Portal talk:Mathematics

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      <comment>/* The Truth: The Mathematical Proof of God */ new section</comment>
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      <text bytes="13339" sha1="esdg788p3zylv8yt2qmb01daxs00f9k" xml:space="preserve">If you want to experiment with a radical new version of [[Portal:Mathematics]] you can work at [[Portal:Mathematicsnew]]. 

If you update featured content on this portal, make sure that you update [[Portal:Mathematics/Featured]].

----

== Some minor touches ==
I sorted the Topics, removed &quot;Topic:&quot; from each of the subdivisions' names, created a new Elementary Mathematics division to help reduce clutter, and fixed a couple other minor details. [[User:MichaelShoemaker|MichaelShoemaker]] 01:12, 3 February 2009 (UTC)

Exponents grade 8 [[User:Shsiw si|Shsiw si]] ([[User talk:Shsiw si|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Shsiw si|contribs]]) 13:37, 29 April 2022 (UTC)

==New page format==
Please help to include [[Wikiversity:Featured|featured content]] and links to Wikiversity content about mathematics. --[[User:JWSchmidt|JWSchmidt]] 16:22, 21 January 2007 (UTC)

== Link ==
see http://equmath.net/ which is very good -- [[User:172.174.222.148|172.174.222.148]] 16:50, 7 July 2007 (UTC)

[In violation of copyright laws, equmath.net duplicates the content of http://www.sosmath.com.]

== [[w:Most-perfect magic square|Most-perfect magic square]] ==

[[file:Magic square at the Parshvanatha temple, Khajuraho.png|thumb|[[w:en:Most-perfect magic square|most-perfect magic square]] from the [[w:en:Parshvanath|Parshvanath]] [[w:en:Jain|Jain]] temple in [[w:en:Khajuraho|Khajuraho]]]]
[[file:Abstʀakt.png|thumb|earlier contribution [[w:talk:Most-perfect magic square#Only_Three_Squares.2C_Only_One_Pattern|Only Three Squares,&lt;br /&gt;Only One Pattern]]]]
Dear friends,

I was on a long [[w:project:wikibreak|wikibreak]]. I started to work again on [[w:most-perfect magic square|most-perfect magic square]], see [[w:user talk:Gangleri/tests/sandbox/squares|sandbox/squares]], [[w:user:Gangleri/tests/sandbox/squares|sandbox/squares (details)]], [[w:user talk:Chakreshsinghai#Values_of_the_Chautisa_Yantra_magic_square|Values of the Chautisa Yantra_magic square]] and [[commons:project:Featured_picture_candidates/File:Magic square at the Parshvanatha temple, Khajuraho.png]].
&lt;br /&gt;
The informations are to large for a Wikipedia article. Please ket me know at [[user talk:Gangleri]] if somebody can cooperate in writing, proofreading, advising about these topics.
&lt;br /&gt;

links at The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences! 
: [http://www.research.att.com/~njas/sequences/?q=%22magic+square%22&amp;go=Search search &quot;magic+square&quot;]
: [http://www.research.att.com/~njas/sequences/?q=%22most+perfect+magic+square%22&amp;go=Search &quot;most perfect magic square&quot;]
: [http://www.research.att.com/~njas/sequences/A151941 A151941 The number of most-perfect magic squares of order 2^m where m&gt;=2.]
: [http://www.research.att.com/~njas/sequences/?q=1%2C+1%2C+1%2C+1%2C+1%2C+1%2C+1%2C+1%2C+1%2C+1%2C+1%2C+1%2C+1%2C+1%2C+1%2C+1%2C+1%2C+1%2C+1%2C+1%2C+1%2C+1%2C+1%2C+1%2C+1%2C+1%2C+1%2C+1%2C+1%2C+1%2C+1%2C+1%2C+1%2C+1%2C+1%2C+1%2C+1%2C+1%2C+1%2C+1%2C+1%2C+1%2C+1%2C+1%2C+1%2C+1%2C+1%2C+1%2C+1%2C+1%2C+1%2C+1%2C+1%2C+1%2C+1%2C+1%2C+1%2C+1%2C+1%2C+1%2C+1%2C+1%2C+1%2C+1%2C+1%2C+1%2C+1%2C+1%2C+1%2C+1%2C+1%2C+1%2C+1%2C+1%2C+1%2C+1%2C+1%2C+1%2C+1%2C+1%2C+1%2C+1%2C+1%2C+1%2C+1%2C+1%2C+1%2C+1%2C+1%2C+1%2C+1%2C+1%2C+1%2C+1%2C+1%2C+1%2C+1%2C+1%2C+1%2C+1%2C+1%2C+1%2C+1%2C+1%2C+1&amp;go=Search searching the &quot;all ones&quot; sequences]
:: I have some ideas about making a generalisation of the [[w:Frénicle standard form|Frénicle standard form]] using [[w:Galois group|Galois group]] (see [[w:Galois theory|Galois theory]]) and [[w:residual (mathematics)|residuals]] (see [[w:Isomorphism|Isomorphism]], [[w:Automorphism|Automorphism]]) to show that there is only one &quot;generalised esentialy different&quot; most-perfect magic square
:: [[w:de;Vollkommen perfektes magisches Quadrat#Beispiele|examples]] ilustrates some of the homeomorphisms

Best regards and greatings from Munich. Best regards&lt;br /&gt;
‫·‏[[user:לערי ריינהארט|לערי ריינהארט]]‏·‏[[user talk:לערי ריינהארט|T]]‏·‏[[m:user:לערי ריינהארט|m]]‏:‏[http://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/user_talk:%D7%9C%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%99_%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%94%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%98?action=history Th]‏·‏[[m:user talk:לערי ריינהארט|T]]‏·‏[[m:special:Emailuser/לערי ריינהארט|email me]]‏·‏‬ 23:41, 21 August 2009 (UTC)

: P.S. [[meta:project:Babel/Archives/2005-09#:en:most-perfect_magic_squares_-_Jain_squares_and_their_graphical_and_algebraic_pattern|meta:project:Babel#en:most-perfect magic squares - Jain squares and their graphical and algebraic pattern]]
: [[meta:project:Requests for deletion/Archives/2007#4x4_type_squares|deleted material at meta about 4x4 type squares]]
: ‫·‏[[user:לערי ריינהארט|לערי ריינהארט]]‏·‏[[user talk:לערי ריינהארט|T]]‏·‏[[m:user:לערי ריינהארט|m]]‏:‏[http://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/user_talk:%D7%9C%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%99_%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%94%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%98?action=history Th]‏·‏[[m:user talk:לערי ריינהארט|T]]‏·‏[[m:special:Emailuser/לערי ריינהארט|email me]]‏·‏‬ 23:50, 21 August 2009 (UTC)
&lt;br clear=&quot;all&quot; /&gt;

== A place for research ==

Where is a good place for collaborative research on work on [http://www.mathematics21.org/binaries/filters.pdf filters and lattices]?

Answer: [http://filters.wikidot.com/ Filters on Posets wiki]

Here is the bibliography:

# Roland Backhouse. Galois Connections and Fixed Point Calculus. 2001.
# Grzegorz Bancerek. Prime ideals and filters. Formalized Mathematics, 8(2), 1996.
# Garrett Birkhoff. Neutral elements in general lattices. Bulletin of the American Mathematical Society, 46(8):702–705, 1940.
# Francis Borceux and Maria-Cristina Pediccio. On primeness and maximality of filters. Cahiers de Topologie et GÃľomÃľtrie DiffÃľrentielle CatÃľgoriques, 30(2):167–181, 1989.
# M. Erne, J. Koslowski, A. Melton, and G. E. Strecker. A primer on Galois connections.
# JÃąn JakubÃŋk. Center of infinitely distributive lattices. Matem. fyz. casopis, 8:116–120, 1957.
# JÃąn JakubÃŋk. Center of a complete lattice. Czechoslovak Mathematical Journal, 23(1):125–138, 1973.
# Hirokazu Nishimura. An approach to the dimension theory of continuous geometry from the standpoint of boolean valued analysis. Publications of the research Institute for Mathematical Sciences, 20(5):1091–1101, 1984.
# PlanetMath. Criteria for a poset to be a complete lattice. At http://planetmath.org/encyclopedia/CriteriaForAPosetToBeACompleteLattice.html.
# Wikipedia. [[w:Distributive lattice]] –- wikipedia, the free encyclopedia, 2009. [Online; accessed 13-May-2009].

&lt;small&gt;Posted for [[User:Porton|Porton]] by [[User:CQ|CQ]] 14:32, 25 August 2009 (UTC)&lt;/small&gt;

Speaking of that, where is a good place for collaborative research in mathematics in general? [[User:DariusGoad|DariusGoad]] ([[User talk:DariusGoad|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/DariusGoad|contribs]]) 20:56, 12 August 2013 (UTC)

== PDF Files and Audio Books , The Wiki3 ==

I'm very much interested in Mathematics, maybe a bit more compared to other areas of Science.... Does anyone think it would be a bit more interesting if we could download or view online mainly pdf, or other file reading formats of the main subjects and.... if Wiki volunteers, would want creating general knowledge audio books of the main subject... 

eg.... A Main book about science and another separate audio book of subjects included, and sub audio books on parts of the subject book and goes on.... 

and we can call it '''wiki3''' or '''Media3''' (MediaWiki+mp3)

Does anyone think that would work....

== Popularity of Portal:Mathematics ==

89. 2488 - Portal:Mathematics in [[Wikiversity:Statistics/2019/06]] --[[User:Marshallsumter|Marshallsumter]] ([[User talk:Marshallsumter|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Marshallsumter|contribs]]) 22:18, 8 September 2019 (UTC)

== Mathematics ==

How to change dollars to rands [[User:Bongiwe Magwenyane|Bongiwe Magwenyane]] ([[User talk:Bongiwe Magwenyane|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Bongiwe Magwenyane|contribs]]) 15:41, 15 March 2021 (UTC)

== Disorganized topics list ==

It seems like the topic list could be better organized. I'm new to editing so I don't want to do it myself, since I'd worry that I'd break a link to a page.  But is &quot;fundamental mathematics&quot; different from &quot;college mathematics&quot; and &quot;elementary mathematics&quot; and &quot;secondary mathematics&quot;?  And then there's another category of &quot;general mathematics&quot;? And &quot;trigonometry&quot; falls underneath several of these, so probably shouldn't be such a high-level topic.  It would be good to collapse and clean these categories.  And is &quot;properties&quot; really deserving of a whole topic? --[[User:Addemf|Addemf]] ([[User talk:Addemf|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Addemf|contribs]]) 23:20, 4 July 2021 (UTC)

:{{At|Addemf}} [[Be bold]]. -- [[User:Dave Braunschweig|Dave Braunschweig]] ([[User talk:Dave Braunschweig|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dave Braunschweig|contribs]]) 20:50, 4 July 2021 (UTC)

== Accounting ==

To have accounting free text books on our phones [[Special:Contributions/41.116.8.32|41.116.8.32]] ([[User talk:41.116.8.32|discuss]]) 15:16, 12 July 2022 (UTC)

:See [https://openstax.org/subjects/business OpenStax: Business]. -- [[User:Dave Braunschweig|Dave Braunschweig]] ([[User talk:Dave Braunschweig|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dave Braunschweig|contribs]]) 00:50, 13 July 2022 (UTC)

== Categories list is difficult to read on mobile ==

On my phone I have a hard time reading the category list. [[User:Smeagol2069|Smeagol2069]] ([[User talk:Smeagol2069|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Smeagol2069|contribs]]) 23:59, 6 December 2022 (UTC)

:Someone with experience in Mathematics needs to adjust the categories into subcategories. See [[Wikiversity:Categories#Category Sources and Hierarchy]] for appropriate structure(s). -- [[User:Dave Braunschweig|Dave Braunschweig]] ([[User talk:Dave Braunschweig|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dave Braunschweig|contribs]]) 03:09, 12 December 2022 (UTC)

::I'd be happy to adjust the categories, I just can't figure out how it's all structured in Wikiversity.  You try to edit the category page and it inherits from another page.  You go chase that page and it says that it inherits from somewhere else.  You go chase that page and can't see where the data is coming from.  [[User:Addemf|Addemf]] ([[User talk:Addemf|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Addemf|contribs]]) 14:39, 26 December 2023 (UTC)

== Recommended sequence of courses ==

I wonder if anyone would agree that it would be nice to have, as prominently displayed as possible, a recommended sequence of courses?  The category listing seems like the first and main thing that a new viewer would look at to see what's available here, and it really leaves one with a sense of disorganization and not much of a sense of what is available.  

I would place Arithmetic as a foundational course, after which we can list Algebra, then Geometry, Calculus, Discrete Math, Linear Algebra, and so on.  I don't know exactly how we would display and maintain the recommended sequence.  We might also want to display a &quot;tree&quot; structure rather than a straight-line.  But something like this seems like it would be very helpful to a new visitor.  

Unfortunately I'm not familiar enough with how to edit this sort of data to do it myself, but I'm happy to discuss ideas if anyone knows more than me about how to do it. [[User:Addemf|Addemf]] ([[User talk:Addemf|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Addemf|contribs]]) 06:14, 13 March 2024 (UTC)

:I have just added a section on the portal page.  For now it is just a plain text list.  I hope to eventually internally link some of these to courses that have already been partially or fully implemented.  
:I also welcome any corrections or additions to the list, this is only a first attempt at presenting some useful organization. [[User:Addemf|Addemf]] ([[User talk:Addemf|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Addemf|contribs]]) 17:35, 13 March 2024 (UTC)
:Also, it occurs to me that we may have several different people producing several different versions of the same course.  For instance, I have been thinking about creating a course on &quot;reasoning&quot;, but one aimed at philosophers, scientists, and mathematicians.  It will overlap heavily with the existing course on discrete mathematics for computer scientists, and one could take either course in order to satisfy the &quot;discrete mathematics&quot; prerequisite listed in the &quot;Suggested Courses&quot; section.  But how would people know that it exists?  
:Would we want to (a) make these links to a page of links to courses?  Or (b) list the various course options directly in the recommendation section of the portal?
:I think to keep the portal looking somewhat clean, I'd favor (a) but want to hear if anyone has other thoughts. [[User:Addemf|Addemf]] ([[User talk:Addemf|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Addemf|contribs]]) 18:32, 13 March 2024 (UTC)

== The Truth: The Mathematical Proof of God ==

[https://trinitythetruth.github.io/]  &lt;&lt;Click link for full Proof


IG: king__iyk [[User:Kingiyk|Kingiyk]] ([[User talk:Kingiyk|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kingiyk|contribs]]) 23:52, 4 January 2025 (UTC)</text>
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      <contributor>
        <username>MathXplore</username>
        <id>2888076</id>
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      <minor />
      <comment>Reverted edits by [[Special:Contributions/Kingiyk|Kingiyk]] ([[User_talk:Kingiyk|talk]]) to last version by [[User:Addemf|Addemf]] using [[Wikiversity:Rollback|rollback]]</comment>
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      <text bytes="13076" sha1="c3yvv0ih1609pscxzwso1c2pclxvc5p" xml:space="preserve">If you want to experiment with a radical new version of [[Portal:Mathematics]] you can work at [[Portal:Mathematicsnew]]. 

If you update featured content on this portal, make sure that you update [[Portal:Mathematics/Featured]].

----

== Some minor touches ==
I sorted the Topics, removed &quot;Topic:&quot; from each of the subdivisions' names, created a new Elementary Mathematics division to help reduce clutter, and fixed a couple other minor details. [[User:MichaelShoemaker|MichaelShoemaker]] 01:12, 3 February 2009 (UTC)

Exponents grade 8 [[User:Shsiw si|Shsiw si]] ([[User talk:Shsiw si|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Shsiw si|contribs]]) 13:37, 29 April 2022 (UTC)

==New page format==
Please help to include [[Wikiversity:Featured|featured content]] and links to Wikiversity content about mathematics. --[[User:JWSchmidt|JWSchmidt]] 16:22, 21 January 2007 (UTC)

== Link ==
see http://equmath.net/ which is very good -- [[User:172.174.222.148|172.174.222.148]] 16:50, 7 July 2007 (UTC)

[In violation of copyright laws, equmath.net duplicates the content of http://www.sosmath.com.]

== [[w:Most-perfect magic square|Most-perfect magic square]] ==

[[file:Magic square at the Parshvanatha temple, Khajuraho.png|thumb|[[w:en:Most-perfect magic square|most-perfect magic square]] from the [[w:en:Parshvanath|Parshvanath]] [[w:en:Jain|Jain]] temple in [[w:en:Khajuraho|Khajuraho]]]]
[[file:Abstʀakt.png|thumb|earlier contribution [[w:talk:Most-perfect magic square#Only_Three_Squares.2C_Only_One_Pattern|Only Three Squares,&lt;br /&gt;Only One Pattern]]]]
Dear friends,

I was on a long [[w:project:wikibreak|wikibreak]]. I started to work again on [[w:most-perfect magic square|most-perfect magic square]], see [[w:user talk:Gangleri/tests/sandbox/squares|sandbox/squares]], [[w:user:Gangleri/tests/sandbox/squares|sandbox/squares (details)]], [[w:user talk:Chakreshsinghai#Values_of_the_Chautisa_Yantra_magic_square|Values of the Chautisa Yantra_magic square]] and [[commons:project:Featured_picture_candidates/File:Magic square at the Parshvanatha temple, Khajuraho.png]].
&lt;br /&gt;
The informations are to large for a Wikipedia article. Please ket me know at [[user talk:Gangleri]] if somebody can cooperate in writing, proofreading, advising about these topics.
&lt;br /&gt;

links at The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences! 
: [http://www.research.att.com/~njas/sequences/?q=%22magic+square%22&amp;go=Search search &quot;magic+square&quot;]
: [http://www.research.att.com/~njas/sequences/?q=%22most+perfect+magic+square%22&amp;go=Search &quot;most perfect magic square&quot;]
: [http://www.research.att.com/~njas/sequences/A151941 A151941 The number of most-perfect magic squares of order 2^m where m&gt;=2.]
: [http://www.research.att.com/~njas/sequences/?q=1%2C+1%2C+1%2C+1%2C+1%2C+1%2C+1%2C+1%2C+1%2C+1%2C+1%2C+1%2C+1%2C+1%2C+1%2C+1%2C+1%2C+1%2C+1%2C+1%2C+1%2C+1%2C+1%2C+1%2C+1%2C+1%2C+1%2C+1%2C+1%2C+1%2C+1%2C+1%2C+1%2C+1%2C+1%2C+1%2C+1%2C+1%2C+1%2C+1%2C+1%2C+1%2C+1%2C+1%2C+1%2C+1%2C+1%2C+1%2C+1%2C+1%2C+1%2C+1%2C+1%2C+1%2C+1%2C+1%2C+1%2C+1%2C+1%2C+1%2C+1%2C+1%2C+1%2C+1%2C+1%2C+1%2C+1%2C+1%2C+1%2C+1%2C+1%2C+1%2C+1%2C+1%2C+1%2C+1%2C+1%2C+1%2C+1%2C+1%2C+1%2C+1%2C+1%2C+1%2C+1%2C+1%2C+1%2C+1%2C+1%2C+1%2C+1%2C+1%2C+1%2C+1%2C+1%2C+1%2C+1%2C+1%2C+1%2C+1%2C+1%2C+1%2C+1%2C+1%2C+1&amp;go=Search searching the &quot;all ones&quot; sequences]
:: I have some ideas about making a generalisation of the [[w:Frénicle standard form|Frénicle standard form]] using [[w:Galois group|Galois group]] (see [[w:Galois theory|Galois theory]]) and [[w:residual (mathematics)|residuals]] (see [[w:Isomorphism|Isomorphism]], [[w:Automorphism|Automorphism]]) to show that there is only one &quot;generalised esentialy different&quot; most-perfect magic square
:: [[w:de;Vollkommen perfektes magisches Quadrat#Beispiele|examples]] ilustrates some of the homeomorphisms

Best regards and greatings from Munich. Best regards&lt;br /&gt;
‫·‏[[user:לערי ריינהארט|לערי ריינהארט]]‏·‏[[user talk:לערי ריינהארט|T]]‏·‏[[m:user:לערי ריינהארט|m]]‏:‏[http://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/user_talk:%D7%9C%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%99_%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%94%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%98?action=history Th]‏·‏[[m:user talk:לערי ריינהארט|T]]‏·‏[[m:special:Emailuser/לערי ריינהארט|email me]]‏·‏‬ 23:41, 21 August 2009 (UTC)

: P.S. [[meta:project:Babel/Archives/2005-09#:en:most-perfect_magic_squares_-_Jain_squares_and_their_graphical_and_algebraic_pattern|meta:project:Babel#en:most-perfect magic squares - Jain squares and their graphical and algebraic pattern]]
: [[meta:project:Requests for deletion/Archives/2007#4x4_type_squares|deleted material at meta about 4x4 type squares]]
: ‫·‏[[user:לערי ריינהארט|לערי ריינהארט]]‏·‏[[user talk:לערי ריינהארט|T]]‏·‏[[m:user:לערי ריינהארט|m]]‏:‏[http://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/user_talk:%D7%9C%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%99_%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%94%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%98?action=history Th]‏·‏[[m:user talk:לערי ריינהארט|T]]‏·‏[[m:special:Emailuser/לערי ריינהארט|email me]]‏·‏‬ 23:50, 21 August 2009 (UTC)
&lt;br clear=&quot;all&quot; /&gt;

== A place for research ==

Where is a good place for collaborative research on work on [http://www.mathematics21.org/binaries/filters.pdf filters and lattices]?

Answer: [http://filters.wikidot.com/ Filters on Posets wiki]

Here is the bibliography:

# Roland Backhouse. Galois Connections and Fixed Point Calculus. 2001.
# Grzegorz Bancerek. Prime ideals and filters. Formalized Mathematics, 8(2), 1996.
# Garrett Birkhoff. Neutral elements in general lattices. Bulletin of the American Mathematical Society, 46(8):702–705, 1940.
# Francis Borceux and Maria-Cristina Pediccio. On primeness and maximality of filters. Cahiers de Topologie et GÃľomÃľtrie DiffÃľrentielle CatÃľgoriques, 30(2):167–181, 1989.
# M. Erne, J. Koslowski, A. Melton, and G. E. Strecker. A primer on Galois connections.
# JÃąn JakubÃŋk. Center of infinitely distributive lattices. Matem. fyz. casopis, 8:116–120, 1957.
# JÃąn JakubÃŋk. Center of a complete lattice. Czechoslovak Mathematical Journal, 23(1):125–138, 1973.
# Hirokazu Nishimura. An approach to the dimension theory of continuous geometry from the standpoint of boolean valued analysis. Publications of the research Institute for Mathematical Sciences, 20(5):1091–1101, 1984.
# PlanetMath. Criteria for a poset to be a complete lattice. At http://planetmath.org/encyclopedia/CriteriaForAPosetToBeACompleteLattice.html.
# Wikipedia. [[w:Distributive lattice]] –- wikipedia, the free encyclopedia, 2009. [Online; accessed 13-May-2009].

&lt;small&gt;Posted for [[User:Porton|Porton]] by [[User:CQ|CQ]] 14:32, 25 August 2009 (UTC)&lt;/small&gt;

Speaking of that, where is a good place for collaborative research in mathematics in general? [[User:DariusGoad|DariusGoad]] ([[User talk:DariusGoad|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/DariusGoad|contribs]]) 20:56, 12 August 2013 (UTC)

== PDF Files and Audio Books , The Wiki3 ==

I'm very much interested in Mathematics, maybe a bit more compared to other areas of Science.... Does anyone think it would be a bit more interesting if we could download or view online mainly pdf, or other file reading formats of the main subjects and.... if Wiki volunteers, would want creating general knowledge audio books of the main subject... 

eg.... A Main book about science and another separate audio book of subjects included, and sub audio books on parts of the subject book and goes on.... 

and we can call it '''wiki3''' or '''Media3''' (MediaWiki+mp3)

Does anyone think that would work....

== Popularity of Portal:Mathematics ==

89. 2488 - Portal:Mathematics in [[Wikiversity:Statistics/2019/06]] --[[User:Marshallsumter|Marshallsumter]] ([[User talk:Marshallsumter|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Marshallsumter|contribs]]) 22:18, 8 September 2019 (UTC)

== Mathematics ==

How to change dollars to rands [[User:Bongiwe Magwenyane|Bongiwe Magwenyane]] ([[User talk:Bongiwe Magwenyane|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Bongiwe Magwenyane|contribs]]) 15:41, 15 March 2021 (UTC)

== Disorganized topics list ==

It seems like the topic list could be better organized. I'm new to editing so I don't want to do it myself, since I'd worry that I'd break a link to a page.  But is &quot;fundamental mathematics&quot; different from &quot;college mathematics&quot; and &quot;elementary mathematics&quot; and &quot;secondary mathematics&quot;?  And then there's another category of &quot;general mathematics&quot;? And &quot;trigonometry&quot; falls underneath several of these, so probably shouldn't be such a high-level topic.  It would be good to collapse and clean these categories.  And is &quot;properties&quot; really deserving of a whole topic? --[[User:Addemf|Addemf]] ([[User talk:Addemf|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Addemf|contribs]]) 23:20, 4 July 2021 (UTC)

:{{At|Addemf}} [[Be bold]]. -- [[User:Dave Braunschweig|Dave Braunschweig]] ([[User talk:Dave Braunschweig|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dave Braunschweig|contribs]]) 20:50, 4 July 2021 (UTC)

== Accounting ==

To have accounting free text books on our phones [[Special:Contributions/41.116.8.32|41.116.8.32]] ([[User talk:41.116.8.32|discuss]]) 15:16, 12 July 2022 (UTC)

:See [https://openstax.org/subjects/business OpenStax: Business]. -- [[User:Dave Braunschweig|Dave Braunschweig]] ([[User talk:Dave Braunschweig|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dave Braunschweig|contribs]]) 00:50, 13 July 2022 (UTC)

== Categories list is difficult to read on mobile ==

On my phone I have a hard time reading the category list. [[User:Smeagol2069|Smeagol2069]] ([[User talk:Smeagol2069|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Smeagol2069|contribs]]) 23:59, 6 December 2022 (UTC)

:Someone with experience in Mathematics needs to adjust the categories into subcategories. See [[Wikiversity:Categories#Category Sources and Hierarchy]] for appropriate structure(s). -- [[User:Dave Braunschweig|Dave Braunschweig]] ([[User talk:Dave Braunschweig|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dave Braunschweig|contribs]]) 03:09, 12 December 2022 (UTC)

::I'd be happy to adjust the categories, I just can't figure out how it's all structured in Wikiversity.  You try to edit the category page and it inherits from another page.  You go chase that page and it says that it inherits from somewhere else.  You go chase that page and can't see where the data is coming from.  [[User:Addemf|Addemf]] ([[User talk:Addemf|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Addemf|contribs]]) 14:39, 26 December 2023 (UTC)

== Recommended sequence of courses ==

I wonder if anyone would agree that it would be nice to have, as prominently displayed as possible, a recommended sequence of courses?  The category listing seems like the first and main thing that a new viewer would look at to see what's available here, and it really leaves one with a sense of disorganization and not much of a sense of what is available.  

I would place Arithmetic as a foundational course, after which we can list Algebra, then Geometry, Calculus, Discrete Math, Linear Algebra, and so on.  I don't know exactly how we would display and maintain the recommended sequence.  We might also want to display a &quot;tree&quot; structure rather than a straight-line.  But something like this seems like it would be very helpful to a new visitor.  

Unfortunately I'm not familiar enough with how to edit this sort of data to do it myself, but I'm happy to discuss ideas if anyone knows more than me about how to do it. [[User:Addemf|Addemf]] ([[User talk:Addemf|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Addemf|contribs]]) 06:14, 13 March 2024 (UTC)

:I have just added a section on the portal page.  For now it is just a plain text list.  I hope to eventually internally link some of these to courses that have already been partially or fully implemented.  
:I also welcome any corrections or additions to the list, this is only a first attempt at presenting some useful organization. [[User:Addemf|Addemf]] ([[User talk:Addemf|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Addemf|contribs]]) 17:35, 13 March 2024 (UTC)
:Also, it occurs to me that we may have several different people producing several different versions of the same course.  For instance, I have been thinking about creating a course on &quot;reasoning&quot;, but one aimed at philosophers, scientists, and mathematicians.  It will overlap heavily with the existing course on discrete mathematics for computer scientists, and one could take either course in order to satisfy the &quot;discrete mathematics&quot; prerequisite listed in the &quot;Suggested Courses&quot; section.  But how would people know that it exists?  
:Would we want to (a) make these links to a page of links to courses?  Or (b) list the various course options directly in the recommendation section of the portal?
:I think to keep the portal looking somewhat clean, I'd favor (a) but want to hear if anyone has other thoughts. [[User:Addemf|Addemf]] ([[User talk:Addemf|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Addemf|contribs]]) 18:32, 13 March 2024 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>c3yvv0ih1609pscxzwso1c2pclxvc5p</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Czech Language/Pronouns</title>
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    <id>50903</id>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Ghost4Man</username>
        <id>1590222</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Posessive Pronouns */ added missing declensions</comment>
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      <text bytes="6865" sha1="kv5pbxfe8hrx1jf9lofir0io2q233vq" xml:space="preserve">== Personal Pronouns ==

Unlike many western-European languages, and like most other slavic tongues, Czech does not usually make much use of personal pronouns. This is primarily because the information that pronouns convey (person, plurality &amp; gender), is already carried by other parts of speech. They are nonetheless useful for emphasis, and in those cases where there may be confusion.

=== First Person ===

{| class=wikitable |
! Case
! Nominative
!Genitive
! Dative
! Accusative
! Vocative
! Locative
! Instrumental
|-
! Singular (&quot;I&quot;)
| já
|můj
| mně/mi
| mne/mě
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center; color: gray;&quot; | ''null''
| mně
| mnou
|-
! Plural (&quot;we&quot;)
| my
|nás 
| nám
| nás
| nás
| námi
|}

=== Second Person ===

{| class=wikitable |
! Case
! Nominative
! Genitive
! Dative
! Accusative
! Vocative
! Locative
! Instrumental
|-
! Singular (&quot;you&quot;)
| ty
| tebe/tě
| tobě/ti
| tebe/&lt;u&gt;tě&lt;/u&gt;
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center; color: gray;&quot; | ''null''
| tobě
| tebou
|-
! Plural (&quot;you guys&quot;)
| vy
| vás
| vám
| vás
| vás
| vámi
|}

=== Third Person ===

This is where things get interesting.

{| class=wikitable |
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Case
! Nominative
! Genitive
! Dative
! Accusitive
! Vocative
! Locative
! Instrumental
|-
! rowspan=&quot;3&quot; | Singular
! masculine
| on
| jeho/něho&lt;br&gt;&lt;u&gt;ho&lt;/u&gt;&lt;br&gt;jej/něj
| jemu/němu&lt;br&gt;mu
| jeho/něho&lt;br&gt;ho&lt;br&gt;jej/něj
| rowspan=&quot;6&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center; color: gray;&quot; | ''null''
| něm
| jím/ním
|-
! feminine
| ona
| jí/ní
| jí/ní
| ji/ni
| ní
| jí/ní
|-
! neuter
| ono
| jeho/něho&lt;br&gt;&lt;u&gt;ho&lt;/u&gt;&lt;br&gt;jej/něj
| jemu/němu&lt;br&gt;mu
| je/ně&lt;br&gt;ho&lt;br&gt;jej/něj
| něm
| jím/ním
|-
! rowspan=&quot;3&quot; | Plural
! masculine
| oni/ony
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; | jich/nich
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; | jim/nim
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; | je/ně
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; | nich
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; | jimi/nimi
|-
! feminine
| ony
|-
! neuter 
| ona
|}

''jeho/něho'' are stressed forms though ''ho'' cannot carry stress. The same is true for the rest:

* ''Viděl jsi ho?''
* ''Neviděl jsem ho.''
* ''Jeho jsem viděl, ne ji.''

''N-'' forms are used after prepositions. ''Ho'' and ''jej'' are synonymous - ''ho'' is more common, especially in speech.


The underlined pronouns ''&lt;u&gt;ho&lt;/u&gt;'' and ''&lt;u&gt;tě&lt;/u&gt;''  are clitics and can only be used in the second position unless pushed further right by a higher priority second-place item, such as the verb particle. 

* ''Vidíte &lt;u&gt;ho&lt;/u&gt;?''  &quot;Can you see him/it?&quot;


See [[Wikipedia:Czech declension#Pronouns]] for a fuller discussion

== Possessive Pronouns ==
From ''já'' (→ &quot;my&quot;):
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Case
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; | Singular
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; | Plural
|-
! Masculine
! Feminine
! Neuter
! Masculine
! Feminine
! Neuter
|-
! Nominative
| můj
| má/moje
| mé/moje
| mí/moji
| mé/moje
| mé/moje
|-
! Genitive
| mého
| mé/mojí
| mého
| mých
| mých
| mých
|-
! Dative
| mému
| mé/mojí
| mému
| mým
| mým
| mým
|-
! Accusative
| mého/můj
| mé/mojí
| mé/moje
| mé/moje
| mé/moje
| má/moje
|-
! Vocative
| můj
| má/moje
| mé/moje
| moji/moje
| mé/moje
| má/moje
|-
! Locative
| mém
| mé/mojí
| mém
| mých
| mých
| mých
|-
! Instrumental
| mým
| mou/mojí
| mým
| mými
| mými
| mými
|}

From ''ty'' (→ &quot;your&quot;):
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Case
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; | Singular
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; | Plural
|-
! Masculine
! Feminine
! Neuter
! Masculine
! Feminine
! Neuter
|-
! Nominative
| tvůj
| tvá, tvoje
| tvé, tvoje
| tví, tvoji / tvé
| tvé, tvoje
| tvá, tvoje
|-
! Genitive
| tvého
| tvé, tvojí
| tvého
| tvých
| tvých, tvojích
| tvých, tvojích
|-
! Dative
| tvému
| tvé, tvojí
| tvému
| tvým
| tvým
| tvým
|-
! Accusative
| tvého / tvůj
| tvou
| tvé, tvoje
| tvé / tvoje
| tvé, tvoje
| tvá, tvoje
|-
! Vocative
| tvůj
| tvá, tvoje
| tvé, tvoje
| tví, tvoji / tvoje
| tvé, tvoje
| tvá, tvoje
|-
! Locative
| tvém
| tvé, tvojí
| tvém
| tvých
| tvých
| tvých
|-
! Instrumental
| tvým
| tvou, tvojí
| tvým
| tvými
| tvými
| tvými
|}From ''on'' (→ &quot;his&quot;) and ''ono'' (→ &quot;its&quot;):
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Case
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; | Singular
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; | Plural
|-
! Masculine
! Feminine
! Neuter
! Masculine
! Feminine
! Neuter
|-
! Nominative
| colspan=&quot;6&quot; rowspan=&quot;7&quot; | jeho
|-
! Genitive
|-
! Dative
|-
! Accusative
|-
! Vocative
|-
! Locative
|-
! Instrumental
|}
From ''ona'' (→ &quot;her&quot;):
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Case
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; | Singular
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; | Plural
|-
! Masculine
! Feminine
! Neuter
! Masculine
! Feminine
! Neuter
|-
! Nominative
| její
| rowspan=&quot;7&quot; | její
| její
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; | její
|-
! Genitive
| jejího
| jejího
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; | jejích
|-
! Dative
| jejímu
| jejímu
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; | jejím
|-
! Accusative
| jejího / její
| její
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; | její
|-
! Vocative
| její
| její
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; | její
|-
! Locative
| jejím
| jejím
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; | jejích
|-
! Instrumental
| jejím
| jejím
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; | jejími
|}
From ''my'' (→ &quot;our&quot;) and ''vy'' (→ &quot;your&quot;):
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Case
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; | Singular
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; | Plural
|-
! Masculine
! Feminine
! Neuter
! Masculine
! Feminine
! Neuter
|-
! Nominative
| náš
váš
| naše
vaše
| naše
vaše
| naši / naše
vaši / vaše
|naše
vaše
|naše
vaše
|-
! Genitive
| našeho
vašeho
| rowspan=&quot;6&quot; |naší
vaší
| našeho
vašeho
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; | našich
vašich
|-
! Dative
| našemu
vašemu
| našemu
vašemu
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; | našim
vašim
|-
! Accusative
| našeho / náš
vašeho / váš
| naše
vaše
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; | naše
vaše
|-
! Vocative
| náš
váš
| naše
vaše
| naši / naše
vaši / vaše
|naše
vaše
|naše
vaše
|-
! Locative
| našem
vašem
| našem
vašem
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; | našich
vašich
|-
! Instrumental
| naším
vaším
| naším
vaším
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; | našimi
vašimi
|}
From ''oni'' (→ &quot;their&quot;):
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Case
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; | Singular
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; | Plural
|-
! Masculine
! Feminine
! Neuter
! Masculine
! Feminine
! Neuter
|-
! Nominative
| colspan=&quot;6&quot; rowspan=&quot;7&quot; | jejich
|-
! Genitive
|-
! Dative
|-
! Accusative
|-
! Vocative
|-
! Locative
|-
! Instrumental
|}

== Demonstrative Pronouns ==

{|class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |
! Masculine
! Feminine
! Neuter
|-
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Singular
! &quot;this&quot;
| ''tento''
| ''tato''
| ''toto''
|-
! &quot;that&quot;, &quot;the&quot;
| ''ten''
| ''ta''
| ''to''
|-
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Plural
! &quot;these&quot;
| ''tito''/''tyto''
| ''tyto''
| ''tato''
|-
! &quot;those&quot;, &quot;the&quot;
| ''ti''/''ty''
| ''ty''
| ''ta''
|}

== Interrogative Pronouns ==

* ''co'' = what
* ''čí'' = whose
* ''jaký'' = what kind
* ''kde'' = where
* ''kdo'' = who
* ''kdy'' = when
* ''kolik'' = how many/much
* ''který/jenž'' = which

== See Also ==

* [[wikt: Category:Czech_pronouns|Wiktionary.]]
* [[w: Pronoun|Wikipedia on Pronouns.]]

[[Category:Czech_Vocab_Resources]]
[[Category:Pronouns]]</text>
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      <id>2694353</id>
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      <timestamp>2025-01-04T22:51:26Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ghost4Man</username>
        <id>1590222</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
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      <text bytes="6973" sha1="dw9slw9du02tybuc87mytty6bs24nft" xml:space="preserve">== Personal Pronouns ==

Unlike many western-European languages, and like most other slavic tongues, Czech does not usually make much use of personal pronouns. This is primarily because the information that pronouns convey (person, plurality &amp; gender), is already carried by other parts of speech. They are nonetheless useful for emphasis, and in those cases where there may be confusion.

=== First Person ===

{| class=wikitable |
! Case
! Nominative
!Genitive
! Dative
! Accusative
! Vocative
! Locative
! Instrumental
|-
! Singular (&quot;I&quot;)
| já
|můj
| mně/mi
| mne/mě
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center; color: gray;&quot; | ''null''
| mně
| mnou
|-
! Plural (&quot;we&quot;)
| my
|nás 
| nám
| nás
| nás
| námi
|}

=== Second Person ===

{| class=wikitable |
! Case
! Nominative
! Genitive
! Dative
! Accusative
! Vocative
! Locative
! Instrumental
|-
! Singular (&quot;you&quot;)
| ty
| tebe/tě
| tobě/ti
| tebe/&lt;u&gt;tě&lt;/u&gt;
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center; color: gray;&quot; | ''null''
| tobě
| tebou
|-
! Plural (&quot;you guys&quot;)
| vy
| vás
| vám
| vás
| vás
| vámi
|}

=== Third Person ===

This is where things get interesting.

{| class=wikitable |
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Case
! Nominative
! Genitive
! Dative
! Accusitive
! Vocative
! Locative
! Instrumental
|-
! rowspan=&quot;3&quot; | Singular
! masculine
| on
| jeho/něho&lt;br&gt;&lt;u&gt;ho&lt;/u&gt;&lt;br&gt;jej/něj
| jemu/němu&lt;br&gt;mu
| jeho/něho&lt;br&gt;ho&lt;br&gt;jej/něj
| rowspan=&quot;6&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center; color: gray;&quot; | ''null''
| něm
| jím/ním
|-
! feminine
| ona
| jí/ní
| jí/ní
| ji/ni
| ní
| jí/ní
|-
! neuter
| ono
| jeho/něho&lt;br&gt;&lt;u&gt;ho&lt;/u&gt;&lt;br&gt;jej/něj
| jemu/němu&lt;br&gt;mu
| je/ně&lt;br&gt;ho&lt;br&gt;jej/něj
| něm
| jím/ním
|-
! rowspan=&quot;3&quot; | Plural
! masculine
| oni/ony
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; | jich/nich
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; | jim/nim
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; | je/ně
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; | nich
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; | jimi/nimi
|-
! feminine
| ony
|-
! neuter 
| ona
|}

''jeho/něho'' are stressed forms though ''ho'' cannot carry stress. The same is true for the rest:

* ''Viděl jsi ho?''
* ''Neviděl jsem ho.''
* ''Jeho jsem viděl, ne ji.''

''N-'' forms are used after prepositions. ''Ho'' and ''jej'' are synonymous - ''ho'' is more common, especially in speech.


The underlined pronouns ''&lt;u&gt;ho&lt;/u&gt;'' and ''&lt;u&gt;tě&lt;/u&gt;''  are clitics and can only be used in the second position unless pushed further right by a higher priority second-place item, such as the verb particle. 

* ''Vidíte &lt;u&gt;ho&lt;/u&gt;?''  &quot;Can you see him/it?&quot;


See [[Wikipedia:Czech declension#Pronouns]] for a fuller discussion

== Possessive Pronouns ==
From ''já'' (→ &quot;my&quot;):
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Case
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; | Singular
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; | Plural
|-
! Masculine
! Feminine
! Neuter
! Masculine
! Feminine
! Neuter
|-
! Nominative
| můj
| má/moje
| mé/moje
| mí/moji
| mé/moje
| mé/moje
|-
! Genitive
| mého
| mé/mojí
| mého
| mých
| mých
| mých
|-
! Dative
| mému
| mé/mojí
| mému
| mým
| mým
| mým
|-
! Accusative
| mého/můj
| mé/mojí
| mé/moje
| mé/moje
| mé/moje
| má/moje
|-
! Vocative
| můj
| má/moje
| mé/moje
| moji/moje
| mé/moje
| má/moje
|-
! Locative
| mém
| mé/mojí
| mém
| mých
| mých
| mých
|-
! Instrumental
| mým
| mou/mojí
| mým
| mými
| mými
| mými
|}

From ''ty'' (→ &quot;your&quot;):
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Case
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; | Singular
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; | Plural
|-
! Masculine
! Feminine
! Neuter
! Masculine
! Feminine
! Neuter
|-
! Nominative
| tvůj
| tvá, tvoje
| tvé, tvoje
| tví, tvoji / tvé
| tvé, tvoje
| tvá, tvoje
|-
! Genitive
| tvého
| tvé, tvojí
| tvého
| tvých
| tvých, tvojích
| tvých, tvojích
|-
! Dative
| tvému
| tvé, tvojí
| tvému
| tvým
| tvým
| tvým
|-
! Accusative
| tvého / tvůj
| tvou
| tvé, tvoje
| tvé / tvoje
| tvé, tvoje
| tvá, tvoje
|-
! Vocative
| tvůj
| tvá, tvoje
| tvé, tvoje
| tví, tvoji / tvoje
| tvé, tvoje
| tvá, tvoje
|-
! Locative
| tvém
| tvé, tvojí
| tvém
| tvých
| tvých
| tvých
|-
! Instrumental
| tvým
| tvou, tvojí
| tvým
| tvými
| tvými
| tvými
|}From ''on'' (→ &quot;his&quot;) and ''ono'' (→ &quot;its&quot;):
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Case
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; | Singular
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; | Plural
|-
! Masculine
! Feminine
! Neuter
! Masculine
! Feminine
! Neuter
|-
! Nominative
| colspan=&quot;6&quot; rowspan=&quot;7&quot; | jeho
|-
! Genitive
|-
! Dative
|-
! Accusative
|-
! Vocative
|-
! Locative
|-
! Instrumental
|}
From ''ona'' (→ &quot;her&quot;):
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Case
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; | Singular
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; | Plural
|-
! Masculine
! Feminine
! Neuter
! Masculine
! Feminine
! Neuter
|-
! Nominative
| její
| rowspan=&quot;7&quot; | její
| její
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; | její
|-
! Genitive
| jejího
| jejího
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; | jejích
|-
! Dative
| jejímu
| jejímu
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; | jejím
|-
! Accusative
| jejího / její
| její
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; | její
|-
! Vocative
| její
| její
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; | její
|-
! Locative
| jejím
| jejím
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; | jejích
|-
! Instrumental
| jejím
| jejím
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; | jejími
|}
From ''my'' (→ &quot;our&quot;) and ''vy'' (→ &quot;your&quot;):
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Case
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; | Singular
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; | Plural
|-
! Masculine
! Feminine
! Neuter
! Masculine
! Feminine
! Neuter
|-
! Nominative
| náš&lt;br/&gt;váš
| naše&lt;br/&gt;vaše
| naše&lt;br/&gt;vaše
| naši / naše&lt;br/&gt;vaši / vaše
|naše&lt;br/&gt;vaše
|naše&lt;br/&gt;vaše
|-
! Genitive
| našeho&lt;br/&gt;vašeho
| rowspan=&quot;6&quot; |naší&lt;br/&gt;vaší
| našeho&lt;br/&gt;vašeho
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; | našich&lt;br/&gt;vašich
|-
! Dative
| našemu&lt;br/&gt;vašemu
| našemu&lt;br/&gt;vašemu
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; | našim&lt;br/&gt;vašim
|-
! Accusative
| našeho / náš&lt;br/&gt;vašeho / váš
| naše&lt;br/&gt;vaše
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; | naše&lt;br/&gt;vaše
|-
! Vocative
| náš&lt;br/&gt;váš
| naše&lt;br/&gt;vaše
| naši / naše&lt;br/&gt;vaši / vaše
|naše&lt;br/&gt;vaše
|naše&lt;br/&gt;vaše
|-
! Locative
| našem&lt;br/&gt;vašem
| našem&lt;br/&gt;vašem
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; | našich&lt;br/&gt;vašich
|-
! Instrumental
| naším&lt;br/&gt;vaším
| naším&lt;br/&gt;vaším
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; | našimi&lt;br/&gt;vašimi
|}
From ''oni'' (→ &quot;their&quot;):
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Case
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; | Singular
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; | Plural
|-
! Masculine
! Feminine
! Neuter
! Masculine
! Feminine
! Neuter
|-
! Nominative
| colspan=&quot;6&quot; rowspan=&quot;7&quot; | jejich
|-
! Genitive
|-
! Dative
|-
! Accusative
|-
! Vocative
|-
! Locative
|-
! Instrumental
|}

== Demonstrative Pronouns ==

{|class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |
! Masculine
! Feminine
! Neuter
|-
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Singular
! &quot;this&quot;
| ''tento''
| ''tato''
| ''toto''
|-
! &quot;that&quot;, &quot;the&quot;
| ''ten''
| ''ta''
| ''to''
|-
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Plural
! &quot;these&quot;
| ''tito''/''tyto''
| ''tyto''
| ''tato''
|-
! &quot;those&quot;, &quot;the&quot;
| ''ti''/''ty''
| ''ty''
| ''ta''
|}

== Interrogative Pronouns ==

* ''co'' = what
* ''čí'' = whose
* ''jaký'' = what kind
* ''kde'' = where
* ''kdo'' = who
* ''kdy'' = when
* ''kolik'' = how many/much
* ''který/jenž'' = which

== See Also ==

* [[wikt: Category:Czech_pronouns|Wiktionary.]]
* [[w: Pronoun|Wikipedia on Pronouns.]]

[[Category:Czech_Vocab_Resources]]
[[Category:Pronouns]]</text>
      <sha1>dw9slw9du02tybuc87mytty6bs24nft</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wikiversity talk:Main Page/Welcome</title>
    <ns>5</ns>
    <id>96925</id>
    <revision>
      <id>2694372</id>
      <parentid>2637918</parentid>
      <timestamp>2025-01-05T11:21:06Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <ip>41.115.99.192</ip>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Mathematics */ new section</comment>
      <origin>2694372</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3476" sha1="1ezecvvmikomq9nebuj4egcooik4sha" xml:space="preserve">==Proposed new layout for &quot;Welcome&quot; Template==
I noticed the welcome template looked a bit wonky, this occurred in both safari and google chrome, so here is a fix. --[[User:=Benjamin=|=Benjamin=]] [[User_talk:=Benjamin=|(t)]]'''·'''[[Special:Contributions/=Benjamin=|(c)]]'''·'''[[Special:EmailUser/=Benjamin=|(e)]] 15:53, 21 June 2010 (UTC)

{|style=&quot;float: right;&quot;
|width=320px|[[Image:Wikiversite-banner-2.jpg|320px]]
|-
|width=320px|&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:80%;line-height:1.1; font-style: italic;&quot;&gt;{{QOTD}}&lt;/div&gt;
|}
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 135%;line-height: 1.3;margin-left:10px&quot;&gt;
&lt;big&gt;'''[[Wikiversity:Welcome|Welcome]] to Wikiversity'''&lt;/big&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;font-size:110%;margin-left:10px;&quot;&gt;'''[[Wikiversity:Introduction|Set learning free]]'''&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;font-size:95%;margin-left:10px&quot;&gt; with [[Special:Statistics|{{NUMBEROFARTICLES}}]] [[learning resource]]s and growing.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;noinclude&gt;
[[Category: main page templates]]
&lt;/noinclude&gt;

* I just found [[Editing Template:Welcome 0.5|this page]]... why was this template not used!? {{Unsigned|%3DBenjamin%3D|23 June 2010‎}}

== WikiJournal ==

[[User:Dave Braunschweig|Dave]], may [[WikiJournal]] be inserted for indefinite amount of time until WikiJournal is spun off from Wikiversity? WikiJournal still needs more attention, especially when proposed presentations about it were not accepted into Wikimania 2017. Thanks. --[[User:George Ho|George Ho]] ([[User talk:George Ho|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/George Ho|contribs]]) 21:30, 14 August 2017 (UTC)

:{{At|George Ho}} WikiJournal is currently nothing more than a soft redirect to meta:. There's nothing there to feature. If you're referring to the WikiJournal of Medicine, I think it should be added as one of the featured learning projects, and perhaps some of the older projects removed from rotation. -- [[User:Dave Braunschweig|Dave Braunschweig]] ([[User talk:Dave Braunschweig|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dave Braunschweig|contribs]]) 22:07, 14 August 2017 (UTC)
:: ...Okay, [[User:Dave Braunschweig|Dave]], you can add [[WikiJournal of Medicine]] alternatively. Meanwhile, [[WikiJournal of Science]] is not yet initiated officially, so I would leave that one out for now. I don't know which older projects, but feel free to reinsert them if you wish. --[[User:George Ho|George Ho]] ([[User talk:George Ho|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/George Ho|contribs]]) 22:12, 14 August 2017 (UTC)

== Change &quot;Schools&quot; Link ==

Would it maybe make more sense to send the 'Schools' link to Category:Wikiversity_schools rather than Category:Schools? --[[User:Jaxter184|Jaxter184]] ([[User talk:Jaxter184|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Jaxter184|contribs]]) 16:34, 3 February 2020 (UTC)

:I concur. Please replace the line:
:{{code|[[:Category:Schools|Schools]] &amp;bull;}}
:with 
:{{code|[[:Category:Wikiversity schools|Schools]] &amp;bull;}}
:- [[User:Daask|Daask]] ([[User talk:Daask|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Daask|contribs]]) 18:35, 7 July 2021 (UTC)

== Wikiphilosophers ==

Could [[Wikiphilosophers]] perhaps be placed alongside WikiJournals? I hope this will help the new project on Wikiversity gain more visibility! Kind regards, [[User:S. Perquin|S. Perquin]] ([[User talk:S. Perquin|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/S. Perquin|contribs]]) 18:47, 22 July 2024 (UTC)

== Mathematics ==

Masi [[Special:Contributions/41.115.99.192|41.115.99.192]] ([[User talk:41.115.99.192|discuss]]) 11:21, 5 January 2025 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>1ezecvvmikomq9nebuj4egcooik4sha</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>2694373</id>
      <parentid>2694372</parentid>
      <timestamp>2025-01-05T11:24:26Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <ip>41.115.99.192</ip>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Mathematics */ new section</comment>
      <origin>2694373</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3749" sha1="t493nn9dw7sd5cyrlvrkmd6wlu2uaeu" xml:space="preserve">==Proposed new layout for &quot;Welcome&quot; Template==
I noticed the welcome template looked a bit wonky, this occurred in both safari and google chrome, so here is a fix. --[[User:=Benjamin=|=Benjamin=]] [[User_talk:=Benjamin=|(t)]]'''·'''[[Special:Contributions/=Benjamin=|(c)]]'''·'''[[Special:EmailUser/=Benjamin=|(e)]] 15:53, 21 June 2010 (UTC)

{|style=&quot;float: right;&quot;
|width=320px|[[Image:Wikiversite-banner-2.jpg|320px]]
|-
|width=320px|&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:80%;line-height:1.1; font-style: italic;&quot;&gt;{{QOTD}}&lt;/div&gt;
|}
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 135%;line-height: 1.3;margin-left:10px&quot;&gt;
&lt;big&gt;'''[[Wikiversity:Welcome|Welcome]] to Wikiversity'''&lt;/big&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;font-size:110%;margin-left:10px;&quot;&gt;'''[[Wikiversity:Introduction|Set learning free]]'''&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;font-size:95%;margin-left:10px&quot;&gt; with [[Special:Statistics|{{NUMBEROFARTICLES}}]] [[learning resource]]s and growing.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;noinclude&gt;
[[Category: main page templates]]
&lt;/noinclude&gt;

* I just found [[Editing Template:Welcome 0.5|this page]]... why was this template not used!? {{Unsigned|%3DBenjamin%3D|23 June 2010‎}}

== WikiJournal ==

[[User:Dave Braunschweig|Dave]], may [[WikiJournal]] be inserted for indefinite amount of time until WikiJournal is spun off from Wikiversity? WikiJournal still needs more attention, especially when proposed presentations about it were not accepted into Wikimania 2017. Thanks. --[[User:George Ho|George Ho]] ([[User talk:George Ho|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/George Ho|contribs]]) 21:30, 14 August 2017 (UTC)

:{{At|George Ho}} WikiJournal is currently nothing more than a soft redirect to meta:. There's nothing there to feature. If you're referring to the WikiJournal of Medicine, I think it should be added as one of the featured learning projects, and perhaps some of the older projects removed from rotation. -- [[User:Dave Braunschweig|Dave Braunschweig]] ([[User talk:Dave Braunschweig|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dave Braunschweig|contribs]]) 22:07, 14 August 2017 (UTC)
:: ...Okay, [[User:Dave Braunschweig|Dave]], you can add [[WikiJournal of Medicine]] alternatively. Meanwhile, [[WikiJournal of Science]] is not yet initiated officially, so I would leave that one out for now. I don't know which older projects, but feel free to reinsert them if you wish. --[[User:George Ho|George Ho]] ([[User talk:George Ho|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/George Ho|contribs]]) 22:12, 14 August 2017 (UTC)

== Change &quot;Schools&quot; Link ==

Would it maybe make more sense to send the 'Schools' link to Category:Wikiversity_schools rather than Category:Schools? --[[User:Jaxter184|Jaxter184]] ([[User talk:Jaxter184|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Jaxter184|contribs]]) 16:34, 3 February 2020 (UTC)

:I concur. Please replace the line:
:{{code|[[:Category:Schools|Schools]] &amp;bull;}}
:with 
:{{code|[[:Category:Wikiversity schools|Schools]] &amp;bull;}}
:- [[User:Daask|Daask]] ([[User talk:Daask|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Daask|contribs]]) 18:35, 7 July 2021 (UTC)

== Wikiphilosophers ==

Could [[Wikiphilosophers]] perhaps be placed alongside WikiJournals? I hope this will help the new project on Wikiversity gain more visibility! Kind regards, [[User:S. Perquin|S. Perquin]] ([[User talk:S. Perquin|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/S. Perquin|contribs]]) 18:47, 22 July 2024 (UTC)

== Mathematics ==

Masi [[Special:Contributions/41.115.99.192|41.115.99.192]] ([[User talk:41.115.99.192|discuss]]) 11:21, 5 January 2025 (UTC)

== Mathematics  ==

Sinqobile

Mbuthuma

Jojisa

Masandelizwe


💖🥴🤢🤠🤧🤠💝🤠🫂🤕😦🫂🧠🧠🫂🤧🤠😜😙😊😏

T [[Special:Contributions/41.115.99.192|41.115.99.192]] ([[User talk:41.115.99.192|discuss]]) 11:24, 5 January 2025 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>t493nn9dw7sd5cyrlvrkmd6wlu2uaeu</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>2694374</id>
      <parentid>2694373</parentid>
      <timestamp>2025-01-05T11:25:35Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <ip>41.115.99.192</ip>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Event type motion detection event time please photos */ new section</comment>
      <origin>2694374</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4026" sha1="kun76yw6n2hqvlhv7cfxy7n6qsybn0u" xml:space="preserve">==Proposed new layout for &quot;Welcome&quot; Template==
I noticed the welcome template looked a bit wonky, this occurred in both safari and google chrome, so here is a fix. --[[User:=Benjamin=|=Benjamin=]] [[User_talk:=Benjamin=|(t)]]'''·'''[[Special:Contributions/=Benjamin=|(c)]]'''·'''[[Special:EmailUser/=Benjamin=|(e)]] 15:53, 21 June 2010 (UTC)

{|style=&quot;float: right;&quot;
|width=320px|[[Image:Wikiversite-banner-2.jpg|320px]]
|-
|width=320px|&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:80%;line-height:1.1; font-style: italic;&quot;&gt;{{QOTD}}&lt;/div&gt;
|}
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 135%;line-height: 1.3;margin-left:10px&quot;&gt;
&lt;big&gt;'''[[Wikiversity:Welcome|Welcome]] to Wikiversity'''&lt;/big&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;font-size:110%;margin-left:10px;&quot;&gt;'''[[Wikiversity:Introduction|Set learning free]]'''&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;font-size:95%;margin-left:10px&quot;&gt; with [[Special:Statistics|{{NUMBEROFARTICLES}}]] [[learning resource]]s and growing.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;noinclude&gt;
[[Category: main page templates]]
&lt;/noinclude&gt;

* I just found [[Editing Template:Welcome 0.5|this page]]... why was this template not used!? {{Unsigned|%3DBenjamin%3D|23 June 2010‎}}

== WikiJournal ==

[[User:Dave Braunschweig|Dave]], may [[WikiJournal]] be inserted for indefinite amount of time until WikiJournal is spun off from Wikiversity? WikiJournal still needs more attention, especially when proposed presentations about it were not accepted into Wikimania 2017. Thanks. --[[User:George Ho|George Ho]] ([[User talk:George Ho|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/George Ho|contribs]]) 21:30, 14 August 2017 (UTC)

:{{At|George Ho}} WikiJournal is currently nothing more than a soft redirect to meta:. There's nothing there to feature. If you're referring to the WikiJournal of Medicine, I think it should be added as one of the featured learning projects, and perhaps some of the older projects removed from rotation. -- [[User:Dave Braunschweig|Dave Braunschweig]] ([[User talk:Dave Braunschweig|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dave Braunschweig|contribs]]) 22:07, 14 August 2017 (UTC)
:: ...Okay, [[User:Dave Braunschweig|Dave]], you can add [[WikiJournal of Medicine]] alternatively. Meanwhile, [[WikiJournal of Science]] is not yet initiated officially, so I would leave that one out for now. I don't know which older projects, but feel free to reinsert them if you wish. --[[User:George Ho|George Ho]] ([[User talk:George Ho|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/George Ho|contribs]]) 22:12, 14 August 2017 (UTC)

== Change &quot;Schools&quot; Link ==

Would it maybe make more sense to send the 'Schools' link to Category:Wikiversity_schools rather than Category:Schools? --[[User:Jaxter184|Jaxter184]] ([[User talk:Jaxter184|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Jaxter184|contribs]]) 16:34, 3 February 2020 (UTC)

:I concur. Please replace the line:
:{{code|[[:Category:Schools|Schools]] &amp;bull;}}
:with 
:{{code|[[:Category:Wikiversity schools|Schools]] &amp;bull;}}
:- [[User:Daask|Daask]] ([[User talk:Daask|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Daask|contribs]]) 18:35, 7 July 2021 (UTC)

== Wikiphilosophers ==

Could [[Wikiphilosophers]] perhaps be placed alongside WikiJournals? I hope this will help the new project on Wikiversity gain more visibility! Kind regards, [[User:S. Perquin|S. Perquin]] ([[User talk:S. Perquin|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/S. Perquin|contribs]]) 18:47, 22 July 2024 (UTC)

== Mathematics ==

Masi [[Special:Contributions/41.115.99.192|41.115.99.192]] ([[User talk:41.115.99.192|discuss]]) 11:21, 5 January 2025 (UTC)

== Mathematics  ==

Sinqobile

Mbuthuma

Jojisa

Masandelizwe


💖🥴🤢🤠🤧🤠💝🤠🫂🤕😦🫂🧠🧠🫂🤧🤠😜😙😊😏

T [[Special:Contributions/41.115.99.192|41.115.99.192]] ([[User talk:41.115.99.192|discuss]]) 11:24, 5 January 2025 (UTC)

== Event type motion detection event time please photos  ==

Regards please photos and you will be kufe bela nobani phi beta Kappa alpha Theta sorority Inc [[Special:Contributions/41.115.99.192|41.115.99.192]] ([[User talk:41.115.99.192|discuss]]) 11:25, 5 January 2025 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>kun76yw6n2hqvlhv7cfxy7n6qsybn0u</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>2694376</id>
      <parentid>2694374</parentid>
      <timestamp>2025-01-05T11:50:53Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>MathXplore</username>
        <id>2888076</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Reverted edits by [[Special:Contributions/41.115.99.192|41.115.99.192]] ([[User_talk:41.115.99.192|talk]]) to last version by [[User:S. Perquin|S. Perquin]] using [[Wikiversity:Rollback|rollback]]</comment>
      <origin>2637918</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3331" sha1="cejqbrwsdwyoixkf5a0vwtjtx2cfzzb" xml:space="preserve">==Proposed new layout for &quot;Welcome&quot; Template==
I noticed the welcome template looked a bit wonky, this occurred in both safari and google chrome, so here is a fix. --[[User:=Benjamin=|=Benjamin=]] [[User_talk:=Benjamin=|(t)]]'''·'''[[Special:Contributions/=Benjamin=|(c)]]'''·'''[[Special:EmailUser/=Benjamin=|(e)]] 15:53, 21 June 2010 (UTC)

{|style=&quot;float: right;&quot;
|width=320px|[[Image:Wikiversite-banner-2.jpg|320px]]
|-
|width=320px|&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:80%;line-height:1.1; font-style: italic;&quot;&gt;{{QOTD}}&lt;/div&gt;
|}
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 135%;line-height: 1.3;margin-left:10px&quot;&gt;
&lt;big&gt;'''[[Wikiversity:Welcome|Welcome]] to Wikiversity'''&lt;/big&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;font-size:110%;margin-left:10px;&quot;&gt;'''[[Wikiversity:Introduction|Set learning free]]'''&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;font-size:95%;margin-left:10px&quot;&gt; with [[Special:Statistics|{{NUMBEROFARTICLES}}]] [[learning resource]]s and growing.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;noinclude&gt;
[[Category: main page templates]]
&lt;/noinclude&gt;

* I just found [[Editing Template:Welcome 0.5|this page]]... why was this template not used!? {{Unsigned|%3DBenjamin%3D|23 June 2010‎}}

== WikiJournal ==

[[User:Dave Braunschweig|Dave]], may [[WikiJournal]] be inserted for indefinite amount of time until WikiJournal is spun off from Wikiversity? WikiJournal still needs more attention, especially when proposed presentations about it were not accepted into Wikimania 2017. Thanks. --[[User:George Ho|George Ho]] ([[User talk:George Ho|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/George Ho|contribs]]) 21:30, 14 August 2017 (UTC)

:{{At|George Ho}} WikiJournal is currently nothing more than a soft redirect to meta:. There's nothing there to feature. If you're referring to the WikiJournal of Medicine, I think it should be added as one of the featured learning projects, and perhaps some of the older projects removed from rotation. -- [[User:Dave Braunschweig|Dave Braunschweig]] ([[User talk:Dave Braunschweig|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dave Braunschweig|contribs]]) 22:07, 14 August 2017 (UTC)
:: ...Okay, [[User:Dave Braunschweig|Dave]], you can add [[WikiJournal of Medicine]] alternatively. Meanwhile, [[WikiJournal of Science]] is not yet initiated officially, so I would leave that one out for now. I don't know which older projects, but feel free to reinsert them if you wish. --[[User:George Ho|George Ho]] ([[User talk:George Ho|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/George Ho|contribs]]) 22:12, 14 August 2017 (UTC)

== Change &quot;Schools&quot; Link ==

Would it maybe make more sense to send the 'Schools' link to Category:Wikiversity_schools rather than Category:Schools? --[[User:Jaxter184|Jaxter184]] ([[User talk:Jaxter184|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Jaxter184|contribs]]) 16:34, 3 February 2020 (UTC)

:I concur. Please replace the line:
:{{code|[[:Category:Schools|Schools]] &amp;bull;}}
:with 
:{{code|[[:Category:Wikiversity schools|Schools]] &amp;bull;}}
:- [[User:Daask|Daask]] ([[User talk:Daask|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Daask|contribs]]) 18:35, 7 July 2021 (UTC)

== Wikiphilosophers ==

Could [[Wikiphilosophers]] perhaps be placed alongside WikiJournals? I hope this will help the new project on Wikiversity gain more visibility! Kind regards, [[User:S. Perquin|S. Perquin]] ([[User talk:S. Perquin|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/S. Perquin|contribs]]) 18:47, 22 July 2024 (UTC)</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Seal (discrete mathematics)</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>114747</id>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Watchduck</username>
        <id>137431</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Occurences */</comment>
      <origin>2694362</origin>
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      <text bytes="8988" sha1="7eela3qnqndjfiroehseo08o9w712xu" xml:space="preserve">{{Boolf header}}
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Collapsible with classes/style.css&quot; /&gt;
__NOTOC__
'''''Seal''''' is a neologism for a mathematical object, that is essentially a subgroup of {{w|nimber}} addition.&lt;br&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;opacity: .7;&quot;&gt;The addition of nimbers is the [[w:Bitwise_operation#XOR|bitwise XOR]] of non-negative integers.
For a finite set &lt;math&gt;\{0,...,2^n-1\}&lt;/math&gt; it forms the [[w:Elementary abelian group|Boolean group]] {{w|Cyclic group|Z}}&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;sup&gt;n&lt;/sup&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;

A seal shall be defined as a Boolean function whose [[Equivalence classes of Boolean functions#family matrix|family matrix]] is also the matrix of an {{w|equivalence relation}}.&lt;br&gt;
This implies, that the Boolean function is [[Boolf-term#odd|odd]] &lt;small&gt;(i.e. that the first entry of it's truth table is ''true'')&lt;/small&gt;, and that it is the unique odd function in its [[Boolf-EC#family|family]].

A seal is also a periodic set partition. The members of its family shall be called its '''blocks'''.

{| class=&quot;collapsible-with-classes collapsible open&quot;
!colspan=&quot;3&quot;| seal 1001 0000 0110 0000 &amp;nbsp; {{zhe|4471}}
|-
|colspan=&quot;3&quot;|
This seal has adicity 4, and is shown with &lt;span style=&quot;opacity: .7;&quot;&gt;(the lowest possible)&lt;/span&gt; arity 4, i.e. with a truth table of length 16.&lt;br&gt;
The 16×16 matrix on the left is its family matrix.&lt;br&gt;
It also describes a {{w|Partition of a set|partition}} of the set &lt;math&gt;\{0 \ldots 15\}&lt;/math&gt; into four blocks, which are shown in different colors.&lt;br&gt;
On the right the set partition is shown as a {{w|graph coloring|vertex coloring}} of the {{w|tesseract}} graph. &amp;nbsp; &lt;small&gt;(The 4×4 matrix shows essentially the same.)&lt;/small&gt; 
|- style=&quot;vertical-align: top;&quot;
| [[File:4-ary seal Zhe 4471, matrix.svg|270px]]
|style=&quot;padding-left: 100px;&quot;| [[File:4-ary seal Zhe 4471, tesseract.svg|270px]]
| [[File:4-ary seal Zhe 4471, diamond.svg|150px]]
|}

&lt;span style=&quot;opacity: .5;&quot;&gt;The weight of a Boolean function is be the quotient of the sum and the length of its truth table.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;
The weight of a seal is &lt;math&gt;\frac{1}{2^d}&lt;/math&gt;, where &lt;math&gt;d&lt;/math&gt; is its '''depth'''.&lt;br&gt;
The unique seal with depth 0 is the tautology. The seals with depth 1 are the negated variadic {{w|exclusive or|XOR}}s with one or more arguments.

{{Collapsible START|negated binary Walsh matrix|collapsed light gap-below}}
The seals with depth 1 are the positive rows of a negated binary {{w|Walsh matrix}}. &amp;nbsp; &lt;small&gt;(The tautology with depth 0 is in the top row.)&lt;/small&gt;
[[File:Variadic logical NXOR.svg|thumb|left]]
{{Collapsible END}}

==Occurences==

The fixed points of [[Walsh permutation]]s are seals.&lt;br&gt;
The symmetry of Boolean functions is related to seals.

==Equivalence classes==

Equivalence classes (EC) of seals are [[Boolf-EC#faction|factions]]. Those of blocks are [[Boolf-EC#clan|clans]].&lt;br&gt;
&lt;small&gt;Thus an EC can the represented by the [[smallest Zhegalkin index]] of the faction or the clan. &amp;nbsp; &lt;span style=&quot;opacity: .5;&quot;&gt;(That of the faction is easier to calculate.)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/small&gt;

==Antipodes==

The seals with arity ''a'' form a symmetric Hasse diagram, whose top node is the tautology.&lt;br&gt;
From top to bottom the layers are ''depth'' = 0...''a''. From bottom to top they are ''rank'' = 0...''a''. The number of seals in layer ''n'' is &lt;math&gt;\mathrm{Oak}(a, n)&lt;/math&gt;.&lt;br&gt;
For the given arity each seal has a Walsh spectrum. It's non-zero entries are &lt;math&gt;2^{rank}&lt;/math&gt; &lt;small&gt;(the weight of the seal's finite truth table)&lt;/small&gt;.&lt;br&gt;
Their pattern describes another seal in the opposite layer of the Hasse diagram, which shall be called its antipode.&lt;br&gt;
When a seal in EC ''x'' has an antipode in EC ''y'', then all seals in ''x'' have antipodes in ''y''.
Each EC has an antipode for a given arity. &lt;small&gt;(Some EC are their own antipodes.)&lt;/small&gt;

The following seal is the antipode of the example shown above. Their depth (and rank) is 2, and both are on the middle layer of the Hasse diagram.

{| class=&quot;collapsible-with-classes collapsible collapsed&quot;
!colspan=&quot;3&quot;| seal 1000 1000 0001 0001 &amp;nbsp; {{zhe|1807}}
|-
|colspan=&quot;3&quot;|
The Walsh spectrum for arity 4 is (4, 0, 0, 4, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 4, 4, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0).&lt;br&gt;
Its non-zero entries form the pattern &lt;code&gt;1001 0000 0110 0000&lt;/code&gt; of the antipode Ж 4471.
|- style=&quot;vertical-align: top;&quot;
| [[File:4-ary seal Zhe 1807, matrix.svg|270px]]
|style=&quot;padding-left: 100px;&quot;| [[File:4-ary seal Zhe 1807, tesseract.svg|270px]]
| [[File:4-ary seal Zhe 1807, diamond.svg|150px]]
|}

==Cohorts==

While a seal has different antipodes for each arity, they all start with the same binary pattern, and then continue with zeros.&lt;br&gt;
In other words, all antipodes of a seal can be described with the same finite set of integers &lt;small&gt;(which corresponds to an entry of sequence ''Rose'')&lt;/small&gt;.&lt;br&gt;
This set of integers shall be called ''cohort''. It is a property of Boolean functions in general &amp;ndash; not just of seals.


==Integer representations==

{{Collapsible START|sequences ''Rose'' and ''Tulip''|collapsed wide}}
{{Seal integer representations}}
{{Collapsible END}}

==Integer sequences==

{{Collapsible START|table of sequences, triangles and pyramids|collapsed wide gap-below}}
{{Seal integer sequences/legend}}
{{Seal integer sequences}}
{{Collapsible END}}

==Quantities==

&lt;!------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------&gt;
{{Collapsible START| seals and EC by ''arity'' and ''depth'': &amp;nbsp; symmetric triangles ''Oak'' and ''Elm'' |collapsed wide light followed}}
The triangle ''Oak'' (left) shows the number of seals by arity (rows) and depth (columns). These are {{w|Gaussian binomial coefficient|2-binomial coefficients}}. &amp;nbsp; &lt;small style=&quot;opacity:.7;&quot;&gt;Arity ''n'' is short for [[Boolf-term#adicity|adicity]]  &amp;le; ''n''.&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br&gt;
The triangle ''Elm'' (right) shows the corresponding numbers of equivalence classes. &amp;nbsp; &lt;small style=&quot;opacity: .5;&quot;&gt;(Not to be confused with Pascal's triangle.)&lt;/small&gt;
{{Seal triangles Oak and Elm}}
E.g. there are &lt;math&gt;\mathrm{Oak}(4, 2) = 35&lt;/math&gt; 4-ary seals of depth 2, and they belong to &lt;math&gt;\mathrm{Elm}(4, 2) = 6&lt;/math&gt; different equivalence classes.
{{Collapsible END}}

{{Collapsible START| blocks ''a''&amp;hairsp;×&amp;hairsp;''d'': &amp;nbsp; triangles ''MapleMinor'' and ''Sycamore'' |collapsed wide followed}}
{{Seal triangles MapleMinor and Sycamore|a|d}}
{{Collapsible END}}

{{Collapsible START| seals ''a''&amp;hairsp;×&amp;hairsp;''d'': &amp;nbsp; triangles ''Oak'' and ''Maple'' |collapsed wide followed}}
{{Seal triangles Oak and Maple|a|d}}
{{Collapsible END}}

{{Collapsible START|EC ''a''&amp;hairsp;×&amp;hairsp;''d'': &amp;nbsp; triangles ''Elm'' and ''Lime''|collapsed wide}}
{{Seal triangles Elm and Lime|a|d}}
{{Collapsible END}}

&lt;!------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------&gt;
{{Collapsible START|seals ''a''&amp;hairsp;×&amp;hairsp;''v'': &amp;nbsp; triangles ''Ash'' and ''Aspen''|collapsed wide followed gap-above}}
{{Seal triangles Ash and Aspen|a|v}}
{{Collapsible END}}

{| class=&quot;collapsible-with-classes collapsible collapsed wide light&quot;
!colspan=&quot;2&quot;| triangle ''Birch'' with row sums ''Aster''
|-
|colspan=&quot;2&quot;|
These sequences count seals whose adicity and valency are equal.&lt;br&gt;
&lt;math&gt;\mathrm{Aster}(n)&lt;/math&gt; is the number of seals whose adicity and valency is ''n''.
Among them &lt;math&gt;\mathrm{Birch}(n, d)&lt;/math&gt; are those with depth ''d''.
|-
| {{Seal triangle Birch|n|d}}
| 
{{multiple image
 | align = right  | total_width = 800
 | image1 = Number pyramid Liana; arity minus valency is 0.png
 | image2 = Number pyramid Ivy; adicity minus valency is 0.png
 | footer = ''Birch'' as a side of ''Liana'' and ''Ivy''
}}
|}

&lt;!------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------&gt;
{{Collapsible START|illustrated examples: {{spaces|5}} ''Oak'', ''Maple'' &lt;small&gt;(seals with arity 5)&lt;/small&gt; {{spaces|5}} ''MapleMinor'', ''Sycamore'' &lt;small&gt;(blocks with adicity 4)&lt;/small&gt;|collapsed strong wide gap-above gap-below}}
{{Seal triangle Maple examples}}
{{Collapsible END}}

==number pyramids==

The 🌊 wave pyramids ''Liana'' and ''Wisteria'' are refinements of triangle ''Oak''. &amp;nbsp;
&lt;small&gt;In ''Liana'' the dimension ''valency'' is added. In ''Wisteria'' the dimension ''cohort weight''.&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br&gt;
Their second sides are the triangle ''Ash'' &lt;small&gt;(for ''Liana'')&lt;/small&gt; and its reflection &lt;small&gt;(for ''Wisteria'')&lt;/small&gt;.

The 💧 drop pyramids ''Ivy'' and ''Lonicera'' are refinements of triangle ''Maple''. &amp;nbsp;
&lt;small&gt;In ''Ivy'' the dimension ''valency'' is added. In ''Lonicera'' the dimension ''cohort weight''.&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br&gt;
Their second sides are the triangles ''Aspen'' &lt;small&gt;(for ''Ivy'')&lt;/small&gt;  and ''Alder'' &lt;small&gt;(for ''Lonicera'')&lt;/small&gt;.

===seals ''a''×''d''×''v'': pyramids Liana and Ivy===
{{Seal pyramids Liana and Ivy}}

===seals ''a''×''d''×''c'': pyramids Wisteria and Lonicera===
{{Seal pyramids Wisteria and Lonicera}}


[[Category:Seal (discrete mathematics)]]</text>
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    <title>User:ThaniosAkro/sandbox</title>
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        <id>2805358</id>
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= Hyperbola =
==Preparation==

{{RoundBoxTop|theme=4}}
It is desired to calculate the cube root of real number &lt;math&gt;N.&lt;/math&gt;


To simplify the process, and to make the implementation of the process predictable, reformat &lt;math&gt;N:&lt;/math&gt;

&lt;math&gt;N = n(10^{3p})&lt;/math&gt; where:

* &lt;math&gt;1 \le n &lt; 1000&lt;/math&gt;

* &lt;math&gt;p&lt;/math&gt; is integer.


Then:
&lt;math&gt;\sqrt[3]{N} = \sqrt[3]{n(10^{3p})} = \sqrt[3]{n}(10^p).&lt;/math&gt;


To simplify the process further, we calculate cube root of &lt;code&gt;abs(n)&lt;/code&gt; and restore negative sign
to result, if necessary.

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=python&gt;
# python code.

import decimal
dD = decimal.Decimal
dgt = decimal.getcontext()
desired_precision = 100     # Adjust as necessary.
Precision = dgt.prec = desired_precision + 3

NormalizeNumberDebug = 0

def NormalizeNumber (number, flag = 0) :
    '''
sign, newNumber, exponent = NormalizeNumber (number [, flag])
sign &amp; exponent are both ints.
newNumber is Decimal object.
1000 &gt; newNumber &gt;= 1 and
exponent % 3 = 0.
This prepares number for cube root of number.
eg, 1234.56e-2 becomes 123456e-4, 12345600e-6, 12.345600e0, 12.3456e0
    123.456e7 becomes 123456e4, 1234560e3, 1.234560e9, 1.23456e9
'''
    thisName = 'NormalizeNumber (number) :'
    if NormalizeNumberDebug : flag = NormalizeNumberDebug
    print_ = flag &amp; 1 ; check = flag &amp; 2
    if print_ : check = 2

    number = dD(str(number))+0
    if number == 0 : return (0, dD(0), 0)

    sign, digits, exponent = tuple(number.as_tuple())

    digits = list(digits)

    # Remove leading zeroes.
    while (digits[0] == 0) : digits[:1] = []

    # Remove trailing zeroes.
    while (digits[-1] == 0) :
        digits[-1:] = [] ; exponent += 1

    # Ensure that exponent is exactly divisible by 3.
    while exponent % 3 :
        digits += [0] ; exponent -= 1

    number_of_digits = len(digits)
    if number_of_digits &lt;= 3:
        newNumber = dD ( (0,digits,0) )
    else :    
        number_of_integers = number_of_digits % 3
        if number_of_integers == 0 : number_of_integers = 3
        number_of_decimal_places = number_of_digits - number_of_integers
        digits[-number_of_decimal_places:-number_of_decimal_places] = ['.']
        exponent += number_of_decimal_places
        while (digits[-1] == 0) : del(digits[-1])
        newNumber = dD( ''.join([ str(v) for v in digits ]) )

    # If necessary, check.
    if check :
        str1 = str(newNumber)
        dD1 = dD( ('', '-')[sign] + str1 + 'e' + str(exponent) )
        if dD1 != number :
            # This should not happen.
            print (thisName)
            print ('  error:', dD1 , '!=', number)
            return None

    if print_ :
        print (thisName)
        print ('  Input number =', number)
        print ('  Output:')
        print ('    sign =', sign)
        print ('    newNumber =', newNumber)
        print ('    exponent =', exponent)

    return sign, newNumber, exponent
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
{{RoundBoxBottom}}

==Implementation==
{{RoundBoxTop|theme=4}}
&lt;math&gt;x = \sqrt[3]{n}&lt;/math&gt;

&lt;math&gt;x^3 = n&lt;/math&gt;

&lt;math&gt;x^3 - n = 0&lt;/math&gt;


To calculate &lt;math&gt;\sqrt[3]{n}&lt;/math&gt; calculate the real root of:

&lt;math&gt;y = f(x) = x^3 - n.&lt;/math&gt;


&lt;math&gt;f(x)&lt;/math&gt; is well defined in the region &lt;math&gt;1 \le n &lt; 1000.&lt;/math&gt;

If &lt;math&gt;n&lt;/math&gt; is type &lt;code&gt;int&lt;/code&gt; and exact cube, &lt;math&gt;\sqrt[3]{n}&lt;/math&gt; is extracted from table &lt;code&gt;values_of_v_and_v_cubed.&lt;/code&gt;

Else, Newton's method is used to derive the root starting with &lt;math&gt;x = \text{int}(\sqrt[3]{n}) + 1.&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=python&gt;
# python code.

def simpleCubeRoot (N, flag = 0) :
    '''
cube_root = simpleCubeRoot (N [, flag]) 

    '''
    thisName = 'simpleCubeRoot (N) :'
    print_ = flag &amp; 1 ; check = flag &amp; 2
    if print_ : check = 2

    if print_ :
        print()
        print (thisName, 'N =',N)
    if N == 0 : return dD(0)
    if abs(N) == 1 : return dD(str(N)).normalize()

    sign1, n, exponent = NormalizeNumber (N, flag)

    if check :
        if sign1 not in (0,1) :
            print (thisName, 'Internal error 1.')
            return None
        if (1 &lt;= n &lt; 1000) : pass
        else :
            print (thisName, 'Internal error 2.')
            return None
        if exponent % 3 :
            print (thisName, 'Internal error 3.')
            return None

    # Calculate starting value of x:
    status = 1
    values_of_v_and_v_cubed = [(9, 729), (8, 512), (7, 343), (6, 216),
                               (5, 125), (4, 64), (3, 27), (2, 8), (1, 1)]
    for v,v_cubed in values_of_v_and_v_cubed :
        if n &gt;= v_cubed :
            status = 0 ; break
    if status :
        # This should not happen.
        print (thisName, 'Internal error 4.')
        return None

    if n == v_cubed :
        x = v # Exact.
    else :
        # Newton's method:
        x = v + 1 ; y = x**3 - n
        status = 1 ; values_of_x = []

        for t in range (1,51) :
            if print_ :
                print (thisName)
                print ('  x =',x)
                print ('  y =',y)
            slope = 3*x*x
            delta_x = y/slope
            x -= delta_x
            if x in values_of_x[-1:-5:-1] :
                # This value of x has been used previously.
                status = 0
                break
            values_of_x += [x]
            y = x*x*x - n

        if print_ : print ('  count =', t)
        if status :
            # This should not happen.
            print (thisName, 'count expired.')
            return None

    multiplier1 = (1,-1)[bool(sign1)]
    exponent1, remainder = divmod (exponent, 3)
    multiplier2 = 10**dD(exponent1)

    root3 = (multiplier1 * x * multiplier2).normalize() # The cube root.
            
    if check :
        dgt.prec = desired_precision
        n1 = root3 ** 3
        dgt.prec = Precision
        if (n1 != dD(str(N))) :
            print (thisName, 'Internal error 5.')
            print ('  N  =', N)
            print ('  n1 =', n1)
            return None
    if print_ :
        print (thisName)
        print ('  Input N =', N )
        print ('  Output N ** (1/3) =', root3 )

    return root3
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
{{RoundBoxBottom}}

=Examples=

==(-49.430863)^(⅓)==

{{RoundBoxTop|theme=4}}
[[File:0103cube_root.png|thumb|400px|'''
Graph of cubic function used to calculate cube root of &lt;math&gt;N = -49.430863.&lt;/math&gt;'''
&lt;/br&gt;
&lt;/br&gt;
&lt;math&gt;Y&lt;/math&gt; axis compressed for clarity.
&lt;/br&gt;
Method calculates &lt;math&gt;\sqrt[3]{\text{abs}(-49.430863)}.&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;/br&gt;
&lt;math&gt;1000 &gt; 49.430863 \ge 1,&lt;/math&gt; therefore &lt;math&gt;n = 49.430863&lt;/math&gt; and negative sign &lt;math&gt;(-)&lt;/math&gt; is preserved.
&lt;/br&gt;
Newton's method quickly finds result: &lt;math&gt;3.67 = \sqrt[3]{49.430863}.&lt;/math&gt;
]]

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=python&gt;
# python code.

N = -49.430863
r = simpleCubeRoot (N, 1)
print ('Cube root of {} = {}'.format(N,r))
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

&lt;syntaxhighlight&gt;
simpleCubeRoot (N) : N = -49.430863
NormalizeNumber (number) :
  Input number = -49.430863
  Output:
    sign = 1
    newNumber = 49.430863
    exponent = 0
simpleCubeRoot (N) :
  x = 4
  y = 14.569137
simpleCubeRoot (N) :
  x = 3.6964763125
  y = 1.077556932370513542983642578125
simpleCubeRoot (N) :
  x = 3.670189185975939771448945836039493832417954712178864798200343445074621595436673614052572376229354069071
  y = 0.00764477504335853140747839082789084303615917679270634421640530090118268716447856580204634509997849803
simpleCubeRoot (N) :
  x = 3.670000009751736682821587362098730324894353971034852020032605567239509057372246925097634126721776189698
  y = 3.9403549966877805031675033177310279758144394720652549872722882467517684885827998893960547929841E-7
simpleCubeRoot (N) :
  x = 3.670000000000000025911816892145655551872936964331495318518061888183507160413379366174501446719474401728
  y = 1.04701101161586186758022322575610863475276107519253768435609331357966880617783675518439E-15
simpleCubeRoot (N) :
  x = 3.670000000000000000000000000000000182948843229450935510129377172924076310714715139745670785290354823955
  y = 7.39235902371945511587714470461319164277193070156347301951569000635639E-33
simpleCubeRoot (N) :
  x = 3.670000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000009119967095093791663852670429064766
  y = 3.6850777442132631162379569822609127E-67
simpleCubeRoot (N) :
  x = 3.670000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
  y = 0E-101
  count = 8
simpleCubeRoot (N) :
  Input N = -49.430863
  Output N ** (1/3) = -3.67
Cube root of -49.430863 = -3.67
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
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==N small==

{{RoundBoxTop|theme=4}}
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=python&gt;
# python code.

N = (dD('654.12345')**3)* dD('1e-234')
r = simpleCubeRoot (N, 1)
print ('cube root of',N,'=',r)
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

&lt;syntaxhighlight&gt;
simpleCubeRoot (N) : N = 2.79884698523170070963625E-226
NormalizeNumber (number) :
  Input number = 2.79884698523170070963625E-226
  Output:
    sign = 0
    newNumber = 279.884698523170070963625
    exponent = -228
simpleCubeRoot (N) :
  x = 7
  y = 63.115301476829929036375
simpleCubeRoot (N) :
  x = 6.570644207640612727643707482993197278911564625850340136054421768707482993197278911564625850340136054422
  y = 3.7921241319748044856346690723358910662200347438658510815125764506555202024351783380759402655041377003
simpleCubeRoot (N) :
  x = 6.541365939235037323691695638525121571862836044524137388147811941164515617543727416575923849380448976852
  y = 0.0168723059341306128289220155501386417560252058196372910481381594756277968737806202081810180585981468
simpleCubeRoot (N) :
  x = 6.541234502641062578339783186964860309131529958383953551860723864105607355316972754950658566210572503873
  y = 3.390153665112801204924990755018923043331713010875531529597912358746623245660302509054057497205E-7
simpleCubeRoot (N) :
  x = 6.541234500000000001066344822059465818454480153206314150749531142856041068525641678563938956757562592024
  y = 1.368794830901676242840644465509188865946206745677321533271630194477320979479731975131E-16
simpleCubeRoot (N) :
  x = 6.541234500000000000000000000000000000173834354896317173607861575067843889032458069846902551041303696479
  y = 2.23139421219918741184735707270203562908734282972217340770547002443E-35
simpleCubeRoot (N) :
  x = 6.541234500000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000004619675833700618822003921149
  y = 5.929965871075583921456016257E-73
simpleCubeRoot (N) :
  x = 6.541234500000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
  y = 0E-100
  count = 8
simpleCubeRoot (N) :
  Input N = 2.79884698523170070963625E-226
  Output N ** (1/3) = 6.5412345E-76
cube root of 2.79884698523170070963625E-226 = 6.5412345E-76
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
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==N with 102 decimal digits==

{{RoundBoxTop|theme=4}}
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=python&gt;
# python code.

desired_precision = 200
Precision = dgt.prec = desired_precision + 3     # Adjust as necessary.

N = dD('91234567890.12345678901234567890123')**3
r = simpleCubeRoot (N,1)
print ('''cube root of {}
  = {}'''.format(N,r))
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
&lt;syntaxhighlight&gt;

simpleCubeRoot (N) : N = 759413404032709802223035921205529.781633123988862756497856617560063741408069807576943069432557725290867
NormalizeNumber (number) :
  Input number = 759413404032709802223035921205529.781633123988862756497856617560063741408069807576943069432557725290867
  Output:
    sign = 0
    newNumber = 759.413404032709802223035921205529781633123988862756497856617560063741408069807576943069432557725290867
    exponent = 30
simpleCubeRoot (N) :
  x = 10
  y = 240.586595967290197776964078794470218366876011137243502143382439936258591930192423056930567442274709133
simpleCubeRoot (N) :
  x = 9.1980446801090326740767864040184326054437466295425216595220585335458046935660252564768981085257509....
  y = 18.778206655514224953838248571732480957932723252336568146945108502709671960035057397419207824383680....
simpleCubeRoot (N) :
  x = 9.1240599949931623321664263546967588277013422167312019450898763745034405805394622722445816188927044....
  y = 0.1506379670748750344765254622054600762289510452034017857959412389359088307660480183002642201301404....
simpleCubeRoot (N) :
  x = 9.1234568288903645757636608593967193590532344706953269357275443939995698575917750346229607570213472....
  y = 0.0000099580355042798301230611277854077768865248120824864005326115668161099006774672939746260829451....
simpleCubeRoot (N) :
  x = 9.1234567890123458532053846994321774021465971937678169135851020569774194125848355752830106295283475....
  y = 4.352590615034382352966739799800228929244369059424641507909334544190744465475094678843434802753....E-14
simpleCubeRoot (N) :
  x = 9.1234567890123456789012345678901263300904970218124391473359075160634634033723697405398374188771027....
  y = 8.315648613996710531085585787511017585254422913076826028418797301082971806855003306231420002754....E-31
simpleCubeRoot (N) :
  x = 9.1234567890123456789012345678901230000000000000000000000000000000012154935322004708306387167486681....
  y = 3.035237965876398632097014184973383529396947640959947046236845410390116039333110835232646723486....E-64
simpleCubeRoot (N) :
  x = 9.1234567890123456789012345678901230000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000....
  y = 4.043765648844005964357871985125208429698600162797442150134099694990356E-131
simpleCubeRoot (N) :
  x = 9.1234567890123456789012345678901230000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000....
  y = 0E-200
  count = 9
simpleCubeRoot (N) :
  Input N = 759413404032709802223035921205529.781633123988862756497856617560063741408069807576943069432557725290867
  Output N ** (1/3) = 91234567890.12345678901234567890123
cube root of 759413404032709802223035921205529.781633123988862756497856617560063741408069807576943069432557725290867
  = 91234567890.12345678901234567890123
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
* Result is achieved with 9 passes through loop.

* In python this method is more than 3 times faster than raising a number to the power &lt;math&gt;\frac{1}{3}.&lt;/math&gt; As size of &lt;math&gt;N&lt;/math&gt; increases, speed advantage increases.

* This method produced the cube root exactly.

* For most invocations of function &lt;code&gt;simpleCubeRoot ()&lt;/code&gt; you probably don't want to see all the internal details as displayed above. However, it is
recommended that the function be invoked with &lt;code&gt;flag = 2,&lt;/code&gt; because this value of &lt;code&gt;flag&lt;/code&gt; causes execution of function to perform internal checking.
{{RoundBoxBottom}}

==tan(A/2)==

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[[File:1122tanA_200.png|thumb|400px|'''Graphical calculation of &lt;math&gt;\tan \frac{A}{2}&lt;/math&gt;.'''
&lt;/br&gt;
&lt;math&gt;OQ = 1;\ QP = t.&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;/br&gt;
&lt;math&gt;\tan(A) = \frac{QP}{OQ} = \frac{t}{1} = t.&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;/br&gt;
&lt;math&gt;OP = OR = \sqrt{1 + t^2}&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;
]]
In diagram:

Point &lt;math&gt;P&lt;/math&gt; has coordinates &lt;math&gt;(1,t).&lt;/math&gt;

Point &lt;math&gt;R&lt;/math&gt; has coordinates &lt;math&gt;(\sqrt{1 + t^2},0).&lt;/math&gt;

Mid point of &lt;math&gt;PR,\ M&lt;/math&gt; has coordinates &lt;math&gt;(   \frac{ 1 +  \sqrt{1 + t^2}  }{2}, \frac{t}{2}            ).&lt;/math&gt;

&lt;math&gt;\tan \frac{A}{2} = \frac{t}{2} / \frac{ 1 +  \sqrt{1 + t^2}  }{2} = \frac{t}{1 +  \sqrt{1 + t^2} }&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;= \frac{t}{1 +  \sqrt{1 + t^2} } \cdot \frac{1 -  \sqrt{1 + t^2}}{1 -  \sqrt{1 + t^2} }&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;= \frac{t(   1 -  \sqrt{1 + t^2}    )}{1-(1+t^2)}&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;= \frac{t(   1 -  \sqrt{1 + t^2}    )}{-t^2}&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;= \frac{-1 +  \sqrt{1 + t^2} }{t}&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;


* &lt;math&gt;\tan \frac{A}{2} = \frac{\tan(A)}{1 + \sqrt{1 + \tan^2(A)}} = \frac{-1 +  \sqrt{1 + \tan^2 (A)} }{\tan (A)}&lt;/math&gt;

* &lt;math&gt;\tan (2A) = \frac{2\tan (A)}{ 1 - \tan^2 (A) }&lt;/math&gt;
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==Length of latus rectum==
-----------------------

&lt;math&gt;b^2x^2 + a^2y^2 - a^2b^2 = 0&lt;/math&gt;

&lt;math&gt;b^2c^2 + a^2y^2 - a^2b^2 = 0&lt;/math&gt;

&lt;math&gt;b^2(a^2 - b^2) + a^2y^2 - a^2b^2 = 0&lt;/math&gt;

&lt;math&gt;b^2a^2 - b^4 + a^2y^2 - a^2b^2 =0&lt;/math&gt;

&lt;math&gt;a^2y^2 = b^4&lt;/math&gt;

&lt;math&gt;y^2 = \frac{b^4}{a^2}&lt;/math&gt;

&lt;math&gt;y = \frac{b^2}{a}&lt;/math&gt;

Length of latus rectum &lt;math&gt;= L_1R_1 = L_2R_2 = \frac{2b^2}{a}.&lt;/math&gt;

=Conic sections generally=
Within the two dimensional space of Cartesian Coordinate Geometry a conic section may be located anywhere
and have any orientation.

This section examines the parabola, ellipse and hyperbola, showing how to calculate the equation of
the section, and also how to calculate the foci and directrices given the equation.
==Latera recta et cetera==
&quot;Latus rectum&quot; is a Latin expression meaning &quot;straight side.&quot;
According to Google, the Latin plural of &quot;latus rectum&quot; is &quot;latera recta,&quot;
but English allows &quot;latus rectums&quot; or possibly &quot;lati rectums.&quot;
The title of this section is poetry to the eyes and music to the ears of a Latin student
and this author hopes that the gentle reader will permit such poetic licence in a mathematical topic.

The translation of the title is &quot;Latus rectums and other things.&quot; This section describes the calculation of interesting items 
associated with the ellipse: latus rectums, major axis, minor axis, focal chords, directrices and various points on these lines.


When given the equation of an ellipse, the first thing is to calculate eccentricity, foci and directrices as shown above.
Then verify that the curve is in fact an ellipse.

From these values everything about the ellipse may be calculated. For example:
{{RoundBoxTop|theme=2}}
[[File:0608ellipse01.png|thumb|400px|'''Graph of ellipse &lt;math&gt;1771x^2 + 1204y^2 + 1944xy -44860x - 18520y + 214400 = 0.&lt;/math&gt;'''
&lt;/br&gt;
&lt;/br&gt;
Axis : (-0.8)x + (-0.6)y + (9.4) = 0&lt;/br&gt;
Eccentricity = 0.9&lt;/br&gt;
&lt;/br&gt;
Directrix 2 : (0.6)x + (-0.8)y + (2) = 0&lt;/br&gt;
Latus rectum RS : (0.6)x + (-0.8)y + (-0.8) = 0&lt;/br&gt;
Minor axis : (0.6)x + (-0.8)y + (-12.73684210526315789474) = 0&lt;/br&gt;
Latus rectum PU : (0.6)x + (-0.8)y + (-24.67368421052631578947) = 0&lt;/br&gt;
Directrix 1 : (0.6)x + (-0.8)y + (-27.47368421052631578947) = 0&lt;/br&gt;
&lt;/br&gt;
&lt;math&gt;\text{ID2}&lt;/math&gt; = (6.32, 7.24)&lt;/br&gt;
&lt;math&gt;\text{I2}&lt;/math&gt;  = (7.204210526315789473684, 6.061052631578947368421)&lt;/br&gt;
F2  = (8, 5)&lt;/br&gt;
M   = (15.16210526315789473684, -4.54947368421052631579)&lt;/br&gt;
F1  = (22.32421052631578947368, -14.09894736842105263158)&lt;/br&gt;
&lt;math&gt;\text{I1}&lt;/math&gt;  = (23.12, -15.16)&lt;/br&gt;
&lt;math&gt;\text{ID1}&lt;/math&gt; = (24.00421052631578947368, -16.33894736842105263158)&lt;/br&gt;
&lt;/br&gt;
P   = (20.30821052631578947368, -15.61094736842105263158)&lt;/br&gt;
Q   = (10.53708406832736953616, -8.018239580333420216299)&lt;/br&gt;
R   = (5.984, 3.488)&lt;/br&gt;
S   = (10.016, 6.512)&lt;/br&gt;
T   = (19.78712645798841993752, -1.080707788087632415281)&lt;/br&gt;
U   = (24.34021052631578947368, -12.58694736842105263158)&lt;/br&gt;
&lt;/br&gt;
Length of major axis: &lt;math&gt;\text{I1I2}&lt;/math&gt; = 26.52631578947368421052&lt;/br&gt;
Length of minor axis: QT = 11.56255298707631300170&lt;/br&gt;
Length of latus rectum: RS = PU = 5.04
]]
Consider conic section: &lt;math&gt;1771x^2 + 1204y^2 + 1944xy -44860x - 18520y + 214400 = 0.&lt;/math&gt;

This curve is ellipse with random orientation.
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=python&gt;
# python code

ABCDEF = A,B,C,D,E,F = 1771, 1204, 1944, -44860, -18520, 214400 # ellipse

result = calculate_abc_epq(ABCDEF)
(len(result) == 2) or 1/0

# ellipse or hyperbola
(abc1,epq1), (abc2,epq2) = result
a1,b1,c1 = abc1 ; e1,p1,q1 = epq1
a2,b2,c2 = abc2 ; e2,p2,q2 = epq2
(e1 == e2) or 2/0
(1 &gt; e1 &gt; 0) or 3/0

print ( '({})x^2 + ({})y^2 + ({})xy + ({})x + ({})y + ({}) = 0'.format(A,B,C,D,E,F) )
A,B,C,D,E,F = ABCDEF_from_abc_epq(abc1,epq1)
print ('Equation of ellipse in standard form:')
print ( '({})x^2 + ({})y^2 + ({})xy + ({})x + ({})y + ({}) = 0'.format(A,B,C,D,E,F) )
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
&lt;syntaxhighlight&gt;
(1771)x^2 + (1204)y^2 + (1944)xy + (-44860)x + (-18520)y + (214400) = 0
Equation of ellipse in standard form:
(-0.7084)x^2 + (-0.4816)y^2 + (-0.7776)xy + (17.944)x + (7.408)y + (-85.76) = 0
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=python&gt;
# python code
def sum_zero(input) :
    '''
sum = sum_zero(input)
If sum is close to 0 and Tolerance permits, sum is returned as 0.
For example: if input contains (2, -1.999999999999999999999)
this function returns sum of these 2 values as 0.
    '''
    global Tolerance
    sump = sumn = 0
    for v in input :
        if v &gt; 0 : sump += v
        elif v &lt; 0 : sumn -= v
    sum = sump - sumn
    if abs(sum) &lt; Tolerance : return (type(Tolerance))(0)
    min, max = sorted((sumn,sump))
    if abs(sum) &lt;= Tolerance*min : return (type(Tolerance))(0)
    return sum
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=python&gt;
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=python&gt;
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
&lt;syntaxhighlight&gt;
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
&lt;syntaxhighlight&gt;
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;
{{RoundBoxBottom}}
===Major axis===
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=python&gt;
# axis is perpendicular to directrix.
ax,bx = b1,-a1
# axis contains foci. ax + by + c = 0
cx = reduce_Decimal_number(-(ax*p1 + bx*q1))
axis = ax,bx,cx
print ( '    Axis : ({})x + ({})y + ({}) = 0'.format(ax,bx,cx) )
print ( '    Eccentricity = {}'.format(e1) )
print ()
print ( '    Directrix 1 : ({})x + ({})y + ({}) = 0'.format(a1,b1,c1) )
print ( '    Directrix 2 : ({})x + ({})y + ({}) = 0'.format(a2,b2,c2) )
F1 = p1,q1 # Focus 1.
print ( '    F1 : ({}, {})'.format(p1,q1) )
F2 = p2,q2 # Focus 2.
print ( '    F2 : ({}, {})'.format(p2,q2) )

#  Direction cosines along axis from F1 towards F2:
dx,dy = a1,b1

# p2 = p1 + dx*distance_F1_F2
# q2 = q1 + dy*distance_F1_F2
if dx : distance_F1_F2 = (p2 - p1)/dx
else :  distance_F1_F2 = (q2 - q1)
if distance_F1_F2 &lt; 0 :
    distance_F1_F2 *= -1
    dx *= -1 ; dy *= -1

# Intercept on directrix1
distance_from_F1_to_ID1 = abs(a1*p1 + b1*q1 + c1)
ID1 = xID1,yID1 = p1 - dx*distance_from_F1_to_ID1, q1 - dy*distance_from_F1_to_ID1
print ( '    Intercept ID1 : ({}, {})'.format(xID1,yID1) )

# 
# distance_F1_F2
# -------------------- = e
# length_of_major_axis
# 
length_of_major_axis = distance_F1_F2 / e1

# Intercept1 on curve
distance_from_F1_to_curve = (length_of_major_axis - distance_F1_F2 )/2

xI1,yI1 = p1 - dx*distance_from_F1_to_curve, q1 - dy*distance_from_F1_to_curve
I1 = xI1,yI1 = [ reduce_Decimal_number(v) for v in (xI1,yI1) ]
print ( '    Intercept I1 : ({}, {})'.format(xI1,yI1) )
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
&lt;syntaxhighlight&gt;
    Axis : (-0.8)x + (-0.6)y + (9.4) = 0
    Eccentricity = 0.9

    Directrix 1 : (0.6)x + (-0.8)y + (-27.47368421052631578947) = 0
    Directrix 2 : (0.6)x + (-0.8)y + (2) = 0
    F1 : (22.32421052631578947368, -14.09894736842105263158)
    F2 : (8, 5)
    Intercept ID1 : (24.00421052631578947368, -16.33894736842105263158)
    Intercept I1 : (23.12, -15.16)
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
{{RoundBoxTop|theme=2}}
Techniques similar to above can be used to calculate points 
&lt;math&gt;I2, ID2.&lt;/math&gt;
{{RoundBoxBottom}}

===Latus rectums===
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=python&gt;
# direction cosines along latus rectum.
dlx,dly = -dy,dx
# 
# distance from U to F1               half_latus_rectum
# ------------------------------ = ----------------------- = e1
# distance from U to directrix 1   distance_from_F1_to_ID1
# 
half_latus_rectum = reduce_Decimal_number(e1*distance_from_F1_to_ID1)
# latus rectum 1
# Focal chord has equation (afc)x + (bfc)y + (cfc) = 0.
afc,bfc = a1,b1
cfc = reduce_Decimal_number(-(afc*p1 + bfc*q1))
print ( '    Focal chord PU : ({})x + ({})y + ({}) = 0'.format(afc,bfc,cfc) )
        
P = xP,yP = p1 + dlx*half_latus_rectum, q1 + dly*half_latus_rectum
print ( '    Point P : ({}, {})'.format(xP,yP) )
U = xU,yU = p1 - dlx*half_latus_rectum, q1 - dly*half_latus_rectum
print ( '    Point U : ({}, {})'.format(xU,yU) )
distance = reduce_Decimal_number(( (xP - xU)**2 + (yP - yU)**2 ).sqrt())
print ('    Length PU =', distance)
print ('    half_latus_rectum =', half_latus_rectum)
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
&lt;syntaxhighlight&gt;
    Focal chord PU : (0.6)x + (-0.8)y + (-24.67368421052631578947) = 0
    Point P : (20.30821052631578947368, -15.61094736842105263158)
    Point U : (24.34021052631578947368, -12.58694736842105263158)
    Length PU = 5.04
    half_latus_rectum = 2.52
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
{{RoundBoxTop|theme=2}}
Techniques similar to above can be used to calculate points 
&lt;math&gt;R, S.&lt;/math&gt;
{{RoundBoxBottom}}

===Minor axis===
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=python&gt;
print ()

# Mid point between F1, F2:
M = xM,yM = (p1 + p2)/2, (q1 + q2)/2
print ( '    Mid point M : ({}, {})'.format(xM,yM) )
half_major  = length_of_major_axis / 2
half_distance = distance_F1_F2 / 2

# half_distance**2 + half_minor**2 = half_major**2
half_minor = ( half_major**2 - half_distance**2 ).sqrt()
length_of_minor_axis = half_minor * 2
        
Q = xQ,yQ = xM + dlx*half_minor,  yM + dly*half_minor
T = xT,yT = xM - dlx*half_minor,  yM - dly*half_minor
print ( '    Point Q : ({}, {})'.format(xQ,yQ) )
print ( '    Point T : ({}, {})'.format(xT,yT) )

print ('    length_of_major_axis =', length_of_major_axis)
print ('    length_of_minor_axis =', length_of_minor_axis)
# 
# A basic check.
# length_of_minor_axis**2 = (length_of_major_axis**2)(1-e**2)
# 
# length_of_minor_axis**2
# ----------------------- = 1-e**2
# length_of_major_axis**2
# 
# length_of_minor_axis**2
# ----------------------- + (e**2 - 1) = 0
# length_of_major_axis**2
# 
values = (length_of_minor_axis/length_of_major_axis)**2, e1**2 - 1
sum_zero(values) and 3/0
        
aM,bM = a1,b1 # Minor axis is parallel to directrix.
cM = reduce_Decimal_number(-(aM*xM + bM*yM))
print ( '    Minor axis : ({})x + ({})y + ({}) = 0'.format(aM,bM,cM) )
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=python&gt;
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
&lt;syntaxhighlight&gt;
    Mid point M : (15.16210526315789473684, -4.54947368421052631579)
    Point Q : (10.53708406832736953616, -8.018239580333420216299)
    Point T : (19.78712645798841993752, -1.080707788087632415281)
    length_of_major_axis = 26.52631578947368421052
    length_of_minor_axis = 11.56255298707631300170
    Minor axis : (0.6)x + (-0.8)y + (-12.73684210526315789474) = 0
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

&lt;syntaxhighlight&gt;
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

===Checking===
{{RoundBoxTop|theme=2}}
All interesting points have been calculated without using equations of any of the relevant lines.

However, equations of relevant lines are very useful for testing, for example:


* Check that points &lt;math&gt;ID2, I2, F2, M, F1, I1, ID1&lt;/math&gt; are on axis.

* Check that points &lt;math&gt;R, F2, S&lt;/math&gt; are on latus rectum through &lt;math&gt;F2.&lt;/math&gt;

* Check that points &lt;math&gt;Q, M, T&lt;/math&gt; are on minor axis through &lt;math&gt;M.&lt;/math&gt;

* Check that points &lt;math&gt;P, F1, U&lt;/math&gt; are on latus rectum through &lt;math&gt;F1.&lt;/math&gt;


Test below checks that 8 points &lt;math&gt;I1, I2, P, Q, R, S, T, U&lt;/math&gt; are on ellipse and satisfy eccentricity &lt;math&gt;e = 0.9.&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;
{{RoundBoxBottom}}
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=python&gt;
t1 = (
    ('I1'), ('I2'),
    ('P'), ('Q'), ('R'),
    ('S'), ('T'), ('U'),
)

for name in t1 :
    value = eval(name)
    x,y = [ reduce_Decimal_number(v) for v in value ]
    print ('{} : ({}, {})'.format((name+' ')[:2], x,y))
    values = A*x**2, B*y**2, C*x*y, D*x, E*y, F
    sum_zero(values) and 3/0

    # Relative to Directrix 1 and Focus 1:
    distance_to_F1 = ( (x-p1)**2 + (y-q1)**2 ).sqrt()
    distance_to_directrix1 = a1*x + b1*y + c1
    e1 = distance_to_F1 / distance_to_directrix1
    print ('    e1 =',e1) # Raw value is printed.

