientific evidence of the safety and efficacy of these methods. Health-care practitioners recognize the need to balance access to complementary and alternative methods while protecting patients against methods that might be harmful to them. For example, the American Cancer Society supports patients having access to complementary methods but cautions them that the evidence for such methods is of lower quality than for standard treatments, and that their use should be discussed with treating health professionals. Part of the problem arises from the fact that harmful drug interactions may occur and must be recognized. In addition, sometimes use of the other treatments causes delays in starting standard therapies and is detrimental to the success of cancer treatment. The American Cancer Society also give greater warning with regards to alternative methods, indicating that the level of harm from such methods can vary (from few harms to life-threatening), these methods have not been sufficiently studied to demonstrate effectiveness and that people who use alternative methods instead of standard treatment for the most common cancers have a greater risk of cancer-related death.

A patient is lying on a stretcher, wearing an immobilization thermoplastic mask that covers his head and face. Two individuals are standing on both sides of the patient.
Radiation Therapy. A cancer patient has his head immobilized before targeted laser-guided radiation treatment.


When treatments succeed in keeping cancer at bay, the health psychologist’s job is not done. There is evidence that cancer survivors may develop secondary cancers. This risk is particularly evident for survivors of childhood cancer (Turcotte et al., 2018) as well as adolescent and young adult survivors due to greater sensitivity to treatments and longer life-expectancy (Demoor-Goldschmidt &amp; de Vathaire, 2019). Similarly problematic, a significant number of adolescent cancer survivors report posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), anxiety and depression (Kosir et al., 2019). Many cancer survivors begin to (or continue to) use complementary and alternative treatments. For example, Keene et al. (2019) conducted a systematic review of 61 studies exploring complementary and alternative treatment use among cancer patients, finding that on average, 51% of cancer patients used complementary and alternative treatments, with the main motivation reported to be to treat or cure cancer (73.8%). People also used complementary and alternative treatments to manage treatment complications (62.3%), meet holistic needs (57.4%), influence their general health (55.7%), and take control of their treatment (45.9%). Complementary and alternative treatments may provide the survivors with psychological benefits and prevent relapse, though this possibility has not been tested.    

== 13.6 ==
'''The Primary Strategies for Reducing Cancer Mortality'''

The most effective approach to reducing cancer mortality rates involves promoting healthy behaviors while minimizing risk-enhancing habits. Key strategies include decreasing tobacco use, improving nutrition, and encouraging physical activity. Despite challenges in changing long-established habits like dietary practices, recent interventions have shown success in these areas. Additionally, health psychologists have developed various psychosocial interventions to support cancer patients.

'''Screening as a Preventative Measure'''

Routine cancer screening is crucial for early detection, significantly improving treatment outcomes. Screenings can be clinical (e.g., mammograms) or self-conducted (e.g., breast or testicular self-examinations). The Health Belief Model (HBM) frequently guides interventions to enhance screening adherence by addressing perceptions of susceptibility, severity, barriers, and benefits. Evidence suggests that increasing awareness about cancer risks and benefits of screening boosts screening rates, while perceived barriers hinder participation.

'''Cultural and Socioeconomic Influences on Screening'''

Screening disparities exist due to socioeconomic and cultural factors. Low-income groups and non-White populations generally exhibit lower screening rates, often facing barriers like cost, access, and cultural norms. For instance, modesty concerns and mistrust toward male healthcare providers deter screenings among many Asian, Black, and Native American women. Fear of cancer or the screening process itself further complicates efforts to increase adherence.

'''Psychosocial Interventions for Cancer Patients'''

Beyond prevention, interventions aim to extend life expectancy and ease anxiety for diagnosed patients. Social support programs, like group therapy, have demonstrated significant benefits in reducing emotional distress and improving immune function. Mindfulness-based practices, relaxation training, and hypnosis also hold promise for managing cancer-related pain, fatigue, and treatment side effects. However, empirical support for some techniques remains limited.

'''Addressing Cultural Sensitivity in Cancer Care'''

Culturally adapted interventions have proven effective in changing cancer-related health behaviors, such as smoking cessation. Tailored approaches that incorporate cultural values and community-specific messaging significantly enhance the efficacy of these programs. Integrating cultural awareness into broader cancer care initiatives can improve access and outcomes for underserved populations.

'''Summary'''

Efforts to combat cancer mortality require a multifaceted approach encompassing behavior modification, routine screenings, and culturally sensitive interventions. Combining medical advances with psychosocial support ensures comprehensive care, improving both prevention and quality of life for individuals affected by cancer.

=== Raw Textbook Page ===
The main way to reduce the death rates from cancer is to increase the practice of healthy behaviors and decrease other behavioral contributions to cancer risk (Lovejoy &amp; Fowler, 2018). The general approaches to improving common behaviors—reduce tobacco use, eat a nutritionally balanced meal, and be physically activity—have been covered in some detail in Chapters 7 and 8. Although challenging, interventions to get people to change old habits, such as what they eat, are beginning to be successful (James et al., 2022) and health psychologists have focused on a range of psychosocial interventions for patients with cancer (Benedict et al., 2022; Stanton, 2019). Another major health behavior not covered in as much detail before is getting routine screenings.

Aiding Prevention: Increasing Screening Behaviors
One of the strongest contributions of health psychological research has been to illustrate how we can increase health behaviors that will ensure the early detection of cancer. The most direct early detection behavior is screening, and a number of interventions attempt to increase cancer screenings especially for breast, cervical, and colorectal cancer (Agide et al., 2018; Dougherty et al., 2018). Early detection ensures that the cancer can be treated in an early stage, almost literally being nipped in the bud. Screening can take two main forms: screening by professionals and medical equipment such as mammograms, and screening that you can do at home such as testicular or breast self-examinations. The American Cancer Society has a clear set of recommendations for when and how often a person should be screened or should check for cancer (Table 13.3 shows recommendations for breast cancer screenings). The big question here is this: Even if you know how often you should get screened, will you do it?

Regular clinical breast examinations or breast self-examinations are not recommended as part of routine breast cancer screening as there is little evidence that such examinations are helpful in this context. However, they may be appropriate in some circumstances. Health providers may offer clinical breast examinations to females at higher-risk. Also, some females may choose to continue regular self-examinations to monitor the look and feel of their breasts.

The Health Belief Model (HBM) described in Chapter 7 (Rosenstock, 1974) is the model used most often to guide interventions to increase screening behavior (Lau et al., 2020). According to this model, the extent to which you see yourself as being susceptible to cancer, the extent to which you believe cancer to have severe consequences, the perceived barriers keeping you from getting screened, and the perceived benefits to getting screened all combine to predict your screening behavior. A number of interventions have included components especially designed to influence different parts of the HBM (e.g., Ghaffari et al., 2019). The Application Showcase section at the end of this chapter gives you a concrete example of an intervention aimed at increasing screening.

The model works well. Increasing people’s knowledge about cancer susceptibility and severity can increase screening behaviors (Masoudiyekta et al., 2018). Similarly, increased perceived knowledge about the benefits of screening has been found to predict increased mammogram screening, while increased perceived barriers to screening has been found to significantly reduce the likelihood of mammogram screening (Darvishpour et al., 2018). Factors that influence perceptions of susceptibility or risk are important as well (Katapodi et al., 2004). People with a family history of breast cancer perceive themselves to be at higher risk, with a significant relationship shown between perceived risk and likelihood of screening (Katapodi et al., 2004). However, disparities in mammography screening have been found across the United States, with higher rates of screening in coastal cities, with higher percentages of Asian Americans, people up to date with their Papanicolaou test, and private insurance (Kim et al., 2019). As noted below, cultural barriers to screening also pose challenges to cancer care.

A poster highlighting colorectal cancer and emphasizing the significance of screening for early detection.
Ad Campaign to Increase Screening for Colorectal Cancer. Colorectal cancer is another cancer that can be successfully treated if it is detected early enough. This is one of the posters in a national campaign to increase screenings.


Long Description

Paradoxically, believing yourself to be extremely susceptible to cancer (e.g., taking a genetic test showing you have a mutated gene) or having a strong knowledge of severity and the fact that the disease could be fatal sometimes keeps people from getting screened (Cohen, 2022). The fear of actually finding something can keep people from even getting the test (Smits et al., 2018). This problem is amplified in some cultural groups. Fatalism, discussed previously, among Latina American females is associated with lower Pap smear rates (a test for uterine cancer) (Chen et al., 2018).

Cultural Differences in Screening

Cultural differences arise once more in the use of preventive measures for cancer. Females from low-SES groups are less likely to get mammograms (Ruiz et al., 2019). Non-White American groups do not use routine screening tests as frequently as White American groups (DeSantis et al., 2019; Jackson et al., 2016) and, consequently, have more severe cancer at diagnosis (DeSantis et al., 2019). White et al. (2017) collected data on ethnic differences in screening from a study of 7,021 individuals. Illustrative data from White et al. (2017) are shown in Table 13.4.


As you can see, there are significant differences between Black Americans, White Americans, Native Americans, Asian Americans, Chinese Americans, and Filipino Americans. In terms of ever having a screening test for both breast and cervical cancer, Asian Americans reported significantly lower rates. Similar patterns can be seen for adherence to recommendations to get screening tests. Why is this? The main barriers to getting screened, described above, particularly affect low-SES people across all ethnic groups (White et al., 2017). For some cultural groups the embarrassment of having the test keeps them away. A recent review concerning mammography screening highlighted that embarrassment, modesty and concern about male health professionals were barriers to screening for Asian/Pacific Islander American, Black American, and Native American females (Miller et al., 2019). Similarly, Korean American and Vietnamese American females, are embarrassed when undergoing breast and cervical cancer screenings (Do, 2015; Lee, 2015). Cultural beliefs about modesty and who is allowed to see the naked body also have an influence. For members of many cultures, it is inappropriate for an unknown member of the opposite sex, such as a doctor or nurse, to see the person’s body (Gurung, 2014). Such issues are seen in the preferences of Vietnamese, Chinese, and Latina females requesting service from a female physician (Galanti, 2014).

Common barriers to breast cancer screening for Black American females include pain or discomfort, fear, and cost, while for Latina American females, lack of knowledge and cost are barriers (Miller et al., 2019). For Native American females, fear, mistrust, cost, lack of insurance, location of screening facilities, transport, and prioritization of other matters present barriers, while Asian/Pacific Islander American females experience more cultural barriers than other females as well as barriers due to pain or discomfort, cost, and lack of knowledge (Miller et al., 2019). Additionally, in the United States among immigrants and refugees, barriers to screening include lack of knowledge, poor access to health services, language or lack of interpreters, high costs and lack of health insurance, and health professionals’ gender and insensitivity to cultural or religious beliefs and practices, embarrassment, and shame (Abdi et al., 2020; Adunlin et al., 2019). Furthermore, for some cultures, for example Latina females, decisions about health care are made in consultation with family members (Madhivanan et al., 2016). Females are more likely to attend screening with family support, however family can also act as a barrier with females prioritizing family needs over their own health (Madhivanan et al., 2016). While fear of cancer, can impact screening behavior as discussed below, Latina females have also reported a fear that screening would lead members of their community to conclude they were promiscuous (Madhivanan et al., 2016).

The previously mentioned paradox between fear and screening (more fear of having cancer leads to avoiding the screening) is evidenced in Latinx and Black American people (Bromley et al., 2015; Byrd et al., 2019), as well as Native Americans (Miller et al., 2019). Latina American females are more likely to report fear of finding cancer as a barrier to cervical cancer screening than White American females (Akinlotan et al., 2017). Fear that the radiation from a mammogram is dangerous is evident among Korean American (Lee &amp; Schwartz, 2021), Black American, and Asian/Pacific Islander American females but not Latina American females (Miller et al., 2019). Black American, Asian/Pacific Islander American, Latina American, and Native American females all report fear of discomfort and pain associated with mammograms (Miller et al., 2019). Fear of screening has also been found to be relatively high for Mexican American females; however, a relationship between fear of screening and screening behavior was not found (Flores-Luevano et al., 2020).

Inhibiting Progression and Helping Patients Cope

Going beyond the prevention of cancer, another category of interventions has been designed to prolong life after diagnosis and to reduce patients’ treatment anxiety (de la Torre-Luque et al., 2016). Social support again figures prominently (Bouma et al., 2015). In the classic demonstration of the effectiveness of social support, Spiegel et al. (1989) had females with breast cancer attend weekly supportive group therapy meetings. This group lived on average 36.6 months after the start of the intervention. In contrast, survival of the control patients who only received standard cancer care averaged 18.9 months. Subsequently, Fawzy et al. (1993) used a structured social support group to reduce distress and enhance the immune functioning in patients with newly diagnosed cancer. The group involved health education, illness-related problem solving, and relaxation, and members met weekly for 6 weeks. By 6 months, the intervention group showed lower levels of emotional distress, depression, confusion, and fatigue than the control group. Even their immune activity was higher. In general, such support groups are designed to promote the development of supportive relationships among group members and encourage expression of patients’ feelings or disease-related anxieties (Henderson &amp; Baum, 2002).

Some interventions focus directly on cancer pain. Ward et al. (2008) developed an intervention to decrease cancer pain (RIDcancerPain) and tested it using a classic randomized control trial. The main variables of interest, pain severity, pain interference with life, and overall quality of life and coping style were measured three times (baseline, 1 month, and 2 months later). Participants in the intervention group who experienced pain related to metastatic cancer showed greater decreases in pain severity than those in control (Ward et al., 2008). Evidence suggests that mindfulness-based interventions, including mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR) and mindfulness-based cognitive therapy (MBCT) may beneficial in assisting with cancer-related pain (Feng et al., 2022; Johannsen et al., 2016). Furthermore, MBSR is beneficial for cancer-related fatigue (Xie et al., 2020) and also shows promise as an avenue to help improve immune system inflammatory biomarkers (i.e., cytokines) among people with cancer (Reich et al., 2017).

Other potentially useful psychological interventions involve relaxation training or hypnosis (Carlson et al., 2018) although both interventions have limited empirical support. For example, although relaxation is often recommended for cancer-related pain (Loh et al., 2022) and has been found to be a useful tool in pain management in general (see Chapter 10), high-quality evidence for its efficacy in this context is sparse (Eaton et al., 2017). Some evidence also exists for its use for anxiety, depression and in managing cancer treatment side-effects (i.e., nausea, vomiting); however, one review of progressive muscle relaxation contained only five studies (three randomized trials; Pelekasis et al., 2017), while another review of progressive muscle relaxation and guided imagery contained eight studies (all randomized trials; Kapogiannis et al., 2018). The included studies in both reviews were of low quality and most used samples of females with breast cancer. Similarly, a recent review concerning the use of hypnosis in cancer care concluded that, for children and adults, it may assist with nausea and vomiting, pain management, anxiety and distress, and hot flashes (for women with breast cancer) (Carlson et al., 2018). However, caution is needed due to methodological limitations in the research; to date the research has largely focused on females with breast cancer, examined small samples, and employed limited use of randomized control trials (Carlson et al., 2018).

Keeping cultural differences in beliefs about cancer in mind, some interventions build on cultural values to change health behaviors that could cause cancer, in particular, culturally adapted interventions have been implemented for smoking cessation. For example, Kim and colleagues (2015) evaluated a culturally adapted intervention to assist Korean Americans to cease smoking, which was compared to a nonculturally adapted intervention. The adapted intervention included explaining the harmful effects of smoking using a culturally relevant analogy, and providing information about the high rate of smoking-related cancer deaths for Korean men, harms caused by secondhand smoke exposure and the high rates of secondhand-smoke exposure in the Korean community, and information about Korean celebrities who died from cancer. The intervention also used Korean news media in education efforts, involved family members, and employed behavioral skills training to prepare people for situations where Korean people would be most prone to relapse. Using biochemical approaches to verify abstinence, both males and females who received the culturally adapted intervention were almost five times more likely to achieve 12-month prolonged abstinence than those in the nonculturally adapted intervention.

In general, a number of psychosocial interventions have shown promise for alleviating the pain and discomfort of cancer. When used in conjunction with medications, these interventions can help make life bearable and even enjoyable for the patient with cancer.</text>
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      <text bytes="2898" sha1="ldbyd9ngk16tym1bl2n4ylh3jfhypz2" xml:space="preserve">[[w:Twelve_leverage_points|Donella Meadows]]'  twelve leverage points are places within a system where a small change can make a big impact.&lt;ref&gt;[[w:ChatGPT|ChatGPT]] generated this text, responding to the prompt: “In straightforward language, what are Donella Meadows' leverage points?”&lt;/ref&gt; These points help us figure out where to focus efforts to influence how a system works. 

Meadows ranked these leverage points from least to most powerful, meaning some are easier to change but have less effect, while others are harder to change but can transform the system significantly. 

Here's a simplified overview of those leverage points: 

'''12. Constants, Parameters, Numbers'''

* '''Example:''' Adjusting taxes or speed limits.
* '''Impact:''' Easy to tweak but doesn’t change the system much.

'''11. Sizes of Buffers'''

* '''Example:''' Water reserves in a city.
* '''Impact:''' Stabilizes a system but requires big infrastructure changes.

'''10. Material Stocks and Flows'''

* '''Example:''' Improving how materials move through a factory.
* '''Impact:''' Helps optimize processes but doesn’t change overall behavior.

'''9. Delays in Feedback Loops'''

* '''Example:''' Speeding up response times in a supply chain.
* '''Impact:''' Reduces inefficiencies but only improves the system’s reaction.

'''8. Strength of Negative Feedback Loops'''

* '''Example:''' Strengthening laws to prevent pollution.
* '''Impact:''' Keeps systems stable but doesn’t address root causes.

'''7. Positive Feedback Loops'''

* '''Example:''' Subsidizing renewable energy to accelerate adoption.
* '''Impact:''' Drives exponential growth but needs careful management to avoid collapse.

'''6. Information Flow'''

* '''Example:''' Making data about CO₂ emissions publicly available.
* '''Impact:''' Increases transparency and awareness, enabling better decisions.

'''5. Rules of the System'''

* '''Example:''' Changing voting laws.
* '''Impact:''' Restructures how the system operates and can shift power dynamics.

'''4. Power to Self-Organize'''

* '''Example:''' Letting communities create their own local solutions.

* '''Impact:''' Promotes innovation and adaptability.

'''3. Goals of the System'''

* '''Example:''' Switching from profit-driven to sustainability-driven business models.

* '''Impact:''' Redefines the system’s purpose and behavior.

'''2. Mindset or Paradigm of the System'''

* '''Example:''' Shifting from &quot;humans dominate nature&quot; to &quot;humans are part of nature.&quot;

* '''Impact:''' Changes everything about how the system functions.

'''1. Transcending Paradigms'''

* '''Example:''' Recognizing that all paradigms are just ideas and can be replaced.
* '''Impact:''' The ultimate game-changer, allowing complete reinvention of the system. In summary, the higher the number, the deeper the change in the system—and the harder it is to implement.

{{CourseCat}}</text>
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[[c:File:Set of 3-ary Boolean functions 883423532389192164791648750371481038643680880069302880843292854372597760.svg|(230, 240)]],
[[c:File:Set of 3-ary Boolean functions 441711766194596082395824375185729628956870974218904739530401550323286016.svg|14]],
[[c:File:Set of 3-ary Boolean functions 43557472193875908239184853558326611410944.svg|24]],
[[c:File:Set of 3-ary Boolean functions 904625697166532776746648320380374280103671755200316906558262375061821325376.svg|102]],
[[c:File:Set of 3-ary Boolean functions 22300745201126771570803132086913609670590464.svg|112]] are all part of
[[c:File:Set of 3-ary Boolean functions 1358263681048382953367159953696185576616179864622740314918160158280804139200.svg|this]].&lt;!-- end of dh-box --&gt;&lt;noinclude&gt;
[[Category:Mentors of Boolean functions]]
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|Permission={{self|GFDL|cc-by-sa-4.0,3.0,2.5,2.0,1.0}}
}}</comment>
      <origin>2693727</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="264" sha1="hluk9xjgx7dbks03gn5ks7ske80n58u" xml:space="preserve">== Summary ==
{{Information
|Description=Work2.1A: Libraries (20241227 - 20241226)
|Source={{own|Young1lim}}
|Date=2024-12-28
|Author=Young W. Lim
|Permission={{self|GFDL|cc-by-sa-4.0,3.0,2.5,2.0,1.0}}
}}

== Licensing ==
{{self|GFDL|cc-by-sa-4.0,3.0,2.5,2.0,1.0}}</text>
      <sha1>hluk9xjgx7dbks03gn5ks7ske80n58u</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Python.Work2.Library.1A.20241228.pdf</title>
    <ns>6</ns>
    <id>317605</id>
    <revision>
      <id>2693729</id>
      <timestamp>2024-12-29T00:56:42Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Young1lim</username>
        <id>21186</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>{{Information
|Description=Work2.1A: Libraries (20241228 - 20241227)
|Source={{own|Young1lim}}
|Date=2024-12-28
|Author=Young W. Lim
|Permission={{self|GFDL|cc-by-sa-4.0,3.0,2.5,2.0,1.0}}
}}</comment>
      <origin>2693729</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="264" sha1="8ugnu7s2gyq527n7hlw8hj0x3788fvv" xml:space="preserve">== Summary ==
{{Information
|Description=Work2.1A: Libraries (20241228 - 20241227)
|Source={{own|Young1lim}}
|Date=2024-12-28
|Author=Young W. Lim
|Permission={{self|GFDL|cc-by-sa-4.0,3.0,2.5,2.0,1.0}}
}}

== Licensing ==
{{self|GFDL|cc-by-sa-4.0,3.0,2.5,2.0,1.0}}</text>
      <sha1>8ugnu7s2gyq527n7hlw8hj0x3788fvv</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wikiversity talk:Upload</title>
    <ns>5</ns>
    <id>317606</id>
    <revision>
      <id>2693739</id>
      <timestamp>2024-12-29T05:42:25Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Joebee11</username>
        <id>2995575</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Find a friend */ new section</comment>
      <origin>2693739</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="178" sha1="lw074nlkl3effk9t3xfd6fgoqkdxmox" xml:space="preserve">== Find a friend ==

In Dayton Ohio area [[User:Joebee11|Joebee11]] ([[User talk:Joebee11|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Joebee11|contribs]]) 05:42, 29 December 2024 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>lw074nlkl3effk9t3xfd6fgoqkdxmox</sha1>
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      <id>2693742</id>
      <parentid>2693739</parentid>
      <timestamp>2024-12-29T06:21:38Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>MathXplore</username>
        <id>2888076</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Reset talk page with [[:w:simple:User:DannyS712/Reset talk|reset talk]] (version 1.1)</comment>
      <origin>2693742</origin>
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      <text bytes="15" sha1="6ujz0t3lkt6jsf7d1r360l6l7wj3njb" xml:space="preserve">{{Talk header}}</text>
      <sha1>6ujz0t3lkt6jsf7d1r360l6l7wj3njb</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category talk:Humanities</title>
    <ns>15</ns>
    <id>317607</id>
    <revision>
      <id>2693740</id>
      <timestamp>2024-12-29T05:52:07Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Joebee11</username>
        <id>2995575</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Find bisexual men */ new section</comment>
      <origin>2693740</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="176" sha1="drm4d4tq6dz2jyiw4srwfpq3kv6b9st" xml:space="preserve">== Find bisexual men ==

Hi sexual meh [[User:Joebee11|Joebee11]] ([[User talk:Joebee11|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Joebee11|contribs]]) 05:52, 29 December 2024 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>drm4d4tq6dz2jyiw4srwfpq3kv6b9st</sha1>
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    <revision>
      <id>2693741</id>
      <parentid>2693740</parentid>
      <timestamp>2024-12-29T05:53:03Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Joebee11</username>
        <id>2995575</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Find bisexual men */ Reply</comment>
      <origin>2693741</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="339" sha1="2uljwm209pwx4wm30qay42iqbjknl0u" xml:space="preserve">== Find bisexual men ==

Hi sexual meh [[User:Joebee11|Joebee11]] ([[User talk:Joebee11|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Joebee11|contribs]]) 05:52, 29 December 2024 (UTC)

:Looking in Dayton ohio [[User:Joebee11|Joebee11]] ([[User talk:Joebee11|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Joebee11|contribs]]) 05:53, 29 December 2024 (UTC)</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>2693743</id>
      <parentid>2693741</parentid>
      <timestamp>2024-12-29T06:21:40Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>MathXplore</username>
        <id>2888076</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Reset talk page with [[:w:simple:User:DannyS712/Reset talk|reset talk]] (version 1.1)</comment>
      <origin>2693743</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="15" sha1="6ujz0t3lkt6jsf7d1r360l6l7wj3njb" xml:space="preserve">{{Talk header}}</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User talk:Joebee11</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>317608</id>
    <revision>
      <id>2693744</id>
      <timestamp>2024-12-29T06:22:19Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>MathXplore</username>
        <id>2888076</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>New resource with &quot;== December 2024 == {{subst:uw-vandalism1}} ~~~~&quot;</comment>
      <origin>2693744</origin>
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      <text bytes="512" sha1="p4u2ndw5oatsy78mu2bui5n9fobnf1u" xml:space="preserve">== December 2024 ==
[[File:Information.svg|25px|alt=Information icon]] Hello, I’m letting you know that one or more of your recent contributions have been reverted because they did not appear constructive. If you would like to experiment, please use the [[Wikiversity:Sandbox|sandbox]] or ask for assistance at the [[Wikiversity:Colloquium|Colloquium]]. Thank you. [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 06:22, 29 December 2024 (UTC)</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Character List for Baxter and Sagart</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>317609</id>
    <revision>
      <id>2693747</id>
      <timestamp>2024-12-29T10:16:38Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Tibetologist</username>
        <id>156011</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>The community consensus seems to be that after 10 years or more on Wikibooks, these and its cognate books should move here</comment>
      <origin>2693747</origin>
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      <text bytes="345288" sha1="le570exebloy724o6nt8zrcat5qfaoo" xml:space="preserve">__NOTOC__{{Rfd}}

This book presents the Xiesheng series of Chinese according to Baxter &amp; Sagart ''Old Chinese: A New Reconstruction'' Oxford University Press, 2014. Since these authors are not as explicit as Karlgren or Schuessler, it is assumed that they agree with Schuessler unless they note or imply otherwise. There is also a wiki book that lists character according to [[Character_List_for_Karlgren%27s_GSR|Karlgren's GSR]] and [[Character List for Schuessler's CGSR]].

The rime groups can be the same between Schuessler and Baxter &amp; Sagart until 18, when we reach final -j. 

 [[#01-01|01-01]], [[#01-02|01-02]], [[#01-03|01-03]], [[#01-04|01-04]], [[#01-05|01-05]], [[#01-06|01-06]], [[#01-07|01-07]], [[#01-08|01-08]], [[#01-09|01-09]], [[#01-10|01-10]], [[#01-11|01-11]], [[#01-12|01-12]], [[#01-13|01-13]], [[#01-14|01-14]], [[#01-15|01-15]],  [[#01-16|01-1]], [[#01-17|01-17]], [[#01-18|01-18]], [[#01-19|01-19]], [[#01-20|01-20]], [[#01-21|01-21]], [[#01-22|01-22]], [[#01-23|01-23]], [[#01-24|01-24]], [[#01-25|01-25]], [[#01-26|01-26]], [[#01-27|01-27]], [[#01-28|01-28]], [[#01-29|01-29]], [[#01-30|01-30]], [[#01-31|01-31]], [[#01-32|01-32]], [[#01-33|01-33]], [[#01-34|01-34]], [[#01-35|01-35]], [[#01-36|01-36]], [[#01-37|01-37]], [[#01-38|01-38]], [[#01-39|01-39]], [[#01-40|01-40]], [[#01-41|01-41]], [[#01-42|01-42]], [[#01-43|01-43]], [[#01-44|01-44]], [[#01-45|01-45]], [[#01-46|01-46]], [[#01-47|01-47]], [[#01-48|01-48]], [[#01-49|01-49]], [[#01-50|01-50]], [[#01-51|01-51]], [[#01-52|01-52]], [[#01-53|01-53]], [[#01-54|01-54]], [[#01-55|01-55]], [[#01-56|01-56]], [[#01-57|01-57]], [[#01-58|01-58]], [[#01-59|01-59]], [[#01-60|01-60]], [[#01-61|01-61]], [[#01-62|01-62]], [[#01-63|01-63]], [[#01-64|01-64]], [[#01-65|01-65]], [[#01-66|01-66]], [[#01-67|01-67]], [[#01-68|01-68]], [[#01-69|01-69]], [[#01-70|01-70]], [[#01-71|01-71]], [[#01-72|01-72]], [[#01-73|01-73]].
No:1 alonso matamoros[[#02-01|02-01]], [[#02-02|02-02]], [[#02-03|02-03]], [[#02-04|02-04]], [[#02-05|02-05]], [[#02-06|02-06]], [[#02-07|02-07]], [[#02-07A|02-07A]], [[#02-08|02-08]], [[#02-09|02-09]], [[#02-10|02-10]], [[#02-10A|02-10A]], [[#02-11|02-11]], [[#02-12|02-12]], [[#02-13|02-13]], [[#02-14|02-14]], [[#02-15|02-15]], [[#02-16|02-16]], [[#02-17|02-17]], [[#02-18|02-18]], [[#02-19|02-19]], [[#02-20|02-20]], [[#02-21|02-21]], [[#02-22|02-22]], [[#02-23|02-23]], [[#02-24|02-24]], [[#02-25|02-25]], [[#02-26|02-26]], [[#02-27|02-27]], [[#02-28|02-28]], [[#02-29|02-29]], [[#02-30|02-30]], [[#02-31|02-31]], [[#02-32|02-32]], [[#02-33|02-33]], [[#02-34|02-34]], [[#02-35|02-35]], [[#02-36|02-36]], [[#02-37|02-37]], [[#02-38|02-38]], [[#02-39|02-39]], [[#02-40|02-40]],a[[#03-01|03-01]], [[#03-02|03-02]], [[#03-03|03-03]], [[#03-04|03-04]], [[#03-05|03-05]], [[#03-06|03-06]], [[#03-07|03-07]], [[#03-08|03-08]], [[#03-09|03-09]], [[#03-10|03-10]], [[#03-11|03-11]], [[#03-12|03-12]], [[#03-13|03-13]], [[#03-14|03-14]], [[#03-15|03-15]], [[#03-16|03-16]], [[#03-17|03-17]], [[#03-18|03-18]], [[#03-19|03-19]], [[#03-20|03-20]], [[#03-21|03-21]], [[#03-22|03-22]], [[#03-23|03-23]], [[#03-24|03-24]], [[#03-25|03-25]], [[#03-26|03-26]], [[#03-27|03-27]], [[#03-28|03-28]], [[#03-29|03-29]], [[#03-30|03-30]], [[#03-31|03-31]], [[#03-32|03-32]], [[#03-33|03-33]], [[#03-34|03-34]], [[#03-35|03-35]], [[#03-36|03-36]], [[#03-37|03-37]], [[#03-38|03-38]], [[#03-39|03-39]], [[#03-40|03-40]], [[#03-41|03-41]], [[#03-42|03-42]], [[#03-43|03-43]], [[#03-44|03-44]], [[#03-45|03-45]], [[#03-46|03-46]], [[#03-47|03-47]], [[#03-48|03-48]], [[#03-49|03-49]], [[#03-50|03-50]], FIRST ONE? [[#03-52|03-52]], [[#03-53|03-53]], [[#03-54|03-54]], [[#03-55|03-55]], [[#03-56|03-56]], [[#03-57|03-57]], [[#03-58|03-58]], [[#03-59|03-59]], [[#03-60|03-60]], [[#03-61|03-61]]

==ə==
* -ə [[#04-01|04-01]], [[#04-02|04-02]], [[#04-03|04-03]], [[#04-04|04-04]], [[#04-05|04-05]], [[#04-06|04-06]], [[#04-07|04-07]], [[#04-08|04-08]], [[#04-09|04-09]], [[#04-10|04-10]], [[#04-11|04-11]], [[#04-12|04-12]], [[#04-13|04-13]], [[#04-14|04-14]], [[#04-15|04-15]], [[#04-16|04-16]], [[#04-17|04-17]], [[#04-18|04-18]], [[#04-19|04-19]], [[#04-20|04-20]], [[#04-21|04-21]], [[#04-22|04-22]], [[#04-23|04-23]], [[#04-24|04-24]], [[#04-25|04-25]], [[#04-26|04-26]], [[#04-27|04-27]], [[#04-28|04-28]], [[#04-29|04-29]], [[#04-30|04-30]], [[#04-31|04-31]], [[#04-32|04-32]], [[#04-33|04-33]], [[#04-34|04-34]], [[#04-35|04-35]], [[#04-36|04-36]], [[#04-37|04-37]], [[#04-38|04-38]], [[#04-39|04-39]], [[#04-40|04-40]], [[#04-41|04-41]], [[#04-42|04-42]], [[#04-43|04-43]], [[#04-44|04-44]], [[#04-45|04-45]], [[#04-45A|04-45A]], [[#04-47|04-47]], [[#04-48|04-49]], [[#04-50|04-50]], [[#04-51|04-51]], [[#04-52|04-52]], [[#04-53|04-53]], [[#04-54|04-54]], [[#04-55|04-55]], [[#04-56|04-56]], [[#04-57|04-57]], [[#04-58|04-58]], [[#04-59|04-59]], [[#04-60|04-60]], [[#04-61|04-61]], [[#04-62|04-62]], [[#04-63|04-63]], [[#04-64|04-64]], [[#04-65|04-65]], [[#04-66|04-66]]
* -ək [[#05-01|05-01]], [[#05-02|05-02]], [[#05-03|05-03]], [[#05-04|05-04]], [[#05-05|05-05]], [[#05-06|05-06]], [[#05-07|05-07]], [[#05-08|05-08]], [[#05-09|05-09]], [[#05-10|05-10]], [[#05-11|05-11]], [[#05-12|05-12]], [[#05-13|05-13]], [[#05-14|05-14]], [[#05-14|05-14]], [[#05-15|05-15]], [[#05-16|05-16]], [[#05-17|05-17]], [[#05-18|05-18]], [[#05-19|05-19]], [[#05-20|05-20]], [[#05-20A|05-20A]], [[#05-21|05-21]], [[#05-22|05-22]], [[#05-23|05-23]], [[#05-24|05-24]], [[#05-25|05-25]], [[#05-26|05-26]], [[#05-27|05-27]], [[#05-28|05-28]], [[#05-29|05-29]], [[#05-30|05-30]], [[#05-31|05-31]], [[#05-32|05-32]], [[#05-33|05-33]], [[#05-34|05-34]], [[#05-35|05-35]], [[#05-36|05-36]], [[#05-37|05-37]], [[#05-38|05-38]], [[#05-39|05-39]]
* -əŋ [[#06-01|06-01]], [[#06-02|06-02]], [[#06-03|06-03]], [[#06-04|06-04]], [[#06-05|06-05]], [[#06-06|06-06]], WHERE IS SIX SEVEN [[#06-08|06-08]], [[#06-09|06-09]], [[#06-10|06-10]], [[#06-11|06-11]], [[#06-12|06-12]], [[#06-13|06-13]], [[#06-14|06-14]], [[#06-15|06-15]], [[#06-16|06-16]], [[#06-17|06-17]], [[#06-18|06-18]], [[#06-19|06-19]], [[#06-20|06-20]], [[#06-21|06-21]], [[#06-22|06-22]], [[#06-23|06-23]], [[#06-24|06-24]]

==e==
* -e [[#07-01|07-01]], [[#07-02|07-02]], [[#07-03|07-03]], [[#07-04|07-04]], [[#07-05|07-05]], [[#07-06|07-06]], [[#07-07|07-07]], [[#07-07A|07-07A]], [[#07-08|07-08]], [[#07-09|07-09]], [[#07-10|07-10]], [[#07-11|07-11]], [[#07-12|07-12]], [[#07-13|07-13]], [[#07-14|07-14]], [[#07-15|07-15]], [[#07-16|07-16]],  [[#07-17|07-17]], [[#07-18|07-18]], [[#07-19|07-19]], [[#07-20|07-20]], [[#07-21|07-21]], [[#07-22|07-22]], [[#07-23|07-23]], [[#07-24|07-24]], [[#07-25|07-25]], [[#07-26|07-26]], [[#07-27|07-27]], [[#07-28|07-28]], [[#07-29|07-29]], WHERE IS SEVEN THIRTY [[#07-31|07-31]], WHERE IS SEVEN THIRTY TWO [[#07-33|07-33]]
* -ek [[#08-01|08-01]], [[#08-02|08-02]], [[#08-03|08-03]], [[#08-04|08-04]], [[#08-05|08-05]], [[#08-06|08-06]], [[#08-07|08-07]], [[#08-08|08-08]], [[#08-09|08-09]], [[#08-10|08-10]], [[#08-11|08-11]], [[#08-12|08-12]], [[#08-13|08-13]], [[#08-14|08-14]], [[#08-15|08-15]], [[#08-16|08-16]], [[#08-17|08-17]], [[#08-18|08-18]], [[#08-19|08-19]], WHERE IS EIGHT TWENTY [[#08-21|08-21]], [[#08-22|08-22]], WHERE IS EIGHT TWENTY THREE [[#08-24|08-24]]
* -eŋ [[#09-01|09-01]], [[#09-02|09-02]], [[#09-03|09-03]], [[#09-04|09-04]], [[#09-05|09-05]], [[#09-06|09-06]], [[#09-07|09-07]], [[#09-08|09-08]], [[#09-09|09-09]], [[#09-10|09-10]], [[#09-11|09-11]], [[#09-12|09-12]], [[#09-13|09-13]], [[#09-14|09-14]], [[#09-15|09-15]], [[#09-16|09-16]], [[#09-17|09-17]], [[#09-18|09-18]], [[#09-19|09-19]], [[#09-20|09-20]], [[#09-21|09-21]], [[#09-22|09-22]], [[#09-23|09-23]], [[#09-24|09-24]], [[#09-25|09-25]], [[#09-26|09-26]], [[#09-27|09-27]], [[#09-28|09-28]], [[#09-29|09-29]], [[#09-30|09-30]], [[#09-31|09-31]], [[#09-32|09-32]], [[#09-33|09-33]]

==o==
* -o [[#10-01|10-01]], [[#10-02|10-02]], [[#10-02|10-03]], [[10-04]], [[#10-05|10-05]], [[#10-06|10-06]], [[#10-07|10-07]], [[#10-08|10-08]], [[#10-09|10-09]], [[#10-10|10-10]], [[#10-11|10-11]], [[#10-12|10-12]], [[#10-13|10-13]], [[#10-14|10-14]], [[#10-15|10-15]], [[#10-16|10-16]], [[#10-17|10-17]], [[#10-18|10-18]], [[#10-19|10-19]], [[#10-20|10-20]], [[#10-21|10-21]], [[#10-22|10-22]], [[#10-23|10-23]], [[#10-24|10-24]], [[#10-25|10-25]], [[#10-26|10-26]], [[#10-27|10-27]], [[#10-28|10-28]], [[#10-29|10-29]], [[#10-30|10-30]], [[#10-31|10-31]], [[#10-32|10-32]], [[#10-33|10-33]], [[#10-34|10-34]], [[#10-35|10-35]], [[#10-36|10-36]], [[#10-37|10-37]], [[#10-38|10-38]], [[#10-39|10-39]], [[#10-40|10-40]]
* -ok [[#11-01|11-01]], [[#11-02|11-02]], [[#11-03|11-03]], [[#11-04|11-04]], [[#11-05|11-05]], [[#11-06|11-06]], [[#11-07|11-07]], [[#11-08|11-08]], [[#11-09|11-09]], [[#11-10|11-10]], [[#11-11|11-11]], [[#11-12|11-12]], [[#11-13|11-13]], [[#11-14|11-14]], [[#11-15|11-15]], [[#11-16|11-16]], [[#11-17|11-17]], [[#11-18|11-18]], [[#11-19|11-19]], [[#11-20|11-20]], [[#11-21|11-21]], [[#11-22|11-22]], [[#11-23|11-23]], [[#11-24|11-24]]
* -oŋ [[#12-01|12-01]], [[#12-02|12-02]], [[#12-03|12-03]], [[#12-04|12-04]], [[#12-05|12-05]], [[#12-06|12-06]], [[#12-07|12-07]], [[#12-08|12-08]], [[#12-09|12-09]], [[#12-10|12-10]], [[#12-10A|12-10A]], [[#12-11|12-11]], [[#12-12|12-12]], [[#12-13|12-13]], [[#12-14|12-14]], [[#12-15|12-15]], [[#12-16|12-16]], [[#12-17|12-17]], [[#12-18|12-18]], [[#12-19|12-19]], [[#12-20|12-20]], [[#12-21|12-21]], [[#12-22|12-22]], [[#12-23|12-23]], [[#12-24|12-24]], [[#12-25|12-25]], [[#12-26|12-26]], [[#12-27|12-27]]

==u==
* -u [[#13-01|13-01]], [[#13-02|13-02]], [[#13-03|13-03]], [[#13-04|13-04]], [[#13-05|13-05]], [[#13-06|13-06]], [[#13-07|13-07]], [[#13-07A|13-07A]], [[#13-08|13-08]], [[#13-09|13-09]], [[#13-10|13-10]], [[#13-11|13-11]], [[#13-12|13-12]], [[#13-13|13-13]], [[#13-14|13-14]], [[#13-15|13-15]], [[#13-16|13-16]], [[#13-17|13-17]], [[#13-18|13-18]], [[#13-19|13-19]], [[#13-20|13-20]], [[#13-20A|13-20A]], [[#13-21|13-21]], [[#13-22|13-22]], [[#13-23|13-23]], [[#13-24|13-24]], [[#13-25|13-25]], [[#13-26|13-26]], [[#13-27|13-27]], [[#13-28|13-28]], [[#13-29|13-29]], [[#13-30|13-30]], [[#13-31|13-31]], [[#13-32|13-32]], [[#13-33|13-33]], [[#13-34|13-34]], [[#13-35|13-35]], [[#13-36|13-36]], [[#13-37|13-37]], [[#13-38|13-38]],  [[#13-39|13-39]], [[#13-40|13-40]], [[#13-41|13-41]], [[#13-42|13-42]], [[#13-43|13-43]], [[#13-44|13-44]], [[#13-45|13-45]], [[#13-46|13-46]], [[#13-47|13-47]], [[#13-48|13-48]],  [[#13-48|13-49]], [[#13-50|13-50]], [[#13-51|13-51]], [[#13-52|13-52]], [[#13-53|13-53]], [[#13-54|13-54]], [[#13-55|13-55]], [[#13-56|13-56]], [[#13-57|13-57]], [[#13-58|13-58]], [[#13-59|13-59]], [[#13-60|13-60]], [[#13-61|13-61]], [[#13-62|13-62]], [[#13-64|13-63]], [[#13-64|13-64]], [[#13-65|13-65]], [[#13-66|13-66]], [[#13-67|13-67]], [[#13-68|13-68]], [[#13-69|13-69]], [[#13-70|13-70]], [[#13-71|13-71]], [[#13-72|13-72]], [[#13-73|13-73]], [[#13-74|13-74]], [[#13-75|13-75]], [[#13-76|13-76]], [[#13-77|13-77]], [[#13-78|13-78]]
* -uk [[#14-01|14-01]], [[#14-02|14-02]], [[#14-03|14-03]], [[#14-04|14-04]], [[#14-05|14-05]], [[#14-06|14-06]], [[#14-07|14-07]], [[#14-08|14-08]], [[#14-09|14-09]], [[#14-10|14-10]], [[#14-11|14-11]], [[#14-12|14-12]], [[#14-13|14-13]], [[#14-14|14-14]], [[#14-15|14-15]], [[#14-16|14-16]], [[#14-17|14-17]], [[#14-18|14-18]], [[#14-19|14-19]], [[#14-20|14-20]], [[#14-21|14-21]], [[#14-22|14-22]], [[#14-23|14-23]], [[#14-24|14-24]], [[#14-25|14-25]]
* -uŋ [[#15-01|15-01]], [[#15-02|15-02]], [[#15-03|15-03]], [[#15-04|15-04]], [[#15-05|15-05]], [[#15-06|15-06]], [[#15-07|15-07]], [[#15-08|15-08]], [[#15-09|15-09]], [[#15-10|15-10]], [[#15-11|15-11]], [[#15-12|15-12]], [[#15-13|15-13]], [[#15-14|15-14]], [[#15-15|15-15]]

==-w==
* -aw [[#16-01|16-01]], [[#16-02|16-02]], [[#16-03|16-03]], [[#16-04|16-04]], [[#16-05|16-05]], [[#16-06|16-06]], [[#16-07|16-07]], [[#16-08|16-08]], [[#16-09|16-09]], [[#16-10|16-10]], [[#16-11|16-11]], [[#16-12|16-12]], [[#16-13|16-13]], [[#16-14|16-14]], [[#16-15|16-15]], [[#16-16|16-16]], [[#16-17|16-17]], [[#16-17|16-17]], [[#16-18|16-18]], WHERE IS SIXTEEN 18 [[#16-09|16-19]], [[#16-20|16-20]], [[#1144|16-21]], [[#16-22|16-22]], [[#16-23|16-23]], [[#16-24|16-24]], [[#16-25|16-25]], [[#16-26|16-26]], [[#16-27|16-27]], [[#16-28|16-28]], [[#16-28A|16-28A]], [[#16-29|16-29]], [[#16-30|16-30]], [[#16-31|16-31]], [[#16-32|16-32]], [[#16-33|16-33]], [[#16-34|16-34]], [[#16-35|16-35]], WHERE IS SIXTEEN THIRTY SIX [[#16-37|16-37]], [[#16-38|16-38]], [[#16-39|16-39]], [[#16-40|16-40]], [[#16-41|16-41]], [[#16-42|16-42]], [[#16-43|16-43]], [[#16-44|16-44]], [[#16-45|16-45]]
* -awk [[#17-01|17-01]], [[#17-02|17-02]], [[#17-03|17-03]], [[#17-04|17-04]], [[#17-05|17-05]], [[#17-06|17-06]], [[#17-08|17-07]], [[#17-09|17-09]], WHERE IS SEVENTEEN TEN [[#17-11|17-11]], [[#17-12|17-12]], [[#17-13|17-13]], [[#17-14|17-14]], [[#17-15|17-15]], [[#17-16|17-16]]

==-j==
* -aj [[#18-01|18-01]], [[#18-02|18-02]], [[#18-03|18-03]], [[#18-04|18-04]], [[#18-05|18-05]], [[#18-06|18-06]], [[#18-07|18-07]], [[#18-08|18-08]], [[#18-09|18-09]], [[#18-10|18-10]], [[#18-11|18-11]], [[#18-12|18-12]], [[#18-13|18-13]], [[#18-15|18-15]], [[#18-16|18-16]], [[#18-17|18-17]], [[#18-18|18-18]], [[#18-19|18-19]]
* -əj [[#27-01|27-01]], [[#27-02|27-02]], [[#27-03|27-03]], [[#27-04|27-04]], [[#27-05|27-05]], [[#27-06|27-06]], [[#27-07|27-07]], [[#27-08|27-08]], [[#27-09|27-09]], [[#27-10|27-10]], [[#27-11|27-11]], [[#27-12|27-12]], [[#27-13|27-13]], [[#27-14|27-14]], [[#27-15|27-15]], [[#27-16|27-16]], [[#27-17|27-17]], [[#27-18|27-18]], [[#27-19|27-19]], [[#27-20|27-20]]
* -i, -ej [[#26-01|26-01]], [[#26-02|26-02]], [[#26-03|26-03]], [[#26-04|26-04]], [[#26-05|26-05]], [[#26-06|26-06]], [[#26-07|26-07]], [[#26-08|26-08]], [[#26-09|26-09]], [[#26-10|26-10]], [[#26-11|26-11]], [[#26-12|26-12]], [[#26-13|26-13]], [[#26-14|26-14]], [[#26-15|26-15]], [[#26-16|26-16]],  [[#26-17|26-17]], [[#26-18|26-18]], [[#26-19|26-19]], [[#26-20|26-20]], [[#26-21|26-21]], [[#26-22|26-22]], [[#26-23|26-23]], [[#26-24|26-24]], [[#26-25|26-25]], [[#26-26|26-26]], [[#26-27|26-27]], [[#26-28|26-28]], [[#26-29|26-29]], [[#26-30|26-30]], [[#26-31|26-31]], [[#26-32|26-32]], [[#26-33|26-33]], [[#26-34|26-34]], [[#26-35|26-35]], [[#26-36|26-36]], [[#26-37|26-37]], [[#26-38|26-38]], [[#26-39|26-39]]
* -oj, waj [[#19-01|19-01]], [[#19-02|19-02]], [[#19-03|19-03]], [[#19-04|19-04]], [[#19-05|19-05]], [[#19-06|19-06]], [[#19-07|19-07]], [[#19-08|19-08]], [[#19-09|19-09]], [[#19-10|19-10]], [[#19-11|19-11]], [[#19-12|19-12]], [[#19-13|19-13]], [[#19-14|19-14]], [[#19-15|19-15]], [[#19-16|19-16]], [[#19-17|19-17]], [[#19-18|19-18]], [[#19-18A|19-18A]], [[#19-19|19-19]], [[#19-20|19-20]], [[#19-21|19-21]], [[#19-22|19-22]], [[#19-23|19-23]]
* -uj, -wəj [[#28-01|28-01]], [[#28-02|28-02]], [[#28-03|28-03]], [[#28-04|28-04]], [[#28-05|28-05]],  [[#28-06|28-06]], [[#28-07|28-07]], [[#28-08|28-08]], [[#28-09|28-09]], [[#28-10|28-10]], [[#28-11|28-11]],   [[#28-12|28-12]], [[#28-13|28-13]], [[#28-14|28-14]], [[#28-15|28-15]], [[#28-16|28-16]], [[#28-17|28-17]], [[#28-18|28-18]], [[#28-19|28-19]], [[#28-20|28-20]]

==-n==
* -an [[#24-01|24-01]], [[#24-02|24-02]], [[#24-03|24-03]], [[#24-04|24-04]], [[#24-05|24-05]], WHERE IS TWENTY FOUR SIX [[#24-07|24-07]], [[#24-08|24-08]], [[#24-09|24-09]],  [[#24-10|24-10]], [[#24-11|24-11]], [[#24-12|24-12]], [[#24-13|24-13]], [[#24-14|24-14]], [[#24-15|24-15]], [[#24-16|24-16]], [[#24-17|24-17]], [[#24-18|24-18]], [[#24-19|24-19]], [[#24-20|24-20]], [[#24-21|24-21]], [[#24-22|24-22]], [[#24-23|24-23]], [[#24-24|24-24]], [[#24-25|24-25]], [[#24-26|24-26]], [[#24-27|24-27]], [[#24-28|24-28]], [[#24-29|24-29]], [[#24-30|24-30]], [[#24-31|24-31]], [[#24-32|24-32]], [[#24-33|24-33]], [[#24-34|24-34]], [[#24-35|24-35]], [[#24-36|24-36]], [[#24-37|24-37]], [[#24-38|24-38]], [[#24-39|24-39]], [[#24-40|24-40]], [[#24-41|24-41]], [[#24-42|24-42]], [[#24-43|24-43]], [[#24-44|24-44]], [[#24-45|24-45]], [[#24-46|24-46]], [[#24-47|24-47]], [[#24-48|24-48]], [[#24-49|24-49]], [[#24-50|24-50]], [[#24-51|24-51]], [[#24-52|24-52]], [[#24-53|24-53]], [[#24-54|24-54]], [[#24-55|24-55]], [[#24-56|24-56]], [[#24-57|24-57]], [[#24-58|24-58]]
* -ən [[#33-01|33-01]], [[#33-02|33-02]], [[#33-03|33-03]], [[#33-04|33-04]], [[#33-05|33-05]], [[#33-06|33-06]], [[#33-07|33-07]], [[#33-08|33-08]], [[#33-09|33-09]], [[#33-10|33-10]], [[#33-11|33-11]], [[#33-12|33-12]], [[#33-13|33-13]], [[#33-14|33-14]], [[#33-15|33-15]], [[#33-16|33-16]], [[#33-17|33-17]], [[#33-18|33-18]], [[#33-19|33-19]], [[#33-20|33-20]], [[#33-22|33-22]], [[#33-23|33-23]], [[#33-24|33-24]], [[#33-25|33-25]], [[#33-26|33-26]], [[#33-27|33-27]], [[#33-28|33-28]], [[#33-29|33-29]], [[#33-30|33-30]], WHERE IS THIRTY THREE THIRTY ONE [[#33-32|33-32]], [[#33-33|33-33]], [[#33-34|33-34]], [[#33-35|33-35]], [[#33-36|33-36]]
* -en [[#23-01|23-01]], [[#23-02|23-02]], [[#23-03|23-03]], [[#23-04|23-04]], [[#23-05|23-05]], [[#23-06|23-06]], [[#23-07|23-07]], [[#23-08|23-08]], [[#23-09|23-09]], [[#23-10|23-10]], [[#23-11|23-11]], [[#23-12|23-12]],  [[#23-13|23-13]], [[#23-14|23-14]], [[#23-15|23-15]], [[#23-16|23-16]], [[#23-17|23-17]], [[#23-18|23-18]], [[#23-19|23-19]], [[#23-20|23-20]], [[#23-21|23-21]], [[#23-22|23-22]], [[#23-23|23-23]], [[#23-24|23-24]], [[#23-25|23-25]], [[#23-26|23-26]], [[#23-27|23-27]], [[#23-28|23-28]], [[#23-29|23-29]], WHERE IS TWENTY THREE THIRTY [[#23-31|23-31]], [[#23-32|23-32]]
* -on, -wan [[#25-01|25-01]], [[#25-02|25-02]], [[#25-03|25-03]], [[#25-04|25-04]], [[#25-05|25-05]], [[#25-06|25-06]], [[#25-07|25-07]],  [[#25-08|25-08]], [[#25-09|25-09]], [[#25-10|25-10]], [[#25-11|25-11]], [[#25-12|25-12]], [[#25-13|25-13]], [[#25-14|25-14]], [[#25-15|25-15]], [[#25-16|25-16]], [[#25-17|25-17]], [[#25-18|25-18]], [[#25-19|25-19]], [[#25-20|25-20]], [[#25-21|25-21]], [[#25-22|25-22]], [[#25-23|25-23]], [[#25-24|25-24]], [[#25-25|25-25]], [[#25-26|25-26]], [[#25-27|25-27]], [[#25-28|25-28]], [[#25-29|25-29]], [[#25-30|25-30]], [[#25-31|25-31]], [[#25-32|25-32]], [[#25-33|25-33]], [[#25-34|25-34]], [[#25-35|25-35]], [[#25-36|25-36]], [[#25-37|25-37]], [[#25-38|25-38]], [[#25-39|25-39]], [[#25-40|25-40]], [[#25-41|25-41]], [[#25-42|25-42]], [[#25-43|25-43]], [[#25-44|25-44]]
* -un, wən [[#34-01|34-01]], [[#34-02|34-02]], [[#34-03|34-03]], [[#34-04|34-04]], [[#34-05|34-05]], [[#34-06|34-06]], [[#34-07|34-07]], [[#34-08|34-08]], [[#34-09|34-09]], [[#34-10|34-10]], [[#34-11|34-11]], [[#34-12|34-12]], [[#34-13|34-13]], [[#34-14|34-14]], [[#34-15|34-15]], [[#34-16|34-16]],  [[#34-17|34-17]], [[#34-18|34-18]], [[#34-19|34-19]], [[#34-20|34-20]], [[#34-21|34-21]], [[#34-22|34-22]], [[#34-23|34-23]], [[#34-24|34-24]], [[#34-25|34-25]], [[#34-26|34-26]], [[#34-27|34-27]], [[#34-28|34-28]], [[#34-29|34-29]], [[#34-30|34-30]], [[#34-31|34-31]], [[#34-32|34-32]]
* -in [[#32-01|32-01]], [[#32-02|32-02]], [[#32-03|32-03]], [[#32-04|32-04]], [[#32-05|32-05]], [[#32-06|32-06]],  [[#32-07|32-07]], [[#32-08|32-08]], [[#32-09|32-09]], [[#32-10|32-10]], [[#32-11|32-11]], [[#32-12|32-12]], [[#32-13|32-13]], [[#32-14|32-14]], [[#32-15|32-15]], [[#32-16|32-16]], [[#32-17|32-17]], [[#32-18|32-18]], [[#32-19|32-19]], [[#32-20|32-20]], [[#32-21|32-21]], [[#32-22|32-22]], [[#32-23|32-23]], [[#32-24|32-24]], [[#32-25|32-25]], [[#32-26|32-26]], [[#32-27|32-27]], [[#32-28|32-28]], [[#32-29|32-29]], [[#32-30|32-30]], [[#32-31|32-31]], [[#32-32|32-32]], [[#32-33|32-33]], [[#32-34|32-34]], [[#32-35|32-35]], [[#32-36|32-36]], [[#32-37|32-37]], [[#32-38|32-38]], [[#32-39|38-39]], [[#32-40|32-40]]

==-r==
*-ar
*-ər
*-er
*-or, -war
*-ur, -wər
*-ir

==-et(s)==
* -et, -es [[#20-01|20-01]], [[#20-02|20-02]], [[#20-03|20-03]], [[#20-04|20-04]], [[#20-05|20-05]], [[#20-06|20-06]], [[#20-07|20-07]], [[#20-08|20-08]], [[#20-09|20-09]], [[#20-10|20-10]], [[#20-11|20-11]], [[#20-12|20-12]], [[#20-13|20-13]], [[#20-14|20-14]], [[#20-15|20-15]], [[#20-16|20-16]], [[#20-17|20-17]], [[#20-18|20-18]], [[#20-19|20-19]]

==-at(s)==
* -at, -as [[#21-01|21-01]], [[#21-02|21-02]], [[#21-03|21-03]], [[#21-04|21-04]], [[#21-05|21-05]], [[#21-0B|21-05B]], [[#21-06|21-06]], [[#21-07|21-07]], [[#21-08|21-08]], [[#21-09|21-09]], [[#21-10|21-10]], [[#21-11|21-11]], [[#21-12|21-12]], [[#21-13|21-13]], [[#21-14|21-14]], [[#21-15|21-15]], [[#21-16|21-16]], [[#21-17|21-17]], [[#21-18|21-18]], [[#21-19|21-19]], [[#21-20|21-20]], [[#21-21|21-21]], [[#21-22|21-22]], [[#21-23|21-23]], [[#21-24|21-24]], [[#21-25|21-25]], [[#21-26|21-26]], [[#21-27|21-27]], [[#21-28|21-28]], [[#21-29|21-29]], [[#21-30|21-30]], [[#21-31|21-31]], [[#21-33|21-33]], [[#21-34|21-34]], [[#21-35|21-35]], [[#21-36|21-36]], [[#21-37|21-37]]
* -ot, -wat, -os, -was [[#22-01|22-01]], [[#22-02|22-02]], [[#22-03|22-03]], [[#22-04|22-04]], [[#22-05|22-05]], [[#22-06|22-06]], [[#22-07|22-07]], [[#22-08|22-08]], [[#22-09|22-09]], [[#22-10|22-10]], [[#22-11|22-11]], [[#22-12|22-12]], [[#22-13|22-13]], [[#22-14|22-14]], WHERE IS TWENTY TWO SIXTEEN [[#22-16|22-16]], [[#22-17|22-17]], [[#22-18|22-18]], [[#22-19|22-19]]

==-t(s)==

* -it, i(t)s [[#29-01|29-01]], [[#29-02|29-02]], [[#29-03|29-03]], [[#29-04|29-04]], [[#29-05|29-05]], [[#29-06|29-06]], [[#29-07|29-07]], [[#29-08|29-08]], [[#29-09|29-09]], [[#29-10|29-10]], [[#29-11|29-11]], [[#29-12|29-12]], [[#29-13|29-13]], [[#29-14|29-14]], [[#29-15|29-15]], [[#29-16|29-16]], [[#29-17|29-17]], [[#29-18|29-18]], [[#29-19|29-19]], [[#29-20|29-20]], [[#29-21|29-21]], [[#29-22|29-22]], [[#29-23|29-23]], [[#29-24|29-24]], [[#29-25|29-25]], [[#29-26|29-26]], [[#29-27|29-27]], [[#29-28|29-28]], [[#29-29|29-29]], [[#29-30|29-30]], [[#29-31|29-31]], [[#29-32|29-32]], [[#29-33|29-33]], [[#29-34|29-34]], [[#29-35|29-35]], [[#29-36|29-36]], [[#29-37|29-37]], [[#29-38|29-38]], [[#29-39|29-39]], [[#29-40|29-40]], [[#29-41|29-41]], [[#29-42|29-42]], [[#29-43|29-43]], [[#29-44|29-44]]
* -ət, ə(t)s [[#30-01|30-01]], [[#30-02|30-02]], [[#30-03|30-03]], [[#30-04|30-04]], [[#30-05|30-05]], [[#30-06|30-06]], [[#30-07|30-07]], [[#30-08|30-08]], [[#30-09|30-09]], [[#30-10|30-10]], [[#30-11|30-11]],  [[#30-12|30-12]], [[#30-13|30-13]], [[#30-14|30-14]], WHERE IS THIRTY FIFTEEN [[#30-16|30-16]], [[#30-17|30-17]], [[#30-18|30-18]], [[#30-19|30-19]], [[#30-20|30-20]], [[#30-21|30-21]], [[#30-22|30-22]]
* -ut, u(t)s [[#31-01|31-01]], [[#31-02|31-02]], [[#31-03|31-03]], [[#31-04|31-04]], [[#31-05|31-05]], [[#31-06|31-06]], [[#31-07|31-07]], [[#31-08|31-08]], [[#31-09|31-09]], [[#31-10|31-10]], [[#31-11|31-11]], [[#31-12|31-12]], WHERE IS THIRTY ONE FOURTEEN [[#31-14|31-14]], [[#31-15|31-15]], [[#31-16|31-16]], [[#31-17|31-17]], [[#31-18|31-18]], [[#31-19|31-19]], [[#31-20|31-20]], [[#31-21|31-21]], [[#31-22|31-22]], [[#31-23|31-23]], [[#31-24|31-24]]

==-p/-m==
* -ap, ep [[#35-01|35-01]], [[#35-02|35-02]], [[#35-03|35-03]], [[#35-04|35-04]], [[#35-05|35-05]], [[#35-06|35-06]], [[#35-07|35-07]], WHERE IS THIRTY FIVE EIGHT [[#35-09|35-09]], [[#35-10|35-10]], [[#35-11|35-11]], [[#35-12|35-12]], [[#35-13|35-13]], [[#35-14|35-14]], [[#35-15|35-15]], [[#35-16|35-16]], [[#35-17|35-17]], [[#35-18|35-18]], [[#35-19|35-19]], [[#35-20|35-20]], [[#35-21|35-21]]
* -am, em [[#36-01|36-01]], [[#36-02|36-02]], [[#36-03|36-03]], [[#36-04|36-04]], [[#36-05|36-05]], [[#36-06|36-06]], [[#36-07|36-07]], [[#36-08|36-08]], [[#36-09|36-09]], [[#36-10|36-10]], [[#36-11|36-11]], [[#36-12|36-12]], [[#36-13|36-13]], [[#36-14|36-14]], WHERE IS THIRTY SIX FIFTEEN [[#36-16|36-16]], [[#36-17|36-17]], [[#36-18|36-18]], [[#36-19|36-19]], WHERE IS THIRTY SIX TWENTY [[#36-21|36-21]], [[#0611|36-22]], [[#36-23|36-23]], [[#36-24|36-24]], [[#36-25|36-25]], [[#36-26|36-26]], [[#36-27|36-27]]
* -əp, -ip [[#37-01|37-01]], [[#37-02|37-02]], [[#37-03|37-03]], [[#37-04|37-04]], [[#37-05|37-05]], [[#37-06|37-06]], [[#37-07|37-07]], [[#37-08|37-08]], [[#37-09|37-09]], [[#37-10|37-10]], [[#37-11|37-11]], [[#37-12|37-12]], [[#37-13|37-13]], [[#37-14|37-14]], [[#37-15|37-15]], [[#37-16|37-16]], [[#37-17|37-17]], [[#37-18|37-18]], [[#37-19|37-19]], [[#37-20|37-20]], [[#37-21|37-21]]
* -əm, -im WHERE IS THIRTY EIGHT ONE [[#38-02|38-02]], [[#38-03|38-03]],  [[#38-04|38-04]], [[#38-05|38-05]], [[#38-06|38-06]], [[#38-07|38-07]], [[#38-08|38-08]], [[#38-09|38-09]], [[#38-10|38-10]], [[#38-11|38-11]], [[#38-12|38-12]], [[#38-13|38-13]], [[#38-14|38-14]], [[#38-15|38-15]], [[#38-16|38-16]], [[#38-17|38-17]], [[#38-18|38-18]], [[#38-19|38-19]], [[#38-20|38-20]], [[#38-21|38-21]], [[#38-22|38-22]], [[#38-23|38-23]], [[#38-24|38-24]], [[#38-25|38-25]], [[#38-26|38-26]], [[#38-27|38-27]], [[#38-28|38-28]], [[#38-29|38-29]], [[#38-30|38-30]], [[#38-31|38-31]], [[#38-32|38-32]]


=01=
==01-01==
* 01-01/0049a [[wikt:古|古]] kuX
* 01-01/0049f [[wikt:固|固]] kuH
* 01-01/0049g [[wikt:姑|姑]] ku
* 01-01/0049i [[wikt:故|故]] kuH
* 01-01/0049k [[wikt:沽|沽]] ku
* 01-01/0049m [[wikt:罟|罟]] kuX
* 01-01/0049o [[wikt:蛄|蛄]] ku
* 01-01/0049p [[wikt:辜|辜]] ku
* 01-01/0049q [[wikt:盬|盬]] kuX
* 01-01/0049r [[wikt:䀇|䀇]] kuX
* 01-01/0049t [[wikt:枯|枯]] khu
* 01-01/0049u [[wikt:苦|苦]] khuX, kuX
* 01-01/0049v [[wikt:岵|岵]] huX
* 01-01/0049x [[wikt:怙|怙]] huX
* 01-01/0049y [[wikt:祜|祜]] huX
* 01-01/0049a' [[wikt:胡|胡]] hu
* 01-01/0049b' [[wikt:酤|酤]] huX
* 01-01/0049c' [[wikt:居|居]] kjo, kjoH
* 01-01/0049e' [[wikt:錮|錮]] kuH
* 01-01/0049f' [[wikt:個|個]] kaH
* 01-01/0049g' [[wikt:橭|橭]] khu, ku
* 01-01/0049h' [[wikt:楛|楛]] huX
* 01-01/0049i' [[wikt:瑚|瑚]] hu
* 01-01/0049j' [[wikt:湖|湖]] hu
* 01-01/0049k' [[wikt:葫|葫]] hu
* 01-01/0049l' [[wikt:餬|餬]] hu
* 01-01/0049m' [[wikt:鶘|鶘]] hu
* 01-01/0049n' [[wikt:倨|倨]] kjoH
* 01-01/0049o' [[wikt:据|据]] kjo
* 01-01/0049p' [[wikt:琚|琚]] kjo
* 01-01/0049q' [[wikt:裾|裾]] kjo
* 01-01/0049r' [[wikt:踞|踞]] kjoH
* 01-01/0049s' [[wikt:鋸|鋸]] kjoH
* 01-01/0049t' [[wikt:椐|椐]] khjo, kjoH
* 01-01/0049u' [[wikt:腒|腒]] gjo, kjo
* 01-01/0049- [[wikt:菇|菇]] ku
* 01-01/0049- [[wikt:糊|糊]] hu
* 01-01/1258a [[wikt:涸|涸]] xak

==01-02==
* 01-02/0050a [[wikt:鼓|鼓]] kuX
* 01-02/0050b [[wikt:鼔|鼔]] kuX
* 01-02/0050g [[wikt:瞽|瞽]] kuX

==01-03==
* 01-03/0051a [[wikt:股|股]] kuX
* 01-03/0051b [[wikt:羖|羖]] kuX
==01-04==
* 01-04/0052a [[wikt:蠱|蠱]] kuX
==01-05==
* 01-05/0056a [[wikt:壺|壺]] hu
==01-06==
* 01-06/0053a [[wikt:戶|戶]] huX
* 01-06/0053c [[wikt:扈|扈]] huX
* 01-06/0053d [[wikt:雇|雇]] kuH
* 01-06/0053e [[wikt:鳸|鳸]] huX
* 01-06/0053g [[wikt:顧|顧]] kuH
* 01-06/0091a [[wikt:所|所]] srjoX, xjoX

==01-07==
* 01-07/0054a [[wikt:互|互]] huH
* 01-07/0054b [[wikt:枑|枑]] huH
* 01-07/0054c [[wikt:沍|沍]] huH
==01-08==
* 01-08/0642a [[wikt:去|去]] khjoH, khjoX
* 01-08/0642c [[wikt:呿|呿]] khjo, khjoH
* 01-08/0642d [[wikt:祛|祛]] khjo
* 01-08/0642e [[wikt:袪|袪]] khjo
* 01-08/0642f [[wikt:麮|麮]] khjoH, khjoX
* 01-08/0642g [[wikt:胠|胠]] khjo
==01-09==
* 01-09/0803a [[wikt:豦|豦]] gjo, gjoH
* 01-09/0803c [[wikt:遽|遽]] gjoH
* 01-09/0803e [[wikt:醵|醵]] gjak, gjo, gjoH
* 01-09/0803f [[wikt:據|據]] kjoH
* 01-09/0803g [[wikt:鐻|鐻]] kjoH
* 01-09/0803h [[wikt:臄|臄]] gjak
* 01-09/0803i [[wikt:劇|劇]] gjaek
* 01-09/0803j [[wikt:籧|籧]] gjo, kjoX
* 01-09/0803k [[wikt:蘧|蘧]] gjo
==01-10==
* 01-10/0074a [[wikt:車|車]] tsyhae, kjo
* 01-10/0074e [[wikt:庫|庫]] khuH
==01-11==
* 01-11/0032a [[wikt:家|家]] kae
* 01-11/0032e [[wikt:嫁|嫁]] kaeH
* 01-11/0032f [[wikt:稼|稼]] kaeH
==01-12==
* 01-12/0033a [[wikt:叚|叚]] kaeX
* 01-12/0033c [[wikt:假|假]] kaeX, kaeX
* 01-12/0033d [[wikt:嘏|嘏]] kaeX
* 01-12/0033e [[wikt:葭|葭]] kae
* 01-12/0033f [[wikt:豭|豭]] kae
* 01-12/0033g [[wikt:暇|暇]] haeH
* 01-12/0033h [[wikt:瑕|瑕]] hae
* 01-12/0033i [[wikt:蝦|蝦]] hae
* 01-12/0033j [[wikt:遐|遐]] hae
* 01-12/0033k [[wikt:霞|霞]] hae
* 01-12/0033l [[wikt:騢|騢]] hae

==01-13==
* 01-13/0034a [[wikt:斝|斝]] kaeX
==01-14==
* 01-14/0035a [[wikt:下|下]] haeH, haeX
* 01-14/0035d [[wikt:芐|芐]] haeH
==01-15==
* 01-15/0036a [[wikt:夏|夏]] haeH, haeX
* 01-15/0036c [[wikt:廈|廈]] haeX
* 01-15/0036d [[wikt:厦|厦]] haeX
* 01-15/1236c [[wikt:嗄|嗄]] 'eajH, sraeH
==01-16==
* 01-16/0038a [[wikt:襾|襾]] xaeX
* 01-16/0038b [[wikt:賈|賈]] kaeH, kuX
* 01-16/0038c [[wikt:價|價]] kaeH
* 01-16/0038d [[wikt:檟|檟]] kaeX
==01-17==
A uvular series
* 01-17/0055a [[wikt:乎|乎]] hu
* 01-17/0055e [[wikt:虖|虖]] hu
* 01-17/0055h [[wikt:呼|呼]] xu, xuH
* 01-17/0055i [[wikt:嘑|嘑]] xu
==01-18==
A uvular series.

* 01-18/0057a [[wikt:虍|虍]] xu
* 01-18/0057b [[wikt:虎|虎]] xuX
* 01-18/0057f [[wikt:琥|琥]] xuX
* 01-18/0078a [[wikt:虛|虛]] khjo, xjo
* 01-18/0078b [[wikt:墟|墟]] khjo
* 01-18/0078c [[wikt:歔|歔]] xjo, xjoH
* 01-18/0078d [[wikt:噓|噓]] xjo, xjoH
* 01-18/0078e [[wikt:虡|虡]] gjoX
* 01-18/0078g [[wikt:𥲤|𥲤]] gjoX
* 01-18/0085a [[wikt:處|處]] tsyhoX, tsyhoH
* 01-18/01-51/0069a [[wikt:𧆨|𧆨]] lu
* 01-18/01-51/0069d [[wikt:盧|盧]] lu
* 01-18/01-51/0069e [[wikt:虜|虜]] luX
* 01-18/01-51/0069f [[wikt:慮|慮]] ljoH
* 01-18/01-51/0069g [[wikt:膚|膚]] pju
* 01-18/01-51/0069j [[wikt:壚|壚]] lu
* 01-18/01-51/0069k [[wikt:櫨|櫨]] lu
* 01-18/01-51/0069l [[wikt:爐|爐]] lu
* 01-18/01-51/0069m [[wikt:鑪|鑪]] lu
* 01-18/01-51/0069n [[wikt:籚|籚]] lu
* 01-18/01-51/0069o [[wikt:纑|纑]] lu
* 01-18/01-51/0069p [[wikt:顱|顱]] lu
* 01-18/01-51/0069q [[wikt:廬|廬]] ljo
* 01-18/01-51/0069r [[wikt:臚|臚]] ljo
* 01-18/01-51/0069t [[wikt:儢|儢]] ljoX
* 01-18/01-51/0069u [[wikt:藘|藘]] ljo
* 01-18/01-51/0069v [[wikt:鑢|鑢]] ljoH
* 01-18/01-51/0069x [[wikt:攄|攄]] trhjo

==01-19==
* 01-19/0095a [[wikt:巨|巨]] gjoX, kjuX
* 01-19/0095c [[wikt:矩|矩]] kjuX
* 01-19/0095e [[wikt:榘|榘]] kjuX
* 01-19/0095f [[wikt:柜|柜]] kjuX
* 01-19/0095g [[wikt:渠|渠]] gjo
* 01-19/0095h [[wikt:蚷|蚷]] gjo
* 01-19/0095i [[wikt:拒|拒]] gjoX, kjuX
* 01-19/0095j [[wikt:秬|秬]] gjoX
* 01-19/0095k [[wikt:𩰤|𩰤]] gjuX
* 01-19/0095n [[wikt:粔|粔]] gjoX
* 01-19/0095o [[wikt:耟|耟]] gjoX
* 01-19/0095p [[wikt:詎|詎]] gjoH, gjoX
* 01-19/0095q [[wikt:距|距]] gjoX
* 01-19/0095r [[wikt:鉅|鉅]] gjoX

==01-20==
* 01-20/0096c [[wikt:瞿|瞿]] gju
* 01-20/0096d [[wikt:衢|衢]] gju
* 01-20/0096e [[wikt:躣|躣]] gju
* 01-20/0096g [[wikt:鸜|鸜]] gju

==01-21==
* 01-21/0041a [[wikt:瓜|瓜]] kwae
* 01-21/0041b [[wikt:呱|呱]] ku
* 01-21/0041c [[wikt:孤|孤]] ku
* 01-21/0041d [[wikt:罛|罛]] ku
* 01-21/0041e [[wikt:苽|苽]] ku
* 01-21/0041f [[wikt:觚|觚]] ku
* 01-21/0041g [[wikt:軱|軱]] ku
* 01-21/0041h [[wikt:弧|弧]] hu
* 01-21/0041i [[wikt:狐|狐]] hu

==01-22==
* 01-22/0042a [[wikt:寡|寡]] kwaeX

==01-23==
A uvular series.
* 01-23/0043a [[wikt:夸|夸]] khwae
* 01-23/0043b [[wikt:誇|誇]] khwae
* 01-23/0043c [[wikt:姱|姱]] khwae
* 01-23/0043d [[wikt:跨|跨]] khuH, khwaeH
* 01-23/0043e [[wikt:荂|荂]] khwae, xju
* 01-23/0043f [[wikt:刳|刳]] khuH
* 01-23/0043g [[wikt:挎|挎]] khu
* 01-23/0043h [[wikt:袴|袴]] khuH
* 01-23/0043i [[wikt:絝|絝]] khuH
* 01-23/0043j [[wikt:瓠|瓠]] hu, huH
* 01-23/0043k [[wikt:洿|洿]] 'u
* 01-23/0043l [[wikt:槬|槬]] hwaeH
* 01-23/0043m [[wikt:摦|摦]] hwaeH
* 01-23/0097a [[wikt:于|于]] hju
* 01-23/0097h [[wikt:宇|宇]] hjuX
* 01-23/0097i [[wikt:杅|杅]] hju
* 01-23/0097j [[wikt:玗|玗]] hju
* 01-23/0097k [[wikt:盂|盂]] hju
* 01-23/0097n [[wikt:竽|竽]] hju
* 01-23/0097o [[wikt:芋|芋]] hjuH
* 01-23/0097p [[wikt:迂|迂]] 'ju, hju
* 01-23/0097q [[wikt:雩|雩]] hju
* 01-23/0097t [[wikt:吁|吁]] xju
* 01-23/0097u [[wikt:盱|盱]] xju
* 01-23/0097v [[wikt:訏|訏]] xju
* 01-23/0097y [[wikt:紆|紆]] 'ju
* 01-23/0097z [[wikt:圩|圩]] 'u
* 01-23/0097a' [[wikt:杇|杇]] 'u
* 01-23/0097b' [[wikt:汙|汙]] 'wae
* 01-23/0097c' [[wikt:污|污]] 'u, 'wae
* 01-23/0097d' [[wikt:冔|冔]] xjuX
* 01-23/0097- [[wikt:謣|謣]] hju

==01-24==
A uvular series
* 01-24/0098a [[wikt:羽|羽]] hjuX
* 01-24/0098c [[wikt:栩|栩]] xjuX
* 01-24/0098d [[wikt:詡|詡]] xjuX
* 01-24/0098- [[wikt:頨|頨]]
* 01-24/0098- [[wikt:翩|翩]]

==01-25==
A uvular series
* 01-25/0099a [[wikt:禹|禹]] hjuX	
* 01-25/0099d [[wikt:偊|偊]] hjuX
* 01-25/0099e [[wikt:楀|楀]] kjuX
* 01-25/0099f [[wikt:萭|萭]] kjuX
* 01-25/0099g [[wikt:踽|踽]] kjuX

==01-26==
A uvular series
* 01-26/0100a [[wikt:雨|雨]] hjuX, hjuH

==01-27==
A uvular series
* 01-27/0044a [[wikt:華|華]] xwae, hwae, hwaeH
* 01-27/0044c [[wikt:驊|驊]] hwae
* 01-27/0044d [[wikt:譁|譁]] xwae
* 01-27/0044- [[wikt:樺|樺]] hwaeH
* 01-27/0044- [[wikt:花|花]] xwae

==01-28==
* 01-28/0061a [[wikt:烏|烏]] 'u
* 01-28/0061d [[wikt:嗚|嗚]] 'u
* 01-28/0061e [[wikt:於|於]] 'jo, 'joH, 'u
* 01-28/0061g [[wikt:棜|棜]] 'joH
* 01-28/0061h [[wikt:瘀|瘀]] 'joH
* 01-28/0061i [[wikt:菸|菸]] 'jo
* 01-28/0270a [[wikt:閼|閼]] 'at

==01-29==
* 01-29/0058a [[wikt:五|五]] nguX
* 01-29/0058e [[wikt:伍|伍]] nguX
* 01-29/0058f [[wikt:吾|吾]] ngu
* 01-29/0058j [[wikt:悟|悟]] nguH
* 01-29/0058k [[wikt:捂|捂]] nguH
* 01-29/0058l [[wikt:晤|晤]] nguH
* 01-29/0058m [[wikt:梧|梧]] ngu
* 01-29/0058n [[wikt:寤|寤]] nguH
* 01-29/0058o [[wikt:啎|啎]] nguH
* 01-29/0058p [[wikt:圄|圄]] ngjoX
* 01-29/0058q [[wikt:敔|敔]] ngjoX
* 01-29/0058s [[wikt:衙|衙]] ngae, ngjo
* 01-29/0058t [[wikt:語|語]] ngjoX, ngjoH
* 01-29/0058v [[wikt:鋙|鋙]] ngjo, ngjoX

==01-30==
* 01-30/0060a [[wikt:午|午]] nguX
* 01-30/0060f [[wikt:仵|仵]] nguH, nguX
* 01-30/0060g [[wikt:忤|忤]] nguH
* 01-30/0060h [[wikt:迕|迕]] nguH
* 01-30/0060i [[wikt:許|許]] xjoX, xuX
* 01-30/0060k [[wikt:滸|滸]] xuX
* 01-30/0060l [[wikt:御|御]] ngjoH
* 01-30/0060p [[wikt:禦|禦]] ngjoX
* 01-30/0060- [[wikt:卸|卸]] sjaeH
* 01-30/01-41/0086a [[wikt:杵|杵]] tsyhoX

==01-31==
* 01-31/0067a [[wikt:穌|穌]] su
* 01-31/0067c [[wikt:蘇|蘇]] su
* 01-31/0079a [[wikt:魚|魚]] ngjo
* 01-31/0079g [[wikt:漁|漁]] ngjo
* 01-31/0079m [[wikt:䱷|䱷]] ngjo
* 01-31/0079- [[wikt:𫊣|𫊣]] ngjo (?)

==01-32==
* 01-32/0081a [[wikt:圉|圉]] ngjoH, ngjoX
==01-33==
* 01-33/0080a [[wikt:馭|馭]] ngjoH
==01-34==
A uvular series.

* 01-34/0037a [[wikt:牙|牙]] ngae
* 01-34/0037c [[wikt:庌|庌]] ngaeX
* 01-34/0037d [[wikt:芽|芽]] ngae
* 01-34/0037e [[wikt:訝|訝]] ngaeH
* 01-34/0037f [[wikt:迓|迓]] ngaeH
* 01-34/0037g [[wikt:雅|雅]] ngaeX
* 01-34/0037h [[wikt:鴉|鴉]] 'ae
* 01-34/01-45/0075a [[wikt:舉|舉]] kjoX
* 01-34/01-45/0089a [[wikt:舁|舁]] yoX
* 01-34/01-45/0089b [[wikt:與|與]] yo, yoH, yoX
* 01-34/01-45/0089e [[wikt:歟|歟]] yo
* 01-34/01-45/0089f [[wikt:璵|璵]] yo
* 01-34/01-45/0089g [[wikt:䑂|䑂]] yoX
* 01-34/01-45/0089i [[wikt:譽|譽]] yo, yoH
* 01-34/01-45/0089j [[wikt:輿|輿]] yo
* 01-34/01-45/0089k [[wikt:鸒|鸒]] yoH
* 01-34/01-45/0089l [[wikt:旟|旟]] yo
* 01-34/01-45/0089n [[wikt:藇|藇]] yoX, zjoX
* 01-34/01-45/0089o [[wikt:鱮|鱮]] zjoX
* 01-34/01-47/0047a [[wikt:邪|邪]] zjae, yae, zjo
* 01-34/01-47/0047b [[wikt:耶|耶]] yae
* 01-34/01-47/0047c [[wikt:衺|衺]] zjae

==01-35==
* 01-35/0059a [[wikt:吳|吳]] ngu
* 01-35/0059d [[wikt:誤|誤]] nguH
* 01-35/0059e [[wikt:悞|悞]] nguH
* 01-35/0059f [[wikt:俁|俁]] ngjuX
* 01-35/0059g [[wikt:娛|娛]] ngju
* 01-35/0059h [[wikt:虞|虞]] ngju
* 01-35/0059j [[wikt:麌|麌]] ngjuX
* 01-35/0059k [[wikt:噳|噳]] ngjuX
==01-36==
* 01-36/0062a [[wikt:土|土]] duX, thuX
* 01-36/0062d [[wikt:吐|吐]] thuH, thuX
* 01-36/0062e [[wikt:徒|徒]] du
* 01-36/0062g [[wikt:杜|杜]] duX
* 01-36/0062j [[wikt:社|社]] dzyaeX
* 01-36/0062- [[wikt:肚|肚]] tuX, duX
==01-37==
* 01-37/0064a [[wikt:圖|圖]] du
==01-38==
* 01-38/0045a [[wikt:者|者]] tsyaeX
* 01-38/0045d [[wikt:赭|赭]] tsyaeX
* 01-38/0045e [[wikt:奢|奢]] syae
* 01-38/0045g [[wikt:褚|褚]] trjoX
* 01-38/0045h [[wikt:豬|豬]] trjo
* 01-38/0045i [[wikt:楮|楮]] trhjoX, tuX
* 01-38/0045j [[wikt:箸|箸]] drjoH
* 01-38/0045k [[wikt:渚|渚]] tsyoX
* 01-38/0045l [[wikt:煑|煑]] tsyoX
* 01-38/0045m [[wikt:煮|煮]] tsyoX
* 01-38/0045n [[wikt:䰞|䰞]] tsyoX
* 01-38/0045o [[wikt:𦑥|𦑥]] tsyoH
* 01-38/0045p [[wikt:諸|諸]] tsyo
* 01-38/0045q [[wikt:陼|陼]] tsyoX
* 01-38/0045r [[wikt:署|署]] dzyoH
* 01-38/0045s [[wikt:緒|緒]] zjoX
* 01-38/0045t [[wikt:書|書]] syo
* 01-38/0045x [[wikt:暑|暑]] syoX
* 01-38/0045y [[wikt:堵|堵]] tuX
* 01-38/0045b' [[wikt:帾|帾]] tuX
* 01-38/0045c' [[wikt:睹|睹]] tuX
* 01-38/0045d' [[wikt:覩|覩]] tuX
* 01-38/0045e' [[wikt:都|都]] tu
* 01-38/0045h' [[wikt:闍|闍]] dzyae, tu
* 01-38/0045i' [[wikt:屠|屠]] du
* 01-38/0045j' [[wikt:瘏|瘏]] du
* 01-38/0045k' [[wikt:瀦|瀦]] trjo
* 01-38/0045l' [[wikt:儲|儲]] drjo
* 01-38/0045m' [[wikt:曙|曙]] dzyoH
* 01-38/0045n' [[wikt:著|著]] drjak, trjak, trjoH
* 01-38/0045o' [[wikt:躇|躇]] drjo, trhjak
* 01-38/0045p' [[wikt:𣃈|𣃈]] trjak

==01-39==
* 01-39/0084a [[wikt:宁|宁]] drjo, drjoX
* 01-39/0084c [[wikt:佇|佇]] drjoX
* 01-39/0084d [[wikt:竚|竚]] drjoX
* 01-39/0084e [[wikt:紵|紵]] drjoX
* 01-39/0084f [[wikt:羜|羜]] drjoX
* 01-39/0084g [[wikt:貯|貯]] trjoX
==01-40==
*01-40/1242b [[wikt:樗|樗]] trhjo

==01-41==
* 01-41/01-42/0082a [[wikt:余|余]] yo
* 01-41/01-42/0082f [[wikt:畬|畬]] yo
* 01-41/01-42/0082g [[wikt:悆|悆]] yoH
* 01-41/01-42/0082i [[wikt:艅|艅]] yo
* 01-41/01-42/0082l [[wikt:餘|餘]] yo
* 01-41/01-42/0082m [[wikt:除|除]] drjo, drjoH
* 01-41/01-42/0082o [[wikt:敘|敘]] zjoX
* 01-41/01-42/0082q [[wikt:䣄|䣄]] zjo
* 01-41/01-42/0082s [[wikt:賖|賖]] syae
* 01-41/01-42/0082t [[wikt:賒|賒]] syae
* 01-41/01-42/0082u [[wikt:涂|涂]] du
* 01-41/01-42/0082v [[wikt:途|途]] du
* 01-41/01-42/0082x [[wikt:荼|荼]] drae, du, syo
* 01-41/01-42/0082y [[wikt:梌|梌]] du
* 01-41/01-42/0082a' [[wikt:㻌|㻌]] thu
* 01-41/01-42/0082b' [[wikt:稌|稌]] duX, thu, thuX
* 01-41/01-42/0082c' [[wikt:篨|篨]] drjo
* 01-41/01-42/0082d' [[wikt:塗|塗]] du
* 01-41/01-42/0082- [[wikt:徐|徐]] zjo

==01-42==
* 01-42/01-43/0083a [[wikt:予|予]] yo, yoX
* 01-42/01-43/0083c [[wikt:𨑦|𨑦]]
* 01-42/01-43/0083e [[wikt:豫|豫]] yoH
* 01-42/01-43/0083f [[wikt:杼|杼]] drjoX, zyoH, zyoX
* 01-42/01-43/0083g [[wikt:抒|抒]] zyoX
* 01-42/01-43/0083h [[wikt:序|序]] zjoX
* 01-42/01-43/0083i [[wikt:芧|芧]] zjoX
* 01-42/01-43/0083j [[wikt:紓|紓]] syo, zyoX
* 01-42/01-43/0083k [[wikt:舒|舒]] syo
* 01-42/01-43/0083l [[wikt:野|野]] yaeX
* 01-42/01-43/0083m [[wikt:𡐨|𡐨]] yaeX

==01-43==
* 01-43/01-44/0083n [[wikt:埜|埜]] yaeX

==01-44==
* 01-44/01-46/0063a [[wikt:兔|兔]] thuH
* 01-44/01-46/0063c [[wikt:菟|菟]] du
* 01-44/01-46/0063- [[wikt:䖘|䖘]] du

==01-45==
* 01-45/01-48/0048a [[wikt:舍|舍]] syaeH, syaeX
* 01-45/01-48/0048c [[wikt:捨|捨]] syaeX

==01-46==
* 01-46/01-49/0092a [[wikt:鼠|鼠]] syoX
* 01-46/01-49/0092b [[wikt:癙|癙]] syoX

==01-47==
* 01-47/01-50/0093a [[wikt:黍|黍]] syoX

==01-48==
* 01-48/01-52/0070a [[wikt:魯|魯]] luX
* 01-48/01-52/0070e [[wikt:櫓|櫓]] luX

==01-49==
* 01-49/01-53/0071a [[wikt:鹵|鹵]] luX

==01-50==
* 01-50/01-54/0076a [[wikt:呂|呂]] ljoX
* 01-50/01-54/0076d [[wikt:侶|侶]] ljoX
* 01-50/01-54/0076e [[wikt:梠|梠]] ljoX
* 01-50/01-54/0076g [[wikt:閭|閭]] ljo
* 01-50/01-54/0076h [[wikt:郘|郘]] ljoX
* 01-50/01-54/0076j [[wikt:筥|筥]] kjoX
* 01-50/01-54/0076l [[wikt:莒|莒]] kjoX

==01-51==
* 01-51/01-55/0077a [[wikt:旅|旅]] ljoX
* 01-51/01-55/0077e [[wikt:膂|膂]] ljoX
* 01-51/01-55/0077f [[wikt:玈|玈]] lu

==01-52==
* 01-52/01-56/0094a [[wikt:女|女]] nrjoX, nrjoH
* 01-52/01-56/0094f [[wikt:籹|籹]] nrjoX
* 01-52/01-56/0094g [[wikt:如|如]] nyo
* 01-52/01-56/0094j [[wikt:汝|汝]] nyoX
* 01-52/01-56/0094l [[wikt:奴|奴]] nu
* 01-52/01-56/0094o [[wikt:帤|帤]] nrjo
* 01-52/01-56/0094p [[wikt:袽|袽]] nrjo
* 01-52/01-56/0094q [[wikt:洳|洳]] nyo, nyoH
* 01-52/01-56/0094r [[wikt:茹|茹]] nyo, nyoH, nyoX
* 01-52/01-56/0094s [[wikt:鴽|鴽]] nyo
* 01-52/01-56/0094t [[wikt:恕|恕]] syoH
* 01-52/01-56/0094u [[wikt:絮|絮]] sjoH, trhjoH
* 01-52/01-56/0094v [[wikt:孥|孥]] nu
* 01-52/01-56/0094y [[wikt:帑|帑]] nu
* 01-52/01-56/0094z [[wikt:弩|弩]] nuX
* 01-52/01-56/0094a' [[wikt:怒|怒]] nuH, nuX
* 01-52/01-56/0094b' [[wikt:拏|拏]] nrae
* 01-52/01-56/0094c' [[wikt:挐|挐]] nrae
* 01-52/01-56/0094d' [[wikt:砮|砮]] nu, nuX
* 01-52/01-56/0094e' [[wikt:笯|笯]] nrae, nu, nuH
* 01-52/01-56/0094f' [[wikt:駑|駑]] nu

==01-53==
* 01-53/01-57/0046a [[wikt:且|且]] tshjaeX, tshjo, tsjo
* 01-53/01-57/0046h [[wikt:罝|罝]] tsjae
* 01-53/01-57/0046i [[wikt:柤|柤]] tsrae
* 01-53/01-57/0046j [[wikt:抯|抯]] dzjaeX, tsjaeX, tsrae
* 01-53/01-57/0046k [[wikt:沮|沮]] dzjoX, tsjoH
* 01-53/01-57/0046m [[wikt:蛆|蛆]] tsjo
* 01-53/01-57/0046n [[wikt:岨|岨]] tshjo
* 01-53/01-57/0046o [[wikt:狙|狙]] tshjo
* 01-53/01-57/0046p [[wikt:疽|疽]] tshjo
* 01-53/01-57/0046q [[wikt:砠|砠]] tshjo
* 01-53/01-57/0046r [[wikt:雎|雎]] tshjo
* 01-53/01-57/0046s [[wikt:鴡|鴡]] tshjo
* 01-53/01-57/0046t [[wikt:苴|苴]] tshjo, tsjo, tsraeX
* 01-53/01-57/0046u [[wikt:咀|咀]] dzjoX
* 01-53/01-57/0046v [[wikt:俎|俎]] tsrjoX
* 01-53/01-57/0046x [[wikt:詛|詛]] tsrjoH
* 01-53/01-57/0046y [[wikt:阻|阻]] tsrjoX
* 01-53/01-57/0046z [[wikt:助|助]] dzrjoH
* 01-53/01-57/0046a' [[wikt:鉏|鉏]] dzrjoX
* 01-53/01-57/0046b' [[wikt:祖|祖]] tsuX
* 01-53/01-57/0046d' [[wikt:租|租]] tsu
* 01-53/01-57/0046e' [[wikt:組|組]] tsuX
* 01-53/01-57/0046h' [[wikt:粗|粗]] tshu, dzuX
* 01-53/01-57/0046i' [[wikt:徂|徂]] dzu
* 01-53/01-57/0046j' [[wikt:殂|殂]] dzu
* 01-53/01-57/0046k' [[wikt:虘|虘]] dzu
* 01-53/01-57/0046m' [[wikt:駔|駔]] dzuX, tsangX
* 01-53/01-57/0046n' [[wikt:菹|菹]] tsrjo
* 01-53/01-57/0046o' [[wikt:耡|耡]] dzrjo, dzrjoH
* 01-53/01-57/0046p' [[wikt:鋤|鋤]] dzrjo
* 01-53/01-57/0046q' [[wikt:蒩|蒩]] tsu
* 01-53/01-57/0046r' [[wikt:𪓐|𪓐]] tsrhjoX
* 01-53/01-57/0046s' [[wikt:樝|樝]] tsrae
* 01-53/01-57/0046u' [[wikt:楂|楂]] tsrae
* 01-53/01-57/0046v' [[wikt:𠭯|𠭯]] tsrae

==01-54==
* 01-54/01-58/0065a [[wikt:觕|觕]] tshu

==01-55==
* 01-55/01-59/0066a [[wikt:麤|麤]] tshu

==01-56==
* 01-56/01-60/0087a [[wikt:初|初]] tsrhjo

==01-57==
* 01-57/01-61/0068a [[wikt:素|素]] suH

==01-58==
* 01-58/01-62/0088a [[wikt:楚|楚]] tsrhjoX
* 01-58/01-62/0090a [[wikt:疋|疋]] srjo
* 01-58/01-62/0090b [[wikt:疏|疏]] srjo
* 01-58/01-62/0090c [[wikt:疎|疎]] srjo
* 01-58/01-62/0090d [[wikt:蔬|蔬]] srjo
* 01-58/01-62/0090e [[wikt:胥|胥]] sjo
* 01-58/01-62/0090f [[wikt:湑|湑]] sjoX
* 01-58/01-62/0090g [[wikt:稰|稰]] sjoX
* 01-58/01-62/0090h [[wikt:糈|糈]] srjoX
* 01-58/01-62/0090i [[wikt:壻|壻]] sejH

==01-59==
* 01-59/01-63/0091a [[wikt:所|所]] srjoX

==01-60==
* 01-60/01-64/0072a [[wikt:普|普]] phuX

==01-61==
* 01-61/01-65/0073a [[wikt:步|步]] buH

==01-62==
* 01-62/01-66/0101a [[wikt:夫|夫]] pju, bju
* 01-62/01-66/0101e [[wikt:鈇|鈇]] pju, pjuX
* 01-62/01-66/0101f [[wikt:扶|扶]] bju, phu, pju
* 01-62/01-66/0101g [[wikt:枎|枎]] bju
* 01-62/01-66/0101h [[wikt:芙|芙]] bju
* 01-66/0101- [[wikt:㚘|㚘]]

==01-63==
* 01-63/01-67/0102a [[wikt:父|父]] bjuX, pjuX
* 01-63/01-67/0102f [[wikt:釜|釜]] bjuX
* 01-63/01-67/0102h [[wikt:斧|斧]] pjuX
* 01-63/01-67/0102j [[wikt:布|布]] puH
* 01-63/01-67/0102m [[wikt:怖|怖]] phuH
* 01-63/01-67/0102n [[wikt:甫|甫]] pjuX
* 01-63/01-67/0102r [[wikt:脯|脯]] pjuX
* 01-63/01-67/0102s [[wikt:莆|莆]] pjuX
* 01-63/01-67/0102t [[wikt:黼|黼]] pjuX
* 01-63/01-67/0102u [[wikt:簠|簠]] pju, pjuH, pjuX
* 01-63/01-67/0102v [[wikt:輔|輔]] bjuX
* 01-63/01-67/0102y [[wikt:鬴|鬴]] bjuX
* 01-63/01-67/0102z [[wikt:圃|圃]] puH, puX
* 01-63/01-67/0102c' [[wikt:補|補]] puX
* 01-63/01-67/0102d' [[wikt:逋|逋]] pu
* 01-63/01-67/0102e' [[wikt:餔|餔]] pu
* 01-63/01-67/0102f' [[wikt:浦|浦]] phuX
* 01-63/01-67/0102g' [[wikt:痡|痡]] phju, phu
* 01-63/01-67/0102h' [[wikt:鋪|鋪]] phju, phu
* 01-63/01-67/0102i' [[wikt:哺|哺]] buH
* 01-63/01-67/0102j' [[wikt:捕|捕]] buH
* 01-63/01-67/0102k' [[wikt:酺|酺]] bu, buH
* 01-63/01-67/0102l' [[wikt:匍|匍]] bu
* 01-63/01-67/0102n' [[wikt:蒲|蒲]] bu
* 01-63/01-67/0102o' [[wikt:蒱|蒱]] bu
* 01-63/01-67/0102p' [[wikt:尃|尃]] phju
* 01-63/01-67/0102q' [[wikt:旉|旉]] phju
* 01-63/01-67/0102t' [[wikt:敷|敷]] phju
* 01-63/01-67/0102u' [[wikt:傅|傅]] bjuH, pjuH
* 01-63/01-67/0102v' [[wikt:榑|榑]] bju
* 01-63/01-67/0102x' [[wikt:賻|賻]] bjuH
* 01-63/01-67/0102- [[wikt:䋠|䋠]] puX (?)
* 01-63/01-67/0771a [[wikt:博|博]] pak	
* 01-63/01-67/0771d [[wikt:搏|搏]] pak, pjuH
* 01-63/01-67/0771f [[wikt:溥|溥]] pak, phuX
* 01-63/01-67/0771g [[wikt:鎛|鎛]] pak
* 01-63/01-67/0771j [[wikt:𩌏|𩌏]] pak
* 01-63/01-67/0771l [[wikt:膊|膊]] phak
* 01-63/01-67/0771m [[wikt:縛|縛]] bjak
* 01-63/01-67/0771n [[wikt:簙|簙]] pak
* 01-63/01-67/0771o [[wikt:簿|簿]] buX
* 01-63/01-67/0771p [[wikt:薄|薄]] bak, phak
* 01-63/01-67/0771q [[wikt:礴|礴]] bak

==01-64==
* 01-64/01-68/0039a [[wikt:巴|巴]] pae
* 01-64/01-68/0039b [[wikt:把|把]] paeX
* 01-64/01-68/0039c [[wikt:芭|芭]] pae
* 01-64/01-68/0039d [[wikt:豝|豝]] pae
* 01-64/01-68/0039e [[wikt:杷|杷]] bae
* 01-64/01-68/0039- [[wikt:笆|笆]] bae
* 01-64/01-68/0039- [[wikt:葩|葩]]

==01-65==
* 01-65/01-69/0103a [[wikt:無|無]] mju
* 01-65/01-69/0103g [[wikt:舞|舞]] mjuX
* 01-65/01-69/0103h [[wikt:儛|儛]] mjuX
* 01-65/01-69/0103i [[wikt:廡|廡]] mjuX
* 01-65/01-69/0103j [[wikt:憮|憮]] mjuX, xu
* 01-65/01-69/0103k [[wikt:甒|甒]] mjuX
* 01-65/01-69/0103l [[wikt:蕪|蕪]] mju
* 01-65/01-69/0103m [[wikt:譕|譕]] mju
* 01-65/01-69/0103n [[wikt:幠|幠]] xu
* 01-65/01-69/0103o [[wikt:膴|膴]] mju, xjuX, xu
* 01-65/01-69/0103p [[wikt:撫|撫]] phjuX
* 01-65/01-69/0103q [[wikt:鄦|鄦]] xjoX
* 01-65/01-69/0103- [[wikt:墲|墲]] mju, mu, phu
* 01-65/01-69/0103- [[wikt:嘸|嘸]] phjuX, mjuX
* 01-65/01-69/0103- [[wikt:嫵|嫵]] mjuX

==01-66==
* 01-66/01-70/0106a [[wikt:无|无]] mju

==01-67==
* 01-67/01-71/0104a [[wikt:武|武]] mjuX
* 01-67/01-71/0104f [[wikt:鵡|鵡]] mjuX
* 01-67/01-71/0104g [[wikt:賦|賦]] pjuH

==01-68==
* 01-68/01-72/0105a [[wikt:巫|巫]] mju
* 01-68/01-72/0105b [[wikt:誣|誣]] mju

==01-69==
* 01-69/01-73/0040a [[wikt:馬|馬]] maeX
* 01-69/01-73/0040f [[wikt:禡|禡]] maeH
* 01-69/01-73/0040h [[wikt:罵|罵]] maeH, maeX

=02=
==02-01==
* 02-01/0766a [[wikt:各|各]] kak
* 02-01/0766d [[wikt:胳|胳]] kaek, kak
* 02-01/0766e [[wikt:袼|袼]] kaek, kak
* 02-01/0766f [[wikt:閣|閣]] kak
* 02-01/0766g [[wikt:恪|恪]] khak
* 02-01/0766h [[wikt:貉|貉]] hak maeH, maek
* 02-01/0766j [[wikt:狢|狢]] maek
* 02-01/0766k [[wikt:洛|洛]] lak
* 02-01/0766n [[wikt:烙|烙]] lak
* 02-01/0766o [[wikt:絡|絡]] lak
* 02-01/0766p [[wikt:酪|酪]] lak
* 02-01/0766q [[wikt:雒|雒]] lak
* 02-01/0766r [[wikt:𩊚|𩊚]] lak
* 02-01/0766s [[wikt:駱|駱]] lak
* 02-01/0766t [[wikt:鴼|鴼]] lak
* 02-01/0766u [[wikt:珞|珞]] lak, lek
* 02-01/0766v [[wikt:略|略]] ljak
* 02-01/0766x [[wikt:𢓜|𢓜]] kaek
* 02-01/0766z [[wikt:格|格]] haek, kaek
* 02-01/0766b' [[wikt:觡|觡]] kaek
* 02-01/0766c' [[wikt:骼|骼]] kaek, kak, khaeH
* 02-01/0766d' [[wikt:客|客]] khaek
* 02-01/0766g' [[wikt:垎|垎]] haek
* 02-01/0766h' [[wikt:詻|詻]] ngaek
* 02-01/0766j' [[wikt:頟|頟]] ngaek
* 02-01/0766k' [[wikt:賂|賂]] luH
* 02-01/0766l' [[wikt:路|路]] luH
* 02-01/0766n' [[wikt:輅|輅]] haek, luH, ngaeH
* 02-01/0766o' [[wikt:喀|喀]] khaek
* 02-01/0766p' [[wikt:愙|愙]] khak
* 02-01/0766q' [[wikt:落|落]] lak
* 02-01/0766r' [[wikt:璐|璐]] luH
* 02-01/0766s' [[wikt:簬|簬]] luH
* 02-01/0766t' [[wikt:露|露]] luH
* 02-01/0766u' [[wikt:潞|潞]] luH
* 02-01/0766v' [[wikt:鷺|鷺]] luH
* 02-01/0766x' [[wikt:簵|簵]] luH

==02-02==
*02-02/0776a [[wikt:𧮫|𧮫]] gjak	
*02-02/0776b [[wikt:卻|卻]] khjak
*02-02/0776c [[wikt:却|却]] khjak
*02-02/0776d [[wikt:綌|綌]] khjaek
*02-02/0776e [[wikt:郤|郤]] khjaek
*02-02/0776f [[wikt:郄|郄]] khjaek
*02-02/0776g [[wikt:腳|腳]] kjak
*02-02/0776h [[wikt:脚|脚]] kjak

==02-03==
* 02-03/0785a [[wikt:𢧢|𢧢]] kjaek
* 02-03/0785b [[wikt:戟|戟]] kjaek

==02-04==
*02-04/0786a [[wikt:丮|丮]] kjaek

==02-05==
A uvular series?
* 02-05/0787a [[wikt:𡭴|𡭴]] khjaek
* 02-05/0787b [[wikt:𡭽|𡭽]] khjaek
* 02-05/0787c [[wikt:隙|隙]] khjaek
* 02-05/0787d [[wikt:虩|虩]] xjaek

==02-06==
* 02-06/0774a [[wikt:郭|郭]] kwak
* 02-06/0774e [[wikt:椁|椁]] kwak
* 02-06/0774f [[wikt:槨|槨]] kwak
* 02-06/0774g [[wikt:廓|廓]] khwak
* 02-06/0774h [[wikt:鞟|鞟]] khwak
* 02-06/0774i [[wikt:鞹|鞹]] khwak
* 02-06/0774- [[wikt:𠅷|𠅷]]
* 02-06/0774- [[wikt:𨟍|𨟍]]

==02-07==
* 02-07/0096a [[wikt:䀠|䀠]] kjuH
* 02-07/0096c [[wikt:瞿|瞿]] kjuH
* 02-07/0096d [[wikt:衢|衢]] gju
* 02-07/0096e [[wikt:躣|躣]] gju
* 02-07/0096g [[wikt:鸜|鸜]] gju
* 02-07/0096h [[wikt:臞|臞]] gju, gjuH
* 02-07/0096i [[wikt:懼|懼]] gjuH
* 02-07/0778a [[wikt:矍|矍]] kjwak, xjwak
* 02-07/0778b [[wikt:攫|攫]] kjwak
* 02-07/0778c [[wikt:玃|玃]] kjwak
* 02-07/0778d [[wikt:躩|躩]] khjwak, kjwak
* 02-07/0778e [[wikt:戄|戄]] xjwak

==02-08==
* 02-08/02-07A/0783a [[wikt:虢|虢]] kwaek

==02-09==
A uvular series.
* 02-09/02-08/0784a [[wikt:蒦|蒦]] hweak
* 02-09/02-08/0784d [[wikt:獲|獲]] hweak
* 02-09/02-08/0784e [[wikt:韄|韄]] hweak
* 02-09/02-08/0784f [[wikt:彠|彠]] 'jwak
* 02-09/02-08/0784h [[wikt:穫|穫]] hwak
* 02-09/02-08/0784i [[wikt:鑊|鑊]] hwak
* 02-09/02-08/0784j [[wikt:濩|濩]] huH, hwak
* 02-09/02-08/0784k [[wikt:護|護]] huH
* 02-09/02-08/0784l [[wikt:擭|擭]] 'waek
* 02-09/02-08/0784m [[wikt:雘|雘]] 'wak
* 02-09/02-08/0784n [[wikt:蠖|蠖]] 'wak

==02-10==
* 02-10/02-09/0767a [[wikt:壑|壑]] xak

==02-11==
* 02-11/02-10/0779a [[wikt:赫|赫]] xaek
* 02-11/02-10/0779b [[wikt:嚇|嚇]] xaeH, xaek

==02-12==
* 02-12/02-10A/1259a [[wikt:謋|謋]] xaek

==02-13==
* 02-13/02-11/0789a [[wikt:覤|覤]] xjaek

==02-14==
* 02-14/02-12/0775a [[wikt:霍|霍]] xwak	
* 02-14/02-12/0775b [[wikt:靃|靃]] xwak	
* 02-14/02-12/0775e [[wikt:藿|藿]] xwak	
* 02-14/02-12/0775f [[wikt:臛|臛]] xowk

==02-15==
* 02-15/02-13/0805a [[wikt:亞|亞]] 'aeH
* 02-15/02-13/0805f [[wikt:啞|啞]] 'aek, 'aeX
* 02-15/02-13/0805g [[wikt:堊|堊]] 'ak
* 02-15/02-13/0805h [[wikt:惡|惡]] 'ak, 'u, 'uH

==02-16==

* 02-16/02-14/0788a [[wikt:屰|屰]] ngjaek
* 02-16/02-14/0788c [[wikt:逆|逆]] ngjaek
* 02-16/02-14/0788f [[wikt:㖾|㖾]] ngak
* 02-16/2-14/0788g [[wikt:咢|咢]] ngak
* 02-16/02-14/0788h [[wikt:愕|愕]] ngak
* 02-16/02-14/0788i [[wikt:遌|遌]] ngak
* 02-16/02-14/0788j [[wikt:遻|遻]] nguH
* 02-16/02-14/0788k [[wikt:諤|諤]] ngak
* 02-16/02-14/0788l [[wikt:鄂|鄂]] ngak
* 02-16/02-14/0788m [[wikt:鍔|鍔]] ngak
* 02-16/02-14/0788n [[wikt:鶚|鶚]] ngak
* 02-16/02-14/0792h [[wikt:㴑|㴑]] suH
* 02-16/02-14/0792i [[wikt:泝|泝]] suH
* 02-16/02-14/0792j [[wikt:訴|訴]] suH
* 02-16/02-34/0769a [[wikt:朔|朔]] sraewk
* 02-16/02-34/0769b [[wikt:愬|愬]] suH
* 02-16/02-34/0769c [[wikt:𧪜|𧪜]] suH
* 02-16/02-34/0769d [[wikt:遡|遡]] suH

==02-17==
* 02-17/02-15/0768a [[wikt:噩|噩]] ngak
* 02-17/02-15/0768d [[wikt:蘁|蘁]] ngak, nguH

==02-18==
* 02-18/02-16/0801a [[wikt:度|度]] dak, duH
* 02-18/02-16/0801b [[wikt:渡|渡]] duH
* 02-18/02-16/0801c [[wikt:剫|剫]] dak
* 02-18/02-17/0795a [[wikt:石|石]] dzyek	
* 02-18/02-17/0795d [[wikt:祏|祏]] dzyek
* 02-18/02-17/0795e [[wikt:碩|碩]] dzyek
* 02-18/02-17/0795h [[wikt:鼫|鼫]] dzyek
* 02-18/02-17/0795i [[wikt:跖|跖]] tsyek
* 02-18/02-17/0795j [[wikt:磔|磔]] traek
* 02-18/02-17/0795k [[wikt:斫|斫]] tsyak
* 02-18/02-17/0795l [[wikt:柘|柘]] tsyaeH
* 02-18/02-17/0795m [[wikt:拓|拓]] thak
* 02-18/02-17/0795n [[wikt:妬|妬]] tuH
* 02-18/02-17/0795o [[wikt:妒|妒]] tuH
* 02-18/02-17/0795p [[wikt:橐|橐]] thak
* 02-18/02-17/0795r [[wikt:蠹|蠹]] tuH
* 02-18/02-18/0804a [[wikt:庶|庶]] syoH, tsyoH
* 02-18/02-18/0804d [[wikt:遮|遮]] tsyae
* 02-18/02-18/0804e [[wikt:摭|摭]] tsyek
* 02-18/02-18/0804f [[wikt:蹠|蹠]] tsyek
* 02-18/02-29/0797a [[wikt:席|席]] zjek
* 02-16/02-29/0797b [[wikt:蓆|蓆]] zjek

==02-19==
* 02-19/02-19/0791a [[wikt:炙|炙]] tsyaeH, tsyek

==02-20==
* 02-20/02-20/0794a [[wikt:尺|尺]] tsyhek

==02-21==
* 02-21/02-21/1258b [[wikt:辵|辵]] trhjaek

==02-22==
* 02-22/02-22/0780a [[wikt:乇|乇]] traek
* 02-22/02-22/0780b [[wikt:宅|宅]] draek
* 02-22/02-22/0780e [[wikt:託|託]] thak
* 02-22/02-22/0780f [[wikt:秅|秅]] drae, tuH
* 02-22/02-22/0780g [[wikt:咤|咤]] traeH
* 02-22/02-22/0780h [[wikt:詫|詫]] trhaeH
* 02-22/02-22/0780i [[wikt:侘|侘]] trhaeH
* 02-22/02-22/0780j [[wikt:㓃|㓃]] tuH

==02-23==
A uvular series (?)
* 02-23/02-23/0792a [[wikt:㡿|㡿]] tsyhek
* 02-23/02-23/0792b [[wikt:斥|斥]] tsyhek
* 02-23/02-23/0792c [[wikt:厈|厈]] tsyhek
* 02-23/02-23/0792d [[wikt:坼|坼]] trhaek
* 02-23/02-23/0792e [[wikt:𣔳|𣔳]] thak
* 02-23/02-23/0792f [[wikt:柝|柝]] thak

==02-24==
A uvular series (?)
* 02-24/02-24/0793a [[wikt:赤|赤]] tshjek, tsyhek
* 02-24/02-24/0793d [[wikt:赦|赦]] syaeH
* 02-24/02-24/0793e [[wikt:螫|螫]] syek

==02-25==
* 02-25/02-25/0790a [[wikt:睪|睪]] yek
* 02-25/02-25/0790b [[wikt:圛|圛]] yek
* 02-25/02-25/0790c [[wikt:懌|懌]] yek
* 02-25/02-25/0790d [[wikt:斁|斁]] duH, tuH, yek
* 02-25/02-25/0790e [[wikt:繹|繹]] yek
* 02-25/02-25/0790f [[wikt:譯|譯]] yek
* 02-25/02-25/0790g [[wikt:醳|醳]] yek
* 02-25/02-25/0790h [[wikt:驛|驛]] yek
* 02-25/02-25/0790i [[wikt:𢍰|𢍰]] yek
* 02-25/02-25/0790k [[wikt:𥼶|𥼶]] syek
* 02-25/02-25/0790l [[wikt:釋|釋]] syek
* 02-25/02-25/0790m [[wikt:檡|檡]] syek, draek
* 02-25/02-25/0790n [[wikt:擇|擇]] draek
* 02-25/02-25/0790o [[wikt:澤|澤]] draek, syek, yek
* 02-25/02-25/0790p [[wikt:鐸|鐸]] dak
* 02-25/02-25/0790q [[wikt:殬|殬]] tuH
* 02-25/02-25/0790r [[wikt:蘀|蘀]] thak

==02-26==
* 02-26/02-26/0807a [[wikt:射|射]] dzyek, zyaeH
* 02-26/02-26/0807b [[wikt:䠶|䠶]] zyaeH, zyek, yek
* 02-26/02-26/0807e [[wikt:榭|榭]] zjaeH
* 02-26/02-26/0807g [[wikt:謝|謝]] zjaeH
* 02-26/02-26/0807- [[wikt:麝|麝]] dzyaeH (?)

==02-27==
* 02-27/02-27/0800a [[wikt:亦|亦]] yek
* 02-27/02-27/0800d [[wikt:奕|奕]] yek
* 02-27/02-27/0800e [[wikt:帟|帟]] yek
* 02-27/02-27/0800f [[wikt:弈|弈]] yek
* 02-27/02-27/0800g [[wikt:跡|跡]] tsjek
* 02-27/02-27/0800h [[wikt:迹|迹]] tsjek
* 02-27/02-27/0800j [[wikt:夜|夜]] yaeH
* 02-27/02-27/0800l [[wikt:掖|掖]] yek
* 02-27/02-27/0800m [[wikt:腋|腋]] yek
* 02-27/02-27/0800n [[wikt:液|液]] yek

==02-28==
* 02-28/02-28/0796a [[wikt:夕|夕]] zjek
* 02-28/02-28/0796e [[wikt:穸|穸]] zjek

==02-29==
* 02-29/02-30/0777a [[wikt:若|若]] nyak
* 02-29/02-30/0777f [[wikt:諾|諾]] nak
* 02-29/02-30/0777g [[wikt:箬|箬]] nyak
* 02-29/02-30/0777i [[wikt:鄀|鄀]] nyak
* 02-29/02-30/0777k [[wikt:婼|婼]] trhjak	
* 02-29/02-30/0777l [[wikt:匿|匿]] nrik
* 02-29/02-30/0777n [[wikt:暱|暱]] nrik
* 02-29/02-30/0777o [[wikt:慝|慝]] thok
* 02-29/02-30/0777- [[wikt:蠚|蠚]] trhjak, xwak

==02-30==
* 02-30/02-31/0806a [[wikt:乍|乍]] dzraeH
* 02-30/02-31/0806f [[wikt:咋|咋]] dzraeH
* 02-30/02-31/0806g [[wikt:詐|詐]] tsraeH
* 02-30/02-31/0806h [[wikt:祚|祚]] dzuH
* 02-30/02-31/0806i [[wikt:胙|胙]] dzuH
* 02-30/02-31/0806j [[wikt:阼|阼]] dzuH
* 02-30/02-31/0806k [[wikt:笮|笮]] tsraek
* 02-30/02-31/0806l [[wikt:作|作]] tsak
* 02-30/02-31/0806m [[wikt:迮|迮]] tsak
* 02-30/02-31/0806p [[wikt:柞|柞]] dzak, tsak, tsraek
* 02-30/02-31/0806r [[wikt:怍|怍]] dzak
* 02-30/02-31/0806s [[wikt:昨|昨]] dzak
* 02-30/02-31/0806t [[wikt:酢|酢]] dzak
* 02-30/02-31/0806v [[wikt:筰|筰]] dzak
* 02-30/02-31/0806- [[wikt:莋|莋]] dzak

==02-31==
* 02-31/02-32/0798a [[wikt:昔|昔]] sjek
* 02-31/02-32/0798f [[wikt:惜|惜]] sjek
* 02-31/02-32/0798g [[wikt:腊|腊]] sjek
* 02-31/02-32/0798i [[wikt:耤|耤]] dzjek
* 02-31/02-32/0798k [[wikt:踖|踖]] dzjek, tshjak, tshjek, tsjek
* 02-31/02-32/0798l [[wikt:趞|趞]] tshjak
* 02-31/02-32/0798n [[wikt:鵲|鵲]] tshjak
* 02-31/02-32/0798o [[wikt:斮|斮]] tsrjak
* 02-31/02-32/0798p [[wikt:厝|厝]] tshak
* 02-31/02-32/0798q [[wikt:逪|逪]] tshak
* 02-31/02-32/0798s [[wikt:錯|錯]] tshak
* 02-31/02-32/0798t [[wikt:醋|醋]] dzak
* 02-31/02-32/0798u [[wikt:借|借]] tsjaeH, tsjek
* 02-31/02-32/0798v [[wikt:唶|唶]] tsjaeH
* 02-31/02-32/0798x [[wikt:措|措]] tshuH
* 02-31/02-32/0798y [[wikt:蜡|蜡]] dzraeH, tshjoH
* 02-31/02-32/0798z [[wikt:矠|矠]] dzreak
* 02-31/02-32/0798a' [[wikt:籍|籍]] dzjek
* 02-31/02-32/0798b' [[wikt:藉|藉]] dzjaeH, dzjek
* 02-31/02-32/0798c' [[wikt:簎|簎]] tsrhaek

==02-32==
* 02-32/02-33/0770a [[wikt:索|索]] sak, sraek

==02-33==
* 02-33/02-35/0799a [[wikt:舄|舄]] sjek
* 02-33/02-35/0799e [[wikt:潟|潟]] sjek
* 02-33/02-35/0799f [[wikt:寫|寫]] sjaeX
* 02-33/02-35/0799h [[wikt:瀉|瀉]] sjaeX

==02-34==
* 02-34/02-36/0773a [[wikt:亳|亳]] bak

==02-35==
* 02-35/02-37/0781a [[wikt:百|百]] paek
* 02-35/02-37/0781f [[wikt:貊|貊]] maek
* 02-35/02-37/0781g [[wikt:陌|陌]] maek

==02-36==
* 02-36/02-38/0782a [[wikt:白|白]] baek
* 02-36/02-38/0782f [[wikt:帛|帛]] baek
* 02-36/02-38/0782i [[wikt:伯|伯]] paek
* 02-36/02-38/0782j [[wikt:柏|柏]] paek
* 02-36/02-38/0782k [[wikt:迫|迫]] paek
* 02-36/02-38/0782l [[wikt:怕|怕]] phaeH, phaek
* 02-36/02-38/0782m [[wikt:拍|拍]] phaek, pak
* 02-36/02-38/0782o [[wikt:魄|魄]] phaek
* 02-36/02-38/0782p [[wikt:粕|粕]] phak
* 02-36/02-38/0782q [[wikt:胉|胉]] phak
* 02-36/02-38/0782r [[wikt:泊|泊]] bak
* 02-36/02-38/0782s [[wikt:碧|碧]] pjaek

==02-37==
*02-37/02-39/0772b [[wikt:霸|霸]] paeH, phaek

==02-38==
Acc. to Schuessler (2009: 74) the &quot;phonetic is perhaps [[#03-64|03-64]]&quot;.
* 02-38/02-40/0802a [[wikt:莫|莫]] maek, mak, muH
* 02-38/02-40/0802d [[wikt:暮|暮]] muH
* 02-38/02-40/0802e [[wikt:募|募]] muH
* 02-38/02-40/0802f [[wikt:墓|墓]] muH
* 02-38/02-40/0802g [[wikt:嫫|嫫]] mu
* 02-38/02-40/0802h [[wikt:慕|慕]] muH
* 02-38/02-40/0802j [[wikt:模|模]] mu
* 02-38/02-40/0802k [[wikt:膜|膜]] mu
* 02-38/02-40/0802l [[wikt:謨|謨]] mu
* 02-38/02-40/0802m [[wikt:蟆|蟆]] mae
* 02-38/02-40/0802n [[wikt:寞|寞]] mak
* 02-38/02-40/0802o [[wikt:幕|幕]] mak
* 02-38/02-40/0802p [[wikt:漠|漠]] mak
* 02-38/02-40/0802q [[wikt:瘼|瘼]] mak
* 02-38/02-40/0802r [[wikt:嗼|嗼]] maek
* 02-38/02-40/0802s [[wikt:冪|冪]] mek

=03=
==03-01==
* 03-01/0698a [[wikt:亢|亢]] kang, khangH
* 03-01/0698b [[wikt:抗|抗]] khangH
* 03-01/0698c [[wikt:伉|伉]] khangH
* 03-01/0698d [[wikt:忼|忼]] khangH, khangX
* 03-01/0698e [[wikt:杭|杭]] hang
* 03-01/0698f [[wikt:沆|沆]] hangX
* 03-01/0698g [[wikt:頏|頏]] hang
* 03-01/0698h [[wikt:坑|坑]] khaeng
* 03-01/0698i [[wikt:阬|阬]] khaeng

==03-02==
* 03-02/0697a [[wikt:岡|岡]] kang
* 03-02/0697b [[wikt:剛|剛]] kang
* 03-02/0697e [[wikt:綱|綱]] kang
* 03-02/0697f [[wikt:犅|犅]] kang
* 03-02/0697h [[wikt:鋼|鋼]] kang, kangH

==03-03==
* 03-03/0710a [[wikt:畺|畺]] kjang
* 03-03/0710b [[wikt:壃|壃]] kjang
* 03-03/0710c [[wikt:僵|僵]] gjang, kjang
* 03-03/0710d [[wikt:薑|薑]] kjang
* 03-03/0710e [[wikt:彊|彊]] gjang, gjangX, kjang
* 03-03/0710h [[wikt:疆|疆]] kjang

==03-04==
* 03-04/0713a [[wikt:强|强]] gjang, gjangX
* 03-04/0713b [[wikt:強|強]] gjang, gjangX
* 03-04/0713c [[wikt:繈|繈]] kjangX
* 03-04/0713d [[wikt:襁|襁]] kjangX

==03-05==
Schuessler (2009: 76) &quot;the element 羊 *jaŋ 'sheep' in the graphs may be phonetic, but could also be semantic (names referring to nomads)&quot;. Baxter &amp; Sagart (2014: 141, and personal communication from Sagart on 10 February 2017) combine [[#03-05|03-05]], [[#03-06|03-06]] and [[#03-39|03-39]].
* 03-05/0711a [[wikt:姜|姜]] kjang
* 03-05/03-06/0712a [[wikt:羌|羌]] khjang
* 03-05/03-06/0712e [[wikt:蜣|蜣]] khjang
* 03-05/03-39/0732a [[wikt:羊|羊]] yang
* 03-05/03-39/0732e [[wikt:佯|佯]] yang
* 03-05/03-39/0732f [[wikt:徉|徉]] yang
* 03-05/03-39/0732g [[wikt:恙|恙]] yangH
* 03-05/03-39/0732h [[wikt:洋|洋]] yang
* 03-05/03-39/0732i [[wikt:痒|痒]] yang, yangX, zjang
* 03-05/03-39/0732j [[wikt:養|養]] yangH, yangX
* 03-05/03-39/0732k [[wikt:羕|羕]] yangH
* 03-05/03-39/0732m [[wikt:庠|庠]] zjang
* 03-05/03-39/0732n [[wikt:祥|祥]] zjang
* 03-05/03-39/0732p [[wikt:翔|翔]] zjang
* 03-05/03-39/0732q [[wikt:詳|詳]] zjang
* 03-05/03-39/0732r [[wikt:癢|癢]] yangX
* 03-05/03-39/0732s [[wikt:漾|漾]] yangH

==03-06==
* 03-06/03-07/0752a [[wikt:竟|竟]] kjaengH, kjaengX
* 03-06/03-07/0752b [[wikt:境|境]] kjaengX
* 03-06/03-07/0752c [[wikt:鏡|鏡]] kjaengH
* 03-06/03-07/0752d [[wikt:滰|滰]] gjangX

==03-07==
* 03-07/03-08/0753a [[wikt:慶|慶]] khjaengH

==03-08==
* 03-08/03-09/0754a [[wikt:競|競]] gjaengH

==03-09==
* 03-09/03-10/0755a [[wikt:京|京]] kjaeng
* 03-09/03-10/0755d [[wikt:景|景]] kjaengX
* 03-09/03-10/0755e [[wikt:勍|勍]] gjaeng
* 03-09/03-10/0755f [[wikt:鯨|鯨]] gjaeng
* 03-09/03-10/0755g [[wikt:黥|黥]] gjaeng
* 03-09/03-10/0755h [[wikt:憬|憬]] kjwaengX
* 03-09/03-10/0755i [[wikt:倞|倞]] ljangH
* 03-09/03-10/0755j [[wikt:亮|亮]] ljangH
* 03-09/03-10/0755k [[wikt:掠|掠]] ljak, ljangH
* 03-09/03-10/0755l [[wikt:涼|涼]] ljang
* 03-09/03-10/0755m [[wikt:諒|諒]] ljangH
* 03-09/03-21/0756a [[wikt:影|影]] 'jaengX

==03-10==
Schuessler (2009: 77) places 0745f [[wikt:綆|綆]] with the reading ''pjiengX'' under [[#23-25|23-25]].
* 03-10/03-11/0745a [[wikt:更|更]] kaeng, kaengH
* 03-10/03-11/0745c [[wikt:哽|哽]] kaengX
* 03-10/03-11/0745d [[wikt:鯁|鯁]] kaengX
* 03-10/03-11/0745e [[wikt:梗|梗]] kaengX
* 03-10/03-11/0745f [[wikt:綆|綆]] kaengX
* 03-10/03-11/0745- [[wikt:硬|硬]]

==03-11==
* 03-11/03-12/0700a [[wikt:唐|唐]] dang
* 03-11/03-12/0700c [[wikt:塘|塘]] dang
* 03-11/03-12/0700d [[wikt:榶|榶]] dang
* 03-11/03-12/0700e [[wikt:螗|螗]] dang
* 03-11/03-12/0746a [[wikt:庚|庚]] kaeng
* 03-11/03-12/0746g [[wikt:賡|賡]] kaeng, kaengH
* 03-11/03-12/0746h [[wikt:康|康]] khang
* 03-11/03-12/0746k [[wikt:𡻚|𡻚]] khang
* 03-11/03-12/0746m [[wikt:慷|慷]] khangX
* 03-11/03-12/0746n [[wikt:穅|穅]] khang
* 03-11/03-12/0746o [[wikt:糠|糠]] khang

==03-12==
* 03-12/03-13/0747a [[wikt:羹|羹]] kaeng

==03-13==
* 03-13/03-14/0748a [[wikt:行|行]] haeng, haengH, hang, hangH
* 03-13/03-14/0748e [[wikt:荇|荇]] haengX
* 03-13/03-14/0748f [[wikt:桁|桁]] haeng, hang
* 03-13/03-14/0748g [[wikt:珩|珩]] haeng
* 03-13/03-14/0748h [[wikt:衡|衡]] haeng
* 03-13/03-14/0748j [[wikt:蘅|蘅]] haeng

==03-14==
* 03-14/03-15/0749a [[wikt:杏|杏]] haengX

==03-15==
A uvular series
* 03-15/03-16/0714a [[wikt:皀|皀]] xjang
* 03-15/03-16/0714c [[wikt:鄉|鄉]] xjang, xjangH, xjangX
* 03-15/03-16/0714i [[wikt:嚮|嚮]] xjangH
* 03-15/03-16/0714j [[wikt:饗|饗]] xjangX
* 03-15/03-16/0714k [[wikt:曏|曏]] syangH, syangX, xjangH, xjangX
* 03-15/03-16/0714l [[wikt:膷|膷]] xjang
* 03-15/03-16/0714m [[wikt:薌|薌]] xjang
* 03-15/03-16/0714n [[wikt:響|響]] xjangX
* 03-15/03-16/0714o [[wikt:卿|卿]] khjaeng

==03-16==
*03-16/03-17/0716a [[wikt:享|享]] xaeng
*03-16/03-17/0716b [[wikt:亨|亨]] phaeng, xaeng, xjangX
*03-16/03-60/0751a [[wikt:烹|烹]] phaeng

==03-17==
* 03-17/03-18/0715a [[wikt:向|向]] xjangH
* 03-17/03-18/0715e [[wikt:餉|餉]] syangH

==03-18==
* 03-18/03-19/0717a [[wikt:香|香]] xjang

==03-19==
* 03-19/03-20/0718a [[wikt:央|央]] 'jaeng, 'jang
* 03-19/03-20/0718c [[wikt:佒|佒]] 'jangX, 'jangH
* 03-19/03-20/0718d [[wikt:怏|怏]] 'jangH, 'jangX
* 03-19/03-20/0718e [[wikt:殃|殃]] 'jang
* 03-19/03-20/0718f [[wikt:鞅|鞅]] 'jangX
* 03-19/03-20/0718g [[wikt:泱|泱]] 'jang
* 03-19/03-20/0718h [[wikt:鴦|鴦]] 'ang, 'jang
* 03-19/03-20/0718i [[wikt:盎|盎]] 'angH
* 03-19/03-20/0718k [[wikt:英|英]] 'jaeng
* 03-19/03-20/0718- [[wikt:㼜|㼜]] 'angH

==03-20==
*03-20/03-22/0706a [[wikt:光|光]] kwang
*03-20/03-22/0706f [[wikt:洸|洸]] kwang
*03-20/03-22/0706g [[wikt:絖|絖]] khwangH
*03-20/03-22/0706h [[wikt:侊|侊]] kwaeng, kwang
*03-20/03-22/0706i [[wikt:觥|觥]] kwaeng
*03-20/03-22/0706j [[wikt:恍|恍]] xwangX

==03-21==
*03-21/03-23/0707a [[wikt:黃|黃]] hwang
*03-21/03-23/0707c [[wikt:璜|璜]] hwang
*03-21/03-23/0707e [[wikt:潢|潢]] hwang
*03-21/03-23/0707g [[wikt:簧|簧]] hwang
*03-21/03-23/0707h [[wikt:廣|廣]] kwangH, kwangX
*03-21/03-23/0707l [[wikt:觵|觵]] kwaeng
*03-21/03-23/0707m [[wikt:橫|橫]] hwaeng, kwangH
*03-21/03-23/0707n [[wikt:壙|壙]] khwangH
*03-21/03-23/0707o [[wikt:曠|曠]] khwangH
*03-21/03-23/0707p [[wikt:纊|纊]] khwangH
*03-21/03-23/0707r [[wikt:懬|懬]] khangX, khwangH, khwangX
*03-21/03-23/0707s [[wikt:獷|獷]] kwaengX
*03-21/03-23/0707t [[wikt:擴|擴]] khwak

==03-22==
* 03-22/03-24/0708a [[wikt:皇|皇]] hwang
* 03-22/03-24/0708d [[wikt:徨|徨]] hwang
* 03-22/03-24/0708e [[wikt:偟|偟]] hwang
* 03-22/03-24/0708f [[wikt:湟|湟]] hwang
* 03-22/03-24/0708g [[wikt:煌|煌]] hwang
* 03-22/03-24/0708h [[wikt:篁|篁]] hwang
* 03-22/03-24/0708i [[wikt:遑|遑]] hwang
* 03-22/03-24/0708j [[wikt:隍|隍]] hwang
* 03-22/03-24/0708k [[wikt:餭|餭]] hwang
* 03-22/03-24/0708l [[wikt:凰|凰]] hwang
* 03-22/03-24/0708m [[wikt:蝗|蝗]] hwaeng, hwang
* 03-22/03-24/0708n [[wikt:喤|喤]] hwaeng, xwaeng
* 03-22/03-24/0708- [[wikt:惶|惶]] hwang

==03-23==
a uvular series
* 03-23/03-26/0739a [[wikt:王|王]] hjwang, hjwangH
* 03-23/03-26/0739i [[wikt:㞷|㞷]] hjwangX
* 03-23/03-26/0739k [[wikt:往|往]] hjwangX
* 03-23/03-26/0739l [[wikt:迋|迋]] gjwangX, hjwangH, hjwangX, kjwangH, kjwangX
* 03-23/03-26/0739m [[wikt:匡|匡]] khjwang
* 03-23/03-26/0739o [[wikt:狂|狂]] gjwang
* 03-23/03-26/0739q [[wikt:枉|枉]] 'jwangX
* 03-23/03-26/0739r [[wikt:汪|汪]] 'wang
* 03-23/03-26/0739t [[wikt:尪|尪]] 'wang
* 03-23/03-26/0739u [[wikt:眶|眶]] khjwang
* 03-23/03-26/0739v [[wikt:筐|筐]] khjwang
* 03-23/03-26/0739x [[wikt:誑|誑]] kjwangH
* 03-23/03-26/0739y [[wikt:俇|俇]] gjwangX

==03-24==
* 03-24/03-27/0764a [[wikt:永|永]] hjwaengX
* 03-24/03-27/0764g [[wikt:咏|咏]] hjwaengH
* 03-24/03-27/0764i [[wikt:詠|詠]] hjwaengH
* 03-24/03-27/0764j [[wikt:泳|泳]] hjwaengH

==03-25==
* 03-25/03-28/0765a [[wikt:兄|兄]] xjwaeng
* 03-25/03-28/0765f [[wikt:况|况]] xjwangX
* 03-25/03-28/0765g [[wikt:況|況]] xjwangH
* 03-25/03-28/0765h [[wikt:貺|貺]] xjwangH
* 03-25/03-28/0765i [[wikt:軦|軦]] xjwangH
* 03-25/03-28/0765- [[wikt:怳|怳]] xjwangX

==03-26==
* 03-26/03-29/0699a [[wikt:卬|卬]] ngang, ngjangX
* 03-26/03-29/0699b [[wikt:昂|昂]] ngang
* 03-26/03-29/0699c [[wikt:仰|仰]] ngjangX
* 03-26/03-29/0699d [[wikt:迎|迎]] ngjaeng, ngjaengH

==03-27==
* 03-27/03-30/0701a [[wikt:宕|宕]] dangH

==03-28==
* 03-28/03-31/0723a [[wikt:章|章]] tsyang
* 03-28/03-31/0723e [[wikt:彰|彰]] tsyang
* 03-28/03-31/0723f [[wikt:樟|樟]] tsyang
* 03-28/03-31/0723g [[wikt:獐|獐]] tsyang
* 03-28/03-31/0723h [[wikt:璋|璋]] tsyang
* 03-28/03-31/0723j [[wikt:鄣|鄣]] tsyang
* 03-28/03-31/0723k [[wikt:障|障]] tsyang, tsyangH

==03-29==
* 03-29/03-32/0725a [[wikt:尚|尚]] dzyangH
* 03-29/03-32/0725d [[wikt:裳|裳]] dzyang
* 03-29/03-32/0725e [[wikt:常|常]] dzyang
* 03-29/03-32/0725f [[wikt:嘗|嘗]] dzyang
* 03-29/03-32/0725i [[wikt:甞|甞]] dzyang
* 03-29/03-32/0725j [[wikt:掌|掌]] tsyangX
* 03-29/03-32/0725k [[wikt:倘|倘]] thang, thangX, tsyhangX
* 03-29/03-32/0725l [[wikt:惝|惝]] tsyhangX
* 03-29/03-32/0725m [[wikt:敞|敞]] tsyhangX
* 03-29/03-32/0725n [[wikt:賞|賞]] syang, syangX
* 03-29/03-32/0725q [[wikt:當|當]] tang, tangH
* 03-29/03-32/0725r [[wikt:黨|黨]] tangX
* 03-29/03-32/0725s [[wikt:堂|堂]] dang
* 03-29/03-32/0725t [[wikt:棠|棠]] dang
* 03-29/03-32/0725u [[wikt:𣥺|𣥺]] draeng
* 03-29/03-32/0725v [[wikt:鱨|鱨]] dzyang
* 03-29/03-32/0725x [[wikt:𢠵|𢠵]] tsyhangX
* 03-29/03-32/0725y [[wikt:償|償]] dzyang, dzyangH
* 03-29/03-32/0725z [[wikt:儻|儻]] thangX
* 03-29/03-32/0725a' [[wikt:攩|攩]] thangX
* 03-29/03-32/0725b' [[wikt:曭|曭]] thangX
* 03-29/03-32/0725c' [[wikt:矘|矘]] thangX
* 03-29/03-32/0725d' [[wikt:螳|螳]] dang
* 03-29/03-32/0725e' [[wikt:鏜|鏜]] thang
* 03-29/03-32/0725f' [[wikt:瞠|瞠]] trhaeng

==03-30==
* 03-30/03-33/0726a [[wikt:上|上]] dzyangH, dzyangX

==03-31==
* 03-31/03-34/0724a [[wikt:昌|昌]] tsyhang
* 03-31/03-34/0724c [[wikt:倡|倡]] tsyhangH
* 03-31/03-34/0724d [[wikt:唱|唱]] tsyhangH
* 03-31/03-34/0724e [[wikt:猖|猖]] dzyang, tsyhang
* 03-31/03-34/0724f [[wikt:菖|菖]] tsyhang
* 03-31/03-34/0724g [[wikt:閶|閶]] tsyhang

==03-32==
* 03-32/03-35/0721a [[wikt:長|長]] drjang, drjangH, trjangX
* 03-32/03-35/0721f [[wikt:萇|萇]] drjang
* 03-32/03-35/0721g [[wikt:帳|帳]] trjangH
* 03-32/03-35/0721h [[wikt:張|張]] trjang, trjangH
* 03-32/03-35/0721i [[wikt:粻|粻]] trjang
* 03-32/03-35/0721j [[wikt:餦|餦]] trjang
* 03-32/03-35/0721k [[wikt:倀|倀]] trhaeng, trhjang
* 03-32/03-35/0721l [[wikt:悵|悵]] trhjangH
* 03-32/03-35/0721m [[wikt:韔|韔]] trhjangH
* 03-32/03-35/0721n [[wikt:棖|棖]] draeng

==03-33==
* 03-33/03-36/0722a [[wikt:丈|丈]] drjangX
* 03-33/03-36/0722b [[wikt:杖|杖]] drjangH, drjangX

==03-34==
* 03-34/03-37/0719a [[wikt:鬯|鬯]] trhjangH

==03-35==
* 03-35/03-38/0720a [[wikt:昜|昜]] yang
* 03-35/03-38/0720e [[wikt:陽|陽]] yang
* 03-35/03-38/0720h [[wikt:暘|暘]] yang
* 03-35/03-38/0720i [[wikt:煬|煬]] yangH
* 03-35/03-38/0720j [[wikt:揚|揚]] yang
* 03-35/03-38/0720p [[wikt:颺|颺]] yang
* 03-35/03-38/0720q [[wikt:楊|楊]] yang
* 03-35/03-38/0720s [[wikt:瘍|瘍]] yang
* 03-35/03-38/0720t [[wikt:鍚|鍚]] yang
* 03-35/03-38/0720u [[wikt:畼|畼]] trhjangH
* 03-35/03-38/0720v [[wikt:暢|暢]] trhjangH
* 03-35/03-38/0720x [[wikt:場|場]] drjang
* 03-35/03-38/0720y [[wikt:腸|腸]] drjang
* 03-35/03-38/0720z [[wikt:湯|湯]] syang, thang
* 03-35/03-38/0720c' [[wikt:餳|餳]] dang
* 03-35/03-38/0720e' [[wikt:愓|愓]] dangX, syang
* 03-35/03-38/0720f' [[wikt:碭|碭]] dangH
* 03-35/03-38/0720g' [[wikt:禓|禓]] syang
* 03-35/03-38/0720h' [[wikt:𥛙|𥛙]] syang
* 03-35/03-38/0720i' [[wikt:𥏫|𥏫]] syang, tshjang
* 03-35/03-38/0720j' [[wikt:傷|傷]] syang
* 03-35/03-38/0720k' [[wikt:殤|殤]] syang
* 03-35/03-38/0720l' [[wikt:觴|觴]] syang
* 03-35/03-38/0720m' [[wikt:璗|璗]] dangX
* 03-35/03-38/0720n' [[wikt:盪|盪]] dangX, thangH
* 03-35/03-38/0720o' [[wikt:簜|簜]] dangX
* 03-35/03-38/0720p' [[wikt:蕩|蕩]] dangH, dangX

==03-36==
* 03-36/03-40/0734a [[wikt:商|商]] syang
* 03-36/03-40/0734f [[wikt:𧶜|𧶜]] syang

==03-37==
* 03-37/03-41/0728a [[wikt:象|象]] zjangX
* 03-37/03-41/0728e [[wikt:像|像]] zjangX
* 03-37/03-41/0728f [[wikt:橡|橡]] zjangX

==03-38==
* 03-38/03-42/0730a [[wikt:襄|襄]] sjang
* 03-38/03-42/0730b [[wikt:纕|纕]] sjang
* 03-38/03-42/0730c [[wikt:饟|饟]] syang, syangH, syangX
* 03-38/03-42/0730d [[wikt:壤|壤]] nyang, nyangX
* 03-38/03-42/0730e [[wikt:攘|攘]] nyang, nyangX
* 03-38/03-42/0730f [[wikt:瀼|瀼]] nyang
* 03-38/03-42/0730g [[wikt:禳|禳]] nyang
* 03-38/03-42/0730h [[wikt:穰|穰]] nyang, nyangX
* 03-38/03-42/0730i [[wikt:讓|讓]] nyangH
* 03-38/03-42/0730j [[wikt:釀|釀]] nyangH
* 03-38/03-42/0730k [[wikt:曩|曩]] nangX
* 03-38/03-42/0730l [[wikt:囊|囊]] nang

==03-39==
* 03-39/03-43/0735a [[wikt:良|良]] ljang
* 03-39/03-43/0735e [[wikt:粮|粮]] ljang
* 03-39/03-43/0735f [[wikt:俍|俍]] langH, ljang
* 03-39/03-43/0735g [[wikt:埌|埌]] langH
* 03-39/03-43/0735h [[wikt:朗|朗]] langX
* 03-39/03-43/0735i [[wikt:桹|桹]] lang
* 03-39/03-43/0735k [[wikt:浪|浪]] lang, langH
* 03-39/03-43/0735l [[wikt:狼|狼]] lang
* 03-39/03-43/0735n [[wikt:琅|琅]] lang
* 03-39/03-43/0735o [[wikt:稂|稂]] lang
* 03-39/03-43/0735p [[wikt:筤|筤]] lang
* 03-39/03-43/0735q [[wikt:蜋|蜋]] lang
* 03-39/03-43/0735r [[wikt:郎|郎]] lang
* 03-39/03-43/0735s [[wikt:閬|閬]] lang, langH
* 03-39/03-43/0735t [[wikt:廊|廊]] lang

==03-40==
* 03-40/03-44/0736a [[wikt:兩|兩]] ljangH, ljangX
* 03-40/03-44/0736c [[wikt:輛|輛]] ljangH
* 03-40/03-44/0736d [[wikt:蜽|蜽]] ljangX

==03-41==
* 03-41/03-45/0737a [[wikt:量|量]] ljang, ljangH
* 03-41/03-45/0737d [[wikt:糧|糧]] ljang

==03-42==
* 03-42/03-46/0738a [[wikt:梁|梁]] ljang
* 03-42/03-46/0738b [[wikt:粱|粱]] ljang

==03-43==
* 03-43/03-47/0702a [[wikt:葬|葬]] tsangH

==03-44==
* 03-44/03-48/0703a [[wikt:倉|倉]] tshang
* 03-44/03-48/0703c [[wikt:凔|凔]] tshang, tsrhjangH
* 03-44/03-48/0703d [[wikt:滄|滄]] tshang
* 03-44/03-48/0703e [[wikt:蒼|蒼]] tshang
* 03-44/03-48/0703f [[wikt:鶬|鶬]] tshang, tshjang
* 03-44/03-48/0703g [[wikt:搶|搶]] tshjang, tshjangX, tsrhjangX
* 03-44/03-48/0703h [[wikt:瑲|瑲]] tshjang
* 03-44/03-48/0703i [[wikt:槍|槍]] tshjang
* 03-44/03-48/0703j [[wikt:蹌|蹌]] tshjang
* 03-44/03-48/0703k [[wikt:牄|牄]] tshjang
* 03-44/03-48/0703l [[wikt:創|創]] tsrhjang, tsrhjangH
* 03-44/03-48/0703m [[wikt:愴|愴]] tsrhjangH
* 03-44/03-48/0703n [[wikt:瘡|瘡]] tsrhjang

==03-45==
* 03-45/03-49/0727a [[wikt:爿|爿]] tshjang
* 03-45/03-49/0727d [[wikt:斨|斨]] tshjang
* 03-45/03-49/0727f [[wikt:將|將]] tshjang, tsjang, tsjangH
* 03-45/03-49/0727g [[wikt:戕|戕]] dzjang
* 03-45/03-49/0727j [[wikt:牆|牆]] dzjang
* 03-45/03-49/0727l [[wikt:墻|墻]] dzjang
* 03-45/03-49/0727n [[wikt:壯|壯]] tsrjangH
* 03-45/03-49/0727o [[wikt:妝|妝]] tsrjang
* 03-45/03-49/0727q [[wikt:莊|莊]] tsrjang
* 03-45/03-49/0727r [[wikt:牀|牀]] dzrjang
* 03-45/03-49/0727s [[wikt:狀|狀]] dzrjangH
* 03-45/03-49/0727t [[wikt:牂|牂]] tsang
* 03-45/03-49/0727u [[wikt:奬|奬]] tsjangX
* 03-45/03-49/0727v [[wikt:漿|漿]] tsjang
* 03-45/03-49/0727x [[wikt:蔣|蔣]] tsjang
* 03-45/03-49/0727y [[wikt:醬|醬]] tsjangH
* 03-45/03-49/0727z [[wikt:鏘|鏘]] tshjang
* 03-45/03-49/0727a' [[wikt:䵼|䵼]] syang
* 03-45/03-49/0727f' [[wikt:臧|臧]] tsang
* 03-45/03-49/0727g' [[wikt:藏|藏]] dzang, dzangH
* 03-45/03-49/0727h' [[wikt:贓|贓]] tsang
* 03-45/03-49/0727i' [[wikt:裝|裝]] tsrjang, tsrjangH

==03-46==
* 03-46/03-50/0727m [[wikt:廧|廧]] dzjang
* 03-46/03-50/0727j' [[wikt:嬙|嬙]] dzjang

==03-47==
* 03-47/03-52/0729a [[wikt:匠|匠]] dzjangH
* 03-47/03-58/0741a [[wikt:匚|匚]] pjang

==03-48==
* 03-48/03-53/0704a [[wikt:桑|桑]] sang
* 03-48/03-53/0704b [[wikt:顙|顙]] sangX

==03-49==
* 03-49/03-54/0705a [[wikt:喪|喪]] sang, sangH
* 03-49/03-65/0742a [[wikt:亡|亡]] mjang
* 03-49/03-65/0742g [[wikt:妄|妄]] mjangH
* 03-49/03-65/0742i [[wikt:忘|忘]] mjang, mjangH
* 03-49/03-65/0742k [[wikt:芒|芒]] mang, mjang, xwang, xwangX
* 03-49/03-65/0742l [[wikt:罔|罔]] mjangX
* 03-49/03-65/0742m [[wikt:望|望]] mjangH
* 03-49/03-65/0742o [[wikt:忙|忙]] mang
* 03-49/03-65/0742p [[wikt:汒|汒]] mang
* 03-49/03-65/0742q [[wikt:盲|盲]] maeng
* 03-49/03-65/0742r [[wikt:甿|甿]] meang
* 03-49/03-65/0742s [[wikt:䖟|䖟]] maeng
* 03-49/03-65/0742t [[wikt:蝱|蝱]] maeng
* 03-49/03-65/0742u [[wikt:氓|氓]] meang
* 03-49/03-65/0742v [[wikt:巟|巟]] xwang
* 03-49/03-65/0742y [[wikt:肓|肓]] xwang
* 03-49/03-65/0742z [[wikt:衁|衁]] xwang
* 03-49/03-65/0742a' [[wikt:網|網]] mjangX
* 03-49/03-65/0742b' [[wikt:惘|惘]] mjangX
* 03-49/03-65/0742c' [[wikt:鋩|鋩]] mjang
* 03-49/03-65/0742d' [[wikt:茫|茫]] mang
* 03-49/03-65/0742e' [[wikt:荒|荒]] xwang
* 03-49/03-65/0742f' [[wikt:𧧢|𧧢]] xwang, xwangX
* 03-49/03-65/0742g' [[wikt:慌|慌]] xwangX
* 03-49/03-65/0742h' [[wikt:㡆|㡆]] mang, xwang
* 03-49/03-65/0742i' [[wikt:㡛|㡛]] mang