    # Relative to Directrix 2 and Focus 2:
    distance_to_F2 = ( (x-p2)**2 + (y-q2)**2 ).sqrt()
    distance_to_directrix2 = a2*x + b2*y + c2
    e2 = distance_to_F2 / distance_to_directrix2
    e2 = reduce_Decimal_number(e2)
    print ('    e2 =',e2) # Clean value is printed.
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
{{RoundBoxTop|theme=2}}
Note the differences between &quot;raw&quot; values of &lt;math&gt;e_1&lt;/math&gt; and &quot;clean&quot; values of &lt;math&gt;e_2.&lt;/math&gt;
{{RoundBoxBottom}}
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=python&gt;
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
&lt;syntaxhighlight&gt;
I1 : (23.12, -15.16)
    e1 = -0.9000000000000000000034 
    e2 = 0.9
I2 : (7.204210526315789473684, 6.061052631578947368421)
    e1 = -0.9 
    e2 = 0.9
P  : (20.30821052631578947368, -15.61094736842105263158) 
    e1 = -0.9 
    e2 = 0.9
Q  : (10.53708406832736953616, -8.018239580333420216299)
    e1 = -0.9000000000000000000002
    e2 = 0.9
R  : (5.984, 3.488)
    e1 = -0.9000000000000000000003
    e2 = 0.9
S  : (10.016, 6.512) 
    e1 = -0.9000000000000000000003
    e2 = 0.9   
T  : (19.78712645798841993752, -1.080707788087632415281)
    e1 = -0.8999999999999999999996
    e2 = 0.9
U  : (24.34021052631578947368, -12.58694736842105263158)
    e1 = -0.9
    e2 = 0.9
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=python&gt;
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
&lt;syntaxhighlight&gt;
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=python&gt;
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
&lt;syntaxhighlight&gt;
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;

==Traditional definition of ellipse==
{{RoundBoxTop|theme=2}}
[[File:0617ellipse01.png|thumb|400px|'''Traditional definition of ellipse.'''
&lt;/br&gt;
Sum of distance &lt;math&gt;F_1G&lt;/math&gt; and distance &lt;math&gt;F_2G&lt;/math&gt; is constant.
]]
Ellipse may be defined as the locus of a point that moves so that the sum of its distances from two fixed points is constant.


In the diagram the two fixed points are the foci, Focus 1 or &lt;math&gt;F_1&lt;/math&gt; and Focus 2 or &lt;math&gt;F_2.&lt;/math&gt;

Distance between &lt;math&gt;F_1&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;F_2&lt;/math&gt;, distance &lt;math&gt;F_1F_2&lt;/math&gt;, must be non-zero.

Point &lt;math&gt;G&lt;/math&gt; on perimeter of ellipse moves so that sum of distance &lt;math&gt;F_1G&lt;/math&gt;
and distance &lt;math&gt;F_2G&lt;/math&gt; is constant.


Points &lt;math&gt;T_1&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;T_2&lt;/math&gt; are on axis of ellipse and the same rule applies to these points.

distance &lt;math&gt;F_1T_1&lt;/math&gt; + distance &lt;math&gt;T_1F_2&lt;/math&gt; is constant.


distance &lt;math&gt;F_1T_1&lt;/math&gt; + distance &lt;math&gt;T_1F_2&lt;/math&gt;

&lt;math&gt;=&lt;/math&gt; distance &lt;math&gt;F_1G&lt;/math&gt; + distance &lt;math&gt;F_2G&lt;/math&gt;

&lt;math&gt;=&lt;/math&gt; distance &lt;math&gt;F_2T_2&lt;/math&gt; + distance &lt;math&gt;T_1F_2&lt;/math&gt;

&lt;math&gt;= \text{length of major axis.}&lt;/math&gt;

Therefore the constant is &lt;math&gt;\text{length of major axis}&lt;/math&gt; which must be greater than distance &lt;math&gt;F_1F_2.&lt;/math&gt;


From information given, calculate eccentricity &lt;math&gt;e&lt;/math&gt; and equation of one directrix.
Choose directrix 1 &lt;math&gt;dx1&lt;/math&gt; associated with focus F1.


&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=python&gt;
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
&lt;syntaxhighlight&gt;
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=python&gt;
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=python&gt;
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;
{{RoundBoxBottom}}
==Ellipse at origin==
{{RoundBoxTop|theme=2}}
[[File:0901ellipse00.png|thumb|400px|'''Traditional definition of ellipse.'''
&lt;/br&gt;
Sum of distance &lt;math&gt;F_1P&lt;/math&gt; and distance &lt;math&gt;F_2P&lt;/math&gt; is constant.
]]
Traditional definition of ellipse states that ellipse is locus of a point that moves so that sum of its distances from two fixed points is constant.


By definition distance &lt;math&gt;F_2P&lt;/math&gt; + distance &lt;math&gt;F_1P&lt;/math&gt; is constant.

&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{(x-(-p))^2 + y^2} + \sqrt{(x-p)^2 + y^2} = k\ \dots\ (1)&lt;/math&gt;

Expand &lt;math&gt;(1)&lt;/math&gt; and result is &lt;math&gt;Ax^2 + By^2 + F = 0\ \dots\ (2)&lt;/math&gt; where:

&lt;math&gt;A = 4k^2 - 16p^2&lt;/math&gt;

&lt;math&gt;B = 4k^2&lt;/math&gt;

&lt;math&gt;F = 4k^2p^2 - k^4&lt;/math&gt;


When &lt;math&gt;y = 0,&lt;/math&gt; point &lt;math&gt;B,\ Ax^2 = -F&lt;/math&gt;

&lt;math&gt;x^2 = \frac{-F}{A}&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;= \frac{k^4 - 4k^2p^2}{4k^2 - 16p^2}&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;=\frac{k^2(k^2-4p^2)}{4(k^2 - 4p^2)} = \frac{k^2}{4}.&lt;/math&gt;

Therefore: &lt;math&gt;x = \frac{k}{2} = a&lt;/math&gt;

&lt;math&gt;k = \text{length of major axis.}&lt;/math&gt;

By definition, distance &lt;math&gt;F_2A&lt;/math&gt; + distance &lt;math&gt;F_1A = k.&lt;/math&gt;

Therefore distance &lt;math&gt;F_1A = a.&lt;/math&gt;


Intercept form of ellipse at origin:

&lt;math&gt;(4k^2 - 16p^2)x^2 + (4k^2)y^2 = k^4 - 4k^2p^2&lt;/math&gt;

&lt;math&gt;\frac{4(k^2-4p^2)}{k^2(k^2-4p^2)}x^2 + \frac{4k^2}{k^2(k^2 - 4p^2)}y^2 = 1&lt;/math&gt;

&lt;math&gt;\frac{4}{(2a)^2}x^2 + \frac{4}{(2a)^2 - 4p^2}y^2 = 1&lt;/math&gt;

&lt;math&gt;\frac{x^2}{a^2} + \frac{y^2}{b^2} = 1&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=python&gt;
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
&lt;syntaxhighlight&gt;
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=python&gt;
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=python&gt;
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;
{{RoundBoxBottom}}

==Second definition of ellipse==
{{RoundBoxTop|theme=2}}
[[File:0901ellipse00.png|thumb|400px|'''Graph of ellipse &lt;math&gt;\frac{x^2}{a^2} + \frac{y^2}{b^2} = 1&lt;/math&gt; where &lt;math&gt;a,b = 20,12&lt;/math&gt;.'''
&lt;/br&gt;
At point &lt;math&gt;B,\ \frac{u}{v} = e.&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;/br&gt;
At point &lt;math&gt;A,\ \frac{a}{t} = e.&lt;/math&gt;
]]
Ellipse is path of point that moves so that ratio of distance to
fixed point and distance to fixed line is constant.


Let &lt;math&gt;\frac{p}{a} = e&lt;/math&gt; where:

* &lt;math&gt;p&lt;/math&gt; is non-zero,

* &lt;math&gt;a &gt; p,&lt;/math&gt;

* &lt;math&gt;a = p + u.&lt;/math&gt;

Therefore, &lt;math&gt;1 &gt; e &gt; 0.&lt;/math&gt;

Let directrix have equation &lt;math&gt;x = t&lt;/math&gt; where &lt;math&gt;\frac{a}{t} = e.&lt;/math&gt;

At point &lt;math&gt;B:&lt;/math&gt;

&lt;math&gt;\frac{p}{p+u} = \frac{p+u}{p+u+v} = e&lt;/math&gt;

&lt;math&gt;(p+u)^2 = p(p+u+v)&lt;/math&gt;

&lt;math&gt;pp + pu + pu + uu = pp + pu + pv&lt;/math&gt;

&lt;math&gt;pu + uu = pv&lt;/math&gt;

&lt;math&gt;u(p + u) = pv&lt;/math&gt;

&lt;math&gt;\frac{u}{v} = \frac{p}{p+u} = e&lt;/math&gt;

&lt;math&gt;\frac{\text{distance to focus}}{\text{distance to directrix}} = e\ \dots\ (3)&lt;/math&gt;

Statement &lt;math&gt;(3)&lt;/math&gt; is true at point &lt;math&gt;A&lt;/math&gt; also.


Section under &quot;Proof&quot; below proves that statement (3) is true for any point &lt;math&gt;P&lt;/math&gt; on ellipse.
{{RoundBoxBottom}}
===Proof===
{{RoundBoxTop|theme=2}}
[[File:0902ellipse00.png|thumb|400px|'''Proving that &lt;math&gt;\frac{\text{distance from point to focus}}{\text{distance from point to directrix}} = e&lt;/math&gt;.'''
&lt;/br&gt;
Graph is part of curve &lt;math&gt;\frac{x^2}{a^2} + \frac{y^2}{b^2} = 1.&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;/br&gt;
distance to Directrix1 &lt;math&gt;= t - x = \frac{a}{e} - x = \frac{a - ex}{e}.&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;/br&gt;
base = &lt;math&gt;x - p = x - ae&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;/br&gt;
&lt;math&gt;\text{(distance to Focus1)}^2 = \text{base}^2 + y^2&lt;/math&gt;
]]
As expressed above in statement &lt;math&gt;3,&lt;/math&gt; second definition of ellipse states that ellipse is path of point that moves so that ratio of distance to
fixed point and distance to fixed line is constant.


This section proves that this definition is true for any point &lt;math&gt;P&lt;/math&gt; on the ellipse.


At point &lt;math&gt;P:&lt;/math&gt;

&lt;math&gt;(a^2 - p^2)x^2 + a^2y^2 -a^2(a^2 - p^2) = 0&lt;/math&gt;

&lt;math&gt;y^2 = \frac{-(a^2 - p^2)x^2 + a^2(a^2 - p^2)}{a^2}&lt;/math&gt;

&lt;math&gt;= \frac{a^2e^2x^2 - a^2x^2 + a^2a^2 - a^2a^2e^2}{a^2}&lt;/math&gt;

&lt;math&gt;= e^2x^2 - x^2 + a^2 - a^2e^2&lt;/math&gt;

base &lt;math&gt;= x-p = x-ae&lt;/math&gt;

&lt;math&gt;(\text{distance}\ F_1P)^2 = y^2 + \text{base}^2 = y^2 + (x-ae)^2&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;= a^2 - 2aex + e^2x^2&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;= (a-ex)^2&lt;/math&gt;

&lt;math&gt;\text{distance to Focus1} = \text{distance}\ F_1P = a - ex&lt;/math&gt;

&lt;math&gt;\text{distance to Directrix1} = t - x = \frac{a}{e} - x = \frac{a-ex}{e}&lt;/math&gt;

&lt;math&gt;\frac{\text{distance to Focus1}}{\text{distance to Directrix1}}&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;= (a - ex)\frac{e}{(a-ex)}&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;= e&lt;/math&gt;


Similar calculations can be used to prove the case for Focus2 &lt;math&gt;(-p, 0)&lt;/math&gt; and Directrix2 &lt;math&gt;(x = -t)&lt;/math&gt;
in which case:

&lt;math&gt;\frac{\text{distance to Focus2}}{\text{distance to Directrix2}}&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;= (a + ex)\frac{e}{(a + ex)}&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;= e&lt;/math&gt;

Therefore: &lt;math&gt;\frac{\text{distance to focus}}{\text{distance to directrix}} = e&lt;/math&gt; where &lt;math&gt;1 &gt; e &gt; 0.&lt;/math&gt;


Ellipse is path of point that moves so that ratio of distance to fixed point and distance to fixed line is constant, called eccentricity &lt;math&gt;e.&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=python&gt;
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=python&gt;
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;
{{RoundBoxBottom}}

==Heading==
===Properties of ellipse===
{{RoundBoxTop|theme=2}}
[[File:0822ellipse01.png|thumb|400px|'''Graph of ellipse used to illustrate and calculate certain properties of ellipses.'''
&lt;/br&gt;
&lt;/br&gt;
Traditional definition of ellipse:
&lt;/br&gt;
&lt;math&gt;\text{distance } AF_1 + \text{distance } AF_2 = \text{constant } k.&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;/br&gt;
&lt;/br&gt;
Second definition of ellipse:
&lt;/br&gt;
&lt;math&gt;\frac{\text{distance } AF_1}  {\text{distance } AG } = \text{eccentricity } e.&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;/br&gt;
&lt;/br&gt;
Triangle &lt;math&gt;A F_1  G&lt;/math&gt; is right triangle.
&lt;/br&gt;
&lt;math&gt;e = \cos \angle  O F_1  A  = \cos \angle   F_1 A G&lt;/math&gt;
]]
Ellipse in diagram has:


* Two foci: &lt;math&gt;F_1\ (p,0),\ F_2\ (-p,0).&lt;/math&gt;

* Length of major axis &lt;math&gt;= \text{distance } I_2 I_1 = 2a&lt;/math&gt;

* Length of minor axis &lt;math&gt;= \text{distance } A B = 2b&lt;/math&gt;

* Equation: &lt;math&gt;\frac {x^2} {a^2}  + \frac {y^2} {b^2} = 1&lt;/math&gt;

* Length of latus rectum &lt;math&gt;= \text{distance } P Q&lt;/math&gt;

* Distance between directrices &lt;math&gt;= \text{distance } D_2 D_1 = 2t&lt;/math&gt;


Properties of ellipse:

* &lt;math&gt;\frac{\text{length of major axis}}  {\text{distance between directrices}} = e&lt;/math&gt;


* &lt;math&gt;\frac{\text{distance between foci}}  {\text{length of major axis}} = e&lt;/math&gt;


* &lt;math&gt;\frac{\text{distance between foci}}  {\text{distance between directrices}}= e^2&lt;/math&gt;


* &lt;math&gt;(\frac{\text{length of minor axis}}  {\text{length of major axis}})^2 + e^2 = 1&lt;/math&gt;


* &lt;math&gt;\frac{\text{length of latus rectum}}  {\text{length of major axis}} + e^2 = 1&lt;/math&gt;


* line &lt;math&gt;PD_1&lt;/math&gt; is tangent to curve at latus rectum, point &lt;math&gt;P.&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=python&gt;
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
&lt;syntaxhighlight&gt;
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
&lt;syntaxhighlight&gt;
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;
{{RoundBoxBottom}}
====Major axis====
From traditional definition of ellipse:

Distance &lt;math&gt;AF_2\ +&lt;/math&gt; distance &lt;math&gt;AF_1&lt;/math&gt;

= distance &lt;math&gt;I_1F_1\ +&lt;/math&gt; distance &lt;math&gt;I_1F_2&lt;/math&gt;

= distance &lt;math&gt;I_2F_2\ +&lt;/math&gt; distance &lt;math&gt;I_2F_1&lt;/math&gt;

= &lt;math&gt;k.&lt;/math&gt;


Therefore: 

Length of major axis = distance &lt;math&gt;I_2I_1 = 2a = k.&lt;/math&gt;

Distance &lt;math&gt;AF_1 = \frac{k}{2} = a.&lt;/math&gt;


From second definition of ellipse:

&lt;math&gt;\frac{\text{distance }AF_1}{\text{distance }AG} = \frac{a}{t} = \text{eccentricity }e&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;= \frac{\text{distance }OI_1}{\text{distance }OD_1}.&lt;/math&gt;

&lt;math&gt;\frac{\text{length of major axis}}{\text{distance between directrices}} = e.&lt;/math&gt;
====Foci====
From second definition of ellipse:

&lt;math&gt;\frac{\text{distance }I_1F_1}{\text{distance }I_1D_1} = \frac{a-p}{t-a} = e.&lt;/math&gt;

&lt;math&gt;a - p = te - ae&lt;/math&gt;

&lt;math&gt;a - p = a - ae&lt;/math&gt;

Therefore: &lt;math&gt;p = ae&lt;/math&gt; or &lt;math&gt;\frac{p}{a} = e.&lt;/math&gt;

&lt;math&gt;\frac{\text{distance between foci}}{\text{length of major axis}} = e.&lt;/math&gt;

&lt;math&gt;\frac{\text{distance between foci}}{\text{distance between directrices}} = e^2.&lt;/math&gt;
====Minor axis====
Triangle &lt;math&gt;AOF_1&lt;/math&gt; is right triangle.

&lt;math&gt;\cos ^2 \angle OAF_1 + \sin ^2 \angle OAF_1&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;= (\frac{b}{a})^2    +    (\frac{p}{a})^2  &lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;= (\frac{b}{a})^2    +    (\frac{ae}{a})^2  &lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;= (\frac{b}{a})^2    +    e^2  = 1&lt;/math&gt;


&lt;math&gt;( \frac{\text{length of minor axis}} {\text{length of major axis}} )^2 + e^2 = 1&lt;/math&gt;


Triangles &lt;math&gt;AOF_1,\ AF_1G&lt;/math&gt; are similar.

Triangle &lt;math&gt;AF_1G&lt;/math&gt; is right triangle.


&lt;math&gt;e = \cos \angle OF_1A = \cos \angle F_1AG.&lt;/math&gt;
====Latus rectum====
From second definition of ellipse:

&lt;math&gt;\frac{\text{distance }PF_1} {\text{distance }F_1D_1} = \frac{\text{distance }PF_1}{t-p} = e&lt;/math&gt;

&lt;math&gt;\text{distance }PF_1 = te - pe = a - (ae)e = a(1-e^2).&lt;/math&gt;

&lt;math&gt;\frac{\text{distance }PF_1} {a} = 1 - e^2.&lt;/math&gt;

&lt;math&gt; \frac{\text{length of latus rectum}} {\text{length of major axis}}  + e^2 = 1&lt;/math&gt;

====Slope of curve====
Curve has equation: &lt;math&gt;b^2x^2 + a^2y^2 = a^2b^2&lt;/math&gt;

Derivative of both sides:

&lt;math&gt;b^22x + a^22yy' = 0&lt;/math&gt;

&lt;math&gt;y' = \frac{-xb^2}{ya^2}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;= \frac{-x(1-e^2)}{y}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;

At point &lt;math&gt;P:\ m_1 = y' = \frac{-p(1-e^2)}{-a(1-e^2)}&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;= \frac{ae}{a} = e.&lt;/math&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;

Slope of line &lt;math&gt;PD_1:\ m_2 = \frac{\text{distance }PF_1}{\text{distance }F_1D_1} = e.&lt;/math&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;

&lt;math&gt;m_1 = m_2.&lt;/math&gt; Therefore line &lt;math&gt;PD_1&lt;/math&gt; is tangent to curve at latus rectum, point &lt;math&gt;P.&lt;/math&gt;

&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=python&gt;
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
&lt;syntaxhighlight&gt;
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
&lt;syntaxhighlight&gt;
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;


&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=python&gt;
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
&lt;syntaxhighlight&gt;
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
&lt;syntaxhighlight&gt;
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=python&gt;
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
&lt;syntaxhighlight&gt;
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
&lt;syntaxhighlight&gt;
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;

===Intercept form of equation===


&lt;math&gt;\frac{x^2}{20^2} + \frac{y^2}{12^2} = 1&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;


{{RoundBoxTop|theme=2}}
[[File:0625ellipse01.png|thumb|400px|'''Ellipse at origin with major axis on X axis.'''
&lt;/br&gt;
&lt;/br&gt;
&lt;/br&gt;
&lt;/br&gt;
Equation of ellipse has format &lt;math&gt;\frac{x^2}{a^2} + \frac{y^2}{b^2} = 1&lt;/math&gt; where:
&lt;/br&gt;
&lt;/br&gt;
&lt;math&gt;\text{Length of major axis} = 2a = \text{distance}\ I_2I_1 = 40&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;/br&gt;
&lt;math&gt;\text{Length of minor axis} = 2b = \text{distance}\ BA = 24&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;/br&gt;
&lt;math&gt;\text{ }&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;\text{ }&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;\text{ }&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;\text{ }&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;\text{ }&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;/br&gt;
&lt;math&gt;\frac{\text{Length of minor axis}}{\text{Length of major axis}} = \sqrt{1 - e^2}&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;/br&gt;
&lt;/br&gt;
&lt;math&gt;e = \sqrt{1 - \frac{b^2}{a^2}} = 0.8.&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;
]]
In diagram:

Intercept &lt;math&gt;I_1&lt;/math&gt; has coordinates &lt;math&gt;(a,0).&lt;/math&gt;

Intercept &lt;math&gt;I_2&lt;/math&gt; has coordinates &lt;math&gt;(-a,0).&lt;/math&gt;

Intercept &lt;math&gt;A&lt;/math&gt; has coordinates &lt;math&gt;(0,b).&lt;/math&gt;

Intercept &lt;math&gt;B&lt;/math&gt; has coordinates &lt;math&gt;(0,-b).&lt;/math&gt;

Focus &lt;math&gt;F_1&lt;/math&gt; has coordinates &lt;math&gt;(f,0)&lt;/math&gt; where &lt;math&gt;f = ea.&lt;/math&gt;

Focus &lt;math&gt;F_2&lt;/math&gt; has coordinates &lt;math&gt;(-f,0).&lt;/math&gt;

Curve has equation &lt;math&gt;\frac{x^2}{20^2} + \frac{y^2}{12^2} = 1,&lt;/math&gt; called intercept form of equation of ellipse because intercepts are apparent as the 
fractional value of each coefficient.


Standard form of this equation is: &lt;math&gt;(-0.36)x^2 + (-1)y^2 + (0)xy + (0)x + (0)y + (144) = 0.&lt;/math&gt; While the standard form is
valuable as input to a computer program, the intercept form is still attractive to the human eye because center of ellipse and
intercepts are neatly contained within the equation.


Slope of curve:

&lt;math&gt;b^2x^2 + a^2y^2 = a^2b^2&lt;/math&gt;

Derivative of both sides:

&lt;math&gt;b^22x + a^22yy' = 0&lt;/math&gt;

&lt;math&gt;y' = \frac{-xb^2}{ya^2}&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;= \frac{-x(1-e^2)}{y}&lt;/math&gt;


At point &lt;math&gt;P&lt;/math&gt; on latus rectum &lt;math&gt;PQ:&lt;/math&gt;

&lt;math&gt;m_1 = y' = \frac{-(ea)(1-e^2)}{-(a(1-e^2))} = e&lt;/math&gt;


Slope of line &lt;math&gt;PD = m_2 = \frac{PF_1}{F_1D} = e&lt;/math&gt;

&lt;math&gt;m_1 = m_2.&lt;/math&gt; Line &lt;math&gt;PD&lt;/math&gt; is tangent to curve at latus rectum, point &lt;math&gt;P.&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;\text{ }&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;\text{ }&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;\text{ }&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;\text{ }&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;\text{ }&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;\text{ }&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;\text{ }&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;\text{ }&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;\text{ }&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;\text{ }&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;\text{ }&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;\text{ }&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=python&gt;
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
&lt;syntaxhighlight&gt;
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
&lt;syntaxhighlight&gt;
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;
{{RoundBoxBottom}}

===Example===
{{RoundBoxTop|theme=2}}
[[File:0618ellipse01.png|thumb|400px|'''Traditional definition of ellipse uses abc, epq.'''
&lt;/br&gt;
M is mid-point between F1 and F2.
&lt;/br&gt;
Point R is on minor axis.
&lt;/br&gt;
&lt;/br&gt;
&lt;math&gt;\frac{\text{distance from R to F1}}{\text{distance from R to directrix 1}}&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;= e&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;/br&gt;
&lt;/br&gt;
&lt;math&gt;= \frac{\text{half major axis}}{\text{distance from M to directrix 1}}&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;/br&gt;
&lt;/br&gt;
&lt;math&gt;\text{distance from M to directrix 1} = \frac{\text{half major axis}}{e}&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;/br&gt;
&lt;/br&gt;
&lt;math&gt;\text{F1:}\ (1, -7)&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;/br&gt;
&lt;math&gt;\text{F2:}\ (-1.24, 0.68)&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;/br&gt;
length_of_major_axis = 10
&lt;/br&gt;
&lt;math&gt;\text{M:}\ (-0.12, -3.16)&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;/br&gt;
length_of_minor_axis = 6
&lt;/br&gt;
&lt;math&gt;\text{R:}\ (2.76, -2.32)&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;/br&gt;
&lt;math&gt;e = 0.8&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;/br&gt;
&lt;math&gt;\text{D1:}\ (1.63, -9.16)&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;/br&gt;
&lt;math&gt;\text{Directrix 1:}\ (-0.28)x + (0.96)y + (9.25) = 0&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;/br&gt;
&lt;math&gt;\text{abc}\ =\ (-0.28,\ 0.96,\ 9.25)&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;/br&gt;
&lt;math&gt;\text{epq}\ =\ (0.8,\ 1,\ -7)&lt;/math&gt;
]]
Given:
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=python&gt;
# python code

F1 = 1, -7          # Focus 1
F2 = -1.24, 0.68    # Focus 2
length_of_major_axis = 10
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
Calculate equation of ellipse.
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=python&gt;

F1 = p1,q1 = [ dD(str(v)) for v in F1 ]    # Focus 1
F2 = p2,q2 = [ dD(str(v)) for v in F2 ]    # Focus 2

length_of_major_axis = dD(length_of_major_axis)
half_major_axis = length_of_major_axis / 2

# Direction cosines from F1 to F2
dx = p2-p1 ; dy = q2-q1
divider = (dx**2 + dy**2).sqrt()
dx,dy = [ (v/divider) for v in (dx,dy) ]

# F2
# p2 = p1 + dx*distance_F1_F2
# q2 = q1 + dy*distance_F1_F2
distance_F1_F2 = (q2-q1)/dy
half_distance_F1_F2 = distance_F1_F2 / 2

# The mid-point
M = xM,ym = p1 + dx*half_distance_F1_F2, q1 + dy*half_distance_F1_F2

# Eccentricity:
e = distance_F1_F2 / length_of_major_axis

# distance from point R to F1                half_major_axis
# ------------------------------------ = e = -----------------------------------------
# distance from point R to Directrix 1       distance from point M to Directrix 1

distance_from_point_M_to_dx1 = half_major_axis / e

# Intersection of axis and directrix 1
D1 = xM-dx*distance_from_point_M_to_dx1,  yM-dy*distance_from_point_M_to_dx1
D1 = xD1, yD1 = [ reduce_Decimal_number(v) for v in D1 ]

# Equation of Directrix 1
# dx1 = adx1,bdx1,cdx1
adx1,bdx1 = dx, dy # Perpendicular to axis.
# adx1*x + bdx1*y + cdx1 = 0
# Directrix 1 contains point D1
cdx1 = reduce_Decimal_number( -( adx1*xD1 + bdx1*yD1 ) )

abc = adx1,bdx1,cdx1
epq = e,p1,q1
ABCDEF = ABCDEF_from_abc_epq  (abc,epq, 1)
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
Equation of ellipse in standard form:

&lt;math&gt;(-0.949824)x^2 + (-0.410176)y^2 + (-0.344064)xy + (-1.3152)x + (-2.6336)y + (4.76) = 0&lt;/math&gt;


For more insight into method of calculation and proof:
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=python&gt;
if 1 :
    print ('F1: ({}, {})'.format(p1,q1))
    print ('F1: (x - ({}))^2 + (y - ({}))^2 = 1'.format(p1,q1))

    print ('F2: ({}, {})'.format(p2,q2))
    print ('F2: (x - ({}))^2 + (y - ({}))^2 = 1'.format(p2,q2))

    print ('length_of_major_axis =', length_of_major_axis)
    
    print ('M: ({}, {})'.format(xM,yM))
    print ('M: (x - ({}))^2 + (y - ({}))^2 = 1'.format(xM,yM))

    # half_minor_axis**2 + half_distance_F1_F2**2 = half_major_axis**2
    half_minor_axis = (half_major_axis**2 - half_distance_F1_F2**2).sqrt()
    length_of_minor_axis = half_minor_axis * 2
    s1 = 'length_of_minor_axis' ; print (s1, '=', eval(s1))

    # Direction cosines on major axis:
    print ('dx,dy =', dx,dy)
    
    # Direction cosines on minor axis:
    dnx,dny = dy,-dx
    print ('dnx,dny =', dnx,dny)

    # One point on minor axis:
    R = xR,yR = xM + dnx*half_minor_axis, yM + dny*half_minor_axis
    print ('R: ({}, {})'.format(xR,yR))
    print ('R: (x - ({}))^2 + (y - ({}))^2 = 1'.format(xR,yR))
    # Verify that point R is on ellipse:
    sum_zero((A*xR**2, B*yR**2, C*xR*yR, D*xR, E*yR, F)) and 1/0

    s1 = 'e' ; print (s1, '=', eval(s1))

    print ('D1: ({}, {})'.format(xD1,yD1))
    print ('D1: (x - ({}))^2 + (y - ({}))^2 = 1'.format(xD1,yD1))

    print ('Directrix 1: ({})x + ({})y + ({}) = 0'.format(adx1, bdx1, cdx1))

    print()
# For proof, reverse the process:    
    (abc1,epq1), (abc2,epq2) = calculate_abc_epq  (ABCDEF)
    a1,b1,c1 = abc1 ; e1,p1,q1 = epq1
    print ('Directrix 1: ({})x + ({})y + ({}) = 0'.format(a1, b1, c1))
    print ('Eccentricity e1: {}'.format(e1))
    print ('F1: ({}, {})'.format(p1,q1))

    print()
    a2,b2,c2 = abc2 ; e2,p2,q2 = epq2
    print ('Directrix 2: ({})x + ({})y + ({}) = 0'.format(a2, b2, c2))
    print ('Eccentricity e2: {}'.format(e2))
    print ('F2: ({}, {})'.format(p2,q2))

    print ('\nEquation of ellipse with integer coefficients:')
    A,B,C,D,E,F = [ reduce_Decimal_number(-v*1000000/64) for v in ABCDEF ]
    str1 = '({})x^2 + ({})y^2 + ({})xy + ({})x + ({})y + ({}) = 0'
    print (str1.format(A,B,C,D,E,F))
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
&lt;syntaxhighlight&gt;
F1: (1, -7)
F1: (x - (1))^2 + (y - (-7))^2 = 1
F2: (-1.24, 0.68)
F2: (x - (-1.24))^2 + (y - (0.68))^2 = 1
length_of_major_axis = 10
M: (-0.12, -3.16)
M: (x - (-0.12))^2 + (y - (-3.16))^2 = 1
length_of_minor_axis = 6
dx,dy = -0.28 0.96
dnx,dny = 0.96 0.28
R: (2.76, -2.32)
R: (x - (2.76))^2 + (y - (-2.32))^2 = 1
e = 0.8
D1: (1.63, -9.16)
D1: (x - (1.63))^2 + (y - (-9.16))^2 = 1
Directrix 1: (-0.28)x + (0.96)y + (9.25) = 0

Directrix 1: (0.28)x + (-0.96)y + (-9.25) = 0
Eccentricity e1: 0.8
F1: (1, -7)

Directrix 2: (0.28)x + (-0.96)y + (3.25) = 0 
Eccentricity e2: 0.8
F2: (-1.24, 0.68) 

Equation of ellipse with integer coefficients: 
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
&lt;math&gt;(14841)x^2 + (6409)y^2 + (5376)xy + (20550)x + (41150)y + (-74375) = 0&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=python&gt;
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
&lt;syntaxhighlight&gt;
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=python&gt;
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
&lt;syntaxhighlight&gt;
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=python&gt;
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
&lt;syntaxhighlight&gt;
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=python&gt;
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
&lt;syntaxhighlight&gt;
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
&lt;syntaxhighlight&gt;
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;
{{RoundBoxBottom}}

=allEqual=

{{Robelbox|title=[[Wikiversity:Welcome|Welcome]]|theme={{{theme|9}}}}}
&lt;div style=&quot;padding-top:0.25em; padding-bottom:0.2em; padding-left:0.5em; padding-right:0.75em;&quot;&gt;
[[Wikiversity:Welcome|Wikiversity]] is a [[Wikiversity:Sister projects|Wikimedia Foundation]] project devoted to [[learning resource]]s, [[learning projects]], and [[Portal:Research|research]] for use in all [[:Category:Resources by level|levels]], types, and styles of education from pre-school to university, including professional training and informal learning. We invite [[Wikiversity:Wikiversity teachers|teachers]], [[Wikiversity:Learning goals|students]], and [[Portal:Research|researchers]] to join us in creating [[open educational resources]] and collaborative [[Wikiversity:Learning community|learning communities]]. To learn more about Wikiversity, try a [[Help:Guides|guided tour]], learn about [[Wikiversity:Adding content|adding content]], or [[Wikiversity:Introduction|start editing now]].

&lt;/div&gt;
====Welcomee====
{{Robelbox|title=[[Wikiversity:Welcome|Welcome]]|theme={{{theme|9}}}}}
&lt;div style=&quot;padding-top:0.25em; 
     padding-bottom:0.2em; 
     padding-left:0.5em; 
     padding-right:0.75em;
     background-color: #FFF800;
     &quot;&gt;
[[Wikiversity:Welcome|Wikiversity]] is a [[Wikiversity:Sister projects|Wikimedia Foundation]] project devoted to [[learning resource]]s, [[learning projects]], and [[Portal:Research|research]] for use in all [[:Category:Resources by level|levels]], types, and styles of education from pre-school to university, including professional training and informal learning. We invite [[Wikiversity:Wikiversity teachers|teachers]], [[Wikiversity:Learning goals|students]], and [[Portal:Research|researchers]] to join us in creating [[open educational resources]] and collaborative [[Wikiversity:Learning community|learning communities]]. To learn more about Wikiversity, try a [[Help:Guides|guided tour]], learn about [[Wikiversity:Adding content|adding content]], or [[Wikiversity:Introduction|start editing now]].

&lt;/div&gt;

=====Welcomen=====
{{Robelbox|title=|theme={{{theme|9}}}}}
&lt;div style=&quot;padding-top:0.25em; 
     padding-bottom:0.2em; 
     padding-left:0.5em; 
     padding-right:0.75em;
     background-color: #FFFFFF;
     &quot;&gt;
[[Wikiversity:Welcome|Wikiversity]] is a [[Wikiversity:Sister projects|Wikimedia Foundation]] project devoted to [[learning resource]]s, [[learning projects]], and [[Portal:Research|research]] for use in all [[:Category:Resources by level|levels]], types, and styles of education from pre-school to university, including professional training and informal learning. We invite [[Wikiversity:Wikiversity teachers|teachers]], [[Wikiversity:Learning goals|students]], and [[Portal:Research|researchers]] to join us in creating [[open educational resources]] and collaborative [[Wikiversity:Learning community|learning communities]]. To learn more about Wikiversity, try a [[Help:Guides|guided tour]], learn about [[Wikiversity:Adding content|adding content]], or [[Wikiversity:Introduction|start editing now]].

&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=python&gt;
# python code.
if a == b == c == d == e == f == g == h == 0 :if a == b == c == d == e == f == g == h == 0 :if a == b == c == d == e == f == g == h == 0 :if a == b == c == d == e == f == g == h == 0 :
    pass
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
{{Robelbox/close}}
{{Robelbox/close}}
{{Robelbox/close}}
&lt;noinclude&gt;
[[Category: main page templates]]
&lt;/noinclude&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! &lt;math&gt;x&lt;/math&gt; !! &lt;math&gt;x^2 - N&lt;/math&gt;
|-
| &lt;code&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;code&gt;6&lt;/code&gt; || &lt;code&gt;-221&lt;/code&gt;
|-
| &lt;code&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;code&gt;7&lt;/code&gt; || &lt;code&gt;-208&lt;/code&gt;
|-
|-
| &lt;code&gt;10&lt;/code&gt; || &lt;code&gt;-157&lt;/code&gt;
|-
| &lt;code&gt;11&lt;/code&gt; || &lt;code&gt;-136&lt;/code&gt;
|-
| &lt;code&gt;12&lt;/code&gt; || &lt;code&gt;-113&lt;/code&gt;
|-
| &lt;code&gt;13&lt;/code&gt; || &lt;code&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;code&gt;-88&lt;/code&gt;
|-
| &lt;code&gt;26&lt;/code&gt; || &lt;code&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;code&gt;419&lt;/code&gt;
|}

=Testing=
======table1======
{|style=&quot;border-left:solid 3px blue;border-right:solid 3px blue;border-top:solid 3px blue;border-bottom:solid 3px blue;&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; 
|
Hello

As &lt;math&gt;abs(x)&lt;/math&gt; increases, the value of &lt;math&gt;f(x)&lt;/math&gt; is dominated by the term &lt;math&gt;-ax^3.&lt;/math&gt;

When &lt;math&gt;x&lt;/math&gt; has a very large negative value, &lt;math&gt;f(x)&lt;/math&gt; is always positive.
When &lt;math&gt;x&lt;/math&gt; has a very large negative value, &lt;math&gt;f(x)&lt;/math&gt; is always positive.
When &lt;math&gt;x&lt;/math&gt; has a very large negative value, &lt;math&gt;f(x)&lt;/math&gt; is always positive.

When &lt;math&gt;x&lt;/math&gt; has a very large positive value, &lt;math&gt;f(x)&lt;/math&gt; is always negative.
&lt;syntaxhighlight&gt;
1.4142135623730950488016887242096980785696718753769480731766797379907324784621070388503875343276415727
  3501384623091229702492483605585073721264412149709993583141322266592750559275579995050115278206057147
  0109559971605970274534596862014728517418640889198609552329230484308714321450839762603627995251407989
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
|}

{{RoundBoxTop|theme=2}}
[[File:0410cubic01.png|thumb|400px|'''
Graph of cubic function with coefficient a negative.'''
&lt;/br&gt;
There is no absolute maximum or absolute minimum.
]]
Coefficient &lt;math&gt;a&lt;/math&gt; may be negative as shown in diagram.


As &lt;math&gt;abs(x)&lt;/math&gt; increases, the value of &lt;math&gt;f(x)&lt;/math&gt; is dominated by the term &lt;math&gt;-ax^3.&lt;/math&gt;

When &lt;math&gt;x&lt;/math&gt; has a very large negative value, &lt;math&gt;f(x)&lt;/math&gt; is always positive.

When &lt;math&gt;x&lt;/math&gt; has a very large positive value, &lt;math&gt;f(x)&lt;/math&gt; is always negative.


Unless stated otherwise, any reference to &quot;cubic function&quot; on this page will assume coefficient &lt;math&gt;a&lt;/math&gt; positive.
{{RoundBoxBottom}}
&lt;math&gt;x_{poi} = -1&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;

=====Various planes in 3 dimensions=====
{{RoundBoxTop|theme=2}}
&lt;gallery&gt;
File:0713x=4.png|&lt;small&gt;plane x=4.&lt;/small&gt;
File:0713y=3.png|&lt;small&gt;plane y=3.&lt;/small&gt;
File:0713z=-2.png|&lt;small&gt;plane z=-2.&lt;/small&gt;
&lt;/gallery&gt;
{{RoundBoxBottom}}


&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=python&gt;
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
&lt;syntaxhighlight&gt;
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=python&gt;
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
&lt;syntaxhighlight&gt;
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

&lt;syntaxhighlight&gt;
1.4142135623730950488016887242096980785696718753769480731766797379907324784621070388503875343276415727
  3501384623091229702492483605585073721264412149709993583141322266592750559275579995050115278206057147
  0109559971605970274534596862014728517418640889198609552329230484308714321450839762603627995251407989
  6872533965463318088296406206152583523950547457502877599617298355752203375318570113543746034084988471
  6038689997069900481503054402779031645424782306849293691862158057846311159666871301301561856898723723
  5288509264861249497715421833420428568606014682472077143585487415565706967765372022648544701585880162
  0758474922657226002085584466521458398893944370926591800311388246468157082630100594858704003186480342
  1948972782906410450726368813137398552561173220402450912277002269411275736272804957381089675040183698
  6836845072579936472906076299694138047565482372899718032680247442062926912485905218100445984215059112
  0249441341728531478105803603371077309182869314710171111683916581726889419758716582152128229518488472
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;


&lt;math&gt;\theta_1&lt;/math&gt;


{{RoundBoxTop|theme=2}}
[[File:0422xx_x_2.png|thumb|400px|'''
Figure 1: Diagram illustrating relationship between &lt;math&gt;f(x) = x^2 - x - 2&lt;/math&gt;
and &lt;math&gt;f'(x) = 2x - 1.&lt;/math&gt;'''
&lt;/br&gt;
]]
{{RoundBoxBottom}}
&lt;math&gt;O\ (0,0,0)&lt;/math&gt;

&lt;math&gt;M\ (A_1,B_1,C_1)&lt;/math&gt;

&lt;math&gt;N\ (A_2,B_2,C_2)&lt;/math&gt;

&lt;math&gt;\theta&lt;/math&gt;


&lt;math&gt;\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ &lt;/math&gt;


:&lt;math&gt;\begin{align}
(6) - (7),\ 4Apq + 2Bq =&amp;\ 0\\
	       2Ap + B =&amp;\ 0\\
                   2Ap =&amp;\ - B\\
\\
                     p =&amp;\ \frac{-B}{2A}\ \dots\ (8)
\end{align}&lt;/math&gt;

&lt;math&gt;\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ &lt;/math&gt;

:&lt;math&gt;\begin{align}
1.&amp;4141475869yugh\\
  &amp;2645er3423231sgdtrf\\
  &amp;dhcgfyrt45erwesd
\end{align}&lt;/math&gt;

&lt;math&gt;\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ &lt;/math&gt;


:&lt;math&gt;
  4\sin 18^\circ
  = \sqrt{2(3 - \sqrt 5)}
  = \sqrt 5 - 1
&lt;/math&gt;</text>
      <sha1>o9r7o7ehfi6wzq3z754z2wdmm1m0j1y</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>2694364</id>
      <parentid>2694363</parentid>
      <timestamp>2025-01-05T00:48:02Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>ThaniosAkro</username>
        <id>2805358</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>/* Implementation */</comment>
      <origin>2694364</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="57815" sha1="9acyhxm631vzhr1crq4jugq1to2qly1" xml:space="preserve">
= Hyperbola =
==Preparation==

{{RoundBoxTop|theme=4}}
It is desired to calculate the cube root of real number &lt;math&gt;N.&lt;/math&gt;


To simplify the process, and to make the implementation of the process predictable, reformat &lt;math&gt;N:&lt;/math&gt;

&lt;math&gt;N = n(10^{3p})&lt;/math&gt; where:

* &lt;math&gt;1 \le n &lt; 1000&lt;/math&gt;

* &lt;math&gt;p&lt;/math&gt; is integer.


Then:
&lt;math&gt;\sqrt[3]{N} = \sqrt[3]{n(10^{3p})} = \sqrt[3]{n}(10^p).&lt;/math&gt;


To simplify the process further, we calculate cube root of &lt;code&gt;abs(n)&lt;/code&gt; and restore negative sign
to result, if necessary.

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=python&gt;
# python code.

import decimal
dD = decimal.Decimal
dgt = decimal.getcontext()
desired_precision = 100     # Adjust as necessary.
Precision = dgt.prec = desired_precision + 3

NormalizeNumberDebug = 0

def NormalizeNumber (number, flag = 0) :
    '''
sign, newNumber, exponent = NormalizeNumber (number [, flag])
sign &amp; exponent are both ints.
newNumber is Decimal object.
1000 &gt; newNumber &gt;= 1 and
exponent % 3 = 0.
This prepares number for cube root of number.
eg, 1234.56e-2 becomes 123456e-4, 12345600e-6, 12.345600e0, 12.3456e0
    123.456e7 becomes 123456e4, 1234560e3, 1.234560e9, 1.23456e9
'''
    thisName = 'NormalizeNumber (number) :'
    if NormalizeNumberDebug : flag = NormalizeNumberDebug
    print_ = flag &amp; 1 ; check = flag &amp; 2
    if print_ : check = 2

    number = dD(str(number))+0
    if number == 0 : return (0, dD(0), 0)

    sign, digits, exponent = tuple(number.as_tuple())

    digits = list(digits)

    # Remove leading zeroes.
    while (digits[0] == 0) : digits[:1] = []

    # Remove trailing zeroes.
    while (digits[-1] == 0) :
        digits[-1:] = [] ; exponent += 1

    # Ensure that exponent is exactly divisible by 3.
    while exponent % 3 :
        digits += [0] ; exponent -= 1

    number_of_digits = len(digits)
    if number_of_digits &lt;= 3:
        newNumber = dD ( (0,digits,0) )
    else :    
        number_of_integers = number_of_digits % 3
        if number_of_integers == 0 : number_of_integers = 3
        number_of_decimal_places = number_of_digits - number_of_integers
        digits[-number_of_decimal_places:-number_of_decimal_places] = ['.']
        exponent += number_of_decimal_places
        while (digits[-1] == 0) : del(digits[-1])
        newNumber = dD( ''.join([ str(v) for v in digits ]) )

    # If necessary, check.
    if check :
        str1 = str(newNumber)
        dD1 = dD( ('', '-')[sign] + str1 + 'e' + str(exponent) )
        if dD1 != number :
            # This should not happen.
            print (thisName)
            print ('  error:', dD1 , '!=', number)
            return None

    if print_ :
        print (thisName)
        print ('  Input number =', number)
        print ('  Output:')
        print ('    sign =', sign)
        print ('    newNumber =', newNumber)
        print ('    exponent =', exponent)

    return sign, newNumber, exponent
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
{{RoundBoxBottom}}

==Implementation==
{{RoundBoxTop|theme=4}}
&lt;math&gt;x = \sqrt[3]{n}&lt;/math&gt;

&lt;math&gt;x^3 = n&lt;/math&gt;

&lt;math&gt;x^3 - n = 0&lt;/math&gt;


To calculate &lt;math&gt;\sqrt[3]{n}&lt;/math&gt; calculate the real root of:

&lt;math&gt;y = f(x) = x^3 - n.&lt;/math&gt;


&lt;math&gt;f(x)&lt;/math&gt; is well defined in the region &lt;math&gt;1 \le n &lt; 1000.&lt;/math&gt;

If &lt;math&gt;n&lt;/math&gt; is type &lt;code&gt;int&lt;/code&gt; and exact cube, &lt;math&gt;\sqrt[3]{n}&lt;/math&gt; is extracted from table &lt;code&gt;values_of_v_and_v_cubed.&lt;/code&gt;

Else, Newton's method is used to derive the root starting with &lt;math&gt;x = \text{int}(\sqrt[3]{n}) + 1.&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=python&gt;
# python code.

simpleCubeRootDebug = 0

def simpleCubeRoot (N, flag = 0) :
    '''
cube_root = simpleCubeRoot (N [, flag]) 

    '''
    thisName = 'simpleCubeRoot (N) :'
    if simpleCubeRootDebug : flag = simpleCubeRootDebug
    print_ = flag &amp; 1 ; check = flag &amp; 2
    if print_ : check = 2

    if print_ :
        print()
        print (thisName, 'N =',N)
    if N == 0 : return dD(0)
    if abs(N) == 1 : return dD(str(N)).normalize()

    sign1, n, exponent = NormalizeNumber (N, flag)

    if check :
        if sign1 not in (0,1) :
            print (thisName, 'Internal error 1.')
            return None
        if (1 &lt;= n &lt; 1000) : pass
        else :
            print (thisName, 'Internal error 2.')
            return None
        if exponent % 3 :
            print (thisName, 'Internal error 3.')
            return None

    # Calculate starting value of x:
    status = 1
    values_of_v_and_v_cubed = [(9, 729), (8, 512), (7, 343), (6, 216),
                               (5, 125), (4, 64), (3, 27), (2, 8), (1, 1)]
    for v,v_cubed in values_of_v_and_v_cubed :
        if n &gt;= v_cubed :
            status = 0 ; break
    if status :
        # This should not happen.
        print (thisName, 'Internal error 4.')
        return None

    if n == v_cubed :
        x = v # Exact.
    else :
        # Newton's method:
        x = v + 1 ; y = x**3 - n
        status = 1 ; values_of_x = []

        for t in range (1,51) :
            if print_ :
                print (thisName)
                print ('  x =',x)
                print ('  y =',y)
            slope = 3*x*x
            delta_x = y/slope
            x -= delta_x
            if x in values_of_x[-1:-5:-1] :
                # This value of x has been used previously.
                status = 0
                break
            values_of_x += [x]
            y = x*x*x - n

        if print_ : print ('  count =', t)
        if status :
            # This should not happen.
            print (thisName, 'count expired.')
            return None

    multiplier1 = (1,-1)[bool(sign1)]
    exponent1, remainder = divmod (exponent, 3)
    multiplier2 = 10**dD(exponent1)

    root3 = (multiplier1 * x * multiplier2).normalize() # The cube root.
            
    if check :
        dgt.prec = desired_precision
        n1 = root3 ** 3
        dgt.prec = Precision
        if (n1 != dD(str(N))) :
            print (thisName, 'Internal error 5.')
            print ('  N  =', N)
            print ('  n1 =', n1)
            return None
    if print_ :
        print (thisName)
        print ('  Input N =', N )
        print ('  Output N ** (1/3) =', root3 )

    return root3
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
{{RoundBoxBottom}}

=Examples=

==(-49.430863)^(⅓)==

{{RoundBoxTop|theme=4}}
[[File:0103cube_root.png|thumb|400px|'''
Graph of cubic function used to calculate cube root of &lt;math&gt;N = -49.430863.&lt;/math&gt;'''
&lt;/br&gt;
&lt;/br&gt;
&lt;math&gt;Y&lt;/math&gt; axis compressed for clarity.
&lt;/br&gt;
Method calculates &lt;math&gt;\sqrt[3]{\text{abs}(-49.430863)}.&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;/br&gt;
&lt;math&gt;1000 &gt; 49.430863 \ge 1,&lt;/math&gt; therefore &lt;math&gt;n = 49.430863&lt;/math&gt; and negative sign &lt;math&gt;(-)&lt;/math&gt; is preserved.
&lt;/br&gt;
Newton's method quickly finds result: &lt;math&gt;3.67 = \sqrt[3]{49.430863}.&lt;/math&gt;
]]

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=python&gt;
# python code.

N = -49.430863
r = simpleCubeRoot (N, 1)
print ('Cube root of {} = {}'.format(N,r))
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

&lt;syntaxhighlight&gt;
simpleCubeRoot (N) : N = -49.430863
NormalizeNumber (number) :
  Input number = -49.430863
  Output:
    sign = 1
    newNumber = 49.430863
    exponent = 0
simpleCubeRoot (N) :
  x = 4
  y = 14.569137
simpleCubeRoot (N) :
  x = 3.6964763125
  y = 1.077556932370513542983642578125
simpleCubeRoot (N) :
  x = 3.670189185975939771448945836039493832417954712178864798200343445074621595436673614052572376229354069071
  y = 0.00764477504335853140747839082789084303615917679270634421640530090118268716447856580204634509997849803
simpleCubeRoot (N) :
  x = 3.670000009751736682821587362098730324894353971034852020032605567239509057372246925097634126721776189698
  y = 3.9403549966877805031675033177310279758144394720652549872722882467517684885827998893960547929841E-7
simpleCubeRoot (N) :
  x = 3.670000000000000025911816892145655551872936964331495318518061888183507160413379366174501446719474401728
  y = 1.04701101161586186758022322575610863475276107519253768435609331357966880617783675518439E-15
simpleCubeRoot (N) :
  x = 3.670000000000000000000000000000000182948843229450935510129377172924076310714715139745670785290354823955
  y = 7.39235902371945511587714470461319164277193070156347301951569000635639E-33
simpleCubeRoot (N) :
  x = 3.670000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000009119967095093791663852670429064766
  y = 3.6850777442132631162379569822609127E-67
simpleCubeRoot (N) :
  x = 3.670000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
  y = 0E-101
  count = 8
simpleCubeRoot (N) :
  Input N = -49.430863
  Output N ** (1/3) = -3.67
Cube root of -49.430863 = -3.67
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
{{RoundBoxBottom}}
==N small==

{{RoundBoxTop|theme=4}}
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=python&gt;
# python code.

N = (dD('654.12345')**3)* dD('1e-234')
r = simpleCubeRoot (N, 1)
print ('cube root of',N,'=',r)
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

&lt;syntaxhighlight&gt;
simpleCubeRoot (N) : N = 2.79884698523170070963625E-226
NormalizeNumber (number) :
  Input number = 2.79884698523170070963625E-226
  Output:
    sign = 0
    newNumber = 279.884698523170070963625
    exponent = -228
simpleCubeRoot (N) :
  x = 7
  y = 63.115301476829929036375
simpleCubeRoot (N) :
  x = 6.570644207640612727643707482993197278911564625850340136054421768707482993197278911564625850340136054422
  y = 3.7921241319748044856346690723358910662200347438658510815125764506555202024351783380759402655041377003
simpleCubeRoot (N) :
  x = 6.541365939235037323691695638525121571862836044524137388147811941164515617543727416575923849380448976852
  y = 0.0168723059341306128289220155501386417560252058196372910481381594756277968737806202081810180585981468
simpleCubeRoot (N) :
  x = 6.541234502641062578339783186964860309131529958383953551860723864105607355316972754950658566210572503873
  y = 3.390153665112801204924990755018923043331713010875531529597912358746623245660302509054057497205E-7
simpleCubeRoot (N) :
  x = 6.541234500000000001066344822059465818454480153206314150749531142856041068525641678563938956757562592024
  y = 1.368794830901676242840644465509188865946206745677321533271630194477320979479731975131E-16
simpleCubeRoot (N) :
  x = 6.541234500000000000000000000000000000173834354896317173607861575067843889032458069846902551041303696479
  y = 2.23139421219918741184735707270203562908734282972217340770547002443E-35
simpleCubeRoot (N) :
  x = 6.541234500000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000004619675833700618822003921149
  y = 5.929965871075583921456016257E-73
simpleCubeRoot (N) :
  x = 6.541234500000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
  y = 0E-100
  count = 8
simpleCubeRoot (N) :
  Input N = 2.79884698523170070963625E-226
  Output N ** (1/3) = 6.5412345E-76
cube root of 2.79884698523170070963625E-226 = 6.5412345E-76
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
{{RoundBoxBottom}}
==N with 102 decimal digits==

{{RoundBoxTop|theme=4}}
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=python&gt;
# python code.

desired_precision = 200
Precision = dgt.prec = desired_precision + 3     # Adjust as necessary.

N = dD('91234567890.12345678901234567890123')**3
r = simpleCubeRoot (N,1)
print ('''cube root of {}
  = {}'''.format(N,r))
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
&lt;syntaxhighlight&gt;

simpleCubeRoot (N) : N = 759413404032709802223035921205529.781633123988862756497856617560063741408069807576943069432557725290867
NormalizeNumber (number) :
  Input number = 759413404032709802223035921205529.781633123988862756497856617560063741408069807576943069432557725290867
  Output:
    sign = 0
    newNumber = 759.413404032709802223035921205529781633123988862756497856617560063741408069807576943069432557725290867
    exponent = 30
simpleCubeRoot (N) :
  x = 10
  y = 240.586595967290197776964078794470218366876011137243502143382439936258591930192423056930567442274709133
simpleCubeRoot (N) :
  x = 9.1980446801090326740767864040184326054437466295425216595220585335458046935660252564768981085257509....
  y = 18.778206655514224953838248571732480957932723252336568146945108502709671960035057397419207824383680....
simpleCubeRoot (N) :
  x = 9.1240599949931623321664263546967588277013422167312019450898763745034405805394622722445816188927044....
  y = 0.1506379670748750344765254622054600762289510452034017857959412389359088307660480183002642201301404....
simpleCubeRoot (N) :
  x = 9.1234568288903645757636608593967193590532344706953269357275443939995698575917750346229607570213472....
  y = 0.0000099580355042798301230611277854077768865248120824864005326115668161099006774672939746260829451....
simpleCubeRoot (N) :
  x = 9.1234567890123458532053846994321774021465971937678169135851020569774194125848355752830106295283475....
  y = 4.352590615034382352966739799800228929244369059424641507909334544190744465475094678843434802753....E-14
simpleCubeRoot (N) :
  x = 9.1234567890123456789012345678901263300904970218124391473359075160634634033723697405398374188771027....
  y = 8.315648613996710531085585787511017585254422913076826028418797301082971806855003306231420002754....E-31
simpleCubeRoot (N) :
  x = 9.1234567890123456789012345678901230000000000000000000000000000000012154935322004708306387167486681....
  y = 3.035237965876398632097014184973383529396947640959947046236845410390116039333110835232646723486....E-64
simpleCubeRoot (N) :
  x = 9.1234567890123456789012345678901230000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000....
  y = 4.043765648844005964357871985125208429698600162797442150134099694990356E-131
simpleCubeRoot (N) :
  x = 9.1234567890123456789012345678901230000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000....
  y = 0E-200
  count = 9
simpleCubeRoot (N) :
  Input N = 759413404032709802223035921205529.781633123988862756497856617560063741408069807576943069432557725290867
  Output N ** (1/3) = 91234567890.12345678901234567890123
cube root of 759413404032709802223035921205529.781633123988862756497856617560063741408069807576943069432557725290867
  = 91234567890.12345678901234567890123
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
* Result is achieved with 9 passes through loop.

* In python this method is more than 3 times faster than raising a number to the power &lt;math&gt;\frac{1}{3}.&lt;/math&gt; As size of &lt;math&gt;N&lt;/math&gt; increases, speed advantage increases.

* This method produced the cube root exactly.

* For most invocations of function &lt;code&gt;simpleCubeRoot ()&lt;/code&gt; you probably don't want to see all the internal details as displayed above. However, it is
recommended that the function be invoked with &lt;code&gt;flag = 2,&lt;/code&gt; because this value of &lt;code&gt;flag&lt;/code&gt; causes execution of function to perform internal checking.
{{RoundBoxBottom}}

==tan(A/2)==

{{RoundBoxTop|theme=2}}
[[File:1122tanA_200.png|thumb|400px|'''Graphical calculation of &lt;math&gt;\tan \frac{A}{2}&lt;/math&gt;.'''
&lt;/br&gt;
&lt;math&gt;OQ = 1;\ QP = t.&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;/br&gt;
&lt;math&gt;\tan(A) = \frac{QP}{OQ} = \frac{t}{1} = t.&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;/br&gt;
&lt;math&gt;OP = OR = \sqrt{1 + t^2}&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;
]]
In diagram:

Point &lt;math&gt;P&lt;/math&gt; has coordinates &lt;math&gt;(1,t).&lt;/math&gt;

Point &lt;math&gt;R&lt;/math&gt; has coordinates &lt;math&gt;(\sqrt{1 + t^2},0).&lt;/math&gt;

Mid point of &lt;math&gt;PR,\ M&lt;/math&gt; has coordinates &lt;math&gt;(   \frac{ 1 +  \sqrt{1 + t^2}  }{2}, \frac{t}{2}            ).&lt;/math&gt;

&lt;math&gt;\tan \frac{A}{2} = \frac{t}{2} / \frac{ 1 +  \sqrt{1 + t^2}  }{2} = \frac{t}{1 +  \sqrt{1 + t^2} }&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;= \frac{t}{1 +  \sqrt{1 + t^2} } \cdot \frac{1 -  \sqrt{1 + t^2}}{1 -  \sqrt{1 + t^2} }&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;= \frac{t(   1 -  \sqrt{1 + t^2}    )}{1-(1+t^2)}&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;= \frac{t(   1 -  \sqrt{1 + t^2}    )}{-t^2}&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;= \frac{-1 +  \sqrt{1 + t^2} }{t}&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;


* &lt;math&gt;\tan \frac{A}{2} = \frac{\tan(A)}{1 + \sqrt{1 + \tan^2(A)}} = \frac{-1 +  \sqrt{1 + \tan^2 (A)} }{\tan (A)}&lt;/math&gt;

* &lt;math&gt;\tan (2A) = \frac{2\tan (A)}{ 1 - \tan^2 (A) }&lt;/math&gt;
{{RoundBoxBottom}}

==Length of latus rectum==
-----------------------

&lt;math&gt;b^2x^2 + a^2y^2 - a^2b^2 = 0&lt;/math&gt;

&lt;math&gt;b^2c^2 + a^2y^2 - a^2b^2 = 0&lt;/math&gt;

&lt;math&gt;b^2(a^2 - b^2) + a^2y^2 - a^2b^2 = 0&lt;/math&gt;

&lt;math&gt;b^2a^2 - b^4 + a^2y^2 - a^2b^2 =0&lt;/math&gt;

&lt;math&gt;a^2y^2 = b^4&lt;/math&gt;

&lt;math&gt;y^2 = \frac{b^4}{a^2}&lt;/math&gt;

&lt;math&gt;y = \frac{b^2}{a}&lt;/math&gt;

Length of latus rectum &lt;math&gt;= L_1R_1 = L_2R_2 = \frac{2b^2}{a}.&lt;/math&gt;

=Conic sections generally=
Within the two dimensional space of Cartesian Coordinate Geometry a conic section may be located anywhere
and have any orientation.

This section examines the parabola, ellipse and hyperbola, showing how to calculate the equation of
the section, and also how to calculate the foci and directrices given the equation.
==Latera recta et cetera==
&quot;Latus rectum&quot; is a Latin expression meaning &quot;straight side.&quot;
According to Google, the Latin plural of &quot;latus rectum&quot; is &quot;latera recta,&quot;
but English allows &quot;latus rectums&quot; or possibly &quot;lati rectums.&quot;
The title of this section is poetry to the eyes and music to the ears of a Latin student
and this author hopes that the gentle reader will permit such poetic licence in a mathematical topic.

The translation of the title is &quot;Latus rectums and other things.&quot; This section describes the calculation of interesting items 
associated with the ellipse: latus rectums, major axis, minor axis, focal chords, directrices and various points on these lines.


When given the equation of an ellipse, the first thing is to calculate eccentricity, foci and directrices as shown above.
Then verify that the curve is in fact an ellipse.

From these values everything about the ellipse may be calculated. For example:
{{RoundBoxTop|theme=2}}
[[File:0608ellipse01.png|thumb|400px|'''Graph of ellipse &lt;math&gt;1771x^2 + 1204y^2 + 1944xy -44860x - 18520y + 214400 = 0.&lt;/math&gt;'''
&lt;/br&gt;
&lt;/br&gt;
Axis : (-0.8)x + (-0.6)y + (9.4) = 0&lt;/br&gt;
Eccentricity = 0.9&lt;/br&gt;
&lt;/br&gt;
Directrix 2 : (0.6)x + (-0.8)y + (2) = 0&lt;/br&gt;
Latus rectum RS : (0.6)x + (-0.8)y + (-0.8) = 0&lt;/br&gt;
Minor axis : (0.6)x + (-0.8)y + (-12.73684210526315789474) = 0&lt;/br&gt;
Latus rectum PU : (0.6)x + (-0.8)y + (-24.67368421052631578947) = 0&lt;/br&gt;
Directrix 1 : (0.6)x + (-0.8)y + (-27.47368421052631578947) = 0&lt;/br&gt;
&lt;/br&gt;
&lt;math&gt;\text{ID2}&lt;/math&gt; = (6.32, 7.24)&lt;/br&gt;
&lt;math&gt;\text{I2}&lt;/math&gt;  = (7.204210526315789473684, 6.061052631578947368421)&lt;/br&gt;
F2  = (8, 5)&lt;/br&gt;
M   = (15.16210526315789473684, -4.54947368421052631579)&lt;/br&gt;
F1  = (22.32421052631578947368, -14.09894736842105263158)&lt;/br&gt;
&lt;math&gt;\text{I1}&lt;/math&gt;  = (23.12, -15.16)&lt;/br&gt;
&lt;math&gt;\text{ID1}&lt;/math&gt; = (24.00421052631578947368, -16.33894736842105263158)&lt;/br&gt;
&lt;/br&gt;
P   = (20.30821052631578947368, -15.61094736842105263158)&lt;/br&gt;
Q   = (10.53708406832736953616, -8.018239580333420216299)&lt;/br&gt;
R   = (5.984, 3.488)&lt;/br&gt;
S   = (10.016, 6.512)&lt;/br&gt;
T   = (19.78712645798841993752, -1.080707788087632415281)&lt;/br&gt;
U   = (24.34021052631578947368, -12.58694736842105263158)&lt;/br&gt;
&lt;/br&gt;
Length of major axis: &lt;math&gt;\text{I1I2}&lt;/math&gt; = 26.52631578947368421052&lt;/br&gt;
Length of minor axis: QT = 11.56255298707631300170&lt;/br&gt;
Length of latus rectum: RS = PU = 5.04
]]
Consider conic section: &lt;math&gt;1771x^2 + 1204y^2 + 1944xy -44860x - 18520y + 214400 = 0.&lt;/math&gt;

This curve is ellipse with random orientation.
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=python&gt;
# python code

ABCDEF = A,B,C,D,E,F = 1771, 1204, 1944, -44860, -18520, 214400 # ellipse

result = calculate_abc_epq(ABCDEF)
(len(result) == 2) or 1/0

# ellipse or hyperbola
(abc1,epq1), (abc2,epq2) = result
a1,b1,c1 = abc1 ; e1,p1,q1 = epq1
a2,b2,c2 = abc2 ; e2,p2,q2 = epq2
(e1 == e2) or 2/0
(1 &gt; e1 &gt; 0) or 3/0

print ( '({})x^2 + ({})y^2 + ({})xy + ({})x + ({})y + ({}) = 0'.format(A,B,C,D,E,F) )
A,B,C,D,E,F = ABCDEF_from_abc_epq(abc1,epq1)
print ('Equation of ellipse in standard form:')
print ( '({})x^2 + ({})y^2 + ({})xy + ({})x + ({})y + ({}) = 0'.format(A,B,C,D,E,F) )
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
&lt;syntaxhighlight&gt;
(1771)x^2 + (1204)y^2 + (1944)xy + (-44860)x + (-18520)y + (214400) = 0
Equation of ellipse in standard form:
(-0.7084)x^2 + (-0.4816)y^2 + (-0.7776)xy + (17.944)x + (7.408)y + (-85.76) = 0
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=python&gt;
# python code
def sum_zero(input) :
    '''
sum = sum_zero(input)
If sum is close to 0 and Tolerance permits, sum is returned as 0.
For example: if input contains (2, -1.999999999999999999999)
this function returns sum of these 2 values as 0.
    '''
    global Tolerance
    sump = sumn = 0
    for v in input :
        if v &gt; 0 : sump += v
        elif v &lt; 0 : sumn -= v
    sum = sump - sumn
    if abs(sum) &lt; Tolerance : return (type(Tolerance))(0)
    min, max = sorted((sumn,sump))
    if abs(sum) &lt;= Tolerance*min : return (type(Tolerance))(0)
    return sum
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=python&gt;
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=python&gt;
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
&lt;syntaxhighlight&gt;
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
&lt;syntaxhighlight&gt;
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;
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===Major axis===
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=python&gt;
# axis is perpendicular to directrix.
ax,bx = b1,-a1
# axis contains foci. ax + by + c = 0
cx = reduce_Decimal_number(-(ax*p1 + bx*q1))
axis = ax,bx,cx
print ( '    Axis : ({})x + ({})y + ({}) = 0'.format(ax,bx,cx) )
print ( '    Eccentricity = {}'.format(e1) )
print ()
print ( '    Directrix 1 : ({})x + ({})y + ({}) = 0'.format(a1,b1,c1) )
print ( '    Directrix 2 : ({})x + ({})y + ({}) = 0'.format(a2,b2,c2) )
F1 = p1,q1 # Focus 1.
print ( '    F1 : ({}, {})'.format(p1,q1) )
F2 = p2,q2 # Focus 2.
print ( '    F2 : ({}, {})'.format(p2,q2) )

#  Direction cosines along axis from F1 towards F2:
dx,dy = a1,b1

# p2 = p1 + dx*distance_F1_F2
# q2 = q1 + dy*distance_F1_F2
if dx : distance_F1_F2 = (p2 - p1)/dx
else :  distance_F1_F2 = (q2 - q1)
if distance_F1_F2 &lt; 0 :
    distance_F1_F2 *= -1
    dx *= -1 ; dy *= -1

# Intercept on directrix1
distance_from_F1_to_ID1 = abs(a1*p1 + b1*q1 + c1)
ID1 = xID1,yID1 = p1 - dx*distance_from_F1_to_ID1, q1 - dy*distance_from_F1_to_ID1
print ( '    Intercept ID1 : ({}, {})'.format(xID1,yID1) )

# 
# distance_F1_F2
# -------------------- = e
# length_of_major_axis
# 
length_of_major_axis = distance_F1_F2 / e1

# Intercept1 on curve
distance_from_F1_to_curve = (length_of_major_axis - distance_F1_F2 )/2

xI1,yI1 = p1 - dx*distance_from_F1_to_curve, q1 - dy*distance_from_F1_to_curve
I1 = xI1,yI1 = [ reduce_Decimal_number(v) for v in (xI1,yI1) ]
print ( '    Intercept I1 : ({}, {})'.format(xI1,yI1) )
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
&lt;syntaxhighlight&gt;
    Axis : (-0.8)x + (-0.6)y + (9.4) = 0
    Eccentricity = 0.9

    Directrix 1 : (0.6)x + (-0.8)y + (-27.47368421052631578947) = 0
    Directrix 2 : (0.6)x + (-0.8)y + (2) = 0
    F1 : (22.32421052631578947368, -14.09894736842105263158)
    F2 : (8, 5)
    Intercept ID1 : (24.00421052631578947368, -16.33894736842105263158)
    Intercept I1 : (23.12, -15.16)
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
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Techniques similar to above can be used to calculate points 
&lt;math&gt;I2, ID2.&lt;/math&gt;
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===Latus rectums===
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=python&gt;
# direction cosines along latus rectum.
dlx,dly = -dy,dx
# 
# distance from U to F1               half_latus_rectum
# ------------------------------ = ----------------------- = e1
# distance from U to directrix 1   distance_from_F1_to_ID1
# 
half_latus_rectum = reduce_Decimal_number(e1*distance_from_F1_to_ID1)
# latus rectum 1
# Focal chord has equation (afc)x + (bfc)y + (cfc) = 0.
afc,bfc = a1,b1
cfc = reduce_Decimal_number(-(afc*p1 + bfc*q1))
print ( '    Focal chord PU : ({})x + ({})y + ({}) = 0'.format(afc,bfc,cfc) )
        
P = xP,yP = p1 + dlx*half_latus_rectum, q1 + dly*half_latus_rectum
print ( '    Point P : ({}, {})'.format(xP,yP) )
U = xU,yU = p1 - dlx*half_latus_rectum, q1 - dly*half_latus_rectum
print ( '    Point U : ({}, {})'.format(xU,yU) )
distance = reduce_Decimal_number(( (xP - xU)**2 + (yP - yU)**2 ).sqrt())
print ('    Length PU =', distance)
print ('    half_latus_rectum =', half_latus_rectum)
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
&lt;syntaxhighlight&gt;
    Focal chord PU : (0.6)x + (-0.8)y + (-24.67368421052631578947) = 0
    Point P : (20.30821052631578947368, -15.61094736842105263158)
    Point U : (24.34021052631578947368, -12.58694736842105263158)
    Length PU = 5.04
    half_latus_rectum = 2.52
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
{{RoundBoxTop|theme=2}}
Techniques similar to above can be used to calculate points 
&lt;math&gt;R, S.&lt;/math&gt;
{{RoundBoxBottom}}

===Minor axis===
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=python&gt;
print ()

# Mid point between F1, F2:
M = xM,yM = (p1 + p2)/2, (q1 + q2)/2
print ( '    Mid point M : ({}, {})'.format(xM,yM) )
half_major  = length_of_major_axis / 2
half_distance = distance_F1_F2 / 2

# half_distance**2 + half_minor**2 = half_major**2
half_minor = ( half_major**2 - half_distance**2 ).sqrt()
length_of_minor_axis = half_minor * 2
        
Q = xQ,yQ = xM + dlx*half_minor,  yM + dly*half_minor
T = xT,yT = xM - dlx*half_minor,  yM - dly*half_minor
print ( '    Point Q : ({}, {})'.format(xQ,yQ) )
print ( '    Point T : ({}, {})'.format(xT,yT) )

print ('    length_of_major_axis =', length_of_major_axis)
print ('    length_of_minor_axis =', length_of_minor_axis)
# 
# A basic check.
# length_of_minor_axis**2 = (length_of_major_axis**2)(1-e**2)
# 
# length_of_minor_axis**2
# ----------------------- = 1-e**2
# length_of_major_axis**2
# 
# length_of_minor_axis**2
# ----------------------- + (e**2 - 1) = 0
# length_of_major_axis**2
# 
values = (length_of_minor_axis/length_of_major_axis)**2, e1**2 - 1
sum_zero(values) and 3/0
        
aM,bM = a1,b1 # Minor axis is parallel to directrix.
cM = reduce_Decimal_number(-(aM*xM + bM*yM))
print ( '    Minor axis : ({})x + ({})y + ({}) = 0'.format(aM,bM,cM) )
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=python&gt;
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
&lt;syntaxhighlight&gt;
    Mid point M : (15.16210526315789473684, -4.54947368421052631579)
    Point Q : (10.53708406832736953616, -8.018239580333420216299)
    Point T : (19.78712645798841993752, -1.080707788087632415281)
    length_of_major_axis = 26.52631578947368421052
    length_of_minor_axis = 11.56255298707631300170
    Minor axis : (0.6)x + (-0.8)y + (-12.73684210526315789474) = 0
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

&lt;syntaxhighlight&gt;
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

===Checking===
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All interesting points have been calculated without using equations of any of the relevant lines.

However, equations of relevant lines are very useful for testing, for example:


* Check that points &lt;math&gt;ID2, I2, F2, M, F1, I1, ID1&lt;/math&gt; are on axis.

* Check that points &lt;math&gt;R, F2, S&lt;/math&gt; are on latus rectum through &lt;math&gt;F2.&lt;/math&gt;

* Check that points &lt;math&gt;Q, M, T&lt;/math&gt; are on minor axis through &lt;math&gt;M.&lt;/math&gt;

* Check that points &lt;math&gt;P, F1, U&lt;/math&gt; are on latus rectum through &lt;math&gt;F1.&lt;/math&gt;


Test below checks that 8 points &lt;math&gt;I1, I2, P, Q, R, S, T, U&lt;/math&gt; are on ellipse and satisfy eccentricity &lt;math&gt;e = 0.9.&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;
{{RoundBoxBottom}}
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=python&gt;
t1 = (
    ('I1'), ('I2'),
    ('P'), ('Q'), ('R'),
    ('S'), ('T'), ('U'),
)

for name in t1 :
    value = eval(name)
    x,y = [ reduce_Decimal_number(v) for v in value ]
    print ('{} : ({}, {})'.format((name+' ')[:2], x,y))
    values = A*x**2, B*y**2, C*x*y, D*x, E*y, F
    sum_zero(values) and 3/0

    # Relative to Directrix 1 and Focus 1:
    distance_to_F1 = ( (x-p1)**2 + (y-q1)**2 ).sqrt()
    distance_to_directrix1 = a1*x + b1*y + c1
    e1 = distance_to_F1 / distance_to_directrix1
    print ('    e1 =',e1) # Raw value is printed.

    # Relative to Directrix 2 and Focus 2:
    distance_to_F2 = ( (x-p2)**2 + (y-q2)**2 ).sqrt()
    distance_to_directrix2 = a2*x + b2*y + c2
    e2 = distance_to_F2 / distance_to_directrix2
    e2 = reduce_Decimal_number(e2)
    print ('    e2 =',e2) # Clean value is printed.
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
{{RoundBoxTop|theme=2}}
Note the differences between &quot;raw&quot; values of &lt;math&gt;e_1&lt;/math&gt; and &quot;clean&quot; values of &lt;math&gt;e_2.&lt;/math&gt;
{{RoundBoxBottom}}
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=python&gt;
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
&lt;syntaxhighlight&gt;
I1 : (23.12, -15.16)
    e1 = -0.9000000000000000000034 
    e2 = 0.9
I2 : (7.204210526315789473684, 6.061052631578947368421)
    e1 = -0.9 
    e2 = 0.9
P  : (20.30821052631578947368, -15.61094736842105263158) 
    e1 = -0.9 
    e2 = 0.9
Q  : (10.53708406832736953616, -8.018239580333420216299)
    e1 = -0.9000000000000000000002
    e2 = 0.9
R  : (5.984, 3.488)
    e1 = -0.9000000000000000000003
    e2 = 0.9
S  : (10.016, 6.512) 
    e1 = -0.9000000000000000000003
    e2 = 0.9   
T  : (19.78712645798841993752, -1.080707788087632415281)
    e1 = -0.8999999999999999999996
    e2 = 0.9
U  : (24.34021052631578947368, -12.58694736842105263158)
    e1 = -0.9
    e2 = 0.9
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=python&gt;
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
&lt;syntaxhighlight&gt;
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=python&gt;
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
&lt;syntaxhighlight&gt;
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;

==Traditional definition of ellipse==
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[[File:0617ellipse01.png|thumb|400px|'''Traditional definition of ellipse.'''
&lt;/br&gt;
Sum of distance &lt;math&gt;F_1G&lt;/math&gt; and distance &lt;math&gt;F_2G&lt;/math&gt; is constant.
]]
Ellipse may be defined as the locus of a point that moves so that the sum of its distances from two fixed points is constant.


In the diagram the two fixed points are the foci, Focus 1 or &lt;math&gt;F_1&lt;/math&gt; and Focus 2 or &lt;math&gt;F_2.&lt;/math&gt;

Distance between &lt;math&gt;F_1&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;F_2&lt;/math&gt;, distance &lt;math&gt;F_1F_2&lt;/math&gt;, must be non-zero.

Point &lt;math&gt;G&lt;/math&gt; on perimeter of ellipse moves so that sum of distance &lt;math&gt;F_1G&lt;/math&gt;
and distance &lt;math&gt;F_2G&lt;/math&gt; is constant.


Points &lt;math&gt;T_1&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;T_2&lt;/math&gt; are on axis of ellipse and the same rule applies to these points.

distance &lt;math&gt;F_1T_1&lt;/math&gt; + distance &lt;math&gt;T_1F_2&lt;/math&gt; is constant.


distance &lt;math&gt;F_1T_1&lt;/math&gt; + distance &lt;math&gt;T_1F_2&lt;/math&gt;

&lt;math&gt;=&lt;/math&gt; distance &lt;math&gt;F_1G&lt;/math&gt; + distance &lt;math&gt;F_2G&lt;/math&gt;

&lt;math&gt;=&lt;/math&gt; distance &lt;math&gt;F_2T_2&lt;/math&gt; + distance &lt;math&gt;T_1F_2&lt;/math&gt;

&lt;math&gt;= \text{length of major axis.}&lt;/math&gt;

Therefore the constant is &lt;math&gt;\text{length of major axis}&lt;/math&gt; which must be greater than distance &lt;math&gt;F_1F_2.&lt;/math&gt;


From information given, calculate eccentricity &lt;math&gt;e&lt;/math&gt; and equation of one directrix.
Choose directrix 1 &lt;math&gt;dx1&lt;/math&gt; associated with focus F1.


&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=python&gt;
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
&lt;syntaxhighlight&gt;
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=python&gt;
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=python&gt;
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;
{{RoundBoxBottom}}
==Ellipse at origin==
{{RoundBoxTop|theme=2}}
[[File:0901ellipse00.png|thumb|400px|'''Traditional definition of ellipse.'''
&lt;/br&gt;
Sum of distance &lt;math&gt;F_1P&lt;/math&gt; and distance &lt;math&gt;F_2P&lt;/math&gt; is constant.
]]
Traditional definition of ellipse states that ellipse is locus of a point that moves so that sum of its distances from two fixed points is constant.


By definition distance &lt;math&gt;F_2P&lt;/math&gt; + distance &lt;math&gt;F_1P&lt;/math&gt; is constant.

&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{(x-(-p))^2 + y^2} + \sqrt{(x-p)^2 + y^2} = k\ \dots\ (1)&lt;/math&gt;

Expand &lt;math&gt;(1)&lt;/math&gt; and result is &lt;math&gt;Ax^2 + By^2 + F = 0\ \dots\ (2)&lt;/math&gt; where:

&lt;math&gt;A = 4k^2 - 16p^2&lt;/math&gt;

&lt;math&gt;B = 4k^2&lt;/math&gt;

&lt;math&gt;F = 4k^2p^2 - k^4&lt;/math&gt;


When &lt;math&gt;y = 0,&lt;/math&gt; point &lt;math&gt;B,\ Ax^2 = -F&lt;/math&gt;

&lt;math&gt;x^2 = \frac{-F}{A}&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;= \frac{k^4 - 4k^2p^2}{4k^2 - 16p^2}&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;=\frac{k^2(k^2-4p^2)}{4(k^2 - 4p^2)} = \frac{k^2}{4}.&lt;/math&gt;

Therefore: &lt;math&gt;x = \frac{k}{2} = a&lt;/math&gt;

&lt;math&gt;k = \text{length of major axis.}&lt;/math&gt;

By definition, distance &lt;math&gt;F_2A&lt;/math&gt; + distance &lt;math&gt;F_1A = k.&lt;/math&gt;

Therefore distance &lt;math&gt;F_1A = a.&lt;/math&gt;


Intercept form of ellipse at origin:

&lt;math&gt;(4k^2 - 16p^2)x^2 + (4k^2)y^2 = k^4 - 4k^2p^2&lt;/math&gt;

&lt;math&gt;\frac{4(k^2-4p^2)}{k^2(k^2-4p^2)}x^2 + \frac{4k^2}{k^2(k^2 - 4p^2)}y^2 = 1&lt;/math&gt;

&lt;math&gt;\frac{4}{(2a)^2}x^2 + \frac{4}{(2a)^2 - 4p^2}y^2 = 1&lt;/math&gt;

&lt;math&gt;\frac{x^2}{a^2} + \frac{y^2}{b^2} = 1&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=python&gt;
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
&lt;syntaxhighlight&gt;
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=python&gt;
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=python&gt;
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;
{{RoundBoxBottom}}

==Second definition of ellipse==
{{RoundBoxTop|theme=2}}
[[File:0901ellipse00.png|thumb|400px|'''Graph of ellipse &lt;math&gt;\frac{x^2}{a^2} + \frac{y^2}{b^2} = 1&lt;/math&gt; where &lt;math&gt;a,b = 20,12&lt;/math&gt;.'''
&lt;/br&gt;
At point &lt;math&gt;B,\ \frac{u}{v} = e.&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;/br&gt;
At point &lt;math&gt;A,\ \frac{a}{t} = e.&lt;/math&gt;
]]
Ellipse is path of point that moves so that ratio of distance to
fixed point and distance to fixed line is constant.


Let &lt;math&gt;\frac{p}{a} = e&lt;/math&gt; where:

* &lt;math&gt;p&lt;/math&gt; is non-zero,

* &lt;math&gt;a &gt; p,&lt;/math&gt;

* &lt;math&gt;a = p + u.&lt;/math&gt;

Therefore, &lt;math&gt;1 &gt; e &gt; 0.&lt;/math&gt;

Let directrix have equation &lt;math&gt;x = t&lt;/math&gt; where &lt;math&gt;\frac{a}{t} = e.&lt;/math&gt;

At point &lt;math&gt;B:&lt;/math&gt;

&lt;math&gt;\frac{p}{p+u} = \frac{p+u}{p+u+v} = e&lt;/math&gt;

&lt;math&gt;(p+u)^2 = p(p+u+v)&lt;/math&gt;

&lt;math&gt;pp + pu + pu + uu = pp + pu + pv&lt;/math&gt;

&lt;math&gt;pu + uu = pv&lt;/math&gt;

&lt;math&gt;u(p + u) = pv&lt;/math&gt;

&lt;math&gt;\frac{u}{v} = \frac{p}{p+u} = e&lt;/math&gt;

&lt;math&gt;\frac{\text{distance to focus}}{\text{distance to directrix}} = e\ \dots\ (3)&lt;/math&gt;

Statement &lt;math&gt;(3)&lt;/math&gt; is true at point &lt;math&gt;A&lt;/math&gt; also.


Section under &quot;Proof&quot; below proves that statement (3) is true for any point &lt;math&gt;P&lt;/math&gt; on ellipse.
{{RoundBoxBottom}}
===Proof===
{{RoundBoxTop|theme=2}}
[[File:0902ellipse00.png|thumb|400px|'''Proving that &lt;math&gt;\frac{\text{distance from point to focus}}{\text{distance from point to directrix}} = e&lt;/math&gt;.'''
&lt;/br&gt;
Graph is part of curve &lt;math&gt;\frac{x^2}{a^2} + \frac{y^2}{b^2} = 1.&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;/br&gt;
distance to Directrix1 &lt;math&gt;= t - x = \frac{a}{e} - x = \frac{a - ex}{e}.&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;/br&gt;
base = &lt;math&gt;x - p = x - ae&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;/br&gt;
&lt;math&gt;\text{(distance to Focus1)}^2 = \text{base}^2 + y^2&lt;/math&gt;
]]
As expressed above in statement &lt;math&gt;3,&lt;/math&gt; second definition of ellipse states that ellipse is path of point that moves so that ratio of distance to
fixed point and distance to fixed line is constant.


This section proves that this definition is true for any point &lt;math&gt;P&lt;/math&gt; on the ellipse.


At point &lt;math&gt;P:&lt;/math&gt;

&lt;math&gt;(a^2 - p^2)x^2 + a^2y^2 -a^2(a^2 - p^2) = 0&lt;/math&gt;

&lt;math&gt;y^2 = \frac{-(a^2 - p^2)x^2 + a^2(a^2 - p^2)}{a^2}&lt;/math&gt;

&lt;math&gt;= \frac{a^2e^2x^2 - a^2x^2 + a^2a^2 - a^2a^2e^2}{a^2}&lt;/math&gt;

&lt;math&gt;= e^2x^2 - x^2 + a^2 - a^2e^2&lt;/math&gt;

base &lt;math&gt;= x-p = x-ae&lt;/math&gt;

&lt;math&gt;(\text{distance}\ F_1P)^2 = y^2 + \text{base}^2 = y^2 + (x-ae)^2&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;= a^2 - 2aex + e^2x^2&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;= (a-ex)^2&lt;/math&gt;

&lt;math&gt;\text{distance to Focus1} = \text{distance}\ F_1P = a - ex&lt;/math&gt;

&lt;math&gt;\text{distance to Directrix1} = t - x = \frac{a}{e} - x = \frac{a-ex}{e}&lt;/math&gt;

&lt;math&gt;\frac{\text{distance to Focus1}}{\text{distance to Directrix1}}&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;= (a - ex)\frac{e}{(a-ex)}&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;= e&lt;/math&gt;


Similar calculations can be used to prove the case for Focus2 &lt;math&gt;(-p, 0)&lt;/math&gt; and Directrix2 &lt;math&gt;(x = -t)&lt;/math&gt;
in which case:

&lt;math&gt;\frac{\text{distance to Focus2}}{\text{distance to Directrix2}}&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;= (a + ex)\frac{e}{(a + ex)}&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;= e&lt;/math&gt;

Therefore: &lt;math&gt;\frac{\text{distance to focus}}{\text{distance to directrix}} = e&lt;/math&gt; where &lt;math&gt;1 &gt; e &gt; 0.&lt;/math&gt;


Ellipse is path of point that moves so that ratio of distance to fixed point and distance to fixed line is constant, called eccentricity &lt;math&gt;e.&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=python&gt;
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=python&gt;
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;
{{RoundBoxBottom}}

==Heading==
===Properties of ellipse===
{{RoundBoxTop|theme=2}}
[[File:0822ellipse01.png|thumb|400px|'''Graph of ellipse used to illustrate and calculate certain properties of ellipses.'''
&lt;/br&gt;
&lt;/br&gt;
Traditional definition of ellipse:
&lt;/br&gt;
&lt;math&gt;\text{distance } AF_1 + \text{distance } AF_2 = \text{constant } k.&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;/br&gt;
&lt;/br&gt;
Second definition of ellipse:
&lt;/br&gt;
&lt;math&gt;\frac{\text{distance } AF_1}  {\text{distance } AG } = \text{eccentricity } e.&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;/br&gt;
&lt;/br&gt;
Triangle &lt;math&gt;A F_1  G&lt;/math&gt; is right triangle.
&lt;/br&gt;
&lt;math&gt;e = \cos \angle  O F_1  A  = \cos \angle   F_1 A G&lt;/math&gt;
]]
Ellipse in diagram has:


* Two foci: &lt;math&gt;F_1\ (p,0),\ F_2\ (-p,0).&lt;/math&gt;

* Length of major axis &lt;math&gt;= \text{distance } I_2 I_1 = 2a&lt;/math&gt;

* Length of minor axis &lt;math&gt;= \text{distance } A B = 2b&lt;/math&gt;

* Equation: &lt;math&gt;\frac {x^2} {a^2}  + \frac {y^2} {b^2} = 1&lt;/math&gt;

* Length of latus rectum &lt;math&gt;= \text{distance } P Q&lt;/math&gt;

* Distance between directrices &lt;math&gt;= \text{distance } D_2 D_1 = 2t&lt;/math&gt;


Properties of ellipse:

* &lt;math&gt;\frac{\text{length of major axis}}  {\text{distance between directrices}} = e&lt;/math&gt;


* &lt;math&gt;\frac{\text{distance between foci}}  {\text{length of major axis}} = e&lt;/math&gt;


* &lt;math&gt;\frac{\text{distance between foci}}  {\text{distance between directrices}}= e^2&lt;/math&gt;


* &lt;math&gt;(\frac{\text{length of minor axis}}  {\text{length of major axis}})^2 + e^2 = 1&lt;/math&gt;


* &lt;math&gt;\frac{\text{length of latus rectum}}  {\text{length of major axis}} + e^2 = 1&lt;/math&gt;


* line &lt;math&gt;PD_1&lt;/math&gt; is tangent to curve at latus rectum, point &lt;math&gt;P.&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=python&gt;
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
&lt;syntaxhighlight&gt;
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
&lt;syntaxhighlight&gt;
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;
{{RoundBoxBottom}}
====Major axis====
From traditional definition of ellipse:

Distance &lt;math&gt;AF_2\ +&lt;/math&gt; distance &lt;math&gt;AF_1&lt;/math&gt;

= distance &lt;math&gt;I_1F_1\ +&lt;/math&gt; distance &lt;math&gt;I_1F_2&lt;/math&gt;

= distance &lt;math&gt;I_2F_2\ +&lt;/math&gt; distance &lt;math&gt;I_2F_1&lt;/math&gt;

= &lt;math&gt;k.&lt;/math&gt;


Therefore: 

Length of major axis = distance &lt;math&gt;I_2I_1 = 2a = k.&lt;/math&gt;

Distance &lt;math&gt;AF_1 = \frac{k}{2} = a.&lt;/math&gt;


From second definition of ellipse:

&lt;math&gt;\frac{\text{distance }AF_1}{\text{distance }AG} = \frac{a}{t} = \text{eccentricity }e&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;= \frac{\text{distance }OI_1}{\text{distance }OD_1}.&lt;/math&gt;

&lt;math&gt;\frac{\text{length of major axis}}{\text{distance between directrices}} = e.&lt;/math&gt;
====Foci====
From second definition of ellipse:

&lt;math&gt;\frac{\text{distance }I_1F_1}{\text{distance }I_1D_1} = \frac{a-p}{t-a} = e.&lt;/math&gt;

&lt;math&gt;a - p = te - ae&lt;/math&gt;

&lt;math&gt;a - p = a - ae&lt;/math&gt;

Therefore: &lt;math&gt;p = ae&lt;/math&gt; or &lt;math&gt;\frac{p}{a} = e.&lt;/math&gt;

&lt;math&gt;\frac{\text{distance between foci}}{\text{length of major axis}} = e.&lt;/math&gt;

&lt;math&gt;\frac{\text{distance between foci}}{\text{distance between directrices}} = e^2.&lt;/math&gt;
====Minor axis====
Triangle &lt;math&gt;AOF_1&lt;/math&gt; is right triangle.

&lt;math&gt;\cos ^2 \angle OAF_1 + \sin ^2 \angle OAF_1&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;= (\frac{b}{a})^2    +    (\frac{p}{a})^2  &lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;= (\frac{b}{a})^2    +    (\frac{ae}{a})^2  &lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;= (\frac{b}{a})^2    +    e^2  = 1&lt;/math&gt;


&lt;math&gt;( \frac{\text{length of minor axis}} {\text{length of major axis}} )^2 + e^2 = 1&lt;/math&gt;


Triangles &lt;math&gt;AOF_1,\ AF_1G&lt;/math&gt; are similar.

Triangle &lt;math&gt;AF_1G&lt;/math&gt; is right triangle.


&lt;math&gt;e = \cos \angle OF_1A = \cos \angle F_1AG.&lt;/math&gt;
====Latus rectum====
From second definition of ellipse:

&lt;math&gt;\frac{\text{distance }PF_1} {\text{distance }F_1D_1} = \frac{\text{distance }PF_1}{t-p} = e&lt;/math&gt;

&lt;math&gt;\text{distance }PF_1 = te - pe = a - (ae)e = a(1-e^2).&lt;/math&gt;

&lt;math&gt;\frac{\text{distance }PF_1} {a} = 1 - e^2.&lt;/math&gt;

&lt;math&gt; \frac{\text{length of latus rectum}} {\text{length of major axis}}  + e^2 = 1&lt;/math&gt;

====Slope of curve====
Curve has equation: &lt;math&gt;b^2x^2 + a^2y^2 = a^2b^2&lt;/math&gt;

Derivative of both sides:

&lt;math&gt;b^22x + a^22yy' = 0&lt;/math&gt;

&lt;math&gt;y' = \frac{-xb^2}{ya^2}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;= \frac{-x(1-e^2)}{y}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;

At point &lt;math&gt;P:\ m_1 = y' = \frac{-p(1-e^2)}{-a(1-e^2)}&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;= \frac{ae}{a} = e.&lt;/math&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;

Slope of line &lt;math&gt;PD_1:\ m_2 = \frac{\text{distance }PF_1}{\text{distance }F_1D_1} = e.&lt;/math&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;

&lt;math&gt;m_1 = m_2.&lt;/math&gt; Therefore line &lt;math&gt;PD_1&lt;/math&gt; is tangent to curve at latus rectum, point &lt;math&gt;P.&lt;/math&gt;

&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=python&gt;
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
&lt;syntaxhighlight&gt;
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
&lt;syntaxhighlight&gt;
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;


&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=python&gt;
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
&lt;syntaxhighlight&gt;
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
&lt;syntaxhighlight&gt;
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=python&gt;
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
&lt;syntaxhighlight&gt;
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
&lt;syntaxhighlight&gt;
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;

===Intercept form of equation===


&lt;math&gt;\frac{x^2}{20^2} + \frac{y^2}{12^2} = 1&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;


{{RoundBoxTop|theme=2}}
[[File:0625ellipse01.png|thumb|400px|'''Ellipse at origin with major axis on X axis.'''
&lt;/br&gt;
&lt;/br&gt;
&lt;/br&gt;
&lt;/br&gt;
Equation of ellipse has format &lt;math&gt;\frac{x^2}{a^2} + \frac{y^2}{b^2} = 1&lt;/math&gt; where:
&lt;/br&gt;
&lt;/br&gt;
&lt;math&gt;\text{Length of major axis} = 2a = \text{distance}\ I_2I_1 = 40&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;/br&gt;
&lt;math&gt;\text{Length of minor axis} = 2b = \text{distance}\ BA = 24&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;/br&gt;
&lt;math&gt;\text{ }&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;\text{ }&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;\text{ }&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;\text{ }&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;\text{ }&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;/br&gt;
&lt;math&gt;\frac{\text{Length of minor axis}}{\text{Length of major axis}} = \sqrt{1 - e^2}&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;/br&gt;
&lt;/br&gt;
&lt;math&gt;e = \sqrt{1 - \frac{b^2}{a^2}} = 0.8.&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;
]]
In diagram:

Intercept &lt;math&gt;I_1&lt;/math&gt; has coordinates &lt;math&gt;(a,0).&lt;/math&gt;

Intercept &lt;math&gt;I_2&lt;/math&gt; has coordinates &lt;math&gt;(-a,0).&lt;/math&gt;

Intercept &lt;math&gt;A&lt;/math&gt; has coordinates &lt;math&gt;(0,b).&lt;/math&gt;

Intercept &lt;math&gt;B&lt;/math&gt; has coordinates &lt;math&gt;(0,-b).&lt;/math&gt;

Focus &lt;math&gt;F_1&lt;/math&gt; has coordinates &lt;math&gt;(f,0)&lt;/math&gt; where &lt;math&gt;f = ea.&lt;/math&gt;

Focus &lt;math&gt;F_2&lt;/math&gt; has coordinates &lt;math&gt;(-f,0).&lt;/math&gt;

Curve has equation &lt;math&gt;\frac{x^2}{20^2} + \frac{y^2}{12^2} = 1,&lt;/math&gt; called intercept form of equation of ellipse because intercepts are apparent as the 
fractional value of each coefficient.


Standard form of this equation is: &lt;math&gt;(-0.36)x^2 + (-1)y^2 + (0)xy + (0)x + (0)y + (144) = 0.&lt;/math&gt; While the standard form is
valuable as input to a computer program, the intercept form is still attractive to the human eye because center of ellipse and
intercepts are neatly contained within the equation.


Slope of curve:

&lt;math&gt;b^2x^2 + a^2y^2 = a^2b^2&lt;/math&gt;

Derivative of both sides:

&lt;math&gt;b^22x + a^22yy' = 0&lt;/math&gt;

&lt;math&gt;y' = \frac{-xb^2}{ya^2}&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;= \frac{-x(1-e^2)}{y}&lt;/math&gt;


At point &lt;math&gt;P&lt;/math&gt; on latus rectum &lt;math&gt;PQ:&lt;/math&gt;

&lt;math&gt;m_1 = y' = \frac{-(ea)(1-e^2)}{-(a(1-e^2))} = e&lt;/math&gt;


Slope of line &lt;math&gt;PD = m_2 = \frac{PF_1}{F_1D} = e&lt;/math&gt;

&lt;math&gt;m_1 = m_2.&lt;/math&gt; Line &lt;math&gt;PD&lt;/math&gt; is tangent to curve at latus rectum, point &lt;math&gt;P.&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;\text{ }&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;\text{ }&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;\text{ }&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;\text{ }&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;\text{ }&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;\text{ }&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;\text{ }&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;\text{ }&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;\text{ }&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;\text{ }&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;\text{ }&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;\text{ }&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=python&gt;
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
&lt;syntaxhighlight&gt;
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
&lt;syntaxhighlight&gt;
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;
{{RoundBoxBottom}}

===Example===
{{RoundBoxTop|theme=2}}
[[File:0618ellipse01.png|thumb|400px|'''Traditional definition of ellipse uses abc, epq.'''
&lt;/br&gt;
M is mid-point between F1 and F2.
&lt;/br&gt;
Point R is on minor axis.
&lt;/br&gt;
&lt;/br&gt;
&lt;math&gt;\frac{\text{distance from R to F1}}{\text{distance from R to directrix 1}}&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;= e&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;/br&gt;
&lt;/br&gt;
&lt;math&gt;= \frac{\text{half major axis}}{\text{distance from M to directrix 1}}&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;/br&gt;
&lt;/br&gt;
&lt;math&gt;\text{distance from M to directrix 1} = \frac{\text{half major axis}}{e}&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;/br&gt;
&lt;/br&gt;
&lt;math&gt;\text{F1:}\ (1, -7)&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;/br&gt;
&lt;math&gt;\text{F2:}\ (-1.24, 0.68)&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;/br&gt;
length_of_major_axis = 10
&lt;/br&gt;
&lt;math&gt;\text{M:}\ (-0.12, -3.16)&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;/br&gt;
length_of_minor_axis = 6
&lt;/br&gt;
&lt;math&gt;\text{R:}\ (2.76, -2.32)&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;/br&gt;
&lt;math&gt;e = 0.8&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;/br&gt;
&lt;math&gt;\text{D1:}\ (1.63, -9.16)&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;/br&gt;
&lt;math&gt;\text{Directrix 1:}\ (-0.28)x + (0.96)y + (9.25) = 0&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;/br&gt;
&lt;math&gt;\text{abc}\ =\ (-0.28,\ 0.96,\ 9.25)&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;/br&gt;
&lt;math&gt;\text{epq}\ =\ (0.8,\ 1,\ -7)&lt;/math&gt;
]]
Given:
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=python&gt;
# python code

F1 = 1, -7          # Focus 1
F2 = -1.24, 0.68    # Focus 2
length_of_major_axis = 10
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
Calculate equation of ellipse.
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=python&gt;

F1 = p1,q1 = [ dD(str(v)) for v in F1 ]    # Focus 1
F2 = p2,q2 = [ dD(str(v)) for v in F2 ]    # Focus 2

length_of_major_axis = dD(length_of_major_axis)
half_major_axis = length_of_major_axis / 2

# Direction cosines from F1 to F2
dx = p2-p1 ; dy = q2-q1
divider = (dx**2 + dy**2).sqrt()
dx,dy = [ (v/divider) for v in (dx,dy) ]

# F2
# p2 = p1 + dx*distance_F1_F2
# q2 = q1 + dy*distance_F1_F2
distance_F1_F2 = (q2-q1)/dy
half_distance_F1_F2 = distance_F1_F2 / 2

# The mid-point
M = xM,ym = p1 + dx*half_distance_F1_F2, q1 + dy*half_distance_F1_F2

# Eccentricity:
e = distance_F1_F2 / length_of_major_axis

# distance from point R to F1                half_major_axis
# ------------------------------------ = e = -----------------------------------------
# distance from point R to Directrix 1       distance from point M to Directrix 1

distance_from_point_M_to_dx1 = half_major_axis / e

# Intersection of axis and directrix 1
D1 = xM-dx*distance_from_point_M_to_dx1,  yM-dy*distance_from_point_M_to_dx1
D1 = xD1, yD1 = [ reduce_Decimal_number(v) for v in D1 ]

# Equation of Directrix 1
# dx1 = adx1,bdx1,cdx1
adx1,bdx1 = dx, dy # Perpendicular to axis.
# adx1*x + bdx1*y + cdx1 = 0
# Directrix 1 contains point D1
cdx1 = reduce_Decimal_number( -( adx1*xD1 + bdx1*yD1 ) )

abc = adx1,bdx1,cdx1
epq = e,p1,q1
ABCDEF = ABCDEF_from_abc_epq  (abc,epq, 1)
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
Equation of ellipse in standard form:

&lt;math&gt;(-0.949824)x^2 + (-0.410176)y^2 + (-0.344064)xy + (-1.3152)x + (-2.6336)y + (4.76) = 0&lt;/math&gt;


For more insight into method of calculation and proof:
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=python&gt;
if 1 :
    print ('F1: ({}, {})'.format(p1,q1))
    print ('F1: (x - ({}))^2 + (y - ({}))^2 = 1'.format(p1,q1))

    print ('F2: ({}, {})'.format(p2,q2))
    print ('F2: (x - ({}))^2 + (y - ({}))^2 = 1'.format(p2,q2))

    print ('length_of_major_axis =', length_of_major_axis)
    
    print ('M: ({}, {})'.format(xM,yM))
    print ('M: (x - ({}))^2 + (y - ({}))^2 = 1'.format(xM,yM))

    # half_minor_axis**2 + half_distance_F1_F2**2 = half_major_axis**2
    half_minor_axis = (half_major_axis**2 - half_distance_F1_F2**2).sqrt()
    length_of_minor_axis = half_minor_axis * 2
    s1 = 'length_of_minor_axis' ; print (s1, '=', eval(s1))

    # Direction cosines on major axis:
    print ('dx,dy =', dx,dy)
    
    # Direction cosines on minor axis:
    dnx,dny = dy,-dx
    print ('dnx,dny =', dnx,dny)

    # One point on minor axis:
    R = xR,yR = xM + dnx*half_minor_axis, yM + dny*half_minor_axis
    print ('R: ({}, {})'.format(xR,yR))
    print ('R: (x - ({}))^2 + (y - ({}))^2 = 1'.format(xR,yR))
    # Verify that point R is on ellipse:
    sum_zero((A*xR**2, B*yR**2, C*xR*yR, D*xR, E*yR, F)) and 1/0

    s1 = 'e' ; print (s1, '=', eval(s1))

    print ('D1: ({}, {})'.format(xD1,yD1))
    print ('D1: (x - ({}))^2 + (y - ({}))^2 = 1'.format(xD1,yD1))

    print ('Directrix 1: ({})x + ({})y + ({}) = 0'.format(adx1, bdx1, cdx1))

    print()
# For proof, reverse the process:    
    (abc1,epq1), (abc2,epq2) = calculate_abc_epq  (ABCDEF)
    a1,b1,c1 = abc1 ; e1,p1,q1 = epq1
    print ('Directrix 1: ({})x + ({})y + ({}) = 0'.format(a1, b1, c1))
    print ('Eccentricity e1: {}'.format(e1))
    print ('F1: ({}, {})'.format(p1,q1))

    print()
    a2,b2,c2 = abc2 ; e2,p2,q2 = epq2
    print ('Directrix 2: ({})x + ({})y + ({}) = 0'.format(a2, b2, c2))
    print ('Eccentricity e2: {}'.format(e2))
    print ('F2: ({}, {})'.format(p2,q2))

    print ('\nEquation of ellipse with integer coefficients:')
    A,B,C,D,E,F = [ reduce_Decimal_number(-v*1000000/64) for v in ABCDEF ]
    str1 = '({})x^2 + ({})y^2 + ({})xy + ({})x + ({})y + ({}) = 0'
    print (str1.format(A,B,C,D,E,F))
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
&lt;syntaxhighlight&gt;
F1: (1, -7)
F1: (x - (1))^2 + (y - (-7))^2 = 1
F2: (-1.24, 0.68)
F2: (x - (-1.24))^2 + (y - (0.68))^2 = 1
length_of_major_axis = 10
M: (-0.12, -3.16)
M: (x - (-0.12))^2 + (y - (-3.16))^2 = 1
length_of_minor_axis = 6
dx,dy = -0.28 0.96
dnx,dny = 0.96 0.28
R: (2.76, -2.32)
R: (x - (2.76))^2 + (y - (-2.32))^2 = 1
e = 0.8
D1: (1.63, -9.16)
D1: (x - (1.63))^2 + (y - (-9.16))^2 = 1
Directrix 1: (-0.28)x + (0.96)y + (9.25) = 0

Directrix 1: (0.28)x + (-0.96)y + (-9.25) = 0
Eccentricity e1: 0.8
F1: (1, -7)

Directrix 2: (0.28)x + (-0.96)y + (3.25) = 0 
Eccentricity e2: 0.8
F2: (-1.24, 0.68) 

Equation of ellipse with integer coefficients: 
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
&lt;math&gt;(14841)x^2 + (6409)y^2 + (5376)xy + (20550)x + (41150)y + (-74375) = 0&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=python&gt;
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
&lt;syntaxhighlight&gt;
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=python&gt;
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
&lt;syntaxhighlight&gt;
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=python&gt;
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
&lt;syntaxhighlight&gt;
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=python&gt;
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
&lt;syntaxhighlight&gt;
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
&lt;syntaxhighlight&gt;
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;
{{RoundBoxBottom}}

=allEqual=

{{Robelbox|title=[[Wikiversity:Welcome|Welcome]]|theme={{{theme|9}}}}}
&lt;div style=&quot;padding-top:0.25em; padding-bottom:0.2em; padding-left:0.5em; padding-right:0.75em;&quot;&gt;
[[Wikiversity:Welcome|Wikiversity]] is a [[Wikiversity:Sister projects|Wikimedia Foundation]] project devoted to [[learning resource]]s, [[learning projects]], and [[Portal:Research|research]] for use in all [[:Category:Resources by level|levels]], types, and styles of education from pre-school to university, including professional training and informal learning. We invite [[Wikiversity:Wikiversity teachers|teachers]], [[Wikiversity:Learning goals|students]], and [[Portal:Research|researchers]] to join us in creating [[open educational resources]] and collaborative [[Wikiversity:Learning community|learning communities]]. To learn more about Wikiversity, try a [[Help:Guides|guided tour]], learn about [[Wikiversity:Adding content|adding content]], or [[Wikiversity:Introduction|start editing now]].

&lt;/div&gt;
====Welcomee====
{{Robelbox|title=[[Wikiversity:Welcome|Welcome]]|theme={{{theme|9}}}}}
&lt;div style=&quot;padding-top:0.25em; 
     padding-bottom:0.2em; 
     padding-left:0.5em; 
     padding-right:0.75em;
     background-color: #FFF800;
     &quot;&gt;
[[Wikiversity:Welcome|Wikiversity]] is a [[Wikiversity:Sister projects|Wikimedia Foundation]] project devoted to [[learning resource]]s, [[learning projects]], and [[Portal:Research|research]] for use in all [[:Category:Resources by level|levels]], types, and styles of education from pre-school to university, including professional training and informal learning. We invite [[Wikiversity:Wikiversity teachers|teachers]], [[Wikiversity:Learning goals|students]], and [[Portal:Research|researchers]] to join us in creating [[open educational resources]] and collaborative [[Wikiversity:Learning community|learning communities]]. To learn more about Wikiversity, try a [[Help:Guides|guided tour]], learn about [[Wikiversity:Adding content|adding content]], or [[Wikiversity:Introduction|start editing now]].

&lt;/div&gt;

=====Welcomen=====
{{Robelbox|title=|theme={{{theme|9}}}}}
&lt;div style=&quot;padding-top:0.25em; 
     padding-bottom:0.2em; 
     padding-left:0.5em; 
     padding-right:0.75em;
     background-color: #FFFFFF;
     &quot;&gt;
[[Wikiversity:Welcome|Wikiversity]] is a [[Wikiversity:Sister projects|Wikimedia Foundation]] project devoted to [[learning resource]]s, [[learning projects]], and [[Portal:Research|research]] for use in all [[:Category:Resources by level|levels]], types, and styles of education from pre-school to university, including professional training and informal learning. We invite [[Wikiversity:Wikiversity teachers|teachers]], [[Wikiversity:Learning goals|students]], and [[Portal:Research|researchers]] to join us in creating [[open educational resources]] and collaborative [[Wikiversity:Learning community|learning communities]]. To learn more about Wikiversity, try a [[Help:Guides|guided tour]], learn about [[Wikiversity:Adding content|adding content]], or [[Wikiversity:Introduction|start editing now]].

&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=python&gt;
# python code.
if a == b == c == d == e == f == g == h == 0 :if a == b == c == d == e == f == g == h == 0 :if a == b == c == d == e == f == g == h == 0 :if a == b == c == d == e == f == g == h == 0 :
    pass
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
{{Robelbox/close}}
{{Robelbox/close}}
{{Robelbox/close}}
&lt;noinclude&gt;
[[Category: main page templates]]
&lt;/noinclude&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! &lt;math&gt;x&lt;/math&gt; !! &lt;math&gt;x^2 - N&lt;/math&gt;
|-
| &lt;code&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;code&gt;6&lt;/code&gt; || &lt;code&gt;-221&lt;/code&gt;
|-
| &lt;code&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;code&gt;7&lt;/code&gt; || &lt;code&gt;-208&lt;/code&gt;
|-
|-
| &lt;code&gt;10&lt;/code&gt; || &lt;code&gt;-157&lt;/code&gt;
|-
| &lt;code&gt;11&lt;/code&gt; || &lt;code&gt;-136&lt;/code&gt;
|-
| &lt;code&gt;12&lt;/code&gt; || &lt;code&gt;-113&lt;/code&gt;
|-
| &lt;code&gt;13&lt;/code&gt; || &lt;code&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;code&gt;-88&lt;/code&gt;
|-
| &lt;code&gt;26&lt;/code&gt; || &lt;code&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;code&gt;419&lt;/code&gt;
|}

=Testing=
======table1======
{|style=&quot;border-left:solid 3px blue;border-right:solid 3px blue;border-top:solid 3px blue;border-bottom:solid 3px blue;&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; 
|
Hello

As &lt;math&gt;abs(x)&lt;/math&gt; increases, the value of &lt;math&gt;f(x)&lt;/math&gt; is dominated by the term &lt;math&gt;-ax^3.&lt;/math&gt;

When &lt;math&gt;x&lt;/math&gt; has a very large negative value, &lt;math&gt;f(x)&lt;/math&gt; is always positive.
When &lt;math&gt;x&lt;/math&gt; has a very large negative value, &lt;math&gt;f(x)&lt;/math&gt; is always positive.
When &lt;math&gt;x&lt;/math&gt; has a very large negative value, &lt;math&gt;f(x)&lt;/math&gt; is always positive.

When &lt;math&gt;x&lt;/math&gt; has a very large positive value, &lt;math&gt;f(x)&lt;/math&gt; is always negative.
&lt;syntaxhighlight&gt;
1.4142135623730950488016887242096980785696718753769480731766797379907324784621070388503875343276415727
  3501384623091229702492483605585073721264412149709993583141322266592750559275579995050115278206057147
  0109559971605970274534596862014728517418640889198609552329230484308714321450839762603627995251407989
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
|}

{{RoundBoxTop|theme=2}}
[[File:0410cubic01.png|thumb|400px|'''
Graph of cubic function with coefficient a negative.'''
&lt;/br&gt;
There is no absolute maximum or absolute minimum.
]]
Coefficient &lt;math&gt;a&lt;/math&gt; may be negative as shown in diagram.


As &lt;math&gt;abs(x)&lt;/math&gt; increases, the value of &lt;math&gt;f(x)&lt;/math&gt; is dominated by the term &lt;math&gt;-ax^3.&lt;/math&gt;

When &lt;math&gt;x&lt;/math&gt; has a very large negative value, &lt;math&gt;f(x)&lt;/math&gt; is always positive.

When &lt;math&gt;x&lt;/math&gt; has a very large positive value, &lt;math&gt;f(x)&lt;/math&gt; is always negative.


Unless stated otherwise, any reference to &quot;cubic function&quot; on this page will assume coefficient &lt;math&gt;a&lt;/math&gt; positive.
{{RoundBoxBottom}}
&lt;math&gt;x_{poi} = -1&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;

=====Various planes in 3 dimensions=====
{{RoundBoxTop|theme=2}}
&lt;gallery&gt;
File:0713x=4.png|&lt;small&gt;plane x=4.&lt;/small&gt;
File:0713y=3.png|&lt;small&gt;plane y=3.&lt;/small&gt;
File:0713z=-2.png|&lt;small&gt;plane z=-2.&lt;/small&gt;
&lt;/gallery&gt;
{{RoundBoxBottom}}


&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=python&gt;
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
&lt;syntaxhighlight&gt;
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=python&gt;
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
&lt;syntaxhighlight&gt;
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

&lt;syntaxhighlight&gt;
1.4142135623730950488016887242096980785696718753769480731766797379907324784621070388503875343276415727
  3501384623091229702492483605585073721264412149709993583141322266592750559275579995050115278206057147
  0109559971605970274534596862014728517418640889198609552329230484308714321450839762603627995251407989
  6872533965463318088296406206152583523950547457502877599617298355752203375318570113543746034084988471
  6038689997069900481503054402779031645424782306849293691862158057846311159666871301301561856898723723
  5288509264861249497715421833420428568606014682472077143585487415565706967765372022648544701585880162
  0758474922657226002085584466521458398893944370926591800311388246468157082630100594858704003186480342
  1948972782906410450726368813137398552561173220402450912277002269411275736272804957381089675040183698
  6836845072579936472906076299694138047565482372899718032680247442062926912485905218100445984215059112
  0249441341728531478105803603371077309182869314710171111683916581726889419758716582152128229518488472
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;


&lt;math&gt;\theta_1&lt;/math&gt;


{{RoundBoxTop|theme=2}}
[[File:0422xx_x_2.png|thumb|400px|'''
Figure 1: Diagram illustrating relationship between &lt;math&gt;f(x) = x^2 - x - 2&lt;/math&gt;
and &lt;math&gt;f'(x) = 2x - 1.&lt;/math&gt;'''
&lt;/br&gt;
]]
{{RoundBoxBottom}}
&lt;math&gt;O\ (0,0,0)&lt;/math&gt;

&lt;math&gt;M\ (A_1,B_1,C_1)&lt;/math&gt;

&lt;math&gt;N\ (A_2,B_2,C_2)&lt;/math&gt;

&lt;math&gt;\theta&lt;/math&gt;


&lt;math&gt;\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ &lt;/math&gt;


:&lt;math&gt;\begin{align}
(6) - (7),\ 4Apq + 2Bq =&amp;\ 0\\
	       2Ap + B =&amp;\ 0\\
                   2Ap =&amp;\ - B\\
\\
                     p =&amp;\ \frac{-B}{2A}\ \dots\ (8)
\end{align}&lt;/math&gt;

&lt;math&gt;\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ &lt;/math&gt;

:&lt;math&gt;\begin{align}
1.&amp;4141475869yugh\\
  &amp;2645er3423231sgdtrf\\
  &amp;dhcgfyrt45erwesd
\end{align}&lt;/math&gt;

&lt;math&gt;\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ &lt;/math&gt;


:&lt;math&gt;
  4\sin 18^\circ
  = \sqrt{2(3 - \sqrt 5)}
  = \sqrt 5 - 1
&lt;/math&gt;</text>
      <sha1>9acyhxm631vzhr1crq4jugq1to2qly1</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Social Victorians/People/Bourke</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>263813</id>
    <revision>
      <id>2694354</id>
      <parentid>2694299</parentid>
      <timestamp>2025-01-04T23:02:15Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Scogdill</username>
        <id>1331941</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>2694354</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="69644" sha1="bksq6ymhpd0z1wjpcjr7fba6jh1ktct" xml:space="preserve">==Also Known As==
* Family name: Bourke [pronounced ''burk'']&lt;ref name=&quot;:62&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2024-05-07|title=Earl of Mayo|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Earl_of_Mayo&amp;oldid=1222668659|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earl_of_Mayo.&lt;/ref&gt;
* The Hon. Algernon Bourke
* Mrs. Gwendolen Bourke
** Gwendoline&lt;ref name=&quot;:14&quot;&gt;City of Westminster Archives Centre; London, England; ''Westminster Church of England Parish Registers''; Reference: ''SPWP/PR/1/2''. Ancestry.com. ''Westminster, London, England, Church of England Births and Baptisms, 1813-1919'' [database on-line]. Lehi, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2020.&lt;/ref&gt; (Births and Baptisms)
** Gwendolen&lt;ref&gt;General Register Office. ''England and Wales Civil Registration Indexes''. London, England: General Register Office. FreeBMD. ''England &amp; Wales, Civil Registration Marriage Index, 1837-1915''[database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations Inc, 2006.&lt;/ref&gt; (Marriage Index) &lt;ref name=&quot;:15&quot; /&gt; (Morning Post article about her name) &lt;ref&gt;General Register Office. ''England and Wales Civil Registration Indexes''. London, England: General Register Office. FreeBMD. ''England &amp; Wales, Civil Registration Marriage Index, 1837-1915''[database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations Inc, 2006.&lt;/ref&gt; (Electoral Register)
** Guendoline
* See also the [[Social Victorians/People/Mayo|page for the Earl of Mayo]], the Hon. Algernon Bourke's father, and other Bourkes

== Overview ==
Although the Hon. Algernon Henry Bourke was born in Dublin in 1854 and came from a family whose title is in the Peerage of Ireland,&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;1911 England Census.&lt;/ref&gt; he seems to have spent much of his adult life generally in England and especially in London. Because he was the son of the [[Social Victorians/People/Mayo|Earl of Mayo]], perhaps, or perhaps because he was so involved in projects that got reported on, he was mentioned a great deal in the newspapers, but after his bankruptcy, he seems to have receded in prominence, in part because he was living outside of the U.K.

Mrs. Gwendolen Bourke was a noted horsewoman and an excellent shot, exhibited at dog shows successfully and was &quot;an appreciative listener to good music.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Vanity Fair.&quot; ''Lady of the House'' 15 June 1899, Thursday: 4 [of 44], Col. 2c [of 2]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0004836/18990615/019/0004.&lt;/ref&gt; She attended many social events without her husband, especially into the 20th century, usually with an appreciative description of what she wore. She was a sponsor of Irish art needlework as well. Unlike her husband's, Gwendolen's social status seems to have risen as time passed, and she appears in stories associated with the Princess of Wales, and then later with Queen Alexandra.

The Hon. Algernon Bourke and Mr. Algernon Bourke, depending on the newspaper article, were the same person. Calling him Mr. Bourke in the newspapers, especially when considered as a businessman or (potential) member of Parliament, does not rule out the son of an earl, who would normally be accorded the honorific of ''Honorable''.

== Acquaintances, Friends and Enemies ==

=== Algernon Bourke ===

* [[Social Victorians/People/Montrose|Marcus Henry Milner]], &quot;one of the zealous assistants of that well-known firm of stockbrokers, Messrs. Bourke and Sandys&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot;&gt;&quot;Metropolitan Notes.&quot; ''Nottingham Evening Post'' 31 July 1888, Tuesday: 4 [of 4], Col. 2a [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000321/18880731/025/0004.&lt;/ref&gt;
* Caroline, Duchess of Montrose — her &quot;legal advisor&quot; on the day of her marriage to Marcus Henry Milner&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Metropolitan Notes.&quot; ''Nottingham Evening Post'' 31 July 1888, Tuesday: 4 [of 4], Col. 1b [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000321/18880731/025/0004.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Gwendolen Bourke ===

* Lord and Lady Alington, Belvedere House, Scarborough

== Organizations ==

=== Gwendolen Bourke ===

* Member, the Ladies Committee for the Prince's Skating Club, which also included [[Social Victorians/People/Princess Louise|Princess Louise]] (Duchess of Argyll), the [[Social Victorians/People/Portland|Duchess of Portland]], [[Social Victorians/People/Londonderry|Lady Londonderry]], [[Social Victorians/People/Campbell|Lady Archibald Campbell]], [[Social Victorians/People/Ribblesdale|Lady Ribblesdale]], and [[Social Victorians/People/Asquith|Mrs. Asquith]]&lt;ref name=&quot;:11&quot;&gt;&quot;What the 'World' Says.&quot; ''Northwich Guardian'' 01 November 1902, Saturday: 6 [of 8], Col. 8a [of 9]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001975/19021101/134/0006. Print title: The ''Guardian'', p. 6.&lt;/ref&gt; (1902, at least)

=== Algernon Bourke ===
* Eton
* Cambridge University, Trinity College, 1873, Michaelmas term&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot;&gt;Cambridge University Alumni, 1261–1900. Via Ancestry.&lt;/ref&gt;
* Conservative Party
* 1879: Appointed a Poor Law Inspector in Ireland, Relief of Distress Act
* 1885: Office of the 7th Surrey Rifles Regiment&lt;ref&gt;&quot;7th Surrey Rifles.&quot; ''South London Press'' 08 August 1885, Saturday: 12 [of 16], Col. 4a [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000213/18850808/165/0012. Print p. 12.&lt;/ref&gt;
* Special Correspondent of The ''Times'' for the Zulu War, accompanying Lord Chelmsford
* Head, Messrs. Bourke and Sandys, &quot;that well-known firm of stockbrokers&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt; ( – 1901 [at least])
* White's gentleman's club, St. James's,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2024-10-09|title=White's|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White's|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White%27s.&lt;/ref&gt; Manager (1897)&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Side Lights on Drinking.&quot; ''Waterford Standard'' 28 April 1897, Wednesday: 3 [of 4], Col. 7a [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001678/18970428/053/0003.&lt;/ref&gt;
* Willis's Rooms&lt;blockquote&gt;... the Hon. Algernon Burke [sic], son of the 6th Earl of Mayo, has turned the place into a smart restaurant where choice dinners are served and eaten while a stringed band discourses music. Willis's Rooms are now the favourite dining place for ladies who have no club of their own, or for gentlemen who are debarred by rules from inviting ladies to one of their own clubs. The same gentleman runs a hotel in Brighton, and has promoted several clubs. He has a special faculty for organising places of the kind, without which such projects end in failure.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Lenten Dullness.&quot; ''Cheltenham Looker-On'' 23 March 1895, Saturday: 11 [of 24], Col. 2c [of 2]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000226/18950323/004/0011. Print p. 275.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

==== Boards of Directors ====
*1883: One of the directors, the Franco-English Tunisian Esparto Fibre Supply Company, Ltd.&lt;ref&gt;''Money Market Review'', 20 Jan 1883 (Vol 46): 124.&lt;/ref&gt;
*1891: One of the founders, the Discount Banking Company, Ltd., which says Algernon Bourke is a director of District Messenger Services and News Company, Ltd.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Public Company.&quot; ''Nottingham Journal'' 31 October 1891, Saturday: 4 [of 8], Col. 8a [of 8]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001896/18911031/099/0004. Print title: ''The Nottingham Daily Express'', p. 4.&lt;/ref&gt;
*1894: One of the directors, the Frozen Lake, Ltd., with Admiral Maxse, Lord [[Social Victorians/People/Beresford|Marcus Beresford]], [[Social Victorians/People/Williams|Hwfa Williams]]&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The Frozen Lake, Limited.&quot; ''St James's Gazette'' 08 June 1894, Friday: 15 [of 16], Col. 4a [of 4]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001485/18940608/085/0015. Print p. 15.&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Committees ====

*Member, Men's Committee of the Prince's Skating Club, which also included Lord Edward Cecil, Lord Redesdale, Mr. [[Social Victorians/People/Lyttelton|Alfred Lyttelton]], Sir Edgar Vincent, Sir William Hart Dyke, and Mr. [[Social Victorians/People/Grenfell|W. H. Grenfell]]&lt;ref name=&quot;:11&quot; /&gt; (1902, at least)
*[[Social Victorians/Timeline/1896#25 March 1896, Wednesday|The Sala Memorial Fund]], member of the committee (from 25 March 1896)
* Member of an &quot;influential committee&quot; headed by the Lord Mayor &quot;to restore salmon to the Thames&quot; (June 1899)&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Salmon in the Thames.&quot; ''Berks and Oxon Advertiser'' 30 June 1899, Friday: 5 [of 8], Col. 4a [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002298/18990630/079/0005. Print n.p.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Timeline ==
'''1872 February 8''', Richard Bourke, 6th Earl of Mayo was assassinated while inspecting a &quot;convict settlement at Port Blair in the Andaman Islands ... by Sher Ali Afridi, a former Afghan soldier.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2024-12-01|title=Richard Bourke, 6th Earl of Mayo|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Bourke,_6th_Earl_of_Mayo|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Bourke,_6th_Earl_of_Mayo.&lt;/ref&gt; The Hon. Algernon's brother Dermot became the 7th Earl at 19 years old.

'''1876 November 24, Friday''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke was one of 6 men (2 students, one of whom was Bourke; 2 doctors; a tutor and another man) from Cambridge who gave evidence as witnesses in an inquest about the death from falling off a horse of a student.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The Fatal Accident to a Sheffield Student at Cambridge.&quot; ''Sheffield Independent'' 25 November 1876, Saturday: 7 [of 12], Col. 5a [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000181/18761125/040/0007. Print title: ''Sheffield and Rotherham Independent'', n. p.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1881 May 10, Tuesday''', Algernon Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1881#1881 May 10, Tuesday|wedding of Marion Lascelles, eldest daughter of the Hon. Egremont W. Lascelles, brother of the Earl of Harewood, and Lieutenant Henry Dent Brocklehurst, of the Second Life Guards, nephew of Mr. Philip Brocklehurst, of Swithamley Park, Macclesfield]]. His gift was an &quot;old enamelled watch set in pearls.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Nuptial Rejoicings at Middlethorpe Manor. Marriage of Miss Lascelles and Lieut. Brocklehurst.&quot; ''Yorkshire Gazette'' 14 May 1881, Saturday: 9 [of 12], Cols. 3a–4a [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive''https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000266/18810514/057/0009. Print same title and p.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1884 May 3, Saturday''', the &quot;Rochester Conservatives&quot; announced that they would &quot;bring forward the Hon. Algernon Bourke, brother of Lord Mayo, as their second candidate,&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Election Intelligence.&quot; ''Yorkshire Gazette'' 03 May 1884, Saturday: 4 [of 12], Col. 6a [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000266/18840503/011/0004.&lt;/ref&gt; but because he could not be the first candidate, Bourke declined.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Rochester.&quot; London ''Daily Chronicle'' 09 May 1884, Friday: 3 [of 8], Col. 8b [of 8]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0005049/18840509/049/0003.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1884 June 18, Wednesday''', Mr. Algernon Bourke was on a committee to watch a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1884#18 June 1884, Wednesday|Mr. Bishop's &quot;thought-reading&quot; experiment]], which was based on a challenge by Henry Labourchere made the year before. This &quot;experiment&quot; took place before a fashionable audience.

'''1885 October 3, Saturday''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke was named as the Conservative candidate for Clapham in the Battersea and Clapham borough after the Redistribution Bill determined the electoral districts for South London.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;South London Candidates.&quot; ''South London Press'' 03 October 1885, Saturday: 9 [of 16], Col. 5b [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000213/18851003/096/0009. Print p. 9.&lt;/ref&gt; The Liberal candidate, who won, was Mr. J. F. Moulton.

'''1886 July 21, Wednesday''', Algernon Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/1886-07-21 Ball at Marlborough House|Ball at Marlborough House]], as did a Mr. and Mrs. F. Sloane-Stanley, who may be related to the Gwendolen Sloane-Stanley who married Bourke on 15 December 1887.

'''1886 July 27, Tuesday''', Algernon Bourke attended a service honoring a memorial at St. Paul's for his father, who had been assassinated.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Memorial to the Late Earl of Mayo.&quot; ''Northern Whig'' 28 July 1886, Wednesday: 6 [of 8], Col. 6b [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000434/18860728/143/0006. Print p. 6.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1886 September 2, Thursday''', Mr. Algernon Bourke was part of a group of mostly aristocratic men taking part in [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1886#8 September 1886, Wednesday|a &quot;trial-rehearsal&quot; as part of Augustus Harris's production]] ''A Run of Luck'', about sports.

'''1886 October 2, Saturday''', the Duke of Beaufort and the Hon. Algernon Bourke arrived in Yougal: &quot;His grace has taken a residence at Lismore for a few weeks, to enjoy some salmon fishing on the Blackwater before the close of the season.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Chippenham.&quot; ''Wilts and Gloucestershire Standard'' 02 October 1886, Saturday: 8 [of 8], Col. 6a [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001955/18861002/142/0008. Print p. 8.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1886 December 30, Thursday''', Algernon Bourke was back in London and attending the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1886#1886 December 30, Thursday|&quot;Forty Thieves&quot; pantomime at the Drury Lane Theatre]].

'''1887 May''', a &quot;signalling incident&quot; in 1907 [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1887#May 1887|caused the Waterford ''Evening News'' to recall a similar event]] that had occurred 20 years earlier, in which Algernon Bourke, as special correspondent for the ''Times'', caused the incident to be publicized:&lt;blockquote&gt;During the manoeuvres in connection with the 1887 Jubilee of Queen Victoria a signal was observed going up from [[Social Victorians/People/Beresford|Lord Charles[ Beresford]]]'s ship. It was a message to his wife, Lady Beresford, to the effect that, as he should be late for dinner, she was not to wait. Beyond the hilarity this domestic signal evoked, nothing more would have been heard of it, but Mr. Algernon Bourke (Lord Mayo's brother) was acting as special correspondent for the &quot;Times,&quot; and that paper the next morning contained a full and humorous report of the incident. Then there was trouble.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Signalling Incident.&quot; ''Evening News'' (Waterford) 13 November 1907, Wednesday: 1 [of 4], Col. 6c [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0004557/19071113/021/0001.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;'''1887 December 15''', Hon. Algernon Bourke and Gwendolen Stanley were married at St. Paul's, Knightsbridge, by Bourke's uncle the Hon. and Rev. George Bourke. Only family members attended because of &quot;the recent death of a near relative of the bride.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Court Circular.&quot; ''Morning Post'' 16 December 1887, Friday: 5 [of 8], Col. 7c [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000174/18871216/066/0005.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1888 July 26''', [[Social Victorians/People/Montrose|Caroline Graham Stirling-Crawford]] (known as Mr. Manton for her horse-breeding and -racing operations) and Marcus Henry Milner married.&lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot;&gt;&quot;Hon. Caroline Agnes Horsley-Beresford.&quot; {{Cite web|url=https://thepeerage.com/p6863.htm#i68622|title=Person Page|website=thepeerage.com|access-date=2020-11-21}}&lt;/ref&gt; According to the ''Nottingham Evening Post'' of 31 July 1888,&lt;blockquote&gt;LONDON GOSSIP.

(From the ''World''.)

The marriage of &quot;Mr. Manton&quot; was the surprise as well the sensation of last week. Although some wise people noticed a certain amount of youthful ardour in the attentions paid by Mr. Marcus Henry Milner to Caroline Duchess of Montrose at '''Mrs. Oppenheim's ball''', nobody was prepared for the sudden ''dénouement''; '''and it''' were not for the accidental and unseen presence [[Social Victorians/People/Mildmay|a well-known musical amateur]] who had received permission to practice on the organ, the ceremony performed at half-past nine on Thursday morning at St. Andrew's, Fulham, by the Rev. Mr. Propert, would possibly have remained a secret for some time to come. Although the evergreen Duchess attains this year the limit of age prescribed the Psalmist, the bridegroom was only born in 1864. Mr. &quot;Harry&quot; Milner (familiarly known in the City as &quot;Millions&quot;) was one of the zealous assistants of that well-known firm of stockbrokers, Messrs. Bourke and Sandys, and Mr. Algernon Bourke, the head of the house (who, of course, takes a fatherly interest in the match) went down to Fulham to give away the Duchess. The ceremony was followed by a ''partie carrée'' luncheon at the Bristol, and the honeymoon began with a visit to the Jockey Club box at Sandown. Mr. Milner and the Duchess of Montrose have now gone to Newmarket. The marriage causes a curious reshuffling of the cards of affinity. Mr. Milner is now the stepfather of the [[Social Victorians/People/Montrose|Duke of Montrose]], his senior by twelve years; he is also the father-in-law of [[Social Victorians/People/Lady Violet Greville|Lord Greville]], Mr. Murray of Polnaise, and [[Social Victorians/People/Breadalbane|Lord Breadalbane]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;'''1888 December 1st week''', according to &quot;Society Gossip&quot; from the ''World'', the Hon. Algernon Bourke was suffering from malaria, presumably which he caught when he was in South Africa:&lt;blockquote&gt;I am sorry to hear that Mr. Algernon Bourke, who married Miss Sloane-Stanley a short time ago, has been very dangerously ill. Certain complications followed an attack of malarian fever, and last week his mother, the Dowager Lady Mayo, and his brother, Lord Mayo, were hastily summoned to Brighton. Since then a change for the better has taken place, and he is now out of danger.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Society Gossip. What the ''World'' Says.&quot; ''Hampshire Advertiser'' 08 December 1888, Saturday: 2 [of 8], Col. 5b [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000495/18881208/037/0002. Print title: ''The Hampshire Advertiser County Newspaper''; print p. 2.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;'''1889 – 1899 January 1''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke was &quot;proprietor&quot; of White's Club, St. James's Street.&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot;&gt;&quot;The Hon. Algernon Bourke's Affairs.&quot; ''Eastern Morning News'' 19 October 1899, Thursday: 6 [of 8], Col. 7c [of7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001152/18991019/139/0006. Print p. 6.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1889 June 8, Saturday''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke contributed some art he owned to the collection of the Royal Institute of Painters in Water-Colours' [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1889#8 June 1889, Saturday|exhibition of &quot;the works of the 'English Humourists in Art.'&quot;]]

'''1891 November 22, Sunday''', the London Weekly Dispatch reports a performance by American &quot;Lady Magnet&quot; Mrs. Abbott, who claimed to be able to lift anybody using only her magnetic properties. An enthusiastic &quot;committee of some fifteen gentlemen presented a written and signed testimonial&quot; supporting Mrs. Abbott, &quot;the Hon. Algernon Bourke, Professor Atkinson, Dr. Hides, and three other doctors who prefer to remain incog., being among the signatories. All the medical gentlemen concerned assured the ''Evening News and Post'' reporter of their complete and unconditional surrender. One of them went so far as to say that he had come with the full determination of disbelieving, but had been quite able to act up to his resolve.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The Lady Magnet. Draws Crowds of People Who Divide in Opinion about Her.&quot; ''Weekly Dispatch'' (London) 22 November 1891, Sunday: 16 [of 16], Cols. 3a–4b [of 4]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003358/18911122/203/0016. Print: same title and p.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1892''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke privately published his ''The History of White's'', the exclusive gentleman's club.

'''1893 February 11, Tuesday''', Algernon Bourke opened Willis's Restaurant:&lt;blockquote&gt;Mr. Algernon Bourke has in his time done many things, and has generally done them well. His recently published history of White's Club is now a standard work. White's Club itself was a few years ago in its agony when Mr. Bourke stepped in and gave it a renewed lease of life. Under Mr. Bourke's auspices &quot;Willis's Restaurant&quot; opened its doors to the public on Tuesday last in a portion of the premises formerly so well known as Willis's Rooms. This new venture is to rival the Amphitryon in the matter of cuisine and wines; but it is not, like the Amphitryon, a club, but open to the public generally. Besides the restaurant proper, there are several ''cabinets particuliers'', and these are decorated with the very best of taste, and contain some fine portraits of the Georges.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Marmaduke.&quot; &quot;Letter from the Linkman.&quot; ''Truth'' 20 April 1893, Thursday: 25 [of 56], Col. 1a [of 2]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' [https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002961/18930420/075/0025# https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002961/18930420/075/0025]. Print p. 855.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;'''1893 April 1, Saturday''', Algernon Bourke published a letter to the editor of the ''Times'', reprinted in the ''Kildare Observer'', arguing against Gladstone's Home Rule bill on the grounds that Ireland would not be able to take out a loan on its own behalf because of its obligations to the U.K., including what was called its share of the national debt.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Irish Unionist Alliance.&quot; ''Kildare Observer and Eastern Counties Advertiser'' 01 April 1893, Saturday: 6 [of 8], Col. 4c [of 5]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001870/18930401/062/0006. Print: The ''Kildare Observer'', n.p.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1893 July 14, Friday''', Gwendolen Bourke attended [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1893#1893 July 14, Friday|the races at Sandown]] wearing an outfit and hat that got described in the newspaper.

'''1893 November 30, Thursday''', with Sir Walter Gilbey the Hon. Algernon Bourke &quot;assisted&quot; in &quot;forming [a] collection&quot; of engravings by George Morland that was exhibited at Messrs. J. and W. Vokins’s, Great Portland-street.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The George Morland Exhibition at Vokins's.&quot; ''Sporting Life'' 30 November 1893, Thursday: 4 [of 4], Col. 4c [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000893/18931130/058/0004.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1894 January 31, Wednesday''', Algernon and Gwendolen Bourke, who was dressed more stylishly than most, attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1894#Also 31 January 1894, Wednesday|Kildare Hunt Ball]] hosted by Dermot, [[Social Victorians/People/Mayo|Earl of Mayo]] and Geraldine, Countess of Mayo.

'''1895 February 23, Saturday''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1895#23 February 1895, Saturday|fashionable wedding of Laurence Currie and Edith Sibyl Mary Finch]]. Gwendolen Bourke is not listed as having attended, but she is not noted as absent, either. Daphne Bourke was born on 5 April 1895, probably explaining Gwendolen's absence.

'''1895 April 27, Saturday''', Algernon Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1895#1895 April 27, Saturday|wedding of Norah Bourke and Henry E. A. Lindsay]]. Again, Gwendolen Bourke is not listed as having attended, Daphne Bourke was born on 5 April 1895.

'''1895 August 24, Saturday''', &quot;Marmaduke&quot; in the ''Graphic'' says that Algernon Bourke &quot;opened a cyclists' club in Chelsea.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Marmaduke.&quot; &quot;Court and Club.&quot; The ''Graphic'' 24 August 1895, Saturday: 11 [of 32], Col. 3c [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/9000057/18950824/017/0011. Print p. 223.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1895 October''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#24 October 1902, Friday|opened the Prince's ice-skating rink for the season]].

'''1896 April 21, Monday''', Mr. and Mrs. A. Bourke sent a gift — a &quot;box for miniature&quot; — for [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1896#Monday, 1896 April 27|the wedding of Lady Angela St. Clair Erskine and James Stewart Forbes]].

'''1896 June 29, Monday''', Algernon Bourke published a letter to the editor of the ''Daily Telegraph'':&lt;blockquote&gt;To the Editor of “The Daily Telegraph.”

Sir — Permit me to make my bow to the public. I am the manager of the Summer Club, which on two occasions bas been the subject of Ministerial interpellation in Parliament. The Summer Club is a small combination, which conceived the idea of attempting to make life more pleasant in London by organising breakfast, luncheon, and teas in Kensington Gardens for its members. This appears to have given offence in some way to Dr. Tanner, with the result that the catering arrangements of the club are now &quot;by order&quot; thrown open to the public. No one is more pleased than I am at the result of the doctor's intervention, for it shows that the idea the Summer Club had of using the parks for something more than mere right of way bas been favourably received. In order, however, that the great British public may not be disappointed, should they all come to lunch at once, I think it necessary to explain that the kitchen, which by courtesy of the lessee of the kiosk our cook was permitted to use, is only 10ft by 5ft; it has also to serve as a scullery and pantry, and the larder, from which our luxurious viands are drawn, is a four-wheeled cab, which comes up every day with the food and returns after lunch with the scraps. Nevertheless, the Summer Club says to the British public — What we have we will share with you, though it don't amount to very much — I am, Sir, your obedient servant,

ALGERNON BOURKE.

White's Club, June 27&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The Summer Club.&quot; ''Daily Telegraph &amp; Courier'' (London) 29 June 1896, Monday: 8 [of 12], Col. 2b [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001112/18960629/072/0008. Print title: ''Daily Telegraph'', p. 8.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;'''1896 July 4, Saturday''', &quot;Marmaduke&quot; in the ''Graphic'' took Bourke's side on the Summer Club in Kensington Park:&lt;blockquote&gt;Most of us have noticed that if we read in the newspapers the account of some matter which we are personally acquainted with the account will generally contain several errors. I have also noticed that when a question is asked in the House of Commons regarding some matter about which I know all the facts the question and the official answer to it frequently contain serious errors. Last week Mr. Akers-Douglas was asked in the House to explain how it was that Mr. Algernon Bourke obtained permission to open the &quot;Summer Club&quot; in Kensington Gardens, and he was questioned upon other particulars connected with the same matter. Both the questions and the official reply showed considerable ignorance of the facts. There has been from time immemorial a refreshment kiosk in Kensington Gardens. Mr. Bourke obtained from the tenant of this permission to use the kitchen for the benefit of the &quot;Summer Club,&quot; and to supply the members of the latter with refreshments. It was a purely commercial transaction. Mr. Bourke then established some wicker seats, a few tables, a tent, and a small hut upon a lawn in the neighbourhood of the kiosk. To do this he must have obtained the permission of Mr. Akers-Douglas, as obviously he would otherwise have been immediately ordered to remove them. Mr. Akers-Douglas equally obviously would not have given his sanction unless he had been previously informed of the objects which Mr. Bourke had in view — to wit, that the latter intended to establish a club there. That being the case, it is difficult to understand for what reason Mr. Akers-Douglas has now decided that any member of the public can use the chairs, tables, and tent belonging to the &quot;Summer Club,&quot; can insist upon the club servants attending upon him, and can compel them to supply him with refreshments. Mr. Akers-Douglas should have thought of the consequences before he granted the permission.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Marmaduke.&quot; &quot;Court and Club.&quot; The ''Graphic'' 04 July 1896, Saturday: 14 [of 32], Col. 1b [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/9000057/18960704/029/0014. Print p. 14.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;'''1896 August 5, Wednesday''', Algernon and Gwendolen Bourke attended at the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1896#5 August 1896|wedding of the Hon. Terence Bourke and Miss Eveline Haines]] and gave the bride an &quot;enamel muff chain.&quot;

'''1896 August 10, Monday''', the Morning Leader reported that the Hon. Algernon Bourke, for the Foreign Office, received Li Hung Chang at St. Paul's:&lt;blockquote&gt;At St. Paul's Li Hung was received by Field-Marshal Simmons, Colonel Lane, the Hon. Algernon Bourke, of the Foreign Office (who made the necessary arrangements for the visit) and Canon Newbolt, on behalf of the Dean and Chapter. A crowd greeted Li with a cheer as he drove up in Lord Lonsdale’s striking equipage, and his Excellency was carried up the steps in an invalid chair by two stalwart constables. He walked through the centre door with his suite, and was immediately conducted by Canon Newbolt to General Gordon’s tomb in the north aisle, where a detachment of boys from the Gordon Home received him as a guard of honor.

Li inspected the monument with marked interest, and drew the attention of his suite to the remarkable likeness to the dead hero. He laid a handsome wreath of royal purple asters, lilies, maidenhair fern, and laurel, tied with a broad band of purple silk, on the tomb.

The visit was not one of inspection of the building, but on passing the middle aisle the interpreter called the attention of His Excellency to the exquisite architecture and decoration of the chancel. Li shook hands in hearty English fashion with Canon Newbolt and the other gentlemen who had received him, and, assisted by his two sons, walked down the steps to his carriage. He returned with his suite to Carlton House-terrace by way of St. Paul’s Churchyard, Cannon-st., Queen Victoria-st., and the Embankment.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;At St. Paul's.&quot; ''Morning Leader'' 10 August 1896, Monday: 7 [of 12], Col. 2b [of 5]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0004833/18960810/134/0007. Print p. 7.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;'''1896 August 19, Wednesday''', the ''Edinburgh Evening News'' reported on the catering that White's Club and Mr Algernon Bourke arranged for the visiting Li Hung Chang:&lt;blockquote&gt;It is probably not generally known (says the &quot;Chef&quot;) that Mr Algernon Bourke, manager of White's Club, London, has undertaken to the whole of the catering for our illustrious visitor front the Flowery Land. Li Hung Chang has five native cooks in his retinue, and the greatest good fellowship exists between them and their English ''confreres'', although considerable difficulty is experienced in conversation in understanding one another's meaning. There are between 40 and and 50 to cater for daily, besides a staff about 30; that Mr Lemaire finds his time fully occupied. The dishes for his Excellency are varied and miscellaneous, and from 14 to 20 courses are served at each meal. The bills of fare contain such items as bird's-nest soup, pigs' kidneys stewed in cream, boiled ducks and green ginger, sharks' fins, shrinips and prawns stewed with leeks and muscatel grapes, fat pork saute with peas and kidney beans. The meal usually winds with fruit and sponge cake, and freshly-picked green tea as liqueur.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Li Hung Chang's Diet.&quot; ''Edinburgh Evening News'' 19 August 1896, Wednesday: 3 [of 4], Col. 8b [of 8]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000452/18960819/057/0003.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''1896 November 6, Friday''', Algernon Bourke was on the committee for [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1896#1896 November 6, Friday|the Prince's Club ice-skating rink, which opened on this day]].&lt;p&gt;

'''1896 November 25, Wednesday''', Mr. and Mrs. Algernon Bouke attended [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1896#23 November 1896, Monday23 November 1896, Monday|Lord and Lady Burton's party for Derby Day]].&lt;p&gt;
'''1896 December 4, Friday''', the Orleans Club at Brighton was robbed:&lt;blockquote&gt;The old building of the Orleans Club at Brighton, which opens its new club house at 33, Brunswick-terrace to-day, was the scene of a very ingenious burglary during the small hours of yesterday morning. The greater portion of the club property had already been removed to the new premises, but Mr Algernon Bourke, his private secretary, and some of the officials of the club, still occupied bed-rooms at the house in the King’s-road. The corner shop of the street front is occupied by Mr. Marx, a jeweller in a large way of business, and upon his manager arriving at nine o'clock he discovered that the place had been entered through hole in the ceiling, and a great part of a very valuable stock of jewelry extracted. An examination of the morning rooms of the club, which runs over Mr. Marx's establishment reveal a singularly neat  specimen of the burglar's art. A piece of the flooring about 15in square had been removed by a series of holes bored side by side with a centre-bit, at a spot where access to the lofty shop was rendered easy by a tall showcase which stood convemently near. A massive iron girder had been avoided by a quarter of an inch, and this circumstance and the general finish of the operation point to an artist in his profession, who had acquired an intimate knowledge of the premises. The club doors were all found locked yesterday morning, and the means of egress adopted by the thief are at present a mystery.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Burglary at Brighton.&quot; ''Daily Telegraph &amp; Courier'' (London) 05 December 1896, Saturday: 5 [of 12], Col. 7a [of 7]. British Newspaper Archive https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001112/18961205/090/0005. Print title: ''Daily Telegraph''; p. 5.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''1896 December 10, Thursday''', Gwendolen Bourke was present to help staff a stall at the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1896#10 December 1896, Thursday|Irish Industries Exhibition and Sale, Brighton]].

'''1897 July 2, Friday''', the Hon. A. and Mrs. A. Bourke and Mr. and Mrs. Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/1897 Fancy Dress Ball | Duchess of Devonshire's fancy-dress ball]] at Devonshire House.

'''1897 July 11–16, week of''', a dog of Gwendolen Bourke's won a prize at the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1897#11–16 July 1897, Week Of|Ladies' Kennel Association show in the Royal Botanic Gardens in Regent's Park]].

'''23 July 1897 — or 30 July 1897 – Friday''', Gwendolen Bourke attended [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1897#23 July 1897, Friday|Lady Burton's party at Chesterfield House]]. &lt;blockquote&gt;Far the prettiest women in the room were Lady Henry Bentinck (who looked perfectly lovely in pale yellow, with a Iong blue sash; and Mrs. Algernon Bourke, who was as smart as possible in pink, with pink and white ruchings on her sleeves and a tall pink feather in her hair.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Lady Burton's Party at Chesterfield House.&quot; ''Belper &amp; Alfreton Chronicle'' 30 July 1897, Friday: 7 [of 8], Col. 1c [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0004151/18970730/162/0007. Print title: ''Belper and Alfreton Chronicle''; n.p.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''1897 October 30, Saturday''', ''Black and White'' published '''J.P.B.'''&lt;nowiki/&gt;'s &quot;The Case of Mrs. Elliott,&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:13&quot;&gt;J.P.B. &quot;The Case of Mrs. Elliott.&quot; ''Black &amp; White'' 30 October 1897, Saturday: 12 [of 34], Cols. 1a–2b [of 2]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0004617/18971030/036/0012. Print title ''Black and White'', p. 542.&lt;/ref&gt; an odd short short story in which the Honourable Algernon Bourke Herriott is &quot;rude to Mrs. Elliott,&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:13&quot; /&gt;{{rp|Col. 2b}} presumably having proposed that they have sexual relations while her husband is out. J.P.B. links to the biographical Algernon Bourke's career in the stock market in the description of Mrs. Christine Elliott not even simulating interest in her husband's bicycling: &quot;a soul is a grievous burthen for a stockbroker's wife,&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:13&quot; /&gt;{{rp|Col. 2a}} suggesting that Mr. Elliott rather than Algernon Bourke Herriott is the stockbroker. The Hon. Algy&lt;blockquote&gt;was a senior member of several junior clubs. A woman had dubbed him once &quot;a rip with a taste for verses.&quot; The description was severe, but not unwarranted. His was a pretty pagan sensualism, though, singing from a wine palate to Church music. For the rest, he had just imagination enough to despise mediocrity.&lt;ref name=&quot;:13&quot; /&gt;{{rp|Col. 2a}}&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''1897 December 30''', Algernon and Gwendolen Bourke attended a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1897#30 December 1897, Thursday|party at Blenheim Palace in which people performed tableaux vivants]] that got reported on, many of whom wearing the costumes from the Duchess of Devonshire's ball. The ''Irish Independent'' said Algernon Bourke was &quot;mainly responsible for the living pictures.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Mr Algernon Bourke ....&quot; ''Irish Independent'' 05 January 1898, Wednesday: 6 [of 8], Col. 2c [of 8]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001985/18980105/115/0006.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1898 April 12, Tuesday''', Algernon Bourke was in [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1898#1898 April 12, Tuesday|Monte Carlo according to the ''Gentlewoman'']].&lt;p&gt;

'''1899 January 10, Tuesday''', the Brighton Championship Dog Show opened:&lt;blockquote&gt;Princess of Wales a Winner at the Ladies’ Kennel Club Show.

[Exclusive to &quot;The Leader.&quot;)

The Brighton Championship Dog Show opened in the Dome and Corn Exchange yesterday, and was very well patronised by visitors and exhibitors. Among the latter was H.R.H. the Princess of Wales, who did very well; and others included Princess Sophie Duleep Singh, Countess De Grey, Sir Edgar Boehm, the Hon Mrs. Algernon Bourke, Lady Cathcart, Lady Reid, Mr. Shirley (chairman of the Kennel Club), and the Rev. Hans Hamiiton (president of the Kennel Club).

The entry of bloodhounds is one of the best seen for some time; the Great Danes are another strong lot; deerhounds are a fine entry, all good dogs, and most of the best kennels represented; borzois are another very stylish lot. The bigger dogs are, as usual, in the Corn Exchange and the &quot;toy&quot; dogs in the Dome. To everyone's satsfaction the Princess of Wales carried off two first prizes with Alex in the borzois class.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Dogs at Brighton.&quot; ''Morning Leader'' 11 January 1899, Wednesday: 8 [of 12], Col. 3b [of 5]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0004833/18990111/142/0008. Print p. 8.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;'''1899 January 11, Wednesday''', Gwendolen Bourke attended [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1899#11 January 1899, Wednesday|a luncheon at Stanfield-hall, home of Mr. and Mrs. Basil Montogomery, for Princess Henry of Battenberg]], that also included the Countess of Dudley (sister of Mrs. Montgomery), General Oliphant, and the Mayor and Mayoress of Romsey.

'''1899 February 7, Tuesday''', Gwendolen Bourke was a member of the very high-ranking committee organizing a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1899#1899 February 7, Tuesday|ball at the Hotel Cecil on 7 February 1899]].

'''1899 June 1, Thursday''', the Hon. Algernon and Gwendolen Bourke attended the wedding of her brother, Sloane Stanley and Countess Cairns at Holy Trinity Church, Brompton.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Marriage of Mr. Sloane Stanley and Countess Cairns.&quot; ''Hampshire Advertiser'' 03 June 1899, Saturday: 6 [of 8], Col. 3b [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000495/18990603/049/0006. Print p. 6.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1899 July 1, Saturday''', Algernon Bourke attended a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1899#1 July 1899, Saturday|meeting in London at the Duke of Westminster's Grosvenor House]] about preserving Killarney as part of the National Trust and seems to have been acting for someone who wanted to purchase the Muckross Estate.&lt;p&gt;

'''1899 October 19, Thursday''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke had a bankruptcy hearing:&lt;blockquote&gt;The public examination of the Hon. Algernon Bourke was held before Mr Registrar Giffard yesterday, at the London Bankruptcy Court. The debtor, described as proprietor of a St. James's-street club, furnished a statement of affairs showing unsecured debts £13,694 and debts fully secured £12,800, with assets which are estimated at £4,489 [?]. He stated, in reply to the Official Receiver, that he was formerly a member of the Stock Exchange, but had nothing to do with the firm of which he was a member during the last ten years. He severed his connection with the firm in May last, and believed he was indebted to them to the extent of £2,000 or £3,000. He repudiated a claim which they now made for £37,300. In 1889 he became proprietor of White's Club, St. James's-street, and carried it on until January 1st last, when he transferred it to a company called Recreations, Limited. One of the objects of the company was to raise money on debentures. The examination was formally adjourned.&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot; /&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;'''1899 November 8, Wednesday''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke's bankruptcy case came up again:&lt;blockquote&gt;At Bankruptcy Court, yesterday, the case the Hon. Algernon Bourke again came on for hearing before Mr. Registrar Giffard, and the examination was concluded. The debtor has at various times been proprietor of White’s Club, St. James’s-street, and the Orleans’ Club, Brighton, and also of Willis's Restaurant, King-street, St. James's. He attributed his failure to losses sustained by the conversion of White’s Club and the Orleans' Club into limited companies, to the payment of excessive Interest on borrowed money, and other causes. The liabilities amount to £26,590, of which £13,694 are stated to be unsecured, and assets £4,409.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Affairs of the Hon. A. Bourke.&quot; ''Globe'' 09 November 1899, Thursday: 2 [of 8], Col. 1c [of 5]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001652/18991109/020/0002. Print p. 2.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''1899 December 23, Saturday''', &quot;Mr. Algernon Bourke has departed for a tour in Africa, being at present the guest of his brother in Tunis.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The Society Pages.&quot; ''Walsall Advertiser'' 23 December 1899, Saturday: 7 [of 8], Col. 7b [of 8]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001028/18991223/143/0007. Print p. 7.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1900 February 15, Thursday''', Daphne Bourke, the four-year-old daughter of the Hon. Algernon and Mrs. Bourke was a bridesmaid in the wedding of Enid Wilson and the Earl of Chesterfield, so presumably her parents were present, although they are not mentioned.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;London Day by Day.&quot; ''Daily Telegraph'' 15 February 1900, Thursday: 8 [of 12], Col. 3b [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001112/19000215/175/0008. Name in British Newspaper Archive: ''Daily Telegraph &amp; Courier'' (London). Print p. 8.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1900 September 16''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke became the heir presumptive to the Earldom of Mayo when his older brother Captain Hon. Sir Maurice Archibald Bourke died.

'''1900 October 06, Saturday''', the ''Weekly Irish Times'' says that Mr. Algernon Bourke, now heir presumptive to the earldom of Mayo, &quot;has been for some months lately staying with Mr. Terence Bourke in Morocco.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Society Gossip.&quot; ''Weekly Irish Times'' 06 October 1900, Saturday: 14 [of 20], Col. 3b [of 5]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001684/19001006/121/0014. Print p. 14.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;p&gt;

'''1901 May 30, Thursday''', the Hon. Mrs. Algernon Bourke attended the fashionable [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#1901 May 30, Thursday|Ladies' Kennel Association Dog Show at the Botanic Garden]].

'''1901 July 4, Thursday''', Gwendolen and Daphne Bourke attended a children's party hosted by the Countess of Yarborough:&lt;blockquote&gt;The Countess of Yarborough gave a charming children's party on Thursday (4th) afternoon at her beautiful house in Arlington Street. The spacious ballroom was quite filled with little guests and their mothers. Each little guest received a lovely present from their kind hostess. The Duchess of Beaufort, in grey, and with a large black picture hat, brought her two lovely baby girls, Lady Blanche and Lady Diana Somerset, both in filmy cream [Col. 2b–3a] lace frocks. Lady Gertrude Corbett came with her children, and Ellen Lady Inchiquin with hers. Lady Southampton, in black, with lovely gold embroideries on her bodice, brought her children, as also did Lady Heneage and Mr. and Lady Beatrice Kaye. Lady Blanche Conyngham, in écru lace, over silk, and small straw hat, was there; also Mrs. Smith Barry, in a lovely gown of black and white lace. The Countess of Kilmorey, in a smart grey and white muslin, brought little Lady Cynthia Needham, in white; Mrs. Arthur James, in black and white muslin; and the Countess of Powys, in mauve silk with much white lace; Lady Sassoon, in black and white foulard; Victoria Countess of Yarborough, came on from hearing Mdme. Réjane at Mrs. Wernher's party at Bath House; and there were also present Lord Henry Vane-Tempest, the Earl of Yarborough, Lady Naylor-Leyland's little boys; the pretty children of Lady Constance Combe, Lady Florence Astley and her children, and Lady Meysey Thompson (very smart in mauve and white muslin) with her children; also Hon. Mrs. Algernon Bourke, in pale grey, with her pretty little girl.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The Countess of Yarborough ....&quot; ''Gentlewoman'' 13 July 1901, Saturday: 76 [of 84], Col. 2b, 3a [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003340/19010713/381/0076. Print p. xxxvi.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;'''1901 July 20, Saturday''', the ''Gentlewoman'' published the Hon. Mrs. Algernon Bourke's portrait (identified with &quot;Perthshire&quot;) in its 3rd series of &quot;The Great County Sale at Earl's Court. Portraits of Stallholders.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The Great County Sale at Earl's Court. Portraits of Stallholders.&quot; ''Gentlewoman'' 20 July 1901, Saturday: 31 [of 60], Col. 4b [of 5]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003340/19010720/141/0031. Print n.p.&lt;/ref&gt; Their daughter Daphne appears in the portrait as well.

'''1901 September 12, Thursday''', Mrs. Gwendolen Bourke wanted her name listed as Mrs. Algernon Bourke in the Electoral Register, apparently a frequent complaint:&lt;blockquote&gt;Mr. Underhill, the Conservative agent, mentioned to the Revising Barrister (Mr. William F. Webster) that the name of the Hon. Mrs. Gwendolen Bourke was on the list in respect of the house, 75, Gloucester-place. The lady had written to him to say that she was the Hon. Mrs. Algernon Bourke and that she wished that name to appear on the register. In reply to the Revising Barrister, Mr. Underhill said that “Algernon” was the name of the lady’s husband.

Mr. Cooke, the rate-collector, said that Mrs. Bourke had asked to be addressed Mrs. Algernon Bourke, but that the Town Clerk thought the address was not a correct one. The lady signed her cheques Gwendolen.”

Mr. Underhill said the agents frequently had indignant letters from ladies because they were not addressed by their husband’s Christian name.

The Revising Barrister — lf a lady gave me the name of Mrs. John Smith I should say I had not got the voter’s name. The name Gwendolen must remain.&lt;ref name=&quot;:15&quot;&gt;&quot;Ladies’ Names.&quot; ''Morning Post'' 12 September 1901, Thursday: 7 [of 10], Col. 3a [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000174/19010912/130/0007. Print p. 7.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''1902 September 4, Thursday''', the ''Daily Express'' reported that &quot;Mrs. Algernon Bourke is staying with Lord and Lady Alington at Scarborough.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Onlooker.&quot; &quot;My Social Diary.&quot; &quot;Where People Are.&quot; ''Daily Express'' 04 September 1902, Thursday: 5 [of 8], Col. 1b? [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0004848/19020904/099/0005. Print p. 4, Col. 7b [of 7].&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;p&gt;

'''1902 October 24, Friday''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#24 October 1902, Friday|opened the Prince's ice-skating rink for the season]], which he had been doing since 1895.&lt;p&gt;

'''1902 October 31, Friday''', the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#31 October 1902, Friday|7th opening of the Prince's Skating Club]]. Guendoline Bourke was on the Women's Committee and Algernon Bourke was on the Men's.

'''1902 December 9, Tuesday''', Gwendolen Bourke attended [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#9 December 1902, Tuesday|Lady Eva Wyndham-Quin's &quot;at home,&quot; held at the Welch Industrial depot]] for the sale Welsh-made Christmas gifts and cards. Bourke wore &quot;a fur coat and a black picture hat.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;A Lady Correspondent.&quot; &quot;Society in London.&quot; ''South Wales Daily News'' 11 December 1902, Thursday: 4 [of 8], Col. 5a [of 8]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000919/19021211/082/0004. Print p. 4.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1903 March 17, Tuesday''', Gwendolen Bourke staffed a booth at a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#1903 March 17, Tuesday|sale of the Irish Industries Association]] on St. Patrick's Day with [[Social Victorians/People/Mayo|Lady Mayo]], [[Social Victorians/People/Dudley|Georgina Lady Dudley]] and [[Social Victorians/People/Beresford|Miss Beresford]]. A number of other aristocratic women were also present at the sale in other booths, including [[Social Victorians/People/Londonderry|Lady Londonderry]] and [[Social Victorians/People/Lucan|Lady Lucan]].

'''1903 June 23, Tuesday''', Gwendolen and Daphne Bourke were invited to a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#1903 June 23, Tuesday|children's party at Buckingham Palace for Prince Eddie's birthday]].

'''1905 February 17, Friday''', the Dundee ''Evening Post'' reported that Algernon Bourke &quot;set up a shop in Venice for the sale of art treasures and old furniture.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Social News.&quot; Dundee ''Evening Post'' 17 February 1905, Friday: 6 [of 6], Col. 7b [of 8]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000582/19050217/105/0006. Print p. 6.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1905, last week of July''', Gwendolen Bourke and daughter Daphne Bourke — who was 10 years old — attended [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#Last week of July, 1905|Lady Cadogan's children's party at Chelsea House]]. Daphne was &quot;One of loveliest little girls present.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Court and Social News.&quot; ''Belfast News-Letter'' 01 August 1905, Tuesday: 7 [of 10], Col. 6b [of 8]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000038/19050801/157/0007. Print p. 7.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1907 May''', a &quot;naval signalling incident&quot; [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1887#May 1887|caused the Waterford ''Evening News'' to recall a similar event]] that had occurred 20 years earlier, in which Algernon Bourke, as special correspondent for the ''Times'', publicized [[Social Victorians/People/Beresford|Lord Charles Beresford]]'s use of his ship's signalling capabilities to send a message to his wife about being late for dinner:&lt;blockquote&gt;

The naval signalling incident is still in the air. It is expected that the matter will not be threshed out until Emperor William leaves England. A story of a former signalling incident in which [[Social Victorians/People/Beresford|Lord Charles Beresford]] was concerned is going the rounds at the moment.&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''1913 May 7, Wednesday''', Gwendolen Bourke presented her daughter Daphne Bourke at court:&lt;blockquote&gt;Mrs. Algernon Bourke presented her daughter, and wore blue and gold broché with a gold lace train.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Social and Personal.&quot; London ''Daily Chronicle'' 08 May 1913, Thursday: 6 [of 12], Col. 6b [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0005049/19130508/120/0006. Print p. 6.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

The ''Pall Mall Gazette'' has a description of Daphne Bourke's dress, but what exactly &quot;chiffon [[Social Victorians/Terminology#Hoops|paniers]]&quot; means in 1913 is not clear:&lt;blockquote&gt;Court dressmakers appear to have surpassed all previous records in their efforts to make the dresses for to-night’s Court as beautiful as possible. Noticeable among these is the dainty presentation gown to be worn by Miss Bourke, who will be presented by her mother, the Hon. Mrs. Algernon Bourke. This has a skirt of soft white satin draped with chiffon [[Social Victorians/Terminology#Hoops|paniers]] and a bodice veiled with chiffon and trimmed with diamanté and crystal embroidery. Miss Bourke’s train, gracefully hung from the shoulders, is of white satin lined with pale rose pink chiffon and embroidered with crystal and diamanté.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Fashion Day by Day. Lovely Gowns for To-night's Court.&quot; ''Pall Mall Gazette'' 07 May 1913, Wednesday: 13 [of 18], Col. 1a [of 5]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000098/19130507/199/0013. Print n.p.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''1904 September 15, Thursday''', according to what was at the time called the ''Irish Daily Independent and Nation'', Algernon Bourke was living in Venice and not in the UK at this point:&lt;blockquote&gt;Algernon Bourke, who usually lives in Venice, has spent some time in England during the present summer, and has now gone on a fishing expedition to Sweden, accompanied by his brother, Lord Mayo. Lady Mayo has been staying meanwhile in Ireland, and has had a visit from her mother, Lady Maria Ponsonby, who is a sister of Lend Obventry.&lt;ref name=&quot;:10&quot;&gt;&quot;Society Notes.&quot; ''Irish Independent'' 15 September 1904, Thursday: 4 [of 8], Col. 5b [of 9]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001986/19040915/131/0004. Print title: ''Irish Daily Independent and Nation'', p. 4.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;'''1909 May 22, Saturday''', Algernon Bourke appears to have been living in Pisa. A columnist for the ''Queen'' reported on the Royal School of Art Needlework:&lt;blockquote&gt;Lady Leconfield [?] was there, also her sister-in-law, the [[Social Victorians/People/Mayo|Dowager Lady Mayo]], only just back from her winter on the Continent, when she spent most of the time at Pisa, where her son Mr Algernon Bourke has also been staying. The latter is a great connoisseur as regards [art?] notably in what is really good in the way of old Italian sculpture and carving. He and his handsome wife have a place near to Putney, and this winter again Mr Bourke, as the result of his Italian travels, has been sending home such relics of the old Italian palace gardens as as stone and marble carved vases, garden seats, and what-not of the kind — not all for himself and his own gardens by any means, I fancy; but his friends, relying on his knowledge in such matters, get him when abroad to choose for [them?] the adornment of their English terraces and gardens.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;My Social Diary.&quot; The ''Queen'' 22 May 1909, Saturday: 31 [of 86], Col. 1b [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002627/19090522/203/0031. Print p. 871.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

== Costume at the Duchess of Devonshire's 2 July 1897 Fancy-dress Ball ==
According to both the ''Morning Post'' and the ''Times'', the Hon. Algernon Bourke was among the Suite of Men in the [[Social Victorians/1897 Fancy Dress Ball/Quadrilles Courts#&quot;Oriental&quot; Procession|&quot;Oriental&quot; procession]] at the [[Social Victorians/1897 Fancy Dress Ball | Duchess of Devonshire's fancy-dress ball]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; Based on the people they were dressed as, Gwendolen Bourke was probably in this procession but it seems unlikely that Algernone Bourke was.

[[File:Guendoline-Irene-Emily-Bourke-ne-Sloane-Stanley-as-Salammb.jpg|thumb|alt=Black-and-white photograph of a standing woman richly dressed in an historical costume with a headdress and a very large fan|Hon. Gwendolen Bourke as Salammbô. ©National Portrait Gallery, London.]]
=== Hon. Guendoline Bourke ===
[[File:Alfons Mucha - 1896 - Salammbô.jpg|thumb|left|alt=Highly stylized orange-and-yellow painting of a bare-chested woman with a man playing a harp at her feet|Alfons Mucha's 1896 ''Salammbô''.]]
Lafayette's portrait (right) of &quot;Guendoline Irene Emily Bourke (née Sloane-Stanley) as Salammbô&quot; in costume is photogravure #128 in the album presented to the Duchess of Devonshire and now in the National Portrait Gallery.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;&quot;Devonshire House Fancy Dress Ball (1897): photogravures by Walker &amp; Boutall after various photographers.&quot; 1899. National Portrait Gallery https://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/portrait-list.php?set=515.&lt;/ref&gt; The printing on the portrait says, &quot;The Hon. Mrs. Algernon Bourke as Salammbo.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Mrs. Algernon Bourke as Salammbo.&quot; ''Diamond Jubilee Fancy Dress Ball''. National Portrait Gallery https://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/portrait/mw158491/Guendoline-Irene-Emily-Bourke-ne-Sloane-Stanley-as-Salammb.&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Newspaper Accounts ====
The Hon. Mrs. A. Bourke was dressed as

* Salambo in the Oriental procession.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;&quot;Fancy Dress Ball at Devonshire House.&quot; ''Morning Post'' Saturday 3 July 1897: 7 [of 12], Col. 4a–8 Col. 2b. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000174/18970703/054/0007.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;&quot;Ball at Devonshire House.&quot; The ''Times'' Saturday 3 July 1897: 12, Cols. 1a–4c ''The Times Digital Archive''. Web. 28 Nov. 2015.&lt;/ref&gt;
* &quot;(Egyptian Princess), drapery gown of white and silver gauze, covered with embroidery of lotus flowers; the top of gown appliqué with old green satin embroidered blue turquoise and gold, studded rubies; train of old green broché.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;“The Duchess of Devonshire’s Ball.” The ''Gentlewoman'' 10 July 1897 Saturday: 32–42 [of 76], Cols. 1a–3c [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003340/18970710/155/0032.&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|p. 40, Col. 3a}}
*&quot;Mrs. A. Bourke, as an Egyptian Princess, with the Salambo coiffure, wore a flowing gown of white and silver gauze covered with embroidery of lotus flowers. The top of the gown was ornamented with old green satin embroidered with blue turquoise and gold, and studded with rubies. The train was of old green broché with sides of orange and gold embroidery, and from the ceinture depended long bullion fringe and an embroidered ibis.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;“The Ball at Devonshire House. Magnificent Spectacle. Description of the Dresses.” London ''Evening Standard'' 3 July 1897 Saturday: 3 [of 12], Cols. 1a–5b [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000183/18970703/015/0004.&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|p. 3, Col. 3b}}

==== Salammbô ====
Salammbô is the eponymous protagonist in Gustave Flaubert's 1862 novel.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2024-04-29|title=Salammbô|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Salammb%C3%B4&amp;oldid=1221352216|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salammb%C3%B4.&lt;/ref&gt; Ernest Reyer's opera ''Salammbô'' was based on Flaubert's novel and published in Paris in 1890 and performed in 1892&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2024-04-11|title=Ernest Reyer|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ernest_Reyer&amp;oldid=1218353215|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernest_Reyer.&lt;/ref&gt; (both Modest Mussorgsky and Sergei Rachmaninoff had attempted but not completed operas based on the novel as well&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;). Alfons Mucha's 1896 lithograph of Salammbô was published in 1896, the year before the ball (above left).[[File:Algernon Henry Bourke Vanity Fair 20 January 1898.jpg|thumb|alt=Old colored drawing of an elegant elderly man dressed in a 19th-century tuxedo with a cloak, top hat and formal pointed shoes with bows, standing facing 1/4 to his right|''Algy'' — Algernon Henry Bourke — by &quot;Spy,&quot; ''Vanity Fair'' 20 January 1898]]
=== Hon. Algernon Bourke ===
[[File:Hon-Algernon-Henry-Bourke-as-Izaak-Walton.jpg|thumb|left|alt=Black-and-white photograph of a man richly dressed in an historical costume sitting in a fireplace that does not have a fire and holding a tankard|Hon. Algernon Henry Bourke as Izaak Walton. ©National Portrait Gallery, London.]]
'''Lafayette's portrait''' (left) of &quot;Hon. Algernon Henry Bourke as Izaak Walton&quot; in costume is photogravure #129 in the album presented to the Duchess of Devonshire and now in the National Portrait Gallery.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt; The printing on the portrait says, &quot;The Hon. Algernon Bourke as Izaak Walton.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Hon. Algernon Bourke as Izaak Walton.&quot; ''Diamond Jubilee Fancy Dress Ball''. National Portrait Gallery https://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/portrait/mw158492/Hon-Algernon-Henry-Bourke-as-Izaak-Walton.&lt;/ref&gt;

This portrait is amazing and unusual: Algernon Bourke is not using a photographer's set with theatrical flats and props, certainly not one used by anyone else at the ball itself. Isaak Walton (baptised 21 September 1593 – 15 December 1683) wrote ''The Compleat Angler''.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2021-09-15|title=Izaak Walton|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Izaak_Walton&amp;oldid=1044447858|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Izaak_Walton.&lt;/ref&gt; A cottage Walton lived in and willed to the people of Stafford was photographed in 1888, suggesting that its relationship to Walton was known in 1897, raising a question about whether Bourke could have used the fireplace in the cottage for his portrait. (This same cottage still exists, as the [https://www.staffordbc.gov.uk/izaak-waltons-cottage Isaak Walton Cottage] museum.)

A caricature portrait (right) of the Hon. Algernon Bourke, called &quot;Algy,&quot; by Leslie Ward (&quot;Spy&quot;) was published in the 20 January 1898 issue of ''Vanity Fair'' as Number 702 in its &quot;Men of the Day&quot; series,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2024-01-14|title=List of Vanity Fair (British magazine) caricatures (1895–1899)|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Vanity_Fair_(British_magazine)_caricatures_(1895%E2%80%931899)&amp;oldid=1195518024|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Vanity_Fair_(British_magazine)_caricatures_(1895%E2%80%931899).&lt;/ref&gt; giving an indication of what he looked like out of costume.

=== Mr. and Mrs. Bourke ===
The ''Times'' made a distinction between the Hon. Mr. and Mrs. A. Bourke and Mr. and Mrs. Bourke, including both in the article.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; Occasionally this same article mentions the same people more than once in different contexts and parts of the article, so they may be the same couple. (See [[Social Victorians/People/Bourke#Notes and Question|Notes and Question]] #2, below.)

== Demographics ==
*Nationality: Anglo-Irish&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2020-11-14|title=Richard Bourke, 6th Earl of Mayo|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Richard_Bourke,_6th_Earl_of_Mayo&amp;oldid=988654078|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
*Occupation: journalist. 1895: restaurant, hotel and club owner and manager&lt;ref&gt;''Cheltenham Looker-On'', 23 March 1895. Via Ancestry but taken from the BNA.&lt;/ref&gt;
=== Residences ===
*Ireland: 1873: Palmerston House, Straffan, Co. Kildare.&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt; Not Co. Mayo?
*1888–1891: 33 Cadogan Terrace, S.W., Kensington and Chelsea, a dwelling house&lt;ref&gt;Kensington and Chelsea, London, England, Electoral Registers, 1889–1970, Register of Voters, 1891.&lt;/ref&gt;
*1894: 181 Pavilion Road, Kensington and Chelsea&lt;ref&gt;Kensington and Chelsea, London, England, Electoral Registers, 1889–1970. Register of Voters, 1894. Via Ancestry.&lt;/ref&gt;
*1900: 181 Pavilion Road, Kensington and Chelsea&lt;ref&gt;Kensington and Chelsea, London, England, Electoral Registers, 1889–1970. Register of Voters, 1900. Via Ancestry.&lt;/ref&gt;
*1904: Algernon Bourke was &quot;usually liv[ing] in Venice&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:10&quot; /&gt;
*1911: 1911 Fulham, London&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;
*20 Eaton Square, S.W. (in 1897)&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Pl0oAAAAYAAJ|title=Who's who|date=1897|publisher=A. &amp; C. Black|language=en}} 712, Col. 1b.&lt;/ref&gt; (London home of the [[Social Victorians/People/Mayo|Earl of Mayo]])

== Family ==
*Hon. Algernon Henry Bourke (31 December 1854 – 7 April 1922)&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Hon. Algernon Henry Bourke.&quot; {{Cite web|url=https://www.thepeerage.com/p29657.htm#i296561|title=Person Page|website=www.thepeerage.com|access-date=2020-12-10}}&lt;/ref&gt;
*Gwendolen Irene Emily Sloane-Stanley Bourke (c. 1869 – 30 December 1967)&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;&quot;Guendoline Irene Emily Stanley.&quot; {{Cite web|url=https://www.thepeerage.com/p51525.htm#i515247|title=Person Page|website=www.thepeerage.com|access-date=2020-12-10}}&lt;/ref&gt;
#Daphne Marjory Bourke (5 April 1895 – 22 May 1962)

=== Relations ===
*Hon. Algernon Henry Bourke (the 3rd son of the [[Social Victorians/People/Mayo|6th Earl of Mayo]]) was the older brother of Lady Florence Bourke.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

==== Other Bourkes ====
*Hubert Edward Madden Bourke (after 1925, Bourke-Borrowes)&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Hubert Edward Madden Bourke-Borrowes.&quot; {{Cite web|url=https://www.thepeerage.com/p52401.htm#i524004|title=Person Page|website=www.thepeerage.com|access-date=2021-08-25}} https://www.thepeerage.com/p52401.htm#i524004.&lt;/ref&gt;
*Lady Eva Constance Aline Bourke, who married [[Social Victorians/People/Dunraven|Windham Henry Wyndham-Quin]] on 7 July 1885;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Lady Eva Constance Aline Bourke.&quot; {{Cite web|url=https://www.thepeerage.com/p2575.htm#i25747|title=Person Page|website=www.thepeerage.com|access-date=2020-12-02}} https://www.thepeerage.com/p2575.htm#i25747.&lt;/ref&gt; he became 5th Earl of Dunraven and Mount-Earl on 14 June 1926.

==== The Sloane-Stanleys ====

* Hans T Sloane Stanley (c. 1841&lt;ref name=&quot;:16&quot;&gt;The National Archives; Kew, London, England; ''1871 England Census''; Class: ''RG10''; Piece: ''104''; Folio: ''21''; Page: ''37''; GSU roll: ''838763''. Ancestry.com. ''1871 England Census'' [database on-line]. Lehi, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations Inc, 2004.&lt;/ref&gt; – )
* Emilie Josephine S Stanley (c. 1849&lt;ref name=&quot;:16&quot; /&gt; – )
*# Gwendoline&lt;ref name=&quot;:14&quot; /&gt; Irene Emily G Stanley (c. 1870&lt;ref name=&quot;:16&quot; /&gt; – )

== Writings, Memoirs, Biographies, Papers ==

=== Writings ===
* Bourke, the Hon. Algernon. ''The History of White's''. London: Algernon Bourke [privately published], 1892.
* Bourke, the Hon. Algernon, ed., &quot;with a brief Memoir.&quot; ''Correspondence of Mr Joseph Jekyll with His Sister-in-Law, Lady Gertrude Sloane Stanley, 1818–1838''. John Murray, 1893.
* Bourke, the Hon. Algernon, ed. ''Correspondence of Mr Joseph Jekyll''. John Murray, 1894.

=== Papers ===
* Where are the papers for the Earl of Mayo family? Are Algernon Bourke's papers with them?

== Notes and Questions ==
#The portrait of Algernon Bourke in costume as Isaac Walton is really an amazing portrait with a very interesting setting, far more specific than any of the other Lafayette portraits of these people in their costumes. Where was it shot? Lafayette is given credit, but it's not one of his usual backdrops. If this portrait was taken the night of the ball, then this fireplace was in Devonshire House; if not, then whose fireplace is it?
#The ''Times'' lists Hon. A. Bourke (at 325) and Hon. Mrs. A. Bourke (at 236) as members of a the &quot;Oriental&quot; procession, Mr. and Mrs. A. Bourke (in the general list of attendees), and then a small distance down Mr. and Mrs. Bourke (now at 511 and 512, respectively). This last couple with no honorifics is also mentioned in the report in the London ''Evening Standard'', which means the Hon. Mrs. A. Bourke, so the ''Times'' may have repeated the Bourkes, who otherwise are not obviously anyone recognizable. If they are not the Hon. Mr. and Mrs. A. Bourke, then they are unidentified. It seems likely that they are the same, however, as the newspapers were not perfectly consistent in naming people with their honorifics, even in a single story, especially a very long and detailed one in which people could be named more than once.
#Three slightly difficult-to-identify men were among the Suite of Men in the [[Social Victorians/1897 Fancy Dress Ball/Quadrilles Courts#&quot;Oriental&quot; Procession|&quot;Oriental&quot; procession]]: [[Social Victorians/People/Halifax|Gordon Wood]], [[Social Victorians/People/Portman|Arthur B. Portman]] and [[Social Victorians/People/Sarah Spencer-Churchill Wilson|Wilfred Wilson]]. The identification of Gordon Wood and Wilfred Wilson is high because of contemporary newspaper accounts. The Hon. Algernon Bourke, who was also in the Suite of Men, is not difficult to identify at all. Arthur Portman appears in a number of similar newspaper accounts, but none of them mentions his family of origin.
#[http://thepeerage.com The Peerage] has no other Algernon Bourkes.
#The Hon Algernon Bourke is #235 on the [[Social Victorians/1897 Fancy Dress Ball#List of People Who Attended|list of people who were present]]; the Hon. Guendoline Bourke is #236; a Mr. Bourke is #703; a Mrs. Bourke is #704.
#A Mr. and Mrs. F. Sloane-Stanley attended the [[Social Victorians/1886-07-21 Ball at Marlborough House|21 July 1886 Ball at Marlborough House]].
== Footnotes ==
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      <text bytes="69660" sha1="k7cg34degwgs0nn8q0t9stfeyicbtxi" xml:space="preserve">==Also Known As==
* Family name: Bourke [pronounced ''burk'']&lt;ref name=&quot;:62&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2024-05-07|title=Earl of Mayo|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Earl_of_Mayo&amp;oldid=1222668659|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earl_of_Mayo.&lt;/ref&gt;
* The Hon. Algernon Bourke
* Mrs. Gwendolen Bourke
** Gwendoline&lt;ref name=&quot;:14&quot;&gt;City of Westminster Archives Centre; London, England; ''Westminster Church of England Parish Registers''; Reference: ''SPWP/PR/1/2''. Ancestry.com. ''Westminster, London, England, Church of England Births and Baptisms, 1813-1919'' [database on-line]. Lehi, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2020.&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|Births and Baptisms}}
** Gwendolen&lt;ref&gt;General Register Office. ''England and Wales Civil Registration Indexes''. London, England: General Register Office. FreeBMD. ''England &amp; Wales, Civil Registration Marriage Index, 1837-1915''[database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations Inc, 2006.&lt;/ref&gt; (Marriage Index) &lt;ref name=&quot;:15&quot; /&gt;{{rp|''Morning Post'' article about her name}} &lt;ref&gt;General Register Office. ''England and Wales Civil Registration Indexes''. London, England: General Register Office. FreeBMD. ''England &amp; Wales, Civil Registration Marriage Index, 1837-1915''[database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations Inc, 2006.&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|Electoral Register}}
** Guendoline
* See also the [[Social Victorians/People/Mayo|page for the Earl of Mayo]], the Hon. Algernon Bourke's father, and other Bourkes

== Overview ==
Although the Hon. Algernon Henry Bourke was born in Dublin in 1854 and came from a family whose title is in the Peerage of Ireland,&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;1911 England Census.&lt;/ref&gt; he seems to have spent much of his adult life generally in England and especially in London. Because he was the son of the [[Social Victorians/People/Mayo|Earl of Mayo]], perhaps, or perhaps because he was so involved in projects that got reported on, he was mentioned a great deal in the newspapers, but after his bankruptcy, he seems to have receded in prominence, in part because he was living outside of the U.K.

Mrs. Gwendolen Bourke was a noted horsewoman and an excellent shot, exhibited at dog shows successfully and was &quot;an appreciative listener to good music.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Vanity Fair.&quot; ''Lady of the House'' 15 June 1899, Thursday: 4 [of 44], Col. 2c [of 2]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0004836/18990615/019/0004.&lt;/ref&gt; She attended many social events without her husband, especially into the 20th century, usually with an appreciative description of what she wore. She was a sponsor of Irish art needlework as well. Unlike her husband's, Gwendolen's social status seems to have risen as time passed, and she appears in stories associated with the Princess of Wales, and then later with Queen Alexandra.

The Hon. Algernon Bourke and Mr. Algernon Bourke, depending on the newspaper article, were the same person. Calling him Mr. Bourke in the newspapers, especially when considered as a businessman or (potential) member of Parliament, does not rule out the son of an earl, who would normally be accorded the honorific of ''Honorable''.

== Acquaintances, Friends and Enemies ==

=== Algernon Bourke ===

* [[Social Victorians/People/Montrose|Marcus Henry Milner]], &quot;one of the zealous assistants of that well-known firm of stockbrokers, Messrs. Bourke and Sandys&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot;&gt;&quot;Metropolitan Notes.&quot; ''Nottingham Evening Post'' 31 July 1888, Tuesday: 4 [of 4], Col. 2a [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000321/18880731/025/0004.&lt;/ref&gt;
* Caroline, Duchess of Montrose — her &quot;legal advisor&quot; on the day of her marriage to Marcus Henry Milner&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Metropolitan Notes.&quot; ''Nottingham Evening Post'' 31 July 1888, Tuesday: 4 [of 4], Col. 1b [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000321/18880731/025/0004.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Gwendolen Bourke ===

* Lord and Lady Alington, Belvedere House, Scarborough

== Organizations ==

=== Gwendolen Bourke ===

* Member, the Ladies Committee for the Prince's Skating Club, which also included [[Social Victorians/People/Princess Louise|Princess Louise]] (Duchess of Argyll), the [[Social Victorians/People/Portland|Duchess of Portland]], [[Social Victorians/People/Londonderry|Lady Londonderry]], [[Social Victorians/People/Campbell|Lady Archibald Campbell]], [[Social Victorians/People/Ribblesdale|Lady Ribblesdale]], and [[Social Victorians/People/Asquith|Mrs. Asquith]]&lt;ref name=&quot;:11&quot;&gt;&quot;What the 'World' Says.&quot; ''Northwich Guardian'' 01 November 1902, Saturday: 6 [of 8], Col. 8a [of 9]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001975/19021101/134/0006. Print title: The ''Guardian'', p. 6.&lt;/ref&gt; (1902, at least)

=== Algernon Bourke ===
* Eton
* Cambridge University, Trinity College, 1873, Michaelmas term&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot;&gt;Cambridge University Alumni, 1261–1900. Via Ancestry.&lt;/ref&gt;
* Conservative Party
* 1879: Appointed a Poor Law Inspector in Ireland, Relief of Distress Act
* 1885: Office of the 7th Surrey Rifles Regiment&lt;ref&gt;&quot;7th Surrey Rifles.&quot; ''South London Press'' 08 August 1885, Saturday: 12 [of 16], Col. 4a [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000213/18850808/165/0012. Print p. 12.&lt;/ref&gt;
* Special Correspondent of The ''Times'' for the Zulu War, accompanying Lord Chelmsford
* Head, Messrs. Bourke and Sandys, &quot;that well-known firm of stockbrokers&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt; ( – 1901 [at least])
* White's gentleman's club, St. James's,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2024-10-09|title=White's|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White's|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White%27s.&lt;/ref&gt; Manager (1897)&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Side Lights on Drinking.&quot; ''Waterford Standard'' 28 April 1897, Wednesday: 3 [of 4], Col. 7a [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001678/18970428/053/0003.&lt;/ref&gt;
* Willis's Rooms&lt;blockquote&gt;... the Hon. Algernon Burke [sic], son of the 6th Earl of Mayo, has turned the place into a smart restaurant where choice dinners are served and eaten while a stringed band discourses music. Willis's Rooms are now the favourite dining place for ladies who have no club of their own, or for gentlemen who are debarred by rules from inviting ladies to one of their own clubs. The same gentleman runs a hotel in Brighton, and has promoted several clubs. He has a special faculty for organising places of the kind, without which such projects end in failure.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Lenten Dullness.&quot; ''Cheltenham Looker-On'' 23 March 1895, Saturday: 11 [of 24], Col. 2c [of 2]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000226/18950323/004/0011. Print p. 275.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

==== Boards of Directors ====
*1883: One of the directors, the Franco-English Tunisian Esparto Fibre Supply Company, Ltd.&lt;ref&gt;''Money Market Review'', 20 Jan 1883 (Vol 46): 124.&lt;/ref&gt;
*1891: One of the founders, the Discount Banking Company, Ltd., which says Algernon Bourke is a director of District Messenger Services and News Company, Ltd.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Public Company.&quot; ''Nottingham Journal'' 31 October 1891, Saturday: 4 [of 8], Col. 8a [of 8]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001896/18911031/099/0004. Print title: ''The Nottingham Daily Express'', p. 4.&lt;/ref&gt;
*1894: One of the directors, the Frozen Lake, Ltd., with Admiral Maxse, Lord [[Social Victorians/People/Beresford|Marcus Beresford]], [[Social Victorians/People/Williams|Hwfa Williams]]&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The Frozen Lake, Limited.&quot; ''St James's Gazette'' 08 June 1894, Friday: 15 [of 16], Col. 4a [of 4]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001485/18940608/085/0015. Print p. 15.&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Committees ====

*Member, Men's Committee of the Prince's Skating Club, which also included Lord Edward Cecil, Lord Redesdale, Mr. [[Social Victorians/People/Lyttelton|Alfred Lyttelton]], Sir Edgar Vincent, Sir William Hart Dyke, and Mr. [[Social Victorians/People/Grenfell|W. H. Grenfell]]&lt;ref name=&quot;:11&quot; /&gt; (1902, at least)
*[[Social Victorians/Timeline/1896#25 March 1896, Wednesday|The Sala Memorial Fund]], member of the committee (from 25 March 1896)
* Member of an &quot;influential committee&quot; headed by the Lord Mayor &quot;to restore salmon to the Thames&quot; (June 1899)&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Salmon in the Thames.&quot; ''Berks and Oxon Advertiser'' 30 June 1899, Friday: 5 [of 8], Col. 4a [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002298/18990630/079/0005. Print n.p.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Timeline ==
'''1872 February 8''', Richard Bourke, 6th Earl of Mayo was assassinated while inspecting a &quot;convict settlement at Port Blair in the Andaman Islands ... by Sher Ali Afridi, a former Afghan soldier.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2024-12-01|title=Richard Bourke, 6th Earl of Mayo|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Bourke,_6th_Earl_of_Mayo|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Bourke,_6th_Earl_of_Mayo.&lt;/ref&gt; The Hon. Algernon's brother Dermot became the 7th Earl at 19 years old.

'''1876 November 24, Friday''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke was one of 6 men (2 students, one of whom was Bourke; 2 doctors; a tutor and another man) from Cambridge who gave evidence as witnesses in an inquest about the death from falling off a horse of a student.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The Fatal Accident to a Sheffield Student at Cambridge.&quot; ''Sheffield Independent'' 25 November 1876, Saturday: 7 [of 12], Col. 5a [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000181/18761125/040/0007. Print title: ''Sheffield and Rotherham Independent'', n. p.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1881 May 10, Tuesday''', Algernon Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1881#1881 May 10, Tuesday|wedding of Marion Lascelles, eldest daughter of the Hon. Egremont W. Lascelles, brother of the Earl of Harewood, and Lieutenant Henry Dent Brocklehurst, of the Second Life Guards, nephew of Mr. Philip Brocklehurst, of Swithamley Park, Macclesfield]]. His gift was an &quot;old enamelled watch set in pearls.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Nuptial Rejoicings at Middlethorpe Manor. Marriage of Miss Lascelles and Lieut. Brocklehurst.&quot; ''Yorkshire Gazette'' 14 May 1881, Saturday: 9 [of 12], Cols. 3a–4a [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive''https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000266/18810514/057/0009. Print same title and p.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1884 May 3, Saturday''', the &quot;Rochester Conservatives&quot; announced that they would &quot;bring forward the Hon. Algernon Bourke, brother of Lord Mayo, as their second candidate,&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Election Intelligence.&quot; ''Yorkshire Gazette'' 03 May 1884, Saturday: 4 [of 12], Col. 6a [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000266/18840503/011/0004.&lt;/ref&gt; but because he could not be the first candidate, Bourke declined.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Rochester.&quot; London ''Daily Chronicle'' 09 May 1884, Friday: 3 [of 8], Col. 8b [of 8]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0005049/18840509/049/0003.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1884 June 18, Wednesday''', Mr. Algernon Bourke was on a committee to watch a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1884#18 June 1884, Wednesday|Mr. Bishop's &quot;thought-reading&quot; experiment]], which was based on a challenge by Henry Labourchere made the year before. This &quot;experiment&quot; took place before a fashionable audience.

'''1885 October 3, Saturday''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke was named as the Conservative candidate for Clapham in the Battersea and Clapham borough after the Redistribution Bill determined the electoral districts for South London.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;South London Candidates.&quot; ''South London Press'' 03 October 1885, Saturday: 9 [of 16], Col. 5b [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000213/18851003/096/0009. Print p. 9.&lt;/ref&gt; The Liberal candidate, who won, was Mr. J. F. Moulton.

'''1886 July 21, Wednesday''', Algernon Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/1886-07-21 Ball at Marlborough House|Ball at Marlborough House]], as did a Mr. and Mrs. F. Sloane-Stanley, who may be related to the Gwendolen Sloane-Stanley who married Bourke on 15 December 1887.

'''1886 July 27, Tuesday''', Algernon Bourke attended a service honoring a memorial at St. Paul's for his father, who had been assassinated.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Memorial to the Late Earl of Mayo.&quot; ''Northern Whig'' 28 July 1886, Wednesday: 6 [of 8], Col. 6b [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000434/18860728/143/0006. Print p. 6.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1886 September 2, Thursday''', Mr. Algernon Bourke was part of a group of mostly aristocratic men taking part in [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1886#8 September 1886, Wednesday|a &quot;trial-rehearsal&quot; as part of Augustus Harris's production]] ''A Run of Luck'', about sports.

'''1886 October 2, Saturday''', the Duke of Beaufort and the Hon. Algernon Bourke arrived in Yougal: &quot;His grace has taken a residence at Lismore for a few weeks, to enjoy some salmon fishing on the Blackwater before the close of the season.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Chippenham.&quot; ''Wilts and Gloucestershire Standard'' 02 October 1886, Saturday: 8 [of 8], Col. 6a [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001955/18861002/142/0008. Print p. 8.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1886 December 30, Thursday''', Algernon Bourke was back in London and attending the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1886#1886 December 30, Thursday|&quot;Forty Thieves&quot; pantomime at the Drury Lane Theatre]].

'''1887 May''', a &quot;signalling incident&quot; in 1907 [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1887#May 1887|caused the Waterford ''Evening News'' to recall a similar event]] that had occurred 20 years earlier, in which Algernon Bourke, as special correspondent for the ''Times'', caused the incident to be publicized:&lt;blockquote&gt;During the manoeuvres in connection with the 1887 Jubilee of Queen Victoria a signal was observed going up from [[Social Victorians/People/Beresford|Lord Charles[ Beresford]]]'s ship. It was a message to his wife, Lady Beresford, to the effect that, as he should be late for dinner, she was not to wait. Beyond the hilarity this domestic signal evoked, nothing more would have been heard of it, but Mr. Algernon Bourke (Lord Mayo's brother) was acting as special correspondent for the &quot;Times,&quot; and that paper the next morning contained a full and humorous report of the incident. Then there was trouble.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Signalling Incident.&quot; ''Evening News'' (Waterford) 13 November 1907, Wednesday: 1 [of 4], Col. 6c [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0004557/19071113/021/0001.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;'''1887 December 15''', Hon. Algernon Bourke and Gwendolen Stanley were married at St. Paul's, Knightsbridge, by Bourke's uncle the Hon. and Rev. George Bourke. Only family members attended because of &quot;the recent death of a near relative of the bride.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Court Circular.&quot; ''Morning Post'' 16 December 1887, Friday: 5 [of 8], Col. 7c [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000174/18871216/066/0005.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1888 July 26''', [[Social Victorians/People/Montrose|Caroline Graham Stirling-Crawford]] (known as Mr. Manton for her horse-breeding and -racing operations) and Marcus Henry Milner married.&lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot;&gt;&quot;Hon. Caroline Agnes Horsley-Beresford.&quot; {{Cite web|url=https://thepeerage.com/p6863.htm#i68622|title=Person Page|website=thepeerage.com|access-date=2020-11-21}}&lt;/ref&gt; According to the ''Nottingham Evening Post'' of 31 July 1888,&lt;blockquote&gt;LONDON GOSSIP.

(From the ''World''.)

The marriage of &quot;Mr. Manton&quot; was the surprise as well the sensation of last week. Although some wise people noticed a certain amount of youthful ardour in the attentions paid by Mr. Marcus Henry Milner to Caroline Duchess of Montrose at '''Mrs. Oppenheim's ball''', nobody was prepared for the sudden ''dénouement''; '''and it''' were not for the accidental and unseen presence [[Social Victorians/People/Mildmay|a well-known musical amateur]] who had received permission to practice on the organ, the ceremony performed at half-past nine on Thursday morning at St. Andrew's, Fulham, by the Rev. Mr. Propert, would possibly have remained a secret for some time to come. Although the evergreen Duchess attains this year the limit of age prescribed the Psalmist, the bridegroom was only born in 1864. Mr. &quot;Harry&quot; Milner (familiarly known in the City as &quot;Millions&quot;) was one of the zealous assistants of that well-known firm of stockbrokers, Messrs. Bourke and Sandys, and Mr. Algernon Bourke, the head of the house (who, of course, takes a fatherly interest in the match) went down to Fulham to give away the Duchess. The ceremony was followed by a ''partie carrée'' luncheon at the Bristol, and the honeymoon began with a visit to the Jockey Club box at Sandown. Mr. Milner and the Duchess of Montrose have now gone to Newmarket. The marriage causes a curious reshuffling of the cards of affinity. Mr. Milner is now the stepfather of the [[Social Victorians/People/Montrose|Duke of Montrose]], his senior by twelve years; he is also the father-in-law of [[Social Victorians/People/Lady Violet Greville|Lord Greville]], Mr. Murray of Polnaise, and [[Social Victorians/People/Breadalbane|Lord Breadalbane]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;'''1888 December 1st week''', according to &quot;Society Gossip&quot; from the ''World'', the Hon. Algernon Bourke was suffering from malaria, presumably which he caught when he was in South Africa:&lt;blockquote&gt;I am sorry to hear that Mr. Algernon Bourke, who married Miss Sloane-Stanley a short time ago, has been very dangerously ill. Certain complications followed an attack of malarian fever, and last week his mother, the Dowager Lady Mayo, and his brother, Lord Mayo, were hastily summoned to Brighton. Since then a change for the better has taken place, and he is now out of danger.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Society Gossip. What the ''World'' Says.&quot; ''Hampshire Advertiser'' 08 December 1888, Saturday: 2 [of 8], Col. 5b [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000495/18881208/037/0002. Print title: ''The Hampshire Advertiser County Newspaper''; print p. 2.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;'''1889 – 1899 January 1''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke was &quot;proprietor&quot; of White's Club, St. James's Street.&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot;&gt;&quot;The Hon. Algernon Bourke's Affairs.&quot; ''Eastern Morning News'' 19 October 1899, Thursday: 6 [of 8], Col. 7c [of7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001152/18991019/139/0006. Print p. 6.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1889 June 8, Saturday''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke contributed some art he owned to the collection of the Royal Institute of Painters in Water-Colours' [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1889#8 June 1889, Saturday|exhibition of &quot;the works of the 'English Humourists in Art.'&quot;]]

'''1891 November 22, Sunday''', the London Weekly Dispatch reports a performance by American &quot;Lady Magnet&quot; Mrs. Abbott, who claimed to be able to lift anybody using only her magnetic properties. An enthusiastic &quot;committee of some fifteen gentlemen presented a written and signed testimonial&quot; supporting Mrs. Abbott, &quot;the Hon. Algernon Bourke, Professor Atkinson, Dr. Hides, and three other doctors who prefer to remain incog., being among the signatories. All the medical gentlemen concerned assured the ''Evening News and Post'' reporter of their complete and unconditional surrender. One of them went so far as to say that he had come with the full determination of disbelieving, but had been quite able to act up to his resolve.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The Lady Magnet. Draws Crowds of People Who Divide in Opinion about Her.&quot; ''Weekly Dispatch'' (London) 22 November 1891, Sunday: 16 [of 16], Cols. 3a–4b [of 4]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003358/18911122/203/0016. Print: same title and p.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1892''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke privately published his ''The History of White's'', the exclusive gentleman's club.

'''1893 February 11, Tuesday''', Algernon Bourke opened Willis's Restaurant:&lt;blockquote&gt;Mr. Algernon Bourke has in his time done many things, and has generally done them well. His recently published history of White's Club is now a standard work. White's Club itself was a few years ago in its agony when Mr. Bourke stepped in and gave it a renewed lease of life. Under Mr. Bourke's auspices &quot;Willis's Restaurant&quot; opened its doors to the public on Tuesday last in a portion of the premises formerly so well known as Willis's Rooms. This new venture is to rival the Amphitryon in the matter of cuisine and wines; but it is not, like the Amphitryon, a club, but open to the public generally. Besides the restaurant proper, there are several ''cabinets particuliers'', and these are decorated with the very best of taste, and contain some fine portraits of the Georges.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Marmaduke.&quot; &quot;Letter from the Linkman.&quot; ''Truth'' 20 April 1893, Thursday: 25 [of 56], Col. 1a [of 2]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' [https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002961/18930420/075/0025# https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002961/18930420/075/0025]. Print p. 855.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;'''1893 April 1, Saturday''', Algernon Bourke published a letter to the editor of the ''Times'', reprinted in the ''Kildare Observer'', arguing against Gladstone's Home Rule bill on the grounds that Ireland would not be able to take out a loan on its own behalf because of its obligations to the U.K., including what was called its share of the national debt.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Irish Unionist Alliance.&quot; ''Kildare Observer and Eastern Counties Advertiser'' 01 April 1893, Saturday: 6 [of 8], Col. 4c [of 5]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001870/18930401/062/0006. Print: The ''Kildare Observer'', n.p.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1893 July 14, Friday''', Gwendolen Bourke attended [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1893#1893 July 14, Friday|the races at Sandown]] wearing an outfit and hat that got described in the newspaper.

'''1893 November 30, Thursday''', with Sir Walter Gilbey the Hon. Algernon Bourke &quot;assisted&quot; in &quot;forming [a] collection&quot; of engravings by George Morland that was exhibited at Messrs. J. and W. Vokins’s, Great Portland-street.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The George Morland Exhibition at Vokins's.&quot; ''Sporting Life'' 30 November 1893, Thursday: 4 [of 4], Col. 4c [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000893/18931130/058/0004.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1894 January 31, Wednesday''', Algernon and Gwendolen Bourke, who was dressed more stylishly than most, attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1894#Also 31 January 1894, Wednesday|Kildare Hunt Ball]] hosted by Dermot, [[Social Victorians/People/Mayo|Earl of Mayo]] and Geraldine, Countess of Mayo.

'''1895 February 23, Saturday''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1895#23 February 1895, Saturday|fashionable wedding of Laurence Currie and Edith Sibyl Mary Finch]]. Gwendolen Bourke is not listed as having attended, but she is not noted as absent, either. Daphne Bourke was born on 5 April 1895, probably explaining Gwendolen's absence.

'''1895 April 27, Saturday''', Algernon Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1895#1895 April 27, Saturday|wedding of Norah Bourke and Henry E. A. Lindsay]]. Again, Gwendolen Bourke is not listed as having attended, Daphne Bourke was born on 5 April 1895.

'''1895 August 24, Saturday''', &quot;Marmaduke&quot; in the ''Graphic'' says that Algernon Bourke &quot;opened a cyclists' club in Chelsea.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Marmaduke.&quot; &quot;Court and Club.&quot; The ''Graphic'' 24 August 1895, Saturday: 11 [of 32], Col. 3c [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/9000057/18950824/017/0011. Print p. 223.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1895 October''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#24 October 1902, Friday|opened the Prince's ice-skating rink for the season]].

'''1896 April 21, Monday''', Mr. and Mrs. A. Bourke sent a gift — a &quot;box for miniature&quot; — for [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1896#Monday, 1896 April 27|the wedding of Lady Angela St. Clair Erskine and James Stewart Forbes]].

'''1896 June 29, Monday''', Algernon Bourke published a letter to the editor of the ''Daily Telegraph'':&lt;blockquote&gt;To the Editor of “The Daily Telegraph.”

Sir — Permit me to make my bow to the public. I am the manager of the Summer Club, which on two occasions bas been the subject of Ministerial interpellation in Parliament. The Summer Club is a small combination, which conceived the idea of attempting to make life more pleasant in London by organising breakfast, luncheon, and teas in Kensington Gardens for its members. This appears to have given offence in some way to Dr. Tanner, with the result that the catering arrangements of the club are now &quot;by order&quot; thrown open to the public. No one is more pleased than I am at the result of the doctor's intervention, for it shows that the idea the Summer Club had of using the parks for something more than mere right of way bas been favourably received. In order, however, that the great British public may not be disappointed, should they all come to lunch at once, I think it necessary to explain that the kitchen, which by courtesy of the lessee of the kiosk our cook was permitted to use, is only 10ft by 5ft; it has also to serve as a scullery and pantry, and the larder, from which our luxurious viands are drawn, is a four-wheeled cab, which comes up every day with the food and returns after lunch with the scraps. Nevertheless, the Summer Club says to the British public — What we have we will share with you, though it don't amount to very much — I am, Sir, your obedient servant,

ALGERNON BOURKE.

White's Club, June 27&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The Summer Club.&quot; ''Daily Telegraph &amp; Courier'' (London) 29 June 1896, Monday: 8 [of 12], Col. 2b [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001112/18960629/072/0008. Print title: ''Daily Telegraph'', p. 8.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;'''1896 July 4, Saturday''', &quot;Marmaduke&quot; in the ''Graphic'' took Bourke's side on the Summer Club in Kensington Park:&lt;blockquote&gt;Most of us have noticed that if we read in the newspapers the account of some matter which we are personally acquainted with the account will generally contain several errors. I have also noticed that when a question is asked in the House of Commons regarding some matter about which I know all the facts the question and the official answer to it frequently contain serious errors. Last week Mr. Akers-Douglas was asked in the House to explain how it was that Mr. Algernon Bourke obtained permission to open the &quot;Summer Club&quot; in Kensington Gardens, and he was questioned upon other particulars connected with the same matter. Both the questions and the official reply showed considerable ignorance of the facts. There has been from time immemorial a refreshment kiosk in Kensington Gardens. Mr. Bourke obtained from the tenant of this permission to use the kitchen for the benefit of the &quot;Summer Club,&quot; and to supply the members of the latter with refreshments. It was a purely commercial transaction. Mr. Bourke then established some wicker seats, a few tables, a tent, and a small hut upon a lawn in the neighbourhood of the kiosk. To do this he must have obtained the permission of Mr. Akers-Douglas, as obviously he would otherwise have been immediately ordered to remove them. Mr. Akers-Douglas equally obviously would not have given his sanction unless he had been previously informed of the objects which Mr. Bourke had in view — to wit, that the latter intended to establish a club there. That being the case, it is difficult to understand for what reason Mr. Akers-Douglas has now decided that any member of the public can use the chairs, tables, and tent belonging to the &quot;Summer Club,&quot; can insist upon the club servants attending upon him, and can compel them to supply him with refreshments. Mr. Akers-Douglas should have thought of the consequences before he granted the permission.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Marmaduke.&quot; &quot;Court and Club.&quot; The ''Graphic'' 04 July 1896, Saturday: 14 [of 32], Col. 1b [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/9000057/18960704/029/0014. Print p. 14.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;'''1896 August 5, Wednesday''', Algernon and Gwendolen Bourke attended at the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1896#5 August 1896|wedding of the Hon. Terence Bourke and Miss Eveline Haines]] and gave the bride an &quot;enamel muff chain.&quot;

'''1896 August 10, Monday''', the Morning Leader reported that the Hon. Algernon Bourke, for the Foreign Office, received Li Hung Chang at St. Paul's:&lt;blockquote&gt;At St. Paul's Li Hung was received by Field-Marshal Simmons, Colonel Lane, the Hon. Algernon Bourke, of the Foreign Office (who made the necessary arrangements for the visit) and Canon Newbolt, on behalf of the Dean and Chapter. A crowd greeted Li with a cheer as he drove up in Lord Lonsdale’s striking equipage, and his Excellency was carried up the steps in an invalid chair by two stalwart constables. He walked through the centre door with his suite, and was immediately conducted by Canon Newbolt to General Gordon’s tomb in the north aisle, where a detachment of boys from the Gordon Home received him as a guard of honor.

Li inspected the monument with marked interest, and drew the attention of his suite to the remarkable likeness to the dead hero. He laid a handsome wreath of royal purple asters, lilies, maidenhair fern, and laurel, tied with a broad band of purple silk, on the tomb.

The visit was not one of inspection of the building, but on passing the middle aisle the interpreter called the attention of His Excellency to the exquisite architecture and decoration of the chancel. Li shook hands in hearty English fashion with Canon Newbolt and the other gentlemen who had received him, and, assisted by his two sons, walked down the steps to his carriage. He returned with his suite to Carlton House-terrace by way of St. Paul’s Churchyard, Cannon-st., Queen Victoria-st., and the Embankment.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;At St. Paul's.&quot; ''Morning Leader'' 10 August 1896, Monday: 7 [of 12], Col. 2b [of 5]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0004833/18960810/134/0007. Print p. 7.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;'''1896 August 19, Wednesday''', the ''Edinburgh Evening News'' reported on the catering that White's Club and Mr Algernon Bourke arranged for the visiting Li Hung Chang:&lt;blockquote&gt;It is probably not generally known (says the &quot;Chef&quot;) that Mr Algernon Bourke, manager of White's Club, London, has undertaken to the whole of the catering for our illustrious visitor front the Flowery Land. Li Hung Chang has five native cooks in his retinue, and the greatest good fellowship exists between them and their English ''confreres'', although considerable difficulty is experienced in conversation in understanding one another's meaning. There are between 40 and and 50 to cater for daily, besides a staff about 30; that Mr Lemaire finds his time fully occupied. The dishes for his Excellency are varied and miscellaneous, and from 14 to 20 courses are served at each meal. The bills of fare contain such items as bird's-nest soup, pigs' kidneys stewed in cream, boiled ducks and green ginger, sharks' fins, shrinips and prawns stewed with leeks and muscatel grapes, fat pork saute with peas and kidney beans. The meal usually winds with fruit and sponge cake, and freshly-picked green tea as liqueur.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Li Hung Chang's Diet.&quot; ''Edinburgh Evening News'' 19 August 1896, Wednesday: 3 [of 4], Col. 8b [of 8]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000452/18960819/057/0003.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''1896 November 6, Friday''', Algernon Bourke was on the committee for [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1896#1896 November 6, Friday|the Prince's Club ice-skating rink, which opened on this day]].&lt;p&gt;

'''1896 November 25, Wednesday''', Mr. and Mrs. Algernon Bouke attended [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1896#23 November 1896, Monday23 November 1896, Monday|Lord and Lady Burton's party for Derby Day]].&lt;p&gt;
'''1896 December 4, Friday''', the Orleans Club at Brighton was robbed:&lt;blockquote&gt;The old building of the Orleans Club at Brighton, which opens its new club house at 33, Brunswick-terrace to-day, was the scene of a very ingenious burglary during the small hours of yesterday morning. The greater portion of the club property had already been removed to the new premises, but Mr Algernon Bourke, his private secretary, and some of the officials of the club, still occupied bed-rooms at the house in the King’s-road. The corner shop of the street front is occupied by Mr. Marx, a jeweller in a large way of business, and upon his manager arriving at nine o'clock he discovered that the place had been entered through hole in the ceiling, and a great part of a very valuable stock of jewelry extracted. An examination of the morning rooms of the club, which runs over Mr. Marx's establishment reveal a singularly neat  specimen of the burglar's art. A piece of the flooring about 15in square had been removed by a series of holes bored side by side with a centre-bit, at a spot where access to the lofty shop was rendered easy by a tall showcase which stood convemently near. A massive iron girder had been avoided by a quarter of an inch, and this circumstance and the general finish of the operation point to an artist in his profession, who had acquired an intimate knowledge of the premises. The club doors were all found locked yesterday morning, and the means of egress adopted by the thief are at present a mystery.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Burglary at Brighton.&quot; ''Daily Telegraph &amp; Courier'' (London) 05 December 1896, Saturday: 5 [of 12], Col. 7a [of 7]. British Newspaper Archive https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001112/18961205/090/0005. Print title: ''Daily Telegraph''; p. 5.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''1896 December 10, Thursday''', Gwendolen Bourke was present to help staff a stall at the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1896#10 December 1896, Thursday|Irish Industries Exhibition and Sale, Brighton]].

'''1897 July 2, Friday''', the Hon. A. and Mrs. A. Bourke and Mr. and Mrs. Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/1897 Fancy Dress Ball | Duchess of Devonshire's fancy-dress ball]] at Devonshire House.

'''1897 July 11–16, week of''', a dog of Gwendolen Bourke's won a prize at the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1897#11–16 July 1897, Week Of|Ladies' Kennel Association show in the Royal Botanic Gardens in Regent's Park]].

'''23 July 1897 — or 30 July 1897 – Friday''', Gwendolen Bourke attended [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1897#23 July 1897, Friday|Lady Burton's party at Chesterfield House]]. &lt;blockquote&gt;Far the prettiest women in the room were Lady Henry Bentinck (who looked perfectly lovely in pale yellow, with a Iong blue sash; and Mrs. Algernon Bourke, who was as smart as possible in pink, with pink and white ruchings on her sleeves and a tall pink feather in her hair.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Lady Burton's Party at Chesterfield House.&quot; ''Belper &amp; Alfreton Chronicle'' 30 July 1897, Friday: 7 [of 8], Col. 1c [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0004151/18970730/162/0007. Print title: ''Belper and Alfreton Chronicle''; n.p.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''1897 October 30, Saturday''', ''Black and White'' published '''J.P.B.'''&lt;nowiki/&gt;'s &quot;The Case of Mrs. Elliott,&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:13&quot;&gt;J.P.B. &quot;The Case of Mrs. Elliott.&quot; ''Black &amp; White'' 30 October 1897, Saturday: 12 [of 34], Cols. 1a–2b [of 2]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0004617/18971030/036/0012. Print title ''Black and White'', p. 542.&lt;/ref&gt; an odd short short story in which the Honourable Algernon Bourke Herriott is &quot;rude to Mrs. Elliott,&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:13&quot; /&gt;{{rp|Col. 2b}} presumably having proposed that they have sexual relations while her husband is out. J.P.B. links to the biographical Algernon Bourke's career in the stock market in the description of Mrs. Christine Elliott not even simulating interest in her husband's bicycling: &quot;a soul is a grievous burthen for a stockbroker's wife,&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:13&quot; /&gt;{{rp|Col. 2a}} suggesting that Mr. Elliott rather than Algernon Bourke Herriott is the stockbroker. The Hon. Algy&lt;blockquote&gt;was a senior member of several junior clubs. A woman had dubbed him once &quot;a rip with a taste for verses.&quot; The description was severe, but not unwarranted. His was a pretty pagan sensualism, though, singing from a wine palate to Church music. For the rest, he had just imagination enough to despise mediocrity.&lt;ref name=&quot;:13&quot; /&gt;{{rp|Col. 2a}}&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''1897 December 30''', Algernon and Gwendolen Bourke attended a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1897#30 December 1897, Thursday|party at Blenheim Palace in which people performed tableaux vivants]] that got reported on, many of whom wearing the costumes from the Duchess of Devonshire's ball. The ''Irish Independent'' said Algernon Bourke was &quot;mainly responsible for the living pictures.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Mr Algernon Bourke ....&quot; ''Irish Independent'' 05 January 1898, Wednesday: 6 [of 8], Col. 2c [of 8]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001985/18980105/115/0006.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1898 April 12, Tuesday''', Algernon Bourke was in [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1898#1898 April 12, Tuesday|Monte Carlo according to the ''Gentlewoman'']].&lt;p&gt;

'''1899 January 10, Tuesday''', the Brighton Championship Dog Show opened:&lt;blockquote&gt;Princess of Wales a Winner at the Ladies’ Kennel Club Show.

[Exclusive to &quot;The Leader.&quot;)

The Brighton Championship Dog Show opened in the Dome and Corn Exchange yesterday, and was very well patronised by visitors and exhibitors. Among the latter was H.R.H. the Princess of Wales, who did very well; and others included Princess Sophie Duleep Singh, Countess De Grey, Sir Edgar Boehm, the Hon Mrs. Algernon Bourke, Lady Cathcart, Lady Reid, Mr. Shirley (chairman of the Kennel Club), and the Rev. Hans Hamiiton (president of the Kennel Club).