==03-50==
* 03-50/03-55/0731a [[wikt:相|相]] sjang, sjangH
* 03-50/03-55/0731d [[wikt:想|想]] sjangX
* 03-50/03-55/0731e [[wikt:湘|湘]] sjang
* 03-50/03-55/0731f [[wikt:箱|箱]] sjang
* 03-50/03-55/0731g [[wikt:霜|霜]] srjang
* 03-50/03-55/0731h [[wikt:孀|孀]] srjang

==03-51==
* 03-51/03-56/0733a [[wikt:𡙁|𡙁]] srjangX

==03-52==
* 03-52/03-57/0740a [[wikt:方|方]] bang, pjang, pjangX
* 03-52/03-57/0740g [[wikt:舫|舫]] pangH, pjangH
* 03-52/03-57/0740i [[wikt:放|放]] pjangH, pjangX
* 03-52/03-57/0740j [[wikt:昉|昉]] pjangX
* 03-52/03-57/0740k [[wikt:枋|枋]] pjaengH, pjang
* 03-52/03-57/0740l [[wikt:牥|牥]] pjang
* 03-52/03-57/0740m [[wikt:瓬|瓬]] pjangX
* 03-52/03-57/0740n [[wikt:旊|旊]] pjangX
* 03-52/03-57/0740o [[wikt:邡|邡]] pjang
* 03-52/03-57/0740q [[wikt:妨|妨]] phjang
* 03-52/03-57/0740r [[wikt:紡|紡]] phjangX
* 03-52/03-57/0740s [[wikt:芳|芳]] phjang
* 03-52/03-57/0740t [[wikt:訪|訪]] phjangH
* 03-52/03-57/0740u [[wikt:髣|髣]] phjangX
* 03-52/03-57/0740v [[wikt:仿|仿]] phjangX
* 03-52/03-57/0740x [[wikt:坊|坊]] bjang
* 03-52/03-57/0740y [[wikt:房|房]] bjang
* 03-52/03-57/0740z [[wikt:防|防]] bjang
* 03-52/03-57/0740a' [[wikt:埅|埅]] bjang
* 03-52/03-57/0740b' [[wikt:魴|魴]] bjang
* 03-52/03-57/0740c' [[wikt:雱|雱]] phang
* 03-52/03-57/0740d' [[wikt:汸|汸]] phang
* 03-52/03-57/0740e' [[wikt:彷|彷]] bang
* 03-52/03-57/0740f' [[wikt:旁|旁]] bang, paeng
* 03-52/03-57/0740j' [[wikt:祊|祊]] paeng
* 03-52/03-57/0740k' [[wikt:謗|謗]] pangH
* 03-52/03-57/0740l' [[wikt:滂|滂]] phang
* 03-52/03-57/0740m' [[wikt:傍|傍]] bang, bangH
* 03-52/03-57/0740n' [[wikt:騯|騯]] baeng, bang
* 03-52/03-57/0740o' [[wikt:徬|徬]] bang
* 03-52/03-57/0740p' [[wikt:榜|榜]] paengH
* 03-52/03-57/0740r' [[wikt:蒡|蒡]] bang, paeng

==03-53==
* 03-53/03-59/0750a [[wikt:彭|彭]] baeng, bang, pang
* 03-53/03-59/0750e [[wikt:𥛱|𥛱]] paeng

==03-54==
* 03-54/03-61/0757a [[wikt:丙|丙]] pjaengX
* 03-54/03-61/0757g [[wikt:怲|怲]] pjaengH, pjaengX
* 03-54/03-61/0757h [[wikt:柄|柄]] pjaengH
* 03-54/03-61/0757i [[wikt:炳|炳]] pjaengX
* 03-54/03-61/0757j [[wikt:邴|邴]] pjaengX
* 03-54/03-61/0757k [[wikt:病|病]] bjaengH

==03-55==
* 03-55/03-62/0758a [[wikt:秉|秉]] pjaengX
* 03-55/03-62/0758d [[wikt:棅|棅]] pjaengH

==03-56==
* 03-56/03-63/0759a [[wikt:兵|兵]] pjaeng

==03-57==
* 03-57/03-64/0709a [[wikt:莽|莽]] mangX

==03-58==
* 03-58/03-66/0743a [[wikt:𦣠|𦣠]] mjangH
* 03-58/03-66/0743d [[wikt:朢|朢]] mjangH
* 03-58/03-66/0743g [[wikt:𧭅|𧭅]] mjangH

==03-59==
* 03-59/03-67/0744a [[wikt:网|网]] mjangX
* 03-59/03-67/0744c [[wikt:蛧|蛧]] mjangX

==03-60==
Boltz combines [[#03-60|03-60]] and [[#09-30|09-30]]. 
* 03-60/03-25/0763a [[wikt:囧|囧]] kjwaengX
* 03-60/03-68/0760- [[wikt:朙|朙]] mjaeng 
* 03-60/03-68/0760a [[wikt:明|明]] mjaeng
* 03-60/03-68/0760e [[wikt:盟|盟]] mjaeng
* 03-60/03-68/0760g [[wikt:萌|萌]] meang

==03-61==
* 03-61/03-69/0761a [[wikt:皿|皿]] mjaengX
* 03-61/03-69/0761e [[wikt:孟|孟]] maengH
* 03-61/03-69/0761g [[wikt:猛|猛]] maengX

=04=
==04-01==
* 04-01/0936a [[wikt:改|改]] kojX

==04-02==
* 04-02/0937a [[wikt:亥|亥]] hojX
* 04-02/0937g [[wikt:咳|咳]] hoj, khojH
* 04-02/0937h [[wikt:孩|孩]] hoj
* 04-02/0937i [[wikt:㤥|㤥]] hojH
* 04-02/0937j [[wikt:侅|侅]] koj, ngojH
* 04-02/0937k [[wikt:垓|垓]] koj
* 04-02/0937l [[wikt:姟|姟]] koj
* 04-02/0937m [[wikt:晐|晐]] koj
* 04-02/0937n [[wikt:絯|絯]] heajX, koj
* 04-02/0937o [[wikt:胲|胲]] koj
* 04-02/0937p [[wikt:該|該]] koj
* 04-02/0937q [[wikt:賅|賅]] koj
* 04-02/0937r [[wikt:陔|陔]] koj
* 04-02/0937s [[wikt:欬|欬]] khojH
* 04-02/0937t [[wikt:硋|硋]] ngojH
* 04-02/0937u [[wikt:閡|閡]] ngojH
* 04-02/0937v [[wikt:刻|刻]] khok
* 04-02/0937x [[wikt:劾|劾]] hojH, hok
* 04-02/0937y [[wikt:駭|駭]] heajX
* 04-02/0937z [[wikt:骸|骸]] heaj
* 04-02/0937a' [[wikt:核|核]] heak

==04-03==
* 04-03/0990a [[wikt:戒|戒]] keajH
* 04-03/0990c [[wikt:誡|誡]] keajH
* 04-03/0990d [[wikt:械|械]] heajH
* 04-03/0990e [[wikt:駴|駴]] heajH
* 04-03/0990f [[wikt:裓|裓]] koj, kok

==04-04==
* 04-04/0952a [[wikt:其|其]] gi, ki, kiH
* 04-04/0952f [[wikt:箕|箕]] ki
* 04-04/0952g [[wikt:基|基]] ki
* 04-04/0952j [[wikt:朞|朞]] ki
* 04-04/0952k [[wikt:期|期]] gi
* 04-04/0952l [[wikt:稘|稘]] ki
* 04-04/0952m [[wikt:萁|萁]] gi, ki
* 04-04/0952n [[wikt:諆|諆]] khi, ki
* 04-04/0952p [[wikt:倛|倛]] khi
* 04-04/0952q [[wikt:欺|欺]] khi
* 04-04/0952r [[wikt:𣇳|𣇳]] gi
* 04-04/0952t [[wikt:棊|棊]] gi
* 04-04/0952u [[wikt:棋|棋]] gi
* 04-04/0952v [[wikt:旗|旗]] gi
* 04-04/0952x [[wikt:琪|琪]] gi
* 04-04/0952y [[wikt:祺|祺]] gi
* 04-04/0952z [[wikt:綦|綦]] gi, giH
* 04-04/0952a' [[wikt:騏|騏]] gi
* 04-04/0952b' [[wikt:麒|麒]] gi
* 04-04/0952c' [[wikt:惎|惎]] giH
* 04-04/0952d' [[wikt:諅|諅]] giH
* 04-04/0952e' [[wikt:璂|璂]] gi
* 04-04/0952f' [[wikt:僛|僛]] khi

==04-05==
* 04-05/0953a [[wikt:己|己]] kiX
* 04-05/0953f [[wikt:妀|妀]] kiX
* 04-05/0953i [[wikt:紀|紀]] kiX
* 04-05/0953j [[wikt:記|記]] kiH
* 04-05/0953k [[wikt:屺|屺]] khiX
* 04-05/0953l [[wikt:杞|杞]] khiX
* 04-05/0953q [[wikt:芑|芑]] khiX
* 04-05/0953r [[wikt:起|起]] khiX
* 04-05/0953s [[wikt:忌|忌]] giH, kiH
* 04-05/0953u [[wikt:誋|誋]] giH
* 04-05/0953x [[wikt:跽|跽]] giX
* 04-05/0953y [[wikt:㠱|㠱]] giX

==04-06==
* 04-06/0985a [[wikt:龜|龜]] kjuw, kwij

==04-07==
* 04-07/0986a [[wikt:簋|簋]] kwijX

==04-08==
* 04-08/0987a [[wikt:𣪘|𣪘]] kwijX
* 04-08/0987e [[wikt:匓|匓]] kjuwH
* 04-08/0987g [[wikt:廄|廄]] kjuwH

==04-09==
* 04-09/0988a [[wikt:頯|頯]] gwij, khwijX
* 04-09/0988b [[wikt:頮|頮]] xwojH

==04-10==
* 04-10/0989a [[wikt:逵|逵]] gwij

==04-11==
* 04-11/0991a [[wikt:怪|怪]] kweajH

==04-12==
* 04-12/0992a [[wikt:九|九]] kjuwX
* 04-12/0992e [[wikt:頄|頄]] gjuw
* 04-12/0992f [[wikt:宄|宄]] kwijX
* 04-12/0992j [[wikt:氿|氿]] kwijX
* 04-12/0992k [[wikt:軌|軌]] kwijX
* 04-12/0992l [[wikt:匭|匭]] kwijX
* 04-12/0992m [[wikt:馗|馗]] gwij
* 04-12/0992n [[wikt:鳩|鳩]] kjuw
* 04-12/0992o [[wikt:究|究]] kjuwH
* 04-12/0992p [[wikt:仇|仇]] gjuw
* 04-12/0992q [[wikt:厹|厹]] gjuw
* 04-12/0992r [[wikt:叴|叴]] gjuw
* 04-12/0992s [[wikt:艽|艽]] gjuw
* 04-12/0992t [[wikt:鼽|鼽]] gjuw
* 04-12/0992u [[wikt:尻|尻]] khaw
* 04-12/0992v [[wikt:虓|虓]] xaew
* 04-12/0992x [[wikt:旭|旭]] xjowk
* 04-12/13-23/1073a [[wikt:肘|肘]] trjuwX
* 04-12/13-23/1073b [[wikt:疛|疛]] trjuwX
* 04-12/13-23/1073c [[wikt:酎|酎]] drjuwX
* 04-12/13-23/1073d [[wikt:討|討]] thawX

==04-13==
* 04-13/0933a [[wikt:久|久]] kjuwk
* 04-13/0933b [[wikt:灸|灸]] kjuwH, kjuwX
* 04-13/0993c [[wikt:玖|玖]] kjuwX
* 04-13/0993d [[wikt:疚|疚]] kjuwH
* 04-13/0993e [[wikt:㝌|㝌]] kjuwH
* 04-13/0993f [[wikt:羑|羑]] yuwX
* 04-13/0993g [[wikt:柩|柩]] gjuwH

==04-14==
* 04-14/0994a [[wikt:丘|丘]] khjuw
* 04-14/0994d [[wikt:蚯|蚯]] khjuw

==04-15==
* 04-15/1066a [[wikt:求|求]] gjuw
* 04-15/1066e [[wikt:裘|裘]] gjuw
* 04-15/1066f [[wikt:球|球]] gjuw
* 04-15/1066g [[wikt:捄|捄]] gjuw
* 04-15/1066h [[wikt:絿|絿]] gjuw
* 04-15/1066i [[wikt:觩|觩]] gjuw
* 04-15/1066j [[wikt:賕|賕]] gjuw
* 04-15/1066k [[wikt:逑|逑]] gjuw
* 04-15/1066l [[wikt:銶|銶]] gjuw
* 04-15/1066m [[wikt:救|救]] kjuwH
* 04-15/1066n [[wikt:俅|俅]] gjuw

==04-16==
* 04-16/1067a [[wikt:臼|臼]] gjuwX
* 04-16/1067b [[wikt:舅|舅]] gjuwX
* 04-16/1067c [[wikt:舊|舊]] gjuwH
* 04-16/1067f [[wikt:匶|匶]] gjuwH

==04-17==
* 04-17/0995a [[wikt:又|又]] hjuwH
* 04-17/0995e [[wikt:友|友]] hjuwX
* 04-17/0995i [[wikt:右|右]] hjuwH, hjuwX
* 04-17/0995k [[wikt:佑|佑]] hjuwH
* 04-17/0995l [[wikt:祐|祐]] hjuwH, hjuwX
* 04-17/0995n [[wikt:醢|醢]] xojX
* 04-17/0995o [[wikt:有|有]] hjuwX
* 04-17/0995q [[wikt:侑|侑]] hjuwH
* 04-17/0995r [[wikt:宥|宥]] hjuwH
* 04-17/0995u [[wikt:囿|囿]] hjuwH, hjuwk
* 04-17/0995x [[wikt:痏|痏]] hwijX
* 04-17/0995y [[wikt:鮪|鮪]] hwijX
* 04-17/0995z [[wikt:賄|賄]] xwojX
* 04-17/0995a' [[wikt:郁|郁]] 'juwk
* 04-17/0995- [[wikt:洧|洧]] hwijX

==04-18==
* 04-18/0996a [[wikt:尤|尤]] hjuw
* 04-18/0996d [[wikt:訧|訧]] hjuw
* 04-18/0996e [[wikt:疣|疣]] hjuw
* 04-18/0996f [[wikt:肬|肬]] hjuw

==04-19==
* 04-19/0997a [[wikt:郵|郵]] hjuw

==04-20==
* 04-20/0950a [[wikt:灰|灰]] xwoj
* 04-20/0950b [[wikt:恢|恢]] khwoj	
* 04-20/0950c [[wikt:脄|脄]] mwoj, mwojH

==04-21==
* 04-21/0955a [[wikt:喜|喜]] xiX
* 04-21/0955d [[wikt:憘|憘]] xiX
* 04-21/0955e [[wikt:嘻|嘻]] xi
* 04-21/0955f [[wikt:譆|譆]] xi
* 04-21/0955g [[wikt:嬉|嬉]] xi
* 04-21/0955i [[wikt:暿|暿]] xi
* 04-21/0955j [[wikt:熺|熺]] xi
* 04-21/0955k [[wikt:熹|熹]] xi
* 04-21/0955l [[wikt:糦|糦]] tsyhiH
* 04-21/0955m [[wikt:饎|饎]] tsyhiH

==04-22==
* 04-22/0958a [[wikt:醫|醫]] 'i

==04-23==
* 04-23/0956a [[wikt:疑|疑]] ngi, ngik
* 04-23/0956b [[wikt:儗|儗]] ngiX
* 04-23/0956c [[wikt:嶷|嶷]] ngi
* 04-23/0956d [[wikt:擬|擬]] ngiX
* 04-23/0956e [[wikt:薿|薿]] ngik, ngiX
* 04-23/0956f [[wikt:觺|觺]] ngi, ngik
* 04-23/0956g [[wikt:礙|礙]] ngojH
* 04-23/0956h [[wikt:凝|凝]] nging

==04-24==
* 04-24/0998a [[wikt:牛|牛]] ngjuw

==04-25==
* 04-25/0939a [[wikt:臺|臺]] doj

==04-26==
Schuessler (2009: 98) places 0961l [[wikt:齒|齒]] tsyhiX in its own series ([[#04-29|04-29]]) noting that the phonetic 止 is a later addition.
* 04-26/0961a [[wikt:止|止]] tsyiX
* 04-26/0961g [[wikt:趾|趾]] tsyiX
* 04-26/0961h [[wikt:沚|沚]] tsyiX
* 04-26/0961j [[wikt:芷|芷]] tsyiX
* 04-26/0961k [[wikt:祉|祉]] trhiX
* 04-26/0961m [[wikt:寺|寺]] ziH
* 04-26/0961p [[wikt:持|持]] dri
* 04-26/0961q [[wikt:峙|峙]] driX
* 04-26/0961r [[wikt:畤|畤]] driX
* 04-26/0961s [[wikt:庤|庤]] driX
* 04-26/0961t [[wikt:痔|痔]] driX
* 04-26/0961u [[wikt:跱|跱]] driX
* 04-26/0961v [[wikt:洔|洔]] tsyiX
* 04-26/0961x [[wikt:侍|侍]] dzyiH
* 04-26/0961y [[wikt:恃|恃]] dzyiX
* 04-26/0961z [[wikt:時|時]] dzyi
* 04-26/0961b' [[wikt:旹|旹]] dzyi
* 04-26/0961d' [[wikt:詩|詩]] syi
* 04-26/0961e' [[wikt:邿|邿]] syi
* 04-26/0961g' [[wikt:待|待]] dojX
* 04-26/0961h' [[wikt:特|特]] dok
* 04-26/0961i' [[wikt:等|等]] tojX, tongX
* 04-26/0961j' [[wikt:塒|塒]] dzyi
* 04-26/0961k' [[wikt:偫|偫]] driX

==04-27==
* 04-27/0962a [[wikt:之|之]] tsyi
* 04-27/0962c [[wikt:芝|芝]] tsyi
* 04-27/0962d [[wikt:蚩|蚩]] tsyhi
* 04-27/0962e [[wikt:志|志]] tsyiH
* 04-27/0962f [[wikt:誌|誌]] tsyiH

==04-28==
* 04-28/0963a [[wikt:市|市]] dzyiX

==04-29==
* 04-29/0961l [[wikt:齒|齒]] tsyhiX

==04-30==
* 04-30/0938a [[wikt:唉|唉]] 'oj
* 04-30/0938b [[wikt:埃|埃]] 'oj
* 04-30/0938c [[wikt:挨|挨]] 'eajX, 'ojX
* 04-30/0938d [[wikt:欸|欸]] 'oj
* 04-30/0938e [[wikt:娭|娭]] xi
* 04-30/0938f [[wikt:誒|誒]] xi
* 04-30/0976a [[wikt:㠯|㠯]] yiX
* 04-30/0976b [[wikt:以|以]] yiX
* 04-30/0976f [[wikt:苢|苢]] yiX
* 04-30/0976g [[wikt:苡|苡]] yiX
* 04-30/0976h [[wikt:似|似]] ziX
* 04-30/0976i [[wikt:姒|姒]] ziX
* 04-30/0976k [[wikt:耜|耜]] ziX
* 04-30/0976l [[wikt:矣|矣]] hiX
* 04-30/0976m [[wikt:俟|俟]] dzriX, zriX
* 04-30/0976n [[wikt:竢|竢]] dzriX
* 04-30/0976o [[wikt:涘|涘]] dzriX
* 04-30/0976p [[wikt:台|台]] thoj, yi
* 04-30/0976t [[wikt:佁|佁]] trhiH, yiX
* 04-30/0976u [[wikt:怡|怡]] yi
* 04-30/0976v [[wikt:詒|詒]] dojX, yi
* 04-30/0976x [[wikt:貽|貽]] yi
* 04-30/0976y [[wikt:飴|飴]] yi
* 04-30/0976z [[wikt:治|治]] dri, driH
* 04-30/0976a' [[wikt:眙|眙]] dringH, trhiH
* 04-30/0976b' [[wikt:笞|笞]] trhi
* 04-30/0976c' [[wikt:鈶|鈶]] ziX
* 04-30/0976d' [[wikt:枲|枲]] siX
* 04-30/0976e' [[wikt:始|始]] syiX
* 04-30/0976h' [[wikt:胎|胎]] thoj
* 04-30/0976i' [[wikt:炱|炱]] doj
* 04-30/0976j' [[wikt:駘|駘]] doj, dojX
* 04-30/0976k' [[wikt:怠|怠]] dojX
* 04-30/0976l' [[wikt:殆|殆]] dojX
* 04-30/0976m' [[wikt:紿|紿]] dojX
* 04-30/0976n' [[wikt:迨|迨]] dojX
* 04-30/0976o' [[wikt:𨽿|𨽿]] dojH
* 04-30/0976p' [[wikt:冶|冶]] yaeX
* 04-30/0976q' [[wikt:箈|箈]] dojX
* 04-30/1240a [[wikt:咍|咍]] xoj

==04-31==
* 04-31/0977a [[wikt:已|已]] yiX
* 04-31/0977b [[wikt:异|异]] yiH

==04-32==
* 04-32/0967a [[wikt:巳|巳]] ziX
* 04-32/0967d [[wikt:祀|祀]] ziX
* 04-32/0967i [[wikt:汜|汜]] ziX
* 04-32/0967k [[wikt:戺|戺]] dzriX

==04-33==
* 04-33/0968a [[wikt:辭|辭]] zi, ziH

==04-34==
* 04-34/0960c [[wikt:頤|頤]] yi
* 04-34/0960d [[wikt:巸|巸]] yi
* 04-34/0960f [[wikt:姬|姬]] ki
* 04-34/0960i [[wikt:茝|茝]] tsyhiX, tsyiX
* 04-34/0960j [[wikt:熙|熙]] xi
* 04-34/0960k [[wikt:𩟄|𩟄]] tsyhiH

==04-35==
* 04-35/0978a [[wikt:里|里]] liX
* 04-35/0978c [[wikt:梩|梩]] li
* 04-35/0978d [[wikt:理|理]] liX
* 04-35/0978e [[wikt:裏|裏]] liX
* 04-35/0978h [[wikt:貍|貍]] li
* 04-35/0978i [[wikt:狸|狸]] li
* 04-35/0978j [[wikt:鯉|鯉]] liX
* 04-35/0978l [[wikt:埋|埋]] meaj
* 04-35/0978n [[wikt:霾|霾]] meaj

==04-36==
* 04-36/0979c [[wikt:𠭰|𠭰]] li
* 04-36/0979f [[wikt:嫠|嫠]] li
* 04-36/0979g [[wikt:孷|孷]] li
* 04-36/0979i [[wikt:氂|氂]] li
* 04-36/0979j [[wikt:犛|犛]] maew, li, loj
* 04-36/0979k [[wikt:斄|斄]] li
* 04-36/0979l [[wikt:釐|釐]] li
* 04-36/1237q [[wikt:漦|漦]] zri

==04-37==
* 04-37/0980a [[wikt:李|李]] liX

==04-38==
* 04-38/0945a [[wikt:乃|乃]] nojX
* 04-38/0945d [[wikt:鼐|鼐]] nojX
* 04-38/0945e [[wikt:仍|仍]] nying
* 04-38/0945f [[wikt:扔|扔]] nying
* 04-38/0945g [[wikt:艿|艿]] nying
* 04-38/0945h [[wikt:芿|芿]] nying

==04-39==
* 04-39/0946a [[wikt:迺|迺]] nojX
* 04-39/0946- [[wikt:廼|廼]] nojX
* 04-39/26-31/0594a [[wikt:西|西]] sej
* 04-39/26-31/0594f [[wikt:栖|栖]] sej
* 04-39/26-31/0594g [[wikt:洒|洒]] sejX, sreajX, senX
* 04-39/26-31/0594i [[wikt:哂|哂]] syinX

==04-40==
* 04-40/0959a [[wikt:恥|恥]] trhiX
* 04-40/0981a [[wikt:耳|耳]] nyiX
* 04-40/0981c [[wikt:刵|刵]] nyiH
* 04-40/0981d [[wikt:珥|珥]] nyiH
* 04-40/0981e [[wikt:衈|衈]] nyiH
* 04-40/0981f [[wikt:佴|佴]] nyiH
* 04-40/0981g [[wikt:咡|咡]] nyi, nyiX
* 04-40/0981h [[wikt:餌|餌]] nyiH
* 04-40/0981i [[wikt:眲|眲]] nreak, nyiH

==04-41==
* 04-41/0982a [[wikt:而|而]] nyi
* 04-41/0982c [[wikt:栭|栭]] nyi
* 04-41/0982d [[wikt:聏|聏]] nyi
* 04-41/0982e [[wikt:胹|胹]] nyi
* 04-41/0982f [[wikt:鴯|鴯]] nyi
* 04-41/0982g [[wikt:鮞|鮞]] nyi, nyuwk
* 04-41/0982h [[wikt:耐|耐]] nojH
* 04-41/0982i [[wikt:𨼏|𨼏]] nuwX, nying
* 04-41/0982j [[wikt:陾|陾]] nying

==04-42==
* 04-42/0940a [[wikt:災|災]] tsoj
* 04-42/0940d [[wikt:灾|灾]] tsoj

==04-43==
* 04-43/0941a [[wikt:再|再]] tsojH

==04-44==
* 04-44/0942a [[wikt:采|采]] tshojX
* 04-44/0942a [[wikt:彩|彩]] tshojX
* 04-44/0942d [[wikt:採|採]] tshojX
* 04-44/0942e [[wikt:菜|菜]] tshojH

==04-45==
* 04-45/0943a [[wikt:才|才]] dzoj
* 04-45/0943g [[wikt:材|材]] dzoj
* 04-45/0943h [[wikt:財|財]] dzoj
* 04-45/0943i [[wikt:在|在]] dzojX
* 04-45/0943l [[wikt:𢦒|𢦒]] tsoj
* 04-45/0943o [[wikt:𢦏|𢦏]] tsoj
* 04-45/0943r [[wikt:鼒|鼒]] tsi
* 04-45/0943s [[wikt:䊷|䊷]] tsri
* 04-45/0943t [[wikt:豺|豺]] dzreaj
* 04-45/0943v [[wikt:哉|哉]] tsoj
* 04-45/0943y [[wikt:栽|栽]] dzojH, tsoj
* 04-45/0943z [[wikt:烖|烖]] tsoj
* 04-45/0943a' [[wikt:載|載]] dzojH, tsojH, tsojX
* 04-45/0943c' [[wikt:裁|裁]] dzoj
* 04-45/0943d' [[wikt:胾|胾]] tsriH
* 04-45/0943e' [[wikt:戴|戴]] tojH

==04-46==
* 04-46/04-45A/1240b [[wikt:猜|猜]] tshoj

==04-47==
* 04-47/0964a [[wikt:子|子]] tsiX
* 04-47/0964d [[wikt:𢀇|𢀇]] tsiX
* 04-47/0964k [[wikt:仔|仔]] tsi, tsiX
* 04-47/0964l [[wikt:孜|孜]] tsi
* 04-47/0964m [[wikt:耔|耔]] tsiX
* 04-47/0964n [[wikt:字|字]] dziH

==04-48==
* 04-48/0965a [[wikt:梓|梓]] tsiX
* 04-48/0965b [[wikt:宰|宰]] tsojX

==04-49==
* 04-49/0966a [[wikt:玆|玆]] tsi
* 04-49/0966b [[wikt:茲|茲]] tsi
* 04-49/0966g [[wikt:嗞|嗞]] tsi
* 04-49/0966h [[wikt:滋|滋]] tsi
* 04-49/0966i [[wikt:鎡|鎡]] tsi
* 04-49/0966j [[wikt:慈|慈]] dzi
* 04-49/0966k [[wikt:孳|孳]] dziH

==04-50==
* 04-50/0969a [[wikt:甾|甾]] tsri
* 04-50/0969c [[wikt:葘|葘]] tsri, tsriH
* 04-50/0969d [[wikt:菑|菑]] tsri
* 04-50/0969e [[wikt:緇|緇]] tsri
* 04-50/0969g [[wikt:輺|輺]] tsri
* 04-50/0969h [[wikt:輜|輜]] tsri
* 04-50/0969i [[wikt:鍿|鍿]] tsri
* 04-50/0969j [[wikt:錙|錙]] tsri

==04-51==
* 04-51/0970a [[wikt:士|士]] dzriX
* 04-51/0970d [[wikt:仕|仕]] dzriX

==04-52==
* 04-52/0971a [[wikt:事|事]] dzriH
* 04-52/0971d [[wikt:剚|剚]] tsriH
* 04-52/0975a [[wikt:史|史]] sriX
* 04-52/0975g [[wikt:吏|吏]] liH
* 04-52/0975k [[wikt:𣬔|𣬔]] sriH
* 04-52/0975n [[wikt:使|使]] sriH, sriX

==04-53==
* 04-53/0972a [[wikt:司|司]] si
* 04-53/0972f [[wikt:伺|伺]] si, siH
* 04-53/0972g [[wikt:笥|笥]] siH
* 04-53/0972h [[wikt:祠|祠]] zi
* 04-53/0972j [[wikt:詞|詞]] zi
* 04-53/0972k [[wikt:嗣|嗣]] ziH

==04-54==
* 04-54/0973a [[wikt:思|思]] si, siH, soj
* 04-54/0973b [[wikt:緦|緦]] si
* 04-54/0973c [[wikt:葸|葸]] siX
* 04-54/0973d [[wikt:諰|諰]] siX
* 04-54/0973e [[wikt:颸|颸]] tsrhi
* 04-54/0973f [[wikt:偲|偲]] si

==04-55==
* 04-55/0974a [[wikt:絲|絲]] si

==04-56==
* 04-56/0951a [[wikt:佩|佩]] bwojH
* 04-56/0951c [[wikt:珮|珮]] bwojH

==04-57==
* 04-57/0983a [[wikt:啚|啚]] pijX
* 04-57/0983e [[wikt:鄙|鄙]] pijX

==04-58==
* 04-58/1237a’ [[wikt:圮|圮]] bijX

==04-59==
* 04-59/1237r [[wikt:奰|奰]] biH, bijH

==04-60==
* 04-60/1237y [[wikt:轡|轡]] pijH

==04-61==
* 04-61/0999a [[wikt:不|不]] pjuw, pjuwX
* 04-61/0999e [[wikt:否|否]] bijX, pijX, pjuwX
* 04-61/0999g [[wikt:紑|紑]] phjuw, phjuwX
* 04-61/0999h [[wikt:罘|罘]] bjuw
* 04-61/0999i [[wikt:芣|芣]] bjuw
* 04-61/0999j [[wikt:抔|抔]] buw
* 04-61/0999k [[wikt:丕|丕]] phij
* 04-61/0999l [[wikt:伾|伾]] phij
* 04-61/0999m [[wikt:駓|駓]] phij
* 04-61/0999n [[wikt:秠|秠]] phij, phjuw
* 04-61/0999o [[wikt:杯|杯]] pwoj
* 04-61/0999p [[wikt:桮|桮]] pwoj
* 04-61/0999q [[wikt:阫|阫]] phwoj
* 04-61/0999s [[wikt:坏|坏]] bwoj
* 04-61/0999t [[wikt:㕻|㕻]] phuwH
* 04-61/0999u [[wikt:咅|咅]] phuwH
* 04-61/0999v [[wikt:剖|剖]] phuwX
* 04-61/0999x [[wikt:棓|棓]] buw, phuwX
* 04-61/0999y [[wikt:瓿|瓿]] buwX
* 04-61/0999z [[wikt:部|部]] buwX
* 04-61/0999a' [[wikt:培|培]] bwoj
* 04-61/0999b' [[wikt:陪|陪]] bwoj
* 04-61/0999c' [[wikt:倍|倍]] bwojX
* 04-61/0999d' [[wikt:掊|掊]] phuwX, puwX
* 04-61/0999e' [[wikt:踣|踣]] bok, phuwH
* 04-61/0999f' [[wikt:鞛|鞛]] puwngX
* 04-61/0999g' [[wikt:蔀|蔀]] buwX, phuwX

==04-62==
* 04-62/1000a [[wikt:負|負]] bjuwX
* 04-62/1000b [[wikt:偩|偩]] bjuwX
* 04-62/1000c [[wikt:萯|萯]] bjuwX

==04-63==
* 04-63/1001a [[wikt:婦|婦]] bjuwX

==04-64==
* 04-64/0107a [[wikt:毋|毋]] mju
* 04-64/0138a [[wikt:侮|侮]] mjuX
* 04-64/0138b [[wikt:㑄|㑄]] mjuX
* 04-64/0947a [[wikt:母|母]] muwX
* 04-64/0947f [[wikt:姆|姆]] muwX
* 04-64/0947g [[wikt:拇|拇]] muwX
* 04-64/0947h [[wikt:坶|坶]] mjuwk
* 04-64/0947i [[wikt:每|每]] mwoj, mwojH, mwojX
* 04-64/0947l [[wikt:梅|梅]] mwoj
* 04-64/0947m [[wikt:脢|脢]] mwoj, mwojH
* 04-64/0947n [[wikt:鋂|鋂]] mwoj
* 04-64/0947o [[wikt:畮|畮]] muwX
* 04-64/0947q [[wikt:痗|痗]] mwojH, xwojH
* 04-64/0947r [[wikt:𠧩|𠧩]] xwojH
* 04-64/0947s [[wikt:悔|悔]] xwojH, xwojX
* 04-64/0947t [[wikt:晦|晦]] xwojH
* 04-64/0947u [[wikt:誨|誨]] xwojH
* 04-64/0947x [[wikt:海|海]] xojX
* 04-64/1251q [[wikt:敏|敏]] minX

==04-65==
* 04-65/0948a [[wikt:某|某]] muwX
* 04-65/0948c [[wikt:媒|媒]] mwoj
* 04-65/0948d [[wikt:煤|煤]] mwoj
* 04-65/0948e [[wikt:禖|禖]] mwoj
* 04-65/0948f [[wikt:謀|謀]] mjuw

==04-66==
* 04-66/0949a [[wikt:畝|畝]] muwX

=05=
==05-01==
*05-01/0903a [[wikt:克|克]] khok
*05-01/0903f [[wikt:尅|尅]] khok
*05-01/0903g [[wikt:剋|剋]] khok

==05-02==
* 05-02/0931a [[wikt:革|革]] keak
* 05-02/0931c [[wikt:愅|愅]] keak

==05-03==
* 05-03/1260a [[wikt:覈|覈]] heak

==05-04==
* 05-04/0910a [[wikt:亟|亟]] khiH, kik
* 05-04/0910c [[wikt:㥛|㥛]] kik
* 05-04/0910d [[wikt:殛|殛]] kik
* 05-04/0910e [[wikt:極|極]] gik

==05-05==
* 05-05/0911a [[wikt:棘|棘]] kik
* 05-05/0911c [[wikt:襋|襋]] kik

==05-06==
* 05-06/0929a [[wikt:或|或]] hwik, hwok
* 05-06/0929e [[wikt:域|域]] hwik
* 05-06/0929g [[wikt:棫|棫]] hwik
* 05-06/0929j [[wikt:罭|罭]] hwik
* 05-06/0929k [[wikt:閾|閾]] hwik, xwik
* 05-06/0929l [[wikt:淢|淢]] xwik
* 05-06/0929m [[wikt:窢|窢]] hwik, xwik
* 05-06/0929n [[wikt:緎|緎]] xwik
* 05-06/0929o [[wikt:國|國]] kwok
* 05-06/0929q [[wikt:惑|惑]] hwok
* 05-06/0929r [[wikt:蜮|蜮]] hwik, hwok
* 05-06/0929s [[wikt:膕|膕]] kweak
* 05-06/0929t [[wikt:蟈|蟈]] kweak
* 05-06/0929u [[wikt:馘|馘]] kweak
* 05-06/0929v [[wikt:聝|聝]] kweak
* 05-06/0929y [[wikt:彧|彧]] 'juwk

==05-07==
* 05-07/0930a [[wikt:洫|洫]] xwik
* 05-07/0930b [[wikt:侐|侐]] xwijH, xwik
* 05-07/0930c [[wikt:殈|殈]] xjwiek, xwek
* 05-07/29-07/0410a [[wikt:血|血]] xwet
* 05-07/29-07/0410e [[wikt:恤|恤]] swit
* 05-07/29-07/0410f [[wikt:卹|卹]] swot

==05-08==
* 05-08/0914a [[wikt:衋|衋]] xik

==05-09==
* 05-09/0915a [[wikt:抑|抑]] 'ik

==05-10==
* 05-10/0957a [[wikt:意|意]] 'iH
* 05-10/0957b [[wikt:噫|噫]] 'eajH, 'i
* 05-10/0957c [[wikt:鷾|鷾]] 'iH
* 05-10/0957d [[wikt:醷|醷]] 'ik, 'iX
* 05-10/0957e [[wikt:億|億]] 'ik
* 05-10/0957f [[wikt:憶|憶]] 'ik
* 05-10/0957g [[wikt:檍|檍]] 'ik
* 05-10/0957h [[wikt:繶|繶]] 'ik
* 05-10/0957i [[wikt:臆|臆]] 'ik

==05-11==
*05-11/0905d [[wikt:得|得]] tok

==05-12==
* 05-12/0919a [[wikt:直|直]] driH, drik
* 05-12/0919b [[wikt:稙|稙]] trik
* 05-12/0919c [[wikt:埴|埴]] dzyik
* 05-12/0919d [[wikt:殖|殖]] dzyik
* 05-12/0919e [[wikt:植|植]] driH, dzyik
* 05-12/0919f [[wikt:犆|犆]] dok, drik
* 05-12/0919g [[wikt:置|置]] triH
* 05-12/0919h [[wikt:值|值]] driH
* 05-12/0919k [[wikt:德|德]] tok

==05-13==
* 05-13/0920a [[wikt:戠|戠]] tsyik
* 05-13/0920e [[wikt:樴|樴]] dok, tsyik
* 05-13/0920f [[wikt:織|織]] tsyiH, tsyik
* 05-13/0920g [[wikt:職|職]] tsyik
* 05-13/0920i [[wikt:膱|膱]] tsyik
* 05-13/0920j [[wikt:幟|幟]] syiH, syik, tsyhiH
* 05-13/0920k [[wikt:識|識]] syik
* 05-13/0920l [[wikt:熾|熾]] tsyhiH
* 05-13/0920- [[wikt:軄|軄]] tsyik (occurs as a variant for the lower fanqie speller 職 in a Dunhuang fragment ([http://idp.bl.uk/database/oo_scroll_h.a4d?uid=236471759;bst=1;recnum=59058;index=1;img=1 Pelliot Chinois 2017]) of the Qieyun)

==05-14==
* 05-14/0916a [[wikt:陟|陟]] trik
* 05-14/1257d [[wikt:騭|騭]] tsyit

==05-15==
* 05-15/0917a [[wikt:敕|敕]] trhik
* 05-15/0917b [[wikt:勅|勅]] trhik

==05-16==
* 05-16/0918a [[wikt:弋|弋]] yik
* 05-16/0918c [[wikt:㚤|㚤]] yik
* 05-16/0918e [[wikt:杙|杙]] yik
* 05-16/0918f [[wikt:式|式]] syik
* 05-16/0918g [[wikt:忒|忒]] thok
* 05-16/0918h [[wikt:貣|貣]] dok, thok
* 05-16/0918i [[wikt:代|代]] dojH
* 05-16/0918k [[wikt:拭|拭]] syik
* 05-16/0918l [[wikt:軾|軾]] syik
* 05-16/0918m [[wikt:侙|侙]] trhik
* 05-16/0918n [[wikt:試|試]] syiH
* 05-16/0918o [[wikt:弒|弒]] syiH
* 05-16/0918p [[wikt:貸|貸]] thojH
* 05-16/0918q [[wikt:岱|岱]] dojH
* 05-16/0918r [[wikt:黛|黛]] dojH
* 05-16/0918s [[wikt:蟘|蟘]] dok
* 05-16/0918- [[wikt:袋|袋]] dojH

==05-17==
* 05-17/0954a [[wikt:異|異]] yiH
* 05-17/0954d [[wikt:翼|翼]] yik
* 05-17/0954e [[wikt:廙|廙]] yiH, yik
* 05-17/0954g [[wikt:趩|趩]] trhik
* 05-17/0954i [[wikt:瀷|瀷]] yik

==05-18==
* 05-18/0912a [[wikt:翊|翊]]
* 05-18/0912b [[wikt:翌|翌]]

==05-19==
* 05-19/0921a [[wikt:食|食]] zijH, zyik
* 05-19/0921d [[wikt:蝕|蝕]] zyik
* 05-19/0921e [[wikt:飤|飤]] ziH
* 05-19/0921g [[wikt:飭|飭]] trhik
* 05-19/0921h [[wikt:飾|飾]] syik

==05-20==
* 05-20/0913a [[wikt:奭|奭]] xik
* 05-20/0913b [[wikt:襫|襫]] syek

==05-21==
* 05-21/05-20A/1260b [[wikt:疒|疒]] nreak

==05-22==
*05-22/05-21/0928a [[wikt:力|力]] lik
*05-22/05-21/0928c [[wikt:仂|仂]] lik, lok
*05-22/05-21/0928d [[wikt:扐|扐]] lok
*05-22/05-21/0928e [[wikt:阞|阞]] lok
*05-22/05-21/0928f [[wikt:勒|勒]] lok
*05-22/05-21/0928h [[wikt:泐|泐]] lok

==05-23==
* 05-23/05-22/0932a [[wikt:麥|麥]] meak
* 05-23/05-22/0944a [[wikt:來|來]] loj
* 05-23/05-22/0944f [[wikt:徠|徠]] loj
* 05-23/05-22/0944g [[wikt:逨|逨]] loj
* 05-23/05-22/0944i [[wikt:勑|勑]] lojH
* 05-23/05-22/0944j [[wikt:萊|萊]] loj, lojH
* 05-23/05-22/0944k [[wikt:賚|賚]] lojH
* 05-23/05-22/0944m [[wikt:騋|騋]] loj

==05-24==
* 05-24/05-23/0907a [[wikt:賊|賊]] dzok

==05-25==
* 05-25/05-24/0906a [[wikt:則|則]] tsok
* 05-25/05-24/0906c [[wikt:側|側]] tsrik
* 05-25/05-24/0906e [[wikt:惻|惻]] tsrhik
* 05-25/05-24/0906f [[wikt:測|測]] tsrhik
* 05-25/05-24/0906g [[wikt:廁|廁]] tsrhiH

==05-26==
* 05-26/05-25/0922a [[wikt:畟|畟]] tsik, tsrhik
* 05-26/05-25/0922b [[wikt:稷|稷]] tsik
* 05-26/05-25/0922c [[wikt:謖|謖]] srjuwk

==05-27==
* 05-27/05-26/0923a [[wikt:即|即]] tsik
* 05-27/05-26/0923b [[wikt:蝍|蝍]] tsik
* 05-27/05-26/0923d [[wikt:䳭|䳭]] tsik, tsjek

==05-28==
*05-28/05-27/0924a [[wikt:夨|夨]] tsrik
*05-28/05-27/0924d [[wikt:仄|仄]] tsrik
*05-28/05-27/0924e [[wikt:𣅔|𣅔]] tsrik
*05-28/05-27/0924f [[wikt:昃|昃]] tsrik

==05-29==
* 05-29/05-28/0908a [[wikt:塞|塞]] sojH, sok
* 05-29/05-28/0908b [[wikt:㥶|㥶]] sok

==05-30==
* 05-30/05-29/0925a [[wikt:息|息]] sik
* 05-30/05-29/0925b [[wikt:熄|熄]] sik

==05-31==
* 05-31/05-30/0926a [[wikt:嗇|嗇]] srik
* 05-31/05-30/0926e [[wikt:穡|穡]] srik

==05-32==
* 05-32/05-31/0927a [[wikt:色|色]] srik

==05-33==
* 05-33/05-32/0909a [[wikt:北|北]] pok
* 05-33/05-32/0909e [[wikt:背|背]] bwojH, pwojH
* 05-33/05-32/0909f [[wikt:偝|偝]] bwojH

==05-34==
* 05-34/05-33/0933a [[wikt:畐|畐]] bjuwk
* 05-34/05-33/0933d [[wikt:福|福]] pjuwk
* 05-34/05-33/0933i [[wikt:葍|葍]] pjuwk
* 05-34/05-33/0933j [[wikt:輻|輻]] pjuwk
* 05-34/05-33/0933k [[wikt:幅|幅]] pik, pjuwk
* 05-34/05-33/0933l [[wikt:楅|楅]] pik, pjuwk
* 05-34/05-33/0933m [[wikt:匐|匐]] bjuwk, bok
* 05-34/05-33/0933n [[wikt:偪|偪]] pik, pjuwk
* 05-34/05-33/0933o [[wikt:湢|湢]] pik
* 05-34/05-33/0933p [[wikt:逼|逼]] pik
* 05-34/05-33/0933q [[wikt:疈|疈]] peak
* 05-34/05-33/0933r [[wikt:富|富]] pjuwH
* 05-34/05-33/0933s [[wikt:副|副]] phik, phjuwH
* 05-34/05-33/0933- [[wikt:蔔|蔔]]
* 05-34/05-33/0933- [[wikt:堛|堛]]
* 05-34/05-33/0933- [[wikt:愊|愊]]
* 05-34/05-33/0933- [[wikt:踾|踾]]
* 05-34/05-33/0933- [[wikt:揊|揊]]
* 05-34/05-33/0933- [[wikt:稫|稫]]
* 05-34/05-33/0933- [[wikt:腷|腷]]
* 05-34/05-33/0933- [[wikt:鶝|鶝]]
* 05-34/05-33/0933- [[wikt:福|福]]
* 05-34/05-33/0933- [[wikt:幅|幅]]
* 05-34/05-33/0933- [[wikt:蝠|蝠]]
* 05-34/05-33/0933- [[wikt:偪|偪]]

==05-35==
* 05-35/05-34/0984d [[wikt:備|備]] bijH
* 05-35/05-34/0984g [[wikt:犕|犕]] bijH
* 05-35/05-34/0984h [[wikt:憊|憊]] beajH

==05-36==
* 05-36/05-35/0934a [[wikt:𠬝|𠬝]] bjuwk
* 05-36/05-35/0934d [[wikt:服|服]] bjuwk, bjuwX
* 05-36/05-35/0934g [[wikt:箙|箙]] bjuwk
* 05-36/13-65/1058a [[wikt:報|報]] pawH

==05-37==
* 05-37/05-36/0935a [[wikt:伏|伏]] bjuwH, bjuwk

==05-38==
* 05-38/05-37/1062a [[wikt:冒|冒]] mawH, mok

==05-39==
*05-39/05-38/0904a [[wikt:黑|黑]] xok
*05-39/05-38/0904c [[wikt:墨|墨]] mok
*05-39/05-38/0904d [[wikt:默|默]] mok
*05-39/05-38/0904e [[wikt:嘿|嘿]] mok
*05-39/05-38/0904f [[wikt:纆|纆]] mok

==05-40==
* 05-40/05-39/1037a [[wikt:牧|牧]] mjuwk

=06=
==06-01==
* 06-01/0881a [[wikt:亙|亙]] kongH
* 06-01/0881d [[wikt:恆|恆]] hong
* 06-01/0881f [[wikt:絚|絚]] kong
* 06-01/0881g [[wikt:緪|緪]] kongH
* 06-01/0881h [[wikt:𡍷|𡍷]] kongH

==06-02==
* 06-02/0882a [[wikt:肎|肎]] khongX
* 06-02/0882b [[wikt:肯|肯]] khongX

==06-03==
* 06-03/0888a [[wikt:兢|兢]] ging, king

==06-04==
* 06-04/0901a [[wikt:弓|弓]] kjuwng
* 06-04/0901e [[wikt:穹|穹]] khjuwng

==06-05==
A uvular series
* 06-05/0887a [[wikt:厶|厶]] kwong
* 06-05/0887b [[wikt:厷|厷]] kwong
* 06-05/0887f [[wikt:肱|肱]] kwong
* 06-05/0887g [[wikt:弘|弘]] hwong
* 06-05/0887h [[wikt:宏|宏]] hweang
* 06-05/0887i [[wikt:竑|竑]] hweang
* 06-05/0887j [[wikt:紘|紘]] hweang
* 06-05/0887k [[wikt:閎|閎]] hweang
* 06-05/0887l [[wikt:雄|雄]] hjuwng
* 06-05/0887m [[wikt:鞃|鞃]] khwong, kwong

==06-06==
* 06-06/0889a [[wikt:興|興]] xing, xingH

==06-08==
* 06-08/0890a [[wikt:䧹|䧹]] 'ing
* 06-08/0890c [[wikt:鷹|鷹]] 'ing
* 06-08/0890d [[wikt:應|應]] 'ing, 'ingH
* 06-08/0890e [[wikt:膺|膺]] 'ing

==06-09==
*06-09/0883a [[wikt:豋|豋]] tong
*06-09/0883e [[wikt:登|登]] tong
*06-09/0883i [[wikt:鐙|鐙]] tong
*06-09/0883j [[wikt:燈|燈]] tong
*06-09/0883k [[wikt:隥|隥]] tongH
*06-09/0883l [[wikt:鄧|鄧]] dongH
*06-09/0883m [[wikt:澄|澄]] dring
*06-09/0883n [[wikt:證|證]] tsyingH

==06-10==
* 06-10/0896a [[wikt:氶|氶]] dzying
* 06-10/0896c [[wikt:承|承]] dzying
* 06-10/0896d [[wikt:㞼|㞼]] dzying
* 06-10/0896g [[wikt:丞|丞]] dzying
* 06-10/0896h [[wikt:烝|烝]] tsying
* 06-10/0896i [[wikt:拯|拯]] tsyingX
* 06-10/0896j [[wikt:脀|脀]] tsying
* 06-10/0896k [[wikt:蒸|蒸]] tsying
* 06-10/0896- [[wikt:巹|巹]]

==06-11==
* 06-11/0891a [[wikt:徵|徵]] dring, tring, triX
* 06-11/0891b [[wikt:懲|懲]] dring

==06-12==
* 06-12/0894a [[wikt:爯|爯]] tsyhing
* 06-12/0894d [[wikt:偁|偁]] tsyhing
* 06-12/0894g [[wikt:稱|稱]] tsyhing
* 06-12/0894g [[wikt:稱|稱]] tsyhingH

==06-13==
* 06-13/0893a [[wikt:灷|灷]] yingH
* 06-13/0893c [[wikt:㑞|㑞]] yingH
* 06-13/0893f [[wikt:朕|朕]] drimX, drinX
* 06-13/0893j [[wikt:栚|栚]] drimX
* 06-13/0893k [[wikt:媵|媵]] yingH
* 06-13/0893l [[wikt:賸|賸]] yingH
* 06-13/0893n [[wikt:塍|塍]] zying
* 06-13/0893p [[wikt:勝|勝]] sying, syingH
* 06-13/0893q [[wikt:滕|滕]] dong
* 06-13/0893t [[wikt:縢|縢]] dong
* 06-13/0893u [[wikt:螣|螣]] dok, dong
* 06-13/0893v [[wikt:騰|騰]] dong

==06-14==
* 06-14/0945j [[wikt:孕|孕]] yingH

==06-15==
* 06-15/0895a [[wikt:乘|乘]] zying, zyingH

==06-16==
* 06-16/0897a [[wikt:升|升]] sying
* 06-16/0897c [[wikt:昇|昇]] sying
* 06-16/0897d [[wikt:陞|陞]] sying
* 06-16/0897e [[wikt:抍|抍]] sying, tsyingX

==06-17==
* 06-17/0898a [[wikt:夌|夌]] ling
* 06-17/0898c [[wikt:陵|陵]] ling
* 06-17/0898e [[wikt:淩|淩]] ling
* 06-17/0898f [[wikt:凌|凌]] ling
* 06-17/0898g [[wikt:菱|菱]] ling
* 06-17/0898h [[wikt:鯪|鯪]] ling
* 06-17/0898i [[wikt:蔆|蔆]] ling

==06-18==
* 06-18/0885a [[wikt:能|能]] noj, nong
* 06-18/0885f [[wikt:態|態]] thojH

==06-19==
* 06-19/0884a [[wikt:曾|曾]] dzong, tsong
* 06-19/0884c [[wikt:增|增]] tsong
* 06-19/0884d [[wikt:憎|憎]] tsong
* 06-19/0884e [[wikt:橧|橧]] tsong
* 06-19/0884f [[wikt:罾|罾]] tsong
* 06-19/0884g [[wikt:矰|矰]] tsong
* 06-19/0884h [[wikt:繒|繒]] dzing, tsong
* 06-19/0884i [[wikt:層|層]] dzong
* 06-19/0884j [[wikt:贈|贈]] dzongH
* 06-19/0884k [[wikt:甑|甑]] tsingH
* 06-19/0884- [[wikt:僧|僧]] song

==06-20==
* 06-20/0886a [[wikt:朋|朋]] bong
* 06-20/0886f [[wikt:倗|倗]] bong
* 06-20/0886g [[wikt:傰|傰]] bong
* 06-20/0886j [[wikt:鵬|鵬]] bong
* 06-20/0886k [[wikt:堋|堋]] pongH
* 06-20/0886l [[wikt:塴|塴]] pongH
* 06-20/0886m [[wikt:崩|崩]] pong
* 06-20/0886n [[wikt:掤|掤]] ping
* 06-20/0886o [[wikt:繃|繃]] peang
* 06-20/0886- [[wikt:棚|棚]] bong

==06-21==
* 06-21/0899a [[wikt:冫|冫]] ping
* 06-21/0899b [[wikt:冰|冰]] ping
* 06-21/0899d [[wikt:馮|馮]] bjuwng
* 06-21/0899e [[wikt:憑|憑]] bing

==06-22==
* 06-22/0900a [[wikt:凭|凭]] bing, bingH

==06-23==
* 06-23/0902a [[wikt:夢|夢]] mjuwngH, muwng
* 06-23/0902c [[wikt:㝱|㝱]] mjungH
* 06-23/0902d [[wikt:瞢|瞢]] mjuwng, mong
* 06-23/0902e [[wikt:甍|甍]] meang, xweang
* 06-23/0902f [[wikt:蘉|蘉]] mang
* 06-23/0902g [[wikt:薨|薨]] xwong

==06-24==

* 06-24/0892a [[wikt:蠅|蠅]] ying
* 06-24/0892b [[wikt:繩|繩]] yingH, zying
* 06-24/1252d [[wikt:黽|黽]] meangX

=07=
==07-01==
* 07-01/0876a [[wikt:系|系]] hejH
* 07-01/0876c [[wikt:係|係]] kejH
* 07-01/0876d [[wikt:奚|奚]] hej
* 07-01/0876g [[wikt:㜎|㜎]] hej
* 07-01/0876i [[wikt:徯|徯]] hejX
* 07-01/0876j [[wikt:謑|謑]] hej, hejX
* 07-01/0876k [[wikt:豀|豀]] hej
* 07-01/0876l [[wikt:蹊|蹊]] hej
* 07-01/0876m [[wikt:鼷|鼷]] hej
* 07-01/0876n [[wikt:雞|雞]] kej
* 07-01/0876p [[wikt:鷄|鷄]] kej
* 07-01/0876q [[wikt:溪|溪]] khej, khej

==07-02==
* 07-02/1241b [[wikt:繼|繼]] kejH

==07-03==
* 07-03/0864a [[wikt:支|支]] tsye
* 07-03/0864b [[wikt:枝|枝]] tsye
* 07-03/0864c [[wikt:肢|肢]] tsye
* 07-03/0864d [[wikt:忮|忮]] tsyeH
* 07-03/0864e [[wikt:翅|翅]] syeH
* 07-03/0864f [[wikt:𢺵|𢺵]] khjieH
* 07-03/0864g [[wikt:跂|跂]] gjie
* 07-03/0864h [[wikt:岐|岐]] gje, gjie
* 07-03/0864i [[wikt:歧|歧]] gjie
* 07-03/0864j [[wikt:伎|伎]] gjeX, gjie
* 07-03/0864k [[wikt:技|技]] gjeX
* 07-03/0864l [[wikt:芰|芰]] gjeH
* 07-03/0864m [[wikt:頍|頍]] khjwieX
* 07-03/1259b [[wikt:屐|屐]] gjaek

==07-04==
* 07-04/0862a [[wikt:企|企]] khjieH, khjieX

==07-05==
* 07-05/0865a [[wikt:只|只]] tsyeX
* 07-05/0865b [[wikt:胑|胑]] tsye
* 07-05/0865c [[wikt:軹|軹]] tsyeX
* 07-05/0865d [[wikt:咫|咫]] tsyeX
* 07-05/0865e [[wikt:枳|枳]] kjieX, tsyeX

==07-06==
*07-06/0867a [[wikt:氏|氏]] dzyeX
*07-06/0867d [[wikt:坁|坁]] tsyeX
*07-06/0867e [[wikt:扺|扺]] tsyeX
*07-06/0867f [[wikt:舐|舐]] zyeX
*07-06/0867g [[wikt:疧|疧]] gjie
*07-06/0867h [[wikt:疷|疷]] tejX
*07-06/0867i [[wikt:祇|祇]] gjie, tsye
*07-06/0867j [[wikt:軝|軝]] gjie
*07-06/0867- [[wikt:紙|紙]] tsyeX

==07-07==
* 07-07/0861a [[wikt:解|解]] heaX, keaH, keaX
* 07-07/0861b [[wikt:懈|懈]] keaH
* 07-07/0861c [[wikt:繲|繲]] keaH
* 07-07/0861d [[wikt:蟹|蟹]] heaX
* 07-07/0861e [[wikt:邂|邂]] heaH

==07-08==
* 07-08/07-07A/1240f [[wikt:瀣|瀣]] heajH
* 07-08/07-07A/1240g [[wikt:薤|薤]] heajH

==07-09==
An -r series acc. to Baxter &amp; Sagart
* 07-09/07-08/0879a [[wikt:圭|圭]] kwej
* 07-09/07-08/0879c [[wikt:珪|珪]] kwej
* 07-09/07-08/0879d [[wikt:桂|桂]] kwejH
* 07-09/07-08/0879e [[wikt:閨|閨]] kwej
* 07-09/07-08/0879f [[wikt:窐|窐]] kwej, 'wae
* 07-09/07-08/0879g [[wikt:鮭|鮭]] hwae, kwej, hea
* 07-09/07-08/0879h [[wikt:刲|刲]] khwej
* 07-09/07-08/0879i [[wikt:奎|奎]] khwej
* 07-09/07-08/0879j [[wikt:畦|畦]] hwej
* 07-09/07-08/0879k [[wikt:洼|洼]] 'wej
* 07-09/07-08/0879l [[wikt:跬|跬]] khjwieX
* 07-09/07-08/0879m [[wikt:恚|恚]] 'jwieH
* 07-09/07-08/0879n [[wikt:佳|佳]] kea
* 07-09/07-08/0879o [[wikt:街|街]] kea
* 07-09/07-08/0879p [[wikt:厓|厓]] ngea, kweaH
* 07-09/07-08/0879q [[wikt:崖|崖]] ngea
* 07-09/07-08/0879r [[wikt:涯|涯]] ngea
* 07-09/07-08/0879s [[wikt:卦|卦]] kweaH
* 07-09/07-08/0879t [[wikt:挂|挂]] kweaH
* 07-09/07-08/0879u [[wikt:掛|掛]] kweaH
* 07-09/07-08/0879v [[wikt:絓|絓]] kweaH
* 07-09/07-08/0879x [[wikt:哇|哇]] hwea, hweaH
* 07-09/07-08/0879y [[wikt:鼃|鼃]] 'wae, 'wea, hwae, hwea
* 07-09/07-08/0879z [[wikt:蛙|蛙]] 'wea
* 07-09/07-08/0879a' [[wikt:睚|睚]] ngeaH
* 07-09/07-08/0879b' [[wikt:窪|窪]] 'wae

==07-10==
* 07-10/07-09/0880a [[wikt:巂|巂]] hwej
* 07-10/07-09/0880b [[wikt:𢥘|𢥘]] hwej
* 07-10/07-09/0880c [[wikt:攜|攜]] hwej
* 07-10/07-09/0880d [[wikt:蠵|蠵]] hwej
* 07-10/07-09/0880e [[wikt:觿|觿]] hwej, xjwie
* 07-10/07-09/0880f [[wikt:鑴|鑴]] hwej, xjwie

==07-11==
* 07-11/07-10/0875a [[wikt:規|規]] kjwie
* 07-11/07-10/0875b [[wikt:瞡|瞡]] kjwie
* 07-11/07-10/0875c [[wikt:窺|窺]] khjwie
* 07-11/07-10/0875d [[wikt:闚|闚]] khjwie

==07-12==
* 07-12/07-11/0873a [[wikt:兒|兒]] nye
* 07-12/07-11/0873e [[wikt:唲|唲]] nye
* 07-12/07-11/0873f [[wikt:倪|倪]] ngej
* 07-12/07-11/0873g [[wikt:掜|掜]] ngejH, ngejX
* 07-12/07-11/0873h [[wikt:睨|睨]] ngejH, ngejX
* 07-12/07-11/0873i [[wikt:輗|輗]] ngej
* 07-12/07-11/0873j [[wikt:郳|郳]] ngej
* 07-12/07-11/0873l [[wikt:鯢|鯢]] ngej
* 07-12/07-11/0873m [[wikt:霓|霓]] ngej
* 07-12/07-11/0873n [[wikt:蜺|蜺]] ngej, nget
* 07-12/07-11/0873o [[wikt:麑|麑]] mej, mjie, ngej
* 07-12/07-11/0873p [[wikt:鶂|鶂]] ngek
* 07-12/07-11/0873q [[wikt:鬩|鬩]] xek
* 07-12/07-11/0873- [[wikt:猊|猊]]

==07-13==
* 07-13/07-12/0877a [[wikt:帝|帝]] tejH
* 07-13/07-12/0877e [[wikt:揥|揥]] tejH, thejH
* 07-13/07-12/0877f [[wikt:諦|諦]] tejH
* 07-13/07-12/0877g [[wikt:啼|啼]] dej
* 07-13/07-12/0877h [[wikt:蹄|蹄]] dej
* 07-13/07-12/0877i [[wikt:禘|禘]] dejH
* 07-13/07-12/0877j [[wikt:締|締]] dej, dejH
* 07-13/07-12/0877k [[wikt:啻|啻]] syeH
* 07-13/07-12/0877m [[wikt:嫡|嫡]] tek
* 07-13/07-12/0877n [[wikt:鏑|鏑]] tek
* 07-13/07-12/0877o [[wikt:蹢|蹢]] tek, drjek
* 07-13/07-12/0877p [[wikt:摘|摘]] thek, treak
* 07-13/07-12/0877q [[wikt:敵|敵]] dek
* 07-13/07-12/0877r [[wikt:謫|謫]] dreak, treak
* 07-13/07-12/0877s [[wikt:適|適]] syek, tsyek
* 07-13/07-12/0877t [[wikt:擿|擿]] drjek
* 07-13/07-12/0877u [[wikt:讁|讁]] dreak, treak
* 07-13/07-12/0877- [[wikt:滴|滴]] tek

==07-14==
* 07-14/07-13/0863a [[wikt:知|知]] trje
* 07-14/07-13/0863b [[wikt:智|智]] trjeH
* 07-14/07-13/0863d [[wikt:蜘|蜘]] trje
* 07-14/07-13/0863e [[wikt:踟|踟]] drje

==07-15==
* 07-15/07-14/0866a [[wikt:是|是]] dzyeX
* 07-15/07-14/0866d [[wikt:諟|諟]] dzyeX
* 07-15/07-14/0866e [[wikt:禔|禔]] dej, dzye, tsye
* 07-15/07-14/0866f [[wikt:翨|翨]] kjieH, syeH
* 07-15/07-14/0866g [[wikt:隄|隄]] tej
* 07-15/07-14/0866h [[wikt:鞮|鞮]] dej, tej, tejX
* 07-15/07-14/0866i [[wikt:醍|醍]] thejX
* 07-15/07-14/0866j [[wikt:緹|緹]] dej, thegX
* 07-15/07-14/0866k [[wikt:堤|堤]] dej
* 07-15/07-14/0866l [[wikt:媞|媞]] dej
* 07-15/07-14/0866m [[wikt:偍|偍]] dej
* 07-15/07-14/0866n [[wikt:提|提]] dej, dzye, tejX
* 07-15/07-14/0866o [[wikt:蝭|蝭]] dej
* 07-15/07-14/0866p [[wikt:題|題]] dej, dejH
* 07-15/07-14/0866q [[wikt:踶|踶]] dejH, drjeX
* 07-15/07-14/0866r [[wikt:鯷|鯷]] dej, dejH, dzyeX
* 07-15/07-14/0866s [[wikt:寔|寔]] dzyik
* 07-15/07-14/0866t [[wikt:湜|湜]] dzyik

==07-16==
* 07-16/07-15/1238d [[wikt:卮|卮]] tsye ([[wikt:巵|巵]] is an alternative form)

==07-17==
* 07-17/07-16/1238b [[wikt:豸|豸]] drjeX

==07-18==
* 07-18/1238e [[wikt:咶|咶]] zyeX

==07-19==
* 07-19/1238f [[wikt:豕|豕]] syeX

==07-20==


* 07-20/07-21/0878a [[wikt:麗|麗]] lejH
* 07-20/07-21/0878c [[wikt:儷|儷]] lejH
* 07-20/07-21/0878d [[wikt:攦|攦]] lejH
* 07-20/07-21/0878e [[wikt:欐|欐]] lejH
* 07-20/07-21/0878f [[wikt:驪|驪]] lej, lje
* 07-20/07-21/0878g [[wikt:纚|纚]] lje, sreaX, srjeX
* 07-20/07-21/0878h [[wikt:釃|釃]] srje, srjo
* 07-20/07-21/0878i [[wikt:灑|灑]] sreaH, sreaX
* 07-20/07-21/0878j [[wikt:躧|躧]] srjeX

==07-21==
* 07-21/07-22/1241o [[wikt:蠡|蠡]] lejX, lwaX
* 07-21/07-22/1241p [[wikt:劙|劙]] lejH, lejX
* 07-21/07-22/1241q [[wikt:攭|攭]] lejH, lejX, lje

LEFT OFF HERE

==07-23==
* 07-23/1241r [[wikt:荔|荔]] lejH, ljeH

==07-24==
* 07-24/0872a [[wikt:詈|詈]] ljeH

==07-25==
* 07-25/0358a [[wikt:此|此]] tshjeX
* 07-25/0358c [[wikt:佌|佌]] tshjeX
* 07-25/0358d [[wikt:庛|庛]] tshjeH
* 07-25/0358e [[wikt:跐|跐]] tshjeX
* 07-25/0358f [[wikt:雌|雌]] tshje
* 07-25/0358g [[wikt:䳄|䳄]] tshje
* 07-25/0358h [[wikt:泚|泚]] tshejX, tshjeX
* 07-25/0358i [[wikt:玼|玼]] tshejX, tshjeX
* 07-25/0358j [[wikt:紫|紫]] tsjeX
* 07-25/0358k [[wikt:訾|訾]] tsje, tsjeX, zje
* 07-25/0358l [[wikt:訿|訿]] tsje, tsjeX, zje
* 07-25/0358m [[wikt:貲|貲]] tsje
* 07-25/0358n [[wikt:髭|髭]] tsje
* 07-25/0358o [[wikt:頿|頿]] tsje
* 07-25/0358p [[wikt:疵|疵]] dzje
* 07-25/0358q [[wikt:骴|骴]] dzje, dzjeH
* 07-25/0358r [[wikt:胔|胔]] dzjeH
* 07-25/0358s [[wikt:眥|眥]] dzejH, dzjeH
* 07-25/0358t [[wikt:觜|觜]] tsje, tsjwe
* 07-25/0358u [[wikt:㧘|㧘]] dzrea
* 07-25/0358v [[wikt:祡|祡]] dzrea
* 07-25/0358x [[wikt:柴|柴]] dzjeH, dzrea, tsjeH
* 07-25/1236a [[wikt:些|些]] saH

==07-26==
* 07-26/0869a [[wikt:斯|斯]] sje, sjeH
* 07-26/0869c [[wikt:凘|凘]] sje
* 07-26/0869d [[wikt:廝|廝]] sje
* 07-26/0869e [[wikt:嘶|嘶]] sej
* 07-26/0869f [[wikt:撕|撕]] sej
* 07-26/0869- [[wikt:蟖|蟖]]
* 07-26/0869- [[wikt:簛|簛]]

==07-27==
* 07-27/0870a [[wikt:虒|虒]] sje
* 07-27/0870b [[wikt:褫|褫]] drje, drjeX, trhjeX
* 07-27/0870c [[wikt:篪|篪]] drje
* 07-27/0870d [[wikt:嗁|嗁]] dej
* 07-27/0870e [[wikt:遞|遞]] dejH, dejX

==07-28==
* 07-28/0871a [[wikt:徙|徙]] sjeX
* 07-28/0871b [[wikt:𢓊|𢓊]] sjeX
* 07-28/0871f [[wikt:蓰|蓰]] sjeX
* 07-28/0871g [[wikt:屣|屣]] srjeX
* 07-28/0871h [[wikt:縰|縰]] srjeX

==07-29==
* 07-29/0874a [[wikt:卑|卑]] pjie
* 07-29/0874c [[wikt:俾|俾]] pjieX
* 07-29/0874d [[wikt:碑|碑]] pje
* 07-29/0874e [[wikt:裨|裨]] bjie, pjie, pjie
* 07-29/0874f [[wikt:髀|髀]] bejX, pjieX
* 07-29/0874g [[wikt:綼|綼]] bek, bjie, bjiek, bjit
* 07-29/0874h [[wikt:脾|脾]] bjie
* 07-29/0874i [[wikt:陴|陴]] bjie
* 07-29/0874k [[wikt:埤|埤]] bjie, bjieX
* 07-29/0874l [[wikt:婢|婢]] bjieX
* 07-29/0874m [[wikt:庳|庳]] bjieX
* 07-29/0874n [[wikt:䫌|䫌]] phejX
* 07-29/0874p [[wikt:鼙|鼙]] bej
* 07-29/0874q [[wikt:椑|椑]] bej
* 07-29/0874r [[wikt:捭|捭]] peaX
* 07-29/0874s [[wikt:稗|稗]] beaH
* 07-29/0874t [[wikt:粺|粺]] beaH
* 07-29/0874u [[wikt:蜱|蜱]] bea
* 07-29/0874v [[wikt:蠯|蠯]] beangX, bjie
* 07-29/0874x [[wikt:鞞|鞞]] pengX, pjieX

==07-30==
* 07-30/07-31/0360a [[wikt:弭|弭]] mjieX
* 07-30/07-31/0360d [[wikt:渳|渳]] mjieX
* 07-30/07-31/0360e [[wikt:麛|麛]] mej

=08=
==08-01==
* 08-01/0854a [[wikt:毄|毄]] khek
* 08-01/0854b [[wikt:擊|擊]] kek
* 08-01/0854c [[wikt:轚|轚]] kejH
* 08-01/0854d [[wikt:繫|繫]] hejH, kejH

==08-02==
* 08-02/0855a [[wikt:鬲|鬲]] keak, lek
* 08-02/0855d [[wikt:搹|搹]] keak
* 08-02/0855e [[wikt:膈|膈]] keak
* 08-02/0855f [[wikt:隔|隔]] keak
* 08-02/0855g [[wikt:翮|翮]] heak
* 08-02/0855h [[wikt:鷊|鷊]] ngek

==08-03==
* 08-03/1260d [[wikt:覡|覡]] hek

==08-04==
* 08-04/0844a [[wikt:戹|戹]] 'eak
* 08-04/0844b [[wikt:厄|厄]] 'eak
* 08-04/0844d [[wikt:軶|軶]] 'eak
* 08-04/0844e [[wikt:軛|軛]] 'eak
* 08-04/0844f [[wikt:扼|扼]] 'eak
* 08-04/0844g [[wikt:阸|阸]] 'eaH, 'eak
* 08-04/0844h [[wikt:阨|阨]] 'eaH, eak

==08-05==
*08-05/0849a [[wikt:益|益]] 'jiek
*08-05/0849c [[wikt:嗌|嗌]] 'jiek
*08-05/0849d [[wikt:膉|膉]] 'jiek
*08-05/0849e [[wikt:搤|搤]] 'eak
*08-05/0849f [[wikt:鷁|鷁]] ngek
*08-05/0849g [[wikt:縊|縊]] 'ejH, 'jieH
*08-05/0849h [[wikt:隘|隘]] 'eaH, 'eak
*08-05/29-20/1257a [[wikt:溢|溢]] yit
*08-05/29-20/1257b [[wikt:鎰|鎰]] yit

==08-06==
* 08-06/0860a [[wikt:狊|狊]] kwek
* 08-06/0860b [[wikt:鶪|鶪]] kwek
* 08-06/0860c [[wikt:鵙|鵙]] kwek
* 08-06/0860d [[wikt:闃|闃]] khwek

==08-07==
* 08-07/1260f [[wikt:砉|砉]] xwaek, xwek

==08-08==
* 08-08/0851a [[wikt:役|役]] ywek
* 08-08/0851b [[wikt:垼|垼]] yek
* 08-08/0851c [[wikt:疫|疫]] yek

==08-09==
* 08-09/0847a [[wikt:畫|畫]] hweaH, hweak
* 08-09/0847e [[wikt:繣|繣]] hweaH, xweak

==08-10==
* 08-10/0856a [[wikt:狄|狄]] dek
* 08-10/0856d [[wikt:荻|荻]] dek
* 08-10/0856e [[wikt:悐|悐]] thek
* 08-10/0856f [[wikt:逖|逖]] thek

==08-11==
* 08-11/1260c [[wikt:隻|隻]] tsyek

==08-12==
* 08-12/0850a [[wikt:易|易]] yeH, yek
* 08-12/0850f [[wikt:蜴|蜴]] yek
* 08-12/0850g [[wikt:埸|埸]] yek
* 08-12/0850h [[wikt:剔|剔]] thek
* 08-12/0850i [[wikt:惕|惕]] thek
* 08-12/0850k [[wikt:逷|逷]] thek
* 08-12/0850l [[wikt:緆|緆]] sek, thejH
* 08-12/0850m [[wikt:裼|裼]] sek, thejH
* 08-12/0850n [[wikt:錫|錫]] sek
* 08-12/0850p [[wikt:睗|睗]] syek
* 08-12/0850r [[wikt:鬄|鬄]] dejH, sjek, thejH, thek
* 08-12/0850t [[wikt:賜|賜]] sjeH

==08-13==
* 08-13/0858a [[wikt:秝|秝]] lek
* 08-13/0858c [[wikt:厤|厤]] lek
* 08-13/0858e [[wikt:歷|歷]] lek
* 08-13/0858h [[wikt:曆|曆]] lek
* 08-13/0858i [[wikt:磿|磿]] lek

==08-14==
* 08-14/0868a [[wikt:朿|朿]] tshjeH
* 08-14/0868d [[wikt:刺|刺]] tshjeH, tshjek
* 08-14/0868e [[wikt:茦|茦]] tshjeH
* 08-14/0868f [[wikt:𧧒|𧧒]] tshjeH
* 08-14/0868h [[wikt:𨒪|𨒪]] tsjek
* 08-14/0868j [[wikt:𧻕|𧻕]] tshjek
* 08-14/0868l [[wikt:策|策]] tsrheak
* 08-14/0868m [[wikt:責|責]] tsreaH, tsreak
* 08-14/0868o [[wikt:嘖|嘖]] dzreak
* 08-14/0868p [[wikt:幘|幘]] tsreak, tsrheak
* 08-14/0868q [[wikt:簀|簀]] tsreak
* 08-14/0868r [[wikt:皟|皟]] tsrheak
* 08-14/0868s [[wikt:賾|賾]] dzreak
* 08-14/0868t [[wikt:積|積]] tsjeH, tsjek
* 08-14/0868u [[wikt:蹟|蹟]] tsjek
* 08-14/0868v [[wikt:績|績]] tsek
* 08-14/0868x [[wikt:漬|漬]] dzjeH

==08-15==
* 08-15/0845a [[wikt:册|册]] tsrheak
* 08-15/0845g [[wikt:栅|栅]] tsrheak

==08-16==
* 08-16/0846a [[wikt:筴|筴]] tsrheak

==08-17==
* 08-17/0852a [[wikt:脊|脊]] dzjek, tsjek
* 08-17/0852b [[wikt:蹐|蹐]] tsjek
* 08-17/0852c [[wikt:瘠|瘠]] dzjek
* 08-17/0852d [[wikt:膌|膌]] dzjek

==08-18==
* 08-18/0857a [[wikt:析|析]] sek
* 08-18/0857c [[wikt:晳|晳]] sek
* 08-18/0857d [[wikt:皙|皙]] sek
* 08-18/0857e [[wikt:淅|淅]] sek

==08-19==
* 08-19/0853a [[wikt:辟|辟]] bek, bjiek, pjiek
* 08-19/0853d [[wikt:璧|璧]] pjiek
* 08-19/0853g [[wikt:躃|躃]] pjiek
* 08-19/0853h [[wikt:躄|躄]] pjiek
* 08-19/0853i [[wikt:僻|僻]] phjiek
* 08-19/0853j [[wikt:擗|擗]] bjiek
* 08-19/0853k [[wikt:闢|闢]] bjiek
* 08-19/0853l [[wikt:壁|壁]] pek
* 08-19/0853m [[wikt:澼|澼]] phek
* 08-19/0853n [[wikt:甓|甓]] bek, bjieH
* 08-19/0853o [[wikt:幦|幦]] mek
* 08-19/0853p [[wikt:擘|擘]] peak
* 08-19/0853s [[wikt:臂|臂]] pjieH
* 08-19/0853t [[wikt:譬|譬]] phjieH
* 08-19/0853u [[wikt:避|避]] bjieH
* 08-19/0853v [[wikt:嬖|嬖]] pejH
* 08-19/0853x [[wikt:薜|薜]] bejH

==08-20==
* 08-20/08-21/0859a [[wikt:鼏|鼏]] mek

==08-22==
Schussler suggests that 簚 mek GSR 1260e may also belong to GSR[[#20-18|20-18]].
* 08-22/1260e [[wikt:簚|簚]] mek

==08-23==
* 08-23/08-24/0848a [[wikt:脈|脈]] meak
* 08-23/08-24/0848b [[wikt:脉|脉]] meak
* 08-23/08-24/0848c [[wikt:霢|霢]] meak
* 08-23/08-24/0848d [[wikt:覛|覛]] meak, mek
* 08-23/08-24/0848- [[wikt:眽|眽]] meak
* 08-23/08-24/0848- [[wikt:䤨|䤨]] phek
* 08-23/08-24/0848- [[wikt:𠂢|𠂢]] phjeaH
* 08-23/08-24/0848- [[wikt:派|派]] phjeaH
* 08-23/08-24/0848- [[wikt:𥿯|𥿯]] phjeaH

=09=
==09-01==
* 09-01/0831a [[wikt:巠|巠]] keng
* 09-01/0831c [[wikt:經|經]] keng
* 09-01/0831e [[wikt:剄|剄]] kengX
* 09-01/0831f [[wikt:徑|徑]] kengH
* 09-01/0831g [[wikt:涇|涇]] keng
* 09-01/0831i [[wikt:逕|逕]] kengH
* 09-01/0831j [[wikt:𥥻|𥥻]] khengH
* 09-01/0831k [[wikt:脛|脛]] hengH
* 09-01/0831l [[wikt:陘|陘]] heng
* 09-01/0831m [[wikt:勁|勁]] kjiengH
* 09-01/0831n [[wikt:頸|頸]] gjieng, kjiengX
* 09-01/0831o [[wikt:輕|輕]] khjieng, khjiengH
* 09-01/0831p [[wikt:鑋|鑋]] khengH, khjieng
* 09-01/0831q [[wikt:牼|牼]] heang, kheang
* 09-01/0831s [[wikt:硜|硜]] kheang
* 09-01/0831t [[wikt:誙|誙]] heang
* 09-01/0831u [[wikt:莖|莖]] heang
* 09-01/0831v [[wikt:俓|俓]] ngeang
* 09-01/0831x [[wikt:䞓|䞓]] trhjeng
* 09-01/09-17/0835a [[wikt:𡈼|𡈼]] thengX
* 09-01/09-17/0835d [[wikt:廷|廷]] deng, dengH
* 09-01/09-17/0835h [[wikt:庭|庭]] deng, thengH
* 09-01/09-17/0835i [[wikt:挺|挺]] dengX, thengX
* 09-01/09-17/0835j [[wikt:梃|梃]] dengX
* 09-01/09-17/0835k [[wikt:筳|筳]] deng
* 09-01/09-17/0835l [[wikt:莛|莛]] deng
* 09-01/09-17/0835m [[wikt:霆|霆]] deng
* 09-01/09-17/0835n [[wikt:蜓|蜓]] dengX, denX
* 09-01/09-17/0835o [[wikt:鋌|鋌]] thengX
* 09-01/09-17/0835p [[wikt:珽|珽]] theng, thengX
* 09-01/09-17/0835q [[wikt:脡|脡]] thengX
* 09-01/09-17/0835r [[wikt:呈|呈]] drjeng
* 09-01/09-17/0835s [[wikt:珵|珵]] drjeng
* 09-01/09-17/0835t [[wikt:程|程]] drjeng
* 09-01/09-17/0835u [[wikt:裎|裎]] drjeng
* 09-01/09-17/0835v [[wikt:酲|酲]] drjeng, trhjeng
* 09-01/09-17/0835x [[wikt:逞|逞]] trhjengX
* 09-01/09-17/0835y [[wikt:桯|桯]] yeng
* 09-01/09-17/0835z [[wikt:聖|聖]] syengH
* 09-01/09-17/0835c' [[wikt:檉|檉]] trhjeng
* 09-01/09-17/0835d' [[wikt:聽|聽]] theng, thengH

==09-02==
* 09-02/0822a [[wikt:聲|聲]] syeng
* 09-02/0832a [[wikt:殸|殸]] khengH
* 09-02/0832c [[wikt:磬|磬]] khengH
* 09-02/0832d [[wikt:罄|罄]] khengH
* 09-02/0832e [[wikt:謦|謦]] khengX
* 09-02/0832f [[wikt:馨|馨]] xeng

==09-03==
* 09-03/0813a [[wikt:敬|敬]] kjaengH
* 09-03/0813g [[wikt:驚|驚]] kjaeng
* 09-03/0813h [[wikt:儆|儆]] gjaeng, gjaengH, kjaengX, kjiengX
* 09-03/0813i [[wikt:憼|憼]] gjaengX, kjaengX, kjiengX
* 09-03/0813j [[wikt:警|警]] kjaengX, kjiengX
* 09-03/0813k [[wikt:擎|擎]] gjaeng
* 09-03/0813l [[wikt:檠|檠]] gjaeng

==09-04==
* 09-04/0808a [[wikt:耕|耕]] keang
* 09-04/0808b [[wikt:刑|刑]] heng
* 09-04/0808d [[wikt:形|形]] heng
* 09-04/0808e [[wikt:侀|侀]] heng
* 09-04/0808f [[wikt:硎|硎]] heng
* 09-04/0808g [[wikt:鉶|鉶]] heng
* 09-04/0808h [[wikt:鈃|鈃]] heng
* 09-04/0808i [[wikt:荊|荊]] kjaeng

==09-05==
* 09-05/0810a [[wikt:幸|幸]] heangX
* 09-05/0810b [[wikt:倖|倖]] heangX
* 09-05/0810c [[wikt:婞|婞]] hengX
* 09-05/0810d [[wikt:涬|涬]] hengX

==09-06==
* 09-06/0809a [[wikt:耿|耿]] keangX
* 09-06/0809c [[wikt:褧|褧]] khwengX

==09-07==
* 09-07/0828a [[wikt:頃|頃]] khjwieng, khjwiengX
* 09-07/0828b [[wikt:傾|傾]] khjwieng
* 09-07/0828c [[wikt:穎|穎]] kjwiengX, kwengX, ywengX
* 09-07/0828d [[wikt:熲|熲]] kwengX
* 09-07/0828e [[wikt:顈|顈]] khwengX

==09-08==
* 09-08/0842a [[wikt:冋|冋]] kweng
* 09-08/0842c [[wikt:坰|坰]] kweng
* 09-08/0842d [[wikt:扃|扃]] kweng, kwengX
* 09-08/0842e [[wikt:駉|駉]] kweng
* 09-08/0842f [[wikt:絅|絅]] khwengX
* 09-08/0842h [[wikt:泂|泂]] hwengX
* 09-08/0842- [[wikt:迥|迥]] hweng

==09-09==
* 09-09/0843a [[wikt:熒|熒]] hweng, hwengH, hwengX
* 09-09/0843b [[wikt:檾|檾]] khjwiengX, khwengX
* 09-09/0843c [[wikt:塋|塋]] yweng
* 09-09/0843d [[wikt:榮|榮]] hjwaeng
* 09-09/0843e [[wikt:禜|禜]] hjwaeng, hjwaengH
* 09-09/0843f [[wikt:營|營]] yweng
* 09-09/0843g [[wikt:煢|煢]] gjwieng
* 09-09/0843h [[wikt:縈|縈]] 'jwieng
* 09-09/0843i [[wikt:螢|螢]] hweng
* 09-09/0843j [[wikt:謍|謍]] yweng
* 09-09/0843k [[wikt:瑩|瑩]] 'wengH, hjwaeng
* 09-09/0843l [[wikt:鶯|鶯]] 'eang
* 09-09/0843m [[wikt:嶸|嶸]] hjwaeng, hweang

==09-10==
* 09-10/0814a [[wikt:嬰|嬰]] 'jieng
* 09-10/0814c [[wikt:攖|攖]] 'jieng
* 09-10/0814d [[wikt:癭|癭]] 'jiengX
* 09-10/0814e [[wikt:纓|纓]] 'jieng
* 09-10/0814f [[wikt:嚶|嚶]] 'eang
* 09-10/0814g [[wikt:鸚|鸚]] 'eang
* 09-10/0814h [[wikt:罌|罌]] 'eang

==09-11==
Schuessler (2009: 319) understands 丁 GSR 0833a ([[#09-11|09-11]]) also as the phonetic in [[#32-15|32-15]].
* 09-11/0833a [[wikt:丁|丁]] teng, treang
* 09-11/0833e [[wikt:頂|頂]] tengX
* 09-11/0833f [[wikt:汀|汀]] theng
* 09-11/0833g [[wikt:町|町]] dengX, thengX
* 09-11/0833h [[wikt:亭|亭]] deng
* 09-11/0833i [[wikt:停|停]] deng
* 09-11/0833j [[wikt:正|正]] tsyeng, tsyengH
* 09-11/0833o [[wikt:征|征]] tsyeng
* 09-11/0833r [[wikt:政|政]] tsyengH
* 09-11/0833t [[wikt:整|整]] tsyengX
* 09-11/0833u [[wikt:証|証]] tsyengH
* 09-11/0833v [[wikt:鉦|鉦]] tsyeng
* 09-11/0833y [[wikt:竀|竀]] trhjeng
* 09-11/0833z [[wikt:定|定]] dengH, tengH
* 09-11/1248b [[wikt:綻|綻]] dreanH

==09-12==
* 09-12/0834a [[wikt:鼎|鼎]] tengX
* 09-12/0834g [[wikt:貞|貞]] trjeng
* 09-12/0834j [[wikt:禎|禎]] trjeng
* 09-12/0834k [[wikt:偵|偵]] trhjeng, trhjengH, trjeng
* 09-12/0834l [[wikt:楨|楨]] trjeng
* 09-12/0834m [[wikt:赬|赬]] trhjeng

==09-13==
* 09-13/0363a [[wikt:奠|奠]] deng, dengH, denH
* 09-13/0363e [[wikt:鄭|鄭]] drjengH
* 09-13/0363f [[wikt:躑|躑]] drjek

==09-14==
* 09-14/0818a [[wikt:成|成]] dzyeng
* 09-14/0818e [[wikt:城|城]] dzyeng
* 09-14/0818h [[wikt:誠|誠]] dzyeng
* 09-14/0818i [[wikt:盛|盛]] dzyeng, dzyengH

==09-15==
* 09-15/0815a [[wikt:盈|盈]] yeng
* 09-15/0815c [[wikt:楹|楹]] yeng

==09-16==
* 09-16/0816a [[wikt:嬴|嬴]] yeng
* 09-16/0816e [[wikt:瀛|瀛]] yeng
* 09-16/0816f [[wikt:贏|贏]] yeng

==09-17==
* 09-17/09-18/0836a [[wikt:霝|霝]] leng
* 09-17/09-18/0836e [[wikt:𦉢|𦉢]] leng
* 09-17/09-18/0836g [[wikt:蘦|蘦]] leng
* 09-17/09-18/0836h [[wikt:𧕅|𧕅]] leng
* 09-17/09-18/0836i [[wikt:靈|靈]] leng

==09-18==
* 09-18/09-19/0823a [[wikt:令|令]] ljeng, ljengH
* 09-18/09-19/0823f [[wikt:領|領]] ljengX
* 09-18/09-19/0823g [[wikt:伶|伶]] leng
* 09-18/09-19/0823h [[wikt:冷|冷]] lengX
* 09-18/09-19/0823i [[wikt:囹|囹]] leng
* 09-18/09-19/0823j [[wikt:泠|泠]] leng
* 09-18/09-19/0823k [[wikt:玲|玲]] leng
* 09-18/09-19/0823l [[wikt:笭|笭]] leng
* 09-18/09-19/0823n [[wikt:舲|舲]] leng
* 09-18/09-19/0823o [[wikt:苓|苓]] leng
* 09-18/09-19/0823p [[wikt:蛉|蛉]] leng
* 09-18/09-19/0823q [[wikt:軨|軨]] leng
* 09-18/09-19/0823r [[wikt:鈴|鈴]] leng
* 09-18/09-19/0823u [[wikt:零|零]] leng
* 09-18/09-19/0823v [[wikt:鴒|鴒]] leng
* 09-18/09-19/0823x [[wikt:齡|齡]] leng

==09-19==
* 09-19/09-20/0837a [[wikt:寧|寧]] neng
* 09-19/09-20/0837b [[wikt:𡨴|𡨴]] neng
* 09-19/09-20/0837c [[wikt:寍|寍]] neng
* 09-19/09-20/0837g [[wikt:濘|濘]] nengH
* 09-19/09-20/0837h [[wikt:嬣|嬣]] nreang

==09-20==
* 09-20/09-21/0820a [[wikt:晶|晶]] tsjeng

==09-21==
* 09-21/09-22/0819a [[wikt:井|井]] tsjengX
* 09-21/09-22/0819e [[wikt:丼|丼]] tsjengX
* 09-21/09-22/0819f [[wikt:妌|妌]] dzjengX
* 09-21/09-22/0819h [[wikt:穽|穽]] dzjengX
* 09-21/09-22/0819i [[wikt:阱|阱]] dzjengX

==09-22==
* 09-22/09-23/0811a [[wikt:爭|爭]] tsreang
* 09-22/09-23/0811c [[wikt:崢|崢]] dzreang
* 09-22/09-23/0811d [[wikt:淨|淨]] dzjengH
* 09-22/09-23/0811e [[wikt:竫|竫]] dzjengX

==09-23==
* 09-23/09-24/0821a [[wikt:觲|觲]] sjeng
* 09-23/09-24/0821b [[wikt:觪|觪]] sjeng
* 09-23/09-24/0821c [[wikt:騂|騂]] sjeng

==09-24==
* 09-24/09-25/0812a [[wikt:生|生]] sraeng, srjaeng
* 09-24/09-25/0812e [[wikt:牲|牲]] sraeng
* 09-24/09-25/0812g [[wikt:甥|甥]] sraeng
* 09-24/09-25/0812h [[wikt:笙|笙]] sraeng
* 09-24/09-25/0812i [[wikt:眚|眚]] srjengX
* 09-24/09-25/0812l [[wikt:省|省]] sjengX
* 09-24/09-25/0812q [[wikt:姓|姓]] sjengH
* 09-24/09-25/0812s [[wikt:性|性]] sjengH
* 09-24/09-25/0812t [[wikt:狌|狌]] sjengH
* 09-24/09-25/0812u [[wikt:鼪|鼪]] sjengH
* 09-24/09-25/0812v [[wikt:旌|旌]] tsjeng
* 09-24/09-25/0812x [[wikt:星|星]] dzjeng, seng
* 09-24/09-25/0812y [[wikt:曐|曐]] seng
* 09-24/09-25/0812z [[wikt:猩|猩]] seng, sraeng
* 09-24/09-25/0812a' [[wikt:腥|腥]] seng, sengH
* 09-24/09-25/0812b' [[wikt:醒|醒]] seng, sengH, sengX
* 09-24/09-25/0812c' [[wikt:青|青]] tseng, tsheng
* 09-24/09-25/0812e' [[wikt:蜻|蜻]] tsheng
* 09-24/09-25/0812f' [[wikt:菁|菁]] tseng, tsjeng
* 09-24/09-25/0812g' [[wikt:精|精]] tsjeng
* 09-24/09-25/0812h' [[wikt:凊|凊]] tshjengH
* 09-24/09-25/0812i' [[wikt:清|清]] tshjeng
* 09-24/09-25/0812k' [[wikt:請|請]] dzjeng, tshjengX
* 09-24/09-25/0812l' [[wikt:情|情]] dzjeng
* 09-24/09-25/0812m' [[wikt:靖|靖]] dzjengX
* 09-24/09-25/0812n' [[wikt:靜|靜]] dzjengX
* 09-24/09-25/0812s' [[wikt:靚|靚]] dzjengX
* 09-24/09-25/0812t' [[wikt:綪|綪]] tshenH, tsreang
* 09-24/09-25/1250c [[wikt:倩|倩]] tshenH
* 09-24/09-25/1250d [[wikt:輤|輤]] tshenH

==09-25==
* 09-25/09-26/0825a [[wikt:平|平]] beanH, ben, bjaeng
* 09-25/09-26/0825c [[wikt:苹|苹]] beng, bjaeng
* 09-25/09-26/0825d [[wikt:萍|萍]] beng
* 09-25/09-26/0825e [[wikt:伻|伻]] peang
* 09-25/09-26/0825f [[wikt:怦|怦]] pheang
* 09-25/09-26/0825g [[wikt:砰|砰]] pheang

==09-26==
* 09-26/09-27/0817a [[wikt:騁|騁]] trhjengX
* 09-26/09-27/0839a [[wikt:甹|甹]] pheng
* 09-26/09-27/0839c [[wikt:娉|娉]] phjiengH
* 09-26/09-27/0839d [[wikt:聘|聘]] pjiengH

==09-27==
* 09-27/09-28/0840a [[wikt:竝|竝]] bengX
* 09-27/09-28/0840b [[wikt:並|並]] bengX

==09-28==
* 09-28/09-29/0824a [[wikt:并|并]] pjieng
* 09-28/09-29/0824b [[wikt:并|并]] pjiengH
* 09-28/09-29/0824d [[wikt:併|併]] bengX, pjiengH
* 09-28/09-29/0824e [[wikt:頩|頩]] pheng, phengX
* 09-28/09-29/0824f [[wikt:屏|屏]] beng, pjieng, pjiengH, pjiengX
* 09-28/09-29/0824g [[wikt:偋|偋]] bjiengH
* 09-28/09-29/0824h [[wikt:洴|洴]] beng
* 09-28/09-28/09-29/0824i [[wikt:缾|缾]] beng
* 09-28/09-29/0824j [[wikt:瓶|瓶]] beng
* 09-28/09-29/0824k [[wikt:荓|荓]] beng, pheang
* 09-28/09-29/0824l [[wikt:絣|絣]] peang
* 09-28/09-29/0824m [[wikt:迸|迸]] peangH
* 09-28/09-29/0824n [[wikt:駢|駢]] ben, beng
* 09-28/09-29/0824o [[wikt:骿|骿]] ben
* 09-28/09-29/0824p [[wikt:胼|胼]] ben
* 09-28/09-29/0824q [[wikt:跰|跰]] ben

==09-29==
* 09-29/09-30/0841a [[wikt:冥|冥]] meng, mengX
* 09-29/09-30/0841b [[wikt:瞑|瞑]] men, meng, menH
* 09-29/09-30/0841c [[wikt:溟|溟]] meng
* 09-29/09-30/0841d [[wikt:螟|螟]] meng
* 09-29/09-30/0841e [[wikt:塓|塓]] mek
* 09-29/09-30/0841f [[wikt:幎|幎]] mek
* 09-29/09-30/0841g [[wikt:𧜀|𧜀]] mek

==09-30==
Boltz combines [[#03-61|03-60]] and [[#09-30|09-30]]. 
* 09-30/09-31/0826a [[wikt:名|名]] mjieng
* 09-30/09-31/0826d [[wikt:銘|銘]] meng

==09-31==
* 09-31/09-32/0762a [[wikt:命|命]] mjaengH

==09-33==
* 09-33/0827a [[wikt:鳴|鳴]] mjaeng

=10=
==10-01==
* 10-01/0108a [[wikt:句|句]] kjuH, kuw
* 10-01/0108c [[wikt:鉤|鉤]] kuw
* 10-01/0108d [[wikt:狗|狗]] kuwX
* 10-01/0108e [[wikt:笱|笱]] kuwX
* 10-01/0108f [[wikt:耇|耇]] kuwX
* 10-01/0108h [[wikt:苟|苟]] kuwX
* 10-01/0108i [[wikt:雊|雊]] kuwH
* 10-01/0108j [[wikt:怐|怐]] khuw
* 10-01/0108k [[wikt:敂|敂]] khuwH, khuwX
* 10-01/0108l [[wikt:袧|袧]] khuw
* 10-01/0108m [[wikt:訽|訽]] huwH, xuwH, xuwX
* 10-01/0108n [[wikt:蚼|蚼]] xuwX
* 10-01/0108o [[wikt:枸|枸]] kjuX
* 10-01/0108p [[wikt:拘|拘]] gju, kju, kuw
* 10-01/0108q [[wikt:痀|痀]] kju
* 10-01/0108r [[wikt:駒|駒]] kju
* 10-01/0108t [[wikt:劬|劬]] gju
* 10-01/0108u [[wikt:絇|絇]] gju
* 10-01/0108v [[wikt:胊|胊]] gju
* 10-01/0108x [[wikt:軥|軥]] gju
* 10-01/0108y [[wikt:鴝|鴝]] gju
* 10-01/0108z [[wikt:竘|竘]] khjuX, khuwX
* 10-01/0108a' [[wikt:呴|呴]] xju, xjuH
* 10-01/0108b' [[wikt:姁|姁]] xjuX
* 10-01/0108 [[wikt:昫|昫]] xjuH
* 10-01/0108c' [[wikt:煦|煦]] xjuH, xjuX

==10-02==
* 10-02/0109a [[wikt:冓|冓]] kuwH
* 10-02/0109e [[wikt:媾|媾]] kuwH
* 10-02/0109f [[wikt:搆|搆]] kuwH
* 10-02/0109g [[wikt:構|構]] kuwH
* 10-02/0109h [[wikt:溝|溝]] kuw
* 10-02/0109i [[wikt:篝|篝]] kuw
* 10-02/0109j [[wikt:覯|覯]] kuwH
* 10-02/0109k [[wikt:購|購]] kuwH
* 10-02/0109l [[wikt:遘|遘]] kuwH
* 10-02/1198a [[wikt:講|講]] kaewngX

==10-03==
* 10-03/0110a [[wikt:口|口]] khuwX
* 10-03/0110d [[wikt:叩|叩]] khuwH, khuwX
* 10-03/0110e [[wikt:扣|扣]] khuwH, khuwX
* 10-03/0110f [[wikt:釦|釦]] khuwX

==10-04==
* 10-04/0111a [[wikt:寇|寇]] khuwH

==10-05==
* 10-05/0112a [[wikt:后|后]] huwH, huwX
* 10-05/0112c [[wikt:逅|逅]] huwH
* 10-05/0112d [[wikt:垢|垢]] kuwX
* 10-05/0112e [[wikt:姤|姤]] kuwH
* 10-05/0112f [[wikt:詬|詬]] khuwH, kuwX
* 10-05/0112g [[wikt:㖃|㖃]] xuwH, xuwX

==10-06==
* 10-06/0113a [[wikt:侯|侯]] huw
* 10-06/0113e [[wikt:候|候]] huwH
* 10-06/0113f [[wikt:喉|喉]] huw
* 10-06/0113g [[wikt:猴|猴]] huw
* 10-06/0113h [[wikt:翭|翭]] huw
* 10-06/0113i [[wikt:鍭|鍭]] huw, huwH
* 10-06/0113j [[wikt:餱|餱]] huw

==10-07==
* 10-07/0114a [[wikt:厚|厚]] huwX

==10-08==
* 10-08/0115a [[wikt:後|後]] huwH, huwX

==10-09==
* 10-09/0121a [[wikt:具|具]] gjuH
* 10-09/0121d [[wikt:俱|俱]] kju
* 10-09/0121e [[wikt:椇|椇]] kjuX

==10-10==
* 10-10/0122a [[wikt:區|區]] 'uw, khju
* 10-10/0122c [[wikt:驅|驅]] khju, khjuH
* 10-10/0122d [[wikt:敺|敺]] khju, khjuH
* 10-10/0122g [[wikt:軀|軀]] khju, khjuH
* 10-10/0122h [[wikt:摳|摳]] khju, khuw
* 10-10/0122i [[wikt:嘔|嘔]] 'uw, 'uwX
* 10-10/0122j [[wikt:毆|毆]] 'uwX
* 10-10/0122k [[wikt:漚|漚]] 'uw, 'uwH
* 10-10/0122l [[wikt:甌|甌]] 'uw
* 10-10/0122m [[wikt:謳|謳]] 'uw
* 10-10/0122n [[wikt:傴|傴]] 'juX
* 10-10/0122o [[wikt:嫗|嫗]] 'juH, 'juX
* 10-10/0122p [[wikt:饇|饇]] 'juH
* 10-10/0122q [[wikt:樞|樞]] 'uw, tsyhu
* 10-10/0122r [[wikt:貙|貙]] 'trhju

==10-11==
* 10-11/0124a [[wikt:禺|禺]] ngju, ngjuH
* 10-11/0124c [[wikt:寓|寓]] ngjuH
* 10-11/0124f [[wikt:嵎|嵎]] ngju
* 10-11/0124g [[wikt:愚|愚]] ngju
* 10-11/0124h [[wikt:遇|遇]] ngjuH
* 10-11/0124i [[wikt:隅|隅]] ngju
* 10-11/0124j [[wikt:腢|腢]] ngju, ngjuwX
* 10-11/0124k [[wikt:髃|髃]] ngju, ngjuwX
* 10-11/0124l [[wikt:齵|齵]] ngju, nguw
* 10-11/0124m [[wikt:喁|喁]] ngjowng, ngju, nguwX
* 10-11/0124n [[wikt:偶|偶]] nguwH, nguwX
* 10-11/0124o [[wikt:耦|耦]] nguwX
* 10-11/0124p [[wikt:顒|顒]] ngjowng

==10-12==
* 10-12/0117a [[wikt:兜|兜]] tuw

==10-13==
* 10-13/0116a [[wikt:斗|斗]] tsyuX, tuwX
* 10-13/0116b [[wikt:枓|枓]] tsyuX

==10-14==
* 10-14/1246a [[wikt:𧱓|𧱓]] tuwH

==10-15==
* 10-15/1235b [[wikt:斲|斲]] traewk
* 10-15/1235c [[wikt:鬭|鬭]] tuwH

==10-16==
* 10-16/0118a [[wikt:豆|豆]] duwH
* 10-16/0118d [[wikt:脰|脰]] duwH
* 10-16/0118e [[wikt:頭|頭]] duw
* 10-16/0118f [[wikt:裋|裋]] dzyuX
* 10-16/0118g [[wikt:豎|豎]] dzyuX
* 10-16/0169a [[wikt:短|短]] twanX
* 10-16/10-22/0127a [[wikt:壴|壴]] trjuH
* 10-16/10-22/0127h [[wikt:尌|尌]] dzyuH
* 10-16/10-22/0127j [[wikt:樹|樹]] dzyuH, dzyuX
* 10-16/10-22/0127m [[wikt:廚|廚]] drju
* 10-16/10-22/0127n [[wikt:躕|躕]] drju

==10-17==
* 10-17/1234a [[wikt:鬥|鬥]] tuwH

==10-18==
* 10-18/0128a [[wikt:朱|朱]] tsyu
* 10-18/0128d [[wikt:侏|侏]] tsyu
* 10-18/0128e [[wikt:珠|珠]] tsyu
* 10-18/0128f [[wikt:株|株]] trju
* 10-18/0128g [[wikt:蛛|蛛]] trju
* 10-18/0128h [[wikt:鼄|鼄]] trju
* 10-18/0128k [[wikt:誅|誅]] trju
* 10-18/0128l [[wikt:跦|跦]] trju
* 10-18/0128m [[wikt:邾|邾]] trju
* 10-18/0128p [[wikt:姝|姝]] tsyhu
* 10-18/0128r [[wikt:袾|袾]] tsyhu, tsyu
* 10-18/0128s [[wikt:殊|殊]] dzyu
* 10-18/0128t [[wikt:銖|銖]] dzyu
* 10-18/0128u [[wikt:咮|咮]] trjuwH, tuwH

==10-19==
* 10-19/0129a [[wikt:主|主]] tsyuX
* 10-19/0129b [[wikt:罜|罜]] tsyuH
* 10-19/0129c [[wikt:注|注]] trjuH, tsyuH
* 10-19/0129d [[wikt:註|註]] trjuH, tsyuH
* 10-19/0129e [[wikt:拄|拄]] trjuX
* 10-19/0129f [[wikt:鉒|鉒]] trjuH
* 10-19/0129g [[wikt:住|住]] drjuH
* 10-19/0129h [[wikt:柱|柱]] drjuX
* 10-19/0129i [[wikt:黈|黈]] thuwX

==10-20==
* 10-20/1232a [[wikt:馵|馵]] tsyuH

==10-21==
* 10-21/0130a [[wikt:殳|殳]] dzyu
* 10-21/0130c [[wikt:投|投]] duw
* 10-21/0323a [[wikt:祋|祋]] twajH

==10-22==

* 10-22/10-23/0125a [[wikt:俞|俞]] yu
* 10-22/10-23/0125c [[wikt:喻|喻]] yuH
* 10-22/10-23/0125d [[wikt:愈|愈]] yuX
* 10-22/10-23/0125f [[wikt:愉|愉]] yu
* 10-22/10-23/0125g [[wikt:榆|榆]] yu
* 10-22/10-23/0125h [[wikt:渝|渝]] yu
* 10-22/10-23/0125i [[wikt:瑜|瑜]] yu
* 10-22/10-23/0125j [[wikt:瘉|瘉]] yuX
* 10-22/10-23/0125k [[wikt:羭|羭]] yu
* 10-22/10-23/0125l [[wikt:覦|覦]] yu, yuH
* 10-22/10-23/0125m [[wikt:諭|諭]] yuH
* 10-22/10-23/0125n [[wikt:踰|踰]] yu
* 10-22/10-23/0125o [[wikt:逾|逾]] yu
* 10-22/10-23/0125p [[wikt:揄|揄]] duwX, yu
* 10-22/10-23/0125q [[wikt:窬|窬]] duw, yu
* 10-22/10-23/0125r [[wikt:蝓|蝓]] yu, zyu
* 10-22/10-23/0125s [[wikt:輸|輸]] syu
* 10-22/10-23/0125t [[wikt:歈|歈]] duw
* 10-22/10-23/0125u [[wikt:偷|偷]] thuw
* 10-22/10-23/0125v [[wikt:媮|媮]] thuw

==10-23==
* 10-23/10-24/0126a [[wikt:臾|臾]] yu
* 10-23/10-24/0126b [[wikt:庾|庾]] yuX
* 10-23/10-24/0126c [[wikt:斞|斞]] yuX
* 10-23/10-24/0126d [[wikt:楰|楰]] yuX
* 10-23/10-24/0126e [[wikt:腴|腴]] yu
* 10-23/10-24/0126f [[wikt:諛|諛]] yu
* 10-23/10-24/0126g [[wikt:斔|斔]] yuX

==10-24==
* 10-24/10-25/1243b [[wikt:窳|窳]] yuX

==10-25==
* 10-25/10-26/1243c [[wikt:戍|戍]] syuH

==10-26==
* 10-26/10-27/0120a [[wikt:漏|漏]] luwH

==10-27==
* 10-27/10-28/1246b [[wikt:陋|陋]] luwH

==10-28==
* 10-28/10-29/0123a [[wikt:婁|婁]] lju, ljuX, luw, luwX
* 10-28/10-29/0123b [[wikt:僂|僂]] ljuX, luw
* 10-28/10-29/0123c [[wikt:膢|膢]] lju, luw
* 10-28/10-29/0123d [[wikt:摟|摟]] luw
* 10-28/10-29/0123e [[wikt:蔞|蔞]] lju, ljuX, luw
* 10-28/10-29/0123f [[wikt:屢|屢]] ljuH
* 10-28/10-29/0123g [[wikt:瘻|瘻]] lju
* 10-28/10-29/0123h [[wikt:縷|縷]] ljuX
* 10-28/10-29/0123i [[wikt:鞻|鞻]] kjuH, ljuH, luw
* 10-28/10-29/0123j [[wikt:塿|塿]] luwX
* 10-28/10-29/0123k [[wikt:樓|樓]] luw
* 10-28/10-29/0123l [[wikt:螻|螻]] luw, luwH
* 10-28/10-29/0123m [[wikt:鏤|鏤]] luwH
* 10-28/10-29/0123n [[wikt:髏|髏]] luw
* 10-28/10-29/0123o [[wikt:窶|窶]] gjuX
* 10-28/10-29/0123p [[wikt:寠|寠]] gjuX
* 10-28/10-29/0123q [[wikt:屨|屨]] kjuH
* 10-28/10-29/0123r [[wikt:數|數]] srjuX, srjuH
* 10-28/10-29/1207a [[wikt:數|數]] sraewk, tshjowk
* 10-28/10-29/1207b [[wikt:籔|籔]] srjuX, suwk
* 10-28/10-29/1207c [[wikt:藪|藪]] suwX

==10-29==
* 10-29/10-30/0133a [[wikt:須|須]] sju
* 10-29/10-30/0133d [[wikt:鬚|鬚]] sju
* 10-29/10-30/0133e [[wikt:嬃|嬃]] sju
* 10-29/10-30/0133f [[wikt:盨|盨]] sjuX

==10-30==
* 10-30/10-31/0134a [[wikt:需|需]] sju
* 10-30/10-31/0134b [[wikt:繻|繻]] nyu, sju
* 10-30/10-31/0134c [[wikt:儒|儒]] nyu
* 10-30/10-31/0134d [[wikt:孺|孺]] nyuH
* 10-30/10-31/0134e [[wikt:懦|懦]] nwaH, nyu
* 10-30/10-31/0134f [[wikt:濡|濡]] nyu
* 10-30/10-31/0134g [[wikt:𣽉|𣽉]] nyu
* 10-30/10-31/0134h [[wikt:臑|臑]] nyu
* 10-30/10-31/0134i [[wikt:襦|襦]] nyu
* 10-30/10-31/0134j [[wikt:醹|醹]] nyu, nyuX

==10-31==
* 10-31/10-32/0135a [[wikt:乳|乳]] nyuX

==10-32==
* 10-32/10-33/0119a [[wikt:走|走]] tsuwX

==10-33==
* 10-33/10-34/1229a [[wikt:奏|奏]] tsuwH
* 10-33/10-34/1229b [[wikt:湊|湊]] tshuwH
* 10-33/10-34/1229c [[wikt:腠|腠]] tshuwH

==10-34==
* 10-34/10-35/0131a [[wikt:取|取]] tshuwX, tshjuX, tshjuH
* 10-34/10-35/0131e [[wikt:娶|娶]] tshjuH
* 10-34/10-35/0131g [[wikt:趣|趣]] tshjowk, tshjuH
* 10-34/10-35/0131i [[wikt:娵|娵]] tsju
* 10-34/10-35/0131j [[wikt:諏|諏]] tsju
* 10-34/10-35/0131k [[wikt:聚|聚]] dzjuH, dzjuX
* 10-34/10-35/0131l [[wikt:陬|陬]] tsju, tsuw
* 10-34/10-35/0131m [[wikt:掫|掫]] tsju, tsuw
* 10-34/10-35/0131n [[wikt:緅|緅]] tsjuH, tsuw
* 10-34/10-35/0131o [[wikt:棷|棷]] suwX
* 10-34/10-35/0131p [[wikt:菆|菆]] dzwan
* 10-34/10-35/0131q [[wikt:驟|驟]] dzrjuwH
* 10-34/10-35/0325a [[wikt:最|最]] tswajH
* 10-34/10-35/0325c [[wikt:蕞|蕞]] dzwajH
* 10-34/10-35/0325d [[wikt:嘬|嘬]] tsrhwaejH, tsrhweajH
* 10-34/10-35/0325e [[wikt:撮|撮]] tshwat, tswajH

==10-35==
* 10-35/10-36/0132a [[wikt:芻|芻]] tsrhju
* 10-35/10-36/0132c [[wikt:趨|趨]] tsrhju
* 10-35/10-36/0132d [[wikt:雛|雛]] dzrju
* 10-35/10-36/0132e [[wikt:鶵|鶵]] dzrju
* 10-35/10-36/0132f [[wikt:縐|縐]] tsrjuwH
* 10-35/10-36/0132g [[wikt:騶|騶]] dzrjuwH, tsrjuw
* 10-35/10-36/0132h [[wikt:齺|齺]] tsrjuw
* 10-35/10-36/0132- [[wikt:皺|皺]] tsrjuw
* 10-35/10-36/0132- [[wikt:鄒|鄒]] tsrjuw

==10-36==
* 10-36/10-37/1097a [[wikt:叜|叜]] suwX
* 10-36/10-37/1097a [[wikt:叟|叟]] suwX
* 10-36/10-37/1097c [[wikt:𡨙|𡨙]] suwX
* 10-36/10-37/1097d [[wikt:搜|搜]] srjuw, suwX
* 10-36/10-37/1097e [[wikt:廋|廋]] srjuw
* 10-36/10-37/1097f [[wikt:𣸈|𣸈]] srjuwX
* 10-36/10-37/1097g [[wikt:溲|溲]] srjuw
* 10-36/10-37/1097h [[wikt:獀|獀]] srjuw
* 10-36/10-37/1097i [[wikt:瘦|瘦]] srjuwH
* 10-36/10-37/1097j [[wikt:醙|醙]] srjuwX
* 10-36/10-37/1097k [[wikt:嫂|嫂]] sawX
* 10-36/10-37/1097l [[wikt:謏|謏]] sewX
* 10-36/10-37/1097m [[wikt:傁|傁]] suwX
* 10-36/10-37/1097n [[wikt:瞍|瞍]] suwX

==10-37==
* 10-37/10-38/1230a [[wikt:裒|裒]] buw

==10-38==
* 10-38/10-39/0136a [[wikt:付|付]] pjuH
* 10-38/10-39/0136c [[wikt:府|府]] pjuX
* 10-38/10-39/0136d [[wikt:柎|柎]] bjuX, buwX, pju
* 10-38/10-39/0136e [[wikt:跗|跗]] pju
* 10-38/10-39/0136f [[wikt:弣|弣]] phjuX
* 10-38/10-39/0136g [[wikt:拊|拊]] phjuX
* 10-38/10-39/0136h [[wikt:泭|泭]] phju
* 10-38/10-39/0136i [[wikt:坿|坿]] bjuH
* 10-38/10-39/0136j [[wikt:祔|祔]] bjuH
* 10-38/10-39/0136k [[wikt:附|附]] bjuH
* 10-38/10-39/0136l [[wikt:駙|駙]] bjuH
* 10-38/10-39/0136m [[wikt:符|符]] bju
* 10-38/10-39/0136n [[wikt:腐|腐]] bjuX
* 10-38/10-39/0136o [[wikt:胕|胕]] bjuH
* 10-38/10-39/0136p [[wikt:蚹|蚹]] bjuH
* 10-38/10-39/0136q [[wikt:鮒|鮒]] bjuH
* 10-38/10-39/0136r [[wikt:俯|俯]] pjuX

==10-39==
* 10-39/10-40/0137a [[wikt:鳧|鳧]] bju

=011=
==11-01==
* 11-01/1203a [[wikt:哭|哭]] khuwk

==11-02==
* 11-02/1225a [[wikt:角|角]] kaewk
* 11-02/1225d [[wikt:桷|桷]] kaewk
* 11-02/1225e [[wikt:确|确]] haewk
* 11-02/1225f [[wikt:斛|斛]] huwk

==11-03==
* 11-03/1226a [[wikt:㱿|㱿]] khaewk
* 11-03/1226a [[wikt:殼|殼]] khaewk
* 11-03/1226b [[wikt:愨|愨]] khaewk
* 11-03/1226c [[wikt:慤|慤]] khaewk
* 11-03/1226d [[wikt:瑴|瑴]] kaewk
* 11-03/1226g [[wikt:嗀|嗀]] xaewk, xuwk
* 11-03/1226h [[wikt:榖|榖]] kuwk
* 11-03/1226i [[wikt:穀|穀]] kuwk
* 11-03/1226j [[wikt:轂|轂]] kuwk
* 11-03/1226k [[wikt:縠|縠]] huwk
* 11-03/1226l [[wikt:觳|觳]] haewk, huwk, khaewk
* 11-03/1226m [[wikt:㝅|㝅]] kuwH
* 11-03/1226p [[wikt:彀|彀]] kuwH
* 11-03/1226q [[wikt:鷇|鷇]] khuwH

==11-04==
* 11-04/1213a [[wikt:曲|曲]] khjowk

==11-05==
* 11-05/1214a [[wikt:局|局]] gjowk
* 11-05/1214b [[wikt:跼|跼]] gjowk
* 11-05/1214c [[wikt:挶|挶]] kjowk
* 11-05/1214d [[wikt:梮|梮]] kjowk

==11-06==
* 11-06/1204a [[wikt:屋|屋]] 'uwk
* 11-06/1204b [[wikt:剭|剭]] 'uwk
* 11-06/1204c [[wikt:偓|偓]] 'aewk
* 11-06/1204d [[wikt:喔|喔]] 'aewk
* 11-06/1204e [[wikt:幄|幄]] 'aewk
* 11-06/1204f [[wikt:握|握]] 'aewk
* 11-06/1204g [[wikt:渥|渥]] 'aewk, 'uwH
* 11-06/1204h [[wikt:腛|腛]] 'aewk

==11-07==
* 11-07/1217a [[wikt:勖|勖]] xjowk

==11-08==
* 11-08/1227a [[wikt:岳|岳]] ngaewk

==11-09==
* 11-09/1216a [[wikt:玉|玉]] ngjowk
* 11-09/1216d [[wikt:頊|頊]] xjowk

==11-10==
* 11-10/1215a [[wikt:獄|獄]] ngjowk
* 11-10/1215c [[wikt:嶽|嶽]] ngaewk
* 11-10/1215d [[wikt:鸑|鸑]] ngaewk

==11-11==
* 11-11/1205a [[wikt:禿|禿]] thuwk

==11-12==
* 11-12/1224a [[wikt:蜀|蜀]] dzyowk
* 11-12/1224d [[wikt:蠋|蠋]] dzyowk
* 11-12/1224e [[wikt:燭|燭]] tsyowk
* 11-12/1224f [[wikt:臅|臅]] tsyhowk
* 11-12/1224g [[wikt:觸|觸]] tsyhowk
* 11-12/1224h [[wikt:躅|躅]] drjowk
* 11-12/1224i [[wikt:獨|獨]] duwk
* 11-12/1224j [[wikt:襡|襡]] duwk
* 11-12/1224k [[wikt:韣|韣]] duwk, dzyowk, tsyowk
* 11-12/1224l [[wikt:䪅|䪅]] dzyowk, tsyowk
* 11-12/1224m [[wikt:髑|髑]] duwk
* 11-12/1224n [[wikt:噣|噣]] tuwH
* 11-12/1224o [[wikt:斀|斀]] traewk
* 11-12/1224p [[wikt:濁|濁]] traewk
* 11-12/1224q [[wikt:鐲|鐲]] draewk
* 11-12/1224r [[wikt:擉|擉]] tsrhaewk
* 11-12/1224s [[wikt:屬|屬]] dzyowk, tsyowk
* 11-12/1224t [[wikt:斸|斸]] trjowk
* 11-12/1224u [[wikt:欘|欘]] trjowk
* 11-12/1224v [[wikt:钃|钃]] trjowk
* 11-12/1224x [[wikt:䠱|䠱]] drjowk

==11-13==
* 11-13/1218a [[wikt:豖|豖]] trhjowk
* 11-13/1218b [[wikt:啄|啄]] traewk, tuwk
* 11-13/1218c [[wikt:椓|椓]] traewk
* 11-13/1218d [[wikt:㧻|㧻]] traewk
* 11-13/1218e [[wikt:涿|涿]] traewk
* 11-13/1218f [[wikt:琢|琢]] traewk
* 11-13/1218g [[wikt:諑|諑]] traewk
* 11-13/1218h [[wikt:冢|冢]] trjowngX
* 11-13/1218- [[wikt:瘃|瘃]] trjowk

==11-14==
* 11-14/1202a [[wikt:谷|谷]] kuwk
* 11-14/1202d [[wikt:欲|欲]] yowk
* 11-14/1202e [[wikt:慾|慾]] yowk
* 11-14/1202f [[wikt:浴|浴]] yowk
* 11-14/1202g [[wikt:鵒|鵒]] yowk
* 11-14/1202h [[wikt:裕|裕]] yuH
* 11-14/1220a [[wikt:俗|俗]] zjowk

==11-15==
* 11-15/1208a [[wikt:彔|彔]] luwk
* 11-15/1208e [[wikt:盝|盝]] luwk
* 11-15/1208f [[wikt:琭|琭]] luwk
* 11-15/1208g [[wikt:睩|睩]] luwk
* 11-15/1208h [[wikt:祿|祿]] luwk
* 11-15/1208i [[wikt:㯟|㯟]] luwk
* 11-15/1208k [[wikt:綠|綠]] ljowk
* 11-15/1208l [[wikt:菉|菉]] ljowk
* 11-15/1208m [[wikt:錄|錄]] ljowk
* 11-15/1228a [[wikt:剝|剝]] paewk

==11-16==
* 11-16/1209a [[wikt:鹿|鹿]] luwk
* 11-16/1209e [[wikt:摝|摝]] luwk
* 11-16/1209f [[wikt:漉|漉]] luwk
* 11-16/1209h [[wikt:麓|麓]] luwk

==11-17==
* 11-17/1223a [[wikt:辱|辱]] nyowk
* 11-17/1223b [[wikt:溽|溽]] nyowk
* 11-17/1223c [[wikt:縟|縟]] nyowk
* 11-17/1223d [[wikt:蓐|蓐]] nyowk
* 11-17/1223e [[wikt:槈|槈]] nuwH
* 11-17/1223f [[wikt:耨|耨]] nuwH

==11-18==
* 11-18/1206a [[wikt:族|族]] dzuwk
* 11-18/1206d [[wikt:鏃|鏃]] tsuwk
* 11-18/1206e [[wikt:瘯|瘯]] tshuwk
* 11-18/1206f [[wikt:蔟|蔟]] tshuwH, tshuwk
* 11-18/1206g [[wikt:嗾|嗾]] tshuwH

==11-19==
* 11-19/1219a [[wikt:足|足]] tsjowk, tsjuH
* 11-19/1219c [[wikt:哫|哫]] tsjowk
* 11-19/1219d [[wikt:促|促]] tshjowk
* 11-19/1219e [[wikt:捉|捉]] tsraewk

==11-20==
* 11-20/1221a [[wikt:粟|粟]] sjowk

==11-21==
* 11-21/1222a [[wikt:束|束]] syowk
* 11-21/1222g [[wikt:誎|誎]] tshjowk
* 11-21/1222i [[wikt:速|速]] suwk
* 11-21/1222k [[wikt:餗|餗]] suwk
* 11-21/1222l [[wikt:駷|駷]] suwH, suwX
* 11-21/1222m [[wikt:悚|悚]] sjowngX
* 11-21/1222n [[wikt:竦|竦]] sjowngX
* 11-21/1222o [[wikt:欶|欶]] sraewk
* 11-21/1222p [[wikt:樕|樕]] suwk
* 11-21/1222q [[wikt:蔌|蔌]] suwk
* 11-21/1222r [[wikt:遫|遫]] suwk
* 11-21/1222s [[wikt:嗽|嗽]] suwH
* 11-21/1222t [[wikt:漱|漱]] suwH

==11-22==
* 11-22/1210a [[wikt:卜|卜]] puwk
* 11-22/1210e [[wikt:扑|扑]] phuwk
* 11-22/1210f [[wikt:朴|朴]] phaewk
* 11-22/1210g [[wikt:仆|仆]] bok, phjuH, phjuwH, phuwH
* 11-22/1210h [[wikt:訃|訃]] phjuH
* 11-22/1210i [[wikt:赴|赴]] phjuH

==11-23==
* 11-23/1211a [[wikt:菐|菐]] buwk
* 11-23/1211b [[wikt:僕|僕]] bowk, buwk, phuwk
* 11-23/1211g [[wikt:樸|樸]] buwk, phuwk, puwk
* 11-23/1211i [[wikt:轐|轐]] puwk
* 11-23/1211j [[wikt:撲|撲]] phuwk
* 11-23/1211m [[wikt:墣|墣]] phaewk, phuwk
* 11-23/1211n [[wikt:璞|璞]] phaewk

==11-24==
* 11-24/1212a [[wikt:木|木]] muwk
* 11-24/1212e [[wikt:沐|沐]] muwk
* 11-24/1212f [[wikt:霂|霂]] muwk

=12=
==12-01==
* 12-01/1172a [[wikt:工|工]] kuwng
* 12-01/1172d [[wikt:功|功]] kuwng
* 12-01/1172e [[wikt:攻|攻]] kuwng
* 12-01/1172g [[wikt:貢|貢]] kuwngH
* 12-01/1172h [[wikt:空|空]] khuwng, khuwngH, khuwngX
* 12-01/1172i [[wikt:紅|紅]] huwng
* 12-01/1172j [[wikt:虹|虹]] huwng, kaewngH
* 12-01/1172k [[wikt:訌|訌]] huwng
* 12-01/1172l [[wikt:䲨|䲨]] huwng
* 12-01/1172m [[wikt:𨾊|𨾊]] huwng
* 12-01/1172p [[wikt:𢀜|𢀜]] kjowngX
* 12-01/1172s [[wikt:邛|邛]] gjowng
* 12-01/1172u [[wikt:杠|杠]] kaewng
* 12-01/1172v [[wikt:江|江]] kaewng
* 12-01/1172x [[wikt:矼|矼]] kaewng, khuwngH
* 12-01/1172y [[wikt:項|項]] haewngX
* 12-01/1172z [[wikt:悾|悾]] khaewng, khuwng, khuwngH
* 12-01/1172a' [[wikt:控|控]] khaewngH, khuwngH
* 12-01/1172b' [[wikt:椌|椌]] khaewng
* 12-01/1172c' [[wikt:鞏|鞏]] kjowngX
* 12-01/1172d' [[wikt:恐|恐]] khjowngX
* 12-01/1172e' [[wikt:蛩|蛩]] gjowng
* 12-01/1172f' [[wikt:跫|跫]] gjowng, khaewng
* 12-01/1172g' [[wikt:鴻|鴻]] huwng

==12-02==
* 12-02/1174a [[wikt:孔|孔]] khuwngX

==12-03==
* 12-03/1182a [[wikt:廾|廾]] kjowngX
* 12-03/1182b [[wikt:𠬞|𠬞]] kjowngX
* 12-03/1182c [[wikt:共|共]] gjowngH
* 12-03/1182e [[wikt:拱|拱]] kjowngX
* 12-03/1182f [[wikt:供|供]] kjowng, kjowngH
* 12-03/1182g [[wikt:龏|龏]] kjuwng
* 12-03/1182k [[wikt:龔|龔]] kjuwng
* 12-03/1182l [[wikt:恭|恭]] kjowng, kuwng
* 12-03/1182m [[wikt:拲|拲]] kjowk, kjowngX
* 12-03/1182n [[wikt:輁|輁]] gjowng, kjowngX
* 12-03/1182o [[wikt:洪|洪]] huwng
* 12-03/1182p [[wikt:鬨|鬨]] haewngH, huwngH
* 12-03/1182q [[wikt:閧|閧]] haewngH, huwngH
* 12-03/1182r [[wikt:烘|烘]] xuwng
* 12-03/1182s [[wikt:巷|巷]] haewngH
* 12-03/1182t [[wikt:輂|輂]] kjowk

==12-04==
* 12-04/1184a [[wikt:邕|邕]] 'jowng
* 12-04/1184c [[wikt:雝|雝]] 'jowng
* 12-04/1184h [[wikt:雍|雍]] 'jowng, 'jowngX
* 12-04/1184i [[wikt:壅|壅]] 'jowng, 'jowngH, 'jowngX
* 12-04/1184j [[wikt:廱|廱]] 'jowng
* 12-04/1184k [[wikt:擁|擁]] 'jowngX
* 12-04/1184l [[wikt:癰|癰]] 'jowng
* 12-04/1184m [[wikt:饔|饔]] 'jowng
* 12-04/1184o [[wikt:罋|罋]] 'jowng, 'jowngH
* 12-04/1184p [[wikt:甕|甕]] 'uwngH

==12-05==
* 12-05/1183a [[wikt:凶|凶]] xjowng
* 12-05/1183b [[wikt:兇|兇]] xjowng
* 12-05/1183c [[wikt:訩|訩]] xjowng
* 12-05/1183d [[wikt:匈|匈]] xjowng
* 12-05/1183e [[wikt:胷|胷]] xjowng
* 12-05/1183f [[wikt:胸|胸]] xjowng
* 12-05/1183g [[wikt:洶|洶]] xjowng, xjowngX
* 12-05/1243a [[wikt:酗|酗]] xjuH

==12-06==
* 12-06/1175a [[wikt:東|東]] tuwng
* 12-06/1175e [[wikt:凍|凍]] tuwngH
* 12-06/1175f [[wikt:棟|棟]] tuwngH
* 12-06/1175g [[wikt:涷|涷]] tuwngH
* 12-06/1175h [[wikt:蝀|蝀]] tuwng
* 12-06/1175- [[wikt:倲|倲]]
* 12-06/1175- [[wikt:鯟|鯟]]
* 12-06/1175- [[wikt:崠|崠]]
* 12-06/1175- [[wikt:埬|埬]]
* 12-06/1175- [[wikt:棟|棟]]
* 12-06/1175- [[wikt:㨂|㨂]] tuwngX

==12-07==
* 12-07/1189a [[wikt:妐|妐]] tsyowng

==12-08==
* 12-08/1188a [[wikt:重|重]] drjowng, drjowngX
* 12-08/1188b [[wikt:偅|偅]] tsyowngH
* 12-08/1188c [[wikt:湩|湩]] trjowngH, tuwngH
* 12-08/1188d [[wikt:種|種]] tsyowngH, tsyowngX
* 12-08/1188e [[wikt:腫|腫]] tsyowngX
* 12-08/1188f [[wikt:踵|踵]] tsyowngX
* 12-08/1188g [[wikt:鍾|鍾]] tsyowng
* 12-08/1188j [[wikt:衝|衝]] tsyhowng
* 12-08/1188k [[wikt:尰|尰]] dzyowngX
* 12-08/1188l [[wikt:董|董]] tuwngX
* 12-08/1188m [[wikt:動|動]] duwngX
* 12-08/1188n [[wikt:慟|慟]] duwngH
* 12-08/1188o [[wikt:童|童]] duwng
* 12-08/1188r [[wikt:僮|僮]] duwng
* 12-08/1188s [[wikt:瞳|瞳]] thuwng
* 12-08/1188t [[wikt:穜|穜]] drjowng, duwng
* 12-08/1188u [[wikt:𣦟|𣦟]] tsyowngX
* 12-08/1188x [[wikt:鐘|鐘]] tsyowng
* 12-08/1188a' [[wikt:𠟍|𠟍]] tsyhowng
* 12-08/1188b' [[wikt:憧|憧]] draewngH, tsyhowng
* 12-08/1188c' [[wikt:罿|罿]] duwng, tsyhowng
* 12-08/1188d' [[wikt:𤺄|𤺄]] dzyowngX
* 12-08/1188e' [[wikt:幢|幢]] draewng
* 12-08/1188f' [[wikt:撞|撞]] draewng, draewngH
* 12-08/1248a [[wikt:畽|畽]] thwanX

==12-09==
* 12-09/1176a [[wikt:同|同]] duwng
* 12-09/1176d [[wikt:銅|銅]] duwng
* 12-09/1176e [[wikt:桐|桐]] duwng
* 12-09/1176g [[wikt:筒|筒]] duwng
* 12-09/1176h [[wikt:洞|洞]] duwngH
* 12-09/1176i [[wikt:詷|詷]] duwng
* 12-09/1176j [[wikt:侗|侗]] duwng, duwngX, thuwng, thuwngH
* 12-09/1176k [[wikt:恫|恫]] thuwng, thuwngH

==12-10==
* 12-10/1185a [[wikt:用|用]] yowngH
* 12-10/1185f [[wikt:𢦨|𢦨]] yowngX
* 12-10/1185h [[wikt:甬|甬]] yowngX
* 12-10/1185j [[wikt:俑|俑]] yowngX
* 12-10/1185k [[wikt:勇|勇]] yowngX
* 12-10/1185l [[wikt:涌|涌]] yowngX
* 12-10/1185m [[wikt:蛹|蛹]] yowngX
* 12-10/1185n [[wikt:踊|踊]] yowngX
* 12-10/1185o [[wikt:誦|誦]] zjowngH
* 12-10/1185p [[wikt:桶|桶]] thuwngX
* 12-10/1185q [[wikt:痛|痛]] thuwngH
* 12-10/1185r [[wikt:通|通]] thuwng
* 12-10/1185t [[wikt:筩|筩]] duwng
* 12-10/1185u [[wikt:湧|湧]] yowngX
* 12-10/1185x [[wikt:庸|庸]] yowng
* 12-10/1185y [[wikt:傭|傭]] trhjowng, yowng
* 12-10/1185z [[wikt:墉|墉]] yowng
* 12-10/1185a' [[wikt:鏞|鏞]] yowng

==12-11==
* 12-11/12-10A/1186a [[wikt:𦤘|𦤘]] yowng

==12-12==
A uvular series.
* 12-12/12-13/1173a [[wikt:公|公]] kuwng
* 12-12/12-13/1173g [[wikt:瓮|瓮]] 'uwngH
* 12-12/12-13/1190a [[wikt:松|松]] zjowng
* 12-12/12-13/1190b [[wikt:訟|訟]] zjowng, zjowngH
* 12-12/12-13/1190d [[wikt:頌|頌]] zjowngH
* 12-12/12-13/1190f [[wikt:崧|崧]] sjuwng
* 12-12/12-11/1187a [[wikt:容|容]] yowng
* 12-12/12-11/1187b [[wikt:溶|溶]] yowng
* 12-12/12-11/1187c [[wikt:蓉|蓉]] yowng

==12-13==
* 12-13/12-12/1192a [[wikt:舂|舂]] syowng
* 12-13/12-12/1192c [[wikt:摏|摏]] syowng
* 12-13/12-12/1192d [[wikt:憃|憃]] syowng, trhaewng, trhjowngH

==12-14==
* 12-14/1180a [[wikt:弄|弄]] luwngH

==12-15==
* 12-15/1193a [[wikt:龍|龍]] ljowng, maewng
* 12-15/1193f [[wikt:壟|壟]] ljowngX
* 12-15/1193g [[wikt:隴|隴]] ljowngX
* 12-15/1193h [[wikt:蘢|蘢]] ljowng, luwng
* 12-15/1193i [[wikt:龐|龐]] luwng
* 12-15/1193k [[wikt:礱|礱]] luwng
* 12-15/1193l [[wikt:籠|籠]] luwng, luwngX, ljowng
* 12-15/1193m [[wikt:聾|聾]] luwng
* 12-15/1193o [[wikt:蠪|蠪]] luwng
* 12-15/1193p [[wikt:寵|寵]] trhjowngX
* 12-15/1193- [[wikt:朧|朧]]

==12-16==
* 12-16/1194a [[wikt:茸|茸]] nyowng, nyowngX

==12-17==
* 12-17/1195a [[wikt:氄|氄]] nyowng

==12-18==
* 12-18/1196a [[wikt:宂|宂]] nyowngX

==12-19==
* 12-19/1199a [[wikt:囱|囱]] tsrhaewng
* 12-19/1199b [[wikt:匆|匆]] tsrhaewng
* 12-19/1199c [[wikt:悤|悤]] tshuwng
* 12-19/1199d [[wikt:怱|怱]] tshuwng
* 12-19/1199f [[wikt:聰|聰]] tshuwng
* 12-19/1199g [[wikt:蔥|蔥]] tshuwng, tsrhaewng
* 12-19/1199h [[wikt:葱|葱]] tshuwng
* 12-19/1199i [[wikt:總|總]] tsuwngX
* 12-19/1199j [[wikt:緫|緫]] tsuwng, tsuwngX
* 12-19/1199k [[wikt:揔|揔]] tsuwng, tsuwngX
* 12-19/1199l [[wikt:窻|窻]] tsrhaewng
* 12-19/1199m [[wikt:䆫|䆫]] tsrhaewng
* 12-19/1199- [[wikt:窗|窗]] tsrhaewng

==12-20==
* 12-20/1177a [[wikt:㚇|㚇]] tsuwng, tsuwngH
* 12-20/1177b [[wikt:惾|惾]] tsuwng
* 12-20/1177c [[wikt:椶|椶]] tsuwng
* 12-20/1177e [[wikt:稯|稯]] tsuwng
* 12-20/1177f [[wikt:鬷|鬷]] tsuwng

==12-21==
* 12-21/1178a [[wikt:叢|叢]] dzuwng

==12-22==
* 12-22/1191a [[wikt:从|从]] dzjowng
* 12-22/1191d [[wikt:從|從]] dzjowng, dzjowngH, tshjowng, tsjowng, tsuwngX
* 12-22/1191h [[wikt:縱|縱]] tsjowngH, tsuwngX
* 12-22/1191i [[wikt:樅|樅]] tshjowng, tsjowng
* 12-22/1191j [[wikt:聳|聳]] sjowngX
* 12-22/1191k [[wikt:豵|豵]] tsuwng
* 12-22/1191- [[wikt:蹤|蹤]] tsjowng

==12-23==
* 12-23/1179a [[wikt:送|送]] suwngH

==12-24==
* 12-24/1200a [[wikt:雙|雙]] sraewng

==12-25==
* 12-25/1197a [[wikt:丰|丰]] phjowng
* 12-25/1197d [[wikt:蚌|蚌]] baewngX
* 12-25/1197e [[wikt:邦|邦]] paewng
* 12-25/1197i [[wikt:封|封]] pjowng
* 12-25/1197k [[wikt:葑|葑]] phjowng
* 12-25/1197l [[wikt:䋽|䋽]] paewngX, puwngX
* 12-25/1197m [[wikt:夆|夆]] bjowng, phjowng
* 12-25/1197o [[wikt:逢|逢]] bjowng, buwng
* 12-25/1197p [[wikt:𢓱|𢓱]] bjowng
* 12-25/1197r [[wikt:烽|烽]] phjowng
* 12-25/1197s [[wikt:蜂|蜂]] phjowng
* 12-25/1197t [[wikt:𧒒|𧒒]] phjowng
* 12-25/1197u [[wikt:鋒|鋒]] phjowng
* 12-25/1197v [[wikt:摓|摓]] bjowng
* 12-25/1197x [[wikt:縫|縫]] bjowng, bjowngH
* 12-25/1197y [[wikt:蓬|蓬]] buwng
* 12-25/1197z [[wikt:奉|奉]] bjowngX, phjowngX
* 12-25/1197b' [[wikt:捧|捧]] phjowngX
* 12-25/1197c' [[wikt:俸|俸]] bjowngH
* 12-25/1197d' [[wikt:唪|唪]] buwngX, puwngX
* 12-25/1197e' [[wikt:琫|琫]] puwngX
* 12-25/1197f' [[wikt:菶|菶]] puwngX
* 12-25/1197g' [[wikt:蜯|蜯]] baewngX
* 12-25/1197- [[wikt:幫|幫]] pang

==12-26==
* 12-26/1201a [[wikt:尨|尨]] maewng
* 12-26/1201c [[wikt:哤|哤]] maewng
* 12-26/1201d [[wikt:駹|駹]] maewng
* 12-26/1201e [[wikt:厖|厖]] maewng

==12-27==
* 12-27/1181a [[wikt:蒙|蒙]] muwng
* 12-27/1181b [[wikt:幪|幪]] muwngX
* 12-27/1181c [[wikt:矇|矇]] muwng
* 12-27/1181d [[wikt:濛|濛]] muwng
* 12-27/1181e [[wikt:蠓|蠓]] muwng, muwngX
* 12-27/1181f [[wikt:饛|饛]] muwng
* 12-27/1181- [[wikt:朦|朦]]

=13=
==13-01==
* 13-01/1040a [[wikt:皐|皐]] kaw
* 13-01/1040b [[wikt:皋|皋]] kaw
* 13-01/1040c [[wikt:槹|槹]] kaw
* 13-01/1040d [[wikt:噑|噑]] haw
* 13-01/1040e [[wikt:暭|暭]] hawX
* 13-01/1040f [[wikt:皡|皡]] hawX
* 13-01/1040g [[wikt:皞|皞]] hawX
* 13-01/1040h [[wikt:翶|翶]] ngaw

==13-02==
* 13-02/1244c [[wikt:杲|杲]] kawX

==13-03==
Schuessler (2009: 171. 196) divides into two series, viz. [[#13-03|13-03]] and [[#16-08|16-08]]. DO BAXTER AND SAGART NOT DRAW THIS DISTINCTION?
* 13-03/1041a [[wikt:丂|丂]] khawX
* 13-03/1041d [[wikt:考|考]] khawX
* 13-03/1041j [[wikt:攷|攷]] khawX
* 13-03/1041l [[wikt:巧|巧]] khaewH, khaewX
* 13-03/1041m [[wikt:朽|朽]] xjuwX
* 13-03/1041n [[wikt:㱙|㱙]] xjuwX
* 13-03/1041o [[wikt:栲|栲]] khawX
* 13-03/13-43/1055a [[wikt:老|老]] lawX

==13-04==
* 13-04/1042a [[wikt:昊|昊]] hawX

==13-05==
* 13-05/1043a [[wikt:顥|顥]] hawX

==13-06==
* 13-06/1065a [[wikt:韭|韭]] kjuwX
* 13-06/1065b [[wikt:韮|韮]] kjuwX

==13-07==
* 13-07/1068a [[wikt:咎|咎]] gjuwX, kaw
* 13-07/1068c [[wikt:𣓌|𣓌]] kaw, kawX
* 13-07/1068e [[wikt:鼛|鼛]] kaw
* 13-07/1068f [[wikt:櫜|櫜]] kaw

==13-08==
* 13-08/13-07A/1070m [[wikt:梟|梟]] kew
* 13-08/13-07A/1070n [[wikt:𣻏|𣻏]] kew

==13-09==

* 13-09/13-08/1064a [[wikt:丩|丩]] kjiw, kjiwX
* 13-09/13-08/1064b [[wikt:糾|糾]] gjiewX, kjiwX
* 13-09/13-08/1064c [[wikt:糺|糺]] kjiwX
* 13-09/13-08/1064d [[wikt:赳|赳]] kjiwX
* 13-09/13-08/1064e [[wikt:虯|虯]] gjiw, kjiw
* 13-09/13-08/1064f [[wikt:觓|觓]] gjiw
* 13-09/13-08/1064g [[wikt:叫|叫]] kewH
* 13-09/13-08/1064h [[wikt:訆|訆]] kewH
* 13-09/13-08/1064i [[wikt:嘂|嘂]] kewH
* 13-09/13-08/1103a [[wikt:收|收]] syuw
* 13-09/13-08/1139a [[wikt:荍|荍]] gjiew

==13-10==
* 13-10/13-09/1044a [[wikt:好|好]] xawH, xawX

==13-11==
* 13-11/13-10/1244d [[wikt:薅|薅]] xaw

==13-12==
* 13-12/13-11/1070a [[wikt:休|休]] xjuw
* 13-12/13-11/1070g [[wikt:咻|咻]] xjuw
* 13-12/13-11/1070h [[wikt:貅|貅]] xjuw
* 13-12/13-11/1070i [[wikt:鵂|鵂]] xjuw
* 13-12/13-11/1070j [[wikt:髹|髹]] xjuw
* 13-12/13-11/1070k [[wikt:茠|茠]] xaw
* 13-12/13-11/1070l [[wikt:烋|烋]] xaew

==13-13==
* 13-13/13-12/1088a [[wikt:臭|臭]] tsyhuwH
* 13-13/13-12/1088c [[wikt:嗅|嗅]] xjuwH
* 13-13/13-12/1088d [[wikt:糗|糗]] khjuwX

==13-14==
* 13-14/13-13/1089a [[wikt:醜|醜]] tsyhuwX

==13-15==
* 13-15/13-14/1071a [[wikt:憂|憂]] 'juw
* 13-15/13-14/1071d [[wikt:優|優]] 'juw
* 13-15/13-14/1071e [[wikt:懮|懮]] 'juwX
* 13-15/13-14/1071f [[wikt:瀀|瀀]] 'juw
* 13-15/13-14/1071g [[wikt:纋|纋]] 'juw
* 13-15/13-14/1071h [[wikt:耰|耰]] 'juw

==13-16==
* 13-16/13-15/1072a [[wikt:麀|麀]] 'juw

==13-17==
* 13-17/13-16/1115a [[wikt:幺|幺]] 'ew
* 13-17/13-16/1115b [[wikt:𢆶|𢆶]] 'jiw, 'juw
* 13-17/13-16/1115c [[wikt:幽|幽]] 'jiw
* 13-17/13-16/1115f [[wikt:幼|幼]] 'jiwH
* 13-17/13-16/1115g [[wikt:呦|呦]] 'jiw
* 13-17/13-16/1115h [[wikt:黝|黝]] 'jiwX
* 13-17/13-16/1115i [[wikt:窈|窈]] 'ewX
* 13-17/13-16/1115j [[wikt:坳|坳]] 'aew

==13-18==
* 13-18/13-17/1245a [[wikt:窅|窅]] 'ewX
* 13-18/13-17/1245b [[wikt:杳|杳]] 'ewX

==13-19==
* 13-19/13-18/1244h [[wikt:饕|饕]] thaw

==13-20==
* 13-20/13-19/1084a [[wikt:舟|舟]] tsyuw
* 13-20/13-19/1084f [[wikt:侜|侜]] trjuw
* 13-20/13-19/1084g [[wikt:輈|輈]] trjuw
* 13-20/13-19/1085a [[wikt:受|受]] dzyuwX
* 13-20/13-19/1085d [[wikt:授|授]] dzyuwH
* 13-20/13-19/1085e [[wikt:綬|綬]] dzyuwX

==13-21==
* 13-21/13-20/1086a [[wikt:州|州]] tsyuw
* 13-21/13-20/1086d [[wikt:洲|洲]] tsyuw
* 13-21/13-20/1086e [[wikt:酬|酬]] dzyuw

==13-22==
* 13-22/13-20A/1087a [[wikt:帚|帚]] tsyuwX
* 13-22/13-20A/1087e [[wikt:箒|箒]] tsyuwX

==13-23==
* 13-23/13-21/1091a [[wikt:讎|讎]] dzyuw
* 13-23/13-21/1091c [[wikt:犨|犨]] tsyhuw
* 13-23/13-21/1091d [[wikt:犫|犫]] tsyhuw
* 13-23/13-21/1091e [[wikt:售|售]] dzyuwH

==13-24==
* 13-24/13-22/1090b [[wikt:𢏚|𢏚]] drjuw
* 13-24/13-22/1090d [[wikt:𠷎|𠷎]] drjuw
* 13-24/13-22/1090f [[wikt:𠼡|𠼡]] drjuw
* 13-24/13-22/1090g [[wikt:壽|壽]] dzyuwH, dzyuwX
* 13-24/13-22/1090k [[wikt:儔|儔]] drjuw
* 13-24/13-22/1090l [[wikt:疇|疇]] drjuw
* 13-24/13-22/1090m [[wikt:籌|籌]] drjuw
* 13-24/13-22/1090n [[wikt:躊|躊]] drjuw
* 13-24/13-22/1090o [[wikt:醻|醻]] dzyuw
* 13-24/13-22/1090p [[wikt:魗|魗]] dzyuw
* 13-24/13-22/1090q [[wikt:譸|譸]] trjuw
* 13-24/13-22/1090r [[wikt:擣|擣]] drjuwH, tawX
* 13-24/13-22/1090s [[wikt:禱|禱]] tawH, tawX
* 13-24/13-22/1090t [[wikt:檮|檮]] daw
* 13-24/13-22/1090u [[wikt:幬|幬]] daw, dawH, drjuw
* 13-24/13-22/1090x [[wikt:燾|燾]] dawH
* 13-24/13-22/1090z [[wikt:翿|翿]] daw, dawH
* 13-24/13-22/1090a' [[wikt:鑄|鑄]] tsyuH

==13-25==
* 13-25/13-24/1074a [[wikt:盩|盩]] trjuw

==13-26==
* 13-26/13-25/1116a [[wikt:鳥|鳥]] tewX
* 13-26/13-25/1116b [[wikt:蔦|蔦]] tewH, tewX
* 13-26/13-25/1116c [[wikt:島|島]] tawX

==13-27==
* 13-27/13-26/1083a [[wikt:周|周]] tsyuw, tsyuwX
* 13-27/13-26/1083f [[wikt:婤|婤]] tsyuw
* 13-27/13-26/1083h [[wikt:賙|賙]] tsyuw
* 13-27/13-26/1083i [[wikt:輖|輖]] tsyuw
* 13-27/13-26/1083j [[wikt:啁|啁]] traew, trjuw
* 13-27/13-26/1083k [[wikt:惆|惆]] trhjuw
* 13-27/13-26/1083l [[wikt:稠|稠]] drjuw
* 13-27/13-26/1083m [[wikt:綢|綢]] drjuw
* 13-27/13-26/1083n [[wikt:裯|裯]] drjuw
* 13-27/13-26/1083o [[wikt:凋|凋]] tew
* 13-27/13-26/1083p [[wikt:琱|琱]] tew
* 13-27/13-26/1083r [[wikt:彫|彫]] tew
* 13-27/13-26/1083s [[wikt:錭|錭]] tew
* 13-27/13-26/1083t [[wikt:雕|雕]] tew
* 13-27/13-26/1083u [[wikt:鵰|鵰]] tew
* 13-27/13-26/1083v [[wikt:蜩|蜩]] dew
* 13-27/13-26/1083x [[wikt:調|調]] dew
* 13-27/13-26/1083y [[wikt:禂|禂]] tawX
* 13-27/13-26/1083z [[wikt:倜|倜]] thek

==13-28==
* 13-28/13-27/1078a [[wikt:舀|舀]] yewX, yuw, yuwX
* 13-28/13-27/1078b [[wikt:慆|慆]] thaw
* 13-28/13-27/1078c [[wikt:搯|搯]] thaw
* 13-28/13-27/1078d [[wikt:滔|滔]] daw, thaw
* 13-28/13-27/1078f [[wikt:謟|謟]] thaw
* 13-28/13-27/1078g [[wikt:韜|韜]] thaw
* 13-28/13-27/1078h [[wikt:稻|稻]] dawX
* 13-28/13-27/1078l [[wikt:蹈|蹈]] dawH

==13-29==
* 13-29/13-28/1046a [[wikt:𠬢|𠬢]] thaw
* 13-29/13-28/1046c [[wikt:弢|弢]] thaw

==13-30==
* 13-30/13-29/1047a [[wikt:匋|匋]] daw
* 13-30/13-29/1047d [[wikt:陶|陶]] daw, dawH, yew
* 13-30/13-29/1047e [[wikt:綯|綯]] daw

==13-31==
* 13-31/13-30/1079a [[wikt:由|由]] yuw
* 13-31/13-30/1079b [[wikt:柚|柚]] drjuwk, yuwH
* 13-31/13-30/1079c [[wikt:油|油]] yuw
* 13-31/13-30/1079d [[wikt:鼬|鼬]] yuwH
* 13-31/13-30/1079e [[wikt:妯|妯]] drjuw, trhjuw
* 13-31/13-30/1079f [[wikt:抽|抽]] trhjuw
* 13-31/13-30/1079g [[wikt:宙|宙]] drjuwH
* 13-31/13-30/1079h [[wikt:胄|胄]] drjuwH
* 13-31/13-30/1079i [[wikt:冑|冑]] drjuwH
* 13-31/13-30/1079l [[wikt:䩜|䩜]] drjuwH
* 13-31/13-30/1079m [[wikt:袖|袖]] zjuwH
* 13-31/13-30/1079n [[wikt:褏|褏]] yuwH
* 13-31/13-30/1079o [[wikt:褎|褎]] yuwH, zjuwH
* 13-31/13-30/1079p [[wikt:軸|軸]] drjuwk
* 13-31/13-30/1079q [[wikt:迪|迪]] dek

==13-32==
* 13-32/13-31/1082a [[wikt:牖|牖]] yuwX

==13-33==
* 13-33/13-32/1077a [[wikt:攸|攸]] yuw
* 13-33/13-32/1077c [[wikt:悠|悠]] yuw
* 13-33/13-32/1077d [[wikt:修|修]] sjuw
* 13-33/13-32/1077e [[wikt:脩|脩]] sjuw, yuw, yuwX
* 13-33/13-32/1077f [[wikt:條|條]] dew, thew
* 13-33/13-32/1077g [[wikt:䩦|䩦]] dew
* 13-33/13-32/1077h [[wikt:鋚|鋚]] dew
* 13-33/13-32/1077k [[wikt:莜|莜]] dewH
* 13-33/13-32/1077l [[wikt:翛|翛]] sew, syuwk
* 13-33/13-32/1077m [[wikt:焂|焂]] dzyuwk
* 13-33/13-32/1077o [[wikt:儵|儵]] dzyuwk
* 13-33/13-32/1077p [[wikt:倏|倏]] dzyuwk
* 13-33/13-32/1077q [[wikt:滺|滺]] yuw
* 13-33/13-32/1077r [[wikt:滫|滫]] sjuwX
* 13-33/13-32/1077s [[wikt:蓨|蓨]] thek
* 13-33/13-32/1077t [[wikt:鰷|鰷]] dew
* 13-33/13-32/1077u [[wikt:篠|篠]] sewX
* 13-33/13-32/1077v [[wikt:蓧|蓧]] dek
* 13-33/13-32/1077x [[wikt:滌|滌]] dek

==13-34==
* 13-34/13-33/1080a [[wikt:斿|斿]] yuw
* 13-34/13-33/1080f [[wikt:游|游]] yuw
* 13-34/13-33/1080g [[wikt:遊|遊]] yuw
* 13-34/13-33/1080h [[wikt:蝣|蝣]] yuw

==13-35==
* 13-35/13-34/1081a [[wikt:卣|卣]] yuw, yuwX
* 13-35/13-34/1081g [[wikt:逌|逌]] yuw

==13-36==
* 13-36/13-35/1094a [[wikt:囚|囚]] zjuw
* 13-36/13-35/1094c [[wikt:泅|泅]] zjuw

==13-37==
* 13-37/13-36/1096a [[wikt:酉|酉]] yuwX
* 13-37/13-36/1096h [[wikt:庮|庮]] yuw, yuwX
* 13-37/13-36/1096i [[wikt:梄|梄]] yuwH, yuwX
* 13-37/13-36/1096j [[wikt:槱|槱]] yuwH, yuwX
* 13-37/13-36/1096k [[wikt:酒|酒]] tsjuwX
* 13-37/13-36/1096l [[wikt:酋|酋]] dzjuw
* 13-37/13-36/1096n [[wikt:蝤|蝤]] dzjuw
* 13-37/13-36/1096o [[wikt:遒|遒]] tsjuw
* 13-37/13-36/1096p [[wikt:緧|緧]] tshjuw
* 13-37/13-36/1096q [[wikt:鰌|鰌]] tshjuw
* 13-37/13-36/1096r [[wikt:猶|猶]] yuw, yuwH
* 13-37/13-36/1096t [[wikt:猷|猷]] yuw
* 13-37/13-36/1096y [[wikt:輶|輶]] yuw
* 13-37/13-36/1096z [[wikt:䠓|䠓]] tshjuwk
* 13-37/13-36/1096a' [[wikt:蕕|蕕]] yuw
* 13-37/13-36/1096- [[wikt:𥙫|𥙫]]

==13-38==
* 13-38/13-37/1246c [[wikt:狖|狖]] yuwH

==13-39==
* 13-39/13-38/1048a [[wikt:道|道]] dawX, dawH
* 13-39/13-38/1048d [[wikt:導|導]] dawH
* 13-39/13-38/1102a [[wikt:首|首]] syuwH, syuwX

==13-40==
* 13-40/13-39/1095a [[wikt:秀|秀]] sjuwH
* 13-40/13-39/1095c [[wikt:琇|琇]] sjuwH, yuwX
* 13-40/13-39/1095d [[wikt:莠|莠]] yuwX
* 13-40/13-39/1095e [[wikt:誘|誘]] yuwX

==13-41==
* 13-41/13-40/1099a [[wikt:守|守]] syuwH, syuwX
* 13-41/13-40/1099c [[wikt:狩|狩]] syuwH

==13-42==
* 13-42/13-41/1100a [[wikt:獸|獸]] syuwH

==13-43==
* 13-43/13-42/1101a [[wikt:手|手]] syuwX

==13-44==
* 13-44/1056a [[wikt:牢|牢]] law

==13-45==
* 13-45/1069a [[wikt:翏|翏]] ljewH, ljiwH, ljuwH
* 13-45/1069b [[wikt:鏐|鏐]] ljiw, ljuw
* 13-45/1069f [[wikt:飂|飂]] ljuw
* 13-45/1069g [[wikt:摎|摎]] kjiw, ljuw
* 13-45/1069h [[wikt:樛|樛]] kjiw
* 13-45/1069i [[wikt:璆|璆]] gjiw
* 13-45/1069j [[wikt:勠|勠]] ljuw, ljuwH, ljuwk
* 13-45/1069k [[wikt:瘳|瘳]] lew, trhjuw
* 13-45/1069l [[wikt:繆|繆]] mjiw
* 13-45/1069m [[wikt:謬|謬]] mjiwH
* 13-45/1069n [[wikt:寥|寥]] lew
* 13-45/1069o [[wikt:漻|漻]] lew
* 13-45/1069p [[wikt:蓼|蓼]] lewX, ljuwk
* 13-45/1069q [[wikt:熮|熮]] ljewH
* 13-45/1069r [[wikt:醪|醪]] law
* 13-45/1069s [[wikt:膠|膠]] kaew, kaewX
* 13-45/1069t [[wikt:嘐|嘐]] xaew
* 13-45/1069u [[wikt:僇|僇]] ljuwk
* 13-45/1069v [[wikt:戮|戮]] ljuwk
* 13-45/1069x [[wikt:穋|穋]] ljuwk

==13-46==
* 13-46/1104a [[wikt:流|流]] ljuw
* 13-46/1104b [[wikt:𣹳|𣹳]] ljuw
* 13-46/1104c [[wikt:旒|旒]] ljuw

==13-47==
* 13-47/1114a [[wikt:卯|卯]] maewX
* 13-47/1114f [[wikt:茆|茆]] ljuwX, maewX
* 13-47/1114g [[wikt:昴|昴]] maewX
* 13-47/1114i [[wikt:窌|窌]] kaewH, phaewH
* 13-47/1114j [[wikt:貿|貿]] mjuwH, muwH
* 13-47/1114l [[wikt:柳|柳]] ljuwX
* 13-47/1114m [[wikt:桺|桺]] ljuwX
* 13-47/1114p [[wikt:留|留]] ljuw
* 13-47/1114q [[wikt:畱|畱]] ljuw
* 13-47/1114s [[wikt:駠|駠]] ljuw
* 13-47/1114t [[wikt:駵|駵]] ljuw
* 13-47/1114u [[wikt:聊|聊]] lew
* 13-47/1114v [[wikt:溜|溜]] ljuwH
* 13-47/1114x [[wikt:罶|罶]] ljuwX
* 13-47/1114y [[wikt:霤|霤]] ljuwH
* 13-47/1114z [[wikt:騮|騮]] ljuw
* 13-47/1114a' [[wikt:劉|劉]] ljuw
* 13-47/1114b' [[wikt:懰|懰]] ljuwX
* 13-47/1114c' [[wikt:瀏|瀏]] ljuw, ljuwX

==13-48==
* 13-48/1105a [[wikt:柔|柔]] nyuw
* 13-48/1105b [[wikt:揉|揉]] nyuw, nyuwH
* 13-48/1105c [[wikt:㽥|㽥]] nyuw
* 13-48/1105d [[wikt:蹂|蹂]] nyuw, nyuwH, nyuwX
* 13-48/1105e [[wikt:輮|輮]] nyuwH, nyuwX
* 13-48/1105f [[wikt:糅|糅]] nrjuwH
* 13-48/1105g [[wikt:猱|猱]] naw

==13-49==
* 13-49/- [[wikt:夒|夒]] naw (= 13-48/1105g [[wikt:猱|猱]])

==13-50==
* 13-50/1076a [[wikt:丑|丑]] trhjuwX
* 13-50/1076e [[wikt:杻|杻]] nrjuwX
* 13-50/1076f [[wikt:狃|狃]] nrjuwX
* 13-50/1076g [[wikt:紐|紐]] nrjuwX
* 13-50/1076h [[wikt:羞|羞]] sjuw
* 13-50/1076k [[wikt:忸|忸]] nrjuwk

==13-51==
* 13-51/1049a [[wikt:早|早]] tsawX
* 13-51/1049b [[wikt:草|草]] tshawX

==13-52==
* 13-52/1052a [[wikt:屮|屮]] tshawX
* 13-52/1052c [[wikt:艸|艸]] tshawX

==13-53==
* 13-53/1050a [[wikt:棗|棗]] tsawX

==13-54==
* 13-54/1051a [[wikt:造|造]] dzawX, tshawH
* 13-54/1051d [[wikt:慥|慥]] tshawH
* 13-54/1051e [[wikt:簉|簉]] tsrhjuwH

==13-55==
* 13-55/1053a [[wikt:曹|曹]] dzaw
* 13-55/1053d [[wikt:螬|螬]] dzaw
* 13-55/1053e [[wikt:漕|漕]] dzaw, dzawH
* 13-55/1053f [[wikt:傮|傮]] tsaw
* 13-55/1053g [[wikt:糟|糟]] tsaw
* 13-55/1053h [[wikt:遭|遭]] tsaw

==13-56==
* 13-56/1054a [[wikt:皂|皂]] dzawX
* 13-56/1054b [[wikt:皁|皁]] dzawX

==13-57==
* 13-57/1092a [[wikt:秋|秋]] tshjuw
* 13-57/1092b [[wikt:楸|楸]] tshjuw
* 13-57/1092c [[wikt:萩|萩]] tshjuw
* 13-57/1092d [[wikt:鶖|鶖]] tshjuw
* 13-57/1092e [[wikt:啾|啾]] tsjuw
* 13-57/1092f [[wikt:湫|湫]] tsewX, tsjuw
* 13-57/1092g [[wikt:揫|揫]] dzjuw
* 13-57/1092h [[wikt:甃|甃]] tsrjuwH
* 13-57/1092i [[wikt:愁|愁]] dzrjuw
* 13-57/1092j [[wikt:愀|愀]] dzjuwX, tshjewX

==13-58==
* 13-58/1093a [[wikt:就|就]] dzjuwH
* 13-58/1093b [[wikt:蹴|蹴]] dzjuwk, tshjuwk, tsjuwk
* 13-58/1093c [[wikt:蹵|蹵]] tshjuwk, tsjuwk

==13-59==
* 13-59/1111a [[wikt:爪|爪]] tsraewX
* 13-59/1111c [[wikt:抓|抓]] tsraew, tsraewH, tsraewX

==13-60==
* 13-60/1112a [[wikt:㕚|㕚]] tsraewX
* 13-60/1112d [[wikt:蚤|蚤]] tsawX
* 13-60/1112e [[wikt:慅|慅]] saw, sawX, tshawX
* 13-60/1112f [[wikt:搔|搔]] saw
* 13-60/1112g [[wikt:騷|騷]] saw
* 13-60/1112h [[wikt:糔|糔]] sjuwX
* 13-60/1112i [[wikt:鼜|鼜]] tshek

==13-61==
* 13-61/1087f [[wikt:埽|埽]] sawH, sawX
* 13-61/1087g [[wikt:掃|掃]] sawH, sawX

==13-62==
* 13-62/1098a [[wikt:蒐|蒐]] srjuw
==13-63==
* 13-63/- [[wikt:犙|犙]] srjuw (cf. 38-29/0647)

==13-64==
* 13-64/1057a [[wikt:保|保]] pawX
* 13-64/1057f [[wikt:葆|葆]] pawX
* 13-64/1057g [[wikt:褓|褓]] pawX
* 13-64/1057h [[wikt:襃|襃]] paw, pawH

==13-65==
* 13-65/13-66/1059a [[wikt:寶|寶]] pawX

==13-66==
* 13-66/13-67/1060b [[wikt:鴇|鴇]] pawX

==13-67==
* 13-67/13-68/1061a [[wikt:虣|虣]] bawH

==13-68==
* 13-68/13-69/1107a [[wikt:缶|缶]] pjuwX
* 13-68/13-69/1107d [[wikt:㯱|㯱]] bjew

==13-69==
* 13-69/13-70/1108a [[wikt:阜|阜]] bjuwX

==13-70==
* 13-70/13-71/1106a [[wikt:彪|彪]] pjiw
* 13-70/13-71/1106b [[wikt:滮|滮]] bjiw, pjiw
* 13-70/13-71/1154a [[wikt:髟|髟]] pjiew, pjiw, sraem

==13-71==
* 13-71/13-72/1113a [[wikt:包|包]] paew
* 13-71/13-72/1113b [[wikt:胞|胞]] paew, phaew
* 13-71/13-72/1113c [[wikt:苞|苞]] bjewX, paew
* 13-71/13-72/1113d [[wikt:飽|飽]] paewX
* 13-71/13-72/1113e [[wikt:庖|庖]] baew
* 13-71/13-72/1113f [[wikt:匏|匏]] baew
* 13-71/13-72/1113g [[wikt:炮|炮]] baew
* 13-71/13-72/1113h [[wikt:鮑|鮑]] baewX
* 13-71/13-72/1113i [[wikt:袍|袍]] baw, bawH
* 13-71/13-72/1113j [[wikt:抱|抱]] bawX
* 13-71/13-72/1113k [[wikt:枹|枹]] bjuw
* 13-71/13-72/1113l [[wikt:䍖|䍖]] bjuw
* 13-71/13-72/1113m [[wikt:鞄|鞄]] baew, baewH, baewX, phaewk
* 13-71/13-72/1113n [[wikt:雹|雹]] baewk

==13-72==
* 13-72/13-73/1233a [[wikt:孚|孚]] phju
* 13-72/13-73/1233d [[wikt:俘|俘]] phju
* 13-72/13-73/1233f [[wikt:莩|莩]] bjewX, phju
* 13-72/13-73/1233g [[wikt:郛|郛]] phju
* 13-72/13-73/1233h [[wikt:垺|垺]] phju, phjuw, phwoj
* 13-72/13-73/1233i [[wikt:殍|殍]] bjewX, phju
* 13-72/13-73/1233j [[wikt:罦|罦]] phju
* 13-72/13-73/1233k [[wikt:桴|桴]] phju
* 13-72/13-73/1233l [[wikt:浮|浮]] bjuw
* 13-72/13-73/1233n [[wikt:蜉|蜉]] bjuw
* 13-72/13-73/1233o [[wikt:捊|捊]] baew

==13-73==
* 13-73/13-74/1062a [[wikt:冒|冒]] mawH, mok
* 13-73/13-74/1062a [[wikt:冒|冒]] mawH, mok
* 13-73/13-74/1062c [[wikt:媢|媢]] mawH
* 13-73/13-74/1062d [[wikt:瑁|瑁]] mawH
* 13-73/13-74/1062- [[wikt:帽|帽]] mawH

==13-74==
* 13-74/13-75/1063a [[wikt:牡|牡]] muwX

==13-75==
* 13-75/13-76/1109a [[wikt:矛|矛]] mjuw, muw
* 13-75/13-76/1109c [[wikt:茅|茅]] maew
* 13-75/13-76/1109d [[wikt:楙|楙]] maw
* 13-75/13-76/1109f [[wikt:懋|懋]] muwH
* 13-75/13-76/1109h [[wikt:敄|敄]] mjuH, mjuX
* 13-75/13-76/1109j [[wikt:務|務]] mjuH
* 13-75/13-76/1109k [[wikt:婺|婺]] mjuH
* 13-75/13-76/1109l [[wikt:騖|騖]] mjuH
* 13-75/13-76/1109m [[wikt:蝥|蝥]] mjuw
* 13-75/13-76/1109n [[wikt:蟊|蟊]] mjuw
* 13-75/13-76/1109o [[wikt:鍪|鍪]] mjuw
* 13-75/13-76/1109p [[wikt:𩭾|𩭾]] mjuw
* 13-75/13-76/1109q [[wikt:瞀|瞀]] maewk, muwH
* 13-75/13-76/1109r [[wikt:楘|楘]] muwk
* 13-75/13-76/1109s [[wikt:鶩|鶩]] muwk
* 13-75/13-76/1109t [[wikt:霧|霧]] mjuH

==13-76==
* 13-76/13-77/1110a [[wikt:牟|牟]] mjuw
* 13-76/13-77/1110b [[wikt:恈|恈]] mjuw
* 13-76/13-77/1110c [[wikt:眸|眸]] mjuw
* 13-76/13-77/1110d [[wikt:麰|麰]] mjuw
* 13-76/13-77/1110e [[wikt:侔|侔]] mjuw, muw

==13-77==
* 13-77/13-78/1231a [[wikt:戊|戊]] muwH
* 13-77/13-78/1231f [[wikt:茂|茂]] muwH

=14=
==14-01==
* 14-01/1039a [[wikt:告|告]] kawH, kowk
* 14-01/1039e [[wikt:誥|誥]] kawH
* 14-01/1039f [[wikt:郜|郜]] kawH, kowk
* 14-01/1039h [[wikt:皓|皓]] kawX
* 14-01/1039i [[wikt:晧|晧]] kawX
* 14-01/1039j [[wikt:浩|浩]] hawX
* 14-01/1039k [[wikt:梏|梏]] kowk
* 14-01/1039l [[wikt:牿|牿]] kowk
* 14-01/1039m [[wikt:酷|酷]] khowk
* 14-01/1039n [[wikt:鵠|鵠]] howk, kowk
* 14-01/1039o [[wikt:窖|窖]] kaewH

==14-02==
* 14-02/1017a [[wikt:匊|匊]] kjuwk
* 14-02/1017c [[wikt:掬|掬]] kjuwk
* 14-02/1017d [[wikt:椈|椈]] kjuwk
* 14-02/1017e [[wikt:菊|菊]] kjuwk
* 14-02/1017f [[wikt:蘜|蘜]] kjuwk
* 14-02/1017g [[wikt:踘|踘]] kjuwk
* 14-02/1017h [[wikt:鞠|鞠]] kjuwk
* 14-02/1017i [[wikt:麴|麴]] khjuwk
* 14-02/1017j [[wikt:鞫|鞫]] kjuwk
* 14-02/1017k [[wikt:𥷚|𥷚]] kjuwk

==14-03==
* 14-03/1038a [[wikt:學|學]] haewk
* 14-03/1038d [[wikt:斆|斆]] haewH
* 14-03/1038f [[wikt:覺|覺]] kaewH, kaewk
* 14-03/1038g [[wikt:嚳|嚳]] khowk
* 14-03/1038h [[wikt:鷽|鷽]] 'aewk, haewk
* 14-03/1038i [[wikt:攪|攪]] kaewX

==14-04==
* 14-04/1045a [[wikt:奧|奧]] 'awH, 'juwk
* 14-04/1045b [[wikt:澳|澳]] 'awH
* 14-04/1045c [[wikt:隩|隩]] 'awH, 'juwk
* 14-04/1045d [[wikt:燠|燠]] 'juwk
* 14-04/1045e [[wikt:薁|薁]] 'juwk

==14-05==
* 14-05/1016a [[wikt:毒|毒]] dowk
* 14-05/1016b [[wikt:纛|纛]] dawH, dowk

==14-06==
* 14-06/1025a [[wikt:祝|祝]] tsyuwH, tsyuwk
* 14-06/1025f [[wikt:柷|柷]] tsyhuwk, tsyuwk

==14-07==
* 14-07/1026a [[wikt:孰|孰]] dzyuwk
* 14-07/1026b [[wikt:熟|熟]] dzyuwk
* 14-07/1026c [[wikt:塾|塾]] dzyuwk

==14-08==
* 14-08/1019a [[wikt:竹|竹]] trjuwk
* 14-08/1019c [[wikt:筑|筑]] trjuwk
* 14-08/1019d [[wikt:築|築]] trjuwk
* 14-08/1019e [[wikt:𥲒|𥲒]] trjuwk
* 14-08/1019f [[wikt:竺|竺]] towk
* 14-08/1019g [[wikt:篤|篤]] towk

==14-09==
* 14-09/1075a [[wikt:晝|晝]] trjuwH

==14-10==
* 14-10/1024a [[wikt:粥|粥]] tsyuwk
* 14-10/1024b [[wikt:鬻|鬻]] tsyuwk, yuwk

==14-11==
* 14-11/1020a [[wikt:育|育]] yuwk

==14-12==
* 14-12/1021a [[wikt:毓|毓]] yuwk

==14-13==
* 14-13/1022a [[wikt:逐|逐]] drjuwk
* 14-13/1022d [[wikt:篴|篴]] dek
* 14-13/1022e [[wikt:蓫|蓫]] drjuwk, trhjuwk

==14-14==
* 14-14/1023a [[wikt:賣|賣]] yuwk
* 14-14/1023c [[wikt:儥|儥]] yuwk
* 14-14/1023e [[wikt:覿|覿]] dek
* 14-14/1023f [[wikt:匵|匵]] duwk
* 14-14/1023g [[wikt:嬻|嬻]] duwk
* 14-14/1023h [[wikt:櫝|櫝]] duwk
* 14-14/1023i [[wikt:殰|殰]] duwk
* 14-14/1023j [[wikt:瀆|瀆]] duwk
* 14-14/1023k [[wikt:牘|牘]] duwk
* 14-14/1023l [[wikt:犢|犢]] duwk
* 14-14/1023m [[wikt:讀|讀]] duwk
* 14-14/1023n [[wikt:讟|讟]] duwk
* 14-14/1023o [[wikt:䢱|䢱]] duwk
* 14-14/1023q [[wikt:韇|韇]] duwk
* 14-14/1023r [[wikt:黷|黷]] duwk
* 14-14/1023s [[wikt:竇|竇]] duwH
* 14-14/1023t [[wikt:贖|贖]] dzyowk, zyowk
* 14-14/1023u [[wikt:續|續]] zjowk
* 14-14/1023v [[wikt:藚|藚]] zjowk

==14-15==
* 14-15/1018a [[wikt:畜|畜]] trhjuwH, trhjuwk, xjuwH, xjuwk
* 14-15/1018c [[wikt:蓄|蓄]] trhjuwk, xjuwk
* 14-15/1018d [[wikt:稸|稸]] trhjuwk, xjuwk
* 14-15/1018e [[wikt:慉|慉]] xjuwk
* 14-15/1018f [[wikt:滀|滀]] trhjuwk

==14-16==
* 14-16/1032a [[wikt:六|六]] ljuwk
* 14-16/1032e [[wikt:坴|坴]] ljuwk
* 14-16/1032f [[wikt:陸|陸]] ljuwk
* 14-16/1032h [[wikt:稑|稑]] ljuwk
* 14-16/1032i [[wikt:睦|睦]] mjuwk

==14-17==
* 14-17/1033a [[wikt:肉|肉]] nyuwH, nyuwk

==14-18==
* 14-18/1031a [[wikt:尗|尗]] syuwk
* 14-18/1031b [[wikt:叔|叔]] syuwk
* 14-18/1031e [[wikt:𣢰|𣢰]] tsjuwk
* 14-18/1031f [[wikt:戚|戚]] tshek
* 14-18/1031g [[wikt:菽|菽]] syuwk
* 14-18/1031h [[wikt:俶|俶]] tsyhuwk
* 14-18/1031i [[wikt:諔|諔]] tsyhuwk
* 14-18/1031j [[wikt:淑|淑]] dzyuwk
* 14-18/1031k [[wikt:踧|踧]] dek, tsjuwk
* 14-18/1031l [[wikt:寂|寂]] dzek
* 14-18/1031n [[wikt:督|督]] towk
* 14-18/1031o [[wikt:裻|裻]] sowk, towk
* 14-18/1031p [[wikt:惄|惄]] nek
* 14-18/1031q [[wikt:椒|椒]] tsew, tsjew
* 14-18/1031s [[wikt:蔋|蔋]] dek
* 14-18/1031t [[wikt:蹙|蹙]] tsjuwk
* 14-18/1031u [[wikt:䠞|䠞]] tsjuwk
* 14-18/1031v [[wikt:顣|顣]] tshek, tsjuwk
* 14-18/1031x [[wikt:慼|慼]] tshek
* 14-18/1031y [[wikt:鏚|鏚]] tshek

==14-19==
* 14-19/1027a [[wikt:鼀|鼀]] tshjuwk
* 14-19/1027b [[wikt:灶|灶]] tsawH

==14-20==
* 14-20/1029a [[wikt:宿|宿]] sjuwH, sjuwk
* 14-20/1029c [[wikt:縮|縮]] srjuwk
* 14-20/1029d [[wikt:蹜|蹜]] srjuwk

==14-21==
* 14-21/1030a [[wikt:夙|夙]] sjuwk

==14-22==
* 14-22/1028a [[wikt:肅|肅]] sjuwk
* 14-22/1028c [[wikt:鱐|鱐]] sjuwk, srjuw
* 14-22/1028d [[wikt:䐹|䐹]] sjuwk, srjuw
* 14-22/1028e [[wikt:繡|繡]] sjuwH
* 14-22/1028f [[wikt:嘯|嘯]] sewH
* 14-22/1028g [[wikt:歗|歗]] sewH
* 14-22/1028h [[wikt:簫|簫]] sew
* 14-22/1028i [[wikt:蕭|蕭]] sew
* 14-22/1028j [[wikt:瀟|瀟]] sew
* 14-22/1028k [[wikt:蠨|蠨]] sew

==14-23==
* 14-23/1034a [[wikt:复|复]] bjuwk
* 14-23/1034d [[wikt:復|復]] bjuwH, bjuwk
* 14-23/1034g [[wikt:輹|輹]] bjuwk
* 14-23/1034h [[wikt:腹|腹]] pjuwk
* 14-23/1034i [[wikt:複|複]] pjuwk
* 14-26/1034j [[wikt:蝮|蝮]] phjuwk
* 14-26/1034k [[wikt:愎|愎]] bik
* 14-23/1034l [[wikt:𥨍|𥨍]] phjuwH
* 14-23/1034m [[wikt:覆|覆]] phjuwk

==14-24==
* 14-24/1036a [[wikt:目|目]] mjuwk

==14-25==
* 14-25/1035a [[wikt:穆|穆]] mjuwk

=15=
==15-01==
* 15-01/1006a [[wikt:宮|宮]] kjuwng
* 15-01/1006e [[wikt:躳|躳]] kjuwng
* 15-01/1006f [[wikt:躬|躬]] kjuwng
* 15-01/1006g [[wikt:竆|竆]] gjuwng
* 15-01/1006h [[wikt:窮|窮]] gjuwng

==15-02==
* 15-02/1015a [[wikt:降|降]] haewng, kaewngH
* 15-02/1015d [[wikt:洚|洚]] naewng, howng, huwng, kaewngH
* 15-02/1015e [[wikt:戇|戇]] xuwngH
* 15-02/1015f [[wikt:隆|隆]] ljuwng
* 15-02/1015g [[wikt:癃|癃]] ljuwng

==15-03==
* 15-03/1002a [[wikt:冬|冬]] towng
* 15-03/1002e [[wikt:終|終]] tsyuwng
* 15-03/1002f [[wikt:螽|螽]] tsyuwng

==15-04==
* 15-04/1010a [[wikt:眾|眾]] tsyuwngH
* 15-04/1010e [[wikt:𧑄|𧑄]] tsyuwng
* 15-04/1010f [[wikt:潨|潨]] dzowng, dzuwng, tsyuwng

==15-05==
* 15-05/1011a [[wikt:充|充]] tsyhuwng
* 15-05/1011b [[wikt:統|統]] thowngH

==15-06==
* 15-06/1007a [[wikt:中|中]] trjuwng, trjuwngH
* 15-06/1007f [[wikt:仲|仲]] drjuwngH
* 15-06/1007j [[wikt:衷|衷]] trjuwng
* 15-06/1007k [[wikt:忠|忠]] trjuwng
* 15-06/1007n [[wikt:忡|忡]] trhjuwng
* 15-06/1007o [[wikt:盅|盅]] drjuwng, trhjuwng
* 15-06/1007p [[wikt:沖|沖]] drjuwng

==15-07==
* 15-07/1009a [[wikt:蟲|蟲]] drjuwng
* 15-07/1009d [[wikt:融|融]] yuwng
* 15-07/1009e [[wikt:赨|赨]] downg
* 15-07/1009f [[wikt:𢥞|𢥞]] downg

==15-08==
* 15-08/1008a [[wikt:肜|肜]] yuwng
* 15-08/1008c [[wikt:彡|彡]] yuwng
* 15-08/1008e [[wikt:彤|彤]] dung

==15-09==
* 15-09/1005a [[wikt:農|農]] nowng
* 15-09/1005b [[wikt:辳|辳]] nowng
* 15-09/1005g [[wikt:噥|噥]] nowng
* 15-09/1005h [[wikt:膿|膿]] nowng
* 15-09/1005i [[wikt:濃|濃]] nrjowng, nuwng
* 15-09/1005j [[wikt:醲|醲]] nrjowng, nuwng
* 15-09/1005k [[wikt:穠|穠]] nrjowng, nyowng
* 15-09/1005l [[wikt:襛|襛]] nrjowng, nyowng
* 15-09/1005- [[wikt:𨑊|𨑊]] nrjowng
* 15-09/1005- [[wikt:齈|齈]] nuwngH

==15-10==
* 15-10/1013a [[wikt:戎|戎]] nyuwng
* 15-10/1013e [[wikt:茙|茙]] nyuwng

==15-11==
* 15-11/1012a [[wikt:嵩|嵩]] sjuwng

==15-12==
* 15-12/1004a [[wikt:宋|宋]] sowngH

==15-13==
* 15-13/1003a [[wikt:宗|宗]] tsowng
* 15-13/1003f [[wikt:綜|綜]] tsowngH
* 15-13/1003g [[wikt:琮|琮]] dzowng
* 15-13/1003h [[wikt:崇|崇]] dzrjuwng

==15-14==
* 15-14/1014a [[wikt:豐|豐]] phjowng, phjuwng
* 15-14/1014e [[wikt:麷|麷]] phjuwng

==15-15==
* 15-15/1253a [[wikt:賵|賵]] phjuwngH

=16=
==16-01==
* 16-01/1129a [[wikt:高|高]] kaw
* 16-01/1129d [[wikt:皜|皜]] kawX
* 16-01/1129e [[wikt:暠|暠]] kawX
* 16-01/1129f [[wikt:稾|稾]] kawX
* 16-01/1129g [[wikt:藁|藁]] kawX
* 16-01/1129h [[wikt:縞|縞]] kawX
* 16-01/1129i [[wikt:膏|膏]] kaw, kawH
* 16-01/1129j [[wikt:槁|槁]] kawX, khawX
* 16-01/1129k [[wikt:槀|槀]] kawX, khawX
* 16-01/1129l [[wikt:犒|犒]] khawH
* 16-01/1129m [[wikt:毫|毫]] haw
* 16-01/1129n [[wikt:豪|豪]] haw
* 16-01/1129o [[wikt:鎬|鎬]] hawX
* 16-01/1129q [[wikt:蒿|蒿]] xaw
* 16-01/1129s [[wikt:㪣|㪣]] khaew, khaewH
* 16-01/1129t [[wikt:謞|謞]] xaewH
* 16-01/1129u [[wikt:熇|熇]] xak, xowk
* 16-01/1129v [[wikt:翯|翯]] haewk, xaewk
* 16-01/1129x [[wikt:嗃|嗃]] xaewk, xak
* 16-01/1129y [[wikt:壕|壕]] haw
* 16-01/1129z [[wikt:譹|譹]] haw
* 16-01/1129a' [[wikt:薧|薧]] khawX
* 16-01/1129b' [[wikt:嚆|嚆]] xaew, xaewH
* 16-01/1129c' [[wikt:藃|藃]] xaewk, xawH
* 16-01/1129- [[wikt:稿|稿]] kawX

==16-02==
* 16-02/1244a [[wikt:羔|羔]] kaw
* 16-02/1244b [[wikt:䅵|䅵]] kowk, tsyak

==16-03==
* 16-03/1138a [[wikt:喬|喬]] gjew, khjew, kjew
* 16-03/1138c [[wikt:僑|僑]] gjew
* 16-03/1138d [[wikt:嶠|嶠]] gjew, gjewH
* 16-03/1138e [[wikt:鐈|鐈]] gjew
* 16-03/1138g [[wikt:橋|橋]] gjew, kjewH, kjewX
* 16-03/1138h [[wikt:趫|趫]] gjew
* 16-03/1138i [[wikt:憍|憍]] kjew
* 16-03/1138j [[wikt:撟|撟]] kjewX
* 16-03/1138k [[wikt:敿|敿]] kjewX
* 16-03/1138l [[wikt:矯|矯]] kjewX
* 16-03/1138m [[wikt:譑|譑]] kjewX
* 16-03/1138n [[wikt:鷮|鷮]] gjew, kjew
* 16-03/1138o [[wikt:驕|驕]] khjew, xjew
* 16-03/1138p [[wikt:繑|繑]] khjew
* 16-03/1138q [[wikt:蹻|蹻]] gjak, kjak, kjewX
* 16-03/1138r [[wikt:屩|屩]] kjak

==16-04==
* 16-04/1162a [[wikt:敫|敫]] kewX
* 16-04/1162b [[wikt:皦|皦]] kewX
* 16-04/1162c [[wikt:噭|噭]] kek, kewH
* 16-04/1162d [[wikt:徼|徼]] kew, kewH
* 16-04/1162e [[wikt:激|激]] kek, kewH
* 16-04/1162f [[wikt:邀|邀]] kew
* 16-04/1162g [[wikt:撽|撽]] khek, khewH
* 16-04/1162h [[wikt:竅|竅]] khewH
* 16-04/1258e [[wikt:繳|繳]] tsyak

==16-05==
* 16-05/1163a [[wikt:釗|釗]] kew, tsyew

==16-06==
* 16-06/1166a [[wikt:交|交]] kaew
* 16-06/1166c [[wikt:烄|烄]] kaewX
* 16-06/1166e [[wikt:佼|佼]] kaewX
* 16-06/1166f [[wikt:姣|姣]] haew
* 16-06/1166g [[wikt:咬|咬]] 'aew, 'aew, kaew, kaew, ngaewX
* 16-06/1166h [[wikt:挍|挍]] kaewH
* 16-06/1166i [[wikt:校|校]] haew, haewH, haewX, kaewH, kaewX
* 16-06/1166j [[wikt:狡|狡]] kaewX
* 16-06/1166k [[wikt:絞|絞]] haew, kaewX
* 16-06/1166l [[wikt:茭|茭]] kaew
* 16-06/1166m [[wikt:蛟|蛟]] kaew
* 16-06/1166n [[wikt:郊|郊]] kaew
* 16-06/1166o [[wikt:鮫|鮫]] kaew
* 16-06/1166p [[wikt:骹|骹]] khaew
* 16-06/1166q [[wikt:恔|恔]] haewH
* 16-06/1166r [[wikt:效|效]] haewH
* 16-06/1166u [[wikt:傚|傚]] haewH
* 16-06/1166v [[wikt:効|効]] haewH
* 16-06/1166x [[wikt:晈|晈]] kewX
* 16-06/1166y [[wikt:皎|皎]] kewX
* 16-06/1166z [[wikt:㝔|㝔]] 'ew
* 16-06/1166a' [[wikt:窔|窔]] 'ewH
* 16-06/1166b' [[wikt:較|較]] kaewk

==16-07==
* 16-07/1167a [[wikt:爻|爻]] haew
* 16-07/1167d [[wikt:肴|肴]] haew
* 16-07/1167e [[wikt:殽|殽]] haew
* 16-07/1167f [[wikt:𢼂|𢼂]] kaewH
* 16-07/1167g [[wikt:𤕝|𤕝]] kaewH
* 16-07/1167i [[wikt:教|教]] kaewH
* 16-07/1167m [[wikt:䡈|䡈]] kaewk

==16-08==
* 16-08/1041p [[wikt:号|号]] hawH
* 16-08/1041q [[wikt:號|號]] haw
* 16-08/1041r [[wikt:呺|呺]] xjew
* 16-08/1041s [[wikt:枵|枵]] xjew
* 16-08/1041t [[wikt:鴞|鴞]] yew
* 16-08/1041- [[wikt:殠|殠]] xjuwX

==16-09==
* 16-09/1168a [[wikt:孝|孝]] xaewH
* 16-09/1168d [[wikt:哮|哮]] xaew, xaewH

==16-10==
* 16-10/1141a [[wikt:夭|夭]] 'awX, 'jewX
* 16-10/1141c [[wikt:枖|枖]] 'jew
* 16-10/1141d [[wikt:妖|妖]] 'jew
* 16-10/1141e [[wikt:𡝩|𡝩]] 'jew
* 16-10/1141f [[wikt:殀|殀]] 'jewX
* 16-10/1141g [[wikt:祆|祆]] 'jew
* 16-10/1141h [[wikt:訞|訞]] 'jew
* 16-10/1141i [[wikt:宎|宎]] 'ewX
* 16-10/1141j [[wikt:穾|穾]] 'ew, 'ewH, 'ewX
* 16-10/1141k [[wikt:䴠|䴠]] 'awX
* 16-10/1141l [[wikt:沃|沃]] 'owk
* 16-10/1141m [[wikt:鋈|鋈]] 'owk
* 16-10/1242a [[wikt:飫|飫]] 'joH

==16-11==
* 16-11/1142a [[wikt:要|要]] 'jiew, 'jiewH
* 16-11/1142b [[wikt:腰|腰]] 'jiew
* 16-11/1142c [[wikt:喓|喓]] 'jiew
* 16-11/1142d [[wikt:葽|葽]] 'jiew

==16-12==
* 16-12/1140a [[wikt:囂|囂]] xjew, ngaw

==16-13==
* 16-13/1130a [[wikt:敖|敖]] ngaw
* 16-13/1130c [[wikt:遨|遨]] ngaw
* 16-13/1130d [[wikt:傲|傲]] ngaw, ngawH
* 16-13/1130e [[wikt:嗷|嗷]] ngaw
* 16-13/1130f [[wikt:嗸|嗸]] ngaw
* 16-13/1130g [[wikt:摮|摮]] ngaw
* 16-13/1130h [[wikt:熬|熬]] ngaw
* 16-13/1130j [[wikt:獒|獒]] ngaw
* 16-13/1130k [[wikt:螯|螯]] ngaw
* 16-13/1130l [[wikt:謷|謷]] ngaew, ngaw, ngawH
* 16-13/1130m [[wikt:驁|驁]] ngaw
* 16-13/1130o [[wikt:鼇|鼇]] ngaw

==16-14==
* 16-14/1164a [[wikt:堯|堯]] ngew
* 16-14/1164b [[wikt:僥|僥]] kewX, ngew
* 16-14/1164c [[wikt:澆|澆]] kew
* 16-14/1164d [[wikt:髐|髐]] khew
* 16-14/1164e [[wikt:嘵|嘵]] xew
* 16-14/1164f [[wikt:曉|曉]] xewX
* 16-14/1164g [[wikt:膮|膮]] xew, xewX
* 16-14/1164h [[wikt:翹|翹]] gjiew
* 16-14/1164i [[wikt:磽|磽]] khaew, khewX
* 16-14/1164j [[wikt:墝|墝]] khaew, khewX
* 16-14/1164k [[wikt:繞|繞]] nyewH, nyewX
* 16-14/1164l [[wikt:蕘|蕘]] nyew
* 16-14/1164m [[wikt:蟯|蟯]] nyew
* 16-14/1164n [[wikt:襓|襓]] nyew
* 16-14/1164o [[wikt:饒|饒]] nyew
* 16-14/1164p [[wikt:橈|橈]] nraewH, nyew
* 16-14/1164q [[wikt:譊|譊]] nraew
* 16-14/1164r [[wikt:鐃|鐃]] nraew
* 16-14/1164s [[wikt:撓|撓]] nraewX, xaw
* 16-14/1164t [[wikt:燒|燒]] syew

==16-15==
* 16-15/1131a [[wikt:刀|刀]] taw, tew
* 16-15/1131c [[wikt:忉|忉]] taw
* 16-15/1131d [[wikt:叨|叨]] thaw
* 16-15/1131e [[wikt:召|召]] drjewH, dzyewX
* 16-15/1131i [[wikt:怊|怊]] trhjew, tsyhew
* 16-15/1131j [[wikt:超|超]] trhjew
* 16-15/1131k [[wikt:軺|軺]] yew
* 16-15/1131l [[wikt:招|招]] tsyew
* 16-15/1131m [[wikt:昭|昭]] dzyew, tsyew, tsyewX
* 16-15/1131n [[wikt:炤|炤]] tsyewH
* 16-15/1131o [[wikt:照|照]] tsyewH
* 16-15/1131p [[wikt:沼|沼]] tsyewX
* 16-15/1131q [[wikt:詔|詔]] tsyewH
* 16-15/1131r [[wikt:鉊|鉊]] tsyew
* 16-15/1131s [[wikt:弨|弨]] tsyhew, tsyhewX
* 16-15/1131t [[wikt:卲|卲]] dzyewX
* 16-15/1131z [[wikt:紹|紹]] dzyewX
* 16-15/1131a' [[wikt:韶|韶]] dzyew
* 16-15/1131b' [[wikt:㲈|㲈]] dzyew
* 16-15/1131c' [[wikt:貂|貂]] tew
* 16-15/1131d' [[wikt:苕|苕]] dew
* 16-15/1131e' [[wikt:鞀|鞀]] daw
* 16-15/1132a [[wikt:到|到]] tawH
* 16-15/1132c [[wikt:倒|倒]] tawH, tawX
* 16-15/1132d [[wikt:菿|菿]] tawH

==16-16==
* 16-16/1133a [[wikt:盜|盜]] dawH

==16-17==
* 16-17/1143a [[wikt:朝|朝]] drjew, trjew
* 16-17/1143d [[wikt:潮|潮]] drjew
* 16-17/1160a [[wikt:廟|廟]] mjewH

==16-18==
* 16-18/1146a [[wikt:肇|肇]] drjewX

==16-19==
* 16-19/1147a [[wikt:鼂|鼂]] drjew

==16-20==
* 16-20/1145a [[wikt:兆|兆]] drjewX
* 16-20/1145b [[wikt:垗|垗]] drjewX
* 16-20/1145c [[wikt:旐|旐]] drjewX
* 16-20/1145d [[wikt:姚|姚]] yew
* 16-20/1145g [[wikt:珧|珧]] yew
* 16-20/1145h [[wikt:銚|銚]] dew, thew, tshjew
* 16-20/1145i [[wikt:恌|恌]] thew
* 16-20/1145j [[wikt:眺|眺]] thewH
* 16-20/1145k [[wikt:祧|祧]] thew
* 16-20/1145l [[wikt:覜|覜]] thewH
* 16-20/1145m [[wikt:頫|頫]] thewH
* 16-20/1145n [[wikt:佻|佻]] dew, dewX, thew
* 16-20/1145o [[wikt:挑|挑]] dewX, thaw, thew
* 16-20/1145p [[wikt:跳|跳]] dew
* 16-20/1145q [[wikt:窕|窕]] dewX, thew
* 16-20/1145r [[wikt:誂|誂]] dewX
* 16-20/1145s [[wikt:洮|洮]] thaw
* 16-20/1145t [[wikt:咷|咷]] daw, thewH
* 16-20/1145u [[wikt:桃|桃]] daw
* 16-20/1145v [[wikt:逃|逃]] daw
* 16-20/1145x [[wikt:鞉|鞉]] daw
* 16-20/1145y [[wikt:鼗|鼗]] daw
* 16-20/1145z [[wikt:駣|駣]] daw, dawX

==16-21==
* 16-21/1144a [[wikt:䍃|䍃]] yew
* 16-21/1144b [[wikt:窰|窰]] yew
* 16-21/1144c [[wikt:窯|窯]] yew
* 16-21/1144d [[wikt:傜|傜]] yew
* 16-21/1144e [[wikt:徭|徭]] yew
* 16-21/1144f [[wikt:媱|媱]] yew
* 16-21/1144g [[wikt:搖|搖]] yew
* 16-21/1144h [[wikt:榣|榣]] yew
* 16-21/1144i [[wikt:瑤|瑤]] yew
* 16-21/1144j [[wikt:謠|謠]] yew
* 16-21/1144k [[wikt:遙|遙]] yew
* 16-21/1144l [[wikt:鰩|鰩]] yew
* 16-21/1144m [[wikt:鷂|鷂]] yewH
* 16-21/1144n [[wikt:繇|繇]] drjuwH, yew
* 16-21/1144o [[wikt:櫾|櫾]] yuw

==16-22==
* 16-22/1149e [[wikt:少|少]] syewH, syewX

==16-23==
* 16-23/1135a [[wikt:勞|勞]] law, lawH
* 16-23/1135b [[wikt:膋|膋]] lew

==16-24==
* 16-24/1151a [[wikt:𤋯|𤋯]] ljew, ljewH
* 16-24/1151b [[wikt:尞|尞]] ljewH
* 16-24/1151e [[wikt:燎|燎]] lewH
* 16-24/1151f [[wikt:療|療]] ljewH
* 16-24/1151g [[wikt:繚|繚]] lewX, ljewX
* 16-24/1151h [[wikt:僚|僚]] lew, lewX
* 16-24/1151i [[wikt:寮|寮]] lew, lewX
* 16-24/1151m [[wikt:憭|憭]] lew
* 16-24/1151n [[wikt:獠|獠]] lew
* 16-24/1151o [[wikt:瞭|瞭]] lew, lewX
* 16-24/1151p [[wikt:膫|膫]] lew
* 16-24/1151q [[wikt:遼|遼]] lew
* 16-24/1151r [[wikt:鷯|鷯]] lew
* 16-24/1151s [[wikt:橑|橑]] lawX, lew
* 16-24/1151t [[wikt:簝|簝]] law, lew
* 16-24/1151u [[wikt:潦|潦]] lawX
* 16-24/1151v [[wikt:䕩|䕩]] lawX

==16-25==
* 16-25/- [[wikt:了|了]] lewX
==16-26==
* 16-26/1245c [[wikt:料|料]] lew, lewH
* 16-26/1245d [[wikt:敹|敹]] lew

==16-27==
* 16-27/1152a [[wikt:擾|擾]] nyewX
* 16-27/1152b [[wikt:獶|獶]] naw

==16-28==
* 16-28/1244f [[wikt:腦|腦]] nawX

==16-29==
* 16-29/16-28A/1244g [[wikt:𠜶|𠜶]] nawX

==16-30==
* 16-30/16-29/1244i [[wikt:呶|呶]] nraew
* 16-30/16-29/1244j [[wikt:怓|怓]] nraew

==16-31==
* 16-31/16-30/1134a [[wikt:喿|喿]] sawH
* 16-31/16-30/1134c [[wikt:譟|譟]] sawH
* 16-31/16-30/1134d [[wikt:燥|燥]] sawH, sawX
* 16-31/16-30/1134e [[wikt:臊|臊]] saw
* 16-31/16-30/1134f [[wikt:鱢|鱢]] saw
* 16-31/16-30/1134g [[wikt:澡|澡]] tsawX
* 16-31/16-30/1134h [[wikt:璪|璪]] tsawX
* 16-31/16-30/1134i [[wikt:繰|繰]] tsawX
* 16-31/16-30/1134j [[wikt:趮|趮]] tsawH
* 16-31/16-30/1134k [[wikt:躁|躁]] tsawH
* 16-31/16-30/1134l [[wikt:懆|懆]] tshawX
* 16-31/16-30/1134m [[wikt:操|操]] tshawH, tshawX
* 16-31/16-30/1134n [[wikt:藻|藻]] tsawX

==16-32==
* 16-32/16-31/1148a [[wikt:焦|焦]] tsjew
* 16-32/16-31/1148b [[wikt:燋|燋]] tsjak, tsraewk
* 16-32/16-31/1148c [[wikt:僬|僬]] dzjew, tsjewH
* 16-32/16-31/1148d [[wikt:潐|潐]] tsjewH
* 16-32/16-31/1148e [[wikt:蕉|蕉]] tsjew
* 16-32/16-31/1148f [[wikt:醮|醮]] tsjewH
* 16-32/16-31/1148g [[wikt:鷦|鷦]] tsjew
* 16-32/16-31/1148h [[wikt:憔|憔]] dzjew
* 16-32/16-31/1148i [[wikt:樵|樵]] dzjew
* 16-32/16-31/1148j [[wikt:譙|譙]] dzjew
* 16-32/16-31/1148k [[wikt:噍|噍]] dzjewH, tsjew, tsjuw
* 16-32/16-31/1148l [[wikt:穛|穛]] tsraewk
* 16-32/16-31/1148m [[wikt:𥼚|𥼚]] tsraewk

==16-33==
* 16-33/16-32/1169a [[wikt:巢|巢]] dzraew
* 16-33/16-32/1169b [[wikt:𠞰|𠞰]] tsjewX, tsrhaew
* 16-33/16-32/1169c [[wikt:勦|勦]] dzraew, tsjewX
* 16-33/16-32/1169d [[wikt:繅|繅]] saw
* 16-33/16-32/1169e [[wikt:薻|薻]] tsawX

==16-34==
* 16-34/16-33/1149a [[wikt:小|小]] sjewX
* 16-34/16-33/1149g [[wikt:肖|肖]] sjew, sjewH
* 16-34/16-33/1149h [[wikt:宵|宵]] sjew
* 16-34/16-33/1149j [[wikt:消|消]] sjew
* 16-34/16-33/1149k [[wikt:痟|痟]] sjew
* 16-34/16-33/1149l [[wikt:綃|綃]] sew, sjew
* 16-34/16-33/1149m [[wikt:逍|逍]] sjew
* 16-34/16-33/1149n [[wikt:銷|銷]] sjew
* 16-34/16-33/1149o [[wikt:霄|霄]] sjew
* 16-34/16-33/1149p [[wikt:俏|俏]] tshjewH
* 16-34/16-33/1149q [[wikt:哨|哨]] tshjewH
* 16-34/16-33/1149r [[wikt:峭|峭]] tshjewH
* 16-34/16-33/1149s [[wikt:悄|悄]] tshjewX
* 16-34/16-33/1149t [[wikt:誚|誚]] dzjewH
* 16-34/16-33/1149u [[wikt:趙|趙]] dewX, drjewX
* 16-34/16-33/1149x [[wikt:捎|捎]] sew
* 16-34/16-33/1149y [[wikt:梢|梢]] sraew
* 16-34/16-33/1149z [[wikt:稍|稍]] sraewH
* 16-34/16-33/1149a' [[wikt:筲|筲]] sraew
* 16-34/16-33/1149b' [[wikt:蛸|蛸]] sraew
* 16-34/16-33/1149c' [[wikt:削|削]] sjak, sjewH, sraewH
* 16-34/16-33/1149d' [[wikt:揱|揱]] sew, sraew, sraewk
* 16-34/16-33/1149e' [[wikt:箾|箾]] sew, sraewk

==16-35==
* 16-35/16-34/1150a [[wikt:笑|笑]] sjewH

==16-36==
* 16-36/16-35/1153a [[wikt:表|表]] pjewX

==16-37==
* 16-37/1155a [[wikt:猋|猋]] pjiew

==16-38==
* 16-38/1156a [[wikt:驫|驫]] pjiew, pjiw

==16-39==
* 16-39/1157a [[wikt:𤐫|𤐫]] phjiew, phjiewH
* 16-39/1157b [[wikt:票|票]] phjiew
* 16-39/1157c [[wikt:熛|熛]], [[wikt:𤒾|𤒾]] pjiew
* 16-39/1157d [[wikt:標|標]] pjiew
* 16-39/1157e [[wikt:飄|飄]] phjiew
* 16-39/1157f [[wikt:僄|僄]] phjiew, phjiewH
* 16-39/1157g [[wikt:剽|剽]] phjiew, phjiewH, phjiewX
* 16-39/1157h [[wikt:嘌|嘌]] phjiew
* 16-39/1157i [[wikt:漂|漂]] phjiew
* 16-39/1157j [[wikt:縹|縹]] phjiewX
* 16-39/1157k [[wikt:瓢|瓢]] bjiew
* 16-39/1157l [[wikt:摽|摽]] bjiewX, phaew, phew, phjiew, pjiew

==16-40==
* 16-40/1170a [[wikt:麃|麃]] baew, pjew
* 16-40/1170b [[wikt:儦|儦]] pjew
* 16-40/1170c [[wikt:瀌|瀌]] pjew
* 16-40/1170d [[wikt:穮|穮]] pjew
* 16-40/1170e [[wikt:鑣|鑣]] pjew
* 16-40/1170f [[wikt:皫|皫]] phjewX
* 16-40/1170g [[wikt:犥|犥]] phjewX

==16-41==
* 16-41/1137a [[wikt:毛|毛]] maw
* 16-41/1137c [[wikt:旄|旄]] maw
* 16-41/1137e [[wikt:髦|髦]] maw
* 16-41/1137g [[wikt:芼|芼]] mawH
* 16-41/1137h [[wikt:𦒷|𦒷]] mawH
* 16-41/1137i [[wikt:眊|眊]] maewk, mak, mawH
* 16-41/1137j [[wikt:秏|秏]] xawH
* 16-41/1137k [[wikt:耗|耗]] xawH

==16-42==
* 16-42/1171a [[wikt:皃|皃]] maewH
* 16-42/1171b [[wikt:貌|貌]] maewH
* 16-42/1171c [[wikt:藐|藐]] maewk
* 16-42/1171d [[wikt:邈|邈]] maewk

==16-43==
* 16-43/1159a [[wikt:苗|苗]] mjew
* 16-43/1159b [[wikt:庿|庿]] mjewH
* 16-43/1159c [[wikt:貓|貓]] maew, mjew

==16-44==
* 16-44/1158a [[wikt:眇|眇]] mjiewX
* 16-44/1158b [[wikt:妙|妙]] mjiewH
* 16-44/1158c [[wikt:杪|杪]] mjiewX
* 16-44/1158d [[wikt:鈔|鈔]] mjiewX
* 16-44/1158e [[wikt:渺|渺]] mjiewX

==16-45==
* 16-45/1161a [[wikt:淼|淼]] mjiewX

=17=
==17-01==
* 17-01/1117a [[wikt:隺|隺]] howk
* 17-01/1117b [[wikt:鶴|鶴]] haewk, hak
* 17-01/1117c [[wikt:搉|搉]] kaewk
* 17-01/1117d [[wikt:確|確]] khaewk

==17-02==
* 17-02/1118a [[wikt:虐|虐]] ngjak
* 17-02/1118c [[wikt:瘧|瘧]] ngjak
* 17-02/1118d [[wikt:謔|謔]] xjak

==17-03==
* 17-03/1165a [[wikt:弔|弔]] tek, tewH
* 17-03/1165d [[wikt:盄|盄]] tsyew

==17-04==
* 17-04/1126a [[wikt:卓|卓]] traewk
* 17-04/1126b [[wikt:倬|倬]] traewk
* 17-04/1126c [[wikt:逴|逴]] trhaewk
* 17-04/1126d [[wikt:趠|趠]] trhaewk
* 17-04/1126f [[wikt:踔|踔]] trhaewk
* 17-04/1126g [[wikt:綽|綽]] tsyhak
* 17-04/1126i [[wikt:罩|罩]] traewH
* 17-04/1126j [[wikt:淖|淖]] nraewH
* 17-04/1126l [[wikt:悼|悼]] dawH
* 17-04/1126m [[wikt:掉|掉]] dewH, dewX, nraewk

==17-05==
* 17-05/1120a [[wikt:勺|勺]] dzyak, tsyak
* 17-05/1120b [[wikt:杓|杓]] dzyak
* 17-05/1120c [[wikt:汋|汋]] tsyak, yak
* 17-05/1120d [[wikt:酌|酌]] tsyak
* 17-05/1120e [[wikt:妁|妁]] dzyak
* 17-05/1120f [[wikt:灼|灼]] tsyak
* 17-05/1120g [[wikt:礿|礿]] yak
* 17-05/1120i [[wikt:旳|旳]] tek
* 17-05/1120j [[wikt:靮|靮]] tek
* 17-05/1120k [[wikt:釣|釣]] tewH
* 17-05/1120l [[wikt:魡|魡]] tewH
* 17-05/1120m [[wikt:約|約]] 'jak, 'jiewH
* 17-05/1120n [[wikt:葯|葯]] 'aewk

==17-06==
* 17-06/1119a [[wikt:龠|龠]] yak
* 17-06/1119c [[wikt:籥|籥]] yak
* 17-06/1119d [[wikt:瀹|瀹]] yak
* 17-06/1119e [[wikt:𤅢|𤅢]] yak
* 17-06/1119f [[wikt:爚|爚]] yak
* 17-06/1119g [[wikt:禴|禴]] yak
* 17-06/1119h [[wikt:籲|籲]] yuH

==17-07==
* 17-07/1124a [[wikt:翟|翟]] dek
* 17-07/1124c [[wikt:糴|糴]] dek
* 17-07/1124d [[wikt:籊|籊]] dek, thek
* 17-07/1124e [[wikt:趯|趯]] thek
* 17-07/1124f [[wikt:躍|躍]] yak
* 17-07/1124g [[wikt:擢|擢]] draewk
* 17-07/1124h [[wikt:濯|濯]] draewH, draewk
* 17-07/1124i [[wikt:曜|曜]] yewH
* 17-07/1124j [[wikt:燿|燿]] yewH
* 17-07/1124k [[wikt:耀|耀]] yewH
* 17-07/1124l [[wikt:糶|糶]] thewH
* 17-07/1124m [[wikt:藋|藋]] dewH
* 17-07/1124n [[wikt:鑃|鑃]] dewH
* 17-07/1124q [[wikt:櫂|櫂]] draewH

==17-08==
* 17-08/1125a [[wikt:樂|樂]] lak, ljewH, ngaewH, ngaewk
* 17-08/1125d [[wikt:轢|轢]] lak, lek
* 17-08/1125e [[wikt:𧭥|𧭥]] lak
* 17-08/1125g [[wikt:濼|濼]] lowk
* 17-08/1125i [[wikt:櫟|櫟]] lek
* 17-08/1125j [[wikt:礫|礫]] lek
* 17-08/1125k [[wikt:躒|躒]] lek
* 17-08/1125l [[wikt:䟏|䟏]] syak
* 17-08/1125n [[wikt:爍|爍]] syak
* 17-08/1125o [[wikt:鑠|鑠]] syak
* 17-08/1125p [[wikt:藥|藥]] yak

==17-09==
* 17-09/1123a [[wikt:弱|弱]] nyak
* 17-09/1123b [[wikt:蒻|蒻]] nyak
* 17-09/1123c [[wikt:愵|愵]] nek
* 17-09/1123d [[wikt:溺|溺]] nek, newH
* 17-09/1123e [[wikt:嫋|嫋]] newX

==17-11==
* 17-11/1128a [[wikt:鑿|鑿]] dzak
* 17-11/1128b [[wikt:𥽿|𥽿]] tsak

==17-12==
* 17-12/1121a [[wikt:爵|爵]] tsjak
* 17-12/1121e [[wikt:爝|爝]] dzjak
* 17-12/1121f [[wikt:穱|穱]] tsraewk
* 17-12/1121g [[wikt:灂|灂]] tsjewH
* 17-12/1121h [[wikt:釂|釂]] tsjewH

==17-13==
* 17-13/1122a [[wikt:雀|雀]] tsjak

==17-14==
* 17-14/1136a [[wikt:暴|暴]] bawH, buwk
* 17-14/1136b [[wikt:曝|曝]] bawH
* 17-14/1136c [[wikt:瀑|瀑]] bawH
* 17-14/1136d [[wikt:襮|襮]] pak, powk
* 17-14/1136e [[wikt:嚗|嚗]] paewk

==17-15==
* 17-15/1127a [[wikt:駁|駁]] paewk
* 17-15/1127c [[wikt:駮|駮]] paewk

==17-16==
* 17-16/1244k [[wikt:豹|豹]] paewH

LEFT OFF HERE
=18=
==18-01==
* 18-01/0001a [[wikt:可|可]] khaX
* 18-01/0001d [[wikt:柯|柯]] ka
* 18-01/0001e [[wikt:笴|笴]] kanX, kaX
* 18-01/0001f [[wikt:何|何]] ha, haX
* 18-01/0001g [[wikt:河|河]] ha
* 18-01/0001i [[wikt:苛|苛]] ha
* 18-01/0001j [[wikt:呵|呵]] xa
* 18-01/0001k [[wikt:訶|訶]] xa
* 18-01/0001m [[wikt:阿|阿]] 'a
* 18-01/0001n [[wikt:㫊|㫊]] 'aX, 'jeX
* 18-01/0001o [[wikt:荷|荷]] ha
* 18-01/0001p [[wikt:哥|哥]] ka
* 18-01/0001q [[wikt:歌|歌]] ka
* 18-01/0001r [[wikt:謌|謌]] ka
* 18-01/0001s [[wikt:奇|奇]] gje, kje
* 18-01/0001t [[wikt:琦|琦]] gje
* 18-01/0001u [[wikt:騎|騎]] gje
* 18-01/0001v [[wikt:錡|錡]] gje, gjeX, ngjeX
* 18-01/0001x [[wikt:寄|寄]] kjeH
* 18-01/0001y [[wikt:掎|掎]] kjeX
* 18-01/0001z [[wikt:畸|畸]] kje
* 18-01/0001a' [[wikt:羇|羇]] kje
* 18-01/0001b' [[wikt:綺|綺]] khjeX
* 18-01/0001c' [[wikt:踦|踦]] khje, kjeX, ngjeX
* 18-01/0001d' [[wikt:攲|攲]] khje, kje
* 18-01/0001e' [[wikt:觭|觭]] khje
* 18-01/0001f' [[wikt:倚|倚]] 'jeX
* 18-01/0001g' [[wikt:椅|椅]] 'je
* 18-01/0001h' [[wikt:猗|猗]] 'aX, 'je, 'jeX
* 18-01/0001i' [[wikt:輢|輢]] 'jeX
* 18-01/0001j' [[wikt:陭|陭]] 'je

==18-02==
* 18-02/0349a [[wikt:个|个]] kaH, kanH

==18-03==
* 18-03/1238a [[wikt:羈|羈]] kje
* 18-03/07-33/1240c [[wikt:買|買]] meaX
* 18-03/07-33/1240e [[wikt:賣|賣]] meaH
* 18-03/18-10/0006a [[wikt:羅|羅]] la
* 18-03/18-10/0006b [[wikt:蘿|蘿]] la
* 18-03/18-10/0024a [[wikt:罹|罹]] lje
* 18-03/18-17/0026a [[wikt:罷|罷]] beaX, bje
* 18-03/18-17/0026b [[wikt:羆|羆]] pje

==18-04==
* 18-04/0015a [[wikt:加|加]] kae
* 18-04/0015c [[wikt:枷|枷]] kae, kaeH
* 18-04/0015d [[wikt:珈|珈]] kae
* 18-04/0015e [[wikt:駕|駕]] kaeH
* 18-04/0015g [[wikt:嘉|嘉]] kae
* 18-04/0015i [[wikt:哿|哿]] kaX
* 18-04/0015j [[wikt:賀|賀]] haH
* 18-04/0015- [[wikt:伽|伽]] gja (?)
* 18-04/0015- [[wikt:迦|迦]] kja (?)

==18-05==
* 18-05/0002a [[wikt:我|我]] ngaX
* 18-05/0002h [[wikt:俄|俄]] nga
* 18-05/0002i [[wikt:娥|娥]] nga
* 18-05/0002k [[wikt:峨|峨]] nga
* 18-05/0002l [[wikt:睋|睋]] nga
* 18-05/0002m [[wikt:莪|莪]] nga
* 18-05/0002n [[wikt:誐|誐]] nga
* 18-05/0002o [[wikt:餓|餓]] ngaH
* 18-05/0002p [[wikt:鵞|鵞]] nga
* 18-05/0002q [[wikt:蛾|蛾]] nga, ngjeX
* 18-05/0002r [[wikt:義|義]] ngjeH
* 18-05/0002u [[wikt:儀|儀]] ngje
* 18-05/0002v [[wikt:議|議]] ngjeH
* 18-05/0002x [[wikt:蟻|蟻]] ngjeX
* 18-05/0002y [[wikt:羲|羲]] xje
* 18-05/0002z [[wikt:犧|犧]] xje

==18-06==
* 18-06/0021a [[wikt:宜|宜]] ngje
* 18-06/0021h [[wikt:誼|誼]] ngjeH

==18-07==
An -r series acc. to Baxter and Sagart.
* 18-07/0022a [[wikt:䖒|䖒]] xje
* 18-07/0022b [[wikt:戲|戲]] xjeH

==18-08==
* 18-08/0003a [[wikt:多|多]] ta
* 18-08/0003d [[wikt:痑|痑]] taH, tha
* 18-08/0003e [[wikt:奓|奓]] trae
* 18-08/0003f [[wikt:㗬|㗬]] trhae
* 18-08/0003h [[wikt:恀|恀]] tseyX
* 18-08/0003i [[wikt:侈|侈]] tsyheX
* 18-08/0003j [[wikt:拸|拸]] trhjeX
* 18-08/0003k [[wikt:哆|哆]] tsyhaeX
* 18-08/0003l [[wikt:誃|誃]] drje, tsyheX
* 18-08/0003m [[wikt:趍|趍]] drje
* 18-08/0003o [[wikt:陊|陊]] drjeX
* 18-08/0003q [[wikt:移|移]] ye, yeH
* 18-08/0003r [[wikt:迻|迻]] ye
* 18-08/0003t [[wikt:㢋|㢋]] tsyheX

==18-09==
* 18-09/0004a [[wikt:它|它]] tha
* 18-09/0004f [[wikt:㐌|㐌]] tha
* 18-09/0004g [[wikt:也|也]] yaeX
* 18-09/0004h [[wikt:佗|佗]] da, thaH
* 18-09/0004i [[wikt:拕|拕]] tha, thaH
* 18-09/0004j [[wikt:紽|紽]] da
* 18-09/0004k [[wikt:沱|沱]] da
* 18-09/0004l [[wikt:蛇|蛇]] ye, zyae
* 18-09/0004m [[wikt:鉈|鉈]] syae
* 18-09/0004n [[wikt:匜|匜]] ye
* 18-09/0004q [[wikt:訑|訑]] tha, thwa, ye
* 18-09/0004r [[wikt:迆|迆]] ye
* 18-09/0004s [[wikt:酏|酏]] ye
* 18-09/0004t [[wikt:池|池]] drje
* 18-09/0004v [[wikt:竾|竾]] drje
* 18-09/0004x [[wikt:馳|馳]] drje
* 18-09/0004y [[wikt:杝|杝]] drjeX, ye
* 18-09/0004z [[wikt:阤|阤]] drjeX
* 18-09/0004a' [[wikt:弛|弛]] sye, syeX
* 18-09/0004b' [[wikt:地|地]] dijH
* 18-09/0004c' [[wikt:他|他]] tha
* 18-09/0004d' [[wikt:扡|扡]] tha
* 18-09/0004e' [[wikt:髢|髢]] dejH
* 18-09/0004f' [[wikt:拖|拖]] daX, tha, thaH 
* 18-09/0004g' [[wikt:胣|胣]] yeX
* 18-09/0004h' [[wikt:袘|袘]] ye
* 18-09/0004i' [[wikt:迤|迤]] ye
* 18-09/0004j' [[wikt:㢮|㢮]] syeX
* 18-09/0004k' [[wikt:𨠑|𨠑]] ye
* 18-09/0004l' [[wikt:施|施]] sye, yeH
* 18-09/0004m' [[wikt:葹|葹]] sye
* 18-09/0004n' [[wikt:椸|椸]] ye
* 18-09/0004- [[wikt:陀|陀]] da
* 18-09/0004- [[wikt:舵|舵]] da

==18-10==
Baxter &amp; Sagart (personal communication 11 April 2017) combine [[#07-33|07-33]], [[#18-03|18-03]], [[#18-10|18-10]], and [[#18-17|18-17]].

==18-11==
* 18-11/0023a [[wikt:离|离]] trhje
* 18-11/0023b [[wikt:魑|魑]] trhje
* 18-11/0023c [[wikt:螭|螭]] trhje
* 18-11/0023d [[wikt:縭|縭]] lje
* 18-11/0023e [[wikt:醨|醨]] lje
* 18-11/0023f [[wikt:離|離]] lje, ljeH
* 18-11/0023g [[wikt:籬|籬]] lje
* 18-11/0023h [[wikt:灕|灕]] lje
* 18-11/0023- [[wikt:漓|漓]] lje

==18-12==
An -r series acc. to Baxter &amp; Sagart (2014: 257)
*18-12/0350a [[wikt:那|那]] na

==18-13==
* 18-13/0005a [[wikt:左|左]] tsaH, tsaX
* 18-13/0005e [[wikt:佐|佐]] tsaH
* 18-13/0005f [[wikt:差|差]] tsha, tsrhae, tsrhea, tsrhje
* 18-13/0005h [[wikt:槎|槎]] dzrae, dzraeX
* 18-13/0005i [[wikt:瑳|瑳]] tshaX
* 18-13/0005j [[wikt:磋|磋]] tsha
* 18-13/0005k [[wikt:傞|傞]] sa, tsha
* 18-13/0005l [[wikt:瘥|瘥]] dza, tsjae
* 18-13/0005m [[wikt:鹺|鹺]] dza
* 18-13/0005n [[wikt:嗟|嗟]] tsjae
* 18-13/0005o [[wikt:髊|髊]] dzjeH

==18-15==
* 18-15/0016a [[wikt:沙|沙]] srae
* 18-15/0016d [[wikt:鯊|鯊]] srae
* 18-15/0016e [[wikt:娑|娑]] sa
* 18-15/0016f [[wikt:莎|莎]] srae, swa

==18-16==
* 18-16/0025a [[wikt:皮|皮]] bje
* 18-16/0025d [[wikt:疲|疲]] bje
* 18-16/0025e [[wikt:被|被]] bjeH, bjeX, phje, phjeH
* 18-16/0025f [[wikt:鞁|鞁]] bjeH
* 18-16/0025g [[wikt:彼|彼]] pjeX
* 18-16/0025h [[wikt:詖|詖]] pje, pjeH
* 18-16/0025i [[wikt:陂|陂]] pje
* 18-16/0025j [[wikt:披|披]] phje, phjeH
* 18-16/0025k [[wikt:鈹|鈹]] phje
* 18-16/0025l [[wikt:波|波]] pa
* 18-16/0025m [[wikt:跛|跛]] paX, pjeH
* 18-16/0025n [[wikt:簸|簸]] paH, paX
* 18-16/0025o [[wikt:破|破]] phaH
* 18-16/0025p [[wikt:頗|頗]] pha
* 18-16/0025q [[wikt:婆|婆]] ba

==18-17==
Baxter &amp; Sagart (personal communication 11 April 2017) combine [[#07-33|07-33]], [[#18-03|18-03]], [[#18-10|18-10]], and [[#18-17|18-17]].

==18-18==
* 18-18/0017a [[wikt:麻|麻]] mae
* 18-18/0017c [[wikt:塺|塺]] maH
* 18-18/0017d [[wikt:麽|麽]] maX
* 18-18/0017e [[wikt:摩|摩]] ma
* 18-18/0017f [[wikt:磨|磨]] ma, maH
* 18-18/0017g [[wikt:糜|糜]] mje
* 18-18/0017h [[wikt:靡|靡]] mje, mjeX
* 18-18/0017i [[wikt:麾|麾]] xjwe
* 18-18/0017j [[wikt:攠|攠]] mje
* 18-18/0017- [[wikt:魔|魔]] ma
* 18-18/0442a [[wikt:穈|穈]] mwon

==18-19==
* 18-19/0356a [[wikt:毀|毀]] xjweX
* 18-19/0356b [[wikt:燬|燬]] xjweX

=19=
==19-01==
* 19-01/0007a [[wikt:戈|戈]] kwa
* 19-01/0007e [[wikt:划|划]] hwae
* 19-01/0007f [[wikt:𢦚|𢦚]] hwaeX

==19-02==
* 19-02/0351a [[wikt:果|果]] khwaX, kwaX
* 19-02/0351c [[wikt:蜾|蜾]] kwaX
* 19-02/0351d [[wikt:裹|裹]] kwaX
* 19-02/0351e [[wikt:堁|堁]] khwaH
* 19-02/0351f [[wikt:課|課]] khwaH
* 19-02/0351g [[wikt:倮|倮]] lwaX
* 19-02/0351h [[wikt:裸|裸]] lwaX
* 19-02/0351i [[wikt:臝|臝]] lwaX
* 19-02/0351j [[wikt:踝|踝]] hwaeX
* 19-02/0351k [[wikt:髁|髁]] hwaeX
* 19-02/0351l [[wikt:輠|輠]] hwaeX, hwanX, hwojX
* 19-02/0351m [[wikt:祼|祼]] kwanH
* 19-02/0351n [[wikt:婐|婐]] 'waX

==19-03==
* 19-03/0352a [[wikt:𩰬|𩰬]] kwa

==19-04==
* 19-04/0018a [[wikt:咼|咼]] kwaeX
* 19-04/0018b [[wikt:騧|騧]] kwae, kwea
* 19-04/0018c [[wikt:蝸|蝸]] kwae, lwa
* 19-04/0018d [[wikt:媧|媧]] kwae
* 19-04/0018e [[wikt:過|過]] kwa, kwaH
* 19-04/0018f [[wikt:禍|禍]] hwaX
* 19-04/0018g [[wikt:旤|旤]] hwaX
* 19-04/0018h [[wikt:薖|薖]] khwa

==19-05==
* 19-05/0028a [[wikt:虧|虧]] khjwe

==19-06==
A uvular series.
* 19-06/0027a [[wikt:爲|爲]] hjwe, hjweH
* 19-06/0027f [[wikt:䦱|䦱]] hjweX
* 19-06/0027g [[wikt:嬀|嬀]] kjwe
* 19-06/0027k [[wikt:僞|僞]] ngjweH
* 19-06/0027l [[wikt:撝|撝]] xjwe
* 19-06/0027m [[wikt:譌|譌]] ngwa

==19-07==
* 19-07/0008a [[wikt:禾|禾]] hwa
* 19-07/0008e [[wikt:和|和]] hwa, hwaH
* 19-07/0008g [[wikt:龢|龢]] hwa
* 19-07/0008k [[wikt:盉|盉]] hwa
* 19-07/0008n [[wikt:科|科]] khwa

==19-08==
* 19-08/0019a [[wikt:化|化]] xwaeH
* 19-08/0019c [[wikt:貨|貨]] xwaH
* 19-08/0019d [[wikt:吪|吪]] ngwa
* 19-08/0019e [[wikt:訛|訛]] ngwa
* 19-08/0019- [[wikt:囮|囮]] ngwa
* 19-08/0019- [[wikt:鈋|鈋]] ngwa

==19-09==
Schuessler (2009: 221-222) divides GSR 0011 into two series, namely [[#19-09]] and [[#19-16]]. Baxter &amp; Sagart regard the x- initial readings as descending from *l̥- via a Western dialect; they explain the s- readings as due to a prefix. In sum, they see this as only one series.
* 19-09/0011b [[wikt:隋|隋]] sjweH, thwaX, xjwieH
* 19-09/0011e [[wikt:墮|墮]] dwaX, xjwie
* 19-09/0011f [[wikt:隳|隳]] xjwie
* 19-09/0011g [[wikt:隨|隨]] zjwe
* 19-09/0011h [[wikt:髓|髓]] sjweX
* 19-09/0011i [[wikt:瀡|瀡]] sjweH

==19-10==
* 19-10/0357a [[wikt:委|委]] 'jwe, 'jweH, 'jweX
* 19-10/0357b [[wikt:倭|倭]] 'jwe
* 19-10/0357c [[wikt:痿|痿]] 'jwe
* 19-10/0357d [[wikt:萎|萎]] 'jwe
* 19-10/0357e [[wikt:逶|逶]] 'jwe
* 19-10/0357f [[wikt:餧|餧]] 'jweH
* 19-10/0357g [[wikt:踒|踒]] 'wa, 'waH

==19-11==
* 19-11/0009a [[wikt:臥|臥]] ngwaH

==19-12==
* 19-12/0029a [[wikt:危|危]] ngjwe
* 19-12/0029b [[wikt:詭|詭]] kjweX
* 19-12/0029c [[wikt:佹|佹]] kjweX
* 19-12/0029d [[wikt:垝|垝]] kjweX
* 19-12/0029e [[wikt:恑|恑]] kjweX
* 19-12/0029f [[wikt:跪|跪]] gjweX, khjweX

==19-13==
* 19-13/0020a [[wikt:瓦|瓦]] ngwaeX

==19-14==
* 19-14/0010a [[wikt:朵|朵]] twaX
* 19-14/0010b [[wikt:朶|朶]] twaX

==19-15==
* 19-15/0030a [[wikt:吹|吹]] tsyhweH, tsyhweH
* 19-15/0030b [[wikt:炊|炊]] tsyhwe

==19-16==
Schuessler (2009: 221-222) divides GSR 0011 into two series, namely [[#19-09]] and [[#19-16]]. Baxter &amp; Sagart regard the x- initial readings as descending from *l̥- via a Western dialect; they explain the s- readings as due to a prefix. In sum, they see this as only one series.
* 19-16/0011a [[wikt:隓|隓]] dwaX
* 19-16/0011b [[wikt:隋|隋]] sjweH, thwaX, xjwieH
* 19-16/0011c [[wikt:橢|橢]] thwaX
* 19-16/0011d [[wikt:嶞|嶞]] dwaX
* 19-16/0011e [[wikt:墮|墮]] dwaX, xjwie
* 19-16/0011j [[wikt:鬌|鬌]] drjwe, dwaX, twaX
* 19-16/0011k [[wikt:媠|媠]] dwaH, thwaX
* 19-16/0011l [[wikt:惰|惰]] dwaH, dwaX

==19-17==
* 19-17/0031a [[wikt:垂|垂]] dzywe
* 19-17/0031b [[wikt:陲|陲]] dzywe
* 19-17/0031d [[wikt:睡|睡]] dzyweH
* 19-17/0031e [[wikt:菙|菙]] dzyweX
* 19-17/0031f [[wikt:甀|甀]] drjwe, drjweH
* 19-17/0031g [[wikt:錘|錘]] drjwe, drjweH
* 19-17/0031h [[wikt:硾|硾]] drjweH
* 19-17/0031i [[wikt:捶|捶]] tsyweX
* 19-17/0031j [[wikt:箠|箠]] tsyweX
* 19-17/0031k [[wikt:諈|諈]] trjweH
* 19-17/0031l [[wikt:埵|埵]] twaX
* 19-17/0031m [[wikt:唾|唾]] thwaH

==19-18==
* 19-18/0014a [[wikt:𦝠|𦝠]] lwa
* 19-18/0014b [[wikt:蠃|蠃]] lwaX
* 19-18/0014c [[wikt:羸|羸]] ljwe

==19-18A==
* 19-18A/1236b [[wikt:蓏|蓏]] lwaX

==19-19==
* 19-19/0354a [[wikt:妥|妥]] thwaX
* 19-19/0354d [[wikt:餒|餒]] nwojX
* 19-19/0354e [[wikt:緌|緌]] nywij
* 19-19/0354f [[wikt:諉|諉]] nrjweH
* 19-19/0354g [[wikt:綏|綏]] sjwe, swij, thwaX

==19-20==
* 19-20/1238j [[wikt:繠|繠]] nyweX, nywijX
* 19-20/1238k [[wikt:蕊|蕊]] nyweX, nywijX

==19-21==
* 19-21/0012a [[wikt:坐|坐]] dzwaX, dzwaH
* 19-21/0012b [[wikt:痤|痤]] dzwa
* 19-21/0012c [[wikt:挫|挫]] tswaH
* 19-21/0012d [[wikt:蓌|蓌]] tsraeH, tswaH
* 19-21/0012e [[wikt:剉|剉]] tshwaH
* 19-21/0012f [[wikt:脞|脞]] tshwaX
* 19-21/0012g [[wikt:髽|髽]] tsrwae

==19-22==
* 19-22/0013a [[wikt:𧴪|𧴪]] swaX
* 19-22/0013b [[wikt:瑣|瑣]] swaX, swaeX
* 19-22/0013- [[wikt:鎖|鎖]] swaX

==19-23==
* 19-23/0355a [[wikt:衰|衰]] srwij, swa, tshwoj, tsrhjwe
* 19-23/0355b [[wikt:蓑|蓑]] swa
* 19-23/0355c [[wikt:簑|簑]] swa
* 19-23/0355d [[wikt:榱|榱]] srwij
* 19-23/0355e [[wikt:縗|縗]] tshwoj

=20=
==20-01==
Although the series is clearly velar, Baxter &amp; Sagart (2014: 137) reconstruct 楔 (alonso) with a uvular initial.
* 20-01/0279a [[wikt:㓞|㓞]] kheat
* 20-01/0279b [[wikt:契|契]] khejH, khet, sjet
* 20-01/0279c [[wikt:挈|挈]] khet
* 20-01/0279d [[wikt:絜|絜]] het, ket
* 20-01/0279e [[wikt:齧|齧]] nget
* 20-01/0279f [[wikt:鍥|鍥]] khet
* 20-01/0279g [[wikt:瘈|瘈]] kjiejH, tsyejH
* 20-01/0279h [[wikt:喫|喫]] kheaH
* 20-01/0279i [[wikt:楔|楔]] set
* 20-01/0279j [[wikt:潔|潔]] ket
* 20-01/0279k [[wikt:緳|緳]] het, khet

==20-02==
* 20-02/0327a [[wikt:介|介]] keajH, keat
* 20-02/0327d [[wikt:价|价]] keajH
* 20-02/0327e [[wikt:界|界]] keajH
* 20-02/0327f [[wikt:疥|疥]] keajH
* 20-02/0327h [[wikt:齘|齘]] heajH
* 20-02/0327i [[wikt:𢗊|𢗊]] xeajH
* 20-02/0327j [[wikt:芥|芥]] kaejH, keajH
* 20-02/0327k [[wikt:紒|紒]] kejH

==20-03==
Despite the mixture of glottal and velar readings, Baxter &amp; Sagart appear not to treat as a uvular series.
* 20-03/0312a [[wikt:夬|夬]] kwaejH, kwet
* 20-03/0312b [[wikt:決|決]] kwet, xwet
* 20-03/0312c [[wikt:玦|玦]] kwet
* 20-03/0312d [[wikt:袂|袂]] kwet, mjiejH
* 20-03/0312e [[wikt:訣|訣]] kwet
* 20-03/0312f [[wikt:趹|趹]] kwet
* 20-03/0312g [[wikt:鴃|鴃]] kwet
* 20-03/0312h [[wikt:缺|缺]] khwet, khjwiet
* 20-03/0312i [[wikt:吷|吷]] xjwiet, xwet
* 20-03/0312j [[wikt:抉|抉]] 'wet
* 20-03/0312k [[wikt:快|快]] khwaejH

==20-04==
In ''addenda et corrigienda'' Schuessler combines [[#20-04|20-04]] and [[#30-07|30-07]]. 
Baxter &amp; Sagart (personal communication 12 April 2017, also see 2014: 80) combine [[#20-04|20-04]], [[#30-01|30-01]], and [[#30-07|30-07]].

==20-05==
* 20-05/1256a [[wikt:隉|隉]] nget

==20-06==
* 20-06/0331a [[wikt:帠|帠]] ngjejH

==20-07==
* 20-07/0285a [[wikt:臬|臬]] nget
* 20-07/0285c [[wikt:闑|闑]] nget, ngjet
* 20-07/0285d [[wikt:臲|臲]] nget
* 20-07/0285e [[wikt:㓷|㓷]] ngjejH

==20-08==
* 20-08/0290a [[wikt:設|設]] syet

==20-09==
* 20-09/1256b [[wikt:鐵|鐵]] thet
* 20-09/1256c [[wikt:驖|驖]] det, thet

==20-10==
* 20-10/0288a [[wikt:舌|舌]] zyet

==20-11==
* 20-11/0309a [[wikt:竊|竊]] tshet

==20-12==
* 20-12/0310a [[wikt:𢧵|𢧵]] dzet
* 20-12/0310b [[wikt:截|截]] dzet

==20-13==
* 20-13/0330a [[wikt:埶|埶]] ngjejH, syejH
* 20-13/0330e [[wikt:蓺|蓺]] ngjejH
* 20-13/0330f [[wikt:藝|藝]] ngjejH
* 20-13/0330g [[wikt:摰|摰]] nget
* 20-13/0330h [[wikt:槷|槷]] nget
* 20-13/0330i [[wikt:囈|囈]] ngjejH
* 20-13/0330j [[wikt:熱|熱]] nyet
* 20-13/0330k [[wikt:爇|爇]] nywet
* 20-13/0330l [[wikt:勢|勢]] syejH
* 20-13/0330m [[wikt:暬|暬]] sjet
* 20-13/0330n [[wikt:褻|褻]] sjet

==20-14==
* 20-14/0281a [[wikt:八|八]] peat

==20-15==
* 20-15/0292a [[wikt:别|别]] bjet, pjet

==20-16==
* 20-16/0341a [[wikt:敝|敝]] bjiejH
* 20-16/0341d [[wikt:幣|幣]] bjiejH
* 20-16/0341e [[wikt:弊|弊]] bjiejH
* 20-16/0341f [[wikt:斃|斃]] bjiejH
* 20-16/0341g [[wikt:獘|獘]] bjiejH
* 20-16/0341h [[wikt:蔽|蔽]] pjiejH
* 20-16/0341i [[wikt:鷩|鷩]] pjiejH, pjiet
* 20-16/0341j [[wikt:虌|虌]] pjiet
* 20-16/0341k [[wikt:鱉|鱉]] pjiet
* 20-16/0341l [[wikt:憋|憋]] phjiet
* 20-16/0341m [[wikt:蹩|蹩]] bet

==20-17==
* 20-17/0328a [[wikt:拜|拜]] peajH

==20-18==
Schussler suggests that 簚 mek ([[#1260|1260e]]) may also belong to this series.
* 20-18/0311a [[wikt:蔑|蔑]] met
* 20-18/0311f [[wikt:幭|幭]] met
* 20-18/0311g [[wikt:懱|懱]] met
* 20-18/0311h [[wikt:䁾|䁾]] met
* 20-18/0311i [[wikt:𥣫|𥣫]] met
* 20-18/0311k [[wikt:篾|篾]] met
* 20-18/0311l [[wikt:韈|韈]] mjot
* 20-18/0311m [[wikt:韤|韤]] mjot

==20-19==
Baxter &amp; Sagart (2012: 30) take GSR [[#31-22|1257h]] [[wikt:戌|戌]] as phonetic in [[wikt:滅|滅]] GSR  [[#20-19|0294b]].
* 20-19/31-22/1257h [[wikt:戌|戌]] swit
* 20-19/31-22/1257m [[wikt:怴|怴]] xjwit
* 20-19/0294a [[wikt:烕|烕]] xjwiet
* 20-19/0294b [[wikt:滅|滅]] mjiet
* 20-19/0294c [[wikt:𡟬|𡟬]] mjiet

=21=
==21-01==
A uvular series
* 21-01/0313a [[wikt:匃|匃]] kajH, kat
* 21-01/0313d [[wikt:曷|曷]] hat
* 21-01/0313e [[wikt:毼|毼]] hat
* 21-01/0313f [[wikt:蝎|蝎]] hat
* 21-01/0313g [[wikt:褐|褐]] hat
* 21-01/0313h [[wikt:鶡|鶡]] hat, khat
* 21-01/0313i [[wikt:葛|葛]] kat
* 21-01/0313j [[wikt:渴|渴]] gjet, khat
* 21-01/0313k [[wikt:喝|喝]] 'aejH, xat
* 21-01/0313l [[wikt:遏|遏]] 'at
* 21-01/0313m [[wikt:朅|朅]] khjet, khjot
* 21-01/0313n [[wikt:揭|揭]] gjet, gjot, khjejH, khjet, kjot
* 21-01/0313o [[wikt:楬|楬]] gjet, khaet
* 21-01/0313p [[wikt:偈|偈]] kjot
* 21-01/0313q [[wikt:碣|碣]] gjet
* 21-01/0313r [[wikt:竭|竭]] gjet
* 21-01/0313s [[wikt:愒|愒]] khajH, khjejH, khjet
* 21-01/0313t [[wikt:猲|猲]] xjot
* 21-01/0313u [[wikt:歇|歇]] xjot
* 21-01/0313v [[wikt:暍|暍]] 'jot
* 21-01/0313x [[wikt:謁|謁]] 'jot
* 21-01/0313y [[wikt:餲|餲]] 'aejH, 'at, 'jejH
* 21-01/0313z [[wikt:㵣|㵣]] khat
* 21-01/0313a' [[wikt:藹|藹]] 'ajH

==21-02==
* 21-02/0314a [[wikt:害|害]] hajH, hat
* 21-02/0314c [[wikt:犗|犗]] kaejH
* 21-02/0314d [[wikt:割|割]] kat
* 21-02/0314f [[wikt:轄|轄]] haet
* 21-02/0314g [[wikt:豁|豁]] xwat

==21-03==
* 21-03/0282a [[wikt:舝|舝]] haet

==21-04==
* 21-04/0283a [[wikt:孑|孑]] kjet

==21-05==
* 21-05/0284a [[wikt:桀|桀]] gjet, kjet
* 21-05/0284b [[wikt:傑|傑]] gjet

==21-05B==
* 21-05B/0284- [[wikt:罽|罽]] kjejH

==21-06==
* 21-06/0329a [[wikt:憩|憩]] khjejH

==21-07==
* 21-07/0332a [[wikt:瘞|瘞]] 'jejH

==21-08==
* 21-08/0268a [[wikt:枿|枿]] ngat

==21-09==
* 21-09/0269b [[wikt:歺|歺]] ngat
* 21-09/0269c [[wikt:歹|歹]] ngat

==21-10==
* 21-10/0347a [[wikt:乂|乂]] ngjojH
* 21-10/0347b [[wikt:刈|刈]] ngjojH
* 21-10/0347c [[wikt:艾|艾]] ngajH, ngjojH

==21-11==
* 21-11/0289a [[wikt:辥|辥]] sjet
* 21-11/0289d [[wikt:薛|𧀼]] sjet
* 21-11/0289f [[wikt:躠|躠]] sat, set
* 21-11/0289g [[wikt:孼|孼]] ngjet
* 21-11/0289h [[wikt:蠥|蠥]] ngjet
* 21-11/0289i [[wikt:糱|糱]] ngjet
* 21-11/0289j [[wikt:櫱|櫱]] ngjet

==21-12==
* 21-12/0317a [[wikt:大|大]] daH, dajH
* 21-12/0317d [[wikt:太|太]] thajH
* 21-12/0317f [[wikt:汏|汏]] dajH, thajH, that
* 21-12/0317g [[wikt:汰|汰]] dajH, thajH, that
* 21-12/0317h [[wikt:軑|軑]] dajH, dejH
* 21-12/0317i [[wikt:忕|忕]] dzyejH
* 21-12/0317j [[wikt:杕|杕]] dejH
* 21-12/0317l [[wikt:釱|釱]] dajH, dejH

==21-13==
* 21-13/0316a [[wikt:泰|泰]] thajH

==21-14==
* 21-14/0271a [[wikt:𦍒|𦍒]] that
* 21-14/0271b [[wikt:達|達]] dat, that
* 21-14/0271d [[wikt:撻|撻]] that
* 21-14/0271e [[wikt:闥|闥]] that

==21-15==
* 21-15/0315a [[wikt:帶|帶]] tajH
* 21-15/0315b [[wikt:滯|滯]] drjejH
* 21-15/0315c [[wikt:蔕|蔕]] tejH
* 21-15/0315d [[wikt:墆|墆]] dejH, det
* 21-15/0315e [[wikt:遰|遰]] dejH, dzyejH
* 21-15/0315f [[wikt:懘|懘]] tsyhejH

==21-16==
* 21-16/0336a [[wikt:筮|筮]] dzyejH
* 21-16/0336b [[wikt:簭|簭]] dzyejH
* 21-16/0336c [[wikt:噬|噬]] dzyejH
* 21-16/0336d [[wikt:澨|澨]] dzyejH

==21-17==
* 21-17/0335a [[wikt:制|制]] tsyejH
* 21-17/0335b [[wikt:製|製]] tsyejH
* 21-17/0335c [[wikt:掣|掣]] tsyhejH, tsyhet
* 21-17/0335d [[wikt:猘|猘]] kjejH

==21-18==
* 21-18/0334a [[wikt:彘|彘]] drjejH

==21-19==
* 21-19/0287a [[wikt:折|折]] dejH, dzyet, tsyet
* 21-19/0287c [[wikt:哲|哲]] trjet
* 21-19/0287d [[wikt:悊|悊]] trjet
* 21-19/0287g [[wikt:蜇|蜇]] trjet
* 21-19/0287h [[wikt:硩|硩]] trhjet
* 21-19/0287i [[wikt:晣|晣]] tsyejH, tsyet
* 21-19/0287j [[wikt:晢|晢]] tsyejH, tsyet
* 21-19/0287k [[wikt:誓|誓]] dzyejH
* 21-19/0287m [[wikt:逝|逝]] dzyejH
* 21-19/0287n [[wikt:哳|哳]] traet
* 21-19/0287- [[wikt:狾|狾]] tsyejH

==21-20==
* 21-20/0286b [[wikt:撤|撤]] drjet, trhjet
* 21-20/0286c [[wikt:徹|徹]] drjet, trhjet
* 21-20/0286d [[wikt:澈|澈]] drjet
* 21-20/0286e [[wikt:轍|轍]] drjet
* 21-20/0286f [[wikt:𨅊|𨅊]] drjet

==21-21==
* 21-21/0338a [[wikt:曳|曳]] yejH
* 21-21/0338b [[wikt:洩|洩]] yejH
* 21-21/0338c [[wikt:絏|絏]] sjet

==21-22==
* 21-22/0333a [[wikt:裔|裔]] yejH

==21-23==
Baxter &amp; Sagart (2014: 144) appear to think [[#35-10|35-10]] is to be merged with [[#21-23|21-23]].
* 21-23/0339a [[wikt:世|世]] syejH
* 21-23/0339d [[wikt:貰|貰]] syejH
* 21-23/0339e [[wikt:抴|抴]] yejH, yet
* 21-23/0339f [[wikt:枻|枻]] yejH
* 21-23/0339g [[wikt:詍|詍]] yejH
* 21-23/0339h [[wikt:泄|泄]] sjet
* 21-23/0339i [[wikt:紲|紲]] sjet
* 21-23/0339j [[wikt:靾|靾]] sjet
* 21-23/0339k [[wikt:勩|勩]] yejH
* 21-23/0339l [[wikt:渫|渫]] sjet
* 21-23/0339m [[wikt:緤|緤]] sjet
* 21-23/35-10/0633a [[wikt:枼|枼]] yep
* 21-23/35-10/0633d [[wikt:葉|葉]] yep
* 21-23/35-10/0633e [[wikt:鍱|鍱]] yep
* 21-23/35-10/0633f [[wikt:堞|堞]] dep
* 21-23/35-10/0633g [[wikt:牒|牒]] dep
* 21-23/35-10/0633h [[wikt:蝶|蝶]] dep
* 21-23/35-10/0633i [[wikt:褋|褋]] dep
* 21-23/35-10/0633j [[wikt:諜|諜]] dep
* 21-23/35-10/0633k [[wikt:蹀|蹀]] dep
* 21-23/35-10/0633l [[wikt:揲|揲]] sep, syet, yep, zyet
* 21-23/35-10/0633m [[wikt:偞|偞]] yep
* 21-23/35-10/0633o [[wikt:韘|韘]] syep
* 21-23/35-10/0633p [[wikt:屧|屧]] sep

==21-24==
* 21-24/0272a [[wikt:剌|剌]] lat
* 21-24/0272e [[wikt:賴|賴]] lajH
* 21-24/0272f [[wikt:瀨|瀨]] lajH
* 21-24/0272g [[wikt:籟|籟]] lajH
* 21-24/0272h [[wikt:藾|藾]] lajH, lat
* 21-24/0272i [[wikt:獺|獺]] that, trhaet

==21-25==
* 21-25/0291a [[wikt:列|列]] ljet
* 21-25/0291b [[wikt:冽|冽]] ljet
* 21-25/0291c [[wikt:洌|洌]] ljet
* 21-25/0291d [[wikt:烈|烈]] ljet
* 21-25/0291e [[wikt:茢|茢]] ljet
* 21-25/0291f [[wikt:裂|裂]] ljet
* 21-25/0291g [[wikt:栵|栵]] ljejH, ljet
* 21-25/0291h [[wikt:例|例]] ljejH
* 21-25/0291i [[wikt:㾐|㾐]] ljejH

==21-26==
Schuessler (2009: 235-236) includes GSR 0326a and three characters from GSR 0267 to this series.
Although this series mixes -n and -j, Baxter &amp; Sagart do not reconstruct -r. The reason for this is that these -jH originate from -ts. Why one word with final -n should be placed in this series is a bit of a mystery.
* 21-26/0267a [[wikt:萬|萬]] mjonH
* 21-26/0267c [[wikt:勱|勱]] maejH
* 21-26/0267d [[wikt:邁|邁]] maejH
* 21-26/0326a [[wikt:蠆|蠆]] trhaejH
* 21-26/0340a [[wikt:厲|厲]] ljejH
* 21-26/0340b [[wikt:礪|礪]] ljejH
* 21-26/0340c [[wikt:勵|勵]] ljejH
* 21-26/0340d [[wikt:癘|癘]] ljejH
* 21-26/0340e [[wikt:𧓽|𧓽]] ljejH
* 21-26/0340f [[wikt:蠣|蠣]] ljejH
* 21-26/0340g [[wikt:糲|糲]] lajH, lat, ljejH

==21-27==
* 21-27/0318a [[wikt:柰|柰]] najH
* 21-27/0318b [[wikt:奈|奈]] najH

==21-28==
* 21-28/0337a [[wikt:祭|祭]] tsjejH, tsreajH
* 21-28/0337e [[wikt:穄|穄]] tsjejH
* 21-28/0337f [[wikt:際|際]] tsjejH
* 21-28/0337g [[wikt:傺|傺]] trhjejH
* 21-28/0337h [[wikt:瘵|瘵]] tsreajH
* 21-28/0337i [[wikt:蔡|蔡]] tshajH
* 21-28/0337j [[wikt:察|察]] tsrheat

==21-29==
* 21-29/0319a [[wikt:杀|杀]] tshajH
* 21-29/0319d [[wikt:殺|殺]] sreat, sreajH
* 21-29/0319e [[wikt:閷|閷]] sreat
* 21-29/0319f [[wikt:樧|樧]] sreat, srjet
* 21-29/0319g [[wikt:摋|摋]] sat

==21-30==
* 21-30/0275a [[wikt:癶|癶]] pat
* 21-30/0275b [[wikt:癹|癹]] bat
* 21-30/0275c [[wikt:發|發]] pat, pjot
* 21-30/0275d [[wikt:撥|撥]] pat
* 21-30/0275e [[wikt:襏|襏]] pat
* 21-30/0275f [[wikt:廢|廢]] pjojH, pjot

==21-31==
* 21-31/0276a [[wikt:犮|犮]] bat
* 21-31/0276b [[wikt:跋|跋]] bat
* 21-31/0276c [[wikt:魃|魃]] bat
* 21-31/0276d [[wikt:坺|坺]] bat, bjot
* 21-31/0276e [[wikt:軷|軷]] bajH, bat
* 21-31/0276f [[wikt:胈|胈]] pat
* 21-31/0276g [[wikt:茇|茇]] bat, pat
* 21-31/0276h [[wikt:拔|拔]] bajH, bat, beat
* 21-31/0276i [[wikt:髮|髮]] pjot
* 21-31/0276j [[wikt:瞂|瞂]] bjot
* 21-31/0276k [[wikt:紱|紱]] pjut
* 21-31/0276l [[wikt:韍|韍]] pjut
* 21-31/0276m [[wikt:黻|黻]] pjut
* 21-31/0276n [[wikt:帗|帗]] phjut
* 21-31/0276o [[wikt:祓|祓]] phjut, pjojH

==21-33==
* 21-33/0307a [[wikt:伐|伐]] bjot
* 21-33/0307f [[wikt:茷|茷]] bajH

==21-34==
* 21-34/0308a [[wikt:罰|罰]] bjot

==21-35==
* 21-35/0320a [[wikt:貝|貝]] pajH
* 21-35/0320f [[wikt:敗|敗]] baejH, paejH
* 21-35/0320g [[wikt:𣀕|𣀕]] paejH

==21-36==
* 21-36/0348a [[wikt:吠|吠]] bjojH

==21-37==
* 21-37/0277a [[wikt:末|末]] mat
* 21-37/0277b [[wikt:沫|沫]] mat, majH
* 21-37/0277c [[wikt:秣|秣]] mat

=22=
==22-01==
* 22-01/0302a [[wikt:氒|氒]] kjwot
* 22-01/0302f [[wikt:舌|舌]] kwat
* 22-01/0302h [[wikt:括|括]] kwat
* 22-01/0302i [[wikt:栝|栝]] kwat
* 22-01/0302j [[wikt:聒|聒]] kwat
* 22-01/0302k [[wikt:髺|髺]] kwat
* 22-01/0302l [[wikt:佸|佸]] hwat
* 22-01/0302m [[wikt:活|活]] hwat, kwat
* 22-01/0302n [[wikt:刮|刮]] kwaet
* 22-01/0302o [[wikt:話|話]] hwaejH
* 22-01/0302p [[wikt:懖|懖]] kwat
* 22-01/0302q [[wikt:闊|闊]] khwat

==22-02==
* 22-02/0301a [[wikt:欮|欮]] kjwot
* 22-02/0301c [[wikt:厥|厥]] kjwot
* 22-02/0301d [[wikt:蕨|蕨]] kjwot
* 22-02/0301e [[wikt:蟩|蟩]] kjwot
* 22-02/0301f [[wikt:蹷|蹷]] gjwot, kjwejH, kjwot
* 22-02/0301g [[wikt:蹶|蹶]] gjwot, kjwejH, kjwot
* 22-02/0301h [[wikt:闕|闕]] khjwot
* 22-02/0301i [[wikt:撅|撅]] kjwejH
* 22-02/0301j [[wikt:橛|橛]] gjwot
* 22-02/0301k [[wikt:橜|橜]] gjwot
* 22-02/0301l [[wikt:嶡|嶡]] kjwejH

==22-03==
* 22-03/0321a [[wikt:會|會]] hwajH, kwajH
* 22-03/0321d [[wikt:廥|廥]] kwajH
* 22-03/0321e [[wikt:旝|旝]] kwajH
* 22-03/0321f [[wikt:澮|澮]] kwajH
* 22-03/0321g [[wikt:膾|膾]] kwajH
* 22-03/0321h [[wikt:襘|襘]] kwajH
* 22-03/0321i [[wikt:檜|檜]] kwajH, kwat
* 22-03/0321j [[wikt:禬|禬]] hwajH, kwajH
* 22-03/0321k [[wikt:繪|繪]] hwajH
* 22-03/0321l [[wikt:噲|噲]] khwaejH, kwajH, kwat
* 22-03/0321m [[wikt:鬠|鬠]] hwat, kwajH
* 22-03/0321n [[wikt:薈|薈]] 'wajH

==22-04==
A uvular series
* 22-04/0304a [[wikt:曰|曰]] hjwot
* 22-04/0304e [[wikt:𢪏|𢪏]] hwot
* 22-04/0304f [[wikt:汩|汩]] hwit, hwot, mek, kwot (a velar)

==22-05==
A uvular series.
* 22-05/0303a [[wikt:戉|戉]] hjwot
* 22-05/0303d [[wikt:鉞|鉞]] hjwot
* 22-05/0303e [[wikt:越|越]] hjwot, hwat
* 22-05/0303f [[wikt:狘|狘]] xjwot
* 22-05/0346a [[wikt:歲|歲]] sjwejH
* 22-05/0346f [[wikt:顪|顪]] xjwojH
* 22-05/0346g [[wikt:翽|翽]] xwajH
* 22-05/0346h [[wikt:濊|濊]] 'jwojH, xwat
* 22-05/0346i [[wikt:穢|穢]] 'jwojH
* 22-05/0346j [[wikt:噦|噦]] 'jwet, 'jwot, xwajH
* 22-05/0346k [[wikt:劌|劌]] kjwejH

==22-06==
A uvular series
* 22-06/0305a [[wikt:粵|粵]] hjwot

==22-07==
* 22-07/0273a [[wikt:𥄗|𥄗]] 'wat
* 22-07/0273b [[wikt:𢯲|𢯲]] 'wanH

==22-08==
* 22-08/0306a [[wikt:月|月]] ngjwot
* 22-08/0306g [[wikt:抈|抈]] ngjwot
* 22-08/0306h [[wikt:刖|刖]] ngjwot, ngwaet
* 22-08/0306j [[wikt:跀|跀]] ngjwot
* 22-08/0322a [[wikt:外|外]] ngwajH

==22-09==
* 22-09/0274a [[wikt:奪|奪]] dwajH, dwat

==22-10==
* 22-10/0295a [[wikt:叕|叕]] trjwejH
* 22-10/0295b [[wikt:綴|綴]] trjwet
* 22-10/0295c [[wikt:啜|啜]] dzywejH, trjwet, tsyhwet
* 22-10/0295d [[wikt:惙|惙]] trjwet
* 22-10/0295e [[wikt:輟|輟]] trjwet
* 22-10/0295f [[wikt:畷|畷]] trjwejH, trjwet
* 22-10/0295g [[wikt:剟|剟]] trjwet, twat
* 22-10/0295h [[wikt:掇|掇]] trjwet, twat
* 22-10/0295i [[wikt:歠|歠]] tsyhwet
* 22-10/0295j [[wikt:錣|錣]] trjwejH, trwaet
* 22-10/0295k [[wikt:蝃|蝃]] tejH

==22-11==
* 22-11/0343a [[wikt:贅|贅]] tsywejH

==22-12==
* 22-12/0344a [[wikt:叡|叡]] ywejH

==22-13==
* 22-13/0324a [[wikt:兌|兌]] dwajH, thwajH
* 22-13/0324d [[wikt:駾|駾]] dwajH, thwajH
* 22-13/0324e [[wikt:蛻|蛻]] sywejH, thwaH, thwajH, ywet
* 22-13/0324f [[wikt:銳|銳]] dwajH, ywejH
* 22-13/0324g [[wikt:帨|帨]] sywejH, tshjwejH
* 22-13/0324h [[wikt:涗|涗]] sywejH, tshjwejH
* 22-13/0324i [[wikt:稅|稅]] sywejH, thwajH
* 22-13/0324j [[wikt:敓|敓]] dwat
* 22-13/0324l [[wikt:挩|挩]] thwat
* 22-13/0324m [[wikt:脫|脫]] dwajH, dwat, thwat
* 22-13/0324n [[wikt:梲|梲]] tsywet
* 22-13/0324o [[wikt:悅|悅]] ywet
* 22-13/0324p [[wikt:閱|閱]] ywet
* 22-13/0324q [[wikt:說|說]] sywejH , sywet

==22-14==
* 22-14/0299a [[wikt:寽|寽]] lwit
* 22-14/0299c [[wikt:鋝|鋝]] ljwet
* 22-14/0299d [[wikt:埒|埒]] ljwet
* 22-14/0299e [[wikt:捋|捋]] lwat

==22-16==
* 22-16/0296a [[wikt:絶|絶]] dzjwet
* 22-16/0296b [[wikt:蕝|蕝]] tsjwejH, tsjwet
* 22-16/0296c [[wikt:脃|脃]] tshjwejH
* 22-16/0296d [[wikt:脆|脆]] tshjwejH
* 22-16/0296- [[wikt:絕|絕]] dzjwet

==22-17==
* 22-17/0345a [[wikt:毳|毳]] thjwejH, tsrhjwejH
* 22-17/0345b [[wikt:竁|竁]] tshjwejH, tsyhwejH, tsyhwenH
* 22-17/0345c [[wikt:膬|膬]] tshjwet

==22-18==
* 22-18/0297a [[wikt:雪|雪]] sjwet

==22-19==
* 22-19/0298a [[wikt:刷|刷]] srjwet, srwaet

=23=
==23-01==
* 23-01/0240a [[wikt:肩|肩]] hen, hon, ken
* 23-01/0240b [[wikt:𧱚|𧱚]] ken
* 23-01/0240c [[wikt:猏|猏]] ken
* 23-01/0240e [[wikt:顅|顅]] khaen, khen

==23-02==
* 23-02/0241a [[wikt:見|見]] kenH, henH, keanH
* 23-02/0241e [[wikt:現|現]] henH
* 23-02/0241f [[wikt:俔|俔]] henX, khenH
* 23-02/0241g [[wikt:睍|睍]] henX
* 23-02/0241- [[wikt:硯|硯]] ngenH

==23-03==
* 23-03/0239a [[wikt:幵|幵]] ken
* 23-03/0239b [[wikt:豣|豣]] ken
* 23-03/0239c [[wikt:趼|趼]] kenX
* 23-03/0239d [[wikt:汧|汧]] khen, khenH
* 23-03/0239f [[wikt:蚈|蚈]] khen
* 23-03/0239g [[wikt:硏|硏]] ngen, ngenH
* 23-03/0239h [[wikt:研|研]] ngen
* 23-03/0239i [[wikt:枅|枅]] kej, ken
* 23-03/0239- [[wikt:妍|妍]] ngen

==23-04==
* 23-04/0196b [[wikt:遣|遣]] khjenH, khjenX
* 23-04/0196e [[wikt:繾|繾]] khjenX
* 23-04/0196f [[wikt:譴|譴]] khjenH

==23-05==
* 23-05/0191a [[wikt:閒|間]] kean, hean, keanH
* 23-05/0191d [[wikt:簡|簡]] keanX
* 23-05/0191f [[wikt:蕑|蕑]] kean
* 23-05/0191g [[wikt:僩|僩]] heanX
* 23-05/0191h [[wikt:瞷|瞷]] hean
* 23-05/0191i [[wikt:澗|澗]] kaenH
* 23-05/0191j [[wikt:撊|撊]] haenX

==23-06==
* 23-06/0192a [[wikt:閑|閑]] hean

==23-07==
* 23-07/0185a [[wikt:柬|柬]] keanX
* 23-07/0185b [[wikt:諫|諫]] kaenH
* 23-07/0185e [[wikt:揀|揀]] keanX
* 23-07/0185f [[wikt:闌|闌]] lan
* 23-07/0185h [[wikt:湅|湅]] lenH
* 23-07/0185i [[wikt:練|練]] lenH
* 23-07/0185j [[wikt:鍊|鍊]] lenH
* 23-07/0185k [[wikt:瀾|瀾]] lan, lanH
* 23-07/0185l [[wikt:爛|爛]] lanH
* 23-07/0185m [[wikt:爤|爤]] lanH
* 23-07/0185n [[wikt:蘭|蘭]] lan
* 23-07/0185o [[wikt:讕|讕]] lan, lanX
* 23-07/0185q [[wikt:欄|欄]] lenH

==23-08==
* 23-08/1250f [[wikt:蠲|蠲]] kiwen

==23-09==
* 23-09/0248a [[wikt:縣|縣]] hwenH, hwen
* 23-09/0248b [[wikt:懸|懸]] hwen

==23-10==
* 23-10/0227a [[wikt:員|員]] hjun, hjwen
* 23-10/0227c [[wikt:圓|圓]] hjwen
* 23-10/0227d [[wikt:塤|塤]] xjwon
* 23-10/0227e [[wikt:殞|殞]] hwinX
* 23-10/0227f [[wikt:縜|縜]] hwin
* 23-10/0227g [[wikt:隕|隕]] hwinX
* 23-10/0227h [[wikt:磒|磒]] hwinX
* 23-10/0227i [[wikt:霣|霣]] hwinX
* 23-10/0227j [[wikt:㜏|㜏]] hjun
* 23-10/0435a [[wikt:損|損]] swonX

==23-11==
A uvular series.
* 23-11/0256h [[wikt:睘|睘]] gjwieng, hwaen
* 23-11/0256k [[wikt:還|還]] hwaen, zjwen
* 23-11/0256n [[wikt:環|環]] hwaen
* 23-11/0256q [[wikt:繯|繯]] hwenX
* 23-11/0256r [[wikt:鐶|鐶]] hwaen
* 23-11/0256s [[wikt:寰|寰]] hwaen
* 23-11/0256u [[wikt:擐|擐]] hwaenH
* 23-11/0256v [[wikt:轘|轘]] hwaenH
* 23-11/0256x [[wikt:懁|懁]] hwaen, xjwien, xwenH
* 23-11/0256y [[wikt:圜|圜]] hjwen
* 23-11/0256z [[wikt:儇|儇]] xjwien
* 23-11/0256a' [[wikt:翾|翾]] xjwien
* 23-11/0256b' [[wikt:獧|獧]] kwenH
* 23-11/0256c' [[wikt:噮|噮]] 'wenH
* 23-11/0829a [[wikt:瞏|瞏]] gjwieng, hwaen
* 23-11/0829b [[wikt:嬛|嬛]] gjwieng

==23-12==
* 23-12/0167g [[wikt:敻|敻]] xjwiengH, xwenH
* 23-12/0167h [[wikt:讂|讂]] xwenH
* 23-12/0167i [[wikt:瓊|瓊]] gjwieng
* 23-12/1256f [[wikt:觼|觼]] kwet

==23-13==
* 23-13/1248c [[wikt:幻|幻]] hweanH

==23-14==
* 23-14/0236a [[wikt:旋|旋]] zjwen, zjwenH
* 23-14/0236c [[wikt:嫙|嫙]] zjwen
* 23-14/0236d [[wikt:璇|璇]] zjwen
* 23-14/0236e [[wikt:琁|琁]] zjwen

==23-15==
* 23-15/0243a [[wikt:燕|燕]] 'en, 'enH
* 23-15/0243c [[wikt:嚥|嚥]] 'enH
* 23-15/0243d [[wikt:㬫|㬫]] 'enH
* 23-15/0243e [[wikt:讌|讌]] 'enH

==23-16==
* 23-16/0242a [[wikt:顯|顯]] xenX
* 23-16/0242c [[wikt:韅|韅]] xenX

==23-17==
* 23-17/0228a [[wikt:肙|肙]] 'wen
* 23-17/0228b [[wikt:蜎|蜎]] 'jwienX, 'wen, gjwienX
* 23-17/0228c [[wikt:悁|悁]] 'jwien
* 23-17/0228d [[wikt:㾓|㾓]] 'jwien
* 23-17/0228e [[wikt:狷|狷]] kjwienH
* 23-17/0228f [[wikt:絹|絹]] kjwienH
* 23-17/0228g [[wikt:捐|捐]] ywen
* 23-17/0228h [[wikt:涓|涓]] kwen
* 23-17/0228i [[wikt:睊|睊]] kwen, kwenH
* 23-17/0228j [[wikt:鞙|鞙]] hwenX
* 23-17/0228k [[wikt:駽|駽]] xwen, xwenH

==23-18==
* 23-18/0244a [[wikt:靦|靦]] thenX

==23-19==
* 23-19/1250e [[wikt:晛|晛]] henH, nenH

==23-20==
* 23-20/0245a [[wikt:前|前]] dzen
* 23-20/0245e [[wikt:揃|揃]] tsjenX
* 23-20/0245f [[wikt:湔|湔]] tsjen
* 23-20/0245g [[wikt:煎|煎]] tsjen
* 23-20/0245h [[wikt:箭|箭]] tsjenH
* 23-20/0245i [[wikt:翦|翦]] tsjenX
* 23-20/0245j [[wikt:剪|剪]] tsjenX
* 23-20/0245k [[wikt:鬋|鬋]] tsjen, tsjenH

==23-21==
* 23-21/0209a [[wikt:鮮|鮮]] sjen, sjenX
* 23-21/0209d [[wikt:癬|癬]] sjenX

==23-22==
* 23-22/0211a [[wikt:鱻|鱻]] sjen

==23-23==
* 23-23/0210a [[wikt:尟|尟]] sjenX

==23-24==
* 23-24/0218a [[wikt:片|片]] phenH

==23-25==
* 23-25/0221a [[wikt:便|便]] bjienH, bjien, bjienX
* 23-25/0221b [[wikt:楩|楩]] bjenH, bjien
* 23-25/0221c [[wikt:鞭|鞭]] pjien
* 23-25/0745f [[wikt:綆|綆]] pjiengX

==23-26==
* 23-26/0224a [[wikt:臱|臱]] mjien
* 23-26/0224b [[wikt:櫋|櫋]] mjien
* 23-26/0224c [[wikt:邊|邊]] pen
* 23-26/0224f [[wikt:籩|籩]] pjien

==23-27==
* 23-27/0246a [[wikt:扁|扁]] penX
* 23-27/0246b [[wikt:徧|徧]] penH
* 23-27/0246c [[wikt:遍|遍]] penH
* 23-27/0246d [[wikt:楄|楄]] ben
* 23-27/0246e [[wikt:編|編]] pjien, benX, pen
* 23-27/0246f [[wikt:惼|惼]] pjienX
* 23-27/0246g [[wikt:褊|褊]] pjienX
* 23-27/0246h [[wikt:偏|偏]] phjien
* 23-27/0246i [[wikt:猵|猵]] pen, phjienH
* 23-27/0246j [[wikt:篇|篇]] phjien
* 23-27/0246k [[wikt:翩|翩]] phjien
* 23-27/0246l [[wikt:萹|萹]] pen, penX, phjien
* 23-27/0246m [[wikt:諞|諞]] bjienH, bjienX
* 23-27/0246- [[wikt:騙|騙]] phjienH

==23-28==
* 23-28/0219a [[wikt:辡|辡]] pjenX
* 23-28/0219b [[wikt:辨|辨]] bjenX
* 23-28/0219c [[wikt:辧|辧]] beanH, bjenX
* 23-28/0219e [[wikt:辯|辯]] bjenX
* 23-28/0219f [[wikt:辦|辦]] beanH

==23-29==
* 23-29/0225a [[wikt:綿|綿]] mjien
* 23-29/0225b [[wikt:緜|緜]] mjien

==23-31==
* 23-31/0223a [[wikt:面|面]] mjienH
* 23-31/0223b [[wikt:偭|偭]] mjienX
* 23-31/0223c [[wikt:湎|湎]] mjienX
* 23-31/0223d [[wikt:緬|緬]] mjienX

==23-32==
* 23-32/0247a [[wikt:丏|丏]] menX
* 23-32/0247b [[wikt:眄|眄]] menH, menX
* 23-32/0247c [[wikt:沔|沔]] mjienX

=24=
==24-01==
An -r series acc. to Baxter &amp; Sagart.
Schuessler unites GSR 0186a, 0145a, and 0139e' as a single series.
* 24-01/0139a [[wikt:干|干]] kan
* 24-01/0139c [[wikt:奸|奸]] kan
* 24-01/0139d [[wikt:姧|姧]] kan
* 24-01/0139e [[wikt:忓|忓]] kan
* 24-01/0139f [[wikt:旰|旰]] kanH
* 24-01/0139g [[wikt:玕|玕]] kan
* 24-01/0139h [[wikt:皯|皯]] kanX
* 24-01/0139i [[wikt:矸|矸]] kan
* 24-01/0139j [[wikt:秆|秆]] kanX
* 24-01/0139k [[wikt:竿|竿]] kan
* 24-01/0139l [[wikt:肝|肝]] ka
* 24-01/0139m [[wikt:飦|飦]] kan, kjon
* 24-01/0139n [[wikt:刊|刊]] khan
* 24-01/0139o [[wikt:栞|栞]] khan
* 24-01/0139p [[wikt:衎|衎]] khanH
* 24-01/0139q [[wikt:扞|扞]] hanH
* 24-01/0139s [[wikt:旱|旱]] hanX
* 24-01/0139t [[wikt:汗|汗]] hanH
* 24-01/0139u [[wikt:虷|虷]] han
* 24-01/0139v [[wikt:邗|邗]] han
* 24-01/0139y [[wikt:釬|釬]] kan, hanH
* 24-01/0139z [[wikt:閈|閈]] hanH
* 24-01/0139b' [[wikt:馯|馯]] hanH
* 24-01/0139c' [[wikt:犴|犴]] nganH
* 24-01/0139d' [[wikt:豻|豻]] nganH
* 24-01/0139f' [[wikt:罕|罕]] xanX
* 24-01/0139g' [[wikt:軒|軒]] xjon
* 24-01/0139h' [[wikt:悍|悍]] hanH
* 24-01/0139i' [[wikt:捍|捍]] hanH
* 24-01/0139j' [[wikt:睅|睅]] hwaenX
* 24-01/0139- [[wikt:鼾|鼾]] xan
* 24-01/0300a [[wikt:訐|訐]] kjejH, kjet, kjot

==24-02==
An -r series acc. to Baxter and Sagart.
* 24-02/0140a [[wikt:倝|倝]] kanH
* 24-02/0140c [[wikt:乾|乾]] gjen, kan
* 24-02/0140d [[wikt:幹|幹]] kanH
* 24-02/0140e [[wikt:榦|榦]] kanH
* 24-02/0140f [[wikt:翰|翰]] hanH
* 24-02/0140h [[wikt:𩏑|𩏑]] han
* 24-02/0140i [[wikt:韓|韓]] han
* 24-02/0140j [[wikt:鶾|鶾]] han
* 24-02/0140k [[wikt:簳|簳]] kanX
* 24-02/0140l [[wikt:斡|斡]] 'wat, kwanH, kwanX
* 24-02/0140m [[wikt:澣|澣]] hwanX
* 24-02/0140- [[wikt:漧|漧]] kan

==24-03==
* 24-03/0141a [[wikt:侃|侃]] khanH, khanX
* 24-03/0141d [[wikt:諐|諐]] khjen, khjenH

==24-04==
An -r series acc. to Baxter &amp; Sagart.
* 24-04/0142a [[wikt:看|看]] khan, khanH

==24-05==
* 24-05/0143a [[wikt:寒|寒]] han
* 24-05/0143d [[wikt:搴|搴]] kjenX
* 24-05/0143e [[wikt:謇|謇]] kjenX
* 24-05/0143f [[wikt:蹇|蹇]] kjenX, kjonX
* 24-05/0143g [[wikt:褰|褰]] khjen
* 24-05/0143h [[wikt:騫|騫]] kjonX
* 24-05/0143i [[wikt:攓|攓]] kjenX, kjonX

==24-07==
* 24-07/0198a [[wikt:虔|虔]] gjen

==24-08==
* 24-08/0249a [[wikt:建|建]] kjonH
* 24-08/0249b [[wikt:揵|揵]] gjonX, kjonX
* 24-08/0249c [[wikt:鞬|鞬]] kjon
* 24-08/0249d [[wikt:騝|騝]] gjen, kjon
* 24-08/0249f [[wikt:腱|腱]] gjonH, kjon
* 24-08/0249g [[wikt:健|健]] gjonH
* 24-08/0249h [[wikt:楗|楗]] gjonX, kjonX
* 24-08/0249i [[wikt:鍵|鍵]] gjenX

==24-09==
Boltz (1994: 106-110) combines [[#24-09|24-09]], [[#24-11|24-11]], [[#24-12|24-12]].  
* 24-09/0184a [[wikt:姦|姦]] kaen

==24-10==
* 24-10/0144a [[wikt:暵|暵]] xanH, xanX
* 24-10/0144b [[wikt:熯|熯]] nyenX, xanX
* 24-10/0144c [[wikt:漢|漢]] xanH

==24-11==
Baxter &amp; Sagart (2014: 263-264) hesitate to see as an *-r series, despite some evidence.
Boltz (1994: 106-110) combines [[#24-09|24-09]], [[#24-11|24-11]], [[#24-12|24-12]].  

* 24-11/0146a [[wikt:安|安]] 'an
* 24-11/0146d [[wikt:按|按]] 'anH
* 24-11/0146e [[wikt:案|案]] 'anH
* 24-11/0146f [[wikt:晏|晏]] 'aenH, 'anH, 'enH
* 24-11/0146g [[wikt:鴳|鴳]] 'aenH
* 24-11/0146h [[wikt:頞|頞]] 'at
* 24-11/0146i [[wikt:鷃|鷃]] 'aenH

==24-12==
Boltz (1994: 106-110) combines [[#24-09|24-09]], [[#24-11|24-11]], [[#24-12|24-12]].  
* 24-12/0253a [[wikt:妟|妟]] 'aenH
* 24-12/0253b [[wikt:宴|宴]] 'enH
* 24-12/0253d [[wikt:匽|匽]] 'jonH, 'jonX
* 24-12/0253g [[wikt:偃|偃]] 'jonX
* 24-12/0253h [[wikt:郾|郾]] 'jonH
* 24-12/0253j [[wikt:鰋|鰋]] 'jonX
* 24-12/0253l [[wikt:蝘|蝘]] 'enX
* 24-12/0253m [[wikt:揠|揠]] 'eat

==24-13==
* 24-13/0254a [[wikt:㫃|㫃]] 'jonX

==24-14==
* 24-14/0200a [[wikt:焉|焉]] hjen, 'jen
* 24-14/0200b [[wikt:嘕|嘕]] xjen

==24-15==
Schuessler unites GSR 0186a, 0145a, and 0139e' as a single series. An -r series acc. to Baxter &amp; Sagart.
* 24-15/0139e' [[wikt:岸|岸]] nganH
* 24-15/0145a [[wikt:厂|厂]] xanH
* 24-15/0186a [[wikt:鴈|鴈]] ngaenH
* 24-15/0186b [[wikt:雁|雁]] ngaenH
* 24-15/0186- [[wikt:㷳|㷳]]

==24-16==
* 24-16/0251a [[wikt:言|言]] ngj+n, ngjon
* 24-16/0251e [[wikt:唁|唁]] ngjenH
* 24-16/0251f [[wikt:誾|誾]] ngin
* 24-16/0251g [[wikt:狺|狺]] ngjɨn

==24-17==
An -r series
* 24-17/0252a [[wikt:鬳|鬳]] ngjonH
* 24-17/0252d [[wikt:甗|甗]] ngjenH, ngjon
* 24-17/0252e [[wikt:獻|獻]] sa, xjonH
* 24-17/0252h [[wikt:巘|巘]] ngjenX, ngjonX
* 24-17/0252i [[wikt:讞|讞]] ngjenH, ngjet
* 24-17/0252j [[wikt:𣡌|𣡌]] ngat

==24-18==
* 24-18/0250a [[wikt:憲|憲]] xjonH
* 24-18/0250c [[wikt:瀗|瀗]] xjonH

==24-19==
An -r series acc. to Baxter &amp; Sagart.
Baxter &amp; Sagart (personal communication 12 April 2017) combine [[#24-19|24-19]] and [[#24-46|24-46]]. 
* 24-19/0199a [[wikt:彥|彥]] ngjenH
* 24-19/0199b [[wikt:諺|諺]] ngjenH
* 24-19/0199c [[wikt:顏|顏]] ngaen
* 24-19/0199d [[wikt:喭|喭]] nganH
* 24-19/24-46/0194a [[wikt:產|產]] sreanX

==24-20==
* 24-20/0150a [[wikt:丹|丹]] tan
* 24-20/0150c [[wikt:旃|旃]] tsyen

==24-21==
An -r series.
* 24-21/0147a [[wikt:單|單]] tan, tanX
* 24-21/0147e [[wikt:僤|僤]] tanX
* 24-21/0147f [[wikt:匰|匰]] tan
* 24-21/0147g [[wikt:殫|殫]] tan
* 24-21/0147h [[wikt:簞|簞]] tan
* 24-21/0147i [[wikt:襌|襌]] tan
* 24-21/0147j [[wikt:鄲|鄲]] tan
* 24-21/0147l [[wikt:癉|癉]] tanX, taH
* 24-21/0147m [[wikt:嘽|嘽]](啴) than, tsyhenX
* 24-21/0147n [[wikt:彈|彈]] dan, danH
* 24-21/0147o [[wikt:憚|憚]] danH
* 24-21/0147p [[wikt:㺗|㺗]] trhean
* 24-21/0147r [[wikt:戰|戰]] tsyenH
* 24-21/0147s [[wikt:樿|樿]] dzyenH, tsyenX
* 24-21/0147t [[wikt:燀|燀]] tsyhenX, tsyenX
* 24-21/0147u [[wikt:幝|幝]] tsyhenX
* 24-21/0147v [[wikt:繟|繟]] tsyhenX
* 24-21/0147x [[wikt:闡|闡]] tsyhenX
* 24-21/0147y [[wikt:嬋|嬋]] dzyen
* 24-21/0147z [[wikt:蟬|蟬]] dzyen
* 24-21/0147a' [[wikt:墠|墠]] dzyenX
* 24-21/0147b' [[wikt:禪|禪]] dzyenH
* 24-21/0147c' [[wikt:觶|觶]] tsye, tsyeH
* 24-21/0147d' [[wikt:驒|驒]] da, dan, ten
* 24-21/0147e' [[wikt:鼉|鼉]] da, dan
* 24-21/0147h' [[wikt:鱓|鱓]] da, dan
* 24-21/0147- [[wikt:撣|撣]]

==24-22==
Baxter &amp; Sagart (2014: 259) combine [[#24-22|24-22]] and [[#24-23|24-23]].
* 24-22/0149a [[wikt:旦|旦]] tanH
* 24-22/0149c [[wikt:鴠|鴠]] tanH
* 24-22/0149d [[wikt:坦|坦]] thanX
* 24-22/0149e [[wikt:但|但]] danX
* 24-22/0149f [[wikt:袒|袒]] danX
* 24-22/0149g [[wikt:怛|怛]] tat
* 24-22/0149- [[wikt:担|担]]
* 24-22/24-23/0148a [[wikt:亶|亶]] tanX
* 24-22/24-23/0148b [[wikt:𤺺|𤺺]] tanX
* 24-22/24-23/0148c [[wikt:儃|儃]] dzyen, thanX
* 24-22/24-23/0148d [[wikt:壇|壇]] dan 
* 24-22/24-23/0148e [[wikt:檀|檀]] dan
* 24-22/24-23/0148f [[wikt:澶|澶]] danH
* 24-22/24-23/0148g [[wikt:襢|襢]] danX, trjenH, trjenX
* 24-22/24-23/0148h [[wikt:皽|皽]] trjenX, tsyenX
* 24-22/24-23/0148i [[wikt:邅|邅]] drjenX, trjenX
* 24-22/24-23/0148j [[wikt:鱣|鱣]] trjen
* 24-22/24-23/0148k [[wikt:旜|旜]] tsyen
* 24-22/24-23/0148l [[wikt:氈|氈]] tsyen
* 24-22/24-23/0148m [[wikt:饘|饘]] tsyen, tsyenX
* 24-22/24-23/0148n [[wikt:鸇|鸇]] tsyen
* 24-22/24-23/0148o [[wikt:擅|擅]] dzyenH
* 24-22/24-23/0148p [[wikt:蟺|蟺]] dzyenX
* 24-22/24-23/0148q [[wikt:羶|羶]] syen
* 24-22/24-23/0148r [[wikt:膻|膻]] syen
* 24-22/24-23/0148s [[wikt:顫|顫]] syen
* 24-22/24-23/0148- [[wikt:羴|羴]] syen

==24-23==
Baxter &amp; Sagart (2014: 259) combine [[#24-22|24-22]] and [[#24-23|24-23]].

==24-24==
* 24-24/0151a [[wikt:炭|炭]] thanH

==24-25==
* 24-25/0205a [[wikt:善|善]] dzyenX
* 24-25/0205d [[wikt:膳|膳]] dzyenH
* 24-25/0205f [[wikt:繕|繕]] dzyenH

==24-26==
* 24-26/0201a [[wikt:展|展]] trjenH, trjenX
* 24-26/0201b [[wikt:輾|輾]] trjenX
* 24-26/0201c [[wikt:蹍|蹍]] nrjenX

==24-27==
* 24-27/0202a [[wikt:蕆|蕆]] trhjenX

==24-28==
* 24-28/0204a [[wikt:廛|廛]] drjen
* 24-28/0204b [[wikt:躔|躔]] drjen
* 24-28/0204c [[wikt:纏|纏]] drjen
* 24-28/0204- [[wikt:纒|纒]] drjen

==24-29==
A uvular series acc. to Sagart &amp; Baxter (2009: 233).
* 24-29/0197a [[wikt:衍|衍]] yenH, yenX
* 24-29/0197b [[wikt:愆|愆]] khjen
* 24-29/0197c [[wikt:餰|餰]] khjen

==24-30==
* 24-30/0203a [[wikt:延|延]] yen
* 24-30/0203b [[wikt:筵|筵]] yen
* 24-30/0203c [[wikt:綖|綖]] yan
* 24-30/0203d [[wikt:梴|梴]] trhjen
* 24-30/0203e [[wikt:埏|埏]] syen
* 24-30/0203f [[wikt:挻|挻]] syen
* 24-30/0203g [[wikt:誕|誕]] danX

==24-31==
A uvular series.
* 24-31/0207a [[wikt:羨|羨]] dzjenH, yen, zjenH

==24-32==
* 24-32/0213a [[wikt:連|連]] ljen, ljenX
* 24-32/0213b [[wikt:漣|漣]] ljen
* 24-32/0213c [[wikt:璉|璉]] ljenX
* 24-32/0213d [[wikt:蓮|蓮]] len

==24-33==
* 24-33/0214a [[wikt:聯|聯]] ljen

==24-34==
* 24-34/0215a [[wikt:輦|輦]] ljenX

==24-35==
* 24-35/0152a [[wikt:嘆|嘆]] than, thanH
* 24-35/0152c [[wikt:歎|歎]] than, thanH 
* 24-35/0152d [[wikt:難|難]] nan, nanH
* 24-35/0152g [[wikt:𪄿|𪄿]] nan, nanH
* 24-35/0152h [[wikt:戁|戁]] nraenX
* 24-35/0152i [[wikt:㸐|㸐]] nyen
* 24-35/0152k [[wikt:儺|儺]] na, naX
* 24-35/0152l [[wikt:臡|臡]] na, nej
* 24-35/0152m [[wikt:灘|灘]] than
* 24-35/0152- [[wikt:攤|攤]] than
* 24-35/0152- [[wikt:㬮|㬮]]

==24-36==
* 24-36/0217a [[wikt:然|然]] nyen
* 24-36/0217b [[wikt:燃|燃]] nyen

==24-37==
* 24-37/0216a [[wikt:㞋|㞋]] nrjenX
* 24-37/0216b [[wikt:赧|赧]] nraenX

==24-38==
* 24-38/0212a [[wikt:扇|扇]] syenH
* 24-38/0212b [[wikt:傓|傓]] syenH
* 24-38/0212c [[wikt:煽|煽]] syenH

==24-39==
* 24-39/0153a [[wikt:贊|贊]] tsanH
* 24-39/0153b [[wikt:賛|賛]] tsanH
* 24-39/0153c [[wikt:讚|讚]] tsanH
* 24-39/0153d [[wikt:瓚|瓚]] dzanX
* 24-39/0153e [[wikt:瓉|瓉]] dzanX
* 24-39/0153f [[wikt:纘|纘]] tswanX
* 24-39/0153g [[wikt:酇|酇]] tswanX
* 24-39/0153h [[wikt:鑽|鑽]] tswan, tswanH
* 24-39/0153j [[wikt:欑|欑]] dzwan
* 24-39/0153k [[wikt:櫕|櫕]] dzwan
* 24-39/0153l [[wikt:攢|攢]] dzwanH
* 24-39/0153l [[wikt:籫|籫]]

==24-40==
* 24-40/0154a [[wikt:𣦼|𣦼]] dzan
* 24-40/0154b [[wikt:粲|粲]] tshanH
* 24-40/0154c [[wikt:餐|餐]] tshan

==24-41==
An -r series acc. to Baxter &amp; Sagart
* 24-41/0155a [[wikt:戔|戔]] dzan, dzen
* 24-41/0155c [[wikt:殘|殘]] dzan
* 24-41/0155d [[wikt:棧|棧]] dzraenH, dzreanX, dzrjenX
* 24-41/0155e [[wikt:琖|琖]] tsreanX
* 24-41/0155f [[wikt:盞|盞]] tsreanX
* 24-41/0155h [[wikt:醆|醆]] tsrjenX
* 24-41/0155i [[wikt:剗|剗]] tsrheanX
* 24-41/0155j [[wikt:錢|錢]] dzjen, tsjenX
* 24-41/0155k [[wikt:淺|淺]] tsen, tshjenX
* 24-41/0155l [[wikt:俴|俴]] dzjenX
* 24-41/0155m [[wikt:諓|諓]] dzjenH, dzjenX
* 24-41/0155n [[wikt:賤|賤]] dzjenH
* 24-41/0155o [[wikt:踐|踐]] dzjenX
* 24-41/0155p [[wikt:餞|餞]] dzjenH, dzjenX
* 24-41/0155q [[wikt:帴|帴]] dzjenX, tsjen
* 24-41/0155r [[wikt:綫|綫]] sjenH
* 24-41/0155s [[wikt:濺|濺]] tsen, tsjenH

==24-42==
An -r series.
* 24-42/0206a [[wikt:𠨧|𠨧]] tshjen
* 24-42/0206b [[wikt:僊|僊]] sjen
* 24-42/0206c [[wikt:遷|遷]] tshjen
* 24-42/0206- [[wikt:躚|躚]] sjen

==24-43==
* 24-43/0208a [[wikt:孱|孱]] dzrean, dzrjen
* 24-43/0208b [[wikt:潺|潺]] dzrjen
* 24-43/0208c [[wikt:僝|僝]] dzreanX, dzrjwenH
* 24-43/0208e [[wikt:轏|轏]] dzraenX, dzreanX

==24-44==
* 24-44/0156a [[wikt:散|散]] sanX, sanH
* 24-44/0156c [[wikt:潸|潸]] sraen, sraenX, srean
* 24-44/0156d [[wikt:霰|霰]] senH

==24-44A==
* 24-44A [[wikt:珊|珊]]

==24-45==
An -r series acc. to Baxter and Sagart.
* 24-45/0193a [[wikt:山|山]] srean
* 24-45/0193d [[wikt:汕|汕]] sraenH
* 24-45/0193e [[wikt:訕|訕]] sraen, sraenH
* 24-45/0193f [[wikt:仙|仙]] sjen

==24-46==
An -r series acc. to Baxter and Sagart.
Baxter &amp; Sagart (personal communication 12 April 2017) combine [[#24-19|24-19]] and [[#24-46|24-46]].

==24-47==
* 24-47/0181a [[wikt:半|半]] panH
* 24-47/0181b [[wikt:靽|靽]] panH
* 24-47/0181c [[wikt:伴|伴]] banX, phanH
* 24-47/0181d [[wikt:判|判]] phanH
* 24-47/0181e [[wikt:拌|拌]] phan
* 24-47/0181f [[wikt:泮|泮]] phanH
* 24-47/0181g [[wikt:牉|牉]] phan, phanH
* 24-47/0181h [[wikt:胖|胖]] ban, phanH
* 24-47/0181i [[wikt:頖|頖]] phanH
* 24-47/0181j [[wikt:柈|柈]] ban
* 24-47/0181k [[wikt:畔|畔]] banH
* 24-47/0181l [[wikt:叛|叛]] banH
* 24-47/0181m [[wikt:袢|袢]] bjon

==24-48==
* 24-48/0182a [[wikt:般|般]] ban, pan
* 24-48/0182d [[wikt:槃|槃]] ban
* 24-48/0182e [[wikt:盤|盤]] ban
* 24-48/0182g [[wikt:磐|磐]] ban
* 24-48/0182h [[wikt:縏|縏]] ban
* 24-48/0182i [[wikt:鞶|鞶]] ban
* 24-48/0182- [[wikt:搬|搬]] pan
* 24-48/0182- [[wikt:䰉|䰉]]
* 24-48/0182- [[wikt:鬗|鬗]]

==24-49==
* 24-49/0262a [[wikt:反|反]] baenX, pjonX
* 24-49/0262e [[wikt:返|返]] pjonX
* 24-49/0262f [[wikt:販|販]] pjonH
* 24-49/0262g [[wikt:阪|阪]] baenX, pjonX
* 24-49/0262i [[wikt:飯|飯]] bjonH, bjonX
* 24-49/0262j [[wikt:板|板]] paenX
* 24-49/0262k [[wikt:版|版]] paenX
* 24-49/0262l [[wikt:鈑|鈑]] paenX
* 24-49/0262m [[wikt:扳|扳]] paen
* 24-49/0262n [[wikt:昄|昄]] baenX, paenX

==24-50==
* 24-50/0263a [[wikt:棥|棥]] bjon
* 24-50/0263b [[wikt:樊|樊]] bjon
* 24-50/0263d [[wikt:攀|攀]] phaen
* 24-50/0263- [[wikt:䫶|䫶]]

==24-51==
* 24-51/0264a [[wikt:煩|煩]] bjon
* 24-51/0264b [[wikt:𨆌|𨆌]] bjon

==24-52==
* 24-52/0265a [[wikt:緐|緐]] bjonH
* 24-52/0265b [[wikt:繁|繁]] ban, bjon
* 24-52/0265d [[wikt:蘩|蘩]] bjon

==24-53==
* 24-53/0190a [[wikt:班|班]] paen
* 24-53/0190c [[wikt:斑|斑]] paen

==24-54==
An -r series acc.
* 24-54/0195a [[wikt:釆|釆]] beanH, ben
* 24-54/0195b [[wikt:番|番]] pa, phjon
* 24-54/0195d [[wikt:幡|幡]] phjon
* 24-54/0195e [[wikt:旛|旛]] phjon
* 24-54/0195g [[wikt:轓|轓]] pjon
* 24-54/0195h [[wikt:繙|繙]] bjon, phjon
* 24-54/0195i [[wikt:燔|燔]] bjon
* 24-54/0195j [[wikt:璠|璠]] bjon
* 24-54/0195k [[wikt:膰|膰]] bjon
* 24-54/0195l [[wikt:蹯|蹯]] bjon
* 24-54/0195m [[wikt:蕃|蕃]] bjon, pjon
* 24-54/0195n [[wikt:潘|潘]] phan
* 24-54/0195o [[wikt:蟠|蟠]] ban
* 24-54/0195p [[wikt:播|播]] paH
* 24-54/0195q [[wikt:譒|譒]] paH
* 24-54/0195r [[wikt:皤|皤]] ba
* 24-54/0195s [[wikt:藩|藩]] pjon
* 24-54/0195- [[wikt:𤳖|𤳖]] pan

==24-55==
* 24-55/0220a [[wikt:弁|弁]] bjenH
* 24-55/0220b [[wikt:卞|卞]] bjenH
* 24-55/0220c [[wikt:抃|抃]] bjenH
* 24-55/0220d [[wikt:拚|拚]] phjon, pjunH
* 24-55/0220e [[wikt:犿|犿]] phjon
* 24-55/0220f [[wikt:笲|笲]] bjenH, bjon

==24-56==
* 24-56/0266a [[wikt:曼|曼]] manH, mjonH
* 24-56/0266d [[wikt:蔓|蔓]] mjonH
* 24-56/0266e [[wikt:嫚|嫚]] maenH
* 24-56/0266g [[wikt:僈|僈]] maenH
* 24-56/0266h [[wikt:慢|慢]] maenH, manH
* 24-56/0266i [[wikt:墁|墁]] man
* 24-56/0266j [[wikt:幔|幔]] manH
* 24-56/0266k [[wikt:縵|縵]] manH
* 24-56/0266l [[wikt:鄤|鄤]] manH
* 24-56/0266n [[wikt:漫|漫]] maenH, manH
* 24-56/0266o [[wikt:謾|謾]] maenH, man, manH, mjen

==24-57==
* 24-57/0183a [[wikt:㒼|㒼]] man
* 24-57/0183c [[wikt:滿|滿]] manX
* 24-57/0183d [[wikt:瞞|瞞]] man
* 24-57/0183e [[wikt:樠|樠]] man, manH, mjon, mwon
* 24-57/0183f [[wikt:璊|璊]] mwon
* 24-57/0183g [[wikt:懣|懣]] manX, mwonH, mwonX

==24-58==
* 24-58/0222a [[wikt:免|免]] mjenX, mjunH
* 24-58/0222b [[wikt:俛|俛]] mjenX
* 24-58/0222c [[wikt:勉|勉]] mjenX
* 24-58/0222d [[wikt:冕|冕]] mjenX
* 24-58/0222e [[wikt:悗|悗]] man, mwonX
* 24-58/0222f [[wikt:鞔|鞔]] man
* 24-58/0222g [[wikt:娩|娩]] mjenX, mjonX
* 24-58/0222h [[wikt:晚|晚]] mjonX
* 24-58/0222i [[wikt:脕|脕]] mjonX
* 24-58/0222j [[wikt:輓|輓]] mjonX
* 24-58/0222k [[wikt:絻|絻]] mjunH
* 24-58/0222l [[wikt:浼|浼]] mwojX

=25=
==25-01==
* 25-01/0157a [[wikt:官|官]] kwan
* 25-01/0157e [[wikt:棺|棺]] kwan, kwanH
* 25-01/0157f [[wikt:涫|涫]] kwanH
* 25-01/0157g [[wikt:痯|痯]] kwanX
* 25-01/0157h [[wikt:管|管]] kwanX
* 25-01/0157i [[wikt:琯|琯]] kwanX
* 25-01/0157j [[wikt:錧|錧]] kwanH, kwanX
* 25-01/0157k [[wikt:館|館]] kwanH
* 25-01/0157l [[wikt:倌|倌]] kwaenH, kwan
* 25-01/0157m [[wikt:逭|逭]] hwanH
* 25-01/0157n [[wikt:菅|菅]] kaen
* 25-01/0157- [[wikt:婠|婠]] 'weat
* 25-01/0157- [[wikt:綰|綰]]

==25-02==
* 25-02/0158a [[wikt:雚|雚]] kwanH
* 25-02/0158e [[wikt:鸛|鸛]] kwanH
* 25-02/0158f [[wikt:灌|灌]] kwanH
* 25-02/0158g [[wikt:爟|爟]] kwanH
* 25-02/0158h [[wikt:瓘|瓘]] kwanH
* 25-02/0158i [[wikt:觀|觀]] kwan, kwanH
* 25-02/0158j [[wikt:歡|歡]] xwan
* 25-02/0158k [[wikt:懽|懽]] xwan
* 25-02/0158l [[wikt:驩|驩]] xwan
* 25-02/0158m [[wikt:嚾|嚾]] xwanH
* 25-02/0158n [[wikt:讙|讙]] xwan
* 25-02/0158o [[wikt:權|權]] gjwen
* 25-02/0158p [[wikt:蠸|蠸]] gjwen
* 25-02/0158q [[wikt:䟒|䟒]] gjwen
* 25-02/0158s [[wikt:勸|勸]] khjwonH
* 25-02/0158- [[wikt:顴|顴]] gjwen (?)