The entry of bloodhounds is one of the best seen for some time; the Great Danes are another strong lot; deerhounds are a fine entry, all good dogs, and most of the best kennels represented; borzois are another very stylish lot. The bigger dogs are, as usual, in the Corn Exchange and the &quot;toy&quot; dogs in the Dome. To everyone's satsfaction the Princess of Wales carried off two first prizes with Alex in the borzois class.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Dogs at Brighton.&quot; ''Morning Leader'' 11 January 1899, Wednesday: 8 [of 12], Col. 3b [of 5]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0004833/18990111/142/0008. Print p. 8.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;'''1899 January 11, Wednesday''', Gwendolen Bourke attended [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1899#11 January 1899, Wednesday|a luncheon at Stanfield-hall, home of Mr. and Mrs. Basil Montogomery, for Princess Henry of Battenberg]], that also included the Countess of Dudley (sister of Mrs. Montgomery), General Oliphant, and the Mayor and Mayoress of Romsey.

'''1899 February 7, Tuesday''', Gwendolen Bourke was a member of the very high-ranking committee organizing a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1899#1899 February 7, Tuesday|ball at the Hotel Cecil on 7 February 1899]].

'''1899 June 1, Thursday''', the Hon. Algernon and Gwendolen Bourke attended the wedding of her brother, Sloane Stanley and Countess Cairns at Holy Trinity Church, Brompton.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Marriage of Mr. Sloane Stanley and Countess Cairns.&quot; ''Hampshire Advertiser'' 03 June 1899, Saturday: 6 [of 8], Col. 3b [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000495/18990603/049/0006. Print p. 6.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1899 July 1, Saturday''', Algernon Bourke attended a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1899#1 July 1899, Saturday|meeting in London at the Duke of Westminster's Grosvenor House]] about preserving Killarney as part of the National Trust and seems to have been acting for someone who wanted to purchase the Muckross Estate.&lt;p&gt;

'''1899 October 19, Thursday''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke had a bankruptcy hearing:&lt;blockquote&gt;The public examination of the Hon. Algernon Bourke was held before Mr Registrar Giffard yesterday, at the London Bankruptcy Court. The debtor, described as proprietor of a St. James's-street club, furnished a statement of affairs showing unsecured debts £13,694 and debts fully secured £12,800, with assets which are estimated at £4,489 [?]. He stated, in reply to the Official Receiver, that he was formerly a member of the Stock Exchange, but had nothing to do with the firm of which he was a member during the last ten years. He severed his connection with the firm in May last, and believed he was indebted to them to the extent of £2,000 or £3,000. He repudiated a claim which they now made for £37,300. In 1889 he became proprietor of White's Club, St. James's-street, and carried it on until January 1st last, when he transferred it to a company called Recreations, Limited. One of the objects of the company was to raise money on debentures. The examination was formally adjourned.&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot; /&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;'''1899 November 8, Wednesday''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke's bankruptcy case came up again:&lt;blockquote&gt;At Bankruptcy Court, yesterday, the case the Hon. Algernon Bourke again came on for hearing before Mr. Registrar Giffard, and the examination was concluded. The debtor has at various times been proprietor of White’s Club, St. James’s-street, and the Orleans’ Club, Brighton, and also of Willis's Restaurant, King-street, St. James's. He attributed his failure to losses sustained by the conversion of White’s Club and the Orleans' Club into limited companies, to the payment of excessive Interest on borrowed money, and other causes. The liabilities amount to £26,590, of which £13,694 are stated to be unsecured, and assets £4,409.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Affairs of the Hon. A. Bourke.&quot; ''Globe'' 09 November 1899, Thursday: 2 [of 8], Col. 1c [of 5]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001652/18991109/020/0002. Print p. 2.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''1899 December 23, Saturday''', &quot;Mr. Algernon Bourke has departed for a tour in Africa, being at present the guest of his brother in Tunis.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The Society Pages.&quot; ''Walsall Advertiser'' 23 December 1899, Saturday: 7 [of 8], Col. 7b [of 8]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001028/18991223/143/0007. Print p. 7.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1900 February 15, Thursday''', Daphne Bourke, the four-year-old daughter of the Hon. Algernon and Mrs. Bourke was a bridesmaid in the wedding of Enid Wilson and the Earl of Chesterfield, so presumably her parents were present, although they are not mentioned.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;London Day by Day.&quot; ''Daily Telegraph'' 15 February 1900, Thursday: 8 [of 12], Col. 3b [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001112/19000215/175/0008. Name in British Newspaper Archive: ''Daily Telegraph &amp; Courier'' (London). Print p. 8.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1900 September 16''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke became the heir presumptive to the Earldom of Mayo when his older brother Captain Hon. Sir Maurice Archibald Bourke died.

'''1900 October 06, Saturday''', the ''Weekly Irish Times'' says that Mr. Algernon Bourke, now heir presumptive to the earldom of Mayo, &quot;has been for some months lately staying with Mr. Terence Bourke in Morocco.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Society Gossip.&quot; ''Weekly Irish Times'' 06 October 1900, Saturday: 14 [of 20], Col. 3b [of 5]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001684/19001006/121/0014. Print p. 14.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;p&gt;

'''1901 May 30, Thursday''', the Hon. Mrs. Algernon Bourke attended the fashionable [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#1901 May 30, Thursday|Ladies' Kennel Association Dog Show at the Botanic Garden]].

'''1901 July 4, Thursday''', Gwendolen and Daphne Bourke attended a children's party hosted by the Countess of Yarborough:&lt;blockquote&gt;The Countess of Yarborough gave a charming children's party on Thursday (4th) afternoon at her beautiful house in Arlington Street. The spacious ballroom was quite filled with little guests and their mothers. Each little guest received a lovely present from their kind hostess. The Duchess of Beaufort, in grey, and with a large black picture hat, brought her two lovely baby girls, Lady Blanche and Lady Diana Somerset, both in filmy cream [Col. 2b–3a] lace frocks. Lady Gertrude Corbett came with her children, and Ellen Lady Inchiquin with hers. Lady Southampton, in black, with lovely gold embroideries on her bodice, brought her children, as also did Lady Heneage and Mr. and Lady Beatrice Kaye. Lady Blanche Conyngham, in écru lace, over silk, and small straw hat, was there; also Mrs. Smith Barry, in a lovely gown of black and white lace. The Countess of Kilmorey, in a smart grey and white muslin, brought little Lady Cynthia Needham, in white; Mrs. Arthur James, in black and white muslin; and the Countess of Powys, in mauve silk with much white lace; Lady Sassoon, in black and white foulard; Victoria Countess of Yarborough, came on from hearing Mdme. Réjane at Mrs. Wernher's party at Bath House; and there were also present Lord Henry Vane-Tempest, the Earl of Yarborough, Lady Naylor-Leyland's little boys; the pretty children of Lady Constance Combe, Lady Florence Astley and her children, and Lady Meysey Thompson (very smart in mauve and white muslin) with her children; also Hon. Mrs. Algernon Bourke, in pale grey, with her pretty little girl.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The Countess of Yarborough ....&quot; ''Gentlewoman'' 13 July 1901, Saturday: 76 [of 84], Col. 2b, 3a [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003340/19010713/381/0076. Print p. xxxvi.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;'''1901 July 20, Saturday''', the ''Gentlewoman'' published the Hon. Mrs. Algernon Bourke's portrait (identified with &quot;Perthshire&quot;) in its 3rd series of &quot;The Great County Sale at Earl's Court. Portraits of Stallholders.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The Great County Sale at Earl's Court. Portraits of Stallholders.&quot; ''Gentlewoman'' 20 July 1901, Saturday: 31 [of 60], Col. 4b [of 5]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003340/19010720/141/0031. Print n.p.&lt;/ref&gt; Their daughter Daphne appears in the portrait as well.

'''1901 September 12, Thursday''', Mrs. Gwendolen Bourke wanted her name listed as Mrs. Algernon Bourke in the Electoral Register, apparently a frequent complaint:&lt;blockquote&gt;Mr. Underhill, the Conservative agent, mentioned to the Revising Barrister (Mr. William F. Webster) that the name of the Hon. Mrs. Gwendolen Bourke was on the list in respect of the house, 75, Gloucester-place. The lady had written to him to say that she was the Hon. Mrs. Algernon Bourke and that she wished that name to appear on the register. In reply to the Revising Barrister, Mr. Underhill said that “Algernon” was the name of the lady’s husband.

Mr. Cooke, the rate-collector, said that Mrs. Bourke had asked to be addressed Mrs. Algernon Bourke, but that the Town Clerk thought the address was not a correct one. The lady signed her cheques Gwendolen.”

Mr. Underhill said the agents frequently had indignant letters from ladies because they were not addressed by their husband’s Christian name.

The Revising Barrister — lf a lady gave me the name of Mrs. John Smith I should say I had not got the voter’s name. The name Gwendolen must remain.&lt;ref name=&quot;:15&quot;&gt;&quot;Ladies’ Names.&quot; ''Morning Post'' 12 September 1901, Thursday: 7 [of 10], Col. 3a [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000174/19010912/130/0007. Print p. 7.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''1902 September 4, Thursday''', the ''Daily Express'' reported that &quot;Mrs. Algernon Bourke is staying with Lord and Lady Alington at Scarborough.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Onlooker.&quot; &quot;My Social Diary.&quot; &quot;Where People Are.&quot; ''Daily Express'' 04 September 1902, Thursday: 5 [of 8], Col. 1b? [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0004848/19020904/099/0005. Print p. 4, Col. 7b [of 7].&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;p&gt;

'''1902 October 24, Friday''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#24 October 1902, Friday|opened the Prince's ice-skating rink for the season]], which he had been doing since 1895.&lt;p&gt;

'''1902 October 31, Friday''', the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#31 October 1902, Friday|7th opening of the Prince's Skating Club]]. Guendoline Bourke was on the Women's Committee and Algernon Bourke was on the Men's.

'''1902 December 9, Tuesday''', Gwendolen Bourke attended [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#9 December 1902, Tuesday|Lady Eva Wyndham-Quin's &quot;at home,&quot; held at the Welch Industrial depot]] for the sale Welsh-made Christmas gifts and cards. Bourke wore &quot;a fur coat and a black picture hat.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;A Lady Correspondent.&quot; &quot;Society in London.&quot; ''South Wales Daily News'' 11 December 1902, Thursday: 4 [of 8], Col. 5a [of 8]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000919/19021211/082/0004. Print p. 4.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1903 March 17, Tuesday''', Gwendolen Bourke staffed a booth at a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#1903 March 17, Tuesday|sale of the Irish Industries Association]] on St. Patrick's Day with [[Social Victorians/People/Mayo|Lady Mayo]], [[Social Victorians/People/Dudley|Georgina Lady Dudley]] and [[Social Victorians/People/Beresford|Miss Beresford]]. A number of other aristocratic women were also present at the sale in other booths, including [[Social Victorians/People/Londonderry|Lady Londonderry]] and [[Social Victorians/People/Lucan|Lady Lucan]].

'''1903 June 23, Tuesday''', Gwendolen and Daphne Bourke were invited to a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#1903 June 23, Tuesday|children's party at Buckingham Palace for Prince Eddie's birthday]].

'''1905 February 17, Friday''', the Dundee ''Evening Post'' reported that Algernon Bourke &quot;set up a shop in Venice for the sale of art treasures and old furniture.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Social News.&quot; Dundee ''Evening Post'' 17 February 1905, Friday: 6 [of 6], Col. 7b [of 8]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000582/19050217/105/0006. Print p. 6.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1905, last week of July''', Gwendolen Bourke and daughter Daphne Bourke — who was 10 years old — attended [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#Last week of July, 1905|Lady Cadogan's children's party at Chelsea House]]. Daphne was &quot;One of loveliest little girls present.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Court and Social News.&quot; ''Belfast News-Letter'' 01 August 1905, Tuesday: 7 [of 10], Col. 6b [of 8]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000038/19050801/157/0007. Print p. 7.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1907 May''', a &quot;naval signalling incident&quot; [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1887#May 1887|caused the Waterford ''Evening News'' to recall a similar event]] that had occurred 20 years earlier, in which Algernon Bourke, as special correspondent for the ''Times'', publicized [[Social Victorians/People/Beresford|Lord Charles Beresford]]'s use of his ship's signalling capabilities to send a message to his wife about being late for dinner:&lt;blockquote&gt;

The naval signalling incident is still in the air. It is expected that the matter will not be threshed out until Emperor William leaves England. A story of a former signalling incident in which [[Social Victorians/People/Beresford|Lord Charles Beresford]] was concerned is going the rounds at the moment.&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''1913 May 7, Wednesday''', Gwendolen Bourke presented her daughter Daphne Bourke at court:&lt;blockquote&gt;Mrs. Algernon Bourke presented her daughter, and wore blue and gold broché with a gold lace train.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Social and Personal.&quot; London ''Daily Chronicle'' 08 May 1913, Thursday: 6 [of 12], Col. 6b [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0005049/19130508/120/0006. Print p. 6.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

The ''Pall Mall Gazette'' has a description of Daphne Bourke's dress, but what exactly &quot;chiffon [[Social Victorians/Terminology#Hoops|paniers]]&quot; means in 1913 is not clear:&lt;blockquote&gt;Court dressmakers appear to have surpassed all previous records in their efforts to make the dresses for to-night’s Court as beautiful as possible. Noticeable among these is the dainty presentation gown to be worn by Miss Bourke, who will be presented by her mother, the Hon. Mrs. Algernon Bourke. This has a skirt of soft white satin draped with chiffon [[Social Victorians/Terminology#Hoops|paniers]] and a bodice veiled with chiffon and trimmed with diamanté and crystal embroidery. Miss Bourke’s train, gracefully hung from the shoulders, is of white satin lined with pale rose pink chiffon and embroidered with crystal and diamanté.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Fashion Day by Day. Lovely Gowns for To-night's Court.&quot; ''Pall Mall Gazette'' 07 May 1913, Wednesday: 13 [of 18], Col. 1a [of 5]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000098/19130507/199/0013. Print n.p.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''1904 September 15, Thursday''', according to what was at the time called the ''Irish Daily Independent and Nation'', Algernon Bourke was living in Venice and not in the UK at this point:&lt;blockquote&gt;Algernon Bourke, who usually lives in Venice, has spent some time in England during the present summer, and has now gone on a fishing expedition to Sweden, accompanied by his brother, Lord Mayo. Lady Mayo has been staying meanwhile in Ireland, and has had a visit from her mother, Lady Maria Ponsonby, who is a sister of Lend Obventry.&lt;ref name=&quot;:10&quot;&gt;&quot;Society Notes.&quot; ''Irish Independent'' 15 September 1904, Thursday: 4 [of 8], Col. 5b [of 9]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001986/19040915/131/0004. Print title: ''Irish Daily Independent and Nation'', p. 4.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;'''1909 May 22, Saturday''', Algernon Bourke appears to have been living in Pisa. A columnist for the ''Queen'' reported on the Royal School of Art Needlework:&lt;blockquote&gt;Lady Leconfield [?] was there, also her sister-in-law, the [[Social Victorians/People/Mayo|Dowager Lady Mayo]], only just back from her winter on the Continent, when she spent most of the time at Pisa, where her son Mr Algernon Bourke has also been staying. The latter is a great connoisseur as regards [art?] notably in what is really good in the way of old Italian sculpture and carving. He and his handsome wife have a place near to Putney, and this winter again Mr Bourke, as the result of his Italian travels, has been sending home such relics of the old Italian palace gardens as as stone and marble carved vases, garden seats, and what-not of the kind — not all for himself and his own gardens by any means, I fancy; but his friends, relying on his knowledge in such matters, get him when abroad to choose for [them?] the adornment of their English terraces and gardens.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;My Social Diary.&quot; The ''Queen'' 22 May 1909, Saturday: 31 [of 86], Col. 1b [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002627/19090522/203/0031. Print p. 871.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

== Costume at the Duchess of Devonshire's 2 July 1897 Fancy-dress Ball ==
According to both the ''Morning Post'' and the ''Times'', the Hon. Algernon Bourke was among the Suite of Men in the [[Social Victorians/1897 Fancy Dress Ball/Quadrilles Courts#&quot;Oriental&quot; Procession|&quot;Oriental&quot; procession]] at the [[Social Victorians/1897 Fancy Dress Ball | Duchess of Devonshire's fancy-dress ball]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; Based on the people they were dressed as, Gwendolen Bourke was probably in this procession but it seems unlikely that Algernone Bourke was.

[[File:Guendoline-Irene-Emily-Bourke-ne-Sloane-Stanley-as-Salammb.jpg|thumb|alt=Black-and-white photograph of a standing woman richly dressed in an historical costume with a headdress and a very large fan|Hon. Gwendolen Bourke as Salammbô. ©National Portrait Gallery, London.]]
=== Hon. Guendoline Bourke ===
[[File:Alfons Mucha - 1896 - Salammbô.jpg|thumb|left|alt=Highly stylized orange-and-yellow painting of a bare-chested woman with a man playing a harp at her feet|Alfons Mucha's 1896 ''Salammbô''.]]
Lafayette's portrait (right) of &quot;Guendoline Irene Emily Bourke (née Sloane-Stanley) as Salammbô&quot; in costume is photogravure #128 in the album presented to the Duchess of Devonshire and now in the National Portrait Gallery.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;&quot;Devonshire House Fancy Dress Ball (1897): photogravures by Walker &amp; Boutall after various photographers.&quot; 1899. National Portrait Gallery https://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/portrait-list.php?set=515.&lt;/ref&gt; The printing on the portrait says, &quot;The Hon. Mrs. Algernon Bourke as Salammbo.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Mrs. Algernon Bourke as Salammbo.&quot; ''Diamond Jubilee Fancy Dress Ball''. National Portrait Gallery https://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/portrait/mw158491/Guendoline-Irene-Emily-Bourke-ne-Sloane-Stanley-as-Salammb.&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Newspaper Accounts ====
The Hon. Mrs. A. Bourke was dressed as

* Salambo in the Oriental procession.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;&quot;Fancy Dress Ball at Devonshire House.&quot; ''Morning Post'' Saturday 3 July 1897: 7 [of 12], Col. 4a–8 Col. 2b. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000174/18970703/054/0007.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;&quot;Ball at Devonshire House.&quot; The ''Times'' Saturday 3 July 1897: 12, Cols. 1a–4c ''The Times Digital Archive''. Web. 28 Nov. 2015.&lt;/ref&gt;
* &quot;(Egyptian Princess), drapery gown of white and silver gauze, covered with embroidery of lotus flowers; the top of gown appliqué with old green satin embroidered blue turquoise and gold, studded rubies; train of old green broché.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;“The Duchess of Devonshire’s Ball.” The ''Gentlewoman'' 10 July 1897 Saturday: 32–42 [of 76], Cols. 1a–3c [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003340/18970710/155/0032.&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|p. 40, Col. 3a}}
*&quot;Mrs. A. Bourke, as an Egyptian Princess, with the Salambo coiffure, wore a flowing gown of white and silver gauze covered with embroidery of lotus flowers. The top of the gown was ornamented with old green satin embroidered with blue turquoise and gold, and studded with rubies. The train was of old green broché with sides of orange and gold embroidery, and from the ceinture depended long bullion fringe and an embroidered ibis.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;“The Ball at Devonshire House. Magnificent Spectacle. Description of the Dresses.” London ''Evening Standard'' 3 July 1897 Saturday: 3 [of 12], Cols. 1a–5b [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000183/18970703/015/0004.&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|p. 3, Col. 3b}}

==== Salammbô ====
Salammbô is the eponymous protagonist in Gustave Flaubert's 1862 novel.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2024-04-29|title=Salammbô|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Salammb%C3%B4&amp;oldid=1221352216|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salammb%C3%B4.&lt;/ref&gt; Ernest Reyer's opera ''Salammbô'' was based on Flaubert's novel and published in Paris in 1890 and performed in 1892&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2024-04-11|title=Ernest Reyer|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ernest_Reyer&amp;oldid=1218353215|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernest_Reyer.&lt;/ref&gt; (both Modest Mussorgsky and Sergei Rachmaninoff had attempted but not completed operas based on the novel as well&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;). Alfons Mucha's 1896 lithograph of Salammbô was published in 1896, the year before the ball (above left).[[File:Algernon Henry Bourke Vanity Fair 20 January 1898.jpg|thumb|alt=Old colored drawing of an elegant elderly man dressed in a 19th-century tuxedo with a cloak, top hat and formal pointed shoes with bows, standing facing 1/4 to his right|''Algy'' — Algernon Henry Bourke — by &quot;Spy,&quot; ''Vanity Fair'' 20 January 1898]]
=== Hon. Algernon Bourke ===
[[File:Hon-Algernon-Henry-Bourke-as-Izaak-Walton.jpg|thumb|left|alt=Black-and-white photograph of a man richly dressed in an historical costume sitting in a fireplace that does not have a fire and holding a tankard|Hon. Algernon Henry Bourke as Izaak Walton. ©National Portrait Gallery, London.]]
'''Lafayette's portrait''' (left) of &quot;Hon. Algernon Henry Bourke as Izaak Walton&quot; in costume is photogravure #129 in the album presented to the Duchess of Devonshire and now in the National Portrait Gallery.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt; The printing on the portrait says, &quot;The Hon. Algernon Bourke as Izaak Walton.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Hon. Algernon Bourke as Izaak Walton.&quot; ''Diamond Jubilee Fancy Dress Ball''. National Portrait Gallery https://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/portrait/mw158492/Hon-Algernon-Henry-Bourke-as-Izaak-Walton.&lt;/ref&gt;

This portrait is amazing and unusual: Algernon Bourke is not using a photographer's set with theatrical flats and props, certainly not one used by anyone else at the ball itself. Isaak Walton (baptised 21 September 1593 – 15 December 1683) wrote ''The Compleat Angler''.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2021-09-15|title=Izaak Walton|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Izaak_Walton&amp;oldid=1044447858|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Izaak_Walton.&lt;/ref&gt; A cottage Walton lived in and willed to the people of Stafford was photographed in 1888, suggesting that its relationship to Walton was known in 1897, raising a question about whether Bourke could have used the fireplace in the cottage for his portrait. (This same cottage still exists, as the [https://www.staffordbc.gov.uk/izaak-waltons-cottage Isaak Walton Cottage] museum.)

A caricature portrait (right) of the Hon. Algernon Bourke, called &quot;Algy,&quot; by Leslie Ward (&quot;Spy&quot;) was published in the 20 January 1898 issue of ''Vanity Fair'' as Number 702 in its &quot;Men of the Day&quot; series,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2024-01-14|title=List of Vanity Fair (British magazine) caricatures (1895–1899)|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Vanity_Fair_(British_magazine)_caricatures_(1895%E2%80%931899)&amp;oldid=1195518024|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Vanity_Fair_(British_magazine)_caricatures_(1895%E2%80%931899).&lt;/ref&gt; giving an indication of what he looked like out of costume.

=== Mr. and Mrs. Bourke ===
The ''Times'' made a distinction between the Hon. Mr. and Mrs. A. Bourke and Mr. and Mrs. Bourke, including both in the article.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; Occasionally this same article mentions the same people more than once in different contexts and parts of the article, so they may be the same couple. (See [[Social Victorians/People/Bourke#Notes and Question|Notes and Question]] #2, below.)

== Demographics ==
*Nationality: Anglo-Irish&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2020-11-14|title=Richard Bourke, 6th Earl of Mayo|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Richard_Bourke,_6th_Earl_of_Mayo&amp;oldid=988654078|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
*Occupation: journalist. 1895: restaurant, hotel and club owner and manager&lt;ref&gt;''Cheltenham Looker-On'', 23 March 1895. Via Ancestry but taken from the BNA.&lt;/ref&gt;
=== Residences ===
*Ireland: 1873: Palmerston House, Straffan, Co. Kildare.&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt; Not Co. Mayo?
*1888–1891: 33 Cadogan Terrace, S.W., Kensington and Chelsea, a dwelling house&lt;ref&gt;Kensington and Chelsea, London, England, Electoral Registers, 1889–1970, Register of Voters, 1891.&lt;/ref&gt;
*1894: 181 Pavilion Road, Kensington and Chelsea&lt;ref&gt;Kensington and Chelsea, London, England, Electoral Registers, 1889–1970. Register of Voters, 1894. Via Ancestry.&lt;/ref&gt;
*1900: 181 Pavilion Road, Kensington and Chelsea&lt;ref&gt;Kensington and Chelsea, London, England, Electoral Registers, 1889–1970. Register of Voters, 1900. Via Ancestry.&lt;/ref&gt;
*1904: Algernon Bourke was &quot;usually liv[ing] in Venice&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:10&quot; /&gt;
*1911: 1911 Fulham, London&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;
*20 Eaton Square, S.W. (in 1897)&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Pl0oAAAAYAAJ|title=Who's who|date=1897|publisher=A. &amp; C. Black|language=en}} 712, Col. 1b.&lt;/ref&gt; (London home of the [[Social Victorians/People/Mayo|Earl of Mayo]])

== Family ==
*Hon. Algernon Henry Bourke (31 December 1854 – 7 April 1922)&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Hon. Algernon Henry Bourke.&quot; {{Cite web|url=https://www.thepeerage.com/p29657.htm#i296561|title=Person Page|website=www.thepeerage.com|access-date=2020-12-10}}&lt;/ref&gt;
*Gwendolen Irene Emily Sloane-Stanley Bourke (c. 1869 – 30 December 1967)&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;&quot;Guendoline Irene Emily Stanley.&quot; {{Cite web|url=https://www.thepeerage.com/p51525.htm#i515247|title=Person Page|website=www.thepeerage.com|access-date=2020-12-10}}&lt;/ref&gt;
#Daphne Marjory Bourke (5 April 1895 – 22 May 1962)

=== Relations ===
*Hon. Algernon Henry Bourke (the 3rd son of the [[Social Victorians/People/Mayo|6th Earl of Mayo]]) was the older brother of Lady Florence Bourke.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

==== Other Bourkes ====
*Hubert Edward Madden Bourke (after 1925, Bourke-Borrowes)&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Hubert Edward Madden Bourke-Borrowes.&quot; {{Cite web|url=https://www.thepeerage.com/p52401.htm#i524004|title=Person Page|website=www.thepeerage.com|access-date=2021-08-25}} https://www.thepeerage.com/p52401.htm#i524004.&lt;/ref&gt;
*Lady Eva Constance Aline Bourke, who married [[Social Victorians/People/Dunraven|Windham Henry Wyndham-Quin]] on 7 July 1885;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Lady Eva Constance Aline Bourke.&quot; {{Cite web|url=https://www.thepeerage.com/p2575.htm#i25747|title=Person Page|website=www.thepeerage.com|access-date=2020-12-02}} https://www.thepeerage.com/p2575.htm#i25747.&lt;/ref&gt; he became 5th Earl of Dunraven and Mount-Earl on 14 June 1926.

==== The Sloane-Stanleys ====

* Hans T Sloane Stanley (c. 1841&lt;ref name=&quot;:16&quot;&gt;The National Archives; Kew, London, England; ''1871 England Census''; Class: ''RG10''; Piece: ''104''; Folio: ''21''; Page: ''37''; GSU roll: ''838763''. Ancestry.com. ''1871 England Census'' [database on-line]. Lehi, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations Inc, 2004.&lt;/ref&gt; – )
* Emilie Josephine S Stanley (c. 1849&lt;ref name=&quot;:16&quot; /&gt; – )
*# Gwendoline&lt;ref name=&quot;:14&quot; /&gt; Irene Emily G Stanley (c. 1870&lt;ref name=&quot;:16&quot; /&gt; – )

== Writings, Memoirs, Biographies, Papers ==

=== Writings ===
* Bourke, the Hon. Algernon. ''The History of White's''. London: Algernon Bourke [privately published], 1892.
* Bourke, the Hon. Algernon, ed., &quot;with a brief Memoir.&quot; ''Correspondence of Mr Joseph Jekyll with His Sister-in-Law, Lady Gertrude Sloane Stanley, 1818–1838''. John Murray, 1893.
* Bourke, the Hon. Algernon, ed. ''Correspondence of Mr Joseph Jekyll''. John Murray, 1894.

=== Papers ===
* Where are the papers for the Earl of Mayo family? Are Algernon Bourke's papers with them?

== Notes and Questions ==
#The portrait of Algernon Bourke in costume as Isaac Walton is really an amazing portrait with a very interesting setting, far more specific than any of the other Lafayette portraits of these people in their costumes. Where was it shot? Lafayette is given credit, but it's not one of his usual backdrops. If this portrait was taken the night of the ball, then this fireplace was in Devonshire House; if not, then whose fireplace is it?
#The ''Times'' lists Hon. A. Bourke (at 325) and Hon. Mrs. A. Bourke (at 236) as members of a the &quot;Oriental&quot; procession, Mr. and Mrs. A. Bourke (in the general list of attendees), and then a small distance down Mr. and Mrs. Bourke (now at 511 and 512, respectively). This last couple with no honorifics is also mentioned in the report in the London ''Evening Standard'', which means the Hon. Mrs. A. Bourke, so the ''Times'' may have repeated the Bourkes, who otherwise are not obviously anyone recognizable. If they are not the Hon. Mr. and Mrs. A. Bourke, then they are unidentified. It seems likely that they are the same, however, as the newspapers were not perfectly consistent in naming people with their honorifics, even in a single story, especially a very long and detailed one in which people could be named more than once.
#Three slightly difficult-to-identify men were among the Suite of Men in the [[Social Victorians/1897 Fancy Dress Ball/Quadrilles Courts#&quot;Oriental&quot; Procession|&quot;Oriental&quot; procession]]: [[Social Victorians/People/Halifax|Gordon Wood]], [[Social Victorians/People/Portman|Arthur B. Portman]] and [[Social Victorians/People/Sarah Spencer-Churchill Wilson|Wilfred Wilson]]. The identification of Gordon Wood and Wilfred Wilson is high because of contemporary newspaper accounts. The Hon. Algernon Bourke, who was also in the Suite of Men, is not difficult to identify at all. Arthur Portman appears in a number of similar newspaper accounts, but none of them mentions his family of origin.
#[http://thepeerage.com The Peerage] has no other Algernon Bourkes.
#The Hon Algernon Bourke is #235 on the [[Social Victorians/1897 Fancy Dress Ball#List of People Who Attended|list of people who were present]]; the Hon. Guendoline Bourke is #236; a Mr. Bourke is #703; a Mrs. Bourke is #704.
#A Mr. and Mrs. F. Sloane-Stanley attended the [[Social Victorians/1886-07-21 Ball at Marlborough House|21 July 1886 Ball at Marlborough House]].
== Footnotes ==
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      <text bytes="69664" sha1="kgl4ted63rz0dwhsbvx183suqjj95do" xml:space="preserve">==Also Known As==
* Family name: Bourke [pronounced ''burk'']&lt;ref name=&quot;:62&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2024-05-07|title=Earl of Mayo|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Earl_of_Mayo&amp;oldid=1222668659|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earl_of_Mayo.&lt;/ref&gt;
* The Hon. Algernon Bourke
* Mrs. Gwendolen Bourke
** Gwendoline&lt;ref name=&quot;:14&quot;&gt;City of Westminster Archives Centre; London, England; ''Westminster Church of England Parish Registers''; Reference: ''SPWP/PR/1/2''. Ancestry.com. ''Westminster, London, England, Church of England Births and Baptisms, 1813-1919'' [database on-line]. Lehi, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2020.&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|Births and Baptisms}}
** Gwendolen&lt;ref&gt;General Register Office. ''England and Wales Civil Registration Indexes''. London, England: General Register Office. FreeBMD. ''England &amp; Wales, Civil Registration Marriage Index, 1837-1915''[database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations Inc, 2006.&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|Marriage Index}} &lt;ref name=&quot;:15&quot; /&gt;{{rp|''Morning Post'' article about her name}} &lt;ref&gt;General Register Office. ''England and Wales Civil Registration Indexes''. London, England: General Register Office. FreeBMD. ''England &amp; Wales, Civil Registration Marriage Index, 1837-1915''[database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations Inc, 2006.&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|Electoral Register}}
** Guendoline
* See also the [[Social Victorians/People/Mayo|page for the Earl of Mayo]], the Hon. Algernon Bourke's father, and other Bourkes

== Overview ==
Although the Hon. Algernon Henry Bourke was born in Dublin in 1854 and came from a family whose title is in the Peerage of Ireland,&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;1911 England Census.&lt;/ref&gt; he seems to have spent much of his adult life generally in England and especially in London. Because he was the son of the [[Social Victorians/People/Mayo|Earl of Mayo]], perhaps, or perhaps because he was so involved in projects that got reported on, he was mentioned a great deal in the newspapers, but after his bankruptcy, he seems to have receded in prominence, in part because he was living outside of the U.K.

Mrs. Gwendolen Bourke was a noted horsewoman and an excellent shot, exhibited at dog shows successfully and was &quot;an appreciative listener to good music.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Vanity Fair.&quot; ''Lady of the House'' 15 June 1899, Thursday: 4 [of 44], Col. 2c [of 2]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0004836/18990615/019/0004.&lt;/ref&gt; She attended many social events without her husband, especially into the 20th century, usually with an appreciative description of what she wore. She was a sponsor of Irish art needlework as well. Unlike her husband's, Gwendolen's social status seems to have risen as time passed, and she appears in stories associated with the Princess of Wales, and then later with Queen Alexandra.

The Hon. Algernon Bourke and Mr. Algernon Bourke, depending on the newspaper article, were the same person. Calling him Mr. Bourke in the newspapers, especially when considered as a businessman or (potential) member of Parliament, does not rule out the son of an earl, who would normally be accorded the honorific of ''Honorable''.

== Acquaintances, Friends and Enemies ==

=== Algernon Bourke ===

* [[Social Victorians/People/Montrose|Marcus Henry Milner]], &quot;one of the zealous assistants of that well-known firm of stockbrokers, Messrs. Bourke and Sandys&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot;&gt;&quot;Metropolitan Notes.&quot; ''Nottingham Evening Post'' 31 July 1888, Tuesday: 4 [of 4], Col. 2a [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000321/18880731/025/0004.&lt;/ref&gt;
* Caroline, Duchess of Montrose — her &quot;legal advisor&quot; on the day of her marriage to Marcus Henry Milner&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Metropolitan Notes.&quot; ''Nottingham Evening Post'' 31 July 1888, Tuesday: 4 [of 4], Col. 1b [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000321/18880731/025/0004.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Gwendolen Bourke ===

* Lord and Lady Alington, Belvedere House, Scarborough

== Organizations ==

=== Gwendolen Bourke ===

* Member, the Ladies Committee for the Prince's Skating Club, which also included [[Social Victorians/People/Princess Louise|Princess Louise]] (Duchess of Argyll), the [[Social Victorians/People/Portland|Duchess of Portland]], [[Social Victorians/People/Londonderry|Lady Londonderry]], [[Social Victorians/People/Campbell|Lady Archibald Campbell]], [[Social Victorians/People/Ribblesdale|Lady Ribblesdale]], and [[Social Victorians/People/Asquith|Mrs. Asquith]]&lt;ref name=&quot;:11&quot;&gt;&quot;What the 'World' Says.&quot; ''Northwich Guardian'' 01 November 1902, Saturday: 6 [of 8], Col. 8a [of 9]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001975/19021101/134/0006. Print title: The ''Guardian'', p. 6.&lt;/ref&gt; (1902, at least)

=== Algernon Bourke ===
* Eton
* Cambridge University, Trinity College, 1873, Michaelmas term&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot;&gt;Cambridge University Alumni, 1261–1900. Via Ancestry.&lt;/ref&gt;
* Conservative Party
* 1879: Appointed a Poor Law Inspector in Ireland, Relief of Distress Act
* 1885: Office of the 7th Surrey Rifles Regiment&lt;ref&gt;&quot;7th Surrey Rifles.&quot; ''South London Press'' 08 August 1885, Saturday: 12 [of 16], Col. 4a [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000213/18850808/165/0012. Print p. 12.&lt;/ref&gt;
* Special Correspondent of The ''Times'' for the Zulu War, accompanying Lord Chelmsford
* Head, Messrs. Bourke and Sandys, &quot;that well-known firm of stockbrokers&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt; ( – 1901 [at least])
* White's gentleman's club, St. James's,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2024-10-09|title=White's|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White's|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White%27s.&lt;/ref&gt; Manager (1897)&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Side Lights on Drinking.&quot; ''Waterford Standard'' 28 April 1897, Wednesday: 3 [of 4], Col. 7a [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001678/18970428/053/0003.&lt;/ref&gt;
* Willis's Rooms&lt;blockquote&gt;... the Hon. Algernon Burke [sic], son of the 6th Earl of Mayo, has turned the place into a smart restaurant where choice dinners are served and eaten while a stringed band discourses music. Willis's Rooms are now the favourite dining place for ladies who have no club of their own, or for gentlemen who are debarred by rules from inviting ladies to one of their own clubs. The same gentleman runs a hotel in Brighton, and has promoted several clubs. He has a special faculty for organising places of the kind, without which such projects end in failure.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Lenten Dullness.&quot; ''Cheltenham Looker-On'' 23 March 1895, Saturday: 11 [of 24], Col. 2c [of 2]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000226/18950323/004/0011. Print p. 275.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

==== Boards of Directors ====
*1883: One of the directors, the Franco-English Tunisian Esparto Fibre Supply Company, Ltd.&lt;ref&gt;''Money Market Review'', 20 Jan 1883 (Vol 46): 124.&lt;/ref&gt;
*1891: One of the founders, the Discount Banking Company, Ltd., which says Algernon Bourke is a director of District Messenger Services and News Company, Ltd.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Public Company.&quot; ''Nottingham Journal'' 31 October 1891, Saturday: 4 [of 8], Col. 8a [of 8]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001896/18911031/099/0004. Print title: ''The Nottingham Daily Express'', p. 4.&lt;/ref&gt;
*1894: One of the directors, the Frozen Lake, Ltd., with Admiral Maxse, Lord [[Social Victorians/People/Beresford|Marcus Beresford]], [[Social Victorians/People/Williams|Hwfa Williams]]&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The Frozen Lake, Limited.&quot; ''St James's Gazette'' 08 June 1894, Friday: 15 [of 16], Col. 4a [of 4]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001485/18940608/085/0015. Print p. 15.&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Committees ====

*Member, Men's Committee of the Prince's Skating Club, which also included Lord Edward Cecil, Lord Redesdale, Mr. [[Social Victorians/People/Lyttelton|Alfred Lyttelton]], Sir Edgar Vincent, Sir William Hart Dyke, and Mr. [[Social Victorians/People/Grenfell|W. H. Grenfell]]&lt;ref name=&quot;:11&quot; /&gt; (1902, at least)
*[[Social Victorians/Timeline/1896#25 March 1896, Wednesday|The Sala Memorial Fund]], member of the committee (from 25 March 1896)
* Member of an &quot;influential committee&quot; headed by the Lord Mayor &quot;to restore salmon to the Thames&quot; (June 1899)&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Salmon in the Thames.&quot; ''Berks and Oxon Advertiser'' 30 June 1899, Friday: 5 [of 8], Col. 4a [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002298/18990630/079/0005. Print n.p.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Timeline ==
'''1872 February 8''', Richard Bourke, 6th Earl of Mayo was assassinated while inspecting a &quot;convict settlement at Port Blair in the Andaman Islands ... by Sher Ali Afridi, a former Afghan soldier.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2024-12-01|title=Richard Bourke, 6th Earl of Mayo|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Bourke,_6th_Earl_of_Mayo|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Bourke,_6th_Earl_of_Mayo.&lt;/ref&gt; The Hon. Algernon's brother Dermot became the 7th Earl at 19 years old.

'''1876 November 24, Friday''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke was one of 6 men (2 students, one of whom was Bourke; 2 doctors; a tutor and another man) from Cambridge who gave evidence as witnesses in an inquest about the death from falling off a horse of a student.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The Fatal Accident to a Sheffield Student at Cambridge.&quot; ''Sheffield Independent'' 25 November 1876, Saturday: 7 [of 12], Col. 5a [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000181/18761125/040/0007. Print title: ''Sheffield and Rotherham Independent'', n. p.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1881 May 10, Tuesday''', Algernon Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1881#1881 May 10, Tuesday|wedding of Marion Lascelles, eldest daughter of the Hon. Egremont W. Lascelles, brother of the Earl of Harewood, and Lieutenant Henry Dent Brocklehurst, of the Second Life Guards, nephew of Mr. Philip Brocklehurst, of Swithamley Park, Macclesfield]]. His gift was an &quot;old enamelled watch set in pearls.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Nuptial Rejoicings at Middlethorpe Manor. Marriage of Miss Lascelles and Lieut. Brocklehurst.&quot; ''Yorkshire Gazette'' 14 May 1881, Saturday: 9 [of 12], Cols. 3a–4a [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive''https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000266/18810514/057/0009. Print same title and p.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1884 May 3, Saturday''', the &quot;Rochester Conservatives&quot; announced that they would &quot;bring forward the Hon. Algernon Bourke, brother of Lord Mayo, as their second candidate,&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Election Intelligence.&quot; ''Yorkshire Gazette'' 03 May 1884, Saturday: 4 [of 12], Col. 6a [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000266/18840503/011/0004.&lt;/ref&gt; but because he could not be the first candidate, Bourke declined.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Rochester.&quot; London ''Daily Chronicle'' 09 May 1884, Friday: 3 [of 8], Col. 8b [of 8]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0005049/18840509/049/0003.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1884 June 18, Wednesday''', Mr. Algernon Bourke was on a committee to watch a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1884#18 June 1884, Wednesday|Mr. Bishop's &quot;thought-reading&quot; experiment]], which was based on a challenge by Henry Labourchere made the year before. This &quot;experiment&quot; took place before a fashionable audience.

'''1885 October 3, Saturday''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke was named as the Conservative candidate for Clapham in the Battersea and Clapham borough after the Redistribution Bill determined the electoral districts for South London.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;South London Candidates.&quot; ''South London Press'' 03 October 1885, Saturday: 9 [of 16], Col. 5b [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000213/18851003/096/0009. Print p. 9.&lt;/ref&gt; The Liberal candidate, who won, was Mr. J. F. Moulton.

'''1886 July 21, Wednesday''', Algernon Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/1886-07-21 Ball at Marlborough House|Ball at Marlborough House]], as did a Mr. and Mrs. F. Sloane-Stanley, who may be related to the Gwendolen Sloane-Stanley who married Bourke on 15 December 1887.

'''1886 July 27, Tuesday''', Algernon Bourke attended a service honoring a memorial at St. Paul's for his father, who had been assassinated.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Memorial to the Late Earl of Mayo.&quot; ''Northern Whig'' 28 July 1886, Wednesday: 6 [of 8], Col. 6b [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000434/18860728/143/0006. Print p. 6.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1886 September 2, Thursday''', Mr. Algernon Bourke was part of a group of mostly aristocratic men taking part in [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1886#8 September 1886, Wednesday|a &quot;trial-rehearsal&quot; as part of Augustus Harris's production]] ''A Run of Luck'', about sports.

'''1886 October 2, Saturday''', the Duke of Beaufort and the Hon. Algernon Bourke arrived in Yougal: &quot;His grace has taken a residence at Lismore for a few weeks, to enjoy some salmon fishing on the Blackwater before the close of the season.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Chippenham.&quot; ''Wilts and Gloucestershire Standard'' 02 October 1886, Saturday: 8 [of 8], Col. 6a [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001955/18861002/142/0008. Print p. 8.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1886 December 30, Thursday''', Algernon Bourke was back in London and attending the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1886#1886 December 30, Thursday|&quot;Forty Thieves&quot; pantomime at the Drury Lane Theatre]].

'''1887 May''', a &quot;signalling incident&quot; in 1907 [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1887#May 1887|caused the Waterford ''Evening News'' to recall a similar event]] that had occurred 20 years earlier, in which Algernon Bourke, as special correspondent for the ''Times'', caused the incident to be publicized:&lt;blockquote&gt;During the manoeuvres in connection with the 1887 Jubilee of Queen Victoria a signal was observed going up from [[Social Victorians/People/Beresford|Lord Charles[ Beresford]]]'s ship. It was a message to his wife, Lady Beresford, to the effect that, as he should be late for dinner, she was not to wait. Beyond the hilarity this domestic signal evoked, nothing more would have been heard of it, but Mr. Algernon Bourke (Lord Mayo's brother) was acting as special correspondent for the &quot;Times,&quot; and that paper the next morning contained a full and humorous report of the incident. Then there was trouble.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Signalling Incident.&quot; ''Evening News'' (Waterford) 13 November 1907, Wednesday: 1 [of 4], Col. 6c [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0004557/19071113/021/0001.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;'''1887 December 15''', Hon. Algernon Bourke and Gwendolen Stanley were married at St. Paul's, Knightsbridge, by Bourke's uncle the Hon. and Rev. George Bourke. Only family members attended because of &quot;the recent death of a near relative of the bride.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Court Circular.&quot; ''Morning Post'' 16 December 1887, Friday: 5 [of 8], Col. 7c [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000174/18871216/066/0005.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1888 July 26''', [[Social Victorians/People/Montrose|Caroline Graham Stirling-Crawford]] (known as Mr. Manton for her horse-breeding and -racing operations) and Marcus Henry Milner married.&lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot;&gt;&quot;Hon. Caroline Agnes Horsley-Beresford.&quot; {{Cite web|url=https://thepeerage.com/p6863.htm#i68622|title=Person Page|website=thepeerage.com|access-date=2020-11-21}}&lt;/ref&gt; According to the ''Nottingham Evening Post'' of 31 July 1888,&lt;blockquote&gt;LONDON GOSSIP.

(From the ''World''.)

The marriage of &quot;Mr. Manton&quot; was the surprise as well the sensation of last week. Although some wise people noticed a certain amount of youthful ardour in the attentions paid by Mr. Marcus Henry Milner to Caroline Duchess of Montrose at '''Mrs. Oppenheim's ball''', nobody was prepared for the sudden ''dénouement''; '''and it''' were not for the accidental and unseen presence [[Social Victorians/People/Mildmay|a well-known musical amateur]] who had received permission to practice on the organ, the ceremony performed at half-past nine on Thursday morning at St. Andrew's, Fulham, by the Rev. Mr. Propert, would possibly have remained a secret for some time to come. Although the evergreen Duchess attains this year the limit of age prescribed the Psalmist, the bridegroom was only born in 1864. Mr. &quot;Harry&quot; Milner (familiarly known in the City as &quot;Millions&quot;) was one of the zealous assistants of that well-known firm of stockbrokers, Messrs. Bourke and Sandys, and Mr. Algernon Bourke, the head of the house (who, of course, takes a fatherly interest in the match) went down to Fulham to give away the Duchess. The ceremony was followed by a ''partie carrée'' luncheon at the Bristol, and the honeymoon began with a visit to the Jockey Club box at Sandown. Mr. Milner and the Duchess of Montrose have now gone to Newmarket. The marriage causes a curious reshuffling of the cards of affinity. Mr. Milner is now the stepfather of the [[Social Victorians/People/Montrose|Duke of Montrose]], his senior by twelve years; he is also the father-in-law of [[Social Victorians/People/Lady Violet Greville|Lord Greville]], Mr. Murray of Polnaise, and [[Social Victorians/People/Breadalbane|Lord Breadalbane]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;'''1888 December 1st week''', according to &quot;Society Gossip&quot; from the ''World'', the Hon. Algernon Bourke was suffering from malaria, presumably which he caught when he was in South Africa:&lt;blockquote&gt;I am sorry to hear that Mr. Algernon Bourke, who married Miss Sloane-Stanley a short time ago, has been very dangerously ill. Certain complications followed an attack of malarian fever, and last week his mother, the Dowager Lady Mayo, and his brother, Lord Mayo, were hastily summoned to Brighton. Since then a change for the better has taken place, and he is now out of danger.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Society Gossip. What the ''World'' Says.&quot; ''Hampshire Advertiser'' 08 December 1888, Saturday: 2 [of 8], Col. 5b [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000495/18881208/037/0002. Print title: ''The Hampshire Advertiser County Newspaper''; print p. 2.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;'''1889 – 1899 January 1''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke was &quot;proprietor&quot; of White's Club, St. James's Street.&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot;&gt;&quot;The Hon. Algernon Bourke's Affairs.&quot; ''Eastern Morning News'' 19 October 1899, Thursday: 6 [of 8], Col. 7c [of7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001152/18991019/139/0006. Print p. 6.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1889 June 8, Saturday''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke contributed some art he owned to the collection of the Royal Institute of Painters in Water-Colours' [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1889#8 June 1889, Saturday|exhibition of &quot;the works of the 'English Humourists in Art.'&quot;]]

'''1891 November 22, Sunday''', the London Weekly Dispatch reports a performance by American &quot;Lady Magnet&quot; Mrs. Abbott, who claimed to be able to lift anybody using only her magnetic properties. An enthusiastic &quot;committee of some fifteen gentlemen presented a written and signed testimonial&quot; supporting Mrs. Abbott, &quot;the Hon. Algernon Bourke, Professor Atkinson, Dr. Hides, and three other doctors who prefer to remain incog., being among the signatories. All the medical gentlemen concerned assured the ''Evening News and Post'' reporter of their complete and unconditional surrender. One of them went so far as to say that he had come with the full determination of disbelieving, but had been quite able to act up to his resolve.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The Lady Magnet. Draws Crowds of People Who Divide in Opinion about Her.&quot; ''Weekly Dispatch'' (London) 22 November 1891, Sunday: 16 [of 16], Cols. 3a–4b [of 4]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003358/18911122/203/0016. Print: same title and p.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1892''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke privately published his ''The History of White's'', the exclusive gentleman's club.

'''1893 February 11, Tuesday''', Algernon Bourke opened Willis's Restaurant:&lt;blockquote&gt;Mr. Algernon Bourke has in his time done many things, and has generally done them well. His recently published history of White's Club is now a standard work. White's Club itself was a few years ago in its agony when Mr. Bourke stepped in and gave it a renewed lease of life. Under Mr. Bourke's auspices &quot;Willis's Restaurant&quot; opened its doors to the public on Tuesday last in a portion of the premises formerly so well known as Willis's Rooms. This new venture is to rival the Amphitryon in the matter of cuisine and wines; but it is not, like the Amphitryon, a club, but open to the public generally. Besides the restaurant proper, there are several ''cabinets particuliers'', and these are decorated with the very best of taste, and contain some fine portraits of the Georges.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Marmaduke.&quot; &quot;Letter from the Linkman.&quot; ''Truth'' 20 April 1893, Thursday: 25 [of 56], Col. 1a [of 2]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' [https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002961/18930420/075/0025# https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002961/18930420/075/0025]. Print p. 855.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;'''1893 April 1, Saturday''', Algernon Bourke published a letter to the editor of the ''Times'', reprinted in the ''Kildare Observer'', arguing against Gladstone's Home Rule bill on the grounds that Ireland would not be able to take out a loan on its own behalf because of its obligations to the U.K., including what was called its share of the national debt.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Irish Unionist Alliance.&quot; ''Kildare Observer and Eastern Counties Advertiser'' 01 April 1893, Saturday: 6 [of 8], Col. 4c [of 5]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001870/18930401/062/0006. Print: The ''Kildare Observer'', n.p.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1893 July 14, Friday''', Gwendolen Bourke attended [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1893#1893 July 14, Friday|the races at Sandown]] wearing an outfit and hat that got described in the newspaper.

'''1893 November 30, Thursday''', with Sir Walter Gilbey the Hon. Algernon Bourke &quot;assisted&quot; in &quot;forming [a] collection&quot; of engravings by George Morland that was exhibited at Messrs. J. and W. Vokins’s, Great Portland-street.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The George Morland Exhibition at Vokins's.&quot; ''Sporting Life'' 30 November 1893, Thursday: 4 [of 4], Col. 4c [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000893/18931130/058/0004.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1894 January 31, Wednesday''', Algernon and Gwendolen Bourke, who was dressed more stylishly than most, attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1894#Also 31 January 1894, Wednesday|Kildare Hunt Ball]] hosted by Dermot, [[Social Victorians/People/Mayo|Earl of Mayo]] and Geraldine, Countess of Mayo.

'''1895 February 23, Saturday''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1895#23 February 1895, Saturday|fashionable wedding of Laurence Currie and Edith Sibyl Mary Finch]]. Gwendolen Bourke is not listed as having attended, but she is not noted as absent, either. Daphne Bourke was born on 5 April 1895, probably explaining Gwendolen's absence.

'''1895 April 27, Saturday''', Algernon Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1895#1895 April 27, Saturday|wedding of Norah Bourke and Henry E. A. Lindsay]]. Again, Gwendolen Bourke is not listed as having attended, Daphne Bourke was born on 5 April 1895.

'''1895 August 24, Saturday''', &quot;Marmaduke&quot; in the ''Graphic'' says that Algernon Bourke &quot;opened a cyclists' club in Chelsea.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Marmaduke.&quot; &quot;Court and Club.&quot; The ''Graphic'' 24 August 1895, Saturday: 11 [of 32], Col. 3c [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/9000057/18950824/017/0011. Print p. 223.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1895 October''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#24 October 1902, Friday|opened the Prince's ice-skating rink for the season]].

'''1896 April 21, Monday''', Mr. and Mrs. A. Bourke sent a gift — a &quot;box for miniature&quot; — for [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1896#Monday, 1896 April 27|the wedding of Lady Angela St. Clair Erskine and James Stewart Forbes]].

'''1896 June 29, Monday''', Algernon Bourke published a letter to the editor of the ''Daily Telegraph'':&lt;blockquote&gt;To the Editor of “The Daily Telegraph.”

Sir — Permit me to make my bow to the public. I am the manager of the Summer Club, which on two occasions bas been the subject of Ministerial interpellation in Parliament. The Summer Club is a small combination, which conceived the idea of attempting to make life more pleasant in London by organising breakfast, luncheon, and teas in Kensington Gardens for its members. This appears to have given offence in some way to Dr. Tanner, with the result that the catering arrangements of the club are now &quot;by order&quot; thrown open to the public. No one is more pleased than I am at the result of the doctor's intervention, for it shows that the idea the Summer Club had of using the parks for something more than mere right of way bas been favourably received. In order, however, that the great British public may not be disappointed, should they all come to lunch at once, I think it necessary to explain that the kitchen, which by courtesy of the lessee of the kiosk our cook was permitted to use, is only 10ft by 5ft; it has also to serve as a scullery and pantry, and the larder, from which our luxurious viands are drawn, is a four-wheeled cab, which comes up every day with the food and returns after lunch with the scraps. Nevertheless, the Summer Club says to the British public — What we have we will share with you, though it don't amount to very much — I am, Sir, your obedient servant,

ALGERNON BOURKE.

White's Club, June 27&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The Summer Club.&quot; ''Daily Telegraph &amp; Courier'' (London) 29 June 1896, Monday: 8 [of 12], Col. 2b [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001112/18960629/072/0008. Print title: ''Daily Telegraph'', p. 8.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;'''1896 July 4, Saturday''', &quot;Marmaduke&quot; in the ''Graphic'' took Bourke's side on the Summer Club in Kensington Park:&lt;blockquote&gt;Most of us have noticed that if we read in the newspapers the account of some matter which we are personally acquainted with the account will generally contain several errors. I have also noticed that when a question is asked in the House of Commons regarding some matter about which I know all the facts the question and the official answer to it frequently contain serious errors. Last week Mr. Akers-Douglas was asked in the House to explain how it was that Mr. Algernon Bourke obtained permission to open the &quot;Summer Club&quot; in Kensington Gardens, and he was questioned upon other particulars connected with the same matter. Both the questions and the official reply showed considerable ignorance of the facts. There has been from time immemorial a refreshment kiosk in Kensington Gardens. Mr. Bourke obtained from the tenant of this permission to use the kitchen for the benefit of the &quot;Summer Club,&quot; and to supply the members of the latter with refreshments. It was a purely commercial transaction. Mr. Bourke then established some wicker seats, a few tables, a tent, and a small hut upon a lawn in the neighbourhood of the kiosk. To do this he must have obtained the permission of Mr. Akers-Douglas, as obviously he would otherwise have been immediately ordered to remove them. Mr. Akers-Douglas equally obviously would not have given his sanction unless he had been previously informed of the objects which Mr. Bourke had in view — to wit, that the latter intended to establish a club there. That being the case, it is difficult to understand for what reason Mr. Akers-Douglas has now decided that any member of the public can use the chairs, tables, and tent belonging to the &quot;Summer Club,&quot; can insist upon the club servants attending upon him, and can compel them to supply him with refreshments. Mr. Akers-Douglas should have thought of the consequences before he granted the permission.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Marmaduke.&quot; &quot;Court and Club.&quot; The ''Graphic'' 04 July 1896, Saturday: 14 [of 32], Col. 1b [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/9000057/18960704/029/0014. Print p. 14.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;'''1896 August 5, Wednesday''', Algernon and Gwendolen Bourke attended at the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1896#5 August 1896|wedding of the Hon. Terence Bourke and Miss Eveline Haines]] and gave the bride an &quot;enamel muff chain.&quot;

'''1896 August 10, Monday''', the Morning Leader reported that the Hon. Algernon Bourke, for the Foreign Office, received Li Hung Chang at St. Paul's:&lt;blockquote&gt;At St. Paul's Li Hung was received by Field-Marshal Simmons, Colonel Lane, the Hon. Algernon Bourke, of the Foreign Office (who made the necessary arrangements for the visit) and Canon Newbolt, on behalf of the Dean and Chapter. A crowd greeted Li with a cheer as he drove up in Lord Lonsdale’s striking equipage, and his Excellency was carried up the steps in an invalid chair by two stalwart constables. He walked through the centre door with his suite, and was immediately conducted by Canon Newbolt to General Gordon’s tomb in the north aisle, where a detachment of boys from the Gordon Home received him as a guard of honor.

Li inspected the monument with marked interest, and drew the attention of his suite to the remarkable likeness to the dead hero. He laid a handsome wreath of royal purple asters, lilies, maidenhair fern, and laurel, tied with a broad band of purple silk, on the tomb.

The visit was not one of inspection of the building, but on passing the middle aisle the interpreter called the attention of His Excellency to the exquisite architecture and decoration of the chancel. Li shook hands in hearty English fashion with Canon Newbolt and the other gentlemen who had received him, and, assisted by his two sons, walked down the steps to his carriage. He returned with his suite to Carlton House-terrace by way of St. Paul’s Churchyard, Cannon-st., Queen Victoria-st., and the Embankment.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;At St. Paul's.&quot; ''Morning Leader'' 10 August 1896, Monday: 7 [of 12], Col. 2b [of 5]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0004833/18960810/134/0007. Print p. 7.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;'''1896 August 19, Wednesday''', the ''Edinburgh Evening News'' reported on the catering that White's Club and Mr Algernon Bourke arranged for the visiting Li Hung Chang:&lt;blockquote&gt;It is probably not generally known (says the &quot;Chef&quot;) that Mr Algernon Bourke, manager of White's Club, London, has undertaken to the whole of the catering for our illustrious visitor front the Flowery Land. Li Hung Chang has five native cooks in his retinue, and the greatest good fellowship exists between them and their English ''confreres'', although considerable difficulty is experienced in conversation in understanding one another's meaning. There are between 40 and and 50 to cater for daily, besides a staff about 30; that Mr Lemaire finds his time fully occupied. The dishes for his Excellency are varied and miscellaneous, and from 14 to 20 courses are served at each meal. The bills of fare contain such items as bird's-nest soup, pigs' kidneys stewed in cream, boiled ducks and green ginger, sharks' fins, shrinips and prawns stewed with leeks and muscatel grapes, fat pork saute with peas and kidney beans. The meal usually winds with fruit and sponge cake, and freshly-picked green tea as liqueur.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Li Hung Chang's Diet.&quot; ''Edinburgh Evening News'' 19 August 1896, Wednesday: 3 [of 4], Col. 8b [of 8]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000452/18960819/057/0003.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''1896 November 6, Friday''', Algernon Bourke was on the committee for [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1896#1896 November 6, Friday|the Prince's Club ice-skating rink, which opened on this day]].&lt;p&gt;

'''1896 November 25, Wednesday''', Mr. and Mrs. Algernon Bouke attended [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1896#23 November 1896, Monday23 November 1896, Monday|Lord and Lady Burton's party for Derby Day]].&lt;p&gt;
'''1896 December 4, Friday''', the Orleans Club at Brighton was robbed:&lt;blockquote&gt;The old building of the Orleans Club at Brighton, which opens its new club house at 33, Brunswick-terrace to-day, was the scene of a very ingenious burglary during the small hours of yesterday morning. The greater portion of the club property had already been removed to the new premises, but Mr Algernon Bourke, his private secretary, and some of the officials of the club, still occupied bed-rooms at the house in the King’s-road. The corner shop of the street front is occupied by Mr. Marx, a jeweller in a large way of business, and upon his manager arriving at nine o'clock he discovered that the place had been entered through hole in the ceiling, and a great part of a very valuable stock of jewelry extracted. An examination of the morning rooms of the club, which runs over Mr. Marx's establishment reveal a singularly neat  specimen of the burglar's art. A piece of the flooring about 15in square had been removed by a series of holes bored side by side with a centre-bit, at a spot where access to the lofty shop was rendered easy by a tall showcase which stood convemently near. A massive iron girder had been avoided by a quarter of an inch, and this circumstance and the general finish of the operation point to an artist in his profession, who had acquired an intimate knowledge of the premises. The club doors were all found locked yesterday morning, and the means of egress adopted by the thief are at present a mystery.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Burglary at Brighton.&quot; ''Daily Telegraph &amp; Courier'' (London) 05 December 1896, Saturday: 5 [of 12], Col. 7a [of 7]. British Newspaper Archive https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001112/18961205/090/0005. Print title: ''Daily Telegraph''; p. 5.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''1896 December 10, Thursday''', Gwendolen Bourke was present to help staff a stall at the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1896#10 December 1896, Thursday|Irish Industries Exhibition and Sale, Brighton]].

'''1897 July 2, Friday''', the Hon. A. and Mrs. A. Bourke and Mr. and Mrs. Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/1897 Fancy Dress Ball | Duchess of Devonshire's fancy-dress ball]] at Devonshire House.

'''1897 July 11–16, week of''', a dog of Gwendolen Bourke's won a prize at the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1897#11–16 July 1897, Week Of|Ladies' Kennel Association show in the Royal Botanic Gardens in Regent's Park]].

'''23 July 1897 — or 30 July 1897 – Friday''', Gwendolen Bourke attended [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1897#23 July 1897, Friday|Lady Burton's party at Chesterfield House]]. &lt;blockquote&gt;Far the prettiest women in the room were Lady Henry Bentinck (who looked perfectly lovely in pale yellow, with a Iong blue sash; and Mrs. Algernon Bourke, who was as smart as possible in pink, with pink and white ruchings on her sleeves and a tall pink feather in her hair.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Lady Burton's Party at Chesterfield House.&quot; ''Belper &amp; Alfreton Chronicle'' 30 July 1897, Friday: 7 [of 8], Col. 1c [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0004151/18970730/162/0007. Print title: ''Belper and Alfreton Chronicle''; n.p.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''1897 October 30, Saturday''', ''Black and White'' published '''J.P.B.'''&lt;nowiki/&gt;'s &quot;The Case of Mrs. Elliott,&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:13&quot;&gt;J.P.B. &quot;The Case of Mrs. Elliott.&quot; ''Black &amp; White'' 30 October 1897, Saturday: 12 [of 34], Cols. 1a–2b [of 2]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0004617/18971030/036/0012. Print title ''Black and White'', p. 542.&lt;/ref&gt; an odd short short story in which the Honourable Algernon Bourke Herriott is &quot;rude to Mrs. Elliott,&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:13&quot; /&gt;{{rp|Col. 2b}} presumably having proposed that they have sexual relations while her husband is out. J.P.B. links to the biographical Algernon Bourke's career in the stock market in the description of Mrs. Christine Elliott not even simulating interest in her husband's bicycling: &quot;a soul is a grievous burthen for a stockbroker's wife,&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:13&quot; /&gt;{{rp|Col. 2a}} suggesting that Mr. Elliott rather than Algernon Bourke Herriott is the stockbroker. The Hon. Algy&lt;blockquote&gt;was a senior member of several junior clubs. A woman had dubbed him once &quot;a rip with a taste for verses.&quot; The description was severe, but not unwarranted. His was a pretty pagan sensualism, though, singing from a wine palate to Church music. For the rest, he had just imagination enough to despise mediocrity.&lt;ref name=&quot;:13&quot; /&gt;{{rp|Col. 2a}}&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''1897 December 30''', Algernon and Gwendolen Bourke attended a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1897#30 December 1897, Thursday|party at Blenheim Palace in which people performed tableaux vivants]] that got reported on, many of whom wearing the costumes from the Duchess of Devonshire's ball. The ''Irish Independent'' said Algernon Bourke was &quot;mainly responsible for the living pictures.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Mr Algernon Bourke ....&quot; ''Irish Independent'' 05 January 1898, Wednesday: 6 [of 8], Col. 2c [of 8]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001985/18980105/115/0006.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1898 April 12, Tuesday''', Algernon Bourke was in [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1898#1898 April 12, Tuesday|Monte Carlo according to the ''Gentlewoman'']].&lt;p&gt;

'''1899 January 10, Tuesday''', the Brighton Championship Dog Show opened:&lt;blockquote&gt;Princess of Wales a Winner at the Ladies’ Kennel Club Show.

[Exclusive to &quot;The Leader.&quot;)

The Brighton Championship Dog Show opened in the Dome and Corn Exchange yesterday, and was very well patronised by visitors and exhibitors. Among the latter was H.R.H. the Princess of Wales, who did very well; and others included Princess Sophie Duleep Singh, Countess De Grey, Sir Edgar Boehm, the Hon Mrs. Algernon Bourke, Lady Cathcart, Lady Reid, Mr. Shirley (chairman of the Kennel Club), and the Rev. Hans Hamiiton (president of the Kennel Club).

The entry of bloodhounds is one of the best seen for some time; the Great Danes are another strong lot; deerhounds are a fine entry, all good dogs, and most of the best kennels represented; borzois are another very stylish lot. The bigger dogs are, as usual, in the Corn Exchange and the &quot;toy&quot; dogs in the Dome. To everyone's satsfaction the Princess of Wales carried off two first prizes with Alex in the borzois class.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Dogs at Brighton.&quot; ''Morning Leader'' 11 January 1899, Wednesday: 8 [of 12], Col. 3b [of 5]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0004833/18990111/142/0008. Print p. 8.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;'''1899 January 11, Wednesday''', Gwendolen Bourke attended [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1899#11 January 1899, Wednesday|a luncheon at Stanfield-hall, home of Mr. and Mrs. Basil Montogomery, for Princess Henry of Battenberg]], that also included the Countess of Dudley (sister of Mrs. Montgomery), General Oliphant, and the Mayor and Mayoress of Romsey.

'''1899 February 7, Tuesday''', Gwendolen Bourke was a member of the very high-ranking committee organizing a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1899#1899 February 7, Tuesday|ball at the Hotel Cecil on 7 February 1899]].

'''1899 June 1, Thursday''', the Hon. Algernon and Gwendolen Bourke attended the wedding of her brother, Sloane Stanley and Countess Cairns at Holy Trinity Church, Brompton.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Marriage of Mr. Sloane Stanley and Countess Cairns.&quot; ''Hampshire Advertiser'' 03 June 1899, Saturday: 6 [of 8], Col. 3b [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000495/18990603/049/0006. Print p. 6.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1899 July 1, Saturday''', Algernon Bourke attended a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1899#1 July 1899, Saturday|meeting in London at the Duke of Westminster's Grosvenor House]] about preserving Killarney as part of the National Trust and seems to have been acting for someone who wanted to purchase the Muckross Estate.&lt;p&gt;

'''1899 October 19, Thursday''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke had a bankruptcy hearing:&lt;blockquote&gt;The public examination of the Hon. Algernon Bourke was held before Mr Registrar Giffard yesterday, at the London Bankruptcy Court. The debtor, described as proprietor of a St. James's-street club, furnished a statement of affairs showing unsecured debts £13,694 and debts fully secured £12,800, with assets which are estimated at £4,489 [?]. He stated, in reply to the Official Receiver, that he was formerly a member of the Stock Exchange, but had nothing to do with the firm of which he was a member during the last ten years. He severed his connection with the firm in May last, and believed he was indebted to them to the extent of £2,000 or £3,000. He repudiated a claim which they now made for £37,300. In 1889 he became proprietor of White's Club, St. James's-street, and carried it on until January 1st last, when he transferred it to a company called Recreations, Limited. One of the objects of the company was to raise money on debentures. The examination was formally adjourned.&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot; /&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;'''1899 November 8, Wednesday''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke's bankruptcy case came up again:&lt;blockquote&gt;At Bankruptcy Court, yesterday, the case the Hon. Algernon Bourke again came on for hearing before Mr. Registrar Giffard, and the examination was concluded. The debtor has at various times been proprietor of White’s Club, St. James’s-street, and the Orleans’ Club, Brighton, and also of Willis's Restaurant, King-street, St. James's. He attributed his failure to losses sustained by the conversion of White’s Club and the Orleans' Club into limited companies, to the payment of excessive Interest on borrowed money, and other causes. The liabilities amount to £26,590, of which £13,694 are stated to be unsecured, and assets £4,409.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Affairs of the Hon. A. Bourke.&quot; ''Globe'' 09 November 1899, Thursday: 2 [of 8], Col. 1c [of 5]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001652/18991109/020/0002. Print p. 2.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''1899 December 23, Saturday''', &quot;Mr. Algernon Bourke has departed for a tour in Africa, being at present the guest of his brother in Tunis.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The Society Pages.&quot; ''Walsall Advertiser'' 23 December 1899, Saturday: 7 [of 8], Col. 7b [of 8]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001028/18991223/143/0007. Print p. 7.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1900 February 15, Thursday''', Daphne Bourke, the four-year-old daughter of the Hon. Algernon and Mrs. Bourke was a bridesmaid in the wedding of Enid Wilson and the Earl of Chesterfield, so presumably her parents were present, although they are not mentioned.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;London Day by Day.&quot; ''Daily Telegraph'' 15 February 1900, Thursday: 8 [of 12], Col. 3b [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001112/19000215/175/0008. Name in British Newspaper Archive: ''Daily Telegraph &amp; Courier'' (London). Print p. 8.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1900 September 16''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke became the heir presumptive to the Earldom of Mayo when his older brother Captain Hon. Sir Maurice Archibald Bourke died.

'''1900 October 06, Saturday''', the ''Weekly Irish Times'' says that Mr. Algernon Bourke, now heir presumptive to the earldom of Mayo, &quot;has been for some months lately staying with Mr. Terence Bourke in Morocco.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Society Gossip.&quot; ''Weekly Irish Times'' 06 October 1900, Saturday: 14 [of 20], Col. 3b [of 5]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001684/19001006/121/0014. Print p. 14.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;p&gt;

'''1901 May 30, Thursday''', the Hon. Mrs. Algernon Bourke attended the fashionable [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#1901 May 30, Thursday|Ladies' Kennel Association Dog Show at the Botanic Garden]].

'''1901 July 4, Thursday''', Gwendolen and Daphne Bourke attended a children's party hosted by the Countess of Yarborough:&lt;blockquote&gt;The Countess of Yarborough gave a charming children's party on Thursday (4th) afternoon at her beautiful house in Arlington Street. The spacious ballroom was quite filled with little guests and their mothers. Each little guest received a lovely present from their kind hostess. The Duchess of Beaufort, in grey, and with a large black picture hat, brought her two lovely baby girls, Lady Blanche and Lady Diana Somerset, both in filmy cream [Col. 2b–3a] lace frocks. Lady Gertrude Corbett came with her children, and Ellen Lady Inchiquin with hers. Lady Southampton, in black, with lovely gold embroideries on her bodice, brought her children, as also did Lady Heneage and Mr. and Lady Beatrice Kaye. Lady Blanche Conyngham, in écru lace, over silk, and small straw hat, was there; also Mrs. Smith Barry, in a lovely gown of black and white lace. The Countess of Kilmorey, in a smart grey and white muslin, brought little Lady Cynthia Needham, in white; Mrs. Arthur James, in black and white muslin; and the Countess of Powys, in mauve silk with much white lace; Lady Sassoon, in black and white foulard; Victoria Countess of Yarborough, came on from hearing Mdme. Réjane at Mrs. Wernher's party at Bath House; and there were also present Lord Henry Vane-Tempest, the Earl of Yarborough, Lady Naylor-Leyland's little boys; the pretty children of Lady Constance Combe, Lady Florence Astley and her children, and Lady Meysey Thompson (very smart in mauve and white muslin) with her children; also Hon. Mrs. Algernon Bourke, in pale grey, with her pretty little girl.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The Countess of Yarborough ....&quot; ''Gentlewoman'' 13 July 1901, Saturday: 76 [of 84], Col. 2b, 3a [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003340/19010713/381/0076. Print p. xxxvi.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;'''1901 July 20, Saturday''', the ''Gentlewoman'' published the Hon. Mrs. Algernon Bourke's portrait (identified with &quot;Perthshire&quot;) in its 3rd series of &quot;The Great County Sale at Earl's Court. Portraits of Stallholders.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The Great County Sale at Earl's Court. Portraits of Stallholders.&quot; ''Gentlewoman'' 20 July 1901, Saturday: 31 [of 60], Col. 4b [of 5]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003340/19010720/141/0031. Print n.p.&lt;/ref&gt; Their daughter Daphne appears in the portrait as well.

'''1901 September 12, Thursday''', Mrs. Gwendolen Bourke wanted her name listed as Mrs. Algernon Bourke in the Electoral Register, apparently a frequent complaint:&lt;blockquote&gt;Mr. Underhill, the Conservative agent, mentioned to the Revising Barrister (Mr. William F. Webster) that the name of the Hon. Mrs. Gwendolen Bourke was on the list in respect of the house, 75, Gloucester-place. The lady had written to him to say that she was the Hon. Mrs. Algernon Bourke and that she wished that name to appear on the register. In reply to the Revising Barrister, Mr. Underhill said that “Algernon” was the name of the lady’s husband.

Mr. Cooke, the rate-collector, said that Mrs. Bourke had asked to be addressed Mrs. Algernon Bourke, but that the Town Clerk thought the address was not a correct one. The lady signed her cheques Gwendolen.”

Mr. Underhill said the agents frequently had indignant letters from ladies because they were not addressed by their husband’s Christian name.

The Revising Barrister — lf a lady gave me the name of Mrs. John Smith I should say I had not got the voter’s name. The name Gwendolen must remain.&lt;ref name=&quot;:15&quot;&gt;&quot;Ladies’ Names.&quot; ''Morning Post'' 12 September 1901, Thursday: 7 [of 10], Col. 3a [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000174/19010912/130/0007. Print p. 7.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''1902 September 4, Thursday''', the ''Daily Express'' reported that &quot;Mrs. Algernon Bourke is staying with Lord and Lady Alington at Scarborough.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Onlooker.&quot; &quot;My Social Diary.&quot; &quot;Where People Are.&quot; ''Daily Express'' 04 September 1902, Thursday: 5 [of 8], Col. 1b? [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0004848/19020904/099/0005. Print p. 4, Col. 7b [of 7].&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;p&gt;

'''1902 October 24, Friday''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#24 October 1902, Friday|opened the Prince's ice-skating rink for the season]], which he had been doing since 1895.&lt;p&gt;

'''1902 October 31, Friday''', the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#31 October 1902, Friday|7th opening of the Prince's Skating Club]]. Guendoline Bourke was on the Women's Committee and Algernon Bourke was on the Men's.

'''1902 December 9, Tuesday''', Gwendolen Bourke attended [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#9 December 1902, Tuesday|Lady Eva Wyndham-Quin's &quot;at home,&quot; held at the Welch Industrial depot]] for the sale Welsh-made Christmas gifts and cards. Bourke wore &quot;a fur coat and a black picture hat.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;A Lady Correspondent.&quot; &quot;Society in London.&quot; ''South Wales Daily News'' 11 December 1902, Thursday: 4 [of 8], Col. 5a [of 8]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000919/19021211/082/0004. Print p. 4.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1903 March 17, Tuesday''', Gwendolen Bourke staffed a booth at a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#1903 March 17, Tuesday|sale of the Irish Industries Association]] on St. Patrick's Day with [[Social Victorians/People/Mayo|Lady Mayo]], [[Social Victorians/People/Dudley|Georgina Lady Dudley]] and [[Social Victorians/People/Beresford|Miss Beresford]]. A number of other aristocratic women were also present at the sale in other booths, including [[Social Victorians/People/Londonderry|Lady Londonderry]] and [[Social Victorians/People/Lucan|Lady Lucan]].

'''1903 June 23, Tuesday''', Gwendolen and Daphne Bourke were invited to a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#1903 June 23, Tuesday|children's party at Buckingham Palace for Prince Eddie's birthday]].

'''1905 February 17, Friday''', the Dundee ''Evening Post'' reported that Algernon Bourke &quot;set up a shop in Venice for the sale of art treasures and old furniture.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Social News.&quot; Dundee ''Evening Post'' 17 February 1905, Friday: 6 [of 6], Col. 7b [of 8]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000582/19050217/105/0006. Print p. 6.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1905, last week of July''', Gwendolen Bourke and daughter Daphne Bourke — who was 10 years old — attended [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#Last week of July, 1905|Lady Cadogan's children's party at Chelsea House]]. Daphne was &quot;One of loveliest little girls present.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Court and Social News.&quot; ''Belfast News-Letter'' 01 August 1905, Tuesday: 7 [of 10], Col. 6b [of 8]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000038/19050801/157/0007. Print p. 7.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1907 May''', a &quot;naval signalling incident&quot; [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1887#May 1887|caused the Waterford ''Evening News'' to recall a similar event]] that had occurred 20 years earlier, in which Algernon Bourke, as special correspondent for the ''Times'', publicized [[Social Victorians/People/Beresford|Lord Charles Beresford]]'s use of his ship's signalling capabilities to send a message to his wife about being late for dinner:&lt;blockquote&gt;

The naval signalling incident is still in the air. It is expected that the matter will not be threshed out until Emperor William leaves England. A story of a former signalling incident in which [[Social Victorians/People/Beresford|Lord Charles Beresford]] was concerned is going the rounds at the moment.&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''1913 May 7, Wednesday''', Gwendolen Bourke presented her daughter Daphne Bourke at court:&lt;blockquote&gt;Mrs. Algernon Bourke presented her daughter, and wore blue and gold broché with a gold lace train.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Social and Personal.&quot; London ''Daily Chronicle'' 08 May 1913, Thursday: 6 [of 12], Col. 6b [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0005049/19130508/120/0006. Print p. 6.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

The ''Pall Mall Gazette'' has a description of Daphne Bourke's dress, but what exactly &quot;chiffon [[Social Victorians/Terminology#Hoops|paniers]]&quot; means in 1913 is not clear:&lt;blockquote&gt;Court dressmakers appear to have surpassed all previous records in their efforts to make the dresses for to-night’s Court as beautiful as possible. Noticeable among these is the dainty presentation gown to be worn by Miss Bourke, who will be presented by her mother, the Hon. Mrs. Algernon Bourke. This has a skirt of soft white satin draped with chiffon [[Social Victorians/Terminology#Hoops|paniers]] and a bodice veiled with chiffon and trimmed with diamanté and crystal embroidery. Miss Bourke’s train, gracefully hung from the shoulders, is of white satin lined with pale rose pink chiffon and embroidered with crystal and diamanté.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Fashion Day by Day. Lovely Gowns for To-night's Court.&quot; ''Pall Mall Gazette'' 07 May 1913, Wednesday: 13 [of 18], Col. 1a [of 5]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000098/19130507/199/0013. Print n.p.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''1904 September 15, Thursday''', according to what was at the time called the ''Irish Daily Independent and Nation'', Algernon Bourke was living in Venice and not in the UK at this point:&lt;blockquote&gt;Algernon Bourke, who usually lives in Venice, has spent some time in England during the present summer, and has now gone on a fishing expedition to Sweden, accompanied by his brother, Lord Mayo. Lady Mayo has been staying meanwhile in Ireland, and has had a visit from her mother, Lady Maria Ponsonby, who is a sister of Lend Obventry.&lt;ref name=&quot;:10&quot;&gt;&quot;Society Notes.&quot; ''Irish Independent'' 15 September 1904, Thursday: 4 [of 8], Col. 5b [of 9]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001986/19040915/131/0004. Print title: ''Irish Daily Independent and Nation'', p. 4.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;'''1909 May 22, Saturday''', Algernon Bourke appears to have been living in Pisa. A columnist for the ''Queen'' reported on the Royal School of Art Needlework:&lt;blockquote&gt;Lady Leconfield [?] was there, also her sister-in-law, the [[Social Victorians/People/Mayo|Dowager Lady Mayo]], only just back from her winter on the Continent, when she spent most of the time at Pisa, where her son Mr Algernon Bourke has also been staying. The latter is a great connoisseur as regards [art?] notably in what is really good in the way of old Italian sculpture and carving. He and his handsome wife have a place near to Putney, and this winter again Mr Bourke, as the result of his Italian travels, has been sending home such relics of the old Italian palace gardens as as stone and marble carved vases, garden seats, and what-not of the kind — not all for himself and his own gardens by any means, I fancy; but his friends, relying on his knowledge in such matters, get him when abroad to choose for [them?] the adornment of their English terraces and gardens.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;My Social Diary.&quot; The ''Queen'' 22 May 1909, Saturday: 31 [of 86], Col. 1b [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002627/19090522/203/0031. Print p. 871.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

== Costume at the Duchess of Devonshire's 2 July 1897 Fancy-dress Ball ==
According to both the ''Morning Post'' and the ''Times'', the Hon. Algernon Bourke was among the Suite of Men in the [[Social Victorians/1897 Fancy Dress Ball/Quadrilles Courts#&quot;Oriental&quot; Procession|&quot;Oriental&quot; procession]] at the [[Social Victorians/1897 Fancy Dress Ball | Duchess of Devonshire's fancy-dress ball]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; Based on the people they were dressed as, Gwendolen Bourke was probably in this procession but it seems unlikely that Algernone Bourke was.

[[File:Guendoline-Irene-Emily-Bourke-ne-Sloane-Stanley-as-Salammb.jpg|thumb|alt=Black-and-white photograph of a standing woman richly dressed in an historical costume with a headdress and a very large fan|Hon. Gwendolen Bourke as Salammbô. ©National Portrait Gallery, London.]]
=== Hon. Guendoline Bourke ===
[[File:Alfons Mucha - 1896 - Salammbô.jpg|thumb|left|alt=Highly stylized orange-and-yellow painting of a bare-chested woman with a man playing a harp at her feet|Alfons Mucha's 1896 ''Salammbô''.]]
Lafayette's portrait (right) of &quot;Guendoline Irene Emily Bourke (née Sloane-Stanley) as Salammbô&quot; in costume is photogravure #128 in the album presented to the Duchess of Devonshire and now in the National Portrait Gallery.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;&quot;Devonshire House Fancy Dress Ball (1897): photogravures by Walker &amp; Boutall after various photographers.&quot; 1899. National Portrait Gallery https://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/portrait-list.php?set=515.&lt;/ref&gt; The printing on the portrait says, &quot;The Hon. Mrs. Algernon Bourke as Salammbo.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Mrs. Algernon Bourke as Salammbo.&quot; ''Diamond Jubilee Fancy Dress Ball''. National Portrait Gallery https://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/portrait/mw158491/Guendoline-Irene-Emily-Bourke-ne-Sloane-Stanley-as-Salammb.&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Newspaper Accounts ====
The Hon. Mrs. A. Bourke was dressed as

* Salambo in the Oriental procession.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;&quot;Fancy Dress Ball at Devonshire House.&quot; ''Morning Post'' Saturday 3 July 1897: 7 [of 12], Col. 4a–8 Col. 2b. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000174/18970703/054/0007.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;&quot;Ball at Devonshire House.&quot; The ''Times'' Saturday 3 July 1897: 12, Cols. 1a–4c ''The Times Digital Archive''. Web. 28 Nov. 2015.&lt;/ref&gt;
* &quot;(Egyptian Princess), drapery gown of white and silver gauze, covered with embroidery of lotus flowers; the top of gown appliqué with old green satin embroidered blue turquoise and gold, studded rubies; train of old green broché.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;“The Duchess of Devonshire’s Ball.” The ''Gentlewoman'' 10 July 1897 Saturday: 32–42 [of 76], Cols. 1a–3c [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003340/18970710/155/0032.&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|p. 40, Col. 3a}}
*&quot;Mrs. A. Bourke, as an Egyptian Princess, with the Salambo coiffure, wore a flowing gown of white and silver gauze covered with embroidery of lotus flowers. The top of the gown was ornamented with old green satin embroidered with blue turquoise and gold, and studded with rubies. The train was of old green broché with sides of orange and gold embroidery, and from the ceinture depended long bullion fringe and an embroidered ibis.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;“The Ball at Devonshire House. Magnificent Spectacle. Description of the Dresses.” London ''Evening Standard'' 3 July 1897 Saturday: 3 [of 12], Cols. 1a–5b [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000183/18970703/015/0004.&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|p. 3, Col. 3b}}

==== Salammbô ====
Salammbô is the eponymous protagonist in Gustave Flaubert's 1862 novel.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2024-04-29|title=Salammbô|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Salammb%C3%B4&amp;oldid=1221352216|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salammb%C3%B4.&lt;/ref&gt; Ernest Reyer's opera ''Salammbô'' was based on Flaubert's novel and published in Paris in 1890 and performed in 1892&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2024-04-11|title=Ernest Reyer|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ernest_Reyer&amp;oldid=1218353215|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernest_Reyer.&lt;/ref&gt; (both Modest Mussorgsky and Sergei Rachmaninoff had attempted but not completed operas based on the novel as well&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;). Alfons Mucha's 1896 lithograph of Salammbô was published in 1896, the year before the ball (above left).[[File:Algernon Henry Bourke Vanity Fair 20 January 1898.jpg|thumb|alt=Old colored drawing of an elegant elderly man dressed in a 19th-century tuxedo with a cloak, top hat and formal pointed shoes with bows, standing facing 1/4 to his right|''Algy'' — Algernon Henry Bourke — by &quot;Spy,&quot; ''Vanity Fair'' 20 January 1898]]
=== Hon. Algernon Bourke ===
[[File:Hon-Algernon-Henry-Bourke-as-Izaak-Walton.jpg|thumb|left|alt=Black-and-white photograph of a man richly dressed in an historical costume sitting in a fireplace that does not have a fire and holding a tankard|Hon. Algernon Henry Bourke as Izaak Walton. ©National Portrait Gallery, London.]]
'''Lafayette's portrait''' (left) of &quot;Hon. Algernon Henry Bourke as Izaak Walton&quot; in costume is photogravure #129 in the album presented to the Duchess of Devonshire and now in the National Portrait Gallery.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt; The printing on the portrait says, &quot;The Hon. Algernon Bourke as Izaak Walton.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Hon. Algernon Bourke as Izaak Walton.&quot; ''Diamond Jubilee Fancy Dress Ball''. National Portrait Gallery https://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/portrait/mw158492/Hon-Algernon-Henry-Bourke-as-Izaak-Walton.&lt;/ref&gt;

This portrait is amazing and unusual: Algernon Bourke is not using a photographer's set with theatrical flats and props, certainly not one used by anyone else at the ball itself. Isaak Walton (baptised 21 September 1593 – 15 December 1683) wrote ''The Compleat Angler''.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2021-09-15|title=Izaak Walton|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Izaak_Walton&amp;oldid=1044447858|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Izaak_Walton.&lt;/ref&gt; A cottage Walton lived in and willed to the people of Stafford was photographed in 1888, suggesting that its relationship to Walton was known in 1897, raising a question about whether Bourke could have used the fireplace in the cottage for his portrait. (This same cottage still exists, as the [https://www.staffordbc.gov.uk/izaak-waltons-cottage Isaak Walton Cottage] museum.)

A caricature portrait (right) of the Hon. Algernon Bourke, called &quot;Algy,&quot; by Leslie Ward (&quot;Spy&quot;) was published in the 20 January 1898 issue of ''Vanity Fair'' as Number 702 in its &quot;Men of the Day&quot; series,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2024-01-14|title=List of Vanity Fair (British magazine) caricatures (1895–1899)|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Vanity_Fair_(British_magazine)_caricatures_(1895%E2%80%931899)&amp;oldid=1195518024|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Vanity_Fair_(British_magazine)_caricatures_(1895%E2%80%931899).&lt;/ref&gt; giving an indication of what he looked like out of costume.

=== Mr. and Mrs. Bourke ===
The ''Times'' made a distinction between the Hon. Mr. and Mrs. A. Bourke and Mr. and Mrs. Bourke, including both in the article.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; Occasionally this same article mentions the same people more than once in different contexts and parts of the article, so they may be the same couple. (See [[Social Victorians/People/Bourke#Notes and Question|Notes and Question]] #2, below.)

== Demographics ==
*Nationality: Anglo-Irish&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2020-11-14|title=Richard Bourke, 6th Earl of Mayo|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Richard_Bourke,_6th_Earl_of_Mayo&amp;oldid=988654078|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
*Occupation: journalist. 1895: restaurant, hotel and club owner and manager&lt;ref&gt;''Cheltenham Looker-On'', 23 March 1895. Via Ancestry but taken from the BNA.&lt;/ref&gt;
=== Residences ===
*Ireland: 1873: Palmerston House, Straffan, Co. Kildare.&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt; Not Co. Mayo?
*1888–1891: 33 Cadogan Terrace, S.W., Kensington and Chelsea, a dwelling house&lt;ref&gt;Kensington and Chelsea, London, England, Electoral Registers, 1889–1970, Register of Voters, 1891.&lt;/ref&gt;
*1894: 181 Pavilion Road, Kensington and Chelsea&lt;ref&gt;Kensington and Chelsea, London, England, Electoral Registers, 1889–1970. Register of Voters, 1894. Via Ancestry.&lt;/ref&gt;
*1900: 181 Pavilion Road, Kensington and Chelsea&lt;ref&gt;Kensington and Chelsea, London, England, Electoral Registers, 1889–1970. Register of Voters, 1900. Via Ancestry.&lt;/ref&gt;
*1904: Algernon Bourke was &quot;usually liv[ing] in Venice&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:10&quot; /&gt;
*1911: 1911 Fulham, London&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;
*20 Eaton Square, S.W. (in 1897)&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Pl0oAAAAYAAJ|title=Who's who|date=1897|publisher=A. &amp; C. Black|language=en}} 712, Col. 1b.&lt;/ref&gt; (London home of the [[Social Victorians/People/Mayo|Earl of Mayo]])

== Family ==
*Hon. Algernon Henry Bourke (31 December 1854 – 7 April 1922)&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Hon. Algernon Henry Bourke.&quot; {{Cite web|url=https://www.thepeerage.com/p29657.htm#i296561|title=Person Page|website=www.thepeerage.com|access-date=2020-12-10}}&lt;/ref&gt;
*Gwendolen Irene Emily Sloane-Stanley Bourke (c. 1869 – 30 December 1967)&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;&quot;Guendoline Irene Emily Stanley.&quot; {{Cite web|url=https://www.thepeerage.com/p51525.htm#i515247|title=Person Page|website=www.thepeerage.com|access-date=2020-12-10}}&lt;/ref&gt;
#Daphne Marjory Bourke (5 April 1895 – 22 May 1962)

=== Relations ===
*Hon. Algernon Henry Bourke (the 3rd son of the [[Social Victorians/People/Mayo|6th Earl of Mayo]]) was the older brother of Lady Florence Bourke.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

==== Other Bourkes ====
*Hubert Edward Madden Bourke (after 1925, Bourke-Borrowes)&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Hubert Edward Madden Bourke-Borrowes.&quot; {{Cite web|url=https://www.thepeerage.com/p52401.htm#i524004|title=Person Page|website=www.thepeerage.com|access-date=2021-08-25}} https://www.thepeerage.com/p52401.htm#i524004.&lt;/ref&gt;
*Lady Eva Constance Aline Bourke, who married [[Social Victorians/People/Dunraven|Windham Henry Wyndham-Quin]] on 7 July 1885;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Lady Eva Constance Aline Bourke.&quot; {{Cite web|url=https://www.thepeerage.com/p2575.htm#i25747|title=Person Page|website=www.thepeerage.com|access-date=2020-12-02}} https://www.thepeerage.com/p2575.htm#i25747.&lt;/ref&gt; he became 5th Earl of Dunraven and Mount-Earl on 14 June 1926.

==== The Sloane-Stanleys ====

* Hans T Sloane Stanley (c. 1841&lt;ref name=&quot;:16&quot;&gt;The National Archives; Kew, London, England; ''1871 England Census''; Class: ''RG10''; Piece: ''104''; Folio: ''21''; Page: ''37''; GSU roll: ''838763''. Ancestry.com. ''1871 England Census'' [database on-line]. Lehi, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations Inc, 2004.&lt;/ref&gt; – )
* Emilie Josephine S Stanley (c. 1849&lt;ref name=&quot;:16&quot; /&gt; – )
*# Gwendoline&lt;ref name=&quot;:14&quot; /&gt; Irene Emily G Stanley (c. 1870&lt;ref name=&quot;:16&quot; /&gt; – )

== Writings, Memoirs, Biographies, Papers ==

=== Writings ===
* Bourke, the Hon. Algernon. ''The History of White's''. London: Algernon Bourke [privately published], 1892.
* Bourke, the Hon. Algernon, ed., &quot;with a brief Memoir.&quot; ''Correspondence of Mr Joseph Jekyll with His Sister-in-Law, Lady Gertrude Sloane Stanley, 1818–1838''. John Murray, 1893.
* Bourke, the Hon. Algernon, ed. ''Correspondence of Mr Joseph Jekyll''. John Murray, 1894.

=== Papers ===
* Where are the papers for the Earl of Mayo family? Are Algernon Bourke's papers with them?

== Notes and Questions ==
#The portrait of Algernon Bourke in costume as Isaac Walton is really an amazing portrait with a very interesting setting, far more specific than any of the other Lafayette portraits of these people in their costumes. Where was it shot? Lafayette is given credit, but it's not one of his usual backdrops. If this portrait was taken the night of the ball, then this fireplace was in Devonshire House; if not, then whose fireplace is it?
#The ''Times'' lists Hon. A. Bourke (at 325) and Hon. Mrs. A. Bourke (at 236) as members of a the &quot;Oriental&quot; procession, Mr. and Mrs. A. Bourke (in the general list of attendees), and then a small distance down Mr. and Mrs. Bourke (now at 511 and 512, respectively). This last couple with no honorifics is also mentioned in the report in the London ''Evening Standard'', which means the Hon. Mrs. A. Bourke, so the ''Times'' may have repeated the Bourkes, who otherwise are not obviously anyone recognizable. If they are not the Hon. Mr. and Mrs. A. Bourke, then they are unidentified. It seems likely that they are the same, however, as the newspapers were not perfectly consistent in naming people with their honorifics, even in a single story, especially a very long and detailed one in which people could be named more than once.
#Three slightly difficult-to-identify men were among the Suite of Men in the [[Social Victorians/1897 Fancy Dress Ball/Quadrilles Courts#&quot;Oriental&quot; Procession|&quot;Oriental&quot; procession]]: [[Social Victorians/People/Halifax|Gordon Wood]], [[Social Victorians/People/Portman|Arthur B. Portman]] and [[Social Victorians/People/Sarah Spencer-Churchill Wilson|Wilfred Wilson]]. The identification of Gordon Wood and Wilfred Wilson is high because of contemporary newspaper accounts. The Hon. Algernon Bourke, who was also in the Suite of Men, is not difficult to identify at all. Arthur Portman appears in a number of similar newspaper accounts, but none of them mentions his family of origin.
#[http://thepeerage.com The Peerage] has no other Algernon Bourkes.
#The Hon Algernon Bourke is #235 on the [[Social Victorians/1897 Fancy Dress Ball#List of People Who Attended|list of people who were present]]; the Hon. Guendoline Bourke is #236; a Mr. Bourke is #703; a Mrs. Bourke is #704.
#A Mr. and Mrs. F. Sloane-Stanley attended the [[Social Victorians/1886-07-21 Ball at Marlborough House|21 July 1886 Ball at Marlborough House]].
== Footnotes ==
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      <text bytes="69650" sha1="2rwhl0zwc4001qr0amlwnq66mwbw8k1" xml:space="preserve">==Also Known As==
* Family name: Bourke [pronounced ''burk'']&lt;ref name=&quot;:62&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2024-05-07|title=Earl of Mayo|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Earl_of_Mayo&amp;oldid=1222668659|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earl_of_Mayo.&lt;/ref&gt;
* The Hon. Algernon Bourke
* Mrs. Gwendolen Bourke
** Gwendoline&lt;ref name=&quot;:14&quot;&gt;City of Westminster Archives Centre; London, England; ''Westminster Church of England Parish Registers''; Reference: ''SPWP/PR/1/2''. Ancestry.com. ''Westminster, London, England, Church of England Births and Baptisms, 1813-1919'' [database on-line]. Lehi, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2020.&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|Births and Baptisms}}
** Gwendolen&lt;ref&gt;General Register Office. ''England and Wales Civil Registration Indexes''. London, England: General Register Office. FreeBMD. ''England &amp; Wales, Civil Registration Marriage Index, 1837-1915''[database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations Inc, 2006.&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|Marriage Index}} &lt;ref name=&quot;:15&quot; /&gt;{{rp|''Morning Post'' article about her name}} &lt;ref&gt;General Register Office. ''England and Wales Civil Registration Indexes''. London, England: General Register Office. FreeBMD. ''England &amp; Wales, Civil Registration Marriage Index, 1837-1915''[database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations Inc, 2006.&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|Electoral Register}}
* See also the [[Social Victorians/People/Mayo|page for the Earl of Mayo]], the Hon. Algernon Bourke's father, and other Bourkes

== Overview ==
Although the Hon. Algernon Henry Bourke was born in Dublin in 1854 and came from a family whose title is in the Peerage of Ireland,&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;1911 England Census.&lt;/ref&gt; he seems to have spent much of his adult life generally in England and especially in London. Because he was the son of the [[Social Victorians/People/Mayo|Earl of Mayo]], perhaps, or perhaps because he was so involved in projects that got reported on, he was mentioned a great deal in the newspapers, but after his bankruptcy, he seems to have receded in prominence, in part because he was living outside of the U.K.

Mrs. Gwendolen Bourke was a noted horsewoman and an excellent shot, exhibited at dog shows successfully and was &quot;an appreciative listener to good music.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Vanity Fair.&quot; ''Lady of the House'' 15 June 1899, Thursday: 4 [of 44], Col. 2c [of 2]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0004836/18990615/019/0004.&lt;/ref&gt; She attended many social events without her husband, especially into the 20th century, usually with an appreciative description of what she wore. She was a sponsor of Irish art needlework as well. Unlike her husband's, Gwendolen's social status seems to have risen as time passed, and she appears in stories associated with the Princess of Wales, and then later with Queen Alexandra.

The Hon. Algernon Bourke and Mr. Algernon Bourke, depending on the newspaper article, were the same person. Calling him Mr. Bourke in the newspapers, especially when considered as a businessman or (potential) member of Parliament, does not rule out the son of an earl, who would normally be accorded the honorific of ''Honorable''.

== Acquaintances, Friends and Enemies ==

=== Algernon Bourke ===

* [[Social Victorians/People/Montrose|Marcus Henry Milner]], &quot;one of the zealous assistants of that well-known firm of stockbrokers, Messrs. Bourke and Sandys&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot;&gt;&quot;Metropolitan Notes.&quot; ''Nottingham Evening Post'' 31 July 1888, Tuesday: 4 [of 4], Col. 2a [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000321/18880731/025/0004.&lt;/ref&gt;
* Caroline, Duchess of Montrose — her &quot;legal advisor&quot; on the day of her marriage to Marcus Henry Milner&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Metropolitan Notes.&quot; ''Nottingham Evening Post'' 31 July 1888, Tuesday: 4 [of 4], Col. 1b [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000321/18880731/025/0004.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Gwendolen Bourke ===

* Lord and Lady Alington, Belvedere House, Scarborough

== Organizations ==

=== Gwendolen Bourke ===

* Member, the Ladies Committee for the Prince's Skating Club, which also included [[Social Victorians/People/Princess Louise|Princess Louise]] (Duchess of Argyll), the [[Social Victorians/People/Portland|Duchess of Portland]], [[Social Victorians/People/Londonderry|Lady Londonderry]], [[Social Victorians/People/Campbell|Lady Archibald Campbell]], [[Social Victorians/People/Ribblesdale|Lady Ribblesdale]], and [[Social Victorians/People/Asquith|Mrs. Asquith]]&lt;ref name=&quot;:11&quot;&gt;&quot;What the 'World' Says.&quot; ''Northwich Guardian'' 01 November 1902, Saturday: 6 [of 8], Col. 8a [of 9]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001975/19021101/134/0006. Print title: The ''Guardian'', p. 6.&lt;/ref&gt; (1902, at least)

=== Algernon Bourke ===
* Eton
* Cambridge University, Trinity College, 1873, Michaelmas term&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot;&gt;Cambridge University Alumni, 1261–1900. Via Ancestry.&lt;/ref&gt;
* Conservative Party
* 1879: Appointed a Poor Law Inspector in Ireland, Relief of Distress Act
* 1885: Office of the 7th Surrey Rifles Regiment&lt;ref&gt;&quot;7th Surrey Rifles.&quot; ''South London Press'' 08 August 1885, Saturday: 12 [of 16], Col. 4a [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000213/18850808/165/0012. Print p. 12.&lt;/ref&gt;
* Special Correspondent of The ''Times'' for the Zulu War, accompanying Lord Chelmsford
* Head, Messrs. Bourke and Sandys, &quot;that well-known firm of stockbrokers&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt; ( – 1901 [at least])
* White's gentleman's club, St. James's,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2024-10-09|title=White's|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White's|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White%27s.&lt;/ref&gt; Manager (1897)&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Side Lights on Drinking.&quot; ''Waterford Standard'' 28 April 1897, Wednesday: 3 [of 4], Col. 7a [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001678/18970428/053/0003.&lt;/ref&gt;
* Willis's Rooms&lt;blockquote&gt;... the Hon. Algernon Burke [sic], son of the 6th Earl of Mayo, has turned the place into a smart restaurant where choice dinners are served and eaten while a stringed band discourses music. Willis's Rooms are now the favourite dining place for ladies who have no club of their own, or for gentlemen who are debarred by rules from inviting ladies to one of their own clubs. The same gentleman runs a hotel in Brighton, and has promoted several clubs. He has a special faculty for organising places of the kind, without which such projects end in failure.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Lenten Dullness.&quot; ''Cheltenham Looker-On'' 23 March 1895, Saturday: 11 [of 24], Col. 2c [of 2]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000226/18950323/004/0011. Print p. 275.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

==== Boards of Directors ====
*1883: One of the directors, the Franco-English Tunisian Esparto Fibre Supply Company, Ltd.&lt;ref&gt;''Money Market Review'', 20 Jan 1883 (Vol 46): 124.&lt;/ref&gt;
*1891: One of the founders, the Discount Banking Company, Ltd., which says Algernon Bourke is a director of District Messenger Services and News Company, Ltd.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Public Company.&quot; ''Nottingham Journal'' 31 October 1891, Saturday: 4 [of 8], Col. 8a [of 8]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001896/18911031/099/0004. Print title: ''The Nottingham Daily Express'', p. 4.&lt;/ref&gt;
*1894: One of the directors, the Frozen Lake, Ltd., with Admiral Maxse, Lord [[Social Victorians/People/Beresford|Marcus Beresford]], [[Social Victorians/People/Williams|Hwfa Williams]]&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The Frozen Lake, Limited.&quot; ''St James's Gazette'' 08 June 1894, Friday: 15 [of 16], Col. 4a [of 4]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001485/18940608/085/0015. Print p. 15.&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Committees ====

*Member, Men's Committee of the Prince's Skating Club, which also included Lord Edward Cecil, Lord Redesdale, Mr. [[Social Victorians/People/Lyttelton|Alfred Lyttelton]], Sir Edgar Vincent, Sir William Hart Dyke, and Mr. [[Social Victorians/People/Grenfell|W. H. Grenfell]]&lt;ref name=&quot;:11&quot; /&gt; (1902, at least)
*[[Social Victorians/Timeline/1896#25 March 1896, Wednesday|The Sala Memorial Fund]], member of the committee (from 25 March 1896)
* Member of an &quot;influential committee&quot; headed by the Lord Mayor &quot;to restore salmon to the Thames&quot; (June 1899)&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Salmon in the Thames.&quot; ''Berks and Oxon Advertiser'' 30 June 1899, Friday: 5 [of 8], Col. 4a [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002298/18990630/079/0005. Print n.p.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Timeline ==
'''1872 February 8''', Richard Bourke, 6th Earl of Mayo was assassinated while inspecting a &quot;convict settlement at Port Blair in the Andaman Islands ... by Sher Ali Afridi, a former Afghan soldier.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2024-12-01|title=Richard Bourke, 6th Earl of Mayo|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Bourke,_6th_Earl_of_Mayo|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Bourke,_6th_Earl_of_Mayo.&lt;/ref&gt; The Hon. Algernon's brother Dermot became the 7th Earl at 19 years old.

'''1876 November 24, Friday''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke was one of 6 men (2 students, one of whom was Bourke; 2 doctors; a tutor and another man) from Cambridge who gave evidence as witnesses in an inquest about the death from falling off a horse of a student.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The Fatal Accident to a Sheffield Student at Cambridge.&quot; ''Sheffield Independent'' 25 November 1876, Saturday: 7 [of 12], Col. 5a [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000181/18761125/040/0007. Print title: ''Sheffield and Rotherham Independent'', n. p.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1881 May 10, Tuesday''', Algernon Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1881#1881 May 10, Tuesday|wedding of Marion Lascelles, eldest daughter of the Hon. Egremont W. Lascelles, brother of the Earl of Harewood, and Lieutenant Henry Dent Brocklehurst, of the Second Life Guards, nephew of Mr. Philip Brocklehurst, of Swithamley Park, Macclesfield]]. His gift was an &quot;old enamelled watch set in pearls.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Nuptial Rejoicings at Middlethorpe Manor. Marriage of Miss Lascelles and Lieut. Brocklehurst.&quot; ''Yorkshire Gazette'' 14 May 1881, Saturday: 9 [of 12], Cols. 3a–4a [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive''https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000266/18810514/057/0009. Print same title and p.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1884 May 3, Saturday''', the &quot;Rochester Conservatives&quot; announced that they would &quot;bring forward the Hon. Algernon Bourke, brother of Lord Mayo, as their second candidate,&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Election Intelligence.&quot; ''Yorkshire Gazette'' 03 May 1884, Saturday: 4 [of 12], Col. 6a [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000266/18840503/011/0004.&lt;/ref&gt; but because he could not be the first candidate, Bourke declined.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Rochester.&quot; London ''Daily Chronicle'' 09 May 1884, Friday: 3 [of 8], Col. 8b [of 8]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0005049/18840509/049/0003.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1884 June 18, Wednesday''', Mr. Algernon Bourke was on a committee to watch a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1884#18 June 1884, Wednesday|Mr. Bishop's &quot;thought-reading&quot; experiment]], which was based on a challenge by Henry Labourchere made the year before. This &quot;experiment&quot; took place before a fashionable audience.

'''1885 October 3, Saturday''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke was named as the Conservative candidate for Clapham in the Battersea and Clapham borough after the Redistribution Bill determined the electoral districts for South London.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;South London Candidates.&quot; ''South London Press'' 03 October 1885, Saturday: 9 [of 16], Col. 5b [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000213/18851003/096/0009. Print p. 9.&lt;/ref&gt; The Liberal candidate, who won, was Mr. J. F. Moulton.

'''1886 July 21, Wednesday''', Algernon Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/1886-07-21 Ball at Marlborough House|Ball at Marlborough House]], as did a Mr. and Mrs. F. Sloane-Stanley, who may be related to the Gwendolen Sloane-Stanley who married Bourke on 15 December 1887.

'''1886 July 27, Tuesday''', Algernon Bourke attended a service honoring a memorial at St. Paul's for his father, who had been assassinated.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Memorial to the Late Earl of Mayo.&quot; ''Northern Whig'' 28 July 1886, Wednesday: 6 [of 8], Col. 6b [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000434/18860728/143/0006. Print p. 6.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1886 September 2, Thursday''', Mr. Algernon Bourke was part of a group of mostly aristocratic men taking part in [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1886#8 September 1886, Wednesday|a &quot;trial-rehearsal&quot; as part of Augustus Harris's production]] ''A Run of Luck'', about sports.

'''1886 October 2, Saturday''', the Duke of Beaufort and the Hon. Algernon Bourke arrived in Yougal: &quot;His grace has taken a residence at Lismore for a few weeks, to enjoy some salmon fishing on the Blackwater before the close of the season.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Chippenham.&quot; ''Wilts and Gloucestershire Standard'' 02 October 1886, Saturday: 8 [of 8], Col. 6a [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001955/18861002/142/0008. Print p. 8.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1886 December 30, Thursday''', Algernon Bourke was back in London and attending the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1886#1886 December 30, Thursday|&quot;Forty Thieves&quot; pantomime at the Drury Lane Theatre]].