==25-03==
* 25-03/0159a [[wikt:貫|貫]] kwan, kwanH, kwaenH
* 25-03/0159c [[wikt:摜|摜]] kwaenH
* 25-03/0159d [[wikt:慣|慣]] kwaenH
* 25-03/0159e [[wikt:串|串]] kwaenH
* 25-03/0159f [[wikt:患|患]] hwaenH

==25-04==
* 25-04/0160a [[wikt:冠|冠]] kwan, kwanH

==25-05==
* 25-05/0161a [[wikt:盥|盥]] kwanH, kwanX

==25-06==
* 25-06/0162a [[wikt:款|款]] khwanX
* 25-06/0162b [[wikt:窾|窾]] khwanX

==25-07==
* 25-07/0165a [[wikt:萈|萈]] hwan
* 25-07/0165b [[wikt:寬|寬]] khwan
* 25-07/0241h [[wikt:莧|莧]] heanH, hwaenX

==25-08==
* 25-08/0166a [[wikt:萑|萑]] hwan

==25-09==
* 25-09/0187a [[wikt:丱|丱]] kwaenH
* 25-09/0187b [[wikt:關|關]] 'waen, kwaen

==25-10==
* 25-10/0188a [[wikt:宦|宦]] hwaenH

==25-11==
* 25-11/0226a [[wikt:卷|卷]] kjwenX, gjwen
* 25-11/0226b [[wikt:睠|睠]] kjwenH
* 25-11/0226c [[wikt:眷|眷]] kjwenH
* 25-11/0226d [[wikt:棬|棬]] khjwen, kwenH
* 25-11/0226e [[wikt:鬈|鬈]] gjwen, khjwen
* 25-11/0226f [[wikt:捲|捲]] gjwen
* 25-11/0226g [[wikt:拳|拳]] gjwen
* 25-11/0226h [[wikt:蜷|蜷]] gjwen
* 25-11/0226i [[wikt:倦|倦]] gjwenH
* 25-11/0226j [[wikt:勌|勌]] gjwenH
* 25-11/0226k [[wikt:圈|圈]] gjwenX, gjwonH, khjwonX, kjwonX
* 25-11/0226l [[wikt:券|券]] khjwonH
* 25-11/0226m [[wikt:綣|綣]] khjwonH, khjwonX
* 25-11/0226n [[wikt:裷|裷]] 'jwonX, khjwonX
* 25-11/0226o [[wikt:豢|豢]] hwaenH
* 25-11/0226p [[wikt:㹖|㹖]] hwanH

==25-12==
An -r series (on the basis of transcriptions)
* 25-12/0164a [[wikt:亘|亘]] hwan, sjwen, kongH
* 25-12/0164f [[wikt:桓|桓]] hwan
* 25-12/0164g [[wikt:洹|洹]] hwan
* 25-12/0164j [[wikt:狟|狟]] hwan
* 25-12/0164k [[wikt:荁|荁]] hwan
* 25-12/0164l [[wikt:貆|貆]] xjwon, xwan, hwan
* 25-12/0164m [[wikt:垣|垣]] hjwon
* 25-12/0164q [[wikt:咺|咺]] xjwonX
* 25-12/0164r [[wikt:晅|晅]] xjwon, xjwonX
* 25-12/0164s [[wikt:烜|烜]] xjweX
* 25-12/0164t [[wikt:宣|宣]] sjwen
* 25-12/0164x [[wikt:喧|喧]] xjwonX
* 25-12/0164y [[wikt:愃|愃]] xjwonX
* 25-12/0164z [[wikt:諠|諠]] xjwon
* 25-12/0164- [[wikt:楦|楦]]
* 25-12/0164- [[wikt:𧻚|𧻚]]
* 25-12/0164- [[wikt:䚙|䚙]]

==25-13==
* 25-13/0167a [[wikt:奐|奐]] xwanH
* 25-13/0167b [[wikt:渙|渙]] xwanH
* 25-13/0167c [[wikt:煥|煥]] xwanH
* 25-13/0167d [[wikt:寏|寏]] hwan
* 25-13/0167f [[wikt:換|換]] hwanH

==25-14==
A uvular series.
* 25-14/0255a [[wikt:爰|爰]] hjwon
* 25-14/0255d [[wikt:猨|猨]] hjwon
* 25-14/0255e [[wikt:援|援]] hjwenH, hjwon
* 25-14/0255f [[wikt:瑗|瑗]] hjwenH, hjwonH
* 25-14/0255g [[wikt:媛|媛]] hjwenH, hjwon
* 25-14/0255h [[wikt:湲|湲]] hjwen
* 25-14/0255i [[wikt:煖|煖]] xjwon
* 25-14/0255j [[wikt:暖|暖]] xjwon, xjwonX
* 25-14/0255k [[wikt:諼|諼]] xjwon
* 25-14/0255l [[wikt:緩|緩]] hwanX
* 25-14/0255m [[wikt:鍰|鍰]] hwaen
* 25-14/0255- [[wikt:楥|楥]]

==25-15==
* 25-15/0256a [[wikt:袁|袁]] hjwon
* 25-15/0256b [[wikt:園|園]] hjwon
* 25-15/0256c [[wikt:猿|猿]] hjwen
* 25-15/0256d [[wikt:榬|榬]] hjwon
* 25-15/0256e [[wikt:轅|轅]] hjwon
* 25-15/0256f [[wikt:遠|遠]] hjwonH, hjwonX

==25-16==
An -r series acc. to Starostin (1989).
* 25-16/0163a [[wikt:丸|丸]] hwan
* 25-16/0163b [[wikt:𤴯|𤴯]] hwanH
* 25-16/0163c [[wikt:紈|紈]] hwan
* 25-16/0163d [[wikt:芄|芄]] hwan
* 25-16/0163e [[wikt:骫|骫]] 'jweX

==25-17==
* 25-17/0260a [[wikt:夗|夗]] 'jwonX
* 25-17/0260b [[wikt:宛|宛]] 'jwonX
* 25-17/0260c [[wikt:怨|怨]] 'jwon, 'jwonH
* 25-17/0260d [[wikt:苑|苑]] 'jwonX, 'jut, hjunX
* 25-17/0260e [[wikt:鴛|鴛]] 'jwon
* 25-17/0260f [[wikt:眢|眢]] 'wan
* 25-17/0260g [[wikt:婉|婉]] 'jwonX
* 25-17/0260h [[wikt:惌|惌]] 'jwonX
* 25-17/0260i [[wikt:晼|晼]] 'jwonX
* 25-17/0260j [[wikt:畹|畹]] 'jwonX
* 25-17/0260k [[wikt:鵷|鵷]] 'jwon
* 25-17/0260l [[wikt:琬|琬]] 'jwonX, 'wanH
* 25-17/0260m [[wikt:捥|捥]] 'wanH
* 25-17/0260n [[wikt:腕|腕]] 'wanH
* 25-17/0260o [[wikt:椀|椀]] 'wanX
* 25-17/0260p [[wikt:䡝|䡝]] 'jun, 'jwon
* 25-17/0260q [[wikt:菀|菀]] 'jut
* 25-17/0260r [[wikt:𩜌|𩜌]] 'jut
* 25-17/0260- [[wikt:盌|盌]] 'wanX

==25-18==
* 25-18/0261a [[wikt:冤|冤]] 'jwon

==25-19==
* 25-19/0257a [[wikt:元|元]] ngjwon
* 25-19/0257d [[wikt:芫|芫]] ngjwon
* 25-19/0257e [[wikt:黿|黿]] ngjwon, ngwan
* 25-19/0257f [[wikt:魭|魭]] ngjwon, ngwan
* 25-19/0257g [[wikt:頑|頑]] ngwaen, ngwean
* 25-19/0257h [[wikt:刓|刓]] ngwan
* 25-19/0257i [[wikt:园|园]] ngwan
* 25-19/0257j [[wikt:忨|忨]] ngwan, ngwanH
* 25-19/0257k [[wikt:玩|玩]] ngwanH
* 25-19/0257l [[wikt:翫|翫]] ngwanH
* 25-19/0257m [[wikt:完|完]] hwan
* 25-19/0257n [[wikt:垸|垸]] hwan
* 25-19/0257o [[wikt:浣|浣]] hwanX
* 25-19/0257p [[wikt:輐|輐]] hwanH, ngwanH, ngwanX
* 25-19/0257q [[wikt:莞|莞]] kwan
* 25-19/0257r [[wikt:筦|筦]] kwanX
* 25-19/0257s [[wikt:梡|梡]] khwanX
* 25-19/0257t [[wikt:睆|睆]] hwaenX
* 25-19/0257u [[wikt:院|院]] hjwenH
* 25-19/0257- [[wikt:脘|脘]]
* 25-19/0257- [[wikt:阮|阮]]

==25-20==
* 25-20/0258a [[wikt:原|原]] ngjwon
* 25-20/0258c [[wikt:源|源]] ngjwon
* 25-20/0258d [[wikt:愿|愿]] ngjwonH
* 25-20/0258e [[wikt:謜|謜]] ngjwon
* 25-20/0258f [[wikt:願|願]] ngjwonH
* 25-20/0258g [[wikt:騵|騵]] ngjwon
* 25-20/0258h [[wikt:豲|豲]] hwan

==25-21==
* 25-21/0259a [[wikt:邍|邍]] ngjwon

==25-22==
* 25-22/0170a [[wikt:斷|斷]] twanX, twanH, dwanX

==25-23==
* 25-23/0172a [[wikt:段|段]] dwanH, thwanH, twanH
* 25-23/0172c [[wikt:鍛|鍛]] twanH
* 25-23/0172d [[wikt:腶|腶]] twanH
* 25-23/0172- [[wikt:緞|緞]]

==25-24==
An -r series
* 25-24/0168a [[wikt:耑|耑]] twan
* 25-24/0168d [[wikt:端|端]] twan
* 25-24/0168e [[wikt:剬|剬]] tsywenX, twan
* 25-24/0168f [[wikt:褍|褍]] twan
* 25-24/0168g [[wikt:鍴|鍴]] twan
* 25-24/0168i [[wikt:湍|湍]] thwan
* 25-24/0168j [[wikt:喘|喘]] tsyhwenX
* 25-24/0168k [[wikt:諯|諯]] dzywen, tsyhwenH
* 25-24/0168l [[wikt:輲|輲]] dzywen
* 25-24/0168m [[wikt:遄|遄]] dzywen
* 25-24/0168o [[wikt:惴|惴]] tsyhwenX, tsyweH
* 25-24/0168p [[wikt:瑞|瑞]] dzyweH
* 25-24/0168q [[wikt:揣|揣]] tsrhjweX, tsyhwenX, twaX
* 25-24/0168- [[wikt:踹|踹]] tsrhjweH (?)
* 25-24/0168- [[wikt:貒|貒]]

==25-25==
* 25-25/0231a [[wikt:專|專]] tsywen
* 25-25/0231c [[wikt:剸|剸]] dwan
* 25-25/0231d [[wikt:篿|篿]] tsywen
* 25-25/0231e [[wikt:轉|轉]] trjwenX
* 25-25/0231f [[wikt:傳|傳]] drjwen, drjwenH, trjwenH
* 25-25/0231j [[wikt:縳|縳]] drjwenX
* 25-25/0231k [[wikt:膞|膞]] dzywen, dzywenX, dzywin, tsywinX
* 25-25/0231l [[wikt:鱄|鱄]] dzywenX, tsywen, tsywenX
* 25-25/0231m [[wikt:竱|竱]] tsywenX, twan
* 25-25/0231n [[wikt:團|團]] dwan
* 25-25/0231o [[wikt:慱|慱]] dwan
* 25-25/0231p [[wikt:摶|摶]] dwan
* 25-25/0231q [[wikt:漙|漙]] dwan

==25-26==
* 25-26/0232a [[wikt:穿|穿]] tsyhwen

==25-27==
* 25-27/0233a [[wikt:舛|舛]] tsyhwenX

==25-28==
* 25-28/0171a [[wikt:彖|彖]] thwanH
* 25-28/0171b [[wikt:褖|褖]] thwanH
* 25-28/0171c [[wikt:蝝|蝝]] ywen
* 25-28/0171d [[wikt:緣|緣]] ywen, ywenH
* 25-28/0171e [[wikt:椽|椽]] drjwen
* 25-28/0171f [[wikt:瑑|瑑]] drjwenX
* 25-28/0171g [[wikt:篆|篆]] drjwenX
* 25-28/0171h [[wikt:腞|腞]] trhjwenX
* 25-28/0171i [[wikt:喙|喙]] tsyhwejH, xjwojH

==25-29==
* 25-29/0229a [[wikt:㕣|㕣]] ywenX
* 25-29/0229b [[wikt:沿|沿]] ywen
* 25-29/0229c [[wikt:鉛|鉛]] ywen
* 25-29/0229d [[wikt:兗|兗]] ywenX
* 25-29/0229e [[wikt:船|船]] zywen

==25-30==
* 25-30/0230a [[wikt:鳶|鳶]] ywen

==25-31==
* 25-31/0178a [[wikt:䜌|䜌]] lwan
* 25-31/0178c [[wikt:巒|巒]] lwan
* 25-31/0178d [[wikt:欒|欒]] lwan
* 25-31/0178e [[wikt:灓|灓]] lwan
* 25-31/0178f [[wikt:鑾|鑾]] lwan
* 25-31/0178h [[wikt:鸞|鸞]] lwan
* 25-31/0178i [[wikt:臠|臠]] ljwenX
* 25-31/0178k [[wikt:孌|孌]] ljwenX, ljwenH
* 25-31/0178m [[wikt:戀|戀]] ljwenH
* 25-31/0178n [[wikt:攣|攣]] ljwen
* 25-31/0178o [[wikt:變|變]] pjenH
* 25-31/0178p [[wikt:蠻|蠻]] maen
* 25-31/0178q [[wikt:孿|孿]] srwaenH, srjwenH
* 25-31/0178- [[wikt:曫|曫]]

==25-32==
* 25-32/0179a [[wikt:卵|卵]] lwaX, lwanX

==25-33==
* 25-33/0180a [[wikt:𤔔|𤔔]] lwanH
* 25-33/0180c [[wikt:亂|亂]] lwanH

==25-34==
* 25-34/0189a [[wikt:奻|奻]] nwaen, nwaenH

==25-35==
* 25-35/0238a [[wikt:耎|耎]] nywenX
* 25-35/0238a2 [[wikt:軟|軟]] nywenX
* 25-35/0238b [[wikt:輭|輭]] nywenX
* 25-35/0238c [[wikt:蝡|蝡]] nywenX
* 25-35/0238d [[wikt:蠕|蠕]] nywenX
* 25-35/0238e [[wikt:瑌|瑌]] nywen, nywenX
* 25-35/0238f [[wikt:瓀|瓀]] nywen, nywenX
* 25-35/0238g [[wikt:偄|偄]] nwanH
* 25-35/0238h [[wikt:渜|渜]] nwanH, nwanX
* 25-35/0238i [[wikt:煗|煗]] nwanX
* 25-35/0238j [[wikt:㨎|㨎]] nywet
* 25-35/0238k [[wikt:擩|擩]] nywet

==25-36==
* 25-36/0176a [[wikt:竄|竄]] tshwanH

==25-37==
* 25-37/0177a [[wikt:爨|爨]] tshwanH

==25-38==
* 25-38/0234a [[wikt:全|全]] dzjwen
* 25-38/0234b [[wikt:仝|仝]] dzjwen
* 25-38/0234c [[wikt:牷|牷]] dzjwen
* 25-38/0234d [[wikt:痊|痊]] tshjwen
* 25-38/0234e [[wikt:筌|筌]] tshjwen
* 25-38/0234f [[wikt:荃|荃]] tshjwen
* 25-38/0234g [[wikt:銓|銓]] tshjwen
* 25-38/0234h [[wikt:輇|輇]] dzywen

==25-39==
* 25-39/0235a [[wikt:雋|雋]] dzjwenX
* 25-39/0235b [[wikt:臇|臇]] tsjwenX
* 25-39/0235c [[wikt:鐫|鐫]] tsjwen
* 25-39/0235d [[wikt:儁|儁]] tswinH

==25-40==
An -r series.
* 25-40/0237a [[wikt:泉|泉]] dzjwen
* 25-40/0237e [[wikt:線|線]] sjenH

==25-41==
* 25-41/1249a [[wikt:縓|縓]] tshjwen, tshjwenH

==25-42==
* 25-42/0173a [[wikt:筭|筭]] swanH

==25-43==
* 25-43/0174a [[wikt:算|算]] swanH, swanX
* 25-43/0174b [[wikt:匴|匴]] swanX
* 25-43/0174c [[wikt:篹|篹]] swanX
* 25-43/0174d [[wikt:纂|纂]] tswanX
* 25-43/0174e [[wikt:篡|篡]] tsrhwaenH

==25-44==
* 25-44/0175a [[wikt:祘|祘]] swanH
* 25-44/0175b [[wikt:蒜|蒜]] swanH

=26=
==26-01==
* 26-01/0586a [[wikt:笄|笄]] kej

==26-02==
* 26-02/0587a [[wikt:卟|卟]] kej, kejX

==26-03==
* 26-03/1241a [[wikt:計|計]] kejH

==26-04==
* 26-04/0588a [[wikt:启|启]] khejX
* 26-04/0588c [[wikt:啟|啟]] khejX
* 26-04/0588h [[wikt:綮|綮]] khejX
* 26-04/0588j [[wikt:晵|晵]] khejX

==26-05==
* 26-05/1237l [[wikt:諡|諡]] zyijH
* 26-05/1241d [[wikt:兮|兮]] hej
* 26-05/1241h [[wikt:盻|盻]] hejH, ngejH

==26-06==
* 26-06/0552a [[wikt:旨|旨]] tsyijX
* 26-06/0552f [[wikt:指|指]] tsyijX
* 26-06/0552g [[wikt:脂|脂]] tsyij
* 26-06/0552h [[wikt:鮨|鮨]] gij
* 26-06/0552i [[wikt:䭫|䭫]] khejX
* 26-06/0552k [[wikt:詣|詣]] ngejH
* 26-06/0552l [[wikt:耆|耆]] gij, tsyijX
* 26-06/0552m [[wikt:鰭|鰭]] gij
* 26-06/0552n [[wikt:鬐|鬐]] gij
* 26-06/0552o [[wikt:稽|稽]] kej
* 26-06/0552p [[wikt:嗜|嗜]] dzyijH
* 26-06/0552q [[wikt:蓍|蓍]] syij

==26-07==
* 26-07/0553a [[wikt:示|示]] zyijH
* 26-07/0553h [[wikt:視|視]] dzyijH, dzyijX
* 26-07/0553i [[wikt:祁|祁]] gij

==26-08==
* 26-08/0602a [[wikt:几|几]] kijX
* 26-08/0602c [[wikt:机|机]] kijX
* 26-08/0602d [[wikt:肌|肌]] kij
* 26-08/0602e [[wikt:𩨒|𩨒]] kij
* 26-08/0602f [[wikt:飢|飢]] kij

==26-09==
* 26-09/0599a [[wikt:皆|皆]] keaj
* 26-09/0599b [[wikt:偕|偕]] keaj
* 26-09/0599c [[wikt:喈|喈]] keaj
* 26-09/0599d [[wikt:階|階]] keaj
* 26-09/0599e [[wikt:楷|楷]] kheajX
* 26-09/0599f [[wikt:湝|湝]] heaj
* 26-09/0599g [[wikt:諧|諧]] heaj
* 26-09/0599h [[wikt:揩|揩]] keat

==26-10==
* 26-10/0605a [[wikt:癸|癸]] kjwijX
* 26-10/0605e [[wikt:揆|揆]] gjwijX
* 26-10/0605f [[wikt:戣|戣]] gwij
* 26-10/0605g [[wikt:葵|葵]] gjwij
* 26-10/0605h [[wikt:騤|騤]] gjwij
* 26-10/0605i [[wikt:睽|睽]] khwej
* 26-10/0605k [[wikt:闋|闋]] khwet

==26-11==
* 26-11/1241i [[wikt:醯|醯]] xej

==26-12==
* 26-12/0589a [[wikt:医|医]] 'ejH
* 26-12/0589b [[wikt:殹|殹]] 'ejH
* 26-12/0589e [[wikt:繄|繄]] 'ej
* 26-12/0589f [[wikt:翳|翳]] 'ej, 'ejH
* 26-12/0589g [[wikt:鷖|鷖]] 'ej

==26-13==
* 26-13/0604a [[wikt:伊|伊]] 'jij
* 26-13/0604d [[wikt:咿|咿]] 'jij

==26-14==
* 26-14/0590a [[wikt:氐|氐]] tej, tejX
* 26-14/0590c [[wikt:底|底]] tejX
* 26-14/0590d [[wikt:柢|柢]] tej, tejH, tejX
* 26-14/0590e [[wikt:低|低]] tej
* 26-14/0590f [[wikt:弤|弤]] tejX
* 26-14/0590g [[wikt:抵|抵]] tejX
* 26-14/0590h [[wikt:羝|羝]] tej
* 26-14/0590i [[wikt:邸|邸]] tejX
* 26-14/0590j [[wikt:詆|詆]] dej, tejX
* 26-14/0590k [[wikt:胝|胝]] trij
* 26-14/0590l [[wikt:坻|坻]] drij
* 26-14/0590m [[wikt:蚳|蚳]] drij
* 26-14/0590n [[wikt:厎|厎]] tsyijX
* 26-14/0590o [[wikt:砥|砥]] tsyijX
* 26-14/0590p [[wikt:祗|祗]] tsyij
* 26-14/0590q [[wikt:眡|眡]] dzyijH, dzyijX
* 26-14/0590r [[wikt:眂|眂]] dzyijH, dzyijX
* 26-14/0590s [[wikt:鴟|鴟]] tsyhij

==26-15==
* 26-15/0591a [[wikt:弟|弟]] dejH, dejX
* 26-15/0591d [[wikt:娣|娣]] dejH, dejX
* 26-15/0591e [[wikt:第|第]] dejH
* 26-15/0591f [[wikt:悌|悌]] dejH
* 26-15/0591g [[wikt:稊|稊]] dej
* 26-15/0591h [[wikt:綈|綈]] dej
* 26-15/0591i [[wikt:𦯔|𦯔]] dej
* 26-15/0591j [[wikt:鵜|鵜]] dej
* 26-15/0591k [[wikt:睇|睇]] dejH, thej
* 26-15/0591l [[wikt:梯|梯]] thej
* 26-15/0591m [[wikt:涕|涕]] thejH, thejX
* 26-15/0591n [[wikt:豒|豒]] drit

==26-16==
* 26-16/0595d [[wikt:遟|遟]] drij
* 26-16/0595g [[wikt:稺|稺]] drijH
* 26-16/0595h [[wikt:𦃘|𦃘]] drijH
* 26-16/0596c [[wikt:墀|墀]] drij
* 26-16/0596d [[wikt:遲|遲]] drijH, drij
* 26-16/0596e [[wikt:穉|穉]] drijH


==26-17==
* 26-17/0551a [[wikt:夷|夷]] yij
* 26-17/0551d [[wikt:侇|侇]] yij
* 26-17/0551e [[wikt:姨|姨]] yij
* 26-17/0551f [[wikt:洟|洟]] thejH, yij
* 26-17/0551g [[wikt:痍|痍]] yij
* 26-17/0551h [[wikt:䧅|䧅]] yij
* 26-17/0551j [[wikt:桋|桋]] yij
* 26-17/0551k [[wikt:荑|荑]] dej, yij

==26-18==
* 26-18/1237c [[wikt:彝|彝]] yij

==26-19==
* 26-19/0560a [[wikt:矢|矢]] syij, syijX
* 26-19/0560e [[wikt:雉|雉]] drijX
* 26-19/0560i [[wikt:矧|矧]] syinX
* 26-19/0560j [[wikt:矤|矤]] syinX
* 26-19/0560k [[wikt:䀢|䀢]] sywinH
* 26-19/0560m [[wikt:薙|薙]] drijX, thejH, zijX

==26-20==
* 26-20/0561a [[wikt:尸|尸]] syij
* 26-20/0561c [[wikt:屍|屍]] syij
* 26-20/0561d [[wikt:屎|屎]] syijX
* 26-20/0561e [[wikt:鳲|鳲]] syij

==26-21==
* 26-21/0556a [[wikt:兕|兕]] zijX

==26-22==
* 26-22/0562a [[wikt:履|履]] lijX

==26-23==
*26-23/0597a [[wikt:豊|豊]] lejX
*26-23/0597d [[wikt:禮|禮]] lejX
*26-23/0597e [[wikt:醴|醴]] lejX
*26-23/0597h [[wikt:鱧|鱧]] lejX
*26-23/0597i [[wikt:體|體]] thejX

==26-24==
* 26-24/0519a [[wikt:利|利]] lijH
* 26-24/0519b [[wikt:𥝢|𥝢]] lijH
* 26-24/0519g [[wikt:犁|犁]] lej, lij
* 26-24/0519h [[wikt:梨|梨]] lij
* 26-24/0519i [[wikt:棃|棃]] lij
* 26-24/0519j [[wikt:黧|黧]] lej
* 26-24/0519k [[wikt:黎|黎]] lej
* 26-24/0519l [[wikt:蔾|蔾]] lij
* 26-24/0519m [[wikt:藜|藜]] lej

==26-25==
* 26-25/0563a [[wikt:尼|尼]] nejH, nrij
* 26-25/0563b [[wikt:怩|怩]] nrij
* 26-25/0563c [[wikt:柅|柅]] nrijH, nrijX
* 26-25/0563d [[wikt:泥|泥]] nej
* 26-25/0563e [[wikt:旎|旎]] nrjeX
* 26-25/0563f [[wikt:昵|昵]] nrit

==26-26==
* 26-26/0592a [[wikt:妻|妻]] tshej, tshejH
* 26-26/0592e [[wikt:悽|悽]] tshej
* 26-26/0592f [[wikt:淒|淒]] tshej
* 26-26/0592g [[wikt:萋|萋]] tshej
* 26-26/0592i [[wikt:緀|緀]] tshej
* 26-26/0592j [[wikt:𨹷|𨹷]] tsej, tsejH
* 26-26/0592l [[wikt:棲|棲]] sej

==26-27==
* 26-27/0593a [[wikt:齊|齊]] tsij, dzej
* 26-27/0593f [[wikt:臍|臍]] dzej
* 26-27/0593g [[wikt:蠐|蠐]] dzej
* 26-27/0593h [[wikt:劑|劑]] dzejH, tsje
* 26-27/0593i [[wikt:嚌|嚌]] dzejH
* 26-27/0593j [[wikt:懠|懠]] dzej, dzejH
* 26-27/0593k [[wikt:癠|癠]] dzej, dzejH, dzejX
* 26-27/0593l [[wikt:薺|薺]] dzejX
* 26-27/0593m [[wikt:穧|穧]] dzejH, tsejH
* 26-27/0593n [[wikt:擠|擠]] tsej, tsejH, tsejX
* 26-27/0593o [[wikt:濟|濟]] tsejH, tsejX
* 26-27/0593p [[wikt:躋|躋]] tsej, tsejH
* 26-27/0593r [[wikt:隮|隮]] tsej, tsejH
* 26-27/0593s [[wikt:霽|霽]] tsejH
* 26-27/0593t [[wikt:齏|齏]] tsej
* 26-27/0593u [[wikt:齎|齎]] tsej
* 26-27/0593v [[wikt:齍|齍]] tsij
* 26-27/0593y [[wikt:齋|齋]] tsreaj
* 26-27/0593z [[wikt:儕|儕]] dzreaj

==26-28==
* 26-28/0554b [[wikt:姊|姊]] tsijX
* 26-28/0554c [[wikt:姉|姉]] tsijX
* 26-28/0554d [[wikt:秭|秭]] tsijX
* 26-28/0554f [[wikt:笫|笫]] tsrijX
* 26-28/0554g [[wikt:胏|胏]] tsrijX
* 26-28/0554h [[wikt:柹|柹]] dzrijX
* 26-28/0554i [[wikt:柿|柿]] dzrijX
* 26-28/0554j [[wikt:䪡|䪡]] tsej

==26-29==
* 26-29/0555a [[wikt:次|次]] tshijH
* 26-29/0555c [[wikt:佽|佽]] tshijH
* 26-29/0555d [[wikt:絘|絘]] tshijH
* 26-29/0555e [[wikt:咨|咨]] tsij
* 26-29/0555f [[wikt:恣|恣]] tsijH
* 26-29/0555g [[wikt:粢|粢]] dzejH, tsij
* 26-29/0555h [[wikt:資|資]] tsij
* 26-29/0555i [[wikt:茨|茨]] dzij
* 26-29/0555j [[wikt:餈|餈]] dzij
* 26-29/0555l [[wikt:諮|諮]] tsij
* 26-29/0555m [[wikt:䆅|䆅]] dzij
* 26-29/0555n [[wikt:薋|薋]] dzij

==26-30==
* 26-30/1237m [[wikt:自|自]] dzijH

==26-31==
Baxter &amp; Sagart combine with [[#04-39|04-39]], Schuessler hesitatingly assents.

==26-32==
* 26-32/0595a [[wikt:屖|屖]] sej

==26-33==
* 26-33/0596a [[wikt:犀|犀]] sej

==26-34==
* 26-34/0557a [[wikt:厶|厶]] sij
* 26-34/0557b [[wikt:私|私]] sij

==26-35==
* 26-35/0558a [[wikt:死|死]] sijX

==26-36==
* 26-36/0559a [[wikt:師|師]] srij

==26-37==
* 26-37/0565a [[wikt:匕|匕]] pjijX
* 26-37/0565b [[wikt:朼|朼]] pjijX

==26-38==
* 26-38/0566a [[wikt:匕|匕]] pjijH
* 26-38/0566g [[wikt:比|比]] bjij, bjijH, pjijH, pjijX
* 26-38/0566i [[wikt:牝|牝]] bjijX, bjinX
* 26-38/0566k [[wikt:庀|庀]] phjieX, phjijX
* 26-38/0566l [[wikt:疕|疕]] phjieX, phjijX, pjijX
* 26-38/0566m [[wikt:枇|枇]] pjijX
* 26-38/0566n [[wikt:妣|妣]] pjijH, pjijX
* 26-38/0566p [[wikt:庇|庇]] pjij, pjijH
* 26-38/0566q [[wikt:秕|秕]] pjijX
* 26-38/0566r [[wikt:粃|粃]] pjijX
* 26-38/0566s [[wikt:仳|仳]] bijX, bjij, phjijX
* 26-38/0566t [[wikt:紕|紕]] bjie, bjijH, pej, phjie, phjij
* 26-38/0566u [[wikt:毗|毗]] bjij
* 26-38/0566v [[wikt:鈚|鈚]] bjij
* 26-38/0566y [[wikt:坒|坒]] bjijH
* 26-38/0566z [[wikt:芘|芘]] bjij
* 26-38/0566a' [[wikt:批|批]] bet, phej
* 26-38/0566b' [[wikt:梐|梐]] bejX
* 26-38/0566c' [[wikt:陛|陛]] bejX
* 26-38/0566d' [[wikt:吡|吡]] phjieX
* 26-38/0566e' [[wikt:𣬉|𣬉]] bjij
* 26-38/0566f' [[wikt:膍|膍]] bej, bjij
* 26-38/0566h' [[wikt:貔|貔]] bjij

==26-39==
* 26-39/0598a [[wikt:米|米]] mejX
* 26-39/0598d [[wikt:眯|眯]] mejX
* 26-39/0598e [[wikt:迷|迷]] mej
* 26-39/0598f [[wikt:麋|麋]] mij
* 26-39/0598h [[wikt:敉|敉]] mjieX
* 26-39/0598i [[wikt:侎|侎]] mjieX
* 26-39/0598k [[wikt:冞|冞]] mjie
* 26-39/0598l [[wikt:𦊮|𦊮]] mjie
* 26-39/0598m [[wikt:蘪|蘪]] mij

=27=
==27-01==
* 27-01/0541a [[wikt:開|開]] khoj, kojX

==27-02==
* 27-02/0548a [[wikt:豈|豈]] kjɨjX, khojX
* 27-02/0548b [[wikt:凱|凱]] khojX
* 27-02/0548c [[wikt:愷|愷]] khojX
* 27-02/0548d [[wikt:塏|塏]] khojX
* 27-02/0548e [[wikt:鎧|鎧]] khojH, khojX
* 27-02/0548f [[wikt:闓|闓]] khoj, khojX
* 27-02/0548g [[wikt:𧽊|𧽊]] hoj
* 27-02/0548i [[wikt:螘|螘]] ngjɨjX
* 27-02/0548j [[wikt:覬|覬]] kijH

==27-03==
* 27-03/0603a [[wikt:冀|冀]] kijH
* presumed 27-03/0603b [[wikt:兾|兾]] kijH
* 27-03/0603c [[wikt:驥|驥]] kijH

==27-04==
* 27-04/0547a [[wikt:幾|幾]] gjɨj, kjɨj, kjɨjX
* 27-04/0547c [[wikt:機|機]] kjɨj
* 27-04/0547d [[wikt:璣|璣]] kjɨj
* 27-04/0547e [[wikt:磯|磯]] kjɨj
* 27-04/0547f [[wikt:禨|禨]] kjɨj, kjɨjH
* 27-04/0547g [[wikt:穖|穖]] kjɨjX
* 27-04/0547h [[wikt:蟣|蟣]] kjɨjX
* 27-04/0547i [[wikt:譏|譏]] kjɨj
* 27-04/0547j [[wikt:鞿|鞿]] kjɨj
* 27-04/0547k [[wikt:饑|饑]] kjɨj
* 27-04/0547l [[wikt:畿|畿]] gjɨj

==27-05==
* 27-05/0550a [[wikt:衣|衣]] 'jɨj, 'jɨjH
* 27-05/0550f [[wikt:依|依]] 'jɨj, 'jɨjX
* 27-05/0550g [[wikt:扆|扆]] 'jɨjX
* 27-05/0550h [[wikt:哀|哀]] 'oj
* 27-05/0550j [[wikt:偯|偯]] 'jɨjX

==27-06==
* 27-06/0549a [[wikt:希|希]] xjɨj
* 27-06/0549b [[wikt:悕|悕]] xjɨj
* 27-06/0549c [[wikt:晞|晞]] xjɨj
* 27-06/0549d [[wikt:欷|欷]] xjɨj
* 27-06/0549e [[wikt:狶|狶]] xjɨj, xjɨjX
* 27-06/0549f [[wikt:豨|豨]] xjɨj, xjɨjX
* 27-06/0549g [[wikt:睎|睎]] xjɨj
* 27-06/1237k [[wikt:絺|絺]] trhij

==27-07==
* 27-07/1237i [[wikt:黹|黹]] trijX

==27-08==
* 27-08/0579a [[wikt:非|非]] pjɨj	
* 27-08/0579c [[wikt:匪|匪]] pjɨjX	
* 27-08/0579d [[wikt:扉|扉]] pjɨj	
* 27-08/0579e [[wikt:棐|棐]] pjɨjX	
* 27-08/0579f [[wikt:篚|篚]] pjɨjX	
* 27-08/0579g [[wikt:誹|誹]] pjɨj, pjɨjH
* 27-08/0579h [[wikt:悱|悱]] phjɨjX
* 27-08/0579i [[wikt:斐|斐]] phjɨjX	
* 27-08/0579j [[wikt:霏|霏]] phjɨj	
* 27-08/0579k [[wikt:騑|騑]] phjɨj, pjɨj	
* 27-08/0579l [[wikt:菲|菲]] bjɨjH, phjɨj, phjɨjX	
* 27-08/0579m [[wikt:剕|剕]] bjɨjH
* 27-08/0579n [[wikt:厞|厞]] bjɨjH	
* 27-08/0579o [[wikt:屝|屝]] bjɨjH	
* 27-08/0579p [[wikt:翡|翡]] bjɨjH	
* 27-08/0579q [[wikt:腓|腓]] bjɨj	
* 27-08/0579r [[wikt:蜚|蜚]] bjɨjH, pjɨjX	
* 27-08/0579s [[wikt:陫|陫]] bjɨjH, bjɨjX	
* 27-08/0579t [[wikt:徘|徘]] bwoj	
* 27-08/0579u [[wikt:悲|悲]] pij	
* 27-08/0579v [[wikt:俳|俳]] beaj	
* 27-08/0579x [[wikt:排|排]] beaj	
* 27-08/0579- [[wikt:痱|痱]]

==27-09==
* 27-09/0580a [[wikt:飛|飛]] pjɨj

==27-10==
* 27-10/0581a [[wikt:妃|妃]] phjɨj, phwojH

==27-11==
* 27-11/0582 [[wikt:肥|肥]] bjɨj

==27-12==
* 27-12/0353a [[wikt:火|火]] xwaX

==27-13==
* 27-13/0546a [[wikt:枚|枚]] mwoj
* 27-13/0546b [[wikt:玫|玫]] mwoj

==27-14==
* 27-14/0567a [[wikt:眉|眉]] mij, mjɨjX
* 27-14/0567d [[wikt:媚|媚]] mijH
* 27-14/0567f [[wikt:楣|楣]] mij
* 27-14/0567g [[wikt:湄|湄]] mij

==27-15==
* 27-15/0585a [[wikt:亹|亹]] mwon

==27-16==
* 27-16/0568a [[wikt:美|美]] mijX

==27-17==
* 27-17/0583a [[wikt:尾|尾]] mjɨjX
* 27-17/0583c [[wikt:娓|娓]] mjɨjX
* 27-17/0583d [[wikt:浘|浘]] mjɨjX
* 27-17/0583e [[wikt:𤈦|𤈦]] xjwɨjX

==27-18==
* 27-18/0584a [[wikt:𢼸|𢼸]] mjɨj
* 27-18/0584d [[wikt:微|微]] mjɨj
* 27-18/0584f [[wikt:薇|薇]] mjɨj
* 27-18/0584g [[wikt:媺|媺]] mijX
* 27-18/0584h [[wikt:徽|徽]] xjwɨj

==27-19==
Zhangzheng (2003) unites the series 兀 [[#31-10|31-10]], 虺 [[#27-19|27-19]], and 髡 [[#34-07|37-07]].
* 27-19/0572a [[wikt:虺|虺]] xjwɨjX, xweaj, xwoj

==27-20==
* 27-20/1009a [[wikt:虫|虫]] drjuwng

=28=
==28-01==
Baxter &amp; Sagart (2014: 151) combine [[#28-01|28-01]], [[#28-09|28-09]], and [[#28-10|28-10]].
* 28-01/0569a [[wikt:鬼|鬼]] kjwɨjX
* 28-01/0569d [[wikt:傀|傀]] kwoj
* 28-01/0569e [[wikt:瑰|瑰]] kwoj
* 28-01/0569f [[wikt:魁|魁]] khwoj
* 28-01/0569g [[wikt:塊|塊]] khweajH, khwojH
* 28-01/0569h [[wikt:瘣|瘣]] hwojX
* 28-01/0569i [[wikt:槐|槐]] hweaj, hwoj
* 28-01/0569j [[wikt:嵬|嵬]] ngwoj, ngwojX
* 28-01/0569k [[wikt:魏|魏]] ngjwɨj, ngjwɨjH
* 28-01/0569l [[wikt:愧|愧]] kwijH
* 28-01/0569n [[wikt:媿|媿]] kwijH
* 28-01/0569q [[wikt:螝|螝]] hwojH, kwij, kwijH
* 28-01/0569r [[wikt:餽|餽]] gwijH
* 28-01/0569s [[wikt:巍|巍]] ngjwɨj
* 28-01/0569- [[wikt:隗|隗]] ngjwɨj
* 28-01/28-09/0573a [[wikt:畏|畏]] 'jwɨjH
* 28-01/28-09/0573d [[wikt:㟪|㟪]] 'jwɨjX, 'wojX
* 28-01/28-09/0573e [[wikt:偎|偎]] 'woj
* 28-01/28-09/0573f [[wikt:煨|煨]] 'woj
* 28-01/28-09/0573g [[wikt:猥|猥]] 'wojX
* 28-01/28-09/0573h [[wikt:隈|隈]] 'woj
* 28-01/28-10/0574a [[wikt:威|威]] 'jwɨj
* 28-01/28-10/0574d [[wikt:崴|崴]] 'weaj

==28-02==
* 28-02/0570a [[wikt:歸|歸]] kjwɨj
* 28-02/0570g [[wikt:巋|巋]] khwij, khwijX

==28-03==
* 28-03/1237s [[wikt:夔|夔]] gwij

==28-04==
* 28-04/0542a [[wikt:回|回]] hwoj
* 28-04/0542b [[wikt:廻|廻]] hwoj
* 28-04/0542c [[wikt:迴|迴]] hwoj
* 28-04/0542d [[wikt:徊|徊]] hwoj
* 28-04/0542e [[wikt:洄|洄]] hwoj
* 28-04/0542f [[wikt:蛔|蛔]] hwoj

==28-05==
* 28-05/0342a [[wikt:衛|衛]] hjwejH
* 28-05/0342f [[wikt:讆|讆]] hjwejH
* 28-05/0342g [[wikt:躗|躗]] hwaejH
* 28-05/0342- [[wikt:躛|躛]] xweajH
* 28-05/0571a [[wikt:韋|韋]] hjwɨj
* 28-05/0571d [[wikt:違|違]] hjwɨj
* 28-05/0571f [[wikt:偉|偉]] hjwɨjX
* 28-05/0571g [[wikt:圍|圍]] hjwɨj
* 28-05/0571h [[wikt:幃|幃]] hjwɨj
* 28-05/0571j [[wikt:煒|煒]] hjwɨjX
* 28-05/0571k [[wikt:瑋|瑋]] hwjɨjX
* 28-05/0571l [[wikt:禕|禕]] 'je
* 28-05/0571m [[wikt:緯|緯]] hjwɨjH, hjwɨjX
* 28-05/0571n [[wikt:葦|葦]] hjwɨjX
* 28-05/0571o [[wikt:闈|闈]] hjwɨj
* 28-05/0571p [[wikt:韙|韙]] hjwɨjX
* 28-05/0571q [[wikt:韡|韡]] hjwɨjX
* 28-05/0571r [[wikt:褘|褘]] xjwɨj
* 28-05/0571s [[wikt:諱|諱]] xjwɨjH

==28-06==
* 28-06/0600a [[wikt:褱|褱]] hweaj
* 28-06/0600c [[wikt:懷|懷]] hweaj
* 28-06/0600d [[wikt:壞|壞]] hweajH, hwojX, kweajH
* 28-06/0600e [[wikt:瓌|瓌]] kwoj

==28-07==
* 28-07/1240h [[wikt:乖|乖]] kweajH

==28-08==
* 28-08/1239a [[wikt:卉|卉]] xjwɨjH

==28-09==
Baxter &amp; Sagart (2014: 151) combine [[#28-01|28-01]], [[#28-09|28-09]], and [[#28-10|28-10]].

==28-10==
Baxter &amp; Sagart (2014: 151) combine [[#28-01|28-01]], [[#28-09|28-09]], and [[#28-10|28-10]].

==28-11==
Baxter &amp; Sagart (personal communication 12 April 2017) separate off 28-11/0575g' 鷕 ywijX, 28-11/0575h' 䗽 ywijH, 28-11/0575i' 蓷 thwoj, tsyhwij, 28-11/0575j' 催 tshwoj, 28-11/0575k' 漼 tshwojX and 28-11/0575l' 摧 dzwoj as well as 28-11/0601a 淮 hweaj and 28-11/0601d 匯 hwojX as a separate series. 
* 28-11/0575a [[wikt:隹|隹]] tsywij
* 28-11/0575e [[wikt:䳡|䳡]] tsywij
* 28-11/0575f [[wikt:鵻|鵻]] tsywij
* 28-11/0575g [[wikt:錐|錐]] tsywij
* 28-11/0575h [[wikt:騅|騅]] tsywij
* 28-11/0575i [[wikt:唯|唯]] tshwijX, ywij, ywijX
* 28-11/0575m [[wikt:帷|帷]] hwij
* 28-11/0575n [[wikt:惟|惟]] ywij
* 28-11/0575o [[wikt:維|維]] ywij
* 28-11/0575q [[wikt:蜼|蜼]] lwijX, ywijH
* 28-11/0575r [[wikt:椎|椎]] drwij
* 28-11/0575s [[wikt:顀|顀]] drwij
* 28-11/0575u [[wikt:誰|誰]] dzywij
* 28-11/0575v [[wikt:雖|雖]] swij
* 28-11/0575y [[wikt:稚|稚]] drijH
* 28-11/0575z [[wikt:堆|堆]] twoj
* 28-11/0575a' [[wikt:推|推]] thwoj, tsyhwij
* 28-11/0575b' [[wikt:陮|陮]] dwojX
* 28-11/0575d' [[wikt:崔|崔]] dzwoj
* 28-11/0575e' [[wikt:趡|趡]] tshwijX
* 28-11/0575g' [[wikt:鷕|鷕]] ywijX
* 28-11/0575h' [[wikt:䗽|䗽]] ywijH
* 28-11/0575i' [[wikt:蓷|蓷]] thwoj, tsyhwij
* 28-11/0575j' [[wikt:催|催]] tshwoj
* 28-11/0575k' [[wikt:漼|漼]] tshwojX
* 28-11/0575l' [[wikt:摧|摧]] dzwoj
* 28-11/0601a [[wikt:淮|淮]] hweaj
* 28-11/0601d [[wikt:匯|匯]] hwojX
* 28-11/1237u [[wikt:睢|睢]] xjwij

==28-12==
* 28-12/0543d [[wikt:追|追]] trwij
* 28-12/0543h [[wikt:縋|縋]] drjweH
* 28-12/0543i [[wikt:膇|膇]] drjweH

==28-13==
* 28-13/0544a [[wikt:隤|隤]] dwoj
* 28-13/0544b [[wikt:穨|穨]] dwoj
* 28-13/0544c [[wikt:頹|頹]] dwoj

==28-14==
* 28-14/0576a [[wikt:水|水]] sywijX

==28-15==
* 28-15/0577a [[wikt:畾|畾]] lwijX, lwoj
* 28-15/0577d [[wikt:壘|壘]] lwijX
* 28-15/0577e [[wikt:櫐|櫐]] lwijX
* 28-15/0577f [[wikt:纍|纍]] lwij
* 28-15/0577g [[wikt:藟|藟]] lwijX
* 28-15/0577h [[wikt:讄|讄]] lwijX
* 28-15/0577i [[wikt:𧮢|𧮢]] lwijX
* 28-15/0577j [[wikt:儡|儡]] lwoj, lwojX
* 28-15/0577k [[wikt:礨|礨]] lwojX
* 28-15/0577l [[wikt:罍|罍]] lwoj
* 28-15/0577n [[wikt:靁|靁]] lwoj
* 28-15/0577o [[wikt:雷|雷]] lwoj
* 28-15/0577p [[wikt:儽|儽]] lwojH
* 28-15/0577q [[wikt:虆|虆]] lwa
* 28-15/0577r [[wikt:累|累]] ljweH, ljweX, lwaX
* 28-15/0577s [[wikt:縲|縲]] lwij
* 28-15/0577t [[wikt:騾|騾]] lwa
* 28-15/0577- [[wikt:螺|螺]] lwa

==28-16==
* 28-16/0545a [[wikt:磊|磊]] lwojX

==28-17==
* 28-17/0578a [[wikt:耒|耒]] lwijH, lwojH
* 28-17/0578b [[wikt:誄|誄]] lwijX

==28-18==
* 28-18/1237v [[wikt:蕤|蕤]] nywij

==28-19==
* 28-19/1237x [[wikt:夊|夊]] swij

==28-20==
* 28-20/0513a [[wikt:罪|罪]] dzwojX
* 28-20/0513b [[wikt:辠|辠]] dzwojH

=29=
==29-01==
* 29-01/0393a [[wikt:吉|吉]] kjit
* 29-01/0393i [[wikt:蛣|蛣]] khjit
* 29-01/0393j [[wikt:詰|詰]] khjit
* 29-01/0393k [[wikt:佶|佶]] git
* 29-01/0393l [[wikt:姞|姞]] git
* 29-01/0393n [[wikt:拮|拮]] ket, kjit
* 29-01/0393o [[wikt:桔|桔]] ket
* 29-01/0393p [[wikt:結|結]] ket
* 29-01/0393q [[wikt:袺|袺]] keat, ket
* 29-01/0393r [[wikt:頡|頡]] het
* 29-01/0393t [[wikt:髻|髻]] kejH, ket
* 29-01/0393u [[wikt:秸|秸]] keat
* 29-01/0393v [[wikt:黠|黠]] heat
* 29-01/0393x [[wikt:劼|劼]] kheat
* 29-01/0393y [[wikt:襭|襭]] het
* 29-01/0393z [[wikt:擷|擷]] het

==29-02==
* 29-02/0278a [[wikt:鞂|鞂]] keat

==29-03==
* 29-03/0535a [[wikt:棄|棄]] khjijH

==29-04==
* 29-04/0510b [[wikt:屆|屆]] keajH

==29-05==
* 29-05/0538a [[wikt:季|季]] kjwijH
* 29-05/0538e [[wikt:悸|悸]] gjwijH

==29-06==
* 29-06/0409a [[wikt:穴|穴]] hwet
* 29-06/0409c [[wikt:泬|泬]] xwet
* 29-06/0409d [[wikt:鴥|鴥]] ywit

==29-07==
Baxter &amp; Sagart (personal communication 12 April 2017) combine [[#05-07|05-07]] and [[#29-07|29-07]].

==29-08==
* 29-08/0533a [[wikt:惠|惠]] hwejH
* 29-08/0533b [[wikt:叀|叀]] hwejH
* 29-08/0533e [[wikt:蟪|蟪]] hwejH
* 29-08/0533f [[wikt:蕙|蕙]] hwejH
* 29-08/0533g [[wikt:譓|譓]] hwejH
* 29-08/0533h [[wikt:穗|穗]] zwijH
* 29-08/0533i [[wikt:繐|繐]] sjwejH

==29-09==
* 29-09/0526a [[wikt:㒸|㒸]] zwijH
* 29-09/0526d [[wikt:遂|遂]] zwijH
* 29-09/0526f [[wikt:隊|隊]] drwijH, dwojH
* 29-09/0526g [[wikt:墜|墜]] drwijH
* 29-09/0526h [[wikt:檖|檖]] zwijH
* 29-09/0526i [[wikt:燧|燧]] zwijH
* 29-09/0526j [[wikt:璲|璲]] zwijH
* 29-09/0526k [[wikt:穟|穟]] zwijH
* 29-09/0526l [[wikt:襚|襚]] zwijH
* 29-09/0526m [[wikt:隧|隧]] zwijH
* 29-09/0526n [[wikt:旞|旞]] zwijH
* 29-09/0526o [[wikt:邃|邃]] swijH

==29-10==
* 29-10/0527a [[wikt:彗|彗]] zjwejH, zwijH
* 29-10/0527b [[wikt:篲|篲]] zjwejH, zwijH
* 29-10/0527c [[wikt:嘒|嘒]] xwejH
* 29-10/0527d [[wikt:慧|慧]] hwejH
* 29-10/0527e [[wikt:譿|譿]] hwejH

==29-11==
* 29-11/0507a [[wikt:矞|矞]] ywit
* 29-11/0507b [[wikt:遹|遹]] ywit
* 29-11/0507e [[wikt:驈|驈]] ywit
* 29-11/0507f [[wikt:鷸|鷸]] ywit
* 29-11/0507g [[wikt:橘|橘]] kjwit
* 29-11/0507h [[wikt:繘|繘]] kjwit, ywit
* 29-11/0507i [[wikt:僪|僪]] gjwit
* 29-11/0507j [[wikt:獝|獝]] gjwit
* 29-11/0507k [[wikt:劀|劀]] kweat
* 29-11/0507l [[wikt:譎|譎]] kwet
* 29-11/0507m [[wikt:憰|憰]] kwet
* 29-11/0507n [[wikt:鐍|鐍]] kwet
* 29-11/0507o [[wikt:潏|潏]] kwet
* 29-11/0507p [[wikt:瞲|瞲]] xwet, xwijH

==29-12==
* 29-12/0394a [[wikt:一|一]] 'jit

==29-13==
* 29-13/0395a [[wikt:壹|壹]] 'jit
* 29-13/0395b [[wikt:噎|噎]] 'et
* 29-13/0395c [[wikt:㦤|㦤]] 'ijH
* 29-13/0395d [[wikt:懿|懿]] 'ijH
* 29-13/0395h [[wikt:饐|饐]] 'ijH
* 29-13/0395i [[wikt:曀|曀]] 'ejH
* 29-13/0395j [[wikt:㙪|㙪]] 'ejH
* 29-13/0395k [[wikt:殪|殪]] 'ejH

==29-14==
* 29-14/1241j [[wikt:替|替]] thejH

==29-15==
* 29-15/0413a [[wikt:至|至]] tsyijH
* 29-15/0413d [[wikt:致|致]] trijH
* 29-15/0413e [[wikt:輊|輊]] trijH
* 29-15/0413f [[wikt:挃|挃]] trit
* 29-15/0413g [[wikt:銍|銍]] trit
* 29-15/0413h [[wikt:窒|窒]] det, tet, trit
* 29-15/0413i [[wikt:桎|桎]] tsyit
* 29-15/0413j [[wikt:室|室]] syit
* 29-15/0413m [[wikt:咥|咥]] det
* 29-15/0413n [[wikt:垤|垤]] det
* 29-15/0413o [[wikt:姪|姪]] det, drit
* 29-15/0413q [[wikt:絰|絰]] det
* 29-15/0413r [[wikt:耊|耊]] det

==29-16==
* 29-16/0415a [[wikt:疐|疐]] tejH, trijH
* 29-16/0415d [[wikt:懥|懥]] trhijH, tsyijH
* 29-16/0415e [[wikt:嚏|嚏]] tejH

==29-17==
* 29-17/0402a [[wikt:失|失]] syit
* 29-17/0402b [[wikt:佚|佚]] yit
* 29-17/0402c [[wikt:泆|泆]] det, yit
* 29-17/0402d [[wikt:軼|軼]] det, yit
* 29-17/0402e [[wikt:抶|抶]] trhit
* 29-17/0402f [[wikt:秩|秩]] drit
* 29-17/0402g [[wikt:袠|袠]] drit
* 29-17/0402h [[wikt:翐|翐]] drit
* 29-17/0402i [[wikt:瓞|瓞]] det
* 29-17/0402j [[wikt:跌|跌]] det
* 29-17/0402k [[wikt:迭|迭]] det
* 29-17/0402l [[wikt:眣|眣]] det, trhit

==29-18==
* 29-18/0398a [[wikt:實|實]] zyit

==29-19==
* 29-19/0396a [[wikt:逸|逸]] yit

==29-20==
Sagart &amp; Baxter (2009: 232) appear to combine [[#08-05|08-05]] and [[#29-20|29-20]]

==29-21==
* 29-21/0397a [[wikt:佾|佾]] yet
* 29-21/1256d [[wikt:㞕|㞕]] set
* 29-21/1256e [[wikt:屑|屑]] set

==29-22==
* 29-22/1257c [[wikt:欥|欥]] yit

==29-23==
* 29-23/0403a [[wikt:栗|栗]] lit
* 29-23/0403d [[wikt:慄|慄]] lit
* 29-23/0403e [[wikt:瑮|瑮]] lit

==29-24==
* 29-24/1241n [[wikt:盭|盭]] lejH

==29-25==
* 29-25/0532a [[wikt:戾|戾]] lejH, let
* 29-25/0532b [[wikt:悷|悷]] lejH
* 29-25/0532c [[wikt:淚|淚]] lwijH

==29-26==
* 29-26/0404a [[wikt:日|日]] nyit
* 29-26/0404e [[wikt:衵|衵]] nyit
* 29-26/0404f [[wikt:馹|馹]] nyit
* 29-26/0404g [[wikt:䵒|䵒]] nrit
* 29-26/0404h [[wikt:圼|圼]] net
* 29-26/0404j [[wikt:涅|涅]] net

==29-27==
* 29-27/0414a [[wikt:臸|臸]] nyit

==29-28==
* 29-28/0564a [[wikt:二|二]] nyijH
* 29-28/0564e [[wikt:弍|弍]] nyijH
* 29-28/0564g [[wikt:貳|貳]] nyijH
* 29-28/0564i [[wikt:樲|樲]] nyijH
* 29-28/0564j [[wikt:膩|膩]] nrijH
* 29-28/0838a [[wikt:佞|佞]] nengH

==29-29==
* 29-29/0494a [[wikt:疾|疾]] dzit
* 29-29/0494d [[wikt:蒺|蒺]] dzit
* 29-29/0494e [[wikt:嫉|嫉]] dzijH

==29-30==
* 29-30/0399a [[wikt:卽|卽]] tsik, tsit
* 29-30/0399d [[wikt:楖|楖]] tsrit
* 29-30/0399e [[wikt:節|節]] dzet, tset
* 29-30/0399g [[wikt:櫛|櫛]] tsrit
* 29-30/0923c [[wikt:堲|堲]] tsit

==29-31==
* 29-31/0400a [[wikt:七|七]] tshit
* 29-31/0400e [[wikt:叱|叱]] tsyhit
* 29-31/0400f [[wikt:切|切]] tshet
* 29-31/0400- [[wikt:𩵐|𩵐]] tshit
* 29-31/0400- [[wikt:𩲏|𩲏]]

==29-32==
* 29-32/0401a [[wikt:桼|桼]] tshit
* 29-32/0401b [[wikt:漆|漆]] tshit
* 29-32/0401c [[wikt:膝|膝]] sit

==29-33==
* 29-33/1257e [[wikt:悉|悉]] sit
* 29-33/1257f [[wikt:蟋|蟋]] sit, srit

==29-34==
* 29-34/0518a [[wikt:四|四]] sijH
* 29-34/0518e [[wikt:駟|駟]] sijH
* 29-34/0518f [[wikt:柶|柶]] sijH
* 29-34/0518g [[wikt:泗|泗]] sijH

==29-35==
* 29-35/0506a [[wikt:蝨|蝨]] srit

==29-36==
* 29-36/0411a [[wikt:瑟|瑟]] srit

==29-37==
* 29-37/0412a [[wikt:閉|閉]] pejH

==29-38==
* 29-38/0408a [[wikt:匹|匹]] phjit

==29-39==
* 29-39/0521a [[wikt:畀|畀]] pjijH
* 29-39/0521c [[wikt:鼻|鼻]] bjijH
* 29-39/0521d [[wikt:淠|淠]] phejH, phjiejH
* 29-39/0521- [[wikt:嚊|嚊]]
* 29-39/0521- [[wikt:箅|箅]] 	
* 29-39/0521- [[wikt:濞|濞]] 	
* 29-39/0521- [[wikt:痹|痹]] 	
* 29-39/0521- [[wikt:襣|襣]]

==29-40==
* 29-40/1237- [[wikt:自|自]] dzijH
Schuessler gives two further characters, which I am having difficulty reproducing

==29-41==
* 29-41/0405a [[wikt:必|必]] pjit
* 29-41/0405c [[wikt:珌|珌]] pjit
* 29-41/0405d [[wikt:怭|怭]] bjit
* 29-41/0405e [[wikt:㧙|㧙]] bit
* 29-41/0405f [[wikt:駜|駜]] bit
* 29-41/0405g [[wikt:苾|苾]] bet, bjit
* 29-41/0405h [[wikt:飶|飶]] bet, bjit
* 29-41/0405i [[wikt:覕|覕]] bet
* 29-41/0405j [[wikt:柲|柲]] pijH, pit
* 29-41/0405k [[wikt:毖|毖]] pijH
* 29-41/0405l [[wikt:泌|泌]] pijH
* 29-41/0405m [[wikt:祕|祕]] pijH
* 29-41/0405n [[wikt:閟|閟]] pijH
* 29-41/0405o [[wikt:宓|宓]] mit
* 29-41/0405p [[wikt:密|密]] mit
* 29-41/0405r [[wikt:蜜|蜜]] mjit
* 29-41/0405s [[wikt:𥁑|𥁑]] mjit
* 29-41/0405t [[wikt:謐|謐]] mjit

==29-42==
* 29-42/0407a [[wikt:畢|畢]] pjit
* 29-42/0407d [[wikt:罼|罼]] pjit
* 29-42/0407e [[wikt:㪤|㪤]] pjit
* 29-42/0407i [[wikt:彃|彃]] pjit
* 29-42/0407j [[wikt:篳|篳]] pjit
* 29-42/0407k [[wikt:縪|縪]] pjit
* 29-42/0407l [[wikt:蹕|蹕]] pjit
* 29-42/0407m [[wikt:韠|韠]] pjit

==29-43==
* 29-43/1257g [[wikt:觱|觱]] hjut, pjit

==29-44==
* 29-44/0406a [[wikt:弜|弜]] pit
* 29-44/0406e [[wikt:弼|弼]] bit

=30=
==30-01==
Baxter &amp; Sagart (personal communication 12 April 2017, also see 2014: 80) combine [[#20-04|20-04]], [[#30-01|30-01]], and [[#30-07|30-07]]. 
A uvular series in Baxter &amp; Sagart's analysis. 
* 30-01/30-07/0505a [[wikt:乙|乙]] 'it
* 30-01/20-04/0280a [[wikt:軋|軋]] 'eat
* 30-01/20-04/0280b [[wikt:札|札]] 'eat, tsreat
* 30-01/0517a [[wikt:气|气]] khjɨjH
* 30-01/0517c [[wikt:氣|氣]] khjɨjH, xjɨjH
* 30-01/0517d [[wikt:愾|愾]] xjɨjH
* 30-01/0517e [[wikt:餼|餼]] xjɨjH
* 30-01/0517f [[wikt:乞|乞]] khjɨt
* 30-01/0517g [[wikt:吃|吃]] kjɨt
* 30-01/0517h [[wikt:訖|訖]] kjɨt, xjɨjH
* 30-01/0517i [[wikt:扢|扢]] xjɨt
* 30-01/0517j [[wikt:汔|汔]] xjɨt
* 30-01/0517k [[wikt:迄|迄]] xjɨt
* 30-01/0517m [[wikt:仡|仡]] ngjɨt, xjɨt
* 30-01/0517n [[wikt:圪|圪]] ngjɨt, xjɨt
* 30-01/0517o [[wikt:齕|齕]] het, hot
* 30-01/0517p [[wikt:刉|刉]] kjɨjH
* 20-04/0280- [[wikt:乚|乚]]

==30-02==
* 30-02/0515a [[wikt:旡|旡]] kjɨjH
* 30-02/0515c [[wikt:既|既]] kjɨjH
* 30-02/0515g [[wikt:蔇|蔇]] gijH, kjɨjH
* 30-02/0515h [[wikt:塈|塈]] gijH, xijH, xjɨjH
* 30-02/0515i [[wikt:摡|摡]] kojH, xjɨjH
* 30-02/0515j [[wikt:㮣|㮣]] kojH
* 30-02/0515k [[wikt:概|概]] kojH
* 30-02/0515l [[wikt:溉|溉]] kojH
* 30-02/0515m [[wikt:嘅|嘅]] khojH
* 30-02/0515n [[wikt:慨|慨]] khojH
* 30-02/0515o [[wikt:暨|暨]] gijH

==30-03==
* 30-03/0536a [[wikt:器|器]] khijH

==30-04==
* 30-04/1237a [[wikt:洎|洎]] gijH

==30-05==
* 30-05/0504a [[wikt:戛|戛]] keat

==30-06==
* 30-06/0508a [[wikt:愛|愛]] 'ojH
* 30-06/0508b [[wikt:曖|曖]] 'ojH
* 30-06/0508c [[wikt:薆|薆]] 'ojH
* 30-06/0508d [[wikt:僾|僾]] 'jɨjX, 'ojH

==30-07==
In ''addenda et corrigienda'' Schuessler combines [[#20-04|20-04]] and [[#30-07|30-07]]. 
Baxter &amp; Sagart (personal communication 12 April 2017, also see 2014: 80) combine [[#20-04|20-04]], [[#30-01|30-01]], and [[#30-07|30-07]].

==30-08==
* 30-08/0537a [[wikt:劓|劓]] ngijH

==30-09==
* 30-09/0516a [[wikt:豙|豙]] ngjɨjH
* 30-09/0516c [[wikt:毅|毅]] ngjɨjH
* 30-09/0516d [[wikt:藙|藙]] ngjɨjH

==30-10==
* 30-10/0493a [[wikt:質|質]] trijH, tsyit
* 30-10/0493b [[wikt:鑕|鑕]] tsyit
* 30-10/0493c [[wikt:躓|躓]] trijH
* 30-10/0493d [[wikt:懫|懫]] trhijH, tsyijH

==30-11==
* 30-11/0509a [[wikt:隶|隶]] dojH, yijH
* 30-11/0509c [[wikt:逮|逮]] dejH, dojH
* 30-11/0509e [[wikt:曃|曃]] thojH
* 30-11/0509f [[wikt:棣|棣]] dejH
* 30-11/0509g [[wikt:肄|肄]] yijH
* 30-11/0509h [[wikt:肆|肆]] sijH
* 30-11/0509m [[wikt:㣈|㣈]] sijH
* 30-11/0509n [[wikt:蕼|蕼]] sijH
* 30-11/0509o [[wikt:肂|肂]] sijH, yijH
* 30-11/0509p [[wikt:殔|殔]] sijH, yijH
* 30-11/1241m [[wikt:隸|隸]] lejH

==30-12==
* 30-12/0514a [[wikt:配|配]] phwojH

==30-13==
* 30-13/0491a [[wikt:孛|孛]] bwojH, bwot
* 30-13/0491b [[wikt:勃|勃]] bwot
* 30-13/0491c [[wikt:浡|浡]] bwot
* 30-13/0491d [[wikt:悖|悖]] bwojH, bwot
* 30-13/0491e [[wikt:誖|誖]] bwojH, bwot
* 30-13/0491f [[wikt:綍|綍]] pjut

==30-14==
* 30-14/0500a [[wikt:弗|弗]] bjut, pjut
* 30-14/0500d [[wikt:笰|笰]] pjut
* 30-14/0500e [[wikt:紼|紼]] pjut
* 30-14/0500f [[wikt:刜|刜]] phjut
* 30-14/0500h [[wikt:拂|拂]] phjut
* 30-14/0500i [[wikt:彿|彿]] phjut
* 30-14/0500j [[wikt:髴|髴]] phjut
* 30-14/0500k [[wikt:茀|茀]] phjut, pjut
* 30-14/0500l [[wikt:佛|佛]] bjut
* 30-14/0500m [[wikt:咈|咈]] bjut
* 30-14/0500n [[wikt:𡶒|𡶒]] bjut
* 30-14/0500o [[wikt:怫|怫]] bjɨjH, bjut
* 30-14/0500p [[wikt:艴|艴]] bwot, phjut
* 30-14/0500q [[wikt:沸|沸]] pjɨjH, pjut
* 30-14/0500r [[wikt:昲|昲]] phjɨjH
* 30-14/0500s [[wikt:費|費]] phjɨjH

==30-16==
* 30-16/0501a [[wikt:巿|巿]] pjut
* 30-16/0501c [[wikt:芾|芾]] pajH, pjɨjH
* 30-16/0501d [[wikt:旆|旆]] bajH
* 30-16/0501e [[wikt:㤄|㤄]] phajH
* 30-16/0501f [[wikt:沛|沛]] pajH, phajH
* 30-16/0501g [[wikt:肺|肺]] bajH, phajH, phjojH

==30-17==
* 30-17/0530a [[wikt:胐|胐]] phjɨjX, phwot

==30-18==
* 30-18/0492a [[wikt:𠬛|𠬛]] mwot
* 30-18/0492b [[wikt:沒|沒]] mwot
* 30-18/0492c [[wikt:歿|歿]] mwot
* 30-18/0492d [[wikt:𤣻|𤣻]] mwot

==30-19==
* 30-19/0503a [[wikt:勿|勿]] mjut

==30-20==
* 30-20/0503a [[wikt:勿|勿]] mjut
* 30-20/0503h [[wikt:物|物]] mjut
* 30-20/0503j [[wikt:芴|芴]] mjut, xwot
* 30-20/0503k [[wikt:歾|歾]] mwot
* 30-20/0503l [[wikt:忽|忽]] xwot
* 30-20/0503m [[wikt:笏|笏]] xwot
* 30-20/0503n [[wikt:刎|刎]] mjunX
* 30-20/0503o [[wikt:吻|吻]] mjunX
* 30-20/0503p [[wikt:惚|惚]] xwot
* 30-20/0503q [[wikt:脗|脗]] minX, mjunX

==30-21==
* 30-21/0531a [[wikt:未|未]] mjɨjH
* 30-21/0531g [[wikt:味|味]] mjɨjH
* 30-21/0531h [[wikt:魅|魅]] mijH
* 30-21/0531i [[wikt:寐|寐]] mjijH
* 30-21/0531k [[wikt:妹|妹]] mwojH
* 30-21/0531n [[wikt:昧|昧]] mwojH
* 30-21/0531p [[wikt:沬|沬]] mwojH
* 30-21/0531q [[wikt:𩎟|𩎟]] meajH, mwojH

==30-22==
* 30-22/0522a [[wikt:鬽|鬽]] mijH

=31=
==31-01==
* 31-01/0486a [[wikt:骨|骨]] kwot
* 31-01/0486b [[wikt:鶻|鶻]] hweat, hwot, kwot
* 31-01/0486c [[wikt:搰|搰]] khwot
* 31-01/0486d [[wikt:猾|猾]] hweat
* 31-01/0486e [[wikt:滑|滑]] hweat

==31-02==
* 31-02/0540a [[wikt:㬰|㬰]] gwijH
* 31-02/0540b [[wikt:貴|貴]] kjwɨjH
* 31-02/0540c [[wikt:憒|憒]] kwojH
* 31-02/0540d [[wikt:潰|潰]] hwojH
* 31-02/0540e [[wikt:繢|繢]] hwojH
* 31-02/0540f [[wikt:靧|靧]] xwojH
* 31-02/0540g [[wikt:匱|匱]] gwijH
* 31-02/0540h [[wikt:櫃|櫃]] gwijH
* 31-02/0540i [[wikt:蕢|蕢]] gwijH
* 31-02/0540j [[wikt:簣|簣]] khweajH
* 31-02/0540k [[wikt:鞼|鞼]] gwijH
* 31-02/0540l [[wikt:饋|饋]] gwijH
* 31-02/0540m [[wikt:遺|遺]] ywij, ywijH
* 31-02/0540o [[wikt:僓|僓]] xweajH
* 31-02/0540p [[wikt:聵|聵]] ngweajH
* 31-02/0540q [[wikt:壝|壝]] ywij, ywijX

==31-03==
* 31-03/0510a [[wikt:凷|凷]] khwojH

==31-04==
* 31-04/0534a [[wikt:㕟|㕟]] khweajH
* 31-04/0534b [[wikt:蒯|蒯]] khweajH

==31-05==
* 31-05/0523a [[wikt:胃|胃]] hjwɨjH
* 31-05/0523c [[wikt:媦|媦]] hjwɨjH
* 31-05/0523d [[wikt:謂|謂]] hjwɨjH
* 31-05/0523f [[wikt:蝟|蝟]] hjwɨjH
* 31-05/0523g [[wikt:喟|喟]] khweajH, khwijH

==31-06==
* 31-06/0524a [[wikt:彙|彙]] hjwɨjH

==31-07==
* 31-07/0539a [[wikt:位|位]] hwijH

==31-08==
* 31-08/0495a [[wikt:𩰪|𩰪]] 'jut
* 31-08/0495b [[wikt:鬱|鬱]] 'jut

==31-09==
* 31-09/0525a [[wikt:㷉|㷉]] 'jwɨjH
* 31-09/0525b [[wikt:尉|尉]] 'jwɨjH
* 31-09/0525c [[wikt:熨|熨]] 'jut, 'jwɨjH
* 31-09/0525d [[wikt:慰|慰]] 'jwɨjH
* 31-09/0525e [[wikt:罻|罻]] 'jwɨjH
* 31-09/0525f [[wikt:蔚|蔚]] 'jut, 'jwɨj, 'jwɨjH
* 31-09/0525g [[wikt:褽|褽]] 'jwɨjH

==31-10==
Zhangzheng (2003) unites the series 兀 [[#31-10|31-10]], 虺 [[#27-19|27-19]], and 髡 [[#34-07|37-07]].
* 31-10/0487a [[wikt:兀|兀]] ngwot
* 31-10/0487b [[wikt:扤|扤]] ngwot
* 31-10/0487c [[wikt:杌|杌]] ngwot
* 31-10/0487d [[wikt:阢|阢]] ngwot
* 31-10/0487e [[wikt:卼|卼]] ngwot
* 31-10/0487f [[wikt:軏|軏]] ngjwot, ngwot

==31-11==
* 31-11/0488a [[wikt:𠫓|𠫓]] thwot

==31-12==
* 31-12/0489a [[wikt:突|突]] dwot, thwot

==31-14==
* 31-14/0511a [[wikt:對|對]] twojH
* 31-14/0511h [[wikt:轛|轛]] trwijH, twojH
* 31-14/0511i [[wikt:懟|懟]] drwijH

==31-15==
* 31-15/0512a [[wikt:退|退]] thwojH

==31-16==
* 31-16/0496a [[wikt:出|出]] tsyhwijH, tsyhwit
* 31-16/0496f [[wikt:黜|黜]] trhwit
* 31-16/0496g [[wikt:絀|絀]] trwit
* 31-16/0496h [[wikt:咄|咄]] twot
* 31-16/0496i [[wikt:拙|拙]] tsywet
* 31-16/0496j [[wikt:茁|茁]] tsrjwet, tsrweat
* 31-16/0496k [[wikt:屈|屈]] khjut
* 31-16/0496l [[wikt:詘|詘]] khjut
* 31-16/0496m [[wikt:誳|誳]] khjut
* 31-16/0496n [[wikt:鈯|鈯]] khjut
* 31-16/0496o [[wikt:淈|淈]] hwot, kwot
* 31-16/0496p [[wikt:堀|堀]] khwot
* 31-16/0496q [[wikt:窟|窟]] khwot
* 31-16/0496r [[wikt:倔|倔]] gjut
* 31-16/0496s [[wikt:掘|掘]] gjut, gjwot

==31-17==
* 31-17/0497a [[wikt:朮|朮]] zywit
* 31-17/0497c [[wikt:秫|秫]] zywit
* 31-17/0497d [[wikt:術|術]] zywit
* 31-17/0497e [[wikt:述|述]] zywit
* 31-17/0497g [[wikt:鉥|鉥]] zywit
* 31-17/0497h [[wikt:怵|怵]] trhwit
* 31-17/0497i [[wikt:訹|訹]] swit

==31-18==
* 31-18/0502a [[wikt:聿|聿]] ywit
* 31-18/0502c [[wikt:律|律]] lwit
* 31-18/0502d [[wikt:筆|筆]] pit

==31-19==
* 31-19/0529a [[wikt:類|類]] lwijH
* 31-19/0529b [[wikt:纇|纇]] lwojH

==31-20==
* 31-20/0490a [[wikt:卒|卒]] tshwot, tswit, tswot
* 31-20/0490b [[wikt:捽|捽]] dzwot
* 31-20/0490c [[wikt:崒|崒]] dzwit, tswit
* 31-20/0490d [[wikt:倅|倅]] tshwojH
* 31-20/0490e [[wikt:啐|啐]] tshwojH
* 31-20/0490f [[wikt:淬|淬]] tshwojH
* 31-20/0490g [[wikt:焠|焠]] tshwojH
* 31-20/0490h [[wikt:醉|醉]] tswijH
* 31-20/0490i [[wikt:翠|翠]] tshwijH
* 31-20/0490j [[wikt:悴|悴]] dzwijH
* 31-20/0490k [[wikt:瘁|瘁]] dzwijH
* 31-20/0490l [[wikt:顇|顇]] dzwijH
* 31-20/0490m [[wikt:萃|萃]] dzwijH
* 31-20/0490n [[wikt:碎|碎]] swojH
* 31-20/0490o [[wikt:睟|睟]] swijH
* 31-20/0490p [[wikt:粹|粹]] swijH
* 31-20/0490q [[wikt:誶|誶]] dzwit, swijH, swojH

==31-21==
* 31-21/0528a [[wikt:祟|祟]] swijH

==31-22==
Baxter &amp; Sagart (2012: 30) take GSR [[#31-22|1257h]] [[wikt:戌|戌]] as phonetic in [[wikt:滅|滅]] GSR  [[#20-19|0294b]].

==31-23==
* 31-23/0498a [[wikt:率|率]] lwit, lwijH, srwijH, srwit
* 31-23/0498e [[wikt:䢦|䢦]] swrit
* 31-23/0498g [[wikt:蟀|蟀]] srwit
* 31-23/0498h [[wikt:膟|膟]] lwit
* 31-23/0498- [[wikt:繂|繂]] lwit

==31-24==
* 31-24/0499a [[wikt:帥|帥]] srwijH, srwit

=32=
==32-01==
* 32-01/0368a [[wikt:臤|臤]] hen, khanH, khean, kheang, khjinH
* 32-01/0368c [[wikt:堅|堅]] ken
* 32-01/0368d [[wikt:掔|掔]] khen
* 32-01/0368e [[wikt:賢|賢]] hen, henH
* 32-01/0368g [[wikt:緊|緊]] kjinX
* 32-01/0368h [[wikt:腎|腎]] dzyinX
* 32-01/0377a [[wikt:臣|臣]] dzyin
* 32-01/0377g [[wikt:挋|挋]] tsyinH
* 32-01/0377- [[wikt:茞|茞]] dzyin
* 32-01/1252a [[wikt:鏗|鏗]] kheang
* 32-01/0368- [[wikt:臤|臤]]

==32-02==
* 32-02/1250a [[wikt:繭|繭]] kenX
* 32-02/1250b [[wikt:襺|襺]] kenX

==32-03==
* 32-03/0369a [[wikt:矜|矜]] gin, king

==32-04==
* 32-04/0479a [[wikt:犬|犬]] khwenX
* 32-04/0479e [[wikt:畎|畎]] kwenX
* 32-04/0479- [[wikt:肰|肰]]
* 36-04/0624- [[wikt:歂|歂]]

==32-05==
* 32-05/0366a [[wikt:玄|玄]] hwen
* 32-05/0366c [[wikt:泫|泫]] hwenX
* 32-05/0366d [[wikt:眩|眩]] hwen, hwenH
* 32-05/0366e [[wikt:鉉|鉉]] hwenX
* 32-05/0366f [[wikt:弦|弦]] hen
* 32-05/0366g [[wikt:絃|絃]] hen, xwenH
* 32-05/0366h [[wikt:炫|炫]] hwenH
* 32-05/0366i [[wikt:蚿|蚿]] hen
* 32-05/0366j [[wikt:衒|衒]] hwenH
* 32-05/0366k [[wikt:牽|牽]] khen
* 32-05/0366l [[wikt:鮌|鮌]] kwonX
* 32-05/0366m [[wikt:誸|誸]] hen

==32-06==
* 32-06/1250g [[wikt:贙|贙]] hiwenH, hiwenX

==32-07==
* 32-07/0391a [[wikt:勻|勻]] ywin
* 32-07/0391c [[wikt:均|均]] kjwin
* 32-07/0391d [[wikt:袀|袀]] kjwin
* 32-07/0391e [[wikt:鈞|鈞]] kjwin
* 32-07/0391f [[wikt:盷|盷]] hwen
* 32-07/0391g [[wikt:䀏|䀏]] hwen
* 32-07/0391j [[wikt:筠|筠]] hjwin
* 32-07/0392j [[wikt:畇|畇]] swin, ywin, zwin
* 32-07/1252b [[wikt:訇|訇]] xweang

==32-08==
Schuessler (2009: 318) somewhat tentatively proposes to include 惸 GSR 0830a in [[#32-08|32-08]]. Baxter &amp; Sagart (2014: 137) appear to treat GSR 0392 as a uvular series.
* 32-08/0392a [[wikt:旬|旬]] zwin
* 32-08/0392e [[wikt:徇|徇]] zwin, zwinH
* 32-08/0392f [[wikt:狥|狥]] zwin, zwinH
* 32-08/0392g [[wikt:殉|殉]] zwinH
* 32-08/0392h [[wikt:侚|侚]] zwinH
* 32-08/0392k [[wikt:恂|恂]] swin, swinH
* 32-08/0392l [[wikt:洵|洵]] swin, xwen
* 32-08/0392m [[wikt:眴|眴]] swin, sywinH, xwenH
* 32-08/0392n [[wikt:筍|筍]] swinX
* 32-08/0392o [[wikt:荀|荀]] swin
* 32-08/0392p [[wikt:詢|詢]] swin
* 32-08/0392q [[wikt:迿|迿]] swinH, zwin
* 32-08/0392r [[wikt:絢|絢]] swin, xwenH
* 32-08/0392t [[wikt:箰|箰]] swinX
* 32-08/0392u [[wikt:橁|橁]] swin, trhwin
* 32-08/0830a [[wikt:惸|惸]] gjwieng
* 32-08/0392- [[wikt:姰|姰]]

==32-09==
* 32-09/0370a [[wikt:因|因]] 'jin
* 32-09/0370d [[wikt:茵|茵]] 'jin
* 32-09/0370e [[wikt:絪|絪]] 'jin
* 32-09/0370f [[wikt:姻|姻]] 'jin
* 32-09/0370g [[wikt:駰|駰]] 'in, 'jin
* 32-09/0370h [[wikt:咽|咽]] 'en, 'enH, 'in, 'wen
* 32-09/0370i [[wikt:烟|烟]] 'en
* 32-09/0370j [[wikt:恩|恩]] 'on

==32-10==
* 32-10/0483a [[wikt:垔|垔]] 'jin
* 32-10/0483c [[wikt:陻|陻]] 'in
* 32-10/0483d [[wikt:堙|堙]] 'in
* 32-10/0483e [[wikt:湮|湮]] 'in
* 32-10/0483f [[wikt:闉|闉]] 'jin
* 32-10/0483g [[wikt:禋|禋]] 'jin
* 32-10/0483h [[wikt:煙|煙]] 'en

==32-11==
* 32-11/1251f [[wikt:印|印]] 'jinH

==32-12==
* 32-12/0367a [[wikt:淵|淵]] 'wen
* 32-12/0367d [[wikt:婣|婣]] 'jin

==32-13==
* 32-13/1251a [[wikt:嚚|嚚]] ngin

==32-14==
* 32-14/1251b [[wikt:憖|憖]] nginH

==32-15==
Schuessler (2009: 319) says the &quot;phonetic seems to be 丁&quot; GSR 832a [[#09-11|09-11]].
*32-15/0361a [[wikt:天|天]] then
*32-15/0361d [[wikt:吞|吞]] then, thon

==32-16==
* 32-16/0375a [[wikt:真|真]] tsyin
* 32-16/0375b [[wikt:稹|稹]] denH, tsyin, tsyinX
* 32-16/0375c [[wikt:縝|縝]] tsyin, tsyinX
* 32-16/0375d [[wikt:鬒|鬒]] tsyinX
* 32-16/0375e [[wikt:黰|黰]] tsyinX
* 32-16/0375f [[wikt:鎮|鎮]] trin, trinH, trinX
* 32-16/0375g [[wikt:瞋|瞋]] tsyhin
* 32-16/0375h [[wikt:磌|磌]] tsyin
* 32-16/0375i [[wikt:慎|慎]] dzyinH
* 32-16/0375j [[wikt:傎|傎]] ten
* 32-16/0375k [[wikt:蹎|蹎]] ten
* 32-16/0375l [[wikt:瘨|瘨]] ten
* 32-16/0375m [[wikt:顛|顛]] den, ten
* 32-16/0375n [[wikt:巔|巔]] ten
* 32-16/0375o [[wikt:齻|齻]] ten
* 32-16/0375p [[wikt:瑱|瑱]] thenH, trinH
* 32-16/0375q [[wikt:嗔|嗔]] den
* 32-16/0375r [[wikt:闐|闐]] den
* 32-16/0375s [[wikt:搷|搷]] den
* 32-16/0375t [[wikt:窴|窴]] denH
* 32-16/0375u [[wikt:填|填]] den, denX
* 32-16/0375v [[wikt:嵮|嵮]] den
* 32-16/0375x [[wikt:寘|寘]] tsyeH
* 32-16/0375- [[wikt:顚|顚]] ten

==32-17==
* 32-17/0376a [[wikt:眘|眘]] dzyenH

==32-18==
* 32-18/0373a [[wikt:陳|陳]] drin, drinH
* 32-18/0373d [[wikt:敶|敶]] drin, drinH
* 32-18/0373f [[wikt:陣|陣]] drinH
* 32-18/0373g [[wikt:螴|螴]] drin

==32-19==
* 32-19/0362a [[wikt:田|田]] den, denH
* 32-19/0362d [[wikt:佃|佃]] den, denH
* 32-19/0362e [[wikt:畋|畋]] den, denH
* 32-19/0362g [[wikt:甸|甸]] denH, dzyingH

==32-20==
* 32-20/0371a [[wikt:引|引]] yinX, yinH
* 32-20/0371b [[wikt:靷|靷]] yinH
* 32-20/0371c [[wikt:蚓|蚓]] yinX
* 32-20/0371d [[wikt:紖|紖]] drinX

==32-21==
* 32-21/0372a [[wikt:絼|絼]] drinX

==32-22==
* 32-22/0385a [[wikt:申|申]] syin
* 32-22/0385f [[wikt:伸|伸]] syin
* 32-22/0385g [[wikt:呻|呻]] syin
* 32-22/0385h [[wikt:紳|紳]] syin
* 32-22/0385j [[wikt:神|神]] zyin
* 32-22/0385l [[wikt:𣍃|𣍃]] yinH
* 32-22/0385m [[wikt:電|電]] denH

==32-23==
* 32-23/0386a [[wikt:身|身]] syin
* 32-23/0386d [[wikt:𨌈|𨌈]] den

==32-24==
* 32-24/0469a [[wikt:舜|舜]] sywinH
* 32-24/0469b [[wikt:蕣|蕣]] sywinH
* 32-24/0469c [[wikt:瞬|瞬]] sywinH
* 32-24/0469d [[wikt:瞚|瞚]] sywinH

==32-25==
* 32-25/1251l [[wikt:尹|尹]] ywinX

==32-26==
* 32-26/0387a [[wikt:粦|粦]] lin, linH
* 32-26/0387b [[wikt:燐|燐]] lin, linH
* 32-26/0387c [[wikt:粼|粼]] lin, linH
* 32-26/0387d [[wikt:獜|獜]] lin
* 32-26/0387e [[wikt:甐|甐]] linH
* 32-26/0387f [[wikt:磷|磷]] linH
* 32-26/0387g [[wikt:轔|轔]] lin
* 32-26/0387h [[wikt:遴|遴]] linH
* 32-26/0387i [[wikt:鄰|鄰]] lin
* 32-26/0387j [[wikt:麟|麟]] lin
* 32-26/0387k [[wikt:鱗|鱗]] lin
* 32-26/0387l [[wikt:憐|憐]] len
* 32-26/0387- [[wikt:隣|隣]] lin (a variant of 鄰, which occurs as a lower ''fanqie'' speller in a Dunhuang ([http://idp.bl.uk/database/oo_scroll_h.a4d?uid=236471759;bst=1;recnum=59058;index=1;img=1 Pelliot Chinois 2017]) Qieyun fragment)

==32-27==
* 32-27/1251i [[wikt:藺|藺]] linH
* 32-27/1251j [[wikt:焛|焛]] linH

==32-28==
* 32-28/0364a [[wikt:年|年]] nen
* 32-28/0365a [[wikt:千|千]] tshen
* 32-28/0365e [[wikt:阡|阡]] tshen
* 32-28/0365f [[wikt:芊|芊]] tshen
* 32-28/0388a [[wikt:人|人]] nyin
* 32-28/0388f [[wikt:仁|仁]] nyin

==32-29==
* 32-29/0378a [[wikt:晉|晉]] tsinH
* 32-29/0378f [[wikt:搢|搢]] tsinH
* 32-29/0378g [[wikt:縉|縉]] tsinH
* 32-29/0378h [[wikt:戩|戩]] tsinX

==32-30==
* 32-30/0379a [[wikt:進|進]] tsinH

==32-31==
* 32-31/0380a [[wikt:秦|秦]] dzin
* 32-31/0380e [[wikt:螓|螓]] dzin
* 32-31/0380f [[wikt:榛|榛]] tsrin
* 32-31/0380g [[wikt:溱|溱]] tsrin
* 32-31/0380h [[wikt:臻|臻]] tsrin
* 32-31/0380i [[wikt:蓁|蓁]] tsrin

==32-32==
* 32-32/0381a [[wikt:盡|盡]] dzinX, tsinX
* 32-32/0381c [[wikt:燼|燼]] dzinH
* 32-32/0381d [[wikt:藎|藎]] dzinH
* 32-32/0381e [[wikt:贐|贐]] dzinH
* 32-32/0381f [[wikt:賮|賮]] dzinH
* 32-32/0381g [[wikt:津|津]] tsin
* 32-32/0381- [[wikt:盡|盡]] dzinX

==32-33==
* 32-33/0382a [[wikt:辛|辛]] sin
* 32-33/0382g [[wikt:峷|峷]] srin
* 32-33/0382h [[wikt:莘|莘]] srin
* 32-33/0382i [[wikt:𣓀|𣓀]] tsrin
* 32-33/0382k [[wikt:新|新]] sin
* 32-33/0382n [[wikt:薪|薪]] sin
* 32-33/0382o [[wikt:親|親]] tshin
* 32-33/0382q [[wikt:寴|寴]] tshin
* 32-33/0382s [[wikt:櫬|櫬]] tsrhinH

==32-34==
* 32-34/1241l [[wikt:細|細]] sejH

==32-35==
* 32-35/0363a [[wikt:卂|卂]] sinH
* 32-35/0363b [[wikt:迅|迅]] swinH
* 32-35/0363c [[wikt:訊|訊]] sinH
* 32-35/0363d [[wikt:䒖|䒖]] sinH

==32-36==
* 32-36/0384a [[wikt:信|信]] sinH

==32-37==
* 32-37/0484a [[wikt:甡|甡]] srin

==32-38==
* 32-38/0389a [[wikt:賓|賓]] pjin, pjinH
* 32-38/0389g [[wikt:儐|儐]] pjinH
* 32-38/0389h [[wikt:擯|擯]] pjinH
* 32-38/0389i [[wikt:殯|殯]] pjinH
* 32-38/0389j [[wikt:濱|濱]] pjin
* 32-38/0389k [[wikt:鬢|鬢]] pjinH
* 32-38/0389l [[wikt:繽|繽]] phjin
* 32-38/0389m [[wikt:嬪|嬪]] bjin
* 32-38/0389o [[wikt:矉|矉]] bjin
* 32-38/0389p [[wikt:蠙|蠙]] ben, bjin
* 32-38/0389q [[wikt:髕|髕]] bjinX
* 32-38/0389r [[wikt:臏|臏]] binX

==32-39==
* 32-39/0390a [[wikt:頻|頻]] bjin
* 32-39/0390c [[wikt:嚬|嚬]] bin
* 32-39/0390d [[wikt:蘋|蘋]] bjin

==32-40==
* 32-40/0457a [[wikt:民|民]] mjin
* 32-40/0457c [[wikt:泯|泯]] mjin, mjinX
* 32-40/0457d [[wikt:珉|珉]] min
* 32-40/0457e [[wikt:眠|眠]] men, menX
* 32-40/0457f [[wikt:𣧟|𣧟]] menX, mwon
* 32-40/0457g [[wikt:敃|敃]] minX
* 32-40/0457j [[wikt:昬|昬]] xwon
* 32-40/0457k [[wikt:昏|昏]] xwon
* 32-40/0457m [[wikt:婚|婚]] xwon
* 32-40/0457n [[wikt:惛|惛]] xwon
* 32-40/0457o [[wikt:惽|惽]] xwon
* 32-40/0457p [[wikt:涽|涽]] xwon
* 32-40/0457q [[wikt:閽|閽]] xwon
* 32-40/0457r [[wikt:𤸅|𤸅]] min, xwon
* 32-40/0457t [[wikt:㨉|㨉]] min
* 32-40/0457u [[wikt:瑉|瑉]] min
* 32-40/0457v [[wikt:䃉|䃉]] min
* 32-40/0457x [[wikt:緡|緡]] min, minX
* 32-40/0457y [[wikt:暋|暋]] min, minX, xwon
* 32-40/0457z [[wikt:愍|愍]] minX
* 32-40/0457- [[wikt:殙|殙]] xwon
* 32-40/0457- [[wikt:睧|睧]] xwon
* 32-40/0457- [[wikt:𠉣|𠉣]] xwon

=33=
==33-01==
* 33-01/0416a [[wikt:艮|艮]] konH
* 33-01/0416b [[wikt:根|根]] kon
* 33-01/0416c [[wikt:豤|豤]] khonX
* 33-01/0416d [[wikt:佷|佷]] honX
* 33-01/0416e [[wikt:很|很]] honX
* 33-01/0416f [[wikt:恨|恨]] honH
* 33-01/0416g [[wikt:痕|痕]] hon
* 33-01/0416h [[wikt:垠|垠]] ngjɨn
* 33-01/0416i [[wikt:限|限]] heanX
* 33-01/0416k [[wikt:銀|銀]] ngin
* 33-01/0416l [[wikt:眼|眼]] ngeanX, ngonX
* 33-01/0416m [[wikt:墾|墾]] khonX
* 33-01/0416- [[wikt:齦|齦]] ngjɨn
* 33-01/0416- [[wikt:䫀|䫀]] konX

==xxx==
an -r series
* 07-20/0359a [[wikt:爾|爾]] nejX, nyeX
* 07-20/0359c [[wikt:邇|邇]] nyeX
* 07-20/0359d [[wikt:嬭|嬭]] nejX
* 07-20/0359g [[wikt:濔|濔]] nejX
* 07-20/0359h [[wikt:禰|禰]] nejX
* 07-20/0359i [[wikt:薾|薾]] net
* 07-20/0359j [[wikt:璽|璽]] sjeX
* 07-20/0359k [[wikt:𤣗|𤣗]] sjenX
* 07-20/0359l [[wikt:獮|獮]] sjenX
* 07-20/0359m [[wikt:彌|彌]] mjie, mjieX
* 07-20/0359o [[wikt:瀰|瀰]] mejX, mjie, mjieX

==33-02==
An -r series
* 33-02/0443a [[wikt:斤|斤]] kjɨn, kjɨnH
* 33-02/0443d [[wikt:釿|釿]] kjɨn
* 33-02/0443e [[wikt:靳|靳]] kjɨnH
* 33-02/0443f [[wikt:芹|芹]] gjɨn
* 33-02/0443g [[wikt:近|近]] gjɨnH, gjɨnX
* 33-02/0443h [[wikt:昕|昕]] xjɨn
* 33-02/0443i [[wikt:欣|欣]] xjɨn
* 33-02/0443j [[wikt:忻|忻]] xjɨn
* 33-02/0443k [[wikt:訢|訢]] xjɨn
* 33-02/0443l [[wikt:圻|圻]] ngjɨn, gjɨj
* 33-02/0443m [[wikt:頎|頎]] khonX, gjɨj
* 33-02/0443n [[wikt:肵|肵]] gjɨj
* 33-02/0443o [[wikt:祈|祈]] gjɨj
* 33-02/0443p [[wikt:旂|旂]] gjɨj
* 33-02/0443t [[wikt:蘄|蘄]] gjɨj
* 33-02/0443x [[wikt:焮|焮]] xjɨnH
* 33-02/0443y [[wikt:掀|掀]] xjon
* 33-02/0443- [[wikt:赾|赾]]

==33-03==
* 33-03/0445a [[wikt:筋|筋]] kjɨn

==33-04==
* 33-04/0444a [[wikt:𢀷|𢀷]] kjɨnX

==33-05==
* 33-05/0480a [[wikt:𡏳|𡏳]] kean
* 33-05/0480c [[wikt:艱|艱]] kean
* 33-05/0480e [[wikt:堇|堇]] gin
* 33-05/0480j [[wikt:囏|囏]] kean
* 33-05/0480m [[wikt:僅|僅]] ginH
* 33-05/0480n [[wikt:墐|墐]] ginH
* 33-05/0480o [[wikt:殣|殣]] ginH
* 33-05/0480p [[wikt:瑾|瑾]] ginH
* 33-05/0480q [[wikt:覲|覲]] ginH
* 33-05/0480r [[wikt:饉|饉]] ginH
* 33-05/0480t [[wikt:蓳|蓳]] kjɨnH, kjɨnX
* 33-05/0480u [[wikt:謹|謹]] kjɨnX
* 33-05/0480v [[wikt:慬|慬]] gjɨn
* 33-05/0480x [[wikt:勤|勤]] gjɨn
* 33-05/0480y [[wikt:懃|懃]] gjɨn
* 33-05/0480z [[wikt:㢙|㢙]] gjɨn

==33-06==
* 33-06/0482a [[wikt:巾|巾]] kin

==33-07==
* 33-07/0446a [[wikt:釁|釁]] xjɨnH

==33-08==
* 33-08/0447a [[wikt:衅|衅]] xinH, xjɨnH

==33-09==
An -r series acc. to Baxter &amp; Sagart (2014: 264-265).
* 33-09/0448a [[wikt:殷|殷]] 'ean, 'jɨn, 'jɨnX
* 33-09/0448e [[wikt:慇|慇]] 'jɨn

==33-10==
* 33-10/0499a [[wikt:隱|隱]] 'jɨnH, 'jɨnX
* 33-10/0499b [[wikt:檃|檃]] 'jɨnX

==33-11==
* 33-11/0476a [[wikt:典|典]] tenX
* 33-11/0476d [[wikt:腆|腆]] thenX

==33-12==
* 33-12/0429a [[wikt:𡱂|𡱂]] dwon
* 33-12/0429b [[wikt:臋|臋]] dwon
* 33-12/0429c [[wikt:臀|臀]] dwon
* 33-12/0429d [[wikt:殿|殿]] denH, tenH

==33-13==
* 33-13/0455a [[wikt:辰|辰]] zyin (dzyin in Baxter &amp; Sagart 2014)
* 33-13/0455h [[wikt:晨|晨]] dzyin, zyin
* 33-13/0455i [[wikt:䢅|䢅]] dzyin, zyin
* 33-13/0455k [[wikt:宸|宸]] dzyin
* 33-13/0455l [[wikt:脤|脤]] dzyinX
* 33-13/0455m [[wikt:蜃|蜃]] dzyinX
* 33-13/0455n [[wikt:侲|侲]] tsyinH
* 33-13/0455p [[wikt:振|振]] tsyin, tsyinH
* 33-13/0455q [[wikt:娠|娠]] syin, tsyinH
* 33-13/0455r [[wikt:賑|賑]] tsyinH
* 33-13/0455s [[wikt:震|震]] tsyinH
* 33-13/0455t [[wikt:辴|辴]] trhij, trhinX
* 33-13/0455u [[wikt:脣|脣]] zywin
* 33-13/0455v [[wikt:漘|漘]] zywin

==33-14==
* 33-14/1251h [[wikt:甄|甄]] kjien, tsyin, tsyinH

==33-15==
* 33-15/0453a [[wikt:㐱|㐱]] tsyinX
* 33-15/0453c [[wikt:眕|眕]] tsyinX
* 33-15/0453d [[wikt:畛|畛]] tsyin, tsyinH, tsyinX
* 33-15/0453e [[wikt:紾|紾]] drjenX, dzyenX, trjenX, tsyinX
* 33-15/0453f [[wikt:袗|袗]] tsyinX
* 33-15/0453g [[wikt:軫|軫]] tsyinX
* 33-15/0453i [[wikt:珍|珍]] trin, tsyin
* 33-15/0453j [[wikt:疹|疹]] trhinH
* 33-15/0453k [[wikt:殄|殄]] denX
* 33-15/0453l [[wikt:診|診]] drinH, tsyinX
* 33-15/0453m [[wikt:餮|餮]] thet
* 33-15/0453n [[wikt:跈|跈]] denX, nenX
* 33-15/1241s [[wikt:沴|沴]] lejH
* 33-15/0453- [[wikt:趁|趁]]

==33-16==
* 33-16/0452a [[wikt:疢|疢]] trhinH

==33-17==
* 33-17/0374a [[wikt:塵|塵]] drin

==33-18==
* 33-18/0451a [[wikt:胤|胤]] yinH
* 33-18/0451c [[wikt:酳|酳]] yinH

==33-19==
* 33-19/0450a [[wikt:寅|寅]] yij, yin
* 33-19/0450h [[wikt:夤|夤]] yin
* 33-19/0450j [[wikt:螾|螾]] yinX
* 33-19/0450k [[wikt:演|演]] yenX

==33-20==
* 33-20/0456a [[wikt:刃|刃]] nyinH
* 33-20/0456b [[wikt:仞|仞]] nyinH
* 33-20/0456c [[wikt:忍|忍]] nyinX
* 33-20/0456d [[wikt:牣|牣]] nyinH
* 33-20/0456e [[wikt:肕|肕]] nyinH
* 33-20/0456f [[wikt:訒|訒]] nyinH
* 33-20/0456g [[wikt:軔|軔]] nyinH
* 33-20/0456h [[wikt:紉|紉]] nrin, nyin
* 33-20/0456j [[wikt:認|認]] nyinH

==33-22==
* 33-22/0432a [[wikt:存|存]] dzwon
* 33-22/0432b [[wikt:荐|荐]] dzenH, dzwonH
* 33-22/0432c [[wikt:栫|栫]] dzenH
* 33-22/0432d [[wikt:洊|洊]] dzenH

==33-23==
* 33-23/0477a [[wikt:薦|薦]] tsenH

==33-24==
* 33-24/0454a [[wikt:齔|齔]] tsyhinH

==33-25==
An -r series.
* 33-25/0478a [[wikt:先|先]] sen, senH
* 33-25/0478f [[wikt:毨|毨]] senX
* 33-25/0478g [[wikt:跣|跣]] senX
* 33-25/0478h [[wikt:銑|銑]] senX
* 33-25/0478i [[wikt:姺|姺]] sejX, senX
* 33-25/0478j [[wikt:洗|洗]] sejX, senX
* 33-25/0478k [[wikt:侁|侁]] srin
* 33-25/0478l [[wikt:𢓠|𢓠]] srin
* 33-25/0478n [[wikt:詵|詵]] srin
* 33-25/0478o [[wikt:駪|駪]] srin

==33-26==
* 33-26/0439a [[wikt:畚|畚]] pwonX

==33-27==
* 33-27/0440a [[wikt:本|本]] pwonX

==33-28==
* 33-28/0438a [[wikt:奔|奔]] pwon
* 33-28/0438d [[wikt:犇|犇]] pwon
* 33-28/0438e [[wikt:餴|餴]] pjun
* 33-28/0438f [[wikt:鼖|鼖]] bjun

==33-29==
* 33-29/0437a [[wikt:賁|賁]] pwon, pjeH, bjun
* 33-29/0437e [[wikt:噴|噴]] phwon, phwonH
* 33-29/0437f [[wikt:歕|歕]] phwon, phwonH
* 33-29/0437g [[wikt:獖|獖]] bwonH
* 33-29/0437h [[wikt:僨|僨]] pjun, pjunH
* 33-29/0437i [[wikt:𩞑|𩞑]] pjun
* 33-29/0437j [[wikt:饙|饙]] pjun
* 33-29/0437m [[wikt:墳|墳]] bjun, bjunX
* 33-29/0437n [[wikt:憤|憤]] bjunX
* 33-29/0437o [[wikt:濆|濆]] bjun
* 33-29/0437p [[wikt:羵|羵]] bjun
* 33-29/0437q [[wikt:蕡|蕡]] bjun
* 33-29/0437r [[wikt:豶|豶]] bjun
* 33-29/0437s [[wikt:轒|轒]] bjun, bjunX
* 33-29/0437t [[wikt:幩|幩]] bjun, phjun
* 33-29/0437- [[wikt:鐼|鐼]]

==33-30==
* 33-30/0471a [[wikt:分|分]] pjun, bjunH
* 33-30/0471d [[wikt:粉|粉]] pjunX
* 33-30/0471e [[wikt:𦐈|𦐈]] pjun
* 33-30/0471f [[wikt:翂|翂]] pjun
* 33-30/0471g [[wikt:忿|忿]] phjunH, phjunX
* 33-30/0471h [[wikt:紛|紛]] phjun
* 33-30/0471i [[wikt:芬|芬]] phjun
* 33-30/0471j [[wikt:雰|雰]] phjun
* 33-30/0471k [[wikt:弅|弅]] bjunX
* 33-30/0471l [[wikt:扮|扮]] bjun, bjunX
* 33-30/0471m [[wikt:枌|枌]] bjun
* 33-30/0471n [[wikt:氛|氛]] bjun
* 33-30/0471o [[wikt:秎|秎]] bjunH
* 33-30/0471p [[wikt:頒|頒]] paen, bjun
* 33-30/0471q [[wikt:朌|朌]] bjun
* 33-30/0471r [[wikt:棼|棼]] bjun
* 33-30/0471s [[wikt:盆|盆]] bwon
* 33-30/0471u [[wikt:份|份]] pin
* 33-30/0471v [[wikt:貧|貧]] bin
* 33-30/0471x [[wikt:盼|盼]] pheanH
* 33-30/0471y [[wikt:肦|肦]] paen, bjun

==33-32==
* 33-32/0472a [[wikt:糞|糞]] pjunH
* 33-32/0472- [[wikt:瀵|瀵]]

==33-33==
* 33-33/0473a [[wikt:奮|奮]] pjunH

==33-34==
* 33-34/0474a [[wikt:焚|焚]] bjun
* 33-34/0474c [[wikt:彬|彬]] pin

==33-35==
* 33-35/0441a [[wikt:門|門]] mwon
* 33-35/0441d [[wikt:悶|悶]] mwon
* 33-35/0441e [[wikt:捫|捫]] mwon
* 33-35/0441f [[wikt:聞|聞]] mjun, mjunH
* 33-35/0441g [[wikt:問|問]] mjunH
* 33-35/0441i [[wikt:閩|閩]] min, mjun
* 33-35/0441- [[wikt:䦨|䦨]]

==33-36==
* 33-36/0475a [[wikt:文|文]] mjun
* 33-36/0475h [[wikt:抆|抆]] mjunH, mjunX
* 33-36/0475i [[wikt:汶|汶]] mjunH, mwon
* 33-36/0475j [[wikt:紊|紊]] mjunH
* 33-36/0475k [[wikt:蚉|蚉]] mjun
* 33-36/0475l [[wikt:蚊|蚊]] mjun
* 33-36/0475m [[wikt:忞|忞]] min
* 33-36/0475n [[wikt:旻|旻]] min
* 33-36/0475o [[wikt:玟|玟]] min
* 33-36/0475q [[wikt:閔|閔]] minX
* 33-36/0475s [[wikt:憫|憫]] minX
* 33-36/0475t [[wikt:吝|吝]] linH

=34=
==34-01==
* 34-01/0417a [[wikt:昆|昆]] kwon
* 34-01/0417c [[wikt:崐|崐]] kwon
* 34-01/0417d [[wikt:琨|琨]] kwon
* 34-01/0417e [[wikt:䃂|䃂]] kwonX
* 34-01/0417f [[wikt:緄|緄]] kwonX
* 34-01/0417g [[wikt:輥|輥]] kwonX
* 34-01/0417h [[wikt:錕|錕]] kwon
* 34-01/0417i [[wikt:鯤|鯤]] kwon
* 34-01/0417j [[wikt:鵾|鵾]] kwon
* 34-01/0417k [[wikt:混|混]] kwon, hwonX, kwonX
* 34-01/0417l [[wikt:焜|焜]] kwon, hwonX

==34-02==
* 34-02/0418a [[wikt:衮|衮]] kwonX
* 34-02/0418b [[wikt:袞|袞]] kwonX
* 34-02/0418e [[wikt:蔉|蔉]] kwonX

==34-03==
* 34-03/0419a [[wikt:鯀|鯀]] kwon

==34-04==
* 34-04/0481a [[wikt:鰥|鰥]] kwean
* 34-04/0481c [[wikt:瘝|瘝]] kwean

==34-05==
* 34-05/0421a [[wikt:坤|坤]] khwon

==34-06==
* 34-06/0422a [[wikt:巛|巛]] khwon
* 34-06/0422b [[wikt:𤰕|𤰕]] kwenX
* 34-06/0422c [[wikt:甽|甽]] kwenX
* 34-06/0422d [[wikt:訓|訓]] xjunH

==34-07==
Zhangzheng (2003) unites the series 兀 [[#31-10|31-10]], 虺 [[#27-19|27-19]], and
髡 [[#34-07|37-07]].
* 34-07/0423a [[wikt:髡|髡]] khwon

==34-08==
* 34-08/0424a [[wikt:壼|壼]] khwonX

==34-09==
* 34-09/0420a [[wikt:困|困]] khwonH
* 34-09/0420c [[wikt:悃|悃]] khwonX
* 34-09/0420d [[wikt:捆|捆]] khwonX
* 34-09/0420e [[wikt:梱|梱]] khwonX
* 34-09/0420f [[wikt:稇|稇]] khwonX

==34-10==
* 34-10/0425a [[wikt:圂|圂]] hwonH
* 34-10/0425c [[wikt:慁|慁]] hwonH
* 34-10/0425d [[wikt:溷|溷]] hwonH

==34-11==
* 34-11/0485a [[wikt:囷|囷]] khwin
* 34-11/0484b [[wikt:箘|箘]] gwinX, khwin
* 34-11/0484c [[wikt:菌|菌]] gwinX
* 34-11/0484d [[wikt:麕|麕]] kwin
* 34-11/0484e [[wikt:麇|麇]] khwinX
* 34-11/0484f [[wikt:攟|攟]] kjunH
* 34-11/0484g [[wikt:攗|攗]] kjunH
* 34-11/0484h [[wikt:稛|稛]] kjunH

==34-12==
An -r series.
* 34-12/0459a [[wikt:君|君]] kjun
* 34-12/0459d [[wikt:羣|羣]] gjun
* 34-12/0459f [[wikt:裙|裙]] gjun
* 34-12/0459g [[wikt:郡|郡]] gjunH
* 34-12/0459h [[wikt:焄|焄]] xjun
* 34-12/0459i [[wikt:麏|麏]] kwin
* 34-12/0459j [[wikt:頵|頵]] 'win, khwin
* 34-12/0459l [[wikt:窘|窘]] gwinX
* 34-12/0459- [[wikt:群|群]]

==34-13==
* 34-13/0458a [[wikt:軍|軍]] kjun
* 34-13/0458b [[wikt:渾|渾]] hwon
* 34-13/0458c [[wikt:暈|暈]] hjunH
* 34-13/0458d [[wikt:運|運]] hjunH
* 34-13/0458e [[wikt:餫|餫]] hjunH
* 34-13/0458f [[wikt:䩵|䩵]] hjunH, xjwonH
* 34-13/0458g [[wikt:韗|韗]] hjunH, xjwonH
* 34-13/0458h [[wikt:葷|葷]] xjun
* 34-13/0458i [[wikt:揮|揮]] xjwɨj
* 34-13/0458j [[wikt:暉|暉]] xjwɨj
* 34-13/0458k [[wikt:煇|煇]] hjunH
* 34-13/0458l [[wikt:輝|輝]] xjwɨj
* 34-13/0458m [[wikt:楎|楎]] xjwɨjH
* 34-13/0458n [[wikt:翬|翬]] xjwɨjH
* 34-13/0458- [[wikt:鶤|鶤]]

==34-14==
* 34-14/0460a [[wikt:云|云]] hjun
* 34-14/0460b [[wikt:雲|雲]] hjun
* 34-14/0460c [[wikt:妘|妘]] hjun
* 34-14/0460d [[wikt:抎|抎]] hjunX
* 34-14/0460e [[wikt:耘|耘]] hjun
* 34-14/0460f [[wikt:芸|芸]], hjun, hjunH
* 34-14/0460g [[wikt:魂|魂]] hwon

==34-15==
* 34-15/0461a [[wikt:熏|熏]] xjun
* 34-15/0461d [[wikt:燻|燻]] xjun
* 34-15/0461e [[wikt:薰|薰]] xjun
* 34-15/0461f [[wikt:勳|勳]] xjun
* 34-15/0461g [[wikt:獯|獯]] xjun
* 34-15/0461h [[wikt:纁|纁]] xjun
* 34-15/0461i [[wikt:臐|臐]] xjun
* 34-15/0461j [[wikt:壎|壎]] xjwon

==34-16==
* 34-16/0426c [[wikt:溫|溫]] 'won
* 34-16/0426d [[wikt:轀|轀]] 'won
* 34-16/0426e [[wikt:慍|慍]] 'junH
* 34-16/0426f [[wikt:緼|緼]] 'jun, 'junH, 'junX, 'won
* 34-16/0426g [[wikt:韞|韞]] 'junH, 'junX
* 34-16/0426h [[wikt:薀|薀]] 'won
* 34-16/0426i [[wikt:蘊|蘊]] 'junH, 'junX
* 34-16/1244e [[wikt:媼|媼]] 'awX

==34-17==
Schuessler (2009: 337) says that originally 屯 was the phonetic for GSR 0463, but does not combine these two series.
* 34-17/0427a [[wikt:屯|屯]] dwon, trwin
* 34-17/0427d [[wikt:忳|忳]] dwon
* 34-17/0427e [[wikt:㹠|㹠]] dwon
* 34-17/0427f [[wikt:芚|芚]] dwon
* 34-17/0427g [[wikt:軘|軘]] dwon
* 34-17/0427h [[wikt:沌|沌]] dwonX
* 34-17/0427i [[wikt:鈍|鈍]] dwonH
* 34-17/0427j [[wikt:頓|頓]] twonH
* 34-17/0427k [[wikt:窀|窀]] dwon, trwin
* 34-17/0427l [[wikt:杶|杶]] trhwin
* 34-17/0427m [[wikt:肫|肫]] dzywin, tsywin
* 34-17/0427n [[wikt:純|純]] dwon, dwonX, dzywin, tsi, tsywinH, tsywinX

==34-18==
An -r series acc. to Baxter &amp; Sagart (2014: 263).
* 34-18/0464a [[wikt:𦎧|𦎧]] dzywin
* 34-18/0464e [[wikt:淳|淳]] tsywin, tsywinX, dzywin
* 34-18/0464f [[wikt:醇|醇]] dzywin
* 34-18/0464g [[wikt:錞|錞]] dwojH, dwojX, dzywin
* 34-18/0464h [[wikt:鐓|鐓]] dwojH, dwojX, dzywin
* 34-18/0464j [[wikt:鶉|鶉]] dwan, dzywin
* 34-18/0464l [[wikt:諄|諄]] tsywin
* 34-18/0464m [[wikt:犉|犉]] nywin
* 34-18/0464n [[wikt:惇|惇]] tsywin
* 34-18/0464o [[wikt:蜳|蜳]] twon
* 34-18/0464p [[wikt:敦|敦]] twoj, twon, twojH, dwan
* 34-18/0464r [[wikt:焞|焞]] thwoj, thwon
* 34-18/0464s [[wikt:暾|暾]] thwon
* 34-18/0464t [[wikt:啍|啍]] dwon, thwon
* 34-18/0464u [[wikt:憝|憝]] dwojH
* 34-18/0464v [[wikt:譈|譈]] dwojH

==34-19==
Schuessler (2009: 337) says that originally the phonetic was 屯 GSR 0427a, but does not combine these two series.
* 34-19/0463a [[wikt:春|春]] tsyhwin
* 34-19/0463c [[wikt:惷|惷]] tsyhwinX
* 34-19/0463d [[wikt:蠢|蠢]] tsyhwinX
* 34-19/0463e [[wikt:椿|椿]] trhwin
* 34-19/0463f [[wikt:鬊|鬊]] sywinH

==34-20==
* 34-20/0462a [[wikt:川|川]] tsyhwen
* 34-20/0462b [[wikt:䡅|䡅]] trhwin
* 34-20/0462c [[wikt:順|順]] zywinH
* 34-20/0462d [[wikt:紃|紃]] zwin, zywin
* 34-20/0462e [[wikt:巡|巡]] zwin
* 34-20/0462f [[wikt:馴|馴]] zwin

==34-21==
* 34-21/0465a [[wikt:盾|盾]] dwonX, zywinX
* 34-21/0465b [[wikt:楯|楯]] dwonX, dzywinX
* 34-21/0465c [[wikt:揗|揗]] zwin, zywinH, zywinX
* 34-21/0465d [[wikt:輴|輴]] trhwin
* 34-21/0465e [[wikt:遁|遁]] dwonH, dwonX
* 34-21/0465f [[wikt:循|循]] zwin
* 34-21/0465g [[wikt:腯|腯]] dwot

==34-22==
* 34-22/0428a [[wikt:豚|豚]] dwon, dwonX
* presumed 34-22/0428c [[wikt:𢄉|𢄉]] dwon
* 34-22/0428d [[wikt:遯|遯]] dwonH, dwonX

==34-23==
An -r series
* 34-23/0468a [[wikt:允|允]] ywinX
* 34-23/0468d [[wikt:㽙|㽙]] ywinX
* 34-23/0468g [[wikt:狁|狁]] ywinX
* 34-23/0468j [[wikt:鈗|鈗]] ywinX
* 34-23/0468k [[wikt:𡴞|𡴞]] ywinX
* 34-23/0468m [[wikt:吮|吮]] zywinX
* 34-23/0468n [[wikt:沇|沇]] ywenX
* 34-23/0468p [[wikt:夋|夋]] tshwin
* 34-23/0468q [[wikt:竣|竣]] tshwin
* 34-23/0468r [[wikt:逡|逡]] swinH
* 34-23/0468s [[wikt:㕙|㕙]] tshwin, tswinH
* 34-23/0468t [[wikt:俊|俊]] tswinH
* 34-23/0468u [[wikt:焌|焌]] tswinH, tswonH
* 34-23/0468v [[wikt:畯|畯]] tswinH
* 34-23/0468x [[wikt:餕|餕]] tswinH
* 34-23/0468y [[wikt:駿|駿]] tswinH
* 34-23/0468z [[wikt:峻|峻]] swinH
* 34-23/0468a' [[wikt:浚|浚]] swinH
* 34-23/0468b' [[wikt:踆|踆]] dzwon
* 34-23/0468c' [[wikt:悛|悛]] tshjwen
* 34-23/0468d' [[wikt:狻|狻]] swan
* 34-23/0468e' [[wikt:酸|酸]] swan
* 34-23/0468f' [[wikt:捘|捘]] tswojH, tswonH
* 34-23/0468g' [[wikt:䘒|䘒]] tswoj
* 34-23/0468h' [[wikt:朘|朘]] tswoj

==34-24==
* 34-24/0470a [[wikt:侖|侖]] lwin
* 34-24/0470b [[wikt:論|論]] lwon, lwonH
* 34-24/0470c [[wikt:倫|倫]] lwin
* 34-24/0470d [[wikt:淪|淪]] lwin
* 34-24/0470e [[wikt:綸|綸]] lwin
* 34-24/0470f [[wikt:輪|輪]] lwin
* 34-24/0470g [[wikt:惀|惀]] lwin, lwonX
* 34-24/0470h [[wikt:崙|崙]] lwon
* 34-24/0470i [[wikt:崘|崘]] lwon
* 34-24/0470j [[wikt:掄|掄]] lwon

==34-25==
* 34-25/1251o [[wikt:閏|閏]] nywinH
* 34-25/1251p [[wikt:潤|潤]] nywinH

=35=
==35-01==
* 35-01/0642g [[wikt:胠|胠]] khjaep
* 35-01/0642h [[wikt:劫|劫]] kjaep
* 35-01/0642i [[wikt:刧|刧]] kjaep
* 35-01/0642j [[wikt:怯|怯]] khjaep
* 35-01/0642n [[wikt:盍|盍]] hap
* 35-01/0642o [[wikt:盇|盇]] hap
* 35-01/0642p [[wikt:嗑|嗑]] xaep
* 35-01/0642q [[wikt:蓋|蓋]] hap, kajH
* 35-01/0642r [[wikt:葢|葢]] hap, kajH
* 35-01/0642s [[wikt:闔|闔]] hap
* 35-01/0642t [[wikt:榼|榼]] khap
* 35-01/0642u [[wikt:溘|溘]] khap, khop
* 35-01/0642v [[wikt:磕|磕]] khaejH, khap
* 35-01/0642x [[wikt:饁|饁]] hjep

==35-02==
* 35-02/0629a [[wikt:甲|甲]] kaep
* 35-02/0629e [[wikt:匣|匣]] haep
* 35-02/0629f [[wikt:柙|柙]] haep
* 35-02/0629g [[wikt:狎|狎]] haep
* 35-02/0629h [[wikt:押|押]] 'aep

==35-03==
* 35-03/0630a [[wikt:夾|夾]] keap, kep
* 35-03/0630d [[wikt:郟|郟]] keap
* 35-03/0630e [[wikt:狹|狹]] heap
* 35-03/0630f [[wikt:梜|梜]] kaep, kep
* 35-03/0630g [[wikt:莢|莢]] kep
* 35-03/0630h [[wikt:頰|頰]] kep
* 35-03/0630i [[wikt:鋏|鋏]] kep
* 35-03/0630j [[wikt:匧|匧]] khep
* 35-03/0630k [[wikt:俠|俠]] hep
* 35-03/0630l [[wikt:挾|挾]] hep
* 35-03/0630m [[wikt:浹|浹]] tsep
* 35-03/0630n [[wikt:愜|愜]] khep
* 35-03/0630o [[wikt:篋|篋]] khep

==35-04==
* 35-04/0639a [[wikt:劦|劦]] hep
* 35-04/0639b [[wikt:協|協]] hep
* 35-04/0639c [[wikt:叶|叶]] hep
* 35-04/0639d [[wikt:拹|拹]] xjaep
* 35-04/0639e [[wikt:脅|脅]] xjaep
* 35-04/0639f [[wikt:嗋|嗋]] xjaep
* 35-04/1254a [[wikt:搚|搚]] lop

==35-05==
* 35-05/0640a [[wikt:業|業]] ngjaep

==35-06==
* 35-06/0634a [[wikt:涉|涉]] dzyep

==35-07==
* 35-07/0628a [[wikt:𦐇|𦐇]] thap
* 35-07/0628b [[wikt:蹋|蹋]] dap
* 35-07/0628- [[wikt:傝|傝]]	
* 35-07/0628- [[wikt:搨|搨]] tap 	
* 35-07/0628- [[wikt:蹹|蹹]] 	
* 35-07/0628- [[wikt:榻|榻]] thap
* 35-07/0628- [[wikt:遢|遢]] 	
* 35-07/0628- [[wikt:鰨|鰨]]

==35-09==
* 35-09/0632a [[wikt:耴|耴]] trjep
* 35-09/0632b [[wikt:輒|輒]] tep, trjep
* 35-09/0632c [[wikt:踂|踂]] nrjep

==35-10==
Baxter &amp; Sagart (2014: 144) appear to think this series is to be merged with [[#21-23|21-23]].

==35-11==
* 35-11/1255a [[wikt:疊|疊]] dep
* 35-11/1255b [[wikt:曡|曡]] dep

==35-12==
* 35-12/0637a [[wikt:巤|巤]] ljep
* 35-12/0637c [[wikt:儠|儠]] ljep
* 35-12/0637d [[wikt:擸|擸]] ljep
* 35-12/0637e [[wikt:獵|獵]] ljep
* 35-12/0637f [[wikt:躐|躐]] ljep
* 35-12/0637g [[wikt:邋|邋]] ljep
* 35-12/0637i [[wikt:鬣|鬣]] ljep
* 35-12/0637j [[wikt:臘|臘]] lap

==35-13==
* 35-13/0638a [[wikt:聶|聶]] nrjep, tsyep
* 35-13/0638b [[wikt:躡|躡]] nrjep
* 35-13/0638c [[wikt:讘|讘]] nyep
* 35-13/0638d [[wikt:懾|懾]] tsyep
* 35-13/0638e [[wikt:攝|攝]] syep

==35-14==
* 35-14/1255e [[wikt:苶|苶]] nep

==35-15==
* 35-15/0635a [[wikt:妾|妾]] tshjep
* 35-15/0635d [[wikt:踥|踥]] tshjep
* 35-15/0635e [[wikt:接|接]] tsjep
* 35-15/0635f [[wikt:椄|椄]] tsjep
* 35-15/0635g [[wikt:翣|翣]] sraep

==35-16==
* 35-16/0636a [[wikt:疌|疌]] dzjep
* 35-16/0636b [[wikt:捷|捷]] dzjep
* 35-16/0636c [[wikt:寁|寁]] dzjep
* 35-16/0636d [[wikt:睫|睫]] tsjep

==35-17==
* 35-17/0631a [[wikt:臿|臿]] tsrheap
* 35-17/0631b [[wikt:插|插]] tsrheap
* 35-17/0631c [[wikt:歃|歃]] sreap, srjep

==35-18==
* 35-18/1254b [[wikt:扱|扱]] tsrheap

==35-19==
* 35-19/1255c [[wikt:燮|燮]] sep

==35-20==
* 35-20/0641a [[wikt:乏|乏]] bjop
* 35-20/0641b [[wikt:泛|泛]] phjomH
* 35-20/0641c [[wikt:窆|窆]] pjemH, pongH
* 35-20/0641d [[wikt:貶|貶]] pjaemX, pjemX

==35-21==
* 35-21/0642k [[wikt:法|法]] pjop
* 35-21/0642l [[wikt:灋|灋]] pjop

=36=
==36-01==
* 36-01/0606a [[wikt:甘|甘]] kam
* 36-01/0606c [[wikt:泔|泔]] kam
* 36-01/0606d [[wikt:𤯌|𤯌]] kam
* 36-01/0606g [[wikt:酣|酣]] ham
* 36-01/0606h [[wikt:拑|拑]] gjem
* 36-01/0606i [[wikt:鉗|鉗]] gjem
* 36-01/0606j [[wikt:柑|柑]] gjem
* 36-01/0606k [[wikt:紺|紺]] kom
* 36-01/0606l [[wikt:箝|箝]] gjem

==36-02==
* 36-02/0607a [[wikt:敢|敢]] kamX
* 36-02/0607d [[wikt:闞|闞]] khamH, xaemX, xamX, xeamX
* 36-02/0607e [[wikt:矙|矙]] khamH
* 36-02/0607h [[wikt:嚴|嚴]] ngjaem
* 36-02/0607k [[wikt:儼|儼]] ngjaemX
* 36-02/0607l [[wikt:巖|巖]] ngaem
* 36-02/0607m [[wikt:玁|玁]] xjemX

==36-03==
* 36-03/0608a [[wikt:銜|銜]] haem

==36-04==
* 36-04/0624a [[wikt:欠|欠]] khjaemH, khjomH
* 36-04/0624c [[wikt:芡|芡]] gjaemH, gjemH, gjemX
* 36-04/0624d [[wikt:坎|坎]] khomX

==36-05==
* 36-05/0609a [[wikt:監|監]] kaem, kaemH
* 36-05/0609c [[wikt:鑑|鑑]] haemH
* 36-05/0609d [[wikt:礛|礛]] kaem
* 36-05/0609e [[wikt:壏|壏]] haemX
* 36-05/0609f [[wikt:㯺|㯺]] haemX
* 36-05/0609g [[wikt:檻|檻]] haemX, hamX
* 36-05/0609h [[wikt:㜮|㜮]] lamH
* 36-05/0609i [[wikt:擥|擥]] lamX
* 36-05/0609j [[wikt:濫|濫]] hamH, lamX
* 36-05/0609k [[wikt:藍|藍]] lam
* 36-05/0609l [[wikt:覽|覽]] lamX
* 36-05/0609m [[wikt:嚂|嚂]] xamX
* 36-05/0609n [[wikt:鹽|鹽]] yem, yemH
* 36-05/0609o [[wikt:攬|攬]] lamX
* 36-05/0609- [[wikt:籃|籃]] lam

==36-06==
* 36-06/0613a [[wikt:僉|僉]] tshjem
* 36-06/0613b [[wikt:憸|憸]] sjem, tshjem, tshjemX
* 36-06/0613c [[wikt:譣|譣]] sjem, tshjem, tshjemX
* 36-06/0613d [[wikt:檢|檢]] kjemX
* 36-06/0613e [[wikt:儉|儉]] gjemX
* 36-06/0613f [[wikt:險|險]] xjaemX, xjemX
* 36-06/0613g [[wikt:嶮|嶮]] xjemX
* 36-06/0613h [[wikt:驗|驗]] ngjemH
* 36-06/0613i [[wikt:劍|劍]] kjaemH, kjomH
* 36-06/0613k [[wikt:獫|獫]] ljem, ljemH, ljemX
* 36-06/0613l [[wikt:斂|斂]] ljemX, ljemH
* 36-06/0613m [[wikt:蘞|蘞]] ljem, ljemX

==36-07==
* 36-07/0627a [[wikt:兼|兼]] kem, kemH
* 36-07/0627b [[wikt:蒹|蒹]] kem
* 36-07/0627c [[wikt:嗛|嗛]] hemX, khemX
* 36-07/0627d [[wikt:慊|慊]] khemX, khep
* 36-07/0627e [[wikt:歉|歉]] kheamH, kheamX, khem, khemX
* 36-07/0627f [[wikt:謙|謙]] khem
* 36-07/0627g [[wikt:溓|溓]] lem, nrjem
* 36-07/0627i [[wikt:熑|熑]] lem, ljem
* 36-07/0627j [[wikt:嫌|嫌]] hem
* 36-07/0627k [[wikt:鼸|鼸]] hemX
* 36-07/0627l [[wikt:廉|廉]] ljem
* 36-07/0627m [[wikt:磏|磏]] ljem
* 36-07/0627n [[wikt:鎌|鎌]] ljem
* 36-07/0627- [[wikt:簾|簾]] ljem

==36-08==
* 36-08/0614a [[wikt:奄|奄]] 'jemX
* 36-08/0614b [[wikt:掩|掩]] 'jaemX, 'jemX
* 36-08/0614c [[wikt:淹|淹]] 'jem
* 36-08/0614d [[wikt:閹|閹]] 'jem
* 36-08/0614e [[wikt:晻|晻]] 'jemX, 'omH, 'omX

==36-09==
* 36-09/0615a [[wikt:弇|弇]] kom
* 36-09/0615b [[wikt:揜|揜]] 'jemX
* 36-09/0615c [[wikt:渰|渰]] 'jaemX, 'jemX
* 36-09/0615d [[wikt:黭|黭]] 'amX

==36-10==
* 36-10/0616a [[wikt:猒|猒]] 'jiem, 'jiemH
* 36-10/0616c [[wikt:厭|厭]] 'eamX, 'jiem, 'jiep
* 36-10/0616d [[wikt:饜|饜]] 'jemH
* 36-10/0616f [[wikt:檿|檿]] 'jiemX
* 36-10/0616g [[wikt:擪|擪]] 'jiemX
* 36-10/0616h [[wikt:壓|壓]] 'aep

==36-11==
* 36-11/0619a [[wikt:詹|詹]] tsyem
* 36-11/0619b [[wikt:噡|噡]] tsyem
* 36-11/0619c [[wikt:瞻|瞻]] tsyem
* 36-11/0619d [[wikt:幨|幨]] tsyhem, tsyhemH
* 36-11/0619e [[wikt:襜|襜]] tsyhem
* 36-11/0619f [[wikt:贍|贍]] dzyemH
* 36-11/0619g [[wikt:檐|檐]] yem
* 36-11/0619h [[wikt:儋|儋]] tam, tamH
* 36-11/0619i [[wikt:甔|甔]] tam
* 36-11/0619k [[wikt:擔|擔]] dzyem, tamH, dzyemH
* 36-11/0619l [[wikt:膽|膽]] tamX
* 36-11/0619m [[wikt:憺|憺]] damH, damX
* 36-11/0619n [[wikt:澹|澹]] damH, damX

==36-12==
* 36-12/0618a [[wikt:占|占]] tsyem
* 36-12/0618c [[wikt:沾|沾]] trjem
* 36-12/0618d [[wikt:霑|霑]] trjem
* 36-12/0618e [[wikt:阽|阽]] yem
* 36-12/0618f [[wikt:佔|佔]] trhjem
* 36-12/0618g [[wikt:覘|覘]] trhjem, trhjemH
* 36-12/0618h [[wikt:怗|怗]] thep, tsyhem
* 36-12/0618i [[wikt:苫|苫]] syem, syemH
* 36-12/0618j [[wikt:痁|痁]] syem, syemH, temH
* 36-12/0618k [[wikt:坫|坫]] temH
* 36-12/0618l [[wikt:玷|玷]] temH, temX
* 36-12/0618m [[wikt:㓠|㓠]] temH, temX
* 36-12/0618n [[wikt:點|點]] temX
* 36-12/0618o [[wikt:拈|拈]] nem
* 36-12/0618p [[wikt:呫|呫]] thep
* 36-12/0618q [[wikt:帖|帖]] thep
* 36-12/0618- [[wikt:㚲|㚲]]

==36-13==
* 36-13/1247a [[wikt:豓|豓]] yemH
* 36-13/1247b [[wikt:豔|豔]] yemH

==36-14==
* 36-14/0617a [[wikt:炎|炎]] dam, hjem, yemH
* 36-14/0617c [[wikt:燄|燄]] yemH, yemX
* 36-14/0617d [[wikt:剡|剡]] yemX
* 36-14/0617e [[wikt:掞|掞]] yemX
* 36-14/0617f [[wikt:琰|琰]] yemX
* 36-14/0617g [[wikt:裧|裧]] tsyhem
* 36-14/0617h [[wikt:燅|燅]] zjem
* 36-14/0617i [[wikt:覢|覢]] syemX
* 36-14/0617j [[wikt:菼|菼]] thamX
* 36-14/0617k [[wikt:惔|惔]] dam
* 36-14/0617l [[wikt:談|談]] dam
* 36-14/0617m [[wikt:倓|倓]] dam, damH
* 36-14/0617n [[wikt:啖|啖]] damH, damX
* 36-14/0617o [[wikt:淡|淡]] damH, damX
* 36-14/0617p [[wikt:餤|餤]] dam, yem
* 36-14/0617- [[wikt:睒|睒]]

==36-16==
* 36-16/0621a [[wikt:銛|銛]] sjem
* 36-16/0621b [[wikt:恬|恬]] dem
* 36-16/0621- [[wikt:甜|甜]] dem

==36-17==
* 36-17/1247c [[wikt:忝|忝]] themH, themX

==36-18==
* 36-18/0622a [[wikt:冄|冄]] nyemX
* 36-18/0622b [[wikt:冉|冉]] nyemX
* 36-18/0622e [[wikt:呥|呥]] nyem
* 36-18/0622f [[wikt:姌|姌]] nemX, nyemX
* 36-18/0622h [[wikt:袡|袡]] nyem
* 36-18/0622i [[wikt:衻|衻]] nyem
* 36-18/0622j [[wikt:𩑺|𩑺]] nyem, nyemH
* 36-18/0622k [[wikt:髯|髯]] nyem, nyemH
* 36-18/0622l [[wikt:枏|枏]] nom
* 36-18/0622m [[wikt:聃|聃]] nam, tham
* 36-18/0622n [[wikt:耼|耼]] nam, tham
* 36-18/0622- [[wikt:㾆|㾆]]
* 36-18/0622- [[wikt:柟|柟]]

==36-19==
* 36-19/0623a [[wikt:染|染]] nyemH, nyemX

==36-21==
* 36-21/0620a [[wikt:㦰|㦰]] tsjem
* 36-21/0620c [[wikt:韱|韱]] sjem
* 36-21/0620d [[wikt:孅|孅]] sjem
* 36-21/0620e [[wikt:纖|纖]] sjem
* 36-21/0620f [[wikt:殲|殲]] tsjem
* 36-21/0620g [[wikt:瀸|瀸]] tsjem
* 36-21/0620h [[wikt:攕|攕]] sream

==36-22==
* 36-22/0611a [[wikt:斬|斬]] tsreamX
* 36-22/0611b [[wikt:摲|摲]] sraem
* 36-22/0611c [[wikt:慙|慙]] dzam
* 36-22/0611d [[wikt:暫|暫]] dzamH
* 36-22/0611e [[wikt:蹔|蹔]] dzamH
* 36-22/0611f [[wikt:漸|漸]] dzjemX, dzraem, tsjem
* 36-22/0611g [[wikt:塹|塹]] tshjem
* 36-22/0611h [[wikt:蔪|蔪]] dzjemX

==36-23==
* 36-23/0612a [[wikt:毚|毚]] dzraem, dzream
* 36-23/0612b [[wikt:欃|欃]] dzream
* 36-23/0612c [[wikt:儳|儳]] dzraem, dzreamH, dzreamX, tsrhaemH
* 36-23/0612d [[wikt:讒|讒]] dzraem, dzraemH, dzream
* 36-23/0612e [[wikt:鑱|鑱]] dzraem, dzraemH

==36-24==
* 36-24/1154a [[wikt:髟|髟]] pjiew, pjiw, sraem

==36-25==
* 36-25/0610a [[wikt:芟|芟]] sraem

==36-26==
* 36-26/0625a [[wikt:凡|凡]] bjom
* 36-26/0625b [[wikt:芃|芃]] buwng
* 36-26/0625d [[wikt:帆|帆]] bjom
* 36-26/0625e [[wikt:軓|軓]] bjomX
* 36-26/0625f [[wikt:汎|汎]] bjuwng, phjomH
* 36-26/0625h [[wikt:風|風]] pjuwng, pjuwngH
* 36-26/0625i [[wikt:飌|飌]] pjuwng
* 36-26/0625j [[wikt:鳳|鳳]] bjuwngH
* 36-26/0625n [[wikt:楓|楓]] pjuwng
* 36-26/0625o [[wikt:諷|諷]] pjuwngH
* 36-26/0625p [[wikt:渢|渢]] bjuwng

==36-27==
* 36-27/0626a [[wikt:犯|犯]] bjomX
* 36-27/0626b [[wikt:𨊠|𨊠]] bjomX
* 36-27/0626c [[wikt:氾|氾]] bjomH, phjomH
* 36-27/0626d [[wikt:範|範]] bjomX
* 36-27/0626e [[wikt:范|范]] bjomX

=37=
==37-01==
* 37-01/0675a [[wikt:合|合]] hop
* 37-01/0675e [[wikt:䢔|䢔]] hop
* 37-01/0675h [[wikt:蛤|蛤]] kop
* 37-01/0675i [[wikt:閤|閤]] kop
* 37-01/0675j [[wikt:韐|韐]] keap, kop
* 37-01/0675k [[wikt:跲|跲]] gjaep, keap, kjaep
* 37-01/0675l [[wikt:鞈|鞈]] keap
* 37-01/0675m [[wikt:洽|洽]] heap
* 37-01/0675n [[wikt:祫|祫]] heap
* 37-01/0675o [[wikt:袷|袷]] kjaep
* 37-01/0675p [[wikt:給|給]] kip
* 37-01/0675q [[wikt:翕|翕]] xip
* 37-01/0675r [[wikt:噏|噏]] xip
* 37-01/0675s [[wikt:歙|歙]] xip
* 37-01/0675t [[wikt:潝|潝]] xip
* 37-01/0675u [[wikt:闟|闟]] xip
* 37-01/0687a [[wikt:拾|拾]] dzyip, gjaep

==37-02==
* 37-02/0681a [[wikt:及|及]] gip 
* 37-02/0681d [[wikt:彶|彶]] kip
* 37-02/0681g [[wikt:急|急]] kip
* 37-02/0681h [[wikt:汲|汲]] kip
* 37-02/0681i [[wikt:級|級]] kip
* 37-02/0681j [[wikt:吸|吸]] xip
* 37-02/0681k [[wikt:圾|圾]] ngip
* 37-02/0681l [[wikt:岌|岌]] ngip
* 37-02/0681m [[wikt:极|极]] gjep
* 37-02/0681o [[wikt:笈|笈]] gjep
* 37-02/1254b [[wikt:扱|扱]] tsrheap

==37-03==
* 37-03/0686a [[wikt:十|十]] dzyip
* 37-03/0686e [[wikt:什|什]] dzyip
* 37-03/0686f [[wikt:汁|汁]] tsyip

==37-04==
* 37-04/0682a [[wikt:燁|燁]] hip, hjep, yep
* 37-04/0682b [[wikt:爗|爗]] hip, hjep

==37-05==
* 37-05/0683a [[wikt:邑|邑]] 'ip
* 37-05/0683f [[wikt:悒|悒]] 'ip
* 37-05/0683g [[wikt:挹|挹]] 'jip
* 37-05/0683h [[wikt:浥|浥]] 'ip
* 37-05/0683i [[wikt:唈|唈]] 'op

==37-06==
* 37-06/0676a [[wikt:答|答]] top
* 37-06/0676b [[wikt:荅|荅]] top
* 37-06/0676c [[wikt:嗒|嗒]] thap, thop

==37-07==
* 37-07/0684a [[wikt:馽|馽]] trip

==37-08==
Baxter &amp; Sagart (personal communication 12 April 2017) combine [[#37-08|37-08]] and [[#37-17|37-17]]. 
* 37-08/0685a [[wikt:執|執]] tsyip
* 37-08/0685f [[wikt:縶|縶]] trip
* 37-08/0685g [[wikt:蟄|蟄]] drip
* 37-08/0685h [[wikt:慹|慹]] nep, tsyep, tsyip
* 37-08/0685i [[wikt:蓻|蓻]] tsip
* 37-08/0685j [[wikt:騺|騺]] trijH
* 37-08/0685k [[wikt:摯|摯]] tsyijH
* 37-08/0685m [[wikt:贄|贄]] tsyijH
* 37-08/0685n [[wikt:鷙|鷙]] tsyijH
* 37-08/0685o [[wikt:墊|墊]] temH
* 37-08/37-17/0696a [[wikt:㚔|㚔]] nrjep

==37-09==
* 37-09/0677a [[wikt:沓|沓]] dop
* 37-09/0677b [[wikt:誻|誻]] dop

==37-10==
* 37-10/0678a [[wikt:眔|眔]] dop
* 37-10/0678e [[wikt:遝|遝]] dop
* 37-10/0678f [[wikt:嚃|嚃]] thop

==37-11==
* 37-11/0689a [[wikt:襲|襲]] zip

==37-12==
* 37-12/0690a [[wikt:習|習]] zip
* 37-12/0690b [[wikt:謵|謵]] zip
* 37-12/0690c [[wikt:槢|槢]] zip
* 37-12/0690f [[wikt:熠|熠]] yip
* 37-12/0690g [[wikt:褶|褶]] dep
* 37-12/0690h [[wikt:慴|慴]] tsyep
* 37-12/0690- [[wikt:摺|摺]] tsyep

==37-13==
* 37-13/0692a [[wikt:濕|濕]] khip, syip, tsrhip
* 37-13/0692b [[wikt:隰|隰]] zip

==37-14==
* 37-14/0693a [[wikt:溼|溼]] syip

==37-15==
* 37-15/0520a [[wikt:涖|涖]] lijH
* 37-15/0520b [[wikt:莅|莅]] lijH
* 37-15/0520c [[wikt:蒞|蒞]] lijH
* 37-15/0694a [[wikt:立|立]] lip
* 37-15/0694e [[wikt:笠|笠]] lip
* 37-15/0694f [[wikt:粒|粒]] lip
* 37-15/0694g [[wikt:苙|苙]] gip, lip
* 37-15/0694h [[wikt:泣|泣]] khip
* 37-15/0694i [[wikt:湇|湇]] khip
* 37-15/0694j [[wikt:㕇|㕇]] lop
* 37-15/0694l [[wikt:拉|拉]] lop

==37-16==
* 37-16/0695a [[wikt:入|入]] nyip
* 37-16/0695e [[wikt:內|內]] nop, nwojH
* 37-16/0695h [[wikt:納|納]] nop
* 37-16/0695i [[wikt:軜|軜]] nop
* 37-16/0695j [[wikt:訥|訥]] nwot
* 37-16/0695k [[wikt:吶|吶]] nrjwet, nrwaet, nywet
* 37-16/0695l [[wikt:㕯|㕯]] nrjwet, nwaet, nwot, nywet
* 37-16/0695n [[wikt:枘|枘]] nywejH
* 37-16/0695o [[wikt:汭|汭]] nywejH
* 37-16/0695p [[wikt:蚋|蚋]] nywejH
* 37-16/0695q [[wikt:芮|芮]] nywejH
* 37-16/0695r [[wikt:焫|焫]] nywejH, nywet
* 37-16/0695s [[wikt:蜹|蜹]] nywejH, nywet

==37-17==
Baxter &amp; Sagart (personal communication 12 April 2017) combine [[#37-08|37-08]] and [[#37-17|37-17]].

==37-18==
* 37-18/0679a [[wikt:帀|帀]] tsop
* 37-18/0679b [[wikt:匝|匝]] tsop

==37-19==
* 37-19/0688a [[wikt:咠|咠]] tship, tsip
* 37-19/0688b [[wikt:緝|緝]] tship, tsip
* 37-19/0688c [[wikt:葺|葺]] tship
* 37-19/0688d [[wikt:輯|輯]] dzip, tsrip
* 37-19/0688e [[wikt:戢|戢]] tsrip
* 37-19/0688f [[wikt:濈|濈]] tsrip
* 37-19/0688g [[wikt:揖|揖]] tsip, 'jip (cf. Baxter &amp; Sagart 2014: 389 n. 59)
* 37-19/0688h [[wikt:楫|楫]] tsjep
* 37-19/0688i [[wikt:檝|檝]] tsjep

==37-20==
* 37-20/0691a [[wikt:集|集]] dzip
* 37-20/0691d [[wikt:雜|雜]] dzop

==37-21==
* 37-21/0680a [[wikt:颯|颯]] sop

=38=
==38-02==
* 38-02/0643a [[wikt:圅|圅]] heam, hom
* 38-02/0643b [[wikt:函|函]] heam, hom
* 38-02/0643g [[wikt:涵|涵]] hom
* 38-02/0643h [[wikt:菡|菡]] homX

==38-03==
Schuessler combines GSR 0651 and GSR 0652. Baxter &amp; Sagart (personal communication 12 April 2017) combine GSR 0645, i.e. [[#38-21|38-21]], and GSR 0651; but they do not see any link to GSR 0652.
* 38-03/0652a [[wikt:金|金]] kim
* 38-03/0652d [[wikt:䘳|䘳]] kim
* 38-03/0652e [[wikt:錦|錦]] kimX
* 38-03/0652f [[wikt:欽|欽]] khim
* 38-03/0652g [[wikt:唫|唫]] gimX, khim, ngim
* 38-03/0652h [[wikt:趛|趛]] ngimX
* 38-03/0652j [[wikt:顉|顉]] ngom
* 38-03/0652k [[wikt:嶔|嶔]] khim
* 38-03/0652l [[wikt:廞|廞]] xim

==38-04==
* 38-04/0671a [[wikt:咸|咸]] heam
* 38-04/0671e [[wikt:諴|諴]] heam
* 38-04/0671f [[wikt:鹹|鹹]] heam
* 38-04/0671g [[wikt:減|減]] heamX, keamX
* 38-04/0671i [[wikt:緘|緘]] keam
* 38-04/0671k [[wikt:黬|黬]] 'eamX, keam
* 38-04/0671l [[wikt:感|感]] komX
* 38-04/0671m [[wikt:顑|顑]] khomX, xomH
* 38-04/0671n [[wikt:箴|箴]] tsyim
* 38-04/0671o [[wikt:鍼|鍼]] tsyim
* 38-04/0671p [[wikt:憾|憾]] homH

==38-05==
* 38-05/0672a [[wikt:臽|臽]] heamH
* 38-05/0672c [[wikt:陷|陷]] heamH
* 38-05/0672d [[wikt:錎|錎]] heamX
* 38-05/0672e [[wikt:埳|埳]] khomX
* 38-05/0672f [[wikt:欿|欿]] khomX
* 38-05/0672g [[wikt:淊|淊]] homX
* 38-05/0672i [[wikt:窞|窞]] domX
* 38-05/0672j [[wikt:萏|萏]] domX
* 38-05/0672k [[wikt:啗|啗]] damH, damX
* 38-05/0672l [[wikt:諂|諂]] trhjemX
* 38-05/0672m [[wikt:閻|閻]] yem
* 38-05/0672n [[wikt:壛|壛]] yem
* 38-05/0672o [[wikt:爓|爓]] yemH, zim
* 38-05/0672p [[wikt:讇|讇]] trhjemX

==38-06==
* 38-06/0674a [[wikt:熊|熊]] hjuwng

==38-07==
* 38-07/0653a [[wikt:音|音]] 'im
* 38-07/0653c [[wikt:愔|愔]] 'jim
* 38-07/0653d [[wikt:喑|喑]] 'im, 'imH
* 38-07/0653e [[wikt:瘖|瘖]] 'im
* 38-07/0653f [[wikt:𢉩|𢉩]] 'im
* 38-07/0653h [[wikt:暗|暗]] 'omH
* 38-07/0653i [[wikt:闇|闇]] 'omH
* 38-07/0653j [[wikt:歆|歆]] xim
* 38-07/0653- [[wikt:窨|窨]] 'imH

==38-08==
* 38-08/0654a [[wikt:飲|飲]] 'imH

==38-09==
* 38-09/0644a [[wikt:儑|儑]] ngom

==38-10==
* 38-10/0673a [[wikt:碞|碞]] ngeam

==38-11==
* 38-11/0658a [[wikt:甚|甚]] dzyimH, dzyimX
* 38-11/0658b [[wikt:煁|煁]] dzyim
* 38-11/0658c [[wikt:諶|諶]] dzyim
* 38-11/0658e [[wikt:揕|揕]] trimH
* 38-11/0658f [[wikt:椹|椹]] trim
* 38-11/0658g [[wikt:踸|踸]] trhimX
* 38-11/0658h [[wikt:斟|斟]] tsyim
* 38-11/0658i [[wikt:葚|葚]] dzyimX, zyimX
* 38-11/0658j [[wikt:媅|媅]] tom
* 38-11/0658l [[wikt:湛|湛]] dreamX, drim, tom, tsjem
* 38-11/0658n [[wikt:黮|黮]] domX, thomX
* 38-11/0658o [[wikt:糂|糂]] somX
* 38-11/0658p [[wikt:堪|堪]] khom
* 38-11/0658q [[wikt:戡|戡]] khom
* 38-11/0658r [[wikt:嵁|嵁]] kheam, khom, ngom
* 38-11/0658- [[wikt:歁|歁]]
* 38-11/0658- [[wikt:勘|勘]]
* 38-11/0658- [[wikt:磡|磡]]
* 38-11/0658- [[wikt:墈|墈]]
* 38-11/0658- [[wikt:偡|偡]]
* 38-11/0658- [[wikt:碪|碪]]
* 38-11/0658- [[wikt:鍖|鍖]]
* 38-11/0658- [[wikt:愖|愖]]
* 38-11/0658- [[wikt:瘎|瘎]]
* 38-11/0658- [[wikt:𦂼|𦂼]]

==38-12==
* 38-12/0659a [[wikt:闖|闖]] trhimH

==38-13==
* 38-13/0665a [[wikt:審|審]] syimX
* 38-13/0665b [[wikt:瀋|瀋]] tsyhimX

==38-14==
* 38-14/0656a [[wikt:冘|冘]] yim
* 38-14/0656b [[wikt:沈|沈]] drim, drimH, syimX, tshyhimX
* 38-14/0656e [[wikt:酖|酖]] drimH
* 38-14/0656f [[wikt:鴆|鴆]] drimH
* 38-14/0656g [[wikt:枕|枕]] tsyimH, tsyimX
* 38-14/0656h [[wikt:忱|忱]] dzyim
* 38-14/0656i [[wikt:抌|抌]] tomX
* 38-14/0656j [[wikt:眈|眈]] tom, tomX
* 38-14/0656k [[wikt:紞|紞]] tamX
* 38-14/0656l [[wikt:耽|耽]] tom
* 38-14/0656m [[wikt:髧|髧]] domX
* 38-14/0656n [[wikt:黕|黕]] tomX
* 38-14/0656o [[wikt:醓|醓]] thomX

==38-15==
* 38-15/0657a [[wikt:㸒|㸒]] yim
* 38-15/0657b [[wikt:淫|淫]] yim

==38-16==
* 38-16/0646a [[wikt:覃|覃]] dom, yemX
* 38-16/0646b [[wikt:潭|潭]] dom
* 38-16/0646c [[wikt:譚|譚]] dom
* 38-16/0646d [[wikt:燂|燂]] dom, dzjem, zjem
* 38-16/0646e [[wikt:鐔|鐔]] dom, yim, zim
* 38-16/0646f [[wikt:嘾|嘾]] domX
* 38-16/0646g [[wikt:禫|禫]] domX
* 38-16/0646h [[wikt:撢|撢]] thom
* 38-16/0646i [[wikt:鱏|鱏]] yim, zim
* 38-16/0646j [[wikt:簟|簟]] demX
* 38-16/0646l [[wikt:驔|驔]] demX

==38-17==
* 38-17/0662a [[wikt:尋|尋]] zim

==38-18==
* 38-18/0655a [[wikt:林|林]] lim
* 38-18/0655e [[wikt:淋|淋]] lim
* 38-18/0655f [[wikt:霖|霖]] lim
* 38-18/0655h [[wikt:琳|琳]] lim
* 38-18/0655i [[wikt:婪|婪]] lom
* 38-18/0655j [[wikt:惏|惏]] lom
* 38-18/0655k [[wikt:禁|禁]] kim, kimH
* 38-18/0655l [[wikt:襟|襟]] kim
* 38-18/0655m [[wikt:噤|噤]] gimH, gimX

==38-19==
* 38-19/0668a [[wikt:稟|稟]] limX, pimX
* 38-19/0668b [[wikt:禀|禀]] limX, pimX
* 38-19/0668c [[wikt:廩|廩]] limX
* 38-19/0668d [[wikt:懍|懍]] limX

==38-20==
* 38-20/0669a [[wikt:品|品]] phimX
* 38-20/0669e [[wikt:臨|臨]] lim, limH

==38-21==
Baxter &amp; Sagart (personal communication 12 April 2017) combine [[#38-21|38-21]] and part of [[#38-03|38-03]].
Schuessler combines GSR 0651 and GSR 0652. Baxter &amp; Sagart (personal communication 12 April 2017) combine GSR 0645, i.e. [[#38-21|38-21]], and GSR 0651; but they do not see any link to GSR 0652.
* 38-21/38-21/0645a [[wikt:貪|貪]] thom
* 38-21/38-21/0645b [[wikt:嗿|嗿]] thomX
* 38-21/38-03/0651a [[wikt:今|今]] kim
* 38-21/38-03/0651f [[wikt:紟|紟]] gimH
* 38-21/38-03/0651g [[wikt:衿|衿]] gimH, kim
* 38-21/38-03/0651h [[wikt:衾|衾]] khim
* 38-21/38-03/0651i [[wikt:坅|坅]] khimX, ngimX
* 38-21/38-03/0651j [[wikt:禽|禽]] gim
* 38-21/38-03/0651n [[wikt:擒|擒]] gim
* 38-21/38-03/0651o [[wikt:芩|芩]] gim
* 38-21/38-03/0651p [[wikt:靲|靲]] gim
* 38-21/38-03/0651q [[wikt:琴|琴]] gim
* 38-21/38-03/0651r [[wikt:黔|黔]] gim, gjem
* 38-21/38-03/0651s [[wikt:吟|吟]] ngim
* 38-21/38-03/0651t [[wikt:岑|岑]] ngimX
* 38-21/38-03/0651u [[wikt:趻|趻]] trhimX
* 38-21/38-03/0651v [[wikt:𢦟|𢦟]] khom
* 38-21/38-03/0651x [[wikt:侌|侌]] 'im
* 38-21/38-03/0651y [[wikt:陰|陰]] 'im, 'imH
* 38-21/38-03/0651a' [[wikt:𩃬|𩃬]] 'im
* 38-21/38-03/0651b' [[wikt:蔭|蔭]] 'imH
* 38-21/38-03/0651c' [[wikt:廕|廕]] 'imH
* 38-21/38-03/0651d' [[wikt:酓|酓]] 'jiemX
* 38-21/38-03/0651h' [[wikt:韽|韽]] 'om
* 38-21/38-03/0651i' [[wikt:飲|飲]] 'imX
* 38-21/38-03/0651i' [[wikt:㱃|㱃]] 'imX
* 38-21/38-03/0651k' [[wikt:㜝|㜝]] ngomX
* 38-21/38-03/0651l' [[wikt:含|含]] hom, homH
* 38-21/38-03/0651m' [[wikt:唅|唅]] hom
* 38-21/38-03/0651n' [[wikt:頷|頷]] homX, ngomX

==38-22==
* 38-22/0649a [[wikt:男|男]] nom

==38-23==
* 38-23/0650a [[wikt:南|南]] nom

==38-24==
* 38-24/0670a [[wikt:念|念]] nemH
* 38-24/0670d [[wikt:稔|稔]] nyimX
* 38-24/0670e [[wikt:腍|腍]] nyimX
* 38-24/0670f [[wikt:淰|淰]] syimX
* 38-24/0670g [[wikt:諗|諗]] syimX
* 38-24/0670h [[wikt:敜|敜]] nep

==38-25==
* 38-25/0667a [[wikt:壬|壬]] nyim
* 38-25/0667f [[wikt:任|任]] nyimH
* 38-25/0667i [[wikt:妊|妊]] nyimH
* 38-25/0667k [[wikt:姙|姙]] nyimH
* 38-25/0667l [[wikt:紝|紝]] nrim, nyim
* 38-25/0667m [[wikt:絍|絍]] nrim, nyim
* 38-25/0667n [[wikt:衽|衽]] nyimH, nyimX
* 38-25/0667o [[wikt:袵|袵]] nyimH, nyimX
* 38-25/0667p [[wikt:飪|飪]] nyimH
* 38-25/0667q [[wikt:恁|恁]] nyim
* 38-25/0667s [[wikt:荏|荏]] nyimX
* 38-25/0667t [[wikt:賃|賃]] nrimH

==38-26==
* 38-26/0666b [[wikt:穼|穼]] syim
* 38-26/0666c [[wikt:深|深]] syim, syimH
* 38-26/0666e [[wikt:琛|琛]] trhim
* 38-26/0666f [[wikt:探|探]] thom

==38-27==
* 38-27/0661a [[wikt:𠬶|𠬶]] tshim
* 38-27/0661c [[wikt:侵|侵]] tshim
* 38-27/0661e [[wikt:綅|綅]] sjem, tshim, tsim
* 38-27/0661f [[wikt:寢|寢]] tshimX
* 38-27/0661k [[wikt:鋟|鋟]] tshimX, tshjem, tsjem
* 38-27/0661l [[wikt:駸|駸]] tshim, tsrhim
* 38-27/0661m [[wikt:浸|浸]] tsimH
* 38-27/0661n [[wikt:祲|祲]] tsim, tsimH
* 38-27/0661o [[wikt:寖|寖]] tsim, tsimH

==38-28==
* 38-28/0660a [[wikt:兓|兓]] tsim
* 38-28/0660c [[wikt:朁|朁]] tshomX
* 38-28/0660e [[wikt:憯|憯]] tshomX
* 38-28/0660f [[wikt:噆|噆]] tshomX, tsop
* 38-28/0660g [[wikt:簪|簪]] tsom, tsrim
* 38-28/0660h [[wikt:鐕|鐕]] tsom
* 38-28/0660i [[wikt:蠶|蠶]] dzom
* 38-28/0660j [[wikt:譖|譖]] tsrimH
* 38-28/0660k [[wikt:鬵|鬵]] dzim, dzjem
* 38-28/0660l [[wikt:僭|僭]] tsemH
* 38-28/0660m [[wikt:熸|熸]] tsjem
* 38-28/0660n [[wikt:潛|潛]] dzjem, dzjemH

==38-29==
* 38-29/0647a [[wikt:參|參]] syim, tshom, tsrhim
* 38-29/0647c [[wikt:驂|驂]] tshom
* 38-29/0647e [[wikt:慘|慘]] tshomX
* 38-29/0647f [[wikt:糝|糝]] somX
* 38-29/0647g [[wikt:槮|槮]] srim, tsrhim
* 38-29/0647h [[wikt:摻|摻]] sream, sreamX

==38-30==
* 38-30/0648a [[wikt:三|三]] sam, samH

==38-31==
* 38-31/0663a [[wikt:心|心]] sim

==38-32==
* 38-32/0664a [[wikt:森|森]] srim


{{Shelves|Chinese language}}
{{Alphabetical|C}}
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This book presents the Xiesheng series of Chinese according to Baxter &amp; Sagart ''Old Chinese: A New Reconstruction'' Oxford University Press, 2014. Since these authors are not as explicit as Karlgren or Schuessler, it is assumed that they agree with Schuessler unless they note or imply otherwise. There is also a wiki book that lists character according to [[Character_List_for_Karlgren%27s_GSR|Karlgren's GSR]] and [[Character List for Schuessler's CGSR]].

The rime groups can be the same between Schuessler and Baxter &amp; Sagart until 18, when we reach final -j. 

 [[#01-01|01-01]], [[#01-02|01-02]], [[#01-03|01-03]], [[#01-04|01-04]], [[#01-05|01-05]], [[#01-06|01-06]], [[#01-07|01-07]], [[#01-08|01-08]], [[#01-09|01-09]], [[#01-10|01-10]], [[#01-11|01-11]], [[#01-12|01-12]], [[#01-13|01-13]], [[#01-14|01-14]], [[#01-15|01-15]],  [[#01-16|01-1]], [[#01-17|01-17]], [[#01-18|01-18]], [[#01-19|01-19]], [[#01-20|01-20]], [[#01-21|01-21]], [[#01-22|01-22]], [[#01-23|01-23]], [[#01-24|01-24]], [[#01-25|01-25]], [[#01-26|01-26]], [[#01-27|01-27]], [[#01-28|01-28]], [[#01-29|01-29]], [[#01-30|01-30]], [[#01-31|01-31]], [[#01-32|01-32]], [[#01-33|01-33]], [[#01-34|01-34]], [[#01-35|01-35]], [[#01-36|01-36]], [[#01-37|01-37]], [[#01-38|01-38]], [[#01-39|01-39]], [[#01-40|01-40]], [[#01-41|01-41]], [[#01-42|01-42]], [[#01-43|01-43]], [[#01-44|01-44]], [[#01-45|01-45]], [[#01-46|01-46]], [[#01-47|01-47]], [[#01-48|01-48]], [[#01-49|01-49]], [[#01-50|01-50]], [[#01-51|01-51]], [[#01-52|01-52]], [[#01-53|01-53]], [[#01-54|01-54]], [[#01-55|01-55]], [[#01-56|01-56]], [[#01-57|01-57]], [[#01-58|01-58]], [[#01-59|01-59]], [[#01-60|01-60]], [[#01-61|01-61]], [[#01-62|01-62]], [[#01-63|01-63]], [[#01-64|01-64]], [[#01-65|01-65]], [[#01-66|01-66]], [[#01-67|01-67]], [[#01-68|01-68]], [[#01-69|01-69]], [[#01-70|01-70]], [[#01-71|01-71]], [[#01-72|01-72]], [[#01-73|01-73]].
No:1 alonso matamoros[[#02-01|02-01]], [[#02-02|02-02]], [[#02-03|02-03]], [[#02-04|02-04]], [[#02-05|02-05]], [[#02-06|02-06]], [[#02-07|02-07]], [[#02-07A|02-07A]], [[#02-08|02-08]], [[#02-09|02-09]], [[#02-10|02-10]], [[#02-10A|02-10A]], [[#02-11|02-11]], [[#02-12|02-12]], [[#02-13|02-13]], [[#02-14|02-14]], [[#02-15|02-15]], [[#02-16|02-16]], [[#02-17|02-17]], [[#02-18|02-18]], [[#02-19|02-19]], [[#02-20|02-20]], [[#02-21|02-21]], [[#02-22|02-22]], [[#02-23|02-23]], [[#02-24|02-24]], [[#02-25|02-25]], [[#02-26|02-26]], [[#02-27|02-27]], [[#02-28|02-28]], [[#02-29|02-29]], [[#02-30|02-30]], [[#02-31|02-31]], [[#02-32|02-32]], [[#02-33|02-33]], [[#02-34|02-34]], [[#02-35|02-35]], [[#02-36|02-36]], [[#02-37|02-37]], [[#02-38|02-38]], [[#02-39|02-39]], [[#02-40|02-40]],a[[#03-01|03-01]], [[#03-02|03-02]], [[#03-03|03-03]], [[#03-04|03-04]], [[#03-05|03-05]], [[#03-06|03-06]], [[#03-07|03-07]], [[#03-08|03-08]], [[#03-09|03-09]], [[#03-10|03-10]], [[#03-11|03-11]], [[#03-12|03-12]], [[#03-13|03-13]], [[#03-14|03-14]], [[#03-15|03-15]], [[#03-16|03-16]], [[#03-17|03-17]], [[#03-18|03-18]], [[#03-19|03-19]], [[#03-20|03-20]], [[#03-21|03-21]], [[#03-22|03-22]], [[#03-23|03-23]], [[#03-24|03-24]], [[#03-25|03-25]], [[#03-26|03-26]], [[#03-27|03-27]], [[#03-28|03-28]], [[#03-29|03-29]], [[#03-30|03-30]], [[#03-31|03-31]], [[#03-32|03-32]], [[#03-33|03-33]], [[#03-34|03-34]], [[#03-35|03-35]], [[#03-36|03-36]], [[#03-37|03-37]], [[#03-38|03-38]], [[#03-39|03-39]], [[#03-40|03-40]], [[#03-41|03-41]], [[#03-42|03-42]], [[#03-43|03-43]], [[#03-44|03-44]], [[#03-45|03-45]], [[#03-46|03-46]], [[#03-47|03-47]], [[#03-48|03-48]], [[#03-49|03-49]], [[#03-50|03-50]], FIRST ONE? [[#03-52|03-52]], [[#03-53|03-53]], [[#03-54|03-54]], [[#03-55|03-55]], [[#03-56|03-56]], [[#03-57|03-57]], [[#03-58|03-58]], [[#03-59|03-59]], [[#03-60|03-60]], [[#03-61|03-61]]

==ə==
* -ə [[#04-01|04-01]], [[#04-02|04-02]], [[#04-03|04-03]], [[#04-04|04-04]], [[#04-05|04-05]], [[#04-06|04-06]], [[#04-07|04-07]], [[#04-08|04-08]], [[#04-09|04-09]], [[#04-10|04-10]], [[#04-11|04-11]], [[#04-12|04-12]], [[#04-13|04-13]], [[#04-14|04-14]], [[#04-15|04-15]], [[#04-16|04-16]], [[#04-17|04-17]], [[#04-18|04-18]], [[#04-19|04-19]], [[#04-20|04-20]], [[#04-21|04-21]], [[#04-22|04-22]], [[#04-23|04-23]], [[#04-24|04-24]], [[#04-25|04-25]], [[#04-26|04-26]], [[#04-27|04-27]], [[#04-28|04-28]], [[#04-29|04-29]], [[#04-30|04-30]], [[#04-31|04-31]], [[#04-32|04-32]], [[#04-33|04-33]], [[#04-34|04-34]], [[#04-35|04-35]], [[#04-36|04-36]], [[#04-37|04-37]], [[#04-38|04-38]], [[#04-39|04-39]], [[#04-40|04-40]], [[#04-41|04-41]], [[#04-42|04-42]], [[#04-43|04-43]], [[#04-44|04-44]], [[#04-45|04-45]], [[#04-45A|04-45A]], [[#04-47|04-47]], [[#04-48|04-49]], [[#04-50|04-50]], [[#04-51|04-51]], [[#04-52|04-52]], [[#04-53|04-53]], [[#04-54|04-54]], [[#04-55|04-55]], [[#04-56|04-56]], [[#04-57|04-57]], [[#04-58|04-58]], [[#04-59|04-59]], [[#04-60|04-60]], [[#04-61|04-61]], [[#04-62|04-62]], [[#04-63|04-63]], [[#04-64|04-64]], [[#04-65|04-65]], [[#04-66|04-66]]
* -ək [[#05-01|05-01]], [[#05-02|05-02]], [[#05-03|05-03]], [[#05-04|05-04]], [[#05-05|05-05]], [[#05-06|05-06]], [[#05-07|05-07]], [[#05-08|05-08]], [[#05-09|05-09]], [[#05-10|05-10]], [[#05-11|05-11]], [[#05-12|05-12]], [[#05-13|05-13]], [[#05-14|05-14]], [[#05-14|05-14]], [[#05-15|05-15]], [[#05-16|05-16]], [[#05-17|05-17]], [[#05-18|05-18]], [[#05-19|05-19]], [[#05-20|05-20]], [[#05-20A|05-20A]], [[#05-21|05-21]], [[#05-22|05-22]], [[#05-23|05-23]], [[#05-24|05-24]], [[#05-25|05-25]], [[#05-26|05-26]], [[#05-27|05-27]], [[#05-28|05-28]], [[#05-29|05-29]], [[#05-30|05-30]], [[#05-31|05-31]], [[#05-32|05-32]], [[#05-33|05-33]], [[#05-34|05-34]], [[#05-35|05-35]], [[#05-36|05-36]], [[#05-37|05-37]], [[#05-38|05-38]], [[#05-39|05-39]]
* -əŋ [[#06-01|06-01]], [[#06-02|06-02]], [[#06-03|06-03]], [[#06-04|06-04]], [[#06-05|06-05]], [[#06-06|06-06]], WHERE IS SIX SEVEN [[#06-08|06-08]], [[#06-09|06-09]], [[#06-10|06-10]], [[#06-11|06-11]], [[#06-12|06-12]], [[#06-13|06-13]], [[#06-14|06-14]], [[#06-15|06-15]], [[#06-16|06-16]], [[#06-17|06-17]], [[#06-18|06-18]], [[#06-19|06-19]], [[#06-20|06-20]], [[#06-21|06-21]], [[#06-22|06-22]], [[#06-23|06-23]], [[#06-24|06-24]]

==e==
* -e [[#07-01|07-01]], [[#07-02|07-02]], [[#07-03|07-03]], [[#07-04|07-04]], [[#07-05|07-05]], [[#07-06|07-06]], [[#07-07|07-07]], [[#07-07A|07-07A]], [[#07-08|07-08]], [[#07-09|07-09]], [[#07-10|07-10]], [[#07-11|07-11]], [[#07-12|07-12]], [[#07-13|07-13]], [[#07-14|07-14]], [[#07-15|07-15]], [[#07-16|07-16]],  [[#07-17|07-17]], [[#07-18|07-18]], [[#07-19|07-19]], [[#07-20|07-20]], [[#07-21|07-21]], [[#07-22|07-22]], [[#07-23|07-23]], [[#07-24|07-24]], [[#07-25|07-25]], [[#07-26|07-26]], [[#07-27|07-27]], [[#07-28|07-28]], [[#07-29|07-29]], WHERE IS SEVEN THIRTY [[#07-31|07-31]], WHERE IS SEVEN THIRTY TWO [[#07-33|07-33]]
* -ek [[#08-01|08-01]], [[#08-02|08-02]], [[#08-03|08-03]], [[#08-04|08-04]], [[#08-05|08-05]], [[#08-06|08-06]], [[#08-07|08-07]], [[#08-08|08-08]], [[#08-09|08-09]], [[#08-10|08-10]], [[#08-11|08-11]], [[#08-12|08-12]], [[#08-13|08-13]], [[#08-14|08-14]], [[#08-15|08-15]], [[#08-16|08-16]], [[#08-17|08-17]], [[#08-18|08-18]], [[#08-19|08-19]], WHERE IS EIGHT TWENTY [[#08-21|08-21]], [[#08-22|08-22]], WHERE IS EIGHT TWENTY THREE [[#08-24|08-24]]
* -eŋ [[#09-01|09-01]], [[#09-02|09-02]], [[#09-03|09-03]], [[#09-04|09-04]], [[#09-05|09-05]], [[#09-06|09-06]], [[#09-07|09-07]], [[#09-08|09-08]], [[#09-09|09-09]], [[#09-10|09-10]], [[#09-11|09-11]], [[#09-12|09-12]], [[#09-13|09-13]], [[#09-14|09-14]], [[#09-15|09-15]], [[#09-16|09-16]], [[#09-17|09-17]], [[#09-18|09-18]], [[#09-19|09-19]], [[#09-20|09-20]], [[#09-21|09-21]], [[#09-22|09-22]], [[#09-23|09-23]], [[#09-24|09-24]], [[#09-25|09-25]], [[#09-26|09-26]], [[#09-27|09-27]], [[#09-28|09-28]], [[#09-29|09-29]], [[#09-30|09-30]], [[#09-31|09-31]], [[#09-32|09-32]], [[#09-33|09-33]]

==o==
* -o [[#10-01|10-01]], [[#10-02|10-02]], [[#10-02|10-03]], [[10-04]], [[#10-05|10-05]], [[#10-06|10-06]], [[#10-07|10-07]], [[#10-08|10-08]], [[#10-09|10-09]], [[#10-10|10-10]], [[#10-11|10-11]], [[#10-12|10-12]], [[#10-13|10-13]], [[#10-14|10-14]], [[#10-15|10-15]], [[#10-16|10-16]], [[#10-17|10-17]], [[#10-18|10-18]], [[#10-19|10-19]], [[#10-20|10-20]], [[#10-21|10-21]], [[#10-22|10-22]], [[#10-23|10-23]], [[#10-24|10-24]], [[#10-25|10-25]], [[#10-26|10-26]], [[#10-27|10-27]], [[#10-28|10-28]], [[#10-29|10-29]], [[#10-30|10-30]], [[#10-31|10-31]], [[#10-32|10-32]], [[#10-33|10-33]], [[#10-34|10-34]], [[#10-35|10-35]], [[#10-36|10-36]], [[#10-37|10-37]], [[#10-38|10-38]], [[#10-39|10-39]], [[#10-40|10-40]]
* -ok [[#11-01|11-01]], [[#11-02|11-02]], [[#11-03|11-03]], [[#11-04|11-04]], [[#11-05|11-05]], [[#11-06|11-06]], [[#11-07|11-07]], [[#11-08|11-08]], [[#11-09|11-09]], [[#11-10|11-10]], [[#11-11|11-11]], [[#11-12|11-12]], [[#11-13|11-13]], [[#11-14|11-14]], [[#11-15|11-15]], [[#11-16|11-16]], [[#11-17|11-17]], [[#11-18|11-18]], [[#11-19|11-19]], [[#11-20|11-20]], [[#11-21|11-21]], [[#11-22|11-22]], [[#11-23|11-23]], [[#11-24|11-24]]
* -oŋ [[#12-01|12-01]], [[#12-02|12-02]], [[#12-03|12-03]], [[#12-04|12-04]], [[#12-05|12-05]], [[#12-06|12-06]], [[#12-07|12-07]], [[#12-08|12-08]], [[#12-09|12-09]], [[#12-10|12-10]], [[#12-10A|12-10A]], [[#12-11|12-11]], [[#12-12|12-12]], [[#12-13|12-13]], [[#12-14|12-14]], [[#12-15|12-15]], [[#12-16|12-16]], [[#12-17|12-17]], [[#12-18|12-18]], [[#12-19|12-19]], [[#12-20|12-20]], [[#12-21|12-21]], [[#12-22|12-22]], [[#12-23|12-23]], [[#12-24|12-24]], [[#12-25|12-25]], [[#12-26|12-26]], [[#12-27|12-27]]

==u==
* -u [[#13-01|13-01]], [[#13-02|13-02]], [[#13-03|13-03]], [[#13-04|13-04]], [[#13-05|13-05]], [[#13-06|13-06]], [[#13-07|13-07]], [[#13-07A|13-07A]], [[#13-08|13-08]], [[#13-09|13-09]], [[#13-10|13-10]], [[#13-11|13-11]], [[#13-12|13-12]], [[#13-13|13-13]], [[#13-14|13-14]], [[#13-15|13-15]], [[#13-16|13-16]], [[#13-17|13-17]], [[#13-18|13-18]], [[#13-19|13-19]], [[#13-20|13-20]], [[#13-20A|13-20A]], [[#13-21|13-21]], [[#13-22|13-22]], [[#13-23|13-23]], [[#13-24|13-24]], [[#13-25|13-25]], [[#13-26|13-26]], [[#13-27|13-27]], [[#13-28|13-28]], [[#13-29|13-29]], [[#13-30|13-30]], [[#13-31|13-31]], [[#13-32|13-32]], [[#13-33|13-33]], [[#13-34|13-34]], [[#13-35|13-35]], [[#13-36|13-36]], [[#13-37|13-37]], [[#13-38|13-38]],  [[#13-39|13-39]], [[#13-40|13-40]], [[#13-41|13-41]], [[#13-42|13-42]], [[#13-43|13-43]], [[#13-44|13-44]], [[#13-45|13-45]], [[#13-46|13-46]], [[#13-47|13-47]], [[#13-48|13-48]],  [[#13-48|13-49]], [[#13-50|13-50]], [[#13-51|13-51]], [[#13-52|13-52]], [[#13-53|13-53]], [[#13-54|13-54]], [[#13-55|13-55]], [[#13-56|13-56]], [[#13-57|13-57]], [[#13-58|13-58]], [[#13-59|13-59]], [[#13-60|13-60]], [[#13-61|13-61]], [[#13-62|13-62]], [[#13-64|13-63]], [[#13-64|13-64]], [[#13-65|13-65]], [[#13-66|13-66]], [[#13-67|13-67]], [[#13-68|13-68]], [[#13-69|13-69]], [[#13-70|13-70]], [[#13-71|13-71]], [[#13-72|13-72]], [[#13-73|13-73]], [[#13-74|13-74]], [[#13-75|13-75]], [[#13-76|13-76]], [[#13-77|13-77]], [[#13-78|13-78]]
* -uk [[#14-01|14-01]], [[#14-02|14-02]], [[#14-03|14-03]], [[#14-04|14-04]], [[#14-05|14-05]], [[#14-06|14-06]], [[#14-07|14-07]], [[#14-08|14-08]], [[#14-09|14-09]], [[#14-10|14-10]], [[#14-11|14-11]], [[#14-12|14-12]], [[#14-13|14-13]], [[#14-14|14-14]], [[#14-15|14-15]], [[#14-16|14-16]], [[#14-17|14-17]], [[#14-18|14-18]], [[#14-19|14-19]], [[#14-20|14-20]], [[#14-21|14-21]], [[#14-22|14-22]], [[#14-23|14-23]], [[#14-24|14-24]], [[#14-25|14-25]]
* -uŋ [[#15-01|15-01]], [[#15-02|15-02]], [[#15-03|15-03]], [[#15-04|15-04]], [[#15-05|15-05]], [[#15-06|15-06]], [[#15-07|15-07]], [[#15-08|15-08]], [[#15-09|15-09]], [[#15-10|15-10]], [[#15-11|15-11]], [[#15-12|15-12]], [[#15-13|15-13]], [[#15-14|15-14]], [[#15-15|15-15]]

==-w==
* -aw [[#16-01|16-01]], [[#16-02|16-02]], [[#16-03|16-03]], [[#16-04|16-04]], [[#16-05|16-05]], [[#16-06|16-06]], [[#16-07|16-07]], [[#16-08|16-08]], [[#16-09|16-09]], [[#16-10|16-10]], [[#16-11|16-11]], [[#16-12|16-12]], [[#16-13|16-13]], [[#16-14|16-14]], [[#16-15|16-15]], [[#16-16|16-16]], [[#16-17|16-17]], [[#16-17|16-17]], [[#16-18|16-18]], WHERE IS SIXTEEN 18 [[#16-09|16-19]], [[#16-20|16-20]], [[#1144|16-21]], [[#16-22|16-22]], [[#16-23|16-23]], [[#16-24|16-24]], [[#16-25|16-25]], [[#16-26|16-26]], [[#16-27|16-27]], [[#16-28|16-28]], [[#16-28A|16-28A]], [[#16-29|16-29]], [[#16-30|16-30]], [[#16-31|16-31]], [[#16-32|16-32]], [[#16-33|16-33]], [[#16-34|16-34]], [[#16-35|16-35]], WHERE IS SIXTEEN THIRTY SIX [[#16-37|16-37]], [[#16-38|16-38]], [[#16-39|16-39]], [[#16-40|16-40]], [[#16-41|16-41]], [[#16-42|16-42]], [[#16-43|16-43]], [[#16-44|16-44]], [[#16-45|16-45]]
* -awk [[#17-01|17-01]], [[#17-02|17-02]], [[#17-03|17-03]], [[#17-04|17-04]], [[#17-05|17-05]], [[#17-06|17-06]], [[#17-08|17-07]], [[#17-09|17-09]], WHERE IS SEVENTEEN TEN [[#17-11|17-11]], [[#17-12|17-12]], [[#17-13|17-13]], [[#17-14|17-14]], [[#17-15|17-15]], [[#17-16|17-16]]

==-j==
* -aj [[#18-01|18-01]], [[#18-02|18-02]], [[#18-03|18-03]], [[#18-04|18-04]], [[#18-05|18-05]], [[#18-06|18-06]], [[#18-07|18-07]], [[#18-08|18-08]], [[#18-09|18-09]], [[#18-10|18-10]], [[#18-11|18-11]], [[#18-12|18-12]], [[#18-13|18-13]], [[#18-15|18-15]], [[#18-16|18-16]], [[#18-17|18-17]], [[#18-18|18-18]], [[#18-19|18-19]]
* -əj [[#27-01|27-01]], [[#27-02|27-02]], [[#27-03|27-03]], [[#27-04|27-04]], [[#27-05|27-05]], [[#27-06|27-06]], [[#27-07|27-07]], [[#27-08|27-08]], [[#27-09|27-09]], [[#27-10|27-10]], [[#27-11|27-11]], [[#27-12|27-12]], [[#27-13|27-13]], [[#27-14|27-14]], [[#27-15|27-15]], [[#27-16|27-16]], [[#27-17|27-17]], [[#27-18|27-18]], [[#27-19|27-19]], [[#27-20|27-20]]
* -i, -ej [[#26-01|26-01]], [[#26-02|26-02]], [[#26-03|26-03]], [[#26-04|26-04]], [[#26-05|26-05]], [[#26-06|26-06]], [[#26-07|26-07]], [[#26-08|26-08]], [[#26-09|26-09]], [[#26-10|26-10]], [[#26-11|26-11]], [[#26-12|26-12]], [[#26-13|26-13]], [[#26-14|26-14]], [[#26-15|26-15]], [[#26-16|26-16]],  [[#26-17|26-17]], [[#26-18|26-18]], [[#26-19|26-19]], [[#26-20|26-20]], [[#26-21|26-21]], [[#26-22|26-22]], [[#26-23|26-23]], [[#26-24|26-24]], [[#26-25|26-25]], [[#26-26|26-26]], [[#26-27|26-27]], [[#26-28|26-28]], [[#26-29|26-29]], [[#26-30|26-30]], [[#26-31|26-31]], [[#26-32|26-32]], [[#26-33|26-33]], [[#26-34|26-34]], [[#26-35|26-35]], [[#26-36|26-36]], [[#26-37|26-37]], [[#26-38|26-38]], [[#26-39|26-39]]
* -oj, waj [[#19-01|19-01]], [[#19-02|19-02]], [[#19-03|19-03]], [[#19-04|19-04]], [[#19-05|19-05]], [[#19-06|19-06]], [[#19-07|19-07]], [[#19-08|19-08]], [[#19-09|19-09]], [[#19-10|19-10]], [[#19-11|19-11]], [[#19-12|19-12]], [[#19-13|19-13]], [[#19-14|19-14]], [[#19-15|19-15]], [[#19-16|19-16]], [[#19-17|19-17]], [[#19-18|19-18]], [[#19-18A|19-18A]], [[#19-19|19-19]], [[#19-20|19-20]], [[#19-21|19-21]], [[#19-22|19-22]], [[#19-23|19-23]]
* -uj, -wəj [[#28-01|28-01]], [[#28-02|28-02]], [[#28-03|28-03]], [[#28-04|28-04]], [[#28-05|28-05]],  [[#28-06|28-06]], [[#28-07|28-07]], [[#28-08|28-08]], [[#28-09|28-09]], [[#28-10|28-10]], [[#28-11|28-11]],   [[#28-12|28-12]], [[#28-13|28-13]], [[#28-14|28-14]], [[#28-15|28-15]], [[#28-16|28-16]], [[#28-17|28-17]], [[#28-18|28-18]], [[#28-19|28-19]], [[#28-20|28-20]]

==-n==
* -an [[#24-01|24-01]], [[#24-02|24-02]], [[#24-03|24-03]], [[#24-04|24-04]], [[#24-05|24-05]], WHERE IS TWENTY FOUR SIX [[#24-07|24-07]], [[#24-08|24-08]], [[#24-09|24-09]],  [[#24-10|24-10]], [[#24-11|24-11]], [[#24-12|24-12]], [[#24-13|24-13]], [[#24-14|24-14]], [[#24-15|24-15]], [[#24-16|24-16]], [[#24-17|24-17]], [[#24-18|24-18]], [[#24-19|24-19]], [[#24-20|24-20]], [[#24-21|24-21]], [[#24-22|24-22]], [[#24-23|24-23]], [[#24-24|24-24]], [[#24-25|24-25]], [[#24-26|24-26]], [[#24-27|24-27]], [[#24-28|24-28]], [[#24-29|24-29]], [[#24-30|24-30]], [[#24-31|24-31]], [[#24-32|24-32]], [[#24-33|24-33]], [[#24-34|24-34]], [[#24-35|24-35]], [[#24-36|24-36]], [[#24-37|24-37]], [[#24-38|24-38]], [[#24-39|24-39]], [[#24-40|24-40]], [[#24-41|24-41]], [[#24-42|24-42]], [[#24-43|24-43]], [[#24-44|24-44]], [[#24-45|24-45]], [[#24-46|24-46]], [[#24-47|24-47]], [[#24-48|24-48]], [[#24-49|24-49]], [[#24-50|24-50]], [[#24-51|24-51]], [[#24-52|24-52]], [[#24-53|24-53]], [[#24-54|24-54]], [[#24-55|24-55]], [[#24-56|24-56]], [[#24-57|24-57]], [[#24-58|24-58]]
* -ən [[#33-01|33-01]], [[#33-02|33-02]], [[#33-03|33-03]], [[#33-04|33-04]], [[#33-05|33-05]], [[#33-06|33-06]], [[#33-07|33-07]], [[#33-08|33-08]], [[#33-09|33-09]], [[#33-10|33-10]], [[#33-11|33-11]], [[#33-12|33-12]], [[#33-13|33-13]], [[#33-14|33-14]], [[#33-15|33-15]], [[#33-16|33-16]], [[#33-17|33-17]], [[#33-18|33-18]], [[#33-19|33-19]], [[#33-20|33-20]], [[#33-22|33-22]], [[#33-23|33-23]], [[#33-24|33-24]], [[#33-25|33-25]], [[#33-26|33-26]], [[#33-27|33-27]], [[#33-28|33-28]], [[#33-29|33-29]], [[#33-30|33-30]], WHERE IS THIRTY THREE THIRTY ONE [[#33-32|33-32]], [[#33-33|33-33]], [[#33-34|33-34]], [[#33-35|33-35]], [[#33-36|33-36]]
* -en [[#23-01|23-01]], [[#23-02|23-02]], [[#23-03|23-03]], [[#23-04|23-04]], [[#23-05|23-05]], [[#23-06|23-06]], [[#23-07|23-07]], [[#23-08|23-08]], [[#23-09|23-09]], [[#23-10|23-10]], [[#23-11|23-11]], [[#23-12|23-12]],  [[#23-13|23-13]], [[#23-14|23-14]], [[#23-15|23-15]], [[#23-16|23-16]], [[#23-17|23-17]], [[#23-18|23-18]], [[#23-19|23-19]], [[#23-20|23-20]], [[#23-21|23-21]], [[#23-22|23-22]], [[#23-23|23-23]], [[#23-24|23-24]], [[#23-25|23-25]], [[#23-26|23-26]], [[#23-27|23-27]], [[#23-28|23-28]], [[#23-29|23-29]], WHERE IS TWENTY THREE THIRTY [[#23-31|23-31]], [[#23-32|23-32]]
* -on, -wan [[#25-01|25-01]], [[#25-02|25-02]], [[#25-03|25-03]], [[#25-04|25-04]], [[#25-05|25-05]], [[#25-06|25-06]], [[#25-07|25-07]],  [[#25-08|25-08]], [[#25-09|25-09]], [[#25-10|25-10]], [[#25-11|25-11]], [[#25-12|25-12]], [[#25-13|25-13]], [[#25-14|25-14]], [[#25-15|25-15]], [[#25-16|25-16]], [[#25-17|25-17]], [[#25-18|25-18]], [[#25-19|25-19]], [[#25-20|25-20]], [[#25-21|25-21]], [[#25-22|25-22]], [[#25-23|25-23]], [[#25-24|25-24]], [[#25-25|25-25]], [[#25-26|25-26]], [[#25-27|25-27]], [[#25-28|25-28]], [[#25-29|25-29]], [[#25-30|25-30]], [[#25-31|25-31]], [[#25-32|25-32]], [[#25-33|25-33]], [[#25-34|25-34]], [[#25-35|25-35]], [[#25-36|25-36]], [[#25-37|25-37]], [[#25-38|25-38]], [[#25-39|25-39]], [[#25-40|25-40]], [[#25-41|25-41]], [[#25-42|25-42]], [[#25-43|25-43]], [[#25-44|25-44]]
* -un, wən [[#34-01|34-01]], [[#34-02|34-02]], [[#34-03|34-03]], [[#34-04|34-04]], [[#34-05|34-05]], [[#34-06|34-06]], [[#34-07|34-07]], [[#34-08|34-08]], [[#34-09|34-09]], [[#34-10|34-10]], [[#34-11|34-11]], [[#34-12|34-12]], [[#34-13|34-13]], [[#34-14|34-14]], [[#34-15|34-15]], [[#34-16|34-16]],  [[#34-17|34-17]], [[#34-18|34-18]], [[#34-19|34-19]], [[#34-20|34-20]], [[#34-21|34-21]], [[#34-22|34-22]], [[#34-23|34-23]], [[#34-24|34-24]], [[#34-25|34-25]], [[#34-26|34-26]], [[#34-27|34-27]], [[#34-28|34-28]], [[#34-29|34-29]], [[#34-30|34-30]], [[#34-31|34-31]], [[#34-32|34-32]]
* -in [[#32-01|32-01]], [[#32-02|32-02]], [[#32-03|32-03]], [[#32-04|32-04]], [[#32-05|32-05]], [[#32-06|32-06]],  [[#32-07|32-07]], [[#32-08|32-08]], [[#32-09|32-09]], [[#32-10|32-10]], [[#32-11|32-11]], [[#32-12|32-12]], [[#32-13|32-13]], [[#32-14|32-14]], [[#32-15|32-15]], [[#32-16|32-16]], [[#32-17|32-17]], [[#32-18|32-18]], [[#32-19|32-19]], [[#32-20|32-20]], [[#32-21|32-21]], [[#32-22|32-22]], [[#32-23|32-23]], [[#32-24|32-24]], [[#32-25|32-25]], [[#32-26|32-26]], [[#32-27|32-27]], [[#32-28|32-28]], [[#32-29|32-29]], [[#32-30|32-30]], [[#32-31|32-31]], [[#32-32|32-32]], [[#32-33|32-33]], [[#32-34|32-34]], [[#32-35|32-35]], [[#32-36|32-36]], [[#32-37|32-37]], [[#32-38|32-38]], [[#32-39|38-39]], [[#32-40|32-40]]

==-r==
*-ar
*-ər
*-er
*-or, -war
*-ur, -wər
*-ir

==-et(s)==
* -et, -es [[#20-01|20-01]], [[#20-02|20-02]], [[#20-03|20-03]], [[#20-04|20-04]], [[#20-05|20-05]], [[#20-06|20-06]], [[#20-07|20-07]], [[#20-08|20-08]], [[#20-09|20-09]], [[#20-10|20-10]], [[#20-11|20-11]], [[#20-12|20-12]], [[#20-13|20-13]], [[#20-14|20-14]], [[#20-15|20-15]], [[#20-16|20-16]], [[#20-17|20-17]], [[#20-18|20-18]], [[#20-19|20-19]]

==-at(s)==
* -at, -as [[#21-01|21-01]], [[#21-02|21-02]], [[#21-03|21-03]], [[#21-04|21-04]], [[#21-05|21-05]], [[#21-0B|21-05B]], [[#21-06|21-06]], [[#21-07|21-07]], [[#21-08|21-08]], [[#21-09|21-09]], [[#21-10|21-10]], [[#21-11|21-11]], [[#21-12|21-12]], [[#21-13|21-13]], [[#21-14|21-14]], [[#21-15|21-15]], [[#21-16|21-16]], [[#21-17|21-17]], [[#21-18|21-18]], [[#21-19|21-19]], [[#21-20|21-20]], [[#21-21|21-21]], [[#21-22|21-22]], [[#21-23|21-23]], [[#21-24|21-24]], [[#21-25|21-25]], [[#21-26|21-26]], [[#21-27|21-27]], [[#21-28|21-28]], [[#21-29|21-29]], [[#21-30|21-30]], [[#21-31|21-31]], [[#21-33|21-33]], [[#21-34|21-34]], [[#21-35|21-35]], [[#21-36|21-36]], [[#21-37|21-37]]
* -ot, -wat, -os, -was [[#22-01|22-01]], [[#22-02|22-02]], [[#22-03|22-03]], [[#22-04|22-04]], [[#22-05|22-05]], [[#22-06|22-06]], [[#22-07|22-07]], [[#22-08|22-08]], [[#22-09|22-09]], [[#22-10|22-10]], [[#22-11|22-11]], [[#22-12|22-12]], [[#22-13|22-13]], [[#22-14|22-14]], WHERE IS TWENTY TWO SIXTEEN [[#22-16|22-16]], [[#22-17|22-17]], [[#22-18|22-18]], [[#22-19|22-19]]

==-t(s)==

* -it, i(t)s [[#29-01|29-01]], [[#29-02|29-02]], [[#29-03|29-03]], [[#29-04|29-04]], [[#29-05|29-05]], [[#29-06|29-06]], [[#29-07|29-07]], [[#29-08|29-08]], [[#29-09|29-09]], [[#29-10|29-10]], [[#29-11|29-11]], [[#29-12|29-12]], [[#29-13|29-13]], [[#29-14|29-14]], [[#29-15|29-15]], [[#29-16|29-16]], [[#29-17|29-17]], [[#29-18|29-18]], [[#29-19|29-19]], [[#29-20|29-20]], [[#29-21|29-21]], [[#29-22|29-22]], [[#29-23|29-23]], [[#29-24|29-24]], [[#29-25|29-25]], [[#29-26|29-26]], [[#29-27|29-27]], [[#29-28|29-28]], [[#29-29|29-29]], [[#29-30|29-30]], [[#29-31|29-31]], [[#29-32|29-32]], [[#29-33|29-33]], [[#29-34|29-34]], [[#29-35|29-35]], [[#29-36|29-36]], [[#29-37|29-37]], [[#29-38|29-38]], [[#29-39|29-39]], [[#29-40|29-40]], [[#29-41|29-41]], [[#29-42|29-42]], [[#29-43|29-43]], [[#29-44|29-44]]
* -ət, ə(t)s [[#30-01|30-01]], [[#30-02|30-02]], [[#30-03|30-03]], [[#30-04|30-04]], [[#30-05|30-05]], [[#30-06|30-06]], [[#30-07|30-07]], [[#30-08|30-08]], [[#30-09|30-09]], [[#30-10|30-10]], [[#30-11|30-11]],  [[#30-12|30-12]], [[#30-13|30-13]], [[#30-14|30-14]], WHERE IS THIRTY FIFTEEN [[#30-16|30-16]], [[#30-17|30-17]], [[#30-18|30-18]], [[#30-19|30-19]], [[#30-20|30-20]], [[#30-21|30-21]], [[#30-22|30-22]]
* -ut, u(t)s [[#31-01|31-01]], [[#31-02|31-02]], [[#31-03|31-03]], [[#31-04|31-04]], [[#31-05|31-05]], [[#31-06|31-06]], [[#31-07|31-07]], [[#31-08|31-08]], [[#31-09|31-09]], [[#31-10|31-10]], [[#31-11|31-11]], [[#31-12|31-12]], WHERE IS THIRTY ONE FOURTEEN [[#31-14|31-14]], [[#31-15|31-15]], [[#31-16|31-16]], [[#31-17|31-17]], [[#31-18|31-18]], [[#31-19|31-19]], [[#31-20|31-20]], [[#31-21|31-21]], [[#31-22|31-22]], [[#31-23|31-23]], [[#31-24|31-24]]

==-p/-m==
* -ap, ep [[#35-01|35-01]], [[#35-02|35-02]], [[#35-03|35-03]], [[#35-04|35-04]], [[#35-05|35-05]], [[#35-06|35-06]], [[#35-07|35-07]], WHERE IS THIRTY FIVE EIGHT [[#35-09|35-09]], [[#35-10|35-10]], [[#35-11|35-11]], [[#35-12|35-12]], [[#35-13|35-13]], [[#35-14|35-14]], [[#35-15|35-15]], [[#35-16|35-16]], [[#35-17|35-17]], [[#35-18|35-18]], [[#35-19|35-19]], [[#35-20|35-20]], [[#35-21|35-21]]
* -am, em [[#36-01|36-01]], [[#36-02|36-02]], [[#36-03|36-03]], [[#36-04|36-04]], [[#36-05|36-05]], [[#36-06|36-06]], [[#36-07|36-07]], [[#36-08|36-08]], [[#36-09|36-09]], [[#36-10|36-10]], [[#36-11|36-11]], [[#36-12|36-12]], [[#36-13|36-13]], [[#36-14|36-14]], WHERE IS THIRTY SIX FIFTEEN [[#36-16|36-16]], [[#36-17|36-17]], [[#36-18|36-18]], [[#36-19|36-19]], WHERE IS THIRTY SIX TWENTY [[#36-21|36-21]], [[#0611|36-22]], [[#36-23|36-23]], [[#36-24|36-24]], [[#36-25|36-25]], [[#36-26|36-26]], [[#36-27|36-27]]
* -əp, -ip [[#37-01|37-01]], [[#37-02|37-02]], [[#37-03|37-03]], [[#37-04|37-04]], [[#37-05|37-05]], [[#37-06|37-06]], [[#37-07|37-07]], [[#37-08|37-08]], [[#37-09|37-09]], [[#37-10|37-10]], [[#37-11|37-11]], [[#37-12|37-12]], [[#37-13|37-13]], [[#37-14|37-14]], [[#37-15|37-15]], [[#37-16|37-16]], [[#37-17|37-17]], [[#37-18|37-18]], [[#37-19|37-19]], [[#37-20|37-20]], [[#37-21|37-21]]
* -əm, -im WHERE IS THIRTY EIGHT ONE [[#38-02|38-02]], [[#38-03|38-03]],  [[#38-04|38-04]], [[#38-05|38-05]], [[#38-06|38-06]], [[#38-07|38-07]], [[#38-08|38-08]], [[#38-09|38-09]], [[#38-10|38-10]], [[#38-11|38-11]], [[#38-12|38-12]], [[#38-13|38-13]], [[#38-14|38-14]], [[#38-15|38-15]], [[#38-16|38-16]], [[#38-17|38-17]], [[#38-18|38-18]], [[#38-19|38-19]], [[#38-20|38-20]], [[#38-21|38-21]], [[#38-22|38-22]], [[#38-23|38-23]], [[#38-24|38-24]], [[#38-25|38-25]], [[#38-26|38-26]], [[#38-27|38-27]], [[#38-28|38-28]], [[#38-29|38-29]], [[#38-30|38-30]], [[#38-31|38-31]], [[#38-32|38-32]]


=01=
==01-01==
* 01-01/0049a [[wikt:古|古]] kuX
* 01-01/0049f [[wikt:固|固]] kuH
* 01-01/0049g [[wikt:姑|姑]] ku
* 01-01/0049i [[wikt:故|故]] kuH
* 01-01/0049k [[wikt:沽|沽]] ku
* 01-01/0049m [[wikt:罟|罟]] kuX
* 01-01/0049o [[wikt:蛄|蛄]] ku
* 01-01/0049p [[wikt:辜|辜]] ku
* 01-01/0049q [[wikt:盬|盬]] kuX
* 01-01/0049r [[wikt:䀇|䀇]] kuX
* 01-01/0049t [[wikt:枯|枯]] khu
* 01-01/0049u [[wikt:苦|苦]] khuX, kuX
* 01-01/0049v [[wikt:岵|岵]] huX
* 01-01/0049x [[wikt:怙|怙]] huX
* 01-01/0049y [[wikt:祜|祜]] huX
* 01-01/0049a' [[wikt:胡|胡]] hu
* 01-01/0049b' [[wikt:酤|酤]] huX
* 01-01/0049c' [[wikt:居|居]] kjo, kjoH
* 01-01/0049e' [[wikt:錮|錮]] kuH
* 01-01/0049f' [[wikt:個|個]] kaH
* 01-01/0049g' [[wikt:橭|橭]] khu, ku
* 01-01/0049h' [[wikt:楛|楛]] huX
* 01-01/0049i' [[wikt:瑚|瑚]] hu
* 01-01/0049j' [[wikt:湖|湖]] hu
* 01-01/0049k' [[wikt:葫|葫]] hu
* 01-01/0049l' [[wikt:餬|餬]] hu
* 01-01/0049m' [[wikt:鶘|鶘]] hu
* 01-01/0049n' [[wikt:倨|倨]] kjoH
* 01-01/0049o' [[wikt:据|据]] kjo
* 01-01/0049p' [[wikt:琚|琚]] kjo
* 01-01/0049q' [[wikt:裾|裾]] kjo
* 01-01/0049r' [[wikt:踞|踞]] kjoH
* 01-01/0049s' [[wikt:鋸|鋸]] kjoH
* 01-01/0049t' [[wikt:椐|椐]] khjo, kjoH
* 01-01/0049u' [[wikt:腒|腒]] gjo, kjo
* 01-01/0049- [[wikt:菇|菇]] ku
* 01-01/0049- [[wikt:糊|糊]] hu
* 01-01/1258a [[wikt:涸|涸]] xak

==01-02==
* 01-02/0050a [[wikt:鼓|鼓]] kuX
* 01-02/0050b [[wikt:鼔|鼔]] kuX
* 01-02/0050g [[wikt:瞽|瞽]] kuX

==01-03==
* 01-03/0051a [[wikt:股|股]] kuX
* 01-03/0051b [[wikt:羖|羖]] kuX
==01-04==
* 01-04/0052a [[wikt:蠱|蠱]] kuX
==01-05==
* 01-05/0056a [[wikt:壺|壺]] hu
==01-06==
* 01-06/0053a [[wikt:戶|戶]] huX
* 01-06/0053c [[wikt:扈|扈]] huX
* 01-06/0053d [[wikt:雇|雇]] kuH
* 01-06/0053e [[wikt:鳸|鳸]] huX
* 01-06/0053g [[wikt:顧|顧]] kuH
* 01-06/0091a [[wikt:所|所]] srjoX, xjoX

==01-07==
* 01-07/0054a [[wikt:互|互]] huH
* 01-07/0054b [[wikt:枑|枑]] huH
* 01-07/0054c [[wikt:沍|沍]] huH
==01-08==
* 01-08/0642a [[wikt:去|去]] khjoH, khjoX
* 01-08/0642c [[wikt:呿|呿]] khjo, khjoH
* 01-08/0642d [[wikt:祛|祛]] khjo
* 01-08/0642e [[wikt:袪|袪]] khjo
* 01-08/0642f [[wikt:麮|麮]] khjoH, khjoX
* 01-08/0642g [[wikt:胠|胠]] khjo
==01-09==
* 01-09/0803a [[wikt:豦|豦]] gjo, gjoH
* 01-09/0803c [[wikt:遽|遽]] gjoH
* 01-09/0803e [[wikt:醵|醵]] gjak, gjo, gjoH
* 01-09/0803f [[wikt:據|據]] kjoH
* 01-09/0803g [[wikt:鐻|鐻]] kjoH
* 01-09/0803h [[wikt:臄|臄]] gjak
* 01-09/0803i [[wikt:劇|劇]] gjaek
* 01-09/0803j [[wikt:籧|籧]] gjo, kjoX
* 01-09/0803k [[wikt:蘧|蘧]] gjo
==01-10==
* 01-10/0074a [[wikt:車|車]] tsyhae, kjo
* 01-10/0074e [[wikt:庫|庫]] khuH
==01-11==
* 01-11/0032a [[wikt:家|家]] kae
* 01-11/0032e [[wikt:嫁|嫁]] kaeH
* 01-11/0032f [[wikt:稼|稼]] kaeH
==01-12==
* 01-12/0033a [[wikt:叚|叚]] kaeX
* 01-12/0033c [[wikt:假|假]] kaeX, kaeX
* 01-12/0033d [[wikt:嘏|嘏]] kaeX
* 01-12/0033e [[wikt:葭|葭]] kae
* 01-12/0033f [[wikt:豭|豭]] kae
* 01-12/0033g [[wikt:暇|暇]] haeH
* 01-12/0033h [[wikt:瑕|瑕]] hae
* 01-12/0033i [[wikt:蝦|蝦]] hae
* 01-12/0033j [[wikt:遐|遐]] hae
* 01-12/0033k [[wikt:霞|霞]] hae
* 01-12/0033l [[wikt:騢|騢]] hae

==01-13==
* 01-13/0034a [[wikt:斝|斝]] kaeX
==01-14==
* 01-14/0035a [[wikt:下|下]] haeH, haeX
* 01-14/0035d [[wikt:芐|芐]] haeH
==01-15==
* 01-15/0036a [[wikt:夏|夏]] haeH, haeX
* 01-15/0036c [[wikt:廈|廈]] haeX
* 01-15/0036d [[wikt:厦|厦]] haeX
* 01-15/1236c [[wikt:嗄|嗄]] 'eajH, sraeH
==01-16==
* 01-16/0038a [[wikt:襾|襾]] xaeX
* 01-16/0038b [[wikt:賈|賈]] kaeH, kuX
* 01-16/0038c [[wikt:價|價]] kaeH
* 01-16/0038d [[wikt:檟|檟]] kaeX
==01-17==
A uvular series
* 01-17/0055a [[wikt:乎|乎]] hu
* 01-17/0055e [[wikt:虖|虖]] hu
* 01-17/0055h [[wikt:呼|呼]] xu, xuH
* 01-17/0055i [[wikt:嘑|嘑]] xu
==01-18==
A uvular series.

* 01-18/0057a [[wikt:虍|虍]] xu
* 01-18/0057b [[wikt:虎|虎]] xuX
* 01-18/0057f [[wikt:琥|琥]] xuX
* 01-18/0078a [[wikt:虛|虛]] khjo, xjo
* 01-18/0078b [[wikt:墟|墟]] khjo
* 01-18/0078c [[wikt:歔|歔]] xjo, xjoH
* 01-18/0078d [[wikt:噓|噓]] xjo, xjoH
* 01-18/0078e [[wikt:虡|虡]] gjoX
* 01-18/0078g [[wikt:𥲤|𥲤]] gjoX
* 01-18/0085a [[wikt:處|處]] tsyhoX, tsyhoH
* 01-18/01-51/0069a [[wikt:𧆨|𧆨]] lu
* 01-18/01-51/0069d [[wikt:盧|盧]] lu
* 01-18/01-51/0069e [[wikt:虜|虜]] luX
* 01-18/01-51/0069f [[wikt:慮|慮]] ljoH
* 01-18/01-51/0069g [[wikt:膚|膚]] pju
* 01-18/01-51/0069j [[wikt:壚|壚]] lu
* 01-18/01-51/0069k [[wikt:櫨|櫨]] lu
* 01-18/01-51/0069l [[wikt:爐|爐]] lu
* 01-18/01-51/0069m [[wikt:鑪|鑪]] lu
* 01-18/01-51/0069n [[wikt:籚|籚]] lu
* 01-18/01-51/0069o [[wikt:纑|纑]] lu
* 01-18/01-51/0069p [[wikt:顱|顱]] lu
* 01-18/01-51/0069q [[wikt:廬|廬]] ljo
* 01-18/01-51/0069r [[wikt:臚|臚]] ljo
* 01-18/01-51/0069t [[wikt:儢|儢]] ljoX
* 01-18/01-51/0069u [[wikt:藘|藘]] ljo
* 01-18/01-51/0069v [[wikt:鑢|鑢]] ljoH
* 01-18/01-51/0069x [[wikt:攄|攄]] trhjo

==01-19==
* 01-19/0095a [[wikt:巨|巨]] gjoX, kjuX
* 01-19/0095c [[wikt:矩|矩]] kjuX
* 01-19/0095e [[wikt:榘|榘]] kjuX
* 01-19/0095f [[wikt:柜|柜]] kjuX
* 01-19/0095g [[wikt:渠|渠]] gjo
* 01-19/0095h [[wikt:蚷|蚷]] gjo
* 01-19/0095i [[wikt:拒|拒]] gjoX, kjuX
* 01-19/0095j [[wikt:秬|秬]] gjoX
* 01-19/0095k [[wikt:𩰤|𩰤]] gjuX
* 01-19/0095n [[wikt:粔|粔]] gjoX
* 01-19/0095o [[wikt:耟|耟]] gjoX
* 01-19/0095p [[wikt:詎|詎]] gjoH, gjoX
* 01-19/0095q [[wikt:距|距]] gjoX
* 01-19/0095r [[wikt:鉅|鉅]] gjoX

==01-20==
* 01-20/0096c [[wikt:瞿|瞿]] gju
* 01-20/0096d [[wikt:衢|衢]] gju
* 01-20/0096e [[wikt:躣|躣]] gju
* 01-20/0096g [[wikt:鸜|鸜]] gju

==01-21==
* 01-21/0041a [[wikt:瓜|瓜]] kwae
* 01-21/0041b [[wikt:呱|呱]] ku
* 01-21/0041c [[wikt:孤|孤]] ku
* 01-21/0041d [[wikt:罛|罛]] ku
* 01-21/0041e [[wikt:苽|苽]] ku
* 01-21/0041f [[wikt:觚|觚]] ku
* 01-21/0041g [[wikt:軱|軱]] ku
* 01-21/0041h [[wikt:弧|弧]] hu
* 01-21/0041i [[wikt:狐|狐]] hu

==01-22==
* 01-22/0042a [[wikt:寡|寡]] kwaeX

==01-23==
A uvular series.
* 01-23/0043a [[wikt:夸|夸]] khwae
* 01-23/0043b [[wikt:誇|誇]] khwae
* 01-23/0043c [[wikt:姱|姱]] khwae
* 01-23/0043d [[wikt:跨|跨]] khuH, khwaeH
* 01-23/0043e [[wikt:荂|荂]] khwae, xju
* 01-23/0043f [[wikt:刳|刳]] khuH
* 01-23/0043g [[wikt:挎|挎]] khu
* 01-23/0043h [[wikt:袴|袴]] khuH
* 01-23/0043i [[wikt:絝|絝]] khuH
* 01-23/0043j [[wikt:瓠|瓠]] hu, huH
* 01-23/0043k [[wikt:洿|洿]] 'u
* 01-23/0043l [[wikt:槬|槬]] hwaeH
* 01-23/0043m [[wikt:摦|摦]] hwaeH
* 01-23/0097a [[wikt:于|于]] hju
* 01-23/0097h [[wikt:宇|宇]] hjuX
* 01-23/0097i [[wikt:杅|杅]] hju
* 01-23/0097j [[wikt:玗|玗]] hju
* 01-23/0097k [[wikt:盂|盂]] hju
* 01-23/0097n [[wikt:竽|竽]] hju
* 01-23/0097o [[wikt:芋|芋]] hjuH
* 01-23/0097p [[wikt:迂|迂]] 'ju, hju
* 01-23/0097q [[wikt:雩|雩]] hju
* 01-23/0097t [[wikt:吁|吁]] xju
* 01-23/0097u [[wikt:盱|盱]] xju
* 01-23/0097v [[wikt:訏|訏]] xju
* 01-23/0097y [[wikt:紆|紆]] 'ju
* 01-23/0097z [[wikt:圩|圩]] 'u
* 01-23/0097a' [[wikt:杇|杇]] 'u
* 01-23/0097b' [[wikt:汙|汙]] 'wae
* 01-23/0097c' [[wikt:污|污]] 'u, 'wae
* 01-23/0097d' [[wikt:冔|冔]] xjuX
* 01-23/0097- [[wikt:謣|謣]] hju

==01-24==
A uvular series
* 01-24/0098a [[wikt:羽|羽]] hjuX
* 01-24/0098c [[wikt:栩|栩]] xjuX
* 01-24/0098d [[wikt:詡|詡]] xjuX
* 01-24/0098- [[wikt:頨|頨]]
* 01-24/0098- [[wikt:翩|翩]]

==01-25==
A uvular series
* 01-25/0099a [[wikt:禹|禹]] hjuX	
* 01-25/0099d [[wikt:偊|偊]] hjuX
* 01-25/0099e [[wikt:楀|楀]] kjuX
* 01-25/0099f [[wikt:萭|萭]] kjuX
* 01-25/0099g [[wikt:踽|踽]] kjuX

==01-26==
A uvular series
* 01-26/0100a [[wikt:雨|雨]] hjuX, hjuH

==01-27==
A uvular series
* 01-27/0044a [[wikt:華|華]] xwae, hwae, hwaeH
* 01-27/0044c [[wikt:驊|驊]] hwae
* 01-27/0044d [[wikt:譁|譁]] xwae
* 01-27/0044- [[wikt:樺|樺]] hwaeH
* 01-27/0044- [[wikt:花|花]] xwae

==01-28==
* 01-28/0061a [[wikt:烏|烏]] 'u
* 01-28/0061d [[wikt:嗚|嗚]] 'u
* 01-28/0061e [[wikt:於|於]] 'jo, 'joH, 'u
* 01-28/0061g [[wikt:棜|棜]] 'joH
* 01-28/0061h [[wikt:瘀|瘀]] 'joH
* 01-28/0061i [[wikt:菸|菸]] 'jo
* 01-28/0270a [[wikt:閼|閼]] 'at

==01-29==
* 01-29/0058a [[wikt:五|五]] nguX
* 01-29/0058e [[wikt:伍|伍]] nguX
* 01-29/0058f [[wikt:吾|吾]] ngu
* 01-29/0058j [[wikt:悟|悟]] nguH
* 01-29/0058k [[wikt:捂|捂]] nguH
* 01-29/0058l [[wikt:晤|晤]] nguH
* 01-29/0058m [[wikt:梧|梧]] ngu
* 01-29/0058n [[wikt:寤|寤]] nguH
* 01-29/0058o [[wikt:啎|啎]] nguH
* 01-29/0058p [[wikt:圄|圄]] ngjoX
* 01-29/0058q [[wikt:敔|敔]] ngjoX
* 01-29/0058s [[wikt:衙|衙]] ngae, ngjo
* 01-29/0058t [[wikt:語|語]] ngjoX, ngjoH
* 01-29/0058v [[wikt:鋙|鋙]] ngjo, ngjoX

==01-30==
* 01-30/0060a [[wikt:午|午]] nguX
* 01-30/0060f [[wikt:仵|仵]] nguH, nguX
* 01-30/0060g [[wikt:忤|忤]] nguH
* 01-30/0060h [[wikt:迕|迕]] nguH
* 01-30/0060i [[wikt:許|許]] xjoX, xuX
* 01-30/0060k [[wikt:滸|滸]] xuX
* 01-30/0060l [[wikt:御|御]] ngjoH
* 01-30/0060p [[wikt:禦|禦]] ngjoX
* 01-30/0060- [[wikt:卸|卸]] sjaeH
* 01-30/01-41/0086a [[wikt:杵|杵]] tsyhoX

==01-31==
* 01-31/0067a [[wikt:穌|穌]] su
* 01-31/0067c [[wikt:蘇|蘇]] su
* 01-31/0079a [[wikt:魚|魚]] ngjo
* 01-31/0079g [[wikt:漁|漁]] ngjo
* 01-31/0079m [[wikt:䱷|䱷]] ngjo
* 01-31/0079- [[wikt:𫊣|𫊣]] ngjo (?)

==01-32==
* 01-32/0081a [[wikt:圉|圉]] ngjoH, ngjoX
==01-33==
* 01-33/0080a [[wikt:馭|馭]] ngjoH
==01-34==
A uvular series.

* 01-34/0037a [[wikt:牙|牙]] ngae
* 01-34/0037c [[wikt:庌|庌]] ngaeX
* 01-34/0037d [[wikt:芽|芽]] ngae
* 01-34/0037e [[wikt:訝|訝]] ngaeH
* 01-34/0037f [[wikt:迓|迓]] ngaeH
* 01-34/0037g [[wikt:雅|雅]] ngaeX
* 01-34/0037h [[wikt:鴉|鴉]] 'ae
* 01-34/01-45/0075a [[wikt:舉|舉]] kjoX
* 01-34/01-45/0089a [[wikt:舁|舁]] yoX
* 01-34/01-45/0089b [[wikt:與|與]] yo, yoH, yoX
* 01-34/01-45/0089e [[wikt:歟|歟]] yo
* 01-34/01-45/0089f [[wikt:璵|璵]] yo
* 01-34/01-45/0089g [[wikt:䑂|䑂]] yoX
* 01-34/01-45/0089i [[wikt:譽|譽]] yo, yoH
* 01-34/01-45/0089j [[wikt:輿|輿]] yo
* 01-34/01-45/0089k [[wikt:鸒|鸒]] yoH
* 01-34/01-45/0089l [[wikt:旟|旟]] yo
* 01-34/01-45/0089n [[wikt:藇|藇]] yoX, zjoX
* 01-34/01-45/0089o [[wikt:鱮|鱮]] zjoX
* 01-34/01-47/0047a [[wikt:邪|邪]] zjae, yae, zjo
* 01-34/01-47/0047b [[wikt:耶|耶]] yae
* 01-34/01-47/0047c [[wikt:衺|衺]] zjae

==01-35==
* 01-35/0059a [[wikt:吳|吳]] ngu
* 01-35/0059d [[wikt:誤|誤]] nguH
* 01-35/0059e [[wikt:悞|悞]] nguH
* 01-35/0059f [[wikt:俁|俁]] ngjuX
* 01-35/0059g [[wikt:娛|娛]] ngju
* 01-35/0059h [[wikt:虞|虞]] ngju
* 01-35/0059j [[wikt:麌|麌]] ngjuX
* 01-35/0059k [[wikt:噳|噳]] ngjuX
==01-36==
* 01-36/0062a [[wikt:土|土]] duX, thuX
* 01-36/0062d [[wikt:吐|吐]] thuH, thuX
* 01-36/0062e [[wikt:徒|徒]] du
* 01-36/0062g [[wikt:杜|杜]] duX
* 01-36/0062j [[wikt:社|社]] dzyaeX
* 01-36/0062- [[wikt:肚|肚]] tuX, duX
==01-37==
* 01-37/0064a [[wikt:圖|圖]] du
==01-38==
* 01-38/0045a [[wikt:者|者]] tsyaeX
* 01-38/0045d [[wikt:赭|赭]] tsyaeX
* 01-38/0045e [[wikt:奢|奢]] syae
* 01-38/0045g [[wikt:褚|褚]] trjoX
* 01-38/0045h [[wikt:豬|豬]] trjo
* 01-38/0045i [[wikt:楮|楮]] trhjoX, tuX
* 01-38/0045j [[wikt:箸|箸]] drjoH
* 01-38/0045k [[wikt:渚|渚]] tsyoX
* 01-38/0045l [[wikt:煑|煑]] tsyoX
* 01-38/0045m [[wikt:煮|煮]] tsyoX
* 01-38/0045n [[wikt:䰞|䰞]] tsyoX
* 01-38/0045o [[wikt:𦑥|𦑥]] tsyoH
* 01-38/0045p [[wikt:諸|諸]] tsyo
* 01-38/0045q [[wikt:陼|陼]] tsyoX
* 01-38/0045r [[wikt:署|署]] dzyoH
* 01-38/0045s [[wikt:緒|緒]] zjoX
* 01-38/0045t [[wikt:書|書]] syo
* 01-38/0045x [[wikt:暑|暑]] syoX
* 01-38/0045y [[wikt:堵|堵]] tuX
* 01-38/0045b' [[wikt:帾|帾]] tuX
* 01-38/0045c' [[wikt:睹|睹]] tuX
* 01-38/0045d' [[wikt:覩|覩]] tuX
* 01-38/0045e' [[wikt:都|都]] tu
* 01-38/0045h' [[wikt:闍|闍]] dzyae, tu
* 01-38/0045i' [[wikt:屠|屠]] du
* 01-38/0045j' [[wikt:瘏|瘏]] du
* 01-38/0045k' [[wikt:瀦|瀦]] trjo
* 01-38/0045l' [[wikt:儲|儲]] drjo
* 01-38/0045m' [[wikt:曙|曙]] dzyoH
* 01-38/0045n' [[wikt:著|著]] drjak, trjak, trjoH
* 01-38/0045o' [[wikt:躇|躇]] drjo, trhjak
* 01-38/0045p' [[wikt:𣃈|𣃈]] trjak

==01-39==
* 01-39/0084a [[wikt:宁|宁]] drjo, drjoX
* 01-39/0084c [[wikt:佇|佇]] drjoX
* 01-39/0084d [[wikt:竚|竚]] drjoX
* 01-39/0084e [[wikt:紵|紵]] drjoX
* 01-39/0084f [[wikt:羜|羜]] drjoX
* 01-39/0084g [[wikt:貯|貯]] trjoX
==01-40==
*01-40/1242b [[wikt:樗|樗]] trhjo

==01-41==
* 01-41/01-42/0082a [[wikt:余|余]] yo
* 01-41/01-42/0082f [[wikt:畬|畬]] yo
* 01-41/01-42/0082g [[wikt:悆|悆]] yoH
* 01-41/01-42/0082i [[wikt:艅|艅]] yo
* 01-41/01-42/0082l [[wikt:餘|餘]] yo
* 01-41/01-42/0082m [[wikt:除|除]] drjo, drjoH
* 01-41/01-42/0082o [[wikt:敘|敘]] zjoX
* 01-41/01-42/0082q [[wikt:䣄|䣄]] zjo
* 01-41/01-42/0082s [[wikt:賖|賖]] syae
* 01-41/01-42/0082t [[wikt:賒|賒]] syae
* 01-41/01-42/0082u [[wikt:涂|涂]] du
* 01-41/01-42/0082v [[wikt:途|途]] du
* 01-41/01-42/0082x [[wikt:荼|荼]] drae, du, syo
* 01-41/01-42/0082y [[wikt:梌|梌]] du
* 01-41/01-42/0082a' [[wikt:㻌|㻌]] thu
* 01-41/01-42/0082b' [[wikt:稌|稌]] duX, thu, thuX
* 01-41/01-42/0082c' [[wikt:篨|篨]] drjo
* 01-41/01-42/0082d' [[wikt:塗|塗]] du
* 01-41/01-42/0082- [[wikt:徐|徐]] zjo

==01-42==
* 01-42/01-43/0083a [[wikt:予|予]] yo, yoX
* 01-42/01-43/0083c [[wikt:𨑦|𨑦]]
* 01-42/01-43/0083e [[wikt:豫|豫]] yoH
* 01-42/01-43/0083f [[wikt:杼|杼]] drjoX, zyoH, zyoX
* 01-42/01-43/0083g [[wikt:抒|抒]] zyoX
* 01-42/01-43/0083h [[wikt:序|序]] zjoX
* 01-42/01-43/0083i [[wikt:芧|芧]] zjoX
* 01-42/01-43/0083j [[wikt:紓|紓]] syo, zyoX
* 01-42/01-43/0083k [[wikt:舒|舒]] syo
* 01-42/01-43/0083l [[wikt:野|野]] yaeX
* 01-42/01-43/0083m [[wikt:𡐨|𡐨]] yaeX

==01-43==
* 01-43/01-44/0083n [[wikt:埜|埜]] yaeX

==01-44==
* 01-44/01-46/0063a [[wikt:兔|兔]] thuH
* 01-44/01-46/0063c [[wikt:菟|菟]] du
* 01-44/01-46/0063- [[wikt:䖘|䖘]] du

==01-45==
* 01-45/01-48/0048a [[wikt:舍|舍]] syaeH, syaeX
* 01-45/01-48/0048c [[wikt:捨|捨]] syaeX

==01-46==
* 01-46/01-49/0092a [[wikt:鼠|鼠]] syoX
* 01-46/01-49/0092b [[wikt:癙|癙]] syoX

==01-47==
* 01-47/01-50/0093a [[wikt:黍|黍]] syoX

==01-48==
* 01-48/01-52/0070a [[wikt:魯|魯]] luX
* 01-48/01-52/0070e [[wikt:櫓|櫓]] luX

==01-49==
* 01-49/01-53/0071a [[wikt:鹵|鹵]] luX

==01-50==
* 01-50/01-54/0076a [[wikt:呂|呂]] ljoX
* 01-50/01-54/0076d [[wikt:侶|侶]] ljoX
* 01-50/01-54/0076e [[wikt:梠|梠]] ljoX
* 01-50/01-54/0076g [[wikt:閭|閭]] ljo
* 01-50/01-54/0076h [[wikt:郘|郘]] ljoX
* 01-50/01-54/0076j [[wikt:筥|筥]] kjoX
* 01-50/01-54/0076l [[wikt:莒|莒]] kjoX

==01-51==
* 01-51/01-55/0077a [[wikt:旅|旅]] ljoX
* 01-51/01-55/0077e [[wikt:膂|膂]] ljoX
* 01-51/01-55/0077f [[wikt:玈|玈]] lu

==01-52==
* 01-52/01-56/0094a [[wikt:女|女]] nrjoX, nrjoH
* 01-52/01-56/0094f [[wikt:籹|籹]] nrjoX
* 01-52/01-56/0094g [[wikt:如|如]] nyo
* 01-52/01-56/0094j [[wikt:汝|汝]] nyoX
* 01-52/01-56/0094l [[wikt:奴|奴]] nu
* 01-52/01-56/0094o [[wikt:帤|帤]] nrjo
* 01-52/01-56/0094p [[wikt:袽|袽]] nrjo
* 01-52/01-56/0094q [[wikt:洳|洳]] nyo, nyoH
* 01-52/01-56/0094r [[wikt:茹|茹]] nyo, nyoH, nyoX
* 01-52/01-56/0094s [[wikt:鴽|鴽]] nyo
* 01-52/01-56/0094t [[wikt:恕|恕]] syoH
* 01-52/01-56/0094u [[wikt:絮|絮]] sjoH, trhjoH
* 01-52/01-56/0094v [[wikt:孥|孥]] nu
* 01-52/01-56/0094y [[wikt:帑|帑]] nu
* 01-52/01-56/0094z [[wikt:弩|弩]] nuX
* 01-52/01-56/0094a' [[wikt:怒|怒]] nuH, nuX
* 01-52/01-56/0094b' [[wikt:拏|拏]] nrae
* 01-52/01-56/0094c' [[wikt:挐|挐]] nrae
* 01-52/01-56/0094d' [[wikt:砮|砮]] nu, nuX
* 01-52/01-56/0094e' [[wikt:笯|笯]] nrae, nu, nuH
* 01-52/01-56/0094f' [[wikt:駑|駑]] nu

==01-53==
* 01-53/01-57/0046a [[wikt:且|且]] tshjaeX, tshjo, tsjo
* 01-53/01-57/0046h [[wikt:罝|罝]] tsjae
* 01-53/01-57/0046i [[wikt:柤|柤]] tsrae
* 01-53/01-57/0046j [[wikt:抯|抯]] dzjaeX, tsjaeX, tsrae
* 01-53/01-57/0046k [[wikt:沮|沮]] dzjoX, tsjoH
* 01-53/01-57/0046m [[wikt:蛆|蛆]] tsjo
* 01-53/01-57/0046n [[wikt:岨|岨]] tshjo
* 01-53/01-57/0046o [[wikt:狙|狙]] tshjo
* 01-53/01-57/0046p [[wikt:疽|疽]] tshjo
* 01-53/01-57/0046q [[wikt:砠|砠]] tshjo
* 01-53/01-57/0046r [[wikt:雎|雎]] tshjo
* 01-53/01-57/0046s [[wikt:鴡|鴡]] tshjo
* 01-53/01-57/0046t [[wikt:苴|苴]] tshjo, tsjo, tsraeX
* 01-53/01-57/0046u [[wikt:咀|咀]] dzjoX
* 01-53/01-57/0046v [[wikt:俎|俎]] tsrjoX
* 01-53/01-57/0046x [[wikt:詛|詛]] tsrjoH
* 01-53/01-57/0046y [[wikt:阻|阻]] tsrjoX
* 01-53/01-57/0046z [[wikt:助|助]] dzrjoH
* 01-53/01-57/0046a' [[wikt:鉏|鉏]] dzrjoX
* 01-53/01-57/0046b' [[wikt:祖|祖]] tsuX
* 01-53/01-57/0046d' [[wikt:租|租]] tsu
* 01-53/01-57/0046e' [[wikt:組|組]] tsuX
* 01-53/01-57/0046h' [[wikt:粗|粗]] tshu, dzuX
* 01-53/01-57/0046i' [[wikt:徂|徂]] dzu
* 01-53/01-57/0046j' [[wikt:殂|殂]] dzu
* 01-53/01-57/0046k' [[wikt:虘|虘]] dzu
* 01-53/01-57/0046m' [[wikt:駔|駔]] dzuX, tsangX
* 01-53/01-57/0046n' [[wikt:菹|菹]] tsrjo
* 01-53/01-57/0046o' [[wikt:耡|耡]] dzrjo, dzrjoH
* 01-53/01-57/0046p' [[wikt:鋤|鋤]] dzrjo
* 01-53/01-57/0046q' [[wikt:蒩|蒩]] tsu
* 01-53/01-57/0046r' [[wikt:𪓐|𪓐]] tsrhjoX
* 01-53/01-57/0046s' [[wikt:樝|樝]] tsrae
* 01-53/01-57/0046u' [[wikt:楂|楂]] tsrae
* 01-53/01-57/0046v' [[wikt:𠭯|𠭯]] tsrae

==01-54==
* 01-54/01-58/0065a [[wikt:觕|觕]] tshu

==01-55==
* 01-55/01-59/0066a [[wikt:麤|麤]] tshu

==01-56==
* 01-56/01-60/0087a [[wikt:初|初]] tsrhjo

==01-57==
* 01-57/01-61/0068a [[wikt:素|素]] suH

==01-58==
* 01-58/01-62/0088a [[wikt:楚|楚]] tsrhjoX
* 01-58/01-62/0090a [[wikt:疋|疋]] srjo
* 01-58/01-62/0090b [[wikt:疏|疏]] srjo
* 01-58/01-62/0090c [[wikt:疎|疎]] srjo
* 01-58/01-62/0090d [[wikt:蔬|蔬]] srjo
* 01-58/01-62/0090e [[wikt:胥|胥]] sjo
* 01-58/01-62/0090f [[wikt:湑|湑]] sjoX
* 01-58/01-62/0090g [[wikt:稰|稰]] sjoX
* 01-58/01-62/0090h [[wikt:糈|糈]] srjoX
* 01-58/01-62/0090i [[wikt:壻|壻]] sejH

==01-59==
* 01-59/01-63/0091a [[wikt:所|所]] srjoX

==01-60==
* 01-60/01-64/0072a [[wikt:普|普]] phuX

==01-61==
* 01-61/01-65/0073a [[wikt:步|步]] buH

==01-62==
* 01-62/01-66/0101a [[wikt:夫|夫]] pju, bju
* 01-62/01-66/0101e [[wikt:鈇|鈇]] pju, pjuX
* 01-62/01-66/0101f [[wikt:扶|扶]] bju, phu, pju
* 01-62/01-66/0101g [[wikt:枎|枎]] bju
* 01-62/01-66/0101h [[wikt:芙|芙]] bju
* 01-66/0101- [[wikt:㚘|㚘]]

==01-63==
* 01-63/01-67/0102a [[wikt:父|父]] bjuX, pjuX
* 01-63/01-67/0102f [[wikt:釜|釜]] bjuX
* 01-63/01-67/0102h [[wikt:斧|斧]] pjuX
* 01-63/01-67/0102j [[wikt:布|布]] puH
* 01-63/01-67/0102m [[wikt:怖|怖]] phuH
* 01-63/01-67/0102n [[wikt:甫|甫]] pjuX
* 01-63/01-67/0102r [[wikt:脯|脯]] pjuX
* 01-63/01-67/0102s [[wikt:莆|莆]] pjuX
* 01-63/01-67/0102t [[wikt:黼|黼]] pjuX
* 01-63/01-67/0102u [[wikt:簠|簠]] pju, pjuH, pjuX
* 01-63/01-67/0102v [[wikt:輔|輔]] bjuX
* 01-63/01-67/0102y [[wikt:鬴|鬴]] bjuX
* 01-63/01-67/0102z [[wikt:圃|圃]] puH, puX
* 01-63/01-67/0102c' [[wikt:補|補]] puX
* 01-63/01-67/0102d' [[wikt:逋|逋]] pu
* 01-63/01-67/0102e' [[wikt:餔|餔]] pu
* 01-63/01-67/0102f' [[wikt:浦|浦]] phuX
* 01-63/01-67/0102g' [[wikt:痡|痡]] phju, phu
* 01-63/01-67/0102h' [[wikt:鋪|鋪]] phju, phu
* 01-63/01-67/0102i' [[wikt:哺|哺]] buH
* 01-63/01-67/0102j' [[wikt:捕|捕]] buH
* 01-63/01-67/0102k' [[wikt:酺|酺]] bu, buH
* 01-63/01-67/0102l' [[wikt:匍|匍]] bu
* 01-63/01-67/0102n' [[wikt:蒲|蒲]] bu
* 01-63/01-67/0102o' [[wikt:蒱|蒱]] bu
* 01-63/01-67/0102p' [[wikt:尃|尃]] phju
* 01-63/01-67/0102q' [[wikt:旉|旉]] phju
* 01-63/01-67/0102t' [[wikt:敷|敷]] phju
* 01-63/01-67/0102u' [[wikt:傅|傅]] bjuH, pjuH
* 01-63/01-67/0102v' [[wikt:榑|榑]] bju
* 01-63/01-67/0102x' [[wikt:賻|賻]] bjuH
* 01-63/01-67/0102- [[wikt:䋠|䋠]] puX (?)
* 01-63/01-67/0771a [[wikt:博|博]] pak	
* 01-63/01-67/0771d [[wikt:搏|搏]] pak, pjuH
* 01-63/01-67/0771f [[wikt:溥|溥]] pak, phuX
* 01-63/01-67/0771g [[wikt:鎛|鎛]] pak
* 01-63/01-67/0771j [[wikt:𩌏|𩌏]] pak
* 01-63/01-67/0771l [[wikt:膊|膊]] phak
* 01-63/01-67/0771m [[wikt:縛|縛]] bjak
* 01-63/01-67/0771n [[wikt:簙|簙]] pak
* 01-63/01-67/0771o [[wikt:簿|簿]] buX
* 01-63/01-67/0771p [[wikt:薄|薄]] bak, phak
* 01-63/01-67/0771q [[wikt:礴|礴]] bak

==01-64==
* 01-64/01-68/0039a [[wikt:巴|巴]] pae
* 01-64/01-68/0039b [[wikt:把|把]] paeX
* 01-64/01-68/0039c [[wikt:芭|芭]] pae
* 01-64/01-68/0039d [[wikt:豝|豝]] pae
* 01-64/01-68/0039e [[wikt:杷|杷]] bae
* 01-64/01-68/0039- [[wikt:笆|笆]] bae
* 01-64/01-68/0039- [[wikt:葩|葩]]

==01-65==
* 01-65/01-69/0103a [[wikt:無|無]] mju
* 01-65/01-69/0103g [[wikt:舞|舞]] mjuX
* 01-65/01-69/0103h [[wikt:儛|儛]] mjuX
* 01-65/01-69/0103i [[wikt:廡|廡]] mjuX
* 01-65/01-69/0103j [[wikt:憮|憮]] mjuX, xu
* 01-65/01-69/0103k [[wikt:甒|甒]] mjuX
* 01-65/01-69/0103l [[wikt:蕪|蕪]] mju
* 01-65/01-69/0103m [[wikt:譕|譕]] mju
* 01-65/01-69/0103n [[wikt:幠|幠]] xu
* 01-65/01-69/0103o [[wikt:膴|膴]] mju, xjuX, xu
* 01-65/01-69/0103p [[wikt:撫|撫]] phjuX
* 01-65/01-69/0103q [[wikt:鄦|鄦]] xjoX
* 01-65/01-69/0103- [[wikt:墲|墲]] mju, mu, phu
* 01-65/01-69/0103- [[wikt:嘸|嘸]] phjuX, mjuX
* 01-65/01-69/0103- [[wikt:嫵|嫵]] mjuX

==01-66==
* 01-66/01-70/0106a [[wikt:无|无]] mju

==01-67==
* 01-67/01-71/0104a [[wikt:武|武]] mjuX
* 01-67/01-71/0104f [[wikt:鵡|鵡]] mjuX
* 01-67/01-71/0104g [[wikt:賦|賦]] pjuH

==01-68==
* 01-68/01-72/0105a [[wikt:巫|巫]] mju
* 01-68/01-72/0105b [[wikt:誣|誣]] mju

==01-69==
* 01-69/01-73/0040a [[wikt:馬|馬]] maeX
* 01-69/01-73/0040f [[wikt:禡|禡]] maeH
* 01-69/01-73/0040h [[wikt:罵|罵]] maeH, maeX

=02=
==02-01==
* 02-01/0766a [[wikt:各|各]] kak
* 02-01/0766d [[wikt:胳|胳]] kaek, kak
* 02-01/0766e [[wikt:袼|袼]] kaek, kak
* 02-01/0766f [[wikt:閣|閣]] kak
* 02-01/0766g [[wikt:恪|恪]] khak
* 02-01/0766h [[wikt:貉|貉]] hak maeH, maek
* 02-01/0766j [[wikt:狢|狢]] maek
* 02-01/0766k [[wikt:洛|洛]] lak
* 02-01/0766n [[wikt:烙|烙]] lak
* 02-01/0766o [[wikt:絡|絡]] lak
* 02-01/0766p [[wikt:酪|酪]] lak
* 02-01/0766q [[wikt:雒|雒]] lak
* 02-01/0766r [[wikt:𩊚|𩊚]] lak
* 02-01/0766s [[wikt:駱|駱]] lak
* 02-01/0766t [[wikt:鴼|鴼]] lak
* 02-01/0766u [[wikt:珞|珞]] lak, lek
* 02-01/0766v [[wikt:略|略]] ljak
* 02-01/0766x [[wikt:𢓜|𢓜]] kaek
* 02-01/0766z [[wikt:格|格]] haek, kaek
* 02-01/0766b' [[wikt:觡|觡]] kaek
* 02-01/0766c' [[wikt:骼|骼]] kaek, kak, khaeH
* 02-01/0766d' [[wikt:客|客]] khaek
* 02-01/0766g' [[wikt:垎|垎]] haek
* 02-01/0766h' [[wikt:詻|詻]] ngaek
* 02-01/0766j' [[wikt:頟|頟]] ngaek
* 02-01/0766k' [[wikt:賂|賂]] luH
* 02-01/0766l' [[wikt:路|路]] luH
* 02-01/0766n' [[wikt:輅|輅]] haek, luH, ngaeH
* 02-01/0766o' [[wikt:喀|喀]] khaek
* 02-01/0766p' [[wikt:愙|愙]] khak
* 02-01/0766q' [[wikt:落|落]] lak
* 02-01/0766r' [[wikt:璐|璐]] luH
* 02-01/0766s' [[wikt:簬|簬]] luH
* 02-01/0766t' [[wikt:露|露]] luH
* 02-01/0766u' [[wikt:潞|潞]] luH
* 02-01/0766v' [[wikt:鷺|鷺]] luH
* 02-01/0766x' [[wikt:簵|簵]] luH

==02-02==
*02-02/0776a [[wikt:𧮫|𧮫]] gjak	
*02-02/0776b [[wikt:卻|卻]] khjak
*02-02/0776c [[wikt:却|却]] khjak
*02-02/0776d [[wikt:綌|綌]] khjaek
*02-02/0776e [[wikt:郤|郤]] khjaek
*02-02/0776f [[wikt:郄|郄]] khjaek
*02-02/0776g [[wikt:腳|腳]] kjak
*02-02/0776h [[wikt:脚|脚]] kjak

==02-03==
* 02-03/0785a [[wikt:𢧢|𢧢]] kjaek
* 02-03/0785b [[wikt:戟|戟]] kjaek

==02-04==
*02-04/0786a [[wikt:丮|丮]] kjaek

==02-05==
A uvular series?
* 02-05/0787a [[wikt:𡭴|𡭴]] khjaek
* 02-05/0787b [[wikt:𡭽|𡭽]] khjaek
* 02-05/0787c [[wikt:隙|隙]] khjaek
* 02-05/0787d [[wikt:虩|虩]] xjaek

==02-06==
* 02-06/0774a [[wikt:郭|郭]] kwak
* 02-06/0774e [[wikt:椁|椁]] kwak
* 02-06/0774f [[wikt:槨|槨]] kwak
* 02-06/0774g [[wikt:廓|廓]] khwak
* 02-06/0774h [[wikt:鞟|鞟]] khwak
* 02-06/0774i [[wikt:鞹|鞹]] khwak
* 02-06/0774- [[wikt:𠅷|𠅷]]
* 02-06/0774- [[wikt:𨟍|𨟍]]

==02-07==
* 02-07/0096a [[wikt:䀠|䀠]] kjuH
* 02-07/0096c [[wikt:瞿|瞿]] kjuH
* 02-07/0096d [[wikt:衢|衢]] gju
* 02-07/0096e [[wikt:躣|躣]] gju
* 02-07/0096g [[wikt:鸜|鸜]] gju
* 02-07/0096h [[wikt:臞|臞]] gju, gjuH
* 02-07/0096i [[wikt:懼|懼]] gjuH
* 02-07/0778a [[wikt:矍|矍]] kjwak, xjwak
* 02-07/0778b [[wikt:攫|攫]] kjwak
* 02-07/0778c [[wikt:玃|玃]] kjwak
* 02-07/0778d [[wikt:躩|躩]] khjwak, kjwak
* 02-07/0778e [[wikt:戄|戄]] xjwak

==02-08==
* 02-08/02-07A/0783a [[wikt:虢|虢]] kwaek

==02-09==
A uvular series.
* 02-09/02-08/0784a [[wikt:蒦|蒦]] hweak
* 02-09/02-08/0784d [[wikt:獲|獲]] hweak
* 02-09/02-08/0784e [[wikt:韄|韄]] hweak
* 02-09/02-08/0784f [[wikt:彠|彠]] 'jwak
* 02-09/02-08/0784h [[wikt:穫|穫]] hwak
* 02-09/02-08/0784i [[wikt:鑊|鑊]] hwak
* 02-09/02-08/0784j [[wikt:濩|濩]] huH, hwak
* 02-09/02-08/0784k [[wikt:護|護]] huH
* 02-09/02-08/0784l [[wikt:擭|擭]] 'waek
* 02-09/02-08/0784m [[wikt:雘|雘]] 'wak
* 02-09/02-08/0784n [[wikt:蠖|蠖]] 'wak

==02-10==
* 02-10/02-09/0767a [[wikt:壑|壑]] xak

==02-11==
* 02-11/02-10/0779a [[wikt:赫|赫]] xaek
* 02-11/02-10/0779b [[wikt:嚇|嚇]] xaeH, xaek

==02-12==
* 02-12/02-10A/1259a [[wikt:謋|謋]] xaek

==02-13==
* 02-13/02-11/0789a [[wikt:覤|覤]] xjaek

==02-14==
* 02-14/02-12/0775a [[wikt:霍|霍]] xwak	
* 02-14/02-12/0775b [[wikt:靃|靃]] xwak	
* 02-14/02-12/0775e [[wikt:藿|藿]] xwak	
* 02-14/02-12/0775f [[wikt:臛|臛]] xowk

==02-15==
* 02-15/02-13/0805a [[wikt:亞|亞]] 'aeH
* 02-15/02-13/0805f [[wikt:啞|啞]] 'aek, 'aeX
* 02-15/02-13/0805g [[wikt:堊|堊]] 'ak
* 02-15/02-13/0805h [[wikt:惡|惡]] 'ak, 'u, 'uH

==02-16==

* 02-16/02-14/0788a [[wikt:屰|屰]] ngjaek
* 02-16/02-14/0788c [[wikt:逆|逆]] ngjaek
* 02-16/02-14/0788f [[wikt:㖾|㖾]] ngak
* 02-16/2-14/0788g [[wikt:咢|咢]] ngak
* 02-16/02-14/0788h [[wikt:愕|愕]] ngak
* 02-16/02-14/0788i [[wikt:遌|遌]] ngak
* 02-16/02-14/0788j [[wikt:遻|遻]] nguH
* 02-16/02-14/0788k [[wikt:諤|諤]] ngak
* 02-16/02-14/0788l [[wikt:鄂|鄂]] ngak
* 02-16/02-14/0788m [[wikt:鍔|鍔]] ngak
* 02-16/02-14/0788n [[wikt:鶚|鶚]] ngak
* 02-16/02-14/0792h [[wikt:㴑|㴑]] suH
* 02-16/02-14/0792i [[wikt:泝|泝]] suH
* 02-16/02-14/0792j [[wikt:訴|訴]] suH
* 02-16/02-34/0769a [[wikt:朔|朔]] sraewk
* 02-16/02-34/0769b [[wikt:愬|愬]] suH
* 02-16/02-34/0769c [[wikt:𧪜|𧪜]] suH
* 02-16/02-34/0769d [[wikt:遡|遡]] suH

==02-17==
* 02-17/02-15/0768a [[wikt:噩|噩]] ngak
* 02-17/02-15/0768d [[wikt:蘁|蘁]] ngak, nguH

==02-18==
* 02-18/02-16/0801a [[wikt:度|度]] dak, duH
* 02-18/02-16/0801b [[wikt:渡|渡]] duH
* 02-18/02-16/0801c [[wikt:剫|剫]] dak
* 02-18/02-17/0795a [[wikt:石|石]] dzyek	
* 02-18/02-17/0795d [[wikt:祏|祏]] dzyek
* 02-18/02-17/0795e [[wikt:碩|碩]] dzyek
* 02-18/02-17/0795h [[wikt:鼫|鼫]] dzyek
* 02-18/02-17/0795i [[wikt:跖|跖]] tsyek
* 02-18/02-17/0795j [[wikt:磔|磔]] traek
* 02-18/02-17/0795k [[wikt:斫|斫]] tsyak
* 02-18/02-17/0795l [[wikt:柘|柘]] tsyaeH
* 02-18/02-17/0795m [[wikt:拓|拓]] thak
* 02-18/02-17/0795n [[wikt:妬|妬]] tuH
* 02-18/02-17/0795o [[wikt:妒|妒]] tuH
* 02-18/02-17/0795p [[wikt:橐|橐]] thak
* 02-18/02-17/0795r [[wikt:蠹|蠹]] tuH
* 02-18/02-18/0804a [[wikt:庶|庶]] syoH, tsyoH
* 02-18/02-18/0804d [[wikt:遮|遮]] tsyae
* 02-18/02-18/0804e [[wikt:摭|摭]] tsyek
* 02-18/02-18/0804f [[wikt:蹠|蹠]] tsyek
* 02-18/02-29/0797a [[wikt:席|席]] zjek
* 02-16/02-29/0797b [[wikt:蓆|蓆]] zjek

==02-19==
* 02-19/02-19/0791a [[wikt:炙|炙]] tsyaeH, tsyek

==02-20==
* 02-20/02-20/0794a [[wikt:尺|尺]] tsyhek

==02-21==
* 02-21/02-21/1258b [[wikt:辵|辵]] trhjaek

==02-22==
* 02-22/02-22/0780a [[wikt:乇|乇]] traek
* 02-22/02-22/0780b [[wikt:宅|宅]] draek
* 02-22/02-22/0780e [[wikt:託|託]] thak
* 02-22/02-22/0780f [[wikt:秅|秅]] drae, tuH
* 02-22/02-22/0780g [[wikt:咤|咤]] traeH
* 02-22/02-22/0780h [[wikt:詫|詫]] trhaeH
* 02-22/02-22/0780i [[wikt:侘|侘]] trhaeH
* 02-22/02-22/0780j [[wikt:㓃|㓃]] tuH

==02-23==
A uvular series (?)
* 02-23/02-23/0792a [[wikt:㡿|㡿]] tsyhek
* 02-23/02-23/0792b [[wikt:斥|斥]] tsyhek
* 02-23/02-23/0792c [[wikt:厈|厈]] tsyhek
* 02-23/02-23/0792d [[wikt:坼|坼]] trhaek
* 02-23/02-23/0792e [[wikt:𣔳|𣔳]] thak
* 02-23/02-23/0792f [[wikt:柝|柝]] thak

==02-24==
A uvular series (?)
* 02-24/02-24/0793a [[wikt:赤|赤]] tshjek, tsyhek
* 02-24/02-24/0793d [[wikt:赦|赦]] syaeH
* 02-24/02-24/0793e [[wikt:螫|螫]] syek

==02-25==
* 02-25/02-25/0790a [[wikt:睪|睪]] yek
* 02-25/02-25/0790b [[wikt:圛|圛]] yek
* 02-25/02-25/0790c [[wikt:懌|懌]] yek
* 02-25/02-25/0790d [[wikt:斁|斁]] duH, tuH, yek
* 02-25/02-25/0790e [[wikt:繹|繹]] yek
* 02-25/02-25/0790f [[wikt:譯|譯]] yek
* 02-25/02-25/0790g [[wikt:醳|醳]] yek
* 02-25/02-25/0790h [[wikt:驛|驛]] yek
* 02-25/02-25/0790i [[wikt:𢍰|𢍰]] yek
* 02-25/02-25/0790k [[wikt:𥼶|𥼶]] syek
* 02-25/02-25/0790l [[wikt:釋|釋]] syek
* 02-25/02-25/0790m [[wikt:檡|檡]] syek, draek
* 02-25/02-25/0790n [[wikt:擇|擇]] draek
* 02-25/02-25/0790o [[wikt:澤|澤]] draek, syek, yek
* 02-25/02-25/0790p [[wikt:鐸|鐸]] dak
* 02-25/02-25/0790q [[wikt:殬|殬]] tuH
* 02-25/02-25/0790r [[wikt:蘀|蘀]] thak

==02-26==
* 02-26/02-26/0807a [[wikt:射|射]] dzyek, zyaeH
* 02-26/02-26/0807b [[wikt:䠶|䠶]] zyaeH, zyek, yek
* 02-26/02-26/0807e [[wikt:榭|榭]] zjaeH
* 02-26/02-26/0807g [[wikt:謝|謝]] zjaeH
* 02-26/02-26/0807- [[wikt:麝|麝]] dzyaeH (?)

==02-27==
* 02-27/02-27/0800a [[wikt:亦|亦]] yek
* 02-27/02-27/0800d [[wikt:奕|奕]] yek
* 02-27/02-27/0800e [[wikt:帟|帟]] yek
* 02-27/02-27/0800f [[wikt:弈|弈]] yek
* 02-27/02-27/0800g [[wikt:跡|跡]] tsjek
* 02-27/02-27/0800h [[wikt:迹|迹]] tsjek
* 02-27/02-27/0800j [[wikt:夜|夜]] yaeH
* 02-27/02-27/0800l [[wikt:掖|掖]] yek
* 02-27/02-27/0800m [[wikt:腋|腋]] yek
* 02-27/02-27/0800n [[wikt:液|液]] yek

==02-28==
* 02-28/02-28/0796a [[wikt:夕|夕]] zjek
* 02-28/02-28/0796e [[wikt:穸|穸]] zjek

==02-29==
* 02-29/02-30/0777a [[wikt:若|若]] nyak
* 02-29/02-30/0777f [[wikt:諾|諾]] nak
* 02-29/02-30/0777g [[wikt:箬|箬]] nyak
* 02-29/02-30/0777i [[wikt:鄀|鄀]] nyak
* 02-29/02-30/0777k [[wikt:婼|婼]] trhjak	
* 02-29/02-30/0777l [[wikt:匿|匿]] nrik
* 02-29/02-30/0777n [[wikt:暱|暱]] nrik
* 02-29/02-30/0777o [[wikt:慝|慝]] thok
* 02-29/02-30/0777- [[wikt:蠚|蠚]] trhjak, xwak

==02-30==
* 02-30/02-31/0806a [[wikt:乍|乍]] dzraeH
* 02-30/02-31/0806f [[wikt:咋|咋]] dzraeH
* 02-30/02-31/0806g [[wikt:詐|詐]] tsraeH
* 02-30/02-31/0806h [[wikt:祚|祚]] dzuH
* 02-30/02-31/0806i [[wikt:胙|胙]] dzuH
* 02-30/02-31/0806j [[wikt:阼|阼]] dzuH
* 02-30/02-31/0806k [[wikt:笮|笮]] tsraek
* 02-30/02-31/0806l [[wikt:作|作]] tsak
* 02-30/02-31/0806m [[wikt:迮|迮]] tsak
* 02-30/02-31/0806p [[wikt:柞|柞]] dzak, tsak, tsraek
* 02-30/02-31/0806r [[wikt:怍|怍]] dzak
* 02-30/02-31/0806s [[wikt:昨|昨]] dzak
* 02-30/02-31/0806t [[wikt:酢|酢]] dzak
* 02-30/02-31/0806v [[wikt:筰|筰]] dzak
* 02-30/02-31/0806- [[wikt:莋|莋]] dzak

==02-31==
* 02-31/02-32/0798a [[wikt:昔|昔]] sjek
* 02-31/02-32/0798f [[wikt:惜|惜]] sjek
* 02-31/02-32/0798g [[wikt:腊|腊]] sjek
* 02-31/02-32/0798i [[wikt:耤|耤]] dzjek
* 02-31/02-32/0798k [[wikt:踖|踖]] dzjek, tshjak, tshjek, tsjek
* 02-31/02-32/0798l [[wikt:趞|趞]] tshjak
* 02-31/02-32/0798n [[wikt:鵲|鵲]] tshjak
* 02-31/02-32/0798o [[wikt:斮|斮]] tsrjak
* 02-31/02-32/0798p [[wikt:厝|厝]] tshak
* 02-31/02-32/0798q [[wikt:逪|逪]] tshak
* 02-31/02-32/0798s [[wikt:錯|錯]] tshak
* 02-31/02-32/0798t [[wikt:醋|醋]] dzak
* 02-31/02-32/0798u [[wikt:借|借]] tsjaeH, tsjek
* 02-31/02-32/0798v [[wikt:唶|唶]] tsjaeH
* 02-31/02-32/0798x [[wikt:措|措]] tshuH
* 02-31/02-32/0798y [[wikt:蜡|蜡]] dzraeH, tshjoH
* 02-31/02-32/0798z [[wikt:矠|矠]] dzreak
* 02-31/02-32/0798a' [[wikt:籍|籍]] dzjek
* 02-31/02-32/0798b' [[wikt:藉|藉]] dzjaeH, dzjek
* 02-31/02-32/0798c' [[wikt:簎|簎]] tsrhaek

==02-32==
* 02-32/02-33/0770a [[wikt:索|索]] sak, sraek

==02-33==
* 02-33/02-35/0799a [[wikt:舄|舄]] sjek
* 02-33/02-35/0799e [[wikt:潟|潟]] sjek
* 02-33/02-35/0799f [[wikt:寫|寫]] sjaeX
* 02-33/02-35/0799h [[wikt:瀉|瀉]] sjaeX

==02-34==
* 02-34/02-36/0773a [[wikt:亳|亳]] bak

==02-35==
* 02-35/02-37/0781a [[wikt:百|百]] paek
* 02-35/02-37/0781f [[wikt:貊|貊]] maek
* 02-35/02-37/0781g [[wikt:陌|陌]] maek

==02-36==
* 02-36/02-38/0782a [[wikt:白|白]] baek
* 02-36/02-38/0782f [[wikt:帛|帛]] baek
* 02-36/02-38/0782i [[wikt:伯|伯]] paek
* 02-36/02-38/0782j [[wikt:柏|柏]] paek
* 02-36/02-38/0782k [[wikt:迫|迫]] paek
* 02-36/02-38/0782l [[wikt:怕|怕]] phaeH, phaek
* 02-36/02-38/0782m [[wikt:拍|拍]] phaek, pak
* 02-36/02-38/0782o [[wikt:魄|魄]] phaek
* 02-36/02-38/0782p [[wikt:粕|粕]] phak
* 02-36/02-38/0782q [[wikt:胉|胉]] phak
* 02-36/02-38/0782r [[wikt:泊|泊]] bak
* 02-36/02-38/0782s [[wikt:碧|碧]] pjaek

==02-37==
*02-37/02-39/0772b [[wikt:霸|霸]] paeH, phaek

==02-38==
Acc. to Schuessler (2009: 74) the &quot;phonetic is perhaps [[#03-64|03-64]]&quot;.
* 02-38/02-40/0802a [[wikt:莫|莫]] maek, mak, muH
* 02-38/02-40/0802d [[wikt:暮|暮]] muH
* 02-38/02-40/0802e [[wikt:募|募]] muH
* 02-38/02-40/0802f [[wikt:墓|墓]] muH
* 02-38/02-40/0802g [[wikt:嫫|嫫]] mu
* 02-38/02-40/0802h [[wikt:慕|慕]] muH
* 02-38/02-40/0802j [[wikt:模|模]] mu
* 02-38/02-40/0802k [[wikt:膜|膜]] mu
* 02-38/02-40/0802l [[wikt:謨|謨]] mu
* 02-38/02-40/0802m [[wikt:蟆|蟆]] mae
* 02-38/02-40/0802n [[wikt:寞|寞]] mak
* 02-38/02-40/0802o [[wikt:幕|幕]] mak
* 02-38/02-40/0802p [[wikt:漠|漠]] mak
* 02-38/02-40/0802q [[wikt:瘼|瘼]] mak
* 02-38/02-40/0802r [[wikt:嗼|嗼]] maek
* 02-38/02-40/0802s [[wikt:冪|冪]] mek

=03=
==03-01==
* 03-01/0698a [[wikt:亢|亢]] kang, khangH
* 03-01/0698b [[wikt:抗|抗]] khangH
* 03-01/0698c [[wikt:伉|伉]] khangH
* 03-01/0698d [[wikt:忼|忼]] khangH, khangX
* 03-01/0698e [[wikt:杭|杭]] hang
* 03-01/0698f [[wikt:沆|沆]] hangX
* 03-01/0698g [[wikt:頏|頏]] hang
* 03-01/0698h [[wikt:坑|坑]] khaeng
* 03-01/0698i [[wikt:阬|阬]] khaeng

==03-02==
* 03-02/0697a [[wikt:岡|岡]] kang
* 03-02/0697b [[wikt:剛|剛]] kang
* 03-02/0697e [[wikt:綱|綱]] kang
* 03-02/0697f [[wikt:犅|犅]] kang
* 03-02/0697h [[wikt:鋼|鋼]] kang, kangH

==03-03==
* 03-03/0710a [[wikt:畺|畺]] kjang
* 03-03/0710b [[wikt:壃|壃]] kjang
* 03-03/0710c [[wikt:僵|僵]] gjang, kjang
* 03-03/0710d [[wikt:薑|薑]] kjang
* 03-03/0710e [[wikt:彊|彊]] gjang, gjangX, kjang
* 03-03/0710h [[wikt:疆|疆]] kjang

==03-04==
* 03-04/0713a [[wikt:强|强]] gjang, gjangX
* 03-04/0713b [[wikt:強|強]] gjang, gjangX
* 03-04/0713c [[wikt:繈|繈]] kjangX
* 03-04/0713d [[wikt:襁|襁]] kjangX

==03-05==
Schuessler (2009: 76) &quot;the element 羊 *jaŋ 'sheep' in the graphs may be phonetic, but could also be semantic (names referring to nomads)&quot;. Baxter &amp; Sagart (2014: 141, and personal communication from Sagart on 10 February 2017) combine [[#03-05|03-05]], [[#03-06|03-06]] and [[#03-39|03-39]].
* 03-05/0711a [[wikt:姜|姜]] kjang
* 03-05/03-06/0712a [[wikt:羌|羌]] khjang
* 03-05/03-06/0712e [[wikt:蜣|蜣]] khjang
* 03-05/03-39/0732a [[wikt:羊|羊]] yang
* 03-05/03-39/0732e [[wikt:佯|佯]] yang
* 03-05/03-39/0732f [[wikt:徉|徉]] yang
* 03-05/03-39/0732g [[wikt:恙|恙]] yangH
* 03-05/03-39/0732h [[wikt:洋|洋]] yang
* 03-05/03-39/0732i [[wikt:痒|痒]] yang, yangX, zjang
* 03-05/03-39/0732j [[wikt:養|養]] yangH, yangX
* 03-05/03-39/0732k [[wikt:羕|羕]] yangH
* 03-05/03-39/0732m [[wikt:庠|庠]] zjang
* 03-05/03-39/0732n [[wikt:祥|祥]] zjang
* 03-05/03-39/0732p [[wikt:翔|翔]] zjang
* 03-05/03-39/0732q [[wikt:詳|詳]] zjang
* 03-05/03-39/0732r [[wikt:癢|癢]] yangX
* 03-05/03-39/0732s [[wikt:漾|漾]] yangH

==03-06==
* 03-06/03-07/0752a [[wikt:竟|竟]] kjaengH, kjaengX
* 03-06/03-07/0752b [[wikt:境|境]] kjaengX
* 03-06/03-07/0752c [[wikt:鏡|鏡]] kjaengH
* 03-06/03-07/0752d [[wikt:滰|滰]] gjangX

==03-07==
* 03-07/03-08/0753a [[wikt:慶|慶]] khjaengH

==03-08==
* 03-08/03-09/0754a [[wikt:競|競]] gjaengH

==03-09==
* 03-09/03-10/0755a [[wikt:京|京]] kjaeng
* 03-09/03-10/0755d [[wikt:景|景]] kjaengX
* 03-09/03-10/0755e [[wikt:勍|勍]] gjaeng
* 03-09/03-10/0755f [[wikt:鯨|鯨]] gjaeng
* 03-09/03-10/0755g [[wikt:黥|黥]] gjaeng
* 03-09/03-10/0755h [[wikt:憬|憬]] kjwaengX
* 03-09/03-10/0755i [[wikt:倞|倞]] ljangH
* 03-09/03-10/0755j [[wikt:亮|亮]] ljangH
* 03-09/03-10/0755k [[wikt:掠|掠]] ljak, ljangH
* 03-09/03-10/0755l [[wikt:涼|涼]] ljang
* 03-09/03-10/0755m [[wikt:諒|諒]] ljangH
* 03-09/03-21/0756a [[wikt:影|影]] 'jaengX

==03-10==
Schuessler (2009: 77) places 0745f [[wikt:綆|綆]] with the reading ''pjiengX'' under [[#23-25|23-25]].
* 03-10/03-11/0745a [[wikt:更|更]] kaeng, kaengH
* 03-10/03-11/0745c [[wikt:哽|哽]] kaengX
* 03-10/03-11/0745d [[wikt:鯁|鯁]] kaengX
* 03-10/03-11/0745e [[wikt:梗|梗]] kaengX
* 03-10/03-11/0745f [[wikt:綆|綆]] kaengX
* 03-10/03-11/0745- [[wikt:硬|硬]]

==03-11==
* 03-11/03-12/0700a [[wikt:唐|唐]] dang
* 03-11/03-12/0700c [[wikt:塘|塘]] dang
* 03-11/03-12/0700d [[wikt:榶|榶]] dang
* 03-11/03-12/0700e [[wikt:螗|螗]] dang
* 03-11/03-12/0746a [[wikt:庚|庚]] kaeng
* 03-11/03-12/0746g [[wikt:賡|賡]] kaeng, kaengH
* 03-11/03-12/0746h [[wikt:康|康]] khang
* 03-11/03-12/0746k [[wikt:𡻚|𡻚]] khang
* 03-11/03-12/0746m [[wikt:慷|慷]] khangX
* 03-11/03-12/0746n [[wikt:穅|穅]] khang
* 03-11/03-12/0746o [[wikt:糠|糠]] khang

==03-12==
* 03-12/03-13/0747a [[wikt:羹|羹]] kaeng

==03-13==
* 03-13/03-14/0748a [[wikt:行|行]] haeng, haengH, hang, hangH
* 03-13/03-14/0748e [[wikt:荇|荇]] haengX
* 03-13/03-14/0748f [[wikt:桁|桁]] haeng, hang
* 03-13/03-14/0748g [[wikt:珩|珩]] haeng
* 03-13/03-14/0748h [[wikt:衡|衡]] haeng
* 03-13/03-14/0748j [[wikt:蘅|蘅]] haeng

==03-14==
* 03-14/03-15/0749a [[wikt:杏|杏]] haengX

==03-15==
A uvular series
* 03-15/03-16/0714a [[wikt:皀|皀]] xjang
* 03-15/03-16/0714c [[wikt:鄉|鄉]] xjang, xjangH, xjangX
* 03-15/03-16/0714i [[wikt:嚮|嚮]] xjangH
* 03-15/03-16/0714j [[wikt:饗|饗]] xjangX
* 03-15/03-16/0714k [[wikt:曏|曏]] syangH, syangX, xjangH, xjangX
* 03-15/03-16/0714l [[wikt:膷|膷]] xjang
* 03-15/03-16/0714m [[wikt:薌|薌]] xjang
* 03-15/03-16/0714n [[wikt:響|響]] xjangX
* 03-15/03-16/0714o [[wikt:卿|卿]] khjaeng

==03-16==
*03-16/03-17/0716a [[wikt:享|享]] xaeng
*03-16/03-17/0716b [[wikt:亨|亨]] phaeng, xaeng, xjangX
*03-16/03-60/0751a [[wikt:烹|烹]] phaeng

==03-17==
* 03-17/03-18/0715a [[wikt:向|向]] xjangH
* 03-17/03-18/0715e [[wikt:餉|餉]] syangH

==03-18==
* 03-18/03-19/0717a [[wikt:香|香]] xjang

==03-19==
* 03-19/03-20/0718a [[wikt:央|央]] 'jaeng, 'jang
* 03-19/03-20/0718c [[wikt:佒|佒]] 'jangX, 'jangH
* 03-19/03-20/0718d [[wikt:怏|怏]] 'jangH, 'jangX
* 03-19/03-20/0718e [[wikt:殃|殃]] 'jang
* 03-19/03-20/0718f [[wikt:鞅|鞅]] 'jangX
* 03-19/03-20/0718g [[wikt:泱|泱]] 'jang
* 03-19/03-20/0718h [[wikt:鴦|鴦]] 'ang, 'jang
* 03-19/03-20/0718i [[wikt:盎|盎]] 'angH
* 03-19/03-20/0718k [[wikt:英|英]] 'jaeng
* 03-19/03-20/0718- [[wikt:㼜|㼜]] 'angH

==03-20==
*03-20/03-22/0706a [[wikt:光|光]] kwang
*03-20/03-22/0706f [[wikt:洸|洸]] kwang
*03-20/03-22/0706g [[wikt:絖|絖]] khwangH
*03-20/03-22/0706h [[wikt:侊|侊]] kwaeng, kwang
*03-20/03-22/0706i [[wikt:觥|觥]] kwaeng
*03-20/03-22/0706j [[wikt:恍|恍]] xwangX

==03-21==
*03-21/03-23/0707a [[wikt:黃|黃]] hwang
*03-21/03-23/0707c [[wikt:璜|璜]] hwang
*03-21/03-23/0707e [[wikt:潢|潢]] hwang
*03-21/03-23/0707g [[wikt:簧|簧]] hwang
*03-21/03-23/0707h [[wikt:廣|廣]] kwangH, kwangX
*03-21/03-23/0707l [[wikt:觵|觵]] kwaeng
*03-21/03-23/0707m [[wikt:橫|橫]] hwaeng, kwangH
*03-21/03-23/0707n [[wikt:壙|壙]] khwangH
*03-21/03-23/0707o [[wikt:曠|曠]] khwangH
*03-21/03-23/0707p [[wikt:纊|纊]] khwangH
*03-21/03-23/0707r [[wikt:懬|懬]] khangX, khwangH, khwangX
*03-21/03-23/0707s [[wikt:獷|獷]] kwaengX
*03-21/03-23/0707t [[wikt:擴|擴]] khwak

==03-22==
* 03-22/03-24/0708a [[wikt:皇|皇]] hwang
* 03-22/03-24/0708d [[wikt:徨|徨]] hwang
* 03-22/03-24/0708e [[wikt:偟|偟]] hwang
* 03-22/03-24/0708f [[wikt:湟|湟]] hwang
* 03-22/03-24/0708g [[wikt:煌|煌]] hwang
* 03-22/03-24/0708h [[wikt:篁|篁]] hwang
* 03-22/03-24/0708i [[wikt:遑|遑]] hwang
* 03-22/03-24/0708j [[wikt:隍|隍]] hwang
* 03-22/03-24/0708k [[wikt:餭|餭]] hwang
* 03-22/03-24/0708l [[wikt:凰|凰]] hwang
* 03-22/03-24/0708m [[wikt:蝗|蝗]] hwaeng, hwang
* 03-22/03-24/0708n [[wikt:喤|喤]] hwaeng, xwaeng
* 03-22/03-24/0708- [[wikt:惶|惶]] hwang

==03-23==
a uvular series
* 03-23/03-26/0739a [[wikt:王|王]] hjwang, hjwangH
* 03-23/03-26/0739i [[wikt:㞷|㞷]] hjwangX
* 03-23/03-26/0739k [[wikt:往|往]] hjwangX
* 03-23/03-26/0739l [[wikt:迋|迋]] gjwangX, hjwangH, hjwangX, kjwangH, kjwangX
* 03-23/03-26/0739m [[wikt:匡|匡]] khjwang
* 03-23/03-26/0739o [[wikt:狂|狂]] gjwang
* 03-23/03-26/0739q [[wikt:枉|枉]] 'jwangX
* 03-23/03-26/0739r [[wikt:汪|汪]] 'wang
* 03-23/03-26/0739t [[wikt:尪|尪]] 'wang
* 03-23/03-26/0739u [[wikt:眶|眶]] khjwang
* 03-23/03-26/0739v [[wikt:筐|筐]] khjwang
* 03-23/03-26/0739x [[wikt:誑|誑]] kjwangH
* 03-23/03-26/0739y [[wikt:俇|俇]] gjwangX

==03-24==
* 03-24/03-27/0764a [[wikt:永|永]] hjwaengX
* 03-24/03-27/0764g [[wikt:咏|咏]] hjwaengH
* 03-24/03-27/0764i [[wikt:詠|詠]] hjwaengH
* 03-24/03-27/0764j [[wikt:泳|泳]] hjwaengH

==03-25==
* 03-25/03-28/0765a [[wikt:兄|兄]] xjwaeng
* 03-25/03-28/0765f [[wikt:况|况]] xjwangX
* 03-25/03-28/0765g [[wikt:況|況]] xjwangH
* 03-25/03-28/0765h [[wikt:貺|貺]] xjwangH
* 03-25/03-28/0765i [[wikt:軦|軦]] xjwangH
* 03-25/03-28/0765- [[wikt:怳|怳]] xjwangX

==03-26==
* 03-26/03-29/0699a [[wikt:卬|卬]] ngang, ngjangX
* 03-26/03-29/0699b [[wikt:昂|昂]] ngang
* 03-26/03-29/0699c [[wikt:仰|仰]] ngjangX
* 03-26/03-29/0699d [[wikt:迎|迎]] ngjaeng, ngjaengH

==03-27==
* 03-27/03-30/0701a [[wikt:宕|宕]] dangH

==03-28==
* 03-28/03-31/0723a [[wikt:章|章]] tsyang
* 03-28/03-31/0723e [[wikt:彰|彰]] tsyang
* 03-28/03-31/0723f [[wikt:樟|樟]] tsyang
* 03-28/03-31/0723g [[wikt:獐|獐]] tsyang
* 03-28/03-31/0723h [[wikt:璋|璋]] tsyang
* 03-28/03-31/0723j [[wikt:鄣|鄣]] tsyang
* 03-28/03-31/0723k [[wikt:障|障]] tsyang, tsyangH

==03-29==
* 03-29/03-32/0725a [[wikt:尚|尚]] dzyangH
* 03-29/03-32/0725d [[wikt:裳|裳]] dzyang
* 03-29/03-32/0725e [[wikt:常|常]] dzyang
* 03-29/03-32/0725f [[wikt:嘗|嘗]] dzyang
* 03-29/03-32/0725i [[wikt:甞|甞]] dzyang
* 03-29/03-32/0725j [[wikt:掌|掌]] tsyangX
* 03-29/03-32/0725k [[wikt:倘|倘]] thang, thangX, tsyhangX
* 03-29/03-32/0725l [[wikt:惝|惝]] tsyhangX
* 03-29/03-32/0725m [[wikt:敞|敞]] tsyhangX
* 03-29/03-32/0725n [[wikt:賞|賞]] syang, syangX
* 03-29/03-32/0725q [[wikt:當|當]] tang, tangH
* 03-29/03-32/0725r [[wikt:黨|黨]] tangX
* 03-29/03-32/0725s [[wikt:堂|堂]] dang
* 03-29/03-32/0725t [[wikt:棠|棠]] dang
* 03-29/03-32/0725u [[wikt:𣥺|𣥺]] draeng
* 03-29/03-32/0725v [[wikt:鱨|鱨]] dzyang
* 03-29/03-32/0725x [[wikt:𢠵|𢠵]] tsyhangX
* 03-29/03-32/0725y [[wikt:償|償]] dzyang, dzyangH
* 03-29/03-32/0725z [[wikt:儻|儻]] thangX
* 03-29/03-32/0725a' [[wikt:攩|攩]] thangX
* 03-29/03-32/0725b' [[wikt:曭|曭]] thangX
* 03-29/03-32/0725c' [[wikt:矘|矘]] thangX
* 03-29/03-32/0725d' [[wikt:螳|螳]] dang
* 03-29/03-32/0725e' [[wikt:鏜|鏜]] thang
* 03-29/03-32/0725f' [[wikt:瞠|瞠]] trhaeng

==03-30==
* 03-30/03-33/0726a [[wikt:上|上]] dzyangH, dzyangX

==03-31==
* 03-31/03-34/0724a [[wikt:昌|昌]] tsyhang
* 03-31/03-34/0724c [[wikt:倡|倡]] tsyhangH
* 03-31/03-34/0724d [[wikt:唱|唱]] tsyhangH
* 03-31/03-34/0724e [[wikt:猖|猖]] dzyang, tsyhang
* 03-31/03-34/0724f [[wikt:菖|菖]] tsyhang
* 03-31/03-34/0724g [[wikt:閶|閶]] tsyhang

==03-32==
* 03-32/03-35/0721a [[wikt:長|長]] drjang, drjangH, trjangX
* 03-32/03-35/0721f [[wikt:萇|萇]] drjang
* 03-32/03-35/0721g [[wikt:帳|帳]] trjangH
* 03-32/03-35/0721h [[wikt:張|張]] trjang, trjangH
* 03-32/03-35/0721i [[wikt:粻|粻]] trjang
* 03-32/03-35/0721j [[wikt:餦|餦]] trjang
* 03-32/03-35/0721k [[wikt:倀|倀]] trhaeng, trhjang
* 03-32/03-35/0721l [[wikt:悵|悵]] trhjangH
* 03-32/03-35/0721m [[wikt:韔|韔]] trhjangH
* 03-32/03-35/0721n [[wikt:棖|棖]] draeng

==03-33==
* 03-33/03-36/0722a [[wikt:丈|丈]] drjangX
* 03-33/03-36/0722b [[wikt:杖|杖]] drjangH, drjangX

==03-34==
* 03-34/03-37/0719a [[wikt:鬯|鬯]] trhjangH

==03-35==
* 03-35/03-38/0720a [[wikt:昜|昜]] yang
* 03-35/03-38/0720e [[wikt:陽|陽]] yang
* 03-35/03-38/0720h [[wikt:暘|暘]] yang
* 03-35/03-38/0720i [[wikt:煬|煬]] yangH
* 03-35/03-38/0720j [[wikt:揚|揚]] yang
* 03-35/03-38/0720p [[wikt:颺|颺]] yang
* 03-35/03-38/0720q [[wikt:楊|楊]] yang
* 03-35/03-38/0720s [[wikt:瘍|瘍]] yang
* 03-35/03-38/0720t [[wikt:鍚|鍚]] yang
* 03-35/03-38/0720u [[wikt:畼|畼]] trhjangH
* 03-35/03-38/0720v [[wikt:暢|暢]] trhjangH
* 03-35/03-38/0720x [[wikt:場|場]] drjang
* 03-35/03-38/0720y [[wikt:腸|腸]] drjang
* 03-35/03-38/0720z [[wikt:湯|湯]] syang, thang
* 03-35/03-38/0720c' [[wikt:餳|餳]] dang
* 03-35/03-38/0720e' [[wikt:愓|愓]] dangX, syang
* 03-35/03-38/0720f' [[wikt:碭|碭]] dangH
* 03-35/03-38/0720g' [[wikt:禓|禓]] syang
* 03-35/03-38/0720h' [[wikt:𥛙|𥛙]] syang
* 03-35/03-38/0720i' [[wikt:𥏫|𥏫]] syang, tshjang
* 03-35/03-38/0720j' [[wikt:傷|傷]] syang
* 03-35/03-38/0720k' [[wikt:殤|殤]] syang
* 03-35/03-38/0720l' [[wikt:觴|觴]] syang
* 03-35/03-38/0720m' [[wikt:璗|璗]] dangX
* 03-35/03-38/0720n' [[wikt:盪|盪]] dangX, thangH
* 03-35/03-38/0720o' [[wikt:簜|簜]] dangX
* 03-35/03-38/0720p' [[wikt:蕩|蕩]] dangH, dangX

==03-36==
* 03-36/03-40/0734a [[wikt:商|商]] syang
* 03-36/03-40/0734f [[wikt:𧶜|𧶜]] syang

==03-37==
* 03-37/03-41/0728a [[wikt:象|象]] zjangX
* 03-37/03-41/0728e [[wikt:像|像]] zjangX
* 03-37/03-41/0728f [[wikt:橡|橡]] zjangX

==03-38==
* 03-38/03-42/0730a [[wikt:襄|襄]] sjang
* 03-38/03-42/0730b [[wikt:纕|纕]] sjang
* 03-38/03-42/0730c [[wikt:饟|饟]] syang, syangH, syangX
* 03-38/03-42/0730d [[wikt:壤|壤]] nyang, nyangX
* 03-38/03-42/0730e [[wikt:攘|攘]] nyang, nyangX
* 03-38/03-42/0730f [[wikt:瀼|瀼]] nyang
* 03-38/03-42/0730g [[wikt:禳|禳]] nyang
* 03-38/03-42/0730h [[wikt:穰|穰]] nyang, nyangX
* 03-38/03-42/0730i [[wikt:讓|讓]] nyangH
* 03-38/03-42/0730j [[wikt:釀|釀]] nyangH
* 03-38/03-42/0730k [[wikt:曩|曩]] nangX
* 03-38/03-42/0730l [[wikt:囊|囊]] nang

==03-39==
* 03-39/03-43/0735a [[wikt:良|良]] ljang
* 03-39/03-43/0735e [[wikt:粮|粮]] ljang
* 03-39/03-43/0735f [[wikt:俍|俍]] langH, ljang
* 03-39/03-43/0735g [[wikt:埌|埌]] langH
* 03-39/03-43/0735h [[wikt:朗|朗]] langX
* 03-39/03-43/0735i [[wikt:桹|桹]] lang
* 03-39/03-43/0735k [[wikt:浪|浪]] lang, langH
* 03-39/03-43/0735l [[wikt:狼|狼]] lang
* 03-39/03-43/0735n [[wikt:琅|琅]] lang
* 03-39/03-43/0735o [[wikt:稂|稂]] lang
* 03-39/03-43/0735p [[wikt:筤|筤]] lang
* 03-39/03-43/0735q [[wikt:蜋|蜋]] lang
* 03-39/03-43/0735r [[wikt:郎|郎]] lang
* 03-39/03-43/0735s [[wikt:閬|閬]] lang, langH
* 03-39/03-43/0735t [[wikt:廊|廊]] lang

==03-40==
* 03-40/03-44/0736a [[wikt:兩|兩]] ljangH, ljangX
* 03-40/03-44/0736c [[wikt:輛|輛]] ljangH
* 03-40/03-44/0736d [[wikt:蜽|蜽]] ljangX

==03-41==
* 03-41/03-45/0737a [[wikt:量|量]] ljang, ljangH
* 03-41/03-45/0737d [[wikt:糧|糧]] ljang

==03-42==
* 03-42/03-46/0738a [[wikt:梁|梁]] ljang
* 03-42/03-46/0738b [[wikt:粱|粱]] ljang

==03-43==
* 03-43/03-47/0702a [[wikt:葬|葬]] tsangH

==03-44==
* 03-44/03-48/0703a [[wikt:倉|倉]] tshang
* 03-44/03-48/0703c [[wikt:凔|凔]] tshang, tsrhjangH
* 03-44/03-48/0703d [[wikt:滄|滄]] tshang
* 03-44/03-48/0703e [[wikt:蒼|蒼]] tshang
* 03-44/03-48/0703f [[wikt:鶬|鶬]] tshang, tshjang
* 03-44/03-48/0703g [[wikt:搶|搶]] tshjang, tshjangX, tsrhjangX
* 03-44/03-48/0703h [[wikt:瑲|瑲]] tshjang
* 03-44/03-48/0703i [[wikt:槍|槍]] tshjang
* 03-44/03-48/0703j [[wikt:蹌|蹌]] tshjang
* 03-44/03-48/0703k [[wikt:牄|牄]] tshjang
* 03-44/03-48/0703l [[wikt:創|創]] tsrhjang, tsrhjangH
* 03-44/03-48/0703m [[wikt:愴|愴]] tsrhjangH
* 03-44/03-48/0703n [[wikt:瘡|瘡]] tsrhjang

==03-45==
* 03-45/03-49/0727a [[wikt:爿|爿]] tshjang
* 03-45/03-49/0727d [[wikt:斨|斨]] tshjang
* 03-45/03-49/0727f [[wikt:將|將]] tshjang, tsjang, tsjangH
* 03-45/03-49/0727g [[wikt:戕|戕]] dzjang
* 03-45/03-49/0727j [[wikt:牆|牆]] dzjang
* 03-45/03-49/0727l [[wikt:墻|墻]] dzjang
* 03-45/03-49/0727n [[wikt:壯|壯]] tsrjangH
* 03-45/03-49/0727o [[wikt:妝|妝]] tsrjang
* 03-45/03-49/0727q [[wikt:莊|莊]] tsrjang
* 03-45/03-49/0727r [[wikt:牀|牀]] dzrjang
* 03-45/03-49/0727s [[wikt:狀|狀]] dzrjangH
* 03-45/03-49/0727t [[wikt:牂|牂]] tsang
* 03-45/03-49/0727u [[wikt:奬|奬]] tsjangX
* 03-45/03-49/0727v [[wikt:漿|漿]] tsjang
* 03-45/03-49/0727x [[wikt:蔣|蔣]] tsjang
* 03-45/03-49/0727y [[wikt:醬|醬]] tsjangH
* 03-45/03-49/0727z [[wikt:鏘|鏘]] tshjang
* 03-45/03-49/0727a' [[wikt:䵼|䵼]] syang
* 03-45/03-49/0727f' [[wikt:臧|臧]] tsang
* 03-45/03-49/0727g' [[wikt:藏|藏]] dzang, dzangH
* 03-45/03-49/0727h' [[wikt:贓|贓]] tsang
* 03-45/03-49/0727i' [[wikt:裝|裝]] tsrjang, tsrjangH

==03-46==
* 03-46/03-50/0727m [[wikt:廧|廧]] dzjang
* 03-46/03-50/0727j' [[wikt:嬙|嬙]] dzjang

==03-47==
* 03-47/03-52/0729a [[wikt:匠|匠]] dzjangH
* 03-47/03-58/0741a [[wikt:匚|匚]] pjang

==03-48==
* 03-48/03-53/0704a [[wikt:桑|桑]] sang
* 03-48/03-53/0704b [[wikt:顙|顙]] sangX

==03-49==
* 03-49/03-54/0705a [[wikt:喪|喪]] sang, sangH
* 03-49/03-65/0742a [[wikt:亡|亡]] mjang
* 03-49/03-65/0742g [[wikt:妄|妄]] mjangH
* 03-49/03-65/0742i [[wikt:忘|忘]] mjang, mjangH
* 03-49/03-65/0742k [[wikt:芒|芒]] mang, mjang, xwang, xwangX
* 03-49/03-65/0742l [[wikt:罔|罔]] mjangX
* 03-49/03-65/0742m [[wikt:望|望]] mjangH
* 03-49/03-65/0742o [[wikt:忙|忙]] mang
* 03-49/03-65/0742p [[wikt:汒|汒]] mang
* 03-49/03-65/0742q [[wikt:盲|盲]] maeng
* 03-49/03-65/0742r [[wikt:甿|甿]] meang
* 03-49/03-65/0742s [[wikt:䖟|䖟]] maeng
* 03-49/03-65/0742t [[wikt:蝱|蝱]] maeng
* 03-49/03-65/0742u [[wikt:氓|氓]] meang
* 03-49/03-65/0742v [[wikt:巟|巟]] xwang
* 03-49/03-65/0742y [[wikt:肓|肓]] xwang
* 03-49/03-65/0742z [[wikt:衁|衁]] xwang
* 03-49/03-65/0742a' [[wikt:網|網]] mjangX
* 03-49/03-65/0742b' [[wikt:惘|惘]] mjangX
* 03-49/03-65/0742c' [[wikt:鋩|鋩]] mjang
* 03-49/03-65/0742d' [[wikt:茫|茫]] mang
* 03-49/03-65/0742e' [[wikt:荒|荒]] xwang
* 03-49/03-65/0742f' [[wikt:𧧢|𧧢]] xwang, xwangX
* 03-49/03-65/0742g' [[wikt:慌|慌]] xwangX
* 03-49/03-65/0742h' [[wikt:㡆|㡆]] mang, xwang
* 03-49/03-65/0742i' [[wikt:㡛|㡛]] mang

==03-50==
* 03-50/03-55/0731a [[wikt:相|相]] sjang, sjangH
* 03-50/03-55/0731d [[wikt:想|想]] sjangX
* 03-50/03-55/0731e [[wikt:湘|湘]] sjang
* 03-50/03-55/0731f [[wikt:箱|箱]] sjang
* 03-50/03-55/0731g [[wikt:霜|霜]] srjang
* 03-50/03-55/0731h [[wikt:孀|孀]] srjang

==03-51==
* 03-51/03-56/0733a [[wikt:𡙁|𡙁]] srjangX

==03-52==
* 03-52/03-57/0740a [[wikt:方|方]] bang, pjang, pjangX
* 03-52/03-57/0740g [[wikt:舫|舫]] pangH, pjangH
* 03-52/03-57/0740i [[wikt:放|放]] pjangH, pjangX
* 03-52/03-57/0740j [[wikt:昉|昉]] pjangX
* 03-52/03-57/0740k [[wikt:枋|枋]] pjaengH, pjang
* 03-52/03-57/0740l [[wikt:牥|牥]] pjang
* 03-52/03-57/0740m [[wikt:瓬|瓬]] pjangX
* 03-52/03-57/0740n [[wikt:旊|旊]] pjangX
* 03-52/03-57/0740o [[wikt:邡|邡]] pjang
* 03-52/03-57/0740q [[wikt:妨|妨]] phjang
* 03-52/03-57/0740r [[wikt:紡|紡]] phjangX
* 03-52/03-57/0740s [[wikt:芳|芳]] phjang
* 03-52/03-57/0740t [[wikt:訪|訪]] phjangH
* 03-52/03-57/0740u [[wikt:髣|髣]] phjangX
* 03-52/03-57/0740v [[wikt:仿|仿]] phjangX
* 03-52/03-57/0740x [[wikt:坊|坊]] bjang
* 03-52/03-57/0740y [[wikt:房|房]] bjang
* 03-52/03-57/0740z [[wikt:防|防]] bjang
* 03-52/03-57/0740a' [[wikt:埅|埅]] bjang
* 03-52/03-57/0740b' [[wikt:魴|魴]] bjang
* 03-52/03-57/0740c' [[wikt:雱|雱]] phang
* 03-52/03-57/0740d' [[wikt:汸|汸]] phang
* 03-52/03-57/0740e' [[wikt:彷|彷]] bang
* 03-52/03-57/0740f' [[wikt:旁|旁]] bang, paeng
* 03-52/03-57/0740j' [[wikt:祊|祊]] paeng
* 03-52/03-57/0740k' [[wikt:謗|謗]] pangH
* 03-52/03-57/0740l' [[wikt:滂|滂]] phang
* 03-52/03-57/0740m' [[wikt:傍|傍]] bang, bangH
* 03-52/03-57/0740n' [[wikt:騯|騯]] baeng, bang
* 03-52/03-57/0740o' [[wikt:徬|徬]] bang
* 03-52/03-57/0740p' [[wikt:榜|榜]] paengH
* 03-52/03-57/0740r' [[wikt:蒡|蒡]] bang, paeng

==03-53==
* 03-53/03-59/0750a [[wikt:彭|彭]] baeng, bang, pang
* 03-53/03-59/0750e [[wikt:𥛱|𥛱]] paeng

==03-54==
* 03-54/03-61/0757a [[wikt:丙|丙]] pjaengX
* 03-54/03-61/0757g [[wikt:怲|怲]] pjaengH, pjaengX
* 03-54/03-61/0757h [[wikt:柄|柄]] pjaengH
* 03-54/03-61/0757i [[wikt:炳|炳]] pjaengX
* 03-54/03-61/0757j [[wikt:邴|邴]] pjaengX
* 03-54/03-61/0757k [[wikt:病|病]] bjaengH

==03-55==
* 03-55/03-62/0758a [[wikt:秉|秉]] pjaengX
* 03-55/03-62/0758d [[wikt:棅|棅]] pjaengH

==03-56==
* 03-56/03-63/0759a [[wikt:兵|兵]] pjaeng

==03-57==
* 03-57/03-64/0709a [[wikt:莽|莽]] mangX

==03-58==
* 03-58/03-66/0743a [[wikt:𦣠|𦣠]] mjangH
* 03-58/03-66/0743d [[wikt:朢|朢]] mjangH
* 03-58/03-66/0743g [[wikt:𧭅|𧭅]] mjangH

==03-59==
* 03-59/03-67/0744a [[wikt:网|网]] mjangX
* 03-59/03-67/0744c [[wikt:蛧|蛧]] mjangX

==03-60==
Boltz combines [[#03-60|03-60]] and [[#09-30|09-30]]. 
* 03-60/03-25/0763a [[wikt:囧|囧]] kjwaengX
* 03-60/03-68/0760- [[wikt:朙|朙]] mjaeng 
* 03-60/03-68/0760a [[wikt:明|明]] mjaeng
* 03-60/03-68/0760e [[wikt:盟|盟]] mjaeng
* 03-60/03-68/0760g [[wikt:萌|萌]] meang

==03-61==
* 03-61/03-69/0761a [[wikt:皿|皿]] mjaengX
* 03-61/03-69/0761e [[wikt:孟|孟]] maengH
* 03-61/03-69/0761g [[wikt:猛|猛]] maengX

=04=
==04-01==
* 04-01/0936a [[wikt:改|改]] kojX

==04-02==
* 04-02/0937a [[wikt:亥|亥]] hojX
* 04-02/0937g [[wikt:咳|咳]] hoj, khojH
* 04-02/0937h [[wikt:孩|孩]] hoj
* 04-02/0937i [[wikt:㤥|㤥]] hojH
* 04-02/0937j [[wikt:侅|侅]] koj, ngojH
* 04-02/0937k [[wikt:垓|垓]] koj
* 04-02/0937l [[wikt:姟|姟]] koj
* 04-02/0937m [[wikt:晐|晐]] koj
* 04-02/0937n [[wikt:絯|絯]] heajX, koj
* 04-02/0937o [[wikt:胲|胲]] koj
* 04-02/0937p [[wikt:該|該]] koj
* 04-02/0937q [[wikt:賅|賅]] koj
* 04-02/0937r [[wikt:陔|陔]] koj
* 04-02/0937s [[wikt:欬|欬]] khojH
* 04-02/0937t [[wikt:硋|硋]] ngojH
* 04-02/0937u [[wikt:閡|閡]] ngojH
* 04-02/0937v [[wikt:刻|刻]] khok
* 04-02/0937x [[wikt:劾|劾]] hojH, hok
* 04-02/0937y [[wikt:駭|駭]] heajX
* 04-02/0937z [[wikt:骸|骸]] heaj
* 04-02/0937a' [[wikt:核|核]] heak

==04-03==
* 04-03/0990a [[wikt:戒|戒]] keajH
* 04-03/0990c [[wikt:誡|誡]] keajH
* 04-03/0990d [[wikt:械|械]] heajH
* 04-03/0990e [[wikt:駴|駴]] heajH
* 04-03/0990f [[wikt:裓|裓]] koj, kok

==04-04==
* 04-04/0952a [[wikt:其|其]] gi, ki, kiH
* 04-04/0952f [[wikt:箕|箕]] ki
* 04-04/0952g [[wikt:基|基]] ki
* 04-04/0952j [[wikt:朞|朞]] ki
* 04-04/0952k [[wikt:期|期]] gi
* 04-04/0952l [[wikt:稘|稘]] ki
* 04-04/0952m [[wikt:萁|萁]] gi, ki
* 04-04/0952n [[wikt:諆|諆]] khi, ki
* 04-04/0952p [[wikt:倛|倛]] khi
* 04-04/0952q [[wikt:欺|欺]] khi
* 04-04/0952r [[wikt:𣇳|𣇳]] gi
* 04-04/0952t [[wikt:棊|棊]] gi
* 04-04/0952u [[wikt:棋|棋]] gi
* 04-04/0952v [[wikt:旗|旗]] gi
* 04-04/0952x [[wikt:琪|琪]] gi
* 04-04/0952y [[wikt:祺|祺]] gi
* 04-04/0952z [[wikt:綦|綦]] gi, giH
* 04-04/0952a' [[wikt:騏|騏]] gi
* 04-04/0952b' [[wikt:麒|麒]] gi
* 04-04/0952c' [[wikt:惎|惎]] giH
* 04-04/0952d' [[wikt:諅|諅]] giH
* 04-04/0952e' [[wikt:璂|璂]] gi
* 04-04/0952f' [[wikt:僛|僛]] khi

==04-05==
* 04-05/0953a [[wikt:己|己]] kiX
* 04-05/0953f [[wikt:妀|妀]] kiX
* 04-05/0953i [[wikt:紀|紀]] kiX
* 04-05/0953j [[wikt:記|記]] kiH
* 04-05/0953k [[wikt:屺|屺]] khiX
* 04-05/0953l [[wikt:杞|杞]] khiX
* 04-05/0953q [[wikt:芑|芑]] khiX
* 04-05/0953r [[wikt:起|起]] khiX
* 04-05/0953s [[wikt:忌|忌]] giH, kiH
* 04-05/0953u [[wikt:誋|誋]] giH
* 04-05/0953x [[wikt:跽|跽]] giX
* 04-05/0953y [[wikt:㠱|㠱]] giX

==04-06==
* 04-06/0985a [[wikt:龜|龜]] kjuw, kwij

==04-07==
* 04-07/0986a [[wikt:簋|簋]] kwijX

==04-08==
* 04-08/0987a [[wikt:𣪘|𣪘]] kwijX
* 04-08/0987e [[wikt:匓|匓]] kjuwH
* 04-08/0987g [[wikt:廄|廄]] kjuwH

==04-09==
* 04-09/0988a [[wikt:頯|頯]] gwij, khwijX
* 04-09/0988b [[wikt:頮|頮]] xwojH

==04-10==
* 04-10/0989a [[wikt:逵|逵]] gwij

==04-11==
* 04-11/0991a [[wikt:怪|怪]] kweajH

==04-12==
* 04-12/0992a [[wikt:九|九]] kjuwX
* 04-12/0992e [[wikt:頄|頄]] gjuw
* 04-12/0992f [[wikt:宄|宄]] kwijX
* 04-12/0992j [[wikt:氿|氿]] kwijX
* 04-12/0992k [[wikt:軌|軌]] kwijX
* 04-12/0992l [[wikt:匭|匭]] kwijX
* 04-12/0992m [[wikt:馗|馗]] gwij
* 04-12/0992n [[wikt:鳩|鳩]] kjuw
* 04-12/0992o [[wikt:究|究]] kjuwH
* 04-12/0992p [[wikt:仇|仇]] gjuw
* 04-12/0992q [[wikt:厹|厹]] gjuw
* 04-12/0992r [[wikt:叴|叴]] gjuw
* 04-12/0992s [[wikt:艽|艽]] gjuw
* 04-12/0992t [[wikt:鼽|鼽]] gjuw
* 04-12/0992u [[wikt:尻|尻]] khaw
* 04-12/0992v [[wikt:虓|虓]] xaew
* 04-12/0992x [[wikt:旭|旭]] xjowk
* 04-12/13-23/1073a [[wikt:肘|肘]] trjuwX
* 04-12/13-23/1073b [[wikt:疛|疛]] trjuwX
* 04-12/13-23/1073c [[wikt:酎|酎]] drjuwX
* 04-12/13-23/1073d [[wikt:討|討]] thawX

==04-13==
* 04-13/0933a [[wikt:久|久]] kjuwk
* 04-13/0933b [[wikt:灸|灸]] kjuwH, kjuwX
* 04-13/0993c [[wikt:玖|玖]] kjuwX
* 04-13/0993d [[wikt:疚|疚]] kjuwH
* 04-13/0993e [[wikt:㝌|㝌]] kjuwH
* 04-13/0993f [[wikt:羑|羑]] yuwX
* 04-13/0993g [[wikt:柩|柩]] gjuwH

==04-14==
* 04-14/0994a [[wikt:丘|丘]] khjuw
* 04-14/0994d [[wikt:蚯|蚯]] khjuw

==04-15==
* 04-15/1066a [[wikt:求|求]] gjuw
* 04-15/1066e [[wikt:裘|裘]] gjuw
* 04-15/1066f [[wikt:球|球]] gjuw
* 04-15/1066g [[wikt:捄|捄]] gjuw
* 04-15/1066h [[wikt:絿|絿]] gjuw
* 04-15/1066i [[wikt:觩|觩]] gjuw
* 04-15/1066j [[wikt:賕|賕]] gjuw
* 04-15/1066k [[wikt:逑|逑]] gjuw
* 04-15/1066l [[wikt:銶|銶]] gjuw
* 04-15/1066m [[wikt:救|救]] kjuwH
* 04-15/1066n [[wikt:俅|俅]] gjuw

==04-16==
* 04-16/1067a [[wikt:臼|臼]] gjuwX
* 04-16/1067b [[wikt:舅|舅]] gjuwX
* 04-16/1067c [[wikt:舊|舊]] gjuwH
* 04-16/1067f [[wikt:匶|匶]] gjuwH

==04-17==
* 04-17/0995a [[wikt:又|又]] hjuwH
* 04-17/0995e [[wikt:友|友]] hjuwX
* 04-17/0995i [[wikt:右|右]] hjuwH, hjuwX
* 04-17/0995k [[wikt:佑|佑]] hjuwH
* 04-17/0995l [[wikt:祐|祐]] hjuwH, hjuwX
* 04-17/0995n [[wikt:醢|醢]] xojX
* 04-17/0995o [[wikt:有|有]] hjuwX
* 04-17/0995q [[wikt:侑|侑]] hjuwH
* 04-17/0995r [[wikt:宥|宥]] hjuwH
* 04-17/0995u [[wikt:囿|囿]] hjuwH, hjuwk
* 04-17/0995x [[wikt:痏|痏]] hwijX
* 04-17/0995y [[wikt:鮪|鮪]] hwijX
* 04-17/0995z [[wikt:賄|賄]] xwojX
* 04-17/0995a' [[wikt:郁|郁]] 'juwk
* 04-17/0995- [[wikt:洧|洧]] hwijX

==04-18==
* 04-18/0996a [[wikt:尤|尤]] hjuw
* 04-18/0996d [[wikt:訧|訧]] hjuw
* 04-18/0996e [[wikt:疣|疣]] hjuw
* 04-18/0996f [[wikt:肬|肬]] hjuw

==04-19==
* 04-19/0997a [[wikt:郵|郵]] hjuw

==04-20==
* 04-20/0950a [[wikt:灰|灰]] xwoj
* 04-20/0950b [[wikt:恢|恢]] khwoj	
* 04-20/0950c [[wikt:脄|脄]] mwoj, mwojH

==04-21==
* 04-21/0955a [[wikt:喜|喜]] xiX
* 04-21/0955d [[wikt:憘|憘]] xiX
* 04-21/0955e [[wikt:嘻|嘻]] xi
* 04-21/0955f [[wikt:譆|譆]] xi
* 04-21/0955g [[wikt:嬉|嬉]] xi
* 04-21/0955i [[wikt:暿|暿]] xi
* 04-21/0955j [[wikt:熺|熺]] xi
* 04-21/0955k [[wikt:熹|熹]] xi
* 04-21/0955l [[wikt:糦|糦]] tsyhiH
* 04-21/0955m [[wikt:饎|饎]] tsyhiH

==04-22==
* 04-22/0958a [[wikt:醫|醫]] 'i

==04-23==
* 04-23/0956a [[wikt:疑|疑]] ngi, ngik
* 04-23/0956b [[wikt:儗|儗]] ngiX
* 04-23/0956c [[wikt:嶷|嶷]] ngi
* 04-23/0956d [[wikt:擬|擬]] ngiX
* 04-23/0956e [[wikt:薿|薿]] ngik, ngiX
* 04-23/0956f [[wikt:觺|觺]] ngi, ngik
* 04-23/0956g [[wikt:礙|礙]] ngojH
* 04-23/0956h [[wikt:凝|凝]] nging

==04-24==
* 04-24/0998a [[wikt:牛|牛]] ngjuw

==04-25==
* 04-25/0939a [[wikt:臺|臺]] doj

==04-26==
Schuessler (2009: 98) places 0961l [[wikt:齒|齒]] tsyhiX in its own series ([[#04-29|04-29]]) noting that the phonetic 止 is a later addition.
* 04-26/0961a [[wikt:止|止]] tsyiX
* 04-26/0961g [[wikt:趾|趾]] tsyiX
* 04-26/0961h [[wikt:沚|沚]] tsyiX
* 04-26/0961j [[wikt:芷|芷]] tsyiX
* 04-26/0961k [[wikt:祉|祉]] trhiX
* 04-26/0961m [[wikt:寺|寺]] ziH
* 04-26/0961p [[wikt:持|持]] dri
* 04-26/0961q [[wikt:峙|峙]] driX
* 04-26/0961r [[wikt:畤|畤]] driX
* 04-26/0961s [[wikt:庤|庤]] driX
* 04-26/0961t [[wikt:痔|痔]] driX
* 04-26/0961u [[wikt:跱|跱]] driX
* 04-26/0961v [[wikt:洔|洔]] tsyiX
* 04-26/0961x [[wikt:侍|侍]] dzyiH
* 04-26/0961y [[wikt:恃|恃]] dzyiX
* 04-26/0961z [[wikt:時|時]] dzyi
* 04-26/0961b' [[wikt:旹|旹]] dzyi
* 04-26/0961d' [[wikt:詩|詩]] syi
* 04-26/0961e' [[wikt:邿|邿]] syi
* 04-26/0961g' [[wikt:待|待]] dojX
* 04-26/0961h' [[wikt:特|特]] dok
* 04-26/0961i' [[wikt:等|等]] tojX, tongX
* 04-26/0961j' [[wikt:塒|塒]] dzyi
* 04-26/0961k' [[wikt:偫|偫]] driX