'''1887 May''', a &quot;signalling incident&quot; in 1907 [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1887#May 1887|caused the Waterford ''Evening News'' to recall a similar event]] that had occurred 20 years earlier, in which Algernon Bourke, as special correspondent for the ''Times'', caused the incident to be publicized:&lt;blockquote&gt;During the manoeuvres in connection with the 1887 Jubilee of Queen Victoria a signal was observed going up from [[Social Victorians/People/Beresford|Lord Charles[ Beresford]]]'s ship. It was a message to his wife, Lady Beresford, to the effect that, as he should be late for dinner, she was not to wait. Beyond the hilarity this domestic signal evoked, nothing more would have been heard of it, but Mr. Algernon Bourke (Lord Mayo's brother) was acting as special correspondent for the &quot;Times,&quot; and that paper the next morning contained a full and humorous report of the incident. Then there was trouble.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Signalling Incident.&quot; ''Evening News'' (Waterford) 13 November 1907, Wednesday: 1 [of 4], Col. 6c [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0004557/19071113/021/0001.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;'''1887 December 15''', Hon. Algernon Bourke and Gwendolen Stanley were married at St. Paul's, Knightsbridge, by Bourke's uncle the Hon. and Rev. George Bourke. Only family members attended because of &quot;the recent death of a near relative of the bride.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Court Circular.&quot; ''Morning Post'' 16 December 1887, Friday: 5 [of 8], Col. 7c [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000174/18871216/066/0005.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1888 July 26''', [[Social Victorians/People/Montrose|Caroline Graham Stirling-Crawford]] (known as Mr. Manton for her horse-breeding and -racing operations) and Marcus Henry Milner married.&lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot;&gt;&quot;Hon. Caroline Agnes Horsley-Beresford.&quot; {{Cite web|url=https://thepeerage.com/p6863.htm#i68622|title=Person Page|website=thepeerage.com|access-date=2020-11-21}}&lt;/ref&gt; According to the ''Nottingham Evening Post'' of 31 July 1888,&lt;blockquote&gt;LONDON GOSSIP.

(From the ''World''.)

The marriage of &quot;Mr. Manton&quot; was the surprise as well the sensation of last week. Although some wise people noticed a certain amount of youthful ardour in the attentions paid by Mr. Marcus Henry Milner to Caroline Duchess of Montrose at '''Mrs. Oppenheim's ball''', nobody was prepared for the sudden ''dénouement''; '''and it''' were not for the accidental and unseen presence [[Social Victorians/People/Mildmay|a well-known musical amateur]] who had received permission to practice on the organ, the ceremony performed at half-past nine on Thursday morning at St. Andrew's, Fulham, by the Rev. Mr. Propert, would possibly have remained a secret for some time to come. Although the evergreen Duchess attains this year the limit of age prescribed the Psalmist, the bridegroom was only born in 1864. Mr. &quot;Harry&quot; Milner (familiarly known in the City as &quot;Millions&quot;) was one of the zealous assistants of that well-known firm of stockbrokers, Messrs. Bourke and Sandys, and Mr. Algernon Bourke, the head of the house (who, of course, takes a fatherly interest in the match) went down to Fulham to give away the Duchess. The ceremony was followed by a ''partie carrée'' luncheon at the Bristol, and the honeymoon began with a visit to the Jockey Club box at Sandown. Mr. Milner and the Duchess of Montrose have now gone to Newmarket. The marriage causes a curious reshuffling of the cards of affinity. Mr. Milner is now the stepfather of the [[Social Victorians/People/Montrose|Duke of Montrose]], his senior by twelve years; he is also the father-in-law of [[Social Victorians/People/Lady Violet Greville|Lord Greville]], Mr. Murray of Polnaise, and [[Social Victorians/People/Breadalbane|Lord Breadalbane]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;'''1888 December 1st week''', according to &quot;Society Gossip&quot; from the ''World'', the Hon. Algernon Bourke was suffering from malaria, presumably which he caught when he was in South Africa:&lt;blockquote&gt;I am sorry to hear that Mr. Algernon Bourke, who married Miss Sloane-Stanley a short time ago, has been very dangerously ill. Certain complications followed an attack of malarian fever, and last week his mother, the Dowager Lady Mayo, and his brother, Lord Mayo, were hastily summoned to Brighton. Since then a change for the better has taken place, and he is now out of danger.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Society Gossip. What the ''World'' Says.&quot; ''Hampshire Advertiser'' 08 December 1888, Saturday: 2 [of 8], Col. 5b [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000495/18881208/037/0002. Print title: ''The Hampshire Advertiser County Newspaper''; print p. 2.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;'''1889 – 1899 January 1''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke was &quot;proprietor&quot; of White's Club, St. James's Street.&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot;&gt;&quot;The Hon. Algernon Bourke's Affairs.&quot; ''Eastern Morning News'' 19 October 1899, Thursday: 6 [of 8], Col. 7c [of7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001152/18991019/139/0006. Print p. 6.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1889 June 8, Saturday''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke contributed some art he owned to the collection of the Royal Institute of Painters in Water-Colours' [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1889#8 June 1889, Saturday|exhibition of &quot;the works of the 'English Humourists in Art.'&quot;]]

'''1891 November 22, Sunday''', the London Weekly Dispatch reports a performance by American &quot;Lady Magnet&quot; Mrs. Abbott, who claimed to be able to lift anybody using only her magnetic properties. An enthusiastic &quot;committee of some fifteen gentlemen presented a written and signed testimonial&quot; supporting Mrs. Abbott, &quot;the Hon. Algernon Bourke, Professor Atkinson, Dr. Hides, and three other doctors who prefer to remain incog., being among the signatories. All the medical gentlemen concerned assured the ''Evening News and Post'' reporter of their complete and unconditional surrender. One of them went so far as to say that he had come with the full determination of disbelieving, but had been quite able to act up to his resolve.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The Lady Magnet. Draws Crowds of People Who Divide in Opinion about Her.&quot; ''Weekly Dispatch'' (London) 22 November 1891, Sunday: 16 [of 16], Cols. 3a–4b [of 4]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003358/18911122/203/0016. Print: same title and p.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1892''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke privately published his ''The History of White's'', the exclusive gentleman's club.

'''1893 February 11, Tuesday''', Algernon Bourke opened Willis's Restaurant:&lt;blockquote&gt;Mr. Algernon Bourke has in his time done many things, and has generally done them well. His recently published history of White's Club is now a standard work. White's Club itself was a few years ago in its agony when Mr. Bourke stepped in and gave it a renewed lease of life. Under Mr. Bourke's auspices &quot;Willis's Restaurant&quot; opened its doors to the public on Tuesday last in a portion of the premises formerly so well known as Willis's Rooms. This new venture is to rival the Amphitryon in the matter of cuisine and wines; but it is not, like the Amphitryon, a club, but open to the public generally. Besides the restaurant proper, there are several ''cabinets particuliers'', and these are decorated with the very best of taste, and contain some fine portraits of the Georges.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Marmaduke.&quot; &quot;Letter from the Linkman.&quot; ''Truth'' 20 April 1893, Thursday: 25 [of 56], Col. 1a [of 2]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' [https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002961/18930420/075/0025# https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002961/18930420/075/0025]. Print p. 855.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;'''1893 April 1, Saturday''', Algernon Bourke published a letter to the editor of the ''Times'', reprinted in the ''Kildare Observer'', arguing against Gladstone's Home Rule bill on the grounds that Ireland would not be able to take out a loan on its own behalf because of its obligations to the U.K., including what was called its share of the national debt.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Irish Unionist Alliance.&quot; ''Kildare Observer and Eastern Counties Advertiser'' 01 April 1893, Saturday: 6 [of 8], Col. 4c [of 5]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001870/18930401/062/0006. Print: The ''Kildare Observer'', n.p.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1893 July 14, Friday''', Gwendolen Bourke attended [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1893#1893 July 14, Friday|the races at Sandown]] wearing an outfit and hat that got described in the newspaper.

'''1893 November 30, Thursday''', with Sir Walter Gilbey the Hon. Algernon Bourke &quot;assisted&quot; in &quot;forming [a] collection&quot; of engravings by George Morland that was exhibited at Messrs. J. and W. Vokins’s, Great Portland-street.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The George Morland Exhibition at Vokins's.&quot; ''Sporting Life'' 30 November 1893, Thursday: 4 [of 4], Col. 4c [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000893/18931130/058/0004.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1894 January 31, Wednesday''', Algernon and Gwendolen Bourke, who was dressed more stylishly than most, attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1894#Also 31 January 1894, Wednesday|Kildare Hunt Ball]] hosted by Dermot, [[Social Victorians/People/Mayo|Earl of Mayo]] and Geraldine, Countess of Mayo.

'''1895 February 23, Saturday''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1895#23 February 1895, Saturday|fashionable wedding of Laurence Currie and Edith Sibyl Mary Finch]]. Gwendolen Bourke is not listed as having attended, but she is not noted as absent, either. Daphne Bourke was born on 5 April 1895, probably explaining Gwendolen's absence.

'''1895 April 27, Saturday''', Algernon Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1895#1895 April 27, Saturday|wedding of Norah Bourke and Henry E. A. Lindsay]]. Again, Gwendolen Bourke is not listed as having attended, Daphne Bourke was born on 5 April 1895.

'''1895 August 24, Saturday''', &quot;Marmaduke&quot; in the ''Graphic'' says that Algernon Bourke &quot;opened a cyclists' club in Chelsea.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Marmaduke.&quot; &quot;Court and Club.&quot; The ''Graphic'' 24 August 1895, Saturday: 11 [of 32], Col. 3c [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/9000057/18950824/017/0011. Print p. 223.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1895 October''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#24 October 1902, Friday|opened the Prince's ice-skating rink for the season]].

'''1896 April 21, Monday''', Mr. and Mrs. A. Bourke sent a gift — a &quot;box for miniature&quot; — for [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1896#Monday, 1896 April 27|the wedding of Lady Angela St. Clair Erskine and James Stewart Forbes]].

'''1896 June 29, Monday''', Algernon Bourke published a letter to the editor of the ''Daily Telegraph'':&lt;blockquote&gt;To the Editor of “The Daily Telegraph.”

Sir — Permit me to make my bow to the public. I am the manager of the Summer Club, which on two occasions bas been the subject of Ministerial interpellation in Parliament. The Summer Club is a small combination, which conceived the idea of attempting to make life more pleasant in London by organising breakfast, luncheon, and teas in Kensington Gardens for its members. This appears to have given offence in some way to Dr. Tanner, with the result that the catering arrangements of the club are now &quot;by order&quot; thrown open to the public. No one is more pleased than I am at the result of the doctor's intervention, for it shows that the idea the Summer Club had of using the parks for something more than mere right of way bas been favourably received. In order, however, that the great British public may not be disappointed, should they all come to lunch at once, I think it necessary to explain that the kitchen, which by courtesy of the lessee of the kiosk our cook was permitted to use, is only 10ft by 5ft; it has also to serve as a scullery and pantry, and the larder, from which our luxurious viands are drawn, is a four-wheeled cab, which comes up every day with the food and returns after lunch with the scraps. Nevertheless, the Summer Club says to the British public — What we have we will share with you, though it don't amount to very much — I am, Sir, your obedient servant,

ALGERNON BOURKE.

White's Club, June 27&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The Summer Club.&quot; ''Daily Telegraph &amp; Courier'' (London) 29 June 1896, Monday: 8 [of 12], Col. 2b [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001112/18960629/072/0008. Print title: ''Daily Telegraph'', p. 8.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;'''1896 July 4, Saturday''', &quot;Marmaduke&quot; in the ''Graphic'' took Bourke's side on the Summer Club in Kensington Park:&lt;blockquote&gt;Most of us have noticed that if we read in the newspapers the account of some matter which we are personally acquainted with the account will generally contain several errors. I have also noticed that when a question is asked in the House of Commons regarding some matter about which I know all the facts the question and the official answer to it frequently contain serious errors. Last week Mr. Akers-Douglas was asked in the House to explain how it was that Mr. Algernon Bourke obtained permission to open the &quot;Summer Club&quot; in Kensington Gardens, and he was questioned upon other particulars connected with the same matter. Both the questions and the official reply showed considerable ignorance of the facts. There has been from time immemorial a refreshment kiosk in Kensington Gardens. Mr. Bourke obtained from the tenant of this permission to use the kitchen for the benefit of the &quot;Summer Club,&quot; and to supply the members of the latter with refreshments. It was a purely commercial transaction. Mr. Bourke then established some wicker seats, a few tables, a tent, and a small hut upon a lawn in the neighbourhood of the kiosk. To do this he must have obtained the permission of Mr. Akers-Douglas, as obviously he would otherwise have been immediately ordered to remove them. Mr. Akers-Douglas equally obviously would not have given his sanction unless he had been previously informed of the objects which Mr. Bourke had in view — to wit, that the latter intended to establish a club there. That being the case, it is difficult to understand for what reason Mr. Akers-Douglas has now decided that any member of the public can use the chairs, tables, and tent belonging to the &quot;Summer Club,&quot; can insist upon the club servants attending upon him, and can compel them to supply him with refreshments. Mr. Akers-Douglas should have thought of the consequences before he granted the permission.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Marmaduke.&quot; &quot;Court and Club.&quot; The ''Graphic'' 04 July 1896, Saturday: 14 [of 32], Col. 1b [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/9000057/18960704/029/0014. Print p. 14.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;'''1896 August 5, Wednesday''', Algernon and Gwendolen Bourke attended at the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1896#5 August 1896|wedding of the Hon. Terence Bourke and Miss Eveline Haines]] and gave the bride an &quot;enamel muff chain.&quot;

'''1896 August 10, Monday''', the Morning Leader reported that the Hon. Algernon Bourke, for the Foreign Office, received Li Hung Chang at St. Paul's:&lt;blockquote&gt;At St. Paul's Li Hung was received by Field-Marshal Simmons, Colonel Lane, the Hon. Algernon Bourke, of the Foreign Office (who made the necessary arrangements for the visit) and Canon Newbolt, on behalf of the Dean and Chapter. A crowd greeted Li with a cheer as he drove up in Lord Lonsdale’s striking equipage, and his Excellency was carried up the steps in an invalid chair by two stalwart constables. He walked through the centre door with his suite, and was immediately conducted by Canon Newbolt to General Gordon’s tomb in the north aisle, where a detachment of boys from the Gordon Home received him as a guard of honor.

Li inspected the monument with marked interest, and drew the attention of his suite to the remarkable likeness to the dead hero. He laid a handsome wreath of royal purple asters, lilies, maidenhair fern, and laurel, tied with a broad band of purple silk, on the tomb.

The visit was not one of inspection of the building, but on passing the middle aisle the interpreter called the attention of His Excellency to the exquisite architecture and decoration of the chancel. Li shook hands in hearty English fashion with Canon Newbolt and the other gentlemen who had received him, and, assisted by his two sons, walked down the steps to his carriage. He returned with his suite to Carlton House-terrace by way of St. Paul’s Churchyard, Cannon-st., Queen Victoria-st., and the Embankment.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;At St. Paul's.&quot; ''Morning Leader'' 10 August 1896, Monday: 7 [of 12], Col. 2b [of 5]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0004833/18960810/134/0007. Print p. 7.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;'''1896 August 19, Wednesday''', the ''Edinburgh Evening News'' reported on the catering that White's Club and Mr Algernon Bourke arranged for the visiting Li Hung Chang:&lt;blockquote&gt;It is probably not generally known (says the &quot;Chef&quot;) that Mr Algernon Bourke, manager of White's Club, London, has undertaken to the whole of the catering for our illustrious visitor front the Flowery Land. Li Hung Chang has five native cooks in his retinue, and the greatest good fellowship exists between them and their English ''confreres'', although considerable difficulty is experienced in conversation in understanding one another's meaning. There are between 40 and and 50 to cater for daily, besides a staff about 30; that Mr Lemaire finds his time fully occupied. The dishes for his Excellency are varied and miscellaneous, and from 14 to 20 courses are served at each meal. The bills of fare contain such items as bird's-nest soup, pigs' kidneys stewed in cream, boiled ducks and green ginger, sharks' fins, shrinips and prawns stewed with leeks and muscatel grapes, fat pork saute with peas and kidney beans. The meal usually winds with fruit and sponge cake, and freshly-picked green tea as liqueur.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Li Hung Chang's Diet.&quot; ''Edinburgh Evening News'' 19 August 1896, Wednesday: 3 [of 4], Col. 8b [of 8]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000452/18960819/057/0003.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''1896 November 6, Friday''', Algernon Bourke was on the committee for [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1896#1896 November 6, Friday|the Prince's Club ice-skating rink, which opened on this day]].&lt;p&gt;

'''1896 November 25, Wednesday''', Mr. and Mrs. Algernon Bouke attended [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1896#23 November 1896, Monday23 November 1896, Monday|Lord and Lady Burton's party for Derby Day]].&lt;p&gt;
'''1896 December 4, Friday''', the Orleans Club at Brighton was robbed:&lt;blockquote&gt;The old building of the Orleans Club at Brighton, which opens its new club house at 33, Brunswick-terrace to-day, was the scene of a very ingenious burglary during the small hours of yesterday morning. The greater portion of the club property had already been removed to the new premises, but Mr Algernon Bourke, his private secretary, and some of the officials of the club, still occupied bed-rooms at the house in the King’s-road. The corner shop of the street front is occupied by Mr. Marx, a jeweller in a large way of business, and upon his manager arriving at nine o'clock he discovered that the place had been entered through hole in the ceiling, and a great part of a very valuable stock of jewelry extracted. An examination of the morning rooms of the club, which runs over Mr. Marx's establishment reveal a singularly neat  specimen of the burglar's art. A piece of the flooring about 15in square had been removed by a series of holes bored side by side with a centre-bit, at a spot where access to the lofty shop was rendered easy by a tall showcase which stood convemently near. A massive iron girder had been avoided by a quarter of an inch, and this circumstance and the general finish of the operation point to an artist in his profession, who had acquired an intimate knowledge of the premises. The club doors were all found locked yesterday morning, and the means of egress adopted by the thief are at present a mystery.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Burglary at Brighton.&quot; ''Daily Telegraph &amp; Courier'' (London) 05 December 1896, Saturday: 5 [of 12], Col. 7a [of 7]. British Newspaper Archive https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001112/18961205/090/0005. Print title: ''Daily Telegraph''; p. 5.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''1896 December 10, Thursday''', Gwendolen Bourke was present to help staff a stall at the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1896#10 December 1896, Thursday|Irish Industries Exhibition and Sale, Brighton]].

'''1897 July 2, Friday''', the Hon. A. and Mrs. A. Bourke and Mr. and Mrs. Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/1897 Fancy Dress Ball | Duchess of Devonshire's fancy-dress ball]] at Devonshire House.

'''1897 July 11–16, week of''', a dog of Gwendolen Bourke's won a prize at the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1897#11–16 July 1897, Week Of|Ladies' Kennel Association show in the Royal Botanic Gardens in Regent's Park]].

'''23 July 1897 — or 30 July 1897 – Friday''', Gwendolen Bourke attended [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1897#23 July 1897, Friday|Lady Burton's party at Chesterfield House]]. &lt;blockquote&gt;Far the prettiest women in the room were Lady Henry Bentinck (who looked perfectly lovely in pale yellow, with a Iong blue sash; and Mrs. Algernon Bourke, who was as smart as possible in pink, with pink and white ruchings on her sleeves and a tall pink feather in her hair.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Lady Burton's Party at Chesterfield House.&quot; ''Belper &amp; Alfreton Chronicle'' 30 July 1897, Friday: 7 [of 8], Col. 1c [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0004151/18970730/162/0007. Print title: ''Belper and Alfreton Chronicle''; n.p.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''1897 October 30, Saturday''', ''Black and White'' published '''J.P.B.'''&lt;nowiki/&gt;'s &quot;The Case of Mrs. Elliott,&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:13&quot;&gt;J.P.B. &quot;The Case of Mrs. Elliott.&quot; ''Black &amp; White'' 30 October 1897, Saturday: 12 [of 34], Cols. 1a–2b [of 2]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0004617/18971030/036/0012. Print title ''Black and White'', p. 542.&lt;/ref&gt; an odd short short story in which the Honourable Algernon Bourke Herriott is &quot;rude to Mrs. Elliott,&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:13&quot; /&gt;{{rp|Col. 2b}} presumably having proposed that they have sexual relations while her husband is out. J.P.B. links to the biographical Algernon Bourke's career in the stock market in the description of Mrs. Christine Elliott not even simulating interest in her husband's bicycling: &quot;a soul is a grievous burthen for a stockbroker's wife,&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:13&quot; /&gt;{{rp|Col. 2a}} suggesting that Mr. Elliott rather than Algernon Bourke Herriott is the stockbroker. The Hon. Algy&lt;blockquote&gt;was a senior member of several junior clubs. A woman had dubbed him once &quot;a rip with a taste for verses.&quot; The description was severe, but not unwarranted. His was a pretty pagan sensualism, though, singing from a wine palate to Church music. For the rest, he had just imagination enough to despise mediocrity.&lt;ref name=&quot;:13&quot; /&gt;{{rp|Col. 2a}}&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''1897 December 30''', Algernon and Gwendolen Bourke attended a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1897#30 December 1897, Thursday|party at Blenheim Palace in which people performed tableaux vivants]] that got reported on, many of whom wearing the costumes from the Duchess of Devonshire's ball. The ''Irish Independent'' said Algernon Bourke was &quot;mainly responsible for the living pictures.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Mr Algernon Bourke ....&quot; ''Irish Independent'' 05 January 1898, Wednesday: 6 [of 8], Col. 2c [of 8]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001985/18980105/115/0006.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1898 April 12, Tuesday''', Algernon Bourke was in [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1898#1898 April 12, Tuesday|Monte Carlo according to the ''Gentlewoman'']].&lt;p&gt;

'''1899 January 10, Tuesday''', the Brighton Championship Dog Show opened:&lt;blockquote&gt;Princess of Wales a Winner at the Ladies’ Kennel Club Show.

[Exclusive to &quot;The Leader.&quot;)

The Brighton Championship Dog Show opened in the Dome and Corn Exchange yesterday, and was very well patronised by visitors and exhibitors. Among the latter was H.R.H. the Princess of Wales, who did very well; and others included Princess Sophie Duleep Singh, Countess De Grey, Sir Edgar Boehm, the Hon Mrs. Algernon Bourke, Lady Cathcart, Lady Reid, Mr. Shirley (chairman of the Kennel Club), and the Rev. Hans Hamiiton (president of the Kennel Club).

The entry of bloodhounds is one of the best seen for some time; the Great Danes are another strong lot; deerhounds are a fine entry, all good dogs, and most of the best kennels represented; borzois are another very stylish lot. The bigger dogs are, as usual, in the Corn Exchange and the &quot;toy&quot; dogs in the Dome. To everyone's satsfaction the Princess of Wales carried off two first prizes with Alex in the borzois class.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Dogs at Brighton.&quot; ''Morning Leader'' 11 January 1899, Wednesday: 8 [of 12], Col. 3b [of 5]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0004833/18990111/142/0008. Print p. 8.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;'''1899 January 11, Wednesday''', Gwendolen Bourke attended [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1899#11 January 1899, Wednesday|a luncheon at Stanfield-hall, home of Mr. and Mrs. Basil Montogomery, for Princess Henry of Battenberg]], that also included the Countess of Dudley (sister of Mrs. Montgomery), General Oliphant, and the Mayor and Mayoress of Romsey.

'''1899 February 7, Tuesday''', Gwendolen Bourke was a member of the very high-ranking committee organizing a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1899#1899 February 7, Tuesday|ball at the Hotel Cecil on 7 February 1899]].

'''1899 June 1, Thursday''', the Hon. Algernon and Gwendolen Bourke attended the wedding of her brother, Sloane Stanley and Countess Cairns at Holy Trinity Church, Brompton.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Marriage of Mr. Sloane Stanley and Countess Cairns.&quot; ''Hampshire Advertiser'' 03 June 1899, Saturday: 6 [of 8], Col. 3b [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000495/18990603/049/0006. Print p. 6.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1899 July 1, Saturday''', Algernon Bourke attended a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1899#1 July 1899, Saturday|meeting in London at the Duke of Westminster's Grosvenor House]] about preserving Killarney as part of the National Trust and seems to have been acting for someone who wanted to purchase the Muckross Estate.&lt;p&gt;

'''1899 October 19, Thursday''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke had a bankruptcy hearing:&lt;blockquote&gt;The public examination of the Hon. Algernon Bourke was held before Mr Registrar Giffard yesterday, at the London Bankruptcy Court. The debtor, described as proprietor of a St. James's-street club, furnished a statement of affairs showing unsecured debts £13,694 and debts fully secured £12,800, with assets which are estimated at £4,489 [?]. He stated, in reply to the Official Receiver, that he was formerly a member of the Stock Exchange, but had nothing to do with the firm of which he was a member during the last ten years. He severed his connection with the firm in May last, and believed he was indebted to them to the extent of £2,000 or £3,000. He repudiated a claim which they now made for £37,300. In 1889 he became proprietor of White's Club, St. James's-street, and carried it on until January 1st last, when he transferred it to a company called Recreations, Limited. One of the objects of the company was to raise money on debentures. The examination was formally adjourned.&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot; /&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;'''1899 November 8, Wednesday''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke's bankruptcy case came up again:&lt;blockquote&gt;At Bankruptcy Court, yesterday, the case the Hon. Algernon Bourke again came on for hearing before Mr. Registrar Giffard, and the examination was concluded. The debtor has at various times been proprietor of White’s Club, St. James’s-street, and the Orleans’ Club, Brighton, and also of Willis's Restaurant, King-street, St. James's. He attributed his failure to losses sustained by the conversion of White’s Club and the Orleans' Club into limited companies, to the payment of excessive Interest on borrowed money, and other causes. The liabilities amount to £26,590, of which £13,694 are stated to be unsecured, and assets £4,409.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Affairs of the Hon. A. Bourke.&quot; ''Globe'' 09 November 1899, Thursday: 2 [of 8], Col. 1c [of 5]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001652/18991109/020/0002. Print p. 2.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''1899 December 23, Saturday''', &quot;Mr. Algernon Bourke has departed for a tour in Africa, being at present the guest of his brother in Tunis.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The Society Pages.&quot; ''Walsall Advertiser'' 23 December 1899, Saturday: 7 [of 8], Col. 7b [of 8]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001028/18991223/143/0007. Print p. 7.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1900 February 15, Thursday''', Daphne Bourke, the four-year-old daughter of the Hon. Algernon and Mrs. Bourke was a bridesmaid in the wedding of Enid Wilson and the Earl of Chesterfield, so presumably her parents were present, although they are not mentioned.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;London Day by Day.&quot; ''Daily Telegraph'' 15 February 1900, Thursday: 8 [of 12], Col. 3b [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001112/19000215/175/0008. Name in British Newspaper Archive: ''Daily Telegraph &amp; Courier'' (London). Print p. 8.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1900 September 16''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke became the heir presumptive to the Earldom of Mayo when his older brother Captain Hon. Sir Maurice Archibald Bourke died.

'''1900 October 06, Saturday''', the ''Weekly Irish Times'' says that Mr. Algernon Bourke, now heir presumptive to the earldom of Mayo, &quot;has been for some months lately staying with Mr. Terence Bourke in Morocco.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Society Gossip.&quot; ''Weekly Irish Times'' 06 October 1900, Saturday: 14 [of 20], Col. 3b [of 5]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001684/19001006/121/0014. Print p. 14.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;p&gt;

'''1901 May 30, Thursday''', the Hon. Mrs. Algernon Bourke attended the fashionable [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#1901 May 30, Thursday|Ladies' Kennel Association Dog Show at the Botanic Garden]].

'''1901 July 4, Thursday''', Gwendolen and Daphne Bourke attended a children's party hosted by the Countess of Yarborough:&lt;blockquote&gt;The Countess of Yarborough gave a charming children's party on Thursday (4th) afternoon at her beautiful house in Arlington Street. The spacious ballroom was quite filled with little guests and their mothers. Each little guest received a lovely present from their kind hostess. The Duchess of Beaufort, in grey, and with a large black picture hat, brought her two lovely baby girls, Lady Blanche and Lady Diana Somerset, both in filmy cream [Col. 2b–3a] lace frocks. Lady Gertrude Corbett came with her children, and Ellen Lady Inchiquin with hers. Lady Southampton, in black, with lovely gold embroideries on her bodice, brought her children, as also did Lady Heneage and Mr. and Lady Beatrice Kaye. Lady Blanche Conyngham, in écru lace, over silk, and small straw hat, was there; also Mrs. Smith Barry, in a lovely gown of black and white lace. The Countess of Kilmorey, in a smart grey and white muslin, brought little Lady Cynthia Needham, in white; Mrs. Arthur James, in black and white muslin; and the Countess of Powys, in mauve silk with much white lace; Lady Sassoon, in black and white foulard; Victoria Countess of Yarborough, came on from hearing Mdme. Réjane at Mrs. Wernher's party at Bath House; and there were also present Lord Henry Vane-Tempest, the Earl of Yarborough, Lady Naylor-Leyland's little boys; the pretty children of Lady Constance Combe, Lady Florence Astley and her children, and Lady Meysey Thompson (very smart in mauve and white muslin) with her children; also Hon. Mrs. Algernon Bourke, in pale grey, with her pretty little girl.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The Countess of Yarborough ....&quot; ''Gentlewoman'' 13 July 1901, Saturday: 76 [of 84], Col. 2b, 3a [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003340/19010713/381/0076. Print p. xxxvi.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;'''1901 July 20, Saturday''', the ''Gentlewoman'' published the Hon. Mrs. Algernon Bourke's portrait (identified with &quot;Perthshire&quot;) in its 3rd series of &quot;The Great County Sale at Earl's Court. Portraits of Stallholders.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The Great County Sale at Earl's Court. Portraits of Stallholders.&quot; ''Gentlewoman'' 20 July 1901, Saturday: 31 [of 60], Col. 4b [of 5]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003340/19010720/141/0031. Print n.p.&lt;/ref&gt; Their daughter Daphne appears in the portrait as well.

'''1901 September 12, Thursday''', Mrs. Gwendolen Bourke wanted her name listed as Mrs. Algernon Bourke in the Electoral Register, apparently a frequent complaint:&lt;blockquote&gt;Mr. Underhill, the Conservative agent, mentioned to the Revising Barrister (Mr. William F. Webster) that the name of the Hon. Mrs. Gwendolen Bourke was on the list in respect of the house, 75, Gloucester-place. The lady had written to him to say that she was the Hon. Mrs. Algernon Bourke and that she wished that name to appear on the register. In reply to the Revising Barrister, Mr. Underhill said that “Algernon” was the name of the lady’s husband.

Mr. Cooke, the rate-collector, said that Mrs. Bourke had asked to be addressed Mrs. Algernon Bourke, but that the Town Clerk thought the address was not a correct one. The lady signed her cheques Gwendolen.”

Mr. Underhill said the agents frequently had indignant letters from ladies because they were not addressed by their husband’s Christian name.

The Revising Barrister — lf a lady gave me the name of Mrs. John Smith I should say I had not got the voter’s name. The name Gwendolen must remain.&lt;ref name=&quot;:15&quot;&gt;&quot;Ladies’ Names.&quot; ''Morning Post'' 12 September 1901, Thursday: 7 [of 10], Col. 3a [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000174/19010912/130/0007. Print p. 7.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''1902 September 4, Thursday''', the ''Daily Express'' reported that &quot;Mrs. Algernon Bourke is staying with Lord and Lady Alington at Scarborough.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Onlooker.&quot; &quot;My Social Diary.&quot; &quot;Where People Are.&quot; ''Daily Express'' 04 September 1902, Thursday: 5 [of 8], Col. 1b? [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0004848/19020904/099/0005. Print p. 4, Col. 7b [of 7].&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;p&gt;

'''1902 October 24, Friday''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#24 October 1902, Friday|opened the Prince's ice-skating rink for the season]], which he had been doing since 1895.&lt;p&gt;

'''1902 October 31, Friday''', the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#31 October 1902, Friday|7th opening of the Prince's Skating Club]]. Guendoline Bourke was on the Women's Committee and Algernon Bourke was on the Men's.

'''1902 December 9, Tuesday''', Gwendolen Bourke attended [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#9 December 1902, Tuesday|Lady Eva Wyndham-Quin's &quot;at home,&quot; held at the Welch Industrial depot]] for the sale Welsh-made Christmas gifts and cards. Bourke wore &quot;a fur coat and a black picture hat.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;A Lady Correspondent.&quot; &quot;Society in London.&quot; ''South Wales Daily News'' 11 December 1902, Thursday: 4 [of 8], Col. 5a [of 8]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000919/19021211/082/0004. Print p. 4.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1903 March 17, Tuesday''', Gwendolen Bourke staffed a booth at a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#1903 March 17, Tuesday|sale of the Irish Industries Association]] on St. Patrick's Day with [[Social Victorians/People/Mayo|Lady Mayo]], [[Social Victorians/People/Dudley|Georgina Lady Dudley]] and [[Social Victorians/People/Beresford|Miss Beresford]]. A number of other aristocratic women were also present at the sale in other booths, including [[Social Victorians/People/Londonderry|Lady Londonderry]] and [[Social Victorians/People/Lucan|Lady Lucan]].

'''1903 June 23, Tuesday''', Gwendolen and Daphne Bourke were invited to a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#1903 June 23, Tuesday|children's party at Buckingham Palace for Prince Eddie's birthday]].

'''1905 February 17, Friday''', the Dundee ''Evening Post'' reported that Algernon Bourke &quot;set up a shop in Venice for the sale of art treasures and old furniture.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Social News.&quot; Dundee ''Evening Post'' 17 February 1905, Friday: 6 [of 6], Col. 7b [of 8]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000582/19050217/105/0006. Print p. 6.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1905, last week of July''', Gwendolen Bourke and daughter Daphne Bourke — who was 10 years old — attended [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#Last week of July, 1905|Lady Cadogan's children's party at Chelsea House]]. Daphne was &quot;One of loveliest little girls present.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Court and Social News.&quot; ''Belfast News-Letter'' 01 August 1905, Tuesday: 7 [of 10], Col. 6b [of 8]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000038/19050801/157/0007. Print p. 7.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1907 May''', a &quot;naval signalling incident&quot; [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1887#May 1887|caused the Waterford ''Evening News'' to recall a similar event]] that had occurred 20 years earlier, in which Algernon Bourke, as special correspondent for the ''Times'', publicized [[Social Victorians/People/Beresford|Lord Charles Beresford]]'s use of his ship's signalling capabilities to send a message to his wife about being late for dinner:&lt;blockquote&gt;

The naval signalling incident is still in the air. It is expected that the matter will not be threshed out until Emperor William leaves England. A story of a former signalling incident in which [[Social Victorians/People/Beresford|Lord Charles Beresford]] was concerned is going the rounds at the moment.&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''1913 May 7, Wednesday''', Gwendolen Bourke presented her daughter Daphne Bourke at court:&lt;blockquote&gt;Mrs. Algernon Bourke presented her daughter, and wore blue and gold broché with a gold lace train.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Social and Personal.&quot; London ''Daily Chronicle'' 08 May 1913, Thursday: 6 [of 12], Col. 6b [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0005049/19130508/120/0006. Print p. 6.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

The ''Pall Mall Gazette'' has a description of Daphne Bourke's dress, but what exactly &quot;chiffon [[Social Victorians/Terminology#Hoops|paniers]]&quot; means in 1913 is not clear:&lt;blockquote&gt;Court dressmakers appear to have surpassed all previous records in their efforts to make the dresses for to-night’s Court as beautiful as possible. Noticeable among these is the dainty presentation gown to be worn by Miss Bourke, who will be presented by her mother, the Hon. Mrs. Algernon Bourke. This has a skirt of soft white satin draped with chiffon [[Social Victorians/Terminology#Hoops|paniers]] and a bodice veiled with chiffon and trimmed with diamanté and crystal embroidery. Miss Bourke’s train, gracefully hung from the shoulders, is of white satin lined with pale rose pink chiffon and embroidered with crystal and diamanté.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Fashion Day by Day. Lovely Gowns for To-night's Court.&quot; ''Pall Mall Gazette'' 07 May 1913, Wednesday: 13 [of 18], Col. 1a [of 5]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000098/19130507/199/0013. Print n.p.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''1904 September 15, Thursday''', according to what was at the time called the ''Irish Daily Independent and Nation'', Algernon Bourke was living in Venice and not in the UK at this point:&lt;blockquote&gt;Algernon Bourke, who usually lives in Venice, has spent some time in England during the present summer, and has now gone on a fishing expedition to Sweden, accompanied by his brother, Lord Mayo. Lady Mayo has been staying meanwhile in Ireland, and has had a visit from her mother, Lady Maria Ponsonby, who is a sister of Lend Obventry.&lt;ref name=&quot;:10&quot;&gt;&quot;Society Notes.&quot; ''Irish Independent'' 15 September 1904, Thursday: 4 [of 8], Col. 5b [of 9]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001986/19040915/131/0004. Print title: ''Irish Daily Independent and Nation'', p. 4.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;'''1909 May 22, Saturday''', Algernon Bourke appears to have been living in Pisa. A columnist for the ''Queen'' reported on the Royal School of Art Needlework:&lt;blockquote&gt;Lady Leconfield [?] was there, also her sister-in-law, the [[Social Victorians/People/Mayo|Dowager Lady Mayo]], only just back from her winter on the Continent, when she spent most of the time at Pisa, where her son Mr Algernon Bourke has also been staying. The latter is a great connoisseur as regards [art?] notably in what is really good in the way of old Italian sculpture and carving. He and his handsome wife have a place near to Putney, and this winter again Mr Bourke, as the result of his Italian travels, has been sending home such relics of the old Italian palace gardens as as stone and marble carved vases, garden seats, and what-not of the kind — not all for himself and his own gardens by any means, I fancy; but his friends, relying on his knowledge in such matters, get him when abroad to choose for [them?] the adornment of their English terraces and gardens.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;My Social Diary.&quot; The ''Queen'' 22 May 1909, Saturday: 31 [of 86], Col. 1b [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002627/19090522/203/0031. Print p. 871.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

== Costume at the Duchess of Devonshire's 2 July 1897 Fancy-dress Ball ==
According to both the ''Morning Post'' and the ''Times'', the Hon. Algernon Bourke was among the Suite of Men in the [[Social Victorians/1897 Fancy Dress Ball/Quadrilles Courts#&quot;Oriental&quot; Procession|&quot;Oriental&quot; procession]] at the [[Social Victorians/1897 Fancy Dress Ball | Duchess of Devonshire's fancy-dress ball]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; Based on the people they were dressed as, Gwendolen Bourke was probably in this procession but it seems unlikely that Algernone Bourke was.

[[File:Guendoline-Irene-Emily-Bourke-ne-Sloane-Stanley-as-Salammb.jpg|thumb|alt=Black-and-white photograph of a standing woman richly dressed in an historical costume with a headdress and a very large fan|Hon. Gwendolen Bourke as Salammbô. ©National Portrait Gallery, London.]]
=== Hon. Guendoline Bourke ===
[[File:Alfons Mucha - 1896 - Salammbô.jpg|thumb|left|alt=Highly stylized orange-and-yellow painting of a bare-chested woman with a man playing a harp at her feet|Alfons Mucha's 1896 ''Salammbô''.]]
Lafayette's portrait (right) of &quot;Guendoline Irene Emily Bourke (née Sloane-Stanley) as Salammbô&quot; in costume is photogravure #128 in the album presented to the Duchess of Devonshire and now in the National Portrait Gallery.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;&quot;Devonshire House Fancy Dress Ball (1897): photogravures by Walker &amp; Boutall after various photographers.&quot; 1899. National Portrait Gallery https://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/portrait-list.php?set=515.&lt;/ref&gt; The printing on the portrait says, &quot;The Hon. Mrs. Algernon Bourke as Salammbo.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Mrs. Algernon Bourke as Salammbo.&quot; ''Diamond Jubilee Fancy Dress Ball''. National Portrait Gallery https://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/portrait/mw158491/Guendoline-Irene-Emily-Bourke-ne-Sloane-Stanley-as-Salammb.&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Newspaper Accounts ====
The Hon. Mrs. A. Bourke was dressed as

* Salambo in the Oriental procession.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;&quot;Fancy Dress Ball at Devonshire House.&quot; ''Morning Post'' Saturday 3 July 1897: 7 [of 12], Col. 4a–8 Col. 2b. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000174/18970703/054/0007.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;&quot;Ball at Devonshire House.&quot; The ''Times'' Saturday 3 July 1897: 12, Cols. 1a–4c ''The Times Digital Archive''. Web. 28 Nov. 2015.&lt;/ref&gt;
* &quot;(Egyptian Princess), drapery gown of white and silver gauze, covered with embroidery of lotus flowers; the top of gown appliqué with old green satin embroidered blue turquoise and gold, studded rubies; train of old green broché.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;“The Duchess of Devonshire’s Ball.” The ''Gentlewoman'' 10 July 1897 Saturday: 32–42 [of 76], Cols. 1a–3c [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003340/18970710/155/0032.&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|p. 40, Col. 3a}}
*&quot;Mrs. A. Bourke, as an Egyptian Princess, with the Salambo coiffure, wore a flowing gown of white and silver gauze covered with embroidery of lotus flowers. The top of the gown was ornamented with old green satin embroidered with blue turquoise and gold, and studded with rubies. The train was of old green broché with sides of orange and gold embroidery, and from the ceinture depended long bullion fringe and an embroidered ibis.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;“The Ball at Devonshire House. Magnificent Spectacle. Description of the Dresses.” London ''Evening Standard'' 3 July 1897 Saturday: 3 [of 12], Cols. 1a–5b [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000183/18970703/015/0004.&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|p. 3, Col. 3b}}

==== Salammbô ====
Salammbô is the eponymous protagonist in Gustave Flaubert's 1862 novel.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2024-04-29|title=Salammbô|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Salammb%C3%B4&amp;oldid=1221352216|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salammb%C3%B4.&lt;/ref&gt; Ernest Reyer's opera ''Salammbô'' was based on Flaubert's novel and published in Paris in 1890 and performed in 1892&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2024-04-11|title=Ernest Reyer|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ernest_Reyer&amp;oldid=1218353215|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernest_Reyer.&lt;/ref&gt; (both Modest Mussorgsky and Sergei Rachmaninoff had attempted but not completed operas based on the novel as well&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;). Alfons Mucha's 1896 lithograph of Salammbô was published in 1896, the year before the ball (above left).[[File:Algernon Henry Bourke Vanity Fair 20 January 1898.jpg|thumb|alt=Old colored drawing of an elegant elderly man dressed in a 19th-century tuxedo with a cloak, top hat and formal pointed shoes with bows, standing facing 1/4 to his right|''Algy'' — Algernon Henry Bourke — by &quot;Spy,&quot; ''Vanity Fair'' 20 January 1898]]
=== Hon. Algernon Bourke ===
[[File:Hon-Algernon-Henry-Bourke-as-Izaak-Walton.jpg|thumb|left|alt=Black-and-white photograph of a man richly dressed in an historical costume sitting in a fireplace that does not have a fire and holding a tankard|Hon. Algernon Henry Bourke as Izaak Walton. ©National Portrait Gallery, London.]]
'''Lafayette's portrait''' (left) of &quot;Hon. Algernon Henry Bourke as Izaak Walton&quot; in costume is photogravure #129 in the album presented to the Duchess of Devonshire and now in the National Portrait Gallery.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt; The printing on the portrait says, &quot;The Hon. Algernon Bourke as Izaak Walton.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Hon. Algernon Bourke as Izaak Walton.&quot; ''Diamond Jubilee Fancy Dress Ball''. National Portrait Gallery https://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/portrait/mw158492/Hon-Algernon-Henry-Bourke-as-Izaak-Walton.&lt;/ref&gt;

This portrait is amazing and unusual: Algernon Bourke is not using a photographer's set with theatrical flats and props, certainly not one used by anyone else at the ball itself. Isaak Walton (baptised 21 September 1593 – 15 December 1683) wrote ''The Compleat Angler''.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2021-09-15|title=Izaak Walton|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Izaak_Walton&amp;oldid=1044447858|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Izaak_Walton.&lt;/ref&gt; A cottage Walton lived in and willed to the people of Stafford was photographed in 1888, suggesting that its relationship to Walton was known in 1897, raising a question about whether Bourke could have used the fireplace in the cottage for his portrait. (This same cottage still exists, as the [https://www.staffordbc.gov.uk/izaak-waltons-cottage Isaak Walton Cottage] museum.)

A caricature portrait (right) of the Hon. Algernon Bourke, called &quot;Algy,&quot; by Leslie Ward (&quot;Spy&quot;) was published in the 20 January 1898 issue of ''Vanity Fair'' as Number 702 in its &quot;Men of the Day&quot; series,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2024-01-14|title=List of Vanity Fair (British magazine) caricatures (1895–1899)|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Vanity_Fair_(British_magazine)_caricatures_(1895%E2%80%931899)&amp;oldid=1195518024|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Vanity_Fair_(British_magazine)_caricatures_(1895%E2%80%931899).&lt;/ref&gt; giving an indication of what he looked like out of costume.

=== Mr. and Mrs. Bourke ===
The ''Times'' made a distinction between the Hon. Mr. and Mrs. A. Bourke and Mr. and Mrs. Bourke, including both in the article.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; Occasionally this same article mentions the same people more than once in different contexts and parts of the article, so they may be the same couple. (See [[Social Victorians/People/Bourke#Notes and Question|Notes and Question]] #2, below.)

== Demographics ==
*Nationality: Anglo-Irish&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2020-11-14|title=Richard Bourke, 6th Earl of Mayo|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Richard_Bourke,_6th_Earl_of_Mayo&amp;oldid=988654078|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
*Occupation: journalist. 1895: restaurant, hotel and club owner and manager&lt;ref&gt;''Cheltenham Looker-On'', 23 March 1895. Via Ancestry but taken from the BNA.&lt;/ref&gt;
=== Residences ===
*Ireland: 1873: Palmerston House, Straffan, Co. Kildare.&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt; Not Co. Mayo?
*1888–1891: 33 Cadogan Terrace, S.W., Kensington and Chelsea, a dwelling house&lt;ref&gt;Kensington and Chelsea, London, England, Electoral Registers, 1889–1970, Register of Voters, 1891.&lt;/ref&gt;
*1894: 181 Pavilion Road, Kensington and Chelsea&lt;ref&gt;Kensington and Chelsea, London, England, Electoral Registers, 1889–1970. Register of Voters, 1894. Via Ancestry.&lt;/ref&gt;
*1900: 181 Pavilion Road, Kensington and Chelsea&lt;ref&gt;Kensington and Chelsea, London, England, Electoral Registers, 1889–1970. Register of Voters, 1900. Via Ancestry.&lt;/ref&gt;
*1904: Algernon Bourke was &quot;usually liv[ing] in Venice&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:10&quot; /&gt;
*1911: 1911 Fulham, London&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;
*20 Eaton Square, S.W. (in 1897)&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Pl0oAAAAYAAJ|title=Who's who|date=1897|publisher=A. &amp; C. Black|language=en}} 712, Col. 1b.&lt;/ref&gt; (London home of the [[Social Victorians/People/Mayo|Earl of Mayo]])

== Family ==
*Hon. Algernon Henry Bourke (31 December 1854 – 7 April 1922)&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Hon. Algernon Henry Bourke.&quot; {{Cite web|url=https://www.thepeerage.com/p29657.htm#i296561|title=Person Page|website=www.thepeerage.com|access-date=2020-12-10}}&lt;/ref&gt;
*Gwendolen Irene Emily Sloane-Stanley Bourke (c. 1869 – 30 December 1967)&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;&quot;Guendoline Irene Emily Stanley.&quot; {{Cite web|url=https://www.thepeerage.com/p51525.htm#i515247|title=Person Page|website=www.thepeerage.com|access-date=2020-12-10}}&lt;/ref&gt;
#Daphne Marjory Bourke (5 April 1895 – 22 May 1962)

=== Relations ===
*Hon. Algernon Henry Bourke (the 3rd son of the [[Social Victorians/People/Mayo|6th Earl of Mayo]]) was the older brother of Lady Florence Bourke.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

==== Other Bourkes ====
*Hubert Edward Madden Bourke (after 1925, Bourke-Borrowes)&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Hubert Edward Madden Bourke-Borrowes.&quot; {{Cite web|url=https://www.thepeerage.com/p52401.htm#i524004|title=Person Page|website=www.thepeerage.com|access-date=2021-08-25}} https://www.thepeerage.com/p52401.htm#i524004.&lt;/ref&gt;
*Lady Eva Constance Aline Bourke, who married [[Social Victorians/People/Dunraven|Windham Henry Wyndham-Quin]] on 7 July 1885;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Lady Eva Constance Aline Bourke.&quot; {{Cite web|url=https://www.thepeerage.com/p2575.htm#i25747|title=Person Page|website=www.thepeerage.com|access-date=2020-12-02}} https://www.thepeerage.com/p2575.htm#i25747.&lt;/ref&gt; he became 5th Earl of Dunraven and Mount-Earl on 14 June 1926.

==== The Sloane-Stanleys ====

* Hans T Sloane Stanley (c. 1841&lt;ref name=&quot;:16&quot;&gt;The National Archives; Kew, London, England; ''1871 England Census''; Class: ''RG10''; Piece: ''104''; Folio: ''21''; Page: ''37''; GSU roll: ''838763''. Ancestry.com. ''1871 England Census'' [database on-line]. Lehi, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations Inc, 2004.&lt;/ref&gt; – )
* Emilie Josephine S Stanley (c. 1849&lt;ref name=&quot;:16&quot; /&gt; – )
*# Gwendoline&lt;ref name=&quot;:14&quot; /&gt; Irene Emily G Stanley (c. 1870&lt;ref name=&quot;:16&quot; /&gt; – )

== Writings, Memoirs, Biographies, Papers ==

=== Writings ===
* Bourke, the Hon. Algernon. ''The History of White's''. London: Algernon Bourke [privately published], 1892.
* Bourke, the Hon. Algernon, ed., &quot;with a brief Memoir.&quot; ''Correspondence of Mr Joseph Jekyll with His Sister-in-Law, Lady Gertrude Sloane Stanley, 1818–1838''. John Murray, 1893.
* Bourke, the Hon. Algernon, ed. ''Correspondence of Mr Joseph Jekyll''. John Murray, 1894.

=== Papers ===
* Where are the papers for the Earl of Mayo family? Are Algernon Bourke's papers with them?

== Notes and Questions ==
#The portrait of Algernon Bourke in costume as Isaac Walton is really an amazing portrait with a very interesting setting, far more specific than any of the other Lafayette portraits of these people in their costumes. Where was it shot? Lafayette is given credit, but it's not one of his usual backdrops. If this portrait was taken the night of the ball, then this fireplace was in Devonshire House; if not, then whose fireplace is it?
#The ''Times'' lists Hon. A. Bourke (at 325) and Hon. Mrs. A. Bourke (at 236) as members of a the &quot;Oriental&quot; procession, Mr. and Mrs. A. Bourke (in the general list of attendees), and then a small distance down Mr. and Mrs. Bourke (now at 511 and 512, respectively). This last couple with no honorifics is also mentioned in the report in the London ''Evening Standard'', which means the Hon. Mrs. A. Bourke, so the ''Times'' may have repeated the Bourkes, who otherwise are not obviously anyone recognizable. If they are not the Hon. Mr. and Mrs. A. Bourke, then they are unidentified. It seems likely that they are the same, however, as the newspapers were not perfectly consistent in naming people with their honorifics, even in a single story, especially a very long and detailed one in which people could be named more than once.
#Three slightly difficult-to-identify men were among the Suite of Men in the [[Social Victorians/1897 Fancy Dress Ball/Quadrilles Courts#&quot;Oriental&quot; Procession|&quot;Oriental&quot; procession]]: [[Social Victorians/People/Halifax|Gordon Wood]], [[Social Victorians/People/Portman|Arthur B. Portman]] and [[Social Victorians/People/Sarah Spencer-Churchill Wilson|Wilfred Wilson]]. The identification of Gordon Wood and Wilfred Wilson is high because of contemporary newspaper accounts. The Hon. Algernon Bourke, who was also in the Suite of Men, is not difficult to identify at all. Arthur Portman appears in a number of similar newspaper accounts, but none of them mentions his family of origin.
#[http://thepeerage.com The Peerage] has no other Algernon Bourkes.
#The Hon Algernon Bourke is #235 on the [[Social Victorians/1897 Fancy Dress Ball#List of People Who Attended|list of people who were present]]; the Hon. Guendoline Bourke is #236; a Mr. Bourke is #703; a Mrs. Bourke is #704.
#A Mr. and Mrs. F. Sloane-Stanley attended the [[Social Victorians/1886-07-21 Ball at Marlborough House|21 July 1886 Ball at Marlborough House]].
== Footnotes ==
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      <text bytes="69805" sha1="3wathr79l4wf1ek3bm5kby5pkfkhvjw" xml:space="preserve">==Also Known As==
* Family name: Bourke [pronounced ''burk'']&lt;ref name=&quot;:62&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2024-05-07|title=Earl of Mayo|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Earl_of_Mayo&amp;oldid=1222668659|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earl_of_Mayo.&lt;/ref&gt;
* The Hon. Algernon Bourke
* Mrs. Gwendolen Bourke
** Gwendoline&lt;ref name=&quot;:14&quot;&gt;City of Westminster Archives Centre; London, England; ''Westminster Church of England Parish Registers''; Reference: ''SPWP/PR/1/2''. Ancestry.com. ''Westminster, London, England, Church of England Births and Baptisms, 1813-1919'' [database on-line]. Lehi, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2020.&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|Births and Baptisms}}
** Gwendolen&lt;ref&gt;General Register Office. ''England and Wales Civil Registration Indexes''. London, England: General Register Office. FreeBMD. ''England &amp; Wales, Civil Registration Marriage Index, 1837-1915''[database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations Inc, 2006.&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|Marriage Index}} &lt;ref name=&quot;:15&quot; /&gt;{{rp|''Morning Post'' article about her name}} &lt;ref&gt;General Register Office. ''England and Wales Civil Registration Indexes''. London, England: General Register Office. FreeBMD. ''England &amp; Wales, Civil Registration Marriage Index, 1837-1915''[database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations Inc, 2006.&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|Electoral Register}}
* See also the [[Social Victorians/People/Mayo|page for the Earl of Mayo]], the Hon. Algernon Bourke's father, and other Bourkes

== Overview ==
Although the Hon. Algernon Henry Bourke was born in Dublin in 1854 and came from a family whose title is in the Peerage of Ireland,&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;1911 England Census.&lt;/ref&gt; he seems to have spent much of his adult life generally in England and especially in London. Because he was the son of the [[Social Victorians/People/Mayo|Earl of Mayo]], perhaps, or perhaps because he was so involved in projects that got reported on, he was mentioned a great deal in the newspapers, but after his bankruptcy, he seems to have receded in prominence, in part because he was living outside of the U.K.

Mrs. Gwendolen Bourke was a noted horsewoman and an excellent shot, exhibited at dog shows successfully and was &quot;an appreciative listener to good music.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Vanity Fair.&quot; ''Lady of the House'' 15 June 1899, Thursday: 4 [of 44], Col. 2c [of 2]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0004836/18990615/019/0004.&lt;/ref&gt; She attended many social events without her husband, especially into the 20th century, usually with an appreciative description of what she wore. She was a sponsor of Irish art needlework as well. Unlike her husband's, Gwendolen's social status seems to have risen as time passed, and she appears in stories associated with the Princess of Wales, and then later with Queen Alexandra.

The Hon. Algernon Bourke and Mr. Algernon Bourke, depending on the newspaper article, were the same person. Calling him Mr. Bourke in the newspapers, especially when considered as a businessman or (potential) member of Parliament, does not rule out the son of an earl, who would normally be accorded the honorific of ''Honorable''.

== Acquaintances, Friends and Enemies ==

=== Algernon Bourke ===

* [[Social Victorians/People/Montrose|Marcus Henry Milner]], &quot;one of the zealous assistants of that well-known firm of stockbrokers, Messrs. Bourke and Sandys&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot;&gt;&quot;Metropolitan Notes.&quot; ''Nottingham Evening Post'' 31 July 1888, Tuesday: 4 [of 4], Col. 2a [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000321/18880731/025/0004.&lt;/ref&gt;
* Caroline, Duchess of Montrose — her &quot;legal advisor&quot; on the day of her marriage to Marcus Henry Milner&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Metropolitan Notes.&quot; ''Nottingham Evening Post'' 31 July 1888, Tuesday: 4 [of 4], Col. 1b [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000321/18880731/025/0004.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Gwendolen Bourke ===

* Lord and Lady Alington, Belvedere House, Scarborough

== Organizations ==

=== Gwendolen Bourke ===

* Member, the Ladies Committee for the Prince's Skating Club, which also included [[Social Victorians/People/Princess Louise|Princess Louise]] (Duchess of Argyll), the [[Social Victorians/People/Portland|Duchess of Portland]], [[Social Victorians/People/Londonderry|Lady Londonderry]], [[Social Victorians/People/Campbell|Lady Archibald Campbell]], [[Social Victorians/People/Ribblesdale|Lady Ribblesdale]], and [[Social Victorians/People/Asquith|Mrs. Asquith]]&lt;ref name=&quot;:11&quot;&gt;&quot;What the 'World' Says.&quot; ''Northwich Guardian'' 01 November 1902, Saturday: 6 [of 8], Col. 8a [of 9]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001975/19021101/134/0006. Print title: The ''Guardian'', p. 6.&lt;/ref&gt; (1902, at least)

=== Algernon Bourke ===
* Eton
* Cambridge University, Trinity College, 1873, Michaelmas term&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot;&gt;Cambridge University Alumni, 1261–1900. Via Ancestry.&lt;/ref&gt;
* Conservative Party
* 1879: Appointed a Poor Law Inspector in Ireland, Relief of Distress Act
* 1885: Office of the 7th Surrey Rifles Regiment&lt;ref&gt;&quot;7th Surrey Rifles.&quot; ''South London Press'' 08 August 1885, Saturday: 12 [of 16], Col. 4a [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000213/18850808/165/0012. Print p. 12.&lt;/ref&gt;
* Special Correspondent of The ''Times'' for the Zulu War, accompanying Lord Chelmsford
* Head, Messrs. Bourke and Sandys, &quot;that well-known firm of stockbrokers&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt; ( – 1901 [at least])
* White's gentleman's club, St. James's,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2024-10-09|title=White's|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White's|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White%27s.&lt;/ref&gt; Manager (1897)&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Side Lights on Drinking.&quot; ''Waterford Standard'' 28 April 1897, Wednesday: 3 [of 4], Col. 7a [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001678/18970428/053/0003.&lt;/ref&gt;
* Willis's Rooms&lt;blockquote&gt;... the Hon. Algernon Burke [sic], son of the 6th Earl of Mayo, has turned the place into a smart restaurant where choice dinners are served and eaten while a stringed band discourses music. Willis's Rooms are now the favourite dining place for ladies who have no club of their own, or for gentlemen who are debarred by rules from inviting ladies to one of their own clubs. The same gentleman runs a hotel in Brighton, and has promoted several clubs. He has a special faculty for organising places of the kind, without which such projects end in failure.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Lenten Dullness.&quot; ''Cheltenham Looker-On'' 23 March 1895, Saturday: 11 [of 24], Col. 2c [of 2]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000226/18950323/004/0011. Print p. 275.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

==== Boards of Directors ====
*1883: One of the directors, the Franco-English Tunisian Esparto Fibre Supply Company, Ltd.&lt;ref&gt;''Money Market Review'', 20 Jan 1883 (Vol 46): 124.&lt;/ref&gt;
*1891: One of the founders, the Discount Banking Company, Ltd., which says Algernon Bourke is a director of District Messenger Services and News Company, Ltd.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Public Company.&quot; ''Nottingham Journal'' 31 October 1891, Saturday: 4 [of 8], Col. 8a [of 8]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001896/18911031/099/0004. Print title: ''The Nottingham Daily Express'', p. 4.&lt;/ref&gt;
*1894: One of the directors, the Frozen Lake, Ltd., with Admiral Maxse, Lord [[Social Victorians/People/Beresford|Marcus Beresford]], [[Social Victorians/People/Williams|Hwfa Williams]]&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The Frozen Lake, Limited.&quot; ''St James's Gazette'' 08 June 1894, Friday: 15 [of 16], Col. 4a [of 4]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001485/18940608/085/0015. Print p. 15.&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Committees ====

*Member, Men's Committee of the Prince's Skating Club, which also included Lord Edward Cecil, Lord Redesdale, Mr. [[Social Victorians/People/Lyttelton|Alfred Lyttelton]], Sir Edgar Vincent, Sir William Hart Dyke, and Mr. [[Social Victorians/People/Grenfell|W. H. Grenfell]]&lt;ref name=&quot;:11&quot; /&gt; (1902, at least)
*[[Social Victorians/Timeline/1896#25 March 1896, Wednesday|The Sala Memorial Fund]], member of the committee (from 25 March 1896)
* Member of an &quot;influential committee&quot; headed by the Lord Mayor &quot;to restore salmon to the Thames&quot; (June 1899)&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Salmon in the Thames.&quot; ''Berks and Oxon Advertiser'' 30 June 1899, Friday: 5 [of 8], Col. 4a [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002298/18990630/079/0005. Print n.p.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Timeline ==
'''1872 February 8''', Richard Bourke, 6th Earl of Mayo was assassinated while inspecting a &quot;convict settlement at Port Blair in the Andaman Islands ... by Sher Ali Afridi, a former Afghan soldier.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2024-12-01|title=Richard Bourke, 6th Earl of Mayo|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Bourke,_6th_Earl_of_Mayo|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Bourke,_6th_Earl_of_Mayo.&lt;/ref&gt; The Hon. Algernon's brother Dermot became the 7th Earl at 19 years old.&lt;p&gt;

'''1876 November 24, Friday''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke was one of 6 men (2 students, one of whom was Bourke; 2 doctors; a tutor and another man) from Cambridge who gave evidence as witnesses in an inquest about the death from falling off a horse of a student.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The Fatal Accident to a Sheffield Student at Cambridge.&quot; ''Sheffield Independent'' 25 November 1876, Saturday: 7 [of 12], Col. 5a [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000181/18761125/040/0007. Print title: ''Sheffield and Rotherham Independent'', n. p.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;p&gt;

'''1881 May 10, Tuesday''', Algernon Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1881#1881 May 10, Tuesday|wedding of Marion Lascelles, eldest daughter of the Hon. Egremont W. Lascelles, brother of the Earl of Harewood, and Lieutenant Henry Dent Brocklehurst, of the Second Life Guards, nephew of Mr. Philip Brocklehurst, of Swithamley Park, Macclesfield]]. His gift was an &quot;old enamelled watch set in pearls.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Nuptial Rejoicings at Middlethorpe Manor. Marriage of Miss Lascelles and Lieut. Brocklehurst.&quot; ''Yorkshire Gazette'' 14 May 1881, Saturday: 9 [of 12], Cols. 3a–4a [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive''https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000266/18810514/057/0009. Print same title and p.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;p&gt;

'''1884 May 3, Saturday''', the &quot;Rochester Conservatives&quot; announced that they would &quot;bring forward the Hon. Algernon Bourke, brother of Lord Mayo, as their second candidate,&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Election Intelligence.&quot; ''Yorkshire Gazette'' 03 May 1884, Saturday: 4 [of 12], Col. 6a [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000266/18840503/011/0004.&lt;/ref&gt; but because he could not be the first candidate, Bourke declined.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Rochester.&quot; London ''Daily Chronicle'' 09 May 1884, Friday: 3 [of 8], Col. 8b [of 8]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0005049/18840509/049/0003.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;p&gt;

'''1884 June 18, Wednesday''', Mr. Algernon Bourke was on a committee to watch a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1884#18 June 1884, Wednesday|Mr. Bishop's &quot;thought-reading&quot; experiment]], which was based on a challenge by Henry Labourchere made the year before. This &quot;experiment&quot; took place before a fashionable audience.&lt;p&gt;

'''1885 October 3, Saturday''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke was named as the Conservative candidate for Clapham in the Battersea and Clapham borough after the Redistribution Bill determined the electoral districts for South London.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;South London Candidates.&quot; ''South London Press'' 03 October 1885, Saturday: 9 [of 16], Col. 5b [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000213/18851003/096/0009. Print p. 9.&lt;/ref&gt; The Liberal candidate, who won, was Mr. J. F. Moulton.&lt;p&gt;

'''1886 July 21, Wednesday''', Algernon Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/1886-07-21 Ball at Marlborough House|Ball at Marlborough House]], as did a Mr. and Mrs. F. Sloane-Stanley, who may be related to the Gwendolen Sloane-Stanley who married Bourke on 15 December 1887.&lt;p&gt;

'''1886 July 27, Tuesday''', Algernon Bourke attended a service honoring a memorial at St. Paul's for his father, who had been assassinated.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Memorial to the Late Earl of Mayo.&quot; ''Northern Whig'' 28 July 1886, Wednesday: 6 [of 8], Col. 6b [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000434/18860728/143/0006. Print p. 6.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;p&gt;

'''1886 September 2, Thursday''', Mr. Algernon Bourke was part of a group of mostly aristocratic men taking part in [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1886#8 September 1886, Wednesday|a &quot;trial-rehearsal&quot; as part of Augustus Harris's production]] ''A Run of Luck'', about sports.&lt;p&gt;

'''1886 October 2, Saturday''', the Duke of Beaufort and the Hon. Algernon Bourke arrived in Yougal: &quot;His grace has taken a residence at Lismore for a few weeks, to enjoy some salmon fishing on the Blackwater before the close of the season.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Chippenham.&quot; ''Wilts and Gloucestershire Standard'' 02 October 1886, Saturday: 8 [of 8], Col. 6a [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001955/18861002/142/0008. Print p. 8.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;p&gt;

'''1886 December 30, Thursday''', Algernon Bourke was back in London and attending the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1886#1886 December 30, Thursday|&quot;Forty Thieves&quot; pantomime at the Drury Lane Theatre]].&lt;p&gt;

'''1887 May''', a &quot;signalling incident&quot; in 1907 [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1887#May 1887|caused the Waterford ''Evening News'' to recall a similar event]] that had occurred 20 years earlier, in which Algernon Bourke, as special correspondent for the ''Times'', caused the incident to be publicized:&lt;blockquote&gt;During the manoeuvres in connection with the 1887 Jubilee of Queen Victoria a signal was observed going up from [[Social Victorians/People/Beresford|Lord Charles[ Beresford]]]'s ship. It was a message to his wife, Lady Beresford, to the effect that, as he should be late for dinner, she was not to wait. Beyond the hilarity this domestic signal evoked, nothing more would have been heard of it, but Mr. Algernon Bourke (Lord Mayo's brother) was acting as special correspondent for the &quot;Times,&quot; and that paper the next morning contained a full and humorous report of the incident. Then there was trouble.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Signalling Incident.&quot; ''Evening News'' (Waterford) 13 November 1907, Wednesday: 1 [of 4], Col. 6c [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0004557/19071113/021/0001.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''1887 December 15''', Hon. Algernon Bourke and Gwendolen Stanley were married at St. Paul's, Knightsbridge, by Bourke's uncle the Hon. and Rev. George Bourke. Only family members attended because of &quot;the recent death of a near relative of the bride.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Court Circular.&quot; ''Morning Post'' 16 December 1887, Friday: 5 [of 8], Col. 7c [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000174/18871216/066/0005.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;p&gt;

'''1888 July 26''', [[Social Victorians/People/Montrose|Caroline Graham Stirling-Crawford]] (known as Mr. Manton for her horse-breeding and -racing operations) and Marcus Henry Milner married.&lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot;&gt;&quot;Hon. Caroline Agnes Horsley-Beresford.&quot; {{Cite web|url=https://thepeerage.com/p6863.htm#i68622|title=Person Page|website=thepeerage.com|access-date=2020-11-21}}&lt;/ref&gt; According to the ''Nottingham Evening Post'' of 31 July 1888,&lt;blockquote&gt;LONDON GOSSIP.

(From the ''World''.)

The marriage of &quot;Mr. Manton&quot; was the surprise as well the sensation of last week. Although some wise people noticed a certain amount of youthful ardour in the attentions paid by Mr. Marcus Henry Milner to Caroline Duchess of Montrose at '''Mrs. Oppenheim's ball''', nobody was prepared for the sudden ''dénouement''; '''and it''' were not for the accidental and unseen presence [[Social Victorians/People/Mildmay|a well-known musical amateur]] who had received permission to practice on the organ, the ceremony performed at half-past nine on Thursday morning at St. Andrew's, Fulham, by the Rev. Mr. Propert, would possibly have remained a secret for some time to come. Although the evergreen Duchess attains this year the limit of age prescribed the Psalmist, the bridegroom was only born in 1864. Mr. &quot;Harry&quot; Milner (familiarly known in the City as &quot;Millions&quot;) was one of the zealous assistants of that well-known firm of stockbrokers, Messrs. Bourke and Sandys, and Mr. Algernon Bourke, the head of the house (who, of course, takes a fatherly interest in the match) went down to Fulham to give away the Duchess. The ceremony was followed by a ''partie carrée'' luncheon at the Bristol, and the honeymoon began with a visit to the Jockey Club box at Sandown. Mr. Milner and the Duchess of Montrose have now gone to Newmarket. The marriage causes a curious reshuffling of the cards of affinity. Mr. Milner is now the stepfather of the [[Social Victorians/People/Montrose|Duke of Montrose]], his senior by twelve years; he is also the father-in-law of [[Social Victorians/People/Lady Violet Greville|Lord Greville]], Mr. Murray of Polnaise, and [[Social Victorians/People/Breadalbane|Lord Breadalbane]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''1888 December 1st week''', according to &quot;Society Gossip&quot; from the ''World'', the Hon. Algernon Bourke was suffering from malaria, presumably which he caught when he was in South Africa:&lt;blockquote&gt;I am sorry to hear that Mr. Algernon Bourke, who married Miss Sloane-Stanley a short time ago, has been very dangerously ill. Certain complications followed an attack of malarian fever, and last week his mother, the Dowager Lady Mayo, and his brother, Lord Mayo, were hastily summoned to Brighton. Since then a change for the better has taken place, and he is now out of danger.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Society Gossip. What the ''World'' Says.&quot; ''Hampshire Advertiser'' 08 December 1888, Saturday: 2 [of 8], Col. 5b [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000495/18881208/037/0002. Print title: ''The Hampshire Advertiser County Newspaper''; print p. 2.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''1889 – 1899 January 1''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke was &quot;proprietor&quot; of White's Club, St. James's Street.&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot;&gt;&quot;The Hon. Algernon Bourke's Affairs.&quot; ''Eastern Morning News'' 19 October 1899, Thursday: 6 [of 8], Col. 7c [of7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001152/18991019/139/0006. Print p. 6.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;p&gt;

'''1889 June 8, Saturday''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke contributed some art he owned to the collection of the Royal Institute of Painters in Water-Colours' [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1889#8 June 1889, Saturday|exhibition of &quot;the works of the 'English Humourists in Art.'&quot;]]&lt;p&gt;

'''1891 November 22, Sunday''', the London Weekly Dispatch reports a performance by American &quot;Lady Magnet&quot; Mrs. Abbott, who claimed to be able to lift anybody using only her magnetic properties. An enthusiastic &quot;committee of some fifteen gentlemen presented a written and signed testimonial&quot; supporting Mrs. Abbott, &quot;the Hon. Algernon Bourke, Professor Atkinson, Dr. Hides, and three other doctors who prefer to remain incog., being among the signatories. All the medical gentlemen concerned assured the ''Evening News and Post'' reporter of their complete and unconditional surrender. One of them went so far as to say that he had come with the full determination of disbelieving, but had been quite able to act up to his resolve.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The Lady Magnet. Draws Crowds of People Who Divide in Opinion about Her.&quot; ''Weekly Dispatch'' (London) 22 November 1891, Sunday: 16 [of 16], Cols. 3a–4b [of 4]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003358/18911122/203/0016. Print: same title and p.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;p&gt;

'''1892''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke privately published his ''The History of White's'', the exclusive gentleman's club.&lt;p&gt;

'''1893 February 11, Tuesday''', Algernon Bourke opened Willis's Restaurant:&lt;blockquote&gt;Mr. Algernon Bourke has in his time done many things, and has generally done them well. His recently published history of White's Club is now a standard work. White's Club itself was a few years ago in its agony when Mr. Bourke stepped in and gave it a renewed lease of life. Under Mr. Bourke's auspices &quot;Willis's Restaurant&quot; opened its doors to the public on Tuesday last in a portion of the premises formerly so well known as Willis's Rooms. This new venture is to rival the Amphitryon in the matter of cuisine and wines; but it is not, like the Amphitryon, a club, but open to the public generally. Besides the restaurant proper, there are several ''cabinets particuliers'', and these are decorated with the very best of taste, and contain some fine portraits of the Georges.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Marmaduke.&quot; &quot;Letter from the Linkman.&quot; ''Truth'' 20 April 1893, Thursday: 25 [of 56], Col. 1a [of 2]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' [https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002961/18930420/075/0025# https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002961/18930420/075/0025]. Print p. 855.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''1893 April 1, Saturday''', Algernon Bourke published a letter to the editor of the ''Times'', reprinted in the ''Kildare Observer'', arguing against Gladstone's Home Rule bill on the grounds that Ireland would not be able to take out a loan on its own behalf because of its obligations to the U.K., including what was called its share of the national debt.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Irish Unionist Alliance.&quot; ''Kildare Observer and Eastern Counties Advertiser'' 01 April 1893, Saturday: 6 [of 8], Col. 4c [of 5]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001870/18930401/062/0006. Print: The ''Kildare Observer'', n.p.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;p&gt;

'''1893 July 14, Friday''', Gwendolen Bourke attended [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1893#1893 July 14, Friday|the races at Sandown]] wearing an outfit and hat that got described in the newspaper.&lt;p&gt;

'''1893 November 30, Thursday''', with Sir Walter Gilbey the Hon. Algernon Bourke &quot;assisted&quot; in &quot;forming [a] collection&quot; of engravings by George Morland that was exhibited at Messrs. J. and W. Vokins’s, Great Portland-street.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The George Morland Exhibition at Vokins's.&quot; ''Sporting Life'' 30 November 1893, Thursday: 4 [of 4], Col. 4c [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000893/18931130/058/0004.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;p&gt;

'''1894 January 31, Wednesday''', Algernon and Gwendolen Bourke, who was dressed more stylishly than most, attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1894#Also 31 January 1894, Wednesday|Kildare Hunt Ball]] hosted by Dermot, [[Social Victorians/People/Mayo|Earl of Mayo]] and Geraldine, Countess of Mayo.&lt;p&gt;

'''1895 February 23, Saturday''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1895#23 February 1895, Saturday|fashionable wedding of Laurence Currie and Edith Sibyl Mary Finch]]. Gwendolen Bourke is not listed as having attended, but she is not noted as absent, either. Daphne Bourke was born on 5 April 1895, probably explaining Gwendolen's absence.&lt;p&gt;

'''1895 April 27, Saturday''', Algernon Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1895#1895 April 27, Saturday|wedding of Norah Bourke and Henry E. A. Lindsay]]. Again, Gwendolen Bourke is not listed as having attended, Daphne Bourke was born on 5 April 1895.&lt;p&gt;

'''1895 August 24, Saturday''', &quot;Marmaduke&quot; in the ''Graphic'' says that Algernon Bourke &quot;opened a cyclists' club in Chelsea.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Marmaduke.&quot; &quot;Court and Club.&quot; The ''Graphic'' 24 August 1895, Saturday: 11 [of 32], Col. 3c [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/9000057/18950824/017/0011. Print p. 223.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;p&gt;

'''1895 October''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#24 October 1902, Friday|opened the Prince's ice-skating rink for the season]].&lt;p&gt;

'''1896 April 21, Monday''', Mr. and Mrs. A. Bourke sent a gift — a &quot;box for miniature&quot; — for [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1896#Monday, 1896 April 27|the wedding of Lady Angela St. Clair Erskine and James Stewart Forbes]].&lt;p&gt;

'''1896 June 29, Monday''', Algernon Bourke published a letter to the editor of the ''Daily Telegraph'':&lt;blockquote&gt;To the Editor of “The Daily Telegraph.”

Sir — Permit me to make my bow to the public. I am the manager of the Summer Club, which on two occasions bas been the subject of Ministerial interpellation in Parliament. The Summer Club is a small combination, which conceived the idea of attempting to make life more pleasant in London by organising breakfast, luncheon, and teas in Kensington Gardens for its members. This appears to have given offence in some way to Dr. Tanner, with the result that the catering arrangements of the club are now &quot;by order&quot; thrown open to the public. No one is more pleased than I am at the result of the doctor's intervention, for it shows that the idea the Summer Club had of using the parks for something more than mere right of way bas been favourably received. In order, however, that the great British public may not be disappointed, should they all come to lunch at once, I think it necessary to explain that the kitchen, which by courtesy of the lessee of the kiosk our cook was permitted to use, is only 10ft by 5ft; it has also to serve as a scullery and pantry, and the larder, from which our luxurious viands are drawn, is a four-wheeled cab, which comes up every day with the food and returns after lunch with the scraps. Nevertheless, the Summer Club says to the British public — What we have we will share with you, though it don't amount to very much — I am, Sir, your obedient servant,

ALGERNON BOURKE.

White's Club, June 27&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The Summer Club.&quot; ''Daily Telegraph &amp; Courier'' (London) 29 June 1896, Monday: 8 [of 12], Col. 2b [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001112/18960629/072/0008. Print title: ''Daily Telegraph'', p. 8.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''1896 July 4, Saturday''', &quot;Marmaduke&quot; in the ''Graphic'' took Bourke's side on the Summer Club in Kensington Park:&lt;blockquote&gt;Most of us have noticed that if we read in the newspapers the account of some matter which we are personally acquainted with the account will generally contain several errors. I have also noticed that when a question is asked in the House of Commons regarding some matter about which I know all the facts the question and the official answer to it frequently contain serious errors. Last week Mr. Akers-Douglas was asked in the House to explain how it was that Mr. Algernon Bourke obtained permission to open the &quot;Summer Club&quot; in Kensington Gardens, and he was questioned upon other particulars connected with the same matter. Both the questions and the official reply showed considerable ignorance of the facts. There has been from time immemorial a refreshment kiosk in Kensington Gardens. Mr. Bourke obtained from the tenant of this permission to use the kitchen for the benefit of the &quot;Summer Club,&quot; and to supply the members of the latter with refreshments. It was a purely commercial transaction. Mr. Bourke then established some wicker seats, a few tables, a tent, and a small hut upon a lawn in the neighbourhood of the kiosk. To do this he must have obtained the permission of Mr. Akers-Douglas, as obviously he would otherwise have been immediately ordered to remove them. Mr. Akers-Douglas equally obviously would not have given his sanction unless he had been previously informed of the objects which Mr. Bourke had in view — to wit, that the latter intended to establish a club there. That being the case, it is difficult to understand for what reason Mr. Akers-Douglas has now decided that any member of the public can use the chairs, tables, and tent belonging to the &quot;Summer Club,&quot; can insist upon the club servants attending upon him, and can compel them to supply him with refreshments. Mr. Akers-Douglas should have thought of the consequences before he granted the permission.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Marmaduke.&quot; &quot;Court and Club.&quot; The ''Graphic'' 04 July 1896, Saturday: 14 [of 32], Col. 1b [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/9000057/18960704/029/0014. Print p. 14.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''1896 August 5, Wednesday''', Algernon and Gwendolen Bourke attended at the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1896#5 August 1896|wedding of the Hon. Terence Bourke and Miss Eveline Haines]] and gave the bride an &quot;enamel muff chain.&quot;&lt;p&gt;

'''1896 August 10, Monday''', the Morning Leader reported that the Hon. Algernon Bourke, for the Foreign Office, received Li Hung Chang at St. Paul's:&lt;blockquote&gt;At St. Paul's Li Hung was received by Field-Marshal Simmons, Colonel Lane, the Hon. Algernon Bourke, of the Foreign Office (who made the necessary arrangements for the visit) and Canon Newbolt, on behalf of the Dean and Chapter. A crowd greeted Li with a cheer as he drove up in Lord Lonsdale’s striking equipage, and his Excellency was carried up the steps in an invalid chair by two stalwart constables. He walked through the centre door with his suite, and was immediately conducted by Canon Newbolt to General Gordon’s tomb in the north aisle, where a detachment of boys from the Gordon Home received him as a guard of honor.

Li inspected the monument with marked interest, and drew the attention of his suite to the remarkable likeness to the dead hero. He laid a handsome wreath of royal purple asters, lilies, maidenhair fern, and laurel, tied with a broad band of purple silk, on the tomb.

The visit was not one of inspection of the building, but on passing the middle aisle the interpreter called the attention of His Excellency to the exquisite architecture and decoration of the chancel. Li shook hands in hearty English fashion with Canon Newbolt and the other gentlemen who had received him, and, assisted by his two sons, walked down the steps to his carriage. He returned with his suite to Carlton House-terrace by way of St. Paul’s Churchyard, Cannon-st., Queen Victoria-st., and the Embankment.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;At St. Paul's.&quot; ''Morning Leader'' 10 August 1896, Monday: 7 [of 12], Col. 2b [of 5]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0004833/18960810/134/0007. Print p. 7.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''1896 August 19, Wednesday''', the ''Edinburgh Evening News'' reported on the catering that White's Club and Mr Algernon Bourke arranged for the visiting Li Hung Chang:&lt;blockquote&gt;It is probably not generally known (says the &quot;Chef&quot;) that Mr Algernon Bourke, manager of White's Club, London, has undertaken to the whole of the catering for our illustrious visitor front the Flowery Land. Li Hung Chang has five native cooks in his retinue, and the greatest good fellowship exists between them and their English ''confreres'', although considerable difficulty is experienced in conversation in understanding one another's meaning. There are between 40 and and 50 to cater for daily, besides a staff about 30; that Mr Lemaire finds his time fully occupied. The dishes for his Excellency are varied and miscellaneous, and from 14 to 20 courses are served at each meal. The bills of fare contain such items as bird's-nest soup, pigs' kidneys stewed in cream, boiled ducks and green ginger, sharks' fins, shrinips and prawns stewed with leeks and muscatel grapes, fat pork saute with peas and kidney beans. The meal usually winds with fruit and sponge cake, and freshly-picked green tea as liqueur.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Li Hung Chang's Diet.&quot; ''Edinburgh Evening News'' 19 August 1896, Wednesday: 3 [of 4], Col. 8b [of 8]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000452/18960819/057/0003.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''1896 November 6, Friday''', Algernon Bourke was on the committee for [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1896#1896 November 6, Friday|the Prince's Club ice-skating rink, which opened on this day]].&lt;p&gt;

'''1896 November 25, Wednesday''', Mr. and Mrs. Algernon Bouke attended [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1896#23 November 1896, Monday23 November 1896, Monday|Lord and Lady Burton's party for Derby Day]].&lt;p&gt;

'''1896 December 4, Friday''', the Orleans Club at Brighton was robbed:&lt;blockquote&gt;The old building of the Orleans Club at Brighton, which opens its new club house at 33, Brunswick-terrace to-day, was the scene of a very ingenious burglary during the small hours of yesterday morning. The greater portion of the club property had already been removed to the new premises, but Mr Algernon Bourke, his private secretary, and some of the officials of the club, still occupied bed-rooms at the house in the King’s-road. The corner shop of the street front is occupied by Mr. Marx, a jeweller in a large way of business, and upon his manager arriving at nine o'clock he discovered that the place had been entered through hole in the ceiling, and a great part of a very valuable stock of jewelry extracted. An examination of the morning rooms of the club, which runs over Mr. Marx's establishment reveal a singularly neat  specimen of the burglar's art. A piece of the flooring about 15in square had been removed by a series of holes bored side by side with a centre-bit, at a spot where access to the lofty shop was rendered easy by a tall showcase which stood convemently near. A massive iron girder had been avoided by a quarter of an inch, and this circumstance and the general finish of the operation point to an artist in his profession, who had acquired an intimate knowledge of the premises. The club doors were all found locked yesterday morning, and the means of egress adopted by the thief are at present a mystery.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Burglary at Brighton.&quot; ''Daily Telegraph &amp; Courier'' (London) 05 December 1896, Saturday: 5 [of 12], Col. 7a [of 7]. British Newspaper Archive https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001112/18961205/090/0005. Print title: ''Daily Telegraph''; p. 5.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''1896 December 10, Thursday''', Gwendolen Bourke was present to help staff a stall at the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1896#10 December 1896, Thursday|Irish Industries Exhibition and Sale, Brighton]].&lt;p&gt;

'''1897 July 2, Friday''', the Hon. A. and Mrs. A. Bourke and Mr. and Mrs. Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/1897 Fancy Dress Ball | Duchess of Devonshire's fancy-dress ball]] at Devonshire House.&lt;p&gt;

'''1897 July 11–16, week of''', a dog of Gwendolen Bourke's won a prize at the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1897#11–16 July 1897, Week Of|Ladies' Kennel Association show in the Royal Botanic Gardens in Regent's Park]].&lt;p&gt;

'''23 July 1897 — or 30 July 1897 – Friday''', Gwendolen Bourke attended [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1897#23 July 1897, Friday|Lady Burton's party at Chesterfield House]]. &lt;blockquote&gt;Far the prettiest women in the room were Lady Henry Bentinck (who looked perfectly lovely in pale yellow, with a Iong blue sash; and Mrs. Algernon Bourke, who was as smart as possible in pink, with pink and white ruchings on her sleeves and a tall pink feather in her hair.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Lady Burton's Party at Chesterfield House.&quot; ''Belper &amp; Alfreton Chronicle'' 30 July 1897, Friday: 7 [of 8], Col. 1c [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0004151/18970730/162/0007. Print title: ''Belper and Alfreton Chronicle''; n.p.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''1897 October 30, Saturday''', ''Black and White'' published '''J.P.B.'''&lt;nowiki/&gt;'s &quot;The Case of Mrs. Elliott,&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:13&quot;&gt;J.P.B. &quot;The Case of Mrs. Elliott.&quot; ''Black &amp; White'' 30 October 1897, Saturday: 12 [of 34], Cols. 1a–2b [of 2]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0004617/18971030/036/0012. Print title ''Black and White'', p. 542.&lt;/ref&gt; an odd short short story in which the Honourable Algernon Bourke Herriott is &quot;rude to Mrs. Elliott,&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:13&quot; /&gt;{{rp|Col. 2b}} presumably having proposed that they have sexual relations while her husband is out. J.P.B. links to the biographical Algernon Bourke's career in the stock market in the description of Mrs. Christine Elliott not even simulating interest in her husband's bicycling: &quot;a soul is a grievous burthen for a stockbroker's wife,&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:13&quot; /&gt;{{rp|Col. 2a}} suggesting that Mr. Elliott rather than Algernon Bourke Herriott is the stockbroker. The Hon. Algy&lt;blockquote&gt;was a senior member of several junior clubs. A woman had dubbed him once &quot;a rip with a taste for verses.&quot; The description was severe, but not unwarranted. His was a pretty pagan sensualism, though, singing from a wine palate to Church music. For the rest, he had just imagination enough to despise mediocrity.&lt;ref name=&quot;:13&quot; /&gt;{{rp|Col. 2a}}&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''1897 December 30''', Algernon and Gwendolen Bourke attended a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1897#30 December 1897, Thursday|party at Blenheim Palace in which people performed tableaux vivants]] that got reported on, many of whom wearing the costumes from the Duchess of Devonshire's ball. The ''Irish Independent'' said Algernon Bourke was &quot;mainly responsible for the living pictures.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Mr Algernon Bourke ....&quot; ''Irish Independent'' 05 January 1898, Wednesday: 6 [of 8], Col. 2c [of 8]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001985/18980105/115/0006.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;p&gt;

'''1898 April 12, Tuesday''', Algernon Bourke was in [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1898#1898 April 12, Tuesday|Monte Carlo according to the ''Gentlewoman'']].&lt;p&gt;

'''1899 January 10, Tuesday''', the Brighton Championship Dog Show opened:&lt;blockquote&gt;Princess of Wales a Winner at the Ladies’ Kennel Club Show.

[Exclusive to &quot;The Leader.&quot;)

The Brighton Championship Dog Show opened in the Dome and Corn Exchange yesterday, and was very well patronised by visitors and exhibitors. Among the latter was H.R.H. the Princess of Wales, who did very well; and others included Princess Sophie Duleep Singh, Countess De Grey, Sir Edgar Boehm, the Hon Mrs. Algernon Bourke, Lady Cathcart, Lady Reid, Mr. Shirley (chairman of the Kennel Club), and the Rev. Hans Hamiiton (president of the Kennel Club).

The entry of bloodhounds is one of the best seen for some time; the Great Danes are another strong lot; deerhounds are a fine entry, all good dogs, and most of the best kennels represented; borzois are another very stylish lot. The bigger dogs are, as usual, in the Corn Exchange and the &quot;toy&quot; dogs in the Dome. To everyone's satsfaction the Princess of Wales carried off two first prizes with Alex in the borzois class.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Dogs at Brighton.&quot; ''Morning Leader'' 11 January 1899, Wednesday: 8 [of 12], Col. 3b [of 5]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0004833/18990111/142/0008. Print p. 8.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''1899 January 11, Wednesday''', Gwendolen Bourke attended [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1899#11 January 1899, Wednesday|a luncheon at Stanfield-hall, home of Mr. and Mrs. Basil Montogomery, for Princess Henry of Battenberg]], that also included the Countess of Dudley (sister of Mrs. Montgomery), General Oliphant, and the Mayor and Mayoress of Romsey.&lt;p&gt;

'''1899 February 7, Tuesday''', Gwendolen Bourke was a member of the very high-ranking committee organizing a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1899#1899 February 7, Tuesday|ball at the Hotel Cecil on 7 February 1899]].&lt;p&gt;

'''1899 June 1, Thursday''', the Hon. Algernon and Gwendolen Bourke attended the wedding of her brother, Sloane Stanley and Countess Cairns at Holy Trinity Church, Brompton.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Marriage of Mr. Sloane Stanley and Countess Cairns.&quot; ''Hampshire Advertiser'' 03 June 1899, Saturday: 6 [of 8], Col. 3b [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000495/18990603/049/0006. Print p. 6.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;p&gt;

'''1899 July 1, Saturday''', Algernon Bourke attended a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1899#1 July 1899, Saturday|meeting in London at the Duke of Westminster's Grosvenor House]] about preserving Killarney as part of the National Trust and seems to have been acting for someone who wanted to purchase the Muckross Estate.&lt;p&gt;

'''1899 October 19, Thursday''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke had a bankruptcy hearing:&lt;blockquote&gt;The public examination of the Hon. Algernon Bourke was held before Mr Registrar Giffard yesterday, at the London Bankruptcy Court. The debtor, described as proprietor of a St. James's-street club, furnished a statement of affairs showing unsecured debts £13,694 and debts fully secured £12,800, with assets which are estimated at £4,489 [?]. He stated, in reply to the Official Receiver, that he was formerly a member of the Stock Exchange, but had nothing to do with the firm of which he was a member during the last ten years. He severed his connection with the firm in May last, and believed he was indebted to them to the extent of £2,000 or £3,000. He repudiated a claim which they now made for £37,300. In 1889 he became proprietor of White's Club, St. James's-street, and carried it on until January 1st last, when he transferred it to a company called Recreations, Limited. One of the objects of the company was to raise money on debentures. The examination was formally adjourned.&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot; /&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''1899 November 8, Wednesday''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke's bankruptcy case came up again:&lt;blockquote&gt;At Bankruptcy Court, yesterday, the case the Hon. Algernon Bourke again came on for hearing before Mr. Registrar Giffard, and the examination was concluded. The debtor has at various times been proprietor of White’s Club, St. James’s-street, and the Orleans’ Club, Brighton, and also of Willis's Restaurant, King-street, St. James's. He attributed his failure to losses sustained by the conversion of White’s Club and the Orleans' Club into limited companies, to the payment of excessive Interest on borrowed money, and other causes. The liabilities amount to £26,590, of which £13,694 are stated to be unsecured, and assets £4,409.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Affairs of the Hon. A. Bourke.&quot; ''Globe'' 09 November 1899, Thursday: 2 [of 8], Col. 1c [of 5]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001652/18991109/020/0002. Print p. 2.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''1899 December 23, Saturday''', &quot;Mr. Algernon Bourke has departed for a tour in Africa, being at present the guest of his brother in Tunis.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The Society Pages.&quot; ''Walsall Advertiser'' 23 December 1899, Saturday: 7 [of 8], Col. 7b [of 8]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001028/18991223/143/0007. Print p. 7.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;p&gt;

'''1900 February 15, Thursday''', Daphne Bourke, the four-year-old daughter of the Hon. Algernon and Mrs. Bourke was a bridesmaid in the wedding of Enid Wilson and the Earl of Chesterfield, so presumably her parents were present, although they are not mentioned.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;London Day by Day.&quot; ''Daily Telegraph'' 15 February 1900, Thursday: 8 [of 12], Col. 3b [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001112/19000215/175/0008. Name in British Newspaper Archive: ''Daily Telegraph &amp; Courier'' (London). Print p. 8.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;p&gt;

'''1900 September 16''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke became the heir presumptive to the Earldom of Mayo when his older brother Captain Hon. Sir Maurice Archibald Bourke died.&lt;p&gt;

'''1900 October 06, Saturday''', the ''Weekly Irish Times'' says that Mr. Algernon Bourke, now heir presumptive to the earldom of Mayo, &quot;has been for some months lately staying with Mr. Terence Bourke in Morocco.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Society Gossip.&quot; ''Weekly Irish Times'' 06 October 1900, Saturday: 14 [of 20], Col. 3b [of 5]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001684/19001006/121/0014. Print p. 14.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;p&gt;

'''1901 May 30, Thursday''', the Hon. Mrs. Algernon Bourke attended the fashionable [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#1901 May 30, Thursday|Ladies' Kennel Association Dog Show at the Botanic Garden]].&lt;p&gt;

'''1901 July 4, Thursday''', Gwendolen and Daphne Bourke attended a children's party hosted by the Countess of Yarborough:&lt;blockquote&gt;The Countess of Yarborough gave a charming children's party on Thursday (4th) afternoon at her beautiful house in Arlington Street. The spacious ballroom was quite filled with little guests and their mothers. Each little guest received a lovely present from their kind hostess. The Duchess of Beaufort, in grey, and with a large black picture hat, brought her two lovely baby girls, Lady Blanche and Lady Diana Somerset, both in filmy cream [Col. 2b–3a] lace frocks. Lady Gertrude Corbett came with her children, and Ellen Lady Inchiquin with hers. Lady Southampton, in black, with lovely gold embroideries on her bodice, brought her children, as also did Lady Heneage and Mr. and Lady Beatrice Kaye. Lady Blanche Conyngham, in écru lace, over silk, and small straw hat, was there; also Mrs. Smith Barry, in a lovely gown of black and white lace. The Countess of Kilmorey, in a smart grey and white muslin, brought little Lady Cynthia Needham, in white; Mrs. Arthur James, in black and white muslin; and the Countess of Powys, in mauve silk with much white lace; Lady Sassoon, in black and white foulard; Victoria Countess of Yarborough, came on from hearing Mdme. Réjane at Mrs. Wernher's party at Bath House; and there were also present Lord Henry Vane-Tempest, the Earl of Yarborough, Lady Naylor-Leyland's little boys; the pretty children of Lady Constance Combe, Lady Florence Astley and her children, and Lady Meysey Thompson (very smart in mauve and white muslin) with her children; also Hon. Mrs. Algernon Bourke, in pale grey, with her pretty little girl.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The Countess of Yarborough ....&quot; ''Gentlewoman'' 13 July 1901, Saturday: 76 [of 84], Col. 2b, 3a [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003340/19010713/381/0076. Print p. xxxvi.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''1901 July 20, Saturday''', the ''Gentlewoman'' published the Hon. Mrs. Algernon Bourke's portrait (identified with &quot;Perthshire&quot;) in its 3rd series of &quot;The Great County Sale at Earl's Court. Portraits of Stallholders.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The Great County Sale at Earl's Court. Portraits of Stallholders.&quot; ''Gentlewoman'' 20 July 1901, Saturday: 31 [of 60], Col. 4b [of 5]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003340/19010720/141/0031. Print n.p.&lt;/ref&gt; Their daughter Daphne appears in the portrait as well.&lt;p&gt;

'''1901 September 12, Thursday''', Mrs. Gwendolen Bourke wanted her name listed as Mrs. Algernon Bourke in the Electoral Register, apparently a frequent complaint:&lt;blockquote&gt;Mr. Underhill, the Conservative agent, mentioned to the Revising Barrister (Mr. William F. Webster) that the name of the Hon. Mrs. Gwendolen Bourke was on the list in respect of the house, 75, Gloucester-place. The lady had written to him to say that she was the Hon. Mrs. Algernon Bourke and that she wished that name to appear on the register. In reply to the Revising Barrister, Mr. Underhill said that “Algernon” was the name of the lady’s husband.

Mr. Cooke, the rate-collector, said that Mrs. Bourke had asked to be addressed Mrs. Algernon Bourke, but that the Town Clerk thought the address was not a correct one. The lady signed her cheques Gwendolen.”

Mr. Underhill said the agents frequently had indignant letters from ladies because they were not addressed by their husband’s Christian name.

The Revising Barrister — lf a lady gave me the name of Mrs. John Smith I should say I had not got the voter’s name. The name Gwendolen must remain.&lt;ref name=&quot;:15&quot;&gt;&quot;Ladies’ Names.&quot; ''Morning Post'' 12 September 1901, Thursday: 7 [of 10], Col. 3a [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000174/19010912/130/0007. Print p. 7.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''1902 September 4, Thursday''', the ''Daily Express'' reported that &quot;Mrs. Algernon Bourke is staying with Lord and Lady Alington at Scarborough.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Onlooker.&quot; &quot;My Social Diary.&quot; &quot;Where People Are.&quot; ''Daily Express'' 04 September 1902, Thursday: 5 [of 8], Col. 1b? [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0004848/19020904/099/0005. Print p. 4, Col. 7b [of 7].&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;p&gt;

'''1902 October 24, Friday''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#24 October 1902, Friday|opened the Prince's ice-skating rink for the season]], which he had been doing since 1895.&lt;p&gt;

'''1902 October 31, Friday''', the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#31 October 1902, Friday|7th opening of the Prince's Skating Club]]. Guendoline Bourke was on the Women's Committee and Algernon Bourke was on the Men's.&lt;p&gt;

'''1902 December 9, Tuesday''', Gwendolen Bourke attended [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#9 December 1902, Tuesday|Lady Eva Wyndham-Quin's &quot;at home,&quot; held at the Welch Industrial depot]] for the sale Welsh-made Christmas gifts and cards. Bourke wore &quot;a fur coat and a black picture hat.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;A Lady Correspondent.&quot; &quot;Society in London.&quot; ''South Wales Daily News'' 11 December 1902, Thursday: 4 [of 8], Col. 5a [of 8]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000919/19021211/082/0004. Print p. 4.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;p&gt;

'''1903 March 17, Tuesday''', Gwendolen Bourke staffed a booth at a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#1903 March 17, Tuesday|sale of the Irish Industries Association]] on St. Patrick's Day with [[Social Victorians/People/Mayo|Lady Mayo]], [[Social Victorians/People/Dudley|Georgina Lady Dudley]] and [[Social Victorians/People/Beresford|Miss Beresford]]. A number of other aristocratic women were also present at the sale in other booths, including [[Social Victorians/People/Londonderry|Lady Londonderry]] and [[Social Victorians/People/Lucan|Lady Lucan]].&lt;p&gt;

'''1903 June 23, Tuesday''', Gwendolen and Daphne Bourke were invited to a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#1903 June 23, Tuesday|children's party at Buckingham Palace for Prince Eddie's birthday]].&lt;p&gt;

'''1905 February 17, Friday''', the Dundee ''Evening Post'' reported that Algernon Bourke &quot;set up a shop in Venice for the sale of art treasures and old furniture.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Social News.&quot; Dundee ''Evening Post'' 17 February 1905, Friday: 6 [of 6], Col. 7b [of 8]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000582/19050217/105/0006. Print p. 6.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;p&gt;

'''1905, last week of July''', Gwendolen Bourke and daughter Daphne Bourke — who was 10 years old — attended [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#Last week of July, 1905|Lady Cadogan's children's party at Chelsea House]]. Daphne was &quot;One of loveliest little girls present.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Court and Social News.&quot; ''Belfast News-Letter'' 01 August 1905, Tuesday: 7 [of 10], Col. 6b [of 8]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000038/19050801/157/0007. Print p. 7.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;p&gt;

'''1907 May''', a &quot;naval signalling incident&quot; [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1887#May 1887|caused the Waterford ''Evening News'' to recall a similar event]] that had occurred 20 years earlier, in which Algernon Bourke, as special correspondent for the ''Times'', publicized [[Social Victorians/People/Beresford|Lord Charles Beresford]]'s use of his ship's signalling capabilities to send a message to his wife about being late for dinner:&lt;blockquote&gt;

The naval signalling incident is still in the air. It is expected that the matter will not be threshed out until Emperor William leaves England. A story of a former signalling incident in which [[Social Victorians/People/Beresford|Lord Charles Beresford]] was concerned is going the rounds at the moment.&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''1913 May 7, Wednesday''', Gwendolen Bourke presented her daughter Daphne Bourke at court:&lt;blockquote&gt;Mrs. Algernon Bourke presented her daughter, and wore blue and gold broché with a gold lace train.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Social and Personal.&quot; London ''Daily Chronicle'' 08 May 1913, Thursday: 6 [of 12], Col. 6b [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0005049/19130508/120/0006. Print p. 6.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

The ''Pall Mall Gazette'' has a description of Daphne Bourke's dress, but what exactly &quot;chiffon [[Social Victorians/Terminology#Hoops|paniers]]&quot; means in 1913 is not clear:&lt;blockquote&gt;Court dressmakers appear to have surpassed all previous records in their efforts to make the dresses for to-night’s Court as beautiful as possible. Noticeable among these is the dainty presentation gown to be worn by Miss Bourke, who will be presented by her mother, the Hon. Mrs. Algernon Bourke. This has a skirt of soft white satin draped with chiffon [[Social Victorians/Terminology#Hoops|paniers]] and a bodice veiled with chiffon and trimmed with diamanté and crystal embroidery. Miss Bourke’s train, gracefully hung from the shoulders, is of white satin lined with pale rose pink chiffon and embroidered with crystal and diamanté.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Fashion Day by Day. Lovely Gowns for To-night's Court.&quot; ''Pall Mall Gazette'' 07 May 1913, Wednesday: 13 [of 18], Col. 1a [of 5]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000098/19130507/199/0013. Print n.p.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''1904 September 15, Thursday''', according to what was at the time called the ''Irish Daily Independent and Nation'', Algernon Bourke was living in Venice and not in the UK at this point:&lt;blockquote&gt;Algernon Bourke, who usually lives in Venice, has spent some time in England during the present summer, and has now gone on a fishing expedition to Sweden, accompanied by his brother, Lord Mayo. Lady Mayo has been staying meanwhile in Ireland, and has had a visit from her mother, Lady Maria Ponsonby, who is a sister of Lend Obventry.&lt;ref name=&quot;:10&quot;&gt;&quot;Society Notes.&quot; ''Irish Independent'' 15 September 1904, Thursday: 4 [of 8], Col. 5b [of 9]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001986/19040915/131/0004. Print title: ''Irish Daily Independent and Nation'', p. 4.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''1909 May 22, Saturday''', Algernon Bourke appears to have been living in Pisa. A columnist for the ''Queen'' reported on the Royal School of Art Needlework:&lt;blockquote&gt;Lady Leconfield [?] was there, also her sister-in-law, the [[Social Victorians/People/Mayo|Dowager Lady Mayo]], only just back from her winter on the Continent, when she spent most of the time at Pisa, where her son Mr Algernon Bourke has also been staying. The latter is a great connoisseur as regards [art?] notably in what is really good in the way of old Italian sculpture and carving. He and his handsome wife have a place near to Putney, and this winter again Mr Bourke, as the result of his Italian travels, has been sending home such relics of the old Italian palace gardens as as stone and marble carved vases, garden seats, and what-not of the kind — not all for himself and his own gardens by any means, I fancy; but his friends, relying on his knowledge in such matters, get him when abroad to choose for [them?] the adornment of their English terraces and gardens.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;My Social Diary.&quot; The ''Queen'' 22 May 1909, Saturday: 31 [of 86], Col. 1b [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002627/19090522/203/0031. Print p. 871.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

== Costume at the Duchess of Devonshire's 2 July 1897 Fancy-dress Ball ==
According to both the ''Morning Post'' and the ''Times'', the Hon. Algernon Bourke was among the Suite of Men in the [[Social Victorians/1897 Fancy Dress Ball/Quadrilles Courts#&quot;Oriental&quot; Procession|&quot;Oriental&quot; procession]] at the [[Social Victorians/1897 Fancy Dress Ball | Duchess of Devonshire's fancy-dress ball]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; Based on the people they were dressed as, Gwendolen Bourke was probably in this procession but it seems unlikely that Algernone Bourke was.

[[File:Guendoline-Irene-Emily-Bourke-ne-Sloane-Stanley-as-Salammb.jpg|thumb|alt=Black-and-white photograph of a standing woman richly dressed in an historical costume with a headdress and a very large fan|Hon. Gwendolen Bourke as Salammbô. ©National Portrait Gallery, London.]]
=== Hon. Guendoline Bourke ===
[[File:Alfons Mucha - 1896 - Salammbô.jpg|thumb|left|alt=Highly stylized orange-and-yellow painting of a bare-chested woman with a man playing a harp at her feet|Alfons Mucha's 1896 ''Salammbô''.]]
Lafayette's portrait (right) of &quot;Guendoline Irene Emily Bourke (née Sloane-Stanley) as Salammbô&quot; in costume is photogravure #128 in the album presented to the Duchess of Devonshire and now in the National Portrait Gallery.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;&quot;Devonshire House Fancy Dress Ball (1897): photogravures by Walker &amp; Boutall after various photographers.&quot; 1899. National Portrait Gallery https://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/portrait-list.php?set=515.&lt;/ref&gt; The printing on the portrait says, &quot;The Hon. Mrs. Algernon Bourke as Salammbo.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Mrs. Algernon Bourke as Salammbo.&quot; ''Diamond Jubilee Fancy Dress Ball''. National Portrait Gallery https://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/portrait/mw158491/Guendoline-Irene-Emily-Bourke-ne-Sloane-Stanley-as-Salammb.&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Newspaper Accounts ====
The Hon. Mrs. A. Bourke was dressed as

* Salambo in the Oriental procession.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;&quot;Fancy Dress Ball at Devonshire House.&quot; ''Morning Post'' Saturday 3 July 1897: 7 [of 12], Col. 4a–8 Col. 2b. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000174/18970703/054/0007.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;&quot;Ball at Devonshire House.&quot; The ''Times'' Saturday 3 July 1897: 12, Cols. 1a–4c ''The Times Digital Archive''. Web. 28 Nov. 2015.&lt;/ref&gt;
* &quot;(Egyptian Princess), drapery gown of white and silver gauze, covered with embroidery of lotus flowers; the top of gown appliqué with old green satin embroidered blue turquoise and gold, studded rubies; train of old green broché.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;“The Duchess of Devonshire’s Ball.” The ''Gentlewoman'' 10 July 1897 Saturday: 32–42 [of 76], Cols. 1a–3c [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003340/18970710/155/0032.&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|p. 40, Col. 3a}}
*&quot;Mrs. A. Bourke, as an Egyptian Princess, with the Salambo coiffure, wore a flowing gown of white and silver gauze covered with embroidery of lotus flowers. The top of the gown was ornamented with old green satin embroidered with blue turquoise and gold, and studded with rubies. The train was of old green broché with sides of orange and gold embroidery, and from the ceinture depended long bullion fringe and an embroidered ibis.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;“The Ball at Devonshire House. Magnificent Spectacle. Description of the Dresses.” London ''Evening Standard'' 3 July 1897 Saturday: 3 [of 12], Cols. 1a–5b [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000183/18970703/015/0004.&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|p. 3, Col. 3b}}

==== Salammbô ====
Salammbô is the eponymous protagonist in Gustave Flaubert's 1862 novel.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2024-04-29|title=Salammbô|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Salammb%C3%B4&amp;oldid=1221352216|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salammb%C3%B4.&lt;/ref&gt; Ernest Reyer's opera ''Salammbô'' was based on Flaubert's novel and published in Paris in 1890 and performed in 1892&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2024-04-11|title=Ernest Reyer|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ernest_Reyer&amp;oldid=1218353215|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernest_Reyer.&lt;/ref&gt; (both Modest Mussorgsky and Sergei Rachmaninoff had attempted but not completed operas based on the novel as well&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;). Alfons Mucha's 1896 lithograph of Salammbô was published in 1896, the year before the ball (above left).[[File:Algernon Henry Bourke Vanity Fair 20 January 1898.jpg|thumb|alt=Old colored drawing of an elegant elderly man dressed in a 19th-century tuxedo with a cloak, top hat and formal pointed shoes with bows, standing facing 1/4 to his right|''Algy'' — Algernon Henry Bourke — by &quot;Spy,&quot; ''Vanity Fair'' 20 January 1898]]
=== Hon. Algernon Bourke ===
[[File:Hon-Algernon-Henry-Bourke-as-Izaak-Walton.jpg|thumb|left|alt=Black-and-white photograph of a man richly dressed in an historical costume sitting in a fireplace that does not have a fire and holding a tankard|Hon. Algernon Henry Bourke as Izaak Walton. ©National Portrait Gallery, London.]]
'''Lafayette's portrait''' (left) of &quot;Hon. Algernon Henry Bourke as Izaak Walton&quot; in costume is photogravure #129 in the album presented to the Duchess of Devonshire and now in the National Portrait Gallery.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt; The printing on the portrait says, &quot;The Hon. Algernon Bourke as Izaak Walton.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Hon. Algernon Bourke as Izaak Walton.&quot; ''Diamond Jubilee Fancy Dress Ball''. National Portrait Gallery https://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/portrait/mw158492/Hon-Algernon-Henry-Bourke-as-Izaak-Walton.&lt;/ref&gt;

This portrait is amazing and unusual: Algernon Bourke is not using a photographer's set with theatrical flats and props, certainly not one used by anyone else at the ball itself. Isaak Walton (baptised 21 September 1593 – 15 December 1683) wrote ''The Compleat Angler''.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2021-09-15|title=Izaak Walton|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Izaak_Walton&amp;oldid=1044447858|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Izaak_Walton.&lt;/ref&gt; A cottage Walton lived in and willed to the people of Stafford was photographed in 1888, suggesting that its relationship to Walton was known in 1897, raising a question about whether Bourke could have used the fireplace in the cottage for his portrait. (This same cottage still exists, as the [https://www.staffordbc.gov.uk/izaak-waltons-cottage Isaak Walton Cottage] museum.)