==04-27==
* 04-27/0962a [[wikt:之|之]] tsyi
* 04-27/0962c [[wikt:芝|芝]] tsyi
* 04-27/0962d [[wikt:蚩|蚩]] tsyhi
* 04-27/0962e [[wikt:志|志]] tsyiH
* 04-27/0962f [[wikt:誌|誌]] tsyiH

==04-28==
* 04-28/0963a [[wikt:市|市]] dzyiX

==04-29==
* 04-29/0961l [[wikt:齒|齒]] tsyhiX

==04-30==
* 04-30/0938a [[wikt:唉|唉]] 'oj
* 04-30/0938b [[wikt:埃|埃]] 'oj
* 04-30/0938c [[wikt:挨|挨]] 'eajX, 'ojX
* 04-30/0938d [[wikt:欸|欸]] 'oj
* 04-30/0938e [[wikt:娭|娭]] xi
* 04-30/0938f [[wikt:誒|誒]] xi
* 04-30/0976a [[wikt:㠯|㠯]] yiX
* 04-30/0976b [[wikt:以|以]] yiX
* 04-30/0976f [[wikt:苢|苢]] yiX
* 04-30/0976g [[wikt:苡|苡]] yiX
* 04-30/0976h [[wikt:似|似]] ziX
* 04-30/0976i [[wikt:姒|姒]] ziX
* 04-30/0976k [[wikt:耜|耜]] ziX
* 04-30/0976l [[wikt:矣|矣]] hiX
* 04-30/0976m [[wikt:俟|俟]] dzriX, zriX
* 04-30/0976n [[wikt:竢|竢]] dzriX
* 04-30/0976o [[wikt:涘|涘]] dzriX
* 04-30/0976p [[wikt:台|台]] thoj, yi
* 04-30/0976t [[wikt:佁|佁]] trhiH, yiX
* 04-30/0976u [[wikt:怡|怡]] yi
* 04-30/0976v [[wikt:詒|詒]] dojX, yi
* 04-30/0976x [[wikt:貽|貽]] yi
* 04-30/0976y [[wikt:飴|飴]] yi
* 04-30/0976z [[wikt:治|治]] dri, driH
* 04-30/0976a' [[wikt:眙|眙]] dringH, trhiH
* 04-30/0976b' [[wikt:笞|笞]] trhi
* 04-30/0976c' [[wikt:鈶|鈶]] ziX
* 04-30/0976d' [[wikt:枲|枲]] siX
* 04-30/0976e' [[wikt:始|始]] syiX
* 04-30/0976h' [[wikt:胎|胎]] thoj
* 04-30/0976i' [[wikt:炱|炱]] doj
* 04-30/0976j' [[wikt:駘|駘]] doj, dojX
* 04-30/0976k' [[wikt:怠|怠]] dojX
* 04-30/0976l' [[wikt:殆|殆]] dojX
* 04-30/0976m' [[wikt:紿|紿]] dojX
* 04-30/0976n' [[wikt:迨|迨]] dojX
* 04-30/0976o' [[wikt:𨽿|𨽿]] dojH
* 04-30/0976p' [[wikt:冶|冶]] yaeX
* 04-30/0976q' [[wikt:箈|箈]] dojX
* 04-30/1240a [[wikt:咍|咍]] xoj

==04-31==
* 04-31/0977a [[wikt:已|已]] yiX
* 04-31/0977b [[wikt:异|异]] yiH

==04-32==
* 04-32/0967a [[wikt:巳|巳]] ziX
* 04-32/0967d [[wikt:祀|祀]] ziX
* 04-32/0967i [[wikt:汜|汜]] ziX
* 04-32/0967k [[wikt:戺|戺]] dzriX

==04-33==
* 04-33/0968a [[wikt:辭|辭]] zi, ziH

==04-34==
* 04-34/0960c [[wikt:頤|頤]] yi
* 04-34/0960d [[wikt:巸|巸]] yi
* 04-34/0960f [[wikt:姬|姬]] ki
* 04-34/0960i [[wikt:茝|茝]] tsyhiX, tsyiX
* 04-34/0960j [[wikt:熙|熙]] xi
* 04-34/0960k [[wikt:𩟄|𩟄]] tsyhiH

==04-35==
* 04-35/0978a [[wikt:里|里]] liX
* 04-35/0978c [[wikt:梩|梩]] li
* 04-35/0978d [[wikt:理|理]] liX
* 04-35/0978e [[wikt:裏|裏]] liX
* 04-35/0978h [[wikt:貍|貍]] li
* 04-35/0978i [[wikt:狸|狸]] li
* 04-35/0978j [[wikt:鯉|鯉]] liX
* 04-35/0978l [[wikt:埋|埋]] meaj
* 04-35/0978n [[wikt:霾|霾]] meaj

==04-36==
* 04-36/0979c [[wikt:𠭰|𠭰]] li
* 04-36/0979f [[wikt:嫠|嫠]] li
* 04-36/0979g [[wikt:孷|孷]] li
* 04-36/0979i [[wikt:氂|氂]] li
* 04-36/0979j [[wikt:犛|犛]] maew, li, loj
* 04-36/0979k [[wikt:斄|斄]] li
* 04-36/0979l [[wikt:釐|釐]] li
* 04-36/1237q [[wikt:漦|漦]] zri

==04-37==
* 04-37/0980a [[wikt:李|李]] liX

==04-38==
* 04-38/0945a [[wikt:乃|乃]] nojX
* 04-38/0945d [[wikt:鼐|鼐]] nojX
* 04-38/0945e [[wikt:仍|仍]] nying
* 04-38/0945f [[wikt:扔|扔]] nying
* 04-38/0945g [[wikt:艿|艿]] nying
* 04-38/0945h [[wikt:芿|芿]] nying

==04-39==
* 04-39/0946a [[wikt:迺|迺]] nojX
* 04-39/0946- [[wikt:廼|廼]] nojX
* 04-39/26-31/0594a [[wikt:西|西]] sej
* 04-39/26-31/0594f [[wikt:栖|栖]] sej
* 04-39/26-31/0594g [[wikt:洒|洒]] sejX, sreajX, senX
* 04-39/26-31/0594i [[wikt:哂|哂]] syinX

==04-40==
* 04-40/0959a [[wikt:恥|恥]] trhiX
* 04-40/0981a [[wikt:耳|耳]] nyiX
* 04-40/0981c [[wikt:刵|刵]] nyiH
* 04-40/0981d [[wikt:珥|珥]] nyiH
* 04-40/0981e [[wikt:衈|衈]] nyiH
* 04-40/0981f [[wikt:佴|佴]] nyiH
* 04-40/0981g [[wikt:咡|咡]] nyi, nyiX
* 04-40/0981h [[wikt:餌|餌]] nyiH
* 04-40/0981i [[wikt:眲|眲]] nreak, nyiH

==04-41==
* 04-41/0982a [[wikt:而|而]] nyi
* 04-41/0982c [[wikt:栭|栭]] nyi
* 04-41/0982d [[wikt:聏|聏]] nyi
* 04-41/0982e [[wikt:胹|胹]] nyi
* 04-41/0982f [[wikt:鴯|鴯]] nyi
* 04-41/0982g [[wikt:鮞|鮞]] nyi, nyuwk
* 04-41/0982h [[wikt:耐|耐]] nojH
* 04-41/0982i [[wikt:𨼏|𨼏]] nuwX, nying
* 04-41/0982j [[wikt:陾|陾]] nying

==04-42==
* 04-42/0940a [[wikt:災|災]] tsoj
* 04-42/0940d [[wikt:灾|灾]] tsoj

==04-43==
* 04-43/0941a [[wikt:再|再]] tsojH

==04-44==
* 04-44/0942a [[wikt:采|采]] tshojX
* 04-44/0942a [[wikt:彩|彩]] tshojX
* 04-44/0942d [[wikt:採|採]] tshojX
* 04-44/0942e [[wikt:菜|菜]] tshojH

==04-45==
* 04-45/0943a [[wikt:才|才]] dzoj
* 04-45/0943g [[wikt:材|材]] dzoj
* 04-45/0943h [[wikt:財|財]] dzoj
* 04-45/0943i [[wikt:在|在]] dzojX
* 04-45/0943l [[wikt:𢦒|𢦒]] tsoj
* 04-45/0943o [[wikt:𢦏|𢦏]] tsoj
* 04-45/0943r [[wikt:鼒|鼒]] tsi
* 04-45/0943s [[wikt:䊷|䊷]] tsri
* 04-45/0943t [[wikt:豺|豺]] dzreaj
* 04-45/0943v [[wikt:哉|哉]] tsoj
* 04-45/0943y [[wikt:栽|栽]] dzojH, tsoj
* 04-45/0943z [[wikt:烖|烖]] tsoj
* 04-45/0943a' [[wikt:載|載]] dzojH, tsojH, tsojX
* 04-45/0943c' [[wikt:裁|裁]] dzoj
* 04-45/0943d' [[wikt:胾|胾]] tsriH
* 04-45/0943e' [[wikt:戴|戴]] tojH

==04-46==
* 04-46/04-45A/1240b [[wikt:猜|猜]] tshoj

==04-47==
* 04-47/0964a [[wikt:子|子]] tsiX
* 04-47/0964d [[wikt:𢀇|𢀇]] tsiX
* 04-47/0964k [[wikt:仔|仔]] tsi, tsiX
* 04-47/0964l [[wikt:孜|孜]] tsi
* 04-47/0964m [[wikt:耔|耔]] tsiX
* 04-47/0964n [[wikt:字|字]] dziH

==04-48==
* 04-48/0965a [[wikt:梓|梓]] tsiX
* 04-48/0965b [[wikt:宰|宰]] tsojX

==04-49==
* 04-49/0966a [[wikt:玆|玆]] tsi
* 04-49/0966b [[wikt:茲|茲]] tsi
* 04-49/0966g [[wikt:嗞|嗞]] tsi
* 04-49/0966h [[wikt:滋|滋]] tsi
* 04-49/0966i [[wikt:鎡|鎡]] tsi
* 04-49/0966j [[wikt:慈|慈]] dzi
* 04-49/0966k [[wikt:孳|孳]] dziH

==04-50==
* 04-50/0969a [[wikt:甾|甾]] tsri
* 04-50/0969c [[wikt:葘|葘]] tsri, tsriH
* 04-50/0969d [[wikt:菑|菑]] tsri
* 04-50/0969e [[wikt:緇|緇]] tsri
* 04-50/0969g [[wikt:輺|輺]] tsri
* 04-50/0969h [[wikt:輜|輜]] tsri
* 04-50/0969i [[wikt:鍿|鍿]] tsri
* 04-50/0969j [[wikt:錙|錙]] tsri

==04-51==
* 04-51/0970a [[wikt:士|士]] dzriX
* 04-51/0970d [[wikt:仕|仕]] dzriX

==04-52==
* 04-52/0971a [[wikt:事|事]] dzriH
* 04-52/0971d [[wikt:剚|剚]] tsriH
* 04-52/0975a [[wikt:史|史]] sriX
* 04-52/0975g [[wikt:吏|吏]] liH
* 04-52/0975k [[wikt:𣬔|𣬔]] sriH
* 04-52/0975n [[wikt:使|使]] sriH, sriX

==04-53==
* 04-53/0972a [[wikt:司|司]] si
* 04-53/0972f [[wikt:伺|伺]] si, siH
* 04-53/0972g [[wikt:笥|笥]] siH
* 04-53/0972h [[wikt:祠|祠]] zi
* 04-53/0972j [[wikt:詞|詞]] zi
* 04-53/0972k [[wikt:嗣|嗣]] ziH

==04-54==
* 04-54/0973a [[wikt:思|思]] si, siH, soj
* 04-54/0973b [[wikt:緦|緦]] si
* 04-54/0973c [[wikt:葸|葸]] siX
* 04-54/0973d [[wikt:諰|諰]] siX
* 04-54/0973e [[wikt:颸|颸]] tsrhi
* 04-54/0973f [[wikt:偲|偲]] si

==04-55==
* 04-55/0974a [[wikt:絲|絲]] si

==04-56==
* 04-56/0951a [[wikt:佩|佩]] bwojH
* 04-56/0951c [[wikt:珮|珮]] bwojH

==04-57==
* 04-57/0983a [[wikt:啚|啚]] pijX
* 04-57/0983e [[wikt:鄙|鄙]] pijX

==04-58==
* 04-58/1237a’ [[wikt:圮|圮]] bijX

==04-59==
* 04-59/1237r [[wikt:奰|奰]] biH, bijH

==04-60==
* 04-60/1237y [[wikt:轡|轡]] pijH

==04-61==
* 04-61/0999a [[wikt:不|不]] pjuw, pjuwX
* 04-61/0999e [[wikt:否|否]] bijX, pijX, pjuwX
* 04-61/0999g [[wikt:紑|紑]] phjuw, phjuwX
* 04-61/0999h [[wikt:罘|罘]] bjuw
* 04-61/0999i [[wikt:芣|芣]] bjuw
* 04-61/0999j [[wikt:抔|抔]] buw
* 04-61/0999k [[wikt:丕|丕]] phij
* 04-61/0999l [[wikt:伾|伾]] phij
* 04-61/0999m [[wikt:駓|駓]] phij
* 04-61/0999n [[wikt:秠|秠]] phij, phjuw
* 04-61/0999o [[wikt:杯|杯]] pwoj
* 04-61/0999p [[wikt:桮|桮]] pwoj
* 04-61/0999q [[wikt:阫|阫]] phwoj
* 04-61/0999s [[wikt:坏|坏]] bwoj
* 04-61/0999t [[wikt:㕻|㕻]] phuwH
* 04-61/0999u [[wikt:咅|咅]] phuwH
* 04-61/0999v [[wikt:剖|剖]] phuwX
* 04-61/0999x [[wikt:棓|棓]] buw, phuwX
* 04-61/0999y [[wikt:瓿|瓿]] buwX
* 04-61/0999z [[wikt:部|部]] buwX
* 04-61/0999a' [[wikt:培|培]] bwoj
* 04-61/0999b' [[wikt:陪|陪]] bwoj
* 04-61/0999c' [[wikt:倍|倍]] bwojX
* 04-61/0999d' [[wikt:掊|掊]] phuwX, puwX
* 04-61/0999e' [[wikt:踣|踣]] bok, phuwH
* 04-61/0999f' [[wikt:鞛|鞛]] puwngX
* 04-61/0999g' [[wikt:蔀|蔀]] buwX, phuwX

==04-62==
* 04-62/1000a [[wikt:負|負]] bjuwX
* 04-62/1000b [[wikt:偩|偩]] bjuwX
* 04-62/1000c [[wikt:萯|萯]] bjuwX

==04-63==
* 04-63/1001a [[wikt:婦|婦]] bjuwX

==04-64==
* 04-64/0107a [[wikt:毋|毋]] mju
* 04-64/0138a [[wikt:侮|侮]] mjuX
* 04-64/0138b [[wikt:㑄|㑄]] mjuX
* 04-64/0947a [[wikt:母|母]] muwX
* 04-64/0947f [[wikt:姆|姆]] muwX
* 04-64/0947g [[wikt:拇|拇]] muwX
* 04-64/0947h [[wikt:坶|坶]] mjuwk
* 04-64/0947i [[wikt:每|每]] mwoj, mwojH, mwojX
* 04-64/0947l [[wikt:梅|梅]] mwoj
* 04-64/0947m [[wikt:脢|脢]] mwoj, mwojH
* 04-64/0947n [[wikt:鋂|鋂]] mwoj
* 04-64/0947o [[wikt:畮|畮]] muwX
* 04-64/0947q [[wikt:痗|痗]] mwojH, xwojH
* 04-64/0947r [[wikt:𠧩|𠧩]] xwojH
* 04-64/0947s [[wikt:悔|悔]] xwojH, xwojX
* 04-64/0947t [[wikt:晦|晦]] xwojH
* 04-64/0947u [[wikt:誨|誨]] xwojH
* 04-64/0947x [[wikt:海|海]] xojX
* 04-64/1251q [[wikt:敏|敏]] minX

==04-65==
* 04-65/0948a [[wikt:某|某]] muwX
* 04-65/0948c [[wikt:媒|媒]] mwoj
* 04-65/0948d [[wikt:煤|煤]] mwoj
* 04-65/0948e [[wikt:禖|禖]] mwoj
* 04-65/0948f [[wikt:謀|謀]] mjuw

==04-66==
* 04-66/0949a [[wikt:畝|畝]] muwX

=05=
==05-01==
*05-01/0903a [[wikt:克|克]] khok
*05-01/0903f [[wikt:尅|尅]] khok
*05-01/0903g [[wikt:剋|剋]] khok

==05-02==
* 05-02/0931a [[wikt:革|革]] keak
* 05-02/0931c [[wikt:愅|愅]] keak

==05-03==
* 05-03/1260a [[wikt:覈|覈]] heak

==05-04==
* 05-04/0910a [[wikt:亟|亟]] khiH, kik
* 05-04/0910c [[wikt:㥛|㥛]] kik
* 05-04/0910d [[wikt:殛|殛]] kik
* 05-04/0910e [[wikt:極|極]] gik

==05-05==
* 05-05/0911a [[wikt:棘|棘]] kik
* 05-05/0911c [[wikt:襋|襋]] kik

==05-06==
* 05-06/0929a [[wikt:或|或]] hwik, hwok
* 05-06/0929e [[wikt:域|域]] hwik
* 05-06/0929g [[wikt:棫|棫]] hwik
* 05-06/0929j [[wikt:罭|罭]] hwik
* 05-06/0929k [[wikt:閾|閾]] hwik, xwik
* 05-06/0929l [[wikt:淢|淢]] xwik
* 05-06/0929m [[wikt:窢|窢]] hwik, xwik
* 05-06/0929n [[wikt:緎|緎]] xwik
* 05-06/0929o [[wikt:國|國]] kwok
* 05-06/0929q [[wikt:惑|惑]] hwok
* 05-06/0929r [[wikt:蜮|蜮]] hwik, hwok
* 05-06/0929s [[wikt:膕|膕]] kweak
* 05-06/0929t [[wikt:蟈|蟈]] kweak
* 05-06/0929u [[wikt:馘|馘]] kweak
* 05-06/0929v [[wikt:聝|聝]] kweak
* 05-06/0929y [[wikt:彧|彧]] 'juwk

==05-07==
* 05-07/0930a [[wikt:洫|洫]] xwik
* 05-07/0930b [[wikt:侐|侐]] xwijH, xwik
* 05-07/0930c [[wikt:殈|殈]] xjwiek, xwek
* 05-07/29-07/0410a [[wikt:血|血]] xwet
* 05-07/29-07/0410e [[wikt:恤|恤]] swit
* 05-07/29-07/0410f [[wikt:卹|卹]] swot

==05-08==
* 05-08/0914a [[wikt:衋|衋]] xik

==05-09==
* 05-09/0915a [[wikt:抑|抑]] 'ik

==05-10==
* 05-10/0957a [[wikt:意|意]] 'iH
* 05-10/0957b [[wikt:噫|噫]] 'eajH, 'i
* 05-10/0957c [[wikt:鷾|鷾]] 'iH
* 05-10/0957d [[wikt:醷|醷]] 'ik, 'iX
* 05-10/0957e [[wikt:億|億]] 'ik
* 05-10/0957f [[wikt:憶|憶]] 'ik
* 05-10/0957g [[wikt:檍|檍]] 'ik
* 05-10/0957h [[wikt:繶|繶]] 'ik
* 05-10/0957i [[wikt:臆|臆]] 'ik

==05-11==
*05-11/0905d [[wikt:得|得]] tok

==05-12==
* 05-12/0919a [[wikt:直|直]] driH, drik
* 05-12/0919b [[wikt:稙|稙]] trik
* 05-12/0919c [[wikt:埴|埴]] dzyik
* 05-12/0919d [[wikt:殖|殖]] dzyik
* 05-12/0919e [[wikt:植|植]] driH, dzyik
* 05-12/0919f [[wikt:犆|犆]] dok, drik
* 05-12/0919g [[wikt:置|置]] triH
* 05-12/0919h [[wikt:值|值]] driH
* 05-12/0919k [[wikt:德|德]] tok

==05-13==
* 05-13/0920a [[wikt:戠|戠]] tsyik
* 05-13/0920e [[wikt:樴|樴]] dok, tsyik
* 05-13/0920f [[wikt:織|織]] tsyiH, tsyik
* 05-13/0920g [[wikt:職|職]] tsyik
* 05-13/0920i [[wikt:膱|膱]] tsyik
* 05-13/0920j [[wikt:幟|幟]] syiH, syik, tsyhiH
* 05-13/0920k [[wikt:識|識]] syik
* 05-13/0920l [[wikt:熾|熾]] tsyhiH
* 05-13/0920- [[wikt:軄|軄]] tsyik (occurs as a variant for the lower fanqie speller 職 in a Dunhuang fragment ([http://idp.bl.uk/database/oo_scroll_h.a4d?uid=236471759;bst=1;recnum=59058;index=1;img=1 Pelliot Chinois 2017]) of the Qieyun)

==05-14==
* 05-14/0916a [[wikt:陟|陟]] trik
* 05-14/1257d [[wikt:騭|騭]] tsyit

==05-15==
* 05-15/0917a [[wikt:敕|敕]] trhik
* 05-15/0917b [[wikt:勅|勅]] trhik

==05-16==
* 05-16/0918a [[wikt:弋|弋]] yik
* 05-16/0918c [[wikt:㚤|㚤]] yik
* 05-16/0918e [[wikt:杙|杙]] yik
* 05-16/0918f [[wikt:式|式]] syik
* 05-16/0918g [[wikt:忒|忒]] thok
* 05-16/0918h [[wikt:貣|貣]] dok, thok
* 05-16/0918i [[wikt:代|代]] dojH
* 05-16/0918k [[wikt:拭|拭]] syik
* 05-16/0918l [[wikt:軾|軾]] syik
* 05-16/0918m [[wikt:侙|侙]] trhik
* 05-16/0918n [[wikt:試|試]] syiH
* 05-16/0918o [[wikt:弒|弒]] syiH
* 05-16/0918p [[wikt:貸|貸]] thojH
* 05-16/0918q [[wikt:岱|岱]] dojH
* 05-16/0918r [[wikt:黛|黛]] dojH
* 05-16/0918s [[wikt:蟘|蟘]] dok
* 05-16/0918- [[wikt:袋|袋]] dojH

==05-17==
* 05-17/0954a [[wikt:異|異]] yiH
* 05-17/0954d [[wikt:翼|翼]] yik
* 05-17/0954e [[wikt:廙|廙]] yiH, yik
* 05-17/0954g [[wikt:趩|趩]] trhik
* 05-17/0954i [[wikt:瀷|瀷]] yik

==05-18==
* 05-18/0912a [[wikt:翊|翊]]
* 05-18/0912b [[wikt:翌|翌]]

==05-19==
* 05-19/0921a [[wikt:食|食]] zijH, zyik
* 05-19/0921d [[wikt:蝕|蝕]] zyik
* 05-19/0921e [[wikt:飤|飤]] ziH
* 05-19/0921g [[wikt:飭|飭]] trhik
* 05-19/0921h [[wikt:飾|飾]] syik

==05-20==
* 05-20/0913a [[wikt:奭|奭]] xik
* 05-20/0913b [[wikt:襫|襫]] syek

==05-21==
* 05-21/05-20A/1260b [[wikt:疒|疒]] nreak

==05-22==
*05-22/05-21/0928a [[wikt:力|力]] lik
*05-22/05-21/0928c [[wikt:仂|仂]] lik, lok
*05-22/05-21/0928d [[wikt:扐|扐]] lok
*05-22/05-21/0928e [[wikt:阞|阞]] lok
*05-22/05-21/0928f [[wikt:勒|勒]] lok
*05-22/05-21/0928h [[wikt:泐|泐]] lok

==05-23==
* 05-23/05-22/0932a [[wikt:麥|麥]] meak
* 05-23/05-22/0944a [[wikt:來|來]] loj
* 05-23/05-22/0944f [[wikt:徠|徠]] loj
* 05-23/05-22/0944g [[wikt:逨|逨]] loj
* 05-23/05-22/0944i [[wikt:勑|勑]] lojH
* 05-23/05-22/0944j [[wikt:萊|萊]] loj, lojH
* 05-23/05-22/0944k [[wikt:賚|賚]] lojH
* 05-23/05-22/0944m [[wikt:騋|騋]] loj

==05-24==
* 05-24/05-23/0907a [[wikt:賊|賊]] dzok

==05-25==
* 05-25/05-24/0906a [[wikt:則|則]] tsok
* 05-25/05-24/0906c [[wikt:側|側]] tsrik
* 05-25/05-24/0906e [[wikt:惻|惻]] tsrhik
* 05-25/05-24/0906f [[wikt:測|測]] tsrhik
* 05-25/05-24/0906g [[wikt:廁|廁]] tsrhiH

==05-26==
* 05-26/05-25/0922a [[wikt:畟|畟]] tsik, tsrhik
* 05-26/05-25/0922b [[wikt:稷|稷]] tsik
* 05-26/05-25/0922c [[wikt:謖|謖]] srjuwk

==05-27==
* 05-27/05-26/0923a [[wikt:即|即]] tsik
* 05-27/05-26/0923b [[wikt:蝍|蝍]] tsik
* 05-27/05-26/0923d [[wikt:䳭|䳭]] tsik, tsjek

==05-28==
*05-28/05-27/0924a [[wikt:夨|夨]] tsrik
*05-28/05-27/0924d [[wikt:仄|仄]] tsrik
*05-28/05-27/0924e [[wikt:𣅔|𣅔]] tsrik
*05-28/05-27/0924f [[wikt:昃|昃]] tsrik

==05-29==
* 05-29/05-28/0908a [[wikt:塞|塞]] sojH, sok
* 05-29/05-28/0908b [[wikt:㥶|㥶]] sok

==05-30==
* 05-30/05-29/0925a [[wikt:息|息]] sik
* 05-30/05-29/0925b [[wikt:熄|熄]] sik

==05-31==
* 05-31/05-30/0926a [[wikt:嗇|嗇]] srik
* 05-31/05-30/0926e [[wikt:穡|穡]] srik

==05-32==
* 05-32/05-31/0927a [[wikt:色|色]] srik

==05-33==
* 05-33/05-32/0909a [[wikt:北|北]] pok
* 05-33/05-32/0909e [[wikt:背|背]] bwojH, pwojH
* 05-33/05-32/0909f [[wikt:偝|偝]] bwojH

==05-34==
* 05-34/05-33/0933a [[wikt:畐|畐]] bjuwk
* 05-34/05-33/0933d [[wikt:福|福]] pjuwk
* 05-34/05-33/0933i [[wikt:葍|葍]] pjuwk
* 05-34/05-33/0933j [[wikt:輻|輻]] pjuwk
* 05-34/05-33/0933k [[wikt:幅|幅]] pik, pjuwk
* 05-34/05-33/0933l [[wikt:楅|楅]] pik, pjuwk
* 05-34/05-33/0933m [[wikt:匐|匐]] bjuwk, bok
* 05-34/05-33/0933n [[wikt:偪|偪]] pik, pjuwk
* 05-34/05-33/0933o [[wikt:湢|湢]] pik
* 05-34/05-33/0933p [[wikt:逼|逼]] pik
* 05-34/05-33/0933q [[wikt:疈|疈]] peak
* 05-34/05-33/0933r [[wikt:富|富]] pjuwH
* 05-34/05-33/0933s [[wikt:副|副]] phik, phjuwH
* 05-34/05-33/0933- [[wikt:蔔|蔔]]
* 05-34/05-33/0933- [[wikt:堛|堛]]
* 05-34/05-33/0933- [[wikt:愊|愊]]
* 05-34/05-33/0933- [[wikt:踾|踾]]
* 05-34/05-33/0933- [[wikt:揊|揊]]
* 05-34/05-33/0933- [[wikt:稫|稫]]
* 05-34/05-33/0933- [[wikt:腷|腷]]
* 05-34/05-33/0933- [[wikt:鶝|鶝]]
* 05-34/05-33/0933- [[wikt:福|福]]
* 05-34/05-33/0933- [[wikt:幅|幅]]
* 05-34/05-33/0933- [[wikt:蝠|蝠]]
* 05-34/05-33/0933- [[wikt:偪|偪]]

==05-35==
* 05-35/05-34/0984d [[wikt:備|備]] bijH
* 05-35/05-34/0984g [[wikt:犕|犕]] bijH
* 05-35/05-34/0984h [[wikt:憊|憊]] beajH

==05-36==
* 05-36/05-35/0934a [[wikt:𠬝|𠬝]] bjuwk
* 05-36/05-35/0934d [[wikt:服|服]] bjuwk, bjuwX
* 05-36/05-35/0934g [[wikt:箙|箙]] bjuwk
* 05-36/13-65/1058a [[wikt:報|報]] pawH

==05-37==
* 05-37/05-36/0935a [[wikt:伏|伏]] bjuwH, bjuwk

==05-38==
* 05-38/05-37/1062a [[wikt:冒|冒]] mawH, mok

==05-39==
*05-39/05-38/0904a [[wikt:黑|黑]] xok
*05-39/05-38/0904c [[wikt:墨|墨]] mok
*05-39/05-38/0904d [[wikt:默|默]] mok
*05-39/05-38/0904e [[wikt:嘿|嘿]] mok
*05-39/05-38/0904f [[wikt:纆|纆]] mok

==05-40==
* 05-40/05-39/1037a [[wikt:牧|牧]] mjuwk

=06=
==06-01==
* 06-01/0881a [[wikt:亙|亙]] kongH
* 06-01/0881d [[wikt:恆|恆]] hong
* 06-01/0881f [[wikt:絚|絚]] kong
* 06-01/0881g [[wikt:緪|緪]] kongH
* 06-01/0881h [[wikt:𡍷|𡍷]] kongH

==06-02==
* 06-02/0882a [[wikt:肎|肎]] khongX
* 06-02/0882b [[wikt:肯|肯]] khongX

==06-03==
* 06-03/0888a [[wikt:兢|兢]] ging, king

==06-04==
* 06-04/0901a [[wikt:弓|弓]] kjuwng
* 06-04/0901e [[wikt:穹|穹]] khjuwng

==06-05==
A uvular series
* 06-05/0887a [[wikt:厶|厶]] kwong
* 06-05/0887b [[wikt:厷|厷]] kwong
* 06-05/0887f [[wikt:肱|肱]] kwong
* 06-05/0887g [[wikt:弘|弘]] hwong
* 06-05/0887h [[wikt:宏|宏]] hweang
* 06-05/0887i [[wikt:竑|竑]] hweang
* 06-05/0887j [[wikt:紘|紘]] hweang
* 06-05/0887k [[wikt:閎|閎]] hweang
* 06-05/0887l [[wikt:雄|雄]] hjuwng
* 06-05/0887m [[wikt:鞃|鞃]] khwong, kwong

==06-06==
* 06-06/0889a [[wikt:興|興]] xing, xingH

==06-08==
* 06-08/0890a [[wikt:䧹|䧹]] 'ing
* 06-08/0890c [[wikt:鷹|鷹]] 'ing
* 06-08/0890d [[wikt:應|應]] 'ing, 'ingH
* 06-08/0890e [[wikt:膺|膺]] 'ing

==06-09==
*06-09/0883a [[wikt:豋|豋]] tong
*06-09/0883e [[wikt:登|登]] tong
*06-09/0883i [[wikt:鐙|鐙]] tong
*06-09/0883j [[wikt:燈|燈]] tong
*06-09/0883k [[wikt:隥|隥]] tongH
*06-09/0883l [[wikt:鄧|鄧]] dongH
*06-09/0883m [[wikt:澄|澄]] dring
*06-09/0883n [[wikt:證|證]] tsyingH

==06-10==
* 06-10/0896a [[wikt:氶|氶]] dzying
* 06-10/0896c [[wikt:承|承]] dzying
* 06-10/0896d [[wikt:㞼|㞼]] dzying
* 06-10/0896g [[wikt:丞|丞]] dzying
* 06-10/0896h [[wikt:烝|烝]] tsying
* 06-10/0896i [[wikt:拯|拯]] tsyingX
* 06-10/0896j [[wikt:脀|脀]] tsying
* 06-10/0896k [[wikt:蒸|蒸]] tsying
* 06-10/0896- [[wikt:巹|巹]]

==06-11==
* 06-11/0891a [[wikt:徵|徵]] dring, tring, triX
* 06-11/0891b [[wikt:懲|懲]] dring

==06-12==
* 06-12/0894a [[wikt:爯|爯]] tsyhing
* 06-12/0894d [[wikt:偁|偁]] tsyhing
* 06-12/0894g [[wikt:稱|稱]] tsyhing
* 06-12/0894g [[wikt:稱|稱]] tsyhingH

==06-13==
* 06-13/0893a [[wikt:灷|灷]] yingH
* 06-13/0893c [[wikt:㑞|㑞]] yingH
* 06-13/0893f [[wikt:朕|朕]] drimX, drinX
* 06-13/0893j [[wikt:栚|栚]] drimX
* 06-13/0893k [[wikt:媵|媵]] yingH
* 06-13/0893l [[wikt:賸|賸]] yingH
* 06-13/0893n [[wikt:塍|塍]] zying
* 06-13/0893p [[wikt:勝|勝]] sying, syingH
* 06-13/0893q [[wikt:滕|滕]] dong
* 06-13/0893t [[wikt:縢|縢]] dong
* 06-13/0893u [[wikt:螣|螣]] dok, dong
* 06-13/0893v [[wikt:騰|騰]] dong

==06-14==
* 06-14/0945j [[wikt:孕|孕]] yingH

==06-15==
* 06-15/0895a [[wikt:乘|乘]] zying, zyingH

==06-16==
* 06-16/0897a [[wikt:升|升]] sying
* 06-16/0897c [[wikt:昇|昇]] sying
* 06-16/0897d [[wikt:陞|陞]] sying
* 06-16/0897e [[wikt:抍|抍]] sying, tsyingX

==06-17==
* 06-17/0898a [[wikt:夌|夌]] ling
* 06-17/0898c [[wikt:陵|陵]] ling
* 06-17/0898e [[wikt:淩|淩]] ling
* 06-17/0898f [[wikt:凌|凌]] ling
* 06-17/0898g [[wikt:菱|菱]] ling
* 06-17/0898h [[wikt:鯪|鯪]] ling
* 06-17/0898i [[wikt:蔆|蔆]] ling

==06-18==
* 06-18/0885a [[wikt:能|能]] noj, nong
* 06-18/0885f [[wikt:態|態]] thojH

==06-19==
* 06-19/0884a [[wikt:曾|曾]] dzong, tsong
* 06-19/0884c [[wikt:增|增]] tsong
* 06-19/0884d [[wikt:憎|憎]] tsong
* 06-19/0884e [[wikt:橧|橧]] tsong
* 06-19/0884f [[wikt:罾|罾]] tsong
* 06-19/0884g [[wikt:矰|矰]] tsong
* 06-19/0884h [[wikt:繒|繒]] dzing, tsong
* 06-19/0884i [[wikt:層|層]] dzong
* 06-19/0884j [[wikt:贈|贈]] dzongH
* 06-19/0884k [[wikt:甑|甑]] tsingH
* 06-19/0884- [[wikt:僧|僧]] song

==06-20==
* 06-20/0886a [[wikt:朋|朋]] bong
* 06-20/0886f [[wikt:倗|倗]] bong
* 06-20/0886g [[wikt:傰|傰]] bong
* 06-20/0886j [[wikt:鵬|鵬]] bong
* 06-20/0886k [[wikt:堋|堋]] pongH
* 06-20/0886l [[wikt:塴|塴]] pongH
* 06-20/0886m [[wikt:崩|崩]] pong
* 06-20/0886n [[wikt:掤|掤]] ping
* 06-20/0886o [[wikt:繃|繃]] peang
* 06-20/0886- [[wikt:棚|棚]] bong

==06-21==
* 06-21/0899a [[wikt:冫|冫]] ping
* 06-21/0899b [[wikt:冰|冰]] ping
* 06-21/0899d [[wikt:馮|馮]] bjuwng
* 06-21/0899e [[wikt:憑|憑]] bing

==06-22==
* 06-22/0900a [[wikt:凭|凭]] bing, bingH

==06-23==
* 06-23/0902a [[wikt:夢|夢]] mjuwngH, muwng
* 06-23/0902c [[wikt:㝱|㝱]] mjungH
* 06-23/0902d [[wikt:瞢|瞢]] mjuwng, mong
* 06-23/0902e [[wikt:甍|甍]] meang, xweang
* 06-23/0902f [[wikt:蘉|蘉]] mang
* 06-23/0902g [[wikt:薨|薨]] xwong

==06-24==

* 06-24/0892a [[wikt:蠅|蠅]] ying
* 06-24/0892b [[wikt:繩|繩]] yingH, zying
* 06-24/1252d [[wikt:黽|黽]] meangX

=07=
==07-01==
* 07-01/0876a [[wikt:系|系]] hejH
* 07-01/0876c [[wikt:係|係]] kejH
* 07-01/0876d [[wikt:奚|奚]] hej
* 07-01/0876g [[wikt:㜎|㜎]] hej
* 07-01/0876i [[wikt:徯|徯]] hejX
* 07-01/0876j [[wikt:謑|謑]] hej, hejX
* 07-01/0876k [[wikt:豀|豀]] hej
* 07-01/0876l [[wikt:蹊|蹊]] hej
* 07-01/0876m [[wikt:鼷|鼷]] hej
* 07-01/0876n [[wikt:雞|雞]] kej
* 07-01/0876p [[wikt:鷄|鷄]] kej
* 07-01/0876q [[wikt:溪|溪]] khej, khej

==07-02==
* 07-02/1241b [[wikt:繼|繼]] kejH

==07-03==
* 07-03/0864a [[wikt:支|支]] tsye
* 07-03/0864b [[wikt:枝|枝]] tsye
* 07-03/0864c [[wikt:肢|肢]] tsye
* 07-03/0864d [[wikt:忮|忮]] tsyeH
* 07-03/0864e [[wikt:翅|翅]] syeH
* 07-03/0864f [[wikt:𢺵|𢺵]] khjieH
* 07-03/0864g [[wikt:跂|跂]] gjie
* 07-03/0864h [[wikt:岐|岐]] gje, gjie
* 07-03/0864i [[wikt:歧|歧]] gjie
* 07-03/0864j [[wikt:伎|伎]] gjeX, gjie
* 07-03/0864k [[wikt:技|技]] gjeX
* 07-03/0864l [[wikt:芰|芰]] gjeH
* 07-03/0864m [[wikt:頍|頍]] khjwieX
* 07-03/1259b [[wikt:屐|屐]] gjaek

==07-04==
* 07-04/0862a [[wikt:企|企]] khjieH, khjieX

==07-05==
* 07-05/0865a [[wikt:只|只]] tsyeX
* 07-05/0865b [[wikt:胑|胑]] tsye
* 07-05/0865c [[wikt:軹|軹]] tsyeX
* 07-05/0865d [[wikt:咫|咫]] tsyeX
* 07-05/0865e [[wikt:枳|枳]] kjieX, tsyeX

==07-06==
*07-06/0867a [[wikt:氏|氏]] dzyeX
*07-06/0867d [[wikt:坁|坁]] tsyeX
*07-06/0867e [[wikt:扺|扺]] tsyeX
*07-06/0867f [[wikt:舐|舐]] zyeX
*07-06/0867g [[wikt:疧|疧]] gjie
*07-06/0867h [[wikt:疷|疷]] tejX
*07-06/0867i [[wikt:祇|祇]] gjie, tsye
*07-06/0867j [[wikt:軝|軝]] gjie
*07-06/0867- [[wikt:紙|紙]] tsyeX

==07-07==
* 07-07/0861a [[wikt:解|解]] heaX, keaH, keaX
* 07-07/0861b [[wikt:懈|懈]] keaH
* 07-07/0861c [[wikt:繲|繲]] keaH
* 07-07/0861d [[wikt:蟹|蟹]] heaX
* 07-07/0861e [[wikt:邂|邂]] heaH

==07-08==
* 07-08/07-07A/1240f [[wikt:瀣|瀣]] heajH
* 07-08/07-07A/1240g [[wikt:薤|薤]] heajH

==07-09==
An -r series acc. to Baxter &amp; Sagart
* 07-09/07-08/0879a [[wikt:圭|圭]] kwej
* 07-09/07-08/0879c [[wikt:珪|珪]] kwej
* 07-09/07-08/0879d [[wikt:桂|桂]] kwejH
* 07-09/07-08/0879e [[wikt:閨|閨]] kwej
* 07-09/07-08/0879f [[wikt:窐|窐]] kwej, 'wae
* 07-09/07-08/0879g [[wikt:鮭|鮭]] hwae, kwej, hea
* 07-09/07-08/0879h [[wikt:刲|刲]] khwej
* 07-09/07-08/0879i [[wikt:奎|奎]] khwej
* 07-09/07-08/0879j [[wikt:畦|畦]] hwej
* 07-09/07-08/0879k [[wikt:洼|洼]] 'wej
* 07-09/07-08/0879l [[wikt:跬|跬]] khjwieX
* 07-09/07-08/0879m [[wikt:恚|恚]] 'jwieH
* 07-09/07-08/0879n [[wikt:佳|佳]] kea
* 07-09/07-08/0879o [[wikt:街|街]] kea
* 07-09/07-08/0879p [[wikt:厓|厓]] ngea, kweaH
* 07-09/07-08/0879q [[wikt:崖|崖]] ngea
* 07-09/07-08/0879r [[wikt:涯|涯]] ngea
* 07-09/07-08/0879s [[wikt:卦|卦]] kweaH
* 07-09/07-08/0879t [[wikt:挂|挂]] kweaH
* 07-09/07-08/0879u [[wikt:掛|掛]] kweaH
* 07-09/07-08/0879v [[wikt:絓|絓]] kweaH
* 07-09/07-08/0879x [[wikt:哇|哇]] hwea, hweaH
* 07-09/07-08/0879y [[wikt:鼃|鼃]] 'wae, 'wea, hwae, hwea
* 07-09/07-08/0879z [[wikt:蛙|蛙]] 'wea
* 07-09/07-08/0879a' [[wikt:睚|睚]] ngeaH
* 07-09/07-08/0879b' [[wikt:窪|窪]] 'wae

==07-10==
* 07-10/07-09/0880a [[wikt:巂|巂]] hwej
* 07-10/07-09/0880b [[wikt:𢥘|𢥘]] hwej
* 07-10/07-09/0880c [[wikt:攜|攜]] hwej
* 07-10/07-09/0880d [[wikt:蠵|蠵]] hwej
* 07-10/07-09/0880e [[wikt:觿|觿]] hwej, xjwie
* 07-10/07-09/0880f [[wikt:鑴|鑴]] hwej, xjwie

==07-11==
* 07-11/07-10/0875a [[wikt:規|規]] kjwie
* 07-11/07-10/0875b [[wikt:瞡|瞡]] kjwie
* 07-11/07-10/0875c [[wikt:窺|窺]] khjwie
* 07-11/07-10/0875d [[wikt:闚|闚]] khjwie

==07-12==
* 07-12/07-11/0873a [[wikt:兒|兒]] nye
* 07-12/07-11/0873e [[wikt:唲|唲]] nye
* 07-12/07-11/0873f [[wikt:倪|倪]] ngej
* 07-12/07-11/0873g [[wikt:掜|掜]] ngejH, ngejX
* 07-12/07-11/0873h [[wikt:睨|睨]] ngejH, ngejX
* 07-12/07-11/0873i [[wikt:輗|輗]] ngej
* 07-12/07-11/0873j [[wikt:郳|郳]] ngej
* 07-12/07-11/0873l [[wikt:鯢|鯢]] ngej
* 07-12/07-11/0873m [[wikt:霓|霓]] ngej
* 07-12/07-11/0873n [[wikt:蜺|蜺]] ngej, nget
* 07-12/07-11/0873o [[wikt:麑|麑]] mej, mjie, ngej
* 07-12/07-11/0873p [[wikt:鶂|鶂]] ngek
* 07-12/07-11/0873q [[wikt:鬩|鬩]] xek
* 07-12/07-11/0873- [[wikt:猊|猊]]

==07-13==
* 07-13/07-12/0877a [[wikt:帝|帝]] tejH
* 07-13/07-12/0877e [[wikt:揥|揥]] tejH, thejH
* 07-13/07-12/0877f [[wikt:諦|諦]] tejH
* 07-13/07-12/0877g [[wikt:啼|啼]] dej
* 07-13/07-12/0877h [[wikt:蹄|蹄]] dej
* 07-13/07-12/0877i [[wikt:禘|禘]] dejH
* 07-13/07-12/0877j [[wikt:締|締]] dej, dejH
* 07-13/07-12/0877k [[wikt:啻|啻]] syeH
* 07-13/07-12/0877m [[wikt:嫡|嫡]] tek
* 07-13/07-12/0877n [[wikt:鏑|鏑]] tek
* 07-13/07-12/0877o [[wikt:蹢|蹢]] tek, drjek
* 07-13/07-12/0877p [[wikt:摘|摘]] thek, treak
* 07-13/07-12/0877q [[wikt:敵|敵]] dek
* 07-13/07-12/0877r [[wikt:謫|謫]] dreak, treak
* 07-13/07-12/0877s [[wikt:適|適]] syek, tsyek
* 07-13/07-12/0877t [[wikt:擿|擿]] drjek
* 07-13/07-12/0877u [[wikt:讁|讁]] dreak, treak
* 07-13/07-12/0877- [[wikt:滴|滴]] tek

==07-14==
* 07-14/07-13/0863a [[wikt:知|知]] trje
* 07-14/07-13/0863b [[wikt:智|智]] trjeH
* 07-14/07-13/0863d [[wikt:蜘|蜘]] trje
* 07-14/07-13/0863e [[wikt:踟|踟]] drje

==07-15==
* 07-15/07-14/0866a [[wikt:是|是]] dzyeX
* 07-15/07-14/0866d [[wikt:諟|諟]] dzyeX
* 07-15/07-14/0866e [[wikt:禔|禔]] dej, dzye, tsye
* 07-15/07-14/0866f [[wikt:翨|翨]] kjieH, syeH
* 07-15/07-14/0866g [[wikt:隄|隄]] tej
* 07-15/07-14/0866h [[wikt:鞮|鞮]] dej, tej, tejX
* 07-15/07-14/0866i [[wikt:醍|醍]] thejX
* 07-15/07-14/0866j [[wikt:緹|緹]] dej, thegX
* 07-15/07-14/0866k [[wikt:堤|堤]] dej
* 07-15/07-14/0866l [[wikt:媞|媞]] dej
* 07-15/07-14/0866m [[wikt:偍|偍]] dej
* 07-15/07-14/0866n [[wikt:提|提]] dej, dzye, tejX
* 07-15/07-14/0866o [[wikt:蝭|蝭]] dej
* 07-15/07-14/0866p [[wikt:題|題]] dej, dejH
* 07-15/07-14/0866q [[wikt:踶|踶]] dejH, drjeX
* 07-15/07-14/0866r [[wikt:鯷|鯷]] dej, dejH, dzyeX
* 07-15/07-14/0866s [[wikt:寔|寔]] dzyik
* 07-15/07-14/0866t [[wikt:湜|湜]] dzyik

==07-16==
* 07-16/07-15/1238d [[wikt:卮|卮]] tsye ([[wikt:巵|巵]] is an alternative form)

==07-17==
* 07-17/07-16/1238b [[wikt:豸|豸]] drjeX

==07-18==
* 07-18/1238e [[wikt:咶|咶]] zyeX

==07-19==
* 07-19/1238f [[wikt:豕|豕]] syeX

==07-20==


* 07-20/07-21/0878a [[wikt:麗|麗]] lejH
* 07-20/07-21/0878c [[wikt:儷|儷]] lejH
* 07-20/07-21/0878d [[wikt:攦|攦]] lejH
* 07-20/07-21/0878e [[wikt:欐|欐]] lejH
* 07-20/07-21/0878f [[wikt:驪|驪]] lej, lje
* 07-20/07-21/0878g [[wikt:纚|纚]] lje, sreaX, srjeX
* 07-20/07-21/0878h [[wikt:釃|釃]] srje, srjo
* 07-20/07-21/0878i [[wikt:灑|灑]] sreaH, sreaX
* 07-20/07-21/0878j [[wikt:躧|躧]] srjeX

==07-21==
* 07-21/07-22/1241o [[wikt:蠡|蠡]] lejX, lwaX
* 07-21/07-22/1241p [[wikt:劙|劙]] lejH, lejX
* 07-21/07-22/1241q [[wikt:攭|攭]] lejH, lejX, lje

LEFT OFF HERE

==07-23==
* 07-23/1241r [[wikt:荔|荔]] lejH, ljeH

==07-24==
* 07-24/0872a [[wikt:詈|詈]] ljeH

==07-25==
* 07-25/0358a [[wikt:此|此]] tshjeX
* 07-25/0358c [[wikt:佌|佌]] tshjeX
* 07-25/0358d [[wikt:庛|庛]] tshjeH
* 07-25/0358e [[wikt:跐|跐]] tshjeX
* 07-25/0358f [[wikt:雌|雌]] tshje
* 07-25/0358g [[wikt:䳄|䳄]] tshje
* 07-25/0358h [[wikt:泚|泚]] tshejX, tshjeX
* 07-25/0358i [[wikt:玼|玼]] tshejX, tshjeX
* 07-25/0358j [[wikt:紫|紫]] tsjeX
* 07-25/0358k [[wikt:訾|訾]] tsje, tsjeX, zje
* 07-25/0358l [[wikt:訿|訿]] tsje, tsjeX, zje
* 07-25/0358m [[wikt:貲|貲]] tsje
* 07-25/0358n [[wikt:髭|髭]] tsje
* 07-25/0358o [[wikt:頿|頿]] tsje
* 07-25/0358p [[wikt:疵|疵]] dzje
* 07-25/0358q [[wikt:骴|骴]] dzje, dzjeH
* 07-25/0358r [[wikt:胔|胔]] dzjeH
* 07-25/0358s [[wikt:眥|眥]] dzejH, dzjeH
* 07-25/0358t [[wikt:觜|觜]] tsje, tsjwe
* 07-25/0358u [[wikt:㧘|㧘]] dzrea
* 07-25/0358v [[wikt:祡|祡]] dzrea
* 07-25/0358x [[wikt:柴|柴]] dzjeH, dzrea, tsjeH
* 07-25/1236a [[wikt:些|些]] saH

==07-26==
* 07-26/0869a [[wikt:斯|斯]] sje, sjeH
* 07-26/0869c [[wikt:凘|凘]] sje
* 07-26/0869d [[wikt:廝|廝]] sje
* 07-26/0869e [[wikt:嘶|嘶]] sej
* 07-26/0869f [[wikt:撕|撕]] sej
* 07-26/0869- [[wikt:蟖|蟖]]
* 07-26/0869- [[wikt:簛|簛]]

==07-27==
* 07-27/0870a [[wikt:虒|虒]] sje
* 07-27/0870b [[wikt:褫|褫]] drje, drjeX, trhjeX
* 07-27/0870c [[wikt:篪|篪]] drje
* 07-27/0870d [[wikt:嗁|嗁]] dej
* 07-27/0870e [[wikt:遞|遞]] dejH, dejX

==07-28==
* 07-28/0871a [[wikt:徙|徙]] sjeX
* 07-28/0871b [[wikt:𢓊|𢓊]] sjeX
* 07-28/0871f [[wikt:蓰|蓰]] sjeX
* 07-28/0871g [[wikt:屣|屣]] srjeX
* 07-28/0871h [[wikt:縰|縰]] srjeX

==07-29==
* 07-29/0874a [[wikt:卑|卑]] pjie
* 07-29/0874c [[wikt:俾|俾]] pjieX
* 07-29/0874d [[wikt:碑|碑]] pje
* 07-29/0874e [[wikt:裨|裨]] bjie, pjie, pjie
* 07-29/0874f [[wikt:髀|髀]] bejX, pjieX
* 07-29/0874g [[wikt:綼|綼]] bek, bjie, bjiek, bjit
* 07-29/0874h [[wikt:脾|脾]] bjie
* 07-29/0874i [[wikt:陴|陴]] bjie
* 07-29/0874k [[wikt:埤|埤]] bjie, bjieX
* 07-29/0874l [[wikt:婢|婢]] bjieX
* 07-29/0874m [[wikt:庳|庳]] bjieX
* 07-29/0874n [[wikt:䫌|䫌]] phejX
* 07-29/0874p [[wikt:鼙|鼙]] bej
* 07-29/0874q [[wikt:椑|椑]] bej
* 07-29/0874r [[wikt:捭|捭]] peaX
* 07-29/0874s [[wikt:稗|稗]] beaH
* 07-29/0874t [[wikt:粺|粺]] beaH
* 07-29/0874u [[wikt:蜱|蜱]] bea
* 07-29/0874v [[wikt:蠯|蠯]] beangX, bjie
* 07-29/0874x [[wikt:鞞|鞞]] pengX, pjieX

==07-30==
* 07-30/07-31/0360a [[wikt:弭|弭]] mjieX
* 07-30/07-31/0360d [[wikt:渳|渳]] mjieX
* 07-30/07-31/0360e [[wikt:麛|麛]] mej

=08=
==08-01==
* 08-01/0854a [[wikt:毄|毄]] khek
* 08-01/0854b [[wikt:擊|擊]] kek
* 08-01/0854c [[wikt:轚|轚]] kejH
* 08-01/0854d [[wikt:繫|繫]] hejH, kejH

==08-02==
* 08-02/0855a [[wikt:鬲|鬲]] keak, lek
* 08-02/0855d [[wikt:搹|搹]] keak
* 08-02/0855e [[wikt:膈|膈]] keak
* 08-02/0855f [[wikt:隔|隔]] keak
* 08-02/0855g [[wikt:翮|翮]] heak
* 08-02/0855h [[wikt:鷊|鷊]] ngek

==08-03==
* 08-03/1260d [[wikt:覡|覡]] hek

==08-04==
* 08-04/0844a [[wikt:戹|戹]] 'eak
* 08-04/0844b [[wikt:厄|厄]] 'eak
* 08-04/0844d [[wikt:軶|軶]] 'eak
* 08-04/0844e [[wikt:軛|軛]] 'eak
* 08-04/0844f [[wikt:扼|扼]] 'eak
* 08-04/0844g [[wikt:阸|阸]] 'eaH, 'eak
* 08-04/0844h [[wikt:阨|阨]] 'eaH, eak

==08-05==
*08-05/0849a [[wikt:益|益]] 'jiek
*08-05/0849c [[wikt:嗌|嗌]] 'jiek
*08-05/0849d [[wikt:膉|膉]] 'jiek
*08-05/0849e [[wikt:搤|搤]] 'eak
*08-05/0849f [[wikt:鷁|鷁]] ngek
*08-05/0849g [[wikt:縊|縊]] 'ejH, 'jieH
*08-05/0849h [[wikt:隘|隘]] 'eaH, 'eak
*08-05/29-20/1257a [[wikt:溢|溢]] yit
*08-05/29-20/1257b [[wikt:鎰|鎰]] yit

==08-06==
* 08-06/0860a [[wikt:狊|狊]] kwek
* 08-06/0860b [[wikt:鶪|鶪]] kwek
* 08-06/0860c [[wikt:鵙|鵙]] kwek
* 08-06/0860d [[wikt:闃|闃]] khwek

==08-07==
* 08-07/1260f [[wikt:砉|砉]] xwaek, xwek

==08-08==
* 08-08/0851a [[wikt:役|役]] ywek
* 08-08/0851b [[wikt:垼|垼]] yek
* 08-08/0851c [[wikt:疫|疫]] yek

==08-09==
* 08-09/0847a [[wikt:畫|畫]] hweaH, hweak
* 08-09/0847e [[wikt:繣|繣]] hweaH, xweak

==08-10==
* 08-10/0856a [[wikt:狄|狄]] dek
* 08-10/0856d [[wikt:荻|荻]] dek
* 08-10/0856e [[wikt:悐|悐]] thek
* 08-10/0856f [[wikt:逖|逖]] thek

==08-11==
* 08-11/1260c [[wikt:隻|隻]] tsyek

==08-12==
* 08-12/0850a [[wikt:易|易]] yeH, yek
* 08-12/0850f [[wikt:蜴|蜴]] yek
* 08-12/0850g [[wikt:埸|埸]] yek
* 08-12/0850h [[wikt:剔|剔]] thek
* 08-12/0850i [[wikt:惕|惕]] thek
* 08-12/0850k [[wikt:逷|逷]] thek
* 08-12/0850l [[wikt:緆|緆]] sek, thejH
* 08-12/0850m [[wikt:裼|裼]] sek, thejH
* 08-12/0850n [[wikt:錫|錫]] sek
* 08-12/0850p [[wikt:睗|睗]] syek
* 08-12/0850r [[wikt:鬄|鬄]] dejH, sjek, thejH, thek
* 08-12/0850t [[wikt:賜|賜]] sjeH

==08-13==
* 08-13/0858a [[wikt:秝|秝]] lek
* 08-13/0858c [[wikt:厤|厤]] lek
* 08-13/0858e [[wikt:歷|歷]] lek
* 08-13/0858h [[wikt:曆|曆]] lek
* 08-13/0858i [[wikt:磿|磿]] lek

==08-14==
* 08-14/0868a [[wikt:朿|朿]] tshjeH
* 08-14/0868d [[wikt:刺|刺]] tshjeH, tshjek
* 08-14/0868e [[wikt:茦|茦]] tshjeH
* 08-14/0868f [[wikt:𧧒|𧧒]] tshjeH
* 08-14/0868h [[wikt:𨒪|𨒪]] tsjek
* 08-14/0868j [[wikt:𧻕|𧻕]] tshjek
* 08-14/0868l [[wikt:策|策]] tsrheak
* 08-14/0868m [[wikt:責|責]] tsreaH, tsreak
* 08-14/0868o [[wikt:嘖|嘖]] dzreak
* 08-14/0868p [[wikt:幘|幘]] tsreak, tsrheak
* 08-14/0868q [[wikt:簀|簀]] tsreak
* 08-14/0868r [[wikt:皟|皟]] tsrheak
* 08-14/0868s [[wikt:賾|賾]] dzreak
* 08-14/0868t [[wikt:積|積]] tsjeH, tsjek
* 08-14/0868u [[wikt:蹟|蹟]] tsjek
* 08-14/0868v [[wikt:績|績]] tsek
* 08-14/0868x [[wikt:漬|漬]] dzjeH

==08-15==
* 08-15/0845a [[wikt:册|册]] tsrheak
* 08-15/0845g [[wikt:栅|栅]] tsrheak

==08-16==
* 08-16/0846a [[wikt:筴|筴]] tsrheak

==08-17==
* 08-17/0852a [[wikt:脊|脊]] dzjek, tsjek
* 08-17/0852b [[wikt:蹐|蹐]] tsjek
* 08-17/0852c [[wikt:瘠|瘠]] dzjek
* 08-17/0852d [[wikt:膌|膌]] dzjek

==08-18==
* 08-18/0857a [[wikt:析|析]] sek
* 08-18/0857c [[wikt:晳|晳]] sek
* 08-18/0857d [[wikt:皙|皙]] sek
* 08-18/0857e [[wikt:淅|淅]] sek

==08-19==
* 08-19/0853a [[wikt:辟|辟]] bek, bjiek, pjiek
* 08-19/0853d [[wikt:璧|璧]] pjiek
* 08-19/0853g [[wikt:躃|躃]] pjiek
* 08-19/0853h [[wikt:躄|躄]] pjiek
* 08-19/0853i [[wikt:僻|僻]] phjiek
* 08-19/0853j [[wikt:擗|擗]] bjiek
* 08-19/0853k [[wikt:闢|闢]] bjiek
* 08-19/0853l [[wikt:壁|壁]] pek
* 08-19/0853m [[wikt:澼|澼]] phek
* 08-19/0853n [[wikt:甓|甓]] bek, bjieH
* 08-19/0853o [[wikt:幦|幦]] mek
* 08-19/0853p [[wikt:擘|擘]] peak
* 08-19/0853s [[wikt:臂|臂]] pjieH
* 08-19/0853t [[wikt:譬|譬]] phjieH
* 08-19/0853u [[wikt:避|避]] bjieH
* 08-19/0853v [[wikt:嬖|嬖]] pejH
* 08-19/0853x [[wikt:薜|薜]] bejH

==08-20==
* 08-20/08-21/0859a [[wikt:鼏|鼏]] mek

==08-22==
Schussler suggests that 簚 mek GSR 1260e may also belong to GSR[[#20-18|20-18]].
* 08-22/1260e [[wikt:簚|簚]] mek

==08-23==
* 08-23/08-24/0848a [[wikt:脈|脈]] meak
* 08-23/08-24/0848b [[wikt:脉|脉]] meak
* 08-23/08-24/0848c [[wikt:霢|霢]] meak
* 08-23/08-24/0848d [[wikt:覛|覛]] meak, mek
* 08-23/08-24/0848- [[wikt:眽|眽]] meak
* 08-23/08-24/0848- [[wikt:䤨|䤨]] phek
* 08-23/08-24/0848- [[wikt:𠂢|𠂢]] phjeaH
* 08-23/08-24/0848- [[wikt:派|派]] phjeaH
* 08-23/08-24/0848- [[wikt:𥿯|𥿯]] phjeaH

=09=
==09-01==
* 09-01/0831a [[wikt:巠|巠]] keng
* 09-01/0831c [[wikt:經|經]] keng
* 09-01/0831e [[wikt:剄|剄]] kengX
* 09-01/0831f [[wikt:徑|徑]] kengH
* 09-01/0831g [[wikt:涇|涇]] keng
* 09-01/0831i [[wikt:逕|逕]] kengH
* 09-01/0831j [[wikt:𥥻|𥥻]] khengH
* 09-01/0831k [[wikt:脛|脛]] hengH
* 09-01/0831l [[wikt:陘|陘]] heng
* 09-01/0831m [[wikt:勁|勁]] kjiengH
* 09-01/0831n [[wikt:頸|頸]] gjieng, kjiengX
* 09-01/0831o [[wikt:輕|輕]] khjieng, khjiengH
* 09-01/0831p [[wikt:鑋|鑋]] khengH, khjieng
* 09-01/0831q [[wikt:牼|牼]] heang, kheang
* 09-01/0831s [[wikt:硜|硜]] kheang
* 09-01/0831t [[wikt:誙|誙]] heang
* 09-01/0831u [[wikt:莖|莖]] heang
* 09-01/0831v [[wikt:俓|俓]] ngeang
* 09-01/0831x [[wikt:䞓|䞓]] trhjeng
* 09-01/09-17/0835a [[wikt:𡈼|𡈼]] thengX
* 09-01/09-17/0835d [[wikt:廷|廷]] deng, dengH
* 09-01/09-17/0835h [[wikt:庭|庭]] deng, thengH
* 09-01/09-17/0835i [[wikt:挺|挺]] dengX, thengX
* 09-01/09-17/0835j [[wikt:梃|梃]] dengX
* 09-01/09-17/0835k [[wikt:筳|筳]] deng
* 09-01/09-17/0835l [[wikt:莛|莛]] deng
* 09-01/09-17/0835m [[wikt:霆|霆]] deng
* 09-01/09-17/0835n [[wikt:蜓|蜓]] dengX, denX
* 09-01/09-17/0835o [[wikt:鋌|鋌]] thengX
* 09-01/09-17/0835p [[wikt:珽|珽]] theng, thengX
* 09-01/09-17/0835q [[wikt:脡|脡]] thengX
* 09-01/09-17/0835r [[wikt:呈|呈]] drjeng
* 09-01/09-17/0835s [[wikt:珵|珵]] drjeng
* 09-01/09-17/0835t [[wikt:程|程]] drjeng
* 09-01/09-17/0835u [[wikt:裎|裎]] drjeng
* 09-01/09-17/0835v [[wikt:酲|酲]] drjeng, trhjeng
* 09-01/09-17/0835x [[wikt:逞|逞]] trhjengX
* 09-01/09-17/0835y [[wikt:桯|桯]] yeng
* 09-01/09-17/0835z [[wikt:聖|聖]] syengH
* 09-01/09-17/0835c' [[wikt:檉|檉]] trhjeng
* 09-01/09-17/0835d' [[wikt:聽|聽]] theng, thengH

==09-02==
* 09-02/0822a [[wikt:聲|聲]] syeng
* 09-02/0832a [[wikt:殸|殸]] khengH
* 09-02/0832c [[wikt:磬|磬]] khengH
* 09-02/0832d [[wikt:罄|罄]] khengH
* 09-02/0832e [[wikt:謦|謦]] khengX
* 09-02/0832f [[wikt:馨|馨]] xeng

==09-03==
* 09-03/0813a [[wikt:敬|敬]] kjaengH
* 09-03/0813g [[wikt:驚|驚]] kjaeng
* 09-03/0813h [[wikt:儆|儆]] gjaeng, gjaengH, kjaengX, kjiengX
* 09-03/0813i [[wikt:憼|憼]] gjaengX, kjaengX, kjiengX
* 09-03/0813j [[wikt:警|警]] kjaengX, kjiengX
* 09-03/0813k [[wikt:擎|擎]] gjaeng
* 09-03/0813l [[wikt:檠|檠]] gjaeng

==09-04==
* 09-04/0808a [[wikt:耕|耕]] keang
* 09-04/0808b [[wikt:刑|刑]] heng
* 09-04/0808d [[wikt:形|形]] heng
* 09-04/0808e [[wikt:侀|侀]] heng
* 09-04/0808f [[wikt:硎|硎]] heng
* 09-04/0808g [[wikt:鉶|鉶]] heng
* 09-04/0808h [[wikt:鈃|鈃]] heng
* 09-04/0808i [[wikt:荊|荊]] kjaeng

==09-05==
* 09-05/0810a [[wikt:幸|幸]] heangX
* 09-05/0810b [[wikt:倖|倖]] heangX
* 09-05/0810c [[wikt:婞|婞]] hengX
* 09-05/0810d [[wikt:涬|涬]] hengX

==09-06==
* 09-06/0809a [[wikt:耿|耿]] keangX
* 09-06/0809c [[wikt:褧|褧]] khwengX

==09-07==
* 09-07/0828a [[wikt:頃|頃]] khjwieng, khjwiengX
* 09-07/0828b [[wikt:傾|傾]] khjwieng
* 09-07/0828c [[wikt:穎|穎]] kjwiengX, kwengX, ywengX
* 09-07/0828d [[wikt:熲|熲]] kwengX
* 09-07/0828e [[wikt:顈|顈]] khwengX

==09-08==
* 09-08/0842a [[wikt:冋|冋]] kweng
* 09-08/0842c [[wikt:坰|坰]] kweng
* 09-08/0842d [[wikt:扃|扃]] kweng, kwengX
* 09-08/0842e [[wikt:駉|駉]] kweng
* 09-08/0842f [[wikt:絅|絅]] khwengX
* 09-08/0842h [[wikt:泂|泂]] hwengX
* 09-08/0842- [[wikt:迥|迥]] hweng

==09-09==
* 09-09/0843a [[wikt:熒|熒]] hweng, hwengH, hwengX
* 09-09/0843b [[wikt:檾|檾]] khjwiengX, khwengX
* 09-09/0843c [[wikt:塋|塋]] yweng
* 09-09/0843d [[wikt:榮|榮]] hjwaeng
* 09-09/0843e [[wikt:禜|禜]] hjwaeng, hjwaengH
* 09-09/0843f [[wikt:營|營]] yweng
* 09-09/0843g [[wikt:煢|煢]] gjwieng
* 09-09/0843h [[wikt:縈|縈]] 'jwieng
* 09-09/0843i [[wikt:螢|螢]] hweng
* 09-09/0843j [[wikt:謍|謍]] yweng
* 09-09/0843k [[wikt:瑩|瑩]] 'wengH, hjwaeng
* 09-09/0843l [[wikt:鶯|鶯]] 'eang
* 09-09/0843m [[wikt:嶸|嶸]] hjwaeng, hweang

==09-10==
* 09-10/0814a [[wikt:嬰|嬰]] 'jieng
* 09-10/0814c [[wikt:攖|攖]] 'jieng
* 09-10/0814d [[wikt:癭|癭]] 'jiengX
* 09-10/0814e [[wikt:纓|纓]] 'jieng
* 09-10/0814f [[wikt:嚶|嚶]] 'eang
* 09-10/0814g [[wikt:鸚|鸚]] 'eang
* 09-10/0814h [[wikt:罌|罌]] 'eang

==09-11==
Schuessler (2009: 319) understands 丁 GSR 0833a ([[#09-11|09-11]]) also as the phonetic in [[#32-15|32-15]].
* 09-11/0833a [[wikt:丁|丁]] teng, treang
* 09-11/0833e [[wikt:頂|頂]] tengX
* 09-11/0833f [[wikt:汀|汀]] theng
* 09-11/0833g [[wikt:町|町]] dengX, thengX
* 09-11/0833h [[wikt:亭|亭]] deng
* 09-11/0833i [[wikt:停|停]] deng
* 09-11/0833j [[wikt:正|正]] tsyeng, tsyengH
* 09-11/0833o [[wikt:征|征]] tsyeng
* 09-11/0833r [[wikt:政|政]] tsyengH
* 09-11/0833t [[wikt:整|整]] tsyengX
* 09-11/0833u [[wikt:証|証]] tsyengH
* 09-11/0833v [[wikt:鉦|鉦]] tsyeng
* 09-11/0833y [[wikt:竀|竀]] trhjeng
* 09-11/0833z [[wikt:定|定]] dengH, tengH
* 09-11/1248b [[wikt:綻|綻]] dreanH

==09-12==
* 09-12/0834a [[wikt:鼎|鼎]] tengX
* 09-12/0834g [[wikt:貞|貞]] trjeng
* 09-12/0834j [[wikt:禎|禎]] trjeng
* 09-12/0834k [[wikt:偵|偵]] trhjeng, trhjengH, trjeng
* 09-12/0834l [[wikt:楨|楨]] trjeng
* 09-12/0834m [[wikt:赬|赬]] trhjeng

==09-13==
* 09-13/0363a [[wikt:奠|奠]] deng, dengH, denH
* 09-13/0363e [[wikt:鄭|鄭]] drjengH
* 09-13/0363f [[wikt:躑|躑]] drjek

==09-14==
* 09-14/0818a [[wikt:成|成]] dzyeng
* 09-14/0818e [[wikt:城|城]] dzyeng
* 09-14/0818h [[wikt:誠|誠]] dzyeng
* 09-14/0818i [[wikt:盛|盛]] dzyeng, dzyengH

==09-15==
* 09-15/0815a [[wikt:盈|盈]] yeng
* 09-15/0815c [[wikt:楹|楹]] yeng

==09-16==
* 09-16/0816a [[wikt:嬴|嬴]] yeng
* 09-16/0816e [[wikt:瀛|瀛]] yeng
* 09-16/0816f [[wikt:贏|贏]] yeng

==09-17==
* 09-17/09-18/0836a [[wikt:霝|霝]] leng
* 09-17/09-18/0836e [[wikt:𦉢|𦉢]] leng
* 09-17/09-18/0836g [[wikt:蘦|蘦]] leng
* 09-17/09-18/0836h [[wikt:𧕅|𧕅]] leng
* 09-17/09-18/0836i [[wikt:靈|靈]] leng

==09-18==
* 09-18/09-19/0823a [[wikt:令|令]] ljeng, ljengH
* 09-18/09-19/0823f [[wikt:領|領]] ljengX
* 09-18/09-19/0823g [[wikt:伶|伶]] leng
* 09-18/09-19/0823h [[wikt:冷|冷]] lengX
* 09-18/09-19/0823i [[wikt:囹|囹]] leng
* 09-18/09-19/0823j [[wikt:泠|泠]] leng
* 09-18/09-19/0823k [[wikt:玲|玲]] leng
* 09-18/09-19/0823l [[wikt:笭|笭]] leng
* 09-18/09-19/0823n [[wikt:舲|舲]] leng
* 09-18/09-19/0823o [[wikt:苓|苓]] leng
* 09-18/09-19/0823p [[wikt:蛉|蛉]] leng
* 09-18/09-19/0823q [[wikt:軨|軨]] leng
* 09-18/09-19/0823r [[wikt:鈴|鈴]] leng
* 09-18/09-19/0823u [[wikt:零|零]] leng
* 09-18/09-19/0823v [[wikt:鴒|鴒]] leng
* 09-18/09-19/0823x [[wikt:齡|齡]] leng

==09-19==
* 09-19/09-20/0837a [[wikt:寧|寧]] neng
* 09-19/09-20/0837b [[wikt:𡨴|𡨴]] neng
* 09-19/09-20/0837c [[wikt:寍|寍]] neng
* 09-19/09-20/0837g [[wikt:濘|濘]] nengH
* 09-19/09-20/0837h [[wikt:嬣|嬣]] nreang

==09-20==
* 09-20/09-21/0820a [[wikt:晶|晶]] tsjeng

==09-21==
* 09-21/09-22/0819a [[wikt:井|井]] tsjengX
* 09-21/09-22/0819e [[wikt:丼|丼]] tsjengX
* 09-21/09-22/0819f [[wikt:妌|妌]] dzjengX
* 09-21/09-22/0819h [[wikt:穽|穽]] dzjengX
* 09-21/09-22/0819i [[wikt:阱|阱]] dzjengX

==09-22==
* 09-22/09-23/0811a [[wikt:爭|爭]] tsreang
* 09-22/09-23/0811c [[wikt:崢|崢]] dzreang
* 09-22/09-23/0811d [[wikt:淨|淨]] dzjengH
* 09-22/09-23/0811e [[wikt:竫|竫]] dzjengX

==09-23==
* 09-23/09-24/0821a [[wikt:觲|觲]] sjeng
* 09-23/09-24/0821b [[wikt:觪|觪]] sjeng
* 09-23/09-24/0821c [[wikt:騂|騂]] sjeng

==09-24==
* 09-24/09-25/0812a [[wikt:生|生]] sraeng, srjaeng
* 09-24/09-25/0812e [[wikt:牲|牲]] sraeng
* 09-24/09-25/0812g [[wikt:甥|甥]] sraeng
* 09-24/09-25/0812h [[wikt:笙|笙]] sraeng
* 09-24/09-25/0812i [[wikt:眚|眚]] srjengX
* 09-24/09-25/0812l [[wikt:省|省]] sjengX
* 09-24/09-25/0812q [[wikt:姓|姓]] sjengH
* 09-24/09-25/0812s [[wikt:性|性]] sjengH
* 09-24/09-25/0812t [[wikt:狌|狌]] sjengH
* 09-24/09-25/0812u [[wikt:鼪|鼪]] sjengH
* 09-24/09-25/0812v [[wikt:旌|旌]] tsjeng
* 09-24/09-25/0812x [[wikt:星|星]] dzjeng, seng
* 09-24/09-25/0812y [[wikt:曐|曐]] seng
* 09-24/09-25/0812z [[wikt:猩|猩]] seng, sraeng
* 09-24/09-25/0812a' [[wikt:腥|腥]] seng, sengH
* 09-24/09-25/0812b' [[wikt:醒|醒]] seng, sengH, sengX
* 09-24/09-25/0812c' [[wikt:青|青]] tseng, tsheng
* 09-24/09-25/0812e' [[wikt:蜻|蜻]] tsheng
* 09-24/09-25/0812f' [[wikt:菁|菁]] tseng, tsjeng
* 09-24/09-25/0812g' [[wikt:精|精]] tsjeng
* 09-24/09-25/0812h' [[wikt:凊|凊]] tshjengH
* 09-24/09-25/0812i' [[wikt:清|清]] tshjeng
* 09-24/09-25/0812k' [[wikt:請|請]] dzjeng, tshjengX
* 09-24/09-25/0812l' [[wikt:情|情]] dzjeng
* 09-24/09-25/0812m' [[wikt:靖|靖]] dzjengX
* 09-24/09-25/0812n' [[wikt:靜|靜]] dzjengX
* 09-24/09-25/0812s' [[wikt:靚|靚]] dzjengX
* 09-24/09-25/0812t' [[wikt:綪|綪]] tshenH, tsreang
* 09-24/09-25/1250c [[wikt:倩|倩]] tshenH
* 09-24/09-25/1250d [[wikt:輤|輤]] tshenH

==09-25==
* 09-25/09-26/0825a [[wikt:平|平]] beanH, ben, bjaeng
* 09-25/09-26/0825c [[wikt:苹|苹]] beng, bjaeng
* 09-25/09-26/0825d [[wikt:萍|萍]] beng
* 09-25/09-26/0825e [[wikt:伻|伻]] peang
* 09-25/09-26/0825f [[wikt:怦|怦]] pheang
* 09-25/09-26/0825g [[wikt:砰|砰]] pheang

==09-26==
* 09-26/09-27/0817a [[wikt:騁|騁]] trhjengX
* 09-26/09-27/0839a [[wikt:甹|甹]] pheng
* 09-26/09-27/0839c [[wikt:娉|娉]] phjiengH
* 09-26/09-27/0839d [[wikt:聘|聘]] pjiengH

==09-27==
* 09-27/09-28/0840a [[wikt:竝|竝]] bengX
* 09-27/09-28/0840b [[wikt:並|並]] bengX

==09-28==
* 09-28/09-29/0824a [[wikt:并|并]] pjieng
* 09-28/09-29/0824b [[wikt:并|并]] pjiengH
* 09-28/09-29/0824d [[wikt:併|併]] bengX, pjiengH
* 09-28/09-29/0824e [[wikt:頩|頩]] pheng, phengX
* 09-28/09-29/0824f [[wikt:屏|屏]] beng, pjieng, pjiengH, pjiengX
* 09-28/09-29/0824g [[wikt:偋|偋]] bjiengH
* 09-28/09-29/0824h [[wikt:洴|洴]] beng
* 09-28/09-28/09-29/0824i [[wikt:缾|缾]] beng
* 09-28/09-29/0824j [[wikt:瓶|瓶]] beng
* 09-28/09-29/0824k [[wikt:荓|荓]] beng, pheang
* 09-28/09-29/0824l [[wikt:絣|絣]] peang
* 09-28/09-29/0824m [[wikt:迸|迸]] peangH
* 09-28/09-29/0824n [[wikt:駢|駢]] ben, beng
* 09-28/09-29/0824o [[wikt:骿|骿]] ben
* 09-28/09-29/0824p [[wikt:胼|胼]] ben
* 09-28/09-29/0824q [[wikt:跰|跰]] ben

==09-29==
* 09-29/09-30/0841a [[wikt:冥|冥]] meng, mengX
* 09-29/09-30/0841b [[wikt:瞑|瞑]] men, meng, menH
* 09-29/09-30/0841c [[wikt:溟|溟]] meng
* 09-29/09-30/0841d [[wikt:螟|螟]] meng
* 09-29/09-30/0841e [[wikt:塓|塓]] mek
* 09-29/09-30/0841f [[wikt:幎|幎]] mek
* 09-29/09-30/0841g [[wikt:𧜀|𧜀]] mek

==09-30==
Boltz combines [[#03-61|03-60]] and [[#09-30|09-30]]. 
* 09-30/09-31/0826a [[wikt:名|名]] mjieng
* 09-30/09-31/0826d [[wikt:銘|銘]] meng

==09-31==
* 09-31/09-32/0762a [[wikt:命|命]] mjaengH

==09-33==
* 09-33/0827a [[wikt:鳴|鳴]] mjaeng

=10=
==10-01==
* 10-01/0108a [[wikt:句|句]] kjuH, kuw
* 10-01/0108c [[wikt:鉤|鉤]] kuw
* 10-01/0108d [[wikt:狗|狗]] kuwX
* 10-01/0108e [[wikt:笱|笱]] kuwX
* 10-01/0108f [[wikt:耇|耇]] kuwX
* 10-01/0108h [[wikt:苟|苟]] kuwX
* 10-01/0108i [[wikt:雊|雊]] kuwH
* 10-01/0108j [[wikt:怐|怐]] khuw
* 10-01/0108k [[wikt:敂|敂]] khuwH, khuwX
* 10-01/0108l [[wikt:袧|袧]] khuw
* 10-01/0108m [[wikt:訽|訽]] huwH, xuwH, xuwX
* 10-01/0108n [[wikt:蚼|蚼]] xuwX
* 10-01/0108o [[wikt:枸|枸]] kjuX
* 10-01/0108p [[wikt:拘|拘]] gju, kju, kuw
* 10-01/0108q [[wikt:痀|痀]] kju
* 10-01/0108r [[wikt:駒|駒]] kju
* 10-01/0108t [[wikt:劬|劬]] gju
* 10-01/0108u [[wikt:絇|絇]] gju
* 10-01/0108v [[wikt:胊|胊]] gju
* 10-01/0108x [[wikt:軥|軥]] gju
* 10-01/0108y [[wikt:鴝|鴝]] gju
* 10-01/0108z [[wikt:竘|竘]] khjuX, khuwX
* 10-01/0108a' [[wikt:呴|呴]] xju, xjuH
* 10-01/0108b' [[wikt:姁|姁]] xjuX
* 10-01/0108 [[wikt:昫|昫]] xjuH
* 10-01/0108c' [[wikt:煦|煦]] xjuH, xjuX

==10-02==
* 10-02/0109a [[wikt:冓|冓]] kuwH
* 10-02/0109e [[wikt:媾|媾]] kuwH
* 10-02/0109f [[wikt:搆|搆]] kuwH
* 10-02/0109g [[wikt:構|構]] kuwH
* 10-02/0109h [[wikt:溝|溝]] kuw
* 10-02/0109i [[wikt:篝|篝]] kuw
* 10-02/0109j [[wikt:覯|覯]] kuwH
* 10-02/0109k [[wikt:購|購]] kuwH
* 10-02/0109l [[wikt:遘|遘]] kuwH
* 10-02/1198a [[wikt:講|講]] kaewngX

==10-03==
* 10-03/0110a [[wikt:口|口]] khuwX
* 10-03/0110d [[wikt:叩|叩]] khuwH, khuwX
* 10-03/0110e [[wikt:扣|扣]] khuwH, khuwX
* 10-03/0110f [[wikt:釦|釦]] khuwX

==10-04==
* 10-04/0111a [[wikt:寇|寇]] khuwH

==10-05==
* 10-05/0112a [[wikt:后|后]] huwH, huwX
* 10-05/0112c [[wikt:逅|逅]] huwH
* 10-05/0112d [[wikt:垢|垢]] kuwX
* 10-05/0112e [[wikt:姤|姤]] kuwH
* 10-05/0112f [[wikt:詬|詬]] khuwH, kuwX
* 10-05/0112g [[wikt:㖃|㖃]] xuwH, xuwX

==10-06==
* 10-06/0113a [[wikt:侯|侯]] huw
* 10-06/0113e [[wikt:候|候]] huwH
* 10-06/0113f [[wikt:喉|喉]] huw
* 10-06/0113g [[wikt:猴|猴]] huw
* 10-06/0113h [[wikt:翭|翭]] huw
* 10-06/0113i [[wikt:鍭|鍭]] huw, huwH
* 10-06/0113j [[wikt:餱|餱]] huw

==10-07==
* 10-07/0114a [[wikt:厚|厚]] huwX

==10-08==
* 10-08/0115a [[wikt:後|後]] huwH, huwX

==10-09==
* 10-09/0121a [[wikt:具|具]] gjuH
* 10-09/0121d [[wikt:俱|俱]] kju
* 10-09/0121e [[wikt:椇|椇]] kjuX

==10-10==
* 10-10/0122a [[wikt:區|區]] 'uw, khju
* 10-10/0122c [[wikt:驅|驅]] khju, khjuH
* 10-10/0122d [[wikt:敺|敺]] khju, khjuH
* 10-10/0122g [[wikt:軀|軀]] khju, khjuH
* 10-10/0122h [[wikt:摳|摳]] khju, khuw
* 10-10/0122i [[wikt:嘔|嘔]] 'uw, 'uwX
* 10-10/0122j [[wikt:毆|毆]] 'uwX
* 10-10/0122k [[wikt:漚|漚]] 'uw, 'uwH
* 10-10/0122l [[wikt:甌|甌]] 'uw
* 10-10/0122m [[wikt:謳|謳]] 'uw
* 10-10/0122n [[wikt:傴|傴]] 'juX
* 10-10/0122o [[wikt:嫗|嫗]] 'juH, 'juX
* 10-10/0122p [[wikt:饇|饇]] 'juH
* 10-10/0122q [[wikt:樞|樞]] 'uw, tsyhu
* 10-10/0122r [[wikt:貙|貙]] 'trhju

==10-11==
* 10-11/0124a [[wikt:禺|禺]] ngju, ngjuH
* 10-11/0124c [[wikt:寓|寓]] ngjuH
* 10-11/0124f [[wikt:嵎|嵎]] ngju
* 10-11/0124g [[wikt:愚|愚]] ngju
* 10-11/0124h [[wikt:遇|遇]] ngjuH
* 10-11/0124i [[wikt:隅|隅]] ngju
* 10-11/0124j [[wikt:腢|腢]] ngju, ngjuwX
* 10-11/0124k [[wikt:髃|髃]] ngju, ngjuwX
* 10-11/0124l [[wikt:齵|齵]] ngju, nguw
* 10-11/0124m [[wikt:喁|喁]] ngjowng, ngju, nguwX
* 10-11/0124n [[wikt:偶|偶]] nguwH, nguwX
* 10-11/0124o [[wikt:耦|耦]] nguwX
* 10-11/0124p [[wikt:顒|顒]] ngjowng

==10-12==
* 10-12/0117a [[wikt:兜|兜]] tuw

==10-13==
* 10-13/0116a [[wikt:斗|斗]] tsyuX, tuwX
* 10-13/0116b [[wikt:枓|枓]] tsyuX

==10-14==
* 10-14/1246a [[wikt:𧱓|𧱓]] tuwH

==10-15==
* 10-15/1235b [[wikt:斲|斲]] traewk
* 10-15/1235c [[wikt:鬭|鬭]] tuwH

==10-16==
* 10-16/0118a [[wikt:豆|豆]] duwH
* 10-16/0118d [[wikt:脰|脰]] duwH
* 10-16/0118e [[wikt:頭|頭]] duw
* 10-16/0118f [[wikt:裋|裋]] dzyuX
* 10-16/0118g [[wikt:豎|豎]] dzyuX
* 10-16/0169a [[wikt:短|短]] twanX
* 10-16/10-22/0127a [[wikt:壴|壴]] trjuH
* 10-16/10-22/0127h [[wikt:尌|尌]] dzyuH
* 10-16/10-22/0127j [[wikt:樹|樹]] dzyuH, dzyuX
* 10-16/10-22/0127m [[wikt:廚|廚]] drju
* 10-16/10-22/0127n [[wikt:躕|躕]] drju

==10-17==
* 10-17/1234a [[wikt:鬥|鬥]] tuwH

==10-18==
* 10-18/0128a [[wikt:朱|朱]] tsyu
* 10-18/0128d [[wikt:侏|侏]] tsyu
* 10-18/0128e [[wikt:珠|珠]] tsyu
* 10-18/0128f [[wikt:株|株]] trju
* 10-18/0128g [[wikt:蛛|蛛]] trju
* 10-18/0128h [[wikt:鼄|鼄]] trju
* 10-18/0128k [[wikt:誅|誅]] trju
* 10-18/0128l [[wikt:跦|跦]] trju
* 10-18/0128m [[wikt:邾|邾]] trju
* 10-18/0128p [[wikt:姝|姝]] tsyhu
* 10-18/0128r [[wikt:袾|袾]] tsyhu, tsyu
* 10-18/0128s [[wikt:殊|殊]] dzyu
* 10-18/0128t [[wikt:銖|銖]] dzyu
* 10-18/0128u [[wikt:咮|咮]] trjuwH, tuwH

==10-19==
* 10-19/0129a [[wikt:主|主]] tsyuX
* 10-19/0129b [[wikt:罜|罜]] tsyuH
* 10-19/0129c [[wikt:注|注]] trjuH, tsyuH
* 10-19/0129d [[wikt:註|註]] trjuH, tsyuH
* 10-19/0129e [[wikt:拄|拄]] trjuX
* 10-19/0129f [[wikt:鉒|鉒]] trjuH
* 10-19/0129g [[wikt:住|住]] drjuH
* 10-19/0129h [[wikt:柱|柱]] drjuX
* 10-19/0129i [[wikt:黈|黈]] thuwX

==10-20==
* 10-20/1232a [[wikt:馵|馵]] tsyuH

==10-21==
* 10-21/0130a [[wikt:殳|殳]] dzyu
* 10-21/0130c [[wikt:投|投]] duw
* 10-21/0323a [[wikt:祋|祋]] twajH

==10-22==

* 10-22/10-23/0125a [[wikt:俞|俞]] yu
* 10-22/10-23/0125c [[wikt:喻|喻]] yuH
* 10-22/10-23/0125d [[wikt:愈|愈]] yuX
* 10-22/10-23/0125f [[wikt:愉|愉]] yu
* 10-22/10-23/0125g [[wikt:榆|榆]] yu
* 10-22/10-23/0125h [[wikt:渝|渝]] yu
* 10-22/10-23/0125i [[wikt:瑜|瑜]] yu
* 10-22/10-23/0125j [[wikt:瘉|瘉]] yuX
* 10-22/10-23/0125k [[wikt:羭|羭]] yu
* 10-22/10-23/0125l [[wikt:覦|覦]] yu, yuH
* 10-22/10-23/0125m [[wikt:諭|諭]] yuH
* 10-22/10-23/0125n [[wikt:踰|踰]] yu
* 10-22/10-23/0125o [[wikt:逾|逾]] yu
* 10-22/10-23/0125p [[wikt:揄|揄]] duwX, yu
* 10-22/10-23/0125q [[wikt:窬|窬]] duw, yu
* 10-22/10-23/0125r [[wikt:蝓|蝓]] yu, zyu
* 10-22/10-23/0125s [[wikt:輸|輸]] syu
* 10-22/10-23/0125t [[wikt:歈|歈]] duw
* 10-22/10-23/0125u [[wikt:偷|偷]] thuw
* 10-22/10-23/0125v [[wikt:媮|媮]] thuw

==10-23==
* 10-23/10-24/0126a [[wikt:臾|臾]] yu
* 10-23/10-24/0126b [[wikt:庾|庾]] yuX
* 10-23/10-24/0126c [[wikt:斞|斞]] yuX
* 10-23/10-24/0126d [[wikt:楰|楰]] yuX
* 10-23/10-24/0126e [[wikt:腴|腴]] yu
* 10-23/10-24/0126f [[wikt:諛|諛]] yu
* 10-23/10-24/0126g [[wikt:斔|斔]] yuX

==10-24==
* 10-24/10-25/1243b [[wikt:窳|窳]] yuX

==10-25==
* 10-25/10-26/1243c [[wikt:戍|戍]] syuH

==10-26==
* 10-26/10-27/0120a [[wikt:漏|漏]] luwH

==10-27==
* 10-27/10-28/1246b [[wikt:陋|陋]] luwH

==10-28==
* 10-28/10-29/0123a [[wikt:婁|婁]] lju, ljuX, luw, luwX
* 10-28/10-29/0123b [[wikt:僂|僂]] ljuX, luw
* 10-28/10-29/0123c [[wikt:膢|膢]] lju, luw
* 10-28/10-29/0123d [[wikt:摟|摟]] luw
* 10-28/10-29/0123e [[wikt:蔞|蔞]] lju, ljuX, luw
* 10-28/10-29/0123f [[wikt:屢|屢]] ljuH
* 10-28/10-29/0123g [[wikt:瘻|瘻]] lju
* 10-28/10-29/0123h [[wikt:縷|縷]] ljuX
* 10-28/10-29/0123i [[wikt:鞻|鞻]] kjuH, ljuH, luw
* 10-28/10-29/0123j [[wikt:塿|塿]] luwX
* 10-28/10-29/0123k [[wikt:樓|樓]] luw
* 10-28/10-29/0123l [[wikt:螻|螻]] luw, luwH
* 10-28/10-29/0123m [[wikt:鏤|鏤]] luwH
* 10-28/10-29/0123n [[wikt:髏|髏]] luw
* 10-28/10-29/0123o [[wikt:窶|窶]] gjuX
* 10-28/10-29/0123p [[wikt:寠|寠]] gjuX
* 10-28/10-29/0123q [[wikt:屨|屨]] kjuH
* 10-28/10-29/0123r [[wikt:數|數]] srjuX, srjuH
* 10-28/10-29/1207a [[wikt:數|數]] sraewk, tshjowk
* 10-28/10-29/1207b [[wikt:籔|籔]] srjuX, suwk
* 10-28/10-29/1207c [[wikt:藪|藪]] suwX

==10-29==
* 10-29/10-30/0133a [[wikt:須|須]] sju
* 10-29/10-30/0133d [[wikt:鬚|鬚]] sju
* 10-29/10-30/0133e [[wikt:嬃|嬃]] sju
* 10-29/10-30/0133f [[wikt:盨|盨]] sjuX

==10-30==
* 10-30/10-31/0134a [[wikt:需|需]] sju
* 10-30/10-31/0134b [[wikt:繻|繻]] nyu, sju
* 10-30/10-31/0134c [[wikt:儒|儒]] nyu
* 10-30/10-31/0134d [[wikt:孺|孺]] nyuH
* 10-30/10-31/0134e [[wikt:懦|懦]] nwaH, nyu
* 10-30/10-31/0134f [[wikt:濡|濡]] nyu
* 10-30/10-31/0134g [[wikt:𣽉|𣽉]] nyu
* 10-30/10-31/0134h [[wikt:臑|臑]] nyu
* 10-30/10-31/0134i [[wikt:襦|襦]] nyu
* 10-30/10-31/0134j [[wikt:醹|醹]] nyu, nyuX

==10-31==
* 10-31/10-32/0135a [[wikt:乳|乳]] nyuX

==10-32==
* 10-32/10-33/0119a [[wikt:走|走]] tsuwX

==10-33==
* 10-33/10-34/1229a [[wikt:奏|奏]] tsuwH
* 10-33/10-34/1229b [[wikt:湊|湊]] tshuwH
* 10-33/10-34/1229c [[wikt:腠|腠]] tshuwH

==10-34==
* 10-34/10-35/0131a [[wikt:取|取]] tshuwX, tshjuX, tshjuH
* 10-34/10-35/0131e [[wikt:娶|娶]] tshjuH
* 10-34/10-35/0131g [[wikt:趣|趣]] tshjowk, tshjuH
* 10-34/10-35/0131i [[wikt:娵|娵]] tsju
* 10-34/10-35/0131j [[wikt:諏|諏]] tsju
* 10-34/10-35/0131k [[wikt:聚|聚]] dzjuH, dzjuX
* 10-34/10-35/0131l [[wikt:陬|陬]] tsju, tsuw
* 10-34/10-35/0131m [[wikt:掫|掫]] tsju, tsuw
* 10-34/10-35/0131n [[wikt:緅|緅]] tsjuH, tsuw
* 10-34/10-35/0131o [[wikt:棷|棷]] suwX
* 10-34/10-35/0131p [[wikt:菆|菆]] dzwan
* 10-34/10-35/0131q [[wikt:驟|驟]] dzrjuwH
* 10-34/10-35/0325a [[wikt:最|最]] tswajH
* 10-34/10-35/0325c [[wikt:蕞|蕞]] dzwajH
* 10-34/10-35/0325d [[wikt:嘬|嘬]] tsrhwaejH, tsrhweajH
* 10-34/10-35/0325e [[wikt:撮|撮]] tshwat, tswajH

==10-35==
* 10-35/10-36/0132a [[wikt:芻|芻]] tsrhju
* 10-35/10-36/0132c [[wikt:趨|趨]] tsrhju
* 10-35/10-36/0132d [[wikt:雛|雛]] dzrju
* 10-35/10-36/0132e [[wikt:鶵|鶵]] dzrju
* 10-35/10-36/0132f [[wikt:縐|縐]] tsrjuwH
* 10-35/10-36/0132g [[wikt:騶|騶]] dzrjuwH, tsrjuw
* 10-35/10-36/0132h [[wikt:齺|齺]] tsrjuw
* 10-35/10-36/0132- [[wikt:皺|皺]] tsrjuw
* 10-35/10-36/0132- [[wikt:鄒|鄒]] tsrjuw

==10-36==
* 10-36/10-37/1097a [[wikt:叜|叜]] suwX
* 10-36/10-37/1097a [[wikt:叟|叟]] suwX
* 10-36/10-37/1097c [[wikt:𡨙|𡨙]] suwX
* 10-36/10-37/1097d [[wikt:搜|搜]] srjuw, suwX
* 10-36/10-37/1097e [[wikt:廋|廋]] srjuw
* 10-36/10-37/1097f [[wikt:𣸈|𣸈]] srjuwX
* 10-36/10-37/1097g [[wikt:溲|溲]] srjuw
* 10-36/10-37/1097h [[wikt:獀|獀]] srjuw
* 10-36/10-37/1097i [[wikt:瘦|瘦]] srjuwH
* 10-36/10-37/1097j [[wikt:醙|醙]] srjuwX
* 10-36/10-37/1097k [[wikt:嫂|嫂]] sawX
* 10-36/10-37/1097l [[wikt:謏|謏]] sewX
* 10-36/10-37/1097m [[wikt:傁|傁]] suwX
* 10-36/10-37/1097n [[wikt:瞍|瞍]] suwX

==10-37==
* 10-37/10-38/1230a [[wikt:裒|裒]] buw

==10-38==
* 10-38/10-39/0136a [[wikt:付|付]] pjuH
* 10-38/10-39/0136c [[wikt:府|府]] pjuX
* 10-38/10-39/0136d [[wikt:柎|柎]] bjuX, buwX, pju
* 10-38/10-39/0136e [[wikt:跗|跗]] pju
* 10-38/10-39/0136f [[wikt:弣|弣]] phjuX
* 10-38/10-39/0136g [[wikt:拊|拊]] phjuX
* 10-38/10-39/0136h [[wikt:泭|泭]] phju
* 10-38/10-39/0136i [[wikt:坿|坿]] bjuH
* 10-38/10-39/0136j [[wikt:祔|祔]] bjuH
* 10-38/10-39/0136k [[wikt:附|附]] bjuH
* 10-38/10-39/0136l [[wikt:駙|駙]] bjuH
* 10-38/10-39/0136m [[wikt:符|符]] bju
* 10-38/10-39/0136n [[wikt:腐|腐]] bjuX
* 10-38/10-39/0136o [[wikt:胕|胕]] bjuH
* 10-38/10-39/0136p [[wikt:蚹|蚹]] bjuH
* 10-38/10-39/0136q [[wikt:鮒|鮒]] bjuH
* 10-38/10-39/0136r [[wikt:俯|俯]] pjuX

==10-39==
* 10-39/10-40/0137a [[wikt:鳧|鳧]] bju

=011=
==11-01==
* 11-01/1203a [[wikt:哭|哭]] khuwk

==11-02==
* 11-02/1225a [[wikt:角|角]] kaewk
* 11-02/1225d [[wikt:桷|桷]] kaewk
* 11-02/1225e [[wikt:确|确]] haewk
* 11-02/1225f [[wikt:斛|斛]] huwk

==11-03==
* 11-03/1226a [[wikt:㱿|㱿]] khaewk
* 11-03/1226a [[wikt:殼|殼]] khaewk
* 11-03/1226b [[wikt:愨|愨]] khaewk
* 11-03/1226c [[wikt:慤|慤]] khaewk
* 11-03/1226d [[wikt:瑴|瑴]] kaewk
* 11-03/1226g [[wikt:嗀|嗀]] xaewk, xuwk
* 11-03/1226h [[wikt:榖|榖]] kuwk
* 11-03/1226i [[wikt:穀|穀]] kuwk
* 11-03/1226j [[wikt:轂|轂]] kuwk
* 11-03/1226k [[wikt:縠|縠]] huwk
* 11-03/1226l [[wikt:觳|觳]] haewk, huwk, khaewk
* 11-03/1226m [[wikt:㝅|㝅]] kuwH
* 11-03/1226p [[wikt:彀|彀]] kuwH
* 11-03/1226q [[wikt:鷇|鷇]] khuwH

==11-04==
* 11-04/1213a [[wikt:曲|曲]] khjowk

==11-05==
* 11-05/1214a [[wikt:局|局]] gjowk
* 11-05/1214b [[wikt:跼|跼]] gjowk
* 11-05/1214c [[wikt:挶|挶]] kjowk
* 11-05/1214d [[wikt:梮|梮]] kjowk

==11-06==
* 11-06/1204a [[wikt:屋|屋]] 'uwk
* 11-06/1204b [[wikt:剭|剭]] 'uwk
* 11-06/1204c [[wikt:偓|偓]] 'aewk
* 11-06/1204d [[wikt:喔|喔]] 'aewk
* 11-06/1204e [[wikt:幄|幄]] 'aewk
* 11-06/1204f [[wikt:握|握]] 'aewk
* 11-06/1204g [[wikt:渥|渥]] 'aewk, 'uwH
* 11-06/1204h [[wikt:腛|腛]] 'aewk

==11-07==
* 11-07/1217a [[wikt:勖|勖]] xjowk

==11-08==
* 11-08/1227a [[wikt:岳|岳]] ngaewk

==11-09==
* 11-09/1216a [[wikt:玉|玉]] ngjowk
* 11-09/1216d [[wikt:頊|頊]] xjowk

==11-10==
* 11-10/1215a [[wikt:獄|獄]] ngjowk
* 11-10/1215c [[wikt:嶽|嶽]] ngaewk
* 11-10/1215d [[wikt:鸑|鸑]] ngaewk

==11-11==
* 11-11/1205a [[wikt:禿|禿]] thuwk

==11-12==
* 11-12/1224a [[wikt:蜀|蜀]] dzyowk
* 11-12/1224d [[wikt:蠋|蠋]] dzyowk
* 11-12/1224e [[wikt:燭|燭]] tsyowk
* 11-12/1224f [[wikt:臅|臅]] tsyhowk
* 11-12/1224g [[wikt:觸|觸]] tsyhowk
* 11-12/1224h [[wikt:躅|躅]] drjowk
* 11-12/1224i [[wikt:獨|獨]] duwk
* 11-12/1224j [[wikt:襡|襡]] duwk
* 11-12/1224k [[wikt:韣|韣]] duwk, dzyowk, tsyowk
* 11-12/1224l [[wikt:䪅|䪅]] dzyowk, tsyowk
* 11-12/1224m [[wikt:髑|髑]] duwk
* 11-12/1224n [[wikt:噣|噣]] tuwH
* 11-12/1224o [[wikt:斀|斀]] traewk
* 11-12/1224p [[wikt:濁|濁]] traewk
* 11-12/1224q [[wikt:鐲|鐲]] draewk
* 11-12/1224r [[wikt:擉|擉]] tsrhaewk
* 11-12/1224s [[wikt:屬|屬]] dzyowk, tsyowk
* 11-12/1224t [[wikt:斸|斸]] trjowk
* 11-12/1224u [[wikt:欘|欘]] trjowk
* 11-12/1224v [[wikt:钃|钃]] trjowk
* 11-12/1224x [[wikt:䠱|䠱]] drjowk

==11-13==
* 11-13/1218a [[wikt:豖|豖]] trhjowk
* 11-13/1218b [[wikt:啄|啄]] traewk, tuwk
* 11-13/1218c [[wikt:椓|椓]] traewk
* 11-13/1218d [[wikt:㧻|㧻]] traewk
* 11-13/1218e [[wikt:涿|涿]] traewk
* 11-13/1218f [[wikt:琢|琢]] traewk
* 11-13/1218g [[wikt:諑|諑]] traewk
* 11-13/1218h [[wikt:冢|冢]] trjowngX
* 11-13/1218- [[wikt:瘃|瘃]] trjowk

==11-14==
* 11-14/1202a [[wikt:谷|谷]] kuwk
* 11-14/1202d [[wikt:欲|欲]] yowk
* 11-14/1202e [[wikt:慾|慾]] yowk
* 11-14/1202f [[wikt:浴|浴]] yowk
* 11-14/1202g [[wikt:鵒|鵒]] yowk
* 11-14/1202h [[wikt:裕|裕]] yuH
* 11-14/1220a [[wikt:俗|俗]] zjowk

==11-15==
* 11-15/1208a [[wikt:彔|彔]] luwk
* 11-15/1208e [[wikt:盝|盝]] luwk
* 11-15/1208f [[wikt:琭|琭]] luwk
* 11-15/1208g [[wikt:睩|睩]] luwk
* 11-15/1208h [[wikt:祿|祿]] luwk
* 11-15/1208i [[wikt:㯟|㯟]] luwk
* 11-15/1208k [[wikt:綠|綠]] ljowk
* 11-15/1208l [[wikt:菉|菉]] ljowk
* 11-15/1208m [[wikt:錄|錄]] ljowk
* 11-15/1228a [[wikt:剝|剝]] paewk

==11-16==
* 11-16/1209a [[wikt:鹿|鹿]] luwk
* 11-16/1209e [[wikt:摝|摝]] luwk
* 11-16/1209f [[wikt:漉|漉]] luwk
* 11-16/1209h [[wikt:麓|麓]] luwk

==11-17==
* 11-17/1223a [[wikt:辱|辱]] nyowk
* 11-17/1223b [[wikt:溽|溽]] nyowk
* 11-17/1223c [[wikt:縟|縟]] nyowk
* 11-17/1223d [[wikt:蓐|蓐]] nyowk
* 11-17/1223e [[wikt:槈|槈]] nuwH
* 11-17/1223f [[wikt:耨|耨]] nuwH

==11-18==
* 11-18/1206a [[wikt:族|族]] dzuwk
* 11-18/1206d [[wikt:鏃|鏃]] tsuwk
* 11-18/1206e [[wikt:瘯|瘯]] tshuwk
* 11-18/1206f [[wikt:蔟|蔟]] tshuwH, tshuwk
* 11-18/1206g [[wikt:嗾|嗾]] tshuwH

==11-19==
* 11-19/1219a [[wikt:足|足]] tsjowk, tsjuH
* 11-19/1219c [[wikt:哫|哫]] tsjowk
* 11-19/1219d [[wikt:促|促]] tshjowk
* 11-19/1219e [[wikt:捉|捉]] tsraewk

==11-20==
* 11-20/1221a [[wikt:粟|粟]] sjowk

==11-21==
* 11-21/1222a [[wikt:束|束]] syowk
* 11-21/1222g [[wikt:誎|誎]] tshjowk
* 11-21/1222i [[wikt:速|速]] suwk
* 11-21/1222k [[wikt:餗|餗]] suwk
* 11-21/1222l [[wikt:駷|駷]] suwH, suwX
* 11-21/1222m [[wikt:悚|悚]] sjowngX
* 11-21/1222n [[wikt:竦|竦]] sjowngX
* 11-21/1222o [[wikt:欶|欶]] sraewk
* 11-21/1222p [[wikt:樕|樕]] suwk
* 11-21/1222q [[wikt:蔌|蔌]] suwk
* 11-21/1222r [[wikt:遫|遫]] suwk
* 11-21/1222s [[wikt:嗽|嗽]] suwH
* 11-21/1222t [[wikt:漱|漱]] suwH

==11-22==
* 11-22/1210a [[wikt:卜|卜]] puwk
* 11-22/1210e [[wikt:扑|扑]] phuwk
* 11-22/1210f [[wikt:朴|朴]] phaewk
* 11-22/1210g [[wikt:仆|仆]] bok, phjuH, phjuwH, phuwH
* 11-22/1210h [[wikt:訃|訃]] phjuH
* 11-22/1210i [[wikt:赴|赴]] phjuH

==11-23==
* 11-23/1211a [[wikt:菐|菐]] buwk
* 11-23/1211b [[wikt:僕|僕]] bowk, buwk, phuwk
* 11-23/1211g [[wikt:樸|樸]] buwk, phuwk, puwk
* 11-23/1211i [[wikt:轐|轐]] puwk
* 11-23/1211j [[wikt:撲|撲]] phuwk
* 11-23/1211m [[wikt:墣|墣]] phaewk, phuwk
* 11-23/1211n [[wikt:璞|璞]] phaewk

==11-24==
* 11-24/1212a [[wikt:木|木]] muwk
* 11-24/1212e [[wikt:沐|沐]] muwk
* 11-24/1212f [[wikt:霂|霂]] muwk

=12=
==12-01==
* 12-01/1172a [[wikt:工|工]] kuwng
* 12-01/1172d [[wikt:功|功]] kuwng
* 12-01/1172e [[wikt:攻|攻]] kuwng
* 12-01/1172g [[wikt:貢|貢]] kuwngH
* 12-01/1172h [[wikt:空|空]] khuwng, khuwngH, khuwngX
* 12-01/1172i [[wikt:紅|紅]] huwng
* 12-01/1172j [[wikt:虹|虹]] huwng, kaewngH
* 12-01/1172k [[wikt:訌|訌]] huwng
* 12-01/1172l [[wikt:䲨|䲨]] huwng
* 12-01/1172m [[wikt:𨾊|𨾊]] huwng
* 12-01/1172p [[wikt:𢀜|𢀜]] kjowngX
* 12-01/1172s [[wikt:邛|邛]] gjowng
* 12-01/1172u [[wikt:杠|杠]] kaewng
* 12-01/1172v [[wikt:江|江]] kaewng
* 12-01/1172x [[wikt:矼|矼]] kaewng, khuwngH
* 12-01/1172y [[wikt:項|項]] haewngX
* 12-01/1172z [[wikt:悾|悾]] khaewng, khuwng, khuwngH
* 12-01/1172a' [[wikt:控|控]] khaewngH, khuwngH
* 12-01/1172b' [[wikt:椌|椌]] khaewng
* 12-01/1172c' [[wikt:鞏|鞏]] kjowngX
* 12-01/1172d' [[wikt:恐|恐]] khjowngX
* 12-01/1172e' [[wikt:蛩|蛩]] gjowng
* 12-01/1172f' [[wikt:跫|跫]] gjowng, khaewng
* 12-01/1172g' [[wikt:鴻|鴻]] huwng

==12-02==
* 12-02/1174a [[wikt:孔|孔]] khuwngX

==12-03==
* 12-03/1182a [[wikt:廾|廾]] kjowngX
* 12-03/1182b [[wikt:𠬞|𠬞]] kjowngX
* 12-03/1182c [[wikt:共|共]] gjowngH
* 12-03/1182e [[wikt:拱|拱]] kjowngX
* 12-03/1182f [[wikt:供|供]] kjowng, kjowngH
* 12-03/1182g [[wikt:龏|龏]] kjuwng
* 12-03/1182k [[wikt:龔|龔]] kjuwng
* 12-03/1182l [[wikt:恭|恭]] kjowng, kuwng
* 12-03/1182m [[wikt:拲|拲]] kjowk, kjowngX
* 12-03/1182n [[wikt:輁|輁]] gjowng, kjowngX
* 12-03/1182o [[wikt:洪|洪]] huwng
* 12-03/1182p [[wikt:鬨|鬨]] haewngH, huwngH
* 12-03/1182q [[wikt:閧|閧]] haewngH, huwngH
* 12-03/1182r [[wikt:烘|烘]] xuwng
* 12-03/1182s [[wikt:巷|巷]] haewngH
* 12-03/1182t [[wikt:輂|輂]] kjowk

==12-04==
* 12-04/1184a [[wikt:邕|邕]] 'jowng
* 12-04/1184c [[wikt:雝|雝]] 'jowng
* 12-04/1184h [[wikt:雍|雍]] 'jowng, 'jowngX
* 12-04/1184i [[wikt:壅|壅]] 'jowng, 'jowngH, 'jowngX
* 12-04/1184j [[wikt:廱|廱]] 'jowng
* 12-04/1184k [[wikt:擁|擁]] 'jowngX
* 12-04/1184l [[wikt:癰|癰]] 'jowng
* 12-04/1184m [[wikt:饔|饔]] 'jowng
* 12-04/1184o [[wikt:罋|罋]] 'jowng, 'jowngH
* 12-04/1184p [[wikt:甕|甕]] 'uwngH

==12-05==
* 12-05/1183a [[wikt:凶|凶]] xjowng
* 12-05/1183b [[wikt:兇|兇]] xjowng
* 12-05/1183c [[wikt:訩|訩]] xjowng
* 12-05/1183d [[wikt:匈|匈]] xjowng
* 12-05/1183e [[wikt:胷|胷]] xjowng
* 12-05/1183f [[wikt:胸|胸]] xjowng
* 12-05/1183g [[wikt:洶|洶]] xjowng, xjowngX
* 12-05/1243a [[wikt:酗|酗]] xjuH

==12-06==
* 12-06/1175a [[wikt:東|東]] tuwng
* 12-06/1175e [[wikt:凍|凍]] tuwngH
* 12-06/1175f [[wikt:棟|棟]] tuwngH
* 12-06/1175g [[wikt:涷|涷]] tuwngH
* 12-06/1175h [[wikt:蝀|蝀]] tuwng
* 12-06/1175- [[wikt:倲|倲]]
* 12-06/1175- [[wikt:鯟|鯟]]
* 12-06/1175- [[wikt:崠|崠]]
* 12-06/1175- [[wikt:埬|埬]]
* 12-06/1175- [[wikt:棟|棟]]
* 12-06/1175- [[wikt:㨂|㨂]] tuwngX

==12-07==
* 12-07/1189a [[wikt:妐|妐]] tsyowng

==12-08==
* 12-08/1188a [[wikt:重|重]] drjowng, drjowngX
* 12-08/1188b [[wikt:偅|偅]] tsyowngH
* 12-08/1188c [[wikt:湩|湩]] trjowngH, tuwngH
* 12-08/1188d [[wikt:種|種]] tsyowngH, tsyowngX
* 12-08/1188e [[wikt:腫|腫]] tsyowngX
* 12-08/1188f [[wikt:踵|踵]] tsyowngX
* 12-08/1188g [[wikt:鍾|鍾]] tsyowng
* 12-08/1188j [[wikt:衝|衝]] tsyhowng
* 12-08/1188k [[wikt:尰|尰]] dzyowngX
* 12-08/1188l [[wikt:董|董]] tuwngX
* 12-08/1188m [[wikt:動|動]] duwngX
* 12-08/1188n [[wikt:慟|慟]] duwngH
* 12-08/1188o [[wikt:童|童]] duwng
* 12-08/1188r [[wikt:僮|僮]] duwng
* 12-08/1188s [[wikt:瞳|瞳]] thuwng
* 12-08/1188t [[wikt:穜|穜]] drjowng, duwng
* 12-08/1188u [[wikt:𣦟|𣦟]] tsyowngX
* 12-08/1188x [[wikt:鐘|鐘]] tsyowng
* 12-08/1188a' [[wikt:𠟍|𠟍]] tsyhowng
* 12-08/1188b' [[wikt:憧|憧]] draewngH, tsyhowng
* 12-08/1188c' [[wikt:罿|罿]] duwng, tsyhowng
* 12-08/1188d' [[wikt:𤺄|𤺄]] dzyowngX
* 12-08/1188e' [[wikt:幢|幢]] draewng
* 12-08/1188f' [[wikt:撞|撞]] draewng, draewngH
* 12-08/1248a [[wikt:畽|畽]] thwanX

==12-09==
* 12-09/1176a [[wikt:同|同]] duwng
* 12-09/1176d [[wikt:銅|銅]] duwng
* 12-09/1176e [[wikt:桐|桐]] duwng
* 12-09/1176g [[wikt:筒|筒]] duwng
* 12-09/1176h [[wikt:洞|洞]] duwngH
* 12-09/1176i [[wikt:詷|詷]] duwng
* 12-09/1176j [[wikt:侗|侗]] duwng, duwngX, thuwng, thuwngH
* 12-09/1176k [[wikt:恫|恫]] thuwng, thuwngH

==12-10==
* 12-10/1185a [[wikt:用|用]] yowngH
* 12-10/1185f [[wikt:𢦨|𢦨]] yowngX
* 12-10/1185h [[wikt:甬|甬]] yowngX
* 12-10/1185j [[wikt:俑|俑]] yowngX
* 12-10/1185k [[wikt:勇|勇]] yowngX
* 12-10/1185l [[wikt:涌|涌]] yowngX
* 12-10/1185m [[wikt:蛹|蛹]] yowngX
* 12-10/1185n [[wikt:踊|踊]] yowngX
* 12-10/1185o [[wikt:誦|誦]] zjowngH
* 12-10/1185p [[wikt:桶|桶]] thuwngX
* 12-10/1185q [[wikt:痛|痛]] thuwngH
* 12-10/1185r [[wikt:通|通]] thuwng
* 12-10/1185t [[wikt:筩|筩]] duwng
* 12-10/1185u [[wikt:湧|湧]] yowngX
* 12-10/1185x [[wikt:庸|庸]] yowng
* 12-10/1185y [[wikt:傭|傭]] trhjowng, yowng
* 12-10/1185z [[wikt:墉|墉]] yowng
* 12-10/1185a' [[wikt:鏞|鏞]] yowng

==12-11==
* 12-11/12-10A/1186a [[wikt:𦤘|𦤘]] yowng

==12-12==
A uvular series.
* 12-12/12-13/1173a [[wikt:公|公]] kuwng
* 12-12/12-13/1173g [[wikt:瓮|瓮]] 'uwngH
* 12-12/12-13/1190a [[wikt:松|松]] zjowng
* 12-12/12-13/1190b [[wikt:訟|訟]] zjowng, zjowngH
* 12-12/12-13/1190d [[wikt:頌|頌]] zjowngH
* 12-12/12-13/1190f [[wikt:崧|崧]] sjuwng
* 12-12/12-11/1187a [[wikt:容|容]] yowng
* 12-12/12-11/1187b [[wikt:溶|溶]] yowng
* 12-12/12-11/1187c [[wikt:蓉|蓉]] yowng

==12-13==
* 12-13/12-12/1192a [[wikt:舂|舂]] syowng
* 12-13/12-12/1192c [[wikt:摏|摏]] syowng
* 12-13/12-12/1192d [[wikt:憃|憃]] syowng, trhaewng, trhjowngH

==12-14==
* 12-14/1180a [[wikt:弄|弄]] luwngH

==12-15==
* 12-15/1193a [[wikt:龍|龍]] ljowng, maewng
* 12-15/1193f [[wikt:壟|壟]] ljowngX
* 12-15/1193g [[wikt:隴|隴]] ljowngX
* 12-15/1193h [[wikt:蘢|蘢]] ljowng, luwng
* 12-15/1193i [[wikt:龐|龐]] luwng
* 12-15/1193k [[wikt:礱|礱]] luwng
* 12-15/1193l [[wikt:籠|籠]] luwng, luwngX, ljowng
* 12-15/1193m [[wikt:聾|聾]] luwng
* 12-15/1193o [[wikt:蠪|蠪]] luwng
* 12-15/1193p [[wikt:寵|寵]] trhjowngX
* 12-15/1193- [[wikt:朧|朧]]

==12-16==
* 12-16/1194a [[wikt:茸|茸]] nyowng, nyowngX

==12-17==
* 12-17/1195a [[wikt:氄|氄]] nyowng

==12-18==
* 12-18/1196a [[wikt:宂|宂]] nyowngX

==12-19==
* 12-19/1199a [[wikt:囱|囱]] tsrhaewng
* 12-19/1199b [[wikt:匆|匆]] tsrhaewng
* 12-19/1199c [[wikt:悤|悤]] tshuwng
* 12-19/1199d [[wikt:怱|怱]] tshuwng
* 12-19/1199f [[wikt:聰|聰]] tshuwng
* 12-19/1199g [[wikt:蔥|蔥]] tshuwng, tsrhaewng
* 12-19/1199h [[wikt:葱|葱]] tshuwng
* 12-19/1199i [[wikt:總|總]] tsuwngX
* 12-19/1199j [[wikt:緫|緫]] tsuwng, tsuwngX
* 12-19/1199k [[wikt:揔|揔]] tsuwng, tsuwngX
* 12-19/1199l [[wikt:窻|窻]] tsrhaewng
* 12-19/1199m [[wikt:䆫|䆫]] tsrhaewng
* 12-19/1199- [[wikt:窗|窗]] tsrhaewng

==12-20==
* 12-20/1177a [[wikt:㚇|㚇]] tsuwng, tsuwngH
* 12-20/1177b [[wikt:惾|惾]] tsuwng
* 12-20/1177c [[wikt:椶|椶]] tsuwng
* 12-20/1177e [[wikt:稯|稯]] tsuwng
* 12-20/1177f [[wikt:鬷|鬷]] tsuwng

==12-21==
* 12-21/1178a [[wikt:叢|叢]] dzuwng

==12-22==
* 12-22/1191a [[wikt:从|从]] dzjowng
* 12-22/1191d [[wikt:從|從]] dzjowng, dzjowngH, tshjowng, tsjowng, tsuwngX
* 12-22/1191h [[wikt:縱|縱]] tsjowngH, tsuwngX
* 12-22/1191i [[wikt:樅|樅]] tshjowng, tsjowng
* 12-22/1191j [[wikt:聳|聳]] sjowngX
* 12-22/1191k [[wikt:豵|豵]] tsuwng
* 12-22/1191- [[wikt:蹤|蹤]] tsjowng

==12-23==
* 12-23/1179a [[wikt:送|送]] suwngH

==12-24==
* 12-24/1200a [[wikt:雙|雙]] sraewng

==12-25==
* 12-25/1197a [[wikt:丰|丰]] phjowng
* 12-25/1197d [[wikt:蚌|蚌]] baewngX
* 12-25/1197e [[wikt:邦|邦]] paewng
* 12-25/1197i [[wikt:封|封]] pjowng
* 12-25/1197k [[wikt:葑|葑]] phjowng
* 12-25/1197l [[wikt:䋽|䋽]] paewngX, puwngX
* 12-25/1197m [[wikt:夆|夆]] bjowng, phjowng
* 12-25/1197o [[wikt:逢|逢]] bjowng, buwng
* 12-25/1197p [[wikt:𢓱|𢓱]] bjowng
* 12-25/1197r [[wikt:烽|烽]] phjowng
* 12-25/1197s [[wikt:蜂|蜂]] phjowng
* 12-25/1197t [[wikt:𧒒|𧒒]] phjowng
* 12-25/1197u [[wikt:鋒|鋒]] phjowng
* 12-25/1197v [[wikt:摓|摓]] bjowng
* 12-25/1197x [[wikt:縫|縫]] bjowng, bjowngH
* 12-25/1197y [[wikt:蓬|蓬]] buwng
* 12-25/1197z [[wikt:奉|奉]] bjowngX, phjowngX
* 12-25/1197b' [[wikt:捧|捧]] phjowngX
* 12-25/1197c' [[wikt:俸|俸]] bjowngH
* 12-25/1197d' [[wikt:唪|唪]] buwngX, puwngX
* 12-25/1197e' [[wikt:琫|琫]] puwngX
* 12-25/1197f' [[wikt:菶|菶]] puwngX
* 12-25/1197g' [[wikt:蜯|蜯]] baewngX
* 12-25/1197- [[wikt:幫|幫]] pang

==12-26==
* 12-26/1201a [[wikt:尨|尨]] maewng
* 12-26/1201c [[wikt:哤|哤]] maewng
* 12-26/1201d [[wikt:駹|駹]] maewng
* 12-26/1201e [[wikt:厖|厖]] maewng

==12-27==
* 12-27/1181a [[wikt:蒙|蒙]] muwng
* 12-27/1181b [[wikt:幪|幪]] muwngX
* 12-27/1181c [[wikt:矇|矇]] muwng
* 12-27/1181d [[wikt:濛|濛]] muwng
* 12-27/1181e [[wikt:蠓|蠓]] muwng, muwngX
* 12-27/1181f [[wikt:饛|饛]] muwng
* 12-27/1181- [[wikt:朦|朦]]

=13=
==13-01==
* 13-01/1040a [[wikt:皐|皐]] kaw
* 13-01/1040b [[wikt:皋|皋]] kaw
* 13-01/1040c [[wikt:槹|槹]] kaw
* 13-01/1040d [[wikt:噑|噑]] haw
* 13-01/1040e [[wikt:暭|暭]] hawX
* 13-01/1040f [[wikt:皡|皡]] hawX
* 13-01/1040g [[wikt:皞|皞]] hawX
* 13-01/1040h [[wikt:翶|翶]] ngaw

==13-02==
* 13-02/1244c [[wikt:杲|杲]] kawX

==13-03==
Schuessler (2009: 171. 196) divides into two series, viz. [[#13-03|13-03]] and [[#16-08|16-08]]. DO BAXTER AND SAGART NOT DRAW THIS DISTINCTION?
* 13-03/1041a [[wikt:丂|丂]] khawX
* 13-03/1041d [[wikt:考|考]] khawX
* 13-03/1041j [[wikt:攷|攷]] khawX
* 13-03/1041l [[wikt:巧|巧]] khaewH, khaewX
* 13-03/1041m [[wikt:朽|朽]] xjuwX
* 13-03/1041n [[wikt:㱙|㱙]] xjuwX
* 13-03/1041o [[wikt:栲|栲]] khawX
* 13-03/13-43/1055a [[wikt:老|老]] lawX

==13-04==
* 13-04/1042a [[wikt:昊|昊]] hawX

==13-05==
* 13-05/1043a [[wikt:顥|顥]] hawX

==13-06==
* 13-06/1065a [[wikt:韭|韭]] kjuwX
* 13-06/1065b [[wikt:韮|韮]] kjuwX

==13-07==
* 13-07/1068a [[wikt:咎|咎]] gjuwX, kaw
* 13-07/1068c [[wikt:𣓌|𣓌]] kaw, kawX
* 13-07/1068e [[wikt:鼛|鼛]] kaw
* 13-07/1068f [[wikt:櫜|櫜]] kaw

==13-08==
* 13-08/13-07A/1070m [[wikt:梟|梟]] kew
* 13-08/13-07A/1070n [[wikt:𣻏|𣻏]] kew

==13-09==

* 13-09/13-08/1064a [[wikt:丩|丩]] kjiw, kjiwX
* 13-09/13-08/1064b [[wikt:糾|糾]] gjiewX, kjiwX
* 13-09/13-08/1064c [[wikt:糺|糺]] kjiwX
* 13-09/13-08/1064d [[wikt:赳|赳]] kjiwX
* 13-09/13-08/1064e [[wikt:虯|虯]] gjiw, kjiw
* 13-09/13-08/1064f [[wikt:觓|觓]] gjiw
* 13-09/13-08/1064g [[wikt:叫|叫]] kewH
* 13-09/13-08/1064h [[wikt:訆|訆]] kewH
* 13-09/13-08/1064i [[wikt:嘂|嘂]] kewH
* 13-09/13-08/1103a [[wikt:收|收]] syuw
* 13-09/13-08/1139a [[wikt:荍|荍]] gjiew

==13-10==
* 13-10/13-09/1044a [[wikt:好|好]] xawH, xawX

==13-11==
* 13-11/13-10/1244d [[wikt:薅|薅]] xaw

==13-12==
* 13-12/13-11/1070a [[wikt:休|休]] xjuw
* 13-12/13-11/1070g [[wikt:咻|咻]] xjuw
* 13-12/13-11/1070h [[wikt:貅|貅]] xjuw
* 13-12/13-11/1070i [[wikt:鵂|鵂]] xjuw
* 13-12/13-11/1070j [[wikt:髹|髹]] xjuw
* 13-12/13-11/1070k [[wikt:茠|茠]] xaw
* 13-12/13-11/1070l [[wikt:烋|烋]] xaew

==13-13==
* 13-13/13-12/1088a [[wikt:臭|臭]] tsyhuwH
* 13-13/13-12/1088c [[wikt:嗅|嗅]] xjuwH
* 13-13/13-12/1088d [[wikt:糗|糗]] khjuwX

==13-14==
* 13-14/13-13/1089a [[wikt:醜|醜]] tsyhuwX

==13-15==
* 13-15/13-14/1071a [[wikt:憂|憂]] 'juw
* 13-15/13-14/1071d [[wikt:優|優]] 'juw
* 13-15/13-14/1071e [[wikt:懮|懮]] 'juwX
* 13-15/13-14/1071f [[wikt:瀀|瀀]] 'juw
* 13-15/13-14/1071g [[wikt:纋|纋]] 'juw
* 13-15/13-14/1071h [[wikt:耰|耰]] 'juw

==13-16==
* 13-16/13-15/1072a [[wikt:麀|麀]] 'juw

==13-17==
* 13-17/13-16/1115a [[wikt:幺|幺]] 'ew
* 13-17/13-16/1115b [[wikt:𢆶|𢆶]] 'jiw, 'juw
* 13-17/13-16/1115c [[wikt:幽|幽]] 'jiw
* 13-17/13-16/1115f [[wikt:幼|幼]] 'jiwH
* 13-17/13-16/1115g [[wikt:呦|呦]] 'jiw
* 13-17/13-16/1115h [[wikt:黝|黝]] 'jiwX
* 13-17/13-16/1115i [[wikt:窈|窈]] 'ewX
* 13-17/13-16/1115j [[wikt:坳|坳]] 'aew

==13-18==
* 13-18/13-17/1245a [[wikt:窅|窅]] 'ewX
* 13-18/13-17/1245b [[wikt:杳|杳]] 'ewX

==13-19==
* 13-19/13-18/1244h [[wikt:饕|饕]] thaw

==13-20==
* 13-20/13-19/1084a [[wikt:舟|舟]] tsyuw
* 13-20/13-19/1084f [[wikt:侜|侜]] trjuw
* 13-20/13-19/1084g [[wikt:輈|輈]] trjuw
* 13-20/13-19/1085a [[wikt:受|受]] dzyuwX
* 13-20/13-19/1085d [[wikt:授|授]] dzyuwH
* 13-20/13-19/1085e [[wikt:綬|綬]] dzyuwX

==13-21==
* 13-21/13-20/1086a [[wikt:州|州]] tsyuw
* 13-21/13-20/1086d [[wikt:洲|洲]] tsyuw
* 13-21/13-20/1086e [[wikt:酬|酬]] dzyuw

==13-22==
* 13-22/13-20A/1087a [[wikt:帚|帚]] tsyuwX
* 13-22/13-20A/1087e [[wikt:箒|箒]] tsyuwX

==13-23==
* 13-23/13-21/1091a [[wikt:讎|讎]] dzyuw
* 13-23/13-21/1091c [[wikt:犨|犨]] tsyhuw
* 13-23/13-21/1091d [[wikt:犫|犫]] tsyhuw
* 13-23/13-21/1091e [[wikt:售|售]] dzyuwH

==13-24==
* 13-24/13-22/1090b [[wikt:𢏚|𢏚]] drjuw
* 13-24/13-22/1090d [[wikt:𠷎|𠷎]] drjuw
* 13-24/13-22/1090f [[wikt:𠼡|𠼡]] drjuw
* 13-24/13-22/1090g [[wikt:壽|壽]] dzyuwH, dzyuwX
* 13-24/13-22/1090k [[wikt:儔|儔]] drjuw
* 13-24/13-22/1090l [[wikt:疇|疇]] drjuw
* 13-24/13-22/1090m [[wikt:籌|籌]] drjuw
* 13-24/13-22/1090n [[wikt:躊|躊]] drjuw
* 13-24/13-22/1090o [[wikt:醻|醻]] dzyuw
* 13-24/13-22/1090p [[wikt:魗|魗]] dzyuw
* 13-24/13-22/1090q [[wikt:譸|譸]] trjuw
* 13-24/13-22/1090r [[wikt:擣|擣]] drjuwH, tawX
* 13-24/13-22/1090s [[wikt:禱|禱]] tawH, tawX
* 13-24/13-22/1090t [[wikt:檮|檮]] daw
* 13-24/13-22/1090u [[wikt:幬|幬]] daw, dawH, drjuw
* 13-24/13-22/1090x [[wikt:燾|燾]] dawH
* 13-24/13-22/1090z [[wikt:翿|翿]] daw, dawH
* 13-24/13-22/1090a' [[wikt:鑄|鑄]] tsyuH

==13-25==
* 13-25/13-24/1074a [[wikt:盩|盩]] trjuw

==13-26==
* 13-26/13-25/1116a [[wikt:鳥|鳥]] tewX
* 13-26/13-25/1116b [[wikt:蔦|蔦]] tewH, tewX
* 13-26/13-25/1116c [[wikt:島|島]] tawX

==13-27==
* 13-27/13-26/1083a [[wikt:周|周]] tsyuw, tsyuwX
* 13-27/13-26/1083f [[wikt:婤|婤]] tsyuw
* 13-27/13-26/1083h [[wikt:賙|賙]] tsyuw
* 13-27/13-26/1083i [[wikt:輖|輖]] tsyuw
* 13-27/13-26/1083j [[wikt:啁|啁]] traew, trjuw
* 13-27/13-26/1083k [[wikt:惆|惆]] trhjuw
* 13-27/13-26/1083l [[wikt:稠|稠]] drjuw
* 13-27/13-26/1083m [[wikt:綢|綢]] drjuw
* 13-27/13-26/1083n [[wikt:裯|裯]] drjuw
* 13-27/13-26/1083o [[wikt:凋|凋]] tew
* 13-27/13-26/1083p [[wikt:琱|琱]] tew
* 13-27/13-26/1083r [[wikt:彫|彫]] tew
* 13-27/13-26/1083s [[wikt:錭|錭]] tew
* 13-27/13-26/1083t [[wikt:雕|雕]] tew
* 13-27/13-26/1083u [[wikt:鵰|鵰]] tew
* 13-27/13-26/1083v [[wikt:蜩|蜩]] dew
* 13-27/13-26/1083x [[wikt:調|調]] dew
* 13-27/13-26/1083y [[wikt:禂|禂]] tawX
* 13-27/13-26/1083z [[wikt:倜|倜]] thek

==13-28==
* 13-28/13-27/1078a [[wikt:舀|舀]] yewX, yuw, yuwX
* 13-28/13-27/1078b [[wikt:慆|慆]] thaw
* 13-28/13-27/1078c [[wikt:搯|搯]] thaw
* 13-28/13-27/1078d [[wikt:滔|滔]] daw, thaw
* 13-28/13-27/1078f [[wikt:謟|謟]] thaw
* 13-28/13-27/1078g [[wikt:韜|韜]] thaw
* 13-28/13-27/1078h [[wikt:稻|稻]] dawX
* 13-28/13-27/1078l [[wikt:蹈|蹈]] dawH

==13-29==
* 13-29/13-28/1046a [[wikt:𠬢|𠬢]] thaw
* 13-29/13-28/1046c [[wikt:弢|弢]] thaw

==13-30==
* 13-30/13-29/1047a [[wikt:匋|匋]] daw
* 13-30/13-29/1047d [[wikt:陶|陶]] daw, dawH, yew
* 13-30/13-29/1047e [[wikt:綯|綯]] daw

==13-31==
* 13-31/13-30/1079a [[wikt:由|由]] yuw
* 13-31/13-30/1079b [[wikt:柚|柚]] drjuwk, yuwH
* 13-31/13-30/1079c [[wikt:油|油]] yuw
* 13-31/13-30/1079d [[wikt:鼬|鼬]] yuwH
* 13-31/13-30/1079e [[wikt:妯|妯]] drjuw, trhjuw
* 13-31/13-30/1079f [[wikt:抽|抽]] trhjuw
* 13-31/13-30/1079g [[wikt:宙|宙]] drjuwH
* 13-31/13-30/1079h [[wikt:胄|胄]] drjuwH
* 13-31/13-30/1079i [[wikt:冑|冑]] drjuwH
* 13-31/13-30/1079l [[wikt:䩜|䩜]] drjuwH
* 13-31/13-30/1079m [[wikt:袖|袖]] zjuwH
* 13-31/13-30/1079n [[wikt:褏|褏]] yuwH
* 13-31/13-30/1079o [[wikt:褎|褎]] yuwH, zjuwH
* 13-31/13-30/1079p [[wikt:軸|軸]] drjuwk
* 13-31/13-30/1079q [[wikt:迪|迪]] dek

==13-32==
* 13-32/13-31/1082a [[wikt:牖|牖]] yuwX

==13-33==
* 13-33/13-32/1077a [[wikt:攸|攸]] yuw
* 13-33/13-32/1077c [[wikt:悠|悠]] yuw
* 13-33/13-32/1077d [[wikt:修|修]] sjuw
* 13-33/13-32/1077e [[wikt:脩|脩]] sjuw, yuw, yuwX
* 13-33/13-32/1077f [[wikt:條|條]] dew, thew
* 13-33/13-32/1077g [[wikt:䩦|䩦]] dew
* 13-33/13-32/1077h [[wikt:鋚|鋚]] dew
* 13-33/13-32/1077k [[wikt:莜|莜]] dewH
* 13-33/13-32/1077l [[wikt:翛|翛]] sew, syuwk
* 13-33/13-32/1077m [[wikt:焂|焂]] dzyuwk
* 13-33/13-32/1077o [[wikt:儵|儵]] dzyuwk
* 13-33/13-32/1077p [[wikt:倏|倏]] dzyuwk
* 13-33/13-32/1077q [[wikt:滺|滺]] yuw
* 13-33/13-32/1077r [[wikt:滫|滫]] sjuwX
* 13-33/13-32/1077s [[wikt:蓨|蓨]] thek
* 13-33/13-32/1077t [[wikt:鰷|鰷]] dew
* 13-33/13-32/1077u [[wikt:篠|篠]] sewX
* 13-33/13-32/1077v [[wikt:蓧|蓧]] dek
* 13-33/13-32/1077x [[wikt:滌|滌]] dek

==13-34==
* 13-34/13-33/1080a [[wikt:斿|斿]] yuw
* 13-34/13-33/1080f [[wikt:游|游]] yuw
* 13-34/13-33/1080g [[wikt:遊|遊]] yuw
* 13-34/13-33/1080h [[wikt:蝣|蝣]] yuw

==13-35==
* 13-35/13-34/1081a [[wikt:卣|卣]] yuw, yuwX
* 13-35/13-34/1081g [[wikt:逌|逌]] yuw

==13-36==
* 13-36/13-35/1094a [[wikt:囚|囚]] zjuw
* 13-36/13-35/1094c [[wikt:泅|泅]] zjuw

==13-37==
* 13-37/13-36/1096a [[wikt:酉|酉]] yuwX
* 13-37/13-36/1096h [[wikt:庮|庮]] yuw, yuwX
* 13-37/13-36/1096i [[wikt:梄|梄]] yuwH, yuwX
* 13-37/13-36/1096j [[wikt:槱|槱]] yuwH, yuwX
* 13-37/13-36/1096k [[wikt:酒|酒]] tsjuwX
* 13-37/13-36/1096l [[wikt:酋|酋]] dzjuw
* 13-37/13-36/1096n [[wikt:蝤|蝤]] dzjuw
* 13-37/13-36/1096o [[wikt:遒|遒]] tsjuw
* 13-37/13-36/1096p [[wikt:緧|緧]] tshjuw
* 13-37/13-36/1096q [[wikt:鰌|鰌]] tshjuw
* 13-37/13-36/1096r [[wikt:猶|猶]] yuw, yuwH
* 13-37/13-36/1096t [[wikt:猷|猷]] yuw
* 13-37/13-36/1096y [[wikt:輶|輶]] yuw
* 13-37/13-36/1096z [[wikt:䠓|䠓]] tshjuwk
* 13-37/13-36/1096a' [[wikt:蕕|蕕]] yuw
* 13-37/13-36/1096- [[wikt:𥙫|𥙫]]

==13-38==
* 13-38/13-37/1246c [[wikt:狖|狖]] yuwH

==13-39==
* 13-39/13-38/1048a [[wikt:道|道]] dawX, dawH
* 13-39/13-38/1048d [[wikt:導|導]] dawH
* 13-39/13-38/1102a [[wikt:首|首]] syuwH, syuwX

==13-40==
* 13-40/13-39/1095a [[wikt:秀|秀]] sjuwH
* 13-40/13-39/1095c [[wikt:琇|琇]] sjuwH, yuwX
* 13-40/13-39/1095d [[wikt:莠|莠]] yuwX
* 13-40/13-39/1095e [[wikt:誘|誘]] yuwX

==13-41==
* 13-41/13-40/1099a [[wikt:守|守]] syuwH, syuwX
* 13-41/13-40/1099c [[wikt:狩|狩]] syuwH

==13-42==
* 13-42/13-41/1100a [[wikt:獸|獸]] syuwH

==13-43==
* 13-43/13-42/1101a [[wikt:手|手]] syuwX

==13-44==
* 13-44/1056a [[wikt:牢|牢]] law

==13-45==
* 13-45/1069a [[wikt:翏|翏]] ljewH, ljiwH, ljuwH
* 13-45/1069b [[wikt:鏐|鏐]] ljiw, ljuw
* 13-45/1069f [[wikt:飂|飂]] ljuw
* 13-45/1069g [[wikt:摎|摎]] kjiw, ljuw
* 13-45/1069h [[wikt:樛|樛]] kjiw
* 13-45/1069i [[wikt:璆|璆]] gjiw
* 13-45/1069j [[wikt:勠|勠]] ljuw, ljuwH, ljuwk
* 13-45/1069k [[wikt:瘳|瘳]] lew, trhjuw
* 13-45/1069l [[wikt:繆|繆]] mjiw
* 13-45/1069m [[wikt:謬|謬]] mjiwH
* 13-45/1069n [[wikt:寥|寥]] lew
* 13-45/1069o [[wikt:漻|漻]] lew
* 13-45/1069p [[wikt:蓼|蓼]] lewX, ljuwk
* 13-45/1069q [[wikt:熮|熮]] ljewH
* 13-45/1069r [[wikt:醪|醪]] law
* 13-45/1069s [[wikt:膠|膠]] kaew, kaewX
* 13-45/1069t [[wikt:嘐|嘐]] xaew
* 13-45/1069u [[wikt:僇|僇]] ljuwk
* 13-45/1069v [[wikt:戮|戮]] ljuwk
* 13-45/1069x [[wikt:穋|穋]] ljuwk

==13-46==
* 13-46/1104a [[wikt:流|流]] ljuw
* 13-46/1104b [[wikt:𣹳|𣹳]] ljuw
* 13-46/1104c [[wikt:旒|旒]] ljuw

==13-47==
* 13-47/1114a [[wikt:卯|卯]] maewX
* 13-47/1114f [[wikt:茆|茆]] ljuwX, maewX
* 13-47/1114g [[wikt:昴|昴]] maewX
* 13-47/1114i [[wikt:窌|窌]] kaewH, phaewH
* 13-47/1114j [[wikt:貿|貿]] mjuwH, muwH
* 13-47/1114l [[wikt:柳|柳]] ljuwX
* 13-47/1114m [[wikt:桺|桺]] ljuwX
* 13-47/1114p [[wikt:留|留]] ljuw
* 13-47/1114q [[wikt:畱|畱]] ljuw
* 13-47/1114s [[wikt:駠|駠]] ljuw
* 13-47/1114t [[wikt:駵|駵]] ljuw
* 13-47/1114u [[wikt:聊|聊]] lew
* 13-47/1114v [[wikt:溜|溜]] ljuwH
* 13-47/1114x [[wikt:罶|罶]] ljuwX
* 13-47/1114y [[wikt:霤|霤]] ljuwH
* 13-47/1114z [[wikt:騮|騮]] ljuw
* 13-47/1114a' [[wikt:劉|劉]] ljuw
* 13-47/1114b' [[wikt:懰|懰]] ljuwX
* 13-47/1114c' [[wikt:瀏|瀏]] ljuw, ljuwX

==13-48==
* 13-48/1105a [[wikt:柔|柔]] nyuw
* 13-48/1105b [[wikt:揉|揉]] nyuw, nyuwH
* 13-48/1105c [[wikt:㽥|㽥]] nyuw
* 13-48/1105d [[wikt:蹂|蹂]] nyuw, nyuwH, nyuwX
* 13-48/1105e [[wikt:輮|輮]] nyuwH, nyuwX
* 13-48/1105f [[wikt:糅|糅]] nrjuwH
* 13-48/1105g [[wikt:猱|猱]] naw

==13-49==
* 13-49/- [[wikt:夒|夒]] naw (= 13-48/1105g [[wikt:猱|猱]])

==13-50==
* 13-50/1076a [[wikt:丑|丑]] trhjuwX
* 13-50/1076e [[wikt:杻|杻]] nrjuwX
* 13-50/1076f [[wikt:狃|狃]] nrjuwX
* 13-50/1076g [[wikt:紐|紐]] nrjuwX
* 13-50/1076h [[wikt:羞|羞]] sjuw
* 13-50/1076k [[wikt:忸|忸]] nrjuwk

==13-51==
* 13-51/1049a [[wikt:早|早]] tsawX
* 13-51/1049b [[wikt:草|草]] tshawX

==13-52==
* 13-52/1052a [[wikt:屮|屮]] tshawX
* 13-52/1052c [[wikt:艸|艸]] tshawX

==13-53==
* 13-53/1050a [[wikt:棗|棗]] tsawX

==13-54==
* 13-54/1051a [[wikt:造|造]] dzawX, tshawH
* 13-54/1051d [[wikt:慥|慥]] tshawH
* 13-54/1051e [[wikt:簉|簉]] tsrhjuwH

==13-55==
* 13-55/1053a [[wikt:曹|曹]] dzaw
* 13-55/1053d [[wikt:螬|螬]] dzaw
* 13-55/1053e [[wikt:漕|漕]] dzaw, dzawH
* 13-55/1053f [[wikt:傮|傮]] tsaw
* 13-55/1053g [[wikt:糟|糟]] tsaw
* 13-55/1053h [[wikt:遭|遭]] tsaw

==13-56==
* 13-56/1054a [[wikt:皂|皂]] dzawX
* 13-56/1054b [[wikt:皁|皁]] dzawX

==13-57==
* 13-57/1092a [[wikt:秋|秋]] tshjuw
* 13-57/1092b [[wikt:楸|楸]] tshjuw
* 13-57/1092c [[wikt:萩|萩]] tshjuw
* 13-57/1092d [[wikt:鶖|鶖]] tshjuw
* 13-57/1092e [[wikt:啾|啾]] tsjuw
* 13-57/1092f [[wikt:湫|湫]] tsewX, tsjuw
* 13-57/1092g [[wikt:揫|揫]] dzjuw
* 13-57/1092h [[wikt:甃|甃]] tsrjuwH
* 13-57/1092i [[wikt:愁|愁]] dzrjuw
* 13-57/1092j [[wikt:愀|愀]] dzjuwX, tshjewX

==13-58==
* 13-58/1093a [[wikt:就|就]] dzjuwH
* 13-58/1093b [[wikt:蹴|蹴]] dzjuwk, tshjuwk, tsjuwk
* 13-58/1093c [[wikt:蹵|蹵]] tshjuwk, tsjuwk

==13-59==
* 13-59/1111a [[wikt:爪|爪]] tsraewX
* 13-59/1111c [[wikt:抓|抓]] tsraew, tsraewH, tsraewX

==13-60==
* 13-60/1112a [[wikt:㕚|㕚]] tsraewX
* 13-60/1112d [[wikt:蚤|蚤]] tsawX
* 13-60/1112e [[wikt:慅|慅]] saw, sawX, tshawX
* 13-60/1112f [[wikt:搔|搔]] saw
* 13-60/1112g [[wikt:騷|騷]] saw
* 13-60/1112h [[wikt:糔|糔]] sjuwX
* 13-60/1112i [[wikt:鼜|鼜]] tshek

==13-61==
* 13-61/1087f [[wikt:埽|埽]] sawH, sawX
* 13-61/1087g [[wikt:掃|掃]] sawH, sawX

==13-62==
* 13-62/1098a [[wikt:蒐|蒐]] srjuw
==13-63==
* 13-63/- [[wikt:犙|犙]] srjuw (cf. 38-29/0647)

==13-64==
* 13-64/1057a [[wikt:保|保]] pawX
* 13-64/1057f [[wikt:葆|葆]] pawX
* 13-64/1057g [[wikt:褓|褓]] pawX
* 13-64/1057h [[wikt:襃|襃]] paw, pawH

==13-65==
* 13-65/13-66/1059a [[wikt:寶|寶]] pawX

==13-66==
* 13-66/13-67/1060b [[wikt:鴇|鴇]] pawX

==13-67==
* 13-67/13-68/1061a [[wikt:虣|虣]] bawH

==13-68==
* 13-68/13-69/1107a [[wikt:缶|缶]] pjuwX
* 13-68/13-69/1107d [[wikt:㯱|㯱]] bjew

==13-69==
* 13-69/13-70/1108a [[wikt:阜|阜]] bjuwX

==13-70==
* 13-70/13-71/1106a [[wikt:彪|彪]] pjiw
* 13-70/13-71/1106b [[wikt:滮|滮]] bjiw, pjiw
* 13-70/13-71/1154a [[wikt:髟|髟]] pjiew, pjiw, sraem

==13-71==
* 13-71/13-72/1113a [[wikt:包|包]] paew
* 13-71/13-72/1113b [[wikt:胞|胞]] paew, phaew
* 13-71/13-72/1113c [[wikt:苞|苞]] bjewX, paew
* 13-71/13-72/1113d [[wikt:飽|飽]] paewX
* 13-71/13-72/1113e [[wikt:庖|庖]] baew
* 13-71/13-72/1113f [[wikt:匏|匏]] baew
* 13-71/13-72/1113g [[wikt:炮|炮]] baew
* 13-71/13-72/1113h [[wikt:鮑|鮑]] baewX
* 13-71/13-72/1113i [[wikt:袍|袍]] baw, bawH
* 13-71/13-72/1113j [[wikt:抱|抱]] bawX
* 13-71/13-72/1113k [[wikt:枹|枹]] bjuw
* 13-71/13-72/1113l [[wikt:䍖|䍖]] bjuw
* 13-71/13-72/1113m [[wikt:鞄|鞄]] baew, baewH, baewX, phaewk
* 13-71/13-72/1113n [[wikt:雹|雹]] baewk

==13-72==
* 13-72/13-73/1233a [[wikt:孚|孚]] phju
* 13-72/13-73/1233d [[wikt:俘|俘]] phju
* 13-72/13-73/1233f [[wikt:莩|莩]] bjewX, phju
* 13-72/13-73/1233g [[wikt:郛|郛]] phju
* 13-72/13-73/1233h [[wikt:垺|垺]] phju, phjuw, phwoj
* 13-72/13-73/1233i [[wikt:殍|殍]] bjewX, phju
* 13-72/13-73/1233j [[wikt:罦|罦]] phju
* 13-72/13-73/1233k [[wikt:桴|桴]] phju
* 13-72/13-73/1233l [[wikt:浮|浮]] bjuw
* 13-72/13-73/1233n [[wikt:蜉|蜉]] bjuw
* 13-72/13-73/1233o [[wikt:捊|捊]] baew

==13-73==
* 13-73/13-74/1062a [[wikt:冒|冒]] mawH, mok
* 13-73/13-74/1062a [[wikt:冒|冒]] mawH, mok
* 13-73/13-74/1062c [[wikt:媢|媢]] mawH
* 13-73/13-74/1062d [[wikt:瑁|瑁]] mawH
* 13-73/13-74/1062- [[wikt:帽|帽]] mawH

==13-74==
* 13-74/13-75/1063a [[wikt:牡|牡]] muwX

==13-75==
* 13-75/13-76/1109a [[wikt:矛|矛]] mjuw, muw
* 13-75/13-76/1109c [[wikt:茅|茅]] maew
* 13-75/13-76/1109d [[wikt:楙|楙]] maw
* 13-75/13-76/1109f [[wikt:懋|懋]] muwH
* 13-75/13-76/1109h [[wikt:敄|敄]] mjuH, mjuX
* 13-75/13-76/1109j [[wikt:務|務]] mjuH
* 13-75/13-76/1109k [[wikt:婺|婺]] mjuH
* 13-75/13-76/1109l [[wikt:騖|騖]] mjuH
* 13-75/13-76/1109m [[wikt:蝥|蝥]] mjuw
* 13-75/13-76/1109n [[wikt:蟊|蟊]] mjuw
* 13-75/13-76/1109o [[wikt:鍪|鍪]] mjuw
* 13-75/13-76/1109p [[wikt:𩭾|𩭾]] mjuw
* 13-75/13-76/1109q [[wikt:瞀|瞀]] maewk, muwH
* 13-75/13-76/1109r [[wikt:楘|楘]] muwk
* 13-75/13-76/1109s [[wikt:鶩|鶩]] muwk
* 13-75/13-76/1109t [[wikt:霧|霧]] mjuH

==13-76==
* 13-76/13-77/1110a [[wikt:牟|牟]] mjuw
* 13-76/13-77/1110b [[wikt:恈|恈]] mjuw
* 13-76/13-77/1110c [[wikt:眸|眸]] mjuw
* 13-76/13-77/1110d [[wikt:麰|麰]] mjuw
* 13-76/13-77/1110e [[wikt:侔|侔]] mjuw, muw

==13-77==
* 13-77/13-78/1231a [[wikt:戊|戊]] muwH
* 13-77/13-78/1231f [[wikt:茂|茂]] muwH

=14=
==14-01==
* 14-01/1039a [[wikt:告|告]] kawH, kowk
* 14-01/1039e [[wikt:誥|誥]] kawH
* 14-01/1039f [[wikt:郜|郜]] kawH, kowk
* 14-01/1039h [[wikt:皓|皓]] kawX
* 14-01/1039i [[wikt:晧|晧]] kawX
* 14-01/1039j [[wikt:浩|浩]] hawX
* 14-01/1039k [[wikt:梏|梏]] kowk
* 14-01/1039l [[wikt:牿|牿]] kowk
* 14-01/1039m [[wikt:酷|酷]] khowk
* 14-01/1039n [[wikt:鵠|鵠]] howk, kowk
* 14-01/1039o [[wikt:窖|窖]] kaewH

==14-02==
* 14-02/1017a [[wikt:匊|匊]] kjuwk
* 14-02/1017c [[wikt:掬|掬]] kjuwk
* 14-02/1017d [[wikt:椈|椈]] kjuwk
* 14-02/1017e [[wikt:菊|菊]] kjuwk
* 14-02/1017f [[wikt:蘜|蘜]] kjuwk
* 14-02/1017g [[wikt:踘|踘]] kjuwk
* 14-02/1017h [[wikt:鞠|鞠]] kjuwk
* 14-02/1017i [[wikt:麴|麴]] khjuwk
* 14-02/1017j [[wikt:鞫|鞫]] kjuwk
* 14-02/1017k [[wikt:𥷚|𥷚]] kjuwk

==14-03==
* 14-03/1038a [[wikt:學|學]] haewk
* 14-03/1038d [[wikt:斆|斆]] haewH
* 14-03/1038f [[wikt:覺|覺]] kaewH, kaewk
* 14-03/1038g [[wikt:嚳|嚳]] khowk
* 14-03/1038h [[wikt:鷽|鷽]] 'aewk, haewk
* 14-03/1038i [[wikt:攪|攪]] kaewX

==14-04==
* 14-04/1045a [[wikt:奧|奧]] 'awH, 'juwk
* 14-04/1045b [[wikt:澳|澳]] 'awH
* 14-04/1045c [[wikt:隩|隩]] 'awH, 'juwk
* 14-04/1045d [[wikt:燠|燠]] 'juwk
* 14-04/1045e [[wikt:薁|薁]] 'juwk

==14-05==
* 14-05/1016a [[wikt:毒|毒]] dowk
* 14-05/1016b [[wikt:纛|纛]] dawH, dowk

==14-06==
* 14-06/1025a [[wikt:祝|祝]] tsyuwH, tsyuwk
* 14-06/1025f [[wikt:柷|柷]] tsyhuwk, tsyuwk

==14-07==
* 14-07/1026a [[wikt:孰|孰]] dzyuwk
* 14-07/1026b [[wikt:熟|熟]] dzyuwk
* 14-07/1026c [[wikt:塾|塾]] dzyuwk

==14-08==
* 14-08/1019a [[wikt:竹|竹]] trjuwk
* 14-08/1019c [[wikt:筑|筑]] trjuwk
* 14-08/1019d [[wikt:築|築]] trjuwk
* 14-08/1019e [[wikt:𥲒|𥲒]] trjuwk
* 14-08/1019f [[wikt:竺|竺]] towk
* 14-08/1019g [[wikt:篤|篤]] towk

==14-09==
* 14-09/1075a [[wikt:晝|晝]] trjuwH

==14-10==
* 14-10/1024a [[wikt:粥|粥]] tsyuwk
* 14-10/1024b [[wikt:鬻|鬻]] tsyuwk, yuwk

==14-11==
* 14-11/1020a [[wikt:育|育]] yuwk

==14-12==
* 14-12/1021a [[wikt:毓|毓]] yuwk

==14-13==
* 14-13/1022a [[wikt:逐|逐]] drjuwk
* 14-13/1022d [[wikt:篴|篴]] dek
* 14-13/1022e [[wikt:蓫|蓫]] drjuwk, trhjuwk

==14-14==
* 14-14/1023a [[wikt:賣|賣]] yuwk
* 14-14/1023c [[wikt:儥|儥]] yuwk
* 14-14/1023e [[wikt:覿|覿]] dek
* 14-14/1023f [[wikt:匵|匵]] duwk
* 14-14/1023g [[wikt:嬻|嬻]] duwk
* 14-14/1023h [[wikt:櫝|櫝]] duwk
* 14-14/1023i [[wikt:殰|殰]] duwk
* 14-14/1023j [[wikt:瀆|瀆]] duwk
* 14-14/1023k [[wikt:牘|牘]] duwk
* 14-14/1023l [[wikt:犢|犢]] duwk
* 14-14/1023m [[wikt:讀|讀]] duwk
* 14-14/1023n [[wikt:讟|讟]] duwk
* 14-14/1023o [[wikt:䢱|䢱]] duwk
* 14-14/1023q [[wikt:韇|韇]] duwk
* 14-14/1023r [[wikt:黷|黷]] duwk
* 14-14/1023s [[wikt:竇|竇]] duwH
* 14-14/1023t [[wikt:贖|贖]] dzyowk, zyowk
* 14-14/1023u [[wikt:續|續]] zjowk
* 14-14/1023v [[wikt:藚|藚]] zjowk

==14-15==
* 14-15/1018a [[wikt:畜|畜]] trhjuwH, trhjuwk, xjuwH, xjuwk
* 14-15/1018c [[wikt:蓄|蓄]] trhjuwk, xjuwk
* 14-15/1018d [[wikt:稸|稸]] trhjuwk, xjuwk
* 14-15/1018e [[wikt:慉|慉]] xjuwk
* 14-15/1018f [[wikt:滀|滀]] trhjuwk

==14-16==
* 14-16/1032a [[wikt:六|六]] ljuwk
* 14-16/1032e [[wikt:坴|坴]] ljuwk
* 14-16/1032f [[wikt:陸|陸]] ljuwk
* 14-16/1032h [[wikt:稑|稑]] ljuwk
* 14-16/1032i [[wikt:睦|睦]] mjuwk

==14-17==
* 14-17/1033a [[wikt:肉|肉]] nyuwH, nyuwk

==14-18==
* 14-18/1031a [[wikt:尗|尗]] syuwk
* 14-18/1031b [[wikt:叔|叔]] syuwk
* 14-18/1031e [[wikt:𣢰|𣢰]] tsjuwk
* 14-18/1031f [[wikt:戚|戚]] tshek
* 14-18/1031g [[wikt:菽|菽]] syuwk
* 14-18/1031h [[wikt:俶|俶]] tsyhuwk
* 14-18/1031i [[wikt:諔|諔]] tsyhuwk
* 14-18/1031j [[wikt:淑|淑]] dzyuwk
* 14-18/1031k [[wikt:踧|踧]] dek, tsjuwk
* 14-18/1031l [[wikt:寂|寂]] dzek
* 14-18/1031n [[wikt:督|督]] towk
* 14-18/1031o [[wikt:裻|裻]] sowk, towk
* 14-18/1031p [[wikt:惄|惄]] nek
* 14-18/1031q [[wikt:椒|椒]] tsew, tsjew
* 14-18/1031s [[wikt:蔋|蔋]] dek
* 14-18/1031t [[wikt:蹙|蹙]] tsjuwk
* 14-18/1031u [[wikt:䠞|䠞]] tsjuwk
* 14-18/1031v [[wikt:顣|顣]] tshek, tsjuwk
* 14-18/1031x [[wikt:慼|慼]] tshek
* 14-18/1031y [[wikt:鏚|鏚]] tshek

==14-19==
* 14-19/1027a [[wikt:鼀|鼀]] tshjuwk
* 14-19/1027b [[wikt:灶|灶]] tsawH

==14-20==
* 14-20/1029a [[wikt:宿|宿]] sjuwH, sjuwk
* 14-20/1029c [[wikt:縮|縮]] srjuwk
* 14-20/1029d [[wikt:蹜|蹜]] srjuwk

==14-21==
* 14-21/1030a [[wikt:夙|夙]] sjuwk

==14-22==
* 14-22/1028a [[wikt:肅|肅]] sjuwk
* 14-22/1028c [[wikt:鱐|鱐]] sjuwk, srjuw
* 14-22/1028d [[wikt:䐹|䐹]] sjuwk, srjuw
* 14-22/1028e [[wikt:繡|繡]] sjuwH
* 14-22/1028f [[wikt:嘯|嘯]] sewH
* 14-22/1028g [[wikt:歗|歗]] sewH
* 14-22/1028h [[wikt:簫|簫]] sew
* 14-22/1028i [[wikt:蕭|蕭]] sew
* 14-22/1028j [[wikt:瀟|瀟]] sew
* 14-22/1028k [[wikt:蠨|蠨]] sew

==14-23==
* 14-23/1034a [[wikt:复|复]] bjuwk
* 14-23/1034d [[wikt:復|復]] bjuwH, bjuwk
* 14-23/1034g [[wikt:輹|輹]] bjuwk
* 14-23/1034h [[wikt:腹|腹]] pjuwk
* 14-23/1034i [[wikt:複|複]] pjuwk
* 14-26/1034j [[wikt:蝮|蝮]] phjuwk
* 14-26/1034k [[wikt:愎|愎]] bik
* 14-23/1034l [[wikt:𥨍|𥨍]] phjuwH
* 14-23/1034m [[wikt:覆|覆]] phjuwk

==14-24==
* 14-24/1036a [[wikt:目|目]] mjuwk

==14-25==
* 14-25/1035a [[wikt:穆|穆]] mjuwk

=15=
==15-01==
* 15-01/1006a [[wikt:宮|宮]] kjuwng
* 15-01/1006e [[wikt:躳|躳]] kjuwng
* 15-01/1006f [[wikt:躬|躬]] kjuwng
* 15-01/1006g [[wikt:竆|竆]] gjuwng
* 15-01/1006h [[wikt:窮|窮]] gjuwng

==15-02==
* 15-02/1015a [[wikt:降|降]] haewng, kaewngH
* 15-02/1015d [[wikt:洚|洚]] naewng, howng, huwng, kaewngH
* 15-02/1015e [[wikt:戇|戇]] xuwngH
* 15-02/1015f [[wikt:隆|隆]] ljuwng
* 15-02/1015g [[wikt:癃|癃]] ljuwng

==15-03==
* 15-03/1002a [[wikt:冬|冬]] towng
* 15-03/1002e [[wikt:終|終]] tsyuwng
* 15-03/1002f [[wikt:螽|螽]] tsyuwng

==15-04==
* 15-04/1010a [[wikt:眾|眾]] tsyuwngH
* 15-04/1010e [[wikt:𧑄|𧑄]] tsyuwng
* 15-04/1010f [[wikt:潨|潨]] dzowng, dzuwng, tsyuwng

==15-05==
* 15-05/1011a [[wikt:充|充]] tsyhuwng
* 15-05/1011b [[wikt:統|統]] thowngH

==15-06==
* 15-06/1007a [[wikt:中|中]] trjuwng, trjuwngH
* 15-06/1007f [[wikt:仲|仲]] drjuwngH
* 15-06/1007j [[wikt:衷|衷]] trjuwng
* 15-06/1007k [[wikt:忠|忠]] trjuwng
* 15-06/1007n [[wikt:忡|忡]] trhjuwng
* 15-06/1007o [[wikt:盅|盅]] drjuwng, trhjuwng
* 15-06/1007p [[wikt:沖|沖]] drjuwng

==15-07==
* 15-07/1009a [[wikt:蟲|蟲]] drjuwng
* 15-07/1009d [[wikt:融|融]] yuwng
* 15-07/1009e [[wikt:赨|赨]] downg
* 15-07/1009f [[wikt:𢥞|𢥞]] downg

==15-08==
* 15-08/1008a [[wikt:肜|肜]] yuwng
* 15-08/1008c [[wikt:彡|彡]] yuwng
* 15-08/1008e [[wikt:彤|彤]] dung

==15-09==
* 15-09/1005a [[wikt:農|農]] nowng
* 15-09/1005b [[wikt:辳|辳]] nowng
* 15-09/1005g [[wikt:噥|噥]] nowng
* 15-09/1005h [[wikt:膿|膿]] nowng
* 15-09/1005i [[wikt:濃|濃]] nrjowng, nuwng
* 15-09/1005j [[wikt:醲|醲]] nrjowng, nuwng
* 15-09/1005k [[wikt:穠|穠]] nrjowng, nyowng
* 15-09/1005l [[wikt:襛|襛]] nrjowng, nyowng
* 15-09/1005- [[wikt:𨑊|𨑊]] nrjowng
* 15-09/1005- [[wikt:齈|齈]] nuwngH

==15-10==
* 15-10/1013a [[wikt:戎|戎]] nyuwng
* 15-10/1013e [[wikt:茙|茙]] nyuwng

==15-11==
* 15-11/1012a [[wikt:嵩|嵩]] sjuwng

==15-12==
* 15-12/1004a [[wikt:宋|宋]] sowngH

==15-13==
* 15-13/1003a [[wikt:宗|宗]] tsowng
* 15-13/1003f [[wikt:綜|綜]] tsowngH
* 15-13/1003g [[wikt:琮|琮]] dzowng
* 15-13/1003h [[wikt:崇|崇]] dzrjuwng

==15-14==
* 15-14/1014a [[wikt:豐|豐]] phjowng, phjuwng
* 15-14/1014e [[wikt:麷|麷]] phjuwng

==15-15==
* 15-15/1253a [[wikt:賵|賵]] phjuwngH

=16=
==16-01==
* 16-01/1129a [[wikt:高|高]] kaw
* 16-01/1129d [[wikt:皜|皜]] kawX
* 16-01/1129e [[wikt:暠|暠]] kawX
* 16-01/1129f [[wikt:稾|稾]] kawX
* 16-01/1129g [[wikt:藁|藁]] kawX
* 16-01/1129h [[wikt:縞|縞]] kawX
* 16-01/1129i [[wikt:膏|膏]] kaw, kawH
* 16-01/1129j [[wikt:槁|槁]] kawX, khawX
* 16-01/1129k [[wikt:槀|槀]] kawX, khawX
* 16-01/1129l [[wikt:犒|犒]] khawH
* 16-01/1129m [[wikt:毫|毫]] haw
* 16-01/1129n [[wikt:豪|豪]] haw
* 16-01/1129o [[wikt:鎬|鎬]] hawX
* 16-01/1129q [[wikt:蒿|蒿]] xaw
* 16-01/1129s [[wikt:㪣|㪣]] khaew, khaewH
* 16-01/1129t [[wikt:謞|謞]] xaewH
* 16-01/1129u [[wikt:熇|熇]] xak, xowk
* 16-01/1129v [[wikt:翯|翯]] haewk, xaewk
* 16-01/1129x [[wikt:嗃|嗃]] xaewk, xak
* 16-01/1129y [[wikt:壕|壕]] haw
* 16-01/1129z [[wikt:譹|譹]] haw
* 16-01/1129a' [[wikt:薧|薧]] khawX
* 16-01/1129b' [[wikt:嚆|嚆]] xaew, xaewH
* 16-01/1129c' [[wikt:藃|藃]] xaewk, xawH
* 16-01/1129- [[wikt:稿|稿]] kawX

==16-02==
* 16-02/1244a [[wikt:羔|羔]] kaw
* 16-02/1244b [[wikt:䅵|䅵]] kowk, tsyak

==16-03==
* 16-03/1138a [[wikt:喬|喬]] gjew, khjew, kjew
* 16-03/1138c [[wikt:僑|僑]] gjew
* 16-03/1138d [[wikt:嶠|嶠]] gjew, gjewH
* 16-03/1138e [[wikt:鐈|鐈]] gjew
* 16-03/1138g [[wikt:橋|橋]] gjew, kjewH, kjewX
* 16-03/1138h [[wikt:趫|趫]] gjew
* 16-03/1138i [[wikt:憍|憍]] kjew
* 16-03/1138j [[wikt:撟|撟]] kjewX
* 16-03/1138k [[wikt:敿|敿]] kjewX
* 16-03/1138l [[wikt:矯|矯]] kjewX
* 16-03/1138m [[wikt:譑|譑]] kjewX
* 16-03/1138n [[wikt:鷮|鷮]] gjew, kjew
* 16-03/1138o [[wikt:驕|驕]] khjew, xjew
* 16-03/1138p [[wikt:繑|繑]] khjew
* 16-03/1138q [[wikt:蹻|蹻]] gjak, kjak, kjewX
* 16-03/1138r [[wikt:屩|屩]] kjak

==16-04==
* 16-04/1162a [[wikt:敫|敫]] kewX
* 16-04/1162b [[wikt:皦|皦]] kewX
* 16-04/1162c [[wikt:噭|噭]] kek, kewH
* 16-04/1162d [[wikt:徼|徼]] kew, kewH
* 16-04/1162e [[wikt:激|激]] kek, kewH
* 16-04/1162f [[wikt:邀|邀]] kew
* 16-04/1162g [[wikt:撽|撽]] khek, khewH
* 16-04/1162h [[wikt:竅|竅]] khewH
* 16-04/1258e [[wikt:繳|繳]] tsyak

==16-05==
* 16-05/1163a [[wikt:釗|釗]] kew, tsyew

==16-06==
* 16-06/1166a [[wikt:交|交]] kaew
* 16-06/1166c [[wikt:烄|烄]] kaewX
* 16-06/1166e [[wikt:佼|佼]] kaewX
* 16-06/1166f [[wikt:姣|姣]] haew
* 16-06/1166g [[wikt:咬|咬]] 'aew, 'aew, kaew, kaew, ngaewX
* 16-06/1166h [[wikt:挍|挍]] kaewH
* 16-06/1166i [[wikt:校|校]] haew, haewH, haewX, kaewH, kaewX
* 16-06/1166j [[wikt:狡|狡]] kaewX
* 16-06/1166k [[wikt:絞|絞]] haew, kaewX
* 16-06/1166l [[wikt:茭|茭]] kaew
* 16-06/1166m [[wikt:蛟|蛟]] kaew
* 16-06/1166n [[wikt:郊|郊]] kaew
* 16-06/1166o [[wikt:鮫|鮫]] kaew
* 16-06/1166p [[wikt:骹|骹]] khaew
* 16-06/1166q [[wikt:恔|恔]] haewH
* 16-06/1166r [[wikt:效|效]] haewH
* 16-06/1166u [[wikt:傚|傚]] haewH
* 16-06/1166v [[wikt:効|効]] haewH
* 16-06/1166x [[wikt:晈|晈]] kewX
* 16-06/1166y [[wikt:皎|皎]] kewX
* 16-06/1166z [[wikt:㝔|㝔]] 'ew
* 16-06/1166a' [[wikt:窔|窔]] 'ewH
* 16-06/1166b' [[wikt:較|較]] kaewk

==16-07==
* 16-07/1167a [[wikt:爻|爻]] haew
* 16-07/1167d [[wikt:肴|肴]] haew
* 16-07/1167e [[wikt:殽|殽]] haew
* 16-07/1167f [[wikt:𢼂|𢼂]] kaewH
* 16-07/1167g [[wikt:𤕝|𤕝]] kaewH
* 16-07/1167i [[wikt:教|教]] kaewH
* 16-07/1167m [[wikt:䡈|䡈]] kaewk

==16-08==
* 16-08/1041p [[wikt:号|号]] hawH
* 16-08/1041q [[wikt:號|號]] haw
* 16-08/1041r [[wikt:呺|呺]] xjew
* 16-08/1041s [[wikt:枵|枵]] xjew
* 16-08/1041t [[wikt:鴞|鴞]] yew
* 16-08/1041- [[wikt:殠|殠]] xjuwX

==16-09==
* 16-09/1168a [[wikt:孝|孝]] xaewH
* 16-09/1168d [[wikt:哮|哮]] xaew, xaewH

==16-10==
* 16-10/1141a [[wikt:夭|夭]] 'awX, 'jewX
* 16-10/1141c [[wikt:枖|枖]] 'jew
* 16-10/1141d [[wikt:妖|妖]] 'jew
* 16-10/1141e [[wikt:𡝩|𡝩]] 'jew
* 16-10/1141f [[wikt:殀|殀]] 'jewX
* 16-10/1141g [[wikt:祆|祆]] 'jew
* 16-10/1141h [[wikt:訞|訞]] 'jew
* 16-10/1141i [[wikt:宎|宎]] 'ewX
* 16-10/1141j [[wikt:穾|穾]] 'ew, 'ewH, 'ewX
* 16-10/1141k [[wikt:䴠|䴠]] 'awX
* 16-10/1141l [[wikt:沃|沃]] 'owk
* 16-10/1141m [[wikt:鋈|鋈]] 'owk
* 16-10/1242a [[wikt:飫|飫]] 'joH

==16-11==
* 16-11/1142a [[wikt:要|要]] 'jiew, 'jiewH
* 16-11/1142b [[wikt:腰|腰]] 'jiew
* 16-11/1142c [[wikt:喓|喓]] 'jiew
* 16-11/1142d [[wikt:葽|葽]] 'jiew

==16-12==
* 16-12/1140a [[wikt:囂|囂]] xjew, ngaw

==16-13==
* 16-13/1130a [[wikt:敖|敖]] ngaw
* 16-13/1130c [[wikt:遨|遨]] ngaw
* 16-13/1130d [[wikt:傲|傲]] ngaw, ngawH
* 16-13/1130e [[wikt:嗷|嗷]] ngaw
* 16-13/1130f [[wikt:嗸|嗸]] ngaw
* 16-13/1130g [[wikt:摮|摮]] ngaw
* 16-13/1130h [[wikt:熬|熬]] ngaw
* 16-13/1130j [[wikt:獒|獒]] ngaw
* 16-13/1130k [[wikt:螯|螯]] ngaw
* 16-13/1130l [[wikt:謷|謷]] ngaew, ngaw, ngawH
* 16-13/1130m [[wikt:驁|驁]] ngaw
* 16-13/1130o [[wikt:鼇|鼇]] ngaw

==16-14==
* 16-14/1164a [[wikt:堯|堯]] ngew
* 16-14/1164b [[wikt:僥|僥]] kewX, ngew
* 16-14/1164c [[wikt:澆|澆]] kew
* 16-14/1164d [[wikt:髐|髐]] khew
* 16-14/1164e [[wikt:嘵|嘵]] xew
* 16-14/1164f [[wikt:曉|曉]] xewX
* 16-14/1164g [[wikt:膮|膮]] xew, xewX
* 16-14/1164h [[wikt:翹|翹]] gjiew
* 16-14/1164i [[wikt:磽|磽]] khaew, khewX
* 16-14/1164j [[wikt:墝|墝]] khaew, khewX
* 16-14/1164k [[wikt:繞|繞]] nyewH, nyewX
* 16-14/1164l [[wikt:蕘|蕘]] nyew
* 16-14/1164m [[wikt:蟯|蟯]] nyew
* 16-14/1164n [[wikt:襓|襓]] nyew
* 16-14/1164o [[wikt:饒|饒]] nyew
* 16-14/1164p [[wikt:橈|橈]] nraewH, nyew
* 16-14/1164q [[wikt:譊|譊]] nraew
* 16-14/1164r [[wikt:鐃|鐃]] nraew
* 16-14/1164s [[wikt:撓|撓]] nraewX, xaw
* 16-14/1164t [[wikt:燒|燒]] syew

==16-15==
* 16-15/1131a [[wikt:刀|刀]] taw, tew
* 16-15/1131c [[wikt:忉|忉]] taw
* 16-15/1131d [[wikt:叨|叨]] thaw
* 16-15/1131e [[wikt:召|召]] drjewH, dzyewX
* 16-15/1131i [[wikt:怊|怊]] trhjew, tsyhew
* 16-15/1131j [[wikt:超|超]] trhjew
* 16-15/1131k [[wikt:軺|軺]] yew
* 16-15/1131l [[wikt:招|招]] tsyew
* 16-15/1131m [[wikt:昭|昭]] dzyew, tsyew, tsyewX
* 16-15/1131n [[wikt:炤|炤]] tsyewH
* 16-15/1131o [[wikt:照|照]] tsyewH
* 16-15/1131p [[wikt:沼|沼]] tsyewX
* 16-15/1131q [[wikt:詔|詔]] tsyewH
* 16-15/1131r [[wikt:鉊|鉊]] tsyew
* 16-15/1131s [[wikt:弨|弨]] tsyhew, tsyhewX
* 16-15/1131t [[wikt:卲|卲]] dzyewX
* 16-15/1131z [[wikt:紹|紹]] dzyewX
* 16-15/1131a' [[wikt:韶|韶]] dzyew
* 16-15/1131b' [[wikt:㲈|㲈]] dzyew
* 16-15/1131c' [[wikt:貂|貂]] tew
* 16-15/1131d' [[wikt:苕|苕]] dew
* 16-15/1131e' [[wikt:鞀|鞀]] daw
* 16-15/1132a [[wikt:到|到]] tawH
* 16-15/1132c [[wikt:倒|倒]] tawH, tawX
* 16-15/1132d [[wikt:菿|菿]] tawH

==16-16==
* 16-16/1133a [[wikt:盜|盜]] dawH

==16-17==
* 16-17/1143a [[wikt:朝|朝]] drjew, trjew
* 16-17/1143d [[wikt:潮|潮]] drjew
* 16-17/1160a [[wikt:廟|廟]] mjewH

==16-18==
* 16-18/1146a [[wikt:肇|肇]] drjewX

==16-19==
* 16-19/1147a [[wikt:鼂|鼂]] drjew

==16-20==
* 16-20/1145a [[wikt:兆|兆]] drjewX
* 16-20/1145b [[wikt:垗|垗]] drjewX
* 16-20/1145c [[wikt:旐|旐]] drjewX
* 16-20/1145d [[wikt:姚|姚]] yew
* 16-20/1145g [[wikt:珧|珧]] yew
* 16-20/1145h [[wikt:銚|銚]] dew, thew, tshjew
* 16-20/1145i [[wikt:恌|恌]] thew
* 16-20/1145j [[wikt:眺|眺]] thewH
* 16-20/1145k [[wikt:祧|祧]] thew
* 16-20/1145l [[wikt:覜|覜]] thewH
* 16-20/1145m [[wikt:頫|頫]] thewH
* 16-20/1145n [[wikt:佻|佻]] dew, dewX, thew
* 16-20/1145o [[wikt:挑|挑]] dewX, thaw, thew
* 16-20/1145p [[wikt:跳|跳]] dew
* 16-20/1145q [[wikt:窕|窕]] dewX, thew
* 16-20/1145r [[wikt:誂|誂]] dewX
* 16-20/1145s [[wikt:洮|洮]] thaw
* 16-20/1145t [[wikt:咷|咷]] daw, thewH
* 16-20/1145u [[wikt:桃|桃]] daw
* 16-20/1145v [[wikt:逃|逃]] daw
* 16-20/1145x [[wikt:鞉|鞉]] daw
* 16-20/1145y [[wikt:鼗|鼗]] daw
* 16-20/1145z [[wikt:駣|駣]] daw, dawX

==16-21==
* 16-21/1144a [[wikt:䍃|䍃]] yew
* 16-21/1144b [[wikt:窰|窰]] yew
* 16-21/1144c [[wikt:窯|窯]] yew
* 16-21/1144d [[wikt:傜|傜]] yew
* 16-21/1144e [[wikt:徭|徭]] yew
* 16-21/1144f [[wikt:媱|媱]] yew
* 16-21/1144g [[wikt:搖|搖]] yew
* 16-21/1144h [[wikt:榣|榣]] yew
* 16-21/1144i [[wikt:瑤|瑤]] yew
* 16-21/1144j [[wikt:謠|謠]] yew
* 16-21/1144k [[wikt:遙|遙]] yew
* 16-21/1144l [[wikt:鰩|鰩]] yew
* 16-21/1144m [[wikt:鷂|鷂]] yewH
* 16-21/1144n [[wikt:繇|繇]] drjuwH, yew
* 16-21/1144o [[wikt:櫾|櫾]] yuw

==16-22==
* 16-22/1149e [[wikt:少|少]] syewH, syewX

==16-23==
* 16-23/1135a [[wikt:勞|勞]] law, lawH
* 16-23/1135b [[wikt:膋|膋]] lew

==16-24==
* 16-24/1151a [[wikt:𤋯|𤋯]] ljew, ljewH
* 16-24/1151b [[wikt:尞|尞]] ljewH
* 16-24/1151e [[wikt:燎|燎]] lewH
* 16-24/1151f [[wikt:療|療]] ljewH
* 16-24/1151g [[wikt:繚|繚]] lewX, ljewX
* 16-24/1151h [[wikt:僚|僚]] lew, lewX
* 16-24/1151i [[wikt:寮|寮]] lew, lewX
* 16-24/1151m [[wikt:憭|憭]] lew
* 16-24/1151n [[wikt:獠|獠]] lew
* 16-24/1151o [[wikt:瞭|瞭]] lew, lewX
* 16-24/1151p [[wikt:膫|膫]] lew
* 16-24/1151q [[wikt:遼|遼]] lew
* 16-24/1151r [[wikt:鷯|鷯]] lew
* 16-24/1151s [[wikt:橑|橑]] lawX, lew
* 16-24/1151t [[wikt:簝|簝]] law, lew
* 16-24/1151u [[wikt:潦|潦]] lawX
* 16-24/1151v [[wikt:䕩|䕩]] lawX

==16-25==
* 16-25/- [[wikt:了|了]] lewX
==16-26==
* 16-26/1245c [[wikt:料|料]] lew, lewH
* 16-26/1245d [[wikt:敹|敹]] lew

==16-27==
* 16-27/1152a [[wikt:擾|擾]] nyewX
* 16-27/1152b [[wikt:獶|獶]] naw

==16-28==
* 16-28/1244f [[wikt:腦|腦]] nawX

==16-29==
* 16-29/16-28A/1244g [[wikt:𠜶|𠜶]] nawX

==16-30==
* 16-30/16-29/1244i [[wikt:呶|呶]] nraew
* 16-30/16-29/1244j [[wikt:怓|怓]] nraew

==16-31==
* 16-31/16-30/1134a [[wikt:喿|喿]] sawH
* 16-31/16-30/1134c [[wikt:譟|譟]] sawH
* 16-31/16-30/1134d [[wikt:燥|燥]] sawH, sawX
* 16-31/16-30/1134e [[wikt:臊|臊]] saw
* 16-31/16-30/1134f [[wikt:鱢|鱢]] saw
* 16-31/16-30/1134g [[wikt:澡|澡]] tsawX
* 16-31/16-30/1134h [[wikt:璪|璪]] tsawX
* 16-31/16-30/1134i [[wikt:繰|繰]] tsawX
* 16-31/16-30/1134j [[wikt:趮|趮]] tsawH
* 16-31/16-30/1134k [[wikt:躁|躁]] tsawH
* 16-31/16-30/1134l [[wikt:懆|懆]] tshawX
* 16-31/16-30/1134m [[wikt:操|操]] tshawH, tshawX
* 16-31/16-30/1134n [[wikt:藻|藻]] tsawX

==16-32==
* 16-32/16-31/1148a [[wikt:焦|焦]] tsjew
* 16-32/16-31/1148b [[wikt:燋|燋]] tsjak, tsraewk
* 16-32/16-31/1148c [[wikt:僬|僬]] dzjew, tsjewH
* 16-32/16-31/1148d [[wikt:潐|潐]] tsjewH
* 16-32/16-31/1148e [[wikt:蕉|蕉]] tsjew
* 16-32/16-31/1148f [[wikt:醮|醮]] tsjewH
* 16-32/16-31/1148g [[wikt:鷦|鷦]] tsjew
* 16-32/16-31/1148h [[wikt:憔|憔]] dzjew
* 16-32/16-31/1148i [[wikt:樵|樵]] dzjew
* 16-32/16-31/1148j [[wikt:譙|譙]] dzjew
* 16-32/16-31/1148k [[wikt:噍|噍]] dzjewH, tsjew, tsjuw
* 16-32/16-31/1148l [[wikt:穛|穛]] tsraewk
* 16-32/16-31/1148m [[wikt:𥼚|𥼚]] tsraewk

==16-33==
* 16-33/16-32/1169a [[wikt:巢|巢]] dzraew
* 16-33/16-32/1169b [[wikt:𠞰|𠞰]] tsjewX, tsrhaew
* 16-33/16-32/1169c [[wikt:勦|勦]] dzraew, tsjewX
* 16-33/16-32/1169d [[wikt:繅|繅]] saw
* 16-33/16-32/1169e [[wikt:薻|薻]] tsawX

==16-34==
* 16-34/16-33/1149a [[wikt:小|小]] sjewX
* 16-34/16-33/1149g [[wikt:肖|肖]] sjew, sjewH
* 16-34/16-33/1149h [[wikt:宵|宵]] sjew
* 16-34/16-33/1149j [[wikt:消|消]] sjew
* 16-34/16-33/1149k [[wikt:痟|痟]] sjew
* 16-34/16-33/1149l [[wikt:綃|綃]] sew, sjew
* 16-34/16-33/1149m [[wikt:逍|逍]] sjew
* 16-34/16-33/1149n [[wikt:銷|銷]] sjew
* 16-34/16-33/1149o [[wikt:霄|霄]] sjew
* 16-34/16-33/1149p [[wikt:俏|俏]] tshjewH
* 16-34/16-33/1149q [[wikt:哨|哨]] tshjewH
* 16-34/16-33/1149r [[wikt:峭|峭]] tshjewH
* 16-34/16-33/1149s [[wikt:悄|悄]] tshjewX
* 16-34/16-33/1149t [[wikt:誚|誚]] dzjewH
* 16-34/16-33/1149u [[wikt:趙|趙]] dewX, drjewX
* 16-34/16-33/1149x [[wikt:捎|捎]] sew
* 16-34/16-33/1149y [[wikt:梢|梢]] sraew
* 16-34/16-33/1149z [[wikt:稍|稍]] sraewH
* 16-34/16-33/1149a' [[wikt:筲|筲]] sraew
* 16-34/16-33/1149b' [[wikt:蛸|蛸]] sraew
* 16-34/16-33/1149c' [[wikt:削|削]] sjak, sjewH, sraewH
* 16-34/16-33/1149d' [[wikt:揱|揱]] sew, sraew, sraewk
* 16-34/16-33/1149e' [[wikt:箾|箾]] sew, sraewk

==16-35==
* 16-35/16-34/1150a [[wikt:笑|笑]] sjewH

==16-36==
* 16-36/16-35/1153a [[wikt:表|表]] pjewX

==16-37==
* 16-37/1155a [[wikt:猋|猋]] pjiew

==16-38==
* 16-38/1156a [[wikt:驫|驫]] pjiew, pjiw

==16-39==
* 16-39/1157a [[wikt:𤐫|𤐫]] phjiew, phjiewH
* 16-39/1157b [[wikt:票|票]] phjiew
* 16-39/1157c [[wikt:熛|熛]], [[wikt:𤒾|𤒾]] pjiew
* 16-39/1157d [[wikt:標|標]] pjiew
* 16-39/1157e [[wikt:飄|飄]] phjiew
* 16-39/1157f [[wikt:僄|僄]] phjiew, phjiewH
* 16-39/1157g [[wikt:剽|剽]] phjiew, phjiewH, phjiewX
* 16-39/1157h [[wikt:嘌|嘌]] phjiew
* 16-39/1157i [[wikt:漂|漂]] phjiew
* 16-39/1157j [[wikt:縹|縹]] phjiewX
* 16-39/1157k [[wikt:瓢|瓢]] bjiew
* 16-39/1157l [[wikt:摽|摽]] bjiewX, phaew, phew, phjiew, pjiew

==16-40==
* 16-40/1170a [[wikt:麃|麃]] baew, pjew
* 16-40/1170b [[wikt:儦|儦]] pjew
* 16-40/1170c [[wikt:瀌|瀌]] pjew
* 16-40/1170d [[wikt:穮|穮]] pjew
* 16-40/1170e [[wikt:鑣|鑣]] pjew
* 16-40/1170f [[wikt:皫|皫]] phjewX
* 16-40/1170g [[wikt:犥|犥]] phjewX

==16-41==
* 16-41/1137a [[wikt:毛|毛]] maw
* 16-41/1137c [[wikt:旄|旄]] maw
* 16-41/1137e [[wikt:髦|髦]] maw
* 16-41/1137g [[wikt:芼|芼]] mawH
* 16-41/1137h [[wikt:𦒷|𦒷]] mawH
* 16-41/1137i [[wikt:眊|眊]] maewk, mak, mawH
* 16-41/1137j [[wikt:秏|秏]] xawH
* 16-41/1137k [[wikt:耗|耗]] xawH

==16-42==
* 16-42/1171a [[wikt:皃|皃]] maewH
* 16-42/1171b [[wikt:貌|貌]] maewH
* 16-42/1171c [[wikt:藐|藐]] maewk
* 16-42/1171d [[wikt:邈|邈]] maewk

==16-43==
* 16-43/1159a [[wikt:苗|苗]] mjew
* 16-43/1159b [[wikt:庿|庿]] mjewH
* 16-43/1159c [[wikt:貓|貓]] maew, mjew

==16-44==
* 16-44/1158a [[wikt:眇|眇]] mjiewX
* 16-44/1158b [[wikt:妙|妙]] mjiewH
* 16-44/1158c [[wikt:杪|杪]] mjiewX
* 16-44/1158d [[wikt:鈔|鈔]] mjiewX
* 16-44/1158e [[wikt:渺|渺]] mjiewX

==16-45==
* 16-45/1161a [[wikt:淼|淼]] mjiewX

=17=
==17-01==
* 17-01/1117a [[wikt:隺|隺]] howk
* 17-01/1117b [[wikt:鶴|鶴]] haewk, hak
* 17-01/1117c [[wikt:搉|搉]] kaewk
* 17-01/1117d [[wikt:確|確]] khaewk

==17-02==
* 17-02/1118a [[wikt:虐|虐]] ngjak
* 17-02/1118c [[wikt:瘧|瘧]] ngjak
* 17-02/1118d [[wikt:謔|謔]] xjak

==17-03==
* 17-03/1165a [[wikt:弔|弔]] tek, tewH
* 17-03/1165d [[wikt:盄|盄]] tsyew

==17-04==
* 17-04/1126a [[wikt:卓|卓]] traewk
* 17-04/1126b [[wikt:倬|倬]] traewk
* 17-04/1126c [[wikt:逴|逴]] trhaewk
* 17-04/1126d [[wikt:趠|趠]] trhaewk
* 17-04/1126f [[wikt:踔|踔]] trhaewk
* 17-04/1126g [[wikt:綽|綽]] tsyhak
* 17-04/1126i [[wikt:罩|罩]] traewH
* 17-04/1126j [[wikt:淖|淖]] nraewH
* 17-04/1126l [[wikt:悼|悼]] dawH
* 17-04/1126m [[wikt:掉|掉]] dewH, dewX, nraewk

==17-05==
* 17-05/1120a [[wikt:勺|勺]] dzyak, tsyak
* 17-05/1120b [[wikt:杓|杓]] dzyak
* 17-05/1120c [[wikt:汋|汋]] tsyak, yak
* 17-05/1120d [[wikt:酌|酌]] tsyak
* 17-05/1120e [[wikt:妁|妁]] dzyak
* 17-05/1120f [[wikt:灼|灼]] tsyak
* 17-05/1120g [[wikt:礿|礿]] yak
* 17-05/1120i [[wikt:旳|旳]] tek
* 17-05/1120j [[wikt:靮|靮]] tek
* 17-05/1120k [[wikt:釣|釣]] tewH
* 17-05/1120l [[wikt:魡|魡]] tewH
* 17-05/1120m [[wikt:約|約]] 'jak, 'jiewH
* 17-05/1120n [[wikt:葯|葯]] 'aewk

==17-06==
* 17-06/1119a [[wikt:龠|龠]] yak
* 17-06/1119c [[wikt:籥|籥]] yak
* 17-06/1119d [[wikt:瀹|瀹]] yak
* 17-06/1119e [[wikt:𤅢|𤅢]] yak
* 17-06/1119f [[wikt:爚|爚]] yak
* 17-06/1119g [[wikt:禴|禴]] yak
* 17-06/1119h [[wikt:籲|籲]] yuH

==17-07==
* 17-07/1124a [[wikt:翟|翟]] dek
* 17-07/1124c [[wikt:糴|糴]] dek
* 17-07/1124d [[wikt:籊|籊]] dek, thek
* 17-07/1124e [[wikt:趯|趯]] thek
* 17-07/1124f [[wikt:躍|躍]] yak
* 17-07/1124g [[wikt:擢|擢]] draewk
* 17-07/1124h [[wikt:濯|濯]] draewH, draewk
* 17-07/1124i [[wikt:曜|曜]] yewH
* 17-07/1124j [[wikt:燿|燿]] yewH
* 17-07/1124k [[wikt:耀|耀]] yewH
* 17-07/1124l [[wikt:糶|糶]] thewH
* 17-07/1124m [[wikt:藋|藋]] dewH
* 17-07/1124n [[wikt:鑃|鑃]] dewH
* 17-07/1124q [[wikt:櫂|櫂]] draewH

==17-08==
* 17-08/1125a [[wikt:樂|樂]] lak, ljewH, ngaewH, ngaewk
* 17-08/1125d [[wikt:轢|轢]] lak, lek
* 17-08/1125e [[wikt:𧭥|𧭥]] lak
* 17-08/1125g [[wikt:濼|濼]] lowk
* 17-08/1125i [[wikt:櫟|櫟]] lek
* 17-08/1125j [[wikt:礫|礫]] lek
* 17-08/1125k [[wikt:躒|躒]] lek
* 17-08/1125l [[wikt:䟏|䟏]] syak
* 17-08/1125n [[wikt:爍|爍]] syak
* 17-08/1125o [[wikt:鑠|鑠]] syak
* 17-08/1125p [[wikt:藥|藥]] yak

==17-09==
* 17-09/1123a [[wikt:弱|弱]] nyak
* 17-09/1123b [[wikt:蒻|蒻]] nyak
* 17-09/1123c [[wikt:愵|愵]] nek
* 17-09/1123d [[wikt:溺|溺]] nek, newH
* 17-09/1123e [[wikt:嫋|嫋]] newX

==17-11==
* 17-11/1128a [[wikt:鑿|鑿]] dzak
* 17-11/1128b [[wikt:𥽿|𥽿]] tsak

==17-12==
* 17-12/1121a [[wikt:爵|爵]] tsjak
* 17-12/1121e [[wikt:爝|爝]] dzjak
* 17-12/1121f [[wikt:穱|穱]] tsraewk
* 17-12/1121g [[wikt:灂|灂]] tsjewH
* 17-12/1121h [[wikt:釂|釂]] tsjewH

==17-13==
* 17-13/1122a [[wikt:雀|雀]] tsjak

==17-14==
* 17-14/1136a [[wikt:暴|暴]] bawH, buwk
* 17-14/1136b [[wikt:曝|曝]] bawH
* 17-14/1136c [[wikt:瀑|瀑]] bawH
* 17-14/1136d [[wikt:襮|襮]] pak, powk
* 17-14/1136e [[wikt:嚗|嚗]] paewk

==17-15==
* 17-15/1127a [[wikt:駁|駁]] paewk
* 17-15/1127c [[wikt:駮|駮]] paewk

==17-16==
* 17-16/1244k [[wikt:豹|豹]] paewH

LEFT OFF HERE
=18=
==18-01==
* 18-01/0001a [[wikt:可|可]] khaX
* 18-01/0001d [[wikt:柯|柯]] ka
* 18-01/0001e [[wikt:笴|笴]] kanX, kaX
* 18-01/0001f [[wikt:何|何]] ha, haX
* 18-01/0001g [[wikt:河|河]] ha
* 18-01/0001i [[wikt:苛|苛]] ha
* 18-01/0001j [[wikt:呵|呵]] xa
* 18-01/0001k [[wikt:訶|訶]] xa
* 18-01/0001m [[wikt:阿|阿]] 'a
* 18-01/0001n [[wikt:㫊|㫊]] 'aX, 'jeX
* 18-01/0001o [[wikt:荷|荷]] ha
* 18-01/0001p [[wikt:哥|哥]] ka
* 18-01/0001q [[wikt:歌|歌]] ka
* 18-01/0001r [[wikt:謌|謌]] ka
* 18-01/0001s [[wikt:奇|奇]] gje, kje
* 18-01/0001t [[wikt:琦|琦]] gje
* 18-01/0001u [[wikt:騎|騎]] gje
* 18-01/0001v [[wikt:錡|錡]] gje, gjeX, ngjeX
* 18-01/0001x [[wikt:寄|寄]] kjeH
* 18-01/0001y [[wikt:掎|掎]] kjeX
* 18-01/0001z [[wikt:畸|畸]] kje
* 18-01/0001a' [[wikt:羇|羇]] kje
* 18-01/0001b' [[wikt:綺|綺]] khjeX
* 18-01/0001c' [[wikt:踦|踦]] khje, kjeX, ngjeX
* 18-01/0001d' [[wikt:攲|攲]] khje, kje
* 18-01/0001e' [[wikt:觭|觭]] khje
* 18-01/0001f' [[wikt:倚|倚]] 'jeX
* 18-01/0001g' [[wikt:椅|椅]] 'je
* 18-01/0001h' [[wikt:猗|猗]] 'aX, 'je, 'jeX
* 18-01/0001i' [[wikt:輢|輢]] 'jeX
* 18-01/0001j' [[wikt:陭|陭]] 'je

==18-02==
* 18-02/0349a [[wikt:个|个]] kaH, kanH

==18-03==
* 18-03/1238a [[wikt:羈|羈]] kje
* 18-03/07-33/1240c [[wikt:買|買]] meaX
* 18-03/07-33/1240e [[wikt:賣|賣]] meaH
* 18-03/18-10/0006a [[wikt:羅|羅]] la
* 18-03/18-10/0006b [[wikt:蘿|蘿]] la
* 18-03/18-10/0024a [[wikt:罹|罹]] lje
* 18-03/18-17/0026a [[wikt:罷|罷]] beaX, bje
* 18-03/18-17/0026b [[wikt:羆|羆]] pje

==18-04==
* 18-04/0015a [[wikt:加|加]] kae
* 18-04/0015c [[wikt:枷|枷]] kae, kaeH
* 18-04/0015d [[wikt:珈|珈]] kae
* 18-04/0015e [[wikt:駕|駕]] kaeH
* 18-04/0015g [[wikt:嘉|嘉]] kae
* 18-04/0015i [[wikt:哿|哿]] kaX
* 18-04/0015j [[wikt:賀|賀]] haH
* 18-04/0015- [[wikt:伽|伽]] gja (?)
* 18-04/0015- [[wikt:迦|迦]] kja (?)

==18-05==
* 18-05/0002a [[wikt:我|我]] ngaX
* 18-05/0002h [[wikt:俄|俄]] nga
* 18-05/0002i [[wikt:娥|娥]] nga
* 18-05/0002k [[wikt:峨|峨]] nga
* 18-05/0002l [[wikt:睋|睋]] nga
* 18-05/0002m [[wikt:莪|莪]] nga
* 18-05/0002n [[wikt:誐|誐]] nga
* 18-05/0002o [[wikt:餓|餓]] ngaH
* 18-05/0002p [[wikt:鵞|鵞]] nga
* 18-05/0002q [[wikt:蛾|蛾]] nga, ngjeX
* 18-05/0002r [[wikt:義|義]] ngjeH
* 18-05/0002u [[wikt:儀|儀]] ngje
* 18-05/0002v [[wikt:議|議]] ngjeH
* 18-05/0002x [[wikt:蟻|蟻]] ngjeX
* 18-05/0002y [[wikt:羲|羲]] xje
* 18-05/0002z [[wikt:犧|犧]] xje

==18-06==
* 18-06/0021a [[wikt:宜|宜]] ngje
* 18-06/0021h [[wikt:誼|誼]] ngjeH

==18-07==
An -r series acc. to Baxter and Sagart.
* 18-07/0022a [[wikt:䖒|䖒]] xje
* 18-07/0022b [[wikt:戲|戲]] xjeH

==18-08==
* 18-08/0003a [[wikt:多|多]] ta
* 18-08/0003d [[wikt:痑|痑]] taH, tha
* 18-08/0003e [[wikt:奓|奓]] trae
* 18-08/0003f [[wikt:㗬|㗬]] trhae
* 18-08/0003h [[wikt:恀|恀]] tseyX
* 18-08/0003i [[wikt:侈|侈]] tsyheX
* 18-08/0003j [[wikt:拸|拸]] trhjeX
* 18-08/0003k [[wikt:哆|哆]] tsyhaeX
* 18-08/0003l [[wikt:誃|誃]] drje, tsyheX
* 18-08/0003m [[wikt:趍|趍]] drje
* 18-08/0003o [[wikt:陊|陊]] drjeX
* 18-08/0003q [[wikt:移|移]] ye, yeH
* 18-08/0003r [[wikt:迻|迻]] ye
* 18-08/0003t [[wikt:㢋|㢋]] tsyheX

==18-09==
* 18-09/0004a [[wikt:它|它]] tha
* 18-09/0004f [[wikt:㐌|㐌]] tha
* 18-09/0004g [[wikt:也|也]] yaeX
* 18-09/0004h [[wikt:佗|佗]] da, thaH
* 18-09/0004i [[wikt:拕|拕]] tha, thaH
* 18-09/0004j [[wikt:紽|紽]] da
* 18-09/0004k [[wikt:沱|沱]] da
* 18-09/0004l [[wikt:蛇|蛇]] ye, zyae
* 18-09/0004m [[wikt:鉈|鉈]] syae
* 18-09/0004n [[wikt:匜|匜]] ye
* 18-09/0004q [[wikt:訑|訑]] tha, thwa, ye
* 18-09/0004r [[wikt:迆|迆]] ye
* 18-09/0004s [[wikt:酏|酏]] ye
* 18-09/0004t [[wikt:池|池]] drje
* 18-09/0004v [[wikt:竾|竾]] drje
* 18-09/0004x [[wikt:馳|馳]] drje
* 18-09/0004y [[wikt:杝|杝]] drjeX, ye
* 18-09/0004z [[wikt:阤|阤]] drjeX
* 18-09/0004a' [[wikt:弛|弛]] sye, syeX
* 18-09/0004b' [[wikt:地|地]] dijH
* 18-09/0004c' [[wikt:他|他]] tha
* 18-09/0004d' [[wikt:扡|扡]] tha
* 18-09/0004e' [[wikt:髢|髢]] dejH
* 18-09/0004f' [[wikt:拖|拖]] daX, tha, thaH 
* 18-09/0004g' [[wikt:胣|胣]] yeX
* 18-09/0004h' [[wikt:袘|袘]] ye
* 18-09/0004i' [[wikt:迤|迤]] ye
* 18-09/0004j' [[wikt:㢮|㢮]] syeX
* 18-09/0004k' [[wikt:𨠑|𨠑]] ye
* 18-09/0004l' [[wikt:施|施]] sye, yeH
* 18-09/0004m' [[wikt:葹|葹]] sye
* 18-09/0004n' [[wikt:椸|椸]] ye
* 18-09/0004- [[wikt:陀|陀]] da
* 18-09/0004- [[wikt:舵|舵]] da

==18-10==
Baxter &amp; Sagart (personal communication 11 April 2017) combine [[#07-33|07-33]], [[#18-03|18-03]], [[#18-10|18-10]], and [[#18-17|18-17]].

==18-11==
* 18-11/0023a [[wikt:离|离]] trhje
* 18-11/0023b [[wikt:魑|魑]] trhje
* 18-11/0023c [[wikt:螭|螭]] trhje
* 18-11/0023d [[wikt:縭|縭]] lje
* 18-11/0023e [[wikt:醨|醨]] lje
* 18-11/0023f [[wikt:離|離]] lje, ljeH
* 18-11/0023g [[wikt:籬|籬]] lje
* 18-11/0023h [[wikt:灕|灕]] lje
* 18-11/0023- [[wikt:漓|漓]] lje

==18-12==
An -r series acc. to Baxter &amp; Sagart (2014: 257)
*18-12/0350a [[wikt:那|那]] na

==18-13==
* 18-13/0005a [[wikt:左|左]] tsaH, tsaX
* 18-13/0005e [[wikt:佐|佐]] tsaH
* 18-13/0005f [[wikt:差|差]] tsha, tsrhae, tsrhea, tsrhje
* 18-13/0005h [[wikt:槎|槎]] dzrae, dzraeX
* 18-13/0005i [[wikt:瑳|瑳]] tshaX
* 18-13/0005j [[wikt:磋|磋]] tsha
* 18-13/0005k [[wikt:傞|傞]] sa, tsha
* 18-13/0005l [[wikt:瘥|瘥]] dza, tsjae
* 18-13/0005m [[wikt:鹺|鹺]] dza
* 18-13/0005n [[wikt:嗟|嗟]] tsjae
* 18-13/0005o [[wikt:髊|髊]] dzjeH

==18-15==
* 18-15/0016a [[wikt:沙|沙]] srae
* 18-15/0016d [[wikt:鯊|鯊]] srae
* 18-15/0016e [[wikt:娑|娑]] sa
* 18-15/0016f [[wikt:莎|莎]] srae, swa

==18-16==
* 18-16/0025a [[wikt:皮|皮]] bje
* 18-16/0025d [[wikt:疲|疲]] bje
* 18-16/0025e [[wikt:被|被]] bjeH, bjeX, phje, phjeH
* 18-16/0025f [[wikt:鞁|鞁]] bjeH
* 18-16/0025g [[wikt:彼|彼]] pjeX
* 18-16/0025h [[wikt:詖|詖]] pje, pjeH
* 18-16/0025i [[wikt:陂|陂]] pje
* 18-16/0025j [[wikt:披|披]] phje, phjeH
* 18-16/0025k [[wikt:鈹|鈹]] phje
* 18-16/0025l [[wikt:波|波]] pa
* 18-16/0025m [[wikt:跛|跛]] paX, pjeH
* 18-16/0025n [[wikt:簸|簸]] paH, paX
* 18-16/0025o [[wikt:破|破]] phaH
* 18-16/0025p [[wikt:頗|頗]] pha
* 18-16/0025q [[wikt:婆|婆]] ba

==18-17==
Baxter &amp; Sagart (personal communication 11 April 2017) combine [[#07-33|07-33]], [[#18-03|18-03]], [[#18-10|18-10]], and [[#18-17|18-17]].

==18-18==
* 18-18/0017a [[wikt:麻|麻]] mae
* 18-18/0017c [[wikt:塺|塺]] maH
* 18-18/0017d [[wikt:麽|麽]] maX
* 18-18/0017e [[wikt:摩|摩]] ma
* 18-18/0017f [[wikt:磨|磨]] ma, maH
* 18-18/0017g [[wikt:糜|糜]] mje
* 18-18/0017h [[wikt:靡|靡]] mje, mjeX
* 18-18/0017i [[wikt:麾|麾]] xjwe
* 18-18/0017j [[wikt:攠|攠]] mje
* 18-18/0017- [[wikt:魔|魔]] ma
* 18-18/0442a [[wikt:穈|穈]] mwon

==18-19==
* 18-19/0356a [[wikt:毀|毀]] xjweX
* 18-19/0356b [[wikt:燬|燬]] xjweX

=19=
==19-01==
* 19-01/0007a [[wikt:戈|戈]] kwa
* 19-01/0007e [[wikt:划|划]] hwae
* 19-01/0007f [[wikt:𢦚|𢦚]] hwaeX

==19-02==
* 19-02/0351a [[wikt:果|果]] khwaX, kwaX
* 19-02/0351c [[wikt:蜾|蜾]] kwaX
* 19-02/0351d [[wikt:裹|裹]] kwaX
* 19-02/0351e [[wikt:堁|堁]] khwaH
* 19-02/0351f [[wikt:課|課]] khwaH
* 19-02/0351g [[wikt:倮|倮]] lwaX
* 19-02/0351h [[wikt:裸|裸]] lwaX
* 19-02/0351i [[wikt:臝|臝]] lwaX
* 19-02/0351j [[wikt:踝|踝]] hwaeX
* 19-02/0351k [[wikt:髁|髁]] hwaeX
* 19-02/0351l [[wikt:輠|輠]] hwaeX, hwanX, hwojX
* 19-02/0351m [[wikt:祼|祼]] kwanH
* 19-02/0351n [[wikt:婐|婐]] 'waX

==19-03==
* 19-03/0352a [[wikt:𩰬|𩰬]] kwa

==19-04==
* 19-04/0018a [[wikt:咼|咼]] kwaeX
* 19-04/0018b [[wikt:騧|騧]] kwae, kwea
* 19-04/0018c [[wikt:蝸|蝸]] kwae, lwa
* 19-04/0018d [[wikt:媧|媧]] kwae
* 19-04/0018e [[wikt:過|過]] kwa, kwaH
* 19-04/0018f [[wikt:禍|禍]] hwaX
* 19-04/0018g [[wikt:旤|旤]] hwaX
* 19-04/0018h [[wikt:薖|薖]] khwa

==19-05==
* 19-05/0028a [[wikt:虧|虧]] khjwe

==19-06==
A uvular series.
* 19-06/0027a [[wikt:爲|爲]] hjwe, hjweH
* 19-06/0027f [[wikt:䦱|䦱]] hjweX
* 19-06/0027g [[wikt:嬀|嬀]] kjwe
* 19-06/0027k [[wikt:僞|僞]] ngjweH
* 19-06/0027l [[wikt:撝|撝]] xjwe
* 19-06/0027m [[wikt:譌|譌]] ngwa

==19-07==
* 19-07/0008a [[wikt:禾|禾]] hwa
* 19-07/0008e [[wikt:和|和]] hwa, hwaH
* 19-07/0008g [[wikt:龢|龢]] hwa
* 19-07/0008k [[wikt:盉|盉]] hwa
* 19-07/0008n [[wikt:科|科]] khwa

==19-08==
* 19-08/0019a [[wikt:化|化]] xwaeH
* 19-08/0019c [[wikt:貨|貨]] xwaH
* 19-08/0019d [[wikt:吪|吪]] ngwa
* 19-08/0019e [[wikt:訛|訛]] ngwa
* 19-08/0019- [[wikt:囮|囮]] ngwa
* 19-08/0019- [[wikt:鈋|鈋]] ngwa

==19-09==
Schuessler (2009: 221-222) divides GSR 0011 into two series, namely [[#19-09]] and [[#19-16]]. Baxter &amp; Sagart regard the x- initial readings as descending from *l̥- via a Western dialect; they explain the s- readings as due to a prefix. In sum, they see this as only one series.
* 19-09/0011b [[wikt:隋|隋]] sjweH, thwaX, xjwieH
* 19-09/0011e [[wikt:墮|墮]] dwaX, xjwie
* 19-09/0011f [[wikt:隳|隳]] xjwie
* 19-09/0011g [[wikt:隨|隨]] zjwe
* 19-09/0011h [[wikt:髓|髓]] sjweX
* 19-09/0011i [[wikt:瀡|瀡]] sjweH

==19-10==
* 19-10/0357a [[wikt:委|委]] 'jwe, 'jweH, 'jweX
* 19-10/0357b [[wikt:倭|倭]] 'jwe
* 19-10/0357c [[wikt:痿|痿]] 'jwe
* 19-10/0357d [[wikt:萎|萎]] 'jwe
* 19-10/0357e [[wikt:逶|逶]] 'jwe
* 19-10/0357f [[wikt:餧|餧]] 'jweH
* 19-10/0357g [[wikt:踒|踒]] 'wa, 'waH

==19-11==
* 19-11/0009a [[wikt:臥|臥]] ngwaH

==19-12==
* 19-12/0029a [[wikt:危|危]] ngjwe
* 19-12/0029b [[wikt:詭|詭]] kjweX
* 19-12/0029c [[wikt:佹|佹]] kjweX
* 19-12/0029d [[wikt:垝|垝]] kjweX
* 19-12/0029e [[wikt:恑|恑]] kjweX
* 19-12/0029f [[wikt:跪|跪]] gjweX, khjweX

==19-13==
* 19-13/0020a [[wikt:瓦|瓦]] ngwaeX

==19-14==
* 19-14/0010a [[wikt:朵|朵]] twaX
* 19-14/0010b [[wikt:朶|朶]] twaX

==19-15==
* 19-15/0030a [[wikt:吹|吹]] tsyhweH, tsyhweH
* 19-15/0030b [[wikt:炊|炊]] tsyhwe

==19-16==
Schuessler (2009: 221-222) divides GSR 0011 into two series, namely [[#19-09]] and [[#19-16]]. Baxter &amp; Sagart regard the x- initial readings as descending from *l̥- via a Western dialect; they explain the s- readings as due to a prefix. In sum, they see this as only one series.
* 19-16/0011a [[wikt:隓|隓]] dwaX
* 19-16/0011b [[wikt:隋|隋]] sjweH, thwaX, xjwieH
* 19-16/0011c [[wikt:橢|橢]] thwaX
* 19-16/0011d [[wikt:嶞|嶞]] dwaX
* 19-16/0011e [[wikt:墮|墮]] dwaX, xjwie
* 19-16/0011j [[wikt:鬌|鬌]] drjwe, dwaX, twaX
* 19-16/0011k [[wikt:媠|媠]] dwaH, thwaX
* 19-16/0011l [[wikt:惰|惰]] dwaH, dwaX

==19-17==
* 19-17/0031a [[wikt:垂|垂]] dzywe
* 19-17/0031b [[wikt:陲|陲]] dzywe
* 19-17/0031d [[wikt:睡|睡]] dzyweH
* 19-17/0031e [[wikt:菙|菙]] dzyweX
* 19-17/0031f [[wikt:甀|甀]] drjwe, drjweH
* 19-17/0031g [[wikt:錘|錘]] drjwe, drjweH
* 19-17/0031h [[wikt:硾|硾]] drjweH
* 19-17/0031i [[wikt:捶|捶]] tsyweX
* 19-17/0031j [[wikt:箠|箠]] tsyweX
* 19-17/0031k [[wikt:諈|諈]] trjweH
* 19-17/0031l [[wikt:埵|埵]] twaX
* 19-17/0031m [[wikt:唾|唾]] thwaH

==19-18==
* 19-18/0014a [[wikt:𦝠|𦝠]] lwa
* 19-18/0014b [[wikt:蠃|蠃]] lwaX
* 19-18/0014c [[wikt:羸|羸]] ljwe

==19-18A==
* 19-18A/1236b [[wikt:蓏|蓏]] lwaX

==19-19==
* 19-19/0354a [[wikt:妥|妥]] thwaX
* 19-19/0354d [[wikt:餒|餒]] nwojX
* 19-19/0354e [[wikt:緌|緌]] nywij
* 19-19/0354f [[wikt:諉|諉]] nrjweH
* 19-19/0354g [[wikt:綏|綏]] sjwe, swij, thwaX

==19-20==
* 19-20/1238j [[wikt:繠|繠]] nyweX, nywijX
* 19-20/1238k [[wikt:蕊|蕊]] nyweX, nywijX

==19-21==
* 19-21/0012a [[wikt:坐|坐]] dzwaX, dzwaH
* 19-21/0012b [[wikt:痤|痤]] dzwa
* 19-21/0012c [[wikt:挫|挫]] tswaH
* 19-21/0012d [[wikt:蓌|蓌]] tsraeH, tswaH
* 19-21/0012e [[wikt:剉|剉]] tshwaH
* 19-21/0012f [[wikt:脞|脞]] tshwaX
* 19-21/0012g [[wikt:髽|髽]] tsrwae

==19-22==
* 19-22/0013a [[wikt:𧴪|𧴪]] swaX
* 19-22/0013b [[wikt:瑣|瑣]] swaX, swaeX
* 19-22/0013- [[wikt:鎖|鎖]] swaX

==19-23==
* 19-23/0355a [[wikt:衰|衰]] srwij, swa, tshwoj, tsrhjwe
* 19-23/0355b [[wikt:蓑|蓑]] swa
* 19-23/0355c [[wikt:簑|簑]] swa
* 19-23/0355d [[wikt:榱|榱]] srwij
* 19-23/0355e [[wikt:縗|縗]] tshwoj

=20=
==20-01==
Although the series is clearly velar, Baxter &amp; Sagart (2014: 137) reconstruct 楔 (alonso) with a uvular initial.
* 20-01/0279a [[wikt:㓞|㓞]] kheat
* 20-01/0279b [[wikt:契|契]] khejH, khet, sjet
* 20-01/0279c [[wikt:挈|挈]] khet
* 20-01/0279d [[wikt:絜|絜]] het, ket
* 20-01/0279e [[wikt:齧|齧]] nget
* 20-01/0279f [[wikt:鍥|鍥]] khet
* 20-01/0279g [[wikt:瘈|瘈]] kjiejH, tsyejH
* 20-01/0279h [[wikt:喫|喫]] kheaH
* 20-01/0279i [[wikt:楔|楔]] set
* 20-01/0279j [[wikt:潔|潔]] ket
* 20-01/0279k [[wikt:緳|緳]] het, khet

==20-02==
* 20-02/0327a [[wikt:介|介]] keajH, keat
* 20-02/0327d [[wikt:价|价]] keajH
* 20-02/0327e [[wikt:界|界]] keajH
* 20-02/0327f [[wikt:疥|疥]] keajH
* 20-02/0327h [[wikt:齘|齘]] heajH
* 20-02/0327i [[wikt:𢗊|𢗊]] xeajH
* 20-02/0327j [[wikt:芥|芥]] kaejH, keajH
* 20-02/0327k [[wikt:紒|紒]] kejH

==20-03==
Despite the mixture of glottal and velar readings, Baxter &amp; Sagart appear not to treat as a uvular series.
* 20-03/0312a [[wikt:夬|夬]] kwaejH, kwet
* 20-03/0312b [[wikt:決|決]] kwet, xwet
* 20-03/0312c [[wikt:玦|玦]] kwet
* 20-03/0312d [[wikt:袂|袂]] kwet, mjiejH
* 20-03/0312e [[wikt:訣|訣]] kwet
* 20-03/0312f [[wikt:趹|趹]] kwet
* 20-03/0312g [[wikt:鴃|鴃]] kwet
* 20-03/0312h [[wikt:缺|缺]] khwet, khjwiet
* 20-03/0312i [[wikt:吷|吷]] xjwiet, xwet
* 20-03/0312j [[wikt:抉|抉]] 'wet
* 20-03/0312k [[wikt:快|快]] khwaejH

==20-04==
In ''addenda et corrigienda'' Schuessler combines [[#20-04|20-04]] and [[#30-07|30-07]]. 
Baxter &amp; Sagart (personal communication 12 April 2017, also see 2014: 80) combine [[#20-04|20-04]], [[#30-01|30-01]], and [[#30-07|30-07]].

==20-05==
* 20-05/1256a [[wikt:隉|隉]] nget

==20-06==
* 20-06/0331a [[wikt:帠|帠]] ngjejH

==20-07==
* 20-07/0285a [[wikt:臬|臬]] nget
* 20-07/0285c [[wikt:闑|闑]] nget, ngjet
* 20-07/0285d [[wikt:臲|臲]] nget
* 20-07/0285e [[wikt:㓷|㓷]] ngjejH

==20-08==
* 20-08/0290a [[wikt:設|設]] syet

==20-09==
* 20-09/1256b [[wikt:鐵|鐵]] thet
* 20-09/1256c [[wikt:驖|驖]] det, thet

==20-10==
* 20-10/0288a [[wikt:舌|舌]] zyet

==20-11==
* 20-11/0309a [[wikt:竊|竊]] tshet

==20-12==
* 20-12/0310a [[wikt:𢧵|𢧵]] dzet
* 20-12/0310b [[wikt:截|截]] dzet

==20-13==
* 20-13/0330a [[wikt:埶|埶]] ngjejH, syejH
* 20-13/0330e [[wikt:蓺|蓺]] ngjejH
* 20-13/0330f [[wikt:藝|藝]] ngjejH
* 20-13/0330g [[wikt:摰|摰]] nget
* 20-13/0330h [[wikt:槷|槷]] nget
* 20-13/0330i [[wikt:囈|囈]] ngjejH
* 20-13/0330j [[wikt:熱|熱]] nyet
* 20-13/0330k [[wikt:爇|爇]] nywet
* 20-13/0330l [[wikt:勢|勢]] syejH
* 20-13/0330m [[wikt:暬|暬]] sjet
* 20-13/0330n [[wikt:褻|褻]] sjet

==20-14==
* 20-14/0281a [[wikt:八|八]] peat

==20-15==
* 20-15/0292a [[wikt:别|别]] bjet, pjet

==20-16==
* 20-16/0341a [[wikt:敝|敝]] bjiejH
* 20-16/0341d [[wikt:幣|幣]] bjiejH
* 20-16/0341e [[wikt:弊|弊]] bjiejH
* 20-16/0341f [[wikt:斃|斃]] bjiejH
* 20-16/0341g [[wikt:獘|獘]] bjiejH
* 20-16/0341h [[wikt:蔽|蔽]] pjiejH
* 20-16/0341i [[wikt:鷩|鷩]] pjiejH, pjiet
* 20-16/0341j [[wikt:虌|虌]] pjiet
* 20-16/0341k [[wikt:鱉|鱉]] pjiet
* 20-16/0341l [[wikt:憋|憋]] phjiet
* 20-16/0341m [[wikt:蹩|蹩]] bet

==20-17==
* 20-17/0328a [[wikt:拜|拜]] peajH

==20-18==
Schussler suggests that 簚 mek ([[#1260|1260e]]) may also belong to this series.
* 20-18/0311a [[wikt:蔑|蔑]] met
* 20-18/0311f [[wikt:幭|幭]] met
* 20-18/0311g [[wikt:懱|懱]] met
* 20-18/0311h [[wikt:䁾|䁾]] met
* 20-18/0311i [[wikt:𥣫|𥣫]] met
* 20-18/0311k [[wikt:篾|篾]] met
* 20-18/0311l [[wikt:韈|韈]] mjot
* 20-18/0311m [[wikt:韤|韤]] mjot

==20-19==
Baxter &amp; Sagart (2012: 30) take GSR [[#31-22|1257h]] [[wikt:戌|戌]] as phonetic in [[wikt:滅|滅]] GSR  [[#20-19|0294b]].
* 20-19/31-22/1257h [[wikt:戌|戌]] swit
* 20-19/31-22/1257m [[wikt:怴|怴]] xjwit
* 20-19/0294a [[wikt:烕|烕]] xjwiet
* 20-19/0294b [[wikt:滅|滅]] mjiet
* 20-19/0294c [[wikt:𡟬|𡟬]] mjiet

=21=
==21-01==
A uvular series
* 21-01/0313a [[wikt:匃|匃]] kajH, kat
* 21-01/0313d [[wikt:曷|曷]] hat
* 21-01/0313e [[wikt:毼|毼]] hat
* 21-01/0313f [[wikt:蝎|蝎]] hat
* 21-01/0313g [[wikt:褐|褐]] hat
* 21-01/0313h [[wikt:鶡|鶡]] hat, khat
* 21-01/0313i [[wikt:葛|葛]] kat
* 21-01/0313j [[wikt:渴|渴]] gjet, khat
* 21-01/0313k [[wikt:喝|喝]] 'aejH, xat
* 21-01/0313l [[wikt:遏|遏]] 'at
* 21-01/0313m [[wikt:朅|朅]] khjet, khjot
* 21-01/0313n [[wikt:揭|揭]] gjet, gjot, khjejH, khjet, kjot
* 21-01/0313o [[wikt:楬|楬]] gjet, khaet
* 21-01/0313p [[wikt:偈|偈]] kjot
* 21-01/0313q [[wikt:碣|碣]] gjet
* 21-01/0313r [[wikt:竭|竭]] gjet
* 21-01/0313s [[wikt:愒|愒]] khajH, khjejH, khjet
* 21-01/0313t [[wikt:猲|猲]] xjot
* 21-01/0313u [[wikt:歇|歇]] xjot
* 21-01/0313v [[wikt:暍|暍]] 'jot
* 21-01/0313x [[wikt:謁|謁]] 'jot
* 21-01/0313y [[wikt:餲|餲]] 'aejH, 'at, 'jejH
* 21-01/0313z [[wikt:㵣|㵣]] khat
* 21-01/0313a' [[wikt:藹|藹]] 'ajH

==21-02==
* 21-02/0314a [[wikt:害|害]] hajH, hat
* 21-02/0314c [[wikt:犗|犗]] kaejH
* 21-02/0314d [[wikt:割|割]] kat
* 21-02/0314f [[wikt:轄|轄]] haet
* 21-02/0314g [[wikt:豁|豁]] xwat

==21-03==
* 21-03/0282a [[wikt:舝|舝]] haet

==21-04==
* 21-04/0283a [[wikt:孑|孑]] kjet

==21-05==
* 21-05/0284a [[wikt:桀|桀]] gjet, kjet
* 21-05/0284b [[wikt:傑|傑]] gjet

==21-05B==
* 21-05B/0284- [[wikt:罽|罽]] kjejH

==21-06==
* 21-06/0329a [[wikt:憩|憩]] khjejH

==21-07==
* 21-07/0332a [[wikt:瘞|瘞]] 'jejH

==21-08==
* 21-08/0268a [[wikt:枿|枿]] ngat

==21-09==
* 21-09/0269b [[wikt:歺|歺]] ngat
* 21-09/0269c [[wikt:歹|歹]] ngat

==21-10==
* 21-10/0347a [[wikt:乂|乂]] ngjojH
* 21-10/0347b [[wikt:刈|刈]] ngjojH
* 21-10/0347c [[wikt:艾|艾]] ngajH, ngjojH

==21-11==
* 21-11/0289a [[wikt:辥|辥]] sjet
* 21-11/0289d [[wikt:薛|𧀼]] sjet
* 21-11/0289f [[wikt:躠|躠]] sat, set
* 21-11/0289g [[wikt:孼|孼]] ngjet
* 21-11/0289h [[wikt:蠥|蠥]] ngjet
* 21-11/0289i [[wikt:糱|糱]] ngjet
* 21-11/0289j [[wikt:櫱|櫱]] ngjet

==21-12==
* 21-12/0317a [[wikt:大|大]] daH, dajH
* 21-12/0317d [[wikt:太|太]] thajH
* 21-12/0317f [[wikt:汏|汏]] dajH, thajH, that
* 21-12/0317g [[wikt:汰|汰]] dajH, thajH, that
* 21-12/0317h [[wikt:軑|軑]] dajH, dejH
* 21-12/0317i [[wikt:忕|忕]] dzyejH
* 21-12/0317j [[wikt:杕|杕]] dejH
* 21-12/0317l [[wikt:釱|釱]] dajH, dejH

==21-13==
* 21-13/0316a [[wikt:泰|泰]] thajH

==21-14==
* 21-14/0271a [[wikt:𦍒|𦍒]] that
* 21-14/0271b [[wikt:達|達]] dat, that
* 21-14/0271d [[wikt:撻|撻]] that
* 21-14/0271e [[wikt:闥|闥]] that

==21-15==
* 21-15/0315a [[wikt:帶|帶]] tajH
* 21-15/0315b [[wikt:滯|滯]] drjejH
* 21-15/0315c [[wikt:蔕|蔕]] tejH
* 21-15/0315d [[wikt:墆|墆]] dejH, det
* 21-15/0315e [[wikt:遰|遰]] dejH, dzyejH
* 21-15/0315f [[wikt:懘|懘]] tsyhejH

==21-16==
* 21-16/0336a [[wikt:筮|筮]] dzyejH
* 21-16/0336b [[wikt:簭|簭]] dzyejH
* 21-16/0336c [[wikt:噬|噬]] dzyejH
* 21-16/0336d [[wikt:澨|澨]] dzyejH

==21-17==
* 21-17/0335a [[wikt:制|制]] tsyejH
* 21-17/0335b [[wikt:製|製]] tsyejH
* 21-17/0335c [[wikt:掣|掣]] tsyhejH, tsyhet
* 21-17/0335d [[wikt:猘|猘]] kjejH

==21-18==
* 21-18/0334a [[wikt:彘|彘]] drjejH

==21-19==
* 21-19/0287a [[wikt:折|折]] dejH, dzyet, tsyet
* 21-19/0287c [[wikt:哲|哲]] trjet
* 21-19/0287d [[wikt:悊|悊]] trjet
* 21-19/0287g [[wikt:蜇|蜇]] trjet
* 21-19/0287h [[wikt:硩|硩]] trhjet
* 21-19/0287i [[wikt:晣|晣]] tsyejH, tsyet
* 21-19/0287j [[wikt:晢|晢]] tsyejH, tsyet
* 21-19/0287k [[wikt:誓|誓]] dzyejH
* 21-19/0287m [[wikt:逝|逝]] dzyejH
* 21-19/0287n [[wikt:哳|哳]] traet
* 21-19/0287- [[wikt:狾|狾]] tsyejH

==21-20==
* 21-20/0286b [[wikt:撤|撤]] drjet, trhjet
* 21-20/0286c [[wikt:徹|徹]] drjet, trhjet
* 21-20/0286d [[wikt:澈|澈]] drjet
* 21-20/0286e [[wikt:轍|轍]] drjet
* 21-20/0286f [[wikt:𨅊|𨅊]] drjet

==21-21==
* 21-21/0338a [[wikt:曳|曳]] yejH
* 21-21/0338b [[wikt:洩|洩]] yejH
* 21-21/0338c [[wikt:絏|絏]] sjet

==21-22==
* 21-22/0333a [[wikt:裔|裔]] yejH

==21-23==
Baxter &amp; Sagart (2014: 144) appear to think [[#35-10|35-10]] is to be merged with [[#21-23|21-23]].
* 21-23/0339a [[wikt:世|世]] syejH
* 21-23/0339d [[wikt:貰|貰]] syejH
* 21-23/0339e [[wikt:抴|抴]] yejH, yet
* 21-23/0339f [[wikt:枻|枻]] yejH
* 21-23/0339g [[wikt:詍|詍]] yejH
* 21-23/0339h [[wikt:泄|泄]] sjet
* 21-23/0339i [[wikt:紲|紲]] sjet
* 21-23/0339j [[wikt:靾|靾]] sjet
* 21-23/0339k [[wikt:勩|勩]] yejH
* 21-23/0339l [[wikt:渫|渫]] sjet
* 21-23/0339m [[wikt:緤|緤]] sjet
* 21-23/35-10/0633a [[wikt:枼|枼]] yep
* 21-23/35-10/0633d [[wikt:葉|葉]] yep
* 21-23/35-10/0633e [[wikt:鍱|鍱]] yep
* 21-23/35-10/0633f [[wikt:堞|堞]] dep
* 21-23/35-10/0633g [[wikt:牒|牒]] dep
* 21-23/35-10/0633h [[wikt:蝶|蝶]] dep
* 21-23/35-10/0633i [[wikt:褋|褋]] dep
* 21-23/35-10/0633j [[wikt:諜|諜]] dep
* 21-23/35-10/0633k [[wikt:蹀|蹀]] dep
* 21-23/35-10/0633l [[wikt:揲|揲]] sep, syet, yep, zyet
* 21-23/35-10/0633m [[wikt:偞|偞]] yep
* 21-23/35-10/0633o [[wikt:韘|韘]] syep
* 21-23/35-10/0633p [[wikt:屧|屧]] sep

==21-24==
* 21-24/0272a [[wikt:剌|剌]] lat
* 21-24/0272e [[wikt:賴|賴]] lajH
* 21-24/0272f [[wikt:瀨|瀨]] lajH
* 21-24/0272g [[wikt:籟|籟]] lajH
* 21-24/0272h [[wikt:藾|藾]] lajH, lat
* 21-24/0272i [[wikt:獺|獺]] that, trhaet

==21-25==
* 21-25/0291a [[wikt:列|列]] ljet
* 21-25/0291b [[wikt:冽|冽]] ljet
* 21-25/0291c [[wikt:洌|洌]] ljet
* 21-25/0291d [[wikt:烈|烈]] ljet
* 21-25/0291e [[wikt:茢|茢]] ljet
* 21-25/0291f [[wikt:裂|裂]] ljet
* 21-25/0291g [[wikt:栵|栵]] ljejH, ljet
* 21-25/0291h [[wikt:例|例]] ljejH
* 21-25/0291i [[wikt:㾐|㾐]] ljejH

==21-26==
Schuessler (2009: 235-236) includes GSR 0326a and three characters from GSR 0267 to this series.
Although this series mixes -n and -j, Baxter &amp; Sagart do not reconstruct -r. The reason for this is that these -jH originate from -ts. Why one word with final -n should be placed in this series is a bit of a mystery.
* 21-26/0267a [[wikt:萬|萬]] mjonH
* 21-26/0267c [[wikt:勱|勱]] maejH
* 21-26/0267d [[wikt:邁|邁]] maejH
* 21-26/0326a [[wikt:蠆|蠆]] trhaejH
* 21-26/0340a [[wikt:厲|厲]] ljejH
* 21-26/0340b [[wikt:礪|礪]] ljejH
* 21-26/0340c [[wikt:勵|勵]] ljejH
* 21-26/0340d [[wikt:癘|癘]] ljejH
* 21-26/0340e [[wikt:𧓽|𧓽]] ljejH
* 21-26/0340f [[wikt:蠣|蠣]] ljejH
* 21-26/0340g [[wikt:糲|糲]] lajH, lat, ljejH

==21-27==
* 21-27/0318a [[wikt:柰|柰]] najH
* 21-27/0318b [[wikt:奈|奈]] najH

==21-28==
* 21-28/0337a [[wikt:祭|祭]] tsjejH, tsreajH
* 21-28/0337e [[wikt:穄|穄]] tsjejH
* 21-28/0337f [[wikt:際|際]] tsjejH
* 21-28/0337g [[wikt:傺|傺]] trhjejH
* 21-28/0337h [[wikt:瘵|瘵]] tsreajH
* 21-28/0337i [[wikt:蔡|蔡]] tshajH
* 21-28/0337j [[wikt:察|察]] tsrheat

==21-29==
* 21-29/0319a [[wikt:杀|杀]] tshajH
* 21-29/0319d [[wikt:殺|殺]] sreat, sreajH
* 21-29/0319e [[wikt:閷|閷]] sreat
* 21-29/0319f [[wikt:樧|樧]] sreat, srjet
* 21-29/0319g [[wikt:摋|摋]] sat

==21-30==
* 21-30/0275a [[wikt:癶|癶]] pat
* 21-30/0275b [[wikt:癹|癹]] bat
* 21-30/0275c [[wikt:發|發]] pat, pjot
* 21-30/0275d [[wikt:撥|撥]] pat
* 21-30/0275e [[wikt:襏|襏]] pat
* 21-30/0275f [[wikt:廢|廢]] pjojH, pjot

==21-31==
* 21-31/0276a [[wikt:犮|犮]] bat
* 21-31/0276b [[wikt:跋|跋]] bat
* 21-31/0276c [[wikt:魃|魃]] bat
* 21-31/0276d [[wikt:坺|坺]] bat, bjot
* 21-31/0276e [[wikt:軷|軷]] bajH, bat
* 21-31/0276f [[wikt:胈|胈]] pat
* 21-31/0276g [[wikt:茇|茇]] bat, pat
* 21-31/0276h [[wikt:拔|拔]] bajH, bat, beat
* 21-31/0276i [[wikt:髮|髮]] pjot
* 21-31/0276j [[wikt:瞂|瞂]] bjot
* 21-31/0276k [[wikt:紱|紱]] pjut
* 21-31/0276l [[wikt:韍|韍]] pjut
* 21-31/0276m [[wikt:黻|黻]] pjut
* 21-31/0276n [[wikt:帗|帗]] phjut
* 21-31/0276o [[wikt:祓|祓]] phjut, pjojH

==21-33==
* 21-33/0307a [[wikt:伐|伐]] bjot
* 21-33/0307f [[wikt:茷|茷]] bajH

==21-34==
* 21-34/0308a [[wikt:罰|罰]] bjot

==21-35==
* 21-35/0320a [[wikt:貝|貝]] pajH
* 21-35/0320f [[wikt:敗|敗]] baejH, paejH
* 21-35/0320g [[wikt:𣀕|𣀕]] paejH

==21-36==
* 21-36/0348a [[wikt:吠|吠]] bjojH

==21-37==
* 21-37/0277a [[wikt:末|末]] mat
* 21-37/0277b [[wikt:沫|沫]] mat, majH
* 21-37/0277c [[wikt:秣|秣]] mat

=22=
==22-01==
* 22-01/0302a [[wikt:氒|氒]] kjwot
* 22-01/0302f [[wikt:舌|舌]] kwat
* 22-01/0302h [[wikt:括|括]] kwat
* 22-01/0302i [[wikt:栝|栝]] kwat
* 22-01/0302j [[wikt:聒|聒]] kwat
* 22-01/0302k [[wikt:髺|髺]] kwat
* 22-01/0302l [[wikt:佸|佸]] hwat
* 22-01/0302m [[wikt:活|活]] hwat, kwat
* 22-01/0302n [[wikt:刮|刮]] kwaet
* 22-01/0302o [[wikt:話|話]] hwaejH
* 22-01/0302p [[wikt:懖|懖]] kwat
* 22-01/0302q [[wikt:闊|闊]] khwat

==22-02==
* 22-02/0301a [[wikt:欮|欮]] kjwot
* 22-02/0301c [[wikt:厥|厥]] kjwot
* 22-02/0301d [[wikt:蕨|蕨]] kjwot
* 22-02/0301e [[wikt:蟩|蟩]] kjwot
* 22-02/0301f [[wikt:蹷|蹷]] gjwot, kjwejH, kjwot
* 22-02/0301g [[wikt:蹶|蹶]] gjwot, kjwejH, kjwot
* 22-02/0301h [[wikt:闕|闕]] khjwot
* 22-02/0301i [[wikt:撅|撅]] kjwejH
* 22-02/0301j [[wikt:橛|橛]] gjwot
* 22-02/0301k [[wikt:橜|橜]] gjwot
* 22-02/0301l [[wikt:嶡|嶡]] kjwejH

==22-03==
* 22-03/0321a [[wikt:會|會]] hwajH, kwajH
* 22-03/0321d [[wikt:廥|廥]] kwajH
* 22-03/0321e [[wikt:旝|旝]] kwajH
* 22-03/0321f [[wikt:澮|澮]] kwajH
* 22-03/0321g [[wikt:膾|膾]] kwajH
* 22-03/0321h [[wikt:襘|襘]] kwajH
* 22-03/0321i [[wikt:檜|檜]] kwajH, kwat
* 22-03/0321j [[wikt:禬|禬]] hwajH, kwajH
* 22-03/0321k [[wikt:繪|繪]] hwajH
* 22-03/0321l [[wikt:噲|噲]] khwaejH, kwajH, kwat
* 22-03/0321m [[wikt:鬠|鬠]] hwat, kwajH
* 22-03/0321n [[wikt:薈|薈]] 'wajH

==22-04==
A uvular series
* 22-04/0304a [[wikt:曰|曰]] hjwot
* 22-04/0304e [[wikt:𢪏|𢪏]] hwot
* 22-04/0304f [[wikt:汩|汩]] hwit, hwot, mek, kwot (a velar)

==22-05==
A uvular series.
* 22-05/0303a [[wikt:戉|戉]] hjwot
* 22-05/0303d [[wikt:鉞|鉞]] hjwot
* 22-05/0303e [[wikt:越|越]] hjwot, hwat
* 22-05/0303f [[wikt:狘|狘]] xjwot
* 22-05/0346a [[wikt:歲|歲]] sjwejH
* 22-05/0346f [[wikt:顪|顪]] xjwojH
* 22-05/0346g [[wikt:翽|翽]] xwajH
* 22-05/0346h [[wikt:濊|濊]] 'jwojH, xwat
* 22-05/0346i [[wikt:穢|穢]] 'jwojH
* 22-05/0346j [[wikt:噦|噦]] 'jwet, 'jwot, xwajH
* 22-05/0346k [[wikt:劌|劌]] kjwejH

==22-06==
A uvular series
* 22-06/0305a [[wikt:粵|粵]] hjwot

==22-07==
* 22-07/0273a [[wikt:𥄗|𥄗]] 'wat
* 22-07/0273b [[wikt:𢯲|𢯲]] 'wanH

==22-08==
* 22-08/0306a [[wikt:月|月]] ngjwot
* 22-08/0306g [[wikt:抈|抈]] ngjwot
* 22-08/0306h [[wikt:刖|刖]] ngjwot, ngwaet
* 22-08/0306j [[wikt:跀|跀]] ngjwot
* 22-08/0322a [[wikt:外|外]] ngwajH

==22-09==
* 22-09/0274a [[wikt:奪|奪]] dwajH, dwat

==22-10==
* 22-10/0295a [[wikt:叕|叕]] trjwejH
* 22-10/0295b [[wikt:綴|綴]] trjwet
* 22-10/0295c [[wikt:啜|啜]] dzywejH, trjwet, tsyhwet
* 22-10/0295d [[wikt:惙|惙]] trjwet
* 22-10/0295e [[wikt:輟|輟]] trjwet
* 22-10/0295f [[wikt:畷|畷]] trjwejH, trjwet
* 22-10/0295g [[wikt:剟|剟]] trjwet, twat
* 22-10/0295h [[wikt:掇|掇]] trjwet, twat
* 22-10/0295i [[wikt:歠|歠]] tsyhwet
* 22-10/0295j [[wikt:錣|錣]] trjwejH, trwaet
* 22-10/0295k [[wikt:蝃|蝃]] tejH

==22-11==
* 22-11/0343a [[wikt:贅|贅]] tsywejH

==22-12==
* 22-12/0344a [[wikt:叡|叡]] ywejH

==22-13==
* 22-13/0324a [[wikt:兌|兌]] dwajH, thwajH
* 22-13/0324d [[wikt:駾|駾]] dwajH, thwajH
* 22-13/0324e [[wikt:蛻|蛻]] sywejH, thwaH, thwajH, ywet
* 22-13/0324f [[wikt:銳|銳]] dwajH, ywejH
* 22-13/0324g [[wikt:帨|帨]] sywejH, tshjwejH
* 22-13/0324h [[wikt:涗|涗]] sywejH, tshjwejH
* 22-13/0324i [[wikt:稅|稅]] sywejH, thwajH
* 22-13/0324j [[wikt:敓|敓]] dwat
* 22-13/0324l [[wikt:挩|挩]] thwat
* 22-13/0324m [[wikt:脫|脫]] dwajH, dwat, thwat
* 22-13/0324n [[wikt:梲|梲]] tsywet
* 22-13/0324o [[wikt:悅|悅]] ywet
* 22-13/0324p [[wikt:閱|閱]] ywet
* 22-13/0324q [[wikt:說|說]] sywejH , sywet

==22-14==
* 22-14/0299a [[wikt:寽|寽]] lwit
* 22-14/0299c [[wikt:鋝|鋝]] ljwet
* 22-14/0299d [[wikt:埒|埒]] ljwet
* 22-14/0299e [[wikt:捋|捋]] lwat

==22-16==
* 22-16/0296a [[wikt:絶|絶]] dzjwet
* 22-16/0296b [[wikt:蕝|蕝]] tsjwejH, tsjwet
* 22-16/0296c [[wikt:脃|脃]] tshjwejH
* 22-16/0296d [[wikt:脆|脆]] tshjwejH
* 22-16/0296- [[wikt:絕|絕]] dzjwet

==22-17==
* 22-17/0345a [[wikt:毳|毳]] thjwejH, tsrhjwejH
* 22-17/0345b [[wikt:竁|竁]] tshjwejH, tsyhwejH, tsyhwenH
* 22-17/0345c [[wikt:膬|膬]] tshjwet

==22-18==
* 22-18/0297a [[wikt:雪|雪]] sjwet

==22-19==
* 22-19/0298a [[wikt:刷|刷]] srjwet, srwaet

=23=
==23-01==
* 23-01/0240a [[wikt:肩|肩]] hen, hon, ken
* 23-01/0240b [[wikt:𧱚|𧱚]] ken
* 23-01/0240c [[wikt:猏|猏]] ken
* 23-01/0240e [[wikt:顅|顅]] khaen, khen

==23-02==
* 23-02/0241a [[wikt:見|見]] kenH, henH, keanH
* 23-02/0241e [[wikt:現|現]] henH
* 23-02/0241f [[wikt:俔|俔]] henX, khenH
* 23-02/0241g [[wikt:睍|睍]] henX
* 23-02/0241- [[wikt:硯|硯]] ngenH

==23-03==
* 23-03/0239a [[wikt:幵|幵]] ken
* 23-03/0239b [[wikt:豣|豣]] ken
* 23-03/0239c [[wikt:趼|趼]] kenX
* 23-03/0239d [[wikt:汧|汧]] khen, khenH
* 23-03/0239f [[wikt:蚈|蚈]] khen
* 23-03/0239g [[wikt:硏|硏]] ngen, ngenH
* 23-03/0239h [[wikt:研|研]] ngen
* 23-03/0239i [[wikt:枅|枅]] kej, ken
* 23-03/0239- [[wikt:妍|妍]] ngen

==23-04==
* 23-04/0196b [[wikt:遣|遣]] khjenH, khjenX
* 23-04/0196e [[wikt:繾|繾]] khjenX
* 23-04/0196f [[wikt:譴|譴]] khjenH

==23-05==
* 23-05/0191a [[wikt:閒|間]] kean, hean, keanH
* 23-05/0191d [[wikt:簡|簡]] keanX
* 23-05/0191f [[wikt:蕑|蕑]] kean
* 23-05/0191g [[wikt:僩|僩]] heanX
* 23-05/0191h [[wikt:瞷|瞷]] hean
* 23-05/0191i [[wikt:澗|澗]] kaenH
* 23-05/0191j [[wikt:撊|撊]] haenX

==23-06==
* 23-06/0192a [[wikt:閑|閑]] hean

==23-07==
* 23-07/0185a [[wikt:柬|柬]] keanX
* 23-07/0185b [[wikt:諫|諫]] kaenH
* 23-07/0185e [[wikt:揀|揀]] keanX
* 23-07/0185f [[wikt:闌|闌]] lan
* 23-07/0185h [[wikt:湅|湅]] lenH
* 23-07/0185i [[wikt:練|練]] lenH
* 23-07/0185j [[wikt:鍊|鍊]] lenH
* 23-07/0185k [[wikt:瀾|瀾]] lan, lanH
* 23-07/0185l [[wikt:爛|爛]] lanH
* 23-07/0185m [[wikt:爤|爤]] lanH
* 23-07/0185n [[wikt:蘭|蘭]] lan
* 23-07/0185o [[wikt:讕|讕]] lan, lanX
* 23-07/0185q [[wikt:欄|欄]] lenH

==23-08==
* 23-08/1250f [[wikt:蠲|蠲]] kiwen

==23-09==
* 23-09/0248a [[wikt:縣|縣]] hwenH, hwen
* 23-09/0248b [[wikt:懸|懸]] hwen

==23-10==
* 23-10/0227a [[wikt:員|員]] hjun, hjwen
* 23-10/0227c [[wikt:圓|圓]] hjwen
* 23-10/0227d [[wikt:塤|塤]] xjwon
* 23-10/0227e [[wikt:殞|殞]] hwinX
* 23-10/0227f [[wikt:縜|縜]] hwin
* 23-10/0227g [[wikt:隕|隕]] hwinX
* 23-10/0227h [[wikt:磒|磒]] hwinX
* 23-10/0227i [[wikt:霣|霣]] hwinX
* 23-10/0227j [[wikt:㜏|㜏]] hjun
* 23-10/0435a [[wikt:損|損]] swonX

==23-11==
A uvular series.
* 23-11/0256h [[wikt:睘|睘]] gjwieng, hwaen
* 23-11/0256k [[wikt:還|還]] hwaen, zjwen
* 23-11/0256n [[wikt:環|環]] hwaen
* 23-11/0256q [[wikt:繯|繯]] hwenX
* 23-11/0256r [[wikt:鐶|鐶]] hwaen
* 23-11/0256s [[wikt:寰|寰]] hwaen
* 23-11/0256u [[wikt:擐|擐]] hwaenH
* 23-11/0256v [[wikt:轘|轘]] hwaenH
* 23-11/0256x [[wikt:懁|懁]] hwaen, xjwien, xwenH
* 23-11/0256y [[wikt:圜|圜]] hjwen
* 23-11/0256z [[wikt:儇|儇]] xjwien
* 23-11/0256a' [[wikt:翾|翾]] xjwien
* 23-11/0256b' [[wikt:獧|獧]] kwenH
* 23-11/0256c' [[wikt:噮|噮]] 'wenH
* 23-11/0829a [[wikt:瞏|瞏]] gjwieng, hwaen
* 23-11/0829b [[wikt:嬛|嬛]] gjwieng

==23-12==
* 23-12/0167g [[wikt:敻|敻]] xjwiengH, xwenH
* 23-12/0167h [[wikt:讂|讂]] xwenH
* 23-12/0167i [[wikt:瓊|瓊]] gjwieng
* 23-12/1256f [[wikt:觼|觼]] kwet

==23-13==
* 23-13/1248c [[wikt:幻|幻]] hweanH

==23-14==
* 23-14/0236a [[wikt:旋|旋]] zjwen, zjwenH
* 23-14/0236c [[wikt:嫙|嫙]] zjwen
* 23-14/0236d [[wikt:璇|璇]] zjwen
* 23-14/0236e [[wikt:琁|琁]] zjwen

==23-15==
* 23-15/0243a [[wikt:燕|燕]] 'en, 'enH
* 23-15/0243c [[wikt:嚥|嚥]] 'enH
* 23-15/0243d [[wikt:㬫|㬫]] 'enH
* 23-15/0243e [[wikt:讌|讌]] 'enH

==23-16==
* 23-16/0242a [[wikt:顯|顯]] xenX
* 23-16/0242c [[wikt:韅|韅]] xenX

==23-17==
* 23-17/0228a [[wikt:肙|肙]] 'wen
* 23-17/0228b [[wikt:蜎|蜎]] 'jwienX, 'wen, gjwienX
* 23-17/0228c [[wikt:悁|悁]] 'jwien
* 23-17/0228d [[wikt:㾓|㾓]] 'jwien
* 23-17/0228e [[wikt:狷|狷]] kjwienH
* 23-17/0228f [[wikt:絹|絹]] kjwienH
* 23-17/0228g [[wikt:捐|捐]] ywen
* 23-17/0228h [[wikt:涓|涓]] kwen
* 23-17/0228i [[wikt:睊|睊]] kwen, kwenH
* 23-17/0228j [[wikt:鞙|鞙]] hwenX
* 23-17/0228k [[wikt:駽|駽]] xwen, xwenH

==23-18==
* 23-18/0244a [[wikt:靦|靦]] thenX

==23-19==
* 23-19/1250e [[wikt:晛|晛]] henH, nenH

==23-20==
* 23-20/0245a [[wikt:前|前]] dzen
* 23-20/0245e [[wikt:揃|揃]] tsjenX
* 23-20/0245f [[wikt:湔|湔]] tsjen
* 23-20/0245g [[wikt:煎|煎]] tsjen
* 23-20/0245h [[wikt:箭|箭]] tsjenH
* 23-20/0245i [[wikt:翦|翦]] tsjenX
* 23-20/0245j [[wikt:剪|剪]] tsjenX
* 23-20/0245k [[wikt:鬋|鬋]] tsjen, tsjenH

==23-21==
* 23-21/0209a [[wikt:鮮|鮮]] sjen, sjenX
* 23-21/0209d [[wikt:癬|癬]] sjenX

==23-22==
* 23-22/0211a [[wikt:鱻|鱻]] sjen

==23-23==
* 23-23/0210a [[wikt:尟|尟]] sjenX

==23-24==
* 23-24/0218a [[wikt:片|片]] phenH

==23-25==
* 23-25/0221a [[wikt:便|便]] bjienH, bjien, bjienX
* 23-25/0221b [[wikt:楩|楩]] bjenH, bjien
* 23-25/0221c [[wikt:鞭|鞭]] pjien
* 23-25/0745f [[wikt:綆|綆]] pjiengX

==23-26==
* 23-26/0224a [[wikt:臱|臱]] mjien
* 23-26/0224b [[wikt:櫋|櫋]] mjien
* 23-26/0224c [[wikt:邊|邊]] pen
* 23-26/0224f [[wikt:籩|籩]] pjien

==23-27==
* 23-27/0246a [[wikt:扁|扁]] penX
* 23-27/0246b [[wikt:徧|徧]] penH
* 23-27/0246c [[wikt:遍|遍]] penH
* 23-27/0246d [[wikt:楄|楄]] ben
* 23-27/0246e [[wikt:編|編]] pjien, benX, pen
* 23-27/0246f [[wikt:惼|惼]] pjienX
* 23-27/0246g [[wikt:褊|褊]] pjienX
* 23-27/0246h [[wikt:偏|偏]] phjien
* 23-27/0246i [[wikt:猵|猵]] pen, phjienH
* 23-27/0246j [[wikt:篇|篇]] phjien
* 23-27/0246k [[wikt:翩|翩]] phjien
* 23-27/0246l [[wikt:萹|萹]] pen, penX, phjien
* 23-27/0246m [[wikt:諞|諞]] bjienH, bjienX
* 23-27/0246- [[wikt:騙|騙]] phjienH

==23-28==
* 23-28/0219a [[wikt:辡|辡]] pjenX
* 23-28/0219b [[wikt:辨|辨]] bjenX
* 23-28/0219c [[wikt:辧|辧]] beanH, bjenX
* 23-28/0219e [[wikt:辯|辯]] bjenX
* 23-28/0219f [[wikt:辦|辦]] beanH

==23-29==
* 23-29/0225a [[wikt:綿|綿]] mjien
* 23-29/0225b [[wikt:緜|緜]] mjien

==23-31==
* 23-31/0223a [[wikt:面|面]] mjienH
* 23-31/0223b [[wikt:偭|偭]] mjienX
* 23-31/0223c [[wikt:湎|湎]] mjienX
* 23-31/0223d [[wikt:緬|緬]] mjienX

==23-32==
* 23-32/0247a [[wikt:丏|丏]] menX
* 23-32/0247b [[wikt:眄|眄]] menH, menX
* 23-32/0247c [[wikt:沔|沔]] mjienX

=24=
==24-01==
An -r series acc. to Baxter &amp; Sagart.
Schuessler unites GSR 0186a, 0145a, and 0139e' as a single series.
* 24-01/0139a [[wikt:干|干]] kan
* 24-01/0139c [[wikt:奸|奸]] kan
* 24-01/0139d [[wikt:姧|姧]] kan
* 24-01/0139e [[wikt:忓|忓]] kan
* 24-01/0139f [[wikt:旰|旰]] kanH
* 24-01/0139g [[wikt:玕|玕]] kan
* 24-01/0139h [[wikt:皯|皯]] kanX
* 24-01/0139i [[wikt:矸|矸]] kan
* 24-01/0139j [[wikt:秆|秆]] kanX
* 24-01/0139k [[wikt:竿|竿]] kan
* 24-01/0139l [[wikt:肝|肝]] ka
* 24-01/0139m [[wikt:飦|飦]] kan, kjon
* 24-01/0139n [[wikt:刊|刊]] khan
* 24-01/0139o [[wikt:栞|栞]] khan
* 24-01/0139p [[wikt:衎|衎]] khanH
* 24-01/0139q [[wikt:扞|扞]] hanH
* 24-01/0139s [[wikt:旱|旱]] hanX
* 24-01/0139t [[wikt:汗|汗]] hanH
* 24-01/0139u [[wikt:虷|虷]] han
* 24-01/0139v [[wikt:邗|邗]] han
* 24-01/0139y [[wikt:釬|釬]] kan, hanH
* 24-01/0139z [[wikt:閈|閈]] hanH
* 24-01/0139b' [[wikt:馯|馯]] hanH
* 24-01/0139c' [[wikt:犴|犴]] nganH
* 24-01/0139d' [[wikt:豻|豻]] nganH
* 24-01/0139f' [[wikt:罕|罕]] xanX
* 24-01/0139g' [[wikt:軒|軒]] xjon
* 24-01/0139h' [[wikt:悍|悍]] hanH
* 24-01/0139i' [[wikt:捍|捍]] hanH
* 24-01/0139j' [[wikt:睅|睅]] hwaenX
* 24-01/0139- [[wikt:鼾|鼾]] xan
* 24-01/0300a [[wikt:訐|訐]] kjejH, kjet, kjot

==24-02==
An -r series acc. to Baxter and Sagart.
* 24-02/0140a [[wikt:倝|倝]] kanH
* 24-02/0140c [[wikt:乾|乾]] gjen, kan
* 24-02/0140d [[wikt:幹|幹]] kanH
* 24-02/0140e [[wikt:榦|榦]] kanH
* 24-02/0140f [[wikt:翰|翰]] hanH
* 24-02/0140h [[wikt:𩏑|𩏑]] han
* 24-02/0140i [[wikt:韓|韓]] han
* 24-02/0140j [[wikt:鶾|鶾]] han
* 24-02/0140k [[wikt:簳|簳]] kanX
* 24-02/0140l [[wikt:斡|斡]] 'wat, kwanH, kwanX
* 24-02/0140m [[wikt:澣|澣]] hwanX
* 24-02/0140- [[wikt:漧|漧]] kan

==24-03==
* 24-03/0141a [[wikt:侃|侃]] khanH, khanX
* 24-03/0141d [[wikt:諐|諐]] khjen, khjenH

==24-04==
An -r series acc. to Baxter &amp; Sagart.
* 24-04/0142a [[wikt:看|看]] khan, khanH

==24-05==
* 24-05/0143a [[wikt:寒|寒]] han
* 24-05/0143d [[wikt:搴|搴]] kjenX
* 24-05/0143e [[wikt:謇|謇]] kjenX
* 24-05/0143f [[wikt:蹇|蹇]] kjenX, kjonX
* 24-05/0143g [[wikt:褰|褰]] khjen
* 24-05/0143h [[wikt:騫|騫]] kjonX
* 24-05/0143i [[wikt:攓|攓]] kjenX, kjonX

==24-07==
* 24-07/0198a [[wikt:虔|虔]] gjen

==24-08==
* 24-08/0249a [[wikt:建|建]] kjonH
* 24-08/0249b [[wikt:揵|揵]] gjonX, kjonX
* 24-08/0249c [[wikt:鞬|鞬]] kjon
* 24-08/0249d [[wikt:騝|騝]] gjen, kjon
* 24-08/0249f [[wikt:腱|腱]] gjonH, kjon
* 24-08/0249g [[wikt:健|健]] gjonH
* 24-08/0249h [[wikt:楗|楗]] gjonX, kjonX
* 24-08/0249i [[wikt:鍵|鍵]] gjenX

==24-09==
Boltz (1994: 106-110) combines [[#24-09|24-09]], [[#24-11|24-11]], [[#24-12|24-12]].  
* 24-09/0184a [[wikt:姦|姦]] kaen

==24-10==
* 24-10/0144a [[wikt:暵|暵]] xanH, xanX
* 24-10/0144b [[wikt:熯|熯]] nyenX, xanX
* 24-10/0144c [[wikt:漢|漢]] xanH

==24-11==
Baxter &amp; Sagart (2014: 263-264) hesitate to see as an *-r series, despite some evidence.
Boltz (1994: 106-110) combines [[#24-09|24-09]], [[#24-11|24-11]], [[#24-12|24-12]].  

* 24-11/0146a [[wikt:安|安]] 'an
* 24-11/0146d [[wikt:按|按]] 'anH
* 24-11/0146e [[wikt:案|案]] 'anH
* 24-11/0146f [[wikt:晏|晏]] 'aenH, 'anH, 'enH
* 24-11/0146g [[wikt:鴳|鴳]] 'aenH
* 24-11/0146h [[wikt:頞|頞]] 'at
* 24-11/0146i [[wikt:鷃|鷃]] 'aenH

==24-12==
Boltz (1994: 106-110) combines [[#24-09|24-09]], [[#24-11|24-11]], [[#24-12|24-12]].  
* 24-12/0253a [[wikt:妟|妟]] 'aenH
* 24-12/0253b [[wikt:宴|宴]] 'enH
* 24-12/0253d [[wikt:匽|匽]] 'jonH, 'jonX
* 24-12/0253g [[wikt:偃|偃]] 'jonX
* 24-12/0253h [[wikt:郾|郾]] 'jonH
* 24-12/0253j [[wikt:鰋|鰋]] 'jonX
* 24-12/0253l [[wikt:蝘|蝘]] 'enX
* 24-12/0253m [[wikt:揠|揠]] 'eat

==24-13==
* 24-13/0254a [[wikt:㫃|㫃]] 'jonX

==24-14==
* 24-14/0200a [[wikt:焉|焉]] hjen, 'jen
* 24-14/0200b [[wikt:嘕|嘕]] xjen

==24-15==
Schuessler unites GSR 0186a, 0145a, and 0139e' as a single series. An -r series acc. to Baxter &amp; Sagart.
* 24-15/0139e' [[wikt:岸|岸]] nganH
* 24-15/0145a [[wikt:厂|厂]] xanH
* 24-15/0186a [[wikt:鴈|鴈]] ngaenH
* 24-15/0186b [[wikt:雁|雁]] ngaenH
* 24-15/0186- [[wikt:㷳|㷳]]

==24-16==
* 24-16/0251a [[wikt:言|言]] ngj+n, ngjon
* 24-16/0251e [[wikt:唁|唁]] ngjenH
* 24-16/0251f [[wikt:誾|誾]] ngin
* 24-16/0251g [[wikt:狺|狺]] ngjɨn

==24-17==
An -r series
* 24-17/0252a [[wikt:鬳|鬳]] ngjonH
* 24-17/0252d [[wikt:甗|甗]] ngjenH, ngjon
* 24-17/0252e [[wikt:獻|獻]] sa, xjonH
* 24-17/0252h [[wikt:巘|巘]] ngjenX, ngjonX
* 24-17/0252i [[wikt:讞|讞]] ngjenH, ngjet
* 24-17/0252j [[wikt:𣡌|𣡌]] ngat

==24-18==
* 24-18/0250a [[wikt:憲|憲]] xjonH
* 24-18/0250c [[wikt:瀗|瀗]] xjonH

==24-19==
An -r series acc. to Baxter &amp; Sagart.
Baxter &amp; Sagart (personal communication 12 April 2017) combine [[#24-19|24-19]] and [[#24-46|24-46]]. 
* 24-19/0199a [[wikt:彥|彥]] ngjenH
* 24-19/0199b [[wikt:諺|諺]] ngjenH
* 24-19/0199c [[wikt:顏|顏]] ngaen
* 24-19/0199d [[wikt:喭|喭]] nganH
* 24-19/24-46/0194a [[wikt:產|產]] sreanX

==24-20==
* 24-20/0150a [[wikt:丹|丹]] tan
* 24-20/0150c [[wikt:旃|旃]] tsyen

==24-21==
An -r series.
* 24-21/0147a [[wikt:單|單]] tan, tanX
* 24-21/0147e [[wikt:僤|僤]] tanX
* 24-21/0147f [[wikt:匰|匰]] tan
* 24-21/0147g [[wikt:殫|殫]] tan
* 24-21/0147h [[wikt:簞|簞]] tan
* 24-21/0147i [[wikt:襌|襌]] tan
* 24-21/0147j [[wikt:鄲|鄲]] tan
* 24-21/0147l [[wikt:癉|癉]] tanX, taH
* 24-21/0147m [[wikt:嘽|嘽]](啴) than, tsyhenX
* 24-21/0147n [[wikt:彈|彈]] dan, danH
* 24-21/0147o [[wikt:憚|憚]] danH
* 24-21/0147p [[wikt:㺗|㺗]] trhean
* 24-21/0147r [[wikt:戰|戰]] tsyenH
* 24-21/0147s [[wikt:樿|樿]] dzyenH, tsyenX
* 24-21/0147t [[wikt:燀|燀]] tsyhenX, tsyenX
* 24-21/0147u [[wikt:幝|幝]] tsyhenX
* 24-21/0147v [[wikt:繟|繟]] tsyhenX
* 24-21/0147x [[wikt:闡|闡]] tsyhenX
* 24-21/0147y [[wikt:嬋|嬋]] dzyen
* 24-21/0147z [[wikt:蟬|蟬]] dzyen
* 24-21/0147a' [[wikt:墠|墠]] dzyenX
* 24-21/0147b' [[wikt:禪|禪]] dzyenH
* 24-21/0147c' [[wikt:觶|觶]] tsye, tsyeH
* 24-21/0147d' [[wikt:驒|驒]] da, dan, ten
* 24-21/0147e' [[wikt:鼉|鼉]] da, dan
* 24-21/0147h' [[wikt:鱓|鱓]] da, dan
* 24-21/0147- [[wikt:撣|撣]]

==24-22==
Baxter &amp; Sagart (2014: 259) combine [[#24-22|24-22]] and [[#24-23|24-23]].
* 24-22/0149a [[wikt:旦|旦]] tanH
* 24-22/0149c [[wikt:鴠|鴠]] tanH
* 24-22/0149d [[wikt:坦|坦]] thanX
* 24-22/0149e [[wikt:但|但]] danX
* 24-22/0149f [[wikt:袒|袒]] danX
* 24-22/0149g [[wikt:怛|怛]] tat
* 24-22/0149- [[wikt:担|担]]
* 24-22/24-23/0148a [[wikt:亶|亶]] tanX
* 24-22/24-23/0148b [[wikt:𤺺|𤺺]] tanX
* 24-22/24-23/0148c [[wikt:儃|儃]] dzyen, thanX
* 24-22/24-23/0148d [[wikt:壇|壇]] dan 
* 24-22/24-23/0148e [[wikt:檀|檀]] dan
* 24-22/24-23/0148f [[wikt:澶|澶]] danH
* 24-22/24-23/0148g [[wikt:襢|襢]] danX, trjenH, trjenX
* 24-22/24-23/0148h [[wikt:皽|皽]] trjenX, tsyenX
* 24-22/24-23/0148i [[wikt:邅|邅]] drjenX, trjenX
* 24-22/24-23/0148j [[wikt:鱣|鱣]] trjen
* 24-22/24-23/0148k [[wikt:旜|旜]] tsyen
* 24-22/24-23/0148l [[wikt:氈|氈]] tsyen
* 24-22/24-23/0148m [[wikt:饘|饘]] tsyen, tsyenX
* 24-22/24-23/0148n [[wikt:鸇|鸇]] tsyen
* 24-22/24-23/0148o [[wikt:擅|擅]] dzyenH
* 24-22/24-23/0148p [[wikt:蟺|蟺]] dzyenX
* 24-22/24-23/0148q [[wikt:羶|羶]] syen
* 24-22/24-23/0148r [[wikt:膻|膻]] syen
* 24-22/24-23/0148s [[wikt:顫|顫]] syen
* 24-22/24-23/0148- [[wikt:羴|羴]] syen

==24-23==
Baxter &amp; Sagart (2014: 259) combine [[#24-22|24-22]] and [[#24-23|24-23]].

==24-24==
* 24-24/0151a [[wikt:炭|炭]] thanH

==24-25==
* 24-25/0205a [[wikt:善|善]] dzyenX
* 24-25/0205d [[wikt:膳|膳]] dzyenH
* 24-25/0205f [[wikt:繕|繕]] dzyenH

==24-26==
* 24-26/0201a [[wikt:展|展]] trjenH, trjenX
* 24-26/0201b [[wikt:輾|輾]] trjenX
* 24-26/0201c [[wikt:蹍|蹍]] nrjenX

==24-27==
* 24-27/0202a [[wikt:蕆|蕆]] trhjenX

==24-28==
* 24-28/0204a [[wikt:廛|廛]] drjen
* 24-28/0204b [[wikt:躔|躔]] drjen
* 24-28/0204c [[wikt:纏|纏]] drjen
* 24-28/0204- [[wikt:纒|纒]] drjen

==24-29==
A uvular series acc. to Sagart &amp; Baxter (2009: 233).
* 24-29/0197a [[wikt:衍|衍]] yenH, yenX
* 24-29/0197b [[wikt:愆|愆]] khjen
* 24-29/0197c [[wikt:餰|餰]] khjen

==24-30==
* 24-30/0203a [[wikt:延|延]] yen
* 24-30/0203b [[wikt:筵|筵]] yen
* 24-30/0203c [[wikt:綖|綖]] yan
* 24-30/0203d [[wikt:梴|梴]] trhjen
* 24-30/0203e [[wikt:埏|埏]] syen
* 24-30/0203f [[wikt:挻|挻]] syen
* 24-30/0203g [[wikt:誕|誕]] danX

==24-31==
A uvular series.
* 24-31/0207a [[wikt:羨|羨]] dzjenH, yen, zjenH

==24-32==
* 24-32/0213a [[wikt:連|連]] ljen, ljenX
* 24-32/0213b [[wikt:漣|漣]] ljen
* 24-32/0213c [[wikt:璉|璉]] ljenX
* 24-32/0213d [[wikt:蓮|蓮]] len

==24-33==
* 24-33/0214a [[wikt:聯|聯]] ljen

==24-34==
* 24-34/0215a [[wikt:輦|輦]] ljenX

==24-35==
* 24-35/0152a [[wikt:嘆|嘆]] than, thanH
* 24-35/0152c [[wikt:歎|歎]] than, thanH 
* 24-35/0152d [[wikt:難|難]] nan, nanH
* 24-35/0152g [[wikt:𪄿|𪄿]] nan, nanH
* 24-35/0152h [[wikt:戁|戁]] nraenX
* 24-35/0152i [[wikt:㸐|㸐]] nyen
* 24-35/0152k [[wikt:儺|儺]] na, naX
* 24-35/0152l [[wikt:臡|臡]] na, nej
* 24-35/0152m [[wikt:灘|灘]] than
* 24-35/0152- [[wikt:攤|攤]] than
* 24-35/0152- [[wikt:㬮|㬮]]

==24-36==
* 24-36/0217a [[wikt:然|然]] nyen
* 24-36/0217b [[wikt:燃|燃]] nyen

==24-37==
* 24-37/0216a [[wikt:㞋|㞋]] nrjenX
* 24-37/0216b [[wikt:赧|赧]] nraenX

==24-38==
* 24-38/0212a [[wikt:扇|扇]] syenH
* 24-38/0212b [[wikt:傓|傓]] syenH
* 24-38/0212c [[wikt:煽|煽]] syenH

==24-39==
* 24-39/0153a [[wikt:贊|贊]] tsanH
* 24-39/0153b [[wikt:賛|賛]] tsanH
* 24-39/0153c [[wikt:讚|讚]] tsanH
* 24-39/0153d [[wikt:瓚|瓚]] dzanX
* 24-39/0153e [[wikt:瓉|瓉]] dzanX
* 24-39/0153f [[wikt:纘|纘]] tswanX
* 24-39/0153g [[wikt:酇|酇]] tswanX
* 24-39/0153h [[wikt:鑽|鑽]] tswan, tswanH
* 24-39/0153j [[wikt:欑|欑]] dzwan
* 24-39/0153k [[wikt:櫕|櫕]] dzwan
* 24-39/0153l [[wikt:攢|攢]] dzwanH
* 24-39/0153l [[wikt:籫|籫]]

==24-40==
* 24-40/0154a [[wikt:𣦼|𣦼]] dzan
* 24-40/0154b [[wikt:粲|粲]] tshanH
* 24-40/0154c [[wikt:餐|餐]] tshan

==24-41==
An -r series acc. to Baxter &amp; Sagart
* 24-41/0155a [[wikt:戔|戔]] dzan, dzen
* 24-41/0155c [[wikt:殘|殘]] dzan
* 24-41/0155d [[wikt:棧|棧]] dzraenH, dzreanX, dzrjenX
* 24-41/0155e [[wikt:琖|琖]] tsreanX
* 24-41/0155f [[wikt:盞|盞]] tsreanX
* 24-41/0155h [[wikt:醆|醆]] tsrjenX
* 24-41/0155i [[wikt:剗|剗]] tsrheanX
* 24-41/0155j [[wikt:錢|錢]] dzjen, tsjenX
* 24-41/0155k [[wikt:淺|淺]] tsen, tshjenX
* 24-41/0155l [[wikt:俴|俴]] dzjenX
* 24-41/0155m [[wikt:諓|諓]] dzjenH, dzjenX
* 24-41/0155n [[wikt:賤|賤]] dzjenH
* 24-41/0155o [[wikt:踐|踐]] dzjenX
* 24-41/0155p [[wikt:餞|餞]] dzjenH, dzjenX
* 24-41/0155q [[wikt:帴|帴]] dzjenX, tsjen
* 24-41/0155r [[wikt:綫|綫]] sjenH
* 24-41/0155s [[wikt:濺|濺]] tsen, tsjenH

==24-42==
An -r series.
* 24-42/0206a [[wikt:𠨧|𠨧]] tshjen
* 24-42/0206b [[wikt:僊|僊]] sjen
* 24-42/0206c [[wikt:遷|遷]] tshjen
* 24-42/0206- [[wikt:躚|躚]] sjen

==24-43==
* 24-43/0208a [[wikt:孱|孱]] dzrean, dzrjen
* 24-43/0208b [[wikt:潺|潺]] dzrjen
* 24-43/0208c [[wikt:僝|僝]] dzreanX, dzrjwenH
* 24-43/0208e [[wikt:轏|轏]] dzraenX, dzreanX

==24-44==
* 24-44/0156a [[wikt:散|散]] sanX, sanH
* 24-44/0156c [[wikt:潸|潸]] sraen, sraenX, srean
* 24-44/0156d [[wikt:霰|霰]] senH

==24-44A==
* 24-44A [[wikt:珊|珊]]

==24-45==
An -r series acc. to Baxter and Sagart.
* 24-45/0193a [[wikt:山|山]] srean
* 24-45/0193d [[wikt:汕|汕]] sraenH
* 24-45/0193e [[wikt:訕|訕]] sraen, sraenH
* 24-45/0193f [[wikt:仙|仙]] sjen

==24-46==
An -r series acc. to Baxter and Sagart.
Baxter &amp; Sagart (personal communication 12 April 2017) combine [[#24-19|24-19]] and [[#24-46|24-46]].

==24-47==
* 24-47/0181a [[wikt:半|半]] panH
* 24-47/0181b [[wikt:靽|靽]] panH
* 24-47/0181c [[wikt:伴|伴]] banX, phanH
* 24-47/0181d [[wikt:判|判]] phanH
* 24-47/0181e [[wikt:拌|拌]] phan
* 24-47/0181f [[wikt:泮|泮]] phanH
* 24-47/0181g [[wikt:牉|牉]] phan, phanH
* 24-47/0181h [[wikt:胖|胖]] ban, phanH
* 24-47/0181i [[wikt:頖|頖]] phanH
* 24-47/0181j [[wikt:柈|柈]] ban
* 24-47/0181k [[wikt:畔|畔]] banH
* 24-47/0181l [[wikt:叛|叛]] banH
* 24-47/0181m [[wikt:袢|袢]] bjon

==24-48==
* 24-48/0182a [[wikt:般|般]] ban, pan
* 24-48/0182d [[wikt:槃|槃]] ban
* 24-48/0182e [[wikt:盤|盤]] ban
* 24-48/0182g [[wikt:磐|磐]] ban
* 24-48/0182h [[wikt:縏|縏]] ban
* 24-48/0182i [[wikt:鞶|鞶]] ban
* 24-48/0182- [[wikt:搬|搬]] pan
* 24-48/0182- [[wikt:䰉|䰉]]
* 24-48/0182- [[wikt:鬗|鬗]]

==24-49==
* 24-49/0262a [[wikt:反|反]] baenX, pjonX
* 24-49/0262e [[wikt:返|返]] pjonX
* 24-49/0262f [[wikt:販|販]] pjonH
* 24-49/0262g [[wikt:阪|阪]] baenX, pjonX
* 24-49/0262i [[wikt:飯|飯]] bjonH, bjonX
* 24-49/0262j [[wikt:板|板]] paenX
* 24-49/0262k [[wikt:版|版]] paenX
* 24-49/0262l [[wikt:鈑|鈑]] paenX
* 24-49/0262m [[wikt:扳|扳]] paen
* 24-49/0262n [[wikt:昄|昄]] baenX, paenX

==24-50==
* 24-50/0263a [[wikt:棥|棥]] bjon
* 24-50/0263b [[wikt:樊|樊]] bjon
* 24-50/0263d [[wikt:攀|攀]] phaen
* 24-50/0263- [[wikt:䫶|䫶]]

==24-51==
* 24-51/0264a [[wikt:煩|煩]] bjon
* 24-51/0264b [[wikt:𨆌|𨆌]] bjon

==24-52==
* 24-52/0265a [[wikt:緐|緐]] bjonH
* 24-52/0265b [[wikt:繁|繁]] ban, bjon
* 24-52/0265d [[wikt:蘩|蘩]] bjon

==24-53==
* 24-53/0190a [[wikt:班|班]] paen
* 24-53/0190c [[wikt:斑|斑]] paen

==24-54==
An -r series acc.
* 24-54/0195a [[wikt:釆|釆]] beanH, ben
* 24-54/0195b [[wikt:番|番]] pa, phjon
* 24-54/0195d [[wikt:幡|幡]] phjon
* 24-54/0195e [[wikt:旛|旛]] phjon
* 24-54/0195g [[wikt:轓|轓]] pjon
* 24-54/0195h [[wikt:繙|繙]] bjon, phjon
* 24-54/0195i [[wikt:燔|燔]] bjon
* 24-54/0195j [[wikt:璠|璠]] bjon
* 24-54/0195k [[wikt:膰|膰]] bjon
* 24-54/0195l [[wikt:蹯|蹯]] bjon
* 24-54/0195m [[wikt:蕃|蕃]] bjon, pjon
* 24-54/0195n [[wikt:潘|潘]] phan
* 24-54/0195o [[wikt:蟠|蟠]] ban
* 24-54/0195p [[wikt:播|播]] paH
* 24-54/0195q [[wikt:譒|譒]] paH
* 24-54/0195r [[wikt:皤|皤]] ba
* 24-54/0195s [[wikt:藩|藩]] pjon
* 24-54/0195- [[wikt:𤳖|𤳖]] pan

==24-55==
* 24-55/0220a [[wikt:弁|弁]] bjenH
* 24-55/0220b [[wikt:卞|卞]] bjenH
* 24-55/0220c [[wikt:抃|抃]] bjenH
* 24-55/0220d [[wikt:拚|拚]] phjon, pjunH
* 24-55/0220e [[wikt:犿|犿]] phjon
* 24-55/0220f [[wikt:笲|笲]] bjenH, bjon

==24-56==
* 24-56/0266a [[wikt:曼|曼]] manH, mjonH
* 24-56/0266d [[wikt:蔓|蔓]] mjonH
* 24-56/0266e [[wikt:嫚|嫚]] maenH
* 24-56/0266g [[wikt:僈|僈]] maenH
* 24-56/0266h [[wikt:慢|慢]] maenH, manH
* 24-56/0266i [[wikt:墁|墁]] man
* 24-56/0266j [[wikt:幔|幔]] manH
* 24-56/0266k [[wikt:縵|縵]] manH
* 24-56/0266l [[wikt:鄤|鄤]] manH
* 24-56/0266n [[wikt:漫|漫]] maenH, manH
* 24-56/0266o [[wikt:謾|謾]] maenH, man, manH, mjen

==24-57==
* 24-57/0183a [[wikt:㒼|㒼]] man
* 24-57/0183c [[wikt:滿|滿]] manX
* 24-57/0183d [[wikt:瞞|瞞]] man
* 24-57/0183e [[wikt:樠|樠]] man, manH, mjon, mwon
* 24-57/0183f [[wikt:璊|璊]] mwon
* 24-57/0183g [[wikt:懣|懣]] manX, mwonH, mwonX

==24-58==
* 24-58/0222a [[wikt:免|免]] mjenX, mjunH
* 24-58/0222b [[wikt:俛|俛]] mjenX
* 24-58/0222c [[wikt:勉|勉]] mjenX
* 24-58/0222d [[wikt:冕|冕]] mjenX
* 24-58/0222e [[wikt:悗|悗]] man, mwonX
* 24-58/0222f [[wikt:鞔|鞔]] man
* 24-58/0222g [[wikt:娩|娩]] mjenX, mjonX
* 24-58/0222h [[wikt:晚|晚]] mjonX
* 24-58/0222i [[wikt:脕|脕]] mjonX
* 24-58/0222j [[wikt:輓|輓]] mjonX
* 24-58/0222k [[wikt:絻|絻]] mjunH
* 24-58/0222l [[wikt:浼|浼]] mwojX

=25=
==25-01==
* 25-01/0157a [[wikt:官|官]] kwan
* 25-01/0157e [[wikt:棺|棺]] kwan, kwanH
* 25-01/0157f [[wikt:涫|涫]] kwanH
* 25-01/0157g [[wikt:痯|痯]] kwanX
* 25-01/0157h [[wikt:管|管]] kwanX
* 25-01/0157i [[wikt:琯|琯]] kwanX
* 25-01/0157j [[wikt:錧|錧]] kwanH, kwanX
* 25-01/0157k [[wikt:館|館]] kwanH
* 25-01/0157l [[wikt:倌|倌]] kwaenH, kwan
* 25-01/0157m [[wikt:逭|逭]] hwanH
* 25-01/0157n [[wikt:菅|菅]] kaen
* 25-01/0157- [[wikt:婠|婠]] 'weat
* 25-01/0157- [[wikt:綰|綰]]

==25-02==
* 25-02/0158a [[wikt:雚|雚]] kwanH
* 25-02/0158e [[wikt:鸛|鸛]] kwanH
* 25-02/0158f [[wikt:灌|灌]] kwanH
* 25-02/0158g [[wikt:爟|爟]] kwanH
* 25-02/0158h [[wikt:瓘|瓘]] kwanH
* 25-02/0158i [[wikt:觀|觀]] kwan, kwanH
* 25-02/0158j [[wikt:歡|歡]] xwan
* 25-02/0158k [[wikt:懽|懽]] xwan
* 25-02/0158l [[wikt:驩|驩]] xwan
* 25-02/0158m [[wikt:嚾|嚾]] xwanH
* 25-02/0158n [[wikt:讙|讙]] xwan
* 25-02/0158o [[wikt:權|權]] gjwen
* 25-02/0158p [[wikt:蠸|蠸]] gjwen
* 25-02/0158q [[wikt:䟒|䟒]] gjwen
* 25-02/0158s [[wikt:勸|勸]] khjwonH
* 25-02/0158- [[wikt:顴|顴]] gjwen (?)

==25-03==
* 25-03/0159a [[wikt:貫|貫]] kwan, kwanH, kwaenH
* 25-03/0159c [[wikt:摜|摜]] kwaenH
* 25-03/0159d [[wikt:慣|慣]] kwaenH
* 25-03/0159e [[wikt:串|串]] kwaenH
* 25-03/0159f [[wikt:患|患]] hwaenH

==25-04==
* 25-04/0160a [[wikt:冠|冠]] kwan, kwanH

==25-05==
* 25-05/0161a [[wikt:盥|盥]] kwanH, kwanX

==25-06==
* 25-06/0162a [[wikt:款|款]] khwanX
* 25-06/0162b [[wikt:窾|窾]] khwanX

==25-07==
* 25-07/0165a [[wikt:萈|萈]] hwan
* 25-07/0165b [[wikt:寬|寬]] khwan
* 25-07/0241h [[wikt:莧|莧]] heanH, hwaenX

==25-08==
* 25-08/0166a [[wikt:萑|萑]] hwan

==25-09==
* 25-09/0187a [[wikt:丱|丱]] kwaenH
* 25-09/0187b [[wikt:關|關]] 'waen, kwaen

==25-10==
* 25-10/0188a [[wikt:宦|宦]] hwaenH

==25-11==
* 25-11/0226a [[wikt:卷|卷]] kjwenX, gjwen
* 25-11/0226b [[wikt:睠|睠]] kjwenH
* 25-11/0226c [[wikt:眷|眷]] kjwenH
* 25-11/0226d [[wikt:棬|棬]] khjwen, kwenH
* 25-11/0226e [[wikt:鬈|鬈]] gjwen, khjwen
* 25-11/0226f [[wikt:捲|捲]] gjwen
* 25-11/0226g [[wikt:拳|拳]] gjwen
* 25-11/0226h [[wikt:蜷|蜷]] gjwen
* 25-11/0226i [[wikt:倦|倦]] gjwenH
* 25-11/0226j [[wikt:勌|勌]] gjwenH
* 25-11/0226k [[wikt:圈|圈]] gjwenX, gjwonH, khjwonX, kjwonX
* 25-11/0226l [[wikt:券|券]] khjwonH
* 25-11/0226m [[wikt:綣|綣]] khjwonH, khjwonX
* 25-11/0226n [[wikt:裷|裷]] 'jwonX, khjwonX
* 25-11/0226o [[wikt:豢|豢]] hwaenH
* 25-11/0226p [[wikt:㹖|㹖]] hwanH

==25-12==
An -r series (on the basis of transcriptions)
* 25-12/0164a [[wikt:亘|亘]] hwan, sjwen, kongH
* 25-12/0164f [[wikt:桓|桓]] hwan
* 25-12/0164g [[wikt:洹|洹]] hwan
* 25-12/0164j [[wikt:狟|狟]] hwan
* 25-12/0164k [[wikt:荁|荁]] hwan
* 25-12/0164l [[wikt:貆|貆]] xjwon, xwan, hwan
* 25-12/0164m [[wikt:垣|垣]] hjwon
* 25-12/0164q [[wikt:咺|咺]] xjwonX
* 25-12/0164r [[wikt:晅|晅]] xjwon, xjwonX
* 25-12/0164s [[wikt:烜|烜]] xjweX
* 25-12/0164t [[wikt:宣|宣]] sjwen
* 25-12/0164x [[wikt:喧|喧]] xjwonX
* 25-12/0164y [[wikt:愃|愃]] xjwonX
* 25-12/0164z [[wikt:諠|諠]] xjwon
* 25-12/0164- [[wikt:楦|楦]]
* 25-12/0164- [[wikt:𧻚|𧻚]]
* 25-12/0164- [[wikt:䚙|䚙]]

==25-13==
* 25-13/0167a [[wikt:奐|奐]] xwanH
* 25-13/0167b [[wikt:渙|渙]] xwanH
* 25-13/0167c [[wikt:煥|煥]] xwanH
* 25-13/0167d [[wikt:寏|寏]] hwan
* 25-13/0167f [[wikt:換|換]] hwanH

==25-14==
A uvular series.
* 25-14/0255a [[wikt:爰|爰]] hjwon
* 25-14/0255d [[wikt:猨|猨]] hjwon
* 25-14/0255e [[wikt:援|援]] hjwenH, hjwon
* 25-14/0255f [[wikt:瑗|瑗]] hjwenH, hjwonH
* 25-14/0255g [[wikt:媛|媛]] hjwenH, hjwon
* 25-14/0255h [[wikt:湲|湲]] hjwen
* 25-14/0255i [[wikt:煖|煖]] xjwon
* 25-14/0255j [[wikt:暖|暖]] xjwon, xjwonX
* 25-14/0255k [[wikt:諼|諼]] xjwon
* 25-14/0255l [[wikt:緩|緩]] hwanX
* 25-14/0255m [[wikt:鍰|鍰]] hwaen
* 25-14/0255- [[wikt:楥|楥]]

==25-15==
* 25-15/0256a [[wikt:袁|袁]] hjwon
* 25-15/0256b [[wikt:園|園]] hjwon
* 25-15/0256c [[wikt:猿|猿]] hjwen
* 25-15/0256d [[wikt:榬|榬]] hjwon
* 25-15/0256e [[wikt:轅|轅]] hjwon
* 25-15/0256f [[wikt:遠|遠]] hjwonH, hjwonX

==25-16==
An -r series acc. to Starostin (1989).
* 25-16/0163a [[wikt:丸|丸]] hwan
* 25-16/0163b [[wikt:𤴯|𤴯]] hwanH
* 25-16/0163c [[wikt:紈|紈]] hwan
* 25-16/0163d [[wikt:芄|芄]] hwan
* 25-16/0163e [[wikt:骫|骫]] 'jweX

==25-17==
* 25-17/0260a [[wikt:夗|夗]] 'jwonX
* 25-17/0260b [[wikt:宛|宛]] 'jwonX
* 25-17/0260c [[wikt:怨|怨]] 'jwon, 'jwonH
* 25-17/0260d [[wikt:苑|苑]] 'jwonX, 'jut, hjunX
* 25-17/0260e [[wikt:鴛|鴛]] 'jwon
* 25-17/0260f [[wikt:眢|眢]] 'wan
* 25-17/0260g [[wikt:婉|婉]] 'jwonX
* 25-17/0260h [[wikt:惌|惌]] 'jwonX
* 25-17/0260i [[wikt:晼|晼]] 'jwonX
* 25-17/0260j [[wikt:畹|畹]] 'jwonX
* 25-17/0260k [[wikt:鵷|鵷]] 'jwon
* 25-17/0260l [[wikt:琬|琬]] 'jwonX, 'wanH
* 25-17/0260m [[wikt:捥|捥]] 'wanH
* 25-17/0260n [[wikt:腕|腕]] 'wanH
* 25-17/0260o [[wikt:椀|椀]] 'wanX
* 25-17/0260p [[wikt:䡝|䡝]] 'jun, 'jwon
* 25-17/0260q [[wikt:菀|菀]] 'jut
* 25-17/0260r [[wikt:𩜌|𩜌]] 'jut
* 25-17/0260- [[wikt:盌|盌]] 'wanX

==25-18==
* 25-18/0261a [[wikt:冤|冤]] 'jwon

==25-19==
* 25-19/0257a [[wikt:元|元]] ngjwon
* 25-19/0257d [[wikt:芫|芫]] ngjwon
* 25-19/0257e [[wikt:黿|黿]] ngjwon, ngwan
* 25-19/0257f [[wikt:魭|魭]] ngjwon, ngwan
* 25-19/0257g [[wikt:頑|頑]] ngwaen, ngwean
* 25-19/0257h [[wikt:刓|刓]] ngwan
* 25-19/0257i [[wikt:园|园]] ngwan
* 25-19/0257j [[wikt:忨|忨]] ngwan, ngwanH
* 25-19/0257k [[wikt:玩|玩]] ngwanH
* 25-19/0257l [[wikt:翫|翫]] ngwanH
* 25-19/0257m [[wikt:完|完]] hwan
* 25-19/0257n [[wikt:垸|垸]] hwan
* 25-19/0257o [[wikt:浣|浣]] hwanX
* 25-19/0257p [[wikt:輐|輐]] hwanH, ngwanH, ngwanX
* 25-19/0257q [[wikt:莞|莞]] kwan
* 25-19/0257r [[wikt:筦|筦]] kwanX
* 25-19/0257s [[wikt:梡|梡]] khwanX
* 25-19/0257t [[wikt:睆|睆]] hwaenX
* 25-19/0257u [[wikt:院|院]] hjwenH
* 25-19/0257- [[wikt:脘|脘]]
* 25-19/0257- [[wikt:阮|阮]]

==25-20==
* 25-20/0258a [[wikt:原|原]] ngjwon
* 25-20/0258c [[wikt:源|源]] ngjwon
* 25-20/0258d [[wikt:愿|愿]] ngjwonH
* 25-20/0258e [[wikt:謜|謜]] ngjwon
* 25-20/0258f [[wikt:願|願]] ngjwonH
* 25-20/0258g [[wikt:騵|騵]] ngjwon
* 25-20/0258h [[wikt:豲|豲]] hwan

==25-21==
* 25-21/0259a [[wikt:邍|邍]] ngjwon

==25-22==
* 25-22/0170a [[wikt:斷|斷]] twanX, twanH, dwanX

==25-23==
* 25-23/0172a [[wikt:段|段]] dwanH, thwanH, twanH
* 25-23/0172c [[wikt:鍛|鍛]] twanH
* 25-23/0172d [[wikt:腶|腶]] twanH
* 25-23/0172- [[wikt:緞|緞]]

==25-24==
An -r series
* 25-24/0168a [[wikt:耑|耑]] twan
* 25-24/0168d [[wikt:端|端]] twan
* 25-24/0168e [[wikt:剬|剬]] tsywenX, twan
* 25-24/0168f [[wikt:褍|褍]] twan
* 25-24/0168g [[wikt:鍴|鍴]] twan
* 25-24/0168i [[wikt:湍|湍]] thwan
* 25-24/0168j [[wikt:喘|喘]] tsyhwenX
* 25-24/0168k [[wikt:諯|諯]] dzywen, tsyhwenH
* 25-24/0168l [[wikt:輲|輲]] dzywen
* 25-24/0168m [[wikt:遄|遄]] dzywen
* 25-24/0168o [[wikt:惴|惴]] tsyhwenX, tsyweH
* 25-24/0168p [[wikt:瑞|瑞]] dzyweH
* 25-24/0168q [[wikt:揣|揣]] tsrhjweX, tsyhwenX, twaX
* 25-24/0168- [[wikt:踹|踹]] tsrhjweH (?)
* 25-24/0168- [[wikt:貒|貒]]

==25-25==
* 25-25/0231a [[wikt:專|專]] tsywen
* 25-25/0231c [[wikt:剸|剸]] dwan
* 25-25/0231d [[wikt:篿|篿]] tsywen
* 25-25/0231e [[wikt:轉|轉]] trjwenX
* 25-25/0231f [[wikt:傳|傳]] drjwen, drjwenH, trjwenH
* 25-25/0231j [[wikt:縳|縳]] drjwenX
* 25-25/0231k [[wikt:膞|膞]] dzywen, dzywenX, dzywin, tsywinX
* 25-25/0231l [[wikt:鱄|鱄]] dzywenX, tsywen, tsywenX
* 25-25/0231m [[wikt:竱|竱]] tsywenX, twan
* 25-25/0231n [[wikt:團|團]] dwan
* 25-25/0231o [[wikt:慱|慱]] dwan
* 25-25/0231p [[wikt:摶|摶]] dwan
* 25-25/0231q [[wikt:漙|漙]] dwan

==25-26==
* 25-26/0232a [[wikt:穿|穿]] tsyhwen

==25-27==
* 25-27/0233a [[wikt:舛|舛]] tsyhwenX

==25-28==
* 25-28/0171a [[wikt:彖|彖]] thwanH
* 25-28/0171b [[wikt:褖|褖]] thwanH
* 25-28/0171c [[wikt:蝝|蝝]] ywen
* 25-28/0171d [[wikt:緣|緣]] ywen, ywenH
* 25-28/0171e [[wikt:椽|椽]] drjwen
* 25-28/0171f [[wikt:瑑|瑑]] drjwenX
* 25-28/0171g [[wikt:篆|篆]] drjwenX
* 25-28/0171h [[wikt:腞|腞]] trhjwenX
* 25-28/0171i [[wikt:喙|喙]] tsyhwejH, xjwojH

==25-29==
* 25-29/0229a [[wikt:㕣|㕣]] ywenX
* 25-29/0229b [[wikt:沿|沿]] ywen
* 25-29/0229c [[wikt:鉛|鉛]] ywen
* 25-29/0229d [[wikt:兗|兗]] ywenX
* 25-29/0229e [[wikt:船|船]] zywen

==25-30==
* 25-30/0230a [[wikt:鳶|鳶]] ywen

==25-31==
* 25-31/0178a [[wikt:䜌|䜌]] lwan
* 25-31/0178c [[wikt:巒|巒]] lwan
* 25-31/0178d [[wikt:欒|欒]] lwan
* 25-31/0178e [[wikt:灓|灓]] lwan
* 25-31/0178f [[wikt:鑾|鑾]] lwan
* 25-31/0178h [[wikt:鸞|鸞]] lwan
* 25-31/0178i [[wikt:臠|臠]] ljwenX
* 25-31/0178k [[wikt:孌|孌]] ljwenX, ljwenH
* 25-31/0178m [[wikt:戀|戀]] ljwenH
* 25-31/0178n [[wikt:攣|攣]] ljwen
* 25-31/0178o [[wikt:變|變]] pjenH
* 25-31/0178p [[wikt:蠻|蠻]] maen
* 25-31/0178q [[wikt:孿|孿]] srwaenH, srjwenH
* 25-31/0178- [[wikt:曫|曫]]

==25-32==
* 25-32/0179a [[wikt:卵|卵]] lwaX, lwanX

==25-33==
* 25-33/0180a [[wikt:𤔔|𤔔]] lwanH
* 25-33/0180c [[wikt:亂|亂]] lwanH

==25-34==
* 25-34/0189a [[wikt:奻|奻]] nwaen, nwaenH

==25-35==
* 25-35/0238a [[wikt:耎|耎]] nywenX
* 25-35/0238a2 [[wikt:軟|軟]] nywenX
* 25-35/0238b [[wikt:輭|輭]] nywenX
* 25-35/0238c [[wikt:蝡|蝡]] nywenX
* 25-35/0238d [[wikt:蠕|蠕]] nywenX
* 25-35/0238e [[wikt:瑌|瑌]] nywen, nywenX
* 25-35/0238f [[wikt:瓀|瓀]] nywen, nywenX
* 25-35/0238g [[wikt:偄|偄]] nwanH
* 25-35/0238h [[wikt:渜|渜]] nwanH, nwanX
* 25-35/0238i [[wikt:煗|煗]] nwanX
* 25-35/0238j [[wikt:㨎|㨎]] nywet
* 25-35/0238k [[wikt:擩|擩]] nywet

==25-36==
* 25-36/0176a [[wikt:竄|竄]] tshwanH

==25-37==
* 25-37/0177a [[wikt:爨|爨]] tshwanH

==25-38==
* 25-38/0234a [[wikt:全|全]] dzjwen
* 25-38/0234b [[wikt:仝|仝]] dzjwen
* 25-38/0234c [[wikt:牷|牷]] dzjwen
* 25-38/0234d [[wikt:痊|痊]] tshjwen
* 25-38/0234e [[wikt:筌|筌]] tshjwen
* 25-38/0234f [[wikt:荃|荃]] tshjwen
* 25-38/0234g [[wikt:銓|銓]] tshjwen
* 25-38/0234h [[wikt:輇|輇]] dzywen

==25-39==
* 25-39/0235a [[wikt:雋|雋]] dzjwenX
* 25-39/0235b [[wikt:臇|臇]] tsjwenX
* 25-39/0235c [[wikt:鐫|鐫]] tsjwen
* 25-39/0235d [[wikt:儁|儁]] tswinH

==25-40==
An -r series.
* 25-40/0237a [[wikt:泉|泉]] dzjwen
* 25-40/0237e [[wikt:線|線]] sjenH

==25-41==
* 25-41/1249a [[wikt:縓|縓]] tshjwen, tshjwenH

==25-42==
* 25-42/0173a [[wikt:筭|筭]] swanH

==25-43==
* 25-43/0174a [[wikt:算|算]] swanH, swanX
* 25-43/0174b [[wikt:匴|匴]] swanX
* 25-43/0174c [[wikt:篹|篹]] swanX
* 25-43/0174d [[wikt:纂|纂]] tswanX
* 25-43/0174e [[wikt:篡|篡]] tsrhwaenH

==25-44==
* 25-44/0175a [[wikt:祘|祘]] swanH
* 25-44/0175b [[wikt:蒜|蒜]] swanH

=26=
==26-01==
* 26-01/0586a [[wikt:笄|笄]] kej

==26-02==
* 26-02/0587a [[wikt:卟|卟]] kej, kejX

==26-03==
* 26-03/1241a [[wikt:計|計]] kejH

==26-04==
* 26-04/0588a [[wikt:启|启]] khejX
* 26-04/0588c [[wikt:啟|啟]] khejX
* 26-04/0588h [[wikt:綮|綮]] khejX
* 26-04/0588j [[wikt:晵|晵]] khejX

==26-05==
* 26-05/1237l [[wikt:諡|諡]] zyijH
* 26-05/1241d [[wikt:兮|兮]] hej
* 26-05/1241h [[wikt:盻|盻]] hejH, ngejH

==26-06==
* 26-06/0552a [[wikt:旨|旨]] tsyijX
* 26-06/0552f [[wikt:指|指]] tsyijX
* 26-06/0552g [[wikt:脂|脂]] tsyij
* 26-06/0552h [[wikt:鮨|鮨]] gij
* 26-06/0552i [[wikt:䭫|䭫]] khejX
* 26-06/0552k [[wikt:詣|詣]] ngejH
* 26-06/0552l [[wikt:耆|耆]] gij, tsyijX
* 26-06/0552m [[wikt:鰭|鰭]] gij
* 26-06/0552n [[wikt:鬐|鬐]] gij
* 26-06/0552o [[wikt:稽|稽]] kej
* 26-06/0552p [[wikt:嗜|嗜]] dzyijH
* 26-06/0552q [[wikt:蓍|蓍]] syij

==26-07==
* 26-07/0553a [[wikt:示|示]] zyijH
* 26-07/0553h [[wikt:視|視]] dzyijH, dzyijX
* 26-07/0553i [[wikt:祁|祁]] gij

==26-08==
* 26-08/0602a [[wikt:几|几]] kijX
* 26-08/0602c [[wikt:机|机]] kijX
* 26-08/0602d [[wikt:肌|肌]] kij
* 26-08/0602e [[wikt:𩨒|𩨒]] kij
* 26-08/0602f [[wikt:飢|飢]] kij

==26-09==
* 26-09/0599a [[wikt:皆|皆]] keaj
* 26-09/0599b [[wikt:偕|偕]] keaj
* 26-09/0599c [[wikt:喈|喈]] keaj
* 26-09/0599d [[wikt:階|階]] keaj
* 26-09/0599e [[wikt:楷|楷]] kheajX
* 26-09/0599f [[wikt:湝|湝]] heaj
* 26-09/0599g [[wikt:諧|諧]] heaj
* 26-09/0599h [[wikt:揩|揩]] keat

==26-10==
* 26-10/0605a [[wikt:癸|癸]] kjwijX
* 26-10/0605e [[wikt:揆|揆]] gjwijX
* 26-10/0605f [[wikt:戣|戣]] gwij
* 26-10/0605g [[wikt:葵|葵]] gjwij
* 26-10/0605h [[wikt:騤|騤]] gjwij
* 26-10/0605i [[wikt:睽|睽]] khwej
* 26-10/0605k [[wikt:闋|闋]] khwet

==26-11==
* 26-11/1241i [[wikt:醯|醯]] xej

==26-12==
* 26-12/0589a [[wikt:医|医]] 'ejH
* 26-12/0589b [[wikt:殹|殹]] 'ejH
* 26-12/0589e [[wikt:繄|繄]] 'ej
* 26-12/0589f [[wikt:翳|翳]] 'ej, 'ejH
* 26-12/0589g [[wikt:鷖|鷖]] 'ej

==26-13==
* 26-13/0604a [[wikt:伊|伊]] 'jij
* 26-13/0604d [[wikt:咿|咿]] 'jij

==26-14==
* 26-14/0590a [[wikt:氐|氐]] tej, tejX
* 26-14/0590c [[wikt:底|底]] tejX
* 26-14/0590d [[wikt:柢|柢]] tej, tejH, tejX
* 26-14/0590e [[wikt:低|低]] tej
* 26-14/0590f [[wikt:弤|弤]] tejX
* 26-14/0590g [[wikt:抵|抵]] tejX
* 26-14/0590h [[wikt:羝|羝]] tej
* 26-14/0590i [[wikt:邸|邸]] tejX
* 26-14/0590j [[wikt:詆|詆]] dej, tejX
* 26-14/0590k [[wikt:胝|胝]] trij
* 26-14/0590l [[wikt:坻|坻]] drij
* 26-14/0590m [[wikt:蚳|蚳]] drij
* 26-14/0590n [[wikt:厎|厎]] tsyijX
* 26-14/0590o [[wikt:砥|砥]] tsyijX
* 26-14/0590p [[wikt:祗|祗]] tsyij
* 26-14/0590q [[wikt:眡|眡]] dzyijH, dzyijX
* 26-14/0590r [[wikt:眂|眂]] dzyijH, dzyijX
* 26-14/0590s [[wikt:鴟|鴟]] tsyhij

==26-15==
* 26-15/0591a [[wikt:弟|弟]] dejH, dejX
* 26-15/0591d [[wikt:娣|娣]] dejH, dejX
* 26-15/0591e [[wikt:第|第]] dejH
* 26-15/0591f [[wikt:悌|悌]] dejH
* 26-15/0591g [[wikt:稊|稊]] dej
* 26-15/0591h [[wikt:綈|綈]] dej
* 26-15/0591i [[wikt:𦯔|𦯔]] dej
* 26-15/0591j [[wikt:鵜|鵜]] dej
* 26-15/0591k [[wikt:睇|睇]] dejH, thej
* 26-15/0591l [[wikt:梯|梯]] thej
* 26-15/0591m [[wikt:涕|涕]] thejH, thejX
* 26-15/0591n [[wikt:豒|豒]] drit

==26-16==
* 26-16/0595d [[wikt:遟|遟]] drij
* 26-16/0595g [[wikt:稺|稺]] drijH
* 26-16/0595h [[wikt:𦃘|𦃘]] drijH
* 26-16/0596c [[wikt:墀|墀]] drij
* 26-16/0596d [[wikt:遲|遲]] drijH, drij
* 26-16/0596e [[wikt:穉|穉]] drijH


==26-17==
* 26-17/0551a [[wikt:夷|夷]] yij
* 26-17/0551d [[wikt:侇|侇]] yij
* 26-17/0551e [[wikt:姨|姨]] yij
* 26-17/0551f [[wikt:洟|洟]] thejH, yij
* 26-17/0551g [[wikt:痍|痍]] yij
* 26-17/0551h [[wikt:䧅|䧅]] yij
* 26-17/0551j [[wikt:桋|桋]] yij
* 26-17/0551k [[wikt:荑|荑]] dej, yij

==26-18==
* 26-18/1237c [[wikt:彝|彝]] yij

==26-19==
* 26-19/0560a [[wikt:矢|矢]] syij, syijX
* 26-19/0560e [[wikt:雉|雉]] drijX
* 26-19/0560i [[wikt:矧|矧]] syinX
* 26-19/0560j [[wikt:矤|矤]] syinX
* 26-19/0560k [[wikt:䀢|䀢]] sywinH
* 26-19/0560m [[wikt:薙|薙]] drijX, thejH, zijX

==26-20==
* 26-20/0561a [[wikt:尸|尸]] syij
* 26-20/0561c [[wikt:屍|屍]] syij
* 26-20/0561d [[wikt:屎|屎]] syijX
* 26-20/0561e [[wikt:鳲|鳲]] syij

==26-21==
* 26-21/0556a [[wikt:兕|兕]] zijX

==26-22==
* 26-22/0562a [[wikt:履|履]] lijX

==26-23==
*26-23/0597a [[wikt:豊|豊]] lejX
*26-23/0597d [[wikt:禮|禮]] lejX
*26-23/0597e [[wikt:醴|醴]] lejX
*26-23/0597h [[wikt:鱧|鱧]] lejX
*26-23/0597i [[wikt:體|體]] thejX

==26-24==
* 26-24/0519a [[wikt:利|利]] lijH
* 26-24/0519b [[wikt:𥝢|𥝢]] lijH
* 26-24/0519g [[wikt:犁|犁]] lej, lij
* 26-24/0519h [[wikt:梨|梨]] lij
* 26-24/0519i [[wikt:棃|棃]] lij
* 26-24/0519j [[wikt:黧|黧]] lej
* 26-24/0519k [[wikt:黎|黎]] lej
* 26-24/0519l [[wikt:蔾|蔾]] lij
* 26-24/0519m [[wikt:藜|藜]] lej

==26-25==
* 26-25/0563a [[wikt:尼|尼]] nejH, nrij
* 26-25/0563b [[wikt:怩|怩]] nrij
* 26-25/0563c [[wikt:柅|柅]] nrijH, nrijX
* 26-25/0563d [[wikt:泥|泥]] nej
* 26-25/0563e [[wikt:旎|旎]] nrjeX
* 26-25/0563f [[wikt:昵|昵]] nrit

==26-26==
* 26-26/0592a [[wikt:妻|妻]] tshej, tshejH
* 26-26/0592e [[wikt:悽|悽]] tshej
* 26-26/0592f [[wikt:淒|淒]] tshej
* 26-26/0592g [[wikt:萋|萋]] tshej
* 26-26/0592i [[wikt:緀|緀]] tshej
* 26-26/0592j [[wikt:𨹷|𨹷]] tsej, tsejH
* 26-26/0592l [[wikt:棲|棲]] sej

==26-27==
* 26-27/0593a [[wikt:齊|齊]] tsij, dzej
* 26-27/0593f [[wikt:臍|臍]] dzej
* 26-27/0593g [[wikt:蠐|蠐]] dzej
* 26-27/0593h [[wikt:劑|劑]] dzejH, tsje
* 26-27/0593i [[wikt:嚌|嚌]] dzejH
* 26-27/0593j [[wikt:懠|懠]] dzej, dzejH
* 26-27/0593k [[wikt:癠|癠]] dzej, dzejH, dzejX
* 26-27/0593l [[wikt:薺|薺]] dzejX
* 26-27/0593m [[wikt:穧|穧]] dzejH, tsejH
* 26-27/0593n [[wikt:擠|擠]] tsej, tsejH, tsejX
* 26-27/0593o [[wikt:濟|濟]] tsejH, tsejX
* 26-27/0593p [[wikt:躋|躋]] tsej, tsejH
* 26-27/0593r [[wikt:隮|隮]] tsej, tsejH
* 26-27/0593s [[wikt:霽|霽]] tsejH
* 26-27/0593t [[wikt:齏|齏]] tsej
* 26-27/0593u [[wikt:齎|齎]] tsej
* 26-27/0593v [[wikt:齍|齍]] tsij
* 26-27/0593y [[wikt:齋|齋]] tsreaj
* 26-27/0593z [[wikt:儕|儕]] dzreaj

==26-28==
* 26-28/0554b [[wikt:姊|姊]] tsijX
* 26-28/0554c [[wikt:姉|姉]] tsijX
* 26-28/0554d [[wikt:秭|秭]] tsijX
* 26-28/0554f [[wikt:笫|笫]] tsrijX
* 26-28/0554g [[wikt:胏|胏]] tsrijX
* 26-28/0554h [[wikt:柹|柹]] dzrijX
* 26-28/0554i [[wikt:柿|柿]] dzrijX
* 26-28/0554j [[wikt:䪡|䪡]] tsej

==26-29==
* 26-29/0555a [[wikt:次|次]] tshijH
* 26-29/0555c [[wikt:佽|佽]] tshijH
* 26-29/0555d [[wikt:絘|絘]] tshijH
* 26-29/0555e [[wikt:咨|咨]] tsij
* 26-29/0555f [[wikt:恣|恣]] tsijH
* 26-29/0555g [[wikt:粢|粢]] dzejH, tsij
* 26-29/0555h [[wikt:資|資]] tsij
* 26-29/0555i [[wikt:茨|茨]] dzij
* 26-29/0555j [[wikt:餈|餈]] dzij
* 26-29/0555l [[wikt:諮|諮]] tsij
* 26-29/0555m [[wikt:䆅|䆅]] dzij
* 26-29/0555n [[wikt:薋|薋]] dzij

==26-30==
* 26-30/1237m [[wikt:自|自]] dzijH

==26-31==
Baxter &amp; Sagart combine with [[#04-39|04-39]], Schuessler hesitatingly assents.