A caricature portrait (right) of the Hon. Algernon Bourke, called &quot;Algy,&quot; by Leslie Ward (&quot;Spy&quot;) was published in the 20 January 1898 issue of ''Vanity Fair'' as Number 702 in its &quot;Men of the Day&quot; series,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2024-01-14|title=List of Vanity Fair (British magazine) caricatures (1895–1899)|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Vanity_Fair_(British_magazine)_caricatures_(1895%E2%80%931899)&amp;oldid=1195518024|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Vanity_Fair_(British_magazine)_caricatures_(1895%E2%80%931899).&lt;/ref&gt; giving an indication of what he looked like out of costume.

=== Mr. and Mrs. Bourke ===
The ''Times'' made a distinction between the Hon. Mr. and Mrs. A. Bourke and Mr. and Mrs. Bourke, including both in the article.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; Occasionally this same article mentions the same people more than once in different contexts and parts of the article, so they may be the same couple. (See [[Social Victorians/People/Bourke#Notes and Question|Notes and Question]] #2, below.)

== Demographics ==
*Nationality: Anglo-Irish&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2020-11-14|title=Richard Bourke, 6th Earl of Mayo|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Richard_Bourke,_6th_Earl_of_Mayo&amp;oldid=988654078|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
*Occupation: journalist. 1895: restaurant, hotel and club owner and manager&lt;ref&gt;''Cheltenham Looker-On'', 23 March 1895. Via Ancestry but taken from the BNA.&lt;/ref&gt;
=== Residences ===
*Ireland: 1873: Palmerston House, Straffan, Co. Kildare.&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt; Not Co. Mayo?
*1888–1891: 33 Cadogan Terrace, S.W., Kensington and Chelsea, a dwelling house&lt;ref&gt;Kensington and Chelsea, London, England, Electoral Registers, 1889–1970, Register of Voters, 1891.&lt;/ref&gt;
*1894: 181 Pavilion Road, Kensington and Chelsea&lt;ref&gt;Kensington and Chelsea, London, England, Electoral Registers, 1889–1970. Register of Voters, 1894. Via Ancestry.&lt;/ref&gt;
*1900: 181 Pavilion Road, Kensington and Chelsea&lt;ref&gt;Kensington and Chelsea, London, England, Electoral Registers, 1889–1970. Register of Voters, 1900. Via Ancestry.&lt;/ref&gt;
*1904: Algernon Bourke was &quot;usually liv[ing] in Venice&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:10&quot; /&gt;
*1911: 1911 Fulham, London&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;
*20 Eaton Square, S.W. (in 1897)&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Pl0oAAAAYAAJ|title=Who's who|date=1897|publisher=A. &amp; C. Black|language=en}} 712, Col. 1b.&lt;/ref&gt; (London home of the [[Social Victorians/People/Mayo|Earl of Mayo]])

== Family ==
*Hon. Algernon Henry Bourke (31 December 1854 – 7 April 1922)&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Hon. Algernon Henry Bourke.&quot; {{Cite web|url=https://www.thepeerage.com/p29657.htm#i296561|title=Person Page|website=www.thepeerage.com|access-date=2020-12-10}}&lt;/ref&gt;
*Gwendolen Irene Emily Sloane-Stanley Bourke (c. 1869 – 30 December 1967)&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;&quot;Guendoline Irene Emily Stanley.&quot; {{Cite web|url=https://www.thepeerage.com/p51525.htm#i515247|title=Person Page|website=www.thepeerage.com|access-date=2020-12-10}}&lt;/ref&gt;
#Daphne Marjory Bourke (5 April 1895 – 22 May 1962)

=== Relations ===
*Hon. Algernon Henry Bourke (the 3rd son of the [[Social Victorians/People/Mayo|6th Earl of Mayo]]) was the older brother of Lady Florence Bourke.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

==== Other Bourkes ====
*Hubert Edward Madden Bourke (after 1925, Bourke-Borrowes)&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Hubert Edward Madden Bourke-Borrowes.&quot; {{Cite web|url=https://www.thepeerage.com/p52401.htm#i524004|title=Person Page|website=www.thepeerage.com|access-date=2021-08-25}} https://www.thepeerage.com/p52401.htm#i524004.&lt;/ref&gt;
*Lady Eva Constance Aline Bourke, who married [[Social Victorians/People/Dunraven|Windham Henry Wyndham-Quin]] on 7 July 1885;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Lady Eva Constance Aline Bourke.&quot; {{Cite web|url=https://www.thepeerage.com/p2575.htm#i25747|title=Person Page|website=www.thepeerage.com|access-date=2020-12-02}} https://www.thepeerage.com/p2575.htm#i25747.&lt;/ref&gt; he became 5th Earl of Dunraven and Mount-Earl on 14 June 1926.

==== The Sloane-Stanleys ====

* Hans T Sloane Stanley (c. 1841&lt;ref name=&quot;:16&quot;&gt;The National Archives; Kew, London, England; ''1871 England Census''; Class: ''RG10''; Piece: ''104''; Folio: ''21''; Page: ''37''; GSU roll: ''838763''. Ancestry.com. ''1871 England Census'' [database on-line]. Lehi, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations Inc, 2004.&lt;/ref&gt; – )
* Emilie Josephine S Stanley (c. 1849&lt;ref name=&quot;:16&quot; /&gt; – )
*# Gwendoline&lt;ref name=&quot;:14&quot; /&gt; Irene Emily G Stanley (c. 1870&lt;ref name=&quot;:16&quot; /&gt; – )

== Writings, Memoirs, Biographies, Papers ==

=== Writings ===
* Bourke, the Hon. Algernon. ''The History of White's''. London: Algernon Bourke [privately published], 1892.
* Bourke, the Hon. Algernon, ed., &quot;with a brief Memoir.&quot; ''Correspondence of Mr Joseph Jekyll with His Sister-in-Law, Lady Gertrude Sloane Stanley, 1818–1838''. John Murray, 1893.
* Bourke, the Hon. Algernon, ed. ''Correspondence of Mr Joseph Jekyll''. John Murray, 1894.

=== Papers ===
* Where are the papers for the Earl of Mayo family? Are Algernon Bourke's papers with them?

== Notes and Questions ==
#The portrait of Algernon Bourke in costume as Isaac Walton is really an amazing portrait with a very interesting setting, far more specific than any of the other Lafayette portraits of these people in their costumes. Where was it shot? Lafayette is given credit, but it's not one of his usual backdrops. If this portrait was taken the night of the ball, then this fireplace was in Devonshire House; if not, then whose fireplace is it?
#The ''Times'' lists Hon. A. Bourke (at 325) and Hon. Mrs. A. Bourke (at 236) as members of a the &quot;Oriental&quot; procession, Mr. and Mrs. A. Bourke (in the general list of attendees), and then a small distance down Mr. and Mrs. Bourke (now at 511 and 512, respectively). This last couple with no honorifics is also mentioned in the report in the London ''Evening Standard'', which means the Hon. Mrs. A. Bourke, so the ''Times'' may have repeated the Bourkes, who otherwise are not obviously anyone recognizable. If they are not the Hon. Mr. and Mrs. A. Bourke, then they are unidentified. It seems likely that they are the same, however, as the newspapers were not perfectly consistent in naming people with their honorifics, even in a single story, especially a very long and detailed one in which people could be named more than once.
#Three slightly difficult-to-identify men were among the Suite of Men in the [[Social Victorians/1897 Fancy Dress Ball/Quadrilles Courts#&quot;Oriental&quot; Procession|&quot;Oriental&quot; procession]]: [[Social Victorians/People/Halifax|Gordon Wood]], [[Social Victorians/People/Portman|Arthur B. Portman]] and [[Social Victorians/People/Sarah Spencer-Churchill Wilson|Wilfred Wilson]]. The identification of Gordon Wood and Wilfred Wilson is high because of contemporary newspaper accounts. The Hon. Algernon Bourke, who was also in the Suite of Men, is not difficult to identify at all. Arthur Portman appears in a number of similar newspaper accounts, but none of them mentions his family of origin.
#[http://thepeerage.com The Peerage] has no other Algernon Bourkes.
#The Hon Algernon Bourke is #235 on the [[Social Victorians/1897 Fancy Dress Ball#List of People Who Attended|list of people who were present]]; the Hon. Guendoline Bourke is #236; a Mr. Bourke is #703; a Mrs. Bourke is #704.
#A Mr. and Mrs. F. Sloane-Stanley attended the [[Social Victorians/1886-07-21 Ball at Marlborough House|21 July 1886 Ball at Marlborough House]].
== Footnotes ==
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    <title>Social Victorians/1886-07-21 Ball at Marlborough House</title>
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      <text bytes="20210" sha1="ti6egiy1thfbh40tortjqgljmzgngtc" xml:space="preserve">==Logistics==
*1886 July 21, Wednesday&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;
*Marlborough House
*Hosted by [[Social Victorians/People/Albert Edward, Prince of Wales | Albert Edward, Prince of Wales]] and [[Social Victorians/People/Alexandra, Princess of Wales | Alexandra, Princess of Wales]]

===Who Was Present===
#Prince and Princess Christian of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Augustenburg
#Princess Louise (Marchioness of Lorne) and the Marquis of Lorne
#the Grand Duke of Mecklenburg-Strelitz
#Prince Albert Victor of Wales
#Princess Louise of Wales
#the Duke of Cambridge
#Princess Mary Adelaide (Duchess of Teck)
#Duke of Teck
#Princess Victoria of Teck

====People Invited====
&quot;The following had the honour of receiving invitations, but some among them were unavoidably prevented from attending ....&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;&quot;Ball at Marlborough House.&quot; ''Morning Post'' 22 July 1886, Thursday: 5 [of 8], Cols. 6–7. ''British Newspaper Archive''. http://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000174/18860722/055/0005.&lt;/ref&gt;
#Prince and Princess Victor of Hohenlohe and the Countess Feodore Gleichen
#Count Karolyi and the Countess Karolyi (Austro-Hungarian Ambassador)
#Monsieur Waddington (French Ambassador) and Madame Waddlngton and Mademoiselle King
#Monsieur de Staal (Russian Ambassador), Madame de Staal, and Mademoiselle de Staal
#Count Hatzfeldt (German Ambassador)
#Rustem Pasha (Turkish Ambassador)
#Count Corti (Italian Ambassador)
#Count de Bylandt (Netherlands Minister) and the Countess de Bylandt
#Baron Solvyns (Belgian Minister) and the Baroness Solvyns
#Prince Malcom Khan (Persian Minister), the Princess Malcom Khan, and the Princess Sultana Malcom
#Baron de Penodo (Brazilian Minister) and the Baroness de Penedo
#M. M. d'Antas (Portuguese Minister) and Madame d'Antas
#Count Piper (Minister for Sweden and Norway)
#Monsieur de Falbe (Danish Minister) and Madame de Falbe
#Mr. Edward J. Phelps (United States Minister) and Mrs. Phelps
#Don Cipriano del Mazo (Spanish Minister)
#M. J. Gennadius (Greek Minister)
#Count Münster and Countess Marie Münster
#Count d'Eulenburg
#Prince and Princess de Wagram
#Duc and Duchesse d'Otrante and Countesse Augusta d'Otrante
#Duc de la Tremonille
#Marques and Marquesa de Santurce and the Mesdemoiselles de Murrieta
#Marquis de Guadalmina
#Marquise de Lavaggi and Comtesse de Lavaggi
#Marquis Maffei
#Marquis Niccolini
#Count A. E. Gleichen
#Count N. Adlerberg
#Count and Countess X. de Florian
#Count P. Esterhazy
#Count Wilmoss Festitics
#Count R. Kinsky
#Count T. Bolesta Koziebrodzki
#Count P. Metternich
#Count Pourtales
#Countess de la Somaglia
#Viscount de Saint Genys
#Baron Both
#Baron and Baronne de Brienen and the Mesdemoiselles de Brienen
#Baroness Alphonse de Rothschild
#Baron Ferdinand and Miss Alice de Rothschild
#Baron Plessen
#M. V Boulatzell
#M. and Madame M. Ephrussi
#M. von Hengelmuller
#M. A. Kroupensky
#M. and Madame G. Meyer
#Mr. C. de Murrieta
#&lt;!-- 50 --&gt;Mr. A. de Murrieta
#M. Luiz de Soveral
#M. de Stoeckl
#Signor Tosti
#Richmond and Gordon and the Ladies Gordon Lennox
#the Duke and Duchess of St. Albans
#the Duke and Duchess of Leeds and Lady Harriet Osborne
#the Duke and Duchess of Bedford and Lady Ela Russll
#the Duchess of Marlborough and Lady Sarah Spencer Churchill
#the Duke and Duchess of Buccleuch and Lady Eleanor Lambton
#the Duke and Duchess of Athole and the Ladies Murray
#the Duke and Duchess of Roxburghe
#the Duke of Portland
#the Duke and Duchess of Manchester and Lady Alice Montagu
#the Duke and Duchess of Wellington
#the Duke and Duchess of Sutherland and Lady Alexandra Gower
#the Duke and Duchess of Abercorn
#the Duke and Duchess of Westminster
#The Marquis and Marchioness of Abergavenny and the Ladies Nevill
#Maria Marchioness of Ailesbury
#the Marquis and Marchioness of Bath and the Ladies Thynne
#the Marquis and Marchioness of Breadalbane
#the Marquis and Marchioness of Carmarthen
#the Marquis and Marchioness of Conyngham, the Dowager Marchioness Conyngham and the Ladies Conyngham
#the Marchioness of Downshire and Miss Balfour
#the Marquis and Marchioness of Exeter and the Ladies Cecil
#the Marquis of Hartington
#the Marquis and Marchioness of Headford
#Lady Adelaide Taylour and Miss Wilson Patten
#the Marchioness of Lansdowne
#the Marquis and Marchioness of Lothian and Lady Cecil Kerr
#the Marquis and Marchioness of Londonderry
#the Dowager Marchioness of Londonderry and and Lady Alice Vane Tempest
#the Marquis and Marchioness of Ormonde
#the Marquis and Marchioness of Ripon
#the Marquis and Marchioness of Salisbury and Lady Gwendolen Cecil
#the Marquis and Marchioness of Stafford
#the Marquis and Marchioness of Tweeddale
#the Marquis and Marchioness of Waterford
#the Earl of Arran and Lady Alice Gore
#the Earl and Countess of Airlie
#the Earl and Countess of Bradford and Lady Mabel Bridgeman
#the Earl and Countess of Bective
#Earl and Countess Brownlow
#the Earl and Countess of Clarendon
#Earl and Countess Cadogan and Miss Brudenell Bruce
#the Earl and Countess of Crawford and Balcarres
#the Earl of Camperdown
#the Earl of Clonmell
#the Earl and Countess of Cork and Lady Isabel Boyle
#Earl and Countess Cowper and Miss Fane
#the Earl and Countess of Coventry
#Earl and Countess Cowley and Lady Eva Wellesley
#the Earl and Countess of Dalhousie
#the Earl of Dalkeith
#Earl and Countess de Grey
#the Earl of Durham and Lady E. Lambton
#the Earl of Euston
#William, Earl of Feversham and Mabel, Countess of Feversham and the Ladies Duncombe
#the Earl of Fife
#the Earl and Countess Fitzwilliam and the Ladies Alice and Albreda Fitzwilliam
#Earl and Countess Granville and Lady Victoria Leveson-Gower
#the Earl and Countess of Gosford
#Countess Grosvenor
#the Earl and Countess of Hardwicke
#the Earl of Hopetoun
#Earl and Countess and Lady Margaret Browne
#the Earl and Countess of Kilmorey
#the Earl and Countess of Kimberley and Lady Constance Wodehouse
#the Earl and Countess of Lathom and the Ladies Wilbraham
#the Earl and Countess of Leitrim
#the Earl and Countess of Listowel
#the Earl and Countess of Lytton and Lady Betty Lytton
#the Earl and Countess of Lonsdale and Miss Evelyn Chichester
#the Earl and Countess of Macclesfield and the Ladies Parker
#the Earl and Countess of March
#the Earl of Mount-Edgcumbe and the Ladies Edgcumbe
#the Earl and Countess of Morley
#the Earl of Northbrook and Lady Emma Baring
#the Earl and Countess of Pembroke
#the Earl and Countess of Rosebery
#the Earl and Countess of Rosslyn and Miss Maynard
#the Earl and Countess of Romney and Lady Florence Marsham
#the Earl of Sandwich
#the Dowager Countess of Shrewsbury
#Earl and Countess Spencer
#the Earl and Countess of Sefton
#Earl and Countess Sydney
#the Earl and Countess of Wharncliffe
#the Earl and Countess of Warwick and Lady Eva Greville
#the Earl and Countess of Westmorland and Lady Grace Fane
#the Earl of Wiltshire
#Isabella Countess of Wilton
#Elizabeth Countess of Wilton and Lady Elizabeth Egerton
#the Countess of Yarborough and Mr. Richardson
#the Earl of Yarborough
#the Earl and Countess of Zetland
#Viscount and Viscountess Harrington and the Hon. Florence Barrington
#Viscount Baring
#General Viscount Bridport and the Hon. Rosa Hood
#&lt;!-- 150 --&gt;Viscount and Viscountess Bury and the Hon. Misses Kepple
#Viscount Castlerosse
#Viscount Cranborne
#Viscount Clifden
#Viscount and Viscountess Coke
#Viscount and Viscountess Cole
#Viscount and Viscountess Curzon
#Viscount and Viscountess Dalrymple
#Viscount Deerhurst
#Viscount and Viscountess Downe
#Viscount Dungarvan
#Viscount Drumlanrig
#Viscount Ebrington
#Viscount and Viscountess Folkestone
#Viscount Grey de Wilton
#Viscountess Helmsley and Mr. Owen
#Viscount and Viscountess Hood and the Hon. Mabel Hood
#Viscount and Viscountess Lascelles
#Viscount and Viscountess Lewisham
#Viscount and Viscountess Mandeville
#Viscount Marsham
#Viscount and Viscountess Melgund
#Viscount and Viscountess Newport
#Viscount and Viscountess Powerscourt
#Viscount and Viscountess Tarbat and the Hon. Miss Macdonald
#Viscount and Viscountess Valentia
#Viscount Weymouth
#Viscount and Viscountess Wolseley
#Admiral Lord Alcester
#Lord and Lady Aveland and the Hon. Misses Willoughby
#Lord and Lady Alington and the Charles Beresford
#Lord Henry Bentinck
#Lord and Lady Cecilia Bingham
#Lord and Lady Brooke
#Lord and Lady Charles Bruce
#Lord Arthur Butler
#Lord and Lady Burghley
#Lady Gwendolin Chaplin
#Lord and Lady Edward Cavendish
#Lord and Lady Camoys
#Lord Calthorpe
#Lord and Lady Archibald Campbell
#Lord and Lady Cardross
#Lord and Lady Chesham
#Lord and Lady Churchill
#Lord and Lady Colville of Culross and the Hon. Blanche Colville
#Lord Alwyn Compton
#Lord D. Compton
#Lord and Lady Randolph S. Churchill
#Lord and Lady Churston
#&lt;!-- 200 --&gt;Lord De L'Isle and Dudley and the Hon. Mary Sidney
#Lord and Lady de Clifford
#Lord and Lady Dorchester
#Lord and Lady Elcho
#Lord Edmond Fitzmaurice
#Lord Greenock
#Lord Arthur Grosvenor
#Lord Henry Grosvenor
#Lord and Lady Claud Hamilton
#Lord and Lady Hastings and the Hon. Agneta Astley
#Lord Frederick Hamilton
#Lady Augustus Hervey and Miss Hervey
#Dowagar Lady Henniker and the Hon. Helen Henniker
#Lady Alfred Hervey and Miss Mary Hervey
#Lord and Lady Houghton
#Lord and Lady Alexander Kennedy
#Major Lord and Lady Kilmarnock
#Lord Langford
#Lord Algernon Gordon Lennox
#Lord and Lady Londesborough and the Hon. Misses Denison
#Lord Lurgan
#Lord Charles Moutagu
#Lord Richard Nevill
#Lord H. Nevill
#Lord and Lady Norreys
#General Lord and Lady Alfred Paget and the Misses Paget
#Lord Henry Paulet
#Lord and Lady Berkeley Paget
#Lord and Lady Revelstoke and Hon. Elizabeth Baring
#Lord Rendlesham and the Hon. Misses Thellusson
#Lord and Lady Ribblesdale
#Lord Rowton
#Lord and Lady Rothschild
#Lord Rodney
#Lord and Lady Rossmore and Miss Naylor
#Lord and Lady Sandhurst
#Lord Stanhope
#Lord Saltoun
#Lady Sarah Spencer
#Lord Skelmersdale
#Lord and Lady Edward Somerset
#Major Lord Arthur Somerset
#Lord and Lady Suffield and the Hon. Misses Harbord
#Lord and Lady Edmund Talbot
#Lord Henry Vane Tempest
#Lord Herbert Vane Tempest
#Lord and Lady Ventry and Hon. Misses de Moleyns
#Lord and Lady Wantage
#Lord and Lady Walsingham
#Lord Waterpark
#&lt;!-- 250 --&gt;Lord and Lady Windsor
#Lord and Lady Wimborne
#the Right Hon. Arthur W. Peel (the Speaker), Mrs. Peel and Miss Julia Peel
#the Right Hon. Henry Chaplin
#the Right Hon. Sir William and Lady Emily Hart Dyke
#the Right Hon. Sir James Fergusson
#the Right Hon. W. E. and Mrs. Gladstone
#the Right Hon Sir Henry James
#the Right Hon. James Lowther
#the Right Hon. Sir Edward and Lady Ermyntrude Malet
#General the Right Hon. Sir Henry and the Hon. Lady Ponsonby, and the Misses Ponsonby
#Colonel the Right Hon. Sir F. and Lady Constance Stanley
#the Right Hon. Sir Charles Lennox Wyke
#The Hon H. T. Allsopp
#the Hon. Charles and Mrs. Allsopp
#the Hon. William Bagot
#the Hon. William Barrington
#the Hon. R. and Mrs. Brett
#the Hon. Lady Biddulph and Miss Biddulph
#the Hon. Cecil and Mrs. Bingham
#Colonel the Hon. Henry Byng and the Misses Byng
#Lieutenant-Colonel the Hon Charles Byng
#the Hon. L. Byng
#the Hon. J. H. S. Byng
#the Hon. Edward and Mrs. Bourke
#the Hon. Mark Bouverie
#Colonel the Hon. E. Boscawen
#the [[Social Victorians/People/Bourke|Hon. Algernon Bourke]]
#the Hon. Henry and Mrs. Bourke, and Miss Lambart
#the Hon. C. Bourke
#the Hon. Mrs. Robert Bruce
#the Hon. Thomas and Mrs. Bruce, and Miss Elsie Bruce
#Lieutenant-Colonel the Hon. W. and Mrs. Carington
#the Hon. Frederick and Lady Adelaide Cadogan and the Misses Cadogan
#Hon. Alan Charteris
#Hon. R. Carington
#Rear-Admiral Hon. W. C. Carpenter
#Lieutenant-Colonel Hon. Charles Crichton
#Colonel Hon. W. and Mrs. Colville and Miss M. Colville
#Hon. H. and Lady Katharine Coke and Miss Coke
#Captain Hon. C. and Mrs. Colville
#Colonel Hon. W. Coke
#Captain Hon. W. Coke
#Major Hon. Montagu Curzon
#Hon. Otway Cuffe
#Hon. Mrs. Cust and the Misses Cust
#Captain Hon. North and Mrs. Dalrymple and Miss Liddell
#Captain Hon. Edward Dawson
#Hon. Francis Denison
#Lieutenant-Colonel Hon. Everard Digby
#&lt;!-- 300 --&gt;Lieutenant-Colonel Hon. C. E. Edgcumbe
#Hon. Mrs. L. Agar Ellis and Miss Harriet Ellis
#Hon. L. Agar Ellis and Miss Caroline Ellis
#Lieutenant-Colonel Hon. C. J. C. Eliot and Miss Eliot
#Hon. Sir Spencer and Hon. Lady Ponsonby Fane and Miss C. Ponsonby
#Major-General the Hon. W. Feilding
#Hon. Alexander T. and Mrs. Fitzmaurice
#Hon. Audrey Fitzclarence
#Hon. Thomas and Mrs. Fitzwilliam
#Hon. Henry W. and Lady Mary Fitzwilliam
#Hon. W. and Mrs. Gerard, Miss Emily Milner, and Miss Sheffield
#Captain Hon. Greville
#Hon. S. Greville
#Capt. Hon. H. Ormsby Gore
#General Hon. Sir A. and Lady Hardinge and the Misses Hardinge
#Hon. Gilbert Hastings
#Hon. Asheton Harbord
#Hon. Sidney and Lady Beatrix Herbert
#Captain Hon. Cospatrick D. Home
#the Hon. A. Johnstone
#Admiral of the Fleet Hon. Sir A. H. and Lady Keppel and Miss Keppel
#Commander Hon. H. Lambton
#the Hon. Arthur and Mrs. Lawley
#Hon. Henry Leeson
#the Hon. Reginald Lister
#the Hon. E. and Lady Fanny Marjoribanks
#the Hon. R. Meade and Miss Mary Meade
#the Hon. Algernon and Mrs. Mills
#Captain the Hon. D. and Mrs. Monson and the Misses Monson
#Lieutenant-Colonel the Hon. Oliver Montagu
#Captain the Hon. Victor and Lady Agneta Montagu
#Lieutenant-Colonel the Hon. C. C. and Mrs. Molyneux
#Commander the Hon. Spencer
#Captain the Hon. Algernon Sydney
#the Hon. Henry Stonor and the Hon. Julia Stonor
#the Hon. Arthur Somerset
#the Hon. Edward Stonor
#the Hon. Humphrey and Lady Feodore Sturt
#Lieutenant-Colonel the Hon. R. and Mrs. Talbot
#the Hon. Leonard Tyrwhitt
#the Hon. H. Tyrwliitt Wilson
#the Hon. Arthur Walsh
#the Hon. Luke and Mrs. White
#the Hon. R. Winn
#the Hon. Alexander Yorke
#the Hon. Mrs. Eliot Yorke
#Sir George Arthur
#Sir Edward and Hon. Lady Birkbeck
#Lieutenant-General Sir Seymour Blanc
#Sir Richard and Lady Magdalen Bulkeley
#&lt;!-- 350 --&gt;Sir Robert and Lady Buxton and Miss Buxton
#Sir Archibald and Hon. Lady Campbell of Blythswood
#Sir William and Lady Clarke and Miss Clarke
#Sir George Chetwynd and the Marchioness of Hastings
#Sir Savile Crossley
#Lieutenant-Colonel Sir William Gordon Gumming
#Sir Henry Edwardes
#Sir Maurice and Lady Fitzgerald
#Lady Forbes and Miss Forbes
#Sir Charles Forbes
#Sir Edward and Lady Guinness
#Sir Frederick Johnstone
#Sir John and Lady Lister Kaye and Miss Iznaga
#Sir F. Leighton
#Sir Simon Lockhart
#Sir F. and Lady Milner
#Sir Francis Montefiore
#Sir John and Lady Elizabeth St. Aubyn and the Misses St. Aubyn
#Lady Scott and tbe Misses Scott
#Sir John C. Willoughby
#Sir George and Lady Julia Wombwell and the Misses Wombwell
#Sir Philip Currie
#Colonel Sir Henry Ewart
#Sir Philip and Lady Cunliffe-Owen and the Misses Cunliffe-Owen
#Admiral Sir R. J. and Hon. Lady Macdonald and the Misses Macdonald
#Lieutenant-General Sir Dighton and Lady Probyn
#Sir Charles and the Hon. Lady Du Cane and the Misses Du Cane
#Sir Rivers Wilson
#Sir Algernon and Lady Borthwick
#Sir Oscar Clayton
#Sir Albert Sassoon
#Sir Arthur Sullivan
#[[Social Victorians/People/Young|Sir Allen Young]]
#Lieutenant-General Hope Crealock
#Lieutenant-General and Hon. Mrs. Higginson and Miss Higginson
#Lieutenant-General and Mrs. Frederic Marshall and Miss Marshall
#Major-General Bateson
#Major-General Du Plat
#Major-General Charles Fraser
#Major-General Reilly
#Major-General and Mrs. Owen Williams
#Colonel and Mrs. Stanley Clarke and Miss Clarke
#Colonel Duncombe
#Colonel and Hon. Mrs. Arthur Ellis
#Colonel and Mrs. Keith Fraser
#Colonel Milne Holme
#Colonel and Lady Emily Kingscote
#Colonel and Mrs. Robert Liddell
#Colonel and Mrs. J. Cecil Russell
#Colonel Frank S. Russell
#&lt;!-- 400 --&gt;Colonel Adolphus Stephens
#Colonel Reginald Thynne
#Colonel Albert Williams
#Colonel and Mrs. E. Wood
#Lieutenant-Colonel Brabazon
#Lieutenant-Colonel Francis Baring
#Lieutenant-Colonel and Mrs. Barrington Campbell
#Lieutenant-Colonel and Mrs. Chaine and the Misses Sayer
#&lt;!-- 400 --&gt;[[Social Victorians/People/Arthur Collins | Lieutenant-Colonel Arthur Collins]]
#Lieutenant-Colonel and Mrs Custance
#Lieutenant Colonel G. A. and Mrs. Curzon
#Lieutenant-Colonel H. Eaton
#Lieutenant-Colonel Farquharson
#Lieutenant-Colonel A. C. FitzGeorge
#Lieutenant-Colonel Aubone Fife
#Lieutenant-Colonel and Mrs. Hugh Gough
#Lieutenant-Colonel and Hon. Mrs. Oliphant
#Lieutenant-Colonel and Mrs. Arthur Paget
#H. F. C. Cavendish
#Mr. Harvey Alexander
#Mr. Oswald Ames
#Mr. and Mrs. Tyssen Amherst and the Misses Amherst
#Mr. Hamilton Aidé
#Mr. Leonard Arthur
#Mr. R. Bedingfeld
#Mr. and Mrs. Dunlop Best
#Mr. W. Billington
#Mr. Victor Biddulph
#Mr. Shelley Bontein
#Mr. Courtney and Lady Muriel Boyle
#Mr. Bulteel
#Mr. George and Lady Georgina Buchanan
#Mr. Lionel Bulteel
#Mr. Henry Cadogan
#Mr. Henry Calcraft
#&lt;!-- 435 --&gt;Mr. and Mrs. George Cavendash Bentinck [sic; s/b Cavendish]
#Mr. and Mrs. Atkinson Clark
#Mr. and Mrs. Calley
#Mr. Caryl Craven
#Mr. and Mrs. Chamberlain and Miss Chamberlain
#Mr. Christian Combe and Lady Jane Seymour Combe
#Mr. Charles Crutchley and Miss Crutchley
#Mr. and Mrs. W. S. Cunard
#Mr. Ernest Cust
#Mr. and Lady Horatia Erskine
#Mr. Horace Farquhar
#Mr. Granville Farquhar
#Mr. Ffrench of Monivea
#Mr. and Mrs. George Forbes
#Mr. and Mrs. Cyril Flower
#&lt;!-- 450 --&gt;Mr. and Mrs. C. Cunninghame Graham
#Mr. Herbert Gardner
#Mr. and Hon. Mrs. W. H. Gladstone
#Mrs. and Miss Beach Grant
#Mr. and Mrs. Albert Grey and Miss Holford
#Mr. Charles Grenfell
#Mr. W. H. Grenfell
#Mr. George Greville
#Mr. Frederick Glyn and Miss Coralie Glyn
#Mr. E. W. Hamilton
#Mr. Charles Hall
#Mrs. Hartmann
#Mr. Frederick Hartmann
#Mr. C. H. A. Hervey
#Mr. F. W. F. Hervey
#Mr. and Mrs. Andrew Hichens
#Mr. H. V. and Lady Hilda Higgins
#Mr. and Mrs. Adrian Hope
#Mr. Holzmann
#Mr. A. Hughes-Onslow
#Mr. Hulse
#Mr. and Mrs Arthur James
#Mr. Cecil and Lady Beatrice Lister Kaye
#Mr. and Mrs. Arthur Kennard
#Mr. Nigel Kingscote
#Mr. and Mrs. F. R. Knollys
#Mr. Francis Knollys
#Miss Knollys
#Mrs. H. Blundell Leigh, Miss Leigh, and Miss Antrobus
#Mr. H. Gerard Leigh
#Mr. and Mrs. John Leslie
#Mr. John Savile Lumley
#Mr. and Lady Sophia Macnamara
#Mr. and Mrs. Henry Manners
#Mr. and Mrs. Mackenzie of Kintail
#Mrs. Mackay
#Mr. Marcus H. Milner
#Mr. F. Bingham Mildmay
#Mr. Alfred Montgomery
#Mr. Charles Morley
#Mr. Ronald Moncrieff
#Mr. Cecil Murray
#Mr. H. Naylor-Leyland
#Mr. and Mrs. Henry Oppenheim
#Mr. James Orde and the Misses Orde
#Mr. Charles Orde
#Mr. Almeric Paget
#Mr. and Mrs. Gerald Paget
#Mr. and Mrs. Arthur Payne and Miss Payne
#Mr. Henry Petre
#&lt;!-- 500 --&gt;Mr. W. F.  Peel
#Mr. Charles P. Phelps
#Mr. Reginald A. H. Peel
#Mr. H. C. Petre
#Mr. H. W. Primrose
#Mrs. Trevor Plowden
#Mr. Chandos[?] Pole
#Mr. and Mrs. Brown Potter
#Mr. and Mrs. Jasper Richardson and Mrs. M. Thouron
#Mr. Allen Thorndike Rice
#Mrs. Ronalds
#Mr. Alfred de Rothschild
#Mr. and Mrs. Leopold de Rothschild
#Mr. Augustus W. Savile
#Mr. and Mrs. Reuben Sassoon and the Misses Sassoon
#Mr. and Mrs. Arthur Sassoon
#Mr. and Mrs. Sparke
#Mr. St. Aubyn
#Mr. J. T. St. Aubyn
#Mr. and Mrs. F. [[Social Victorians/People/Bourke#The Sloane-Stanleys|Sloane Stanley]]
#Mr. Edward Sassoon
#Mr. and Mrs. Mahlon Sands and Miss Sands
#Mr. A. Condie Stephen
#Mr. Francis Stephens
#Mr. and Mrs. Ralph Sneyd
#Mr. Edgar Sebright
#Mr. Guy Stephenson
#Mr. and Mrs. Ker Seymer
#Mr. C. G. Sinclair
#Mr. Christopher Sykes
#Mr. and Mrs. Herbert Somers-Cocks and Miss Laura Gurney
#Mr. and Mrs. Tatton
#Mr Tredcroft
#Mr. Adolphus Vane Tempest
#Mr. W. Anstruther Thomson
#Mr. and Lady Emily Van de Weyer
#Mr. Graham Vivian
#Mr. Edgar Vincent
#Mr. and Mrs. Vyner and the Misses Vyner
#Mr. and Hon. Mrs. Dudley Ward
#Mr. W. Warden
#Mr. and Mrs. Luke Wheeler
#Mr. Hugo Wemyss
#Mrs. Erskine Wemyss and Miss Wemyss
#Mr. and Mrs. Cornwallis West
#Mr. and Mrs. Henry White
#Mr. Victor A. Williamson
#Mr. and Mrs. Hwfa Williams
#Mrs. Scott Winslow and Miss Winslow
#Mr. Wilson Patten
#Mr. George Wyndham
#Mr. Edward M. Stuart Wortley

==Entertainment==
&quot;The string band of the Royal Artillery was in attendance, under the direction of the Cavalieri L. Lavertal.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

==Questions and Notes==
#

==Citations==
&lt;references /&gt;</text>
      <sha1>ti6egiy1thfbh40tortjqgljmzgngtc</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User:Alandmanson/sandbox</title>
    <ns>2</ns>
    <id>266516</id>
    <revision>
      <id>2694343</id>
      <parentid>2533970</parentid>
      <timestamp>2025-01-04T20:18:31Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Alandmanson</username>
        <id>1669821</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>2694343</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="7590" sha1="rq3oau8zricjnzcb9yt4wyxt8mwd29e" xml:space="preserve">&lt;!--Info--&gt;
==Afrotropical Pepsinae==

===Tribe Ageniellini (Mud-nesting Spider Wasps)===

Genus Auplopus
Genus Cyemagenia
Genus Poecilagenia
Genus Pseudagenia (=Dichragenia, at least in some cases)

===Other pepsinae===

Genus Ageniella
Genus Arpactomorpha
Genus Eragenia
Genus Fabriogenia
Genus Machaerothrix
Genus Macromerella
Genus Paragenia
Genus Phanagenia
Genus Priocnemella


==Eumeninae==
Photos of ''Antodynerus'' on GBIF:&lt;br&gt;
''alboniger'': https://www.gbif.org/occurrence/1248689053 (CC BY-NC-SA 3.0)&lt;br&gt; 
''hova'': https://www.gbif.org/occurrence/1320165802 (CC0 1.0)&lt;br&gt;
''kelneri'': https://www.gbif.org/occurrence/3762658306 (CC BY-NC-SA 4.0)&lt;br&gt; 
''lugubris'': https://www.gbif.org/occurrence/1248689125 (CC BY-NC-SA 3.0)&lt;br&gt; 
''seyrigi'': https://www.gbif.org/occurrence/1322648015 (CC0 1.0)&lt;br&gt;
''sheffieldi'': https://www.gbif.org/occurrence/1318932924 (CC0 1.0)&lt;br&gt;
''silaos'': https://www.gbif.org/occurrence/1320574593 (CC0 1.0)&lt;br&gt;

==Ants==
'''Subfamilies of Formicidae (WaspWeb)'''

Number of iNaturalist records for subfamilies of Formicidae in Africa (2023-05-23)
Amblyoponinae              7
Dolichoderinae           630
Dorylinae                 1 167
Formicinae            10 396       Camponotus   6 090; Lepisiota 1 046
Myrmicinae              8 484       Crematogaster  1 786;   Pheidole  1 468;   Messor  1 156 
Ponerinae                1 623
Proceratiinae                  3
Pseudomyrmecinae   296


Aenictinae One Afrotropical genus ''Aenictus'' &lt;br&gt;

Aenictogitoninae One Afrotropical genus ''Aenictogiton'' &lt;br&gt;

Amblyoponinae Five Afrotropical genera &lt;br&gt;

Apomyrminae One Afrotropical genus ''Apomyrma'' &lt;br&gt; 

Cerapachyinae Five Afrotropical genera&lt;br&gt;

Dolichoderinae Eight Afrotropical genera&lt;br&gt;

Dorylinae One Afrotropical genus ''Dorylus'' &lt;br&gt;

Formicinae 20 Afrotropical genera&lt;br&gt;

Leptanillinae One Afrotropical genus ''Leptanilla'' &lt;br&gt;

Myrmicinae 37 Afrotropical genera &lt;br&gt;

Ponerinae 18 Afrotropical genera &lt;br&gt;

Proceratiinae Three Afrotropical genera  &lt;br&gt;

Pseudomyrmecinae One Afrotropical genus Tetraponera &lt;br&gt;


&lt;gallery mode=packed heights=200&gt;
Aenictogiton sp.jpg|''Aenictogiton'' sp., Aenictogitoninae 
Apomyrma stygia casent0101444 profile 1.jpg|''Apomyrma stygia'', Apomyrminae 
Cerapachys coxalis casent0173076 profile 1.jpg|''Cerapachys coxalis'', Cerapachyinae 
Cerapachys centurio castype12081-02 profile 1.jpg|''Cerapachys centurio'', Cerapachyinae
Tapinoma subtile casent0132840 dorsal 1.jpg|''Tapinoma subtile'', Dolichoderinae 
Dorylus helvolus, a, Seringveld.jpg|''Dorylus helvolus'', Dorylinae  
Polyrhachis schistacea00.jpg|''Polyrhachis schistacea'', Formicinae 
Anoplolepis custodiens, met prooi, a, Krugersdorp.jpg|''Anoplolepis custodiens'', Formicinae 
AFRICAN THIEF ANT SIX.jpg|''Carebara vidua'', Myrmicinae 
Millipede Hunter Ant (Plectroctena mandibularis) (11904420373).jpg|''Plectroctena mandibularis'', Ponerinae 
Discothyrea hewitti sam-hym-c000061a profile 1.jpg|''Discothyrea hewitti'', Proceratiinae 
Probolomyrmex filiformis casent0102141 profile 1.jpg|''Probolomyrmex filiformis'', Proceratiinae 
Slender Ant (Tetraponera natalensis) (30538051244).jpg|''Tetraponera natalensis'', Pseudomyrmecinae
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== N-P interactions ==
Dai, Z., Liu, G., Chen, H., Chen, C., Wang, J., Ai, S., Wei, D., Li, D., Ma, B., Tang, C., Brookes, P.C. and Xu, J., 2020. Long-term nutrient inputs shift soil microbial functional profiles of phosphorus cycling in diverse agroecosystems. The ISME journal, 14(3), pp.757-770.
'''Abstract'''
Microorganisms play an important role in soil phosphorus (P) cycling and regulation of P availability in agroecosystems. However, the responses of the functional and ecological traits of P-transformation microorganisms to long-term nutrient inputs are largely unknown. This study used metagenomics to investigate changes in the relative abundance of microbial P-transformation genes at four long-term experimental sites that received various inputs of N and P nutrients (up to 39 years). Long-term P input increased microbial P immobilization by decreasing the relative abundance of the P-starvation response gene (phoR) and increasing that of the low-affinity inorganic phosphate transporter gene (pit). This contrasts with previous findings that low-P conditions facilitate P immobilization in culturable microorganisms in short-term studies. In comparison, long-term nitrogen (N) input significantly decreased soil pH, and consequently decreased the relative abundances of total microbial P-solubilizing genes and the abundances of Actinobacteria, Gammaproteobacteria, and Alphaproteobacteria containing genes coding for alkaline phosphatase, and weakened the connection of relevant key genes. This challenges the concept that microbial P-solubilization capacity is mainly regulated by N:P stoichiometry. It is concluded that long-term N inputs decreased microbial P-solubilizing and mineralizing capacity while P inputs favored microbial immobilization via altering the microbial functional profiles, providing a novel insight into the regulation of P cycling in sustainable agroecosystems from a microbial perspective.

==Number of iNat records in Acalyptrate fly families==
The [[w:acalyptratae|acalyptrate fly clade]] includes the following superfamilies and families:&lt;br&gt;

* '''Carnoidea'''
** Acartophthalmidae         0
** Australimyzidae           0
** Braulidae (bee lice)         1
** Canacidae (beach flies)         3
** Carnidae (bird flies)         0
** Chloropidae (frit flies)         259
** Cryptochetidae              1
** Inbiomyiidae                0
** Milichiidae (freeloader flies) 158
&lt;br&gt;
* '''Diopsoidea'''
** Diopsidae (stalk-eyed flies)    545
** Gobryidae                   0
** Megamerinidae               0
** Nothybidae                   0
** Psilidae (rust flies)         29
** Somatiidae                   0
** Syringogastridae            0
&lt;br&gt;
* '''Ephydroidea'''
** Camillidae  0
** Campichoetidae   0
** Curtonotidae (quasimodo flies)   15
** Diastatidae 0
** Drosophilidae (vinegar and fruit flies) 312
** Ephydridae (shore flies) 117
&lt;br&gt;
* '''Lauxanioidea'''
** Celyphidae (beetle flies)  0
** Chamaemyiidae (aphid flies)  24
** Cremifaniidae  0
** Lauxaniidae (lauxaniid flies)  710
&lt;br&gt;
* '''Nerioidea'''
** Cypselosomatidae  0
** Fergusoninidae  0
** Micropezidae (stilt-legged flies)  245
** Neriidae  109
** Strongylophthalmyiidae  0
** Tanypezidae (stretched-foot flies)  0
&lt;br&gt;
* '''Opomyzoidea'''
** Agromyzidae (leaf-miner flies) 161
** Anthomyzidae  3
** Asteiidae  4
** Aulacigastridae  2
** Clusiidae (druid flies) 2
** Marginidae  0
** Neminidae 0 
** Neurochaetidae 0
** Odiniidae  0
** Opomyzidae  4
** Periscelididae  1
** Teratomyzidae  0
** Xenasteiidae  0
&lt;br&gt;
* '''Sciomyzoidea''' 
** Coelopidae (kelp flies)  51
** Conopidae (thick-headed flies)  192
** Dryomyzidae  1
** Helcomyzidae  0
** Helosciomyzidae  0
** Heterocheilidae  0
** Huttoninidae  0
** Natalimyzidae  0
** Phaeomyiidae  0
** Ropalomeridae  1
** Sciomyzidae (marsh flies)  67
** Sepsidae (black scavenger flies)  269
&lt;br&gt;
* '''Sphaeroceroidea'''
** Chyromyidae (golden flies)  19
** Heleomyzidae (heleomyzid flies)  151
** Nannodastiidae  0
** Sphaeroceridae (lesser dung flies)  48
&lt;br&gt;
* '''Tephritoidea'''
** Ctenostylidae  1
** Lonchaeidae (lance flies) 47
** Pallopteridae (flutter-wing flies)  5
** Piophilidae (cheese skipper flies) 1
** Platystomatidae (signal flies)  683
** Pyrgotidae (scarab-pursuing flies)  119
** Richardiidae  0
** Tachiniscidae  2
** Tephritidae (fruit flies)  1,759
** Ulidiidae (picture-winged flies) 165</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>2694344</id>
      <parentid>2694343</parentid>
      <timestamp>2025-01-04T20:19:00Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Alandmanson</username>
        <id>1669821</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Tribe Ageniellini (Mud-nesting Spider Wasps) */</comment>
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==Afrotropical Pepsinae==

===Tribe Ageniellini (Mud-nesting Spider Wasps)===

Genus ''Auplopus''
Genus ''Cyemagenia''
Genus ''Poecilagenia''
Genus ''Pseudagenia'' (=''Dichragenia'', at least in some cases)

===Other pepsinae===

Genus Ageniella
Genus Arpactomorpha
Genus Eragenia
Genus Fabriogenia
Genus Machaerothrix
Genus Macromerella
Genus Paragenia
Genus Phanagenia
Genus Priocnemella


==Eumeninae==
Photos of ''Antodynerus'' on GBIF:&lt;br&gt;
''alboniger'': https://www.gbif.org/occurrence/1248689053 (CC BY-NC-SA 3.0)&lt;br&gt; 
''hova'': https://www.gbif.org/occurrence/1320165802 (CC0 1.0)&lt;br&gt;
''kelneri'': https://www.gbif.org/occurrence/3762658306 (CC BY-NC-SA 4.0)&lt;br&gt; 
''lugubris'': https://www.gbif.org/occurrence/1248689125 (CC BY-NC-SA 3.0)&lt;br&gt; 
''seyrigi'': https://www.gbif.org/occurrence/1322648015 (CC0 1.0)&lt;br&gt;
''sheffieldi'': https://www.gbif.org/occurrence/1318932924 (CC0 1.0)&lt;br&gt;
''silaos'': https://www.gbif.org/occurrence/1320574593 (CC0 1.0)&lt;br&gt;

==Ants==
'''Subfamilies of Formicidae (WaspWeb)'''

Number of iNaturalist records for subfamilies of Formicidae in Africa (2023-05-23)
Amblyoponinae              7
Dolichoderinae           630
Dorylinae                 1 167
Formicinae            10 396       Camponotus   6 090; Lepisiota 1 046
Myrmicinae              8 484       Crematogaster  1 786;   Pheidole  1 468;   Messor  1 156 
Ponerinae                1 623
Proceratiinae                  3
Pseudomyrmecinae   296


Aenictinae One Afrotropical genus ''Aenictus'' &lt;br&gt;

Aenictogitoninae One Afrotropical genus ''Aenictogiton'' &lt;br&gt;

Amblyoponinae Five Afrotropical genera &lt;br&gt;

Apomyrminae One Afrotropical genus ''Apomyrma'' &lt;br&gt; 

Cerapachyinae Five Afrotropical genera&lt;br&gt;

Dolichoderinae Eight Afrotropical genera&lt;br&gt;

Dorylinae One Afrotropical genus ''Dorylus'' &lt;br&gt;

Formicinae 20 Afrotropical genera&lt;br&gt;

Leptanillinae One Afrotropical genus ''Leptanilla'' &lt;br&gt;

Myrmicinae 37 Afrotropical genera &lt;br&gt;

Ponerinae 18 Afrotropical genera &lt;br&gt;

Proceratiinae Three Afrotropical genera  &lt;br&gt;

Pseudomyrmecinae One Afrotropical genus Tetraponera &lt;br&gt;


&lt;gallery mode=packed heights=200&gt;
Aenictogiton sp.jpg|''Aenictogiton'' sp., Aenictogitoninae 
Apomyrma stygia casent0101444 profile 1.jpg|''Apomyrma stygia'', Apomyrminae 
Cerapachys coxalis casent0173076 profile 1.jpg|''Cerapachys coxalis'', Cerapachyinae 
Cerapachys centurio castype12081-02 profile 1.jpg|''Cerapachys centurio'', Cerapachyinae
Tapinoma subtile casent0132840 dorsal 1.jpg|''Tapinoma subtile'', Dolichoderinae 
Dorylus helvolus, a, Seringveld.jpg|''Dorylus helvolus'', Dorylinae  
Polyrhachis schistacea00.jpg|''Polyrhachis schistacea'', Formicinae 
Anoplolepis custodiens, met prooi, a, Krugersdorp.jpg|''Anoplolepis custodiens'', Formicinae 
AFRICAN THIEF ANT SIX.jpg|''Carebara vidua'', Myrmicinae 
Millipede Hunter Ant (Plectroctena mandibularis) (11904420373).jpg|''Plectroctena mandibularis'', Ponerinae 
Discothyrea hewitti sam-hym-c000061a profile 1.jpg|''Discothyrea hewitti'', Proceratiinae 
Probolomyrmex filiformis casent0102141 profile 1.jpg|''Probolomyrmex filiformis'', Proceratiinae 
Slender Ant (Tetraponera natalensis) (30538051244).jpg|''Tetraponera natalensis'', Pseudomyrmecinae
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== N-P interactions ==
Dai, Z., Liu, G., Chen, H., Chen, C., Wang, J., Ai, S., Wei, D., Li, D., Ma, B., Tang, C., Brookes, P.C. and Xu, J., 2020. Long-term nutrient inputs shift soil microbial functional profiles of phosphorus cycling in diverse agroecosystems. The ISME journal, 14(3), pp.757-770.
'''Abstract'''
Microorganisms play an important role in soil phosphorus (P) cycling and regulation of P availability in agroecosystems. However, the responses of the functional and ecological traits of P-transformation microorganisms to long-term nutrient inputs are largely unknown. This study used metagenomics to investigate changes in the relative abundance of microbial P-transformation genes at four long-term experimental sites that received various inputs of N and P nutrients (up to 39 years). Long-term P input increased microbial P immobilization by decreasing the relative abundance of the P-starvation response gene (phoR) and increasing that of the low-affinity inorganic phosphate transporter gene (pit). This contrasts with previous findings that low-P conditions facilitate P immobilization in culturable microorganisms in short-term studies. In comparison, long-term nitrogen (N) input significantly decreased soil pH, and consequently decreased the relative abundances of total microbial P-solubilizing genes and the abundances of Actinobacteria, Gammaproteobacteria, and Alphaproteobacteria containing genes coding for alkaline phosphatase, and weakened the connection of relevant key genes. This challenges the concept that microbial P-solubilization capacity is mainly regulated by N:P stoichiometry. It is concluded that long-term N inputs decreased microbial P-solubilizing and mineralizing capacity while P inputs favored microbial immobilization via altering the microbial functional profiles, providing a novel insight into the regulation of P cycling in sustainable agroecosystems from a microbial perspective.

==Number of iNat records in Acalyptrate fly families==
The [[w:acalyptratae|acalyptrate fly clade]] includes the following superfamilies and families:&lt;br&gt;

* '''Carnoidea'''
** Acartophthalmidae         0
** Australimyzidae           0
** Braulidae (bee lice)         1
** Canacidae (beach flies)         3
** Carnidae (bird flies)         0
** Chloropidae (frit flies)         259
** Cryptochetidae              1
** Inbiomyiidae                0
** Milichiidae (freeloader flies) 158
&lt;br&gt;
* '''Diopsoidea'''
** Diopsidae (stalk-eyed flies)    545
** Gobryidae                   0
** Megamerinidae               0
** Nothybidae                   0
** Psilidae (rust flies)         29
** Somatiidae                   0
** Syringogastridae            0
&lt;br&gt;
* '''Ephydroidea'''
** Camillidae  0
** Campichoetidae   0
** Curtonotidae (quasimodo flies)   15
** Diastatidae 0
** Drosophilidae (vinegar and fruit flies) 312
** Ephydridae (shore flies) 117
&lt;br&gt;
* '''Lauxanioidea'''
** Celyphidae (beetle flies)  0
** Chamaemyiidae (aphid flies)  24
** Cremifaniidae  0
** Lauxaniidae (lauxaniid flies)  710
&lt;br&gt;
* '''Nerioidea'''
** Cypselosomatidae  0
** Fergusoninidae  0
** Micropezidae (stilt-legged flies)  245
** Neriidae  109
** Strongylophthalmyiidae  0
** Tanypezidae (stretched-foot flies)  0
&lt;br&gt;
* '''Opomyzoidea'''
** Agromyzidae (leaf-miner flies) 161
** Anthomyzidae  3
** Asteiidae  4
** Aulacigastridae  2
** Clusiidae (druid flies) 2
** Marginidae  0
** Neminidae 0 
** Neurochaetidae 0
** Odiniidae  0
** Opomyzidae  4
** Periscelididae  1
** Teratomyzidae  0
** Xenasteiidae  0
&lt;br&gt;
* '''Sciomyzoidea''' 
** Coelopidae (kelp flies)  51
** Conopidae (thick-headed flies)  192
** Dryomyzidae  1
** Helcomyzidae  0
** Helosciomyzidae  0
** Heterocheilidae  0
** Huttoninidae  0
** Natalimyzidae  0
** Phaeomyiidae  0
** Ropalomeridae  1
** Sciomyzidae (marsh flies)  67
** Sepsidae (black scavenger flies)  269
&lt;br&gt;
* '''Sphaeroceroidea'''
** Chyromyidae (golden flies)  19
** Heleomyzidae (heleomyzid flies)  151
** Nannodastiidae  0
** Sphaeroceridae (lesser dung flies)  48
&lt;br&gt;
* '''Tephritoidea'''
** Ctenostylidae  1
** Lonchaeidae (lance flies) 47
** Pallopteridae (flutter-wing flies)  5
** Piophilidae (cheese skipper flies) 1
** Platystomatidae (signal flies)  683
** Pyrgotidae (scarab-pursuing flies)  119
** Richardiidae  0
** Tachiniscidae  2
** Tephritidae (fruit flies)  1,759
** Ulidiidae (picture-winged flies) 165</text>
      <sha1>rkhs2mv5grempmwoajynm16t9buduvm</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>2694345</id>
      <parentid>2694344</parentid>
      <timestamp>2025-01-04T20:20:25Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Alandmanson</username>
        <id>1669821</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Afrotropical Pepsinae */</comment>
      <origin>2694345</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="7698" sha1="95i3v801q3uyg3yby9agnolys2o1094" xml:space="preserve">&lt;!--Info--&gt;
==Afrotropical Pepsinae==

===Tribe Ageniellini (Mud-nesting Spider Wasps)===

Genus ''Auplopus''&lt;br&gt;

Genus ''Cyemagenia''&lt;br&gt;

Genus ''Poecilagenia''&lt;br&gt;

Genus ''Pseudagenia'' (=''Dichragenia'', at least in some cases)

===Other pepsinae===

Genus ''Ageniella''&lt;br&gt;

Genus ''Arpactomorpha''&lt;br&gt;

Genus ''Eragenia''&lt;br&gt;

Genus ''Fabriogenia''&lt;br&gt;

Genus ''Machaerothrix''&lt;br&gt;

Genus ''Macromerella''&lt;br&gt;

Genus ''Paragenia''&lt;br&gt;

Genus ''Phanagenia''&lt;br&gt;

Genus ''Priocnemella''

==Eumeninae==
Photos of ''Antodynerus'' on GBIF:&lt;br&gt;
''alboniger'': https://www.gbif.org/occurrence/1248689053 (CC BY-NC-SA 3.0)&lt;br&gt; 
''hova'': https://www.gbif.org/occurrence/1320165802 (CC0 1.0)&lt;br&gt;
''kelneri'': https://www.gbif.org/occurrence/3762658306 (CC BY-NC-SA 4.0)&lt;br&gt; 
''lugubris'': https://www.gbif.org/occurrence/1248689125 (CC BY-NC-SA 3.0)&lt;br&gt; 
''seyrigi'': https://www.gbif.org/occurrence/1322648015 (CC0 1.0)&lt;br&gt;
''sheffieldi'': https://www.gbif.org/occurrence/1318932924 (CC0 1.0)&lt;br&gt;
''silaos'': https://www.gbif.org/occurrence/1320574593 (CC0 1.0)&lt;br&gt;

==Ants==
'''Subfamilies of Formicidae (WaspWeb)'''

Number of iNaturalist records for subfamilies of Formicidae in Africa (2023-05-23)
Amblyoponinae              7
Dolichoderinae           630
Dorylinae                 1 167
Formicinae            10 396       Camponotus   6 090; Lepisiota 1 046
Myrmicinae              8 484       Crematogaster  1 786;   Pheidole  1 468;   Messor  1 156 
Ponerinae                1 623
Proceratiinae                  3
Pseudomyrmecinae   296


Aenictinae One Afrotropical genus ''Aenictus'' &lt;br&gt;

Aenictogitoninae One Afrotropical genus ''Aenictogiton'' &lt;br&gt;

Amblyoponinae Five Afrotropical genera &lt;br&gt;

Apomyrminae One Afrotropical genus ''Apomyrma'' &lt;br&gt; 

Cerapachyinae Five Afrotropical genera&lt;br&gt;

Dolichoderinae Eight Afrotropical genera&lt;br&gt;

Dorylinae One Afrotropical genus ''Dorylus'' &lt;br&gt;

Formicinae 20 Afrotropical genera&lt;br&gt;

Leptanillinae One Afrotropical genus ''Leptanilla'' &lt;br&gt;

Myrmicinae 37 Afrotropical genera &lt;br&gt;

Ponerinae 18 Afrotropical genera &lt;br&gt;

Proceratiinae Three Afrotropical genera  &lt;br&gt;

Pseudomyrmecinae One Afrotropical genus Tetraponera &lt;br&gt;


&lt;gallery mode=packed heights=200&gt;
Aenictogiton sp.jpg|''Aenictogiton'' sp., Aenictogitoninae 
Apomyrma stygia casent0101444 profile 1.jpg|''Apomyrma stygia'', Apomyrminae 
Cerapachys coxalis casent0173076 profile 1.jpg|''Cerapachys coxalis'', Cerapachyinae 
Cerapachys centurio castype12081-02 profile 1.jpg|''Cerapachys centurio'', Cerapachyinae
Tapinoma subtile casent0132840 dorsal 1.jpg|''Tapinoma subtile'', Dolichoderinae 
Dorylus helvolus, a, Seringveld.jpg|''Dorylus helvolus'', Dorylinae  
Polyrhachis schistacea00.jpg|''Polyrhachis schistacea'', Formicinae 
Anoplolepis custodiens, met prooi, a, Krugersdorp.jpg|''Anoplolepis custodiens'', Formicinae 
AFRICAN THIEF ANT SIX.jpg|''Carebara vidua'', Myrmicinae 
Millipede Hunter Ant (Plectroctena mandibularis) (11904420373).jpg|''Plectroctena mandibularis'', Ponerinae 
Discothyrea hewitti sam-hym-c000061a profile 1.jpg|''Discothyrea hewitti'', Proceratiinae 
Probolomyrmex filiformis casent0102141 profile 1.jpg|''Probolomyrmex filiformis'', Proceratiinae 
Slender Ant (Tetraponera natalensis) (30538051244).jpg|''Tetraponera natalensis'', Pseudomyrmecinae
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== N-P interactions ==
Dai, Z., Liu, G., Chen, H., Chen, C., Wang, J., Ai, S., Wei, D., Li, D., Ma, B., Tang, C., Brookes, P.C. and Xu, J., 2020. Long-term nutrient inputs shift soil microbial functional profiles of phosphorus cycling in diverse agroecosystems. The ISME journal, 14(3), pp.757-770.
'''Abstract'''
Microorganisms play an important role in soil phosphorus (P) cycling and regulation of P availability in agroecosystems. However, the responses of the functional and ecological traits of P-transformation microorganisms to long-term nutrient inputs are largely unknown. This study used metagenomics to investigate changes in the relative abundance of microbial P-transformation genes at four long-term experimental sites that received various inputs of N and P nutrients (up to 39 years). Long-term P input increased microbial P immobilization by decreasing the relative abundance of the P-starvation response gene (phoR) and increasing that of the low-affinity inorganic phosphate transporter gene (pit). This contrasts with previous findings that low-P conditions facilitate P immobilization in culturable microorganisms in short-term studies. In comparison, long-term nitrogen (N) input significantly decreased soil pH, and consequently decreased the relative abundances of total microbial P-solubilizing genes and the abundances of Actinobacteria, Gammaproteobacteria, and Alphaproteobacteria containing genes coding for alkaline phosphatase, and weakened the connection of relevant key genes. This challenges the concept that microbial P-solubilization capacity is mainly regulated by N:P stoichiometry. It is concluded that long-term N inputs decreased microbial P-solubilizing and mineralizing capacity while P inputs favored microbial immobilization via altering the microbial functional profiles, providing a novel insight into the regulation of P cycling in sustainable agroecosystems from a microbial perspective.

==Number of iNat records in Acalyptrate fly families==
The [[w:acalyptratae|acalyptrate fly clade]] includes the following superfamilies and families:&lt;br&gt;

* '''Carnoidea'''
** Acartophthalmidae         0
** Australimyzidae           0
** Braulidae (bee lice)         1
** Canacidae (beach flies)         3
** Carnidae (bird flies)         0
** Chloropidae (frit flies)         259
** Cryptochetidae              1
** Inbiomyiidae                0
** Milichiidae (freeloader flies) 158
&lt;br&gt;
* '''Diopsoidea'''
** Diopsidae (stalk-eyed flies)    545
** Gobryidae                   0
** Megamerinidae               0
** Nothybidae                   0
** Psilidae (rust flies)         29
** Somatiidae                   0
** Syringogastridae            0
&lt;br&gt;
* '''Ephydroidea'''
** Camillidae  0
** Campichoetidae   0
** Curtonotidae (quasimodo flies)   15
** Diastatidae 0
** Drosophilidae (vinegar and fruit flies) 312
** Ephydridae (shore flies) 117
&lt;br&gt;
* '''Lauxanioidea'''
** Celyphidae (beetle flies)  0
** Chamaemyiidae (aphid flies)  24
** Cremifaniidae  0
** Lauxaniidae (lauxaniid flies)  710
&lt;br&gt;
* '''Nerioidea'''
** Cypselosomatidae  0
** Fergusoninidae  0
** Micropezidae (stilt-legged flies)  245
** Neriidae  109
** Strongylophthalmyiidae  0
** Tanypezidae (stretched-foot flies)  0
&lt;br&gt;
* '''Opomyzoidea'''
** Agromyzidae (leaf-miner flies) 161
** Anthomyzidae  3
** Asteiidae  4
** Aulacigastridae  2
** Clusiidae (druid flies) 2
** Marginidae  0
** Neminidae 0 
** Neurochaetidae 0
** Odiniidae  0
** Opomyzidae  4
** Periscelididae  1
** Teratomyzidae  0
** Xenasteiidae  0
&lt;br&gt;
* '''Sciomyzoidea''' 
** Coelopidae (kelp flies)  51
** Conopidae (thick-headed flies)  192
** Dryomyzidae  1
** Helcomyzidae  0
** Helosciomyzidae  0
** Heterocheilidae  0
** Huttoninidae  0
** Natalimyzidae  0
** Phaeomyiidae  0
** Ropalomeridae  1
** Sciomyzidae (marsh flies)  67
** Sepsidae (black scavenger flies)  269
&lt;br&gt;
* '''Sphaeroceroidea'''
** Chyromyidae (golden flies)  19
** Heleomyzidae (heleomyzid flies)  151
** Nannodastiidae  0
** Sphaeroceridae (lesser dung flies)  48
&lt;br&gt;
* '''Tephritoidea'''
** Ctenostylidae  1
** Lonchaeidae (lance flies) 47
** Pallopteridae (flutter-wing flies)  5
** Piophilidae (cheese skipper flies) 1
** Platystomatidae (signal flies)  683
** Pyrgotidae (scarab-pursuing flies)  119
** Richardiidae  0
** Tachiniscidae  2
** Tephritidae (fruit flies)  1,759
** Ulidiidae (picture-winged flies) 165</text>
      <sha1>95i3v801q3uyg3yby9agnolys2o1094</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>2694346</id>
      <parentid>2694345</parentid>
      <timestamp>2025-01-04T20:20:42Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Alandmanson</username>
        <id>1669821</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Other pepsinae */</comment>
      <origin>2694346</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="7698" sha1="b3vrl2yqn8bgrao5hfnvq0aimlcefyc" xml:space="preserve">&lt;!--Info--&gt;
==Afrotropical Pepsinae==

===Tribe Ageniellini (Mud-nesting Spider Wasps)===

Genus ''Auplopus''&lt;br&gt;

Genus ''Cyemagenia''&lt;br&gt;

Genus ''Poecilagenia''&lt;br&gt;

Genus ''Pseudagenia'' (=''Dichragenia'', at least in some cases)

===Other Pepsinae===

Genus ''Ageniella''&lt;br&gt;

Genus ''Arpactomorpha''&lt;br&gt;

Genus ''Eragenia''&lt;br&gt;

Genus ''Fabriogenia''&lt;br&gt;

Genus ''Machaerothrix''&lt;br&gt;

Genus ''Macromerella''&lt;br&gt;

Genus ''Paragenia''&lt;br&gt;

Genus ''Phanagenia''&lt;br&gt;

Genus ''Priocnemella''

==Eumeninae==
Photos of ''Antodynerus'' on GBIF:&lt;br&gt;
''alboniger'': https://www.gbif.org/occurrence/1248689053 (CC BY-NC-SA 3.0)&lt;br&gt; 
''hova'': https://www.gbif.org/occurrence/1320165802 (CC0 1.0)&lt;br&gt;
''kelneri'': https://www.gbif.org/occurrence/3762658306 (CC BY-NC-SA 4.0)&lt;br&gt; 
''lugubris'': https://www.gbif.org/occurrence/1248689125 (CC BY-NC-SA 3.0)&lt;br&gt; 
''seyrigi'': https://www.gbif.org/occurrence/1322648015 (CC0 1.0)&lt;br&gt;
''sheffieldi'': https://www.gbif.org/occurrence/1318932924 (CC0 1.0)&lt;br&gt;
''silaos'': https://www.gbif.org/occurrence/1320574593 (CC0 1.0)&lt;br&gt;

==Ants==
'''Subfamilies of Formicidae (WaspWeb)'''

Number of iNaturalist records for subfamilies of Formicidae in Africa (2023-05-23)
Amblyoponinae              7
Dolichoderinae           630
Dorylinae                 1 167
Formicinae            10 396       Camponotus   6 090; Lepisiota 1 046
Myrmicinae              8 484       Crematogaster  1 786;   Pheidole  1 468;   Messor  1 156 
Ponerinae                1 623
Proceratiinae                  3
Pseudomyrmecinae   296


Aenictinae One Afrotropical genus ''Aenictus'' &lt;br&gt;

Aenictogitoninae One Afrotropical genus ''Aenictogiton'' &lt;br&gt;

Amblyoponinae Five Afrotropical genera &lt;br&gt;

Apomyrminae One Afrotropical genus ''Apomyrma'' &lt;br&gt; 

Cerapachyinae Five Afrotropical genera&lt;br&gt;

Dolichoderinae Eight Afrotropical genera&lt;br&gt;

Dorylinae One Afrotropical genus ''Dorylus'' &lt;br&gt;

Formicinae 20 Afrotropical genera&lt;br&gt;

Leptanillinae One Afrotropical genus ''Leptanilla'' &lt;br&gt;

Myrmicinae 37 Afrotropical genera &lt;br&gt;

Ponerinae 18 Afrotropical genera &lt;br&gt;

Proceratiinae Three Afrotropical genera  &lt;br&gt;

Pseudomyrmecinae One Afrotropical genus Tetraponera &lt;br&gt;


&lt;gallery mode=packed heights=200&gt;
Aenictogiton sp.jpg|''Aenictogiton'' sp., Aenictogitoninae 
Apomyrma stygia casent0101444 profile 1.jpg|''Apomyrma stygia'', Apomyrminae 
Cerapachys coxalis casent0173076 profile 1.jpg|''Cerapachys coxalis'', Cerapachyinae 
Cerapachys centurio castype12081-02 profile 1.jpg|''Cerapachys centurio'', Cerapachyinae
Tapinoma subtile casent0132840 dorsal 1.jpg|''Tapinoma subtile'', Dolichoderinae 
Dorylus helvolus, a, Seringveld.jpg|''Dorylus helvolus'', Dorylinae  
Polyrhachis schistacea00.jpg|''Polyrhachis schistacea'', Formicinae 
Anoplolepis custodiens, met prooi, a, Krugersdorp.jpg|''Anoplolepis custodiens'', Formicinae 
AFRICAN THIEF ANT SIX.jpg|''Carebara vidua'', Myrmicinae 
Millipede Hunter Ant (Plectroctena mandibularis) (11904420373).jpg|''Plectroctena mandibularis'', Ponerinae 
Discothyrea hewitti sam-hym-c000061a profile 1.jpg|''Discothyrea hewitti'', Proceratiinae 
Probolomyrmex filiformis casent0102141 profile 1.jpg|''Probolomyrmex filiformis'', Proceratiinae 
Slender Ant (Tetraponera natalensis) (30538051244).jpg|''Tetraponera natalensis'', Pseudomyrmecinae
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== N-P interactions ==
Dai, Z., Liu, G., Chen, H., Chen, C., Wang, J., Ai, S., Wei, D., Li, D., Ma, B., Tang, C., Brookes, P.C. and Xu, J., 2020. Long-term nutrient inputs shift soil microbial functional profiles of phosphorus cycling in diverse agroecosystems. The ISME journal, 14(3), pp.757-770.
'''Abstract'''
Microorganisms play an important role in soil phosphorus (P) cycling and regulation of P availability in agroecosystems. However, the responses of the functional and ecological traits of P-transformation microorganisms to long-term nutrient inputs are largely unknown. This study used metagenomics to investigate changes in the relative abundance of microbial P-transformation genes at four long-term experimental sites that received various inputs of N and P nutrients (up to 39 years). Long-term P input increased microbial P immobilization by decreasing the relative abundance of the P-starvation response gene (phoR) and increasing that of the low-affinity inorganic phosphate transporter gene (pit). This contrasts with previous findings that low-P conditions facilitate P immobilization in culturable microorganisms in short-term studies. In comparison, long-term nitrogen (N) input significantly decreased soil pH, and consequently decreased the relative abundances of total microbial P-solubilizing genes and the abundances of Actinobacteria, Gammaproteobacteria, and Alphaproteobacteria containing genes coding for alkaline phosphatase, and weakened the connection of relevant key genes. This challenges the concept that microbial P-solubilization capacity is mainly regulated by N:P stoichiometry. It is concluded that long-term N inputs decreased microbial P-solubilizing and mineralizing capacity while P inputs favored microbial immobilization via altering the microbial functional profiles, providing a novel insight into the regulation of P cycling in sustainable agroecosystems from a microbial perspective.

==Number of iNat records in Acalyptrate fly families==
The [[w:acalyptratae|acalyptrate fly clade]] includes the following superfamilies and families:&lt;br&gt;

* '''Carnoidea'''
** Acartophthalmidae         0
** Australimyzidae           0
** Braulidae (bee lice)         1
** Canacidae (beach flies)         3
** Carnidae (bird flies)         0
** Chloropidae (frit flies)         259
** Cryptochetidae              1
** Inbiomyiidae                0
** Milichiidae (freeloader flies) 158
&lt;br&gt;
* '''Diopsoidea'''
** Diopsidae (stalk-eyed flies)    545
** Gobryidae                   0
** Megamerinidae               0
** Nothybidae                   0
** Psilidae (rust flies)         29
** Somatiidae                   0
** Syringogastridae            0
&lt;br&gt;
* '''Ephydroidea'''
** Camillidae  0
** Campichoetidae   0
** Curtonotidae (quasimodo flies)   15
** Diastatidae 0
** Drosophilidae (vinegar and fruit flies) 312
** Ephydridae (shore flies) 117
&lt;br&gt;
* '''Lauxanioidea'''
** Celyphidae (beetle flies)  0
** Chamaemyiidae (aphid flies)  24
** Cremifaniidae  0
** Lauxaniidae (lauxaniid flies)  710
&lt;br&gt;
* '''Nerioidea'''
** Cypselosomatidae  0
** Fergusoninidae  0
** Micropezidae (stilt-legged flies)  245
** Neriidae  109
** Strongylophthalmyiidae  0
** Tanypezidae (stretched-foot flies)  0
&lt;br&gt;
* '''Opomyzoidea'''
** Agromyzidae (leaf-miner flies) 161
** Anthomyzidae  3
** Asteiidae  4
** Aulacigastridae  2
** Clusiidae (druid flies) 2
** Marginidae  0
** Neminidae 0 
** Neurochaetidae 0
** Odiniidae  0
** Opomyzidae  4
** Periscelididae  1
** Teratomyzidae  0
** Xenasteiidae  0
&lt;br&gt;
* '''Sciomyzoidea''' 
** Coelopidae (kelp flies)  51
** Conopidae (thick-headed flies)  192
** Dryomyzidae  1
** Helcomyzidae  0
** Helosciomyzidae  0
** Heterocheilidae  0
** Huttoninidae  0
** Natalimyzidae  0
** Phaeomyiidae  0
** Ropalomeridae  1
** Sciomyzidae (marsh flies)  67
** Sepsidae (black scavenger flies)  269
&lt;br&gt;
* '''Sphaeroceroidea'''
** Chyromyidae (golden flies)  19
** Heleomyzidae (heleomyzid flies)  151
** Nannodastiidae  0
** Sphaeroceridae (lesser dung flies)  48
&lt;br&gt;
* '''Tephritoidea'''
** Ctenostylidae  1
** Lonchaeidae (lance flies) 47
** Pallopteridae (flutter-wing flies)  5
** Piophilidae (cheese skipper flies) 1
** Platystomatidae (signal flies)  683
** Pyrgotidae (scarab-pursuing flies)  119
** Richardiidae  0
** Tachiniscidae  2
** Tephritidae (fruit flies)  1,759
** Ulidiidae (picture-winged flies) 165</text>
      <sha1>b3vrl2yqn8bgrao5hfnvq0aimlcefyc</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Planck units (geometrical)</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>275012</id>
    <revision>
      <id>2694361</id>
      <parentid>2694068</parentid>
      <timestamp>2025-01-05T00:04:49Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Platos Cave (physics)</username>
        <id>2562653</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Undo revision [[Special:Diff/2694068|2694068]] by [[Special:Contributions/Platos Cave (physics)|Platos Cave (physics)]] ([[User talk:Platos Cave (physics)|talk]])</comment>
      <origin>2694361</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="47561" sha1="1lgyo2xtr0fk0tu0cmqmxe992ky662k" xml:space="preserve">'''Natural Planck units as geometrical objects (the mathematical electron model)'''

In a geometrical [[w:Planck units |Planck unit]] theory, the dimensioned universe at the Planck scale is defined by discrete geometrical objects for the Planck units; [[w:Planck mass |Planck mass]], [[w:Planck units |Planck length]], [[w:Planck time |Planck time]] and Planck charge. The object embeds the attribute (mass, length, time, charge) of the unit, whereas for numerical based constants, the numerical values are dimensionless frequencies of the [[w:SI units |SI unit]] (kg, m, s, A), 3kg refers to 3 of the unit kg, the number 3 carries no mass-specific information.


=== Geometrical objects ===
The [[v:Electron_(mathematical) |mathematical electron]] &lt;ref&gt;Macleod, M.J. {{Cite journal |title= Programming Planck units from a mathematical electron; a Simulation Hypothesis |journal=Eur. Phys. J. Plus |volume=113 |pages=278 |date=22 March 2018 | doi=10.1140/epjp/i2018-12094-x }}&lt;/ref&gt; is a Planck unit model where mass &lt;math&gt;M&lt;/math&gt;, length &lt;math&gt;L&lt;/math&gt;, time &lt;math&gt;T&lt;/math&gt;, and ampere &lt;math&gt;A&lt;/math&gt; are each assigned discrete geometrical objects from the geometry of 2 [[w:dimensionless physical constant | dimensionless physical constants]], the (inverse) [[w:fine-structure constant | fine structure constant '''α''']] and [[v:Planck_units_(geometrical)#Omega | Omega '''Ω''']]. Embedded into each object is the object function (attribute).

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Table 1. Geometrical units
! Attribute
! Geometrical object
|-
| mass 
| &lt;math&gt;M = (1)&lt;/math&gt;  
|-
| time 
| &lt;math&gt;T = (\pi)&lt;/math&gt; 
|-
| [[v:Sqrt_Planck_momentum | sqrt(momentum)]]
| &lt;math&gt;P = (\Omega)&lt;/math&gt;
|-
| velocity  
| &lt;math&gt;V = (2\pi\Omega^2)&lt;/math&gt;  
|-
| length  
| &lt;math&gt;L = (2\pi^2\Omega^2)&lt;/math&gt; 
|-
| ampere 
| &lt;math&gt;A = \frac{16 V^3}{\alpha P^3} = (\frac{2^7 \pi^3 \Omega^3}{\alpha})&lt;/math&gt; 
|}


As the geometries of dimensionless constants, these objects are also dimensionless and so are independent of any system of units, and of any numerical system, and so could qualify as &quot;natural units&quot; (naturally occuring units);
{{bq|''...ihre Bedeutung für alle Zeiten und für alle, auch außerirdische und außermenschliche Kulturen notwendig behalten und welche daher als »natürliche Maßeinheiten« bezeichnet werden können...''
...These necessarily retain their meaning for all times and for all civilizations, even extraterrestrial and non-human ones, and can therefore be designated as &quot;natural units&quot;... -Max Planck &lt;ref&gt;Planck (1899), p. 479.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;TOM&quot;&gt;*Tomilin, K. A., 1999, &quot;[http://www.ihst.ru/personal/tomilin/papers/tomil.pdf Natural Systems of Units: To the Centenary Anniversary of the Planck System]&quot;, 287–296.&lt;/ref&gt;}}  


As geometrical objects, they may combine [[w:Lego |Lego-style]] to form more complex objects such as electrons (i.e.: by embedding ''mass'' and ''ampere'' objects into the geometry of the electron (the electron object), the electron can have wavelength and charge) &lt;ref&gt;[https://codingthecosmos.com/ A Planck scale mathematical universe model]&lt;/ref&gt;. This requires a mathematical (unit number) relationship that defines how the objects interact with each other. 

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Table 2. Unit number
! Attribute
! Object
! Unit number θ
|-
| mass 
| &lt;math&gt;M = (1)&lt;/math&gt;  
| &lt;math&gt;15&lt;/math&gt;
|-
| time 
| &lt;math&gt;T = (\pi)&lt;/math&gt; 
| &lt;math&gt;-30&lt;/math&gt;
|-
| [[v:Sqrt_Planck_momentum | sqrt(momentum)]]
| &lt;math&gt;P = (\Omega)&lt;/math&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;16&lt;/math&gt;
|-
| velocity  
| &lt;math&gt;V = (2\pi\Omega^2)&lt;/math&gt;  
| &lt;math&gt;17&lt;/math&gt;
|-
| length  
| &lt;math&gt;L = (2\pi^2\Omega^2)&lt;/math&gt; 
| &lt;math&gt;-13&lt;/math&gt;
|-
| ampere 
| &lt;math&gt;A = \frac{16 V^3}{\alpha P^3} = (\frac{2^7 \pi^3 \Omega^3}{\alpha})&lt;/math&gt; 
| &lt;math&gt;3&lt;/math&gt;
|}


As alpha (α = 137.035 999 084) and Omega (Ω = 2.007 134 949 636) both have numerical solutions, we can assign to MLTA numerical values, i.e.: ''V'' = 2πΩ&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; = 25.3123819 and use to solve geometrical physical constant equivalents.

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Table 3. Physical constant equivalents
! CODATA 2014 &lt;ref&gt;[http://www.codata.org/] | CODATA, The Committee on Data for Science and Technology | (2014)&lt;/ref&gt;
! SI unit
! Geometrical constant
! unit u&lt;sup&gt;θ&lt;/sup&gt;
|-
| ''c'' =  299 792 458 (exact)
| &lt;math&gt;\frac{m}{s}&lt;/math&gt;
| ''c*'' = V = 25.312381933 
| &lt;math&gt;u^{17}&lt;/math&gt;
|-
| ''h'' = 6.626 070 040(81) e-34
| &lt;math&gt;\frac{kg \;m^2}{s}&lt;/math&gt;
| ''h*'' = &lt;math&gt;2 \pi M V L&lt;/math&gt; = 12647.2403
| &lt;math&gt;u^{15+17-13}&lt;/math&gt; = &lt;math&gt;u^{19}&lt;/math&gt;
|-
| ''G'' = 6.674 08(31) e-11
| &lt;math&gt;\frac{m^3}{kg \;s^2}&lt;/math&gt;
| ''G*'' = &lt;math&gt;\frac{V^2 L}{M}&lt;/math&gt; = 50950.55478
| &lt;math&gt;u^{34-13-15}&lt;/math&gt; = &lt;math&gt;u^{6}&lt;/math&gt; 
|-
| ''e'' = 1.602 176 620 8(98) e-19
| &lt;math&gt;C = A s&lt;/math&gt;
| ''e*'' = &lt;math&gt;A T&lt;/math&gt; = 735.70635849
| &lt;math&gt;u^{3-30}&lt;/math&gt; = &lt;math&gt;u^{-27}&lt;/math&gt; 
|-
| ''k&lt;sub&gt;B&lt;/sub&gt;'' = 1.380 648 52(79) e-23
| &lt;math&gt;\frac{kg \;m^2}{s^2 \;K}&lt;/math&gt;
| ''k&lt;sub&gt;B&lt;/sub&gt;*'' = &lt;math&gt;\frac{2 \pi V M}{A}&lt;/math&gt; = 0.679138336 
| &lt;math&gt;u^{17+15-3}&lt;/math&gt; = &lt;math&gt;u^{29}&lt;/math&gt;
|}


We then find that where the unit numbers cancel, the numerical solutions agree (see Table 8).

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Table 4. Dimensionless combinations
! CODATA 2014 (mean)
! (α, Ω)
! units u&lt;sup&gt;Θ&lt;/sup&gt; = 1
|-
| &lt;math&gt;\frac{k_B e c}{h} =&lt;/math&gt; {{font color|green|yellow|'''1.000 8254'''}}
| &lt;math&gt;\frac{(k_B^*) (e^*) (c^*)}{(h^*)}&lt;/math&gt; = {{font color|green|yellow|'''1.0'''}}
| &lt;math&gt;\frac{ (u^{29}) (u^{-27}) (u^{17}) }{ (u^{19}) } = 1&lt;/math&gt;
|-
| &lt;math&gt;\frac{h^3}{e^{13} c^{24}} =&lt;/math&gt; {{font color|green|yellow| '''0.228 473 639... 10&lt;sup&gt;-58&lt;/sup&gt;'''}}
| &lt;math&gt;\frac{(h^*)^3}{(e^*)^{13} (c^*)^{24}} = \frac{\alpha^{13}}{2^{106} \pi^{64} (\color{red}\Omega^{15})^5\color{black}} =&lt;/math&gt; {{font color|green|yellow| '''0.228 473 759... 10&lt;sup&gt;-58&lt;/sup&gt;'''}}
| &lt;math&gt;\frac{(u^{19})^{3}}{(u^{-27})^{13} (u^{17})^{24}} = 1&lt;/math&gt;
|-
| &lt;math&gt;\frac{h c^2 e m_p}{G^2 k_B}  =&lt;/math&gt; {{font color|green|yellow| '''3.376 716'''}}
| &lt;math&gt;\frac{(h^*) (c^*)^2 (e^*) M}{(G^*)^2 (k_B^*)} = \frac{2^{11} \pi^3}{\alpha^2} =&lt;/math&gt; {{font color|green|yellow| '''3.381 506'''}} 
| &lt;math&gt;\frac{ (u^{19}) (u^{17})^2 (u^{-27}) (u^{15}) }{ (u^{6})^2 (u^{29}) } = 1&lt;/math&gt;
|}


==== Scalars ==== 

To translate from geometrical objects to a numerical system of units requires system dependent scalars ('''kltpva'''). For example; 

:If we use ''k'' to convert ''M'' to the SI Planck mass (M*''k''&lt;sub&gt;SI&lt;/sub&gt; = &lt;math&gt;m_P&lt;/math&gt;), then ''k''&lt;sub&gt;SI&lt;/sub&gt; = 0.2176728e-7kg ([[w:SI_units |SI units]])

:Using ''v''&lt;sub&gt;SI&lt;/sub&gt; = 11843707.905m/s gives ''c'' = V*''v''&lt;sub&gt;SI&lt;/sub&gt; = 299792458m/s ([[w:SI_units |SI units]])

:Using ''v&lt;sub&gt;imp&lt;/sub&gt;'' = 7359.3232155miles/s gives ''c'' = V*''v''&lt;sub&gt;imp&lt;/sub&gt; = 186282miles/s ([[w:Imperial_units |imperial units]])


{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Table 5. Geometrical units
! Attribute
! Geometrical object
! Scalar 
! Unit ''u''&lt;sup&gt;θ&lt;/sup&gt;
|-
| mass 
| &lt;math&gt;M = (1)&lt;/math&gt;  
| ''k''
| &lt;math&gt;u^{15}&lt;/math&gt;
|-
| time 
| &lt;math&gt;T = (\pi)&lt;/math&gt;  
| ''t''
| &lt;math&gt;u^{-30}&lt;/math&gt;
|-
| [[v:Sqrt_Planck_momentum | sqrt(momentum)]]
| &lt;math&gt;P = (\Omega)&lt;/math&gt;
| ''r''&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;u^{16}&lt;/math&gt;
|-
| velocity  
| &lt;math&gt;V = (2\pi\Omega^2)&lt;/math&gt;  
| ''v''
| &lt;math&gt;u^{17}&lt;/math&gt;
|-
| length  
| &lt;math&gt;L = (2\pi^2\Omega^2)&lt;/math&gt; 
| ''l''
| &lt;math&gt;u^{-13}&lt;/math&gt;
|-
| ampere 
| &lt;math&gt;A = (\frac{2^7 \pi^3 \Omega^3}{\alpha})&lt;/math&gt; 
| ''a''
| &lt;math&gt;u^3&lt;/math&gt;
|}


==== Scalar relationships ====
Because the scalars also include the SI unit,  ''v'' = 11843707.905'''m/s''' ... they follow the unit number relationship ''u''&lt;sup&gt;θ&lt;/sup&gt;. This means that we can find ratios where the scalars cancel. Here are examples (units = 1), as such ''only 2 scalars are required'', for example, if we know the numerical value for ''a'' and for ''l'' then we know the numerical value for ''t'' ('''t = a&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;l&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;'''), and from ''l'' and ''t'' we know the value for ''k''. 

:&lt;math&gt;\frac{u^{3*3} u^{-13*3}}{u^{-30}}\;(\frac{a^3 l^3}{t}) = \frac{u^{-13*15}}{u^{15*9} u^{-30*11}} \;(\frac{l^{15}}{k^9 t^{11}}) = \;...\; =1&lt;/math&gt;


This means that once any 2 scalars have been assigned values, the other scalars are then defined by default, consequently the CODATA 2014 values are used here as only 2 constants (c, [[w:premeability of vacuum|μ&lt;sub&gt;0&lt;/sub&gt;]]) are assigned exact values, following the [[w:2019 redefinition of SI base units|2019 redefinition of SI base units]] 4 constants have been independently assigned exact values which is problematic in terms of this model. 

Scalars ''r'' (θ = 8) and ''v'' (θ = 17) are chosen as they can be derived directly from the 2 constants with exact values; ''c'' and ''μ&lt;sub&gt;0&lt;/sub&gt;''.

:&lt;math&gt;v = \frac{c}{2 \pi \Omega^2}= 11 843 707.905 ...,\; units = \frac{m}{s}&lt;/math&gt;

:&lt;math&gt;r^7 = \frac{2^{11} \pi^5 \Omega^4 \mu_0}{\alpha};\; r = 0.712 562 514 304 ...,\; units = (\frac{kg.m}{s})^{1/4}&lt;/math&gt;


{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Table 6. Geometrical objects
! attribute
! geometrical object
! unit number θ
! scalar r(8), v(17)
|-
| mass 
| &lt;math&gt;M = (1)&lt;/math&gt;
| 15 = 8*4-17
| &lt;math&gt;k = \frac{r^4}{v}&lt;/math&gt;
|-
| time 
| &lt;math&gt;T = (\pi)&lt;/math&gt;
|  -30 = 8*9-17*6 
| &lt;math&gt;t = \frac{r^9}{v^6}&lt;/math&gt;
|-
| velocity  
| &lt;math&gt;V = (2\pi\Omega^2)&lt;/math&gt;
| 17
| ''v''
|-
| length  
| &lt;math&gt;L = (2\pi^2\Omega^2)&lt;/math&gt; 
| -13 = 8*9-17*5
| &lt;math&gt;l = \frac{r^9}{v^5}&lt;/math&gt;
|-
| ampere 
| &lt;math&gt;A = (\frac{2^7 \pi^3 \Omega^3}{\alpha})&lt;/math&gt; 
| 3 = 17*3-8*6
| &lt;math&gt;a = \frac{v^3}{r^6}&lt;/math&gt;
|}


{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+ Table 7. Comparison; SI and θ
! constant
! θ (SI unit)
! MLTVA
! scalar r(8), v(17)
|-
| ''c'' 
| &lt;math&gt;\frac{m}{s}&lt;/math&gt; (-13+30 = {{font color|red|white|17}})
| ''c*'' = &lt;math&gt;V*v&lt;/math&gt; 
| {{font color|red|white|17}}
|-
| ''h'' 
| &lt;math&gt;\frac{kg \;m^2}{s}&lt;/math&gt; (15-26+30={{font color|red|white|19}})
| ''h*'' = &lt;math&gt;2 \pi M V L * \frac{r^{13}}{v^5}&lt;/math&gt; 
| 8*13-17*5={{font color|red|white|19}}
|-
| ''G''
| &lt;math&gt;\frac{m^3}{kg \;s^2}&lt;/math&gt; (-39-15+60={{font color|red|white|6}})
| ''G*'' = &lt;math&gt;\frac{V^2 L}{M} * \frac{r^5}{v^2}&lt;/math&gt; 
| 8*5-17*2={{font color|red|white|6}}
|-
| ''e'' 
| &lt;math&gt;C = A s&lt;/math&gt; (3-30={{font color|red|white|-27}})
| ''e*'' = &lt;math&gt;A T * \frac{r^3}{v^3}&lt;/math&gt; 
| 8*3-17*3={{font color|red|white|-27}}
|-
| ''k&lt;sub&gt;B&lt;/sub&gt;'' 
| &lt;math&gt;\frac{kg \;m^2}{s^2 \;K}&lt;/math&gt; (15-26+60-20={{font color|red|white|29}})
| ''k&lt;sub&gt;B&lt;/sub&gt;*'' = &lt;math&gt;\frac{2 \pi V M}{A} * \frac{r^{10}}{v^3}&lt;/math&gt; 
| 8*10-17*3={{font color|red|white|29}}
|-
| ''μ&lt;sub&gt;0&lt;/sub&gt;'' 
| &lt;math&gt;\frac{kg \;m}{s^2 \;A^2}&lt;/math&gt; (15-13+60-6={{font color|red|white|56}})
| ''μ&lt;sub&gt;0&lt;/sub&gt;*'' = &lt;math&gt;\frac{4 \pi V^2 M}{\alpha L A^2} * r^7&lt;/math&gt; 
| 8*7={{font color|red|white|56}}
|}


==== Fine structure constant ====
The fine structure constant can be derived from this formula (units and scalars cancel).

:&lt;math&gt;\frac{2 (h^*)}{(\mu_0^*) (e^*)^2 (c^*)} = 2({2^3 \pi^4 \Omega^4})/(\frac{\alpha}{2^{11} \pi^5 \Omega^4})(\frac{2^{7} \pi^4 \Omega^3}{\alpha})^2(2 \pi \Omega^2) =  \color{red}\alpha \color{black}&lt;/math&gt;

:&lt;math&gt;units \;\frac{u^{19}}{u^{56} (u^{-27})^2 u^{17}} = 1&lt;/math&gt;

:&lt;math&gt;scalars \;(\frac{r^{13}}{v^5})(\frac{1}{r^7})(\frac{v^6}{r^6})(\frac{1}{v}) = 1&lt;/math&gt;


==== Electron formula ====
{{main|Electron (mathematical)}}
The ''electron object'' (formula ''f&lt;sub&gt;e&lt;/sub&gt;'') is a mathematical particle (units and scalars cancel). 

:&lt;math&gt;f_e = 4\pi^2(2^6 3 \pi^2 \alpha \Omega^5)^3 = .23895453...x10^{23}&lt;/math&gt; units = 1


In this example, embedded within the electron are the objects for charge, length and time ALT. AL as an ampere-meter (ampere-length) are the units for a [[w:magnetic monopole | magnetic monopole]].

:&lt;math&gt;T = \pi \frac{r^9}{v^6},\; u^{-30}&lt;/math&gt;

:&lt;math&gt;\sigma_{e} = \frac{3 \alpha^2 A L}{2\pi^2} = {2^7 3 \pi^3 \alpha \Omega^5}\frac{r^3}{v^2},\; u^{-10}&lt;/math&gt;

:&lt;math&gt;f_e = \frac{\sigma_{e}^3}{2 T} = \frac{(2^7 3 \pi^3 \alpha \Omega^5)^3}{2\pi},\; units = \frac{(u^{-10})^3}{u^{-30}} = 1, scalars = (\frac{r^3}{v^2})^3 \frac{v^6}{r^9} = 1&lt;/math&gt;


Associated with the electron are dimensioned parameters, these parameters however are a function of the MLTA units, the formula ''f&lt;sub&gt;e&lt;/sub&gt;'' dictating the frequency of these units. By setting MLTA to their SI Planck unit equivalents (Table 6.);

[[w:electron mass | electron mass]]     &lt;math&gt;m_e^* = \frac{M}{f_e}&lt;/math&gt; (M = [[w:Planck mass | Planck mass]] = &lt;math&gt;\frac{r^4}{v})&lt;/math&gt; = 0.910 938 232 11 e-30

[[w:Compton wavelength | electron wavelength]] &lt;math&gt;\lambda_e^* = 2\pi L f_e&lt;/math&gt; (L = [[w:Planck length | Planck length]] = &lt;math&gt;2\pi\Omega^2\frac{r^9}{v^5})&lt;/math&gt; = 0.242 631 023 86 e-11

[[w:elementary charge | elementary charge]]    &lt;math&gt;e^* = A\;T&lt;/math&gt; (T = [[w:Planck time | Planck time]]) = &lt;math&gt;\frac{2^7 \pi^4 \Omega^3}{\alpha}\frac{r^3}{v^3}&lt;/math&gt; = 0.160 217 651 30 e-18

[[w:Rydberg constant | Rydberg constant]] &lt;math&gt;R^* = (\frac{m_e}{4 \pi L \alpha^2 M}) = \frac{1}{2^{23} 3^3 \pi^{11} \alpha^5 \Omega^{17}}\frac{v^5}{r^9}\;u^{13}&lt;/math&gt; = 10 973 731.568 508


==== Omega ====
The most precise of the experimentally measured constants is the [[w:Rydberg constant | Rydberg constant]] ''R'' = 10973731.568508(65) 1/m. Here ''c'' (exact),  [[w:Vacuum permeability | Vacuum permeability]] μ&lt;sub&gt;0&lt;/sub&gt; = 4π/10^7 (exact) and  ''R'' (12-13 digits) are combined into a unit-less ratio;

:&lt;math&gt;\mu_0^* = \frac{4 \pi V^2 M}{\alpha L A^2} = \frac{\alpha}{2^{11} \pi^5 \Omega^4} r^7,\; u^{56}&lt;/math&gt;

:&lt;math&gt;R^* = (\frac{m_e}{4 \pi L \alpha^2 M}) = \frac{1}{2^{23} 3^3 \pi^{11} \alpha^5 \Omega^{17}}  \frac{v^5}{r^9},\;u^{13}&lt;/math&gt;


:&lt;math&gt;\frac{(c^*)^{35}}{(\mu_0^*)^9 (R^*)^7} = (2 \pi \Omega^2)^{35}/(\frac{\alpha}{2^{11} \pi^5 \Omega^4})^9 .(\frac{1}{2^{23} 3^3 \pi^{11} \alpha^5 \Omega^{17}})^7,\;units = \frac{(u^{17})^{35}}{(u^{56})^9 (u^{13})^7}&lt;/math&gt;

:&lt;math&gt;\frac{(c^*)^{35}}{(\mu_0^*)^9 (R^*)^7} = 2^{295} \pi^{157} 3^{21} \alpha^{26} (\Omega^{15})^{15}&lt;/math&gt;, units = 1


We can now define ''Ω'' using the geometries for (''c&lt;sup&gt;*&lt;/sup&gt;, μ&lt;sub&gt;0&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;sup&gt;*&lt;/sup&gt;, R&lt;sup&gt;*&lt;/sup&gt;'') and then solve by replacing (''c&lt;sup&gt;*&lt;/sup&gt;, μ&lt;sub&gt;0&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;sup&gt;*&lt;/sup&gt;, R&lt;sup&gt;*&lt;/sup&gt;'') with the numerical (''c, μ&lt;sub&gt;0&lt;/sub&gt;, R''). 

:&lt;math&gt;\Omega^{225}=\frac{(c^*)^{35}}{2^{295} 3^{21} \pi^{157} (\mu_0^*)^9 (R^*)^7 \alpha^{26}}, \;units = 1&lt;/math&gt;

:&lt;math&gt;\Omega = 2.007\;134\;949\;636...,\; units = 1&lt;/math&gt; (CODATA 2014 mean values)

:&lt;math&gt;\Omega = 2.007\;134\;949\;687...,\; units = 1&lt;/math&gt; (CODATA 2018 mean values)


There is a close natural number for Ω that is a square root implying that Ω can have a plus or a minus solution, and this agrees with theory (in the mass domain Ω occurs as Ω&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; = plus only, in the charge domain Ω occurs as Ω&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; = can be plus or minus; see [[v:Sqrt_Planck_momentum | sqrt(momentum)]]). This solution would however re-classify Omega as a mathematical constant (as being derivable from other mathematical constants).

:&lt;math&gt;\Omega = \sqrt{ \left(\pi^e e^{(1-e)}\right)}  = 2.007\;134\;9543... &lt;/math&gt;

Using this Omega and reversing the above formula solves α = 137.035996376


We may also consider [[w:Euler%27s_formula | Euler's_formula]] where {{mvar|i}} is the [[w:imaginary unit | imaginary unit]].

:&lt;math display=&quot;block&quot;&gt;e^{i x} = \cos x + i \sin x&lt;/math&gt;


Adding {{mvar|i}}

:&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{ \left(i \pi^e e^{(1-e)}\right)}&lt;/math&gt;

Solves to 1.4192587369597 + 1.4192587369597{{mvar|i}}.


==== Dimensionless combinations ====
Reference List of dimensionless combinations. These can be solved using only α, Ω (and the mathematical constants 2, 3, π) as the units and scalars have cancelled. The precision of the results depends on the precision of the SI constants; combinations with ''G'' and ''k''&lt;sub&gt;B&lt;/sub&gt; return the least precise values. These combinations can be used to test the veracity of the MLTA geometries as natural Planck units. See also [[v:Planck_units_(geometrical)#Anomalies |Anomalies]] (below).


Example

:&lt;math&gt;\frac{(h^*)^3}{(e^*)^{13} (c^*)^{24}} = (2^3 \pi^4 \Omega^4 \frac{r^{13}}{v^5})^3/(\frac{2^7 \pi^4 \Omega^3 r^3}{\alpha v^3})^7.(2\pi\Omega^2 v)^{24} = \frac{\alpha^{13}}{2^{106} \pi^{64} (\color{red}\Omega^{15})^5\color{black}} = &lt;/math&gt; {{font color|green|yellow| '''0.228 473 759... 10&lt;sup&gt;-58&lt;/sup&gt;'''}}


 Note: the geometry &lt;math&gt;\color{red}(\Omega^{15})^n\color{black}&lt;/math&gt; (integer n ≥ 0) is common to all ratios where units and scalars cancel, suggesting a geometrical base-15.


{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Table 8. Dimensionless combinations
! CODATA 2014 mean
! (α, Ω) mean
! units = 1
! scalars = 1
|-
| &lt;math&gt;\frac{k_B e c}{h} =&lt;/math&gt; {{font color|green|yellow|'''1.000 8254'''}}
| &lt;math&gt;\frac{(k_B^*) (e^*) (c^*)}{(h^*)}&lt;/math&gt; = {{font color|green|yellow|'''1.0'''}}
| &lt;math&gt;\frac{ (u^{29}) (u^{-27}) (u^{17}) }{ (u^{19}) } = 1&lt;/math&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;(\frac{r^{10}}{v^3}) (\frac{r^3}{v^3}) (v) / (\frac{r^{13}}{v^5}) = 1&lt;/math&gt;
|-
| &lt;math&gt;\frac{h^3}{e^{13} c^{24}} =&lt;/math&gt; {{font color|green|yellow| '''0.228 473 639... 10&lt;sup&gt;-58&lt;/sup&gt;'''}}
| &lt;math&gt;\frac{(h^*)^3}{(e^*)^{13} (c^*)^{24}} = \frac{\alpha^{13}}{2^{106} \pi^{64} (\color{red}\Omega^{15})^5\color{black}} =&lt;/math&gt; {{font color|green|yellow| '''0.228 473 759... 10&lt;sup&gt;-58&lt;/sup&gt;'''}}
| &lt;math&gt;\frac{(u^{19})^{3}}{(u^{-27})^{13} (u^{17})^{24}} = 1&lt;/math&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;(\frac{r^{13}}{v^5})^3 / (\frac{r^3}{v^3})^{13} (v^{24}) = 1&lt;/math&gt;
|-
| &lt;math&gt;\frac{c^{35}}{\mu_0^9 R^7} =&lt;/math&gt; {{font color|green|yellow| '''0.326 103 528 6170... 10&lt;sup&gt;301&lt;/sup&gt;'''}} 
| &lt;math&gt;\frac{(c^*)^{35}}{(\mu_0^*)^9 (R^*)^7} = 2^{295} \pi^{157} 3^{21} \alpha^{26} \color{red}(\Omega^{15})^{15}\color{black} =&lt;/math&gt; {{font color|green|yellow| '''0.326 103 528 6170... 10&lt;sup&gt;301&lt;/sup&gt;'''}} 
| &lt;math&gt;\frac{(u^{17})^{35}}{(u^{56})^9 (u^{13})^7} = 1&lt;/math&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;(v^{35})/(r^7)^9 (\frac{v^5}{r^9})^7 = 1&lt;/math&gt;
|-
| &lt;math&gt;\frac{c^9 e^4}{m_e^3} =&lt;/math&gt; {{font color|green|yellow| '''0.170 514 342... 10&lt;sup&gt;92&lt;/sup&gt;'''}}
| &lt;math&gt;\frac{(c^*)^9 (e^*)^4}{(m_e^*)^3} = 2^{97} \pi^{49} 3^9 \alpha^5 (\color{red}\Omega^{15})^5\color{black}=&lt;/math&gt; {{font color|green|yellow| '''0.170 514 368... 10&lt;sup&gt;92&lt;/sup&gt;'''}}
| &lt;math&gt;\frac{ (u^{29}) (u^{-27}) (u^{17}) }{ (u^{19}) } = 1&lt;/math&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;(v^9) (\frac{r^3}{v^3})^4 / (\frac{r^4}{v})^3 = 1&lt;/math&gt; 
|-
| &lt;math&gt;\frac{k_B}{e^2 m_e c^4} =&lt;/math&gt; {{font color|green|yellow| '''73 095 507 858.'''}}
| &lt;math&gt;\frac{(k_B^*)}{(e^*)^2 (m_e^*) (c^*)^4} = \frac{3^3 \alpha^6}{2^3 \pi^5} =&lt;/math&gt; {{font color|green|yellow| '''73 035 235 897.'''}} 
| &lt;math&gt;\frac{(u^{29})}{(u^{-27})^2 (u^{15}) (u^{17})^4} = 1&lt;/math&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;(\frac{r^{10}}{v^3}) / (\frac{r^3}{v^3})^2 (\frac{r^4}{v}) (v)^4 = 1&lt;/math&gt;
|-
| &lt;math&gt;\frac{h c^2 e m_p}{G^2 k_B}  =&lt;/math&gt; {{font color|green|yellow| '''3.376 716'''}}
| &lt;math&gt;\frac{(h^*) (c^*)^2 (e^*) (m_p^*)}{(G^*)^2 (k_B^*)} = \frac{2^{11} \pi^3}{\alpha^2} =&lt;/math&gt; {{font color|green|yellow| '''3.381 506'''}} 
| &lt;math&gt;\frac{ (u^{19}) (u^{17})^2 (u^{-27}) (u^{15}) }{ (u^{6})^2 (u^{29}) } = 1&lt;/math&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;(\frac{r^{13}}{v^5}) v^2 (\frac{r^{3}}{v^3})(\frac{r^{4}}{v^1}) / (\frac{r^5}{v^2})^2 (\frac{r^{10}}{v^3}) = 1&lt;/math&gt;
|}


==== Table of Constants ====
We can construct a table of constants using these 3 geometries. Setting

:&lt;math&gt;f(x)\;units = (\frac{L^{15}}{M^9 T^{11}})^n = 1&lt;/math&gt; 

i.e.: unit number θ = (-13*15) - (15*9) - (-30*11) = 0


:&lt;math&gt;\color{red}i\color{black} = \pi^2 \Omega^{15}&lt;/math&gt;, units = &lt;math&gt;\sqrt{f(x)}&lt;/math&gt; = 1 (unit number = 0, no scalars)

:&lt;math&gt;\color{red}x\color{black} = \Omega \frac{v}{r^2}&lt;/math&gt; , units = &lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{L}{M T}}&lt;/math&gt; = u&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt; = u (unit number = -13 -15 +30 = 2/2 = 1, with scalars ''v'', ''r'')

:&lt;math&gt;\color{red}y\color{black} = \pi \frac{r^{17}}{v^8}&lt;/math&gt; , units = &lt;math&gt;M^2 T&lt;/math&gt; = 1, (unit number = 15*2 -30 = 0, with scalars ''v'', ''r'') 


Note: The following suggests a numerical boundary to the values the SI constants can have.