==26-32==
* 26-32/0595a [[wikt:屖|屖]] sej

==26-33==
* 26-33/0596a [[wikt:犀|犀]] sej

==26-34==
* 26-34/0557a [[wikt:厶|厶]] sij
* 26-34/0557b [[wikt:私|私]] sij

==26-35==
* 26-35/0558a [[wikt:死|死]] sijX

==26-36==
* 26-36/0559a [[wikt:師|師]] srij

==26-37==
* 26-37/0565a [[wikt:匕|匕]] pjijX
* 26-37/0565b [[wikt:朼|朼]] pjijX

==26-38==
* 26-38/0566a [[wikt:匕|匕]] pjijH
* 26-38/0566g [[wikt:比|比]] bjij, bjijH, pjijH, pjijX
* 26-38/0566i [[wikt:牝|牝]] bjijX, bjinX
* 26-38/0566k [[wikt:庀|庀]] phjieX, phjijX
* 26-38/0566l [[wikt:疕|疕]] phjieX, phjijX, pjijX
* 26-38/0566m [[wikt:枇|枇]] pjijX
* 26-38/0566n [[wikt:妣|妣]] pjijH, pjijX
* 26-38/0566p [[wikt:庇|庇]] pjij, pjijH
* 26-38/0566q [[wikt:秕|秕]] pjijX
* 26-38/0566r [[wikt:粃|粃]] pjijX
* 26-38/0566s [[wikt:仳|仳]] bijX, bjij, phjijX
* 26-38/0566t [[wikt:紕|紕]] bjie, bjijH, pej, phjie, phjij
* 26-38/0566u [[wikt:毗|毗]] bjij
* 26-38/0566v [[wikt:鈚|鈚]] bjij
* 26-38/0566y [[wikt:坒|坒]] bjijH
* 26-38/0566z [[wikt:芘|芘]] bjij
* 26-38/0566a' [[wikt:批|批]] bet, phej
* 26-38/0566b' [[wikt:梐|梐]] bejX
* 26-38/0566c' [[wikt:陛|陛]] bejX
* 26-38/0566d' [[wikt:吡|吡]] phjieX
* 26-38/0566e' [[wikt:𣬉|𣬉]] bjij
* 26-38/0566f' [[wikt:膍|膍]] bej, bjij
* 26-38/0566h' [[wikt:貔|貔]] bjij

==26-39==
* 26-39/0598a [[wikt:米|米]] mejX
* 26-39/0598d [[wikt:眯|眯]] mejX
* 26-39/0598e [[wikt:迷|迷]] mej
* 26-39/0598f [[wikt:麋|麋]] mij
* 26-39/0598h [[wikt:敉|敉]] mjieX
* 26-39/0598i [[wikt:侎|侎]] mjieX
* 26-39/0598k [[wikt:冞|冞]] mjie
* 26-39/0598l [[wikt:𦊮|𦊮]] mjie
* 26-39/0598m [[wikt:蘪|蘪]] mij

=27=
==27-01==
* 27-01/0541a [[wikt:開|開]] khoj, kojX

==27-02==
* 27-02/0548a [[wikt:豈|豈]] kjɨjX, khojX
* 27-02/0548b [[wikt:凱|凱]] khojX
* 27-02/0548c [[wikt:愷|愷]] khojX
* 27-02/0548d [[wikt:塏|塏]] khojX
* 27-02/0548e [[wikt:鎧|鎧]] khojH, khojX
* 27-02/0548f [[wikt:闓|闓]] khoj, khojX
* 27-02/0548g [[wikt:𧽊|𧽊]] hoj
* 27-02/0548i [[wikt:螘|螘]] ngjɨjX
* 27-02/0548j [[wikt:覬|覬]] kijH

==27-03==
* 27-03/0603a [[wikt:冀|冀]] kijH
* presumed 27-03/0603b [[wikt:兾|兾]] kijH
* 27-03/0603c [[wikt:驥|驥]] kijH

==27-04==
* 27-04/0547a [[wikt:幾|幾]] gjɨj, kjɨj, kjɨjX
* 27-04/0547c [[wikt:機|機]] kjɨj
* 27-04/0547d [[wikt:璣|璣]] kjɨj
* 27-04/0547e [[wikt:磯|磯]] kjɨj
* 27-04/0547f [[wikt:禨|禨]] kjɨj, kjɨjH
* 27-04/0547g [[wikt:穖|穖]] kjɨjX
* 27-04/0547h [[wikt:蟣|蟣]] kjɨjX
* 27-04/0547i [[wikt:譏|譏]] kjɨj
* 27-04/0547j [[wikt:鞿|鞿]] kjɨj
* 27-04/0547k [[wikt:饑|饑]] kjɨj
* 27-04/0547l [[wikt:畿|畿]] gjɨj

==27-05==
* 27-05/0550a [[wikt:衣|衣]] 'jɨj, 'jɨjH
* 27-05/0550f [[wikt:依|依]] 'jɨj, 'jɨjX
* 27-05/0550g [[wikt:扆|扆]] 'jɨjX
* 27-05/0550h [[wikt:哀|哀]] 'oj
* 27-05/0550j [[wikt:偯|偯]] 'jɨjX

==27-06==
* 27-06/0549a [[wikt:希|希]] xjɨj
* 27-06/0549b [[wikt:悕|悕]] xjɨj
* 27-06/0549c [[wikt:晞|晞]] xjɨj
* 27-06/0549d [[wikt:欷|欷]] xjɨj
* 27-06/0549e [[wikt:狶|狶]] xjɨj, xjɨjX
* 27-06/0549f [[wikt:豨|豨]] xjɨj, xjɨjX
* 27-06/0549g [[wikt:睎|睎]] xjɨj
* 27-06/1237k [[wikt:絺|絺]] trhij

==27-07==
* 27-07/1237i [[wikt:黹|黹]] trijX

==27-08==
* 27-08/0579a [[wikt:非|非]] pjɨj	
* 27-08/0579c [[wikt:匪|匪]] pjɨjX	
* 27-08/0579d [[wikt:扉|扉]] pjɨj	
* 27-08/0579e [[wikt:棐|棐]] pjɨjX	
* 27-08/0579f [[wikt:篚|篚]] pjɨjX	
* 27-08/0579g [[wikt:誹|誹]] pjɨj, pjɨjH
* 27-08/0579h [[wikt:悱|悱]] phjɨjX
* 27-08/0579i [[wikt:斐|斐]] phjɨjX	
* 27-08/0579j [[wikt:霏|霏]] phjɨj	
* 27-08/0579k [[wikt:騑|騑]] phjɨj, pjɨj	
* 27-08/0579l [[wikt:菲|菲]] bjɨjH, phjɨj, phjɨjX	
* 27-08/0579m [[wikt:剕|剕]] bjɨjH
* 27-08/0579n [[wikt:厞|厞]] bjɨjH	
* 27-08/0579o [[wikt:屝|屝]] bjɨjH	
* 27-08/0579p [[wikt:翡|翡]] bjɨjH	
* 27-08/0579q [[wikt:腓|腓]] bjɨj	
* 27-08/0579r [[wikt:蜚|蜚]] bjɨjH, pjɨjX	
* 27-08/0579s [[wikt:陫|陫]] bjɨjH, bjɨjX	
* 27-08/0579t [[wikt:徘|徘]] bwoj	
* 27-08/0579u [[wikt:悲|悲]] pij	
* 27-08/0579v [[wikt:俳|俳]] beaj	
* 27-08/0579x [[wikt:排|排]] beaj	
* 27-08/0579- [[wikt:痱|痱]]

==27-09==
* 27-09/0580a [[wikt:飛|飛]] pjɨj

==27-10==
* 27-10/0581a [[wikt:妃|妃]] phjɨj, phwojH

==27-11==
* 27-11/0582 [[wikt:肥|肥]] bjɨj

==27-12==
* 27-12/0353a [[wikt:火|火]] xwaX

==27-13==
* 27-13/0546a [[wikt:枚|枚]] mwoj
* 27-13/0546b [[wikt:玫|玫]] mwoj

==27-14==
* 27-14/0567a [[wikt:眉|眉]] mij, mjɨjX
* 27-14/0567d [[wikt:媚|媚]] mijH
* 27-14/0567f [[wikt:楣|楣]] mij
* 27-14/0567g [[wikt:湄|湄]] mij

==27-15==
* 27-15/0585a [[wikt:亹|亹]] mwon

==27-16==
* 27-16/0568a [[wikt:美|美]] mijX

==27-17==
* 27-17/0583a [[wikt:尾|尾]] mjɨjX
* 27-17/0583c [[wikt:娓|娓]] mjɨjX
* 27-17/0583d [[wikt:浘|浘]] mjɨjX
* 27-17/0583e [[wikt:𤈦|𤈦]] xjwɨjX

==27-18==
* 27-18/0584a [[wikt:𢼸|𢼸]] mjɨj
* 27-18/0584d [[wikt:微|微]] mjɨj
* 27-18/0584f [[wikt:薇|薇]] mjɨj
* 27-18/0584g [[wikt:媺|媺]] mijX
* 27-18/0584h [[wikt:徽|徽]] xjwɨj

==27-19==
Zhangzheng (2003) unites the series 兀 [[#31-10|31-10]], 虺 [[#27-19|27-19]], and 髡 [[#34-07|37-07]].
* 27-19/0572a [[wikt:虺|虺]] xjwɨjX, xweaj, xwoj

==27-20==
* 27-20/1009a [[wikt:虫|虫]] drjuwng

=28=
==28-01==
Baxter &amp; Sagart (2014: 151) combine [[#28-01|28-01]], [[#28-09|28-09]], and [[#28-10|28-10]].
* 28-01/0569a [[wikt:鬼|鬼]] kjwɨjX
* 28-01/0569d [[wikt:傀|傀]] kwoj
* 28-01/0569e [[wikt:瑰|瑰]] kwoj
* 28-01/0569f [[wikt:魁|魁]] khwoj
* 28-01/0569g [[wikt:塊|塊]] khweajH, khwojH
* 28-01/0569h [[wikt:瘣|瘣]] hwojX
* 28-01/0569i [[wikt:槐|槐]] hweaj, hwoj
* 28-01/0569j [[wikt:嵬|嵬]] ngwoj, ngwojX
* 28-01/0569k [[wikt:魏|魏]] ngjwɨj, ngjwɨjH
* 28-01/0569l [[wikt:愧|愧]] kwijH
* 28-01/0569n [[wikt:媿|媿]] kwijH
* 28-01/0569q [[wikt:螝|螝]] hwojH, kwij, kwijH
* 28-01/0569r [[wikt:餽|餽]] gwijH
* 28-01/0569s [[wikt:巍|巍]] ngjwɨj
* 28-01/0569- [[wikt:隗|隗]] ngjwɨj
* 28-01/28-09/0573a [[wikt:畏|畏]] 'jwɨjH
* 28-01/28-09/0573d [[wikt:㟪|㟪]] 'jwɨjX, 'wojX
* 28-01/28-09/0573e [[wikt:偎|偎]] 'woj
* 28-01/28-09/0573f [[wikt:煨|煨]] 'woj
* 28-01/28-09/0573g [[wikt:猥|猥]] 'wojX
* 28-01/28-09/0573h [[wikt:隈|隈]] 'woj
* 28-01/28-10/0574a [[wikt:威|威]] 'jwɨj
* 28-01/28-10/0574d [[wikt:崴|崴]] 'weaj

==28-02==
* 28-02/0570a [[wikt:歸|歸]] kjwɨj
* 28-02/0570g [[wikt:巋|巋]] khwij, khwijX

==28-03==
* 28-03/1237s [[wikt:夔|夔]] gwij

==28-04==
* 28-04/0542a [[wikt:回|回]] hwoj
* 28-04/0542b [[wikt:廻|廻]] hwoj
* 28-04/0542c [[wikt:迴|迴]] hwoj
* 28-04/0542d [[wikt:徊|徊]] hwoj
* 28-04/0542e [[wikt:洄|洄]] hwoj
* 28-04/0542f [[wikt:蛔|蛔]] hwoj

==28-05==
* 28-05/0342a [[wikt:衛|衛]] hjwejH
* 28-05/0342f [[wikt:讆|讆]] hjwejH
* 28-05/0342g [[wikt:躗|躗]] hwaejH
* 28-05/0342- [[wikt:躛|躛]] xweajH
* 28-05/0571a [[wikt:韋|韋]] hjwɨj
* 28-05/0571d [[wikt:違|違]] hjwɨj
* 28-05/0571f [[wikt:偉|偉]] hjwɨjX
* 28-05/0571g [[wikt:圍|圍]] hjwɨj
* 28-05/0571h [[wikt:幃|幃]] hjwɨj
* 28-05/0571j [[wikt:煒|煒]] hjwɨjX
* 28-05/0571k [[wikt:瑋|瑋]] hwjɨjX
* 28-05/0571l [[wikt:禕|禕]] 'je
* 28-05/0571m [[wikt:緯|緯]] hjwɨjH, hjwɨjX
* 28-05/0571n [[wikt:葦|葦]] hjwɨjX
* 28-05/0571o [[wikt:闈|闈]] hjwɨj
* 28-05/0571p [[wikt:韙|韙]] hjwɨjX
* 28-05/0571q [[wikt:韡|韡]] hjwɨjX
* 28-05/0571r [[wikt:褘|褘]] xjwɨj
* 28-05/0571s [[wikt:諱|諱]] xjwɨjH

==28-06==
* 28-06/0600a [[wikt:褱|褱]] hweaj
* 28-06/0600c [[wikt:懷|懷]] hweaj
* 28-06/0600d [[wikt:壞|壞]] hweajH, hwojX, kweajH
* 28-06/0600e [[wikt:瓌|瓌]] kwoj

==28-07==
* 28-07/1240h [[wikt:乖|乖]] kweajH

==28-08==
* 28-08/1239a [[wikt:卉|卉]] xjwɨjH

==28-09==
Baxter &amp; Sagart (2014: 151) combine [[#28-01|28-01]], [[#28-09|28-09]], and [[#28-10|28-10]].

==28-10==
Baxter &amp; Sagart (2014: 151) combine [[#28-01|28-01]], [[#28-09|28-09]], and [[#28-10|28-10]].

==28-11==
Baxter &amp; Sagart (personal communication 12 April 2017) separate off 28-11/0575g' 鷕 ywijX, 28-11/0575h' 䗽 ywijH, 28-11/0575i' 蓷 thwoj, tsyhwij, 28-11/0575j' 催 tshwoj, 28-11/0575k' 漼 tshwojX and 28-11/0575l' 摧 dzwoj as well as 28-11/0601a 淮 hweaj and 28-11/0601d 匯 hwojX as a separate series. 
* 28-11/0575a [[wikt:隹|隹]] tsywij
* 28-11/0575e [[wikt:䳡|䳡]] tsywij
* 28-11/0575f [[wikt:鵻|鵻]] tsywij
* 28-11/0575g [[wikt:錐|錐]] tsywij
* 28-11/0575h [[wikt:騅|騅]] tsywij
* 28-11/0575i [[wikt:唯|唯]] tshwijX, ywij, ywijX
* 28-11/0575m [[wikt:帷|帷]] hwij
* 28-11/0575n [[wikt:惟|惟]] ywij
* 28-11/0575o [[wikt:維|維]] ywij
* 28-11/0575q [[wikt:蜼|蜼]] lwijX, ywijH
* 28-11/0575r [[wikt:椎|椎]] drwij
* 28-11/0575s [[wikt:顀|顀]] drwij
* 28-11/0575u [[wikt:誰|誰]] dzywij
* 28-11/0575v [[wikt:雖|雖]] swij
* 28-11/0575y [[wikt:稚|稚]] drijH
* 28-11/0575z [[wikt:堆|堆]] twoj
* 28-11/0575a' [[wikt:推|推]] thwoj, tsyhwij
* 28-11/0575b' [[wikt:陮|陮]] dwojX
* 28-11/0575d' [[wikt:崔|崔]] dzwoj
* 28-11/0575e' [[wikt:趡|趡]] tshwijX
* 28-11/0575g' [[wikt:鷕|鷕]] ywijX
* 28-11/0575h' [[wikt:䗽|䗽]] ywijH
* 28-11/0575i' [[wikt:蓷|蓷]] thwoj, tsyhwij
* 28-11/0575j' [[wikt:催|催]] tshwoj
* 28-11/0575k' [[wikt:漼|漼]] tshwojX
* 28-11/0575l' [[wikt:摧|摧]] dzwoj
* 28-11/0601a [[wikt:淮|淮]] hweaj
* 28-11/0601d [[wikt:匯|匯]] hwojX
* 28-11/1237u [[wikt:睢|睢]] xjwij

==28-12==
* 28-12/0543d [[wikt:追|追]] trwij
* 28-12/0543h [[wikt:縋|縋]] drjweH
* 28-12/0543i [[wikt:膇|膇]] drjweH

==28-13==
* 28-13/0544a [[wikt:隤|隤]] dwoj
* 28-13/0544b [[wikt:穨|穨]] dwoj
* 28-13/0544c [[wikt:頹|頹]] dwoj

==28-14==
* 28-14/0576a [[wikt:水|水]] sywijX

==28-15==
* 28-15/0577a [[wikt:畾|畾]] lwijX, lwoj
* 28-15/0577d [[wikt:壘|壘]] lwijX
* 28-15/0577e [[wikt:櫐|櫐]] lwijX
* 28-15/0577f [[wikt:纍|纍]] lwij
* 28-15/0577g [[wikt:藟|藟]] lwijX
* 28-15/0577h [[wikt:讄|讄]] lwijX
* 28-15/0577i [[wikt:𧮢|𧮢]] lwijX
* 28-15/0577j [[wikt:儡|儡]] lwoj, lwojX
* 28-15/0577k [[wikt:礨|礨]] lwojX
* 28-15/0577l [[wikt:罍|罍]] lwoj
* 28-15/0577n [[wikt:靁|靁]] lwoj
* 28-15/0577o [[wikt:雷|雷]] lwoj
* 28-15/0577p [[wikt:儽|儽]] lwojH
* 28-15/0577q [[wikt:虆|虆]] lwa
* 28-15/0577r [[wikt:累|累]] ljweH, ljweX, lwaX
* 28-15/0577s [[wikt:縲|縲]] lwij
* 28-15/0577t [[wikt:騾|騾]] lwa
* 28-15/0577- [[wikt:螺|螺]] lwa

==28-16==
* 28-16/0545a [[wikt:磊|磊]] lwojX

==28-17==
* 28-17/0578a [[wikt:耒|耒]] lwijH, lwojH
* 28-17/0578b [[wikt:誄|誄]] lwijX

==28-18==
* 28-18/1237v [[wikt:蕤|蕤]] nywij

==28-19==
* 28-19/1237x [[wikt:夊|夊]] swij

==28-20==
* 28-20/0513a [[wikt:罪|罪]] dzwojX
* 28-20/0513b [[wikt:辠|辠]] dzwojH

=29=
==29-01==
* 29-01/0393a [[wikt:吉|吉]] kjit
* 29-01/0393i [[wikt:蛣|蛣]] khjit
* 29-01/0393j [[wikt:詰|詰]] khjit
* 29-01/0393k [[wikt:佶|佶]] git
* 29-01/0393l [[wikt:姞|姞]] git
* 29-01/0393n [[wikt:拮|拮]] ket, kjit
* 29-01/0393o [[wikt:桔|桔]] ket
* 29-01/0393p [[wikt:結|結]] ket
* 29-01/0393q [[wikt:袺|袺]] keat, ket
* 29-01/0393r [[wikt:頡|頡]] het
* 29-01/0393t [[wikt:髻|髻]] kejH, ket
* 29-01/0393u [[wikt:秸|秸]] keat
* 29-01/0393v [[wikt:黠|黠]] heat
* 29-01/0393x [[wikt:劼|劼]] kheat
* 29-01/0393y [[wikt:襭|襭]] het
* 29-01/0393z [[wikt:擷|擷]] het

==29-02==
* 29-02/0278a [[wikt:鞂|鞂]] keat

==29-03==
* 29-03/0535a [[wikt:棄|棄]] khjijH

==29-04==
* 29-04/0510b [[wikt:屆|屆]] keajH

==29-05==
* 29-05/0538a [[wikt:季|季]] kjwijH
* 29-05/0538e [[wikt:悸|悸]] gjwijH

==29-06==
* 29-06/0409a [[wikt:穴|穴]] hwet
* 29-06/0409c [[wikt:泬|泬]] xwet
* 29-06/0409d [[wikt:鴥|鴥]] ywit

==29-07==
Baxter &amp; Sagart (personal communication 12 April 2017) combine [[#05-07|05-07]] and [[#29-07|29-07]].

==29-08==
* 29-08/0533a [[wikt:惠|惠]] hwejH
* 29-08/0533b [[wikt:叀|叀]] hwejH
* 29-08/0533e [[wikt:蟪|蟪]] hwejH
* 29-08/0533f [[wikt:蕙|蕙]] hwejH
* 29-08/0533g [[wikt:譓|譓]] hwejH
* 29-08/0533h [[wikt:穗|穗]] zwijH
* 29-08/0533i [[wikt:繐|繐]] sjwejH

==29-09==
* 29-09/0526a [[wikt:㒸|㒸]] zwijH
* 29-09/0526d [[wikt:遂|遂]] zwijH
* 29-09/0526f [[wikt:隊|隊]] drwijH, dwojH
* 29-09/0526g [[wikt:墜|墜]] drwijH
* 29-09/0526h [[wikt:檖|檖]] zwijH
* 29-09/0526i [[wikt:燧|燧]] zwijH
* 29-09/0526j [[wikt:璲|璲]] zwijH
* 29-09/0526k [[wikt:穟|穟]] zwijH
* 29-09/0526l [[wikt:襚|襚]] zwijH
* 29-09/0526m [[wikt:隧|隧]] zwijH
* 29-09/0526n [[wikt:旞|旞]] zwijH
* 29-09/0526o [[wikt:邃|邃]] swijH

==29-10==
* 29-10/0527a [[wikt:彗|彗]] zjwejH, zwijH
* 29-10/0527b [[wikt:篲|篲]] zjwejH, zwijH
* 29-10/0527c [[wikt:嘒|嘒]] xwejH
* 29-10/0527d [[wikt:慧|慧]] hwejH
* 29-10/0527e [[wikt:譿|譿]] hwejH

==29-11==
* 29-11/0507a [[wikt:矞|矞]] ywit
* 29-11/0507b [[wikt:遹|遹]] ywit
* 29-11/0507e [[wikt:驈|驈]] ywit
* 29-11/0507f [[wikt:鷸|鷸]] ywit
* 29-11/0507g [[wikt:橘|橘]] kjwit
* 29-11/0507h [[wikt:繘|繘]] kjwit, ywit
* 29-11/0507i [[wikt:僪|僪]] gjwit
* 29-11/0507j [[wikt:獝|獝]] gjwit
* 29-11/0507k [[wikt:劀|劀]] kweat
* 29-11/0507l [[wikt:譎|譎]] kwet
* 29-11/0507m [[wikt:憰|憰]] kwet
* 29-11/0507n [[wikt:鐍|鐍]] kwet
* 29-11/0507o [[wikt:潏|潏]] kwet
* 29-11/0507p [[wikt:瞲|瞲]] xwet, xwijH

==29-12==
* 29-12/0394a [[wikt:一|一]] 'jit

==29-13==
* 29-13/0395a [[wikt:壹|壹]] 'jit
* 29-13/0395b [[wikt:噎|噎]] 'et
* 29-13/0395c [[wikt:㦤|㦤]] 'ijH
* 29-13/0395d [[wikt:懿|懿]] 'ijH
* 29-13/0395h [[wikt:饐|饐]] 'ijH
* 29-13/0395i [[wikt:曀|曀]] 'ejH
* 29-13/0395j [[wikt:㙪|㙪]] 'ejH
* 29-13/0395k [[wikt:殪|殪]] 'ejH

==29-14==
* 29-14/1241j [[wikt:替|替]] thejH

==29-15==
* 29-15/0413a [[wikt:至|至]] tsyijH
* 29-15/0413d [[wikt:致|致]] trijH
* 29-15/0413e [[wikt:輊|輊]] trijH
* 29-15/0413f [[wikt:挃|挃]] trit
* 29-15/0413g [[wikt:銍|銍]] trit
* 29-15/0413h [[wikt:窒|窒]] det, tet, trit
* 29-15/0413i [[wikt:桎|桎]] tsyit
* 29-15/0413j [[wikt:室|室]] syit
* 29-15/0413m [[wikt:咥|咥]] det
* 29-15/0413n [[wikt:垤|垤]] det
* 29-15/0413o [[wikt:姪|姪]] det, drit
* 29-15/0413q [[wikt:絰|絰]] det
* 29-15/0413r [[wikt:耊|耊]] det

==29-16==
* 29-16/0415a [[wikt:疐|疐]] tejH, trijH
* 29-16/0415d [[wikt:懥|懥]] trhijH, tsyijH
* 29-16/0415e [[wikt:嚏|嚏]] tejH

==29-17==
* 29-17/0402a [[wikt:失|失]] syit
* 29-17/0402b [[wikt:佚|佚]] yit
* 29-17/0402c [[wikt:泆|泆]] det, yit
* 29-17/0402d [[wikt:軼|軼]] det, yit
* 29-17/0402e [[wikt:抶|抶]] trhit
* 29-17/0402f [[wikt:秩|秩]] drit
* 29-17/0402g [[wikt:袠|袠]] drit
* 29-17/0402h [[wikt:翐|翐]] drit
* 29-17/0402i [[wikt:瓞|瓞]] det
* 29-17/0402j [[wikt:跌|跌]] det
* 29-17/0402k [[wikt:迭|迭]] det
* 29-17/0402l [[wikt:眣|眣]] det, trhit

==29-18==
* 29-18/0398a [[wikt:實|實]] zyit

==29-19==
* 29-19/0396a [[wikt:逸|逸]] yit

==29-20==
Sagart &amp; Baxter (2009: 232) appear to combine [[#08-05|08-05]] and [[#29-20|29-20]]

==29-21==
* 29-21/0397a [[wikt:佾|佾]] yet
* 29-21/1256d [[wikt:㞕|㞕]] set
* 29-21/1256e [[wikt:屑|屑]] set

==29-22==
* 29-22/1257c [[wikt:欥|欥]] yit

==29-23==
* 29-23/0403a [[wikt:栗|栗]] lit
* 29-23/0403d [[wikt:慄|慄]] lit
* 29-23/0403e [[wikt:瑮|瑮]] lit

==29-24==
* 29-24/1241n [[wikt:盭|盭]] lejH

==29-25==
* 29-25/0532a [[wikt:戾|戾]] lejH, let
* 29-25/0532b [[wikt:悷|悷]] lejH
* 29-25/0532c [[wikt:淚|淚]] lwijH

==29-26==
* 29-26/0404a [[wikt:日|日]] nyit
* 29-26/0404e [[wikt:衵|衵]] nyit
* 29-26/0404f [[wikt:馹|馹]] nyit
* 29-26/0404g [[wikt:䵒|䵒]] nrit
* 29-26/0404h [[wikt:圼|圼]] net
* 29-26/0404j [[wikt:涅|涅]] net

==29-27==
* 29-27/0414a [[wikt:臸|臸]] nyit

==29-28==
* 29-28/0564a [[wikt:二|二]] nyijH
* 29-28/0564e [[wikt:弍|弍]] nyijH
* 29-28/0564g [[wikt:貳|貳]] nyijH
* 29-28/0564i [[wikt:樲|樲]] nyijH
* 29-28/0564j [[wikt:膩|膩]] nrijH
* 29-28/0838a [[wikt:佞|佞]] nengH

==29-29==
* 29-29/0494a [[wikt:疾|疾]] dzit
* 29-29/0494d [[wikt:蒺|蒺]] dzit
* 29-29/0494e [[wikt:嫉|嫉]] dzijH

==29-30==
* 29-30/0399a [[wikt:卽|卽]] tsik, tsit
* 29-30/0399d [[wikt:楖|楖]] tsrit
* 29-30/0399e [[wikt:節|節]] dzet, tset
* 29-30/0399g [[wikt:櫛|櫛]] tsrit
* 29-30/0923c [[wikt:堲|堲]] tsit

==29-31==
* 29-31/0400a [[wikt:七|七]] tshit
* 29-31/0400e [[wikt:叱|叱]] tsyhit
* 29-31/0400f [[wikt:切|切]] tshet
* 29-31/0400- [[wikt:𩵐|𩵐]] tshit
* 29-31/0400- [[wikt:𩲏|𩲏]]

==29-32==
* 29-32/0401a [[wikt:桼|桼]] tshit
* 29-32/0401b [[wikt:漆|漆]] tshit
* 29-32/0401c [[wikt:膝|膝]] sit

==29-33==
* 29-33/1257e [[wikt:悉|悉]] sit
* 29-33/1257f [[wikt:蟋|蟋]] sit, srit

==29-34==
* 29-34/0518a [[wikt:四|四]] sijH
* 29-34/0518e [[wikt:駟|駟]] sijH
* 29-34/0518f [[wikt:柶|柶]] sijH
* 29-34/0518g [[wikt:泗|泗]] sijH

==29-35==
* 29-35/0506a [[wikt:蝨|蝨]] srit

==29-36==
* 29-36/0411a [[wikt:瑟|瑟]] srit

==29-37==
* 29-37/0412a [[wikt:閉|閉]] pejH

==29-38==
* 29-38/0408a [[wikt:匹|匹]] phjit

==29-39==
* 29-39/0521a [[wikt:畀|畀]] pjijH
* 29-39/0521c [[wikt:鼻|鼻]] bjijH
* 29-39/0521d [[wikt:淠|淠]] phejH, phjiejH
* 29-39/0521- [[wikt:嚊|嚊]]
* 29-39/0521- [[wikt:箅|箅]] 	
* 29-39/0521- [[wikt:濞|濞]] 	
* 29-39/0521- [[wikt:痹|痹]] 	
* 29-39/0521- [[wikt:襣|襣]]

==29-40==
* 29-40/1237- [[wikt:自|自]] dzijH
Schuessler gives two further characters, which I am having difficulty reproducing

==29-41==
* 29-41/0405a [[wikt:必|必]] pjit
* 29-41/0405c [[wikt:珌|珌]] pjit
* 29-41/0405d [[wikt:怭|怭]] bjit
* 29-41/0405e [[wikt:㧙|㧙]] bit
* 29-41/0405f [[wikt:駜|駜]] bit
* 29-41/0405g [[wikt:苾|苾]] bet, bjit
* 29-41/0405h [[wikt:飶|飶]] bet, bjit
* 29-41/0405i [[wikt:覕|覕]] bet
* 29-41/0405j [[wikt:柲|柲]] pijH, pit
* 29-41/0405k [[wikt:毖|毖]] pijH
* 29-41/0405l [[wikt:泌|泌]] pijH
* 29-41/0405m [[wikt:祕|祕]] pijH
* 29-41/0405n [[wikt:閟|閟]] pijH
* 29-41/0405o [[wikt:宓|宓]] mit
* 29-41/0405p [[wikt:密|密]] mit
* 29-41/0405r [[wikt:蜜|蜜]] mjit
* 29-41/0405s [[wikt:𥁑|𥁑]] mjit
* 29-41/0405t [[wikt:謐|謐]] mjit

==29-42==
* 29-42/0407a [[wikt:畢|畢]] pjit
* 29-42/0407d [[wikt:罼|罼]] pjit
* 29-42/0407e [[wikt:㪤|㪤]] pjit
* 29-42/0407i [[wikt:彃|彃]] pjit
* 29-42/0407j [[wikt:篳|篳]] pjit
* 29-42/0407k [[wikt:縪|縪]] pjit
* 29-42/0407l [[wikt:蹕|蹕]] pjit
* 29-42/0407m [[wikt:韠|韠]] pjit

==29-43==
* 29-43/1257g [[wikt:觱|觱]] hjut, pjit

==29-44==
* 29-44/0406a [[wikt:弜|弜]] pit
* 29-44/0406e [[wikt:弼|弼]] bit

=30=
==30-01==
Baxter &amp; Sagart (personal communication 12 April 2017, also see 2014: 80) combine [[#20-04|20-04]], [[#30-01|30-01]], and [[#30-07|30-07]]. 
A uvular series in Baxter &amp; Sagart's analysis. 
* 30-01/30-07/0505a [[wikt:乙|乙]] 'it
* 30-01/20-04/0280a [[wikt:軋|軋]] 'eat
* 30-01/20-04/0280b [[wikt:札|札]] 'eat, tsreat
* 30-01/0517a [[wikt:气|气]] khjɨjH
* 30-01/0517c [[wikt:氣|氣]] khjɨjH, xjɨjH
* 30-01/0517d [[wikt:愾|愾]] xjɨjH
* 30-01/0517e [[wikt:餼|餼]] xjɨjH
* 30-01/0517f [[wikt:乞|乞]] khjɨt
* 30-01/0517g [[wikt:吃|吃]] kjɨt
* 30-01/0517h [[wikt:訖|訖]] kjɨt, xjɨjH
* 30-01/0517i [[wikt:扢|扢]] xjɨt
* 30-01/0517j [[wikt:汔|汔]] xjɨt
* 30-01/0517k [[wikt:迄|迄]] xjɨt
* 30-01/0517m [[wikt:仡|仡]] ngjɨt, xjɨt
* 30-01/0517n [[wikt:圪|圪]] ngjɨt, xjɨt
* 30-01/0517o [[wikt:齕|齕]] het, hot
* 30-01/0517p [[wikt:刉|刉]] kjɨjH
* 20-04/0280- [[wikt:乚|乚]]

==30-02==
* 30-02/0515a [[wikt:旡|旡]] kjɨjH
* 30-02/0515c [[wikt:既|既]] kjɨjH
* 30-02/0515g [[wikt:蔇|蔇]] gijH, kjɨjH
* 30-02/0515h [[wikt:塈|塈]] gijH, xijH, xjɨjH
* 30-02/0515i [[wikt:摡|摡]] kojH, xjɨjH
* 30-02/0515j [[wikt:㮣|㮣]] kojH
* 30-02/0515k [[wikt:概|概]] kojH
* 30-02/0515l [[wikt:溉|溉]] kojH
* 30-02/0515m [[wikt:嘅|嘅]] khojH
* 30-02/0515n [[wikt:慨|慨]] khojH
* 30-02/0515o [[wikt:暨|暨]] gijH

==30-03==
* 30-03/0536a [[wikt:器|器]] khijH

==30-04==
* 30-04/1237a [[wikt:洎|洎]] gijH

==30-05==
* 30-05/0504a [[wikt:戛|戛]] keat

==30-06==
* 30-06/0508a [[wikt:愛|愛]] 'ojH
* 30-06/0508b [[wikt:曖|曖]] 'ojH
* 30-06/0508c [[wikt:薆|薆]] 'ojH
* 30-06/0508d [[wikt:僾|僾]] 'jɨjX, 'ojH

==30-07==
In ''addenda et corrigienda'' Schuessler combines [[#20-04|20-04]] and [[#30-07|30-07]]. 
Baxter &amp; Sagart (personal communication 12 April 2017, also see 2014: 80) combine [[#20-04|20-04]], [[#30-01|30-01]], and [[#30-07|30-07]].

==30-08==
* 30-08/0537a [[wikt:劓|劓]] ngijH

==30-09==
* 30-09/0516a [[wikt:豙|豙]] ngjɨjH
* 30-09/0516c [[wikt:毅|毅]] ngjɨjH
* 30-09/0516d [[wikt:藙|藙]] ngjɨjH

==30-10==
* 30-10/0493a [[wikt:質|質]] trijH, tsyit
* 30-10/0493b [[wikt:鑕|鑕]] tsyit
* 30-10/0493c [[wikt:躓|躓]] trijH
* 30-10/0493d [[wikt:懫|懫]] trhijH, tsyijH

==30-11==
* 30-11/0509a [[wikt:隶|隶]] dojH, yijH
* 30-11/0509c [[wikt:逮|逮]] dejH, dojH
* 30-11/0509e [[wikt:曃|曃]] thojH
* 30-11/0509f [[wikt:棣|棣]] dejH
* 30-11/0509g [[wikt:肄|肄]] yijH
* 30-11/0509h [[wikt:肆|肆]] sijH
* 30-11/0509m [[wikt:㣈|㣈]] sijH
* 30-11/0509n [[wikt:蕼|蕼]] sijH
* 30-11/0509o [[wikt:肂|肂]] sijH, yijH
* 30-11/0509p [[wikt:殔|殔]] sijH, yijH
* 30-11/1241m [[wikt:隸|隸]] lejH

==30-12==
* 30-12/0514a [[wikt:配|配]] phwojH

==30-13==
* 30-13/0491a [[wikt:孛|孛]] bwojH, bwot
* 30-13/0491b [[wikt:勃|勃]] bwot
* 30-13/0491c [[wikt:浡|浡]] bwot
* 30-13/0491d [[wikt:悖|悖]] bwojH, bwot
* 30-13/0491e [[wikt:誖|誖]] bwojH, bwot
* 30-13/0491f [[wikt:綍|綍]] pjut

==30-14==
* 30-14/0500a [[wikt:弗|弗]] bjut, pjut
* 30-14/0500d [[wikt:笰|笰]] pjut
* 30-14/0500e [[wikt:紼|紼]] pjut
* 30-14/0500f [[wikt:刜|刜]] phjut
* 30-14/0500h [[wikt:拂|拂]] phjut
* 30-14/0500i [[wikt:彿|彿]] phjut
* 30-14/0500j [[wikt:髴|髴]] phjut
* 30-14/0500k [[wikt:茀|茀]] phjut, pjut
* 30-14/0500l [[wikt:佛|佛]] bjut
* 30-14/0500m [[wikt:咈|咈]] bjut
* 30-14/0500n [[wikt:𡶒|𡶒]] bjut
* 30-14/0500o [[wikt:怫|怫]] bjɨjH, bjut
* 30-14/0500p [[wikt:艴|艴]] bwot, phjut
* 30-14/0500q [[wikt:沸|沸]] pjɨjH, pjut
* 30-14/0500r [[wikt:昲|昲]] phjɨjH
* 30-14/0500s [[wikt:費|費]] phjɨjH

==30-16==
* 30-16/0501a [[wikt:巿|巿]] pjut
* 30-16/0501c [[wikt:芾|芾]] pajH, pjɨjH
* 30-16/0501d [[wikt:旆|旆]] bajH
* 30-16/0501e [[wikt:㤄|㤄]] phajH
* 30-16/0501f [[wikt:沛|沛]] pajH, phajH
* 30-16/0501g [[wikt:肺|肺]] bajH, phajH, phjojH

==30-17==
* 30-17/0530a [[wikt:胐|胐]] phjɨjX, phwot

==30-18==
* 30-18/0492a [[wikt:𠬛|𠬛]] mwot
* 30-18/0492b [[wikt:沒|沒]] mwot
* 30-18/0492c [[wikt:歿|歿]] mwot
* 30-18/0492d [[wikt:𤣻|𤣻]] mwot

==30-19==
* 30-19/0503a [[wikt:勿|勿]] mjut

==30-20==
* 30-20/0503a [[wikt:勿|勿]] mjut
* 30-20/0503h [[wikt:物|物]] mjut
* 30-20/0503j [[wikt:芴|芴]] mjut, xwot
* 30-20/0503k [[wikt:歾|歾]] mwot
* 30-20/0503l [[wikt:忽|忽]] xwot
* 30-20/0503m [[wikt:笏|笏]] xwot
* 30-20/0503n [[wikt:刎|刎]] mjunX
* 30-20/0503o [[wikt:吻|吻]] mjunX
* 30-20/0503p [[wikt:惚|惚]] xwot
* 30-20/0503q [[wikt:脗|脗]] minX, mjunX

==30-21==
* 30-21/0531a [[wikt:未|未]] mjɨjH
* 30-21/0531g [[wikt:味|味]] mjɨjH
* 30-21/0531h [[wikt:魅|魅]] mijH
* 30-21/0531i [[wikt:寐|寐]] mjijH
* 30-21/0531k [[wikt:妹|妹]] mwojH
* 30-21/0531n [[wikt:昧|昧]] mwojH
* 30-21/0531p [[wikt:沬|沬]] mwojH
* 30-21/0531q [[wikt:𩎟|𩎟]] meajH, mwojH

==30-22==
* 30-22/0522a [[wikt:鬽|鬽]] mijH

=31=
==31-01==
* 31-01/0486a [[wikt:骨|骨]] kwot
* 31-01/0486b [[wikt:鶻|鶻]] hweat, hwot, kwot
* 31-01/0486c [[wikt:搰|搰]] khwot
* 31-01/0486d [[wikt:猾|猾]] hweat
* 31-01/0486e [[wikt:滑|滑]] hweat

==31-02==
* 31-02/0540a [[wikt:㬰|㬰]] gwijH
* 31-02/0540b [[wikt:貴|貴]] kjwɨjH
* 31-02/0540c [[wikt:憒|憒]] kwojH
* 31-02/0540d [[wikt:潰|潰]] hwojH
* 31-02/0540e [[wikt:繢|繢]] hwojH
* 31-02/0540f [[wikt:靧|靧]] xwojH
* 31-02/0540g [[wikt:匱|匱]] gwijH
* 31-02/0540h [[wikt:櫃|櫃]] gwijH
* 31-02/0540i [[wikt:蕢|蕢]] gwijH
* 31-02/0540j [[wikt:簣|簣]] khweajH
* 31-02/0540k [[wikt:鞼|鞼]] gwijH
* 31-02/0540l [[wikt:饋|饋]] gwijH
* 31-02/0540m [[wikt:遺|遺]] ywij, ywijH
* 31-02/0540o [[wikt:僓|僓]] xweajH
* 31-02/0540p [[wikt:聵|聵]] ngweajH
* 31-02/0540q [[wikt:壝|壝]] ywij, ywijX

==31-03==
* 31-03/0510a [[wikt:凷|凷]] khwojH

==31-04==
* 31-04/0534a [[wikt:㕟|㕟]] khweajH
* 31-04/0534b [[wikt:蒯|蒯]] khweajH

==31-05==
* 31-05/0523a [[wikt:胃|胃]] hjwɨjH
* 31-05/0523c [[wikt:媦|媦]] hjwɨjH
* 31-05/0523d [[wikt:謂|謂]] hjwɨjH
* 31-05/0523f [[wikt:蝟|蝟]] hjwɨjH
* 31-05/0523g [[wikt:喟|喟]] khweajH, khwijH

==31-06==
* 31-06/0524a [[wikt:彙|彙]] hjwɨjH

==31-07==
* 31-07/0539a [[wikt:位|位]] hwijH

==31-08==
* 31-08/0495a [[wikt:𩰪|𩰪]] 'jut
* 31-08/0495b [[wikt:鬱|鬱]] 'jut

==31-09==
* 31-09/0525a [[wikt:㷉|㷉]] 'jwɨjH
* 31-09/0525b [[wikt:尉|尉]] 'jwɨjH
* 31-09/0525c [[wikt:熨|熨]] 'jut, 'jwɨjH
* 31-09/0525d [[wikt:慰|慰]] 'jwɨjH
* 31-09/0525e [[wikt:罻|罻]] 'jwɨjH
* 31-09/0525f [[wikt:蔚|蔚]] 'jut, 'jwɨj, 'jwɨjH
* 31-09/0525g [[wikt:褽|褽]] 'jwɨjH

==31-10==
Zhangzheng (2003) unites the series 兀 [[#31-10|31-10]], 虺 [[#27-19|27-19]], and 髡 [[#34-07|37-07]].
* 31-10/0487a [[wikt:兀|兀]] ngwot
* 31-10/0487b [[wikt:扤|扤]] ngwot
* 31-10/0487c [[wikt:杌|杌]] ngwot
* 31-10/0487d [[wikt:阢|阢]] ngwot
* 31-10/0487e [[wikt:卼|卼]] ngwot
* 31-10/0487f [[wikt:軏|軏]] ngjwot, ngwot

==31-11==
* 31-11/0488a [[wikt:𠫓|𠫓]] thwot

==31-12==
* 31-12/0489a [[wikt:突|突]] dwot, thwot

==31-14==
* 31-14/0511a [[wikt:對|對]] twojH
* 31-14/0511h [[wikt:轛|轛]] trwijH, twojH
* 31-14/0511i [[wikt:懟|懟]] drwijH

==31-15==
* 31-15/0512a [[wikt:退|退]] thwojH

==31-16==
* 31-16/0496a [[wikt:出|出]] tsyhwijH, tsyhwit
* 31-16/0496f [[wikt:黜|黜]] trhwit
* 31-16/0496g [[wikt:絀|絀]] trwit
* 31-16/0496h [[wikt:咄|咄]] twot
* 31-16/0496i [[wikt:拙|拙]] tsywet
* 31-16/0496j [[wikt:茁|茁]] tsrjwet, tsrweat
* 31-16/0496k [[wikt:屈|屈]] khjut
* 31-16/0496l [[wikt:詘|詘]] khjut
* 31-16/0496m [[wikt:誳|誳]] khjut
* 31-16/0496n [[wikt:鈯|鈯]] khjut
* 31-16/0496o [[wikt:淈|淈]] hwot, kwot
* 31-16/0496p [[wikt:堀|堀]] khwot
* 31-16/0496q [[wikt:窟|窟]] khwot
* 31-16/0496r [[wikt:倔|倔]] gjut
* 31-16/0496s [[wikt:掘|掘]] gjut, gjwot

==31-17==
* 31-17/0497a [[wikt:朮|朮]] zywit
* 31-17/0497c [[wikt:秫|秫]] zywit
* 31-17/0497d [[wikt:術|術]] zywit
* 31-17/0497e [[wikt:述|述]] zywit
* 31-17/0497g [[wikt:鉥|鉥]] zywit
* 31-17/0497h [[wikt:怵|怵]] trhwit
* 31-17/0497i [[wikt:訹|訹]] swit

==31-18==
* 31-18/0502a [[wikt:聿|聿]] ywit
* 31-18/0502c [[wikt:律|律]] lwit
* 31-18/0502d [[wikt:筆|筆]] pit

==31-19==
* 31-19/0529a [[wikt:類|類]] lwijH
* 31-19/0529b [[wikt:纇|纇]] lwojH

==31-20==
* 31-20/0490a [[wikt:卒|卒]] tshwot, tswit, tswot
* 31-20/0490b [[wikt:捽|捽]] dzwot
* 31-20/0490c [[wikt:崒|崒]] dzwit, tswit
* 31-20/0490d [[wikt:倅|倅]] tshwojH
* 31-20/0490e [[wikt:啐|啐]] tshwojH
* 31-20/0490f [[wikt:淬|淬]] tshwojH
* 31-20/0490g [[wikt:焠|焠]] tshwojH
* 31-20/0490h [[wikt:醉|醉]] tswijH
* 31-20/0490i [[wikt:翠|翠]] tshwijH
* 31-20/0490j [[wikt:悴|悴]] dzwijH
* 31-20/0490k [[wikt:瘁|瘁]] dzwijH
* 31-20/0490l [[wikt:顇|顇]] dzwijH
* 31-20/0490m [[wikt:萃|萃]] dzwijH
* 31-20/0490n [[wikt:碎|碎]] swojH
* 31-20/0490o [[wikt:睟|睟]] swijH
* 31-20/0490p [[wikt:粹|粹]] swijH
* 31-20/0490q [[wikt:誶|誶]] dzwit, swijH, swojH

==31-21==
* 31-21/0528a [[wikt:祟|祟]] swijH

==31-22==
Baxter &amp; Sagart (2012: 30) take GSR [[#31-22|1257h]] [[wikt:戌|戌]] as phonetic in [[wikt:滅|滅]] GSR  [[#20-19|0294b]].

==31-23==
* 31-23/0498a [[wikt:率|率]] lwit, lwijH, srwijH, srwit
* 31-23/0498e [[wikt:䢦|䢦]] swrit
* 31-23/0498g [[wikt:蟀|蟀]] srwit
* 31-23/0498h [[wikt:膟|膟]] lwit
* 31-23/0498- [[wikt:繂|繂]] lwit

==31-24==
* 31-24/0499a [[wikt:帥|帥]] srwijH, srwit

=32=
==32-01==
* 32-01/0368a [[wikt:臤|臤]] hen, khanH, khean, kheang, khjinH
* 32-01/0368c [[wikt:堅|堅]] ken
* 32-01/0368d [[wikt:掔|掔]] khen
* 32-01/0368e [[wikt:賢|賢]] hen, henH
* 32-01/0368g [[wikt:緊|緊]] kjinX
* 32-01/0368h [[wikt:腎|腎]] dzyinX
* 32-01/0377a [[wikt:臣|臣]] dzyin
* 32-01/0377g [[wikt:挋|挋]] tsyinH
* 32-01/0377- [[wikt:茞|茞]] dzyin
* 32-01/1252a [[wikt:鏗|鏗]] kheang
* 32-01/0368- [[wikt:臤|臤]]

==32-02==
* 32-02/1250a [[wikt:繭|繭]] kenX
* 32-02/1250b [[wikt:襺|襺]] kenX

==32-03==
* 32-03/0369a [[wikt:矜|矜]] gin, king

==32-04==
* 32-04/0479a [[wikt:犬|犬]] khwenX
* 32-04/0479e [[wikt:畎|畎]] kwenX
* 32-04/0479- [[wikt:肰|肰]]
* 36-04/0624- [[wikt:歂|歂]]

==32-05==
* 32-05/0366a [[wikt:玄|玄]] hwen
* 32-05/0366c [[wikt:泫|泫]] hwenX
* 32-05/0366d [[wikt:眩|眩]] hwen, hwenH
* 32-05/0366e [[wikt:鉉|鉉]] hwenX
* 32-05/0366f [[wikt:弦|弦]] hen
* 32-05/0366g [[wikt:絃|絃]] hen, xwenH
* 32-05/0366h [[wikt:炫|炫]] hwenH
* 32-05/0366i [[wikt:蚿|蚿]] hen
* 32-05/0366j [[wikt:衒|衒]] hwenH
* 32-05/0366k [[wikt:牽|牽]] khen
* 32-05/0366l [[wikt:鮌|鮌]] kwonX
* 32-05/0366m [[wikt:誸|誸]] hen

==32-06==
* 32-06/1250g [[wikt:贙|贙]] hiwenH, hiwenX

==32-07==
* 32-07/0391a [[wikt:勻|勻]] ywin
* 32-07/0391c [[wikt:均|均]] kjwin
* 32-07/0391d [[wikt:袀|袀]] kjwin
* 32-07/0391e [[wikt:鈞|鈞]] kjwin
* 32-07/0391f [[wikt:盷|盷]] hwen
* 32-07/0391g [[wikt:䀏|䀏]] hwen
* 32-07/0391j [[wikt:筠|筠]] hjwin
* 32-07/0392j [[wikt:畇|畇]] swin, ywin, zwin
* 32-07/1252b [[wikt:訇|訇]] xweang

==32-08==
Schuessler (2009: 318) somewhat tentatively proposes to include 惸 GSR 0830a in [[#32-08|32-08]]. Baxter &amp; Sagart (2014: 137) appear to treat GSR 0392 as a uvular series.
* 32-08/0392a [[wikt:旬|旬]] zwin
* 32-08/0392e [[wikt:徇|徇]] zwin, zwinH
* 32-08/0392f [[wikt:狥|狥]] zwin, zwinH
* 32-08/0392g [[wikt:殉|殉]] zwinH
* 32-08/0392h [[wikt:侚|侚]] zwinH
* 32-08/0392k [[wikt:恂|恂]] swin, swinH
* 32-08/0392l [[wikt:洵|洵]] swin, xwen
* 32-08/0392m [[wikt:眴|眴]] swin, sywinH, xwenH
* 32-08/0392n [[wikt:筍|筍]] swinX
* 32-08/0392o [[wikt:荀|荀]] swin
* 32-08/0392p [[wikt:詢|詢]] swin
* 32-08/0392q [[wikt:迿|迿]] swinH, zwin
* 32-08/0392r [[wikt:絢|絢]] swin, xwenH
* 32-08/0392t [[wikt:箰|箰]] swinX
* 32-08/0392u [[wikt:橁|橁]] swin, trhwin
* 32-08/0830a [[wikt:惸|惸]] gjwieng
* 32-08/0392- [[wikt:姰|姰]]

==32-09==
* 32-09/0370a [[wikt:因|因]] 'jin
* 32-09/0370d [[wikt:茵|茵]] 'jin
* 32-09/0370e [[wikt:絪|絪]] 'jin
* 32-09/0370f [[wikt:姻|姻]] 'jin
* 32-09/0370g [[wikt:駰|駰]] 'in, 'jin
* 32-09/0370h [[wikt:咽|咽]] 'en, 'enH, 'in, 'wen
* 32-09/0370i [[wikt:烟|烟]] 'en
* 32-09/0370j [[wikt:恩|恩]] 'on

==32-10==
* 32-10/0483a [[wikt:垔|垔]] 'jin
* 32-10/0483c [[wikt:陻|陻]] 'in
* 32-10/0483d [[wikt:堙|堙]] 'in
* 32-10/0483e [[wikt:湮|湮]] 'in
* 32-10/0483f [[wikt:闉|闉]] 'jin
* 32-10/0483g [[wikt:禋|禋]] 'jin
* 32-10/0483h [[wikt:煙|煙]] 'en

==32-11==
* 32-11/1251f [[wikt:印|印]] 'jinH

==32-12==
* 32-12/0367a [[wikt:淵|淵]] 'wen
* 32-12/0367d [[wikt:婣|婣]] 'jin

==32-13==
* 32-13/1251a [[wikt:嚚|嚚]] ngin

==32-14==
* 32-14/1251b [[wikt:憖|憖]] nginH

==32-15==
Schuessler (2009: 319) says the &quot;phonetic seems to be 丁&quot; GSR 832a [[#09-11|09-11]].
*32-15/0361a [[wikt:天|天]] then
*32-15/0361d [[wikt:吞|吞]] then, thon

==32-16==
* 32-16/0375a [[wikt:真|真]] tsyin
* 32-16/0375b [[wikt:稹|稹]] denH, tsyin, tsyinX
* 32-16/0375c [[wikt:縝|縝]] tsyin, tsyinX
* 32-16/0375d [[wikt:鬒|鬒]] tsyinX
* 32-16/0375e [[wikt:黰|黰]] tsyinX
* 32-16/0375f [[wikt:鎮|鎮]] trin, trinH, trinX
* 32-16/0375g [[wikt:瞋|瞋]] tsyhin
* 32-16/0375h [[wikt:磌|磌]] tsyin
* 32-16/0375i [[wikt:慎|慎]] dzyinH
* 32-16/0375j [[wikt:傎|傎]] ten
* 32-16/0375k [[wikt:蹎|蹎]] ten
* 32-16/0375l [[wikt:瘨|瘨]] ten
* 32-16/0375m [[wikt:顛|顛]] den, ten
* 32-16/0375n [[wikt:巔|巔]] ten
* 32-16/0375o [[wikt:齻|齻]] ten
* 32-16/0375p [[wikt:瑱|瑱]] thenH, trinH
* 32-16/0375q [[wikt:嗔|嗔]] den
* 32-16/0375r [[wikt:闐|闐]] den
* 32-16/0375s [[wikt:搷|搷]] den
* 32-16/0375t [[wikt:窴|窴]] denH
* 32-16/0375u [[wikt:填|填]] den, denX
* 32-16/0375v [[wikt:嵮|嵮]] den
* 32-16/0375x [[wikt:寘|寘]] tsyeH
* 32-16/0375- [[wikt:顚|顚]] ten

==32-17==
* 32-17/0376a [[wikt:眘|眘]] dzyenH

==32-18==
* 32-18/0373a [[wikt:陳|陳]] drin, drinH
* 32-18/0373d [[wikt:敶|敶]] drin, drinH
* 32-18/0373f [[wikt:陣|陣]] drinH
* 32-18/0373g [[wikt:螴|螴]] drin

==32-19==
* 32-19/0362a [[wikt:田|田]] den, denH
* 32-19/0362d [[wikt:佃|佃]] den, denH
* 32-19/0362e [[wikt:畋|畋]] den, denH
* 32-19/0362g [[wikt:甸|甸]] denH, dzyingH

==32-20==
* 32-20/0371a [[wikt:引|引]] yinX, yinH
* 32-20/0371b [[wikt:靷|靷]] yinH
* 32-20/0371c [[wikt:蚓|蚓]] yinX
* 32-20/0371d [[wikt:紖|紖]] drinX

==32-21==
* 32-21/0372a [[wikt:絼|絼]] drinX

==32-22==
* 32-22/0385a [[wikt:申|申]] syin
* 32-22/0385f [[wikt:伸|伸]] syin
* 32-22/0385g [[wikt:呻|呻]] syin
* 32-22/0385h [[wikt:紳|紳]] syin
* 32-22/0385j [[wikt:神|神]] zyin
* 32-22/0385l [[wikt:𣍃|𣍃]] yinH
* 32-22/0385m [[wikt:電|電]] denH

==32-23==
* 32-23/0386a [[wikt:身|身]] syin
* 32-23/0386d [[wikt:𨌈|𨌈]] den

==32-24==
* 32-24/0469a [[wikt:舜|舜]] sywinH
* 32-24/0469b [[wikt:蕣|蕣]] sywinH
* 32-24/0469c [[wikt:瞬|瞬]] sywinH
* 32-24/0469d [[wikt:瞚|瞚]] sywinH

==32-25==
* 32-25/1251l [[wikt:尹|尹]] ywinX

==32-26==
* 32-26/0387a [[wikt:粦|粦]] lin, linH
* 32-26/0387b [[wikt:燐|燐]] lin, linH
* 32-26/0387c [[wikt:粼|粼]] lin, linH
* 32-26/0387d [[wikt:獜|獜]] lin
* 32-26/0387e [[wikt:甐|甐]] linH
* 32-26/0387f [[wikt:磷|磷]] linH
* 32-26/0387g [[wikt:轔|轔]] lin
* 32-26/0387h [[wikt:遴|遴]] linH
* 32-26/0387i [[wikt:鄰|鄰]] lin
* 32-26/0387j [[wikt:麟|麟]] lin
* 32-26/0387k [[wikt:鱗|鱗]] lin
* 32-26/0387l [[wikt:憐|憐]] len
* 32-26/0387- [[wikt:隣|隣]] lin (a variant of 鄰, which occurs as a lower ''fanqie'' speller in a Dunhuang ([http://idp.bl.uk/database/oo_scroll_h.a4d?uid=236471759;bst=1;recnum=59058;index=1;img=1 Pelliot Chinois 2017]) Qieyun fragment)

==32-27==
* 32-27/1251i [[wikt:藺|藺]] linH
* 32-27/1251j [[wikt:焛|焛]] linH

==32-28==
* 32-28/0364a [[wikt:年|年]] nen
* 32-28/0365a [[wikt:千|千]] tshen
* 32-28/0365e [[wikt:阡|阡]] tshen
* 32-28/0365f [[wikt:芊|芊]] tshen
* 32-28/0388a [[wikt:人|人]] nyin
* 32-28/0388f [[wikt:仁|仁]] nyin

==32-29==
* 32-29/0378a [[wikt:晉|晉]] tsinH
* 32-29/0378f [[wikt:搢|搢]] tsinH
* 32-29/0378g [[wikt:縉|縉]] tsinH
* 32-29/0378h [[wikt:戩|戩]] tsinX

==32-30==
* 32-30/0379a [[wikt:進|進]] tsinH

==32-31==
* 32-31/0380a [[wikt:秦|秦]] dzin
* 32-31/0380e [[wikt:螓|螓]] dzin
* 32-31/0380f [[wikt:榛|榛]] tsrin
* 32-31/0380g [[wikt:溱|溱]] tsrin
* 32-31/0380h [[wikt:臻|臻]] tsrin
* 32-31/0380i [[wikt:蓁|蓁]] tsrin

==32-32==
* 32-32/0381a [[wikt:盡|盡]] dzinX, tsinX
* 32-32/0381c [[wikt:燼|燼]] dzinH
* 32-32/0381d [[wikt:藎|藎]] dzinH
* 32-32/0381e [[wikt:贐|贐]] dzinH
* 32-32/0381f [[wikt:賮|賮]] dzinH
* 32-32/0381g [[wikt:津|津]] tsin
* 32-32/0381- [[wikt:盡|盡]] dzinX

==32-33==
* 32-33/0382a [[wikt:辛|辛]] sin
* 32-33/0382g [[wikt:峷|峷]] srin
* 32-33/0382h [[wikt:莘|莘]] srin
* 32-33/0382i [[wikt:𣓀|𣓀]] tsrin
* 32-33/0382k [[wikt:新|新]] sin
* 32-33/0382n [[wikt:薪|薪]] sin
* 32-33/0382o [[wikt:親|親]] tshin
* 32-33/0382q [[wikt:寴|寴]] tshin
* 32-33/0382s [[wikt:櫬|櫬]] tsrhinH

==32-34==
* 32-34/1241l [[wikt:細|細]] sejH

==32-35==
* 32-35/0363a [[wikt:卂|卂]] sinH
* 32-35/0363b [[wikt:迅|迅]] swinH
* 32-35/0363c [[wikt:訊|訊]] sinH
* 32-35/0363d [[wikt:䒖|䒖]] sinH

==32-36==
* 32-36/0384a [[wikt:信|信]] sinH

==32-37==
* 32-37/0484a [[wikt:甡|甡]] srin

==32-38==
* 32-38/0389a [[wikt:賓|賓]] pjin, pjinH
* 32-38/0389g [[wikt:儐|儐]] pjinH
* 32-38/0389h [[wikt:擯|擯]] pjinH
* 32-38/0389i [[wikt:殯|殯]] pjinH
* 32-38/0389j [[wikt:濱|濱]] pjin
* 32-38/0389k [[wikt:鬢|鬢]] pjinH
* 32-38/0389l [[wikt:繽|繽]] phjin
* 32-38/0389m [[wikt:嬪|嬪]] bjin
* 32-38/0389o [[wikt:矉|矉]] bjin
* 32-38/0389p [[wikt:蠙|蠙]] ben, bjin
* 32-38/0389q [[wikt:髕|髕]] bjinX
* 32-38/0389r [[wikt:臏|臏]] binX

==32-39==
* 32-39/0390a [[wikt:頻|頻]] bjin
* 32-39/0390c [[wikt:嚬|嚬]] bin
* 32-39/0390d [[wikt:蘋|蘋]] bjin

==32-40==
* 32-40/0457a [[wikt:民|民]] mjin
* 32-40/0457c [[wikt:泯|泯]] mjin, mjinX
* 32-40/0457d [[wikt:珉|珉]] min
* 32-40/0457e [[wikt:眠|眠]] men, menX
* 32-40/0457f [[wikt:𣧟|𣧟]] menX, mwon
* 32-40/0457g [[wikt:敃|敃]] minX
* 32-40/0457j [[wikt:昬|昬]] xwon
* 32-40/0457k [[wikt:昏|昏]] xwon
* 32-40/0457m [[wikt:婚|婚]] xwon
* 32-40/0457n [[wikt:惛|惛]] xwon
* 32-40/0457o [[wikt:惽|惽]] xwon
* 32-40/0457p [[wikt:涽|涽]] xwon
* 32-40/0457q [[wikt:閽|閽]] xwon
* 32-40/0457r [[wikt:𤸅|𤸅]] min, xwon
* 32-40/0457t [[wikt:㨉|㨉]] min
* 32-40/0457u [[wikt:瑉|瑉]] min
* 32-40/0457v [[wikt:䃉|䃉]] min
* 32-40/0457x [[wikt:緡|緡]] min, minX
* 32-40/0457y [[wikt:暋|暋]] min, minX, xwon
* 32-40/0457z [[wikt:愍|愍]] minX
* 32-40/0457- [[wikt:殙|殙]] xwon
* 32-40/0457- [[wikt:睧|睧]] xwon
* 32-40/0457- [[wikt:𠉣|𠉣]] xwon

=33=
==33-01==
* 33-01/0416a [[wikt:艮|艮]] konH
* 33-01/0416b [[wikt:根|根]] kon
* 33-01/0416c [[wikt:豤|豤]] khonX
* 33-01/0416d [[wikt:佷|佷]] honX
* 33-01/0416e [[wikt:很|很]] honX
* 33-01/0416f [[wikt:恨|恨]] honH
* 33-01/0416g [[wikt:痕|痕]] hon
* 33-01/0416h [[wikt:垠|垠]] ngjɨn
* 33-01/0416i [[wikt:限|限]] heanX
* 33-01/0416k [[wikt:銀|銀]] ngin
* 33-01/0416l [[wikt:眼|眼]] ngeanX, ngonX
* 33-01/0416m [[wikt:墾|墾]] khonX
* 33-01/0416- [[wikt:齦|齦]] ngjɨn
* 33-01/0416- [[wikt:䫀|䫀]] konX

==xxx==
an -r series
* 07-20/0359a [[wikt:爾|爾]] nejX, nyeX
* 07-20/0359c [[wikt:邇|邇]] nyeX
* 07-20/0359d [[wikt:嬭|嬭]] nejX
* 07-20/0359g [[wikt:濔|濔]] nejX
* 07-20/0359h [[wikt:禰|禰]] nejX
* 07-20/0359i [[wikt:薾|薾]] net
* 07-20/0359j [[wikt:璽|璽]] sjeX
* 07-20/0359k [[wikt:𤣗|𤣗]] sjenX
* 07-20/0359l [[wikt:獮|獮]] sjenX
* 07-20/0359m [[wikt:彌|彌]] mjie, mjieX
* 07-20/0359o [[wikt:瀰|瀰]] mejX, mjie, mjieX

==33-02==
An -r series
* 33-02/0443a [[wikt:斤|斤]] kjɨn, kjɨnH
* 33-02/0443d [[wikt:釿|釿]] kjɨn
* 33-02/0443e [[wikt:靳|靳]] kjɨnH
* 33-02/0443f [[wikt:芹|芹]] gjɨn
* 33-02/0443g [[wikt:近|近]] gjɨnH, gjɨnX
* 33-02/0443h [[wikt:昕|昕]] xjɨn
* 33-02/0443i [[wikt:欣|欣]] xjɨn
* 33-02/0443j [[wikt:忻|忻]] xjɨn
* 33-02/0443k [[wikt:訢|訢]] xjɨn
* 33-02/0443l [[wikt:圻|圻]] ngjɨn, gjɨj
* 33-02/0443m [[wikt:頎|頎]] khonX, gjɨj
* 33-02/0443n [[wikt:肵|肵]] gjɨj
* 33-02/0443o [[wikt:祈|祈]] gjɨj
* 33-02/0443p [[wikt:旂|旂]] gjɨj
* 33-02/0443t [[wikt:蘄|蘄]] gjɨj
* 33-02/0443x [[wikt:焮|焮]] xjɨnH
* 33-02/0443y [[wikt:掀|掀]] xjon
* 33-02/0443- [[wikt:赾|赾]]

==33-03==
* 33-03/0445a [[wikt:筋|筋]] kjɨn

==33-04==
* 33-04/0444a [[wikt:𢀷|𢀷]] kjɨnX

==33-05==
* 33-05/0480a [[wikt:𡏳|𡏳]] kean
* 33-05/0480c [[wikt:艱|艱]] kean
* 33-05/0480e [[wikt:堇|堇]] gin
* 33-05/0480j [[wikt:囏|囏]] kean
* 33-05/0480m [[wikt:僅|僅]] ginH
* 33-05/0480n [[wikt:墐|墐]] ginH
* 33-05/0480o [[wikt:殣|殣]] ginH
* 33-05/0480p [[wikt:瑾|瑾]] ginH
* 33-05/0480q [[wikt:覲|覲]] ginH
* 33-05/0480r [[wikt:饉|饉]] ginH
* 33-05/0480t [[wikt:蓳|蓳]] kjɨnH, kjɨnX
* 33-05/0480u [[wikt:謹|謹]] kjɨnX
* 33-05/0480v [[wikt:慬|慬]] gjɨn
* 33-05/0480x [[wikt:勤|勤]] gjɨn
* 33-05/0480y [[wikt:懃|懃]] gjɨn
* 33-05/0480z [[wikt:㢙|㢙]] gjɨn

==33-06==
* 33-06/0482a [[wikt:巾|巾]] kin

==33-07==
* 33-07/0446a [[wikt:釁|釁]] xjɨnH

==33-08==
* 33-08/0447a [[wikt:衅|衅]] xinH, xjɨnH

==33-09==
An -r series acc. to Baxter &amp; Sagart (2014: 264-265).
* 33-09/0448a [[wikt:殷|殷]] 'ean, 'jɨn, 'jɨnX
* 33-09/0448e [[wikt:慇|慇]] 'jɨn

==33-10==
* 33-10/0499a [[wikt:隱|隱]] 'jɨnH, 'jɨnX
* 33-10/0499b [[wikt:檃|檃]] 'jɨnX

==33-11==
* 33-11/0476a [[wikt:典|典]] tenX
* 33-11/0476d [[wikt:腆|腆]] thenX

==33-12==
* 33-12/0429a [[wikt:𡱂|𡱂]] dwon
* 33-12/0429b [[wikt:臋|臋]] dwon
* 33-12/0429c [[wikt:臀|臀]] dwon
* 33-12/0429d [[wikt:殿|殿]] denH, tenH

==33-13==
* 33-13/0455a [[wikt:辰|辰]] zyin (dzyin in Baxter &amp; Sagart 2014)
* 33-13/0455h [[wikt:晨|晨]] dzyin, zyin
* 33-13/0455i [[wikt:䢅|䢅]] dzyin, zyin
* 33-13/0455k [[wikt:宸|宸]] dzyin
* 33-13/0455l [[wikt:脤|脤]] dzyinX
* 33-13/0455m [[wikt:蜃|蜃]] dzyinX
* 33-13/0455n [[wikt:侲|侲]] tsyinH
* 33-13/0455p [[wikt:振|振]] tsyin, tsyinH
* 33-13/0455q [[wikt:娠|娠]] syin, tsyinH
* 33-13/0455r [[wikt:賑|賑]] tsyinH
* 33-13/0455s [[wikt:震|震]] tsyinH
* 33-13/0455t [[wikt:辴|辴]] trhij, trhinX
* 33-13/0455u [[wikt:脣|脣]] zywin
* 33-13/0455v [[wikt:漘|漘]] zywin

==33-14==
* 33-14/1251h [[wikt:甄|甄]] kjien, tsyin, tsyinH

==33-15==
* 33-15/0453a [[wikt:㐱|㐱]] tsyinX
* 33-15/0453c [[wikt:眕|眕]] tsyinX
* 33-15/0453d [[wikt:畛|畛]] tsyin, tsyinH, tsyinX
* 33-15/0453e [[wikt:紾|紾]] drjenX, dzyenX, trjenX, tsyinX
* 33-15/0453f [[wikt:袗|袗]] tsyinX
* 33-15/0453g [[wikt:軫|軫]] tsyinX
* 33-15/0453i [[wikt:珍|珍]] trin, tsyin
* 33-15/0453j [[wikt:疹|疹]] trhinH
* 33-15/0453k [[wikt:殄|殄]] denX
* 33-15/0453l [[wikt:診|診]] drinH, tsyinX
* 33-15/0453m [[wikt:餮|餮]] thet
* 33-15/0453n [[wikt:跈|跈]] denX, nenX
* 33-15/1241s [[wikt:沴|沴]] lejH
* 33-15/0453- [[wikt:趁|趁]]

==33-16==
* 33-16/0452a [[wikt:疢|疢]] trhinH

==33-17==
* 33-17/0374a [[wikt:塵|塵]] drin

==33-18==
* 33-18/0451a [[wikt:胤|胤]] yinH
* 33-18/0451c [[wikt:酳|酳]] yinH

==33-19==
* 33-19/0450a [[wikt:寅|寅]] yij, yin
* 33-19/0450h [[wikt:夤|夤]] yin
* 33-19/0450j [[wikt:螾|螾]] yinX
* 33-19/0450k [[wikt:演|演]] yenX

==33-20==
* 33-20/0456a [[wikt:刃|刃]] nyinH
* 33-20/0456b [[wikt:仞|仞]] nyinH
* 33-20/0456c [[wikt:忍|忍]] nyinX
* 33-20/0456d [[wikt:牣|牣]] nyinH
* 33-20/0456e [[wikt:肕|肕]] nyinH
* 33-20/0456f [[wikt:訒|訒]] nyinH
* 33-20/0456g [[wikt:軔|軔]] nyinH
* 33-20/0456h [[wikt:紉|紉]] nrin, nyin
* 33-20/0456j [[wikt:認|認]] nyinH

==33-22==
* 33-22/0432a [[wikt:存|存]] dzwon
* 33-22/0432b [[wikt:荐|荐]] dzenH, dzwonH
* 33-22/0432c [[wikt:栫|栫]] dzenH
* 33-22/0432d [[wikt:洊|洊]] dzenH

==33-23==
* 33-23/0477a [[wikt:薦|薦]] tsenH

==33-24==
* 33-24/0454a [[wikt:齔|齔]] tsyhinH

==33-25==
An -r series.
* 33-25/0478a [[wikt:先|先]] sen, senH
* 33-25/0478f [[wikt:毨|毨]] senX
* 33-25/0478g [[wikt:跣|跣]] senX
* 33-25/0478h [[wikt:銑|銑]] senX
* 33-25/0478i [[wikt:姺|姺]] sejX, senX
* 33-25/0478j [[wikt:洗|洗]] sejX, senX
* 33-25/0478k [[wikt:侁|侁]] srin
* 33-25/0478l [[wikt:𢓠|𢓠]] srin
* 33-25/0478n [[wikt:詵|詵]] srin
* 33-25/0478o [[wikt:駪|駪]] srin

==33-26==
* 33-26/0439a [[wikt:畚|畚]] pwonX

==33-27==
* 33-27/0440a [[wikt:本|本]] pwonX

==33-28==
* 33-28/0438a [[wikt:奔|奔]] pwon
* 33-28/0438d [[wikt:犇|犇]] pwon
* 33-28/0438e [[wikt:餴|餴]] pjun
* 33-28/0438f [[wikt:鼖|鼖]] bjun

==33-29==
* 33-29/0437a [[wikt:賁|賁]] pwon, pjeH, bjun
* 33-29/0437e [[wikt:噴|噴]] phwon, phwonH
* 33-29/0437f [[wikt:歕|歕]] phwon, phwonH
* 33-29/0437g [[wikt:獖|獖]] bwonH
* 33-29/0437h [[wikt:僨|僨]] pjun, pjunH
* 33-29/0437i [[wikt:𩞑|𩞑]] pjun
* 33-29/0437j [[wikt:饙|饙]] pjun
* 33-29/0437m [[wikt:墳|墳]] bjun, bjunX
* 33-29/0437n [[wikt:憤|憤]] bjunX
* 33-29/0437o [[wikt:濆|濆]] bjun
* 33-29/0437p [[wikt:羵|羵]] bjun
* 33-29/0437q [[wikt:蕡|蕡]] bjun
* 33-29/0437r [[wikt:豶|豶]] bjun
* 33-29/0437s [[wikt:轒|轒]] bjun, bjunX
* 33-29/0437t [[wikt:幩|幩]] bjun, phjun
* 33-29/0437- [[wikt:鐼|鐼]]

==33-30==
* 33-30/0471a [[wikt:分|分]] pjun, bjunH
* 33-30/0471d [[wikt:粉|粉]] pjunX
* 33-30/0471e [[wikt:𦐈|𦐈]] pjun
* 33-30/0471f [[wikt:翂|翂]] pjun
* 33-30/0471g [[wikt:忿|忿]] phjunH, phjunX
* 33-30/0471h [[wikt:紛|紛]] phjun
* 33-30/0471i [[wikt:芬|芬]] phjun
* 33-30/0471j [[wikt:雰|雰]] phjun
* 33-30/0471k [[wikt:弅|弅]] bjunX
* 33-30/0471l [[wikt:扮|扮]] bjun, bjunX
* 33-30/0471m [[wikt:枌|枌]] bjun
* 33-30/0471n [[wikt:氛|氛]] bjun
* 33-30/0471o [[wikt:秎|秎]] bjunH
* 33-30/0471p [[wikt:頒|頒]] paen, bjun
* 33-30/0471q [[wikt:朌|朌]] bjun
* 33-30/0471r [[wikt:棼|棼]] bjun
* 33-30/0471s [[wikt:盆|盆]] bwon
* 33-30/0471u [[wikt:份|份]] pin
* 33-30/0471v [[wikt:貧|貧]] bin
* 33-30/0471x [[wikt:盼|盼]] pheanH
* 33-30/0471y [[wikt:肦|肦]] paen, bjun

==33-32==
* 33-32/0472a [[wikt:糞|糞]] pjunH
* 33-32/0472- [[wikt:瀵|瀵]]

==33-33==
* 33-33/0473a [[wikt:奮|奮]] pjunH

==33-34==
* 33-34/0474a [[wikt:焚|焚]] bjun
* 33-34/0474c [[wikt:彬|彬]] pin

==33-35==
* 33-35/0441a [[wikt:門|門]] mwon
* 33-35/0441d [[wikt:悶|悶]] mwon
* 33-35/0441e [[wikt:捫|捫]] mwon
* 33-35/0441f [[wikt:聞|聞]] mjun, mjunH
* 33-35/0441g [[wikt:問|問]] mjunH
* 33-35/0441i [[wikt:閩|閩]] min, mjun
* 33-35/0441- [[wikt:䦨|䦨]]

==33-36==
* 33-36/0475a [[wikt:文|文]] mjun
* 33-36/0475h [[wikt:抆|抆]] mjunH, mjunX
* 33-36/0475i [[wikt:汶|汶]] mjunH, mwon
* 33-36/0475j [[wikt:紊|紊]] mjunH
* 33-36/0475k [[wikt:蚉|蚉]] mjun
* 33-36/0475l [[wikt:蚊|蚊]] mjun
* 33-36/0475m [[wikt:忞|忞]] min
* 33-36/0475n [[wikt:旻|旻]] min
* 33-36/0475o [[wikt:玟|玟]] min
* 33-36/0475q [[wikt:閔|閔]] minX
* 33-36/0475s [[wikt:憫|憫]] minX
* 33-36/0475t [[wikt:吝|吝]] linH

=34=
==34-01==
* 34-01/0417a [[wikt:昆|昆]] kwon
* 34-01/0417c [[wikt:崐|崐]] kwon
* 34-01/0417d [[wikt:琨|琨]] kwon
* 34-01/0417e [[wikt:䃂|䃂]] kwonX
* 34-01/0417f [[wikt:緄|緄]] kwonX
* 34-01/0417g [[wikt:輥|輥]] kwonX
* 34-01/0417h [[wikt:錕|錕]] kwon
* 34-01/0417i [[wikt:鯤|鯤]] kwon
* 34-01/0417j [[wikt:鵾|鵾]] kwon
* 34-01/0417k [[wikt:混|混]] kwon, hwonX, kwonX
* 34-01/0417l [[wikt:焜|焜]] kwon, hwonX

==34-02==
* 34-02/0418a [[wikt:衮|衮]] kwonX
* 34-02/0418b [[wikt:袞|袞]] kwonX
* 34-02/0418e [[wikt:蔉|蔉]] kwonX

==34-03==
* 34-03/0419a [[wikt:鯀|鯀]] kwon

==34-04==
* 34-04/0481a [[wikt:鰥|鰥]] kwean
* 34-04/0481c [[wikt:瘝|瘝]] kwean

==34-05==
* 34-05/0421a [[wikt:坤|坤]] khwon

==34-06==
* 34-06/0422a [[wikt:巛|巛]] khwon
* 34-06/0422b [[wikt:𤰕|𤰕]] kwenX
* 34-06/0422c [[wikt:甽|甽]] kwenX
* 34-06/0422d [[wikt:訓|訓]] xjunH

==34-07==
Zhangzheng (2003) unites the series 兀 [[#31-10|31-10]], 虺 [[#27-19|27-19]], and
髡 [[#34-07|37-07]].
* 34-07/0423a [[wikt:髡|髡]] khwon

==34-08==
* 34-08/0424a [[wikt:壼|壼]] khwonX

==34-09==
* 34-09/0420a [[wikt:困|困]] khwonH
* 34-09/0420c [[wikt:悃|悃]] khwonX
* 34-09/0420d [[wikt:捆|捆]] khwonX
* 34-09/0420e [[wikt:梱|梱]] khwonX
* 34-09/0420f [[wikt:稇|稇]] khwonX

==34-10==
* 34-10/0425a [[wikt:圂|圂]] hwonH
* 34-10/0425c [[wikt:慁|慁]] hwonH
* 34-10/0425d [[wikt:溷|溷]] hwonH

==34-11==
* 34-11/0485a [[wikt:囷|囷]] khwin
* 34-11/0484b [[wikt:箘|箘]] gwinX, khwin
* 34-11/0484c [[wikt:菌|菌]] gwinX
* 34-11/0484d [[wikt:麕|麕]] kwin
* 34-11/0484e [[wikt:麇|麇]] khwinX
* 34-11/0484f [[wikt:攟|攟]] kjunH
* 34-11/0484g [[wikt:攗|攗]] kjunH
* 34-11/0484h [[wikt:稛|稛]] kjunH

==34-12==
An -r series.
* 34-12/0459a [[wikt:君|君]] kjun
* 34-12/0459d [[wikt:羣|羣]] gjun
* 34-12/0459f [[wikt:裙|裙]] gjun
* 34-12/0459g [[wikt:郡|郡]] gjunH
* 34-12/0459h [[wikt:焄|焄]] xjun
* 34-12/0459i [[wikt:麏|麏]] kwin
* 34-12/0459j [[wikt:頵|頵]] 'win, khwin
* 34-12/0459l [[wikt:窘|窘]] gwinX
* 34-12/0459- [[wikt:群|群]]

==34-13==
* 34-13/0458a [[wikt:軍|軍]] kjun
* 34-13/0458b [[wikt:渾|渾]] hwon
* 34-13/0458c [[wikt:暈|暈]] hjunH
* 34-13/0458d [[wikt:運|運]] hjunH
* 34-13/0458e [[wikt:餫|餫]] hjunH
* 34-13/0458f [[wikt:䩵|䩵]] hjunH, xjwonH
* 34-13/0458g [[wikt:韗|韗]] hjunH, xjwonH
* 34-13/0458h [[wikt:葷|葷]] xjun
* 34-13/0458i [[wikt:揮|揮]] xjwɨj
* 34-13/0458j [[wikt:暉|暉]] xjwɨj
* 34-13/0458k [[wikt:煇|煇]] hjunH
* 34-13/0458l [[wikt:輝|輝]] xjwɨj
* 34-13/0458m [[wikt:楎|楎]] xjwɨjH
* 34-13/0458n [[wikt:翬|翬]] xjwɨjH
* 34-13/0458- [[wikt:鶤|鶤]]

==34-14==
* 34-14/0460a [[wikt:云|云]] hjun
* 34-14/0460b [[wikt:雲|雲]] hjun
* 34-14/0460c [[wikt:妘|妘]] hjun
* 34-14/0460d [[wikt:抎|抎]] hjunX
* 34-14/0460e [[wikt:耘|耘]] hjun
* 34-14/0460f [[wikt:芸|芸]], hjun, hjunH
* 34-14/0460g [[wikt:魂|魂]] hwon

==34-15==
* 34-15/0461a [[wikt:熏|熏]] xjun
* 34-15/0461d [[wikt:燻|燻]] xjun
* 34-15/0461e [[wikt:薰|薰]] xjun
* 34-15/0461f [[wikt:勳|勳]] xjun
* 34-15/0461g [[wikt:獯|獯]] xjun
* 34-15/0461h [[wikt:纁|纁]] xjun
* 34-15/0461i [[wikt:臐|臐]] xjun
* 34-15/0461j [[wikt:壎|壎]] xjwon

==34-16==
* 34-16/0426c [[wikt:溫|溫]] 'won
* 34-16/0426d [[wikt:轀|轀]] 'won
* 34-16/0426e [[wikt:慍|慍]] 'junH
* 34-16/0426f [[wikt:緼|緼]] 'jun, 'junH, 'junX, 'won
* 34-16/0426g [[wikt:韞|韞]] 'junH, 'junX
* 34-16/0426h [[wikt:薀|薀]] 'won
* 34-16/0426i [[wikt:蘊|蘊]] 'junH, 'junX
* 34-16/1244e [[wikt:媼|媼]] 'awX

==34-17==
Schuessler (2009: 337) says that originally 屯 was the phonetic for GSR 0463, but does not combine these two series.
* 34-17/0427a [[wikt:屯|屯]] dwon, trwin
* 34-17/0427d [[wikt:忳|忳]] dwon
* 34-17/0427e [[wikt:㹠|㹠]] dwon
* 34-17/0427f [[wikt:芚|芚]] dwon
* 34-17/0427g [[wikt:軘|軘]] dwon
* 34-17/0427h [[wikt:沌|沌]] dwonX
* 34-17/0427i [[wikt:鈍|鈍]] dwonH
* 34-17/0427j [[wikt:頓|頓]] twonH
* 34-17/0427k [[wikt:窀|窀]] dwon, trwin
* 34-17/0427l [[wikt:杶|杶]] trhwin
* 34-17/0427m [[wikt:肫|肫]] dzywin, tsywin
* 34-17/0427n [[wikt:純|純]] dwon, dwonX, dzywin, tsi, tsywinH, tsywinX

==34-18==
An -r series acc. to Baxter &amp; Sagart (2014: 263).
* 34-18/0464a [[wikt:𦎧|𦎧]] dzywin
* 34-18/0464e [[wikt:淳|淳]] tsywin, tsywinX, dzywin
* 34-18/0464f [[wikt:醇|醇]] dzywin
* 34-18/0464g [[wikt:錞|錞]] dwojH, dwojX, dzywin
* 34-18/0464h [[wikt:鐓|鐓]] dwojH, dwojX, dzywin
* 34-18/0464j [[wikt:鶉|鶉]] dwan, dzywin
* 34-18/0464l [[wikt:諄|諄]] tsywin
* 34-18/0464m [[wikt:犉|犉]] nywin
* 34-18/0464n [[wikt:惇|惇]] tsywin
* 34-18/0464o [[wikt:蜳|蜳]] twon
* 34-18/0464p [[wikt:敦|敦]] twoj, twon, twojH, dwan
* 34-18/0464r [[wikt:焞|焞]] thwoj, thwon
* 34-18/0464s [[wikt:暾|暾]] thwon
* 34-18/0464t [[wikt:啍|啍]] dwon, thwon
* 34-18/0464u [[wikt:憝|憝]] dwojH
* 34-18/0464v [[wikt:譈|譈]] dwojH

==34-19==
Schuessler (2009: 337) says that originally the phonetic was 屯 GSR 0427a, but does not combine these two series.
* 34-19/0463a [[wikt:春|春]] tsyhwin
* 34-19/0463c [[wikt:惷|惷]] tsyhwinX
* 34-19/0463d [[wikt:蠢|蠢]] tsyhwinX
* 34-19/0463e [[wikt:椿|椿]] trhwin
* 34-19/0463f [[wikt:鬊|鬊]] sywinH

==34-20==
* 34-20/0462a [[wikt:川|川]] tsyhwen
* 34-20/0462b [[wikt:䡅|䡅]] trhwin
* 34-20/0462c [[wikt:順|順]] zywinH
* 34-20/0462d [[wikt:紃|紃]] zwin, zywin
* 34-20/0462e [[wikt:巡|巡]] zwin
* 34-20/0462f [[wikt:馴|馴]] zwin

==34-21==
* 34-21/0465a [[wikt:盾|盾]] dwonX, zywinX
* 34-21/0465b [[wikt:楯|楯]] dwonX, dzywinX
* 34-21/0465c [[wikt:揗|揗]] zwin, zywinH, zywinX
* 34-21/0465d [[wikt:輴|輴]] trhwin
* 34-21/0465e [[wikt:遁|遁]] dwonH, dwonX
* 34-21/0465f [[wikt:循|循]] zwin
* 34-21/0465g [[wikt:腯|腯]] dwot

==34-22==
* 34-22/0428a [[wikt:豚|豚]] dwon, dwonX
* presumed 34-22/0428c [[wikt:𢄉|𢄉]] dwon
* 34-22/0428d [[wikt:遯|遯]] dwonH, dwonX

==34-23==
An -r series
* 34-23/0468a [[wikt:允|允]] ywinX
* 34-23/0468d [[wikt:㽙|㽙]] ywinX
* 34-23/0468g [[wikt:狁|狁]] ywinX
* 34-23/0468j [[wikt:鈗|鈗]] ywinX
* 34-23/0468k [[wikt:𡴞|𡴞]] ywinX
* 34-23/0468m [[wikt:吮|吮]] zywinX
* 34-23/0468n [[wikt:沇|沇]] ywenX
* 34-23/0468p [[wikt:夋|夋]] tshwin
* 34-23/0468q [[wikt:竣|竣]] tshwin
* 34-23/0468r [[wikt:逡|逡]] swinH
* 34-23/0468s [[wikt:㕙|㕙]] tshwin, tswinH
* 34-23/0468t [[wikt:俊|俊]] tswinH
* 34-23/0468u [[wikt:焌|焌]] tswinH, tswonH
* 34-23/0468v [[wikt:畯|畯]] tswinH
* 34-23/0468x [[wikt:餕|餕]] tswinH
* 34-23/0468y [[wikt:駿|駿]] tswinH
* 34-23/0468z [[wikt:峻|峻]] swinH
* 34-23/0468a' [[wikt:浚|浚]] swinH
* 34-23/0468b' [[wikt:踆|踆]] dzwon
* 34-23/0468c' [[wikt:悛|悛]] tshjwen
* 34-23/0468d' [[wikt:狻|狻]] swan
* 34-23/0468e' [[wikt:酸|酸]] swan
* 34-23/0468f' [[wikt:捘|捘]] tswojH, tswonH
* 34-23/0468g' [[wikt:䘒|䘒]] tswoj
* 34-23/0468h' [[wikt:朘|朘]] tswoj

==34-24==
* 34-24/0470a [[wikt:侖|侖]] lwin
* 34-24/0470b [[wikt:論|論]] lwon, lwonH
* 34-24/0470c [[wikt:倫|倫]] lwin
* 34-24/0470d [[wikt:淪|淪]] lwin
* 34-24/0470e [[wikt:綸|綸]] lwin
* 34-24/0470f [[wikt:輪|輪]] lwin
* 34-24/0470g [[wikt:惀|惀]] lwin, lwonX
* 34-24/0470h [[wikt:崙|崙]] lwon
* 34-24/0470i [[wikt:崘|崘]] lwon
* 34-24/0470j [[wikt:掄|掄]] lwon

==34-25==
* 34-25/1251o [[wikt:閏|閏]] nywinH
* 34-25/1251p [[wikt:潤|潤]] nywinH

=35=
==35-01==
* 35-01/0642g [[wikt:胠|胠]] khjaep
* 35-01/0642h [[wikt:劫|劫]] kjaep
* 35-01/0642i [[wikt:刧|刧]] kjaep
* 35-01/0642j [[wikt:怯|怯]] khjaep
* 35-01/0642n [[wikt:盍|盍]] hap
* 35-01/0642o [[wikt:盇|盇]] hap
* 35-01/0642p [[wikt:嗑|嗑]] xaep
* 35-01/0642q [[wikt:蓋|蓋]] hap, kajH
* 35-01/0642r [[wikt:葢|葢]] hap, kajH
* 35-01/0642s [[wikt:闔|闔]] hap
* 35-01/0642t [[wikt:榼|榼]] khap
* 35-01/0642u [[wikt:溘|溘]] khap, khop
* 35-01/0642v [[wikt:磕|磕]] khaejH, khap
* 35-01/0642x [[wikt:饁|饁]] hjep

==35-02==
* 35-02/0629a [[wikt:甲|甲]] kaep
* 35-02/0629e [[wikt:匣|匣]] haep
* 35-02/0629f [[wikt:柙|柙]] haep
* 35-02/0629g [[wikt:狎|狎]] haep
* 35-02/0629h [[wikt:押|押]] 'aep

==35-03==
* 35-03/0630a [[wikt:夾|夾]] keap, kep
* 35-03/0630d [[wikt:郟|郟]] keap
* 35-03/0630e [[wikt:狹|狹]] heap
* 35-03/0630f [[wikt:梜|梜]] kaep, kep
* 35-03/0630g [[wikt:莢|莢]] kep
* 35-03/0630h [[wikt:頰|頰]] kep
* 35-03/0630i [[wikt:鋏|鋏]] kep
* 35-03/0630j [[wikt:匧|匧]] khep
* 35-03/0630k [[wikt:俠|俠]] hep
* 35-03/0630l [[wikt:挾|挾]] hep
* 35-03/0630m [[wikt:浹|浹]] tsep
* 35-03/0630n [[wikt:愜|愜]] khep
* 35-03/0630o [[wikt:篋|篋]] khep

==35-04==
* 35-04/0639a [[wikt:劦|劦]] hep
* 35-04/0639b [[wikt:協|協]] hep
* 35-04/0639c [[wikt:叶|叶]] hep
* 35-04/0639d [[wikt:拹|拹]] xjaep
* 35-04/0639e [[wikt:脅|脅]] xjaep
* 35-04/0639f [[wikt:嗋|嗋]] xjaep
* 35-04/1254a [[wikt:搚|搚]] lop

==35-05==
* 35-05/0640a [[wikt:業|業]] ngjaep

==35-06==
* 35-06/0634a [[wikt:涉|涉]] dzyep

==35-07==
* 35-07/0628a [[wikt:𦐇|𦐇]] thap
* 35-07/0628b [[wikt:蹋|蹋]] dap
* 35-07/0628- [[wikt:傝|傝]]	
* 35-07/0628- [[wikt:搨|搨]] tap 	
* 35-07/0628- [[wikt:蹹|蹹]] 	
* 35-07/0628- [[wikt:榻|榻]] thap
* 35-07/0628- [[wikt:遢|遢]] 	
* 35-07/0628- [[wikt:鰨|鰨]]

==35-09==
* 35-09/0632a [[wikt:耴|耴]] trjep
* 35-09/0632b [[wikt:輒|輒]] tep, trjep
* 35-09/0632c [[wikt:踂|踂]] nrjep

==35-10==
Baxter &amp; Sagart (2014: 144) appear to think this series is to be merged with [[#21-23|21-23]].

==35-11==
* 35-11/1255a [[wikt:疊|疊]] dep
* 35-11/1255b [[wikt:曡|曡]] dep

==35-12==
* 35-12/0637a [[wikt:巤|巤]] ljep
* 35-12/0637c [[wikt:儠|儠]] ljep
* 35-12/0637d [[wikt:擸|擸]] ljep
* 35-12/0637e [[wikt:獵|獵]] ljep
* 35-12/0637f [[wikt:躐|躐]] ljep
* 35-12/0637g [[wikt:邋|邋]] ljep
* 35-12/0637i [[wikt:鬣|鬣]] ljep
* 35-12/0637j [[wikt:臘|臘]] lap

==35-13==
* 35-13/0638a [[wikt:聶|聶]] nrjep, tsyep
* 35-13/0638b [[wikt:躡|躡]] nrjep
* 35-13/0638c [[wikt:讘|讘]] nyep
* 35-13/0638d [[wikt:懾|懾]] tsyep
* 35-13/0638e [[wikt:攝|攝]] syep

==35-14==
* 35-14/1255e [[wikt:苶|苶]] nep

==35-15==
* 35-15/0635a [[wikt:妾|妾]] tshjep
* 35-15/0635d [[wikt:踥|踥]] tshjep
* 35-15/0635e [[wikt:接|接]] tsjep
* 35-15/0635f [[wikt:椄|椄]] tsjep
* 35-15/0635g [[wikt:翣|翣]] sraep

==35-16==
* 35-16/0636a [[wikt:疌|疌]] dzjep
* 35-16/0636b [[wikt:捷|捷]] dzjep
* 35-16/0636c [[wikt:寁|寁]] dzjep
* 35-16/0636d [[wikt:睫|睫]] tsjep

==35-17==
* 35-17/0631a [[wikt:臿|臿]] tsrheap
* 35-17/0631b [[wikt:插|插]] tsrheap
* 35-17/0631c [[wikt:歃|歃]] sreap, srjep

==35-18==
* 35-18/1254b [[wikt:扱|扱]] tsrheap

==35-19==
* 35-19/1255c [[wikt:燮|燮]] sep

==35-20==
* 35-20/0641a [[wikt:乏|乏]] bjop
* 35-20/0641b [[wikt:泛|泛]] phjomH
* 35-20/0641c [[wikt:窆|窆]] pjemH, pongH
* 35-20/0641d [[wikt:貶|貶]] pjaemX, pjemX

==35-21==
* 35-21/0642k [[wikt:法|法]] pjop
* 35-21/0642l [[wikt:灋|灋]] pjop

=36=
==36-01==
* 36-01/0606a [[wikt:甘|甘]] kam
* 36-01/0606c [[wikt:泔|泔]] kam
* 36-01/0606d [[wikt:𤯌|𤯌]] kam
* 36-01/0606g [[wikt:酣|酣]] ham
* 36-01/0606h [[wikt:拑|拑]] gjem
* 36-01/0606i [[wikt:鉗|鉗]] gjem
* 36-01/0606j [[wikt:柑|柑]] gjem
* 36-01/0606k [[wikt:紺|紺]] kom
* 36-01/0606l [[wikt:箝|箝]] gjem

==36-02==
* 36-02/0607a [[wikt:敢|敢]] kamX
* 36-02/0607d [[wikt:闞|闞]] khamH, xaemX, xamX, xeamX
* 36-02/0607e [[wikt:矙|矙]] khamH
* 36-02/0607h [[wikt:嚴|嚴]] ngjaem
* 36-02/0607k [[wikt:儼|儼]] ngjaemX
* 36-02/0607l [[wikt:巖|巖]] ngaem
* 36-02/0607m [[wikt:玁|玁]] xjemX

==36-03==
* 36-03/0608a [[wikt:銜|銜]] haem

==36-04==
* 36-04/0624a [[wikt:欠|欠]] khjaemH, khjomH
* 36-04/0624c [[wikt:芡|芡]] gjaemH, gjemH, gjemX
* 36-04/0624d [[wikt:坎|坎]] khomX

==36-05==
* 36-05/0609a [[wikt:監|監]] kaem, kaemH
* 36-05/0609c [[wikt:鑑|鑑]] haemH
* 36-05/0609d [[wikt:礛|礛]] kaem
* 36-05/0609e [[wikt:壏|壏]] haemX
* 36-05/0609f [[wikt:㯺|㯺]] haemX
* 36-05/0609g [[wikt:檻|檻]] haemX, hamX
* 36-05/0609h [[wikt:㜮|㜮]] lamH
* 36-05/0609i [[wikt:擥|擥]] lamX
* 36-05/0609j [[wikt:濫|濫]] hamH, lamX
* 36-05/0609k [[wikt:藍|藍]] lam
* 36-05/0609l [[wikt:覽|覽]] lamX
* 36-05/0609m [[wikt:嚂|嚂]] xamX
* 36-05/0609n [[wikt:鹽|鹽]] yem, yemH
* 36-05/0609o [[wikt:攬|攬]] lamX
* 36-05/0609- [[wikt:籃|籃]] lam

==36-06==
* 36-06/0613a [[wikt:僉|僉]] tshjem
* 36-06/0613b [[wikt:憸|憸]] sjem, tshjem, tshjemX
* 36-06/0613c [[wikt:譣|譣]] sjem, tshjem, tshjemX
* 36-06/0613d [[wikt:檢|檢]] kjemX
* 36-06/0613e [[wikt:儉|儉]] gjemX
* 36-06/0613f [[wikt:險|險]] xjaemX, xjemX
* 36-06/0613g [[wikt:嶮|嶮]] xjemX
* 36-06/0613h [[wikt:驗|驗]] ngjemH
* 36-06/0613i [[wikt:劍|劍]] kjaemH, kjomH
* 36-06/0613k [[wikt:獫|獫]] ljem, ljemH, ljemX
* 36-06/0613l [[wikt:斂|斂]] ljemX, ljemH
* 36-06/0613m [[wikt:蘞|蘞]] ljem, ljemX

==36-07==
* 36-07/0627a [[wikt:兼|兼]] kem, kemH
* 36-07/0627b [[wikt:蒹|蒹]] kem
* 36-07/0627c [[wikt:嗛|嗛]] hemX, khemX
* 36-07/0627d [[wikt:慊|慊]] khemX, khep
* 36-07/0627e [[wikt:歉|歉]] kheamH, kheamX, khem, khemX
* 36-07/0627f [[wikt:謙|謙]] khem
* 36-07/0627g [[wikt:溓|溓]] lem, nrjem
* 36-07/0627i [[wikt:熑|熑]] lem, ljem
* 36-07/0627j [[wikt:嫌|嫌]] hem
* 36-07/0627k [[wikt:鼸|鼸]] hemX
* 36-07/0627l [[wikt:廉|廉]] ljem
* 36-07/0627m [[wikt:磏|磏]] ljem
* 36-07/0627n [[wikt:鎌|鎌]] ljem
* 36-07/0627- [[wikt:簾|簾]] ljem

==36-08==
* 36-08/0614a [[wikt:奄|奄]] 'jemX
* 36-08/0614b [[wikt:掩|掩]] 'jaemX, 'jemX
* 36-08/0614c [[wikt:淹|淹]] 'jem
* 36-08/0614d [[wikt:閹|閹]] 'jem
* 36-08/0614e [[wikt:晻|晻]] 'jemX, 'omH, 'omX

==36-09==
* 36-09/0615a [[wikt:弇|弇]] kom
* 36-09/0615b [[wikt:揜|揜]] 'jemX
* 36-09/0615c [[wikt:渰|渰]] 'jaemX, 'jemX
* 36-09/0615d [[wikt:黭|黭]] 'amX

==36-10==
* 36-10/0616a [[wikt:猒|猒]] 'jiem, 'jiemH
* 36-10/0616c [[wikt:厭|厭]] 'eamX, 'jiem, 'jiep
* 36-10/0616d [[wikt:饜|饜]] 'jemH
* 36-10/0616f [[wikt:檿|檿]] 'jiemX
* 36-10/0616g [[wikt:擪|擪]] 'jiemX
* 36-10/0616h [[wikt:壓|壓]] 'aep

==36-11==
* 36-11/0619a [[wikt:詹|詹]] tsyem
* 36-11/0619b [[wikt:噡|噡]] tsyem
* 36-11/0619c [[wikt:瞻|瞻]] tsyem
* 36-11/0619d [[wikt:幨|幨]] tsyhem, tsyhemH
* 36-11/0619e [[wikt:襜|襜]] tsyhem
* 36-11/0619f [[wikt:贍|贍]] dzyemH
* 36-11/0619g [[wikt:檐|檐]] yem
* 36-11/0619h [[wikt:儋|儋]] tam, tamH
* 36-11/0619i [[wikt:甔|甔]] tam
* 36-11/0619k [[wikt:擔|擔]] dzyem, tamH, dzyemH
* 36-11/0619l [[wikt:膽|膽]] tamX
* 36-11/0619m [[wikt:憺|憺]] damH, damX
* 36-11/0619n [[wikt:澹|澹]] damH, damX

==36-12==
* 36-12/0618a [[wikt:占|占]] tsyem
* 36-12/0618c [[wikt:沾|沾]] trjem
* 36-12/0618d [[wikt:霑|霑]] trjem
* 36-12/0618e [[wikt:阽|阽]] yem
* 36-12/0618f [[wikt:佔|佔]] trhjem
* 36-12/0618g [[wikt:覘|覘]] trhjem, trhjemH
* 36-12/0618h [[wikt:怗|怗]] thep, tsyhem
* 36-12/0618i [[wikt:苫|苫]] syem, syemH
* 36-12/0618j [[wikt:痁|痁]] syem, syemH, temH
* 36-12/0618k [[wikt:坫|坫]] temH
* 36-12/0618l [[wikt:玷|玷]] temH, temX
* 36-12/0618m [[wikt:㓠|㓠]] temH, temX
* 36-12/0618n [[wikt:點|點]] temX
* 36-12/0618o [[wikt:拈|拈]] nem
* 36-12/0618p [[wikt:呫|呫]] thep
* 36-12/0618q [[wikt:帖|帖]] thep
* 36-12/0618- [[wikt:㚲|㚲]]

==36-13==
* 36-13/1247a [[wikt:豓|豓]] yemH
* 36-13/1247b [[wikt:豔|豔]] yemH

==36-14==
* 36-14/0617a [[wikt:炎|炎]] dam, hjem, yemH
* 36-14/0617c [[wikt:燄|燄]] yemH, yemX
* 36-14/0617d [[wikt:剡|剡]] yemX
* 36-14/0617e [[wikt:掞|掞]] yemX
* 36-14/0617f [[wikt:琰|琰]] yemX
* 36-14/0617g [[wikt:裧|裧]] tsyhem
* 36-14/0617h [[wikt:燅|燅]] zjem
* 36-14/0617i [[wikt:覢|覢]] syemX
* 36-14/0617j [[wikt:菼|菼]] thamX
* 36-14/0617k [[wikt:惔|惔]] dam
* 36-14/0617l [[wikt:談|談]] dam
* 36-14/0617m [[wikt:倓|倓]] dam, damH
* 36-14/0617n [[wikt:啖|啖]] damH, damX
* 36-14/0617o [[wikt:淡|淡]] damH, damX
* 36-14/0617p [[wikt:餤|餤]] dam, yem
* 36-14/0617- [[wikt:睒|睒]]

==36-16==
* 36-16/0621a [[wikt:銛|銛]] sjem
* 36-16/0621b [[wikt:恬|恬]] dem
* 36-16/0621- [[wikt:甜|甜]] dem

==36-17==
* 36-17/1247c [[wikt:忝|忝]] themH, themX

==36-18==
* 36-18/0622a [[wikt:冄|冄]] nyemX
* 36-18/0622b [[wikt:冉|冉]] nyemX
* 36-18/0622e [[wikt:呥|呥]] nyem
* 36-18/0622f [[wikt:姌|姌]] nemX, nyemX
* 36-18/0622h [[wikt:袡|袡]] nyem
* 36-18/0622i [[wikt:衻|衻]] nyem
* 36-18/0622j [[wikt:𩑺|𩑺]] nyem, nyemH
* 36-18/0622k [[wikt:髯|髯]] nyem, nyemH
* 36-18/0622l [[wikt:枏|枏]] nom
* 36-18/0622m [[wikt:聃|聃]] nam, tham
* 36-18/0622n [[wikt:耼|耼]] nam, tham
* 36-18/0622- [[wikt:㾆|㾆]]
* 36-18/0622- [[wikt:柟|柟]]

==36-19==
* 36-19/0623a [[wikt:染|染]] nyemH, nyemX

==36-21==
* 36-21/0620a [[wikt:㦰|㦰]] tsjem
* 36-21/0620c [[wikt:韱|韱]] sjem
* 36-21/0620d [[wikt:孅|孅]] sjem
* 36-21/0620e [[wikt:纖|纖]] sjem
* 36-21/0620f [[wikt:殲|殲]] tsjem
* 36-21/0620g [[wikt:瀸|瀸]] tsjem
* 36-21/0620h [[wikt:攕|攕]] sream

==36-22==
* 36-22/0611a [[wikt:斬|斬]] tsreamX
* 36-22/0611b [[wikt:摲|摲]] sraem
* 36-22/0611c [[wikt:慙|慙]] dzam
* 36-22/0611d [[wikt:暫|暫]] dzamH
* 36-22/0611e [[wikt:蹔|蹔]] dzamH
* 36-22/0611f [[wikt:漸|漸]] dzjemX, dzraem, tsjem
* 36-22/0611g [[wikt:塹|塹]] tshjem
* 36-22/0611h [[wikt:蔪|蔪]] dzjemX

==36-23==
* 36-23/0612a [[wikt:毚|毚]] dzraem, dzream
* 36-23/0612b [[wikt:欃|欃]] dzream
* 36-23/0612c [[wikt:儳|儳]] dzraem, dzreamH, dzreamX, tsrhaemH
* 36-23/0612d [[wikt:讒|讒]] dzraem, dzraemH, dzream
* 36-23/0612e [[wikt:鑱|鑱]] dzraem, dzraemH

==36-24==
* 36-24/1154a [[wikt:髟|髟]] pjiew, pjiw, sraem

==36-25==
* 36-25/0610a [[wikt:芟|芟]] sraem

==36-26==
* 36-26/0625a [[wikt:凡|凡]] bjom
* 36-26/0625b [[wikt:芃|芃]] buwng
* 36-26/0625d [[wikt:帆|帆]] bjom
* 36-26/0625e [[wikt:軓|軓]] bjomX
* 36-26/0625f [[wikt:汎|汎]] bjuwng, phjomH
* 36-26/0625h [[wikt:風|風]] pjuwng, pjuwngH
* 36-26/0625i [[wikt:飌|飌]] pjuwng
* 36-26/0625j [[wikt:鳳|鳳]] bjuwngH
* 36-26/0625n [[wikt:楓|楓]] pjuwng
* 36-26/0625o [[wikt:諷|諷]] pjuwngH
* 36-26/0625p [[wikt:渢|渢]] bjuwng

==36-27==
* 36-27/0626a [[wikt:犯|犯]] bjomX
* 36-27/0626b [[wikt:𨊠|𨊠]] bjomX
* 36-27/0626c [[wikt:氾|氾]] bjomH, phjomH
* 36-27/0626d [[wikt:範|範]] bjomX
* 36-27/0626e [[wikt:范|范]] bjomX

=37=
==37-01==
* 37-01/0675a [[wikt:合|合]] hop
* 37-01/0675e [[wikt:䢔|䢔]] hop
* 37-01/0675h [[wikt:蛤|蛤]] kop
* 37-01/0675i [[wikt:閤|閤]] kop
* 37-01/0675j [[wikt:韐|韐]] keap, kop
* 37-01/0675k [[wikt:跲|跲]] gjaep, keap, kjaep
* 37-01/0675l [[wikt:鞈|鞈]] keap
* 37-01/0675m [[wikt:洽|洽]] heap
* 37-01/0675n [[wikt:祫|祫]] heap
* 37-01/0675o [[wikt:袷|袷]] kjaep
* 37-01/0675p [[wikt:給|給]] kip
* 37-01/0675q [[wikt:翕|翕]] xip
* 37-01/0675r [[wikt:噏|噏]] xip
* 37-01/0675s [[wikt:歙|歙]] xip
* 37-01/0675t [[wikt:潝|潝]] xip
* 37-01/0675u [[wikt:闟|闟]] xip
* 37-01/0687a [[wikt:拾|拾]] dzyip, gjaep

==37-02==
* 37-02/0681a [[wikt:及|及]] gip 
* 37-02/0681d [[wikt:彶|彶]] kip
* 37-02/0681g [[wikt:急|急]] kip
* 37-02/0681h [[wikt:汲|汲]] kip
* 37-02/0681i [[wikt:級|級]] kip
* 37-02/0681j [[wikt:吸|吸]] xip
* 37-02/0681k [[wikt:圾|圾]] ngip
* 37-02/0681l [[wikt:岌|岌]] ngip
* 37-02/0681m [[wikt:极|极]] gjep
* 37-02/0681o [[wikt:笈|笈]] gjep
* 37-02/1254b [[wikt:扱|扱]] tsrheap

==37-03==
* 37-03/0686a [[wikt:十|十]] dzyip
* 37-03/0686e [[wikt:什|什]] dzyip
* 37-03/0686f [[wikt:汁|汁]] tsyip

==37-04==
* 37-04/0682a [[wikt:燁|燁]] hip, hjep, yep
* 37-04/0682b [[wikt:爗|爗]] hip, hjep

==37-05==
* 37-05/0683a [[wikt:邑|邑]] 'ip
* 37-05/0683f [[wikt:悒|悒]] 'ip
* 37-05/0683g [[wikt:挹|挹]] 'jip
* 37-05/0683h [[wikt:浥|浥]] 'ip
* 37-05/0683i [[wikt:唈|唈]] 'op

==37-06==
* 37-06/0676a [[wikt:答|答]] top
* 37-06/0676b [[wikt:荅|荅]] top
* 37-06/0676c [[wikt:嗒|嗒]] thap, thop

==37-07==
* 37-07/0684a [[wikt:馽|馽]] trip

==37-08==
Baxter &amp; Sagart (personal communication 12 April 2017) combine [[#37-08|37-08]] and [[#37-17|37-17]]. 
* 37-08/0685a [[wikt:執|執]] tsyip
* 37-08/0685f [[wikt:縶|縶]] trip
* 37-08/0685g [[wikt:蟄|蟄]] drip
* 37-08/0685h [[wikt:慹|慹]] nep, tsyep, tsyip
* 37-08/0685i [[wikt:蓻|蓻]] tsip
* 37-08/0685j [[wikt:騺|騺]] trijH
* 37-08/0685k [[wikt:摯|摯]] tsyijH
* 37-08/0685m [[wikt:贄|贄]] tsyijH
* 37-08/0685n [[wikt:鷙|鷙]] tsyijH
* 37-08/0685o [[wikt:墊|墊]] temH
* 37-08/37-17/0696a [[wikt:㚔|㚔]] nrjep

==37-09==
* 37-09/0677a [[wikt:沓|沓]] dop
* 37-09/0677b [[wikt:誻|誻]] dop

==37-10==
* 37-10/0678a [[wikt:眔|眔]] dop
* 37-10/0678e [[wikt:遝|遝]] dop
* 37-10/0678f [[wikt:嚃|嚃]] thop

==37-11==
* 37-11/0689a [[wikt:襲|襲]] zip

==37-12==
* 37-12/0690a [[wikt:習|習]] zip
* 37-12/0690b [[wikt:謵|謵]] zip
* 37-12/0690c [[wikt:槢|槢]] zip
* 37-12/0690f [[wikt:熠|熠]] yip
* 37-12/0690g [[wikt:褶|褶]] dep
* 37-12/0690h [[wikt:慴|慴]] tsyep
* 37-12/0690- [[wikt:摺|摺]] tsyep

==37-13==
* 37-13/0692a [[wikt:濕|濕]] khip, syip, tsrhip
* 37-13/0692b [[wikt:隰|隰]] zip

==37-14==
* 37-14/0693a [[wikt:溼|溼]] syip

==37-15==
* 37-15/0520a [[wikt:涖|涖]] lijH
* 37-15/0520b [[wikt:莅|莅]] lijH
* 37-15/0520c [[wikt:蒞|蒞]] lijH
* 37-15/0694a [[wikt:立|立]] lip
* 37-15/0694e [[wikt:笠|笠]] lip
* 37-15/0694f [[wikt:粒|粒]] lip
* 37-15/0694g [[wikt:苙|苙]] gip, lip
* 37-15/0694h [[wikt:泣|泣]] khip
* 37-15/0694i [[wikt:湇|湇]] khip
* 37-15/0694j [[wikt:㕇|㕇]] lop
* 37-15/0694l [[wikt:拉|拉]] lop

==37-16==
* 37-16/0695a [[wikt:入|入]] nyip
* 37-16/0695e [[wikt:內|內]] nop, nwojH
* 37-16/0695h [[wikt:納|納]] nop
* 37-16/0695i [[wikt:軜|軜]] nop
* 37-16/0695j [[wikt:訥|訥]] nwot
* 37-16/0695k [[wikt:吶|吶]] nrjwet, nrwaet, nywet
* 37-16/0695l [[wikt:㕯|㕯]] nrjwet, nwaet, nwot, nywet
* 37-16/0695n [[wikt:枘|枘]] nywejH
* 37-16/0695o [[wikt:汭|汭]] nywejH
* 37-16/0695p [[wikt:蚋|蚋]] nywejH
* 37-16/0695q [[wikt:芮|芮]] nywejH
* 37-16/0695r [[wikt:焫|焫]] nywejH, nywet
* 37-16/0695s [[wikt:蜹|蜹]] nywejH, nywet

==37-17==
Baxter &amp; Sagart (personal communication 12 April 2017) combine [[#37-08|37-08]] and [[#37-17|37-17]].

==37-18==
* 37-18/0679a [[wikt:帀|帀]] tsop
* 37-18/0679b [[wikt:匝|匝]] tsop

==37-19==
* 37-19/0688a [[wikt:咠|咠]] tship, tsip
* 37-19/0688b [[wikt:緝|緝]] tship, tsip
* 37-19/0688c [[wikt:葺|葺]] tship
* 37-19/0688d [[wikt:輯|輯]] dzip, tsrip
* 37-19/0688e [[wikt:戢|戢]] tsrip
* 37-19/0688f [[wikt:濈|濈]] tsrip
* 37-19/0688g [[wikt:揖|揖]] tsip, 'jip (cf. Baxter &amp; Sagart 2014: 389 n. 59)
* 37-19/0688h [[wikt:楫|楫]] tsjep
* 37-19/0688i [[wikt:檝|檝]] tsjep

==37-20==
* 37-20/0691a [[wikt:集|集]] dzip
* 37-20/0691d [[wikt:雜|雜]] dzop

==37-21==
* 37-21/0680a [[wikt:颯|颯]] sop

=38=
==38-02==
* 38-02/0643a [[wikt:圅|圅]] heam, hom
* 38-02/0643b [[wikt:函|函]] heam, hom
* 38-02/0643g [[wikt:涵|涵]] hom
* 38-02/0643h [[wikt:菡|菡]] homX

==38-03==
Schuessler combines GSR 0651 and GSR 0652. Baxter &amp; Sagart (personal communication 12 April 2017) combine GSR 0645, i.e. [[#38-21|38-21]], and GSR 0651; but they do not see any link to GSR 0652.
* 38-03/0652a [[wikt:金|金]] kim
* 38-03/0652d [[wikt:䘳|䘳]] kim
* 38-03/0652e [[wikt:錦|錦]] kimX
* 38-03/0652f [[wikt:欽|欽]] khim
* 38-03/0652g [[wikt:唫|唫]] gimX, khim, ngim
* 38-03/0652h [[wikt:趛|趛]] ngimX
* 38-03/0652j [[wikt:顉|顉]] ngom
* 38-03/0652k [[wikt:嶔|嶔]] khim
* 38-03/0652l [[wikt:廞|廞]] xim

==38-04==
* 38-04/0671a [[wikt:咸|咸]] heam
* 38-04/0671e [[wikt:諴|諴]] heam
* 38-04/0671f [[wikt:鹹|鹹]] heam
* 38-04/0671g [[wikt:減|減]] heamX, keamX
* 38-04/0671i [[wikt:緘|緘]] keam
* 38-04/0671k [[wikt:黬|黬]] 'eamX, keam
* 38-04/0671l [[wikt:感|感]] komX
* 38-04/0671m [[wikt:顑|顑]] khomX, xomH
* 38-04/0671n [[wikt:箴|箴]] tsyim
* 38-04/0671o [[wikt:鍼|鍼]] tsyim
* 38-04/0671p [[wikt:憾|憾]] homH

==38-05==
* 38-05/0672a [[wikt:臽|臽]] heamH
* 38-05/0672c [[wikt:陷|陷]] heamH
* 38-05/0672d [[wikt:錎|錎]] heamX
* 38-05/0672e [[wikt:埳|埳]] khomX
* 38-05/0672f [[wikt:欿|欿]] khomX
* 38-05/0672g [[wikt:淊|淊]] homX
* 38-05/0672i [[wikt:窞|窞]] domX
* 38-05/0672j [[wikt:萏|萏]] domX
* 38-05/0672k [[wikt:啗|啗]] damH, damX
* 38-05/0672l [[wikt:諂|諂]] trhjemX
* 38-05/0672m [[wikt:閻|閻]] yem
* 38-05/0672n [[wikt:壛|壛]] yem
* 38-05/0672o [[wikt:爓|爓]] yemH, zim
* 38-05/0672p [[wikt:讇|讇]] trhjemX

==38-06==
* 38-06/0674a [[wikt:熊|熊]] hjuwng

==38-07==
* 38-07/0653a [[wikt:音|音]] 'im
* 38-07/0653c [[wikt:愔|愔]] 'jim
* 38-07/0653d [[wikt:喑|喑]] 'im, 'imH
* 38-07/0653e [[wikt:瘖|瘖]] 'im
* 38-07/0653f [[wikt:𢉩|𢉩]] 'im
* 38-07/0653h [[wikt:暗|暗]] 'omH
* 38-07/0653i [[wikt:闇|闇]] 'omH
* 38-07/0653j [[wikt:歆|歆]] xim
* 38-07/0653- [[wikt:窨|窨]] 'imH

==38-08==
* 38-08/0654a [[wikt:飲|飲]] 'imH

==38-09==
* 38-09/0644a [[wikt:儑|儑]] ngom

==38-10==
* 38-10/0673a [[wikt:碞|碞]] ngeam

==38-11==
* 38-11/0658a [[wikt:甚|甚]] dzyimH, dzyimX
* 38-11/0658b [[wikt:煁|煁]] dzyim
* 38-11/0658c [[wikt:諶|諶]] dzyim
* 38-11/0658e [[wikt:揕|揕]] trimH
* 38-11/0658f [[wikt:椹|椹]] trim
* 38-11/0658g [[wikt:踸|踸]] trhimX
* 38-11/0658h [[wikt:斟|斟]] tsyim
* 38-11/0658i [[wikt:葚|葚]] dzyimX, zyimX
* 38-11/0658j [[wikt:媅|媅]] tom
* 38-11/0658l [[wikt:湛|湛]] dreamX, drim, tom, tsjem
* 38-11/0658n [[wikt:黮|黮]] domX, thomX
* 38-11/0658o [[wikt:糂|糂]] somX
* 38-11/0658p [[wikt:堪|堪]] khom
* 38-11/0658q [[wikt:戡|戡]] khom
* 38-11/0658r [[wikt:嵁|嵁]] kheam, khom, ngom
* 38-11/0658- [[wikt:歁|歁]]
* 38-11/0658- [[wikt:勘|勘]]
* 38-11/0658- [[wikt:磡|磡]]
* 38-11/0658- [[wikt:墈|墈]]
* 38-11/0658- [[wikt:偡|偡]]
* 38-11/0658- [[wikt:碪|碪]]
* 38-11/0658- [[wikt:鍖|鍖]]
* 38-11/0658- [[wikt:愖|愖]]
* 38-11/0658- [[wikt:瘎|瘎]]
* 38-11/0658- [[wikt:𦂼|𦂼]]

==38-12==
* 38-12/0659a [[wikt:闖|闖]] trhimH

==38-13==
* 38-13/0665a [[wikt:審|審]] syimX
* 38-13/0665b [[wikt:瀋|瀋]] tsyhimX

==38-14==
* 38-14/0656a [[wikt:冘|冘]] yim
* 38-14/0656b [[wikt:沈|沈]] drim, drimH, syimX, tshyhimX
* 38-14/0656e [[wikt:酖|酖]] drimH
* 38-14/0656f [[wikt:鴆|鴆]] drimH
* 38-14/0656g [[wikt:枕|枕]] tsyimH, tsyimX
* 38-14/0656h [[wikt:忱|忱]] dzyim
* 38-14/0656i [[wikt:抌|抌]] tomX
* 38-14/0656j [[wikt:眈|眈]] tom, tomX
* 38-14/0656k [[wikt:紞|紞]] tamX
* 38-14/0656l [[wikt:耽|耽]] tom
* 38-14/0656m [[wikt:髧|髧]] domX
* 38-14/0656n [[wikt:黕|黕]] tomX
* 38-14/0656o [[wikt:醓|醓]] thomX

==38-15==
* 38-15/0657a [[wikt:㸒|㸒]] yim
* 38-15/0657b [[wikt:淫|淫]] yim

==38-16==
* 38-16/0646a [[wikt:覃|覃]] dom, yemX
* 38-16/0646b [[wikt:潭|潭]] dom
* 38-16/0646c [[wikt:譚|譚]] dom
* 38-16/0646d [[wikt:燂|燂]] dom, dzjem, zjem
* 38-16/0646e [[wikt:鐔|鐔]] dom, yim, zim
* 38-16/0646f [[wikt:嘾|嘾]] domX
* 38-16/0646g [[wikt:禫|禫]] domX
* 38-16/0646h [[wikt:撢|撢]] thom
* 38-16/0646i [[wikt:鱏|鱏]] yim, zim
* 38-16/0646j [[wikt:簟|簟]] demX
* 38-16/0646l [[wikt:驔|驔]] demX

==38-17==
* 38-17/0662a [[wikt:尋|尋]] zim

==38-18==
* 38-18/0655a [[wikt:林|林]] lim
* 38-18/0655e [[wikt:淋|淋]] lim
* 38-18/0655f [[wikt:霖|霖]] lim
* 38-18/0655h [[wikt:琳|琳]] lim
* 38-18/0655i [[wikt:婪|婪]] lom
* 38-18/0655j [[wikt:惏|惏]] lom
* 38-18/0655k [[wikt:禁|禁]] kim, kimH
* 38-18/0655l [[wikt:襟|襟]] kim
* 38-18/0655m [[wikt:噤|噤]] gimH, gimX

==38-19==
* 38-19/0668a [[wikt:稟|稟]] limX, pimX
* 38-19/0668b [[wikt:禀|禀]] limX, pimX
* 38-19/0668c [[wikt:廩|廩]] limX
* 38-19/0668d [[wikt:懍|懍]] limX

==38-20==
* 38-20/0669a [[wikt:品|品]] phimX
* 38-20/0669e [[wikt:臨|臨]] lim, limH

==38-21==
Baxter &amp; Sagart (personal communication 12 April 2017) combine [[#38-21|38-21]] and part of [[#38-03|38-03]].
Schuessler combines GSR 0651 and GSR 0652. Baxter &amp; Sagart (personal communication 12 April 2017) combine GSR 0645, i.e. [[#38-21|38-21]], and GSR 0651; but they do not see any link to GSR 0652.
* 38-21/38-21/0645a [[wikt:貪|貪]] thom
* 38-21/38-21/0645b [[wikt:嗿|嗿]] thomX
* 38-21/38-03/0651a [[wikt:今|今]] kim
* 38-21/38-03/0651f [[wikt:紟|紟]] gimH
* 38-21/38-03/0651g [[wikt:衿|衿]] gimH, kim
* 38-21/38-03/0651h [[wikt:衾|衾]] khim
* 38-21/38-03/0651i [[wikt:坅|坅]] khimX, ngimX
* 38-21/38-03/0651j [[wikt:禽|禽]] gim
* 38-21/38-03/0651n [[wikt:擒|擒]] gim
* 38-21/38-03/0651o [[wikt:芩|芩]] gim
* 38-21/38-03/0651p [[wikt:靲|靲]] gim
* 38-21/38-03/0651q [[wikt:琴|琴]] gim
* 38-21/38-03/0651r [[wikt:黔|黔]] gim, gjem
* 38-21/38-03/0651s [[wikt:吟|吟]] ngim
* 38-21/38-03/0651t [[wikt:岑|岑]] ngimX
* 38-21/38-03/0651u [[wikt:趻|趻]] trhimX
* 38-21/38-03/0651v [[wikt:𢦟|𢦟]] khom
* 38-21/38-03/0651x [[wikt:侌|侌]] 'im
* 38-21/38-03/0651y [[wikt:陰|陰]] 'im, 'imH
* 38-21/38-03/0651a' [[wikt:𩃬|𩃬]] 'im
* 38-21/38-03/0651b' [[wikt:蔭|蔭]] 'imH
* 38-21/38-03/0651c' [[wikt:廕|廕]] 'imH
* 38-21/38-03/0651d' [[wikt:酓|酓]] 'jiemX
* 38-21/38-03/0651h' [[wikt:韽|韽]] 'om
* 38-21/38-03/0651i' [[wikt:飲|飲]] 'imX
* 38-21/38-03/0651i' [[wikt:㱃|㱃]] 'imX
* 38-21/38-03/0651k' [[wikt:㜝|㜝]] ngomX
* 38-21/38-03/0651l' [[wikt:含|含]] hom, homH
* 38-21/38-03/0651m' [[wikt:唅|唅]] hom
* 38-21/38-03/0651n' [[wikt:頷|頷]] homX, ngomX

==38-22==
* 38-22/0649a [[wikt:男|男]] nom

==38-23==
* 38-23/0650a [[wikt:南|南]] nom

==38-24==
* 38-24/0670a [[wikt:念|念]] nemH
* 38-24/0670d [[wikt:稔|稔]] nyimX
* 38-24/0670e [[wikt:腍|腍]] nyimX
* 38-24/0670f [[wikt:淰|淰]] syimX
* 38-24/0670g [[wikt:諗|諗]] syimX
* 38-24/0670h [[wikt:敜|敜]] nep

==38-25==
* 38-25/0667a [[wikt:壬|壬]] nyim
* 38-25/0667f [[wikt:任|任]] nyimH
* 38-25/0667i [[wikt:妊|妊]] nyimH
* 38-25/0667k [[wikt:姙|姙]] nyimH
* 38-25/0667l [[wikt:紝|紝]] nrim, nyim
* 38-25/0667m [[wikt:絍|絍]] nrim, nyim
* 38-25/0667n [[wikt:衽|衽]] nyimH, nyimX
* 38-25/0667o [[wikt:袵|袵]] nyimH, nyimX
* 38-25/0667p [[wikt:飪|飪]] nyimH
* 38-25/0667q [[wikt:恁|恁]] nyim
* 38-25/0667s [[wikt:荏|荏]] nyimX
* 38-25/0667t [[wikt:賃|賃]] nrimH

==38-26==
* 38-26/0666b [[wikt:穼|穼]] syim
* 38-26/0666c [[wikt:深|深]] syim, syimH
* 38-26/0666e [[wikt:琛|琛]] trhim
* 38-26/0666f [[wikt:探|探]] thom

==38-27==
* 38-27/0661a [[wikt:𠬶|𠬶]] tshim
* 38-27/0661c [[wikt:侵|侵]] tshim
* 38-27/0661e [[wikt:綅|綅]] sjem, tshim, tsim
* 38-27/0661f [[wikt:寢|寢]] tshimX
* 38-27/0661k [[wikt:鋟|鋟]] tshimX, tshjem, tsjem
* 38-27/0661l [[wikt:駸|駸]] tshim, tsrhim
* 38-27/0661m [[wikt:浸|浸]] tsimH
* 38-27/0661n [[wikt:祲|祲]] tsim, tsimH
* 38-27/0661o [[wikt:寖|寖]] tsim, tsimH

==38-28==
* 38-28/0660a [[wikt:兓|兓]] tsim
* 38-28/0660c [[wikt:朁|朁]] tshomX
* 38-28/0660e [[wikt:憯|憯]] tshomX
* 38-28/0660f [[wikt:噆|噆]] tshomX, tsop
* 38-28/0660g [[wikt:簪|簪]] tsom, tsrim
* 38-28/0660h [[wikt:鐕|鐕]] tsom
* 38-28/0660i [[wikt:蠶|蠶]] dzom
* 38-28/0660j [[wikt:譖|譖]] tsrimH
* 38-28/0660k [[wikt:鬵|鬵]] dzim, dzjem
* 38-28/0660l [[wikt:僭|僭]] tsemH
* 38-28/0660m [[wikt:熸|熸]] tsjem
* 38-28/0660n [[wikt:潛|潛]] dzjem, dzjemH

==38-29==
* 38-29/0647a [[wikt:參|參]] syim, tshom, tsrhim
* 38-29/0647c [[wikt:驂|驂]] tshom
* 38-29/0647e [[wikt:慘|慘]] tshomX
* 38-29/0647f [[wikt:糝|糝]] somX
* 38-29/0647g [[wikt:槮|槮]] srim, tsrhim
* 38-29/0647h [[wikt:摻|摻]] sream, sreamX

==38-30==
* 38-30/0648a [[wikt:三|三]] sam, samH

==38-31==
* 38-31/0663a [[wikt:心|心]] sim

==38-32==
* 38-32/0664a [[wikt:森|森]] srim


{{Shelves|Chinese language}}
{{Alphabetical|C}}
{{status|0%}}</text>
      <sha1>6w20sslnn9u9s8260oogi14j879mjf4</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Boolf prop/3-ary/chain</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>317610</id>
    <revision>
      <id>2693751</id>
      <timestamp>2024-12-29T11:37:52Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Watchduck</username>
        <id>137431</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>New resource with &quot;&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Boolf prop/blocks.css&quot; /&gt;  &lt;div class=&quot;intpart&quot;&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;number-of-blocks&quot;&gt;Number of blocks: &amp;nbsp; &lt;span class=&quot;count&quot;&gt;40&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; Integer partition: &amp;nbsp; &lt;span class=&quot;count&quot;&gt;4&lt;/span&gt;⋅&lt;span class=&quot;size&quot;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt; + &lt;span class=&quot;count&quot;&gt;6&lt;/span&gt;⋅&lt;span class=&quot;size&quot;&gt;2&lt;/span&gt; + &lt;span class=&quot;count&quot;&gt;12&lt;/span&gt;⋅&lt;span class=&quot;size&quot;&gt;5&lt;/span&gt; + &lt;span class=&quot;count&quot;&gt;18&lt;/span&gt;⋅&lt;span class=&quot;size&quot;&gt;10&lt;/span&gt; &lt;/div&gt;  {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable bool...&quot;</comment>
      <origin>2693751</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="9548" sha1="1xgtki6oy7pjcxg5hg8licvcmsnqb6u" xml:space="preserve">&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Boolf prop/blocks.css&quot; /&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;intpart&quot;&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;number-of-blocks&quot;&gt;Number of blocks: &amp;nbsp; &lt;span class=&quot;count&quot;&gt;40&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
Integer partition: &amp;nbsp; &lt;span class=&quot;count&quot;&gt;4&lt;/span&gt;⋅&lt;span class=&quot;size&quot;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt; + &lt;span class=&quot;count&quot;&gt;6&lt;/span&gt;⋅&lt;span class=&quot;size&quot;&gt;2&lt;/span&gt; + &lt;span class=&quot;count&quot;&gt;12&lt;/span&gt;⋅&lt;span class=&quot;size&quot;&gt;5&lt;/span&gt; + &lt;span class=&quot;count&quot;&gt;18&lt;/span&gt;⋅&lt;span class=&quot;size&quot;&gt;10&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable boolf-blocks&quot;
!class=&quot;size&quot;| &lt;abbr title=&quot;block size&quot;&gt;#&lt;/abbr&gt;
!class=&quot;prop&quot;| chain
!class=&quot;block&quot;| block
|-
|class=&quot;size&quot;| 1
|class=&quot;prop&quot;| 0
|class=&quot;block&quot;| &lt;span class=&quot;block-list&quot;&gt;[0]&lt;/span&gt;[[File:Set_of_3-ary_Boolean_functions_1.svg|420px]]
|-
|class=&quot;size&quot;| 5
|class=&quot;prop&quot;| 1
|class=&quot;block&quot;| &lt;span class=&quot;block-list&quot;&gt;[1, 128, 151, 233, 255]&lt;/span&gt;[[File:Set_of_3-ary_Boolean_functions_57896058422150791292913067373858532976411591521721281395904175926709546123266.svg|420px]]
|-
|class=&quot;size&quot;| 10
|class=&quot;prop&quot;| 2
|class=&quot;block&quot;| &lt;span class=&quot;block-list&quot;&gt;[2, 42, 66, 67, 106, 107, 130, 149, 170, 189]&lt;/span&gt;[[File:Set_of_3-ary_Boolean_functions_784639213501725347531544609487425244366235756177769103364.svg|420px]]
|-
|class=&quot;size&quot;| 10
|class=&quot;prop&quot;| 3
|class=&quot;block&quot;| &lt;span class=&quot;block-list&quot;&gt;[3, 43, 84, 85, 124, 125, 194, 212, 234, 252]&lt;/span&gt;[[File:Set_of_3-ary_Boolean_functions_7237033184324231419566028067781786281068373884686754532222999997790933745672.svg|420px]]
|-
|class=&quot;size&quot;| 10
|class=&quot;prop&quot;| 4
|class=&quot;block&quot;| &lt;span class=&quot;block-list&quot;&gt;[4, 36, 37, 76, 108, 109, 132, 147, 204, 219]&lt;/span&gt;[[File:Set_of_3-ary_Boolean_functions_842524044357165637427931304268948006428609870450512396108735447056.svg|420px]]
|-
|class=&quot;size&quot;| 10
|class=&quot;prop&quot;| 5
|class=&quot;block&quot;| &lt;span class=&quot;block-list&quot;&gt;[5, 50, 51, 77, 122, 123, 164, 178, 236, 250]&lt;/span&gt;[[File:Set_of_3-ary_Boolean_functions_1809361822274614202514278744123787662139569742109352581648416864038421528608.svg|420px]]
|-
|class=&quot;size&quot;| 2
|class=&quot;prop&quot;| 6
|class=&quot;block&quot;| &lt;span class=&quot;block-list&quot;&gt;[6, 102]&lt;/span&gt;[[File:Set_of_3-ary_Boolean_functions_5070602400912917605986812821568.svg|420px]]
|-
|class=&quot;size&quot;| 10
|class=&quot;prop&quot;| 7
|class=&quot;block&quot;| &lt;span class=&quot;block-list&quot;&gt;[7, 103, 134, 143, 145, 153, 230, 239, 241, 249]&lt;/span&gt;[[File:Set_of_3-ary_Boolean_functions_909044540265065435211553422832670900832319076407335587083292850797726924928.svg|420px]]
|-
|class=&quot;size&quot;| 5
|class=&quot;prop&quot;| 8
|class=&quot;block&quot;| &lt;span class=&quot;block-list&quot;&gt;[8, 9, 119, 136, 158]&lt;/span&gt;[[File:Set_of_3-ary_Boolean_functions_365375496445676275309060312739422160976785441536.svg|420px]]
|-
|class=&quot;size&quot;| 10
|class=&quot;prop&quot;| 10
|class=&quot;block&quot;| &lt;span class=&quot;block-list&quot;&gt;[10, 11, 34, 35, 74, 98, 202, 221, 226, 245]&lt;/span&gt;[[File:Set_of_3-ary_Boolean_functions_56539217282694728295231708986312794310825378420563307398251296069393583104.svg|420px]]
|-
|class=&quot;size&quot;| 10
|class=&quot;prop&quot;| 12
|class=&quot;block&quot;| &lt;span class=&quot;block-list&quot;&gt;[12, 13, 44, 68, 69, 100, 172, 187, 228, 243]&lt;/span&gt;[[File:Set_of_3-ary_Boolean_functions_14135207877373749243068510219725021688932032405280694826252800234249793536.svg|420px]]
|-
|class=&quot;size&quot;| 10
|class=&quot;prop&quot;| 14
|class=&quot;block&quot;| &lt;span class=&quot;block-list&quot;&gt;[14, 15, 17, 110, 111, 113, 142, 152, 238, 248]&lt;/span&gt;[[File:Set_of_3-ary_Boolean_functions_452754560349460984455719984571087435637930499570756856602006190582046834688.svg|420px]]
|-
|class=&quot;size&quot;| 10
|class=&quot;prop&quot;| 16
|class=&quot;block&quot;| &lt;span class=&quot;block-list&quot;&gt;[16, 24, 25, 112, 120, 121, 135, 144, 231, 240]&lt;/span&gt;[[File:Set_of_3-ary_Boolean_functions_1770297937951779611477014878696401333888082238839845627961538768462217216.svg|420px]]
|-
|class=&quot;size&quot;| 2
|class=&quot;prop&quot;| 18
|class=&quot;block&quot;| &lt;span class=&quot;block-list&quot;&gt;[18, 90]&lt;/span&gt;[[File:Set_of_3-ary_Boolean_functions_1237940039285380274899386368.svg|420px]]
|-
|class=&quot;size&quot;| 10
|class=&quot;prop&quot;| 19
|class=&quot;block&quot;| &lt;span class=&quot;block-list&quot;&gt;[19, 91, 133, 146, 165, 179, 205, 218, 237, 251]&lt;/span&gt;[[File:Set_of_3-ary_Boolean_functions_3618723644970528993720202522728153991638704522763800825993326985773759070208.svg|420px]]
|-
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[[Category:Boolf prop/3-ary|chain]]</text>
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&lt;div class=&quot;intpart&quot;&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;number-of-blocks&quot;&gt;Number of blocks: &amp;nbsp; &lt;span class=&quot;count&quot;&gt;40&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
Integer partition: &amp;nbsp; &lt;span class=&quot;count&quot;&gt;4&lt;/span&gt;⋅&lt;span class=&quot;size&quot;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt; + &lt;span class=&quot;count&quot;&gt;6&lt;/span&gt;⋅&lt;span class=&quot;size&quot;&gt;2&lt;/span&gt; + &lt;span class=&quot;count&quot;&gt;12&lt;/span&gt;⋅&lt;span class=&quot;size&quot;&gt;5&lt;/span&gt; + &lt;span class=&quot;count&quot;&gt;18&lt;/span&gt;⋅&lt;span class=&quot;size&quot;&gt;10&lt;/span&gt;
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[[Category:Boolf prop/3-ary|chain]]</text>
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      <id>2693753</id>
      <parentid>2693752</parentid>
      <timestamp>2024-12-29T11:58:12Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
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&lt;div class=&quot;intpart&quot;&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;number-of-blocks&quot;&gt;Number of blocks: &amp;nbsp; &lt;span class=&quot;count&quot;&gt;40&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
Integer partition: &amp;nbsp; &lt;span class=&quot;count&quot;&gt;4&lt;/span&gt;⋅&lt;span class=&quot;size&quot;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt; + &lt;span class=&quot;count&quot;&gt;6&lt;/span&gt;⋅&lt;span class=&quot;size&quot;&gt;2&lt;/span&gt; + &lt;span class=&quot;count&quot;&gt;12&lt;/span&gt;⋅&lt;span class=&quot;size&quot;&gt;5&lt;/span&gt; + &lt;span class=&quot;count&quot;&gt;18&lt;/span&gt;⋅&lt;span class=&quot;size&quot;&gt;10&lt;/span&gt;
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[[Category:Boolf prop/3-ary|chain]]</text>
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