:&lt;math&gt;\frac{v}{r^2} = a^{1/3} = \frac{1}{t^{2/15}k^{1/5}} = \frac{\sqrt{v}}{\sqrt{k}}&lt;/math&gt; ... = 23326079.1...; unit = u

:&lt;math&gt;\frac{r^{17}}{v^8} = k^2 t = \frac{k^{17/4}}{v^{15/4}} = ... &lt;/math&gt; gives a range from 0.812997... x10&lt;sup&gt;-59&lt;/sup&gt; to 0.123... x10&lt;sup&gt;60&lt;/sup&gt;


Note: Influence of &lt;math&gt;f(x)&lt;/math&gt;, units = 1

:&lt;math&gt;\frac{r^{17}}{v^8} \;\;units \;(\frac{M^2 L^8}{T^7}) (\frac{T}{L})^8  = M^2 T&lt;/math&gt;

:&lt;math&gt;r^{17} \;\;units \;(\frac{M\;L}{T})^{17/4} fx^{1/4} = \frac{M^2\;L^8}{T^7}&lt;/math&gt;

:&lt;math&gt;r \;\;units \;(\frac{M\;L}{T})^{1/4} fx^{1/4} = \frac{L^4}{M^2 T^3}&lt;/math&gt;


{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Table 9. Table of Constants
! Constant
! θ
! Geometrical object (α, Ω, v, r)
! Unit
! Calculated
! CODATA 2014
|-
| Time (Planck)
| &lt;math&gt;\color{red}-30\color{black}&lt;/math&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;T = \color{red}\frac{x^\theta i^2}{y^3}\color{black} = \frac{\pi r^9}{v^6}&lt;/math&gt;  
| &lt;math&gt;T&lt;/math&gt;
| T = 5.390 517 866 e-44
| ''t&lt;sub&gt;p&lt;/sub&gt;'' = 5.391 247(60) e-44
|-
| [[w:Elementary charge |Elementary charge]]  
| &lt;math&gt;\color{red}-27\color{black}&lt;/math&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;e^* = (\frac{2^7 \pi^3}{\alpha}) \color{red}\frac{x^\theta i^2}{y^3}\color{black} = (\frac{2^7 \pi^3}{\alpha}) \;\frac{\pi \Omega^3 r^3}{v^3}&lt;/math&gt; 
| &lt;math&gt;\frac{L^{3/2}}{T^{1/2} M^{3/2}} = AT&lt;/math&gt;
| ''e&lt;sup&gt;*&lt;/sup&gt;'' = 1.602 176 511 30 e-19
| ''e'' = 1.602 176 620 8(98) e-19
|-
| Length (Planck) 
| &lt;math&gt;\color{red}-13\color{black}&lt;/math&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;L = (2\pi) \color{red}\frac{x^\theta i}{y}\color{black} = (2\pi) \;\frac{\pi \Omega^2 r^9}{v^5}&lt;/math&gt; 
| &lt;math&gt;L&lt;/math&gt;
| L = 0.161 603 660 096 e-34
| ''l&lt;sub&gt;p&lt;/sub&gt;'' = 0.161 622 9(38) e-34
|-
| Ampere 
| &lt;math&gt;\color{red}3\color{black}&lt;/math&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;A = (\frac{2^7 \pi^3}{\alpha}) \color{red}x^\theta\color{black} = (\frac{2^7 \pi^3}{\alpha}) \; \frac{\Omega^3 v^3}{r^6} &lt;/math&gt; 
| &lt;math&gt;A = \frac{L^{3/2}}{M^{3/2} T^{3/2}}&lt;/math&gt;
| A = 0.297 221 e25
| ''e/t&lt;sub&gt;p&lt;/sub&gt;'' = 0.297 181 e25
|-
| [[w:Gravitational constant |Gravitational constant]]  
| &lt;math&gt;\color{red}6\color{black}&lt;/math&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;G^* = (2^3 \pi^3) \color{red}\color{red}x^\theta y\color{black} = (2^3 \pi^3) \;\frac{\pi \Omega^6 r^5}{v^2}&lt;/math&gt; 
| &lt;math&gt;\frac{L^3}{M T^2}&lt;/math&gt;
| ''G&lt;sup&gt;*&lt;/sup&gt;'' =  6.672 497 192 29 e11
| ''G'' = 6.674 08(31) e-11
|-
|  
| &lt;math&gt;\color{red}8\color{black}&lt;/math&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;X = (2^4 \pi^4) \color{red}\color{red}x^\theta y\color{black} = (2^4 \pi^4) \pi \Omega^8 r&lt;/math&gt; 
| &lt;math&gt;\frac{L^4}{M^2 T^3}&lt;/math&gt;
| ''X'' =  918 977.554 22
| 
|-
| Mass (Planck)
| &lt;math&gt;\color{red}\color{red}15\color{black}&lt;/math&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;M = \color{red}\color{red}\frac{x^\theta y^2}{i}\color{black} = \frac{r^4}{v}&lt;/math&gt;  
| &lt;math&gt;M&lt;/math&gt;
| M =  .217 672 817 580 e-7
| ''m&lt;sub&gt;P&lt;/sub&gt;'' = .217 647 0(51) e-7
|-
| [[v:Sqrt_Planck_momentum | sqrt(momentum)]]
| &lt;math&gt;\color{red}16\color{black}&lt;/math&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;P = \color{red}\color{red}\frac{x^\theta y^2}{i}\color{black} = \Omega r^2&lt;/math&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;\frac{M^{1/2} L^{1/2}}{T^{1/2}}&lt;/math&gt;
| 
|
|-
| Velocity 
| &lt;math&gt;\color{red}\color{red}17\color{black}&lt;/math&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;V = (2\pi) \color{red}\color{red}\frac{x^\theta y^2}{i}\color{black} = (2\pi) \;\Omega^2 v&lt;/math&gt;  
| &lt;math&gt;V = \frac{L}{T}&lt;/math&gt;
| V = 299 792 458
| ''c'' =  299 792 458
|-
| [[w:Planck constant |Planck constant]]  
| &lt;math&gt;\color{red}19\color{black}&lt;/math&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;h^* = (2^3 \pi^3) \color{red}\frac{x^\theta y^3}{i}\color{black} = (2^3 \pi^3) \;\frac{\pi \Omega^4 r^{13}}{v^5}&lt;/math&gt; 
| &lt;math&gt;\frac{L^2 M}{T}&lt;/math&gt;
| ''h&lt;sup&gt;*&lt;/sup&gt;'' = 6.626 069 134 e-34
| ''h'' = 6.626 070 040(81) e-34
|-
| [[w:Planck temperature |Planck temperature]]  
| &lt;math&gt;\color{red}\color{red}20\color{black}&lt;/math&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;{T_p}^* = (\frac{2^7 \pi^3}{\alpha}) \color{red}\color{red}\frac{x^\theta y^2}{i}\color{black} = (\frac{2^7 \pi^3 }{\alpha}) \; \frac{\Omega^5 v^4}{r^6}&lt;/math&gt;  
| &lt;math&gt;\frac{L^{5/2}}{M^{3/2} T^{5/2}} = AV&lt;/math&gt;
| ''T&lt;sub&gt;p&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;sup&gt;*&lt;/sup&gt;'' =  1.418 145 219 e32
| ''T&lt;sub&gt;p&lt;/sub&gt;'' = 1.416 784(16) e32
|-
| [[w:Boltzmann constant |Boltzmann constant]]
| &lt;math&gt;\color{red}\color{red}29\color{black}&lt;/math&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;{k_B}^* = (\frac{\alpha}{2^5 \pi}) \color{red}\frac{x^\theta y^4}{i^2}\color{black} = (\frac{\alpha}{2^5 \pi }) \;\frac{r^{10}}{\Omega v^3}&lt;/math&gt;  
| &lt;math&gt;\frac{M^{5/2} T^{1/2}}{L^{1/2}} = \frac{M L}{T A}&lt;/math&gt;
| ''k&lt;sub&gt;B&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;sup&gt;*&lt;/sup&gt;'' = 1.379 510 147 52 e-23
| ''k&lt;sub&gt;B&lt;/sub&gt;'' = 1.380 648 52(79) e-23
|-
| [[w:Vacuum permeability |Vacuum permeability]] 
| &lt;math&gt;\color{red}56\color{black}&lt;/math&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;{\mu_0}^* = (\frac{\alpha}{2^{11} \pi^4}) \color{red}\frac{x^\theta y^7}{i^4}\color{black} = (\frac{\alpha}{2^{11} \pi^4})\; \frac{r^7}{\pi \Omega^4}&lt;/math&gt;  
| &lt;math&gt;\frac{M\;L}{T^2 A^2}&lt;/math&gt;
| ''μ&lt;sub&gt;0&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;sup&gt;*&lt;/sup&gt;'' = 4π/10^7
| ''μ&lt;sub&gt;0&lt;/sub&gt;'' = 4π/10^7
|}


From the perspective of geometries

note: &lt;math&gt;\color{red}(u^{15})^n\color{black}&lt;/math&gt; constants have no Omega term.

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Table 10. Dimensioned constants; geometrical vs CODATA 2014
! Constant
! In Planck units
! Geometrical object
! SI calculated (r, v, Ω, α&lt;sup&gt;*&lt;/sup&gt;)
! SI CODATA 2014 &lt;ref&gt;[http://www.codata.org/] | CODATA, The Committee on Data for Science and Technology | (2014)&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| [[w:Speed of light | Speed of light]]
| V
|  &lt;math&gt;c^* = (2\pi\Omega^2)v,\;u^{17} &lt;/math&gt; 
| ''c&lt;sup&gt;*&lt;/sup&gt;'' = 299 792 458, unit = u&lt;sup&gt;17&lt;/sup&gt; 
| ''c'' =  299 792 458 (exact)
|-
| [[w:Fine structure constant | Fine structure constant]]
|  
| 
| ''α&lt;sup&gt;*&lt;/sup&gt;'' = 137.035 999 139 (mean)
| ''α'' = 137.035 999 139(31)
|-
| [[w:Rydberg constant | Rydberg constant]]
| &lt;math&gt;R^* = (\frac{m_e}{4 \pi L \alpha^2 M})&lt;/math&gt;  
| &lt;math&gt;R^* = \frac{1}{2^{23} 3^3 \pi^{11} \alpha^5 \Omega^{17}}\frac{v^5}{r^9},\;u^{13} &lt;/math&gt; 
| ''R&lt;sup&gt;*&lt;/sup&gt;'' = 10 973 731.568 508, unit = u&lt;sup&gt;13&lt;/sup&gt;  
| ''R'' = 10 973 731.568 508(65)
|-
| [[w:Vacuum permeability | Vacuum permeability]]
| &lt;math&gt;\mu_0^* = \frac{4 \pi V^2 M}{\alpha L A^2}&lt;/math&gt; 
| &lt;math&gt;\mu_0^* = \frac{\alpha}{2^{11} \pi^5 \Omega^4} r^7,\; u^{56}&lt;/math&gt;
| ''μ&lt;sub&gt;0&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;sup&gt;*&lt;/sup&gt;'' = 4π/10^7, unit = u&lt;sup&gt;56&lt;/sup&gt; 
| ''μ&lt;sub&gt;0&lt;/sub&gt;'' = 4π/10^7 (exact)
|-
| [[w:Vacuum permittivity | Vacuum permittivity]]
| &lt;math&gt;\epsilon_0^* = \frac{1}{\mu_0^* (c^*)^2}&lt;/math&gt; 
| &lt;math&gt;\epsilon_0^* = \frac{2^9 \pi^3}{\alpha}\frac{1}{r^7 v^2},\; \color{red}1/(u^{15})^6\color{black} = u^{-90}&lt;/math&gt;
|  
|
|-
| [[w:Planck constant | Planck constant]]
| &lt;math&gt;h^* = 2 \pi M V L&lt;/math&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;h^* = 2^3 \pi^4 \Omega^4 \frac{r^{13}}{v^5},\; u^{19}&lt;/math&gt;
| ''h&lt;sup&gt;*&lt;/sup&gt;'' = 6.626 069 134 e-34, unit = u&lt;sup&gt;19&lt;/sup&gt; 
| ''h'' = 6.626 070 040(81) e-34
|-
| [[w:Gravitational constant | Gravitational constant]]
| &lt;math&gt;G^* = \frac{V^2 L}{M}&lt;/math&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;G^* = 2^3 \pi^4 \Omega^6 \frac{r^5}{v^2},\; u^{6}&lt;/math&gt; 
| ''G&lt;sup&gt;*&lt;/sup&gt;'' =  6.672 497 192 29 e11, unit = u&lt;sup&gt;6&lt;/sup&gt;
| ''G'' = 6.674 08(31) e-11
|-
| [[w:Elementary charge | Elementary charge]]
| &lt;math&gt;e^* = A T&lt;/math&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;e^* = \frac{2^7 \pi^4 \Omega^3}{\alpha}\frac{r^3}{v^3},\; u^{-27}&lt;/math&gt;
| ''e&lt;sup&gt;*&lt;/sup&gt;'' = 1.602 176 511 30 e-19, unit = u&lt;sup&gt;-27&lt;/sup&gt;
| ''e'' = 1.602 176 620 8(98) e-19
|-
| [[w:Boltzmann constant | Boltzmann constant]]
| &lt;math&gt;k_B^* = \frac{2 \pi V M}{A}&lt;/math&gt; 
| &lt;math&gt;k_B^* = \frac{\alpha}{2^5 \pi \Omega} \frac{r^{10}}{v^3},\; u^{29}&lt;/math&gt; 
| ''k&lt;sub&gt;B&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;sup&gt;*&lt;/sup&gt;'' = 1.379 510 147 52 e-23, unit = u&lt;sup&gt;29&lt;/sup&gt;
| ''k&lt;sub&gt;B&lt;/sub&gt;'' = 1.380 648 52(79) e-23
|-
| [[w:Electron mass | Electron mass]]
| 
| &lt;math&gt;m_e^* = \frac{M}{f_e},\; u^{15}&lt;/math&gt; 
| ''m&lt;sub&gt;e&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;sup&gt;*&lt;/sup&gt;'' = 9.109 382 312 56 e-31, unit = u&lt;sup&gt;15&lt;/sup&gt;
| ''m&lt;sub&gt;e&lt;/sub&gt;'' = 9.109 383 56(11) e-31
|-
| [[w:Classical electron radius | Classical electron radius]]
|  
| &lt;math&gt;\lambda_e^* = 2\pi L f_e,\; u^{-13}&lt;/math&gt;  
| ''λ&lt;sub&gt;e&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;sup&gt;*&lt;/sup&gt;'' = 2.426 310 2366 e-12, unit = u&lt;sup&gt;-13&lt;/sup&gt;
| ''λ&lt;sub&gt;e&lt;/sub&gt;'' = 2.426 310 236 7(11) e-12
|-
| [[w:Planck temperature | Planck temperature]]
| &lt;math&gt;T_p^* = \frac{A V}{\pi}&lt;/math&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;T_p^* = \frac{2^7 \pi^3 \Omega^5}{\alpha} \frac{v^4}{r^6} ,\; u^{20} &lt;/math&gt;
| ''T&lt;sub&gt;p&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;sup&gt;*&lt;/sup&gt;'' =  1.418 145 219 e32, unit = u&lt;sup&gt;20&lt;/sup&gt;
| ''T&lt;sub&gt;p&lt;/sub&gt;'' = 1.416 784(16) e32
|-
| [[w:Planck mass | Planck mass]]
| M
| &lt;math&gt;m_P^* = (1)\frac{r^4}{v} ,\; \color{red}\color{red}(u^{15})^1\color{black}&lt;/math&gt;
| ''m&lt;sub&gt;P&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;sup&gt;*&lt;/sup&gt;'' =  .217 672 817 580 e-7, unit = u&lt;sup&gt;15&lt;/sup&gt; 
| ''m&lt;sub&gt;P&lt;/sub&gt;'' = .217 647 0(51) e-7
|-
| [[w:Planck length | Planck length]]
| L
| &lt;math&gt;l_p^* = (2\pi^2\Omega^2)\frac{r^9}{v^5},\;u^{-13} &lt;/math&gt; 
| ''l&lt;sub&gt;p&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;sup&gt;*&lt;/sup&gt;'' = .161 603 660 096 e-34, unit = u&lt;sup&gt;-13&lt;/sup&gt;
| ''l&lt;sub&gt;p&lt;/sub&gt;'' = .161 622 9(38) e-34
|-
| [[w:Planck time | Planck time]]
| T
| &lt;math&gt;t_p^* = (\pi)\frac{r^9}{v^6} ,\; \color{red}\color{red}1/(u^{15})^2\color{black} &lt;/math&gt;
| ''t&lt;sub&gt;p&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;sup&gt;*&lt;/sup&gt;'' = 5.390 517 866 e-44, unit = u&lt;sup&gt;-30&lt;/sup&gt;
| ''t&lt;sub&gt;p&lt;/sub&gt;'' = 5.391 247(60) e-44
|-
| [[w:Ampere | Ampere]]
| &lt;math&gt;A = \frac{16 V^3}{\alpha P^3}&lt;/math&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;A^* = \frac{2^7\pi^3\Omega^3}{\alpha}\frac{v^3}{r^6} ,\; u^3 &lt;/math&gt;
| A&lt;sup&gt;*&lt;/sup&gt; = 0.297 221 e25, unit = u&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;
| ''e/t&lt;sub&gt;p&lt;/sub&gt;'' = 0.297 181 e25 
|-
| [[w:Quantum Hall effect | Von Klitzing constant ]]
| &lt;math&gt;R_K^* = (\frac{h}{e^2})^*&lt;/math&gt;  
|  &lt;math&gt;R_K^* = \frac{\alpha^2}{2^{11} \pi^4 \Omega^2} r^7 v ,\; u^{73}&lt;/math&gt; 
| ''R&lt;sub&gt;K&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;sup&gt;*&lt;/sup&gt;'' = 25812.807 455 59, unit = u&lt;sup&gt;73&lt;/sup&gt;
| ''R&lt;sub&gt;K&lt;/sub&gt;'' = 25812.807 455 5(59)
|-
| [[w:Gyromagnetic ratio | Gyromagnetic ratio]]
| 
| &lt;math&gt;\gamma_e/2\pi = \frac{g l_p^* m_P^*}{2 k_B^* m_e^*},\; unit = u^{-42}&lt;/math&gt;  
| ''γ&lt;sub&gt;e&lt;/sub&gt;/2π&lt;sup&gt;*&lt;/sup&gt;'' = 28024.953 55, unit = u&lt;sup&gt;-42&lt;/sup&gt;
| ''γ&lt;sub&gt;e&lt;/sub&gt;/2π'' = 28024.951 64(17) 
|}
 
Note that ''r, v, Ω, α'' are dimensionless numbers, however when we replace ''u''&lt;sup&gt;θ&lt;/sup&gt; with the SI unit equivalents (''u''&lt;sup&gt;15&lt;/sup&gt; → kg, ''u''&lt;sup&gt;-13&lt;/sup&gt; → m, ''u''&lt;sup&gt;-30&lt;/sup&gt; → s, ...), the ''geometrical objects'' (i.e.: ''c&lt;sup&gt;*&lt;/sup&gt;'' = 2πΩ&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;v = 299792458, units = u&lt;sup&gt;17&lt;/sup&gt;) become '''indistinguishable''' from their respective ''physical constants'' (i.e.: ''c'' = 299792458, units = m/s). 


==== 2019 SI unit revision ====

Following the 26th General Conference on Weights and Measures ([[w:2019 redefinition of SI base units|2019 redefinition of SI base units]]) are fixed the numerical values of the 4 physical constants (''h, c, e, k&lt;sub&gt;B&lt;/sub&gt;''). In the context of this model however only 2 base units may be assigned by committee as the rest are then numerically fixed by default and so the revision may lead to unintended consequences. 

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Table 11. Physical constants
! Constant
! CODATA 2018 &lt;ref&gt;[http://www.codata.org/] | CODATA, The Committee on Data for Science and Technology | (2018)&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| [[w:Speed of light | Speed of light]]
| ''c'' =  299 792 458 (exact)
|-
| [[w:Planck constant | Planck constant]] 
| ''h'' = 6.626 070 15 e-34 (exact)
|-
| [[w:Elementary charge | Elementary charge]]
| ''e'' = 1.602 176 634 e-19 (exact)
|-
| [[w:Boltzmann constant | Boltzmann constant]]
| ''k&lt;sub&gt;B&lt;/sub&gt;'' = 1.380 649 e-23 (exact)
|-
| [[w:Fine structure constant | Fine structure constant]]
| ''α'' = 137.035 999 084(21)
|-
| [[w:Rydberg constant | Rydberg constant]] 
| ''R'' = 10973 731.568 160(21)
|-
| [[w:Electron mass | Electron mass]]
| ''m&lt;sub&gt;e&lt;/sub&gt;'' = 9.109 383 7015(28) e-31
|-
| [[w:Vacuum permeability | Vacuum permeability]]
| ''μ&lt;sub&gt;0&lt;/sub&gt;'' = 1.256 637 062 12(19) e-6
|-
| [[w:Quantum_Hall_effect#Applications | Von Klitzing constant]]
| ''R&lt;sub&gt;K&lt;/sub&gt;'' = 25812.807 45 (exact)
|}

For example, if we solve using the above formulas;

&lt;math&gt;R^* = \frac{4 \pi^5}{3^3 c^4 \alpha^8 e^3} = 10973\;729.082\;465&lt;/math&gt;

&lt;math&gt;{(m_e^*)}^3 = \frac{2^4 \pi^{10} R \mu_0^3}{3^6 c^8 \alpha^7},\;m_e^* = 9.109\;382\;3259 \;10^{-31}&lt;/math&gt;

&lt;math&gt;{(\mu_0^*)}^3 = \frac{3^6 h^3 c^5 \alpha^{13} R^2}{2 \pi^{10}},\;\mu_0^* = 1.256\;637\;251\;88\;10^{-6}&lt;/math&gt;

&lt;math&gt;{(h^*)}^3 = \frac{2 \pi^{10} \mu_0^3}{3^6 c^5 \alpha^{13} R^2},\;h^* = 6.626\;069\;149\;10^{-34}&lt;/math&gt;

&lt;math&gt;{(e^*)}^3 = \frac{4 \pi^5}{3^3 c^4 \alpha^8 R},\; e^* = 1.602\;176\;513\;10^{-19}&lt;/math&gt;


=== Anomalies ===
{{main|Physical_constant_(anomaly)}}
The following are notes on the anomalies as evidence of a simulation universe source code &lt;ref&gt;Macleod, Malcolm J. {{Cite journal |title= Physical constant anomalies suggest a mathematical relationship linking SI units |journal=RG | doi=10.13140/RG.2.2.15874.15041/6 }}&lt;/ref&gt;.


====== m&lt;sub&gt;P&lt;/sub&gt;, l&lt;sub&gt;p&lt;/sub&gt;, t&lt;sub&gt;p&lt;/sub&gt; ======
In this ratio, the MLT units and ''klt'' scalars both cancel; units = scalars = 1, reverting to the base MLT objects. Setting the scalars ''klt'' for SI Planck units;

:k = 0.217 672 817 580... ''x'' 10&lt;sup&gt;-7&lt;/sup&gt;kg

:l = 0.203 220 869 487... ''x'' 10&lt;sup&gt;-36&lt;/sup&gt;m 

:t = 0.171 585 512 841... ''x'' 10&lt;sup&gt;-43&lt;/sup&gt;s 

:&lt;math&gt;\frac{L^{15}}{M^{9} T^{11}} = \frac{(2\pi^2\Omega^2)^{15}}{(1)^{9} (\pi)^{11}} (\frac{l^{15}}{k^9 t^{11}}) = \frac{l_p^{15}}{m_P^{9} t_p^{11}} &lt;/math&gt; (CODATA 2018 mean)

The ''klt'' scalars cancel, leaving;

:&lt;math&gt;\frac{L^{15}}{M^{9} T^{11}} = \frac{(2\pi^2\Omega^2)^{15}}{(1)^{9} (\pi)^{11}} (\frac{l^{15}}{k^9 t^{11}}) = 2^{15} \pi^{19} \color{red}(\Omega^{15})^2\color{black} = &lt;/math&gt;{{font color|blue|yellow|'''0.109 293... 10&lt;sup&gt;24&lt;/sup&gt; '''}}, &lt;math&gt;(\frac{l^{15}}{k^9 t^{11}}) = 1, \;\frac{u^{-13*15}}{u^{15*9} u^{-30*11}} = 1&lt;/math&gt;

Solving for the SI units;

:&lt;math&gt;\frac{l_p^{15}}{m_P^{9} t_p^{11}} = \frac{(1.616255e-35)^{15}}{(2.176434e-8)^{9} (5.391247e-44)^{11}} = &lt;/math&gt; {{font color|blue|yellow| '''0.109 485... 10&lt;sup&gt;24&lt;/sup&gt;'''}}


====== A, l&lt;sub&gt;p&lt;/sub&gt;, t&lt;sub&gt;p&lt;/sub&gt; ======
:a = 0.126 918 588 592... ''x'' 10&lt;sup&gt;23&lt;/sup&gt;A

:&lt;math&gt;\frac{A^3 L^3}{T} = (\frac{2^7 \pi^3 \Omega^3}{\alpha})^3 \frac{(2\pi^2\Omega^2)^3}{(\pi)} (\frac{a^3 l^3}{t}) = \frac{2^{24} \pi^{14} \color{red}(\Omega^{15})^1\color{black}}{\alpha^3} = &lt;/math&gt; {{font color|green|yellow| '''0.205 571... 10&lt;sup&gt;13&lt;/sup&gt;'''}}, &lt;math&gt;(\frac{a^3 l^3}{t}) = 1,\; \frac{u^{3*3} u^{-13*3}}{u^{-30}} = 1&lt;/math&gt; 

:&lt;math&gt;\frac{(e / t_p)^3 l_p^3}{t_p} = \frac{(1.602176634e-19/5.391247e-44)^3 (1.616255e-35)^3}{(5.391247e-44)} = &lt;/math&gt; {{font color|green|yellow| '''0.205 543... 10&lt;sup&gt;13&lt;/sup&gt;'''}}, &lt;math&gt;units = \frac{(C/s)^3 m^3}{s} &lt;/math&gt; 


The Planck units are known with low precision, and so by defining the 3 most accurately known dimensioned constants in [[v:Planck_units_(geometrical)#Physical_constants_(as_geometrical_formulas) |terms of these objects]] (c, R = Rydberg constant, &lt;math&gt;\mu_0&lt;/math&gt;; CODATA 2014 mean values), we can test to greater precision; 

====== c, μ&lt;sub&gt;0&lt;/sub&gt;, R ======
:&lt;math&gt;\frac{(c^*)^{35}}{(\mu_0^*)^9 (R^*)^7} = (2 \pi \Omega^2 v)^{35}/(\frac{\alpha r^7}{2^{11} \pi^5 \Omega^4})^9 .(\frac{v^5}

{2^{23} 3^3 \pi^{11} \alpha^5 \Omega^{17} r^9})^7 = 2^{295} \pi^{157} 3^{21} \alpha^{26} \color{red}(\Omega^{15})^{15}\color{black} = &lt;/math&gt; {{font color|red|yellow| '''0.326 103 528 6170... 10&lt;sup&gt;301&lt;/sup&gt;'''}}, &lt;math&gt;\frac{(u^{17})^{35}}{(u^{56})^9 (u^{13})^7} = 1, \;(v^{35})/(r^7)^9 (\frac{v^5}{r^9})^7 = 1&lt;/math&gt;

:&lt;math&gt;\frac{c^{35}}{\mu_0^9 R^7} = \frac{(299792458)^{35}}{(4 \pi/10^7)^9 (10973731.568160)^7} = &lt;/math&gt; {{font color|red|yellow| '''0.326 103 528 6170... 10&lt;sup&gt;301&lt;/sup&gt;'''}}, &lt;math&gt;units = \frac{m^{33}A^{18}}{s^{17}kg^9} == \frac{(u^{-13})^{33} (u^{3})^{18}}{(u^{-30})^{17} (u^{15})^9} = 1&lt;/math&gt;


====== c, e, k&lt;sub&gt;B&lt;/sub&gt;, h ======
:&lt;math&gt;\frac{(k_B^*) (e^*) (c^*)}{(h^*)} = (\frac{\alpha}{2^5 \pi \Omega} \frac{r^{10}}{v^3}) (\frac{2^7 \pi^4 \Omega^3}{\alpha} \frac{r^3}{v^3}) (2 \pi \Omega^2 v) / (2^3 \pi^4 \Omega^4 \frac{r^{13}}{v^5}) &lt;/math&gt; = {{font color|blue|yellow|'''1.0'''}}, &lt;math&gt;\frac{ (u^{29}) (u^{-27}) (u^{17}) }{ (u^{19}) } = 1,\; (\frac{r^{10}}{v^3}) (\frac{r^3}{v^3}) (v) / (\frac{r^{13}}{v^5}) = 1&lt;/math&gt;

:&lt;math&gt;\frac{k_B e c}{h} = &lt;/math&gt; {{font color|blue|yellow|'''1.000 8254'''}}, &lt;math&gt;units = \frac{m C}{s^2 K} == \frac{(u^{-13}) (u^{-27})}{(u^{-30})^2 (u^{20})}  = 1&lt;/math&gt;


====== c, h, e ======
:&lt;math&gt;\frac{(h^*)^3}{(e^*)^{13} (c^*)^{24}} = (2^3 \pi^4 \Omega^4 \frac{r^{13}}{v^5})^3/(\frac{2^7 \pi^4 \Omega^3 r^3}{\alpha v^3})^7.(2\pi\Omega^2 v)^{24} = \frac{\alpha^{13}}{2^{106} \pi^{64} (\color{red}\Omega^{15})^5\color{black}} = &lt;/math&gt; {{font color|green|yellow| '''0.228 473 759... 10&lt;sup&gt;-58&lt;/sup&gt;'''}}, &lt;math&gt;\frac{(u^{19})^{3}}{(u^{-27})^{13} (u^{17})^{24}} = 1, \;(\frac{r^{13}}{v^5})^3 / (\frac{r^3}{v^3})^{13} (v^{24}) = 1&lt;/math&gt;

:&lt;math&gt;\frac{h^3}{e^{13} c^{24}} = &lt;/math&gt; {{font color|green|yellow| '''0.228 473 639... 10&lt;sup&gt;-58&lt;/sup&gt;'''}}, &lt;math&gt;units = \frac{kg^3 s^{21}}{m^{18} C^{13}} == \frac{(u^{15})^3 (u^{-30})^{21}}{(u^{-13})^{18} (u^{-27})^{13}}  = 1&lt;/math&gt; 


====== m&lt;sub&gt;e&lt;/sub&gt;, λ&lt;sub&gt;e&lt;/sub&gt; ======
:&lt;math&gt;\sigma_{e} = \frac{3 \alpha^2 A L}{2\pi^2} = {2^7 3 \pi^3 \alpha \Omega^5}\frac{r^3}{v^2},\; u^{-10}&lt;/math&gt;

:&lt;math&gt;f_e = \frac{\sigma_{e}^3}{2 T} =  2^{20} 3^3 \pi^8 \alpha^3 (\color{red}\Omega^{15})\color{black},\;
\frac{(u^{-10})^3}{u^{-30}} =1,\;  (\frac{r^3}{v^2})^3 \frac{v^6}{r^9} = 1&lt;/math&gt;

:&lt;math&gt;(m_e^*) = \frac{M}{f_e} = \color{blue}9.109\;382\;3227 \;10^{-31}\color{black}\;u^{15}&lt;/math&gt;

:&lt;math&gt;(m_e^*) = \frac{2^3 \pi^5 (h^*)}{3^3 \alpha^6 (e^*)^3 (c^*)^5} = \frac{1}{2^{20} \pi^8 3^3 \alpha^3 (\color{red}\Omega^{15})\color{black}} \frac{r^4 u^{15}}{v} = \color{blue}9.109\;382\;3227 \;10^{-31}\color{black}\;u^{15}&lt;/math&gt;

:&lt;math&gt;m_e = \color{blue}9.109\;383\;7015... \;10^{-31}\color{black}\;kg&lt;/math&gt;

:&lt;math&gt;(\lambda_e^*) = 2 \pi L f_e = \color{purple}2.426\;310\;238\;667 \;10^{-12}\color{black}\;u^{-13}&lt;/math&gt;

:&lt;math&gt;\lambda_e = \frac{h}{m_e c} = \color{purple}2.426 \;310 \;238 \;67 \;10^{-12}\color{black}\;m&lt;/math&gt;


====== c, e, m&lt;sub&gt;e&lt;/sub&gt; ======
:&lt;math&gt;(m_e^*)= \frac{M}{f_e}, \;f_e = 2^{20} 3^3 \pi^8 \alpha^3 (\color{red}\Omega^{15})^1\color{black} &lt;/math&gt;, units = scalars = 1 ([[v:Planck_units_(geometrical)#Electron_formula |m&lt;sub&gt;e&lt;/sub&gt; formula]])

:&lt;math&gt;\frac{(c^*)^9 (e^*)^4}{(m_e^*)^3} = 2^{97} \pi^{49} 3^9 \alpha^5 (\color{red}\Omega^{15})^5\color{black} = &lt;/math&gt; {{font color|red|yellow| '''0.170 514 368... 10&lt;sup&gt;92&lt;/sup&gt;'''}}, &lt;math&gt;\frac{(u^{17})^9 (u^{-27})^4}{(u^{15})^3} = 1,\; (v^9) (\frac{r^3}{v^3})^4 / (\frac{r^4}{v})^3 = 1&lt;/math&gt; 

:&lt;math&gt;\frac{c^9 e^4}{m_e^3} = &lt;/math&gt; {{font color|red|yellow| '''0.170 514 342... 10&lt;sup&gt;92&lt;/sup&gt;'''}}, &lt;math&gt;units = \frac{m^9 C^4}{s^9 kg^3} == \frac{(u^{-13})^9 (u^{-27})^4}{(u^{-30})^9 (u^{15})^3}  = 1&lt;/math&gt;


====== k&lt;sub&gt;B&lt;/sub&gt;, c, e, m&lt;sub&gt;e&lt;/sub&gt; ======
:&lt;math&gt;\frac{(k_B^*)}{(e^*)^2 (m_e^*) (c^*)^4} = \frac{3^3 \alpha^6}{2^3 \pi^5}  = &lt;/math&gt; {{font color|blue|yellow| '''73 035 235 897.'''}}, &lt;math&gt;\frac{(u^{29})}{(u^{-27})^2 (u^{15}) (u^{17})^4} = 1,\; (\frac{r^{10}}{v^3}) / (\frac{r^3}{v^3})^2 (\frac{r^4}{v}) (v)^4 = 1&lt;/math&gt;

:&lt;math&gt;\frac{k_B}{e^2 m_e c^4} = &lt;/math&gt; {{font color|blue|yellow| '''73 095 507 858.'''}}, &lt;math&gt;units = \frac{s^2}{m^2 K C^2} == \frac{(u^{-30})^2}{(u^{-13})^2 (u^{20}) (u^{-27})^2}  = 1&lt;/math&gt;


====== m&lt;sub&gt;P&lt;/sub&gt;, t&lt;sub&gt;p&lt;/sub&gt;, ε&lt;sub&gt;0&lt;/sub&gt; ======
These 3 constants, Planck mass, Planck time and the vacuum permittivity have no Omega term.
:&lt;math&gt;\frac{M^4 (\epsilon_0^*)}{T} = (1) (\frac{2^9 \pi^3}{\alpha}) / (\pi) = \frac{2^9 \pi^2}{\alpha} = &lt;/math&gt; {{font color|green|yellow| '''36.875'''}}, &lt;math&gt;\frac{(u^{15})^4 (u^{-90})}{(u^{-30})} = 1,\; (\frac{r^4}{v})^4 (\frac{1}{r^7 v^2}) / (\frac{r^9}{v^6}) = 1&lt;/math&gt;

:&lt;math&gt;\frac{m_p^4 (\epsilon_0)}{t_p} = &lt;/math&gt; {{font color|green|yellow| '''36.850'''}}, &lt;math&gt;units = \frac{kg^4}{s} \frac{s^4 A^2}{m^3 kg}  = \frac{kg^3 A^2 s^3}{m^3} == \frac{(u^{15})^3 (u^{3})^2 (u^{-30})^3}{(u^{-13})^3}  = 1&lt;/math&gt;


====== G, h, c, e, m&lt;sub&gt;e&lt;/sub&gt;, K&lt;sub&gt;B&lt;/sub&gt; ======
:&lt;math&gt;\frac{(h^*) (c^*)^2 (e^*) (m_e^*)}{(G^*)^2 (k_B^*)} = (m_e^*) (\frac{2^{11} \pi^3}{\alpha^2}) = &lt;/math&gt; {{font color|red|yellow| '''0.1415...  10&lt;sup&gt;-21&lt;/sup&gt;'''}}, &lt;math&gt;\frac{ (u^{19}) (u^{17})^2 (u^{-27}) (u^{15}) }{ (u^{6})^2 (u^{29}) } = 1,\; (\frac{r^{13}}{v^5}) v^2 (\frac{r^{3}}{v^3})(\frac{r^{4}}{v^1}) / (\frac{r^5}{v^2})^2 (\frac{r^{10}}{v^3}) = 1&lt;/math&gt;

:&lt;math&gt;\frac{h c^2 e m_e}{G^2 k_B}  = &lt;/math&gt; {{font color|red|yellow| '''0.1413...  10&lt;sup&gt;-21&lt;/sup&gt;'''}}, &lt;math&gt;units = \frac{kg^3 s^3 C K}{m^4} == \frac{(u^{15})^3 (u^{-30})^3 (u^{-27}) (u^{20}) }{(u^{-13})^4}  = 1&lt;/math&gt;


====== α ======
:&lt;math&gt;\frac{2 (h^*)}{(\mu_0^*) (e^*)^2 (c^*)} = 2({2^3 \pi^4 \Omega^4})/(\frac{\alpha}{2^{11} \pi^5 \Omega^4})(\frac{2^{7} \pi^4 \Omega^3}{\alpha})^2(2 \pi \Omega^2) =  \color{blue}\alpha \color{black},\; \frac{u^{19}}{u^{56} (u^{-27})^2 u^{17}} = 1,\; (\frac{r^{13}}{v^5})(\frac{1}{r^7})(\frac{v^6}{r^6})(\frac{1}{v}) = 1&lt;/math&gt;


Note: The above will apply to any combinations of constants (alien or terrestrial) where '''scalars = 1'''.


===== SI Planck unit scalars =====

:&lt;math&gt;M = m_P = (1)k;\; k = m_P = .217\;672\;817\;58... \;10^{-7},\; u^{15}\; (kg)&lt;/math&gt;

:&lt;math&gt;T = t_p = {\pi}t;\; t = \frac{t_p}{\pi} = .171\;585\;512\;84... 10^{-43},\; u^{-30}\; (s)&lt;/math&gt;

:&lt;math&gt;L = l_p = {2\pi^2\Omega^2}l;\; l = \frac{l_p}{2\pi^2\Omega^2} = .203\;220\;869\;48... 10^{-36},\; u^{-13}\; (m)&lt;/math&gt;

:&lt;math&gt;V = c = {2\pi\Omega^2}v;\; v = \frac{c}{2\pi\Omega^2} = 11\;843\;707.905... ,\; u^{17}\; (m/s)&lt;/math&gt;

:&lt;math&gt;A = e/t_p = (\frac{2^7 \pi^3 \Omega^3}{\alpha})a = .126\;918\;588\;59... 10^{23},\; u^{3}\; (A)&lt;/math&gt;


====== MT to LPVA ======

In this example LPVA are derived from MT. The formulas for MT;

:&lt;math&gt;M = (1)k,\; unit = u^{15}&lt;/math&gt;

:&lt;math&gt;T = (\pi) t,\; unit = u^{-30}&lt;/math&gt;

Replacing scalars ''pvla'' with ''kt''

:&lt;math&gt;P = (\Omega)\;\frac{k^{12/15}}{t^{2/15}},\; unit = u^{12/15*15-2/15*(-30)=16}&lt;/math&gt;

:&lt;math&gt;V = \frac{2 \pi P^2}{M} = (2 \pi \Omega^2)\; \frac{k^{9/15}}{t^{4/15}},\; unit = u^{9/15*15-4/15*(-30)=17}  &lt;/math&gt;

:&lt;math&gt;L = T V = (2 \pi^2 \Omega^2) \; k^{9/15} t^{11/15},\; unit = u^{9/15*15+11/15*(-30)=-13}&lt;/math&gt;

:&lt;math&gt;A = \frac{2^4 V^3}{\alpha P^3} = \left(\frac{2^7 \pi^3 \Omega^3}{\alpha}\right)\; \frac{1}{k^{3/5} t^{2/5}},\; unit = 

u^{9/15*(-15)+6/15*30=3}    &lt;/math&gt;


====== PV to MTLA ======

In this example MLTA are derived from PV. The formulas for PV; 

:&lt;math&gt;P = (\Omega)p,\; unit = u^{16}&lt;/math&gt;

:&lt;math&gt;V = (2\pi\Omega^2)v,\; unit = u^{17}&lt;/math&gt;

Replacing scalars ''klta'' with ''pv''

:&lt;math&gt;M = \frac{2\pi P^2}{V} = (1)\frac{p^2}{v},\; unit = u^{16*2-17=15} &lt;/math&gt;

:&lt;math&gt;T = (\pi) \frac{p^{9/2}}{v^6},\; unit = u^{16*9/2-17*6=-30} &lt;/math&gt;

:&lt;math&gt;L = T V = (2\pi^2\Omega^2)\frac{p^{9/2}}{v^5},\; unit = u^{16*9/2-17*5=-13}&lt;/math&gt;

:&lt;math&gt;A = \frac{2^4 V^3}{\alpha P^3} = (\frac{2^7 \pi^3 \Omega^3}{\alpha})\frac{v^3}{p^3},\; unit = u^{17*3-16*3=3}&lt;/math&gt;


===== G, h, e, m&lt;sub&gt;e&lt;/sub&gt;, k&lt;sub&gt;B&lt;/sub&gt; =====
As geometrical objects, the physical constants (''G, h, e, m&lt;sub&gt;e&lt;/sub&gt;, k&lt;sub&gt;B&lt;/sub&gt;'') can also be defined using the geometrical formulas for (''c&lt;sup&gt;*&lt;/sup&gt;, μ&lt;sub&gt;0&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;sup&gt;*&lt;/sup&gt;, R&lt;sup&gt;*&lt;/sup&gt;'') and solved using the numerical (mean) values for (''c, μ&lt;sub&gt;0&lt;/sub&gt;, R, α''). For example;

:&lt;math&gt;{(h^*)}^3 = (2^3 \pi^4 \Omega^4 \frac{r^{13} u^{19}}{v^5})^3 = \frac{3^{19} \pi^{12} \Omega^{12} r^{39} u^{57}}{v^{15}},\; \theta = 57&lt;/math&gt; ... '''and''' ... 

:&lt;math&gt;\frac{2\pi^{10} {(\mu_0^*)}^3} {3^6 {(c^*)}^5 \alpha^{13} {(R^*)}^2} = \frac{3^{19} \pi^{12} \Omega^{12} r^{39} u^{57}}{v^{15}},\; \theta = 57&lt;/math&gt;


{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Table 12. Calculated from (R, c, μ&lt;sub&gt;0&lt;/sub&gt;, α) columns 2, 3, 4 vs CODATA 2014 columns 5, 6 
! Constant
! Formula
! Units
! Calculated from (R, c, μ&lt;sub&gt;0&lt;/sub&gt;, α)
! CODATA 2014 &lt;ref&gt;[http://www.codata.org/] | CODATA, The Committee on Data for Science and Technology | (2014)&lt;/ref&gt;
! Units
|-
| [[w:Planck constant | Planck constant]]
| &lt;math&gt;{(h^*)}^3 = \frac{2\pi^{10} {\mu_0}^3} {3^6 {c}^5 \alpha^{13} {R}^2}&lt;/math&gt; 
| &lt;math&gt;\frac{kg^3}{A^6 s}&lt;/math&gt;, θ = 57
| ''h&lt;sup&gt;*&lt;/sup&gt;'' = 6.626 069 134 e-34, θ = 19 
| ''h'' = 6.626 070 040(81) e-34 
| &lt;math&gt;\frac{kg \;m^2}{s}&lt;/math&gt;, θ = 19
|-
| [[w:Gravitational constant | Gravitational constant]]
| &lt;math&gt;{(G^*)}^5 = \frac{\pi^3 {\mu_0}}{2^{20} 3^6 \alpha^{11} {R}^2}&lt;/math&gt; 
| &lt;math&gt;\frac{kg\; m^3}{A^2 s^2}&lt;/math&gt;, θ = 30
| ''G&lt;sup&gt;*&lt;/sup&gt;'' = 6.672 497 192 29 e11, θ = 6
| ''G'' = 6.674 08(31) e-11
| &lt;math&gt;\frac{m^3}{kg \;s^2}&lt;/math&gt;, θ = 6
|-
| [[w:Elementary charge | Elementary charge]]
| &lt;math&gt;{(e^*)}^3 = \frac{4 \pi^5}{3^3 {c}^4 \alpha^8 {R}}&lt;/math&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;\frac{s^4}{A^3}&lt;/math&gt;, θ = -81
| ''e&lt;sup&gt;*&lt;/sup&gt;'' = 1.602 176 511 30 e-19, θ = -27
| ''e'' = 1.602 176 620 8(98) e-19
| &lt;math&gt;A s&lt;/math&gt;, θ = -27
|-
| [[w:Boltzmann constant | Boltzmann constant]]
| &lt;math&gt;{(k_B^*)}^3 = \frac{\pi^5 {\mu_0}^3}{3^3 2 {c}^4 \alpha^5 {R}}&lt;/math&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;\frac{kg^3}{s^2 A^6}&lt;/math&gt;, θ = 87
| ''k&lt;sub&gt;B&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;sup&gt;*&lt;/sup&gt;'' = 1.379 510 147 52 e-23, θ = 29
| ''k&lt;sub&gt;B&lt;/sub&gt;'' = 1.380 648 52(79) e-23
| &lt;math&gt;\frac{kg \;m^2}{s^2 \;K}&lt;/math&gt;, θ = 29
|-
| [[w:Electron mass | Electron mass]]
| &lt;math&gt;{(m_e^*)}^3 = \frac{16 \pi^{10} {R} {\mu_0}^3}{3^6 {c}^8 \alpha^7}&lt;/math&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;\frac{kg^3 s^2}{m^6 A^6}&lt;/math&gt;, θ = 45
| '' m&lt;sub&gt;e&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;sup&gt;*&lt;/sup&gt;'' = 9.109 382 312 56 e-31, θ = 15
| ''m&lt;sub&gt;e&lt;/sub&gt;'' = 9.109 383 56(11) e-31 
| &lt;math&gt;kg&lt;/math&gt;, θ = 15
|-
| [[w:Gyromagnetic ratio | Gyromagnetic ratio]]
| &lt;math&gt;({(\gamma_e^*)/2\pi})^3 = \frac{g_e^3 3^3 c^4}{2^8 \pi^8 \alpha \mu_0^3 R_\infty^2}&lt;/math&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;\frac{m^3 s^2 A^6}{kg^3}&lt;/math&gt;, θ = -126
| ''(γ&lt;sub&gt;e&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;sup&gt;*&lt;/sup&gt;/2π)'' = 28024.953 55, θ = -42
| ''γ&lt;sub&gt;e&lt;/sub&gt;/2π'' = 28024.951 64(17) 
| &lt;math&gt;\frac{A\;s}{kg}&lt;/math&gt;, θ = -42
|-
| [[w:Planck mass | Planck mass]]
| &lt;math&gt;({m_P^*})^{15} = \frac{2^{25} \pi^{13} {\mu_0}^6}{3^6 c^5 \alpha^{16} R^2}&lt;/math&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;\frac{kg^6 m^3}{s^7 A^{12}}&lt;/math&gt;, θ = 225
| ''m&lt;sub&gt;P&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;sup&gt;*&lt;/sup&gt;'' = 0.217 672 817 580 e-7, θ = 15
| ''m&lt;sub&gt;P&lt;/sub&gt;'' = 0.217 647 0(51) e-7
| &lt;math&gt;kg&lt;/math&gt;, θ = 15
|-
| [[w:Planck length | Planck length]]
| &lt;math&gt;({l_p^*})^{15} = \frac{\pi^{22} {\mu_0}^9}{2^{35} 3^{24} \alpha^{49} c^{35} R^8}&lt;/math&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;\frac{kg^9 s^{17}}{m^{18}A^{18}}&lt;/math&gt;, θ = -195
| ''l&lt;sub&gt;p&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;sup&gt;*&lt;/sup&gt;'' = 0.161 603 660 096 e-34, θ = -13
| ''l&lt;sub&gt;p&lt;/sub&gt;'' =  0.161 622 9(38) e-34
| &lt;math&gt;m&lt;/math&gt;, θ = -13
|}


==== External links ==== 
* [[v:electron_(mathematical) | Mathematical electron]]
* [[v:Physical_constant_(anomaly) | Physical constant anomalies]]
* [[v:Relativity_(Planck) | Programming relativity at the Planck scale]]
* [[v:Quantum_gravity_(Planck) | Programming gravity at the Planck scale]]
* [[v:Black-hole_(Planck) | Programming the cosmic microwave background at the Planck scale]]
* [[v:Sqrt_Planck_momentum | The sqrt of Planck momentum]]
* [[v:God_(programmer) | The Programmer God]]
* [[w:Simulation_hypothesis | The Simulation hypothesis]]
* [https://codingthecosmos.com/ Programming at the Planck scale using geometrical objects] -Malcolm Macleod's website
* [http://www.simulation-argument.com/ Simulation Argument] -Nick Bostrom's website
* [https://www.amazon.com/Our-Mathematical-Universe-Ultimate-Reality/dp/0307599809 Our Mathematical Universe: My Quest for the Ultimate Nature of Reality] -Max Tegmark
* [https://www.amazon.com/Programmer-God-Are-We-Simulation-ebook/dp/B0B5BC1PQK The Programmer God, an overview of the mathematical electron model] -ebook
* [https://link.springer.com/article/10.1134/S0202289308020011/ Dirac-Kerr-Newman black-hole electron] -Alexander Burinskii (article)


==== References ==== 
{{Reflist}}


[[Category: Physics]]
[[Category: Philosophy of science]]</text>
      <sha1>1lgyo2xtr0fk0tu0cmqmxe992ky662k</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Should we have a Wikiversity specific discord server?</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>279463</id>
    <revision>
      <id>2694371</id>
      <parentid>2654604</parentid>
      <timestamp>2025-01-05T11:03:38Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>RockTransport</username>
        <id>2992610</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* We should use a Discord server */ Add objection #DebateTools</comment>
      <origin>2694371</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3228" sha1="2sqvxqdl795qe73lp12a3d1lx28wox2" xml:space="preserve">{{Wikidebate}}


Discord is a collaborative platform that gives communities the space to communicate with each other via voice calls, video chats, platformed stage presentations etc etc. So would it be a useful tool to encourage communication and bring fresh editors to The WMF?   

== We should use a Discord server ==
Relevant details, definitions and assumptions regarding the first possibility.

=== Pro ===
* {{Argument for}} The use of a discord server would widely increase communication between editors on everything that Wikiversity has to offer.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.pcmag.com/reviews/discord PC Magazine: Discord]&lt;/ref&gt;
** {{Objection}} Talk pages are the proper venue for content- and policy-related discourse.

*{{Argument for}} The use of a platform like discord would be a good way to train younger editors to start learning how to access the resources that Wikiversity offers. A place for younger editors to talk through the learning curves of this website would also give this older corner of the internet a very eager group of scholars to do all the tedious grunt-work the upkeep of this kind of place requires.
**{{Objection}} A new group of youths might be more trouble than it's work and create more problems with clutter instead of cleaning it up.

=== Con ===

* {{Argument against}} Using a platform outside of Wikiversity discussion boards or email to communicate would be unprofessional and confusing.
** {{Objection}} The point of the Wikimedia foundation is to be an accessible, free springboard of information that anyone can use. Using a well moderated alternative mode of communication could be a good place to ease newcomers into the learning curve of contributing to the Wikimedia Foundations sister projects. 
*** {{Objection}} Don't you think that the use of an external link would make navigating Wikimedia projects more confusing?
**** {{Objection}} Wikiversity uses external links all the time, whether it's to keep their projects well sourced or for google form interviews to see if someone is worth promoting to higher editor levels.
* {{Argument against}} Discord is proprietary VoIP software, which raises concerns about privacy, surveillance and in general the abuse of whatever data they collect. Its use should be discouraged on this basis. One must wonder what they have to gain from offering VoIP as a &quot;free&quot; service. In some sense, it's a &quot;dishonest&quot; transaction between the average user and the people offering this service. The average user does not understand the value of data and simply believes they're getting something for free.
* {{Argument against}} An off-wiki communication room creates a separate locus of power, wielded by those who would rather hang around and chat than do real serious wiki work. That is a bad thing.
** {{Objection}} Wikiversity already uses IRC, and that's off-wiki. In addition, Wikipedia (or the Wikimedia Foundation in general) already has a Discord server.
* {{Argument against}} An IRC server with public logs would be a better, open-source alternative. Discourse is a &quot;gated community&quot;, its servers are not managed by users.

== See Also ==
* [[Wikiversity:Discord]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Wikiversity]]
[[Category:Discord]]</text>
      <sha1>2sqvxqdl795qe73lp12a3d1lx28wox2</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Linux/Troubleshooting</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>281723</id>
    <revision>
      <id>2694347</id>
      <parentid>2456096</parentid>
      <timestamp>2025-01-04T20:34:22Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Elominius</username>
        <id>2911372</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>&quot;/etc/fstab&quot; might prevent booting.</comment>
      <origin>2694347</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="8758" sha1="1nxl32s02ypk44opmglshnmspi0zu9c" xml:space="preserve">The goal of this page is to list solutions to common issues. You are encouraged to add yours here.

&lt;!--In future, if this page gets too long, it could be split into sub pages.--&gt;

== Unable to boot ==
A possible cause of boot failure are entries to non-existent devices or image files in &lt;code&gt;/etc/fstab&lt;/code&gt;.

Type in &lt;code&gt;/bin/nano /etc/fstab&lt;/code&gt; in the emergency shell to edit the &lt;code&gt;fstab&lt;/code&gt; file, then either comment (add &lt;code&gt;#&lt;/code&gt; at the beginning of the line) or remove lines that contain entries to non-existent devices or image files.

== 90-second delay while booting ==
Such a delay may be caused by an incorrect entry in the &lt;code&gt;/etc/fstab&lt;/code&gt; file. This can especially be caused with [[:w:Live USB|live USB operating systems]] used across computers.

Enter &lt;code&gt;blkid&lt;/code&gt; into the command line terminal, then compare the output with the contents of aforementioned file. One of the entries, such as the entry for the swap file (which contains the word &quot;swap&quot;), may need to be removed or commented out by adding &lt;code&gt;#&lt;/code&gt; at the beginning of the line.&lt;ref&gt;[https://forums.linuxmint.com/viewtopic.php?t=327483 ''Boot proces 90 seconds delay'' – LinuxMint Forums, August 2020]&lt;/ref&gt;

== sysrq ==
Some [[wikipedia:Magic_SysRq_key|system requests]] might be disabled out of the box due to the [[wikipedia:bitmask|bitmask]] value in the file &lt;code&gt;/proc/sys/kernel/sysrq&lt;/code&gt; being set to a different value than 1, such as 176. A possible reason is to protect inexperienced users.

To override this, use the command &lt;code&gt;echo 1 | sudo tee /proc/sys/kernel/sysrq&lt;/code&gt;, where the number &quot;1&quot; is piped into &quot;tee&quot;, and &lt;code&gt;sudo tee&lt;/code&gt; writes the &quot;1&quot; into said system file using root privileges.

Directly &lt;code&gt;sudo echo 1 &gt;/proc/sys/kernel/sysrq&lt;/code&gt; or &lt;code&gt;sudo printf 1 &gt;/proc/sys/kernel/sysrq&lt;/code&gt; does not work if the terminal is not running as root, since text redirection into the file is performed by the terminal, whereas with &lt;code&gt;sudo tee&lt;/code&gt;, it is performed by the &lt;code&gt;tee&lt;/code&gt; tool using root privileges.

== Mixing desktop environments ==
Your preferred desktop environment might lack an essential feature such as the popular &quot;Cinnamon&quot; desktop environment lacking a multiple-row task bar.&lt;ref&gt;[https://forums.linuxmint.com/viewtopic.php?t=162727 ''Enable multiple rows in the daskbar'' – LinuxMint Forums, March 2014]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://forums.linuxmint.com/viewtopic.php?t=239297 Resize panel/taskbar for two rows? - Linux Mint Forums, February 2017]&lt;/ref&gt;

It is possible to mix parts of desktop environments, such as using the &lt;code&gt;mate-panel&lt;/code&gt; while other parts like the task switcher of ''Cinnamon'' are still operational. The ''Cinnamon'' task bar can be set to hide automatically in the configuration, whereas the multiple-row ''Mate'' taskbar can be made to always display on screen.

In order to start multiple panels automatically, add one of them to the list of programs to start automatically. Typically, it is found in the system control panel, though the location may vary across desktop environments.

== Halting ==
If your computer halts (&quot;freezes&quot;) frequently, the most common causes are tasks consuming high CPU or disk I/O usage. The former can be monitored with the command-line utilities including  &lt;code&gt;top&lt;/code&gt; (usually bundled), &lt;code&gt;htop&lt;/code&gt; (more sophisticated but may require installation first), and the graphical &lt;code&gt;gnome-system-monitor&lt;/code&gt;. Disk I/O usage can be monitored with the interactive command-line utility &lt;code&gt;iotop&lt;/code&gt;, where the &lt;code&gt;-o&lt;/code&gt; parameter hides inactive processes for a better overview.

A high I/O usage may not only caused by reads and writes themselves, but can also be caused by latency. This is not of concern on flash storages, but it is on hard disk drives, since the magnetic head needs an additional fraction of a second to move to the physical location of requested data.

== Halted window manager ==
If the cursor has become unresponsive, and you wish to get out of it without losing your session, try the following: 

* Go to a different ''[[:w:tty (Unix)|tty]]'', for example, press Ctrl+Alt+F2 to go to tty2.
* Type the &lt;code&gt;w&lt;/code&gt; command to list active sessions. Notice the content of the &lt;code&gt;FROM&lt;/code&gt; column, possibly &lt;code&gt;:0&lt;/code&gt;.
* Type &lt;code&gt;[process name of desktop environment] --replace --display=:0 2&gt;/dev/null &amp;&lt;/code&gt;. Process names for desktop environments include &lt;code&gt;cinnamon&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;mate-panel&lt;/code&gt; or &lt;code&gt;wm-mate&lt;/code&gt; (&quot;window manager MATE&quot;), &lt;code&gt;xfwm4&lt;/code&gt; (for xfce), and &lt;code&gt;kwin_x11&lt;/code&gt; or &lt;code&gt;plasmashell&lt;/code&gt; for KDE.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.reddit.com/r/kde/comments/a5d2ly/how_do_you_properly_restart_kwin_and_plasmashell/ ''How do you properly restart KWin and Plasmashell from the virtual console?'' – /r/KDE, December 2018]&lt;/ref&gt;

The &lt;code&gt;:0&lt;/code&gt; part is from the &quot;FROM&quot; column in the prior command, the &lt;code&gt;2&gt;/dev/null&lt;/code&gt; part prevents diagnostic error messages from flooding the command line output, and the &lt;code&gt;&amp;&lt;/code&gt; character puts the process in background.&lt;ref&gt;[https://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/31818/what-to-do-when-a-linux-desktop-freezes ''What to do when a Linux desktop freezes?'' - Unix &amp; Linux Stack Exchange]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Password fail delay ==
Linux installations may be shipped with a long password fail delay, meaning an artificial delay until the user is allowed to retry after entering a wrong password.

While it is intended to prevent password cracking through brute-forcing, a delay that is too long, such as three seconds, could become annoying from repetition and interfere with workflow.

The fail delay is not recommended to be deactivated completely, but can be shortened to something more sufferable like 0.3 seconds. The disadvantage that brute forcing would become faster could be compensated multiple times over by appending one or two characters to the password. However, even at a fail delay of 0.01 seconds, brute forcing would be severely handicapped. As such, a preset fail delay of three seconds appears to be [[:w:Security theater|security theater]].

;Setting
There are multiple system files where the password fail delay may be configurable. Make sure to create a backup copy of of any system file before modifying.

The exact used system file may vary depending on operating system distribution and version, but the configuration is typically located at &lt;code&gt;/etc/pam.d/common-auth&lt;/code&gt; or &lt;code&gt;/etc/pam.d/login&lt;/code&gt;, and the delay value is specified in microseconds.

For example, to set the password delay to the tenth of a second, set the pre-existing value in the &quot;login&quot; file, which is presumably 3000000 out of the box, to &quot;100000&quot;, as shown here:
&lt;pre&gt;
#
# The PAM configuration file for the Shadow `login' service
#

# Enforce a minimal delay in case of failure (in microseconds).
# (Replaces the `FAIL_DELAY' setting from login.defs)
# Note that other modules may require another minimal delay. (for example,
# to disable any delay, you should add the nodelay option to pam_unix)
auth       optional   pam_faildelay.so  delay=100000
&lt;/pre&gt;

Alternatively, try adding the new line &lt;code&gt;auth       optional     pam_faildelay.so  delay=100000&lt;/code&gt; to the &quot;common-auth&quot; file at this position:
&lt;pre&gt;
# here are the per-package modules (the &quot;Primary&quot; block)
auth       optional     pam_faildelay.so  delay=100000
auth	[success=1 default=ignore]	pam_unix.so nullok_secure nodelay
&lt;/pre&gt;

&lt;ref&gt;[https://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/2126/why-is-there-a-big-delay-after-entering-a-wrong-password security - Why is there a big delay after entering a wrong password? - Unix &amp; Linux Stack Exchange]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Black screen ==
On some proprietary graphics drivers, a black screen may occur under when switching away from the graphical user interface (usually tty7) to any other tty (Ctrl+Alt+F[number]) while screen resolution is not set to maximum does result in a black screen with only backlight visible, meaning the screen is still on but nothing is visible. This may also happen after waking up from suspending after a countdown, e.g. &lt;code&gt;sleep 1h; systemctl suspend&lt;/code&gt;.&lt;ref&gt;https://bugs.launchpad.net/ubuntu/+source/nvidia-graphics-drivers-440/+bug/1870758&lt;/ref&gt;

Adjust the screen resolution blindly by entering &lt;code&gt;xrandr -s 1920x1080&lt;/code&gt; or another valid resolution in a terminal running inside X server. Note that for it to work, it has to be a different resolution than the current one. Consider adding &lt;code&gt;screenrescue() { xrandr -s 640x480; xrandr -s 1920x1080; redshift -O 2400; }&lt;/code&gt; to &lt;code&gt;~/.bashrc&lt;/code&gt;, to make a more memorable command named &quot;screenrescue&quot; do it.

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;

[[Category:Linux]]</text>
      <sha1>1nxl32s02ypk44opmglshnmspi0zu9c</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>2694348</id>
      <parentid>2694347</parentid>
      <timestamp>2025-01-04T20:42:27Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Elominius</username>
        <id>2911372</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Unable to boot */ external editing</comment>
      <origin>2694348</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="8885" sha1="1is39kmgrd88lvn51nwnern1p8jvezs" xml:space="preserve">The goal of this page is to list solutions to common issues. You are encouraged to add yours here.

&lt;!--In future, if this page gets too long, it could be split into sub pages.--&gt;

== Unable to boot ==
A possible cause of boot failure are entries to non-existent devices or image files in &lt;code&gt;/etc/fstab&lt;/code&gt;.

Type in &lt;code&gt;/bin/nano /etc/fstab&lt;/code&gt; in the emergency shell to edit the &lt;code&gt;fstab&lt;/code&gt; file, then either comment (add &lt;code&gt;#&lt;/code&gt; at the beginning of the line) or remove lines that contain entries to non-existent devices or image files.

You can also edit the &lt;code&gt;fstab&lt;/code&gt; file from an external Linux installation (on a flash drive, an SSD, or a boot disc).

== 90-second delay while booting ==
Such a delay may be caused by an incorrect entry in the &lt;code&gt;/etc/fstab&lt;/code&gt; file. This can especially be caused with [[:w:Live USB|live USB operating systems]] used across computers.

Enter &lt;code&gt;blkid&lt;/code&gt; into the command line terminal, then compare the output with the contents of aforementioned file. One of the entries, such as the entry for the swap file (which contains the word &quot;swap&quot;), may need to be removed or commented out by adding &lt;code&gt;#&lt;/code&gt; at the beginning of the line.&lt;ref&gt;[https://forums.linuxmint.com/viewtopic.php?t=327483 ''Boot proces 90 seconds delay'' – LinuxMint Forums, August 2020]&lt;/ref&gt;

== sysrq ==
Some [[wikipedia:Magic_SysRq_key|system requests]] might be disabled out of the box due to the [[wikipedia:bitmask|bitmask]] value in the file &lt;code&gt;/proc/sys/kernel/sysrq&lt;/code&gt; being set to a different value than 1, such as 176. A possible reason is to protect inexperienced users.

To override this, use the command &lt;code&gt;echo 1 | sudo tee /proc/sys/kernel/sysrq&lt;/code&gt;, where the number &quot;1&quot; is piped into &quot;tee&quot;, and &lt;code&gt;sudo tee&lt;/code&gt; writes the &quot;1&quot; into said system file using root privileges.

Directly &lt;code&gt;sudo echo 1 &gt;/proc/sys/kernel/sysrq&lt;/code&gt; or &lt;code&gt;sudo printf 1 &gt;/proc/sys/kernel/sysrq&lt;/code&gt; does not work if the terminal is not running as root, since text redirection into the file is performed by the terminal, whereas with &lt;code&gt;sudo tee&lt;/code&gt;, it is performed by the &lt;code&gt;tee&lt;/code&gt; tool using root privileges.

== Mixing desktop environments ==
Your preferred desktop environment might lack an essential feature such as the popular &quot;Cinnamon&quot; desktop environment lacking a multiple-row task bar.&lt;ref&gt;[https://forums.linuxmint.com/viewtopic.php?t=162727 ''Enable multiple rows in the daskbar'' – LinuxMint Forums, March 2014]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://forums.linuxmint.com/viewtopic.php?t=239297 Resize panel/taskbar for two rows? - Linux Mint Forums, February 2017]&lt;/ref&gt;

It is possible to mix parts of desktop environments, such as using the &lt;code&gt;mate-panel&lt;/code&gt; while other parts like the task switcher of ''Cinnamon'' are still operational. The ''Cinnamon'' task bar can be set to hide automatically in the configuration, whereas the multiple-row ''Mate'' taskbar can be made to always display on screen.

In order to start multiple panels automatically, add one of them to the list of programs to start automatically. Typically, it is found in the system control panel, though the location may vary across desktop environments.

== Halting ==
If your computer halts (&quot;freezes&quot;) frequently, the most common causes are tasks consuming high CPU or disk I/O usage. The former can be monitored with the command-line utilities including  &lt;code&gt;top&lt;/code&gt; (usually bundled), &lt;code&gt;htop&lt;/code&gt; (more sophisticated but may require installation first), and the graphical &lt;code&gt;gnome-system-monitor&lt;/code&gt;. Disk I/O usage can be monitored with the interactive command-line utility &lt;code&gt;iotop&lt;/code&gt;, where the &lt;code&gt;-o&lt;/code&gt; parameter hides inactive processes for a better overview.

A high I/O usage may not only caused by reads and writes themselves, but can also be caused by latency. This is not of concern on flash storages, but it is on hard disk drives, since the magnetic head needs an additional fraction of a second to move to the physical location of requested data.

== Halted window manager ==
If the cursor has become unresponsive, and you wish to get out of it without losing your session, try the following: 

* Go to a different ''[[:w:tty (Unix)|tty]]'', for example, press Ctrl+Alt+F2 to go to tty2.
* Type the &lt;code&gt;w&lt;/code&gt; command to list active sessions. Notice the content of the &lt;code&gt;FROM&lt;/code&gt; column, possibly &lt;code&gt;:0&lt;/code&gt;.
* Type &lt;code&gt;[process name of desktop environment] --replace --display=:0 2&gt;/dev/null &amp;&lt;/code&gt;. Process names for desktop environments include &lt;code&gt;cinnamon&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;mate-panel&lt;/code&gt; or &lt;code&gt;wm-mate&lt;/code&gt; (&quot;window manager MATE&quot;), &lt;code&gt;xfwm4&lt;/code&gt; (for xfce), and &lt;code&gt;kwin_x11&lt;/code&gt; or &lt;code&gt;plasmashell&lt;/code&gt; for KDE.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.reddit.com/r/kde/comments/a5d2ly/how_do_you_properly_restart_kwin_and_plasmashell/ ''How do you properly restart KWin and Plasmashell from the virtual console?'' – /r/KDE, December 2018]&lt;/ref&gt;

The &lt;code&gt;:0&lt;/code&gt; part is from the &quot;FROM&quot; column in the prior command, the &lt;code&gt;2&gt;/dev/null&lt;/code&gt; part prevents diagnostic error messages from flooding the command line output, and the &lt;code&gt;&amp;&lt;/code&gt; character puts the process in background.&lt;ref&gt;[https://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/31818/what-to-do-when-a-linux-desktop-freezes ''What to do when a Linux desktop freezes?'' - Unix &amp; Linux Stack Exchange]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Password fail delay ==
Linux installations may be shipped with a long password fail delay, meaning an artificial delay until the user is allowed to retry after entering a wrong password.

While it is intended to prevent password cracking through brute-forcing, a delay that is too long, such as three seconds, could become annoying from repetition and interfere with workflow.

The fail delay is not recommended to be deactivated completely, but can be shortened to something more sufferable like 0.3 seconds. The disadvantage that brute forcing would become faster could be compensated multiple times over by appending one or two characters to the password. However, even at a fail delay of 0.01 seconds, brute forcing would be severely handicapped. As such, a preset fail delay of three seconds appears to be [[:w:Security theater|security theater]].

;Setting
There are multiple system files where the password fail delay may be configurable. Make sure to create a backup copy of of any system file before modifying.

The exact used system file may vary depending on operating system distribution and version, but the configuration is typically located at &lt;code&gt;/etc/pam.d/common-auth&lt;/code&gt; or &lt;code&gt;/etc/pam.d/login&lt;/code&gt;, and the delay value is specified in microseconds.

For example, to set the password delay to the tenth of a second, set the pre-existing value in the &quot;login&quot; file, which is presumably 3000000 out of the box, to &quot;100000&quot;, as shown here:
&lt;pre&gt;
#
# The PAM configuration file for the Shadow `login' service
#

# Enforce a minimal delay in case of failure (in microseconds).
# (Replaces the `FAIL_DELAY' setting from login.defs)
# Note that other modules may require another minimal delay. (for example,
# to disable any delay, you should add the nodelay option to pam_unix)
auth       optional   pam_faildelay.so  delay=100000
&lt;/pre&gt;

Alternatively, try adding the new line &lt;code&gt;auth       optional     pam_faildelay.so  delay=100000&lt;/code&gt; to the &quot;common-auth&quot; file at this position:
&lt;pre&gt;
# here are the per-package modules (the &quot;Primary&quot; block)
auth       optional     pam_faildelay.so  delay=100000
auth	[success=1 default=ignore]	pam_unix.so nullok_secure nodelay
&lt;/pre&gt;

&lt;ref&gt;[https://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/2126/why-is-there-a-big-delay-after-entering-a-wrong-password security - Why is there a big delay after entering a wrong password? - Unix &amp; Linux Stack Exchange]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Black screen ==
On some proprietary graphics drivers, a black screen may occur under when switching away from the graphical user interface (usually tty7) to any other tty (Ctrl+Alt+F[number]) while screen resolution is not set to maximum does result in a black screen with only backlight visible, meaning the screen is still on but nothing is visible. This may also happen after waking up from suspending after a countdown, e.g. &lt;code&gt;sleep 1h; systemctl suspend&lt;/code&gt;.&lt;ref&gt;https://bugs.launchpad.net/ubuntu/+source/nvidia-graphics-drivers-440/+bug/1870758&lt;/ref&gt;

Adjust the screen resolution blindly by entering &lt;code&gt;xrandr -s 1920x1080&lt;/code&gt; or another valid resolution in a terminal running inside X server. Note that for it to work, it has to be a different resolution than the current one. Consider adding &lt;code&gt;screenrescue() { xrandr -s 640x480; xrandr -s 1920x1080; redshift -O 2400; }&lt;/code&gt; to &lt;code&gt;~/.bashrc&lt;/code&gt;, to make a more memorable command named &quot;screenrescue&quot; do it.

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;

[[Category:Linux]]</text>
      <sha1>1is39kmgrd88lvn51nwnern1p8jvezs</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Complex cube root</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>283249</id>
    <revision>
      <id>2694336</id>
      <parentid>2590273</parentid>
      <timestamp>2025-01-04T12:14:21Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>ThaniosAkro</username>
        <id>2805358</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>/* Calculation of 1 root */</comment>
      <origin>2694336</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="27313" sha1="km7z38vy549zzbq5z9knr41ymk2ybda" xml:space="preserve">=Introduction=
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[[File:0419polarDiagram.png|thumb|400px|'''Complex number W = complex number w³.'''
&lt;/br&gt;
Origin at point &lt;math&gt;(0,0)&lt;/math&gt;.&lt;/br&gt;
&lt;math&gt;w_{real}, W_{real}&lt;/math&gt; parallel to &lt;math&gt;X&lt;/math&gt; axis.&lt;/br&gt;
&lt;math&gt;w_{imag}, W_{imag}&lt;/math&gt; parallel to &lt;math&gt;Y&lt;/math&gt; axis.&lt;/br&gt;
&lt;math&gt;w_{real} = 1.2;\ w_{imag} = 0.5;\ w_{mod} = \sqrt{1.2^2 + 0.5^2} = 1.3.&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/br&gt;
&lt;math&gt;W_{real} = 0.828;\ ;\ W_{imag} = 2.035;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/br&gt;
&lt;math&gt;W_{mod} = \sqrt{0.828^2 + 2.035^2} = 2.197.&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/br&gt;
&lt;math&gt;W_{mod} = w_{mod}^3 = 1.3^3 = 2.197.&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/br&gt;
&lt;math&gt;W_{\phi} = 3 w_{\phi}.&lt;/math&gt;
By cosine triple angle formula:&lt;/br&gt;
&lt;math&gt;\cos W_{phi} = 4\cdot(\frac{1.2}{1.3})^3 - 3\cdot \frac{1.2}{1.3} = \frac{828}{2197} = \frac{W_{real}}{W_{mod}}.&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;/br&gt;
See &quot;3 cube roots of W&quot; in [[Complex_cube_root#Gallery | Gallery]] below.
]]
Let complex numbers &lt;math&gt;W =&lt;/math&gt; a &lt;math&gt;+&lt;/math&gt; b&lt;math&gt;\cdot i&lt;/math&gt; and
&lt;math&gt;w =&lt;/math&gt; p &lt;math&gt;+&lt;/math&gt; q&lt;math&gt;\cdot i.&lt;/math&gt;
Let &lt;math&gt;W = w^3.&lt;/math&gt;

When given &lt;math&gt;a, b,&lt;/math&gt; aim of this page is to calculate &lt;math&gt;p, q.&lt;/math&gt;


In the diagram complex number &lt;math&gt;w = p + qi = w_{real} + i\cdot w_{imag} = w_{mod}(\cos w_{\phi} + i\cdot \sin w_{\phi}),&lt;/math&gt; where

* &lt;math&gt;w_{real}, w_{imag}&lt;/math&gt; are the real and imaginary components of &lt;math&gt;w,&lt;/math&gt; the rectangular components.

* &lt;math&gt;w_{mod}, w_{\phi}&lt;/math&gt; are the modulus and phase of &lt;math&gt;w,&lt;/math&gt; the polar components.

Similarly, &lt;math&gt;W_{real}, W_{imag}, W_{mod}, W_{\phi}&lt;/math&gt; are the corresponding components of &lt;math&gt;W.&lt;/math&gt;


&lt;math&gt;W = w^3 = ( w_{mod}(\cos w_{\phi} + i\cdot \sin w_{\phi}) )^3&lt;/math&gt;

&lt;math&gt;= w_{mod}^3(\cos (3 w_{\phi}) + i\cdot \sin (3 w_{\phi}))&lt;/math&gt;

&lt;math&gt;= W_{mod}(\cos (W_{\phi}) + i\cdot \sin (W_{\phi}))&lt;/math&gt;

&lt;math&gt;= W&lt;/math&gt;


There are 2 significant calculations:

&lt;math&gt;w_{mod} = \sqrt[3]{W_{mod}}&lt;/math&gt; and

&lt;math&gt;\cos w_{\phi} = \cos \frac{W_{\phi}}{3}.&lt;/math&gt;
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=Implementation=
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==Cos φ from cos 3φ==
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[[File:1008Cos3A.png|thumb|400px|'''
Graph of &lt;math&gt;\cos(3A) = 4 \cos^3(A) - 3 \cos(A)&lt;/math&gt;'''
&lt;/br&gt;
Formula and/or graph are used to calculate &lt;math&gt;\cos(A)&lt;/math&gt; if &lt;math&gt;\cos(3A)&lt;/math&gt; is given.
]]
The cosine triple angle formula is:
&lt;math&gt;\cos (3\theta) = 4 \cos^3\theta - 3 \cos\theta.&lt;/math&gt; This formula, of form &lt;math&gt;y = 4 x^3 - 3 x,&lt;/math&gt; permits &lt;math&gt;\cos (3\theta)&lt;/math&gt; to be calculated if &lt;math&gt;\cos\theta&lt;/math&gt; is known.

If &lt;math&gt;\cos (3\theta)&lt;/math&gt; is known and the value of &lt;math&gt;\cos\theta&lt;/math&gt; is desired, this identity becomes:
&lt;math&gt;4 \cos^3\theta - 3 \cos\theta - \cos (3\theta) = 0.&lt;/math&gt; &lt;math&gt;\cos\theta&lt;/math&gt; is the solution of this cubic equation.

In fact this equation has three solutions, the other two being &lt;math&gt;\cos (\theta \pm 120^\circ).&lt;/math&gt;

&lt;math&gt;\cos (3(\theta \pm 120^\circ)) = \cos (3\theta \pm 360^\circ) = \cos (3\theta).&lt;/math&gt;


It is sufficient to calculate only &lt;math&gt;\cos\theta&lt;/math&gt; from &lt;math&gt;\cos 3\theta,&lt;/math&gt; accomplished by the following code:
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=python&gt;
# python code

cosAfrom_cos3Adebug = 0

def cosAfrom_cos3A(cos3A) :
    cos3A = Decimal(str(cos3A))+0
    if 1 &gt;= cos3A &gt;= -1 : pass
    else :
        print ('cosAfrom_cos3A(cos3A) : cos3A not in valid range.')
        return None
    '''
    if cos3A == 0 :
        A = 90 and cos3A = cosA
    if cos3A == 1 :
        A = 0 and cos3A = cosA
    if cos3A == -1 :
        A = 180 and cos3A = cosA
'''
    if cos3A in (0,1,-1) : return cos3A

    # From the cosine triple angle formula:
    a,b,c,d = 4,0,-3,-cos3A

    # prepare for Newton's method.
    if d &lt; 0 : x = Decimal(1)
    else : x = -Decimal(1)
    count = 31; L1 = [x]; almostZero = Decimal('1e-' + str(prec-2))

    # Newton's method:
    while 1 :
        count -= 1
        if count &lt;= 0 :
            print ('cosAfrom_cos3A(cos3A): count expired.')
            break
        y = a*x*x*x + c*x + d
        if cosAfrom_cos3Adebug :
            print ('cosAfrom_cos3A(cos3A) : x,y =',x,y)
        if abs(y) &lt; almostZero : break
        slope = 12*x*x + c
        delta_x = y/slope
        x -= delta_x
        if x in L1[-1:-5:-1] :
            # This value of x has been used previously.
            print ('cosAfrom_cos3A(cos3A): endless loop detected.')
            break
        L1 += [x]

    return x
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
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When &lt;math&gt;x == 1,&lt;/math&gt; slope &lt;math&gt;= 12x^2 - 3 = 9.&lt;/math&gt; Within area of interest, maximum absolute value of slope &lt;math&gt;= 9,&lt;/math&gt;
a rather small value for slope.

Consequently, with only 9 passes through loop, Newton's method produces a result accurate to 200 places of decimals .
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There are 3 conditions, any 1 of which terminates the loop:

* &lt;code&gt;abs(y)&lt;/code&gt; very close to 0 (normal termination).

* count expired.

* endless loop detected with the same value of &lt;code&gt;x&lt;/code&gt; repeated.
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==Calculation of cube roots of W==
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===Calculation of 1 root===

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&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=python&gt;
# python code.

def complexCubeRoot (a,b) :
    '''
p,q = complexCubeRoot (a,b) where:
* a,b are rectangular coordinates of complex number a + bi.
* (p + qi)^3 = a + bi.
'''

    a = Decimal(str(a))
    b = Decimal(str(b))

    if a == b == 0 : return (Decimal(0), Decimal(0))
    if a == 0 : return (Decimal(0), -simpleCubeRoot(b))
    if b == 0 : return (simpleCubeRoot(a), Decimal(0))

    Wmod = (a*a + b*b).sqrt()
    wmod = simpleCubeRoot (Wmod)
    cosWφ = a/Wmod
    coswφ = cosAfrom_cos3A(cosWφ)
    p = coswφ * wmod # wreal
    q = (wmod*wmod - p*p).sqrt() # wimag
    # Resolve ambiguity of q, + or -.
    v1 = - 3*p*p*q + q*q*q
    qp = abs(b + v1 )
    qn = abs(b - v1)
    if qp &gt; qn : q *= -1

    return p,q
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
For function &lt;code&gt;simpleCubeRoot()&lt;/code&gt; see [[ Cube_root#Implementation | Cube_root#Implementation ]]
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===Calculation of 3 roots===

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See [[ Python_Concepts/Numbers#Cube_roots_of_1_simplified | Cube roots of unity. ]]

The cube roots of unity are :
&lt;math&gt;1, \frac{-1 \pm i\sqrt{3}}{2}.&lt;/math&gt;

When &lt;math&gt;r_0 = \sqrt[3]{W}&lt;/math&gt; is known, the other 2 cube roots are:

* &lt;math&gt;r_1 = r_0 \cdot \frac{-1 + i\sqrt{3}}{2}&lt;/math&gt;

* &lt;math&gt;r_2 = r_0 \cdot \frac{-1 - i\sqrt{3}}{2}&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=python&gt;
# python code
def complexCubeRoots (a,b) :
    '''
r0,r1,r2 = complexCubeRoots (a,b) where:
* a,b are rectangular coordnates of complex number a + bi.
* (p + qi)^3 = a + bi.
* r0 = (p0,q0)
* r1 = (p1,q1)
* r2 = (p2,q2)
'''
    p,q = complexCubeRoot (a,b)
    r3 = Decimal(3).sqrt() # Square root of 3.
    pr3,qr3 = p*r3, q*r3
#  r1 = ((-p-q*r)/2, (p*r - q)/2)
#  r2 = ((-p+q*r)/2, (-p*r - q)/2)
    r0 = (p,q)
    r1 = ((-p-qr3)/2, (pr3 - q)/2)
    r2 = ((-p+qr3)/2, (-pr3 - q)/2)
    return r0,r1,r2
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
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=Testing results=

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&lt;math&gt;(p + q\cdot i)^3 = p^3 - 3pq^2 + (3p^2q - q^3)\cdot i = a + b\cdot i.&lt;/math&gt;

&lt;math&gt;a = p^3 - 3pq^2;\ b = 3p^2q - q^3.&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=python&gt;
# Python code used to test results of code above,

def complexCubeRootsTest (a,b) :
    print ('\n++++++++++++++++++++')
    print ('a,b =', a,b)
    almostZero = Decimal('1e-' + str(prec-5))
    r0,r1,r2 = complexCubeRoots (a,b)
    for root in (r0,r1,r2) :
        p,q = root
        print ('  pq =',(p), (q))
        a_,b_ = (p*p*p - 3*p*q*q), (3*p*p*q - q*q*q)
        if a :
            v1 = abs((a_-a)/a)
            if v1 &gt; almostZero : print ('error *',a_,a,v1)
        else :
            v1 = abs(a_)
            if v1 &gt; almostZero : print ('error !',a_,a,v1)
        if b :
            v1 = abs((b_-b)/b)
            if v1 &gt; almostZero : print ('error &amp;',b_,b,v1)
        else :
            v1 = abs(b_)
            if v1 &gt; almostZero : print ('error %',b_,b,v1)
    return r0,r1,r2
    
import decimal
Decimal = D = decimal.Decimal
prec = decimal.getcontext().prec # precision

cosAfrom_cos3Adebug = 1

for p in range (-10,11,1) :
    for q in range (-10,11,1) :
        a = p*p*p - 3*p*q*q
        b = 3*p*p*q - q*q*q
        complexCubeRootsTest(a,b)
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
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=Gallery=
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&lt;gallery&gt;
File:0421cubeRootsOf8i.png|&lt;small&gt;Cube roots of 8i.&lt;/small&gt;
File:0422cubeRootsOfm8.png|&lt;small&gt;Cube roots of -8.&lt;/small&gt;
File:0424_3cubeRoots01.png|&lt;small&gt;3 cube roots of W.&lt;/small&gt;
&lt;/gallery&gt;
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=Method #2 (Graphical)=
==Introduction==
[[File:0406_2curves01a.png|thumb|400px|'''Graphs of 2 curves showing complex cube roots as points of intersection of the 2 curves.''']]
Let complex number &lt;math&gt;w = p + qi.&lt;/math&gt;

Then &lt;math&gt;W = w^3 = (p + qi)^3 = p^3 - 3pq^2 + (3p^2q - q^3)i.&lt;/math&gt;

Let &lt;math&gt;W = a + bi.&lt;/math&gt;

Then:

&lt;math&gt;a = p^3 - 3pq^2&lt;/math&gt; and

&lt;math&gt;b = 3p^2q - q^3.&lt;/math&gt;


When &lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt; is given and &lt;math&gt;w&lt;/math&gt; is desired,
&lt;math&gt;w&lt;/math&gt; may be calculated from the solutions of 2 simultaneous equations:

&lt;math&gt;p^3 - 3pq^2 - a = 0\ \dots\ (1)&lt;/math&gt; and

&lt;math&gt;3p^2q - q^3 - b = 0\ \dots\ (2).&lt;/math&gt;


For example, let &lt;math&gt;W = (39582 + 3799i).&lt;/math&gt;


Then equations &lt;math&gt;(1)&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;(2)&lt;/math&gt; become (for graphical purposes):

&lt;math&gt;x^3 - 3xy^2 - 39582 = 0\ \dots\ (3),&lt;/math&gt; black curve in diagram, and

&lt;math&gt;3x^2y - y^3 - 3799 = 0\ \dots\ (4),&lt;/math&gt; red curve in diagram.


Three points of intersection of red and black curves are:

&lt;math&gt;(-18, 29),&lt;/math&gt;

&lt;math&gt;(34.11473670974872, 1.0884572681198943),&lt;/math&gt; and

&lt;math&gt;(-16.11473670974872, -30.088457268119896),&lt;/math&gt;

interpreted as the three complex cube roots of &lt;math&gt;W,&lt;/math&gt; namely:

&lt;math&gt;w_0 = (-18 + 29i),&lt;/math&gt;

&lt;math&gt;w_1 = (34.11473670974872 + 1.0884572681198943i)&lt;/math&gt; and

&lt;math&gt;w_2 = (-16.11473670974872 - 30.088457268119896i).&lt;/math&gt;
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Proof:
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=python&gt;
# python code
# Each cube root cubed.
&gt;&gt;&gt; w0 = (-18 + 29j)
&gt;&gt;&gt; w1 = (34.11473670974872 + 1.0884572681198943j)
&gt;&gt;&gt; w2 = (-16.11473670974872 - 30.088457268119896j)
&gt;&gt;&gt; for w in (w0,w1,w2) : w**3
... 
(39582+3799j)
(39582+3799j)
(39582+3799j)
# The moduli of all 3 cube roots.
&gt;&gt;&gt; for w in (w0,w1,w2) : (w.real**2 + w.imag**2) ** 0.5
... 
34.132096331752024
34.132096331752024
34.132096331752024
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
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==Preparation==

This method depends upon selection of most appropriate quadrant.

In the example above, 
quadrant &lt;math&gt;2&lt;/math&gt; is chosen because any non-zero positive value of &lt;math&gt;y&lt;/math&gt; intersects red curve and
any non-zero negative value of &lt;math&gt;x&lt;/math&gt; intersects black curve.

Figures 1-4 below show all possibilities of &lt;math&gt;\pm a&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;\pm b.&lt;/math&gt;
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&lt;gallery&gt;
File:0406_2curves01a.png|&lt;small&gt;Figure 1. When both &lt;math&gt;a, b&lt;/math&gt; are positive, quadrant 2 is chosen.&lt;/br&gt;&lt;math&gt;(-18+29i)^3&lt;/math&gt;&lt;math&gt; = (39582+3799i)&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
File:0411np01.png|&lt;small&gt;Figure 2. When &lt;math&gt;a&lt;/math&gt; is positive and &lt;math&gt;b&lt;/math&gt; is negative, quadrant 3 is chosen.&lt;/br&gt;&lt;math&gt;(-18-29i)^3&lt;/math&gt;&lt;math&gt; = (39582-3799i)&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
File:0411pn01.png|&lt;small&gt;Figure 3. When &lt;math&gt;a&lt;/math&gt; is negative and &lt;math&gt;b&lt;/math&gt; is positive, quadrant 1 is chosen.&lt;/br&gt;&lt;math&gt;(18+29i)^3&lt;/math&gt;&lt;math&gt; = (-39582+3799i)&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
File:0406_2curves00a.png|&lt;small&gt;Figure 4. When both &lt;math&gt;a, b&lt;/math&gt; are negative, quadrant 4 is chosen.&lt;/br&gt;&lt;math&gt;(18-29i)^3&lt;/math&gt;&lt;math&gt; = (-39582-3799i)&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
&lt;/gallery&gt;
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==Description of method==
===Four points===
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[[File:0406_4points.png|thumb|400px|'''Graphs of 2 curves showing 4 points that enclose one of the complex cube roots.'''&lt;/br&gt;
Area enclosed by the 4 points becomes progressively smaller and smaller until the point of intersection is identified.
]]
Assume that &lt;math&gt;W = -39582 - 3799i,&lt;/math&gt; in which case both &lt;math&gt;a, b&lt;/math&gt; are negative and quadrant &lt;math&gt;4&lt;/math&gt; is chosen.

In quadrant &lt;math&gt;4&lt;/math&gt; any non-zero positive value of x intersects black curve and any non-zero negative value of y intersects red curve.


Choose any convenient negative, non-zero value of &lt;math&gt;y.&lt;/math&gt;

Let &lt;math&gt;y = -18.&lt;/math&gt;

Using this value of &lt;math&gt;y,&lt;/math&gt; calculate coordinates of point &lt;math&gt;A&lt;/math&gt; on red curve.

Using &lt;math&gt;x&lt;/math&gt; coordinate of point &lt;math&gt;A,&lt;/math&gt; calculate coordinates of point &lt;math&gt;B&lt;/math&gt;
on black curve.

Using &lt;math&gt;y&lt;/math&gt; coordinate of point &lt;math&gt;B,&lt;/math&gt; calculate coordinates of point &lt;math&gt;C&lt;/math&gt;
on red curve.

Using &lt;math&gt;x&lt;/math&gt; coordinate of point &lt;math&gt;C,&lt;/math&gt; calculate coordinates of point &lt;math&gt;D&lt;/math&gt;
on black curve.


Points &lt;math&gt;A, B, C, D&lt;/math&gt; enclose the point of intersection of the 2 curves.
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===Point of intersection===
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[[File:0406intersection.png|thumb|400px|'''Graphs of 2 curves showing complex cube root enclosed by four points &lt;math&gt;A, B, C, D&lt;/math&gt;.'''&lt;/br&gt;
Point &lt;math&gt;E,&lt;/math&gt; intersection of lines &lt;math&gt;AC, BD&lt;/math&gt; is close to complex cube root, and is starting point for next iteration.
]]
Calculate equations of lines &lt;math&gt;AC, BD.&lt;/math&gt;

Calculate coordinates of point &lt;math&gt;E,&lt;/math&gt; intersection of lines &lt;math&gt;AC, BD.&lt;/math&gt;


Point &lt;math&gt;E&lt;/math&gt; is used as starting point for next iteration.


Area of quadrilateral &lt;math&gt;ABCD&lt;/math&gt; becomes smaller and smaller until complex cube root, intersection of red and black curves, is identified.
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==Implementation==
===Initialization===
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&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=python&gt;
# python code

import decimal
D = decimal.Decimal

precision = decimal.getcontext().prec = 100

useDecimal = 1

Tolerance = 1e-14
if useDecimal :
    Tolerance = D('1e-' + str(decimal.getcontext().prec - 2))


def line_mc (point1,point2) :
    '''
m,c = line_mc (point1,point2)
where y = mx + c.
'''
    x1,y1 = point1
    x2,y2 = point2
    m = (y2-y1) / (x2-x1)
    # y = mx + c
    c = y1 - m*x1
    return m,c


def intersectionOf2Lines (line1, line2) :
    m1,c1 = line1
    m2,c2 = line2
    # y = m1x + c1
    # y = m2x + c2
    # m1x + c1 = m2x + c2
    # m1x - m2x = c2 - c1
    x = (c2-c1)/(m1-m2)
    y = m1*x + c1
    return x,y

def almostEqual (v1,v2,tolerance = Tolerance) :
    '''
status = almostEqual (v1,v2)

For floats, tolerance is 1e-14.

1234567.8901234567 and
1234567.8901234893
are not almostEqual.

1234567.8901234567 and
1234567.8901234593
are almostEqual.
'''
    return abs(v1-v2) &lt; tolerance*abs((v1+v2)/2)
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
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===Function two_points()===
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[[File:0406_4points.png|thumb|400px|'''Graphs of 2 curves showing 4 points that enclose one of the complex cube roots.'''&lt;/br&gt;
On first invocation function two_points() returns points &lt;math&gt;A, B.&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/br&gt;
On second invocation function two_points() returns points &lt;math&gt;C, D.&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/br&gt;
If distance &lt;math&gt;AB&lt;/math&gt; or distance &lt;math&gt;CD&lt;/math&gt; is very small, function two_points() returns status True.
]]
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=python&gt;
def two_points (y,a,b,quadrant) :
    '''
[point1,point2],status = two_points (y,a,b)
'''

    L1 = [] ; yInput = y
    if 0 :
        print ('two_points():')
        s1 = '  a,b,y' ; print (s1, eval(s1))

# a = ppp - pqq - 2pqq = ppp - 3pqq (1)
# b = 2ppq + ppq - qqq = 3ppq - qqq (2)
#
# Using (2)
# 3xxy - yyy = b
#
#     yyy + b
# X = ----------
#        3y
    X = (y**3 + b) / (3*y)

    if isinstance(X,D) : x = X.sqrt()
    else : x = X ** 0.5
    if quadrant in (2,3) : x *= -1
    L1 += [(x,y)]

# Using (1)
# xxx - 3xyy = a
#
#     xxx - a
# Y = -----------
#        3x
#
    Y = (x**3 - a) / (3*x)

    if isinstance(Y,D) : y = Y.sqrt()
    else : y = Y ** 0.5
    if quadrant in (3,4) : y *= -1

    L1 += [(x,y)]

    return L1, almostEqual(y, yInput)
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
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===Function pointOfIntersection()===
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[[File:0406intersection.png|thumb|400px|'''Graphs of 2 curves showing complex cube root enclosed by four points &lt;math&gt;A, B, C, D&lt;/math&gt;.'''&lt;/br&gt;
From points &lt;math&gt;A, B, C, D&lt;/math&gt; function pointOfIntersection() calculates coordinates of point &lt;math&gt;E.&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/br&gt;
If distance &lt;math&gt;AB&lt;/math&gt; is very small, point &lt;math&gt;A&lt;/math&gt; is returned as equivalent to intersection of red and black curves.&lt;/br&gt;
If distance &lt;math&gt;CD&lt;/math&gt; is very small, point &lt;math&gt;C&lt;/math&gt; is returned as equivalent to intersection of red and black curves.
]]
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=python&gt;
def pointOfIntersection(y,a,b,quadrant) :
    '''
pointE, status = pointOfIntersection(y,a,b)
y is Y coordinate of point A.
'''
#    print('\npointOfIntersection()')
    t1,status = two_points (y,a,b,quadrant)
    ptA,ptB = t1
    if status :
        # Distance between ptA and ptB is very small.
        # ptA is considered equivalent to the complex cube root.
        return ptA,status

    t2,status = two_points (ptB[1],a,b,quadrant)
    ptC,ptD = t2
    if status :
        # Distance between ptC and ptD is very small.
        # ptC is considered equivalent to the complex cube root.
        return ptC,status

    lineAC = line_mc (ptA,ptC)
    lineBD = line_mc (ptB,ptD)
    pointE = intersectionOf2Lines (lineAC, lineBD)
    return pointE,False
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
{{RoundBoxBottom}}
===Execution===
{{RoundBoxTop|theme=4}}
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=python&gt;
def CheckMake_pq(a,b,x,y) :
    '''
p,q = CheckMake_pq(a,b,x,y)
p = x and q = y.
p,q are checked as valid within tolerance, and are reformatted slightly to improve appearance.
'''
#    print ('\nCheckMake_pq(a,b,x,y)')
#    s1 = '(a,b)' ; print (s1,eval(s1))
#    s1 = '   x'  ; print (s1,eval(s1))
#    s1 = '   y'  ; print (s1,eval(s1))
    P = x**2 ; Q = y**2 ; p=q=-1
    for p in (x,) :
        # a = ppp - 3pqq; a + 3pqq should equal ppp.
        if not almostEqual (P*p, a + 3*p*Q, Tolerance*100) : continue
        for q in  (y,) :
            # b = 3ppq - qqq; b + qqq should equal 3ppq
            if not almostEqual (3*P*q, b + q*Q) : continue
            # Following 2 lines improve appearance of p,q
            if useDecimal :
                # 293.00000000000000000000000000000000000000034 becomes 293
                p,q = [ decimal.Context(prec=precision-3).create_decimal(s).normalize()
                        for s in (p,q) ]
            else :
                # 123.99999999999923 becomes 124.0
                p,q = [ float(decimal.Context(prec=14).create_decimal(s)) for s in (p,q) ]
            return p,q
    # If code gets to here there is internal error.
    s1 = '   p'  ; print (s1,eval(s1))
    s1 = '   q'  ; print (s1,eval(s1))
    s1 = 'P*p, a + 3*p*Q' ; print (s1,eval(s1))
    s1 = '3*P*q, b + q*Q' ; print (s1,eval(s1))
    1/0


def ComplexCubeRoot (a,b, y = 100, count_ = 20) :
    '''
p,q = ComplexCubeRoot (a,b, y, count_)
(p+qi)**3 = (a+bi)
'''
    print ('\nComplexCubeRoot(): a,b,y,count_ =',a,b,y,count_)

    if useDecimal : y,a,b = [ D(str(v)) for v in (y,a,b) ]

    if a == 0 :
        if b == 0 : return 0,0
        if useDecimal : cubeRoot = abs(b) ** (D(1)/3)
        else : cubeRoot = abs(b) ** (1/3)
        if b &gt; 0 : return 0,-cubeRoot
        return 0,cubeRoot
    if b == 0 :
        if useDecimal : cubeRoot = abs(a) ** (D(1)/3)
        else : cubeRoot = abs(a) ** (1/3)
        if a &gt; 0 : return cubeRoot,0
        return -cubeRoot,0

    # Select most appropriate quadrant.
    if a &gt; 0: setx = {2,3}
    else: setx = {1,4}

    if b &gt; 0: sety = {1,2}
    else: sety = {3,4}

    quadrant, = setx &amp; sety
    # Make sign of y appropriate for this quadrant.
    if quadrant in (1,2) : y = abs(y)
    else : y = -abs(y)

    s1 = '    quadrant' ;    print (s1, eval(s1))

    for count in range (0,count_) :
        pointE,status = pointOfIntersection(y,a,b,quadrant)
        s1 = 'count,status' ; print (s1, eval(s1))
        s1 = '    pointE[0]' ;    print (s1, eval(s1))
        s1 = '    pointE[1]' ;    print (s1, eval(s1))
        x,y = pointE
        if status : break

    p,q = CheckMake_pq(a,b,x,y)

    return p,q
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
{{RoundBoxBottom}}

==An Example==
{{RoundBoxTop|theme=2}}
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=python&gt;
p,q = 18,-29
w0 = p + q*1j
W = w0**3
a,b = W.real, W.imag
s1 = '\na,b' ; print (s1, eval(s1))
print ('Calculate one cube root of W =', W)

p,q = ComplexCubeRoot (a, b, -18)
s1 = '\np,q' ; print (s1, eval(s1))

sign = ' + '
if q &lt; 0 : sign = ' - '
print ('w0 = ', str(p) ,sign, str(abs(q)),'i',sep='')
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
&lt;syntaxhighlight&gt;
a,b (-39582.0, -3799.0)
Calculate one cube root of W = (-39582-3799j)

ComplexCubeRoot(): a,b,y,count_ = -39582.0 -3799.0 -18 20
    quadrant 4
count,status (0, False)
    pointE[0] 18.29530595866769796981147594954794157453427770441979517949705190002312860122683512802090262517713985
    pointE[1] -29.17605851188829785804056660826030733025475591125914094664311767722817017040959484906193571713185723
count,status (1, False)
    pointE[0] 18.00005338608833140244623119091867294731079673210031643698475740639013316464725974710029414039192178
    pointE[1] -29.00004871113589733281025047965490410760310240487028781197782902118493613318468122514940700337153822
count,status (2, False)
    pointE[0] 18.00000000000411724901243622639913339568271402799883998577879934397861645683113192688877413853607310
    pointE[1] -29.00000000000374389488957142528693701977412078931714190614174861872117809632376941851192785888688849
count,status (3, False)
    pointE[0] 18.00000000000000000000000002432197332441306371168312765664226520285586754485200564671348858119116700
    pointE[1] -29.00000000000000000000000002211642401405406173668734741733917293863102998696594080783163691859719835
count,status (4, False)
    pointE[0] 18.00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000084875301166228708732099292145747224660296019
    pointE[1] -29.00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000077178694502906372553368739653233322951192943
count,status (5, False)
    pointE[0] 18.00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
    pointE[1] -29.00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
count,status (6, True)
    pointE[0] 18
    pointE[1] -29.00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000

p,q (Decimal('18'), Decimal('-29'))
w0 = 18 - 29i
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
{{RoundBoxBottom}}
=Method #3 (Algebraic)=

==Introduction==
Let complex number &lt;math&gt;w = p + qi.&lt;/math&gt;

Then &lt;math&gt;W = w^3 = (p + qi)^3 = p^3 - 3pq^2 + (3p^2q - q^3)i.&lt;/math&gt;

Let &lt;math&gt;W = a + bi.&lt;/math&gt;

Then:

&lt;math&gt;a = p^3 - 3pq^2\ \dots\ (1)&lt;/math&gt; and

&lt;math&gt;b = 3p^2q - q^3\ \dots\ (2).&lt;/math&gt;


When &lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt; is given and &lt;math&gt;w&lt;/math&gt; is desired,
&lt;math&gt;w&lt;/math&gt; may be calculated from the solutions of 2 simultaneous equations
&lt;math&gt;(1)&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;(2),&lt;/math&gt; where &lt;math&gt;a,b&lt;/math&gt; are
known values, and &lt;math&gt;p,q&lt;/math&gt; are desired.

==Implementation==

&lt;math&gt;(1)&lt;/math&gt; squared: &lt;math&gt;a^2 = p^6 - 6p^4q^2\ + 9p^2q^4\dots\ (1a)&lt;/math&gt;

From &lt;math&gt;(2):\ 3p^2q = b + q^3\ \dots\ (2a)&lt;/math&gt;


&lt;math&gt;(1a) * 27q^3:&lt;/math&gt;

&lt;math&gt;27q^3a^2 = 27q^3p^6 - 27q^3(6)p^4q^2\ + 27q^3(9)p^2q^4&lt;/math&gt;

&lt;math&gt;27q^3a^2 = 27(p^2q)^3 - 27(6)p^4q^5\ + 27(9)p^2q^7&lt;/math&gt;

&lt;math&gt;27q^3a^2 = (3p^2q)^3 - 27(6)p^4q^2q^3\ + 27(9)p^2qq^6&lt;/math&gt;

&lt;math&gt;27q^3a^2 = (3p^2q)^3 - 3(6)(9p^4q^2)q^3\ + 27(3)(3p^2q)q^6&lt;/math&gt;

&lt;math&gt;27q^3a^2 = (3p^2q)^3 - 3(6)((3p^2q)^2)q^3\ + 27(3)(3p^2q)q^6&lt;/math&gt;

Let &lt;math&gt;Q = q^3:&lt;/math&gt;

&lt;math&gt;27Qa^2 = (3p^2q)^3 - 3(6)((3p^2q)^2)Q + 27(3)(3p^2q)Q^2\ \dots\ (1b)&lt;/math&gt;


For &lt;math&gt;(3p^2q)&lt;/math&gt; in &lt;math&gt;(1b)&lt;/math&gt; substitute &lt;math&gt; ( b + Q ) : &lt;/math&gt;

&lt;math&gt;27Qa^2 = (b+Q)^3 - 3(6)((b+Q)^2)Q + 27(3)(b+Q)Q^2\ \dots\ (1c)&lt;/math&gt;


Expand &lt;math&gt;(1c),&lt;/math&gt; simplify, gather like terms and result is:

&lt;math&gt;f(Q) = sQ^3 + tQ^2 + uQ + v\ \dots\ (3)&lt;/math&gt; where:

&lt;math&gt; Q  =  q ^ 3 &lt;/math&gt;

&lt;math&gt;s = 64&lt;/math&gt;

&lt;math&gt;t = 48b&lt;/math&gt;

&lt;math&gt;u = -(15b^2 + 27a^2)&lt;/math&gt;

&lt;math&gt;v = b^3&lt;/math&gt;


Calculate one real root of &lt;math&gt;(3):\ Q_1&lt;/math&gt;

&lt;math&gt;q_1 = \sqrt [3] {Q_1} &lt;/math&gt;

From &lt;math&gt;(2a):\ p_1 = \sqrt{\frac{b + Q_1}{3q_1}}&lt;/math&gt;


Check &lt;math&gt;p_1&lt;/math&gt; against &lt;math&gt;(1)&lt;/math&gt; to resolve ambiguity of sign of &lt;math&gt;p_1.&lt;/math&gt;


&lt;math&gt;p_1 + q_1 i&lt;/math&gt; is one cube root of &lt;math&gt;W.&lt;/math&gt;

{{RoundBoxTop|theme=2}}
&lt;math&gt;p&lt;/math&gt; may be calculated without ambiguity as follows:


&lt;math&gt;a = p^3 - 3pq^2\ \dots\ (1)&lt;/math&gt; and

&lt;math&gt;b = 3p^2q - q^3\ \dots\ (2).&lt;/math&gt;

From &lt;math&gt;(1):\ p^3 - 3q^2p - a = 0\ \dots\ (3)&lt;/math&gt;

From &lt;math&gt;(2):\ 3qp^2 - (Q + b) = 0\ \dots\ (4)&lt;/math&gt;


Let:

&lt;math&gt;A = -3q^2&lt;/math&gt;

&lt;math&gt;B = -a&lt;/math&gt;

&lt;math&gt;C = 3q&lt;/math&gt;

&lt;math&gt;D = -(Q + b)&lt;/math&gt;


Then &lt;math&gt;(3), (4)&lt;/math&gt; become:

&lt;math&gt;p^3 + Ap + B = 0\ \dots\ (5)&lt;/math&gt;

&lt;math&gt;Cp^2 + D = 0 \ \dots\ (6)&lt;/math&gt;

&lt;math&gt;(5)*D:\ Dp^3 + DAp + DB = 0\ \dots\ (7)&lt;/math&gt;

&lt;math&gt;(6)*B:\ BCp^2 + BD = 0 \ \dots\ (8)&lt;/math&gt;

&lt;math&gt;(7)-(8):\ Dp^3 - BCp^2 + DAp = 0\ \dots\ (9)&lt;/math&gt;

Simplify &lt;math&gt;(9):\ Dp^2 - BCp + DA = 0\ \dots\ (10)&lt;/math&gt;

Repeat &lt;math&gt;(6):\ Cp^2 + D = 0 \ \dots\ (6)&lt;/math&gt;

&lt;math&gt;(10)*C:\ CDp^2 - BCCp + DAC = 0\ \dots\ (11)&lt;/math&gt;

&lt;math&gt;(6)*D:\ CDp^2 + DD = 0 \ \dots\ (12)&lt;/math&gt;

&lt;math&gt;(11)-(12):\ - BCCp + DAC - DD = 0\ \dots\ (13)&lt;/math&gt;

From &lt;math&gt;(13):\ p = \frac{DAC - D^2}{BC^2} = \frac {D(AC - D)} {BC^2}&lt;/math&gt;
{{RoundBoxBottom}}

==An Example==

Calculate cube roots of complex number &lt;math&gt;W = 39582 + 3799i.&lt;/math&gt;
{{RoundBoxTop|theme=2}}
[[File:1219cubic01.png|thumb|400px|'''Graph of &lt;math&gt;f(Q)&lt;/math&gt; shown as graph of &lt;math&gt;f(x)&lt;/math&gt; and showing three values of &lt;math&gt;Q: Q_1, Q_2, Q_3&lt;/math&gt;.'''
&lt;/br&gt;
&lt;math&gt;Y&lt;/math&gt; axis compressed for clarity.
]]

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=python&gt;
# python code:

a,b = 39582,3799

s = 64
t = 48*b
u = -(15*b**2 + 27*a**2)
v = b**3

s,t,u,v
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
&lt;syntaxhighlight&gt;
(64, 182352, -42518323563, 54828691399)
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
Calculate roots of cubic function:
&lt;math&gt;y = f (x) &lt;/math&gt;&lt;math&gt; = 64 x^3 &lt;/math&gt;&lt;math&gt; + 182352 x^2 &lt;/math&gt;&lt;math&gt; - 42518323563 x &lt;/math&gt;&lt;math&gt; + 54828691399 .&lt;/math&gt;

Three roots are: &lt;math&gt;Q_1, Q_2, Q_3 = -27239.53953801976, 1.2895380197588122, 24389&lt;/math&gt;
{{RoundBoxBottom}}

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=python&gt;
# python code:

values_of_Q = Q1,Q2,Q3 = -27239.53953801976, 1.2895380197588122, 24389
q1,q2,q3 = [ abs(Q)**(1/3) for Q in values_of_Q ]
q1 *= -1
values_of_q = q1,q2,q3
s1 = 'values_of_q' ; print(s1, eval(s1))

for m in zip(values_of_q, values_of_Q) :
    q,Q = m
    p = ((b + Q)/(3*q)) ** .5
    sum = p**3 - 3*p*q**2 - a
    if abs(sum) &gt; 1e-10 : p *= -1
    w = p + q*1j
    s1 = 'w, w**3' ; print (s1, eval(s1))
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
&lt;syntaxhighlight&gt;
values_of_q (-30.08845726811989, 1.0884572681198943, 29)
w, w**3 ((-16.114736709748723 - 30.08845726811989j  ), (39582+3799j))
w, w**3 (( 34.11473670974874  +  1.0884572681198943j), (39582+3799j))
w, w**3 ((-18.0               + 29.0j               ), (39582+3799j))
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
Three cube roots of &lt;math&gt;W = 39582 + 3799i&lt;/math&gt; are:

&lt;math&gt;w_1 = (-16.114736709748723 - 30.08845726811989i  )&lt;/math&gt;

&lt;math&gt;w_2 = ( 34.11473670974874  +  1.0884572681198943i)&lt;/math&gt;

&lt;math&gt;w_3 = (-18.0               + 29.0i               )&lt;/math&gt;</text>
      <sha1>km7z38vy549zzbq5z9knr41ymk2ybda</sha1>
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    <title>Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Using generative AI</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <text bytes="7397" sha1="euy4rjp30efegoqrgj1mi3vxsqtis78" xml:space="preserve">&lt;noinclude&gt;{{Title|Using generative AI guidelines}}
__TOC__

&lt;noinclude&gt;==In a nutshell==&lt;/noinclude&gt;&lt;includeonly&gt;'''Nutshell'''&lt;/includeonly&gt;
Acknowledge generative artificial intelligence (genAI) use in the [[Wikiversity:FAQ/Editing/Edit summary|
edit summary]], including tool and prompt details. Fact-check all genAI content and cite peer-reviewed sources. Human-rewrite genAI content to enhance quality.

&lt;noinclude&gt;==Summary==&lt;/noinclude&gt;&lt;includeonly&gt;'''Summary'''&lt;/includeonly&gt;

[[File:Deeply engrossed in puzzle.png|thumb|217x217px|''Figure 1.'' &lt;!-- An image of an elderly woman deeply engrossed in her daily crossword puzzle. --&gt;This image was generated by [[Motivation and emotion|Motivation and Emotion]] student [[User:JorjaFive|JorjaFive]] using [[w:Midjourney|Midjourney]] and uploaded to [[commons:|Wikimedia Commons]] for use in the [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2023/Flourishing in the elderly|flourishing in the elderly]] chapter.]]

GenAI tools can aid but should not replace independent thinking. If using genAI tools for the major project, acknowledge its use in [[Wikiversity:FAQ/Editing/Edit summary|Wikiversity edit summaries]]. If in doubt, following the principle that &quot;''more acknowledgment is better than less''&quot;. Academia is based on transparency. However, acknowledgement is not required for low-level tasks such as improving spelling and grammar.

You are responsible for content you submit. Be aware of limitations of genAI tools such as biases and inaccuracies. GenAI tools work best for topics you already understand, with carefully crafted prompting based on reading of peer-reviewed literature. Refine prompts for better results. Fact-check generated content and provide appropriate, peer-reviewed citations. GenAI content should also be human-revised/rewritten in order to improve it. For example, genAI content is often overly verbose. Despite the risks, genAI tools can aid in brainstorming, explaining key concepts, synthesising ideas, developing examples, and improving the readability and quality of written expression.

If you are unsure about appropriate use, ask questions and discuss, so we can all learn together.

&lt;noinclude&gt;==Detailed guidelines==&lt;/noinclude&gt;&lt;includeonly&gt;'''Detailed guidelines'''&lt;/includeonly&gt;
===Use ethically, with caution===
Learning to use generative artificial intelligence (genAI) tools (such as [[w:ChatGPT|ChatGPT]], [[w:Claude (language model)|Claude]],
and [[w:Gemini (chatbot)|Gemini]]) responsibly and ethically is an emerging skill. GenAI tools can be used to enhance academic work, but should be used judiciously and as a supplementary tool, rather than as a replacement for independent thinking and academic inquiry.

===How to acknowledge===
[[File:Wikipedia Edit Summary dialog in VisualEditor.png|thumb|400px|''Figure 2''. If contributing genAI content, include the tool and prompt details in the edit summary, ideally with a link to the conversation]]

[[File:Edit summary for genAI content.png|thumb|400px|''Figure 3''. Example page history which demonstrates best practice edit summaries for contributing and revising genAI content]]

GenAI tools may be used to assist in preparation of the major project ([[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Topic|topic development]], [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Chapter|book chapter]], [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Multimedia|multimedia presentation]]). Use of such tools must be clearly acknowledged in [[Wikiversity:FAQ/Editing/Edit summary|Wikiversity edit summaries]] (see Figure 2), otherwise it is a violation of academic integrity.

Best practice is to include a publicly accessible link to the chatbot conversation. [https://help.openai.com/en/articles/7925741-chatgpt-shared-links-faq ChatGPT shared links FAQ]). If a link can't be shared, then include sufficient details about the prompt in [[Wikiversity:FAQ/Editing/Edit summary|edit summary]], (e.g., &quot;ChatGPT May 24 Version. Prompt detail or summary&quot;) (see Figure 3). The chatbot conversation should ''not'' be included as a citation and reference because it is not a reliable, primary, peer-reviewed source.

These practices help to ensure that the use of genAI is clear and transparent and that genAI material has been human-checked and verified. Transparency is key to good practice in academia and professionalism. If in doubt, err on the side of providing too much acknowledgement detail rather than not enough. However, there is no need to acknowledge genAI use for low-level tasks such as fixing grammar and spelling.

===Limitations===
Be aware of the limits of genAI tools. Content they generate may be inaccurate, biased, incomplete, or otherwise problematic. Low user-knowledge and minimal effort prompting tends to yield low quality results. Refine prompts to get better outcomes. You are entirely responsible for the accuracy and quality of any content you submit. Always fact check.

===Fact-check and cite===
Regardless of whether genAI has been used, all claims need to be supported by verified peer-reviewed citations which you have directly consulted. Thus, whilst genAI acknowledgement is necessary, where it has been used, it is not in and of itself a sufficient basis for supporting claims. The author must do independent reading and checking to identify appropriate peer-reviewed citations to support any claims being made. Low-energy or unreflective reuse of text generated by genAI without further investigation and reviewing of primary, peer-reviewed academic literature will lead to poor quality results. GenAI tools work best for topics which you already understand. Guide and craft genAI responses based on your reading of peer-reviewed theory and research.

===Going forth===
Despite these warnings, you are encouraged to explore use of genAI tools to help develop higher quality work. Recommended uses of genAI tools include:
* brainstorming
* explaining key concepts
* developing a structure
* synthesising complex ideas
* [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Chapter/Readability|readability analysis]]
* improving the quality of written expression
* checking spelling and grammar
* image generation (e.g., see Figure 1)
* requesting critical feedback and suggestions for improvement

If you are unsure about how to use genAI effectively or how to acknowledge its use appropriately, ask questions and discuss, so we can all learn together.

==Learn about genAI==
[https://techcrunch.com/2024/06/01/what-is-ai-how-does-ai-work/ WTF is AI?] provides a useful introduction to genAI and a non-technical overview about how genAI works, what it is capable of, limitations, and issues.

To learn more, explore [https://canberra.libguides.com/genai GenAI for students] (University of Canberra Library).

&lt;noinclude&gt;==See also==&lt;/noinclude&gt;&lt;includeonly&gt;'''See also'''&lt;/includeonly&gt;
* [[b:Wikibooks:Artificial Intelligence|Wikibooks:Artificial Intelligence]] (draft proposal)
* [[w:Wikipedia:Large language models|Wikipedia:Large language models]] (draft proposal)
* [[Wikiversity:Artificial intelligence|Wikiversity:Artificial intelligence]] (draft proposal)
&lt;!--
&lt;noinclude&gt;==External links==&lt;/noinclude&gt;&lt;includeonly&gt;'''External links'''&lt;/includeonly&gt;
* [https://apastyle.apa.org/blog/how-to-cite-chatgpt APA style ChatGPT citation] (APA Style Blog)
--&gt;
&lt;noinclude&gt;
[[Category:Motivation and emotion/Assessment]]
[[Category:Generative artificial intelligence]]
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
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      <comment>Removing [[:c:File:Alone-abstract-artwork-people.jpg|Alone-abstract-artwork-people.jpg]], it has been deleted from Commons by [[:c:User:Krd|Krd]] because: per [[:c:Commons:Deletion requests/File:Alone-abstract-artwork-people.jpg|]].</comment>
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      <text bytes="26565" sha1="lwsp72pvlg4mep8y2iq1bklpbhfb2h9" xml:space="preserve">{{title|Bibliotherapy and emotion:&lt;br&gt;How can reading literature impact emotional wellbeing?}}
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==Overview==
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;Meet Alex ...

Alex has recently moved abroad to attend their dream university. While they are grateful for this opportunity and like their new city, they haven't yet made any new friends. Alone in a new place and without social ties, Alex often feels homesick and detached from their surroundings (see Figure 1). They are suddenly uncertain of their identity and unsure how to navigate these new feelings. Although they desire to reach out to someone, they're unsure how to express these emotions.

After learning about what bibliotherapy is and how it works, we will examine how the therapeutic treatment can be applied to help Alex.{{RoundBoxBottom}}

&quot;''That is part of the beauty of all literature. You discover that your longings are universal longings, that you're not lonely and isolated from anyone. You belong.''&quot; -- [[w:_F._Scott_Fitzgerald|F. Scott Fitzgerald]] (see Figure 2; as cited in Bausells, 2016).

[[File:F Scott Fitzgerald circa 1920.jpg|thumb|'''Figure 2.''' F. Scott Fitzgerald, American novelist, pictured reading in 1920|273x273px]]

Mental health challenges are a growing concern across {{what}} populations, with studies finding particularly high levels of [[w:_Psychological_distress|psychological distress]] amongst university students (Baik et al., 2019). A variety of factors, such as academic pressure and life transitions, can severely impact students' physical, cognitive, emotional, and interpersonal wellbeing. In response to this, mental health practitioners have explored a range of cost-effective interventions to support emotional wellbeing. One such example is bibliotherapy.

Emotional [[w:_wellbeing|wellbeing]] is an umbrella term for psychological concepts including feeling satisfied with life, having a sense of purpose, and experiencing positive emotions (Feller et al., 2018). Research has demonstrated that emotional wellbeing may causally contribute to healthy ageing and longevity (Cross et al., 2018; Kushlev et al., 2020; Ngamaba et al., 2017). Given its importance, supporting emotional wellbeing across populations is vital for both physical and mental health. 

Bibliotherapy, the applied use of [[w:_Literature|literature]] as a therapeutic tool, has been shown to improve the emotional states of readers and foster empathy (Peterkin &amp; Grewal, 2018); these are both vital to enabling understanding of, and connection with, others. It can additionally encourage [[w:_Self-reflection|self-reflection]], by offering readers new perspectives on their challenges and providing models of [[w:_Psychological_resilience|resilience]] and growth. Given the wide-reaching importance of emotional wellbeing, bibliotherapy represents an accessible avenue for individuals looking to enhance their emotional health. It is a powerful tool for both clinical and self-directed mental health care.

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; Focus questions 
# What are the mechanisms of action that allow reading to improve emotional wellbeing?
# In what situations is bibliotherapy most effective?
# What are the limitations to the practical application of bibliotherapy?
{{RoundBoxBottom}}

==Bibliotherapy: What it is and why it works ==
The term 'bibliotherapy' is derived from the Greek ''biblion'', meaning 'book,' and ''oepatteid'', meaning 'healing.' At present, there is no universally accepted definition of bibliotherapy, which has also been referred to as 'reading therapy' or 'library therapy.' Both definitions and delivery frameworks can vary widely (Redman et al., 2024; Peterkin &amp; Grewal, 2018{{ic|Use alphabetical order}}).

[[File:Wounded soldier reading in 1918, American Library Association - Hospitals by State A thru I - Library Service, Letterman General Hospital, Presidio of San Francisco, California - NARA - 20801142 (cropped).jpg|thumb|'''Figure 3.''' A wounded soldier reading in 1918. Books were thought to aid the healing process (Canty, 2017).|300x300px]]

At its core, bibliotherapy involves the use of books or other media to resolve personal challenges (Canty, 2017). More precisely, it is an active self-help, non-pharmacological intervention that incorporates [[w:_Cognitive_behavioral_therapy|cognitive behavioural therapy]] (CBT) techniques; it aims to help individuals manage negative emotions and implement [[w:_Coping_skills|coping strategies]] in daily life (Gualano et al., 2017){{gr}}.

Bibliotherapy is far from a new phenomenon. Its origins trace back to the Ancient Greeks, who believed that fictional tragedies could evoke [[w:_Catharsis|catharsis]] in audiences, and the Romans, who prescribed the ill with specific speeches to improve mental health (Rubin, 1978). The present expression of bibliotherapy stems from [[w:_Humanism|Humanists]] who argued for the humane treatment of mentally ill patients. Such treatment specifically included the necessity of reading to patients and ensuring that they had books readily available to them (Canty, 2017). The next significant boost for bibliotherapy arrived during [[w:_World_War_I|World War I]], when librarians and the [[w:_International_Red_Cross_and_Red_Crescent_Movement|Red Cross]] installed libraries in army hospitals (Canty, 2017; see '''Figure 3'''). The term itself was coined in 1916, and has continued development since. Today, a variety of professionals from nurses to librarians and social workers practice bibliotherapy, offering both individual and group-based interventions.

=== Mechanisms of action ===
According to Canty (2017), bibliotherapy follows three main stages:

# '''Identification of involvement:''' Readers connect with the material. In the case of a fictional book, this could include a character who is facing similar challenges to themselves. In the case of nonfiction [[w:_Self-help_book|self-help books]], the identification may be with the author, if they self-disclose their own struggles, or with the examples provided in the text. This identification allows readers to see parallels between their own struggles and those in the text.
# '''Catharsis:''' Described as a 'lightbulb' moment, and sought also by the Ancient Greeks from their theatre audiences, this stage is characterised by a release of, and relief from, strong or [[w:_Repression_(psychoanalysis)|repressed emotions]].
# '''Insight:''' otherwise described as the ''action stage'', this final stage is where readers develop practical strategies based on what they have learned from the text. These strategies are then implemented into their everyday lives.

Though this process is widely accepted, ''why does it work?'' This is the question Redman et al. (2024) posed in their study. The researchers conducted a systematic review and found different mechanisms of action that drive bibliotherapy, depending on the type of text used. They suggested that self-help books work because the therapeutic model they are following, CBT, works. When reading, cognitive processes such as [[w:_Cognitive_reframing|reframing]] assist readers in developing a deeper understanding of unhelpful cognitions and, as such, make way for more realistic thoughts and actions. Redman et al. (2024) highlighted that some researchers believe similar mechanisms of action for creative texts—that is, experiencing stories through fiction, poetry, and film could act on these same CBT pathways. However, empirical research has shown that fiction is processed differently from non-fiction and, thus, differences in brain activation occur. Altmann et al. (2014) proposed that fiction can improve our ability to understand different perspectives as a result of the mechanism through which our brains process and comprehend narratives. This is theorised to be a result of the [[w:_Transportation_theory_(psychology)|transportation effect]], which refers to the way stories immerse readers in fictional worlds, helping them see things from new perspectives and leading to real-world changes in their thoughts and behaviours. Factors that enhance the transportation effect include:
* Similarities, both demographic and between the reader's and character's lives, and 
* Sharing the experience with others in the real world (for example, through group bibliotherapy). This can allow the reader to form genuine connections and a sense of community, which are both considered essential elements for mental health recovery.

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[[File:Think Outside the Box Flat Icon GIF Animation.gif|Think Outside the Box Flat Icon GIF Animation|right]]

;Alex's experience with bibliotherapy
Alex is referred to a bibliotherapy group, where they begin reading ''The Late Mattia Pascal'' {{ic|link?}} (Pirandello, 2009) They quickly relate to the protagonist's feelings of disconnection from the self and society. Facilitated by group discussions, Alex is able to draw parallels between their own struggles and those of the main character, which helps them articulate the feelings that had previously felt inexpressible. This process fosters self-awareness and emotional release, allowing Alex to begin re-establishing their sense of identity. 

Through the narrative, Alex is able to engage with their complex emotions and begin to re-establish their sense of self and identity.{{RoundBoxBottom}}

To maximise the benefits of bibliotherapy, there are additionally four significant components that should be included in the group-based format. Billington et al. (2010) identified these components through their study, which included two weekly bibliotherapy groups composed of adults diagnosed with [[w:_Major_depressive_disorder|depression]]. The first three components were found to be essential for the success of a group-based bibliotherapy intervention, while the fourth was influential. They are as follows: 

# '''Rich literary material:''' Both fiction and poetry were found to help participants access new and forgotten ways of thinking and feeling.
# '''A skilled facilitator:''' The group leader has a crucial role in selecting accessible literature and guiding meaningful discussions. The facilitator's social awareness and communication skills were additionally found to be essential in fostering trust within the group.
# '''Group support:''' A sense of community is built through the shared reading model and group discussions, which enables members to connect and share their personal ideas, feelings, and opinions. This enhances the sense of [[w:_Collective_identity|collective identity.]]
# '''Environment:''' While not essential, the setting of the intervention can influence atmosphere and [[w:_Group_dynamics|group dynamics]]. For example, the researchers found that a mental health drop-in centre encouraged more open engagement than a clinical setting. 
#* ''Note:'' the combined effects of the first three components eventually overcame the influence of the environment. For this reason, the environmental component was not deemed as essential to the success of a group-based bibliotherapy intervention.

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[[File:Think Outside the Box Flat Icon GIF Animation.gif|Think Outside the Box Flat Icon GIF Animation|right]]

;Alex's experience with bibliotherapy 
Take a moment and consider: how do you think Alex's journey would have differed if the criteria listed above had not been met during their bibliotherapy intervention?
{{RoundBoxBottom}}

=== Types of bibliotherapy ===
With no universal agreement on what constitutes bibliotherapy, it should be unsurprising that its implementation can vary widely. Although the differing types of bibliotherapy have many different names, they broadly fall into two categories:

# '''Interactive bibliotherapy:''' This approach involves an active [[w:_Therapeutic_relationship|therapeutic relationship]]. It centres on exploring the client's response to the reading material and relies on CBT as its main therapeutic model (Peterkin &amp; Grewal, 2018; Canty, 2017).
# '''Self-guided bibliotherapy:''' A low-cost alternative to therapist-led interventions. This approach involves independent reading. A therapist or another professional may suggest specific reading materials for independent exploration, often recommending self-help books that guide the reader through CBT techniques (Peterkin &amp; Grewal, 2018; Redman et al., 2024). Although self-guided bibliotherapy often relies on instructional, non-fiction literature, it is important to keep in mind that creative texts are also used to facilitate the therapy.

Both of these options have empirical evidence {{expand}} to support their use and selection should be based primarily on individual needs.

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[[File:Crystal_Clear_app_ktip.svg|right|frameless|50x50px]]
;Test yourself
&lt;quiz display=simple&gt;
Which therapeutic model is commonly applied in bibliotherapy?
|type=&quot;()&quot;}
- Humanistic therapy. 
+ Cognitive behavioural therapy. 
- Psychoanalysis. 
- Gestalt therapy.
&lt;/quiz&gt;

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==Applications of bibliotherapy for emotional wellbeing==
Bibliotherapy has proven to be a valuable tool for improving emotional wellbeing across a wide range of emotional challenges, with research repeatedly supporting its efficacy, especially for individuals with mild forms of depression (Gualano et al., 2017; Billington et al., 2010). This population, in particular, may not be ready to engage in more traditional therapies, and forms of self-guided bibliotherapy offer accessible and affordable alternatives with minimal therapist involvement and less time commitment. When delivered in a self-guided format, bibliotherapy also provides a non-stigmatising option. Notably, research shows that the positive effects gained from bibliotherapy are long-lasting, helping to reduce depressive symptoms throughout extended follow-up observation periods in adult populations (Gualano et al., 2017).

For those individuals willing and able to engage in a more structured, interactive process, Billington et al. (2010) found group-based bibliotherapy to have positive outcomes. Although the absence of a control group in their study limits the generalisability of their results, participants consistently valued reading groups for their ability to stimulate meaningful activity, foster [[w:_Social_connection|social connection]], and provide a means of relaxation. The intervention improved their emotional wellbeing by promoting [[w:_Self-awareness|self-awareness,]] enabling individuals to articulate their struggles, and alleviating [[w:_Social_isolation|social isolation]].

[[File:Arthur Boyd Houghton (1836-1875) - Mother and Children Reading - NG4151 - National Gallery.jpg|thumb|'''Figure 4.''' Portrait of mother reading to her children to sooth them.]]

Although most studies focus on the adult population, bibliotherapy has also proven to be effective in populations of young children, especially in relation to reducing [[w:_Anxiety|anxiety]] symptoms. The historical practice of reading [[w:_Fairy_tale|fairy tales]] and stories to children to sooth them (see Figure 4) is supported by empirical evidence. A study by Lewis et al. (2015) found that the use of bibliotherapy significantly reduced nighttime anxiety and associated avoidance behaviours in children. Both children and their parents reported these reductions in symptoms, and nearly all participants exhibited clinically significant behavioural improvements.

Bibliotherapy is also being explored in increasingly novel ways. For example, a review by Peterkin and Grewal (2018) found the therapy to be beneficial to patients coping with cancer diagnoses. Cancer patients would have difficulty reading by themselves because the [[w:_Frontal_lobe|frontal lobe]], responsible for attention and active when interpreting visual information during reading, is most affected by cancer treatment (Wells et al., 2023). However, a read-aloud format of bibliotherapy offers an adaptable alternative for this population. Wells et al. (2023) found that the use of creative texts, such as poetry, led to significantly reduced anger and anxiety in patients. Moreover, an intervention utilising self-help books contributed to improvements in empowerment, coping skills, [[w:_Quality_of_life|quality of life]], [[w:_Social_support|emotional support]], as well as reductions in distress, depression, and anxiety (Wells et al., 2023). The study suggested that bibliotherapy programs can benefit patients across outpatient, inpatient, and [[w:_Palliative_care|palliative care]] settings.

The empirical evidence consistently demonstrates that reading has the ability to enhance emotional wellbeing across diverse contexts and populations. Although each study presented above utilises different types of bibliotherapy, the core concept of using reading to promote mental health remains well-supported. 

==Limitations of bibliotherapy ==
Despite its demonstrated benefits, it is important to note the challenges that bibliotherapy presents. One significant issue relates to research methodologies. Redman et al. (2024) highlighted the lack of attention that is paid to the actual content of texts used in interventions. Most studies focus solely on [[w:_Quantification_(science)|quantifiable aspects]] of the texts that they select, such as page count and reading level, without considering factors like linguistic style or the specific therapeutic interventions contained within self-help books. This creates difficulties in evaluating how such elements contribute to the effectiveness of an intervention. Additionally, there is a large disconnect between existing bibliotherapy theory, which primarily concerns itself with individual reading, and empirical research, which has mostly focused on group-based interventions (Troscianko et al., 2022). 

Peterkin &amp; Grewal (2018) identified further methodological issues across studies, including small sample sizes and heterogeneity in populations, outcomes, and clinical components of the therapy itself. These factors impede comparisons between studies and limit generalisability. Furthermore, in line with the critique from Redman et al. (2024), Peterkin and Grewal (2018) found a lack of clear strategies for selecting appropriate texts. The selection of inappropriate or triggering material has the potential to evoke [[w:_Mental_distress|mental distress]] or [[w:_Traumatic_memories|traumatic memories]] in vulnerable participants. If individuals are not yet ready to confront such emotions and memories, the inappropriate selection of literature could have significant negative effects on emotional wellbeing, and potentially deter participants from seeking further help. 

Practical limitations of bibliotherapy must also be considered. Gualano et al. (2017) highlighted a common critique of bibliotherapy, which is its reliance on reading and retention skills. This can pose challenges for individuals with limited reading abilities or education. However, studies have shown that being read to can offer similar emotional benefits as reading independently (Wells et al., 2023; Lewis et al., 2015). Therefore, the intervention can be adapted by involving caregivers, therapists, or community helpers to support participants through read-aloud sessions, ensuring comprehension and engagement with the material. 

Although bibliotherapy offers numerous demonstrated benefits, the therapeutic tool is still in development. The current challenges, both methodological and practical, call for further empirical research to refine the therapy and address its limitations.

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[[File:Crystal_Clear_app_ktip.svg|right|frameless|50x50px]]
;Test yourself
&lt;quiz display=simple&gt;
What significant methodological issue did Peterkin et al. (2018) identify in bibliotherapy studies?
|type=&quot;()&quot;} 
- Inconsistent usage of CBT. 
- Over-reliance on qualitative data. 
+ Small sample sizes and heterogeneity in populations.
&lt;/quiz&gt;

{{RoundBoxBottom}}

==Conclusion==
The act of reading literature has a profound impact on emotional wellbeing, as evidenced by psychological theory and research. Broadly, bibliotherapy operates through the stages of identification, catharsis, and insight, providing individuals with a structure to process emotions. Fiction fosters emotional connection and empathy, helping readers gain new perspectives on their personal challenges, while self-help books leverage CBT techniques to offer practical solutions. 

Bibliotherapy is especially beneficial for individuals facing mild mental health challenges such as mild depression or anxiety, offering a non-pharmacological option. It is additionally advantageous to those who lack the time or economic resources to attend traditional therapy. However, the therapy itself is not without its limitations. These include a reliance on reading ability, the potential for triggering negative emotions, and the methodological weaknesses found in the empirical research. 

Despite challenges, bibliotherapy remains an accessible, low-cost intervention that has the potential to improve an individual's emotional wellbeing. It is highly adaptable to the unique needs of individuals and can be beneficial across diverse populations. While its use should be considered in reference to its limitations, bibliotherapy represents a promising tool for improving emotional wellbeing.

==See also==
* [[w:Bibliotherapy|Bibliotherapy]] (Wikipedia) 
* [[w:Emotion|Emotion]] (Wikipedia) 
* [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2020/Cognitive behaviour therapy and emotion|Cognitive behaviour therapy and emotion]] (Book chapter, 2020)
* [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2024/Narrative therapy and emotion|Narrative therapy and emotion]] (Book chapter, 2024)

==References==
{{Hanging indent|1=

Altmann, U., Bohrn, I. C., Lubrich, O., Menninghaus, W., &amp; Jacobs, A. M. (2012). Fact vs fiction—how paratextual information shapes our reading processes. ''Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience'', ''9''(1), 22-29. https://doi.org/10.1093/scan/nss098 

Baik, C., Larcombe, W., &amp; Brooker, A. (2019). How universities can enhance student mental wellbeing: The student perspective. ''Higher Education Research &amp; Development'', ''38''(4), 674-687. https://doi.org/10.1080/07294360.2019.1576596

Bausells, M. (2016). ''Why we read: Authors and readers on the power of literature''. The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/books/2016/apr/23/why-we-read-authors-and-readers-on-the-power-of-literature

Billington, J., Dowrick, C., Hamer, A., Robinson, J., &amp; Williams, C. (2010). An investigation into the therapeutic benefits of reading in relation to depression and well-being. ''Liverpool: The Reader Organization, Liverpool Health Inequalities Research Centre''. https://www.thereader.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/Therapeutic_benefits_of_reading_final_report_March_2011.pdf

Canty, N. (2017). Bibliotherapy: Its processes and benefits and application in clinical and developmental settings. ''Logos'', ''28''(3), 32-40. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1163/1878-4712-11112133

Cross, M. P., Hofschneider, L., Grimm, M., &amp; Pressman, S. D. (2018). Subjective well-being and physical health. ''Handbook of well-being'', 472-489. 

Feller, S. C., Castillo, E. G., Greenberg, J. M., Abascal, P., Van Horn, R., &amp; Wells, K. B. (2018). Emotional well-being and public health: Proposal for a model national initiative. ''Public Health Reports'', ''133''(2), 136-141. https://doi.org/10.1177/0033354918754540

Gualano, M. R., Bert, F., Martorana, M., Voglino, G., Andriolo, V., Thomas, R., Gramaglia, C., Zeppegno, P., &amp; Siliquini, R. (2017). The long-term effects of bibliotherapy in depression treatment: Systematic review of randomized clinical trials. ''Clinical Psychology Review'', ''58'', 49-58. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2017.09.006

Kushlev, K., Drummond, D. M., &amp; Diener, E. (2020). Subjective well-being and health behaviours in 2.5 million Americans. ''Applied Psychology: Health and Well-Being'', ''12''(1), 166-187. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/aphw.12178 

Lewis, K. M., Amatya, K., Coffman, M. F., &amp; Ollendick, T. H. (2015). Treating nighttime fears in young children with bibliotherapy: Evaluating anxiety symptoms and monitoring behavior change. ''Journal of Anxiety Disorders'', ''30'', 103-112. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2014.12.004

Ngamaba, K. H., Panagioti, M., &amp; Armitage, C. J. (2017). How strongly related are health status and subjective well-being? Systematic review and meta-analysis. ''European Journal of Public Health'', ''27''(5), 879-885. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurpub/ckx081 

Peterkin, A., &amp; Grewal, S. (2018). Bibliotherapy: The therapeutic use of fiction and poetry in mental health. ''International Journal of Person Centered Medicine'', ''7''(3), 175-181. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.5750/ijpcm.v7i3.648

Pirandello, L. (2009). ''The Late Mattia Pascal'' (W. Weaver, Trans). New York Review Books. (Original work published 1904).

Redman, H., Melendez-Torres, G. J., Bethel, A., &amp; Green, J. (2024). The impact of school-based creative bibliotherapy interventions on child and adolescent mental health: A systematic review and realist synthesis protocol. ''Systematic Reviews'', ''13''(1), 86. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13643-024-02482-8 

Rubin, J. R. 1978. ''Using Bibliotherapy. A Guide to Theory and Practice''. Oryx Press. Arizona. 

Troscianko, E. T., Holman, E., &amp; Carney, J. (2022). Quantitative methods for group bibliotherapy research: A pilot study. ''Wellcome Open Res'', ''7'', 79. https://doi.org/10.12688/wellcomeopenres.17469.1 

Wells, E., Velasquez, D., Hutchinson, A., &amp; Gunn, K. (2023). Psycho-oncology bibliotherapy program for improving the emotional wellbeing of people undergoing cancer treatment: Literature review and preliminary findings. ''Journal of the Australian Library and Information Association'', ''72''(3), 270-293. https://doi.org/10.1080/24750158.2023.2231231
}}

==External links==
* [https://www.ted.com/talks/susan_elderkin_reading_as_a_radical_act?subtitle=en Reading as a radical act] (TEDx) 
* [https://www.booktopia.com.au/the-novel-cure-ella-berthoud/book/9781922079350.html?srsltid=AfmBOopNFqUzZkStNIxc-yjby-IUFBWCU9eJps4uq5R9FVKktbOKgUh- The novel cure] (Berthoud &amp; Elderkin)
* [https://bibliotherapyaustralia.com.au/ Welcome to bibliotherapy] (Bibliotherapy Australia)

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      <text bytes="6564" sha1="dgs4vju7gtkrg8bw3ia61x09sdzy59r" xml:space="preserve">:''This article includes a video of an interview 2024-08-02 with Ian Axel Anderson, a Caltech faculty researcher in applied social psychology.&lt;ref name=Anderson&gt;&lt;!--Ian Axel Anderson--&gt;{{cite Q|Q128639294}}&lt;/ref&gt; It is posted here to invite others to contribute other perspectives, subject to the Wikimedia rules of [[w:Wikipedia:Neutral point of view|writing from a neutral point of view]] [[w:Wikipedia:Citing sources|citing credible sources]]&lt;ref&gt;The rules of writing from a neutral point of view citing credible sources may not be enforced on other parts of Wikiversity. However, they can facilitate dialog between people with dramatically different beliefs&lt;/ref&gt; and treating others with respect.&lt;ref&gt;[[Wikiversity:Assume good faith|Wikiversity asks contributors to assume good faith]], similar to Wikipedia. The rule in [[w:Wikinews|Wikinews]] is different: Contributors there are asked to [[Wikinews:Never assume|&quot;Don't assume things; be skeptical about everything.&quot;]] That's wise. However, we should still treat others with respect while being skeptical.&lt;/ref&gt;'' 

[[File:How psychological and interpersonal processes are influenced by human-computer interactions.webm|thumb|Ian Axel Anderson discusses how psychological and interpersonal processes are influenced by human-computer interaction and how social media companies make money destroying democracy and encouraging violence.]]

[[File:Internet companies threatening society by exploiting human psychology for profit.ogg|thumb|29:00 mm:ss audio podcast from Interview conducted 2021-08-02 with Ian Anderson by Karl Brooks and Spencer Graves about how Internet companies make money by exploiting human psychology to the detriment of individuals and society]]

Ian Axel Anderson, a Caltech faculty researcher in applied social psychology,&lt;ref name=Anderson/&gt; discusses psychological and interpersonal processes that influence media use and human-computer interaction. Dr Anderson has studied how Internet companies exploit social-psychological processes – such as habit formation, social learning, and attention span – in ways that threaten democracy and rule of law. He is a member of the Coalition for Independent Technology Research.&lt;ref&gt;&lt;!-- Coalition for Independent Technology Research members--&gt;{{cite Q|Q128696184}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Dr. Anderson’s experiments have studied habits, online posting and scrolling behavior, hate speech, extremism, conspiracies, rumors, well-being, identity, stereotypes, and social media influence. He mentioned &quot;[[w:2021 Facebook leak|The Facebook Papers]]&quot;, which were tens of thousands of Facebook’s internal documents that former Facebook employee and whistleblower [[w:Frances Haugen|Frances Haugen]] released to the [[w:U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission|Securities and Exchange Commission]] and ''[[w:The Wall Street Journal|The Wall Street Journal]]'' in 2021. These documents establish that Facebook executives knew that their algorithms were creating problems for many users and others including proactively inciting violence such as the [[w:Rohingya genocide|genocide of Rohingya Muslims]] in [[w:Myanmar|Myanmar]] but prioritized company income over the wellbeing of users and society more generally.&lt;ref&gt;In defence of the decisions by executives of Facebook and Meta, they could be fired or sued if they prioritized the wellbeing of users over [[w:shareholder value|shareholder value ]].&lt;/ref&gt; Anderson said that Facebook’s content moderation policies in the US and Europe are much more friendly to users and society than in many other countries.

Mark Twain observed, “[[wikiquote:Mark Twain|How easy it is to make people believe a lie, and how hard it is to undo that work again!]]” Anderson discusses research supporting this observation. This problem is exacerbated by the “continued influence effect”, which is the tendency for misinformation to continue to influence memory and reasoning ''even after a person agrees that the information was erroneous''.&lt;ref&gt;The &quot;continued influence effect&quot; is listed in a table in the section on &quot;[[w: List of cognitive biases#Other memory biases|Other memory biases]]&quot; in the Wikipedia article on &quot;[[w:List of cognitive biases|List of cognitive biases]]&quot;. See also Cacciatore (2021).&lt;/ref&gt; A more subtle effect is that people who read only headlines on social media have less actual knowledge while thinking they know more than people who catch a standard news broadcast or read a longer report in a standard newspaper (but not a tabloid); the actual knowledge of both may translate into increased civic participation, but the actions of those informed by social media headlines are less likely to be constructive.&lt;ref&gt;Schäfer and Schemer (2024).&lt;/ref&gt;

For countering misinformation in social media, crowdsourcing trustworthyness, i.e., judgments of news source quality, seems to be effective.&lt;ref&gt;Pennycook and Rand (2019).&lt;/ref&gt; 

Anderson is interviewed by Karl Brooks&lt;ref&gt;&lt;!--Karl Boyd Brooks--&gt;{{cite Q|Q128214400}}&lt;/ref&gt; and Spencer Graves.&lt;ref&gt;&lt;!--Spencer Graves--&gt;{{cite Q|Q56452480}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

== The threat == 

More on these threats to democracy and world peace is summarized in [[:Category:Media reform to improve democracy]].

== Discussion == 

== Notes ==
{{reflist}}

== Bibliography == 

* &lt;!-- Dean Baker (2023-10-15) &quot;No More Special Privileges for Social Media Giants: Reform Section 230&quot;--&gt;{{cite Q|Q127474286}}
* &lt;!--Cacciatore, Michael A. (9 April 2021), &quot;Misinformation and public opinion of science and health: Approaches, findings, and future directions&quot;, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 118 (15): e1912437117--&gt;{{cite Q|Q128597690}}
* &lt;!-- Renée DiResta (2024)  Invisible rulers--&gt;{{cite Q|Q127420033}}
* &lt;!-- H. R. McMaster (2020) Battlegrounds: The Fight to Defend the Free World--&gt;{{cite Q|Q104774898}}
* &lt;!--Gordon Pennycook and David G. Rand (2019-01-28) &quot;Fighting misinformation on social media using crowdsourced judgments of news source quality--&gt;{{cite Q|Q61808560}}
* &lt;!--Maria Ressa (2022) How to Stand Up To a Dictator--&gt;{{cite Q|Q117559286}}
* &lt;!--  Svenja Schäfer and Christian Schemer (2024-01-03) &quot;Informed participation? An investigation of the relationship between exposure to different news channels and participation mediated through actual and perceived knowledge&quot;--&gt;{{cite Q|Q128709784}}
* &lt;!--Yanni Chen, Candace Clement, and Matt Wood (2024-05-14) &quot;What Is Section 230? Why Ending It Would Create Problems&quot;, Free Press--&gt;{{cite Q|Q128631734}}

[[Category:Freedom and abundance]]
[[Category:Media reform to improve democracy]]</text>
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    <title>Project 2025 per Professor Brooks</title>
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      <text bytes="12979" sha1="j9h8tpcr9roarjjup1vmf94721c153c" xml:space="preserve">:''This is a discussion of an interview 2024-10-26 about [[w:Project 2025|Project 2025]] with Karl Brooks.&lt;ref name=Brooks&gt;&lt;!--Karl Boyd Brooks--&gt;{{cite Q|Q128214400}}&lt;/ref&gt; After the interview, a video of it will be posted here with a 29:00 mm:ss audio file, prepared for distribution as the fortnightly &quot;Media &amp; Democracy&quot; show&lt;ref&gt;&lt;!--Media &amp; Democracy--&gt;{{cite Q|Q127839818}}&lt;/ref&gt; syndicated for the [[w:Pacifica Foundation|Pacifica Radio]]&lt;ref&gt;&lt;!--Pacifica Radio Network--&gt;{{cite Q|Q2045587}}&lt;/ref&gt; Network of [[w:List of Pacifica Radio stations and affiliates|over 200 community radio stations]].''&lt;ref&gt;&lt;!--list of Pacifica Radio stations and affiliates--&gt;{{cite Q|Q6593294}}&lt;/ref&gt;

:''It is posted here to invite others to contribute other perspectives, subject to the Wikimedia rules of [[w:Wikipedia:Neutral point of view|writing from a neutral point of view]] while [[w:Wikipedia:Citing sources|citing credible sources]]&lt;ref name=NPOV&gt;The rules of writing from a neutral point of view citing credible sources may not be enforced on other parts of Wikiversity. However, they can facilitate dialog between people with dramatically different beliefs&lt;/ref&gt; and treating others with respect.&lt;ref name=AGF&gt;[[Wikiversity:Assume good faith|Wikiversity asks contributors to assume good faith]], similar to Wikipedia. The rule in [[w:Wikinews|Wikinews]] is different: Contributors there are asked to [[Wikinews:Never assume|&quot;Don't assume things; be skeptical about everything.&quot;]] That's wise. However, we should still treat others with respect while being skeptical.&lt;/ref&gt;'' 

[[File:Project 2025 per Professor Brooks.webm|thumb|interview recorded 2024-10-26 about Project 2025 with Professor Brooks]]
[[File:Project 2025 per Professor Brooks.ogg|thumb|29:00 mm:ss extract from interview recorded 2024-10-26 about [[w:Project 2025|Project 2025]] with Professor Brooks.]]

Karl Brooks&lt;ref name=Brooks/&gt; discusses [[w:Project 2025|Project 2025]] with Spencer Graves,&lt;ref&gt;&lt;!--Spencer Graves--&gt;{{cite Q|Q56452480) }}&lt;/ref&gt; originally produced for Radio Active Magazine&lt;ref&gt;&lt;!--Radio Active Magazine--&gt;{{cite Q|Q57451712}}&lt;/ref&gt; on [[w:KKFI|KKFI]], Kansas City Community Radio, and for the fortnightly Media &amp; Democracy series&lt;ref&gt;&lt;!--Media &amp; Democracy--&gt;{{cite Q|Q127839818}}&lt;/ref&gt; syndicated for the Pacifica Radio Network of over 200 community radio stations.&lt;ref&gt;&lt;!--Pacifica Radio--&gt;{{cite Q|Q2045587}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Selected observations ==

=== Trump's knowledge of Project 2025 ===
Early in the interview, Graves asked Brooks his reaction to Trump's denials that he knew anything about Project 2025. Brooks responded, &quot;Trump's denials of any connection to project 2025 are, like most of the things he says he lies so frequently.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Approximate 3:11 m:ss in the accompanying video. A Wikipedia article on &quot;[[w:False or misleading statements by Donald Trump|False or misleading statements by Donald Trump]]&quot; reported that, 'Commentators and fact-checkers have described the scale of Trump's mendacity as &quot;unprecedented&quot; in American politics, and the consistency of falsehoods a distinctive part of his business and political identities. Scholarly analysis of Trump's tweets found &quot;significant evidence&quot; of an intent to deceive.' Accessed 2024-10-27.&lt;/ref&gt; The Wikipedia article on [[w:Project 2025|Project 2025]] says that many contributors to Project 2025 &quot;are associated with Trump and his 2024 presidential campaign.&quot; [[w:The Heritage Foundation|The Heritage Foundation]] employs many people closely aligned with Trump including members of his 2017–2021 administration. Moreover, some Trump campaign officials had regular contact with the Project 2025 team but began to distance themselves from it as it started generating controversy. Much of Project 2025 is contained in Trump's official &quot;[[w:Agenda 47|Agenda 47]]&quot;. ([[w:List of presidents of the United States|The next president will be the 47th]] in US history.)

=== Biggest problems facing the US today ===

Graves asked how Project 2025 defines the biggest problems facing the US today. Brooks said it &quot;reads more like a lament for a lost America. They, I think, say that the biggest problems in America are too much freedom for women, too much equality for people of color, too much competence in the federal workforce, and too many protections for workers' rights and the natural systems that we all rely on to sustain life here on earth. ... [T]hey see the problems almost more cultural and political and legal than what you might call policy&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;Approximate 5:28 m:ss in the accompanying video.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Global warming ===

Asked how Project 2025 perceives global warming, Brooks said, &quot;Most of the authors of the segments about energy and climate change come from organizations that pretty expressly deny the reality.. ... Many of them have direct links to fossil fuel industries. ... Project 2025 endorses the promise that Trump made in the second year of his administration that the United States should ... dominate the world's energy markets&quot; with fossil fuels.&lt;ref&gt;Approximate 6:21 m:ss in the accompanying video.&lt;/ref&gt;


=== Pollution === 

Graves then asked what Project 2025 wants to do about water and air pollution. Brooks said that the parts of Project 2025 dealing with the environment had been appointed to the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) by Trump and said the &quot;EPA is probably twice as big as it needs to be&quot; and far more powerful. It should be cut in half and moved out of DC, e.g., to Texas or Florida.&lt;ref&gt;Approximate 8:01 m:ss in the accompanying video.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Personnel can be policy === 

A key point in Project 2025, Brooks said, &quot;is the recognition .... that in DC, personnel can be policy.&quot; Project 2025 has compiled a huge list of Trump loyalist whom they hope to install in key positions in the federal government. They've also identified &quot;blacklist members&quot;, people whom they believed were not sympathetic to Trump's goals or even tried to undermine them. Project 2025 believes, Brooks said, &quot;that the federal workforce needs to have a lot more political appointees directly responsible to the president and not independent, qualified, competent civil servants.&quot; It's similar to the 1890s when our economic inequality is as grotesque as it is today. Loyalty matters to Trump and to Project 2025 more than competence.&lt;ref&gt;Approximate 13:45 m:ss in the accompanying video.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== The president can ignore the Supreme Court === 

Brooks continued, &quot;[[w:JD Vance|JD Vance]] has identified many federal workers as the enemy from within. During the summer Vance suggested that the president's first act, should he be elected, would be to fire about half or more of all the federal agency employees throughout the country to make way for people who are personally loyal to Donald Trump and JD Vance. ... Vance, who is also a lawyer, said to Donald Trump, if you fire all these people, of course you violate probably half a dozen different laws ... . And if the Supreme Court finds that you broke the law, tough: Disregard the Supreme Court.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;This discussion appears approximate 16:06 m:ss in the accompanying video. Documentation of Vance's comments in this regard appears in Carnahan (2024).&lt;/ref&gt; [[w:Andrew Jackson|Andrew Jackson]] did that when he was president of the US, 1829-1837. Recent decisions by the Supreme Court have made it much easier for the president to do that, e.g., in their decision in ''[[w:Trump v. United States (2024)|Trump v. United States]]'' (2024-07-01) that current and former presidents are immune from criminal prosecution for conduct alleged to involve official acts while in office. Also, ''[[w:Loper Bright Enterprises v. Raimondo|Loper Bright Enterprises]]'' decision (2024-06-28), which overturned the ''[[w:Chevron U.S.A., Inc. v. Natural Resources Defense Council, Inc.|Chevron]]'' (1984) decision, makes it potentially impossible for governmental agencies to enforce the law as long as a major corporation can claim there is ambiguity in the statute.

== Karl Brooks == 

Brooks is an attorney with a PhD in history. He served three terms in the Idaho state senate and taught environmental history at the University of Kansas for a decade during which time he wrote two books on (2006) ''Public Power, Private Dams: The Hells Canyon High Dam Controversy'', (2009) ''Before Earth Day: The Origins of American Environmental Law, 1945-1970'', and edited a third, (2009) ''The Environmental Legacy of Harry S. Truman''. In 2010 he was appointed the Administrator for Region 7 of the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), responsible for Missouri, Iowa, Nebraska, and Kansas including native American jurisdictions in those states. In 2015, he became the national operations manager for the EPA. He later became deputy director of the Administrative Office of the Courts in New Mexico. Then he served two years as senior staff executive for the multi-county judicial district based in Taos before rejoining the faculty at KU.

== Project 2025 == 

[[w:Project 2025|Project 2025]] is a political initiative published online in 2023 by the conservative think tank [[w:The Heritage Foundation|The Heritage Foundation]] as ''[[w:Mandate for Leadership|Mandate for Leadership]]'': [[w:Mandate for Leadership#Mandate IX|''The Conservative Promise'']].&lt;ref&gt;Dans (2023).&lt;/ref&gt;

[[w:Kevin Roberts|Kevin Roberts]], President of The Heritage Foundation, introduced that book by noting that the Heritage Foundation had published an earlier ''Mandate for Leadership'' in January 1981, the same month that [[w:Ronald Reagan| Ronald Reagan]] was inaugurated as President, and “By the end of that year, more than 60 percent of its recommendations had become policy—and Reagan was on his way to ending stagflation, reviving American confidence and prosperity, and winning the Cold War.”

The Heritage Foundation has published new editions of ''Mandate for Leadership'' during 8 of the 11 presidential elections since 1981, with the current version being the ninth.&lt;ref&gt;They skipped 1992, 2008 and 2012.&lt;/ref&gt; In 2018, The Heritage Foundation claimed that the Trump administration had embraced 64%, almost 2/3rds, of the 334 proposed policies in the seventh edition of their ''Mandate for Leadership''.

Other experts on US history and politics do not agree that Reagan ended stagflation, revived American confidence and prosperity, and won the Cold War. For example, Matthews (2022) claimed that [[w:Paul Volker|Paul Volker]], appointed to chair the [[Federal Reserve|US Federal Reserve system]] in 1979 by [[w:Jimmy Carter|President Carter]], had pushed the US into recession by 1980 and contributed to Reagan’s victory that November. And [[w:Ohio State University|Ohio State]] professor [[w:John Mueller|John Mueller]] insists that the [[w:Cold War|Cold War]] was ''not'' won by President Reagan but rather by the non-interventionist policies of President Carter, which encouraged the [[w:Soviet Union|Soviet Union]] to try to support economic basket cases like Nicaragua and Mozambique and to invade Afghanistan, where they essentially bled to death.&lt;ref&gt;Mueller (2021).&lt;/ref&gt;

== The threat == 

Internet company executives have knowingly increased political polarization and violence including the [[w:Rohingya genocide|Rohingya genocide]] in [[w:Myanmar|Myanmar]], because doing otherwise might have reduced their profits. Documentation of this is summarized in [[:Category:Media reform to improve democracy]].

==Discussion == 

:''[Interested readers are invite to comment here, subject to the Wikimedia rules of [[w:Wikipedia:Neutral point of view|writing from a neutral point of view]] [[w:Wikipedia:Citing sources|citing credible sources]]&lt;ref name=NPOV/&gt; and treating others with respect.&lt;ref name=AGF/&gt;]''

== Notes ==
{{reflist}}

== Bibliography ==

* &lt;!--Karl Boyd Brooks (2006) Public Power, Private Dams: The Hells Canyon High Dam Controversy (Weyerhaeuser Environmental Books)--&gt;{{cite Q|Q130621895}}
* &lt;!--Karl Boyd Brooks (2009) Before Earth Day: The Origins of American Environmental Law, 1945-1970 (University Press of Kansas)--&gt;{{cite Q|Q130622199}}
* &lt;!--Karl Boyd Brooks, ed. (2009) The Environmental Legacy of Harry S. Truman (Truman Legacy Series 5)--&gt;{{cite Q|Q130622326|author = Karl Boyd Brooks, ed.}} 
* &lt;!--Ashley Carnahan (2024-02-04) &quot; ABC host abruptly ends interview with JD Vance over Supreme Court remarks: 'No, no George'&quot;, Fox News--&gt;{{cite Q|Q130709054}}
* &lt;!--Paul Dans, ed. (2023)  Mandate for Leadership: The Conservative Promise, Heritage Foundn--&gt;{{cite Q|Q122632674|author=Paul Dans, ed.}}
* &lt;!-- Dylan Matthews, “How the Fed ended the last great American inflation — and how much it hurt”, Vox.com, 2022-07-13--&gt;{{cite Q|Q130624117}}
* &lt;!--John Mueller (2021) The Stupidity of War: American Foreign Policy and the Case for Complacency (Cambridge U. Pr.)--&gt;{{cite Q|Q113702723}}

[[Category:Politics]]
[[Category:Freedom and abundance]]
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{{#babel: en|id-3|de-2|eo-2|fr-1|tlh-0}}
==Main Section==
Hello there! I am a school student currently living in London, United Kingdom. I have helped out on other Wikimedia projects such as Wikivoyage and Commons, and my main goal is to create good learning resources for everyone to enjoy.
[[File:Permit To Travel machine at Salfords station.jpg|alt=PERTIS machine|thumb|A photo of mine]]

I have always been interested in transportation, mainly trains and mechanisms. I have also enjoyed helping out on:

Wikivoyage(my main home wiki)

Wikimedia Commons

Wikiversity (this website)

Please also make sure to ask any questions on my talk page, or if you just want to chat about certain topics.

Have a great day! :)

=== Pages that I am currently working on: ===
[[Basic Scratch Coding]]

[[Food Tests]]

== Contact ==
To contact me, please use my [[User talk:RockTransport|talk page]] or by sending an email.</text>
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      <text bytes="11711" sha1="7yitdjgx2fh9ortqc7ywu7ktf1sovht" xml:space="preserve">:''This is a discussion of a Zoom interview to be recorded 2024-12-13 with communications professor [[w:Victor Pickard (professor)|Victor Pickard]] about his research discussing how information is a public good and the public policy implications of that claim. A 29:00 mm:ss podcast excerpted from the companion video will be posted here after it is released to the fortnightly &quot;Media &amp; Democracy&quot; show&lt;ref name=M&amp;D&gt;&lt;!--Media &amp; Democracy--&gt;{{cite Q|Q127839818}}&lt;/ref&gt; syndicated for the [[w:Pacifica Foundation|Pacifica Radio]]&lt;ref&gt;&lt;!--Pacifica Radio Network--&gt;{{cite Q|Q2045587}}&lt;/ref&gt; Network of [[w:List of Pacifica Radio stations and affiliates|over 200 community radio stations]].&lt;ref&gt;&lt;!--list of Pacifica Radio stations and affiliates--&gt;{{cite Q|Q6593294}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

:''It is posted here to invite others to contribute other perspectives, subject to the Wikimedia rules of [[w:Wikipedia:Neutral point of view|writing from a neutral point of view]] while [[w:Wikipedia:Citing sources|citing credible sources]]&lt;ref name=NPOV&gt;The rules of writing from a neutral point of view citing credible sources may not be enforced on other parts of Wikiversity. However, they can facilitate dialog between people with dramatically different beliefs&lt;/ref&gt; and treating others with respect.&lt;ref name=AGF&gt;[[Wikiversity:Assume good faith|Wikiversity asks contributors to assume good faith]], similar to Wikipedia. The rule in [[w:Wikinews|Wikinews]] is different: Contributors there are asked to [[Wikinews:Never assume|&quot;Don't assume things; be skeptical about everything.&quot;]] That's wise. However, we should still treat others with respect while being skeptical.&lt;/ref&gt;'' 

[[File:Information is a public good per communications prof Pickard.webm|thumb|Interview claiming that information is a public good and discussing market failures in for-profit media according to [[w:Victor Pickard (professor)|Victor Pickard]], communications professor in the [[w:Annenberg School for Communication at the University of Pennsylvania|Annenberg School for Communication at the University of Pennsylvania]]]]
[[File:Information is a public good per communications prof Pickard.ogg|thumb|29:00 mm:ss podcast from Interview conducted 2024-12-13 regarding professor Pickard's claim that information is a public good and public policy implications of that claim.]]

[[w:Victor Pickard (professor)|Victor Pickard]] discusses how information is a public good and public policy implications of that claim. He is interviewed by Spencer Graves.&lt;ref&gt;&lt;!--Spencer Graves--&gt;{{cite Q|Q56452480}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Primary concerns == 

It is in your best interests and mine to help supporters of our worst enemies get information they want, because doing so will make it harder for their leaders and ours to convince us to support policies that may threaten our lives and futures to please those who control most of the money for the media. Research suggests that better media reduces political corruption and improves the quality of life for the vast majority. News deserts, ghost newspapers, and major media conglomerates have the opposite effect, encouraging public officials to focus less on protecting the interests of voters and often clandestinely reward campaign contributors to the detriment of the electorate. 

Commercial media are not likely to expose this corruption, because they make money selling advertising to the beneficiaries of that political corruption and from increasing political polarization and violence.&lt;ref&gt;Pickard (2020, 2023). See also [[Information is a public good: Designing experiments to improve government]].&lt;/ref&gt; If we look at how the major media in the US are generally funded, &quot;Their business model ... at least for about 125 years or so has been advertising. ... This really developed somewhere in the mid to late 1800s&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;This interview also briefly mentioned John and Silberstein-Loeb, ed (2015). ''Making News: The Political Economy of Journalism in Britain and America from the Glorious Revolution to the Internet'', cited by Pickard (2020), which places these changes in a much broader context. McChesney and Nichols have suggested that that most people alive today benefit from subsidies for newspapers in the US in the early 1800s, even though they've never read those newspapers. This follows, because those newspapers encouraged literacy and limited political corruption, both of which helped the new US stay together and grow both in land area and economically, while contemporary New Spain / Mexico fractured, shrank, and stagnated economically. For more on this, see [[The Great American Paradox]]. People in other countries benefit from scientific advances that would not have occurred without that diverse media environment in the US before media consolidation began in the late 1800s.&lt;/ref&gt; The newspaper industry, &quot;even in its beleaguered state, is still the source of most of our original reporting, original news and information that gets disseminated. So newspapers have historically been sort of the information feeders for our entire media ecosystem. ... But actually, media subsidies are as American as apple pie. Going back to our first major communication system, which was the postal system, and our newspapers  were tremendously subsidized.&quot; 

&quot;Then there was this transformation of the logic driving our newspaper industry, ... this primary business model was to deliver audiences to advertisers. ... That began to come apart in the early 2000s, when readers and advertisers migrated to the web ... . There is no viable economic model to support the level of journalism that democracy requires. We have to start thinking about other models ... .&quot; 

Earlier this year, Pickard published an article with Neff, which compared newspapers in 33 different countries.&lt;ref&gt;Neff and Pickard (2024).&lt;/ref&gt; &quot;In a kind of comparative framework ... we are literally off the chart for how little we fund our public media. ... At a national level it comes to ... a little bit over a $1.50 per person per year that we pay at the Federal level towards our public media. If you throw in local and regional and state subsidies, it gets up to a little bit over $3 per person per year. Now compare that to the Brits, who spend about $100 per person per year for the BBC. Or look at northern European countries where they're spending far more than that.&quot; 

Conservative organizations that evaluate the level of democracy have found that &quot;the strongest democracies on the planet ... also happen to have the strongest public media systems on the planet. ... These same institutions have qualified the US as being a flawed democracy. We've been considered a flawed democracy for a number of years now. And, of course, we have a very weakly funded public broadcasting system. So what this shows at the very least, is that if you publicly subsidize your media systems, your public media systems, if you make those public investments in the news and information that democracy requires, these countries are not sliding into totalitarianism. They're not becoming fascist countries overnight. Quite the contrary. They're they're very strong. There are shining exemplars of democratic countries. This doesn't mean that we shouldn't also be concerned about state capture of public media systems, and we can point to some cautionary tales like in Turkey and Hungary and Poland, you know, that can happen. But those are the exceptions. Most of these strong democracies have strong public broadcasting systems, public media systems. So I would argue that that should also be part of our redemocratization project here in the United States is to actually fund our public media so that they don't have to rely on private funders. NPR gets more than a third of its money from corporate funding, which sort of defeats the purpose.. It's a misnomer even to call it public broadcasting if they're taking in all this corporate money, and any casual listener or viewer of NPR and PBS will have to sit through what's uphemistically called enhanced underwriting. ... That's kind of absurd for a public media system. So we need to change that. But I do think that that's something we need to focus on more. We need to really build out our public media systems so that it can serve local information needs.&quot;

McChesney and Nichols (2021, 2022) recommend distributing 0.15% of national income (Gross Domestic Product, GDP) to local news nonprofits on the basis of local elections. Pickard likes their model but prefers other alternatives, like local news bureaus managed by local people elected their boards or selected at random, similar to jury duty. The main point is to provide public funding not censored by other government bureaucrats nor corporate bureaucrats. 

Pickard continues, &quot;We basically want a system that allows journalists to be journalists, to do the work that originally drew them to the craft ... . Profit a driven media is always going to privilege profits over democracy.&quot;

== About Pickard == 

Pickard is a media studies scholar and a professor at the [[w:Annenberg School for Communication at the University of Pennsylvania|Annenberg School for Communication at the University of Pennsylvania]]. He works on the intersections of US and global media activism and politics and the role of the media in political economy.&lt;ref&gt;[[w:Victor Pickard (professor)|Victor Pickard]].&lt;/ref&gt; He is also the Chair of the Board of Free Press. He has written or edited six books,&lt;ref&gt;&lt;!--Free Press Board--&gt;{{cite Q|Q131398406}}&lt;/ref&gt; including (2015) ''America's Battle for Media Democracy'',&lt;ref&gt;Pickard (2015)&lt;/ref&gt; and (2020) ''Democracy Without Journalism? Confronting the Misinformation Society''.&lt;ref&gt;Pickard (2020).&lt;/ref&gt;

== The threat == 

Internet company executives have knowingly increased political polarization and violence including the [[w:Rohingya genocide|Rohingya genocide]] in [[w:Myanmar|Myanmar]], because doing otherwise might have reduced their profits. Documentation of this is summarized in [[:Category:Media reform to improve democracy]].

==Discussion == 

:''[Interested readers are invite to comment here, subject to the Wikimedia rules of [[w:Wikipedia:Neutral point of view|writing from a neutral point of view]] [[w:Wikipedia:Citing sources|citing credible sources]]&lt;ref name=NPOV/&gt; and treating others with respect.&lt;ref name=AGF/&gt;]''

== Notes ==
{{reflist}}

== Bibliography ==

* &lt;!--Richard R. John and Jonathan Silberstein-Loeb (2015) Making News: The Political Economy of Journalism in Britain and America from the Glorious Revolution to the Internet, Oxford U. Pr.--&gt;{{cite Q|Q131468166|editors=Richard R. John and Jonathan Silberstein-Loeb}}
* &lt;!-- Robert W. McChesney; John Nichols (2021). &quot;The Local Journalism Initiative: a proposal to protect and extend democracy&quot;. Columbia Journalism Review, 30 November 2021 --&gt;{{cite Q|Q109978060}}
* &lt;!-- Robert W. McChesney; John Nichols (2022), To Protect and Extend Democracy, Recreate Local News Media (PDF), FreePress.net (updated 25 January 2022) --&gt;{{cite Q|Q109978337|access-date=2024-06-23}}
* &lt;!--Neff and Pickard (2024) &quot;Funding Democracy: Public Media and Democratic Health in 33 Countries&quot;--&gt;{{cite Q|Q131468289}}
* &lt;!--Victor Pickard (2023) Another Media System is Possible: Ripping Open the Overton Window, from Platforms to Public Broadcasting, Janost--&gt;{{cite Q|Q131398460}}
* &lt;!--Victor Pickard (2020) Democracy without journalism? : confronting the misinformation society, Oxford U. Pr.--&gt;{{cite Q|Q131398359}}
* &lt;!--Victor Pickard (2015) America's Battle for Media Democracy, Cambridge U. Pr.--&gt;{{cite Q|Q131398237}}

[[Category:Politics]]
[[Category:Freedom and abundance]]
[[Category:Media reform to improve democracy]]</text>
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    <title>HR 9495, the nonprofit-killer bill, per Michael Novick</title>
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      <text bytes="22254" sha1="2ox76w3unszhgn6091znmtw10k8dqq4" xml:space="preserve">:''This is a discussion of a Zoom interview recorded 2024-12-20 with Michael Novick, former interim general manager for KPFK, the second station in the Pacifica Radio Network, about HR 9495, which has been called the &quot;nonprofit-killer bill, by its opponents with a 29:00 mm:ss podcast excerpted from the companion video released to the fortnightly &quot;Media &amp; Democracy&quot; show&lt;ref name=M&amp;D&gt;&lt;!--Media &amp; Democracy--&gt;{{cite Q|Q127839818}}&lt;/ref&gt; syndicated for the [[w:Pacifica Foundation|Pacifica Radio]]&lt;ref&gt;&lt;!--Pacifica Radio Network--&gt;{{cite Q|Q2045587}}&lt;/ref&gt; Network of [[w:List of Pacifica Radio stations and affiliates|over 200 community radio stations]].&lt;ref&gt;&lt;!--list of Pacifica Radio stations and affiliates--&gt;{{cite Q|Q6593294}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

:''It is posted here to invite others to contribute other perspectives, subject to the Wikimedia rules of [[w:Wikipedia:Neutral point of view|writing from a neutral point of view]] while [[w:Wikipedia:Citing sources|citing credible sources]]&lt;ref name=NPOV&gt;The rules of writing from a neutral point of view citing credible sources may not be enforced on other parts of Wikiversity. However, they can facilitate dialog between people with dramatically different beliefs&lt;/ref&gt; and treating others with respect.&lt;ref name=AGF&gt;[[Wikiversity:Assume good faith|Wikiversity asks contributors to assume good faith]], similar to Wikipedia. The rule in [[w:Wikinews|Wikinews]] is different: Contributors there are asked to [[Wikinews:Never assume|&quot;Don't assume things; be skeptical about everything.&quot;]] That's wise. However, we should still treat others with respect while being skeptical.&lt;/ref&gt;'' 

[[File:HR 9495, the nonprofit-killer bill, per Michael Novick.webm|thumb|Interview recorded 2024-12-20 with Michael Novick regarding HR 9495, called the nonprofit-killer bill, because it is allegedly designed to suppress dissent in the US.]]
[[File:HR 9495, the nonprofit-killer bill, per Michael Novick.ogg|thumb|29:00 mm:ss podcast from Interview conducted 2024-12-20 of Michael Novick by Spencer Graves about HR 9495, called the nonprofit-killer bill by its opponents.]]

Michael Novick discussed HR 9495, the “Stop Terror Financing and Tax Penalties on American Hostages Act”, which passed the House November 21. Its opponents have called it the “nonprofit-killer” bill, because it would give the Secretary of Treasury the authority to designate any nonprofit as a suspected “Terrorist Supporting Organization&quot; and remove their tax-exempt status unless they convince the Secretary of Treasury that they do not support terrorists.&lt;ref name=HR9495&gt;US House (2024).&lt;/ref&gt; Mother Jones reported, 'In the bill’s original iteration, it was popular among both Republicans and Democrats, who saw it as an appealing way to police Palestinian rights organizations after protests last year. An earlier version, in April, passed the House easily, with only 11 votes against the bill. It didn’t make it through the Senate ... One of those early no votes was Rep. Rashida Tlaib (D-Mich.), who said on the House floor [November 21], “... This is a dangerous and an unconstitutional bill that would allow unchecked power to target nonprofit organizations as political enemies and shut them down without due process.”'&lt;ref&gt;Hurwitz (2024).&lt;/ref&gt; 

Beth Gazley, Professor of Nonprofit Management and Policy at Indiana University,&lt;ref&gt;&lt;!--Beth Gazley--&gt;{{cite Q|Q131542978}}&lt;/ref&gt; said, &quot;I believe that this is part of a strategy to preempt opposition to Republican policies and encourage self-censorship. It’s a way for the GOP to try to restrict what activists and nonprofit organizations can say or do. And, essentially, it’s a threat to political opponents of President-elect Donald Trump.&quot; On November 21, only 15 Democrats supported it and one Republican opposed it. Rep. [[w:Jamie Raskin|Jamie Raskin]] (D-MD) called the bill “a werewolf in sheep’s clothing.&quot; ... An earlier version of this legislation was introduced in December 2023 and passed in the House in April 2024. Based on the timing, it was widely interpreted as an attempt to quell widespread protests by students and other people who were expressing their solidarity with Palestinians and their objections to Israel’s military operations in Gaza. But this legislation could easily do far more than that, because it does not distinguish between foreign and domestic terrorism – whether it’s real or imagined.&lt;ref name=Gazley&gt;Gazley (2024).&lt;/ref&gt; Raskin further noted that “rendering support to terrorists is already a felony”,&lt;ref&gt;Raskin was quoted in Gazley (2024). In fact, &quot;[[w:Providing material support for terrorism|Providing material support for terrorism]]&quot; is a felony under the USA Patriot Act of 2001 punishable by fines and imprisonment of up to 15 years or 20 years if human(s) convicted ''know(s)'' they were aiding an organization so classified by the US State Department and life in prison if the &quot;death of a person&quot; has resulted, and 'the term “person” means any individual or entity capable of holding a legal or beneficial interest in property'. In ''[[w:Holder v. the Humanitarian Law Project|Holder v. the Humanitarian Law Project]]'' (2010), the US Supreme Court ruled that teaching nonviolence to someone designated as a &quot;terrorist&quot; was &quot;providing material support for terrorism&quot;. [[w:David D. Cole|David D. Cole]], attorney for the [[w:Humanitarian Law Project|Humanitarian Law Project]], said that under that ruling, even asking the State Department to explain why some individual or group was designated as a &quot;terrorist&quot; was similarly &quot;providing material support&quot;, a major felony with penalties as just described.&lt;/ref&gt; and this bill could end all rights to due process.&lt;ref name=Gazley/&gt; 

== Michael Novick == 

Novick has described himself as antiracist, antisexist, anti-imperialist, and anti-authoritarian. Between 2022 and November 2024, he was the interim general manager of [[w:KPFK|KPFK]],&lt;ref&gt;Novick (2022) noted that he began as interim general manager of KKFK in 2022. In this interview, he said he was no longer in that position.&lt;/ref&gt; the second [[w:Pacifica Foundation|station in the Pacifica Radio Network]].&lt;ref&gt;The Pacifica Radio Network includes stations owned by the Pacifica Foundation plus over 200 that are &quot;affiliates&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; 

Novick can be reached at antiracistaction_LA@yahoo.com or changelinks2@gmail.com. The latter is for the Change Links community calendar.&lt;ref name=Change-Links&gt;&lt;!-- Change-Links--&gt;{{cite Q|Q131544553}}&lt;/ref&gt; &quot;antiracist.org&quot; is the website for ''Turning the Tide'',&lt;ref&gt;&lt;!-- Turning the Tide--&gt;{{cite Q|Q131544806}}&lt;/ref&gt; which Novick has been publishing since 1988.

== HR 9495 == 

HR 9495 says that &quot;the term ‘terrorist supporting organization’ means any organization which is designated by the Secretary [of Treasury] as having provided, during the 3-year period ending on the date of such designation, material support or resources&quot; to a designated terrorist organization. Before an organization can be so designated, the Secretary is required to mail a written notice of such impending designation and giving them 90 days to &quot;demonstrated to the satisfaction of the Secretary that such organization did not provide the material support or resources&quot;.&lt;ref name=HR9495/&gt; 

== Selected comments == 

Novik noted that 9495 is not likely to pass the Senate this year,

{{blockquote|
but they are going to bring it back immediately when the new Congress is seated, which is even prior to the inauguration of the new president. ... It's also related to a separate initiative of [[w:Project 2025|Project 2025]] that Trump, of course, said he never read ... but he's been appointing all sorts of people involved in that Project 2025 to his administration. And he has already said he'll be appointing the person who wrote the section of 2025 on media, who is a current member of the [[w:Federal Communications Commission|FCC]], ... [[w:Brendan Carr|Brendan Carr]]. And in that document, they talk about actually not just defunding the [[w:Corporation for Public Broadcasting|Corporation for Public Broadcasting]] and public media efforts like [[w:NPR|NPR]].&lt;ref&gt;Project 2025 (pp. 246-251).&lt;/ref&gt; ... But they actually want to remove the non-commercial educational licensing entirely.&lt;ref&gt;Project 2025 (p. 248).&lt;/ref&gt; And they mentioned Pacifica by name in that report 2025.&lt;ref&gt;Project 2025 (p. 247).&lt;/ref&gt; 

So we're expecting a lot of attacks of this nature to come down the pike. Because ... nonprofits and non-commercial media have been an important avenue for exposing some of the ills of the society and whistleblowing ... . They want to really contain and control the philanthropic sector and the public media sector to carry out some of their other goals ... that have been spelled out pretty clearly in the campaign of mass deportations, ... privatization ... . They want to try to force everything into the commercial enterprises, ... the billionaire owned media.&quot;
}} 

Regarding Trump suing [[w:American Broadcasting Company|ABC]] and ''[[w:The Des Moines Register|The Des Moines Register]]'',&lt;ref&gt;Gold (2024).&lt;/ref&gt; Novick said, &quot;I think it's part and parcel of this whole attack on on freedom of speech, freedom of the press, the whole thing about fake news. ... [T]his effort internationally and nationally to really control the free flow of information because they understand that an informed public is less likely to sit still for its own rights being violated. And certainly the other end of the freedom of speech is freedom of discourse and freedom of listening. If you can't hear any contrary views to those being expressed by the great leader, that's a violation of your rights, not just the rights of the speakers. And so I think ... that it is an attack on human rights and on people's ability to understand what's going on in the world and do something about it.&quot; 

Graves asked Novick about Trump saying that Liz Cheney, a Republican who represented Wyoming in the US House, should be prosecuted and jailed for her role in a Trump impeachment proceeding during Trump's first term.&lt;ref&gt;Mascaro (2024).&lt;/ref&gt; Novick replied, 

{{blockquote|
I think it's a much deeper problem. It it started before him. ... The Biden administration ... prosecuted [[w:Julian Assange|Julian Assange]] and actually won a conviction. They got him to plead guilty to a violation of the Espionage act for releasing data that was not espionage at all. It was whistleblowing about a war crime by the United States killing of reporters in Iraq. 

And similarly the Biden Administration is the one that pursued the case of the [[w:Uhuru Movement|Uhuru 3]] ... from the [[w:African People's Socialist Party|African People's Socialist party]] ... accusing them of being foreign agents for opposing the war in Iraq and ... the genocide in Palestine. So I think that this is a bipartisan issue. In fact, there were votes on both sides of the aisle for 9495.

&quot;One of the first things that Richard Nixon did [as president of the US] was introduce the [[w: Tax Reform Act of 1969|Tax Reform Act of 1969]], as they were trying to dismantle the Great Society and some of those programs that were about empowering communities, particularly poor people, people of color. The Tax Reform Act of 1969 specifically ... said that any ... organization that wanted nonprofit status could not support voter registration drives or ... activities that ... affected legislation. ... This is a very similar effort, I think,&quot; though 9495 has a much more authoritarian stamp. ... 9495 is targeted directly at organizations that are engaged with international solidarity, particularly with the Palestinian cause. But ... the terrorism term has been used extensively as the so-called Communist threat faded ... . 

I think the head&lt;ref&gt;[[w:Mufid Abdulqader|Mufid Abdulqader]] was released 2024-12-12 after 16 years in federal prison. He was described as a &quot;top fundraiser&quot; and &quot;leader&quot; of the [[w:Holy Land Foundation for Relief and Development|Holy Land Foundation]]&lt;/ref&gt; of the [[w:Holy Land Foundation for Relief and Development|Holy Land Foundation ]] was just recently released from prison. ... This was a humanitarian project, ... based in, obviously, the Muslim community ... . [I]t was humanitarian aid, but it was criminalized. And I think that's what they're trying to do here is to really prevent people from any kind of person to person diplomacy outside the bounds of what the State Department is carrying out which is really militarized. The State Department, I think, follows the same dictates as the Department of Defense, so-called, and the CIA. They're basically involved in, you know, trying to identify forces within different societies that will follow the dictates of US Policy. And anybody that does not want to do that is identified as a potential targeted terrorist or someone supporting terrorism. ... 

I've been associated for many years with the Los Angeles Chapter of the [[w:Anti-Racist Action|Anti-Racist Action Network]] ... . The idea was, be part of the solution. 

But ... terror is, you know, very widespread in this world, and has mainly been used actually by the right and by State actors including the United States. You know when [[w:George W. Bush|Bush]] [[w:2003 invasion of Iraq|went into Iraq]], ... the second Bush and the second [[w:Iraq War|Iraq War]], they talked about &quot;[[w:Shock and awe|shock and awe]]&quot;. Well, it's just a polite name for terror. Right? You're bombing people into submission. You're trying to intimidate them through violence. ... it can be classified as terror as well as genocide. They're terrorizing the entire population.  

Historically, the [[w:Ku Klux Klan|Ku Klux Klan]], and a lot of other organizations have been terrorist organizations. But that's not what they're talking about. They're talking about resistance to white supremacy, resistance to colonialism. ... If there's some action against the German occupation, or in this case the Israeli occupation, they're going to punish people ... in the area where it happened without regard to who is responsible. ... The term is used is to justify that kind of actual terrorism by labelling any resistances as terrorism. ...

The case of the [[w:Humanitarian Law Project|Humanitarian Law Project]] ... went all the way to the Supreme Court ... [which] ruled that even providing nonviolence training was a form of material support. 

Lydia Brazon&lt;ref&gt;Pacifica in Exile (2015).&lt;/ref&gt; ... was with the Humanitarian Law Project for a long time. ... She was at one point the executive director of Pacifica. ...

Pacifica's mission is to identify the causes of conflict and try to resolve them without violence. ... It was created by a group of pacifists who actually resisted even World War 2. 

[[w:Lewis Hill (Pacifica Radio)|Lew Hill]] and a group of others ... formed the Pacifica Foundation and launched this project of listener sponsored non-commercial radio. But that's seen as a threat, trying to to solve things, because the State wants to reserve that power of the use of violence. And if you oppose violence by the state, then you're somehow a subversive. 

When 9495 passed, [[w:Mike Johnson|Mike Johnson]], who is the [[w:Speaker of the United States House of Representatives|Speaker of the House]], sent a tweet to a number of organizations, saying, &quot;We're thinking about you.&quot; That included, for example, a [[w:Jewish Voice for Peace|Jewish Voice for Peace]]; ... because they believe in supporting Palestinian rights, they're targeted. We have a program on our station [[w:KPFK|KPFK]], which is Middle Eastern Focus for many years, and the current co-host is the head of the LA chapter of a Jewish Voice for Peace, trying to bring about peace in the Middle East. But that's seen as a threat. I also work on a newspaper called ''Change-Links''.&lt;ref name=Change-Links/&gt; It's a community calendar for [[w:Los Angeles|Los Angeles]]. We publish every month with a list of activities that people might be interested in, cultural, political, and otherwise. ... It's not a nonprofit itself. But we have a fiscal sponsor which is the Alliance for Global Justice based in Tucson, Arizona.&lt;ref&gt;&lt;!--Alliance for Global Justice--&gt;{{cite Q|Q129502246}}&lt;/ref&gt; They serve this purpose for a number of smaller projects around the country. Media and other community service organizations that are not full nonprofits themselves have a fiscal sponsor. The Alliance for Global Justice is also in Mike Johnson's Tweet. He tweeted out to 5 or 6 or maybe 8 organizations. This is something that's very clearly directed at not just the activities but the information. They want everything to be like the right wing echo chamber of right wing talk media. Anything that's outside those bounds becomes a fair target. 
}}

Graves noted that in August he had interviewed Heidi Beirich,&lt;ref name=Beirich&gt;&lt;!-- Heidi Beirich--&gt;{{cite Q|Q128844587}}&lt;/ref&gt; co-founder and Chief Strategy Officer of the [[Global Project Against Hate &amp; Extremism (GPAHE)]].&lt;ref name=GPAHE&gt;&lt;!-- GPAHE--&gt;{{cite Q|Q125952435}}&lt;/ref&gt; She noted that recent [[w:National Defense Authorization Act|National Defense Authorization Act]]s have included provisions that explicitly prohibited the Secretary of Defense from attempting to root violent extremists out of the USA Military.&lt;ref&gt;Donnelly (2022).&lt;/ref&gt;

Novick replied, 

{{blockquote|
It's not surprising. There is a big struggle in the military. Trump has come in saying he wants to get rid of &quot;[[w:woke|Woke]]&quot; generals.&lt;ref&gt;Axe (2024).&lt;/ref&gt; And there is a group that focuses on the question of religious freedom in the military, to be free, free from religion if you want. And there's a number of quite fundamentalist Christian people in high positions of authority in the military that are trying to enforce Christian nationalism. You see a lot of these right wing groups specifically targeting members of the military. We saw that both law enforcement and the military were overrepresented in the people involved in [[w:January 6 United States Capitol attack|January 6 storming of the Capitol]]. 

It's a longstanding phenomenon. ... I was just reading a book called ''Morningside'' about the [[w:Greensboro massacre|1979 massacre of anti-clan activists in Greensboro, North Carolina]]. The people involved in that were included people in the so-called [[w:White Patriot Party|White Patriot Party]], which was based at a marine base in North Carolina, and law enforcement, ..., the Nazis and the Klan and the United Racist front.&lt;ref&gt;Shetterly (2024).&lt;/ref&gt;  
}}

Novick continued, 

{{blockquote|
The militia movement got its start from a couple of sources. One of them was a guy named [[w:John Singlaub|John Singlaub]], who was a general, removed, similar to what happened with [[w:Douglas MacArthur|MacArthur]] in [[w:Korean War|Korea]]. ... He formed something called the [[w:World League for Freedom and Democracy|World Anti-Communist League]] and then proceeded to use right wing Christian forces in the Philippines and Guatemala as a model for organizing similar forces in the United States. They collected money in the United States for these right wing militias in Guatemala and in the Philippines that were involved in terroristic activities of a supposedly anti-communist nature. And once they got that going, they started using it to build up militia groups in the United States on the same model. And you saw some of the repercussions of that with, you know, the [[w:Oklahoma City bombing|Federal Building in Oklahoma City]], and other actions that came out of that. 

So I think that people need to take the threat of terrorism seriously, but that we need to understand where it's coming from. It's not coming from nonprofit humanitarian aid for poor people around the world or poor people in this country. It is coming from very well established and well rooted right wing forces in this country. 
}}

== The threat == 

Internet company executives have knowingly increased political polarization and violence including the [[w:Rohingya genocide|Rohingya genocide]] in [[w:Myanmar|Myanmar]], because doing otherwise might have reduced their profits. Documentation of this is summarized in other interviews regarding &quot;Media &amp; Democracy&quot;, available on Wikiversity under [[:Category:Media reform to improve democracy]].

==Discussion == 

:''[Interested readers are invite to comment here, subject to the Wikimedia rules of [[w:Wikipedia:Neutral point of view|writing from a neutral point of view]] [[w:Wikipedia:Citing sources|citing credible sources]]&lt;ref name=NPOV/&gt; and treating others with respect.&lt;ref name=AGF/&gt;]''

== Notes ==
{{reflist}}

== Bibliography ==

* &lt;!--David Axe (2024-12-05) &quot;Trump is planning to rip the guts out of the US armed forces&quot;, The Telegraph--&gt;{{cite Q|Q131545681}}
* &lt;!--John M. Donnelly (2022-12-14) Final NDAA removes most House provisions on hate groups, Roll Call--&gt;{{cite Q|Q130545466}}
* &lt;!--Beth Gazley (2024-11-22) &quot;US House passes measure that could punish nonprofits Treasury Department decides are ‘terrorist’&quot;, The Conversation--&gt;{{cite Q|Q131543053}}
* &lt;!--Hadas Gold (2024-12-16) &quot;Emboldened by ABC settlement, Trump threatens more lawsuits against the press&quot;, CNN--&gt;{{cite Q|Q131545105}}
* &lt;!-- Sophie Hurwitz (2024-11-21) &quot;The House Passes Bill Allowing Trump Admin to Declare Nonprofits Terrorist Supporters&quot;--&gt;{{cite Q|Q131540369}} 
* &lt;!-- Lisa Mascaro (2024-12-16) &quot; After investigating Jan. 6, House GOP sides with Trump and goes after Liz Cheney--&gt;{{cite Q|Q131545154}}
* &lt;!--Michael Novick (2022-11-15) &quot;General Manager Report&quot;, KPFK--&gt;{{cite Q|Q131543205}} 
* &lt;!--Pacifica in Exile (2015-09-14) &quot;Lydia Brazon, Executive Director&quot;, Pacifica in Exile Newsletter --&gt;{{cite Q|Q131545325|author=Pacifica in Exile}}
* &lt;!--  Project 2025--&gt;{{cite Q|Q122382481}} 
* &lt;!--Aran Shetterly (2024-10-15) Morningside: The 1979 Greensboro Massacre and the Struggle for an American City's Soul--&gt;{{cite Q|Q131545762}}
* &lt;!--US House (2024-11-21) H.R.9495 - Stop Terror-Financing and Tax Penalties on American Hostages Act--&gt;{{cite Q|Q131540249|author = US House of Representatives}}

[[Category:Politics]]
[[Category:Freedom and abundance]]
[[Category:Media reform to improve democracy]]</text>
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      <text bytes="22263" sha1="4zm3scj3tqgwbw9a8vzi82wir28k29t" xml:space="preserve">:''This is a discussion of a Zoom interview recorded 2024-12-20 with Michael Novick, former interim general manager for KPFK, the second station in the Pacifica Radio Network, about HR 9495, which has been called the &quot;nonprofit-killer bill, by its opponents with a 29:00 mm:ss podcast excerpted from the companion video released to the fortnightly &quot;Media &amp; Democracy&quot; show&lt;ref name=M&amp;D&gt;&lt;!--Media &amp; Democracy--&gt;{{cite Q|Q127839818}}&lt;/ref&gt; syndicated for the [[w:Pacifica Foundation|Pacifica Radio]]&lt;ref&gt;&lt;!--Pacifica Radio Network--&gt;{{cite Q|Q2045587}}&lt;/ref&gt; Network of [[w:List of Pacifica Radio stations and affiliates|over 200 community radio stations]].&lt;ref&gt;&lt;!--list of Pacifica Radio stations and affiliates--&gt;{{cite Q|Q6593294}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

:''It is posted here to invite others to contribute other perspectives, subject to the Wikimedia rules of [[w:Wikipedia:Neutral point of view|writing from a neutral point of view]] while [[w:Wikipedia:Citing sources|citing credible sources]]&lt;ref name=NPOV&gt;The rules of writing from a neutral point of view citing credible sources may not be enforced on other parts of Wikiversity. However, they can facilitate dialog between people with dramatically different beliefs&lt;/ref&gt; and treating others with respect.&lt;ref name=AGF&gt;[[Wikiversity:Assume good faith|Wikiversity asks contributors to assume good faith]], similar to Wikipedia. The rule in [[w:Wikinews|Wikinews]] is different: Contributors there are asked to [[Wikinews:Never assume|&quot;Don't assume things; be skeptical about everything.&quot;]] That's wise. However, we should still treat others with respect while being skeptical.&lt;/ref&gt;'' 

[[File:HR 9495, the nonprofit-killer bill, per Michael Novick.webm|thumb|Interview recorded 2024-12-20 with Michael Novick regarding HR 9495, called the nonprofit-killer bill, because it is allegedly designed to suppress dissent in the US.]]
[[File:HR 9495, the nonprofit-killer bill, per Michael Novick.ogg|thumb|29:00 mm:ss podcast from Interview conducted 2024-12-20 of Michael Novick by Spencer Graves about HR 9495, called the nonprofit-killer bill by its opponents.]]

Michael Novick discussed HR 9495, the “Stop Terror Financing and Tax Penalties on American Hostages Act”, which passed the House November 21. Its opponents have called it the “nonprofit-killer” bill, because it would give the Secretary of Treasury the authority to designate any nonprofit as a suspected “Terrorist Supporting Organization&quot; and remove their tax-exempt status unless they convince the Secretary of Treasury that they do not support terrorists.&lt;ref name=HR9495&gt;US House (2024).&lt;/ref&gt; Mother Jones reported, 'In the bill’s original iteration, it was popular among both Republicans and Democrats, who saw it as an appealing way to police Palestinian rights organizations after protests last year. An earlier version, in April, passed the House easily, with only 11 votes against the bill. It didn’t make it through the Senate ... One of those early no votes was Rep. Rashida Tlaib (D-Mich.), who said on the House floor [November 21], “... This is a dangerous and an unconstitutional bill that would allow unchecked power to target nonprofit organizations as political enemies and shut them down without due process.”'&lt;ref&gt;Hurwitz (2024).&lt;/ref&gt; 

Beth Gazley, Professor of Nonprofit Management and Policy at Indiana University,&lt;ref&gt;&lt;!--Beth Gazley--&gt;{{cite Q|Q131542978}}&lt;/ref&gt; said, &quot;I believe that this is part of a strategy to preempt opposition to Republican policies and encourage self-censorship. It’s a way for the GOP to try to restrict what activists and nonprofit organizations can say or do. And, essentially, it’s a threat to political opponents of President-elect Donald Trump.&quot; On November 21, only 15 Democrats supported it and one Republican opposed it. Rep. [[w:Jamie Raskin|Jamie Raskin]] (D-MD) called the bill “a werewolf in sheep’s clothing.&quot; ... An earlier version of this legislation was introduced in December 2023 and passed in the House in April 2024. Based on the timing, it was widely interpreted as an attempt to quell widespread protests by students and other people who were expressing their solidarity with Palestinians and their objections to Israel’s military operations in Gaza. But this legislation could easily do far more than that, because it does not distinguish between foreign and domestic terrorism – whether it’s real or imagined.&lt;ref name=Gazley&gt;Gazley (2024).&lt;/ref&gt; Raskin further noted that “rendering support to terrorists is already a felony”,&lt;ref&gt;Raskin was quoted in Gazley (2024). In fact, &quot;[[w:Providing material support for terrorism|Providing material support for terrorism]]&quot; is a felony under the USA Patriot Act of 2001 punishable by fines and imprisonment of up to 15 years or 20 years if human(s) convicted ''know(s)'' they were aiding an organization so classified by the US State Department and life in prison if the &quot;death of a person&quot; has resulted, and 'the term “person” means any individual or entity capable of holding a legal or beneficial interest in property'. In ''[[w:Holder v. the Humanitarian Law Project|Holder v. the Humanitarian Law Project]]'' (2010), the US Supreme Court ruled that teaching nonviolence to someone designated as a &quot;terrorist&quot; was &quot;providing material support for terrorism&quot;. [[w:David D. Cole|David D. Cole]], attorney for the [[w:Humanitarian Law Project|Humanitarian Law Project]], said that under that ruling, even asking the State Department to explain why some individual or group was designated as a &quot;terrorist&quot; was similarly &quot;providing material support&quot;, a major felony with penalties as just described.&lt;/ref&gt; and this bill could end all rights to due process.&lt;ref name=Gazley/&gt; 

== Michael Novick == 

Novick has described himself as antiracist, antisexist, anti-imperialist, and anti-authoritarian. Between 2022 and November 2024, he was the interim general manager of [[w:KPFK|KPFK]],&lt;ref&gt;Novick (2022) noted that he began as interim general manager of KKFK in 2022. In this interview, he said he was no longer in that position.&lt;/ref&gt; the second [[w:Pacifica Foundation|station in the Pacifica Radio Network]].&lt;ref&gt;The Pacifica Radio Network includes stations owned by the Pacifica Foundation plus over 200 that are &quot;affiliates&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; 

Novick can be reached at antiracistaction_LA@yahoo.com or changelinks2@gmail.com. The latter is for the Change Links community calendar.&lt;ref name=Change-Links&gt;&lt;!-- Change-Links--&gt;{{cite Q|Q131544553}}&lt;/ref&gt; &quot;antiracist.org&quot; is the website for ''Turning the Tide'',&lt;ref&gt;&lt;!-- Turning the Tide--&gt;{{cite Q|Q131544806}}&lt;/ref&gt; which Novick has been publishing since 1988.

== HR 9495 == 

HR 9495 says that &quot;the term ‘terrorist supporting organization’ means any organization which is designated by the Secretary [of Treasury] as having provided, during the 3-year period ending on the date of such designation, material support or resources&quot; to a designated terrorist organization. Before an organization can be so designated, the Secretary is required to mail a written notice of such impending designation and giving them 90 days to &quot;demonstrated to the satisfaction of the Secretary that such organization did not provide the material support or resources&quot;.&lt;ref name=HR9495/&gt; 

== Selected comments == 

Novik noted that 9495 is not likely to pass the Senate this year,

{{blockquote|
but they are going to bring it back immediately when the new Congress is seated, which is even prior to the inauguration of the new president. ... It's also related to a separate initiative of [[w:Project 2025|Project 2025]] that Trump, of course, said he never read ... but he's been appointing all sorts of people involved in that Project 2025 to his administration. And he has already said he'll be appointing the person who wrote the section of 2025 on media, who is a current member of the [[w:Federal Communications Commission|FCC]], ... [[w:Brendan Carr (lawyer)|Brendan Carr]]. And in that document, they talk about actually not just defunding the [[w:Corporation for Public Broadcasting|Corporation for Public Broadcasting]] and public media efforts like [[w:NPR|NPR]].&lt;ref&gt;Project 2025 (pp. 246-251).&lt;/ref&gt; ... But they actually want to remove the non-commercial educational licensing entirely.&lt;ref&gt;Project 2025 (p. 248).&lt;/ref&gt; And they mentioned Pacifica by name in that report 2025.&lt;ref&gt;Project 2025 (p. 247).&lt;/ref&gt; 

So we're expecting a lot of attacks of this nature to come down the pike. Because ... nonprofits and non-commercial media have been an important avenue for exposing some of the ills of the society and whistleblowing ... . They want to really contain and control the philanthropic sector and the public media sector to carry out some of their other goals ... that have been spelled out pretty clearly in the campaign of mass deportations, ... privatization ... . They want to try to force everything into the commercial enterprises, ... the billionaire owned media.&quot;
}} 

Regarding Trump suing [[w:American Broadcasting Company|ABC]] and ''[[w:The Des Moines Register|The Des Moines Register]]'',&lt;ref&gt;Gold (2024).&lt;/ref&gt; Novick said, &quot;I think it's part and parcel of this whole attack on on freedom of speech, freedom of the press, the whole thing about fake news. ... [T]his effort internationally and nationally to really control the free flow of information because they understand that an informed public is less likely to sit still for its own rights being violated. And certainly the other end of the freedom of speech is freedom of discourse and freedom of listening. If you can't hear any contrary views to those being expressed by the great leader, that's a violation of your rights, not just the rights of the speakers. And so I think ... that it is an attack on human rights and on people's ability to understand what's going on in the world and do something about it.&quot; 

Graves asked Novick about Trump saying that Liz Cheney, a Republican who represented Wyoming in the US House, should be prosecuted and jailed for her role in a Trump impeachment proceeding during Trump's first term.&lt;ref&gt;Mascaro (2024).&lt;/ref&gt; Novick replied, 

{{blockquote|
I think it's a much deeper problem. It it started before him. ... The Biden administration ... prosecuted [[w:Julian Assange|Julian Assange]] and actually won a conviction. They got him to plead guilty to a violation of the Espionage act for releasing data that was not espionage at all. It was whistleblowing about a war crime by the United States killing of reporters in Iraq. 

And similarly the Biden Administration is the one that pursued the case of the [[w:Uhuru Movement|Uhuru 3]] ... from the [[w:African People's Socialist Party|African People's Socialist party]] ... accusing them of being foreign agents for opposing the war in Iraq and ... the genocide in Palestine. So I think that this is a bipartisan issue. In fact, there were votes on both sides of the aisle for 9495.

&quot;One of the first things that Richard Nixon did [as president of the US] was introduce the [[w: Tax Reform Act of 1969|Tax Reform Act of 1969]], as they were trying to dismantle the Great Society and some of those programs that were about empowering communities, particularly poor people, people of color. The Tax Reform Act of 1969 specifically ... said that any ... organization that wanted nonprofit status could not support voter registration drives or ... activities that ... affected legislation. ... This is a very similar effort, I think,&quot; though 9495 has a much more authoritarian stamp. ... 9495 is targeted directly at organizations that are engaged with international solidarity, particularly with the Palestinian cause. But ... the terrorism term has been used extensively as the so-called Communist threat faded ... . 

I think the head&lt;ref&gt;[[w:Mufid Abdulqader|Mufid Abdulqader]] was released 2024-12-12 after 16 years in federal prison. He was described as a &quot;top fundraiser&quot; and &quot;leader&quot; of the [[w:Holy Land Foundation for Relief and Development|Holy Land Foundation]]&lt;/ref&gt; of the [[w:Holy Land Foundation for Relief and Development|Holy Land Foundation ]] was just recently released from prison. ... This was a humanitarian project, ... based in, obviously, the Muslim community ... . [I]t was humanitarian aid, but it was criminalized. And I think that's what they're trying to do here is to really prevent people from any kind of person to person diplomacy outside the bounds of what the State Department is carrying out which is really militarized. The State Department, I think, follows the same dictates as the Department of Defense, so-called, and the CIA. They're basically involved in, you know, trying to identify forces within different societies that will follow the dictates of US Policy. And anybody that does not want to do that is identified as a potential targeted terrorist or someone supporting terrorism. ... 

I've been associated for many years with the Los Angeles Chapter of the [[w:Anti-Racist Action|Anti-Racist Action Network]] ... . The idea was, be part of the solution. 

But ... terror is, you know, very widespread in this world, and has mainly been used actually by the right and by State actors including the United States. You know when [[w:George W. Bush|Bush]] [[w:2003 invasion of Iraq|went into Iraq]], ... the second Bush and the second [[w:Iraq War|Iraq War]], they talked about &quot;[[w:Shock and awe|shock and awe]]&quot;. Well, it's just a polite name for terror. Right? You're bombing people into submission. You're trying to intimidate them through violence. ... it can be classified as terror as well as genocide. They're terrorizing the entire population.  

Historically, the [[w:Ku Klux Klan|Ku Klux Klan]], and a lot of other organizations have been terrorist organizations. But that's not what they're talking about. They're talking about resistance to white supremacy, resistance to colonialism. ... If there's some action against the German occupation, or in this case the Israeli occupation, they're going to punish people ... in the area where it happened without regard to who is responsible. ... The term is used is to justify that kind of actual terrorism by labelling any resistances as terrorism. ...

The case of the [[w:Humanitarian Law Project|Humanitarian Law Project]] ... went all the way to the Supreme Court ... [which] ruled that even providing nonviolence training was a form of material support. 

Lydia Brazon&lt;ref&gt;Pacifica in Exile (2015).&lt;/ref&gt; ... was with the Humanitarian Law Project for a long time. ... She was at one point the executive director of Pacifica. ...

Pacifica's mission is to identify the causes of conflict and try to resolve them without violence. ... It was created by a group of pacifists who actually resisted even World War 2. 

[[w:Lewis Hill (Pacifica Radio)|Lew Hill]] and a group of others ... formed the Pacifica Foundation and launched this project of listener sponsored non-commercial radio. But that's seen as a threat, trying to to solve things, because the State wants to reserve that power of the use of violence. And if you oppose violence by the state, then you're somehow a subversive. 

When 9495 passed, [[w:Mike Johnson|Mike Johnson]], who is the [[w:Speaker of the United States House of Representatives|Speaker of the House]], sent a tweet to a number of organizations, saying, &quot;We're thinking about you.&quot; That included, for example, a [[w:Jewish Voice for Peace|Jewish Voice for Peace]]; ... because they believe in supporting Palestinian rights, they're targeted. We have a program on our station [[w:KPFK|KPFK]], which is Middle Eastern Focus for many years, and the current co-host is the head of the LA chapter of a Jewish Voice for Peace, trying to bring about peace in the Middle East. But that's seen as a threat. I also work on a newspaper called ''Change-Links''.&lt;ref name=Change-Links/&gt; It's a community calendar for [[w:Los Angeles|Los Angeles]]. We publish every month with a list of activities that people might be interested in, cultural, political, and otherwise. ... It's not a nonprofit itself. But we have a fiscal sponsor which is the Alliance for Global Justice based in Tucson, Arizona.&lt;ref&gt;&lt;!--Alliance for Global Justice--&gt;{{cite Q|Q129502246}}&lt;/ref&gt; They serve this purpose for a number of smaller projects around the country. Media and other community service organizations that are not full nonprofits themselves have a fiscal sponsor. The Alliance for Global Justice is also in Mike Johnson's Tweet. He tweeted out to 5 or 6 or maybe 8 organizations. This is something that's very clearly directed at not just the activities but the information. They want everything to be like the right wing echo chamber of right wing talk media. Anything that's outside those bounds becomes a fair target. 
}}

Graves noted that in August he had interviewed Heidi Beirich,&lt;ref name=Beirich&gt;&lt;!-- Heidi Beirich--&gt;{{cite Q|Q128844587}}&lt;/ref&gt; co-founder and Chief Strategy Officer of the [[Global Project Against Hate &amp; Extremism (GPAHE)]].&lt;ref name=GPAHE&gt;&lt;!-- GPAHE--&gt;{{cite Q|Q125952435}}&lt;/ref&gt; She noted that recent [[w:National Defense Authorization Act|National Defense Authorization Act]]s have included provisions that explicitly prohibited the Secretary of Defense from attempting to root violent extremists out of the USA Military.&lt;ref&gt;Donnelly (2022).&lt;/ref&gt;

Novick replied, 

{{blockquote|
It's not surprising. There is a big struggle in the military. Trump has come in saying he wants to get rid of &quot;[[w:woke|Woke]]&quot; generals.&lt;ref&gt;Axe (2024).&lt;/ref&gt; And there is a group that focuses on the question of religious freedom in the military, to be free, free from religion if you want. And there's a number of quite fundamentalist Christian people in high positions of authority in the military that are trying to enforce Christian nationalism. You see a lot of these right wing groups specifically targeting members of the military. We saw that both law enforcement and the military were overrepresented in the people involved in [[w:January 6 United States Capitol attack|January 6 storming of the Capitol]]. 

It's a longstanding phenomenon. ... I was just reading a book called ''Morningside'' about the [[w:Greensboro massacre|1979 massacre of anti-clan activists in Greensboro, North Carolina]]. The people involved in that were included people in the so-called [[w:White Patriot Party|White Patriot Party]], which was based at a marine base in North Carolina, and law enforcement, ..., the Nazis and the Klan and the United Racist front.&lt;ref&gt;Shetterly (2024).&lt;/ref&gt;  
}}

Novick continued, 

{{blockquote|
The militia movement got its start from a couple of sources. One of them was a guy named [[w:John Singlaub|John Singlaub]], who was a general, removed, similar to what happened with [[w:Douglas MacArthur|MacArthur]] in [[w:Korean War|Korea]]. ... He formed something called the [[w:World League for Freedom and Democracy|World Anti-Communist League]] and then proceeded to use right wing Christian forces in the Philippines and Guatemala as a model for organizing similar forces in the United States. They collected money in the United States for these right wing militias in Guatemala and in the Philippines that were involved in terroristic activities of a supposedly anti-communist nature. And once they got that going, they started using it to build up militia groups in the United States on the same model. And you saw some of the repercussions of that with, you know, the [[w:Oklahoma City bombing|Federal Building in Oklahoma City]], and other actions that came out of that. 

So I think that people need to take the threat of terrorism seriously, but that we need to understand where it's coming from. It's not coming from nonprofit humanitarian aid for poor people around the world or poor people in this country. It is coming from very well established and well rooted right wing forces in this country. 
}}

== The threat == 

Internet company executives have knowingly increased political polarization and violence including the [[w:Rohingya genocide|Rohingya genocide]] in [[w:Myanmar|Myanmar]], because doing otherwise might have reduced their profits. Documentation of this is summarized in other interviews regarding &quot;Media &amp; Democracy&quot;, available on Wikiversity under [[:Category:Media reform to improve democracy]].

==Discussion == 

:''[Interested readers are invite to comment here, subject to the Wikimedia rules of [[w:Wikipedia:Neutral point of view|writing from a neutral point of view]] [[w:Wikipedia:Citing sources|citing credible sources]]&lt;ref name=NPOV/&gt; and treating others with respect.&lt;ref name=AGF/&gt;]''

== Notes ==
{{reflist}}

== Bibliography ==

* &lt;!--David Axe (2024-12-05) &quot;Trump is planning to rip the guts out of the US armed forces&quot;, The Telegraph--&gt;{{cite Q|Q131545681}}
* &lt;!--John M. Donnelly (2022-12-14) Final NDAA removes most House provisions on hate groups, Roll Call--&gt;{{cite Q|Q130545466}}
* &lt;!--Beth Gazley (2024-11-22) &quot;US House passes measure that could punish nonprofits Treasury Department decides are ‘terrorist’&quot;, The Conversation--&gt;{{cite Q|Q131543053}}
* &lt;!--Hadas Gold (2024-12-16) &quot;Emboldened by ABC settlement, Trump threatens more lawsuits against the press&quot;, CNN--&gt;{{cite Q|Q131545105}}
* &lt;!-- Sophie Hurwitz (2024-11-21) &quot;The House Passes Bill Allowing Trump Admin to Declare Nonprofits Terrorist Supporters&quot;--&gt;{{cite Q|Q131540369}} 
* &lt;!-- Lisa Mascaro (2024-12-16) &quot; After investigating Jan. 6, House GOP sides with Trump and goes after Liz Cheney--&gt;{{cite Q|Q131545154}}
* &lt;!--Michael Novick (2022-11-15) &quot;General Manager Report&quot;, KPFK--&gt;{{cite Q|Q131543205}} 
* &lt;!--Pacifica in Exile (2015-09-14) &quot;Lydia Brazon, Executive Director&quot;, Pacifica in Exile Newsletter --&gt;{{cite Q|Q131545325|author=Pacifica in Exile}}
* &lt;!--  Project 2025--&gt;{{cite Q|Q122382481}} 
* &lt;!--Aran Shetterly (2024-10-15) Morningside: The 1979 Greensboro Massacre and the Struggle for an American City's Soul--&gt;{{cite Q|Q131545762}}
* &lt;!--US House (2024-11-21) H.R.9495 - Stop Terror-Financing and Tax Penalties on American Hostages Act--&gt;{{cite Q|Q131540249|author = US House of Representatives}}

[[Category:Politics]]
[[Category:Freedom and abundance]]
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  <page>
    <title>Complex Analysis/Isolated singularity</title>
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      <text bytes="4702" sha1="sc1gx6mhhkcip64t6zol4ed990o13pe" xml:space="preserve">== Definition ==
Let &lt;math&gt;G \subseteq \mathbb C&lt;/math&gt; be a domain and &lt;math&gt;z_0 \in G&lt;/math&gt;. If &lt;math&gt;f \colon G\setminus {z_0} \to \mathbb C&lt;/math&gt; is a [[w:en:Holomorphic function|holomorphic]] function, then &lt;math&gt;z_0&lt;/math&gt; is called an ''isolated singularity'' of &lt;math&gt;f&lt;/math&gt;.
== Classification == 
Depending on the behavior of &lt;math&gt;f&lt;/math&gt; in the neighborhood of &lt;math&gt;z_0&lt;/math&gt;, one distinguishes three different types of isolated singularities of &lt;math&gt;f&lt;/math&gt;.

=== Removable Singularities === 
If &lt;math&gt;f&lt;/math&gt; can be holomorphically extended to the entire domain &lt;math&gt;G&lt;/math&gt;, then we say that &lt;math&gt;z_0&lt;/math&gt; is a ''removable singularity''. According to the [[Riemann Removability Theorem|Riemann Removability Theorem]], this is the case if &lt;math&gt;f&lt;/math&gt; is bounded in a neighborhood of &lt;math&gt;z_0&lt;/math&gt;.
=== Poles ===
If &lt;math&gt;z_0&lt;/math&gt; is not a removable singularity, but there exists an &lt;math&gt;n \ge 1&lt;/math&gt; such that &lt;math&gt;(\cdot - z_0)^n \cdot f&lt;/math&gt; has a removable singularity at &lt;math&gt;z_0&lt;/math&gt;, then we say that &lt;math&gt;f&lt;/math&gt; has a ''pole'' at &lt;math&gt;z_0&lt;/math&gt;. The smallest such &lt;math&gt;n&lt;/math&gt; is called the ''order'' of the pole.
=== Essential Singularities === 
If &lt;math&gt;z_0&lt;/math&gt; is neither removable nor a pole, then &lt;math&gt;z_0&lt;/math&gt; is called an ''essential singularity'' of &lt;math&gt;f&lt;/math&gt;.
== Examples ==
*Since &lt;math&gt;\lim_{z\to 0} \frac{\sin z}z = 1&lt;/math&gt;, the function &lt;math&gt;f_1(z) = \frac{\sin z}z&lt;/math&gt; has a removable singularity at &lt;math&gt;z_0 = 0&lt;/math&gt;.
*The function &lt;math&gt;f_2(z) = \frac 1{\sin z}&lt;/math&gt; does not have &lt;math&gt;z_0 = 0&lt;/math&gt; a removable singularity at, since&lt;math&gt;f_2&lt;/math&gt; is unbounded at &lt;math&gt;0&lt;/math&gt;, but &lt;math&gt;f_2&lt;/math&gt; has a first-order pole at &lt;math&gt;0&lt;/math&gt;, because &lt;math&gt;f_2(z) \cdot (z - 0)^1 = f_2(z)z = \frac{z}{\sin z}&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;\lim_{z \to 0} \frac{z}{\sin z} = 1&lt;/math&gt;, which has a removable singularity at 0 .

*The function &lt;math&gt;f_3(z) = \sin \frac 1z&lt;/math&gt; has an essential singularity at &lt;math&gt;z_0 = 0&lt;/math&gt;, since for every &lt;math&gt;n \ge 1&lt;/math&gt;, the function &lt;math&gt;f_3(z)z^n = z^n \sin \frac 1z&lt;/math&gt; is unbounded in any neighborhood of &lt;math&gt;0&lt;/math&gt;. To see this, consider&lt;math&gt;\sin z^{-1} = \frac{e^{iz^{-1}} - e^{-iz^{-1}}}{2i}&lt;/math&gt;.For &lt;math&gt;z = it&lt;/math&gt; with &lt;math&gt;t \in \mathbb R&lt;/math&gt; is also &lt;math&gt;f_3(it)(it)^n = (it)^n \frac{e^{t^{-1}} - e^{-t^{-1}}}{2i}&lt;/math&gt;,which diverges as &lt;math&gt;t \to 0^+&lt;/math&gt; . 
== Laurent Expansions ==
The type of isolated singularity can also be inferred from the [[Complex Analysis/Laurent Expansion|Laurent Expansion]] of &lt;math&gt;f&lt;/math&gt; around &lt;math&gt;z_0&lt;/math&gt;. Let&lt;center&gt;&lt;math&gt; f(z) = \sum_{n = -\infty}^\infty a_n (z-z_0)^n &lt;/math&gt;&lt;/center&gt; 
be the [[Laurent Series]] of &lt;math&gt;f&lt;/math&gt; around &lt;math&gt;z_0&lt;/math&gt;. We define 
&lt;center&gt;&lt;math&gt; o_z(f) = \sup\{n \in \mathbb Z | \forall k &lt; n : a_k = 0\}&lt;/math&gt;.&lt;/center&gt;
Then, &lt;math&gt;f&lt;/math&gt; has the following singularities:
*&lt;math&gt;o_z(f) \ge 0&lt;/math&gt;, i.e., all negative coefficients vanish, the [[Laurent Series#Main part and remainder|main part]] of the series is zero, and the singularity is removable.

*&lt;math&gt;-\infty &lt; o_z(f) &lt; 0&lt;/math&gt;, i.e., only finitely many negative coefficients are nonzero, there is a pole of order &lt;math&gt;-o_z(f)&lt;/math&gt;.
*&lt;math&gt;o_z(f) = -\infty&lt;/math&gt;, i.e., infinitely many negative coefficients are nonzero, the singularity is essential.
=== Examples ===
Let us consider our three examples again:

*It is &lt;math&gt;f_1(z) = \frac{\sin z}z = \sum_{k=0}^\infty (-1)^n\frac{z^{2n}}{(2n+1)!}&lt;/math&gt;, so &lt;math&gt;o_0(f_1) = 0&lt;/math&gt;, a removable singularity.

*It is &lt;center&gt;&lt;math&gt;f_2(z) = \frac 1{\sin z} = \frac 1z + \frac z6 + \frac 7{360}z^3 + \ldots &lt;/math&gt;&lt;/center&gt; so &lt;math&gt;o_0(f_2) = -1&lt;/math&gt;, a pole of first order.

*It is &lt;math&gt;f_3(z) = \sin z^{-1} = \sum_{n=-\infty}^0 \frac{(-1)^n}{(-2n+1)!}z^{2n-1}&lt;/math&gt;, so &lt;math&gt;o_0(f_3) = -\infty&lt;/math&gt;, an essential singularity.

== Page information ==
=== Translation and Version Control ===
This page was translated based on the following [https://de.wikiversity.org/wiki/Kurs:Funktionentheorie/isolierte Singularität Wikiversity source page] and uses the concept of [[Translation and Version Control]] for a transparent language fork in a Wikiversity:
* Source: [[v:de:Kurs:Funktionentheorie/isolierte Singularität
|Kurs:Funktionentheorie/isolierte Singularität]] - URL:https://de.wikiversity.org/wiki/Kurs:Funktionentheorie/isolierte Singularität
* Date: 11/20/2024

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